7 nana xazaraZe nana baxsoliani qubaba (D KUBABA ...

nana xazaraZe nana baxsoliani 

qubaba ( D KUBABA) – gvianxeTuri xanis aRmosavleT mcire aziis 

samefo-samTavroTa qalRmerTi 

uzenaes RvTaeba TarxunTTan erTad ieroglifur-luviur warwerebSi 

araerTgzis RvTaeba qubabac ixsenieba, romelsac xSirad antikur samyaroSi 

kargad cnobil kibele-kibelas winamorbed ZvelaRmosavlur qalRvTaebad 

miiCneven [1, 122;125, 127, 136; 23]. 

1981 wels j. hovkinsma specialuri statia miuZRvna am RvTaebas, Tavi 

mouyara ra TiTqmis yvela ieroglifur-luviur teqsts, sadac igi ixsenieba 

[2,113-28; 147176]. irkveva, rom qubabas saxelwodeba yvelaze xSirad gvianxeTuri 

xanis qarxemiSis (CrdiloeT siria) mefeTa warwerebSi mowmdeba, 

Tumca mas sxva gvianxeTuri samefo-samTavroebic icnoben (alepos, kaiseris, 

anqozis, babilonis, boibeipinaris, bulRar-madenis, Cifliqis, yaraburunis, 

kululus, malatiis, sulTanxanis, Tel-axmaris ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebi) 

[3,48, 53, 55, 100, 115]. 

qalRvTaeba qubabas, iseve rogorc TarxunTs, ieroglifur-luviuri 

warwerebis avtorebi (mefeebi, maTi qveSevrdomebi) or sxvadasxva konteqstSi 

moixsenieben: warwerebis Sesaval nawilSi, titulatura-genealogiasTan 

mWidro kavSirSi da daskvniT nawilSi, e. w. krulvis formulis 

warmoTqmisas. amjerad, yuradRebas im teqstebze gavamaxvilebT, sadac 

qubabas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. am TvalsazrisiT, qarxemiSis 

mefeTa, mmarTvelTa da maT qveSevrdomTa warwerebi gansakuTrebul yurad- 

Rebas imsaxurebs. 

qubaba, iseve rogorc TarxunTi, gavrcelebuli rwmena-warmodgenebis 

Tanaxmad, yovelmxriv icavda gabatonebuli wris, warwerebis avtorebis 

namoRvawarsa da maT uflebebs (Karkamiš 31/32, 11a, 2-3, 6; 14в, 4-5; 40-12 3; 25-в2, 

1-2 da sxva). 

qalRmerT qubabas Tayvaniscemis gavrcelebis areals Tabalic warmoadgenda. 

bulRar-madenis erT-erT warweraSi Tuvanas mefe varpalavas vasali 

Tarxunazi warweris potenciuri damzianeblis dasasjelad, sxva 

RvTaebebTan erTad, qalRmerT qubabasac mouxmobs. sulTanxanis warwera 

gvamcnobs, rom qalRmerTi qubaba borotmoqmedebs xaranis mTvaris 

7

RvTaebisa da RvTaeba Ataha-s msgavsad `wyevlis da sjis~. kaiseris 

warweraSi ki naTqvamia, rom Tabalis mefe vasurmes CvenTvis ucnob vasals 

romeliRac RvTaebisaTvis `tatala aumaRlebia’’, magram amave dros RvTaeba 

TarxunTis qandakeba mniSvnelovnad dauzianebia (warweris mowmobiT, mas 

RvTaebis Tavi kiserTan najaxiT daumsxvrevia). amgvari moqmedebisaTvis 

RvTaeba Maruwa-s da qalRmerT qubabas borotmoqmedi `Zirs daunarcxebiaT” 

[3,#67]. 

CvenTvis saintereso qalRmerTis Zlierebaze anqozSi aRmoCenili 

ieroglifur-luviuri warwerac miuTiTebs. teqstis mowmobiT, RvTaeba ruva, 

rogorc mxsneli, qubabas msgavsi yofila. boibeipinarSi qvis lodze 

SemorCenil ieroglifur-luviur warweraSi kategoriuladaa aRniSnuli: 

`Tu vinme panamuvaTis saxels gadaSlis, eSinodes, radgan..., dedofals 

qubabasaviT Zlieri ganrisxeba SeuZlia~ [3, #124,128, 131]. 

yaraburnas kldeze Sesrulebul warweraSi qalRmerTi qubaba xaranis 

mTvaris RvTaebasTan erTad, mefe Sipis-ssa da Sipis Nis vaJs Soris dadebuli 

xelSekrulebis garantad warmogvidgeba. warweris daskvniT nawilSi igive 

RvTaebebi am xelSekrulebis amsaxveli epigrafikuli Zeglis Seuracxmyofelis 

damsjelebad gvevlinebian [3, #26]. 

qalRmerTi qubaba ara mxolod xelSekrulebis dacvis garanti, mxsneli 

da damcvelia, aramed gekes warweris mixedviT, is nayofierebis momtanicaa. 

qubaba qarxemiSisa da aRmosavleT anatoliis sxva mefe-mTavarTa 

warwerebSi xSirad TarxunTTan, qarxuxasTan, sanTasTan, easTan da runTasTan 

erTad moixsenieba. qaTuvasi, qarxemiSis mbrZanebeli, karis saketis 

() erT-erT warweraSi gvamcnobs, rom igi `qarxuxas da qubabas procesiis 

TviTmxilveli gamxdara * . 

sainteresoa Cifliqisa da kululus warwerebi, sadac RvTaebebi 

meuRleebiTurT arian warmodgenili. CvenTvis saintereso qalRmerTi easTanaa 

* ieroglifur-luviur teqstSi moxseniebuli ori RvTaebis procesiasTan dakavSirebiT metad mniSvnelovania 

lukreciusis mier aRwerili, romSi gamarTuli procesia, idis dedas (anu kibelas) rom eZ- 

Rvneboda, romelic qalaqebis damcvelad da miwis nayofTa mimcemis qalRmerTad moiazreboda (Luc II 

600-643). 

8

dakavSirebuli, Tarxunazi-xefaTTan, xaraneli mTvaris RvTaeba-mzesTan, 

xaraneli Saruma-alasuvasTan da a. S. [4, 169, 172] 

yvela ukve naxsenebi gvianxeTuri xanis mefe-mTavari da maTi qve- 

Sevrdomi erTxmad miuTiTebs maTdami qubabas siyvarulze da am qal- 

RvTaebisgan miRebul mxardaWeraze. ase, magaliTad, qaTuvasi araerTgzis 

aRniSnavs, rom `mis batonebs _ TarxunTs, qarxuxas da qubabas igi 

samarTlianobis gamo uyvarT da mxars uWeren (Karkamiš, A11 в3-c4, Sdr. iqve, 

A12, 2). igives aRniSnavs sosturas vaJi (`me [var]..., gmiri, qarxemiSis qveynis 

mbrZanebeli... iaririsi, mbrZanebeli, ufliswuli, TarxunTis, qubabas, 

qarxuxas da mzis RvTaebaTa mier Seyvarebuli...~ (Karkamiš A 15вб 1-2). 

samwuxarod, arc qarxemiSsa da arc mis farglebs gareT qalRmerTis 

saxelze agebuli taZrebis naSTebma Cvenamde ver moaRwia. magram ieroglifur-luviuri 

warwerebi araerTgzis gvamcnobs qarxemiSSi qubabas 

saxelze taZrebis agebis Sesaxeb. igive qaTuvasi acxadebs, rom man 

qarxemiSSi qubabas saxeli àRadgina”, aago misi saxelobis taZari da 

uzrunvelhyo igi SesawiraviT. daaxloebiT igivea naTqvami qaTuvasis sxva 

warwerebSi. mefe acxadebs: `me (var) qaTuvasi, qarxemiSis qveynis meufe, 

RvTaebaTa mier Seyvarebuli... [me] Cemma qalbatonma qubabam, qarxemiSis dedofalma, 

qveynis mier amaRlebulma () (ganmadida). yovelTvis mexmareboda 

xelSi Camegdo mtrebi, magram mtrebTan ar gamcemda. es (Senobebi) fufunebiT 

(aRvavse) da misTvis avage, aRvadgine qubaba, qarxemiSis dedofali” [4, 151- 

152]. 

qarxemiSis mefe iaririsic loculobs qubabas saxelze da mas Tavis 

`siyvaruls uZRvnis” [4,154-155]. iaririsis qveSevrdoms (vasals) qamanas 

qubabas gamosaxulebiTa da misdami miZRvnili warweriT damSvenebuli 

stela aRumarTavs. warweraSi naTqvamia: `qubabas taZari avage... qubabasaTvis, 

qarxemiSis dedoflisaTvis, me qamanasma, mbrZanebelma, [taZarTan] miwis 

nakveTi gamovyavi”. [4, 155-156]. isic irkveva, rom sosturas stelaze qubabas 

gamosaxuleba gaukeTebia [4, 157-158] da a. S. 

malatiaSi aRmoCenili qvis mcire zomis stelaze qubabas saxeli kvlav 

RvTaeba runTasTan erTadaa moxseniebuli, rac aRniSnul teritoriaze 

9

qalRmerT qubabas popularobaze unda miuTiTebdes. Cvenamde moRweuli 

qalRmerT qubabas gamosaxuleba gvianxeTuri xanis panTeonis wamyvan 

RvTaebebTan erTad swored malatiaSia napovni. stelaze, marcxena mxares, 

amindis RvTaeba lomze dgas, iqvea maRalzurgian skamze mjdari qalRmerTis 

gamosaxuleba. mas fexebi taburetze aqvs Sedgmuli, tabureti xarze dgas. 

qalRmerTs marjvena xelSi sarke uWiravs, marcxena mkerdTan axlos aqvs 

midebuli. misi samosi msgavsebas iaziliqaias qalRmerTTan da qarxemiSis 

qubabasTan amJRavnebs. amindis RvTaebasTan Weqa-quxilis niSania gamosaxuli. 

figuraTa zemoT frTiani mzis disko moCans. stelis orive mxares warweris 

kvalia SemorCenili: qalRmerTis mxares KUBABA ikiTxeba. m. vieirma RvTaebis 

meore mxares saxeli RUTA amoikiTxa [5, 65; 58]. 

Cvenamde bazaltis erTma stelamac moaRwia. igi niRdes muzeumSi 

inaxeba. stelaze taxtze mjdomi qubabas da mis gverdiT qalRmerTis wminda 

cxovelis – wamowolili lomis gamosaxulebebia aRbeWdili. [6,470] stela 

Zv. w. VIII saukuniT TariRdeba. irkveva, rom qalRmerTis atributad ZaRlsac 

miiCnevdnen. kululus warweraSi aRniSnulia: `qubabas ZaRli HASAMI, 

TuvaTis AMURA-s gamoekidos da SeWamos kidec” [4,172]. 

qalRmerTi qubaba anqozSi aRmoCenil reliefzecaa gamosaxuli. is 

taxtze zis da profilSia warmodgenili. welze eqvsi foCiT damSvenebuli 

qamari ukeTia. samajurze medalioni moCans. marcxena xelSi TiTistari 

uWiravs. figura msgavsebas qarxemiSisa da malatiis reliefebTan amJRavnebs 

[7, 64]. SesaZloa, aRniSnuli TiTistari rogorc qalRvTaebis atributi, 

sakraluri mniSvnelobis iyos, an qalRvTaebis saojaxo saqmianobis – 

rTvisa da qsovis mfarvelobis funqciaze migvaniSnebdes. 

qarxemiSis ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebis avtorebi qubabas `qalbatons” 

da `qarxemiSis dedofals” uwodeben. e. poradas mier Zv.w. VIII s-iT 

daTariRebul erT-erT sabeWdavze qubaba nawaralis-is epiTetiT moixsenieba * . 

* ieroglifur-luviurSi warali “sakuTars” niSnavs, xolo niwarali misi uaryofiTi formaa da Sesabamisad 

“arasakuTars” aRniSnavs. nawarali, am SemTxvevaSi niwarali-s fonetikuri an orTografiuli variantia. j. 

hovkinsi nawarali-s Targmnis rogorc – foreign (ucxo, ucxoeli). 

10

j. hovkinsis varaudiT, qubaba qarxemiSis gareT, xeTuri samyaros mier ucxo 

RvTaebis saxiT iyo SeTvisebuli [8, #1102;167]. 

rogorc ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebidan da monumentur qandakebebze 

datanili gamosaxulebebidan irkveva, qubabas ZRvenis saxiT “wminda 

saCuqrebs” miarTmevdnen, romelTac samsxverplo tablaze aTavsebdnen. 

qubabas yovelwliurad TiTo xarsa da cxvars, maTTan erTad pursac 

swiravdnen. qarxemiSis mefe qaTuvasis mowmobiT: `qarxuxas (swiraven) erT 

xars da erT cxvars, qubabas erT xars da erT cxvars, Sarkus-s erT xars da 

KUTUPI-is, mamakac RvTaebebs erT cxvars da qalRvTaebebs [erT cxvars]” [4, 

150, 151, 163, 169]. 

qubabasaTvis Sesawiravze qumuxis erT-erTi dedoflis ieroglifurluviuri 

warwerebic mogviTxrobs, sadac aRniSnulia panamuvaTisis, mefe 

sufiluliumas (Zv.w. 803-773 ww.) meuRlis mier qubabasaTvis taxtrevanisa da 

SewirulebisaTvis gankuTvnili magidis miZRvnis Sesaxeb [9,73-84]. 

qubabas da kibelas gamosaxulebebi did urTierTmsgavsebas avlens: 

orive es RvTaeba taxtrevanze zis or loms Soris. v. ivanovis Tvalsazrisis 

Tanaxmad, qubaba (da mogvianebiT – kibela) nayofierebis kultis 

Zvel mcireaziur im tradiciebs agrZeleben, romlebic saTaves CaTalhuiuqis 

(Zv. w. VI aTaswleuli) kulturaSi iReben [10,77]. 

malatia (Zv w.VIIIs.) RvTaeba runTa da qalRvTaeba qubaba 

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura 

11

1. Meriggi P., Hieroglyphisch-Hethitisches Glossar, p. 122; Houwink Ten Cate, The Luwian 

Population Groups of Licia and Cilicia Aspera during the Hellenistic Period, 1963, p. 125, 

127, 136; xazaraZe n., aRmosavleT mcire aziis eTnikuri da politikuri 

gaerTianebebi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 

23. 

2. E. Larroche, Qubaba dèsse anatolienne, el la problem des origins de Cybele, Elements 

orientaux dous la religion greeque ancienne, Paris, 1960, p. 113-128; J. D. Hawkins, Kubaba 

at Karkamiš and Elsewhere, AnSt., 1981, Vol. XXXI, p.147-176. 

3. Meriggi P., Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, ParteII: Testi 1a Serie, Roma, 1967, p. 48, 53, 55, 

100, 115. 

4. J. D. Hawkins, Kubaba at Karkamiš and Elsewhere, p. 169, 172. 

5. M. Vieyra, Hittite Art, 1955, p.65; P. Meriggi, Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, Parte II: Testi 

1a Serie, p.58. 

6. American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 85, #4, 1981, p. 470. 

7. M. J. Mellink, Archaeology of Asia Minor, AJA, Vol. 64, #1, 1960, p. 64. 

8. E. Porada, Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals, Washington, 1948, #1102;see J. D. 

Hawkins, ibidem, p. 167. 

9. P. Meriggi, Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, Parte II: Tavole 2a E3a Serie, Roma, 1975, p. 73- 

84. 

10. В. В. Иванов, Кубаба, Мифологический словарь, Москва, 1990. 

Nana Khazaradze Nana Bakhsoliani 

D KUBABA THE GODDESS OF THE LATE HITTITE PERIOD 

IN THE EASTERN ASIA MINOR KINGDOMS 

The goddess Kubaba is mentioned several times in the hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions 

together with the god Tarhunzas. She is often identified with the well-known predecessor goddess 

Cybele-Cybela of the ancient Near East. 

The name Kubaba is mostly attested in the inscriptions of kings in Karkamish (north Syria) 

of the late Hittite period. However She is also known in the Late Hittite kingdoms such as Aleppo, 

Ancoz, Babylon, Boybaypinari, Bulğarmaden, Çiftlik, Karaburun, Kayseri, Kululu, Malatya, 

Sultanhan, Tel Ahmar in the Hieroglyphic-Luwian inscriptions. 

12

The authors of Hieroglyphic-Luwian inscriptions mention the goddess Kubaba in two 

different contexts: together with the entitelment and genealogy in the introduction of the inscriptions 

and the conclusion i. e. together with the articulation of the cursing formulae. The goddess Kubaba 

is considered to be the protector, rescuer and fertility giving deity for the authors of inscriptions. 

The saved imprinted images of the goddess Kubaba on the stone relieves of Malatya and 

Ancoz show great likeliness with the goddess of Cybele: the both goddesses are seated on the 

throne between lions. It is Kubaba (later Cybele) that continued the traditions of the fertility cults of 

the Asia Minor, which originated in the culture of Çatal-Hüyük. 


Zveli sparsuli lursmuli warwerebis Katpatuka 

mcire aziis msxvili regionis aRmniSvneli saxelwodeba Katpatuka 

(katpatuka), romelsac Zv. w. V saukunidan amave terminidan momdinare 

ZvelberZnuli Καππαδόκια (kapadokia) Caenacvla, pirvelad aqemeniduri iranis 

mefe darios I-is (Zv. w. 522-486 ww.) brZanebiT, behistunis kldeze amokveTil 

Zvelsparsul lursmul warweraSi (DBI, 15-16) mowmdeba[1, 117]. Zvelsparsul 

Katpatuka-s elamuri qa-at-ba-du-qa da aqaduri ka-at-pa-tuk-ka Seesatyviseba[1, 178]. 

Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) darios I-is sxva Zvelsparsul lursmul warwerebSi 

da misi memkvidris, qserqses (Zv. w. 485-465 ww.) saxeliT Sedgenil 

epigrafikul ZeglebSic vadasturebT (DPe, 12; DNa, 28; DSe, 27; DSm, 8; XPh, 26) [1, 

136, 137, 141, 145, 151]. persepolisSi aRmoCenil Zvelsparsul lursmul erTerT 

warweraSi (A P, 21) katpatukelsac (iyam: Katpatuka) vxvdebiT. am warweris 

avtoris vinaoba didi xnis manZilze identificirebuli ar iyo. mas 

artaqserqse II-es (Zv. w. 405-359 ww.) an artaqserqse III-es (Zv. w. 359-338 ww.) 

akuTvnebdnen. amJamad, igi artaqserqse II-is warweris saxeliTaa cnobili [1, 

114, 155; 2, 399]. 

bunebrivia, rom Katpatuka (katpatuka) aqemenidebis imperiis 

qveSevrdomobaSi myofi sxva qveynebis saxelwodebis msgavsad, behistunis 

warweris samenovan, Tixaze Sesrulebul dublikatebSic moixsenieba, 

romelTac iranis provinciebSi centridan mravlad agzavnidnen [3, 270]. 

13

amitom, SemTxveviTi araa, rom Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) arameizirebuli j 

daboloebiT, gdpdkj (Katpatukj) formiT, darios I-is mefobis xaniT 

daTariRebul, erT-erT egviptur ieroglifur warweraSic vxvdebiT [4, 40, 

185]. 

Katpatuka (katpatuka), rogorc wesi, aqemeniduri iranis SemadgenlobaSi 

myofi qveynebisa da mxareebis sakmaod vrcel CamonaTvalSi figurirebs, rac 

qvemoT moyvanili Zvelsparsuli lursmuli dawerilobiT Sesrulebuli 

teqstebis qarTuli Targmanebidan sakmaod kargad Cans. 

DB I, 11-24: 

àmbobs dariosi (Dārayavauš) mefe: ahuramazdas (Auramazdāha) wyalobiT 

me mefe var. ahuramazdam (Auramazdāha) samefo miboZa. ambobs dariosi 

(Dārayavauš) mefe: ai is qveynebi, romlebic ahuramazdas (Auramazdāha) 

wyalobiT mergo, romelTa zedac mefe viyavi: sparseTi (Pārsa), elami (Ūvja), 

babiloni (Bābiruš), asureTi (Aθurā), arabeTi (Arabāya), egvipte (Mudrāya), (isini) 

zRvasTan rom arian (tyaiy: drayahya), sarde-lidia (Sparda), ionia (Yauna), midia 

(Māda), armenia-urartu (Armina) , katpatuka-kapadokia (Katpatuka), parTia 

(Parθava), drangiana (Zraka), aria (Haraiva), xorezmi (Uvārazmiy), baqtria (Bāxtriš), 

soRdi (Suguda), gandara (Gādara), skviTia (Saka), satagidia (θataguš), araxozia 

(Harauvatiš), meqrani (Maka). sul 23 qveyana (fraharavam: dahyāva XXIII). ambobs 

dariosi (Dārayavauš) mefe: es qveynebi, wilad rom mxvda ahuramazdas 

(Auramazdāha) wyalobiT, me mmonebdnen, CemTvis xarki mohqondaT, da rasac 

vubrZanebdi RamiTa Tu dRisiT, imas asrulebdnen. ambobs dariosi 

(Dārayavauš): vinc ki am qveynebSi Rirseuli vinme iyo, Sesafer pativs vcemdi, 

xolo avismqnels misagebels mivagebdi. ahuramazdas (Auramazdāha) wyalobiT 

es qveynebi Cems kanons misdevdnen da rasac vubrZanebdi, imas 

aRasrulebdnen" [1, 117, 119; 5 298, 309]. 

persepolisis sasaxlis samxreT kedelze amokveTili darios I-is 24 

striqoniani Zvelsparsuli lursmuli warwera ara mxolod adasturebs 

 

darios I-sa da qserqses samenovan (sparsul, elamur da aqadur) uklebliv yvela 

warweraSi Zvelsparsul Armina-s da elamur har-mi-nu-ia-s aqadur versiaSi U-ra-aš-tu (urartu) 

Seesatyviseba. ix. Kent R. G., Old Persian, Grammar, Texts, Lexikon, New Haven, Connecticut, 1953, p. 171. 

14

ehistunis warweris ZiriTad Cvenebebs, aramed garkveulwilad maT axali 

informaciiTac avsebs. siaxle aqemeniduri iranis moxarke qveynebis 

nusxaSicaa (raodenobaSi) da maTi CamoTvlis TanmimdevrobaSic. 

DPe, 1-18: `me var dariosi (Dārayavauš) didi mefe, mefeTa mefe, mravali 

qveynis mefe, histaspis (Vištāspahyā) Ze, aqemenidi (Haxāmanišiya). ambobs dariosi 

(Dārayavauš) mefe: ahuramazdas (Auramazdāha) wyalobiT es is qveynebia, 

romlebic me Cems mflobelobaSi sparselebTan erTad miviRe, romelTac 

Cemi eSinodaT (da) xarks mixdidnen: elami (Ūvija), midia (Māda), babiloni 

(Bābiruš), arabeTi (Arabāya), asureTi (Aθurā), egvipte (Mudrāyaš), armenia-urartu 

(Armina), katpatuka-kapadokia (Katpatuka), sarde-lidia (Sparda), ionelebi, 

romlebic kontinentze arian da (isini), romlebic zRvispireTSi arian 

(Yaunā: tyaiy: uškahyā: utā:drayahyā: utā: tyaiy:dahyāva: utā: dahyāva:tyā: para:draya), sagartia 

(Asagarta), parTia (Parθava), drangiana (Zraka), aria (Haraiva), baqtria (Bāxtriš), 

soRdi (Sug u da), xorezmi (Uvārazmiy), satagidia (θataguš), araxozia (Harauvatiš), 

sindi (Hiduš), gandara (Gadāra), skviTia (Saka), meqrani (Maka)" [1, 136]. 

rogorc vxedavT, persepolisis sasaxlis dariosiseul Zvelsparsul 

lursmul warweraSi imave avtoris behistunis warweridan gansxvavebiT, 

CvenTvis saintereso Katpatuka (katpatuka) ara armenia-urartusa da parTias 

Sorisaa warmodgenili, rac geografiuli TvalsazrisiT Znelad asaxsnelia, 

aramed armenia-urartusa da sarde-lidias Soris, rac, rogorc amas qvemoT 

davinaxavT, savsebiT adekvaturad asaxavs kapadokiis lokalizaciis 

amsaxvel antikuri xanis werilobiTi wyaroebis Cvenebebs. 

niSandoblivia, rom imave darios I-is warweraSi naxS-i rustamidan, 

romlis geografiul nomenklaturaSi cvlilebebi kvlav SeiniSneba, 

Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) persepolisis warweris msgavsad, armenia-urartusa 

da sarde-lidias Soris vxvdebiT. 

DNa, 15-30: àmbobs dariosi (Dārayavauš), mefe: ahuramazdas (Auramazdāhā) 

wyalobiT es is qveynebia, romlebic me sparseTis gareT davipyari. maT 

CemTan xarki mohqondaT. rasac vubrZanebdi, imas aRasrulebdnen, Cems kanons 

emorCilebodnen: midia (Māda), elami (Ūvijā), parTia (Parθava), aria (Haraiva), 

baqtria (Bāxtriš), soRdi (Suguda), xorezmi (Uvārazmiš), drangiana (Zraka), 

15

araxozia (Harauvatiš), satagidia (θataguš), gandara (Gadāra), sindi (Hiduš), 

umismWameli skviTebi (Sakā: haumavargā), qudwvetiani skviTebi (Sakā: tigraxauda), 

babiloni (Bābiruš), asureTi (Aθurā), arabeTi (Arabāya), egvipte (Mudrāya), 

armenia-urartu (Armina), katpatuka-kapadokia (Katpatuka), sarde-lidia (Sparda), 

ionia (Yauna), zRvisiqiTeli skviTebi (Sakā: tyaiyradrayia), Trakia-makedonia 

(Skudra), farismpyrobeli ionelebi (Yaunā: takabarā), libielebi (Putāyā), 

eTiopelebi (Kūšiya), meqranelebi (Maciyā), karielebi (Karkā)" [1, 137-138; 5, 315- 

316]. 

aqemenidebis zamTris rezidenciaSi, susaSi, aRmoCenil darios I-is 

erT-erT warweraSi (DSe, 27) iranis qveSevrdomTa sia, faqtobrivad, naxS-i 

rustamiseuls imeorebs. am warweraSi CvenTvis saintereso Katpatuka-s 

(katpatukas) kvlav armenia-urartusa da sarde-lidias Soris vadasturebT: 

`...armenia-urartu (Armina), katpatuka-kapadokia (Katpatuka), sarde-lidia 

(Sparda)" [1, 141-142]. imave susaSi mikvleul darios I-is kidev erT 

Zvelsparsul samenovan lursmul warweraSi, romelic damorCilebuli 

qveynebis CamoTvlisas garkveulwilad behistunis warweraSi warmodgenil 

Tanmimdevrobas icavs, Katpatuka (katpatuka) armenia-urartusa da parTias 

Sorisaa moxseniebuli. 

DSm, 6-8: `...sparseTi (Pārsa), elami (Ūja), babiloni (Bābiruš), asureTi 

(Aθurā), arabeTi (Arabāya), egvipte (Mudrāya), sarde-lidia (Sparda), ionia (Yauna), 

midia (Māda), armenia-urartu (Armina), katpatuka-kapadokia (Katpatuka), parTia 

(Parθava), drangiana (Zraka), aria (Aria), da a. S" [1, 145]. 

rogorc aRiniSna, Katpatuka-s (katpatuka) saxelwodebas darios I-is 

memkvidris, qserqses saxeliT Sedgenil, e. w. devTsawinaaRmdego samenovan 

(sparsul, elamur, aqadur) warweraSic vxvdebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am 

warweras aqemeniduri iranis istoriisa da kulturis Sesaswavlad sruliad 

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, Katpatuka-s (katpatuka) istoriuli 

geografiisaTvis igi, faqtobrivad, arafers gvamcnobs. saqme isaa, rom am 

warweraSi aqemeniduri iranis qveSevrdomobaSi myofi qveynebis CamoTvlis 

kriteriumebi sakmaod Znelad dasadgenia. da mainc, qserqses 

devTsawinaaRmdego warwera Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) istoriis erT-erT 

16

werilobiT sayuradRebo pirvelwyaros warmoadgens. igi erTmniSvnelovnad 

adasturebs darios I-is mravalricxovani Zvelsparsuli lursmuli 

warwerebis Cvenebebs imis Taobaze, rom Katpatuka (katpatuka) Zv. w. VI 

saukuneSi aqemeniduri iranis qveSevrdomobaSi myofi qveyana iyo. 

XPh, 19-28: `...midia (Māda), elami (Ūja), araxozia (Harauvatiš), armeniaurartu 

(Armina), drangiana (Zraka), parTia (Parθava), aria (Haraiva), baqtria 

(Bāxtriš), soRdi (Sugda), xorezmi (Uvārazmiš), babiloni (Bābiruš), asureTi (Aθurā), 

satagidia (θataguš), sarde-lidia (Sparda), egvipte (Mudrāya), ionelebi, isini 

romlebic zRvasTan cxovroben (da) isini, romlebic zRvisiqiTelni arian 

(Yaunā: tya: drayahiyā: dārayatiy: utā: tyaiy: paradraya: darayatiyā), meqranelni (Maciyā), 

arabeTi (Arabāya), gandara (Gadara) sindi (Hiduš), katpatuka-kapadokia (Katpatuka), 

dahebi (Dahā), umismWameli skviTebi (Saka:haumavargā), qudwvetiani skviTebi 

(Saka:tigraxaudā), Trakia-makedonia (Skūdrā), mTielni (Ākaufaciyā), libielebi 

(Putāya), karia (Karkā), eTiopelebi (Kūšiya)" [1, 151; 5, 315, 316] 

da bolos, persepolisSi aRmoCenil kidev erT Zvelsparsul lursmul 

warweraze gavamxavilebT yuradRebas. rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, igi 

artaqserqse II-es (Zv. w. 405-359 ww.) ekuTvnis. garda imisa, rom es warwera 

Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) istoriuli geografiisa da politikuri istoriis 

TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso, igi jer-jerobiT erTaderTia Zvelsparsul 

lursmul epigrafikul Zeglebs Soris, romelic termin `katpatukas" [6, 54- 

55, tabula I] ixseniebs. 

AP 1-30: ès sparselia (iyam: Pārsa), es midielia (iyam: Māda), es elamelia 

(iyam: Ūvja), es parTelia (iyam: Parθava), es xorezmelia (iyam: Uvārazmiya), es 

drangianelia (iyam: Zraka), es araxozielia (iyam: Harauvatiya), es satagidelia 

(iyam: θataguiya), es gandarelia (iyam: Gadāraya), es sindelia (iyam: Hiduya), es 

umismWameli skviTia (iyam: Saka:haumavargā), es qudwvetiani skviTia (iyam: 

Saka:tigraxaudā), es babilonelia (iyam: Bābiruš), es asurelia (iyam: Aθuriya), es 

arabia (iyam: Arabāya), es egviptelia (iyam: Mudrāya), es armenielia-urartelia 

(iyam: Arminiya), es katpatukelia-kapadokielia (iyam: Katpatuka), es sardelialidielia 

(iyam: Spardiya), es ionelia (iyam: Yaunā), es zRvisiqiTeli skviTia 

(iyam: Sakā: paradrayia), es Trakieli-makedonelia (iyam: Skudra), es 

17

farismpyrobeli ionelia (iyam: Yaunā: takabarā), es libielia (iyam: Putāya), es 

eTiopelia (iyam: Kūšaya), es makaelia (iyam: Maciya), es karielia (iyam:Karka)" [1, 

155-156]. 

Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) saxelwodebis Semcveli Zvelsparsuli 

lursmuli warwerebi, romlebic zemoT mTeli sisruliT warmovadgineT, 

ramdenime aspeqtiTaa sayuradRebo: upirveles yovlisa, sagulisxmoa, rom 

isini ZvelaRmosavluri werilobiTi Zeglebidan gansxvavebiT, pirvelad 

gvacnoben mcire aziis sakmaod msxvili regionis aRmniSvnel zogad 

geografiul saxelwodeba Katpatuka-s (katpatukas), romelsac Zv. w. V 

saukunidan amave terminidan momdinare ZvelberZnuli Καππαδόκια (kapadokia) 

Caenacvla. Tu im garemoebasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom darios I-is behistunis 

warweris Zvelsparsuli lursmuli warweris Katpatuka (katpatuka) elamur da 

aqadur versiebSi fonetikurad masTan identuri qa-at-ba-du-qa da ka-at-pa-tuk-ka – 

Tia warmodgenili da imasac gavixsenebT, rom behistunis kldeze darios I- 

is samenovani warwerebi Zv. w. 521-518 wlebSi iqna amokveTili [7, 100], im 

marTebul daskvnamde mivalT, rom mcire aziis msxvili regionis aRmniSvnel 

termins Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) Zv. w. VI saukuneze ufro gviandeli xaniT 

ver davaTariRebT. 

is, rom Katpatuka (katpatuka) maincadamainc sparsuli geografiuli 

nomenklaturidan momdinare terminia (miuxedavad imisa, rom mas, rogorc es 

Tavis droze r. j. kentma aCvena, iranul enobriv samyaros ver mivakuTvnebT) 

[1, 32], herodotes (Zv. w. V s.) TxzulebaSi daculi cnobebiTac mowmdeba. 

herodote, romelic pirvelia ZvelberZen avtorTa Soris, terminebs 

Καππαδόκια (kapadokia) da Καππαδόκαι (kapadokielebs) rom moixseniebs, 

gvamcnobs: àm sirielebs (am SemTxvevaSi pontospireli, e. w. 

levkosirielebi, kapadokieli sirielebi igulisxmeba – n. x., n. b.) [8, 23-26] 

sparselebi kapadokielebs uwodeben" (Herodotus, VII, 72) [9, 434]. igive avtori 

dedamiwis aRwerilobis Semcveli, spilenZis dafiT xeldamSvenebul 

miletidan spartaSi Casul aristogoress Semdeg sityvebs aTqmevinebs: 

`xolo lidielebis aRmosavleTiT frigielebi arian, romlebic CvenTvis 

cnobil yvela xalxTan SedarebiT saqonelmravalni da mosavliT mdidarni 

18

arian. frigielebis mezoblad kapadokielebi arian, romelTac Cven (e. i. 

ioneli berZnebi – n. x., n. b.) sirielebs vuwodebT" (Herodotus, V, 49) [10, 330]. 

angariSgasawevi isicaa, rom herodote kapadokias da kapadokielebs 

ramdenimegzis im konteqstebSi ixseniebs, sadac lidia-iranis im 

urTierTobebzea saubari, romelTac adgili kroÁsosa (Zv. w. 560-546 ww.) da 

kiros II-is (Zv. w. 556-530ww.) mefobis xanaSi (e. i. Zv. w. VI saukuneSi) hqonda 

(Herodotus, I, 71, 72, 73) [10, 61-62]. 

aqve Semdegic unda davZinoT: rogorc zemoTac iTqva, Katpatuka termins 

Zvelsparsul enobriv samyaros ver davukavSirebT. rasakvirvelia, varaudis 

saxiT SegveZlo dagveSva, rom igi ZvelsparsulSi elamuridan an aqaduridan 

yofiliyo SeRweuli, miTumetes, rom jer kidev gasuli saukunis 60-ian 

wlebSi dasavleTgermanuli arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier behistunis 

warwerisa da kldeze amokveTili reliefebis gamowvlilviTi analizis 

safuZvelze l. triumpelmanma damajereblad aCvena, rom behistunis kldeze 

warwerebis amokveTa ramdenime etapad mimdinareobda. am epigrafikuli 

Zeglis Zvelsparsuli varianti elamurisa da aqaduris Semdeg Sesrulda [11, 

281-298]. magram amgvari varaudis sawinaaRmdegod sakmaod angariSgasawevi 

argumentebi arsebobs. behistunis warweris elamuri da aqaduri versiebis 

enobrivi (leqsika, sintaqsi...) analizidan naTlad gamoCnda, rom isini 

Zvelsparsulidanaa naTargmni da ara piriqiT. samecniero literaturaSi 

sakmaod sagulisxmo Tvalsazrisi gamoiTqva imis Taobazec, rom 

Zvelsparsul teqsts SesaZloa, elamur da aqadur enebze saTargmnelad 

sparsulenovani piri an Tavad darios I karnaxobda [5, 270-271]. isicaa 

gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) verc elamur onomastikons 

mivakuTvnebT da verc – aqadurs. 

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) etimologiisa 

da enobrivi warmomavlobis sakiTxi kvlav momavali kvleva-Ziebis sagnad 

rCeba. 

 

aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom somexi avtorebi (movses xorenaci, favstos buzandi, stefanos 

taroneli da sxvebi) did kapadokias (Zvelsparsul Katpatuka-s) da mis erT-erT centralur 

KUR 

punqts – kesaria-mazakas (dRev. kaiseris) Ga-mir-ra (`gamirTa qveyana", `kimerielebis 

qveyana") da LU Ga-a-me-ra-a-dan (`gamerelebi", `kimerielebi") momdinare `gamirqs" da `gamirqebis 

19

zemomoyvanil Zvelsparsul werilobiT ZeglebSi daculi informacia 

Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) istoriuli geografiis TvalsazrisiTacaa 

saintereso. am mxriv sayuradRebo isaa, rom Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) 

saxelwodebis Semcveli 7 Zvelsparsuli lursmuli warweridan, 6-Si (DBI 15- 

16, DPe 12, DNa 27-28, DSe 27, DSm 8, AP 20-22) igi Armina-s (armenia-urartus) 

gverdiTaa moxseniebuli, xolo 4-Si Armina-sa (armenia-urartus) da Sparda-s 

(sarde-lidias) Soris (DPe8, DNa 27-28; DSe 27; AP 20-22), rac savsebiT 

esadageba kapadokiis lokalizaciis amsaxvel ZvelberZen da romael 

avtorTa TxzulebebSi dacul cnobebs. maT Suqze kapadokiis mosazRvre 

qveynebi armenia, kilikia, lidia da frigia iyo. CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT 

igi evqsinis pontomde (Sav zRvamde) vrceldeboda (herodote, qsenofonti, 

poseidonios animeli, diodore sicilieli, straboni, plutarqe, ariane, 

dion kasiosi, epifane, zosime, kvintus rufusi, markus ciceroni...) [12, 25-32]. 

strabonis (Zv. w. I- ax. w. I ss.) cnobiT, makedonelebma sparselebisgan 

kapadokia or satrapiad gayofili miiRes. makedonelebis mmarTvelobis 

epoqaSi sparselTa yofili satrapiebi damoukidebel samefo-samTavroebad 

Camoyalibdnen. erT-erT am samefo-samTavroTagan sakuTriv `kapadokia", 

`tavrosTan mdebare kapadokia" anu `didi kapadokia" ewoda, xolo meores - 

`ponto" anu `pontos kapadokia" (Strabo, XII, 1, 4) [13, 502-503]. 

zemomoyvanili Zvelsparsuli lursmuli teqstebi im aspeqtiTacaa 

sagulisxmo, rom isini, faqtobrivad, pirvelad adastureben gvianxeTuri 

xanis (Zv. w. IX-VII ss.) aRmosavleT mcire aziis politikur rukaze Zv. w. VI 

dedaqalaqs" uwodebdnen. winamdebare statiis erT-erTi avtori aqaduri lursmuli 

warwerebis, bibliis sxvadasxva wignebis, bibliis genealogiuri siebis gviandeli 

komentatorebis – ioseb flaviosis, evstaTi antioqelis, leon gramatikosis, ioane zonaras, 

Liber generationis Chronicon a334-is, giorgi singelozisa da sxvebis monacemTa analizisa da 

urTierTSejerebis gziT im daskvnamde mivida, rom somxuri werilobiTi tradicia am 

sakiTxSi Liber generationis-is im interpretacias efuZneba, romlis Tanaxmadac, kapadokielebis 

eTnarqosi, bibliuri iafetis STamomavali, gameri (kimerieli) iyo (iafetis Zeni arian 

gameri, romlisganac arian kapadokielebi, madae, romlisganac arian midielebi, iuani, 

romlisganac arian berZnebi da ionelebi, Tobeli, saidanac arian etTalielebi, Tirasi, 

saidanac arian Trakielebi, Togorma, saidanac arian armenielebi". ufro dawvrilebiT ix. 

xazaraZe n., Tabalis qveynis adgilmdebareobisaTvis, krebulSi: Zveli istoriis sakiTxebi, 

II, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 64-84; misive, aRmosavleT mcire aziis eTnikuri da politikuri 

gaerTianebebi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 87-88; misive, 

kimerielebi werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemTa konteqstSi, krebulSi: javaxeTi. istoria da 

Tanamedroveoba, I, axalcixe, 2002, gv. 15-23. 

20

saukunisaTvis momxdar arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebs. kerZod ki, am 

regionSi gvianxeTur xanaSi ganlagebul samefo-samTavroTa (Tabali, Tuna, 

Tuxani, SinuxTu, xilaqu, kamanu-melidu, gurgumi, kumuxi) kuTvnil 

teritoriaze [14, 38-58; 15, 9-18] axali msxvili politikuri erTeulis 

Katpatuka-s (katpatukas) arsebobas, romelic aqemeniduri iranis 

qveSevrdomobaSi imyofeboda. 

da bolos, zemoT moyvanili da ganxiluli Zvelsparsuli lursmuli 

warwerebi, bunebrivia, aqemeniduri iranisa da mis mier damorCilebuli 

qveynebis istoriisa da kulturis rekonstruqciisaTvisacaa Rirebuli. 

magram, raki es epigrafikuli Zeglebi dRemde Zvelsparsuli lursmuli 

damwerlobis, enisa da aqemeniduri iranis istoriis TvalsaCino 

specialistTa kvleva-Ziebis arealSia moqceuli [3, 352-379], Cven mxolod 

Katpatuka-sTan (katpatukasTan) dakavSirebuli cnobebis warmoCeniTa da 

SeswavliT SemovifargleT, miTumetes, rom amgvari samuSao specialurad 

jerjerobiT aravis Cautarebia. 

aqve imasac SevniSnavT: rom saqarTvelos Zveli da adreSua 

saukuneebis istoriisaTvis Katpatuka-Καππαδόκια-s (katpatuka-kapadokias) 

sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. sakmarisia gavixsenoT, rom 

ioseb flaviosi (ax. w. I s.) da misi koncefciis mimdevrebi (evstaTi 

antioqeli, leon gramatikosi, ioane zonara...) kapadokielebis eTnarqosad 

maincadamainc mesxoss (mosox-mosoqs) warmogvidgenen [16, 10-14; 17, 271-273; 18, 

34-35; 19, 4; 20, 182], romelsac mkvlevarTa didi nawili XIX saukunidan 

moyolebuli dRemde, mesxebis winaprad miiCnevs [16, 10-14]. 

CvenTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom kapadokia qarTvelTa 

ganmanaTleblis, wm. ninosa da saqarTveloSi yvelaze popularuli 

wmindanis, wm. giorgis saxelebs ukavSirdeba. 

2009. 

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura 

1. Kent R. G., Old Persian, Grammar, Texts, Lexikon, New Haven, Connecticut, 1953. 

2. Schmitt, Kappadoker, Reallexikon der Assyriolgie und Archäologie, Berlin-New 

York, 1980. 

21

3. Дандамаев М. А., Луконин В. Т., Культура и экономика древнего Ирана, 

Москва, 1980. 

4. Posener G., La première domination Perse en Ègypte, Caire, 1936. 

5. andronikaSvili m., Zveli irani. aqemenidebis Zveli sparsuli 

lursmuli warwerebi, wignSi: Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa 

istoriis qrestomaTia, Tbilisi, 1990. 

6. Walser G., Die Völkerschafter auf den Reliefs von Persepolis, Berlin, 1966. 

7. Дандамаев М. А., Политическая история Ахеменидской державы, Москва, 

1985. 

8. Хазарадзе Н. В., К вопросу о локализации матиенов в свете древнегреческих 

письменных источников VI-V вв. до н. э.; krebulSi: xazaraZe n., samxreT 

kavkasia da axlo aRmosavleTi, Tbilisi, 2005. 

9. herodote, istoria, II, Tbilisi, 1976. berZnulidan Targmna, 

winasityvaoba da saZiebeli daurTo T. yauxCiSvilma. 

10. herodote, istoria, I, Tbilisi, 1975. berZnulidan Targmna, 

winasityvaoba da saZiebeli daurTo T. yauxCiSvilma. 

11. Trűmpelmann l., Zur Enstehungsgeschiehte des Monumentes Darios` I von Bisutun 

und Zur datierung der Einfűhrung der altpersischen Schrift, Archäologischer 

Anzeiger, III, Berlin, 1967. 

12. baxsoliani n., termini `kapadokia" ZvelaRmosavlur da antikuri 

xanis werilobiT wyaroebSi, istoriul-eTnografiuli Studiebi, 

V, Tbilisi, 2002. 

13. Страбон, География в 17 книгах, перевод, статья и коментарии Г. А. 

Стратановского, Москва, 1964. 

14. xazaraZe n., aRmosavleT mcire aziis eTnikuri da politikuri 

gaerTianebebi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, Tbilisi, 

1978. 

15. xazaraZe n., samxreT-aRmosavleT mcire aziis istoriuli 

geografiidan, krebulSi: n. xazaraZe, samxreT kavkasia da axlo 

aRmosavleTi, Tbilisi, 2005. 

16. xazaraZe n., biblia da mesxebis Zveli istoria, krebulSi: 

mesxeTi. istoria da Tanamedroveoba, axalcixe, 2000. 

22

17. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb V, Zveli 

berZnulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo T. 

yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1983. 

18. georgika I, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 

teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosces da ganmartebebi 

daurTes al. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1961. 

19. georgika V, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 

teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi 

daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1963. 

20. georgika V, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 

teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi 

daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1966. 


KATPATUKA OF OLD PERSIAN CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS 

According to the authors, old Persian inscriptions (DBI, 15-16; DPe, 12; DNa, 28; DSe, 27; 

DSm, 8; XPh, 26; A P, 21) of Darius I (621-586 BC), Xerxes (55-565 BC) and Artaxerxes II (405- 

359 BC) denoting the designation Katpatuka, which are represented in the article fully, are 

noteworthy for several aspects. In particular, unlike old oriental written monuments, in these 

inscriptions the general geographical designation Katpatuka denoting a quite large area of Asia 

Minor is recorded for the first time. From the 5 th century the term is replaced by Καππαδόκια, 

having the same etymology. 

In the authors’ opinion, the information preserved in the old Persian written monuments is 

important from the viewpoint of historical geography of Katpatuka as well. Out of the 7 old Persian 

cuneiform inscriptions containing the designation Katpatuka, in 6 (DBI, 15-16, DPe, 12, DNa, 27- 

28, DSe, 27, DSm, 8, XPh, 26, A P, 20-22) it is mentioned next to Armina (Armenia-Urartu), and 

in 4 – between Armina (Armenia-Urartu) and Sparda (Sparda-Lydia) (DPe 8, DNa 27-28, DSe 27, 

AP 20-22). This, in the authors’ view, fully correspond to the evidence preserved in the works of 

ancient Greek and Roman authors reflecting the localization of Cappadocia, according to which, the 

bordering countries of Cappadocia were Armenia, Cilicia, Lydia and Phrygia and Cappadocia 

extended to the Pontus Euxin (the Black Sea) to the North. 

23

The article shows that old Persian cuneiform texts are also significant because actually for 

the first time they confirm the essential changes that had occurred by the 6 th century BC on the 

political map of Eastern Asia Minor of the Late Hittite period (the 9 th -7 th cc. BC). Namely, this is the 

existence of a new large political unit Katpatuka, being under the subordination of Achaemenid Iran, 

on the territory belonging to the kingdoms and principalities (Tabal, Tuna, Tukhan, Šinukhtu, 

Khilaku, Kammanu-Melidu, Gurgum, Kumukh) located in this area in the Late Hittite period. 

24


ricxviTi saxelebis aRmniSvneli 

luviuri ieroglifebi 

Zv. w. XVI saukuneSi mcire aziaSi mcxovrebma, xeTebis monaTesave 

luvielebma originaluri damwerloba Seqmnes, romlis amokiTxvas 

mecnierebma aTwleulebi moandomes. luviuri ieroglifebis semantikuri 

kodebis amoxsnasTan dakavSirebiT Catarebulma mravalwlianma kvleva- 

Ziebebma im mniSvnelovan daskvnamde migviyvana, rom ara mxolod am 

damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebiT daTariRebuli epigrafikuli 

Zeglebi, aramed Tavad luviuri ieroglifuri niSnebi Zveli 

anatoliis xalxebis istoriisa da kulturis istoriis rekonstruqciisaTvis 

Zvirfas sainformacio wyaros warmoadgens. am originaluri 

damwerlobis Semqmnelebi amomwurav informacias flobdnen mcire aziis 

xalxebis istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb [1, 11 da Smd.]. 

sadReisod 500-mde luviuri ieroglifia cnobili. specialur 

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, es damwerloba 

Tavdapirvelad sakulto daniSnulebis iyo. sakancelario xeTuri 

lursmulisagan ganxsvavebiT, luviur-ieroglifuri religiur monumentur 

damwerlobas asaxierebda. gvianxeTur xanaSi (Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli 

meoTxedi) igi sekularizacias ganicdis. mkvidrdeba samSeneblo da 

miZRvniTi xasiaTis warwerebis Seqmnis tradicia. yizil-daRis, yara-daRis, 

burunqaias mTianeTSi, yara-Tefeze (kilikia), qarxemiSSi (CrdiloeTi siria, 

dRev. jerablusi) mefe-mTavrebi (xarTafu, aziTavada, iaririsi, qaTuvasi...) 

analebis tipis werilobiT Zeglebs qmnian. dRevandeli kululus binadarni 

tyviis firfitebze sameurneo-sagadasaxado daniSnulebis dokumentebs 

adgenen [2, 8-9, 31-32...; 3, 33-37]. 

ieroglifur-luviuri epigrafikuli Zeglebis gavrcelebis CrdiloeTi 

sazRvari alaja-huiuqTan gadis, aRmosavleTi hinesTan, zemo mesopotamiaSi, 

xolo samxreTi – hamaTze, siriaSi. Tumca, am damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli 

qvaze amokveTili calkeuli warwerebi sipilosSi, yarabelSi, kviprosze, 

babilonSi, iranSi da sxva punqtebSia aRmoCenili. am warwerebis raodenoba 

300-ze metia, 800-s aRemateba sabeWdavebze moTavsebuli ieroglifur-luviuri 

25

warwerebis raodenoba. xeTebis droindeli sabeWdavebi, romlebmac 

umTavresad anabeWdebis saxiT moaRwies Cvenamde, xSirad orenovania. isini, 

ZirTadad, xeTi mefeebis saxelebs, titulaturebsa da genealogiebs 

gvacnoben (boRazqoi, tarsusi, ugariTi). xeTuri xanis ieroglifur-luviuri 

warwerebi xeTi mefeebis kldeSi nakveT reliefebzedacaa dadasturebuli, 

sadac mefeebis gamosaxulebebi da msxverplSewirvis scenebia aRbeWdili. 

zogjer ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebi RvTaebaTa saxelebs gvacnobs, 

zogjer ritualuri xasiaTis teqstebs [4, 17]. 

ieroglifur-luviuri ena lursmuli luviuris monaTesavea. Zveli 

anatoliis es ori ena A da B likiurTan, pisidiurTan, likaonurTan, 

sideturTan erTad Zveli indoevropuli enebis anatoliur (xeTur-luviuri) 

jgufis luviur qvejgufadaa miCneuli [5, 14]. rogorc wesi, luviuri 

ieroglifi Ria marcvlis saxiTaa warmodgenili - xmovani an Tanxmovanixmovani 

(Tumca gvxvdeba gamonaklisebic, rodesac ieroglifuri niSani 

romelime aso-bgeras Seesabameba. ieroglifur-luviur logogramebsa da 

determinativebs zogjer fonetikuri komplementebi axlavs, romlebic 

sityvis fuZis bgeriT Semadgenlobas da fleqsias gvacnobs [6, 9]. 

arsebobs luviuri ieroglifebis klasifikaciis ramdenime versia. em. 

laroSis mier SemuSavebuli sakmaod argumentirebuli klasifikaciis 

mixedviT, luviuri ieroglifebi funqciis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa aT 

jgufad daiyos. ieroglifuri niSnebis pirveli jgufi adamianebTan, mis 

sxeulTan, socialur statusTan, sxvadasxva qmedebebTan dakavSirebul 

cnebebs asaxierebs (me, adamiani, Tavi, xeli, fexi, terfi, qali (saSos saxiT), 

deda, qalbatoni, dedofali, mefe, didi mefe, bavSvi, vaJi, ufliswuli (qali, 

vaJi), Zma, gmiri, Zlieri, mrisxaneba, saubari, aReba, dadeba, mitana, 

Tayvaniscema, ritualis aRsruleba da a. S.), meore – cxovelebs (ZaRli, 

cxeni, saxedari, iremi, xari, cxvari, kurdReli, lomi...), mesame – mcenareebs 

(puris TavTavi, broweuli, yurZnis mtevani, maradmwvane xe ea...), meoTxe – 

mnaTobebs, bunebis movlenebs, landSafts (ca, mze, mTvare, eqvsqimiani da 

mravalsxiviani varskvlavebi, elva, miwa, dablobi, mTa, mdinare, wyali, 

wyaros saTave, aRmosavleTi, dasavleTi...), meSvide – WurWels, merve – 

26

simboloebs (RvTaebis, qalRvTaebis, mefis, qurumis, mosamarTlis 

aRmniSvneli simboloebi...), mecxre – ricxvebs, geometriul figurebs (erTi, 

ori, sami, oTxi, xuTi, eqvsi, Svidi, rva, cxra, aTi, asi...), meaTe jgufSi jerjerobiT 

daudgeneli semantikis ieroglifebs aerTianeben. 

rogorc vxedavT, am originaluri damwerlobis Semqmnelebi amomwurav 

informacias flobdnen mcire aziis florasa da faunaze, bunebriv 

simdidreebze, meurneobaze da yofaze, samxedro saqmeze, arqiteqturaze, 

sazogadoebis socialur struqturaze, xaTebis, luvielebis, xeTebis 

kosmogoniur da kosmologiur rwmena-warmodgenebze. 

amjerad, Cveni kvlevis obieqti em. laroSis mier mecxre jgufad 

gamoyofili (ix. zemoT) ieroglifur-luviuri ricxviTi saxelebia, radgan 

isinic damatebiT sayuradRebo informacias gvawvdian im ZvelaRmosavluri 

sazogadoebis codnis donis Sesaxeb, romelic am damwerlobiT 

sargeblobda. aqve davZenT, rom arcerT sadReisod cnobil ieroglifurluviur 

epigrafikul ZeglSi ricxviTi saxeli ar mowmdeba, garda 

kululuSi gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi aRmoCenili warweriani tyviis 

firfitebisa, romlebic sameurneo-sagadasaxado aRricxvis mizniT iyo 

Sedgenili [3, 33-37]. 

gansxvavebiT Sumeruli, aqaduri, xeTuri ricxviTi saxelebis 

sistemebidan, sadac ricxviTi saxelebi raodenobiTi, rigobiTi, jerobiTi, 

gamanawilebeli da wilobiTi jgufebis saxiTaa warmodgenili, [7, 41-45; 8, 59- 

64...] kululus tyviis firfitebze mxolod raodenobiT ricxviT saxelebs 

vxvdebiT. magram es garemoeba sruliad ar gamoricxavs varauds, rom sxva 

analogiur werilobiT ZeglebSi, romlebmac rigi garemoebis gamo Cvenamde 

ver moaRwia, ricxviTi saxelebis sistema iseTive srulyofili iyo, rogorc 

es zemoxsenebul lursmul damwerlobebSia. SesaZloa, CvenTvis saintereso 

informaciis nakleboba imiTac iyos ganpirobebuli, rom, rogorc 

varaudoben, ieroglifur-luviuri damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli dokumentebi 

xeze funjiTa da Savi saRebaviT iwereboda da am mizeziT saukuneebs ver 

gauZlo. 

kululuSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros aRmoCenil tyviis 

firfitebze, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mxolod raodenobiTi ricxviTi 

27

saxelebi dasturdeba. 1-dan 9-mde aRmniSvneli ricxviTi saxelebi 

vertikaluri xazebiTaa gadmocemuli, aTeulebi – horizontaluriT. rac 

Seexeba aseulebs, romelsac firfitebze mravalgzis vxvdebiT, maT 

cecxlsaCxreki formis figurebi ganasaxierebs. ieroglifur-luviuri 

ricxviTi saxelebis gadmocemisas, am damwerlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel erT 

Taviseburebasac vadasturebT. asze meti mrgvali ricxvebi asis aRmniSvneli 

ieroglifis ganmeorebiT xorcieldeba (200, 300, 400), xolo im SemTxvevaSi, 

rodesac dokumentis avtors esaWiroeba iseTi raodenobrivi ricxvis 

warmoCena, rogoricaa 141, 232 da a. S. igi aseulis aRmniSvnel figuras 

qvemoT jer aTeulebis (horizontalur) da bolos erTeulebis 

(vertikalur) xazebs umatebs. igive meordeba iseTi ricxviTi saxelebis 

dawerilobisas, rogoricaa: 15, 32, 68... 

ieroglifur-luviuri ricxviTi saxelebis fonetikuri amokiTxva jerjerobiT 

ar xerxdeba. am TvalsazrisiT, gamonakliss oTxisa da cxris (mi, 

nu) aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebi warmoadgens. xeTuri da luviuri 

lursmulis, A da B likiuris msgavsad 4-isa da 9-is aRmniSvneli fonetikuri 

wakiTxva akrofonul principzea damyarebuli. 

zemoaRniSnulis sailustraciod, gvianxeTuri xanis aRmosavleT mcire 

aziaSi mdebare Tabalis teritoriaze , dRevandel kululuSi aRmoCenil 

tyviis firfitebze Sesrulebuli dokumenturi Canawerebidan fragments 

moviyvanT. dokumentSi saubaria Tabalis qalaqebis (Tivarali, zemo Tuna, 

qvemo Tuna da Tuna, asahaialara, sunavara, muraTi, sunaqaTa, ahaTikukurai, 

arusalisi) mcxovrebTaTvis gaweuli Sromis anazRaurebis mizniT gacemuli 

cxvrebis raodenobis Sesaxeb. (aqve davZenT, rom kululus warweris sxva 

fragmentebSi xarebisa da qeris raodenobacaa miTiTebuli). 

ieroglifur-luviuri teqsti [10, 148] ase gamoiyureba: 

 

Tabali asuruli lursmuli da ieroglifur-luviuri werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemTa 

konteqtsSi didi kapadokiis samxreT-dasavleT seqtorSi, dRevandeli gurun-Sahripozandidan 

(mdinare sei-hanis zemo dinebidan) dasavleTiT, dRevandeli pozandi-zeive-bori- 

Cifliqis xazidan CrdiloeTiTa da Crdilo-dasavleTiT, dRevandeli sulTanxani-kaiserisuvasa-topadadan 

aRmosavleTiT (mdinare halisidan, dRevandeli yizil-irmakidan 

aRmosavleTiT) mdebareobda. [9, 25-61] 

28

teqstis qarTuli Targmani: 

32 cxvari muvahisma nis misca. 68 cxvari lalisma parasaTas () misca 

kukisTvis. 140 cxvari 7 qandakebas miveciT qalaq asahaialaraSi 40 cxvari 

nunus. 30 cxvari 3 nacvals. 30 cxvari miveciT kulis, Tumisis, TuTus, 

(mamakacebi) qalaq sunavaraSi. 20 cxvari saTanus. 40 cxvari...() 4. 20 

cxvari...() 2. 100 cxvari 5 qandakebas qalaq muraTSi. 20 cxvari kvisais, 

paluss, qalaq sunaqaTaSi. 100 cxvari 5 qandakebas qalaq TivaralSi. 20 

cxvari 2 monadires. 141 cxvari 3 qandakebas, qalaq ahaTikukuraiSi. 15 cxvari 

maT misces qalaq arusalisis...(). 200 cxvari aTivararss. 20 cxvari...(). 14 

cxvari qalaq asailaraidan ... () brZanebiT moitanes. 

ieroglifur-luviuri ricxviTi saxelebis istoriis rekonstruqcia, 

masalis simwiris miuxedavad, kidev erTxel gviCvenebs, rom luviuri 

ieroglifebis semantikuri kodebis Seswavla perspeqtiulicaa da 

aucilebelic. 

2010. 

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura 

1. n. xazaraZe, wyaroTmcodneobiTi da istoriografiuli Ziebani, 

Tbilisi, 2009. 

2. n. xazaraZe, luviuri ieroglifebis samyaroSi Tbilisi, 2006. 

3. n. baxsoliani, tyviis firfitebi kululudan, istoriisa da 

eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, VIII, Tbilisi, 2008. 

4. Laroche E., Les Hieroglyphes Hittites, Paris, 1960. 

5. Языки Азии и Африки, I, Москва, 1976. 

29

6. Meriggi P., Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, Parte I: Grammatica, Roma, 1966. 

7. j. SaraSeniZe, Sumeruli enis gramatika, Tbilisi, 2005. 

8. i. tatiSvili, aqaduri ena, Tbilisi, 2009. 

9. n. xazaraZe, ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani, 


10. J. D. Hawkins, The Kululu lead strips economic documents in Hierogliphic Luwian, 

AnSt, vol. XXXVII, London-Ankara, 1987. 


LUWIAN HIEROGLYPHS DENOTING NUMERALS 

Results of our labour-intensive research of many years conducted for the purpose of study of 

the given hieroglyphic Luwian written monuments and reconstruction of semantic codes of separate 

hieroglyphic signs (hieroglyphs representing animals, plants, interiors and exteriors of ancient 

Anatolian architectural monuments, heavenly bodies, etc.) unequivocally demonstrate that not only 

hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions, but also separate hieroglyphic signs should be considered as a 

source of information of primary importance. The results of study of the hieroglyphic Luwian 

system of numerals lead to the same conclusion. 

30


istoriis gakveTilebi 

(gvianxeTuri xanis mcire aziis politikuri istoriisaTvis) 

Zv. w. IX-VII saukuneebis ZvelaRmosavluri (asuruli, urartuli 

lursmuli, ieroglifur-luviuri) werilobiTi Zeglebis Seswavla 

cxadhyofs, rom e. w. `bneli xanis” (Dark age) dasasrulisaTvis (Zv. w. X-IX 

saukuneebis mijna) aRmosavleT kapadokiasa da kilikiaSi araerTi 

eTnopolitikuri erTeuli (e. w. `mcire qveyana”) aRmocenda, romelsac 

saTaveSi mefe (šarru, LUGAL) qveynis meufe, ganmgebeli (KUR.NA), mmarTveli, 

suvereni (tarwanas) edga. es erTeulebia: muSqebis/musqebis/musqas qveyana, 

Tabali, xilaqu, Tuna, kamanu-melidu, gurgumi, kumuxi, que [1, 3-7;2,72-125; 3, 26- 

74]. 

werilobiTi pirvelwyaroebis monacemTa konteqstSi irkveva, rom am 

eTnopolitikuri erTeulebis pirvel pirTa ZiriTad sazrunavs imperiuli 

ambiciebiT aRsavse asureTis saxelmwifos klanWebidan Tavis daRweva 

warmoadgenda. damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad isini sxvadasxva saSualebebs 

mimarTavdnen: umZimesi xarkis gadaxdis pirobiT, moCvenebiT morCilebas, 

asureTis mefeTa haramxanaSi Zvirfasi mziTviT xeldamSvenebuli sakuTari 

qaliSvilebisa da mZevlebad didebulTa ojaxebis wevrebis gagzavnas, 

dampyrobelTan samxedro dapirispirebas…... [1,97-101; 3,32; 4, 49-68]. 

aRniSnulis sailustraciod, gvianxeTuri xanis erT-erTi `mcire 

qveynis” Tabalis (bibliuri Tubal-Tobelis) Sesaxeb Zv. w. IX-VII ss-is 

asurul lursmul werilobiT ZeglebSi damowmebul ramdenime cnobas 

movixmobT. 

Tabali didi kapadokiis samxreT-dasavleT seqtorSi, dRevandeli 

gurun-Sahri-pozandidan (mdinare sei-hanis zemo dinebidan) dasavleTiT, 

dRevandeli pozandi-zeive-bori-Cifliqis xazidan CrdiloeTiTa da CrdilodasavleTiT, 

dRevandeli sulTanxani-kaiseri-suvasa-topadadan aRmosavleTiT 

(mdinare halisidan, dRevandeli yizil-irmakidan aRmosavleTiT) 

mdebareobda [1,38-58; 5,2561; 3,26]. asurelebma am qveyanas yuradReba jer kidev 

salmanasar III-is (Zv. w. 859-824 ww) mefobis xanaSi miaqcies.Ee. w. `Savi 

obeliskis” mowmobiT, Zv. w. 837 wels salmanasar III-s ocdameored 

31

gadaulaxavs md. evfrati da Tabalis qveynisaken daZrula, sadac Tabalis 24 

mefisagan ZRveni miuRia. Semdgom wels asureTis mefes md. evfratis 

mimarTulebiT samxedro operacia kvlav ganuxorcielebia. igi melidis 

mefis, lalas samefo qalaq ueTaSi dabanakebula. amjerad, xarkiT 

xeldamSvenebuli Tabalis mefeebi asureTis mbrZanebelTan `nebayoflobiT” 

gamocxadebulan [6, 62, str. 104, 107; 7, I, #579]. imave salmanasr III-is sxva 

warweraSi (samefo taxtze amokveTili warwera) Tabali asurelTa moxarke 

qveynebs Sorisaa moxseniebuli [7, I, #674], rac srulad eTanxmeba `Savi 

obeliskis” cnobebs asurelTa mier Tabalis dalaSqvrisa da 

Tabalelebisagan xarkis miRebis Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebul interess am `mcire 

qveynisadmi”, erTi mxriT, misi strategiuli mdebareoba apirobebda da meore 

mxriT, oqro-vercxliTa da saukeTeso jiSis cxenebiT simdidre. 

TiglaTfileser III-is droindeli (Zv. w. 745-727 ww.) werilobiTi Zeglebidan 

naTlad Cans, rom Zv. w. VIII s-is meore naxevarSi Tabali ukve asurelTa 

qveSevrdomobaSi myofi qveyanaa. TiglaTfileser III-is ànalebSi” igi im 

`qveynebs” Soris moixsenieba, romlebic asureTs xarks uxdidnen (gurgumi, 

melidi, Tuna, qasqu...) [8, I, 802]. isic irkveva, rom Tabalis mefeebi 

damoukideblobis dakargvas Znelad eguebodnen. nimrudSi aRmoCenili erTerTi 

asuruli lursmuli warweris mixedviT, daaxloebiT Zv. w. 728 wels 

Tabalis mefe uasurmes (ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebis vasusarumas) 

asurelTa qveSevrdomobisagan ganTavisufleba ganuzraxavs. werilobiTi 

wyaros cnobiT, am mcdelobas TabalisaTvis sasurveli Sedegi Aar 

mohyolia. asurelebs urCi mefe uasurmes nacvlad samefo taxtze huli 

(varianti: hulu), àravis Svili” (anu piri, romelic Tabalis Zvel samefo 

dinastias ar ekuTvnoda) dausvamT. TabalisaTvis sakmaod sabediswero am 

faqts isic daemata, rom Tabalelebi iZulebuli gaxdnen asureli 

moxelisaTvis 10 talanti oqro, 1000 talanti vercxli da 200 (varianti 

2000) Tabaluri cxeni `ZRvnad” miurTmeviaT. 

sargon II-is (Zv. w. 722-705 ww.) mefobis xanaSi asurelebi yovel Rones 

xmarobdnen, raTa Tabali morCilebaSi hyolodaT. Zv. w. VIII s-is bolo 

meoTxediT daTariRebuli sargon II-is ànalebis”, e. w. `sagamofeno warweris”, 

samefo sasaxlis WiSkris kompleqsis iatakze amokveTili asuruli 

32

lursmuli teqstebis da sxva werilobiTi Zeglebis mowmobiT, TabalTan 

`megobruli urTierTobebis” ganmtkicebis mizniT sargon II-es Tavisi 

qaliSvili, axatabiSa hulis (varianti: hulus) memkvidre ambaridusaTvis 

(varianti: ambarisisaTvis) miuTxovebia da misTvis Tabalis mezobeli xilaqu 

saCuqrad uboZebia. asureTis mxridan amgvari `wyalobis” miuxedavad, 

Tabalis mefes damoukideblobisaTvis brZola ar Seuwyvetia. amjerad, mas 

mokavSiris Zebna dauwyia da aseTad muSqebis qveyana (didi frigia) miuCnevia 

[7, #11, 25, 55; 8,#46, 165...]. 

sargon II-is memkvidre sinaqeribis (Zv. w. 705-681 ww.) droindeli asuruli 

lursmuli warwerebis gacnobisas iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos 

Tabalma droebiT mainc damoukidebloba moipova, rasac, erTi SexedviT, 

SamaSis orakulisadmi asarqadonis (Zv. w. 681-668 ww.) mier dasmuli cnobili 

`SekiTxvebic” adastureben. am `SekiTxvebidan” irkveva, rom Tabalis mefe 

iSgalu da melidis mefe mugalu asurelTaTvis saSiS mowinaaRmdegeebs 

warmoadgendnen. erT-erT `SekiTxvaSi” asarqadoni SesTxovs SamaSs auwyos 

mas iSgalu Tabalelisa da mugalu melidelis momavali gegmebis Sesaxeb. 

imave mefis meore SekiTxvis mizania gaarkvios, xom ar daesxmian Tavs 

asurel sardals iSgalu da mugalu [9,54,56a,57,59, 60, 61; 8, #68g]. 

asurbanifalis mefobis epoqaSi (Zv. w. VII s.) situacia kvlav asurelTa 

sasargeblod icvleba. am mefis saxeliT Sedgenili asuruli lursmuli 

warwerebis mowmobiT, asurelTa ZlierebiT SeSinebul TabalelebisaTvis, 

romlebic ara Tu ar emorCilebodnen asurbanifalis winapar mefeebs, 

aramed ìaraRiTac ki ibrZodnen” maT winaaRmdeg, xarkis saxiT didi 

cxenebis moyvana da asureTis mefis haramxanaSi Tabalis mefis qaliSvilis 

gagzavna daukisrebiaT [7, II, 516, 531; 8, #65]. 

pirvelwyaroebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom Tabali, iseve rogorc zemoT 

dasaxelebuli uklebliv yvela e. w. `mcire qveyana” damoukideblobis 

SenarCunebisaTvis kidev erT, erTi SexedviT TiTqos efeqtur gzas 

mimarTavda, rac e. w. `mcire qveynebis” antiasuruli koaliciebis Seqmnasa da 

am koaliciebSi mcire aziaze gabatonobis pretenziis mqone asureTis metoqe 

nairi-urartusa da centralur mcire aziaSi Zv. w. VIII s-is bolo meoTxedSi 

(didi xnis manZilze naxevradlegendaruli, magram dRes ukve 

33

ealobadqceuli) midasis mier daarsebuli frigiis samefos (asuruli 

werilobiTi wyaroebis muSqebis qveynis) monawileobas gulisxmobda [7, II, 5, 

11, 18, 80,82, 92...]. 

marTalia, werilobiTma wyaroebma amgvari koaliciebis arsebobis 

istoriis Sesaxeb sakmaod Zunwi cnobebi Semogvinaxa, magram mainc naTelia, 

rom nairi-urartuc da didi frigiac antiasurul samxedro koaliciebSi 

monawileobaze didi xalisiT Tanxmdebian. Tumca aqve davZenT, rom 

antiasurul koaliciebs e. w. `mcire qveynebisaTvis” sasurveli Sedegi 

yovelTvis ar mohqonda. ufro metic, asuruli erTi dokumenturi wyarodan 

(nimrudSi aRmoCenili brZanebulebidan, romelic sargon II-is saxeliTaa 

Sedgenili) imasac vgebulobT, rom muSqebis qveynis (didi frigiis) mefe 

miTam (ZvelberZnuli werilobiTi tradiciis midasma) antiasuruli wina 

koaliciis erT-erTma aqtiurma wevrma, urartuSi wargzavnili Tavis yofili 

mokavSiris – Tabalis uSualo mezobeli qveynis – ques (kilikia) 14 kaciani 

antiasuruli delegacia daaatyveva da `megobrobis” niSnad asureTs gadasca 

[10,205]. ase rom, e. w. `mcire qveynebs” antiasuruli koaliciebis Seqmnisas, 

mokavSireebis SerCevisas didi sifrTxile da windaxeduleba marTebdaT! 

avtorebis TvalsazrisiT, didi imperiebis winaaRmdeg politikuri 

erTeulebis (e. w. `mcire qveynebis”) brZolis gamocdilebas ara mxolod 

mecnieruli, aramed praqtikuli Rirebuleba gaaCnia, gansakuTrebiT, 

zesaxelmwifoebis mezoblad ganlagebuli im qveynebisaTvis, romelTac didi 

Zalisxmevis Sedegad mopovebuli Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis 

SenarCunebisaTvis brZola XXI saukuneSic uxdebaT. 

savsebiT kanonzomieria, rom mxedvelobaSi, upirveles yovlisa, 

saqarTvelo gvyavs, romlis mravalsaukunovani istoria, faqtobrivad, 

gadarCenisaTvis Tavdadebuli brZolis istoriaa. marTalia, dRevandeli 

msoflio arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Zv. w. I aTaswleulis msofliosagan (da, 

kerZod, aRmosavleT mcire aziisagan), rac savsebiT bunebrivia, magram e. w. 

`mcire qveynebisaTvis” riskfaqtorebis Semcveli epoqa, samwuxarod, 

jerjerobiT ar damTavrebula. dResac mecnierul obieqtur analizze 

dafuZnebuli TviTgadarCenis strategiisa da taqtikis SemuSavebas, imperiuli 

ambiciebiT Sepyrobili pirispir myofi qveynebisaTvis sruliad 

34

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, istoriis gakveTilebis 

Rrma codna, did politikaSi gaTvaliswineba, XXI s-is ZiriTad moTxovnad 

rCeba. 

warmodgenili mcire narkvevi, romelic kvlevisaTvis sakmaod rTuli 

asuruli lursmuli pirvelwyaroebis Cvenebebs emyareba, swored am mizniTaa 

SemoTavazebuli. 

2011. 

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da samecniero literatura 


gaerTianebebi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, Tbilisi, 

1978. 

2. xazaraZe n., saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis eTno-politikuri 

gaerTianebebi, Tbilisi, 1984. 

3. baxsoliani n., didi kapadokia Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel 

naxevarSi, Tbilisi, 2008. 

4. xazaraZe n., samxreT kavkasia da axlo aRmosavleTi, Tbilisi, 2005. 

5. xazaraZe n., ZvelaRmosavlri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani, 


6. Amiaud A., Sheil V., Les Inscriptions de Salmanasar IIIdi Assyrie, Paris, 1890. 

7. Luckenbill D., Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, I-II, Chicago, 1926-1927. 

8. Дьяконов И. М., Ассиро-вавилонские источники по истории Урарту, Вестник 

древней истории, Москва, 1951, №2, 3, 4. 

9. Knudtzon J. A., Assyriche Gebete an den Sonnengot, Leipzig, 1893. 

10. Saggs H. W., The Nimrud Letter. The Urartian Frontier, 1952, IV, `Ìraq”, XX, 2, 1958. 

35


HISTORY LESSONS 

(ON POLITICAL HISTORY OF ASIA MINOR IN THE LATE HITTITE PERIOD) 

In the context of the evidence of the 9 th -7 th cc. BC Assyrian written monuments, on the 

example of one of the political units – Tabal, the basic directions of the struggle against the Assyrian 

Empire of the so-called ”minor countries”, formed at the turn of the 10 th -9 th cc. BC in eastern Asia 

Minor, are reconstructed as fully as possible. In the authors` view, in spite of the fact that the 

present-day world fundamentally differs from the world of the 1 st millennium BC (which is quite 

regular), for “minor countries”, which achieved independence and freedom in the 20 th c. by great 

efforts, the period containing risk factors has not ended yet. Nowdays, for countries (including 

Georgia) located in the neighbourhood of states that are obsessed with imperial ambitions, special 

significance attaches to working out of a strategy and tactics of selfpreservation, based on scientific 

analysis. In this respect, awareness of lessons of history and their consideration in great politics 

remain for them a major challenge in the 21 st c. 

36


saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis dacvis ZvelaxloaRmosavluri 

modelis rekonstruqciisaTvis 

xelisufalTa mier saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis dacvaze zrunva drosa 

da sivrceSi universaluria. am TvalsazrisiT, pirvel magaliTebs Zvel 

axlo aRmosavleTSi vxvdebiT. saxelmwifos mesveurebi sxvadasxva 

strategias mimarTavdnen. 

Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulis ZvelaxloaRmosavluri (xeTuri, xurituli, 

asurul-babilonuri, ieroglifur-luviuri, urartuli da ZvelberZnuli) 

werilobiTi Zeglebis da Zveli axloaRmosavleTis qveynebis teritoriaze 

Catarebuli arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad mopovebuli masalis 

urTierTSejereba da analizi gviCvenebs, rom am TvalsazrisiT Catarebuli 

RonisZiebani stereotipulia. upirveles yovlisa, yuradReba eqceoda 

saxelmwifoebis, dedaqalaqebis, msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis, sakulto 

centrebis sazRvrebis dacvas. am mizniT, xelisufleba uzrunvelyofda 

strategiuli mniSvnelobis cixe-simagreebis aRmSeneblobas. samxedro 

daniSnulebis am nagebobebs, rogorc wesi, qveynis dominanti eTnosis 

warmomadgenlebi emsaxurebodnen. am aspeqtiT, yuradRebas, ZvelaxloaRmosavluri 

qveynebis arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebebis Seswavlis Sedegebi 

imsaxurebs. ase, magaliTad, dRes ukve kargadaa cnobili, rom qalaq suzas 

masiuri galavani hqonda garSemortymuli da iqve mdinaris piras agebuli 

citadelic e. w. `xalcuc” Tavdamsxmelebisagan sagangebod icavda. 

ciklopuri tipis nagebobebiT iyo daculi ZvelaxloaRmosavluri meore 

mniSvnelovani centri – nuzi [1, 52]. 

xeTuri cixe-simagreebic, did kldovan borcvebze iyo ganlagebuli. 

dResac sanimuSod iTvleba buiuq-kales cixe-simagre taZrebiT, mefisa da 

dedoflis rezidenciebiT, farTo galavniTa da mZlavri alayafis karebiT, 

romelic erT mTlian arqiteqturul ansambls qmnida[4, 156]. 

urartusU cixe-simagreebi sxvadasxva daniSnulebisa iyo: xSir 

SemTxvevaSi es iyo TavdacviTi, administraciuli centri, zogic didi 

laSqrobis mosamzadebel bazas warmoadgenda. 

37

TavdacviTi nagebobani Znelad misadgom adgilebSi, maRal borcvebze 

an cicabo kldeebze iyo agebuli. argiSTiuna sargon II-is warweraSi 

`Zlier” cixe-simagred moixsenieba, romelic `varskvlavis msgavsad 

elvarebda” da misi simaRle 120 metrs aRwevda. 

arqeologiuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, cixe-simagris kedlis sisqe 3 

metrs Seadgenda. TeiSebainis cixe-simagre 120-dan 150-mde nagebobas moicavda. 

simagres ori Sesasvleli hqonda samxreTidan da Crdilo-dasavleTidan. 

Cveni azriT, am mxareebs upiratesoba mosalodneli politikuri 

saSiSroebis gamo eniWebodaT. WiSkrebi rogorc fexiT mosiaruleTaTvis, 

aseve oTxTvala etlisaTvis iyo gaTvlili. kedlebi aliziT, yovelgvari 

duRabis gareSe iyo naSeni. cixe-simagris ganuyofel nawils kontrforsebi 

da masiuri koSkebi Seadgendnen. kedlebis simaRle sxvadasxva adgilas 6-dan 

12 metramde meryeobda[2, 34]. 

aranaklebi mniSvneloba eniWeboda sadazvervo samsaxurs, romelTa 

warmomadgenlebi sasazRvro zolSi aqtiur moRvaweobas eweodnen: mezobeli 

qveynebis teritoriaze agrovebdnen informacias da specialuri arxebiT 

operatiulad gadascemdnen centrs. am mxriv, Zalzed sayuradRebo 

monacemebs gvawvdian Zv. w. VIII-VI ss-iT daTariRebuli asuruli teqstebi, 

sadac skrupulozuradaa aRwerili urartu-asureTis sazRvarze ganlagebuli 

asureTis sadazvervo aparatis mier moZiebuli monacemebi. aranakleb 

mniSvnelovani albaT isicaa, rom am sadazvervo samsaxuris saTaveSi 

sxvadasxva dros asureTis mefeebis uSualo memkvidreebi (sinaqeribi, 

asarqadoni, aSurbanifali...) idgnen. `me movaTavse Seni maJordormi [Cems] 

saxlSi. aseTia aSuricuas Setyobineba. Sulmubeli, damxmare saxelmwifo 

uwyebaSi CemTan movida da miTxra: urzanam momwera: rodesac urartus mefe 

movida gamirSi, misi jari mowyda. olqis mmarTveli uasi mokles. Cven jer 

kidev ar gvaqvs informacia, rogorc ki miviRebT, maSinve gamovgzavni 

Setyobinebas”; `dae mefes hqondes keTildReoba, keTildReoba asureTs, 

keTildReoba taZrebs, keTildReoba mefis yvela cixe-simagres. ukiecma 

momwera: roca urartus mefe gamirSi gaemarTa, misi jari mTlianad mowyda. 

misi 11 olqis mmarTveli TavianTi jariT ukugdebulia. misi [turtani] da 

ori olqis marTveli tyved Cavarda...aseTia ukiecis Setyobineba. aSuricuam 

38

momwera: urartus Sesaxeb rom mogwere...axla maTi qveyana wynaradaa, misi 

yvela didebuli wavida Tavis olqSi. kakadanu, misi turtani tyved 

Cavarda...nabuleim, birates olqis mmarTvelma momwera: cixe-simagreebis 

garnizonTa ufrosebs, romlebic sazRvarzea urartus mefis Taobaze 

Setyobineba davwere. roca is gaemarTa gamirSi, misi jari damarcxda, misi 3 

didebuli TavianTi jariT damarcxda. TviTon is gaiqca da mivida Tavis 

qveyanaSi. misi laSqari jer kidev ar misula. aseTia nabuleis Setyobineba”; 

[16, 167,171]. sinaqeribis garda, sargon II-s sadazvervo xasiaTis informacias 

sxva pirebic awvdidnen. ase, magaliTad, aSuricuas, romelic kummes olqis 

mmarTveli iyo, sargon II-s Semdegs amcnobs: `...dae keTildReoba hqondes Cems 

mefes, batons. guriana urartusa da gamirs Soris mdebare olqi. igi 

urartus xarks uxdis. roca urartu gamiris winaaRmdeg gaemarTa, aman 

urartus marcxi moutana. yvela brZola, romelic aqedan [gaiqcnen] 

gurianSi... roca [urartus mefem] Tavisi mtrisgan [gaiqca...] 8 aTasi [meomari] 

Tovli [olqis mmarTvelebi] urartelebi, romlebic […] ase Tu ise (an 

winaaRmdeg) urartus mefis […] es olqis mmarTvelebi […] mefis TvalebSi […] 

cixe-simagreebi [..] mefem, Cemma batonma [Tqva...] movida […] Sikrikebi movlen 

maT winaaRmdeg [zurgamde] cnoba mefeze: igi tuSfaSia” [16, 177-178]. aseTive 

xasiaTisaa asureTis mefe asarqadonisadmi mowodebuli sadazvervo 

werilobiTi informacia, romelic asaxulia asarqadonis saxeliT Sedgenil 

`prizmebze”, `cilindrebze”, Til-barsifis stelaze, babilonur `qronikaSi”, 

aSuris orakulisadmi dasmul SekiTxvebSi da a. S.. analogiur viTarebas 

vadasturebT asarqadonis mefobis drosac. 

zemoaRniSnulTan erTad, qveynis usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT, sxva, 

kargad mofiqrebuli da gaTvlili strategiac xorcieldeboda. 

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs samxedro operaciebis dros tyvedCavardnilTa (qalebi, 

mamakacebi, yrmebi) qveynis centralur raionebSi gadmosaxlebis 

tradiciadqceuli praqtika. rogorc xeTur, aseve asurul da urartul 

wyaroebSi, ZiriTadad, ànalebis” tipis werilobiT ZeglebSi ama Tu im 

samxedro operaciis aRwerisadmi miZRvnil konteqstebis daskvniT nawilebSi 

tyved CavardnilTa raodenobasTan erTad xSiradaa xazgasmuli sakuTari 

qveynidan maTi ayrisa da gamarjvebuli qveynis dedaqalaqSi, centralur 

39

Sida raionebSi maTi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb [11, 86]. ase, magaliTad, 

deportirebuli mosaxleobis qveynis centrSi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb cnobebs 

pirvelad adreuli xaniT daTariRebul xeTur lursmul teqstebSi 

vxvdebiT. àniTas teqstis” mixedviT, `fiusTi, me[fe] q. xaTisa Semdeg meored 

mo[vida... (TviTon fiusTi)] da damxmareni misi, romlebic man moiyvana, isini [ 

salamfaSi] davamarcxe. q. salaTivarasken saxe mivab[rune] ... da q. 

salaTivaras winaaRmdeg sa[omari etlebi] da razmebi Seikriba da isini q. 

nes[as amoviyvane] [9, 105-106]. sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT umniSvnelovanesia 

xeTebis Zveli samefos istoriis amsaxveli Telifinus teqstic: ìgi 

(mursili) xalfas gaemarTa da xalfa daangria, xolo xalfas namra 

(=deportirebulebi) da misi avla-dideba xaTusaSi Camoitana. Semdgomad 

amisa ki igi babilons gaemarTa da babiloni daangria. babilonis namra da 

avla-dideba xaTusaSi Camoitana” [5, 179]. analogiuri viTareba dasturdeba 

TuTxalia I/II-is ànalebSi”: `CamoTvlili qveynebi, romlebic [mtru]lad 

iyvnen ganwyobili, RvTaebebma me gadmomces. yvela es qveyana xelT vigde da 

gamoZevebuli mosaxleoba, msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqoneli, qveynebis 

qoneba xaTusaSi wavasxi”. aseTive monacemebi ramdenimegzis mowmdeba 

`sufiluliumas saqmeni”-s fragmentebSi: `qvemo qalaqidan man wamoiyvana 

mosaxle[oba], vercxli, oqro da brinjaos nivTebi da waasxa qalaq 

xaTusaSi. wartyvevnilebis ricxvi, romelic man sasaxleSi moiyvana, sami 

aTas samasocdaaTi iyo. [maSin roca] isini, romlebic xe[Tebma] moiyvanes 

(saxlSi), [uricxvi iyo]”. amgvari qmedeba intensiur xasiaTs xeTebis axali 

samefos drosac iZens. mursili II-is aTwlian ànalebSi” Semdegs 

vadasturebT: `qasqebis qveynis qalaqma TurmiTam omi gamomicxada da ... me 

Semdeg qasqebis qalaqi kvlav movida da dausrulebeli TavdasxmebiT 

mawuxebda maSin, Cemma mzem, gavilaSqre mis winaaRmdeg. qasqebis mTavar 

qalaqebs, xalilasa da dudusqas Tavs davesxi. xelT vigde wartyvevnili 

mosaxleoba, msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqoneli da isini qalaq xaTusasken 

wamovasxi”; `mTeli arcavas mosaxleoba gaiqca. ...yvela RvTaeba gverdSi 

medga da me ...davamarcxe. im wartyvevnili mosaxleobis ricxvi, romelic me 

wamovasxi 15 500 iyo, xolo fexosani da cxenosani laSqari iyo uTvleli. 

maSin gavgzavne wartyvevnili mosaxleoba qalaq xaTusaSi da isini adgilze 

40

miiyvanes”; `wartyvevnili mosaxleoba, romlebic mdinare sexas qveyanaSi 

iyvnen 4000. isini qalaq xaTusaSi gavgzavne.” `...figainaresas qveyana 

[gada]vawvevine. wartyvevnili mosaxleoba, msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa 

saqoneli ki xelT vigde da q. xaTusaSi wamovasxi”; `...xelT vigde qalaqi 

arifsa da duqama brZoliT. im wartyvevnili mosaxleobis ricxvi, romelic 

samefo sasaxleSi wamovasxi, 3000 iyo”. [10, 20, 44, 73, 88, 90, 92, 95, 96]. aseTive 

viTareba mowmdeba Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulis asurel mefeTa cxovrebisa da 

moRvaweobisadmi miZRvnil lursmul teqstebSi. ase, magaliTad, sargon II e. 

w. `sadResaswaulo warweraSi” gvamcnobs: `SinuxTuelma kiakim, romelmac 

gadaigdo uReli RvTaeba aSurisa da SeaCera Tavisi Sesawiri, [sargonma] 

tyved igdo misi 30 etlosani 7350 meomari ... me waviyvane asureTSi”. sargon 

II ànalebSi” xazgasmiT miuTiTebs: `...ambarisi, biT-burutaSis mefe Tavis 

naTesavebsa da amalasTan erTad 100 orTvaliT wamoviyvane aSurSi”; 

`...Tarxunazi da maTi mefe Tavis mebrZolebTan erTad rkinis jaWvebiT 

davabi, xolo misi coli, vaJiSvilebi da qaliSvilebi 5000 tyve meomarTan 

erTad Cems qalaq aSurSi moviyvane” [11, 43, 45]; igives vadasturebT urartus 

mefeTa warwerebSic. menuas warwera pirdapir miuTiTebs dapyrobili 

qveynebidan mosaxleobis dedaqalaqSi gadasaxlebaze: `...me gavilaSqre 

qveyana luxiunis – qveyana (tomi) erekuaxis, ... (romelic jer aravis 

daupyria) momca RvTaeba xaldim ... zogi cocxali waviyvane 1700 ... tuSfa 

qalaqSi”; `...gavemarTe qveyana erekuaxis winaaRmdeg, zogi davxoce, zogic 

cocxali wamoviyvane...”[15. 76, 77]. argiSTi I-is matiane umniSvnelovanes 

statistikur monacemebs gvawvdis: `...sami qveyana (kada, SaSilu da aSkalaSi 

– n. x., n. b.) me movglije, (maTi) mosaxleoba Cems qveyanas mivumate: 15 aTas 

181 yrma, 2734 mamakaci, 10 aTas 604 dedakaci”; `...gavemarTe me salaSqrod 

arTamuris qveyanaze ... 11 aTas qali, sul 20279 kaci zogi gavJlite, zogi 

waviyvane”; `...me gavemarTe manas winaaRmdeg, brZoliT davipyari, mivedi ... 

18243 adamiani zogi gavJlite, zogic cocxali waviyvane”. sardur II aseve 

agrZelebs samaxsovro warwerebSi `sagmiro saqmenis” aRniSnvas: `...qveyana ... 

me iqidan wamoviyvane kacebi da qalebi, davdgi iq warwera. 12610 yrma me 

waviyvane, 1829 cocxali mamakaci, 7751 dedakaci”; `...gavemarTe me salaSqrod 

arkukinis qveynis winaaRmdeg...calke kacebi da qalebi meomrebs miveci. ai, 

41

ogori vaJkacoba Cavidine me iq: 10000 yrma wamoviyvane, 4600 mamakaci 

cocxlad wamoviyvane…”[8. 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 282, 287-8, 290, 294]. argiSTi II 

tanaatis warweraSi siamayiT aRniSnavs: `gamocxadda Cems winaSe... eTiunis 

qveynis mefe, momca xarki, Tavisi qveynis. ... aqedan mamakacebi, qalebi me 

waviyvane, qalaqi gadavwvi”. rusa II-is saxeliT Sedgenil warweraSic igives 

vadasturebT: `...ganvdevne qalebi mtruli qveynebidan... “ [15. 325, 336]. 

Cveni azriT, deportirebulTa gansaxlebis aRniSnuli praqtika 

ramdenime mizans emsaxureboda: upirveles yovlisa, igi saxelmwifos 

saSualebas aZlevda dapyrobili mosaxleoba mudmivi kontrolis qveS 

hyoloda. amasTanave, gamoeyenebina igi muSaxelis da momsaxure personalis 

saxiT. da rac mTavaria, daeCqarebina maTi deeTnizaciis procesi. 

yuradRebas saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis dacvis kidev erT meqanizmze 

gavamaxvilebT. esaa naklebad daculi erTi sasazRvro zolidan ukve 

aTvisebul meore sasazRvro regionSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis 

deportacia an qveynidan saerTod gaZeveba. sainteresoa, vanis kldeze 

argiSTi I-is saxeliT Sesrulebuli warwera, sadac igi aRniSnavs: `miwa 

ukacrieli iyo () (da) araferi ar iyo winaT iq agebuli. Zlevamosili 

saqmeni movimoqmede me iq xaTesa (da) cufanis 6 () aTas 600 meomari me iq 

davasaxle”. msgavs situaciasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac urartus mefe rusa II 

urartus samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare muSqebis, xaTes da xalitus 

qveynebidan iZulebiT ayril mosaxleobas `RvTaeba ziukunis qveyanaSi” 

asaxlebs: `rusa argiSTis Ze ambobs: (me) ganvdevne qalebi mtruli 

qveynebidan... (qveyana) muSqebis, xaTis (qveynidan), xalitus (qveynidan)...” da 

savaraudod, isini aqve daasaqma [3, 45]. analogiur viTarebas vadasturebT 

aziTavaTas orenovan (ieroglifur-luviuri, finikiuri) cnobil warweraSi 

yaraTefedan, sadac vkiTxulobT: `vZlie cixe-simagreebi dasavleTSi...me, 

aziTavaTam, davangrie isini da aRvgave pirisagan miwisa. iq mcxovrebni (Cemi 

qveynis) aRmosavleT sazRvarTan davasaxle” [12, 110]. 

msgavs situacias vadasturebT babilonis mefe nabuqodonosoris (Zv. w. 

604-562 ww.) mefobis wlebSi, rodesac man jer Zv. w. 597 wels iudeis mefe 

ioakimi ojaxiT da warCinebulebiTurT daatyveva da babilonSi waiyvana, 

42

xolo Zv. w. 587 wels ierusalimi, faqtobrivad, udabnod aqcia da iudeis 

mosaxleobis 20% (ZiriTadad xelosnebi) babilonSi gadaasaxla. 

qveynis usafrToxebis dacvas emsaxureboda, aseve, mezobel qveynebTan 

dadebuli xelSekrulebebis calkeuli muxlebic. am TvalsazrisiT, 

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs xeTebsa da qasqebs/qaSqebs Soris 

oficialurad gaformebuli xelSekrulebebi, sadac punqtobrivadaa asaxuli 

xeTebis imperiis moTxovnebi da maTi Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi 

mosalodneli mkacri sanqciebi. xelSekruleba qasqebs avaldebulebda 

Semdegi pirobebi SeesrulebinaT: Tuki romelime `mteri” (igulisxmebodnen 

xeTebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili qasqebi) miuaxlovdebodnen xeTebis 

teritorias, qasqebs maTTvis winaaRmdegoba unda gaewiaT da amave dros, 

yovelive `mzisTvis” (mefe – n. x., n. b.) SeetyobinebinaT; mokavSire qasqas 

teritoriaze xeTebis laSqris gavlisas qasqebs misTvis winaaRmdegoba ar 

unda gaewiaT; mas xeTebis mtrisTvis neba ar unda daerTo qasqebis 

dasaxlebaSi Semosuliyo da misTvis puri da wyali miewodebinaT; xeTebis 

romelime dasaxlebis winaaRmdeg wamosuli mtrisTvis qasqebs brZola unda 

gaemarTaT, Tu isini mters ver moereodnen, xeTebisaTvis macne unda 

gaegzavnaT; mokavSire qasqebTan dadebul zogierT xelSekrulebaSi 

garkveuli adgili ekava sakiTxs ltolvilTa (gaqceulTa) Sesaxeb. Tuki 

vinme xeTebis mefes Seuracxyofda, xolo Semdeg mokavSire qasqas qveyanaSi 

rogorc ltolvili gaiqceoda, qasqebs igi unda SeepyroT da ukan 

daebrunebinaT. saintereso cnobebs Seicavs arnuvanda III-is mier qasqebTan 

dadebuli xelSekrulebac, sadac saubaria qasqebis mier damxmare razmebis 

raodenobis Sesaxeb: `qanu[...] da masTan erTad 190 meomari, kacebi 

[romeliRac dasaxlebisa] sausqa […]da masTan erTad 216 meomari, kacebi; 

nanaciTi, (romelic aris) fiquriali(), kaci isxufiTadan da masTan erTad 5 

kaci”. rac Seexeba mkacr sanqciebs, es naTlad Cans xaTusili III-is 

xelSekrulebidan: SeiaraRebuli qveiTi an etlosani qasqeli q. TiliuraSi 

ar unda Sesuliyo, Tu qasqeli TiliuraSi qals iTxovda, maT qalaqi unda 

daetovebinaT, Tuki am qalaqSi qasqeli Rames gaaTevda da es cnobili 

gaxdeboda, igi dilegSi unda CaegdoT, Semdeg ki daejarimebinaT xarebiTa 

da cxvrebiT, Tu igi raime danaSauls Caidenda an borot sityvas 

43

warmoTqvamda, aseTi qasqeli unda moespoT. Tiliuras mezobel qasqebSi, 

savaraudod, gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo raRac avadmyofoba, risganac 

Tavi unda daecvaT Tiliurelebs [7, 73-88]. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani 

dokumentia mursili II-is mier amurus mmarTvel dufi-TeSubTan dadebuli 

xelSekruleba, romelic miznad CrdiloeT siriaSi xeTebis poziciebis 

ganmtkicebas isaxavda. igi e. w. `vasalur” xelSekrulebaTa kategorias 

ganekuTvneba da pirdapir miuTiTebs deportirebulebTan dakavaSirebuli 

problemuri sakiTxebis mogvarebis iq arsebul sistemaze: `Tuki romelime 

qveynis mcxovrebi anda ltolvili adgeba da xaTis qveynisaken gamoiwevs da 

Sens qveyanaze gamoivlis, igi Sen uvneblad swor gzaze daayene, xaTis 

qveynisken gza uCvene da mas kargi sityvebi uTxari. sxvagan ki arsad ar 

gagzavno. magram Tuki Sen maT (swor) gzaze ar daayeneb da maT xaTis qveynis 

gzas ar miuTiTeb, Sen (amiT) fics daarRvev... SemdgomSi Tuki ltolvili 

[Sens qveyanaSi] mova, Tuki Sen moisurveb, raime mas waarTva, (amis Sesaxeb) 

xaTis mefes daekiTxe... SemdgomSi Tuki ltolvili [Sens qveyanaSi] mova, 

Seipyre igi...” momdevno teqsti dazianebulia da xelSekruleba mTavrdeba 

àTasi RvTaebis” moxmobiT da krulvis tradiciuli formuliT: `RvTaeba 

quliTa, xaTis zababa, mTani, mdinareni, didi zRva, ca, da dedamiwa, qari 

Rrublebi... iyvnen am ficis mowmeni. dae dufi-TeSubi Tavisi TaviTurT, 

meuRliTurT, SviliTurT... am ficma gaanadguros!” [6, 201] 

saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis dacvis erT-erT meTods, qveynidan 

arasando elementebis gaZevebac warmoadgenda. zemoT moxseniebuli 

aziTavaTas warweraSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom man daamxo 

`TviTdajerebulni da borotni, qveyanaSi rom iyvnen. gavaZeve isini 

qveynidan...” [12, 110]. 

Zveli axloaRmosavleTis qveynebis mefeebs srulad hqondaT 

gacnobierebuli, Tu ra safrTxis Semcveli iyo qveyanaSi gavrcelebuli 

sxvadasxva saxis epidemia. aRniSnulis konteqstSi gansakuTrebul 

yuradRebas imsaxurebs xeTebis mefe mursili II-is (Zv. w. 1318-1290 ww.) 

sakmaod kargad cnobili himni da locva arinas mzis RvTaebisadmi, 

romelic, rogorc varaudoben, xeTebis samefoze Tavsdatexili ubedurebis 

– Savi Wirisagan `dacvis” mizniTaa Sedgenili. sakmaod STambeWdavia am 

44

teqstis calkeuli pasaJebi. mursili II muq ferebSi gvixatavs qveyanaSi Savi 

Wiris Sedegad Seqmnil situacias: `RvTaebebo, es ra CaidineT Savi Wiri 

gaavrceleT da mTeli xaTis qveyana amowyda! amis Sedegad aRaravis SeuZlia 

TqvenTvis Sesawiri purisa da Rvinis morTmeva. glexebi, romlebic 

RvTaebaTa mindvrebsa da yanebs amuSavebdnen, amowydnen. veRaravin iRebs 

mosavals. mewisqvile qalebi, romlebic RvTaebebisaTvis `sqel” purebs 

acxobdnen xolme, isinic amowydnen. ... xarebis da cxvrebis mwyemsebic 

amowydnen, maT miatoves boslebi (da) gomurebi” [9, 86]. locvisa da himnis 

daskvniT nawilSi mefe arinas mzis RvTaebas vedrebis sityvebiT mimarTavs: 

àrinas mzis qalRmerTo, Sen amisTvis mogixmobT!... gaWirvebulma [dae kvlav 

icocxlos!] [mursili – mefes da] xaTis qveyanas [sikeTe] mouvline!... 

sicocxle, janmrTe[loba, Zala], momavalSi [sixaruli] da [dRegrZe]loba 

uboZe!” [9, 88]. gansakuTrebiT saintereso isaa, rom amave locvaSi mursili II 

arinas mzis RvTaebas ara mxolod Tavisi qveynis gadarCenas SesTxovs Savi 

Wirisagan, aramed mis samefosTan dapirispirebul qveynebSi analogiuri 

ubedurebis datrialebas: `Tqven, RvTaebebo, kvlav SeiwyaleT xaTis qveyana, 

romelsac, erTis mxriv, Savi Wiri daeufla da, meores mxriv, mterma 

Seaviwrova. garSemo Tanaswori qveynebi – maT Soris miTani da arcava... isini 

RvTaebebs aRar emsaxurebian da fics arRveven. isini taZrebis gaZarcvas 

cdiloben. ukve es unda gaxdes RvTaebaTaTvis Surisgebis (mizezi). Savi 

Wiri, SuRli, SimSili da damRupveli gvalva gaavrceleT miTanis da 

arcavas qveynebSi, dovlaTian da SfoTisTav qveynebSi! xaTis qveyana ki 

jangaclilia. ixseniT es jangaclili (qveyana), ayvavebul (qveyanas) ki qedi 

moaxrevineT! xaTis qveynis kuTvnilma qveynebma – qasqam, Rorebis mwyemsebi 

da mTelavebi rom iyvnen, aravanam, qalasmam, lukam (da) fiTasam, xarkis 

gadaxdaze uari Tqves da xaTis qveyanaze Tavdasxma kvlav daapires. ... dae, 

es arinas mzis qalRmerTis SurisZiebis (mizezi) gaxdes! [9, 87]. 

kvleva-Ziebis procesSi isic gairkva, rom Zveli axloaRmosavleTis 

qveynebis usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT provinciebadqceul dapyrobil 

qveynebSi pirvel pirebad ara dominanti eTnosis warmomadgenels, aramed 

iranis mefesTan axlo naTesaur urTierTobaSi myof pirebs niSnavdnen. am 

45

aspeqtiT sayuradRebo cnobebi herodotes (Zv. w. V s.) da ZvelberZen sxva 

avtorTa Txzulebebmac Semogvinaxa. 

iranSi aqemeniduri dinastiis damfuZneblis darios I-is behistunis 

cnobili warwerisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac mis mier dapyrobili 23 qveynis 

CamonaTvals vxvdebiT, magram am qveynebis pirvel pirTa Sesaxeb informacia 

ar saxeldeba [13,358-363], herodotes ìstoriis” mowmobiT, yvela dapyrobil 

qveyanaSi pirvel pirebad qveynis centridan gamogzavnili, mefesTan 

daaxloebuli, warmoSobiT sparseli moxeleebi idgnen. Aase magaliTad, 

`sparselebi... moiyvana maTma gamgebelma otanesma, romelic qserqsesis 

meuRlis, amestrisis mama iyo... midielebs gamgeblad hyavdaT tigranesi, 

aqaÁmenidi... kisielebs ganagebda anafesi, otanesis Ze, xolo winamZRolad 

hyavdaT megapanosi, Semdeg babilonis meurve... qaldeebi, ganagebda maT 

otaspesi artaqaÁesis Ze... baqtriebsa da sakebs ganagebda histaspesi, Svili 

dariosisa da kirosis asulis atosasi... indoelebs ufrosad farnaZaTres 

artabatesis Ze iyo dayenebuli... parTebsa da xorasmiebs artabaZosi, 

farnakesis Ze, sogdebs – aZanesi, artaÁosis Ze, gandariebsa da dadikebs – 

artifiosi, artabanesis Ze ganagebdnen... kaspiebs winamZRolad hyavdaT 

ariomardosi, artifiosis Zma. sarangebs ganagebda ferendates megabaZosis 

Ze. Paqtiebs gamgeblad hyavdaT artaintes iTamitresis Ze. utiebsa da mikebs 

– arsamenesi, dariosis Ze, xolo parikaniebs – siromitres oÁobaZosis Ze. 

arabebsa da eTiopebs ganagebda arsamesi, dariosisa da artistones (kirosis 

asulis) Svili... libielebs gamgeblad hyavdaT masages oariZosis Ze... 

paflagonelebsa da matienebs dotosi ganagebda, megasidrosis Ze, xolo 

mariandinebs, ligiebsa da sirielebs – gobriesi, dariosisa da artistones 

Svili... frigielebs marTavda artoqmesi, romelsac dariosis asuli hyavda 

colad... lidielebsa da misielebs ganagebda artafrenesi, Svili im 

artafrenesisa, romelic maraTonSi SeiWra datisTan erTad. aziel 

Trakielebs ganagebda basakesi, artabanosis Ze... xalibebs... kabel-meÁonebs, 

miliebs... yvela amaT ganagebda badresi, histanesis Ze... mosxebsa da 

tibarenebs – ariomardosi, romelic dariosis da parmisis Svili iyo, 

makronebsa da mosinoÁkebs ganagebda artaiktesi, marebsa da kolxebs 

46

ganagebda farandates teaspisis Ze... alarodielebsa da saspeÁrebs ganagebda 

masistiosi siromitresis Ze” (Herodotus, VII,61-80) [14,431-435]. 

Cvens mier moZiebuli ZvelaxloaRmosavluri, sxvadasxvaenovan 

werilobiT ZeglebSi damowmebuli monacemebi, romelTac sisrulis 

pretenzia ar gaaCnia, saSualebas gvaZlevs qarTul istoriografiaSi, 

faqtobrivad, pirvelad dasmuli problemis ZvelaxloaRmosavluri 

saxelmwifoebis usafrTxoebis dacvis modelis rekonstruqciaSi garkveuli 

wvlili Seitanos. 

migvaCnia, rom sakvleevi problema aqtualuri da mniSvnelovani ara 

mxolod ZvelaxloaRmosavluri saxelmwifoebis istoriis, aramed msoflioSi 

dRes mimdinare politikuri procesebis TvalsazrisiTacaa. 

2012. 

wyaroebi da literatura 

1. astaxiSvili e., saqalaqo dasaxlebaTa tipebi Zvel wina aziaSi, 

bibliuri da arqeologiuri kvlevis amerikul-qarTuli institutis 

biuleteni, #4-5, kornuelis universiteti, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis 

Tbilisis saexelmwifo universiteti, 2006-7. 

2. baxsoliani n., urartus qalaqebi, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos 

istoriis sakiTxebi IV, baTumi, 2009. 

3. baxsoliani n., didi kapadokia Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, 


4. giorgaZe gr., aTasi RvTaebis qveyana, Tbilisi, 1988. 

5. giorgaZe gr., Telifinus teqsti, wignSi: Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa 

istoriis qrestomaTia, Tbilisi, 1990. 

6. giorgaZe gr.,mursili II-is xelSekruleba amurus mmarTvel dufi- 

TeSufTan, wignSi: Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriis qrestomaTia, 


7. giorgaZe gr., xeTuri da asuruli lursmuli teqstebis qasqebis 

(qaSqebis) da abeSlaelebis eTnikuri warmomavlobisaTvis, axalcixe, 

2000. 

47

8. meliqiSvili g. urartuli wyaroebi, wignSi: Zveli aRmosavleTis 

xalxTa istoriis qrestomaTia, Tbilisi, 1990. 

9. tatiSvili i., xeTuri religia, Tbilisi, 2001. 

10. RambaSiZe m., xeTuri analistika (samefo dRiurebi), nawili I, Tbilisi, 

2006. 


gaerTianebebi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, Tbilisi, 1978. 

12. xazaraZe n., luviuri ieroglifebis samyaroSi, Tbilisi, 2006. 

13. xazaraZe n., baxsoliani n., Zveli sparsuli lursmuli warwerebis 

Katpatuka, krebulSi: daviT kacitaZe 80, kavkasiisa da aRmosavleTis 

kvlevis centri, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 358-370, 424-425; agreTve, Kent R. G., Old 

Persian, Grammar, Texts, Lexikon, New Haven, Connecticut, 1953. 

14. herodote, istoria, II, Tbilisi, 1976. berZnulidan Targmna, winasityvaoba 

da saZiebeli daurTo T. yauxCiSvilma. 

15. Арутюнян Н. В. Корпус Урартских Клинообразных Надписей, Ереван, 2001. 

16. Иванчик А. И. Киммерийцы, Москва, 1996. 


ON THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL OF PROTECTION OF STATE 

SECURITY OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 

The care for the protection of state security by authorities is universal in time and space. 

Comparison and analysis of written monuments of the Ancient Near East of the 2 nd -1 st millennia BC 

(Hittite, Hurrian, Assyrian-Babylonian, Hieroglyphic-Luwian, Urartian, Greek) show that the 

measures taken in this regard are stereotyped. First of all, attention was paid to the protection of the 

borders of states, capitals, major settlements and religious centres. For this purpose, the authorities 

constructed fortresses of strategic importance. As a rule, representatives of the dominant ethnic 

group of the country served these constructions of military purpose. 

The authors attach no less importance to the reconnaissance service, the representatives of 

which worked actively on the border line: on the territory of neighboring countries they collected 

information and promptly passed it to the centre through special channels. 

48

In order to protect the country security, traditional practice of resettling persons (women, 

men, children) taken prisoner during military operations to central regions of the country took place. 

This allowed the state to keep the conquered population under constant control, in addition, to use it 

as workforce and servants as well, and, what is the most important, to accelerate the process of its 

de-ethnization. 

The authors paid attention to one more aspect of protection of the state security, in particular, 

deportation of the local population from one less protected border zone to another already developed 

border region, or its expulsion from the country altogether. 

In the context of the materials obtained by the authors it has become clear that diplomatic 

treaties concluded with neighbouring countries also facilitated protection of the security of the 

country. These treaties regulated rules of movement of refugees from a foreign country. 

The results of the conducted research lead the authors to the conclusion that the problem 

under study is relevant and important not only from the viewpoint of the history of states of the 

Ancient Near East, but the political processes going on in the world at present as well. 

49

nana xazaraZe 

mzis RvTaeba da mefe 

xeTur lursmul teqstebSi mravalgzis moxseniebuli mzis RvTaeba 

( D UTU), romelic mzis aRmniSvneli xaTuri Eštan-idan momdinare Ištanu-d 

iwodeba [1, 684; 2, 116], sxvadasxva epiTetebiTaa Semkuli: cisa (nepišaš/AN- 

ŠAME), miwisa (taknaš/KI-/ER-SETIM), wylisa (ME/wetene)... xeTebisaTvis lokaluri 

sakulto centrebis mzis RvTaebis iseTi zedwodebebicaa cnobili, 

rogoricaa: qalaq arinas mzis RvTaeba ( D UTU URU Arina), qaTafas mzis RvTaeba 

( D UTU URU Katapa), Samuxas mzis RvTaeba ( D UTU URU Šamuha), cifalanTas mzis RvTaeba 

( D UTU URU Zipalanta) da a. S. xeTur lursmul teqstebSi mze umTavresad xeTebis 

panTeonis uzenaes qalRvTaebadaa warmodgenili. misi epiTetebia: deda (AMA, 

anna-), qalbatoni (GAŠAN), dedofali (MUNUS.LUGAL), RmerTebis mze 

(DINGIRmeš-nan D UTU). mze araerTgzis mamri RvTaebis rangSic gvevlineba. am 

SemTxvevaSi mas mamis (atta-), batonis (EN/BEL/išha-), mefis (LUGAL/haššu-), mwyemsis 

(LUSIPA(UDU)/weštara-), Zis (DUMU) terminebiT moixsenieben. xeTur teqstebSi 

mzis mamri RvTaeba casTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo miwa mdedr RvTaebasTan. 

sazogadoebis social-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis garkveul 

etapze, iseve rogorc sxva araerT religiaSi, xeTurSic, miwis qalRvTaebis 

– RmerTebis dedis, dedamiwis, didi dedis – astralizaciis Sedegad igi 

mzesTan asocirebuli aRmoCnda da `personificirebul iqna amomaval da 

miwaSi Camaval mzesTan". miwisa da cis RvTaebaTa ipostasebis gaerTianebam 

mzis qalRvTaebas samyaros kosmosis uzenaesi manaToblis saxeli 

daumkvidra [3, 123-9; 4, 109-120; 5, 160 da Smd]. 

zemoaRniSnulis sailustraciod xeTuri lursmuli teqstebidan 

ramdenime amonaridis moxmobiT SemovifarglebiT . 

xeTebis panTeonSi mzis, rogorc mamri, aseve mdedri RvTaebis 

gansakuTrebiT gamorCeul statusze miTiTebebs, araerT xeTur lursmul 

teqstSi vadasturebT. 

sakvlevi sakiTxisaTvis sayuradRebo teqstebis citirebisas g. giorgaZis, n. benduqiZis, i. 

tatiSvilis da m. RambaSiZis mier Sesrulebuli xeTuri lursmuli werilobiTi Zeglebis 

qarTuli Targmanebi gamoviyeneT. 

50

mzis erT-erT sagalobelSi, romelic qanTucilis (Zv. w. XIVs.) 

saxeliTaa Sedgenili, vkiTxulobT: `RvTaebaTa Soris mxolod Sen xar 

taxtis Rirsi gmiri, mze saxiero! Sen aweseb RmerTTaTvis wesebs. gadasul 

RmerTTac mxolod Sen erTi ganusazRvrav wils... Tu sityvas etyvi, hoi, 

mzeo, RmerTni muxlmodrekiT loculoben Senze". kidev ufro STambeWdavia 

q. arinas mzis qalRvTaebisadmi aRvlenili mursili II-is (Zv. w. XIVs.) locva 

da himni. mefe brZanebs: `Sen, arinas mzis qalRmerTo, dafasebuli RvTaeba 

xar. // mxolod xaTis qveyanaSi gaqvs taZrebi, (qvisagan) mkvidrad nagebi... 

mxolod xaTis qveyanaSi gaqvs wminda taZrebi, vercxliTa da oqroTi // 

Semkuli. arc erT sxva qveynanaSi // (aseTi taZrebi) ar gagaCnia. vercxlis, 

oqrosa (da) Zvirfasi qvebisagan (damzadebuli) Tasebi, ritonebi mxolod 

xaTis qveyanaSi (gaqvs). // dResaswaulebs – yovelTviurs, yovelwliurs, // 

zamTris, Semodgomis, gazafxulis dResaswaulebs, // sisxlian moxmobis 

ritualebs mxolod xaTis qveyanaSi gisruleben. // Seni – mzis qalRmerTis, 

RvTaebrioba mxolod xaTis qveyanaSi(a) dafasebuli... RvTaebebs Soris // 

mxolod Sen (xar), arinas mzis qalRmerTo dafasebuli (da) didi. // arinas 

mzis qalRmerTo, sxva RvTaeba Senze // ufro dafasebuli da didi ar 

arsebobs..." erT-erTi xaTur-xeTuri bilingva (CTH 733,Nr. 112 II 10-13; 113 II 20- 

23) gvamcnobs: `...qurumi ase ambobs: `Segviwyale, mzis RvTaebav! mokvdavT 

Soris Sen mzis RvTaeba xar, RmerTebs Soris ki – brwyinvale / sinaTle 

(xar), RvTaeba (da) dedofali (xar) Sen". daaxloebiT igive Sinaarsisaa 

xeTuri sxva teqstis (CTH 733,Nr.III 21-24) Semdegi pasaJic: `rodesac adamiani 

qaSqaTSi xuvasi-stelasTan mzis RvTaebas Tayvans scems, qurumi ambobs: 

`Segviwyale qaSqaTis mzis RvTaebav, mokvdavTa Soris Sen qaSqaTis mzis 

RvTaeba xar, RmerTebs Soris Sen qaSqaTis mzis RvTaeba xar, RmerTebs 

Soris ki – leliyah – (xar), RvTaeba da dedofali (xar) Sen" da a. S. 

rogorc aRiniSna, xeTur lursmul teqstebSi mzis RvTaeba xSirad 

casTan, miwasTan, zRvasTan, mdinaresTan, mTasTan organul kavSirSia 

warmoCenili. qanTucilis, zemoT ukve moxseniebul sagalobelSi uzenaesi 

mnaTobis adgilsamyofeli cazea lokalizebuli. sagaloblis avtoris 

TvalsazrisiT, ciuri koSkis kari mxolod mzis RvTaebisTvisaa Ria. caze 

51

da qveynis (samyaros) oTx mxareSi oTxcxenSebmuli etliT igi, solaruli 

sxva RvTaebebis (magaliTad, ZvelberZnuli heliosis, an indoariuli 

RvTaebebis – varunas, indras, vatas...) msgavsad, gadaadgildeba. iqve 

naTqvamia: `...iq, sadac miwa da caa, sxivnielo, mzeo, Sen xar mxolod… 

gamodixar cis simravlidan, brwyinvalev, martooden Sen! caTa meufeni Sens 

winaSe Tavebs idreken da miwis RmerTnic Sen gmoneben..." amave teqstSi iscaa 

xazgasmuli, rom mzis RvTaeba `bneli qveynis" (qvesknelis) mamamTavaricaa. 

gamTenias igi cad amaRldeba da zemo da qvemo qveynebs srulad 

gaaciskrovnebs". qalaq arinas mzis qalRmerTisadmi miZRvnil mursili II-is 

himnSic aseT sityvebs vxvdebiT: `...cis WiSkars mxolod SenTvis xsnian 

xolme // da WiSkrebSi mxolod Sen, (RvTaebaTa Soris) damkvidrebulo // 

[qalaq arinas mzis qalRmerTo,] gaivli". amindis RvTaeba fixasasisadmi 

locvisas, muvaTali (Zv. w. XIIIs.) mzes Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs: `...Sen, 

cis mzis RvTaebav, zRvidan amodixar, da cad // amaRldebi. cis mzis 

RvTaebav, Cemo ufalo, dRes // RvTaebebi gaaCere. RvTaebebs, romlebsac Cemi 

eniT movuxmob // dRes, da Tavis gasamarTleblad mivmarTav, (mimarTe Senc) 

da mouxme maT, cis mzis RvTaebav, cidan (da) miwidan, // mTebidan (da) 

mdinareebidan, maTi taZrebidan da maTi taxtrevnebidan..." da iqve: `cis mzis 

RvTaebav, arinas mzis RvTaeba, arinas amindis RvTaeba, mecula, // xula, 

cinduxia, mamri RvTaebebi, qalRmerTebi, mTebi // (da) mdinareebi arinasi, 

amindis RvTaeba xsnisa, amindis RvTaeba sicocxlisa". CTH 376 E. 14-7-Si mzis 

RvTaebaze naTqvamia: `sadac ar unda (imyofebodes) saTayvanebi arinas mzis 

qalRmerTi – caSi, (sxva) RvTaebebs Soris, zRvaSi, mTebSi an [qvesknelSi], 

saidanac is brundeba xolme". xeTur lursmul teqstebSi Semdegi 

striqonebic mowmdeba: `...arinas mzis qalRmerTo ... cisa da miwis samefos 

mxolod Sen swyalob"...… `cisa da miwis garemomcveli // sinaTle mxolod 

Sen (xar), arinas mzis qalRmerTo", `miwa-qaliSvili mzisa" an `dedamiwis 

qaliSvili –mze" ( MUNUS Daganzipaš DUMU. MUNUS D UTU). 

xeTur lursmul, xeTur da gvianxeTur ieroglifur-luviuri 

werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemTa konteqstSi mzis RvTaeba ara mxolod 

casa da miwas (zesknelsa da qvesknels) ganagebs da awesrigebs, aramed im 

52

sivrcesac (Suasknels), romelic àdamianTa modgmisa da mcenare-cxovelTa 

mieraa aTvisebuli". 

xeTur lursmul werilobiT ZeglebSi aRniSnulia, rom mzis RvTaeba 

adamianze zrunavs (`borotis mqnelsa da RvarZlians Rirs sasjels miuzRvi, 

mzeo! mzeo, pursa da luds Sens samsxverploze marad Semogwiravs is, mzeo, 

Seni morCili mona-adamiani daicav Sen!", an `locvas mxolod Sen Seismen. // 

mxolod Sen (xar), arinas mzis qalRmerTo, keTilmosurne RvTaeba // 

mxolod Sen (xar) mowyale. marTali adamiani mxolod SenTvis, arinas mzis 

qalRmerTisaTvis (aris) sayvareli. // mas mxolod Sen, arinas mzis 

qalRmerTo, ganadideb), oblebs mfarvelobs (`mfarvelob oblebs, rogorc 

RviZli da misagebels Sen erTi miageb obolT, tvirTmZimeT!"), qveynis faunas 

ufrTxildeba (`Sen Cvens zemoT xar, mzeo, samarTals qmni ZaRlsa da 

Rorze, tyis nadirze"). niSandoblivia, rom xeTebis samefoSi Savi Wiris 

mZvinvarebis dros ganadgurebuli da gaveranebuli mindvrebis, baRebis, 

mdeloebis aRorZinebas mursili II maincadamainc arinas mzis RvTaebas 

SesTxovs. xeTebis samefosaTvis movlenili am didi ubedurebis 

iniciatorebis dasjasac mefe arinas mzis qalRvTaebisagan elis. 

adamianTa samyarosTan (Sua sknelTan) mzis RvTaebis mimarTebis 

sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo mainc isaa, rom jer 

kidev xeTebis samefomdel xanaSi mzis RvTaeba mefesTan, mefis institutTan, 

qveynis politikur cxovrebasTan sakmaod mWidrod dakavSirebuli aRmoCnda 

[10, 32-33]. am mxriv, sagulisxmoa, rom Zv. w. XVIII saukunis Sua wlebis 

anatoliis istoriis amsaxveli e. w. àniTas teqstis" avtori, qalaq nesasTan 

dapirispirebuli qusaras mefe aniTa, qalaq nesaze da amboxebul sxva 

qveynebze gamarjvebas cis RvTaeba tarosTan erTad mzis qalRvTaebasac 

umadlis (`[xolo fiT]xanas, mamaCemis Semdeg, imave wels amboxeba davamxe: 

mzis qalRmerTis (SemweobiT), qvemoT CamoTvlili qveynebi, romlebic 

aRdgnen, swored isini [yvela davamxe]". 

xeTebis samefos arsebobis mTel manZilze, werilobiT wyaroebSi 

araerTgzisaa miTiTebuli, rom samefo uzenaesi RvTaebis mieraa boZebuli. 

xSiradaa xazgasmuli is garemoeba, rom mefes win mzis RvTaeba miuZRvis, 

mefe mzis karnaxiT moqmedebs: marTavs qveyanas da xalxs, ibrZvis samefos 

53

sazRvrebis gasavrcobad an dasacavad, urCi mezoblebis dasasjelad, iRwvis 

sxva qveynebTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebis dasamyareblad, eweva farTo 

aRmSeneblobiT da saqvelmoqmedo moRvaweobas da a. S. 

xeTebis Zveli samefos pirveli mefe xaTusili I (Zv. w.1650-1620 ww.) 

Tavis ànalebSi" siamayiT aRniSnavs, rom qalaq arinas qalRvTaeba misi 

qalbatonia, xolo Tavad mefe mzis qalRvTaebis rCeuli. mefis monaTxrobiT, 

mzis qalRvTaeba brZolebSi mas win miuZRoda. am RvTaebis `xelis 

awevis" wyalobiT mefes q. alxa gaunadgurebia. sxvadasxva qveyanaze 

gamarjvebisaTvis madlobis niSnad, xeTebis mefes q. arinas mzis 

qalRvTaebisaTvis omis dros nadavlis saxiT mopovebuli mdidari 

Sesawiravebi miurTmevia (magaliTad, `...oqros erTi tabla, vercxlis sami 

tabla [...] vercxlisa, oqros erTi savarZeli, kargi oqrosi, oqros erTi 

madnanu-etli, ori [...] mooqrovili, (es yvelaferi) q. xasudan q. arinas mzis 

RvTaebas mivutane", an `q. cifasna gavanadgure, misi RvTaebani xelT vigde 

da q. arinas mzis RvTaebas mivutane", an èrTi madnanu-etli, erTi vercxlis 

iremi, erTi oqros tabla, erTi vercxlis tabla, xaxas RvTaebani, erTi 

vercxlis xari, erTi mooqrovili gemi. me, didma mefem, Tabarnam, xelT 

vigde. maT mona-qalebs xelebi dolabis qvidan avaRebine da isini saxanisa 

da lucisagan gavaTavisufle. gavuxseni jaWvebi da isini q. arinas 

qalRvTaebas, Cems qalbatons davubrune..."). q. arinas mzis RvTaebasTan 

gansakuTrebuli siaxlovis sailustraciod mefes sakuTari qandakeba q. 

arinas mzis qalRvTaebis maxloblad ganuTavsebia: `maSin oqrosgan Cemi 

qandakeba Camovasxmevine da Cemi qalbatonis q. arinas RvTaebis axlos 

davadgmevine, xolo galavani mTlianad vercxliT movarayebine" – acxadebs 

mefe [11, 187]. 

TuTxalia I/II (Zv. w. 1460-1420 ww.) misi samefos mtrebze (mcire aziis 

qalaqebis antixeTur koaliciaze, qasqebze) gamarjvebebs sxvadasxva 

RvTaebebs da, pirvel rigSi, q. arinas mzis qalRvTaebas miawers. mefe 

gvamcnobs: `(mtrebma – n. x.) ... Tav[ian]Ti laSqari gaaerTianes da maTma [...] 

Cemi laSqris winaaRmdeg daiZrnen. magram [me], TuTxaliam RamiT waviyvane 

Cemi laSqari da mtris banaks gars Semovertyi da RvTaebebma gadmomces me 

isini (qalaqebi): q. arinas mzis qalRvTaebam, amindis RvTaebam, lelvanim da 

54

me davamarcxe mtris laSqari". da iqve: `qasqebis mTeli qveyana aR[midga] da 

q. TivaraSi banaki dasca (da) banakis ukan tye daikava, mas win mdina[rec 

Camoudis]. xolo me, TuTxalia, didi mefe, [wavedi] SevebrZole maT da 

RvTaebebma momces igi, q. ari[nas] mzis qalRvTaebam, xaTis mfarvelma 

RvTaebam, zababam, iSTarma, mTvaris RvTaebam, lelvanim, da davamarcxe qasqas 

laSqari". 

mursili II-is mier Sedgenili sufiluliuma I-is (Zv. w. 1365-1340ww.) 

`saqmenis" fragmentebis Tanaxmad, am mefis mravalricxovani laSqrobis 

dros mas Tan `RvTaebebi axldnen", romlebic qveynebisa da qalaqebis 

damorCilebaSi `did daxmarebas uwevdnen". RvTaebaTa CamonaTvalSi, pirvel 

adgilze kvlav q. arinas qalRvTaebaa moxseniebuli. 

mursili II-is (Zv. w. XIVs.) àTwlian analebSi" aSkaradaa xazgasmuli q. 

arinas mzis qalRvTaebasTan da sxva RvTaebebTan mefis mWidro kavSiri, 

mefis namoRvawarSi RvTaebaTa mier Setanili wvlili. am werilobiT 

wyaroSi sxvadasxva samxedro operaciis aRwerisas sul cota 14-jer 

vxvdebiT gamoTqmas: `q. arinas mzis qalRvTaeba, Cemi qalbatoni, amindis 

RvTaeba, Cemi batoni, mecula da yvela RvTaeba mxarSi (an gverdSi – n. x.) 

medgnen". magram amjerad, CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT saintereso mainc uSualod 

q. arinas mzis qalRvTaebisadmi mursili II-is mimarTvis is striqonebia, 

sadac mefisa da q. arinas mzis qalRvTaebis urTierTmimarTeba sakmaod 

damajereblad da STambeWdavadaa warmoCenili. mefe acxadebs: `xolo, 

rodesac me, mze, mamaCemis taxtze davjeqi, sanam im garSemo myofi qveynebis 

winaaRmdeg, romlebmac omi gamomicxades, sabrZolvelad gavwevdi, Cemi 

qalbatonis, qalaq arinas mzis qalRvTaebis dadgenil dResaswaulebze 

vizrune da vizeime isini. Cems qalbatons, qalaq arinas mzis qalRvTaebas 

xeli aRvupyari da Semdegnairad mivmarTe: `qalaq arinas mzis qalRvTaebav, 

Cemo qalbatono! is garSemomyofi qveynebi, romlebmac Seuracxyofa 

momayenes da pativi ar mces, Seni, Cemi qalbatonis, qalaq arinas mzis 

qalRvTaebis miwebs itacebdnen da kvlav igives apirebdnen. maS modi, Cemo 

qalbatono, qalaq arinas mzis qalRvTaebav CemTan da es garSemomyofi 

mtruli qveynebi Cems win daamarcxe!" xolo qalaq arinas mzis qalRvTaebam 

Seismina Cemi da movida CemTan. maSin davamarcxe, rogorc ki mamaCemis 

55

taxtze avedi, garSemo myofi mtruli qveynebi 10 weliwadSi gavanadgure 

isini". q. arinas mzis qalRvTaebas mursili II Tavis momaval moRvaweobasac 

organulad ukavSirebs, rodesac àTwliani analebis" daskvniT nawilSi 

acxadebs: `rasac me qalaq arinas qalRvTaeba, Cemi qalbatoni SemdgomSi 

damiwesebs, imas daviweseb da Sevasruleb". 

qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi mzis qalRvTaebis aqtiuri 

monawileobis magaliTs xaiasas momaval mmarTvelTan, xukanasTan da 

`xaiasas kacebTan" sufiluliuma I-is mier dadebul xelSekrulebis 

teqstSic vxvdebiT (KBo 19, 44). sayuradReboa, rom am oficialuri 

dokumentis uflebamosilebis mowmeebad maincadamainc RvTaebebi saxeldebian. 

`mowme" RvTaebaTa sakmaod vrcel nusxaSi ki, pirveloba `mzis RvTaeba 

cisa, q. arinas qalRvTaeba mzisa"-s ekuTvnis. 

mzis RvTaebasTan mefis institutis damokidebulebis xeTuri 

Tvalsazrisis rekonstruqciisaTvis saintereso monacemebs mefis 

xelisuflebis ganaxlebis ritualisadmi miZRvnil xeTur teqstebSic 

vpoulobT (romelsac mkvlevarTa azriT, `sasaxlis samSeneblo rituali" 

mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT) [12, 40-49]. am werilobiT ZeglSi 

pirdapiraa gacxadebuli, rom qveyana samarTavad mefes RvTaebebma Caabares: 

`me ki, mefes RmerTebma – mzis da amindis RvTaebebma qveyana Camabares da me, 

mefe, Cems qveyanas da Cems saxls vicav"). igive RvTaebebia moxseniebuli 

Semdeg pasaJebSic: `mzisa da amindis RvTaebebma kvlav izrunes mefeze, 

ganuaxles Zala, misi (sicocxlis) wlebi usazRvro gaxades". imave teqstSi 

mefis winaaRmdeg borotebis potenciur CamdenT imave RvTaebebis saxeliT 

emuqrebian. xorbalsa da qers fqvaven da Tan amboben: `(is), vinc mefis 

winaaRmdeg borotebas ganizraxavs, dae, RvTaebebma (mzis da amindis 

RvTaebebma – n. x.) masac boroteba mouvlinon da isic (aseve) dafqvan". 

q. arinas mzis qalRvTaebas gamorCeuli adgili amindis RvTaeba 

fixasasisadmi aRvlenil zemoT ukve moxseniebul muvaTalis locvaSic 

ukavia, miuxedavad imisa, rom mefisave mowmobiT, igi q. arinas mzis 

56

RvTaebisa da xaTis yvela RvTaebis qurumad fixasasim dasva 

[3, 76] da ufro 

metic, xaTis qveyanaSi mefobisTvisac ganamwesa. sxva RvTaebebTan SedarebiT 

q. arinas mzis RvTaebis upiratesoba locvis Sesaval nawilSivea 

aqcentirebuli. mefe, romelsac RvTaebaTa winaSe Tavis marTleba (codvebis 

monanieba) ganuzraxavs, Sesabamiss rituals aRasrulebs. saxuravze, mzis 

pirispir lerwmisagan mownul or magidas dgams, romelzedac 

ritualisaTvis gamiznul `35 sqel purs (gamomcxvars erTi) Tarna axali 

fqvilisagan, // Txelkedlian (gamWvirvale) Tass TafliT, romelSic wminda 

zeTia (Sereuli), qoTans, savses cximiani puriT, burRuliT // Txelkedlian 

(gamWvirvale) Tass da 30 doq Rvinos" aTavseben. sayuradRebo isaa, rom am 

ori magididan, erTi sakuTriv arinas mzis qalRvTaebas ekuTvnis, xolo 

meore ara romelime erT mamr RvTaebas, aramed, zogadad – mamr RvTaebebs. 

niSandoblivi isicaa, rom saxuravze asuli mefe ara yvela RvTaebis, aramed 

maincadamainc cis mzis RvTaebis winaSe iCoqebs (CTH 381,§1, 1-9). 

da bolos, xeTuri sazogadoebis ierarqiuli kibis umaRles 

safexurze mzis RvTaebis gansakuTrebul statusze, zemoaRniSnulTan 

erTad, isic metyvelebs, rom Zv. w. XIV saukunidan xeTi mefeebis 

titulaturaSi terminebma: `mze", `Cemi mze", `me, mzem" centraluri adgili 

daimkvidra. xeTebis axali samefos droindel xeTur lursmul teqstebSi 

xSirad vxvdebiT frazebs: àse (ambobs) mze sufiluliuma, xaTis qveynis 

mefe"; `me, mzem, Sen, xukana [warCinebuli] gagxade"; `da Sen, xukana, mxolod 

mze daicavi saimedod da mxolod mzes mxarSi amoudeqi"; àse (ambobs) Cemi 

mze mursili, didi mefe, mefe xaTis qveynisa..."; `xolo, rodesac me, mze, 

mamaCemis taxtze davjeqi"; `...me ki, mze dagicav Sen, dufi-TeSuf"; `me, mzem 

mis winaaRmdeg gavilaSqre" da a. S. 

rac Seexeba mzis RvTaebis dasaxelebis Semcvel xeTuri da 

gvianxeTuri xanis ieroglifur-luviur werilobiT Zeglebs, isini 

raodenobrivadac da informaciulobis TvalsazrisiTac xeTur lursmul 

teqstebs tols ver udebs, miTumetes, rom gvianxeTuri xanis samefosamTavroebis 

(muSqebis qveyana, Tabali, Tuna, Tuxani, xilaqu, que, qamanu- 

 

ufro dawvrilebiT ix. tatiSvili i., zogierTi mosazreba mefe muvaTali II-is sabeWdavebis 

Sesaxeb, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli XI, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 40-49. 

57

melidu, gurgumi, qumuxi, qargamiSi...) panTeonSi uzenaesi RvTaebis adgili 

ara mzis mamr an mdedr RvTaebebs ukaviaT, aramed amindis RvTaeba 

TarxunTass (DEUS TONITRUS), romelic Sumeruli iSquris, semituri adadis, 

xuriuli TeSubis msgavsad, casTan, siuxvis momtan wylebTan da 

nayofierebasTanaa dakavSirebuli [13, 197-209]. 

mzis RvTaeba xeTuri da gvianxeTuri xaniT daTariRebul ieroglifur-luviur 

warwerebSi, iseve rogorc xeTur lursmul teqstebSic, 

casTanaa asocirebuli. adreuli (xeTuri) xanis ieroglifur-luviur 

werilobiT ZeglebSi, mzis RvTaebas, rogorc wesi, `mzis RvTaeba cisa" 

(DEUS SOL CAELUM) [14,52] ewodeba, xolo gviandelSi (gvianxeTur xanaSi) - 

`cis RvTaeba mze" (CAELUM DEUS SOL) [15,24]. ieroglifur-luviuri damwerlobiT 

Sesrulebul samefo warwerebSi, iseve rogorc xeTur lursmul 

teqstebSic, xazi mzis RvTaebis sxivebis naTebasa da brwyinvalebas esmeba. 

mzis frTosan diskos (ornamentur motivs, samefo kartuSs) 

ieroglifur-luviuri damwerlobiT Sesrulebul rogorc xeTur, aseve 

gvianxeTuri xanis werilobiT Zeglebze (sabeWdavebi, qvaze amokveTili 

reliefebi, samefo warwerebi) vxvdebiT. magram Zalze niSandoblivi isaa, 

rom yaradaRisa da yizildaRis mTianeTSi aRmoCenili, Cvens mier Zv. w. X-IX 

saukuneebis mijniT daTariRebuli ieroglifur-luviuri 5 warweridan, 

romelic musqas (musqebis, muSqebis) qveynis mefe xarTafus ekuTvnis, oTxs 

frTosani disko (samefo kartuSi) amSvenebs, magram, aqedan or ieroglifurluviur 

warweraze, mzis frTosani diskos zemoT, gvianxeTuri samefosamTvaroTa 

panTeonis uzenaesi RvTaebis – TarxunTasis aRmniSvneli 

luviuri ieroglifia ganTavsebuli [16, 33-37]. 

samefo titulaturaSi mzis RvTaebis moxseniebas gvianxeTuri xanis 

mxolod msxvili politikuri gaerTianebebis pirveli pirebis (mefeebis, 

Tarvanasebis) saxeliT Sedgenil ieroglifur-luviur warwerebSi vxvdebiT. 

ramdenimegzis mzis RvTaeba sxva RvTaebebis gverdiT e. w. krulvis Semcvel 

konteqstebSic Cndeba. miuxedavad amisa, gvianxeTuri xanis samefosamTavroTa 

pirveli pirebis (mefeebis, Tarvanasebis, mbrZaneblebis) 

ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebis mTavari moqmedi pirebi mefe da RvTaeba 

58

TarxunTasia. ase, magaliTad, yara-Tefeze aRmoCenili, Zv. w. IX saukunis 

bolo meoTxediT daTariRebul, aziTavaTas cnobil bilingvaSi 

vkiTxulobT: `me aziTavaTa var, mziT kurTxeuli kaci, TarxunTasis 

msaxuri, (is), romelic avarqum, danunelTa mefem, daawinaura. TarxunTasma 

danunelTa dedam da mamam momavlina. da me ganvavrce adanas velis miwebi 

aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTis (mimarTulebiT). da Cemi yofnis Jams 

danunelTa qveyanaSi sufevda yovelgvari keTildReoba, baraqa da dovlaTi. 

da gavavse danunelTa beRlebi da mivumate cxens cxeni. da mivumate 

laSqars laSqari. da mivumate fars fari. yovelive es TarxunTasisa da sxva 

RvTaebaTa wyalobiT gavakeTe" [17, 110]. daaxloebiT aseTive statusi aqvs 

miniWebuli mzis qalRvTaebas qargamiSis mefe iaririsis (Zv. w. VIII saukunis 

60-40-iani wlebi) warwerebSic: `me var iaririsi, mbrZanebeli, mze kaci... 

dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi gandidebuli, kaci RvTaebaTa mier 

Seyvarebuli. Cemi samarTlianobis (ambavi) TarxunTasma da mzis RvTaebam cas 

amcnes..." [17, 109], an `me var iaririsi, mmarTveli, ufliswuli, sayvareli 

TarxunTasisa, qubabasi, qarxuxasi da mzis RvTaebisa. Cemi gamosaxuleba 

gavakeTe da qubabas fexebTan davdgi", an `[me (var), gmiri, qveynis batoni 

qalaq qargamiSisa... qubabas sayvareli. me ganmadida mamaCemma sasturasma, 

mzisgan dalocvilma. qubabam mamiseul taxtze damsva..." [18, 150-163] da a. S. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoT ukve moxseniebuli aziTavaTas warweris 

daskvniT nawilSi mzis RvTaeba kvlavaa moxseniebuli, iqac pirveloba 

RvTaeba TarxunTass ekuTvnis. igive viTarebaa asaxuli Semdeg 

konteqstebSic: `dae, damnaSaves, RvTaebebi TarxunTasi, qarxuxa (da) qubaba, 

mTvarisa da mzis RvTaebebi... ganurisxdnen (da) dae, mas Tavi daagdebinon", 

an `dae, mis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen RvTebebi: TarxunTasi, qarxuxa da qubaba, 

ea, mTvare (da) mze WALA da man (damnaSavem - n. x.) verc cis baraqa dainaxos, 

verc miwisa da verc qubabasi [18, 150-163] da a. S. 

amgvarad, zemomoyvanil monacemTa konteqstSi kargad Cans, rom iseve 

rogorc sxva ZvelaRmosavlur sazogadoebebSi, xeTurSic, adreve (Zv. w. XVII 

s.) Camoyalibda Tvalsazrisi samefo xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi 

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. xeTebis panTeonis uzenaesi RvTaeba – mze 

organulad daukavSirda mefes da mefis instituts. rogorc davinaxeT, 

59

werilobiT wyaroebSi xSiradaa xazgasmuli, rom mefes win mzis RvTaeba 

miuZRvis, mefe mzis RvTaebis karnaxiT da miTiTebiT moqmedebs: marTavs 

qveyanas da xalxs, ibrZvis samefo sazRvrebis gasavrcobad, an dasacavad, 

urCi mezoblebis dasasjelad, iRwvis sxva qveynebTan diplomatiuri 

urTierTobebis dasamyareblad, eweva farTo aRmSeneblobiT da saqvelmoqmedo 

moRvaweobas. xeTebis axali samefos droidan (Zv. w. XIV s.) xeTebis 

mefe `mzis” epiTetiT moixsenieba. xeTi mefeebis titulaturaSi terminebi: 

`mze”, `Cemi mze”, `me mzem” centralur adgils imkvidrebs. gvianxeTur xanaSi 

samefo xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis koncefcia kvlav 

funqcionirebs, im gansxvavebiT, rom amjerad, mzis RvTaebis adgils 

gvianxeTuri xanis panTeonis uzenaesi RvTaeba – amindis RvTaeba TarxunTasi 

ikavebs. 

2009. 

damowmebuli pirvelwyaroebi da literatura 

1. Гамкрелидзе Т. В., Иванов В. В., Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы. 

Реконструкция и историко-типологический анализ праязыка и протокультуры, II, 

Тбилиси, 1984, с. 684. 

2. tatiSvili i., xeTur-qarTuli leqsikoni, nakv. II, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 

116. 

3. tatiSvili i., xeTuri religia, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 123-129. 

4. tatiSvili i., ramdeni mze hyavdaT xeTebs kavkasiuraxloaRmosavluri 

krebuli X, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 109-120. 

5. kikviZe i., miwaTmoqmedeba da samiwaTmoqmedo kulti Zvel 

saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 160 da Smd. 

6. giorgaZe g., sufiluliumas xelSekruleba xukanasTan da `xaiasas 

kacebTan", wignSi: Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriis 

qrestomaTia, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 193 da Smd.; 

7. giorgaZe g., mursili II-is xelSekruleba amurus mmarTvel dufi- 

TeSubTan, wignSi: Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriis 

qrestomaTia, gv. 199 da Smd. 

60

8. benduqiZe n., mzis sagalobeli, wignSi: Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa 

istoriis qrestomaTia, gv. 232-233. 

9. RambaSiZe m., xeTuri analistika (samefo dRiurebi), nawili I, 

Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 19, 28, 30-31, 62, 65, 76, 79, 87, 90, 96. 

10. haizinga i., Homo Ludens, kaci moTamaSe, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 32-33. 

11. giorgaZe g., xaTusili I-is analebi, wignSi: Zveli aRmosavleTis 

xalxTa istoriis qrestomaTia, gv. 187. 

12. tatiSvili i., zogierTi mosazreba mefe muvaTali II-is sabeWdavebis 

Sesaxeb, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli XI, Tbilisi, 2004. 

13. xazaraZe n., D TRH-(TarxunTi) – gvianxeTuri panTeonis uzenaesi 

RvTaeba, wignSi: xazaraZe n., ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri 

Ziebani, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 197-209. 

14. Meriggi P., Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, Parte II: Tavole 2a E3a Serie, Roma, 1975, 

Yazilikya, #52, naxati #34. 

15. Meriggi P., Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, Parte II: Testi-1a Serie, Roma, 1967, Karatepe, 

#24, LXIX. 

16. Khazaradze N., ``Great King Hartapus, Great King", Bulletin of the AGIBAS, American- 

Georgian Institute of Biblical and Archaeological Studies, #2-3, Tbilisi, 2004-5, p. 33-37. 

17. xazaraZe n., luviuri ieroglifebis samyaroSi, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 110. 

18. Hawkins J. D., Kubaba at Karkamiš and Elsewhere, AnSt, XXXI, 1981, p. 150-163. 

Nana Khazaradze 

THE SUN DEITY AND THE KING 

In the context of the evidence of the Hittite period cuneiform and Late Hittite Hieroglyphic 

Luwian written sources offered in the present paper, the author arrives at the conclusion that in the 

Hittite society, as in other ancient oriental ones, the opinion on the divine origin of the royal power 

took shape at an early time (17 th c. BC).The supreme deity of the Hittite pantheon – the Sun – 

became organically linked with the king and the institution of the king. It is often stressed in written 

sources that the Sun deity leads the king, he acts at the dictation and instruction of the Sun deity: 

rules the country and the people, fights to extend or defend the borders of the kingdom or to punish 

unruly neighbours, strives for the establishment of diplomatic contacts with other countries, is 

61

engaged in extensive construction and charitable activity. From the period of the New Hittite 

Kingdom (14 th c. BC) the King of the Hittites is referred to by the epithet of the “Sun”. The terms 

“Sun”, “My Sun”, “I the Sun” occupy the central place in the titles of the Hittite kings. It is also 

demonstrated in the paper that the conception of the divine origin of the royal power is still viable in 

the Late Hittite period, with the difference that this time the Sun deity is replaced by the supreme 

deity of the Late Hittite pantheon – Weather-god Tarhunt. 

62


mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli uZvelesi luviuri ori ieroglifis (Yazilikaya 34, 

Kűltepe 86) interpretaciisaTvis 

mzis RvTaebis moxseniebis Semcveli xeTuri lursmuli, xeTuri da 

gvianxeTuri xaniT daTariRebuli ieroglifur-luviuri damwerlobiT 

Sesrulebuli werilobiTi Zeglebis da mzis RvTaebis (DEUS SOL) 

aRmniSvneli, sxvadasxva dawerilobiT Sesrulebuli luviuri 

ieroglifebis: [Laroche E., 1960, 190, 191; Meriggi P.,1962, 155, 

156, 268, 268a] Seswavlis safuZvelze, 2008 wels gamoqveynebul erT-erT Cems 

naSromSi (xazaraZe n., 2008, 44-65) im daskvnamde mivedi, rom mzis aRmniSvnel 

luviur zemomiTiTebul ieroglifebSi xaTur-xeTur-luviur kulturul 

tradiciebSi arsebuli mzis RvTaebasTan dakavSirebuli koncefciebi 

srulyofiladaa asaxuli. iqve SevniSnavdi, rom mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli 

luviuri ieroglifebi, vertikalur xazze, rogorc Cans, kosmiur RerZze, an 

aseve vertikalur, sigrZeze Suaze gayofil, geometriuli figuris msgavs 

konstruqciaze agebul ori an sami sivrcis (sknelis) gamosaxulebebiTaa 

warmodgenili, rac savsebiT adekvaturad asaxavs werilobiTi wyaroebis im 

Cvenebebs, romelTa Tanaxmadac, mzis RvTaeba ara mxolod kosmiuri RerZis 

Tavsa da boloSi funqcionirebs (`mzis RvTaeba cisa" nepišaš/AN-/ŠAME, `mzis 

RvTaeba miwisa taknaš/KI-/ER-SETIM", aramed SuaSic (`mzis RvTaeba qveynisa, 

adamianebisa, sociumisa, mefisa, cxovelTa, mcenareebisa..."). zemomoyvanili 

sami luviuri ieroglifis gamosaxulebaSi Cemi yuradReba imanac 

daimsaxura, rom maT kompoziciur sqemaSi vertikaluri xazis (kosmiuri 

RerZis) horizontalurad gadamkveTi xazis saSualebiT jvris 

gamosaxulebaa Seqmnili. iseTi STabeWdileba Semeqmna, rom jvari luviuri 

ieroglifebis konstruqciul safuZvladaa gaazrebuli. igi kosmosis 

simbolocaa da mzis RvTaebisac, miTumetes, rom xeTur werilobiT 

wyaroebSi mzis RvTaeba samyaros oTxi mxaris uzenaes manaTobladaa 

warmodgenili. 

mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli zemomoyvanili luviuri ieroglifebis 

Seswavlisas imasac mivaqcie yuradReba, rom luviuri ieroglifebis erTi 

63

jgufisaTvis mzis RvTaebis moqmedebis arealis – ori an sami sivrcis 

(zeskneli–qveskneli, zeskneli-Suaskneli-qveskneli) gamosaxatavad maincadamainc 

RvTaebis aRmniSvneli gaormagebuli da gasammagebuli luviuri 

ieroglifebia gamoyenebuli, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara RvTiuri Tvali 

(DEUS ). gansxvavebuli ikonografiis matareblad miviCnie zemomoyvanili 

mesame luviuri ieroglifi, sadac mzis RvTaebis aRsaniSnavad ara RvTaebis 

aRmniSvnel luviur ieroglifs vxvdebiT, aramed jvarSi Casmul iseTive 

mzis diskoebs, romlebic Cveulebriv frTosani mzis diskos Semcvel 

ornamentebsa da samefo kartuSebSia damowmebuli, im gansxvavebiT, rom am 

SemTxvevaSi jvari mzis diskoebs or sferod hyofs. 

rac Seexeba mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli zemoganxiluli, pirveli oTxi 

luviuri ieroglifisagan sruliad gansxvavebul, (magram sxva epigrafikul 

Zeglebze mravalgzis gameorebul) mexuTe ieroglifis semantikur kods, 

Semdegi SeiZleba aRiniSnos: 2008 wels gamoqveynebul, ukve moxseniebul Cems 

naSromSi, mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvnel am luviur ieroglifSi damowmebuli 

geometriuli figuris msgavsi gamosaxuleba, iseve rogorc RerZi (xazi), 

jvari mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvnel luviur sxva zemomoyvanil ieroglifebSi, 

luviuri ieroglifis am versiis konstruqciis safuZvlad gaviazre da 

varaudis saxiT davuSvi, rom igi, iseve rogorc jvari, RerZi (xazi) Zveli 

anatolielebis kosmogoniuri warmodgenebiT iyo nasazrdoebi. kosmosuri 

RerZisa da jvris msgavsad, igi qveynierebis, kosmosisa da aqedan 

gamomdinare, mzis RvTaebis samyaros gamoxatavs. 

amjerad, msoflio xalxTa uZvelesi, sadReisod cnobili, 

kosmogoniuri koncefciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ver gamovricxav varauds, rom 

aRniSnuli geometriuli figuris msgavsi gamosaxuleba maincadamainc 

`kosmiur (msoflio) kvercxs” ganasaxierebdes, romelic ara mxolod 

samyaros (kosmosis), oTxi stiqiis, sicocxlis, nayofierebis, aramed mzisa 

da sxva pirvel RmerTTa SesaqmesTanacaa organulad dakavSirebuli [Erman, 

1905, 62; Sethe, 1976,$157,160; Бауер, Дюмотц, Головин, 2000, 22-23; Шейнин, 2003, 40. 

Энциклопедия: Символы, знаки, Эмблемы, 2004, 551-552; Рошаль, 2006,918-919...]. 

64

mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebis, pirobiTad, mexuTe 

versias, sxva ganmasxvavebeli niSanic axasiaTebs. am konstruqciiT 

Sesrulebul mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvnel luviur ieroglifebSi sami sivrcis 

(sami sknelis) Sesabamiss gasammagebul RvTaebis aRmniSvnel luviur 

ieroglifebs cis (CAELUM ) aRmniSvneli, aseve samgzis 

gameorebuli luviuri ieroglifebi enacvleba, romlebic kvercxis 

gamosaxulebis msgavsi figuris (kosmosis, qveynierebis) TavSi, SuaSi da 

boloSia ganlagebuli, im gansxvavebiT, rom cis aRmniSvneli pirveli ori 

luviuri ieroglifi zemoT – ciskenaa orientirebuli, xolo mesame – 

qvemoT, miwisken, qvesknelisken da, rogorc Cans, `damxobil cas" 

warmogvidgens. xeTuri lursmuli, xeTuri da gvianxeTuri ieroglifurluviuri 

werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemTa konteqstSi mzis RvTaebis 

aRmniSvnel luviur ieroglifSi cis aRmniSvneli ieroglifis gamoCena 

savsebiT bunebrivia. Cemi azriT, werilobiT wyaroebTan erTad, am 

SemTxvevaSi, isicaa angariSgasawevi, rom luviur da falaur enebSi mzis 

RvTaeba Tiuat-Tijat terminebiT aRiniSneba, romelTac T. gamyreliZe da v. 

ivanovi saerToindoevropul tìeu-dan (`cis RvTaeba") momdinared miiCneven 

[Гамкрелидзе, Иванов, 1984,684; ix. agreTve, surgulaZe, 2003, 73]. 

axla mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvnel kidev or luviur ieroglifze 

gavamaxvileb yuradRebas. orive xeTuri xaniT (Zv. w. II aTaswleuli) 

TariRdeba. erTi iaziliqaiaSia damowmebuli, meore – qiulTefeSi [Meriggi, 

1975, Tavole IX; Börker-Kläbn, 1983, 95]. iaziliqaias da qiulTefes Zeglebze 

damowmebuli mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebi im mxrivaa 

saintereso, rom orive SemTxvevaSi casTan mzis RvTaebis organuli kavSiri 

xazgasmiTaa naCvenebi. mzis RvTaebis epiTeti `mze cisa” (nepišaš/AN-/ŠAME) 

sruladaa realizirebuli. adekvaturadaa asaxuli xaTur-xeTur-luviur 

samyaroSi arsebuli Tvalsazrisi mzeze, rogorc cis RvTaebaze, rac mzis 

RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil teqstebSi TvalnaTlivaa warmoCenili. magaliTad, 

qanTucilis (Zv. w. XIVs.) mzis sagalobelSi uzenaesi mnaTobis (mzis) 

65

adgilsamyofeli cazea lokalizebuli. sagaloblis avtoris TvalsazrisiT, 

ciuri koSkis kari mxolod mzis RvTaebisTvisaa Ria. igi casa da 

qveynis (samyaros) oTx mxareSi, solaruli sxva RvTaebebis msgavsad, 

oTxcxenSebmuli etliT, gadaadgildeba. iqve naTqvamia: `...iq, sadac miwa da 

caa, sxivnielo, mzeo, Sen xar mxolod.… gamodixar cis simravlidan, 

brwyinvalev, martooden Sen! caTa meufeni Sens winaSe Tavebs idreken da 

miwis RmerTnic Sen gmoneben...” [benduqiZe, 1990, 232-233]. qalaq arinas mzis 

qalRvTaebisadmi miZRvnil mursili II-is himnSic aseT sityvebs vxvdebiT: 

`...cis WiSkars mxolod SenTvis xsnian xolme // da WiSkrebSi mxolod Sen, 

(RvTaebaTa Soris) damkvidrebulo // [qalaq arinas mzis qalRmerTo,] 

gaivli". amindis RvTaeba fixasasisadmi locvisas, muvaTali (Zv. w. XIIIs.) 

mzes Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs: `...Sen, cis mzis RvTaebav, zRvidan 

amodixar, da cad // amaRldebi. cis mzis RvTaebav, Cemo ufalo, dRes // 

RvTaebebi gaaCere. RvTaebebs, romlebsac Cemi eniT movuxmob // dRes, da 

Tavis gasamarTleblad mivmarTav, (mimarTe Senc) da mouxme maT, cis mzis 

RvTaebav, cidan (da) miwidan, // mTebidan (da) mdinareebidan, maTi taZrebidan 

da maTi taxtrevnebidan..." da iqve: `cis mzis RvTaebav, arinas mzis RvTaeba, 

arinas amindis RvTaeba, mecula, // xula, cinduxia, mamri RvTaebebi, 

qalRmerTebi, mTebi // (da) mdinareebi arinasi, amindis RvTaeba xsnisa, 

amindis RvTaeba sicocxlisa". CTH 376 E. 14-7-Si mzis RvTaebaze naTqvamia: 

`sadac ar unda (imyofebodes) saTayvanebi arinas mzis qalRmerTi – caSi, 

(sxva) RvTaebebs Soris, zRvaSi, mTebSi an [qvesknelSi], saidanac is 

brundeba xolme" [tatiSvili, 2001, 88-101]. 

casTan mzis RvTaebis organuli kavSiri xeTuri da gvianxeTuri xanis 

ieroglifur-luviur warwerebSic mowmdeba. xeTuri adreuli xanis 

ieroglifur-luviur werilobiT ZeglebSi, mzis RvTaebas, rogorc wesi, 

`mzis RvTaeba cisa" (DEUS SOL CAELUM) ewodeba, xolo gviandelSi 

(gvianxeTur xanaSi) - `cis RvTaeba mze" (CAELUM DEUS SOL). 

xaTebis, xeTebis, luvielebis kosmogoniuri rwmena-warmodgenebis 

istoriis TvalsazrisiT, aranakleb sainteresoa gansaxilvel luviur 

ieroglifebSi cis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifis SuagulTan 

66

vertikalurad aRmarTuli sxvadasxva zomis horizontaluri sami SveriliT 

warmodgenili niSanic, romelsac ieroglifur-luviur damwerlobaSi 

analogi jerjerobiT ar moepoveba. savaraudoa, rom CvenTvis saintereso am 

or SemTxvevaSi mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvnel sxva luviur ieroglifebSi 

kosmiur RerZze, kosmiur kvercxze ganlagebul RvTaebis sami wyvili 

Tvalis, sami cis aRmniSvnel luviur ieroglifebs vertikalurad 

aRmarTul figuraze ganlagebuli, sxvadasxva zomis horizontaluri 

Sverilebi Seesatyviseba, xolo kosmosis (samyaros) ganmasaxierebel jvars, 

RerZs, kvercxs – kosmiuri xis sqematuri gamosaxuleba, romelic amasTanave, 

kosmosis sami sivrciT, sami skneliTaa gadmocemuli. 

mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebis zemoganxiluli 

yvela varianti ara mxolod xaTebis, xeTebis da luvielebis kosmogoniuri 

warmodgenebis istoriis TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso, aramed qarTvelTa 

analogiuri warmodgenebis rekonstruqciisaTvisac, miTumetes, rom 

tipologiurad isini did urTierTmsgavsebas avlens. 

2010. 

gamoyenebuli pirvelwyaroebi da literatura 

1. Laroche E., Les hiéroglyphes hittites, I, Paris, 1960, #190, 191. 

2. Meriggi P., Hieroglyphisch-Hethitisches Glossar, Wiesbaden, 1962, #155, 156, 268, 268a. 

3. xazaraZe n., mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebi, analebi, 

#3, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 44-65, reziume inglisur enaze. 

4. Erman A., Die ägyptische Religion, Berlin, S. 1905, 62. 

5. Sethe K., Amun und die acht Urgötter von Hermopolis, in: Opuscula, Leipzig, 1976, $157, 160. 

6. Бауер В., Дюмотц И., Головин С.,Древнейшие символы, Энциклопедия символов, Москва, 

2000, с. 22-23. 

7. Шейнин Е.Я.,Яйцо, Энциклопедия символов, Москва, 2003, с.40. 

8. Энциклопедия: Символы, знаки, эмблемы, Москва, 2004, с. 551-552. 

9. Рошаль В. М., Энциклопедия символов, Москва-Санкт-Петербург, 2006, с.917-919. 

67

10. Гамкрелидзе Т. В., Иванов В. В., Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы. Реконструкция 

и историко-типологический анализ праязыка и протокультуры, II, Тбилиси, 1984, с. 684. 

ix. agreTve, surgulaZe i., miTosi, rituali saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2003, 

gv. 73 da Smd. 

11. Meriggi P., Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, Parte II: Tavole 2aE3a Serie, Roma 1975, Tavole IX. 

12. Börker-Kläbn J., Hattušas Stadttore und ihre Benennung, Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 

Kleinasiens, Band 1: Text, Mainz-Rhein, 1983, S. 95. 

13. benduqiZe n., mzis sagalobeli, wignSi: Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa 

istoriis qrestomaTia, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 232-233. 

14. tatiSvili i., xeTuri religia, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 88-101. 


FOR INTERPRETATION OF TWO ANCIENT LUWIAN HIEROGLYPHS 

(YAZILIKAYA 34, KÜLTEPE 86) DENOTING DEITY OF THE SUN 

The analysis of the Hittite cuneiform, Hittite and Late Hittite hieroglyphic Luwian written 

monuments and of the iconography Luwian hieroglyphs denoting the solar deity (DEUS SOL) has 

led the author to the conclusion that in Luwian hieroglyphs denoting the solar deity, executed in 

different variants, the Hittite-Luwian conception is reflected fully. In Luwian hieroglyphs denoting 

the solar deity in one case Luwian hieroglyphs are placed at the beginning and the end of the cosmic 

axis and in this way the solar deity is represented as the deity illuminating the opposite domains– the 

heavens and the earth, and in another – at the beginning, the middle and the end of the same cosmic 

axis. In this case, the solar deity is interpreted not only as illuminating the heavens and the earth, but 

also the domain of human beings, plants and animals. In order to express the hypostases and 

functions of the solar deity, the Luwian hieroglyph denoting “deity” (DEUS) is used in the first case, 

whereas the hieroglyph denoting “the heavens” (CAELUM) is found in the other. 

Epigraphic monuments of Yazikaya, 34, Kűltepe, 86 are dated back to 2000B.C. once more 

confirm my opinion that for creators of Luwial hieroglyphs Deity of the Sun was associated with 

sky and luminary of upper space, lower space and intermediate space. 

68


Zvelanatoliur-kavkasiuri kosmologiis 

istoriis erTi aspeqtisaTvis 

RvTaebaTa samyofelis rangSi cis warmoCenis koncefcia drosa da 

sivrceSi universaluria. igi sxvadasxva variantiT araerTi xalxis 

kulturul tradiciaSi mowmdeba. rogorc wesi, cas da caze myof RvTaebebs 

bunebis movlenebis genezissac ukavSireben. 

luviuri ieroglifebis em. laroSiseuli siis #182-s da analogiuri 

siis p. merijiseuli #340-s ori mniSvneloba aqvs. isini casac 

aRniSnavs (fonetikuri wakiTxva: tapas-, tepas-, tipas-) da Tassac (fonetikuri 

wakiTxva: tepas-). Sumerul enaSi cis aRmniSnvel ieroglifur-luviur 

logogramas an (j. SaraSeniZe), xolo xeTurSi nepiš-, iSviaTad nepiša- 

Seesatyviseba (ir. tatiSvili). Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebiT daTariRebul 

ieroglifur-luviur werilobiT ZeglebSi (emirgazi, iaziliqaia, alajahuiuqi, 

yara-huiuqi, elbistani, CaRdini, ivrizi, bori, Cifliqi, Calafverdi...) 

logograma `ca”, rogorc wesi, RvTaeba TarxunTis saxelwodebis 

komplementad gvevlineba. Tarxuni Sumeruli iSquris, semituri adadis, 

xuriuli TeSubis, kilikiuri Trokos, likiuri trqq-s, etruskuli Tarxonis, 

Zvelsomxuri torqis, qarTuli tarosis msgavsad, amindis RvTaebas 

warmoadgenda, dakavSirebuli iyo ra siuxvis momtan wylebTan da 

nayofierebasTan. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis ieroglifur-luviur werilobiT 

ZeglebSi am RvTaebas `cis RvTaeba TarxunTi” ewodeba, xolo gvianxeTuri 

xanis (Zv. w. IX-VIII ss.) werilobiT wyaroebSi - `RvTaeba TarxunTi cisa”. 

xeTur werilobiT ZeglebSi `ca” xSirad mzis RvTaebis saxelwodebis 

epiTetis saxiTac dasturdeba. xeTuri teqstebis Tanaxmad, mzis RvTaebis 

samyofeli cazea, cis koSki, cis WiSkari mxolod misTvisaa Ria, cis oTx 

mxareSi oTxcxenSebmuli etliT mxolod mzis RvTaeba gadaadgildeba da a. 

S. Catarebul kvleva-Ziebas im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom ieroglifurluviur 

damwerlobaSi mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebis 

erT-erT mTavar komponents, samyaros RerZTan, samyaros kvercxTan erTad, 

rogorc adrindel (Zv. w. II aTaswleuli) (iaziliqaia, qiulTefe), aseve 

69

gviandel (Zv. w. IX-VIII ss.) werilobiT Zeglebze swored cis (Tasis) 

ieroglifi warmoadgenda 

. mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvnel luviur 

ieroglifebSi cis ieroglifi xSirad RmerTis aRmniSvnel luviur 

ieroglifs ( ) enacvleba( ). Zvelanatoliuri eTnosebis 

kosmologiuri Sexedulebebis rekonstruqciisaTvis gansakuTrebul 

mniSvnelobas xeTebis mzis RvTaebis (savaraudod, arinas) mcire zomis, Zv. w. 

XV-XIII ss-iT daTariRebuli, metropoliten muzeumSi ganTavsebuli, oqros 

qandakeba iZens (SaravandediT, sayureebiT, yelsabamiT Semkuli mzis RvTaeba 

savarZelSia CabrZanebuli. kalTaSi mas amindis yrma RvTaeba uzis, xolo 

xelT, mkerdze mikruli, sakmaod didi zomis ori WurWeli upyria). 

sxvadasxva kulturuli tradiciebis monacemTa konteqstSi ieroglifur-luviur 

damwerlobaSi Tasis saxiT warmodgenili cis aRmniSvneli 

ieroglifis Seswavlas im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom am ieroglifis 

semantikuri kodis gasaRebi amindis RvTaebasTan dakavSirebul rwmenawarmodgenebSi, 

kerZod ki, wvimis gamosaTxovnel locvebsa da ritualebSia 

saZiebeli. 

am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebul interess saqarTveloSi moZiebuli 

eTnografiuli artefaqtebi da qarTuli enis leqsika imsaxurebs. irkveva, 

rom: qarTvelTa uZvelesi warmodgenebiT, romelic gadmonaSTebis saxiT 

bolo dromdea SemorCenili, ca wvimis WurWelia. igi dedamiwaze darsa da 

avdars ganagebs (T. saxokia). qarTul enaSi wvimasTan organuladaa 

dakavSirebuli WurWlis iseTi saxeobani, rogoricaa: `koka” da `saceri” 

(`kokispiruli wvima”, `cris”). wvimis gamoTxovnis qarTul erT-erT 

ritualSi (lazaroba) monawile TeTr samosSi gamowyobili gasaTxovari 

gogonebi, Sesawiris Segrovebis mizniT kardakar Semovlas ritualis 

Sesabamisi simReriT, Tavze Tasdadgmuli asrulebdnen, xolo maTi 

maspinZlebi Sesawiravis gaRebasTan erTad, gogonebs wylis SesxurebiT 

egebebodnen. wyali Tavze Sedgmul TasSic unda moxvedriliyo (T. 

ivelaSvili). didebis ritualis aRsrulebisas gogonebs win CixtiTmosili 

70

`gvalvis patarZali” miuZRveboda. CixtaSi mas sagangebod damagrebuli 

spilenZis jami (faxiri Tasi) hqonda Cadgmuli (g. jalabaZe, ir. surgulaZe). 

2011. 


ONE ASPECT OF ANCIENT ANATOLIAN-CAUCASIAN COSMOLOGY 

№182 of E. Laroche’s list of Luwian hieroglyphs and №340 of P.Meriggi’s 

similar list have two meanings. They denote the sky (tapas-, tepas-, tipas-) as well as a cup (tepas-). 

The analysis and comparison of artifacts of the cosmological beliefs of the ancient Anatolians and 

the ancient Caucasians (resp., the Georgians) leads the author to the conclusion that the origins of 

the interpretation of the concept of the sky in the hieroglyphic-Luwian script in the form of a cup in 

old Anatolian as well as old Georgian cultural world must be linked with the weather deity, or more 

exactly, with the ancient rituals of asking for rain. 

N 

71

nana baxsoliani 

Lborblis semantikuri kodisaTvis 

ieroglifur luviur damwerlobaSi 

Zv. w. XVI s-Si Seqmnil ieroglifur-luviur damwerlobaSi `wris”, 

`borblis” da ètlis” aRmniSvneli ieroglifebi araerTgzis mowmdeba. kvlevis 

Sedegad irkveva, rom gvianxeTuri xanis samefo-samTavroebSi arsebuli 

rwmena-warmodgenebisa da mravalplaniani informaciis gadmocema swored am 

damwerlobis saSualebiT xdeboda. amdenad, ieroglifur-luviuri damwerloba 

Zveli anatoliis istoriis Seswavlis umniSvnelovanes pirvelwyaros 

warmoadgens. ieroglifur-luviuri damwerlobiT Sedgenil politikuri, 

ekonomikuri, religiuri Sinaarsis teqstebSi amasTanave, SeiZleba davinaxoT 

Zveli anatoliis sxvadasxva xalxTa xangrZlivi kulturuli urTierTobis 

safuZvelze SemuSavebuli kosmogoniisa da religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis 

anarekli, romelic gadmocemulia specifikuri simbolikis saSualebiT. 

Cemi kvlevis sagans #267 luviuri ieroglifi da qvis stelaze daculi 

simboluri niSnis Sinaarsis dadgena warmoadgens. 

werilobiTi pirvelwyaroebis monacemTa konteqstSi irkveva, rom 

qarxemiSis stelaze gamosaxuli #267 ieroglifi teqstSi etlis, 

gadaadgilebis Sinaarsis matarebelia [9,115-117]. ieroglifi fonetikurad 

Semdegnairad ikiTxeba: warīna da (meore varianti j. hovkinsiseuli wakiTxva) 

wa/i+ra/i-za-ni-na niSnavs oTxTvalas, etls [8,103]. malatia II reliefze [9,52-53] 

gamosaxul nadimisa da nadirobis scenaSi erT-erT centralur figuras 

borbali da daxrili jvari warmoadgens, romelic, vfiqrob, simbolur 

semantikur kods Seicavs. 

malatia II reliefis detali 

72

YuZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebiT wre-gavrcobili wertili Zaldautanebel 

moZraobas ukavSirdeba. igi kontinualurobisa (mdori, ritmuli moZraoba) 

da erTianobis aRmniSvnelia da drois maradiulad ganmeorebadi 

ciklis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda. wrebrunva, triali, rac wris dinamikur 

gansazRvrebas warmoadgens ritualsa da xelovnebaSi, warmoSobs magiur 

Zalas, radganac qmnis xelSeuxebel teritorias – wres. wre erTianobis, 

usasrulobis, srulyofilebis ideas gamoxatavda. wre rogorc figura, 

romelic iqmneba swori mrudiT dasawyisis da dasasrulis gareSe, Tavis 

nebismier wertilSi orientirebulia uxilav centrze. wre SemosazRvravs 

Sida, sazRvrul sivrces, magram wriuli moZraoba, romelic am sivrces 

qmnis, potenciurad usasruloa. araerT tradiciaSi kosmosi warmodgenilia 

sferos, grafikulad wris saxiT, romelsac gars akravs araorganizebuli 

qaosi. wre aris kosmiuri zecis simbolo miwasTan mimarTebaSi. borbali 

ciklebis – dasawyisisa da ganaxlebis simboloa.Nnikoloz kuzanelis 

Tanaxmad, samyaro aris borbali borbalSi. Bborbali gadaadgilebis 

simbolocaa da solarulic. SeiZleba iyos zafxulis buniobis gamomxatveli 

[1,191]. 

yvela Zvel religiaSi wre, borbali mzesTan iyo dakavSirebuli. e. 

hainis Teoriis Tanaxmad, borbali kviristavidan unda warmoSobiliyo. 

kviristavebis RerZiT SeerTebis wyalobiT unda aRmoeCinaT ekipaJis agebis 

principi. Ff. foreric Tvlida, rom borbali miRebul iqna mzis emblemis, 

diskos gaxvretisa da RerZze wamogebis gziT [3,77]. 

indoevropuli Ziris semantikur jgufSi wre, oTxTvala, borbali Huert 

[h] -Huer-ĝ [h] Ziridanaa nawarmoebi: Zvel induri vartali –brunva, veduri vartani – 

gagoreba, miTanuri uartanna –wre (masze cxenebs avarjiSebdnen), soRdiuri 

wrtn – oTxTvala, osuri wærdan –uremi, latvuri uertō – mobruneba, goTuri 

wairpan dadgoma, Zvelslavuri – vrĭtěti sę – triali, Zvel islandiuri varger – 

damnaSave, mgeli, vargtre – damnaSavis xe, mglis xe, xeTuri hurki –borbali 

[7,719], Sdr. qarTuli urika [6, 269]. 

Zvel indoevropul tradiciaSi borbals ritualuri da miTologiuri 

mniSvneloba aqvs, mas aRmerTeben rogorc mzis simbolos da Tayvanscemen. 

73

ase magaliTad, Zvel indur miTologiaSi borbali RvTaeba indras 

ukavSirdeba. igi mzis RvTaeba suris borbals mougebs. osur narTaul 

eposSi `ciuri borbali” momakvdinebeli iaraRia. `gagorebuli” borbali 

narTebis mtrebs fexebs muxlebamde kveTda [7,720]. 

sxvadasxva xalxi simbolos sxvadasxva Sinaarss aZlevda. ase 

magaliTad, xeTur tradiciaSi borbali ara marto ritualuri simbolikis 

matarebelia, rogorc es kargad Cans erT xeTur kanonSi warmodgenili 

Semdegi formuliT: `da borbals Tayvanscems”, aramed mas, imave xeTur 

kanonebSi Sinaarsobrivad sxva saxiTac vadasturebT: terminebi hurkin haliya 

gansasjelis borbalTan/borblis winaSe daCoqeba an Sewyalebis Txovna 

samefo sasamarTlosaTvis, an gansasjelis dakiTxva wamebiT; hurkin halai 

msajulTa mier borblis amoZraveba (anu samefo sasamarTlos CarTva 

saqmeSi) iTargmneba [4,83-84]. sayuradRebo informaciis Semcvelia xaTusili 

III-is (Zv.w. 1400-1200ww.) avtobiografiaSi daculi cnoba: `radganac iSTari, 

Cemi qalbatoni mwyalobda da Cemi Zma muvaTalic keTilad mepyroboda, 

adamianebs, rodesac maT iSTaris, Cemi qalbatonis, wyaloba da Cemi Zmis 

keTilganwyoba dainaxes, SeSurdaT Cemi, arma-daTas cidas Zem da Semdeg sxva 

adamianebmac gansacdelSi Cagdeba damipires, isini me borotad momeqcnen da 

me Zalian gamiWirda. Cemma Zmam muvaTalim borbalTan mixmo”. xaTusili I (Zv. 

w. 1600w) 3 saomar etls wiravs arinas mzis qalRvTaebas [5,185]. 

pindarosi (Zv. w. 532/518-443ww.) `piTiur odebSi” argonavtebis laSqrobis 

aRwerisas CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Semdegs gvamcnobs: 

`...mividnen fasisSi, sadac isini SeebrZolnen muqsaxian kolxebs Tavad 

aietis winaSe. Yyvelaze basri isrebis mpyrobelma, kvipross Sobilma ki 

miaba isini uZlieres borbals, romelSic oTxi palo iyo gaCrili” [2, 60]. 

sagulisxmoa, rom simbolur niSanTa Sinaarsi aramxolod Zvel 

samyaroSi, aramed Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic kargad hqondaT 

gaazrebuli, romelsac erTdroulad kosmogoniuri da kosmologiuri 

aspeqtebi gaaCnda. sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sayuradRebo informaciis 

Semcvelia herodotes (Zv. w. 485-424ww.) Txzuleba ìstoria”, sadac kroisosi 

Tavsgadaxdenili ubedurebebis Semdeg wres, borbals aseT gansazRvrebas 

74

aZlevs: `kacTa saqmianobas wre sazRvravs, es wre brunavs da ar dauSvebs, 

rom erTni da igiveni iyvnen bednierni [2,87,I,207]. aranakleb mniSvnelovania 

SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosnis” Semdegi striqonic, romelsac qajTa 

tyveobaSi myofi nestan-darejani warmoTqvams: `risxviT mobrunda borbali 

Cvenzeda cisa Svidisa” 

zemomoyvanili cnobis safuZvelze vfiqrob, rom malatia II reliefze 

RvTaebasTan borblis gamoCena SemTxveviTobiT ver aixsneba. sakvlev 

reliefze swored RvTaeba iyo is mamoZravebeli Zala, romelsac bedisa da 

cxovrebis waRma svlas SesTxovdnen, is awesrigebda adamianisa da samyaros 

harmoniulobas. 

arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `borblis” 

aRmniSvneli ieroglifiT maradiuli wrebrunvis idea unda yofiliyo 

gadmocemuli. grafikuli TvalsazrisiT martivad Sesrulebuli daxrili 

jvari qveynierebis oTx mxares aRniSnavda da usasrulobis, srulyofilebis 

ideas gamoxatavda, borbali ki ciklebs - dasawyissa da ganaxlebas. 

2011. 


1. alaverdaSvili q., sakraluri geometria, Tbilisi, 2008. 

2. antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, Tbilisi, 2010. 

3. surgulaZe i., qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tbilisi, 

1986. 

4. tatiSvili i., xeTur-qarTuli leqsikoni, nakveTi 2, Tbilisi, 2007. 

5. Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriis qrestomaTia, Tbilisi, 1990. 

6. xazaraZe n., k. Tofuria, ZvelaRmosavluri warmomavlobis qarTuli 

teqnikuri terminologiis istoriisaTvis, samxreT kavkasia da 

axlo aRmosavleTi, Tbilisi, 2005. 

7. Гамкрелидзе Т. В., Иванов В. В., Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы, II, 

Тбилиси, 1984. 

8. Hawkins J. D., Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, Vol. I, Berlin-New York, 

2000. 

9. Merrigi P., Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, Parte II: Testi – 2aE3a SERIE, Roma, 1975. 

N 

75

Nana Bakhsoliani 

ON THE SEMANTIC CODE OF THE WEEL IN THE 

HIEROGLYPHIC LUWIAN SCRIPT 

The article deals with the analysis of P. Meriggi’s manuscript №267 of Luwian hieroglyphs, 

one of the elements of which is attested on the relief Malatya II. As a result of the study the author 

arrives at the conclusion that the existence of the hieroglyph linked with the deity cannot be 

accidental. It embodied the idea of eternal recurrence, whereas the wheel symbolized cycles – the 

beginning and renewal. 

76


ieroglifur-luviuri asatara da qarTuli `Ãeli” 

1986 wels parizSi gamarTul asiriologTa XXXIII saerTaSoriso 

Sexvedraze qalbatonma n. xazaraZem xelis Semcveli ieroglifis 

interpretacias specialuri moxseneba miuZRvna. ieroglifi xelisa da mefis 

aRmniSvneli gamosaxulebis ligaturas warmoadgens da ikiTxeba Filia namuwai 

(Svili, vaJi, qaliSvili). mkvlevris azriT, aRniSnul luviur ieroglifs 

samarTlebriv-uflebrivi datvirTva unda hqonoda. naSromi gamouqveynebeli 

darCa. 

amjerad, Cemi mizania ganvagrZo xelis gamosaxulebiani sxva 

ieroglifebis Seswavla da luviuri ieroglifebis mTlian sistemaSi maT 

saTanado adgili mivuCino. 

cnobilia rom xeli moqmedebis ideas da amave dros, Zalauflebasa da 

mflobelobasac gamoxatavs. istoriis filosofiis fuZemdeblis, jambatista 

vikos savsebiT marTebuli dakvirvebiT, `Ãeli” yvela xalxSi ùflebas” 

aRniSnavda: àmbobdnen `Ãeli” `Zalis” magivrad, radgan Zala abstraqtulia, 

xeli ki uSualod SeigrZnoba” [mamulia, 1979, 172]. 

T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis Tanaxmad, saerToindoevropuli 

uflebrivi terminologia sawes-Cveulebo terminologias Tan mosdevs, rac 

SesaZleblobas iZleva Zveli indoevropelebis uflebrivi normebi 

dadgindes: indoevropuli mHr/n(t [h] ) –xeli, xelisufleba, marTva: xeTurad 

maniiahh - xelisuflebis gadacema, marTva, maniiahhai - mmarTveloba, xelisufleba, 

laTinurad manus - xeli, xelisufleba [Гамкрелидзе, Иванов, 1984, 807]. 

yvela civilizacia met-naklebi sixSiriT iyenebs xelis da 

Jestikulaciis enas. zog aRmosavlur enaSi iseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa 

`xelis dadeba” da `xelis axsna”, raime saqmis dawyebis da damTavrebis azrs 

gadmoscems. RvTis xelis daWera adamianSi misi sulis miRebas aRniSnavs. 

magaliTad, rodesac iahvem xeli Seaxo ieremias pirs, mas winaswarmetyvelebis 

unari mianiWa; elia winaswarmetyvelma zRvidan amosuli Rrubeli 

dainaxa da iahves xeli SeigrZno; rodesac sodomis mefe abraams uxv 

wyalobas sTavazobda, man xelebi cisken aRmarTa, rac ara mxolod dacvas 

77

niSnavda, aramed, imasac, rom RmerTi ganagebs cas da qveyanas. 

mniSvnelovania, rom marjvena da marcxena erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT. 

RvTis marjvena xeli, romelic xSirad Rrublidan gamoyofili saxiTaa 

gamosaxuli, wyalobas aRniSnavs, xolo marcxena - samarTlis qmedebasTanaa 

dakavSirebuli. xeli samefo emblemaa, igi mbrZaneblobis da dominaciis 

simbolos gamoxatavs. magaliTad, gamoTqma `samarTlis xeli” Sua 

saukuneebis epoqaSi safrangeTis monarqiis insignias Seadgenda [Chevalier, 

Gheerbrant, 1982, 599-603]. 

Zvelindur tradiciaSi `marcxena” da `marjvena” erTmaneTs miTologiur 

fratriebs upirispirebda. magaliTad, kauravebis fratria iTvleboda 

`marcxenad”, `qveda”, `mTvaris” gavlenis qveS myofad, rac uaryofiTi 

simboluri datvirTvis matarebelia, pandebis fratria - `marjvenad”, `zeda”, 

`mzis” gavlenis qveS myofad da dadebiTi datvirTva aqvs. 

ZvelberZnul tradiciaSi `marjvena” da `marcxena” `mamrobiT” da 

`mdedrobiT” sawyisebs ukavSirdeba. msgavsi semantikuri asociacia aqvs 

adamianis `marjvena” da `marcxena” xelsac, romelic sxvadasxva fiziologiuri 

SesaZleblobiT xasiaTdeba. marjvena xeli aris ZiriTadi, aqtiuri, 

dadebiTi, sasikeTo, gansxvavebiT marcxena xelisagan, romelic pasiuria 

[Гамкрелидзе, Иванов, 785]. 

`marjvena xeli” rogorc mTavari, ZiriTadi, Zvel indoevropul 

kulturaSi konkretul gamoxatulebas poulobs. Seadare xeTuri keššar xeli, 

TaTi [tatiSvili, 2009, 45], luviuri iššari – xeli, likiuri izre, Toxaruli A tsar 

- xeli, berZnuli χείρ- xeli, somxuri jern, Zvelinduri hasta, avesturi - zasta, 

Zvelsparsuli - dasta… homerosis eposSi `marjvena xeli” agresiulia, 

mimarTulia SubiT, `marcxena” ki aRwerilia rogorc damcveli, faris 

mpyrobeli. xeTebTanac, marjvena xeli, aseve, dadebiTi semantikuri 

mniSvnelobiT xasiaTdeba [Гамкрелидзе, Иванов, 1984,785]. 

Zv. w. XVI s-Si Seqmnil ieroglifur-luviur damwerlobaSi, Cvenamde 

moRweuli `xelis” gamosaxulebiani 25 ieroglifi dasturdeba [Дунаевская, 

1969, 92]. Ee. laroSiseuli klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, #27 ieroglifi mTliani 

mklaviTaa gamosaxuli da niSnavs `zedaSes Sewirvas”, fonetikuri wakiTxva 

78

– sarla; #28 `Zalauflebas”, `Zliers”. fonetikuri wakiTxva – muwa, fonetikuri 

wakiTxva muwatalla/i; #39 ieroglific, romlis fonetikuri wakiTxva ucnobia, 

aseve aRniSnavs `Zliers”. maTi msgavseba imiT gamoixateba, rom orive 

ieroglifi gamoisaxeba magrad mokumul xelSi raRac sagniT (kverTxi – n. 

b.); #41 àRebas”, fonetikuri wakiTxva – ta-; #45 –ligaturaa, niSnavs `xels” 

da ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs: `Svili” - fonetikuri wakiTxva (-)nana, 

`vaJi”fonetikuri wakiTxva (-)namuwai, `Zma” - fonetikuri wakiTxva atila-; #46 

ligaturaa da niSnavs ùfliswuls” `mefis asuls”, fonetikuri wakiTxva 

ucnobia; #49 `Sig”, `SigniT” – logograma; #59 - `xels”, logogramaa, 

fonetikuri wakiTxva asatara; #62 niSnavs `grZels”, `xangrZlivs”, logograma 

da determinativi, fonetikuri wakiTxva ara-; #65 logogramaa, niSnavs 

`dadebas”, `xelis SeSlas”, fonetikuri wakiTxva – tuwa-. danarCeni luviuri 

ieroglifebis Sinaarsi da fonetikuri wakiTxva ucnobia. 

zemoCemoTvlili ieroglifebidan Cemi interesi #59 niSanma gamoiwvia. 

ieroglifur-luviuri asatara, Cemi dakvirvebiT, marcxena xeli unda iyos, 

romlis analogiur gamosaxulebas ukve ara rogorc damwerlobis niSans, 

aramed rogorc dekoratiul motivs, qarxemiSis samSeneblo warweris grZel 

kedelze vxvdebiT [Hawkins, 1972, 87-94]. eWvgareSea, rom warweris qvemoT 

gamosaxuli 16 erTeuli, dabla daSvebuli marcxena xeli im movlenasTan 

iyo kavSirSi, romlis Sesaxebac warweraSia saubari da stelaze gamosaxvac 

swored aman ganapiroba. amdenad, asatara-s qarxemiSis samSeneblo warweraSi 

SeiZleba simboluri mniSvneloba mivaniWoT. 

warweris avtoria qarxemiSis mefe Suhis I, romelsac gaulaSqravs 

àmboxebuli qalaqebis” winaaRmdeg, RvTaebaTa ZaliT dausjia, daungrevia, 

amis Semdeg TarxunTasi aRumarTavs, Weqa-quxilis RvTaebisaTvis 

Sesawiravebi uxvad gauRia, mis win CvenTvis gaugebari sagani da, aseve, 

Tavisi gamosaxulebac daudgams. warwera wyevlis tradiciul formulasac 

Seicavs im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tuki vinme daazianebda, xolo RvTaebebisa da 

misi gamosaxulebis pativismcemelTaTvis - locvisac. warweridan Cans, rom 

Suhis RvTaebebis keTilganwyoba gansakuTrebiT im moqmedebisaTvis 

79

daumsaxurebia, rom igi vinme Hatamanas-s, romelsac àm RvTaebebis” 

winaaRmdeg `mtruli qmedeba” Caudenia, sastikad daumarcxebia. 

ra kavSirSia zemoxsenebuli `xelebi” warweraSi monaTxrob ambavTan 

xom ar niSnavs reliefis qvemoT gamosaxuli marcxena `xelebi” 

amboxebulebis uflebis moSlas qalaqebzeAan, Tu TiTebiT Tvlis arqaul 

indoevropul sistemas gavixsenebT, xom ar niSnavs mtris 16-jerad 

moqmedebasAan, xom ar SeiZleba igi `damcvelis” simbolur datvirTvas 

atarebdes, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu homerosis eposSi farismpyrobeli marcxena 

xelis rogorc mfarvelis rols gaviTvaliswinebT 

`Ãeli” rogorc samamulo uflebis materialuri niSani saqarTveloSi 

uZvelesi droidan momdinareobs. qristianobis xanaSi aseT Zeglebze xelis 

gamosaxulebas TandaTan cvlis jvari. saqarTvelos teritoriaze daculia 

araerTi qva, romelzec adamianis xelia gamosaxuli. magaliTad, qvajvara 

(monoliTi) faravnis tbis midamoebSi, romelzec gamosaxulia disko, mis 

qveS meore emblemaa, romelic Tamarisa da daviT soslanis dros moWril 

monetebze dasturdeba, CxikvTis samebis kalTaze, gzis piras mdebare 

RvTismSoblis monastris ezoSi qva-fiqalze gamoxatulia jvari, xeli da 

emblema [meliqseT-begi, 1938,110-111].… 

`Ãeli” an aRmarTuli iyo, an dadebuli [berZeniSvili, 1966, 158]. 

`Ãelis dadebiT” da `Ãelis aRmarTviT” ùflebis” aqtis gancxadeba 

sruldeboda, rac genetikurad dapyrobidan momdinareobs [mamulia, 172-173]. 

`Ãelis amarTva” xdeboda mamulze, venaxze, saxelosa da ymaze, glexze, 

sawisqvilosa da wisqvilze, sofelze. 

`Ãelis amarTva” sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT da xelisuflis brZanebis 

Tanaxmad xdeba da niSnavs ama Tu im piris uflebis uaryofas an aseTi 

uflebis damtkicebas. visi uflebac mtkicdeboda (visac xels aumarTavdnen), 

is mamulze `Ãels daidebda”, xolo visi uflebac uaryofili iyo, is 

mamulze `Ãels aiRebda”. n. berZeniSvilis dakvirvebiT, `Ãelis amarTvis” 

wesi imave xnisaa, rac miwis kerZo sakuTrebis damcveli politikuri 

organizacia (saxelmwifo). igi mamulis saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadebas 

ki ar niSnavda, aramed kerZo piris uflebis dadgena-dacvas 

iTvaliswinebda [berZeniSvili, 138-158]. 

80

Tu zemoTqmuls gaviazrebT, SeiZleba Semdegi hipoTezis wamoyeneba: 

qarxemiSis reliefze gamosaxuli 16 erTeuli marcxena xeli SeiZleba 

niSnavdes imave raodenobis qalaqebis amboxebulTa uflebis amave 

dasaxlebebze moSlas. aseve, ver gamovricxav, rom aRniSnuli xelebi am 

skulpturuli Zeglis Seqmnis monawileebsac ekuTvnodeT. 

2011. 


1. berZeniSvili n., miwaTmflobelobis formebisaTvis feodalur 

saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, III, Tbilisi, 

1966. 

2. mamulia g., klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos 

Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi, Tbilisi, 1979. 

3. meliqseT-begi, megaliTuri kultura saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 

1938. 

4. tatiSvili i.,xeTur-qarTuli leqsikoni, nakveTi 3:K, Tbilisi, 

2009. 

5. Дунаевская И. М. Язык Хеттских Иероглифов, Москва, 1969. 

6. Гамкрелидзе Т. В., Иванов В. В., Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы, II, 

Тбилиси, 1984. 

7. Hawkins J. D., Building Inscriptions of Carchemish, AS, vol. XXII, 1972. 

8. Chevalier J. Gheerbrant A., Dictionaire des Symboles Mythes, Rêves, Coutumes, 

Gestes, Formes, Figures, Couleurs, Nombres, Paris, 1982. 


HIEROGLYPHIC LUWIAN ASATARA AND GEORGIAN `Ãeli” 

Taking into consideration the ancient cultural traditions linked with “hand”, in which diverse 

semantic codes are assigned to it, the author arrives at the conclusion that asatara, hieroglyph №59 

from E.Laroche’s table, denoting “hand”, recorded in the Hieroglyphic-Luwian inscription of Suhis 

I, King of Carchemish, may be explained by the symbolism of victory of the king over the 16 

defeated cities. This assumption is supported to a certain extent by the evidence of remains of 

Georgian legislation, in which “raising one’s hand” and “laying one’s hands on 

somebody/something” entailed performance of quite serious functions. 

81


gvianxeTuri xanis kilikiis istoriisaTvis 

kilikia (xeTuri xanis qicuvaTna, asuruli warwerebis que) 

centraluri anatoliis platos samxreTiT mdebare sanapiro msxvili 

regioni iyo. Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebSi mas sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili 

ekava Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriaSi. gvianxeTur xanaSi kilikiis 

teritoriaze politikuri gaerTianebebi arsebobda, romelTa Sesaxeb 

cnobebi werilobiT ZeglebSi dasturdeba (ieroglifur-luviuri danuna [1, 

#24] da sxva, CvenTvis ucnobi samTavroebi, asuruli lursmuli warwerebis 

que, Kundu, Sissu, Pirindu) [2, 153-167]. 

samecniero literaturaSi gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, 

ieroglifur-luviuri damwerloba luviuri tomebiT dasaxlebul 

teritoriaze unda Camoyalibebuliyo [3, 18]. arcavasTan erTad xeTuri xanis 

qicuvaTna swored am damwerlobis `samSoblod” moiazreba. kilikiis 

teritoriaze aRmoCenili ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebi mniSvnelovan 

wyaros warmoadgens Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris kilikiis 

istoriis Sesaswavlad. 

jerjerobiT, Cvenamde ramdenime warweraa moRweuli. esenia: lamasis 

WiSkris warwera, romelzec mxolod qveynis aRmniSvneli determinativi KUR 

ikiTxeba da masTan erTad xuTi niSani, romelic paleografiuli 

TvalsazrisiT, maT siZveleze miuTiTebs; sirkelis mokle, fragmentuli 

warwera kldis reliefze [4, 283, 324] da yaraTefes bilingva. orenovani 

warwera TurqeTis eqspediciam 1946 w. aRmoaCina, romelsac h. boserti 

xelmZRvanelobda. warwerebi ieroglifur-luviur da finikiur enebzea 

Sedgenili. isini yaraTefeze arsebuli sasaxlis nangrevebSia aRmoCenili. 

warwera gvamcnobs: `me aziTavaTa var, mziT kurTxeuli kaci, TarxunTis 

msaxuri, (is), romelic avarqum, danunelTa mefem, daawinura. TarxunTma 

danunelTa dedad da mamad momavlina da me ganvavrce adanas velis miwebi 

aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis (mimarTulebiT). da Cemi aq yofnis Jams 

danunelTa qveyanaSi sufevda yovelgvari keTildReoba, baraqa da dovlaTi. 

da gavavse danunelTa beRlebi. da mivumate cxens cxeni. da mivumate 

82

laSqars laSqari. da mivumate fars fari. yovelive es TarxunTisa da sxva 

RvTaebaTa wyalobiT gavakeTe. da davamxe TviTdajerebulni borotni, 

qveyanaSi rom iyvnen. gavaZeve isini qveynidan da saxli Cemi mbrZaneblobisa 

sikeTisaTvis davaarse... Cemi samarTlianobis, sibrZnisa da sikeTis gamo 

yovelma mefem Tavis mamad maRiara. da avaSene Seuvali cixe-simagreebi 

(qveynis) sazRvrebze. kacni borotni, yaCaRni, romlebc ar msaxurobdnen 

mofsosis saxls, me, aziTavaTam Cems ferxT qveS movaqcie. da avaSene im 

mxareebSi cixe-simagreebi, raTa danunelebs mSvidobianad ecxovraT d vZlie 

cixe-simagreebi dasavleTSi, romlebic ar emorCilebodnen Cems winapar 

mefeebs. da me, aziTavaTam, davangrie isini da aRvgave pirisagan miwisa. iq 

mcxovrebni (Cemi qveynis) aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan davasaxle, xolo maTi 

adgilebi danunelebs mivuCine sacxovreblad. da ganvavrce danunas qveynis 

sazRvrebi mzis amosvlis mxridan mzis Casvlis mxaremde. da is adgilebi, 

romlebic winaT SiSs gvridnen (mgzavrebs), sadac mamakacic ki erideboda 

siaruls, qalisTvisac aRar warmoadgenda raime safrTxes. Cems dros aq 

keTildReoba, siuxve da fufuneba sufevda. da mSvidobianad cxovrobda 

danunelTa qveyana da adanis veli.Ada avaSene me es qalaqi. da davarqvi mas 

àziTavaTas qalaqi”... da davuwese maT (RvTaebaTa) pativsacemad 

msxverplSewirva: yovelwliurad xaris Sewirva. da puris mosavlis aRebis 

Jams – cxvrisa. da yurZnis mosavlis aRebis Jams – (kvlav) cxvrisa. ...da Tu 

vinme mefeTagan, an kacTagan... Semdegs ganacxadebs: `me WiSkrebs Cems 

sakuTrebad vacxadeb da zed Cems saxels davawer”, an Tu WiSkrebis 

TaRebidan lods amoiRebs, an mavneblobas Caidens da boroti ganzraxviT 

daangrevs am WiSkrebs, TarxunTi cisa da mze cisa da yvela RvTaeba 

daamxobs mas, mefe iqneba igi, Tu kaci. aziTavaTas saxeli, msgavsad mzisa da 

mTvaris saxelebisa, maradiulia ukuniTi ukunisamde” [5, 109]. 

werilobiTi Zegli mdidar informacias gvawvdis kilikiis 

teritoriaze mdebare erT-erTi msxvili politikuri gaerTianebis adanis 

istoriis Sesaxeb. ieroglifur-luviuri warwera ramdenime nawilisagan 

Sedgeba: SesavalSi warmoCenilia warweris avtori, momdevno nawili misi 

moRvaweobisa da avtoritetis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs da bolo nawili, 

romelic wyevliT mTavrdeba. Zeglidan cnobili xdeba, rom misi avtori 

83

vinme aziTavaTaa, romelic, rogorc warweridan Cans, araa samefo dinastiis 

warmomadgeneli, radgan teqsti araa agebuli aramarto gvianxeTur xanaSi 

tradiciadqceuli trafaretis mixedviT – mis genealogiaze araferia 

naTqvami. bunebrivia, es pasaJi bevr kiTxvas badebs: Tu gavixsenebT 

qarxemiSis mefis – iaririsis ieroglifur-luviur warweras [6, 46], sadac 

is, savaraudod, uzurpatorad, an regentad Cans, vinaidan teqstSi arc misi 

mamis saxelia moxseniebuli, xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am SemTxvevaSi 

aziTavaTac uzurpaciis gziTaa mosuli xelisuflebaSi; an Tabalis samefos 

magaliTi rom gavixsenoT, sadac TiglaTfileser III-m qveynis saTaveSi 

Tavisi ndobiT aRWurvili piri – arasamefo warmoSobis mefe daayena [7, 29]. 

warweraSi naTlad ikveTeba aziTavaTas titulatura. esaa religiuri 

Sinaarsis matarebeli `mziT ganaTebuli kaci”. j. hovkinsis dakvirvebiT, 

Tavad saxeli aziTavaTa etimologiurad SeiZleba niSnavdes aza+tiwat 

`sayvareli mzis”. Teoforuli saxeli mzis RvTaebis saxels Seicavs da ara 

TarxunTisas, rac aseve damafiqrebelia da Zalzed saintereso. aqedan 

gamomdinare, xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, didi Znelbedobis Jams avariqums 

daeSva samefos saTaveSi swored religiis konkretuli msaxuris dayeneba 

marTalia warweraSi igi cxadad ambobs, rom Tavad adanas mefis avariqumis 

mier iyo dawinaurebuli, magram momdevno nawilSi ukve aRar figurirebs 

misi suvereni avariqumi. piriqiT, igi kvexniT ambobs, rom mas sxva mefeebic 

ki `mamad” aRiareben, rac mis avtoritarulobaze miuTiTebs. is, rom 

aziTavaTa araa mefuri warmomavlobis, Tavad warwerac metyvelebs: 

warweraSi igi arc samefo titulaturiT warmosdgeba. Tumca xazs usvams 

adgilobrivi dinastiiis – mofsosis saxlis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas. 

igi Tavisi wina mefeebis samyofeli iyo. warweraSi araferia naTqvami, Tu 

rogor `Sevida” am saxlSi da gaxda misi wevri. Aam gziT, igi Tavis Tavs 

ukve ufliswulad warmoadgens. mizani amiT miRweulia. igi legitimuria. 

aziTavaTa eweva aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobas, agebs cixe-simagreebs, aSenebs 

qalaqs, romelsac Tavisi saxeli uwoda. igi ieroglifur-luviur teqstSi 

madlobas swiravs gvianxeTuri xanis panTeonis mTavar RvTaebebs – 

TarxunTsa da ruvas. finikiur variantSi luviuri RvTaebebi finikiuri 

baaliT da raSafiTaa Canacvlebuli. 

84

am warweriT SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom qveynis mosaxleoba, yovel 

SemTxvevaSi umravlesoba mainc, luviuria. sakiTxavia, ra damsaxurebisaTvis 

aqvs Zegls Tan darTuli finikiuri varianti xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom 

qveynis mosaxleobaSi dinamiuri cvlilebebia da dasavleT semituri 

elementebiT uxvadaa gajerebuli qveynis mosaxleoba amasTan dakavSirebiT, 

SeiZleba davuSvaT is mosazreba, rom finikia kilikiasTan teritoriulad 

axlomdebare qveyana iyo da maT gacxovelebuli sazRvao da savaWro 

urTierToba hqondaT. amasTan, Tu im faqtsac miviRebT mxedevelobaSi, rom 

gvianxeTur xanaSi asureTis Zlieri imperia masStabur dapyrobiT da 

sadamsjelo eqspediciebs atarebda regionSi, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom 

kilikiis teritoriaze arsebuli samefo da finikia erToblivad 

gamodiodnen asureTis eqspansiis winaaRmdeg. Aamis sasargeblod is faqti 

metyvelebs, rom samecniero literaturaSi danunas mefe avariqumi asurul 

lursmul warwerebSi moxseniebul ques mefe uriqTanaa identificirebuli. 

uriqi TiglaTfileser III-is Zv. w. 738-32 da sargonis mier Zv. w. 710-709 

wlebSi Sedgenil warwerebSi moixsenieba [2, 153-167]. magram Tu avariqumi 

uriqi araa, an misi winamorbedis saxelia, mas SeiZleba emefa an salmanasar 

III-mde, an salmanasar III da TiglaTfileser III mefobis Soris xanaSi. am 

periodis queze informacia Zalzed mwiria. 

asurelTa intensiuri urTierToba quesTan Zv. w. 745 wlidan 

dasturdeba [8, 311-312]. uriqi figurirebs rogorc ques mefe Zv. w. 738-732 da 

710-709 wlebSi aRweril ambebSi. Zv. w. 710 w. queSi asureli moxele Cans. 

magram gaxda Tu ara asureTis provincia, bundovania. sargonis daRupvis 

Semdeg, que ajanyebul TabalTan, xilaqusTan da melidTan erTadaa 

moxseniebuli. sinaqeribis eponimSi queSi asureli moxelis daniSvnaze 

cnoba mowmdeba Zv. w. 685 wels [9, 213]. asureTma am TariRisaTvis ukve 

daamyara queSi kontroli. asarqadonis Zv. w. 679 wels Tabalis winaaRmdeg 

laSqrobaSi nagulisxmevi Cans queSi gadasvla. amave asuruli lursmuli 

warweris Zv. w. 676 wlis monacemebiT, kilikiis dablobze mdebare kundus 

(klasikuri xanis Cyinda) da Sissu (klasikuri xanis Sisium) samefoebi 

antiasurul aliansSi sidonTan erTad gamodian [2, 165]. Tumca, ajanyebulebi 

damarcxdnen. que kvlav asureTis xelSia imperiis aRsasrulamde. 

85

zemomoyvanilidan naTlad gamoikveTa sagulisxmo informacia kilikiafinikiis 

mWidro urTierTobebze da vfiqrob, yaraTefes bilingva erT-erT 

aseT mniSvnelovan urTierTobas unda exmaurebodes. 

yaraTefes bilingvis daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva 

mosazreba arsebobs. Tavdapirvelad Zegli Zv. w. IX saukunis dasasruliT 

TariRdeboda [5, 110]. j. hovkinsis mosazrebiT, bilingva paleografiulad 

ufro gviandelia (sargon II-is Semdgomi xanis), rasac igi ieroglifebis 

iSviaTi siuxviTa da niSanTa Wirveuli formebiT da RirebulebiT xsnis [2, 

153-167]. misive varaudiT, aziTavaTa xelisuflebaSi modis sargonis 

sikvdilamde an mas Semdeg, mefobs sinaqeribis dros da aqtiurad 

TanamSromlobs asureTTan, misi avtoriteti vrceldeba adana-queSi, agebs 

yaraTefes da dgams samaxsovro warweras. rogorc Cans, asureTis 

mmarTvelTa dasustebiT aziTavaTac sargeblobs da uerTdeba sidonis 

antiasurul alians. 

TavisTavad cxadia, warwera subieqturad aSuqebs im movlenebs, rasac 

sinamdvileSi hqonda adgili. miuxedavad amisa, ieroglifur-luviuri da 

finikiuri orenovani warwera mravalmniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis Zv. 

w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris kilikiis socialuri, sameurneo da 

politikuri istoriis Sesaswavlad. 

A2012. 


1. Meriggi P. Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, Parte II: Testi-1a Serie, Roma, 1967. 

2. Hawkins J. D., Some Historical Problems of the Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, AnSt, 29, 

1979, London-Ankara. 

3. Дунаевская И. М. Язык Хеттских Иероглифов, Москва, 1969. 

4. Merrigi P., Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, Parte II: Testi – 2aE3a SERIE, Roma, 1975. 

5. xazaraZe n., luviuri ieroglifebis samyaroSi, Tbilisi, 2006. 

6. baxsoliani n., gvianxeTuri xanis qarxemiSis monumentis erTi siuJetis 

interpretaciisaTvis, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli XIII, 


86

7. baxsoliani n., didi kapadokia Zv. w. I aTaswlulis pirvel naxevarSi, 


8. Дъяконов И. М., Ассиро-вавилонские источники по истории Урарту (Далее АВИИУ), 

ВДИ, Москва, 1(35), 1951. 

9. Дъяконов И. М., АВИИУ, ВДИ, 3(37), Москва, 1951. 


ON THE HISTORY OF CILICIA OF THE LATE HITTITE PERIOD 

Information on Cilicia of the Late Hittite period is quite scarce in Georgian as well as foreign 

scholarly literature. In the article the history of Cilicia of the above-mentioned period is 

reconstructed mostly in the context of evidence of the hieroglyphic Luwian inscription discovered in 

Karatepe. The author shares the view of J.D.Hawkins that the hieroglyphic Luwian inscription from 

Karatepe, written on behalf of King Azitiwada of Adana, must reflect the processes occurring in 

Cilicia at the end of the 8 th c. and the beginning of the 7 th c. BC. The author does not rule out the 

assumption that at that period an ally of Cilicia against Assyrian aggression was Phoenicia (Sidon). 

87

S i n a a r s i 

winaTqma........................................................................................................................................................................ 


qubaba ( D KUBABA) – gvianxeTuri xanis aRmosavleT mcire aziis samefosamTavroTa 

qalRmerTi..................................................................................................................................... 


D KUBABA THE GODDESS OF THE LATE HITTITE PERIOD IN THE EASTERN ASIA 

MINOR KINGDOMS………………………………………………………………………………… 


Zveli sparsuli lursmuli warwerebis Katpatuka………………………...... 


KATPATUKA OF OLD PERSIAN CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS……………………… 


ricxviTi saxelebis aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebi............................................. 


LUWIAN HIEROGLYPHS DENOTING NUMERALS……………………………………… 


istoriis gakveTilebi (gvianxeTuri xanis mcire aziis 

politikuri istoriisaTvis)................................................................................................................................ 


HISTORY LESSONS (ON POLITICAL HISTORY OF ASIA MINOR IN THE LATE 

HITTITE PERIOD)...................................................................................................................... 


saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis dacvis ZvelaxloaRmosavluri 

modelis rekonstruqciisaTvis............................................................................................................... 


ON THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL OF PROTECTION OF STATE SECURITY 

OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST……………………………………………………………… 


mzis RvTaeba da mefe......................................................................................................................................... 


THE SUN DEITY AND THE KING…………………………………………………………….. 

88


mzis RvTaebis aRmniSvneli uZvelesi luviuri ori ieroglifis 

(Yazilikaya 34, Kűltepe 86) interpretaciisaTvis................................................................................... 


FOR INTERPRETATION OF TWO ANCIENT LUWIAN HIEROGLYPHS 

(YAZILIKAYA 34, KÜLTEPE 86) DENOTING DEITY OF THE SUN. …………………………. 


Zvelanatoliur-kavkasiuri kosmologiis istoriis erTi aspeqtisaTvis.............. 


ONE ASPECT OF ANCIENT ANATOLIAN-CAUCASIAN COSMOLOGY……………………... 


borblis semantikuri kodisaTvis ieroglifur luviur damwerlobaSi............... 


ON THE SEMANTIC CODE OF THE WEEL IN THE HIEROGLYPHIC LUWIAN SCRIPT……. 


ieroglifur-luviuri asatara da qarTuli `Ãeli”......................................................................... 


HIEROGLYPHIC LUWIAN ASATARA AND GEORGIAN `Ãeli”..................................................... 


gvianxeTuri xanis kilikiis istoriisaTvis...................................................................................... 


ON THE HISTORY OF CILICIA OF THE LATE HITTITE PERIOD…………………………….. 

89

7 nana xazaraZe nana baxsoliani qubaba (D KUBABA ...

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