a) Oscillatory circuit, frequency ofoscillations, generation by feedbackand resonanceb) Wave optics, diffraction from oneand two slits, diffractiongrating,resolving power of a grating,Bragg reflection,c) Dispersion and diffraction spectra,line spectra of gases8. Electromagnetic wavesd) Electromagnetic waves as transversewaves, polarization by reflection,polarizersSuperposition of polarized wavese) Resolving power of imaging systemsf) Black body, Stefan-Boltzmanns law Planck's formula is not required9. Quantum Physicsa) Photoelectric effect, energy andimpulse of the photonEinstein's formula is requiredb) De Broglie wavelength, Heisenberg'suncertainty principlea) Principle of relativity, addition ofvelocities, relativistic Doppler effectb) Relativistic equation of motion,momentum, energy, relation betweenenergy and mass, conservation ofenergy and momentuma) Simple applications of the Braggequation10. Relativity11. Matter47
) Energy levels of atoms andmolecules (qualitatively), emission,absorption, spectrum of hydrogen likeatomsc) Energy levels of nuclei(qualitatively), alpha-, beta- andgamma-decays, absorption of radiation,halflife and exponential decay,<strong>com</strong>ponents of nuclei, mass defect,nuclear reactionsB. Practical PartThe Theoretical Part of the Syllabus provides the basis for all the experimentalproblems. The experimental problems given in the experimental contest shouldcontain measurements.Additional requirements:1. Candidates must be aware that instruments affect measurements.2. Knowledge of the most <strong>com</strong>mon experimental techniques for measuringphysical quantities mentioned in Part A.3. Knowledge of <strong>com</strong>monly used simple laboratory instruments and devicessuch as calipers, thermometers, simple volt-, ohm- and ammeters,potentiometers, diodes, transistors, simple optical devices and so on.4. Ability to use, with the help of proper instruction, some sophisticatedinstruments and devices such as double-beam oscilloscope, counter,ratemeter, signal and function generators, analog-to-digital converterconnected to a <strong>com</strong>puter, amplifier, integrator, differentiator, powersupply, universal (analog and digital) volt-, ohm- and ammeters.5. Proper identification of error sources and estimation of their influence onthe final result(s).6. Absolute and relative errors, accuracy of measuring instruments, error ofa single measurement, error of a series of measurements, error of aquantity given as a function of measured quantities.7. Transformation of a dependence to the linear form by appropriate choiceof variables and fitting a straight line to experimental points.8. Proper use of the graph paper with different scales (for example polar andlogarithmic papers).9. Correct rounding off and expressing the final result(s) and error(s) withcorrect number of significant digits.10. Standard knowledge of safety in laboratory work. (Nevertheless, if theexperimental set-up contains any safety hazards the appropriate warningsshould be included into the text of the problem.)48