Sesavali jvari da saymo _ es ori realoba Seadgens aRmosavleT ...
Sesavali jvari da saymo _ es ori realoba Seadgens aRmosavleT ...
Sesavali jvari da saymo _ es ori realoba Seadgens aRmosavleT ...
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gurdnen sabolood. aseve `marTal as~ <strong>da</strong> sinamdviliseulfaqtad aris aRiarebuli rwmeniT,raki isini rjuldebis faqtebia, andrezebSimoTxrobili hierofaniis (siwmideTa Genis)SemTxvevebi _ wmi<strong>da</strong> saganTa (<strong>jvari</strong>, Tasi, Sibi)ci<strong>da</strong>n cvena, an ifnis amosvla kerii<strong>da</strong>n salocavis<strong>da</strong>arsebis niSnad, an `mfrinavi xatis~ mogzaurobaadgiliTi-adgilad, an mtredis, <strong>jvari</strong>smacnis, gamocxadeba monadirisTvis WiuxebSi, anRvTisSvilTagan qajaveTis <strong>da</strong>laSqrva <strong>da</strong> gaxuamegrelauris `fantastiuri~ Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali. ukanasknel,maTi WeSmaritebis <strong>da</strong>sturia Tava<strong>da</strong>rseboba mosaxleobisa, rogorc <strong>saymo</strong>si, radganandrezis Tanaxmad, <strong>saymo</strong>c RvTisSvilis mieraris Seqmnili. Tumca bevri msgavsi andrezulimovlena, rac <strong>saymo</strong>s SegnebaSi WeSmaritad sinamdviliseulia,mkvlevarma SeiZleba, <strong>da</strong>Gveulebriv asec xdeba, aryofilad <strong>da</strong> gamonagonadmiiGnios. magram mkvlevari xom ara sakuTari,aramed <strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebis faqtebs Seiswavlis,im cnobierebisa, sa<strong>da</strong>c isaxeba andrezi <strong>da</strong> romelicTavad andreziTvea nasazrdoebi.gansxvavebiT im mkvlevarisagan, romelic realuradmomx<strong>da</strong>r movlenebs eZiebs <strong>da</strong> visTvisacsruliad usargebloa mematianis cnoba imisS<strong>es</strong>axeb, rom, magaliTisaTvis, didg<strong>ori</strong>s omSi`wmi<strong>da</strong> mowame giorgi gancxadebulad <strong>da</strong> yovelTasaxilvelad winauZRo<strong>da</strong> mas [qarTvelobas, z.k.]<strong>da</strong> mklaviTa TvisiTa mosrvi<strong>da</strong> zedmowevnulTawarmarTTa~ [73,341], _ wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis <strong>saymo</strong>saTvissavsebiT realuri movlenis, rogorc am uTanasworoomSi gamarjvebis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti faqt<strong>ori</strong>s,utyuari amsaxvelia. WeSmariti midgoma amgvariv
movlenebisadmi is iqneba, Tu mkvlevari maTgareSe ki ar <strong>da</strong>dgeba, aramed Signi<strong>da</strong>n Sexe<strong>da</strong>vsmaT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>inaxavs imaTi TvaliT, visTvisac <strong>es</strong>yovelive ueWveli WeSmaritebaa. rogorc cnobiliTeologi vl.loski wers, arsebobs sferoebi, sa<strong>da</strong>cis, rasac Gveulebriv `obieqturobas~uwodeben, aris mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod ganurGevloba<strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c ganurGevloba gaugebrobis tolfasia.<strong>ori</strong>ode sityva `andrezisa~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>saymo</strong>s~ ganmartebisaTvis,raki am cnebebs gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba aqvs Gems naSromSi.XIX s-is miwurulSi erTi eTnografi wer<strong>da</strong>;`aq, am samSobloSi fSav-xevsurma aqamdeSeucvlelad <strong>da</strong>icva Tavisi Zveleburi, mamapapurizne-Gveuleba, cxovreba, warsuli gardmocema.fSavi ufro qarTvelia (Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas),vidre TiTon qarTleli. qarTleli scocxlobsufro awmyoTi, momavliT. warsuls man Tu zurgiar Seaqcia, Tvali mainc aari<strong>da</strong>. sul sxva un<strong>da</strong>iTqvas fSav-xevsurzed. erTic <strong>da</strong> meorec cxovrobswarsuliT, gardmocemiT; qarTlelisaTvisgardmocemam didi xania <strong>da</strong>hkarga Tavisi mniSvneloba,Tavisi aRmzrdeli Zala. fSavxevsurisaTviski <strong>es</strong> gardmocema aqamde RvTiurimadlia, romelic asuldgmulebs, acxovelebs ammuWis odena xalxs~ [104,1]. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,n.xizaniSvili (igive urbneli) <strong>aRmosavleT</strong>saqarTvelos mTasa <strong>da</strong> bars erTmaneTs tradiciulobisniSniT upirispirebs. <strong>es</strong> niSania `gardmocema~<strong>da</strong> igi GaTvlilia `RvTiur madlad~ <strong>da</strong>,amrigad, sakraluroba aqvs miniWebuli.vi
cnobili eTnografi r.xaraZe amgvarad ganmartavsaxlaxan <strong>da</strong>mowmebul teqsts; `swored <strong>es</strong>gardmocema, romlis mniSvnelobisaTvis miuqcviayuradReba 80-iani wlebis mkvlevars, warmoadgensxevsurul andrezs~ [101,387]. cxadia, mkvlevars`andrezi~ `gardmocemis~ tolfard cnebadmiaGn<strong>da</strong>: mas ar SemousazRvravs `andrezi~ odensamarTlebrivi SinaarsiT. Tumca misi gamokvlevaandrezis, rogorc terminisa, erT kerZo sferoseZRvneba. `gardmocema~, romelic `RvTiuri madlad~aris Seracxili, ar SeiZleba SemovfargloTxalxuri samarTlis sferoTi. andrezisSinaarsi gacilebiT farToa. is uTuod gulisxmobsmiTologiuri xasiaTis gadmocemebsac.saerTo mis samarTlebriv <strong>da</strong> miTologiur gagebasS<strong>ori</strong>s is aris, rom <strong>ori</strong>ve SemTxvevaSi (samarTalSi<strong>da</strong> miTosSi) maT fuZemdebluri mniSvnelobaaqvT.mogvyavs ramdenime magaliTi `andrez~sityvis xmarebisa miTologiuri teqstebi<strong>da</strong>n.xmalas mTavarangelozis mironmdinarealvisxis cnobili miTosi _ erT-erTi centralurigadmocema xevsureTis miTosuri warsulisa`andrezad~ aris wodebuli TviT im sim-ReraSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>es</strong> ambavia gadmocemuli;`erTic etana Ruleli, ariSauli beria,saxels sumeljas etyod<strong>es</strong>, andrezSiegre sweria~[88,# 541].amave simReris sxva variantSi miTosuriSuriscixis mSeneblis <strong>da</strong>kargul `andrezzea~laparaki:`gawir<strong>es</strong> Suris cixei, simagre iyo Zvelia,vii
visagan agebuliyo, andrez ar ari, Zvelia~[88,# 541-d].adgilobrivi tradiciuli mniSvnelobiTiyenebs am sityvas vaJa-fSavela [30,152]. igive <strong>da</strong>sturdebav.bar<strong>da</strong>veliZis SromebSi [6,58,78, 106,108],qs. sixaruliZis [81, #43-i, #43-k] <strong>da</strong>el.virsalaZis [12, #522,524] eqspediciebis masalebSi.xevsuris naTqvami `eg andrez naqa<strong>da</strong>garas~ [22,15] a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom naqa<strong>da</strong>gari teqstebic,romlebic <strong>jvari</strong>s qa<strong>da</strong>gis xilvebs gadmoscems<strong>da</strong>, Gveulebriv, miTologiuri xasiaTisaa, andrezadSeiZleba yofiliyo GaTvlili.analogiisaTvis, rasac ufro Rrma mniSvnelobaaqvs, vidre formalur analogiasSeiZleba hqond<strong>es</strong>, movixmob `rjul~ cnebas, romelic`andrezis~ msgavsad ar Semoifargleba samarTlebriviSinaarsiT <strong>da</strong> sakralur sferosacmoicavs. `rjuli~ gulisxmobs xalxur samar-Talsac <strong>da</strong> religiasac. ufro metic: <strong>aRmosavleT</strong>saqarTvelos mTaSi `rjuli~ erTaderTi sityvaareligiis, sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis aRmniSvnelad.gavixsenoT Tun<strong>da</strong>c sayovelTaodcnobili gamoTqma `rjulian-urjuloT salocavi~<strong>da</strong> xevsuruli sadideblis <strong>da</strong>sawyisisityvebi; `dideba RmerTsa, madli RmerTsa,dideba dR<strong>es</strong> dR<strong>es</strong>indelsa, rjul[s] qristian-Tasa...~ [15,13]. roca eTnografiul masalaSivkiTxulobT cnobas, rom gu<strong>da</strong>nis jvarSi `mu-Savdebo<strong>da</strong> xevsureTis rjuli <strong>da</strong> aq SemuSavebulirjuli ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> saTemo <strong>da</strong> sasoflosalocavebSi~ [60,143], `rjulSi~ a<strong>da</strong>Tis tradiciebTanerTad un<strong>da</strong> vgulisxmobdeT jvarxatebisreligiasac, romelic muSavdeba ra sa-viii
zogadoebis sakralur SuagulSi, talRasaviTefineba mTels sazogadoebas misi <strong>da</strong>nawilebisyovel safexurze (Temi, sofeli...).rogorc rjuli-a<strong>da</strong>Ti emyareba andrezs (andrezulgadmocemas), Tavis wyaros, aseve rjulireligiaTavisi genezisiT <strong>da</strong> mTeli sakultoyofa-qcevis w<strong>es</strong>ebiTurT andrezis siuJetSia<strong>da</strong>culi, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi sakralurixasiaTi eqneba. sakraluroba, ueWvelad, is ni-Sania, romelic andrezis Sinaarss, Tun<strong>da</strong>c fantastiurs,utyuarobis avt<strong>ori</strong>tetiT mosavs misiSemnaxveli sazogadoebis SegnebaSi. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom is suli, romelic STaberilia andrezSimisTvis WeSmaritebis misaniWeblad, igiv<strong>es</strong>ulia, romelmac a<strong>da</strong>mianebis gancalkevebulijgufebisagan <strong>saymo</strong> Seqmna.`<strong>saymo</strong>c~ adgilobrivi terminia. masSiigulisxmeba ganuwyvetel tradiciaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulisazogadoeba religiuri SuaguliT,romelsac misi mfarveli <strong>jvari</strong> anu ymaTa (moymeTa)saerTo salocavi ganasaxierebs. <strong>saymo</strong>s aqvssaerTo rjuli <strong>da</strong> saerTo andrezi. mas aqvssaerTo warsulis Segneba, cxovrebis erTnairiniri, yofa-qcevis erTnairi yai<strong>da</strong>. <strong>aRmosavleT</strong>saqarTvelos mTianeTis, gansakuTrebiT, fSavxevsureTis<strong>saymo</strong>ebs va<strong>da</strong>sturebT im mdgomareobaSi,romelsac cnobili rusi eTnologilev gumiliovi `eTniur myudroebas~ uwodebs. <strong>es</strong>imgvari mdgradi mdgomareobaa, roca sazogadoebisyoveli Taoba imeorebs winamavali Taobissasicocxlo cikls, rac, Gveulebriv, izolaciasTanaris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli [118,45]. magram <strong>saymo</strong>sgenezisSi Gven SegviZlia kvlav andrezis wyalo-ix
<strong>da</strong> sulieri cxovrebisTvis saukeT<strong>es</strong>o pirobebisS<strong>es</strong>aqmnelad. <strong>saymo</strong> iseve, rogorc polisi, SemozRuduliaterit<strong>ori</strong>ulad <strong>da</strong> demografiulad.yma, iseve rogorc polivth", aris m<strong>es</strong>akuTre, romelsacekuTvnis <strong>saymo</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>is raRacnawili <strong>da</strong> amis safuZvelze aqvs xma agoraze Tusafixvnoze. polisis, iseve rogorc <strong>saymo</strong>s, miwisfondis SezRudulobis kvalze SezRudulia miswevrTa ricxobriobac, rac iwvevs ganT<strong>es</strong>vas:polisebi<strong>da</strong>n kolonizacias qveynis gareT (mcireazia, Savi zRvis sanapiroebi), <strong>saymo</strong>ebi<strong>da</strong>n _qveynis SigniT, kerZod, TianeTsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi. rogorcpolisi ar aris mxolod politikurigaerTianeba, aramed religiuri <strong>da</strong> sulieri, aseve<strong>saymo</strong>c. sabolood, <strong>saymo</strong>ze SeiZleba iTqvas, romis religiur-politikuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro organizaciaa,mowodebuli yvelafris imis gansaxorcieleblad,S<strong>es</strong>anarGuneblad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sacavad, raca<strong>da</strong>mianis ara mxolod yofa-cxovrebas, missasicocxlo moTxovnilebebs, aramed mis SinaganRirsebas, sulier mxar<strong>es</strong> mis yovel gamovlinebaSi,<strong>Seadgens</strong>.berZnul polisur sistemasTan Gvens <strong>saymo</strong>ebsisic anaT<strong>es</strong>avebs, rom <strong>saymo</strong>ebsac aqvTerTi centri, romlis garSemo arian isini Semokrebilni.kerZod, fSavis SemTxvevaSi msgavsebakidev ufro Sors midis: rogorc berZnulipolisebi Tormet-Tormetad erTiandebodnen amfiktioniaSiromelime religiuri centris,vTqvaT, delfos garSemo, aseve laSaris jvrisgarSemoa Semokrebili fSavis-xevis Tormeti<strong>saymo</strong> (aseve Tormeti <strong>saymo</strong>a <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli mulax-muJalisTemSi). aseve TvalsaGinoa ti-xi
pologiuri naT<strong>es</strong>aoba israelis TormettomovankrebulTan, romlis Suaguli ierusalimi <strong>da</strong> misitaZari iyo. vaJa-fSavela laSaris jvarSi,ierusalimis taZris analogiiT, fSavis TormetiTemis `wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta wmi<strong>da</strong>s~ xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> (<strong>es</strong> `Tormeti~calke problemaa).1770 wlis demografiul nusxaSi vkiTxulobT:`ars xevsureTi, kerZo qristeane, GvenismouclelobiT <strong>da</strong> JamT viTarebiT sjulzedwamP<strong>da</strong>rni. komli aTas orasi~ [16,153]. statistikurdokumentSi erTgvari mobodiSebiT sinanuliagamoxatuli <strong>da</strong>karguli samwysos mimarT.magram Tu, erTis mxriv, centraluri samefoxelisuflebis `moucleloba~ izolacias <strong>da</strong>`sjulzed waxdenas~ iwvevs, meore mxriv, imaveizolaciasa <strong>da</strong> `JamT viTarebaSi~ sul raRacramdenime aseuli komlisgan Semdgari mosaxleobabarisagan gansxvavebul kulturulreligiursazogadoebad yalibdeba. aq aris<strong>saymo</strong> <strong>da</strong> aq Seiqmna misi andrezi.`andrezisa~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>saymo</strong>s~ gamoyeneba termineba<strong>da</strong>m naSromSi ar aris mxolod terminologiurimomenti. mas meTodologiur-SemecnebiTimniSvneloba aqvs, razec aq vrceli saubari arxerxdeba. <strong>da</strong>vZen mxolod, rom <strong>es</strong> cnebebi moicavenim sazogadoebis sulieri kulturis niSnebs,romelTa SegnebaSi gamomuSavdnen isini. andrezi,rogorc garkveuli funqciis matarebelizepirsityvieri movlena, mxolod iq SeiZlebaarsebobd<strong>es</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c Gamoyalibebulia <strong>saymo</strong> _ mosaxleobisgarkveuli socialur-religiuri tipi.roca am sazogadoebaTa struqturis kvlevisasavtoxTonur terminebs veyrdnobiT, amiT Tavi<strong>da</strong>nxii
vicilebT kvlevis im mankier meTods, rocamkvlevars gare<strong>da</strong>n Semoaqvs terminebi <strong>da</strong> Tavzeaxvevs maT masalas.andrezis moqmedebis are <strong>saymo</strong>s sazRvrebiTaris Semofargluli. aq aris misi <strong>da</strong>badebisadgili. <strong>saymo</strong>s gareT gasuli, Tavis masazrdoebelnia<strong>da</strong>gs mowyvetili andrezi hkargavs sakralurobas<strong>da</strong> namdvilmomx<strong>da</strong>ris avt<strong>ori</strong>tets,rac mas Tavis miwa-wyalze, Tavisi xalxis SegnebaSiaqvs miniWebuli. is hkargavs Tavis andrezulobas<strong>da</strong>, Sinaarsisa <strong>da</strong> struqturisSeucvlelad, sityvierebis mxatvrul JanrSiga<strong>da</strong>dis (analogiuri movlenis S<strong>es</strong>axeb miTosisa<strong>da</strong> zRapris magaliTze ix. e.meletinskis naSromi[130]). mokled ganvmartav naTqvams: wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgisan sxva romelime RvTisSvilis, kopalas Tuiaxsris Rvawli _ dev-kerpTa Semusrva an maTigandevna a<strong>da</strong>mianTaTvis gankuTvnili miwa-wyli<strong>da</strong>nTu ar ukavSirdeba am konkretuli sazogadoebisgeneziss, am `saqmeTa sagmiroTa~ Semcveli teqstiar GaiTvleba andrezad, anu iseT teqstad, romliswyalobiTac TaobebSi inaxeba sazogadoebiswarsuli. am niSniT un<strong>da</strong> ganirG<strong>es</strong> erTmaneTisagan,miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad Sinaarsobrivi igiveobisa, mTaSi<strong>da</strong> barSi gavrcelebuli siuJetebi dev-kerpebze<strong>da</strong> maT Semmusrvel gmirebze. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinarebunebrivi Gans, rom amiranis Tqmulebam ver hpovaadgili mTianeTis <strong>saymo</strong>Ta andrezul sistemaSi.amirans, saxelganTqmul devTmorkinals, vervxe<strong>da</strong>vT RvTisSvilTa S<strong>ori</strong>s, romelTa upirvel<strong>es</strong>iRvawli devebis winaaRmdeg brZolaa.amirans, gansxvavebiT RvTisSvilTagan, ara hyavs<strong>saymo</strong>, igi ar aris romelime mosaxleobis pa-xiii
troni, radgan <strong>saymo</strong>s wmi<strong>da</strong>ni an angelozi patronobs,amirani ki arc erTia <strong>da</strong> arc meore.<strong>saymo</strong>s andrezuli cnobierebis struqturisaTvisniSandoblivia, rom amiranis Tqmulebebi, iseverogorc jadosnuri zRaprebi, naklebad arisgavrcelebuli <strong>aRmosavleT</strong> saqarTvelos mTiszepirsityvierebaSi, Tumca mosalodneli ki iyo,rom swored am, rogorc miaGniaT, `arqaul~ sazogadoebebSiSemonaxuliyo Tqmulebis arqetipuliversiebi. piriqiT ki aris. aq sworedmis arasrulyofil variantebsa <strong>da</strong> zRapradqceulfragmentebs va<strong>da</strong>sturebT. xevsureTSi,`amiranianis~ mkvlevaris SeniSvniT, <strong>da</strong>viwyebuliagmiris Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlis iseTi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti <strong>da</strong>aucilebeli epizodi, rog<strong>ori</strong>c mijaWvaa [93,412].<strong>es</strong> ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos SemTxveviTi _ `JamT viTarebiT~gamowveuli <strong>da</strong>viwyeba. mizezad `<strong>da</strong>viwyebisa~ isgaremoeba un<strong>da</strong> viguloT, rom <strong>saymo</strong>Ta mexsierebaSinaklebad `Sedis~ iseTi teqstebi, romelTacuSualo kavSiri ara aqvT <strong>saymo</strong>s sakralur ist<strong>ori</strong>asTan<strong>da</strong>, amrigad, arc sazogadoebis momaw<strong>es</strong>rigebelfunqcias asruleben. marTalia,wigns mxolod <strong>aRmosavleT</strong> saqarTvelos mTianeTismasala udevs safuZvlad <strong>da</strong> misi saxelwodebacswored amaze metyvelebs, mas zogadqarTulisafuZvelic un<strong>da</strong> hqond<strong>es</strong>, radganavt<strong>ori</strong>s Rrma rwmeniT, sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> sulierikultura, romelic qveynis erT mxareSiiqmneba, savsebiT gamoxatavs mTliani eris <strong>da</strong>farulS<strong>es</strong>aZleblobebs, mis potencias <strong>da</strong>, rasacTavis miwaze romelime tomi an tomTa kavSiriqmnis, mTeli eris saxeliT qmnis.xiv
<strong>da</strong>arsebis andrezebikosmogoniuri miTosis kvali (Tuki is saer-Tod arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s andrezul sistemaSi)mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod epiTetis saxiT SeiZleba<strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>sturoT. `Seni gamGeni m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTi^~ asemimarTaven sakulto teqstebSi RvTisSvils (56,14). magram m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTi ara mxolodRvTisSvilTa gamGenia, aramed is mTeli samyarosSemqmnelic aris: `Tqvenis gamGenis RvTisgan, romelmacca-qveyana gaaGina^~ (56, 26). m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTiyoveli xilulisa <strong>da</strong> uxilavis, ca-qveynisa <strong>da</strong>kacobriobis <strong>da</strong>mbadebelia, Tumca siuJeturad <strong>es</strong>`<strong>da</strong>badeba~ Tu `S<strong>es</strong>aqme~ ar aris <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli.kosmogoniuri miTosis ararsebobis sazRaurad<strong>saymo</strong>s andrezul sistemaSi mniSvnelovaniadgili uWiravs sociogoniur Tqmulebebs, romelTaSinaarsi RvTisSvilTa mier Seqmnil kacobriulisazogadoebebis anu <strong>saymo</strong>ebis terit<strong>ori</strong>ebismopovebasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. amsaxis andrezebSi m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis mier <strong>da</strong>badebuli<strong>da</strong> miwaze Gamogzavnili RvTisSvilebi moqmedeben<strong>da</strong> ara TviT m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTi.miwa-wylis mopovebaterit<strong>ori</strong>is Seqmna umniSvnelovan<strong>es</strong>i epoqaa<strong>saymo</strong>s ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi. <strong>es</strong> aris sakraluri xana <strong>da</strong>ekuTvnis preist<strong>ori</strong>as, raki amis Semdeg iwyebaxvii
<strong>saymo</strong>s, rogorc mkvidri mosaxleobis, sakuTariist<strong>ori</strong>a; ist<strong>ori</strong>a sazogadoebisa Tavisi miwawyliT,am wyalze ganlagebuli jvar-xatebissabrZanisebiT; ist<strong>ori</strong>a, romelsac avsebs amwmin<strong>da</strong> adgilisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari sicocxlis S<strong>es</strong>anarGunebladwarmoebuli brZolebi, brZolebiyovelgvari devuri gamovlinebis winaaRmdeg.sanam <strong>es</strong> yvelaferi ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra, sanam Tavs arga<strong>da</strong>xdomia a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, isini, Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTadmcxovrebni <strong>da</strong> mWamelni erTi purisa, arSeadgenen <strong>saymo</strong>s. ras warmoadgens a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sazogadoeba,romelsac ar axsovs, rogor iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>misi sacxovrebeli miwa-wyali, rogorgauGn<strong>da</strong> mas patroni <strong>da</strong> mfarveli, romlis Zali-Tac is iwodeba <strong>saymo</strong>d. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sazogadoebaswored imitom iwodeba <strong>saymo</strong>d, rom mas aqvssaerTo warsulis xsovna, rom TiToeuli yma er-Tiandeba am sa-erToSi, rac Seiqmna warsulcxovrebaSi am miwa-wyalze. yvelaferi isaxeba <strong>da</strong>inaxeba sa-erT-o cnobierebaSi. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sazogadoebawyvets arsebobas, rogorc <strong>saymo</strong>,roca <strong>es</strong> yvelaferi <strong>da</strong>viwyebulia, roca _ asecxdeba yovelive amgvari ramis warsulSi arsebobisxsovnac ki gamqralia.<strong>saymo</strong>s axsovs, rom is miwa-wyali, sa<strong>da</strong>c issaxlobs ist<strong>ori</strong>ul xanaSi, RvTisSvilebma devebsgamoglij<strong>es</strong> xeli<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc Zvel miTosSisoflisaTvis wylis <strong>da</strong>mkavebel gveleSaps. ambrZolebis xsovna Senaxulia ara mxolod <strong>saymo</strong>sxviii
cnobierebaSi, aramed miwa-wylis reliefzec: maTikvali atyvia <strong>saymo</strong>s miwa-wyals, SeiZleba iTqvas,`nadevar~ terit<strong>ori</strong>as. andrezi gamagrebulianivTieri sabuTiT _ anabeWdiT miwa-wyalze <strong>da</strong> issamaradisod aris <strong>da</strong>rGenili TaobebSi. <strong>es</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gismaxsovrobac aris, romelic, rogorcsayrdeni, mxars uWers xalxis mexsierebas. avisg<strong>ori</strong>,ninaxi, karatiswveri, ubisTavi, abudelauristba _ asparezi iaxsaris Rvawlisa; iremTkalo, cixeg<strong>ori</strong>, roSkis Tavi _ gmiri kopalassamaxsovro adgilebi; wyarosTauli wmin<strong>da</strong>giorgis gza ukanafSavamde <strong>da</strong> fuZis angelozisSerkinebis adgili devebTan sakerpoze <strong>da</strong> sxvauamravi adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c samu<strong>da</strong>mod aris aRbeWdilipreist<strong>ori</strong>uli brZolebis tvifari.Tavad buneba savsea andrezebSi moTxrobilis<strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli niSnebiT, cocxal saswaulTagaqvavebuli naSTebiT, rac <strong>saymo</strong>s TvalSi metsarwmunobas sZens im ist<strong>ori</strong>amdel ambebs, _ rom<strong>es</strong> yovelive `mas Jamsa Sina~ marTlac mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mox<strong>da</strong> aq, swored am adgilebSi, <strong>da</strong> ara sxvagansadme, cxramTas iqiT, rom <strong>es</strong> namdviladmomx<strong>da</strong>ria, rom preist<strong>ori</strong>uli faqti ist<strong>ori</strong>aSigadmosulia, rom <strong>es</strong> uryevi faqtia, rogorckopalas qva <strong>da</strong> aragvSi gaZabuli devis kldedqceulitani.RvTisSvilebma, angelozurma arsebebma, romlebsacdR<strong>es</strong> <strong>saymo</strong> Tavis patronad <strong>da</strong> mfarvela<strong>da</strong>Riarebs, moupov<strong>es</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebs sacxovrebelixix
adgili <strong>da</strong> am adgilze a<strong>da</strong>mianuri cxovrebis pirobebi.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT TavianTi sisxliTgamoisyid<strong>es</strong> maTTvis miwa-wyali. m.-r. rilk<strong>es</strong>erT prozaul TxzulebaSi, romelic wmin<strong>da</strong>giorgis Rvawlis Tavisebur gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas warmoadgens,Tavganwiruli mxe<strong>da</strong>ri, romelmacqalaqi urGxulisagan ga<strong>da</strong>arGina, ar indomebsTavis gacxadebas <strong>da</strong> yvelasagan ucnobi stovebsqalaqs. qalaqma icis, rom is Tav<strong>da</strong>xsnilia,magram ar icis, vin ixsna, vin aris misi mxsneli.mxsneli, romelic misi mfarvelic un<strong>da</strong> iyos samaradisod.magram is midis, is ikargebaqalaqisaTvis, romelmac Tumca moipova Tavisufleba,magram ver moipova rjuli, religia, romelicxsnasTan erTad un<strong>da</strong> mosuliyo masTan.ase ar aris Gvens andrezebSi.RvTisSvilTa Rvawli uSedegod Gaivli<strong>da</strong>, romterit<strong>ori</strong>is gamosyidvasTan erTad imavdrouladmaT a<strong>da</strong>mianebisaTvis ar miecaT religia, anurwmena maTi mcavi-mfaravi angelozisadmi, romelicSecnobili un<strong>da</strong> hyavdeT maT saxeldebiTmTeli misi Tavga<strong>da</strong>savliT. Tu andrezebis Sinaarss<strong>da</strong>vakvirdebiT, <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom miwa-wylisdevTagan gaTavisuflebas uSualodmosdevs salocavebis<strong>da</strong>arseba, rac gamoxatulia devebiswinaaRmdeg mebrZol wmi<strong>da</strong>nTa`gaangelozebiT~ anu xorcielixx
arsebobi<strong>da</strong>n uxorco arsebobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>svliT. iqmnebaSTabeWdileba, rom mTeli <strong>es</strong> brZola, romelicdev-kerpebTan aris gamarTuli a<strong>da</strong>mianTamiwis <strong>da</strong>saxsnelad, saRvTo omia, romelic axalirjulis, mxsneli religiis <strong>da</strong>myarebiT un<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>gvirgvind<strong>es</strong>.yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mivapyroT im faqts, rom GvensandrezebSi dev-kerpebs upirispirdebianRvTisSvilni, romlebic `<strong>jvari</strong>s~ saxelwodebiTarian cnobilni; isini arian jvarni, romlebicdevebis ganadgurebis Tu gandevnis Semdeg maTnasadgomarebSi arsdebian, ara sxvagan sadme,aramed swored iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c devebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T bina. isfaqti, rom `<strong>jvari</strong>~ sarwmunoebriv-sakultoazris Semcveli terminia, gvaiZulebs vifiqroT,rom am <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi mTavar rols sworedreligiuri momenti asrulebs, miT umet<strong>es</strong>, Tu`devis~ cneba aseve religiur (<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiT,eTiur) warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba.<strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong> dev-kerpTa <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, romelicsagmiro eposis Temas <strong>Seadgens</strong>, ar arisSemTxveviTi Gvens andrezebSi. is mniSvnelovantradicias efuZneba: <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong> dev-kerpni, vidreGvens andrezebSi <strong>da</strong>pirispirdebodnen, erTmaneTsadreqristianul xanaSi Seetaknen <strong>da</strong> am Setakebiseqo didxans gahyva Gvens sasuliero mwerlobas.sayovelTaod cnobilia, magram saWirod miviGnevganvmarto, Tu ras niSnavs `devi~. `<strong>da</strong>eva~iranuli sityvaa, romliTac aRiniSnebaxxi
ahuramaz<strong>da</strong>s (ormuzdis) anu naTeli RmerTismowinaaRmdege arsebaTa <strong>da</strong>si, romelic mxarSiudgas mis saukuno antagonists _ angri-mainusanu arimans). mTeli kacobriobis ist<strong>ori</strong>a, zoroastrulireligiuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, arisbrZola ahuramaz<strong>da</strong>s angelozebsa (ameSa-spentebs)<strong>da</strong> angri-mainus <strong>da</strong>evebs S<strong>ori</strong>s; brZola, romeliczoroastruli <strong>es</strong>qatologiiT naTlis RmerTisgamarjvebiT un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTavrd<strong>es</strong>. am saukuno omSia<strong>da</strong>miani ar aris, verc iqneba neitraluri: a<strong>da</strong>mianiaris, un<strong>da</strong> iyos, naTlis RmerTis mxarezede<strong>da</strong>miwis, mTeli qveynierebis mopovebisaTvisbrZolaSi, ebrZod<strong>es</strong>, ewinaaRmdegebod<strong>es</strong> yovelgvar<strong>da</strong>evur gamovlenas gare samyaroSi <strong>da</strong> saku-Tar TavSi. is Tavisi gaGenis dRi<strong>da</strong>n TavisibunebiT <strong>da</strong>evas mowinaaRmdegea.<strong>da</strong>evas Tavisi ist<strong>ori</strong>a aqvs iranSi.ahuramaz<strong>da</strong>s religiis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebamde iranSi<strong>da</strong>evaTa kulti iyo gavrcelebuli. axali religiisgamarjvebis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>eca Zveli kulti.<strong>da</strong>evam, rogorc luciferma, erT dros naTliTmosilma angelozma, sruliad Seicvala Tavisibuneba. paradoqsia, rom sityva, romlis Ziriindo-iranul <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, Zvel indoevropulenebSi aRniSnavs `naTels~, `Suqs~, `brwyinvalebas~,`dR<strong>es</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> zogan ki safuZvla<strong>da</strong>c udevsRmerTis saxels (berZn. laT. deus),ga<strong>da</strong>iqca yovelive bnelisa <strong>da</strong> borotis aRmniSvnelad.iranSi aRmocen<strong>da</strong> ahuramaz<strong>da</strong>s, naTlisxxii
axali kulti <strong>da</strong> man Tavisi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT gaamrumanaTlis Zveli RvTaeba.Zveliranul enaze Semonaxulia mniSvnelovanireligiuri dokumenti aqemenianTa xanisa, e.w. `anti<strong>da</strong>evuriwarwera~, romelic auwyeb<strong>da</strong> iranisxalxs ahuramaz<strong>da</strong>s religiis gamarjvebas <strong>da</strong>evaskultze. ai, ras vkiTxulobT warweraSi, romelicqvazea S<strong>es</strong>rulebuli: `^ <strong>da</strong> am qveyanaTaS<strong>ori</strong>s iyo iseTi qveyana, sa<strong>da</strong>c adre <strong>da</strong>evebsscemdnen Tayvans. mere ahuramaz<strong>da</strong>s nebiT <strong>da</strong>vamxe<strong>es</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>eveTi <strong>da</strong> gamovacxade: `nu Tayvanicemian<strong>da</strong>evebi!~ sa<strong>da</strong>c adre <strong>da</strong>evebs scemdnen Tayvans, iqahuramaz<strong>da</strong>s veci Tayvani arTasTan erTad^~ (142,367).rogorc warweri<strong>da</strong>n Gans, ahuramaz<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>evebis saxiT erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> iranulsamyaroSi WeSmariti <strong>da</strong> araWeSmariti, cru religia_ ara mxolod keTili <strong>da</strong> boroti, aramedmarTali <strong>da</strong> mtyuani (SemGneulia, rom svanurSi`<strong>da</strong>vs~ (devs) upirispirdeba `tkic~, rac mar-Tals niSnavs (94, 89). qarTul enaSi SeTvisebulma(cxadia, zoroastrul elementebTan er-Tad) `devma~ miiRo WeSmariti sarwmunoebissapirispiro <strong>da</strong> sawinaaRmdego kultis mniSvneloba.amave mniSvnelobiT Semodis `devi~ qristianulSegnebaSi <strong>da</strong> teqstebSi. SuSanikis cnobilsityvebSi varsqenis mimarT: `mamaman Senmanwmi<strong>da</strong>ni Semoixuna saxid Tvisa, xolo Sen devniSemoixuen~, devni cru sarwmunoebis zogadixxiii
mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari <strong>da</strong> ara sakuTrivmazdeanurisa, romelic aRiara varsqenma, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi gaugebaria sayveduri varsqenismimarT, rom man `devebi Semoiyvana TavissaxlSi~, rasac pitiaxSi, Tu is namdvilad gamazdean<strong>da</strong>,ar izam<strong>da</strong> im mizezebis gamo, rom devebiiseTive arsebani arian mazdeanisaTvis, rogorceSmani qristianisaTvis.V saukuneSi warmoTqmul am frazas paradigmuliJReradoba aqvs: <strong>es</strong> paradigma siuJetura<strong>da</strong>ris gaSlili mogviano xanis qarTvel mTielTaandrezebSi, romlebic mogviTxroben samkvdrosasicocxlobrZolebs wmi<strong>da</strong>nebad wodebulRvTisSvilTa <strong>da</strong> devTa S<strong>ori</strong>s.qristiani mematiane axali religiis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebasSekumSuli saxiT TiTqmis miTologemuradgadmogvcems:`<strong>da</strong> viTarca aRemarTa niSi juarisaY queyanasamas qarTlisasa, meyseulad mas Jamsa <strong>da</strong>ecn<strong>es</strong>yovelni kerpni, romelni iyun<strong>es</strong> sazRuarTaqarTlisaTa <strong>da</strong> Seimusrn<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> sakerponi <strong>da</strong>ir-Ru<strong>es</strong>. viTarca ixil<strong>es</strong> <strong>es</strong>e sakvirveli saqme <strong>da</strong>saswauli, romeli qmna Zlevismyofelman man niSmanjuarisaman kerpTa ze<strong>da</strong>, ufroYs ganukvirdebo<strong>da</strong>saqme <strong>es</strong>e <strong>da</strong> adidebd<strong>es</strong> RmerTsa <strong>da</strong> sixaruliTTavyuaniscemd<strong>es</strong> patiosansa juarsa. <strong>da</strong>yo mirian mefeman <strong>da</strong> yovelman erman mcxeTisamanS<strong>es</strong>awiravi didi mas dR<strong>es</strong>a Sina patiosnisaxxiv
juarisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>aw<strong>es</strong><strong>es</strong> S<strong>es</strong>awiravi ZleviT Semosilijuarisa^~ (90, 351).<strong>jvari</strong> _ axali religiis niSani, angrevs sakerpoebs<strong>da</strong> aRimarTeba maT adgilas; sa<strong>da</strong>c aRimarTeba,iq <strong>da</strong>arsdeba <strong>jvari</strong>s religiis salocavi.am faqtSi sWvivis is modeli, romelic safuZvla<strong>da</strong>qvs <strong>da</strong>debuli fSav-xevsureTis andrezebs.aq ukve mocemulia is T<strong>es</strong>li, romelicsaukeT<strong>es</strong>o nia<strong>da</strong>gSi, rog<strong>ori</strong>c aris xalxis cnobiereba,moxvedriT aRmocen<strong>da</strong> jvarTa <strong>da</strong> devkerpTabrZolebis epopead <strong>aRmosavleT</strong> saqarTvelosmTianeTis zepirsityvierebaSi. TavisTavadis tipiuri sagmiro eposis qargazea agebuli;masSi, rogorc sagmiro ambavTa TxrobaSi,araferi ar aris sakraluri <strong>da</strong> sagangebod sakuTrivsakulto mniSvnelobisa. is aris xalxiseposis fragmentebi, romlebic sxva epoqaSi <strong>da</strong>sxva kulturul wreSi SeiZleba romelime bardserT mTlian, kompoziciurad Sekrul eposad Seeqmna,sa<strong>da</strong>c ramdenime siuJeturi xazis warmarTviTTanamimdevrulad iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gadmocemulicalke iaxsaris, calke kopalas, calke wyarosTavelisTu fuZis angelozis <strong>da</strong> sxvaRvTisSvilTa saqmeni sagmironi. sxva kulturulwreSi, araTu sxva qveyanaSi, aramed isev GvenSi,Gvens barSi igive siuJetebi, romelTa persona-Jebi zemoT naxsenebi RvTisSvilnia, <strong>da</strong>kargavenTavianT sakralur xasiaTs <strong>da</strong> aRqmulni iqnebianGveulebriv, saero suliskveTebis sagmiroxxv
Tqmulebebad, romelTa namdvilobis aRiarebasmaT msmenelT veravin aiZulebs. <strong>es</strong> imis gamoiqneba, rom RvTisSvilni <strong>da</strong> maTi ambebimowyvetili iqnebian TavianT nia<strong>da</strong>gs, sa<strong>da</strong>c maTaqvT sakraluroba, rac maT eniWebaT imis gamo,rom isini ara mxolod andrezul siuJetebsekuTvnian, arian ara mxolod TqmulebaTa personaJebi,aramed isini cocxloben sakralurisicocxliT am TqmulebaTa farglebs gareT,Rrmad GafuZnebulni maT mierve gaTavisuflebulmiwa-wyalSi <strong>da</strong> iq mcxovrebi xalxis SegnebaSi,rogorc am kacobrivi mikro-kosmosis mcavimfarveliangelozebi.maTi Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali, mTeli maTi Rvawli <strong>da</strong>wnexiliaepiTetebad, romlebic gaismis maT saxelebTanerTad im adgilebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c andrezisTanaxmad iZlivnen devebi. `gamarjvebuli~ `devkerpTaga<strong>da</strong>msxvavebeli~, `laRi laxtiani~, `svetadGamosuli~, `dev-de<strong>da</strong>berT meomari~, `xTisganmxaraxsnili~, `abudelaur simurGi natyvevari~,`sagmiros msreveli~ <strong>da</strong> sxvani. <strong>es</strong> sityvebi gaismismaTi Rvawlis gasaxseneblad salocavebSimsxverplis Sewirvisas, roca maT mier ga<strong>da</strong>r-Genili, erT adgilze Semokrebili <strong>da</strong> zrunvili<strong>saymo</strong> am S<strong>es</strong>akrebel adgilze a<strong>da</strong>sturebs TaviserTianobas <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, RvTiuri patronisadmierTgulebas. <strong>saymo</strong> avsilia imis cocxalixsovniTa <strong>da</strong> SegnebiT, rom RvTisSvilebma maTmisc<strong>es</strong> sacxovrebel terit<strong>ori</strong>asTan erTadxxvi
salocavi adgilebi <strong>da</strong> religia. rogorc imqalaqs, sa<strong>da</strong>c wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgim Gaidina TavisimTavari gmiroba, <strong>da</strong> mis kvalze mTels saqristianosaxsovs <strong>es</strong> Rvawli wmi<strong>da</strong>nisa; aseve <strong>saymo</strong>saxsovs, risgan ixsna is misma mfarvelma wmi<strong>da</strong>nma:rom ixsna devisagan, romlis Tavad arseboba <strong>da</strong>xati iyo a<strong>da</strong>mianis sulier-xorcieli gaWirvebis,SiSis, <strong>da</strong>beGavebis, kacebrivi saxis <strong>da</strong>kargvis safrTxisgamoxatuleba; gasagneba yovelive imisa,rac <strong>da</strong>RupviT <strong>da</strong> warwymediT emuqreba a<strong>da</strong>mians,rac a<strong>da</strong>mianur Rirsebas uqarwylebs mas, aviwyebsTavis warmoSobas, kavSirs awyvetinebs Tavis gam-Gen m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTTan. Tumca swored ukidur<strong>es</strong>isasowarkveTis Jams (rogorc ionas didi TevzismucelSi), roca devi warmoudgeba mas Tavisinamdvili saxiT, mTeli saSinelebiT, ai, sworedmaSin gaixsenebs kaci Tavis gamGens, ufrosworad, gaixsenebs, rom hyavs gamGeni <strong>da</strong> rom is<strong>da</strong>icavs mas mZlavrobisagan. am dros isaxebaswored religia <strong>da</strong> kulti, rogorc cocxaliganc<strong>da</strong> sasoebisa, rom S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia a<strong>da</strong>mianisxsna.SegviZlia movitanoT <strong>ori</strong> RirsS<strong>es</strong>aniSnaviepizodi, romelic asaxavs gar<strong>da</strong>texis wamebs a<strong>da</strong>mianisSegnebaSi _ sasoebis <strong>da</strong>badebas. jervnaxoT, vin arian devebi <strong>saymo</strong>s warmosaxviT <strong>da</strong>ra urTierToba aqvT maT a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan, romlebicjer ar Gamoyalibebulan <strong>saymo</strong>d.xxvii
devi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa msgavsi arsebaa; Tumca <strong>es</strong>msgavseba moGvenebiTia, magram devi arccxovelia. `Sasaxe<strong>da</strong>vad yrol yofilan, bewvisxmivan pirsaxeze<strong>da</strong>v, arc tanisamosiv, bewvsxmivav. sxva<strong>da</strong>v kacTaviT yofilanav, saxe kacisavxqoniaT, marto fexeb sdgomivav ukuRmav^~ (67,166). erTaderTi, rasac floben devebi _ maT arician xvna-T<strong>es</strong>va <strong>da</strong> saqoneli _ <strong>es</strong> aris mWedlobissaqme, romlis saidumloebasac isini sagul<strong>da</strong>gulodinaxaven: `Tu qal ar mividod,kacebisad ar uWe<strong>da</strong>v, Saiswavlianav xevsurebiv,kacebs Tu gauWedeTav^~ (67, 170); maTi gaWedilisasoflo-sameurneo iaraRi araGveulebriviTvisebisaa: `^imeebis gakeTebul saxnissakveTeliTmaixvnod, erT feP yanas or TavTavebmod, egre xo erT TavTavs iboms erT feP yanai~(iqve). devis arsebobis paradoqsi is aris, romdevi inaxavs mWedlobis saidumloebas, magramver iyenebs Tavis mierve gamoWedil iaraRs:`Taod devi rkineuls ver maxkidebd Pels~ (62,588). a<strong>da</strong>mianma ar icis saidumlo, saxnissakveTeliki misTvis sasicocxlo iaraRia. devebismezobeli a<strong>da</strong>miani mzad aris yvelaferi gai-Ros am iaraRisaTvis; is mzad aris, Rirseba <strong>da</strong>Tmos_ sTmobs kidec, oRond cocxali <strong>da</strong>rG<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>es</strong> tradiciad aris qceuli devis mezobel a<strong>da</strong>mianTamosaxleobaSi, vidre moTminebis Tasi araivso. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom devi imisaTvissWeds a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis saWiro <strong>da</strong> TavisTvis usar-xxviii
geblo iaraRs, rom <strong>da</strong>abeGavos, <strong>da</strong>imonos a<strong>da</strong>miani(aseve zRaprul gveleSapsac ar sWirdeba wyali,romlisTvisac a<strong>da</strong>mianisagan msxverpls iTxovs).devebis xelSi rkina <strong>da</strong> mWedlobis saidumloa<strong>da</strong>mianTa <strong>da</strong>morGilebis iaraRia, rogorc erTdros israelis ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi: filistimelebma _ist<strong>ori</strong>ulma mtrebma israelianebs mWedlebi gauwyvit<strong>es</strong>,raTa maTTan evloT morGilad saxnisebisa<strong>da</strong> namglebisaTvis (1 mef. 13, 19-22).Taobebi iTmenen, magram is ukanaskneli Tupirveli, vinc gamoGndeba, veRar aitans <strong>da</strong>mcirebas.is xalxis cxovrebis uReltexilze dgas, isSemoatrialebs Tavisi xalxis yofas, is qmnisxalxis ist<strong>ori</strong>as. sababi amboxisa Sercxveniliqalis sasowarkveTili Givilia, romelicaRviZebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis gulSi Rirsebis Segnebas <strong>da</strong>masTan erTad iRviZebs sasoeba uzena<strong>es</strong>isadmi.`erT kacs Zalian lamazi coli hyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>guTnis iaraRis gakeTebaSi is sTxov<strong>es</strong>. radganiaraRebi aucilebeli saWiro iyo, radgan uimisodsimSiliT amowydebodnen, gaugzavna coli.coli rom <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>, uTxra: iq rom ar gagegzavne<strong>da</strong> aqve mogekali, ukeT<strong>es</strong>i iyovo. <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyotirili. kaci Sewux<strong>da</strong>, ar ico<strong>da</strong> ra eqna. mereerTi TeTri xari hyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tqva, modi am xarsRmerTisaTvis <strong>da</strong>vklav <strong>da</strong> iqneba rame gveSveloso.m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTma Seiwynara amdeni vedreba<strong>da</strong> xalxis <strong>da</strong>saxsnelad gamogzavnakopala. misca erTi didi laxti <strong>da</strong> moulocaxxix
Zali <strong>da</strong> SeZleba, rom devebi, xalxis Semwuxeblebi,gaenadgurebina^~ (60, 119).kacs agondeba, rom arsebobssicocxleze ufrometad Rirebuli ram; romSeiZleba a<strong>da</strong>miani SimSiliTmokvd<strong>es</strong>, magram mokvd<strong>es</strong>,rogorc a<strong>da</strong>miani; ufro metic:zogjer is valdebuliamokvd<strong>es</strong>, Tun<strong>da</strong>c SimSiliT,rom a<strong>da</strong>mianad <strong>da</strong>rG<strong>es</strong>; rom un<strong>da</strong> gaiRos sasicocxlomsxverpli Rirsebis ga<strong>da</strong>sarGenad, <strong>da</strong> isswiravs xars, S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, erTaderT mar-Genals, msxverplad RmerTs, romlis sasoebamgaiRviZa mis cnobierebaSi. andrezi ambobs, romxari TeTri iyo. <strong>es</strong> aris pirveli msxverpli,gaRebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianisagan ukidur<strong>es</strong> gasaWirSi.meore epizodi, sa<strong>da</strong>c aseve gadmocemuliaRvTisSvilTa gamosvla sabrZolvelad, a<strong>da</strong>mianissaarsebo wyarosTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.`^kopala mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> jer fSavis mTaze uZilaurTisTavs, iremT kalos rom eZaxian, iq<strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> adevneb<strong>da</strong> Tvalyurs, sad iqnebo<strong>da</strong>saWiro brZola devebTan. am dros erTi xornaulTelikaci xnav<strong>da</strong> xornaulT soflis pir<strong>da</strong>pir,saxeldobr, WiSexSi, yanas. roSkis gorazeerTi devi wamodga <strong>da</strong> ise moaxdina saqme, romRvari astexa <strong>da</strong> xari <strong>da</strong> kaci sul-yvela RvarmawaiRo. kacs gagonili hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom sadRac gmirixxx
tbi<strong>da</strong>nac amodis <strong>da</strong> ci<strong>da</strong>nac Gamodis, rogorcnaTlisRebis dros ior<strong>da</strong>neze, roca <strong>da</strong>sabamimieca axal religias.maiyvan<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>makl<strong>es</strong> oTxrqa, oTxyuracxvariao,zeciT Gamodga naviao, gamexsn<strong>es</strong> sisxlis gzaniao,Gamovjde brolis qvaze<strong>da</strong>o, men xati iaxsariao,trediviT SamovRuRundi, amovibertyemxarniao.(38, #255802)rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, iaxsris momavali <strong>saymo</strong> aramxolod mxilvelia am misteriisa. aramed misimonawilec aris: misi SemweobiT gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnebaiaxsari jvrad <strong>da</strong> mtredis aRiT gafrindebaTavis saarso adgilisaken, sa<strong>da</strong>c is waiyoliebsTavis <strong>saymo</strong>s, rogorc ambobs:mandiT karat<strong>es</strong> amoved, mand <strong>da</strong>vaquGen ymania.`mandiT~, e.i. abudelauris tbis napiri<strong>da</strong>n,sa<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufma pirveli saklavis <strong>da</strong>kvliT<strong>saymo</strong>d Seqmna Tavisi Tavi, miiRo uflebagahyolo<strong>da</strong> Tavis patrons devebisagan gawmedilimiwa-wylisaken.karatiT karat<strong>es</strong> mame Toki zed gasavalia,ase gavide Tokze<strong>da</strong>, vervin mamkidos Tvalia.avisgors SamamkidodiT Gemi patara zaria,<strong>da</strong>vkra, xma axads gavard<strong>es</strong>, gamoisaxon<strong>jvari</strong>a.xxxiv
om <strong>da</strong>dgen locva-wirvaze Gemis pirquSisymania.miduReT salude qvabi, ymano, gewerosT<strong>jvari</strong>a (77, #94-ig)avisgorze, iaxsris saboloo samkvidroadgilze Gamokidebuli zari, romelic ityobinebamis <strong>da</strong>brunebas fSavis xevze, dev-kerpTagangaTavisuflebul miwaze, <strong>es</strong> `patara zari~, <strong>saymo</strong>smomxmobi erT S<strong>es</strong>akrebelSi, Tavisi xmis bgeriTmouxazavs <strong>saymo</strong>s mis kuTvnil terit<strong>ori</strong>as.kvrivimiwa-wyali, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>saymo</strong> saxlobs, wmi<strong>da</strong>adgilia, radganac is <strong>jvari</strong>s mier aris mopovebuli<strong>da</strong> am mopovebis ZaliT gamokveTilia<strong>da</strong>narGeni samyarosagan. is wmi<strong>da</strong>a erTianad,magram <strong>saymo</strong> masSi ganicdis <strong>da</strong> aRiarebs iseTadgilebs, romlebic gansakuTrebuli siwmidiTarian mosili. am adgilebs <strong>saymo</strong> kvrivs uwodebs.ra Tvisebis <strong>realoba</strong>s aRniSnavs kvrivi anusamwerlo eniT, mkvrivi. `qarTuli enis ganmartebiTileqsikonis~ Tanaxmad, mkvrivi aris `mWidro<strong>da</strong> myari, mtkice, magari~. raimeTi `savse <strong>da</strong> gatenili~,anu iseTi Tvisebebi nivTisa Tu movlenisa,rac upirispirdeba dun<strong>es</strong>, cariels, fu-Ruros, <strong>da</strong> a.S. sabas ganmartebiT, mkvrivi aris`uRruo <strong>da</strong> unaxvreto~. <strong>es</strong> sityva <strong>saymo</strong>s sakralurleqsikonSi niSnavs rogorc fizikurSeuRwevadobas, aseve zneobriv Seuvalobas, rom-xxxv
lis simbolod jvarTa terit<strong>ori</strong>aze dgas mkvrivadnagebi koSkebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c S<strong>es</strong>vla ubralodSeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom maT ar gaaGniaTSi<strong>da</strong> sivrce. aseT koSkebs ewodebaT kvrivebi.`kvrivi qvian imitom, rom is aSenebulia kvrivad<strong>da</strong> S<strong>es</strong>asvleli ara aqvs^~ (60, 41). fizikuriSeuRwevadoba zneobrivi akrZalvis metaforaa.Tumca, aseTi terit<strong>ori</strong>a _ nakrZali ar aris SemozRuduliraime xiluli sazRvriT, magram mas<strong>saymo</strong>s cocxal ganc<strong>da</strong>Si aqvs uxilavi sazRvari,romlis SigniT sruliad gansxvavebuli <strong>realoba</strong>ganicdeba. `kvrivi~, rogorc `futuros~ sawinaaRmdegomovlena, mrTelia, mTliania. <strong>es</strong> arisWeSmariti sinamdvile. is aris romelic aris anunamdvili arseboba.kvrivi aris jvris kvali miwaze. <strong>jvari</strong> qmniskvriv adgils Tavisi <strong>da</strong>arsebiT, rogorc mete<strong>ori</strong>,romelic tvifravs miwas, sa<strong>da</strong>c is ecema.amitomac kvrivi koSkebi dgas im adgilebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<strong>saymo</strong> kultis <strong>da</strong>sabamSi jvarGenas xe<strong>da</strong>vs:`kvrivi adgilia, sa<strong>da</strong>c pirvelad xati mosula,iq mere Tass udgamen <strong>da</strong> zed xati <strong>da</strong>jdebo<strong>da</strong>.kvrivs veZaxiT adgils, sa<strong>da</strong>c ar SeiZleba a<strong>da</strong>mianisS<strong>es</strong>vla, gin koSki iyos, gin sxva adgili~ (6,55). maTuris mTavarangelozis jvarGenis andrezisTanaxmad, ci<strong>da</strong>n svetad Gamosuli <strong>jvari</strong>jer sayaWis wverze `ikidebs koWs~, mere ekl<strong>es</strong>iaSi(adgilis saxelia), bolos ki iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c amJamadkvrivebi dgas; iq a<strong>da</strong>miani ar Sedis, is imde-xxxvi
nad wmi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miukarebeli adgilia, rom xuc<strong>es</strong>icki ver uaxlovdeba mas <strong>da</strong>, roca misi ganaTvlaasaWiro, sisxlian Tovlis gundebs <strong>es</strong>vris miskedlebs (38, #25502).<strong>jvari</strong> avsebs Tavisi arsiT im adgilas, romelsacis saarsod irGevs; jvarGeniT is`akvrivebs~ adgils, `uxrwnels~ xdis mas. TavisiontologiiT <strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivs analogia <strong>jvari</strong>saveganZSi aqvs, romlis miTosuri saxe yovelTvisoqrod aris warmodgenili (mag., Tamaris Sewirulioqros Tasebi xaxmatis kultis <strong>da</strong>sabamSi<strong>da</strong> laSa giorgis oqros <strong>jvari</strong> laSaris wmi<strong>da</strong>giorgiSi). s.averincevi wers, rom nivTierebissimkvrive (ïëîòíîñòü) <strong>da</strong> simWidrove oqroSi uxrwnelobasaniWebs mas, rac S<strong>es</strong>aZleblad xdis miswarmosaxvas xorcis ganRmrTobis emblemad (113).marTlac, kvrivi SegviZlia warmovidginoToqrod, raSic <strong>da</strong>unjebulia <strong>jvari</strong>s sakraluriZala; amitomac kvriv adgilebs, rogorc oqros,mowiwebiT ekideba kaci, erideba mis <strong>da</strong>laxvas,Tuki <strong>jvari</strong>sagan ara aqvs neba miRebuli. `^vercafSavi verca Pevsuri, ukeTu iSovnos oqro anuvercxli, veraraid ixmareben Tavisad, aramed miuZRvnislaSasjvarsa~ (75, 533), wers vaxuSti batoniSvili.aq aRniSnuli Gveulebis ukan imalebaontologiuri kavSiri oqro-vercxliT warmodgenilganZsa <strong>da</strong> kvrivs S<strong>ori</strong>s, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>jvari</strong>a<strong>da</strong>arsebuli. rogorc oqros ver moixmars sayofacxovrebomiznebisaTvis moyme, aseve verxxxvii
<strong>da</strong>laxavs is <strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivebs, ver moxnavs, ver<strong>da</strong>T<strong>es</strong>avs kvrivs. <strong>da</strong>laPva a<strong>da</strong>mianuri moqmedebaa:a<strong>da</strong>miani Tavis yoveldRiurobaSi Tavisi yofacxovrebisyoveli gamovlinebiT tvifravs im miwas,sa<strong>da</strong>c is saxlobs. a<strong>da</strong>miani Tavisi nabijebiT,rac zneobriv Sinaarss iZens, warmoqmnisnalaPs. misi sacxovrebeli, d. guramiSvilis sitvebiTrom gamovxatoT, `sawuTros fePiT nalaPi~miwaa, romelic Tavisi rRvevadi struqturiTupirispirdeba <strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivs. nalaxSi, rogorca<strong>da</strong>mianis samyofelSi, aris ukidur<strong>es</strong>ad <strong>da</strong>cemuliadgilebi, romlebic Tavisi arsebiTsruliad uaryofen <strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivebs. <strong>es</strong> aris miwisrioSi mdgomareoba anu Seryvnili <strong>da</strong> yalbi,aranamdvili mdgomareoba.nalaxi<strong>da</strong>n, anu kacTa sacxovrebeli adgili<strong>da</strong>nkvrivSi S<strong>es</strong>vla, rac yovelTvis <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliazRurblis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvasTan, SeuZlebeliaganwmedis gareSe. a<strong>da</strong>miani un<strong>da</strong> amaRld<strong>es</strong> nalaxi<strong>da</strong>n,raTa kvrivSi SeRwevis ufleba miec<strong>es</strong>;amisaTvis mas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>es</strong>vas kvrivis anu siwmidisbeWedi, romelic SeiZleba jvris niSniT iyos gamoxatuli.saklavis sisxliT `Pel-mPar ganaTluli~xevisberi Sedis kvrivSi, an qa<strong>da</strong>gi, romelsac`Saiyvanen, saca kvrivi, beRelSi <strong>da</strong>smen^~(68, 66). rigiTi yma ganaTvliT ipovebs uflebas,Tun<strong>da</strong>c droebiTs, kvrivis <strong>da</strong>salaxad. ardotis<strong>saymo</strong>s dReobaSi _ <strong>da</strong>tiobaSi amgvarad iqmneba`mezRvnis~, anu jvarSi ZRvenis mimtanis statusi:xxxviii
`meZRvn<strong>es</strong> xuc<strong>es</strong>i SublSi Tavis saklavis sisxliTjvars gaukeTeb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>tioba iyo oTxi dRe<strong>da</strong> am xnis ganmavlobaSi is pirs aRar <strong>da</strong>iban<strong>da</strong>;ise ufrTxildebo<strong>da</strong>, rom sisxli ar gasclo<strong>da</strong>Subli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong> ar Sereuliyo. am <strong>jvari</strong>T masufleba hqon<strong>da</strong> yovel diliT misuliyo jvarSi,<strong>da</strong>elia <strong>da</strong> eWama. Tu Sublze sisxlis <strong>jvari</strong> areqnebo<strong>da</strong>, ise jvarSi misvla akrZaluli iyo <strong>da</strong>sisxlis <strong>jvari</strong> qon<strong>da</strong> marto mezRvn<strong>es</strong>. sisxlisjvrianebiise Tavisuflad midiodnen <strong>da</strong> iqceodnendReobaSi jvarSi, rogorc jvris gamZRoniiqceodnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>stur-xelosnebi^~ (63, 146).kvrivSi S<strong>es</strong>ul a<strong>da</strong>mians gansakuTrebuli qcevamarTebs. sinais mTaze asul mos<strong>es</strong>, romelicmis<strong>da</strong> uneburad kvrivebSi moxv<strong>da</strong>, mo<strong>es</strong>ma uflisgafrTxileba: `nu moeaxlebi aqa! wariPaden PamlniferPTagan SenTa, rameTu adgili ege, romelsasdga Sen, queyana wmi<strong>da</strong> ars~ (gamosvl. 3,5).mose aRmoGn<strong>da</strong> `wmi<strong>da</strong> miwaze~ anu, ufro zustad,`wmi<strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gze~ (ebr. admaT kodeS). qarTuli`kvrivi~ kargad ga<strong>da</strong>scems ebrauli sakraluricnebis _ `kodeS~-is Sinaarss. mos<strong>es</strong> msgavsadiqcevian xa<strong>da</strong>Si begoT saRvToze mimavalimlocvelebi: `^vinc iq wavalis salocavad, imadgilas fexSiSveli un<strong>da</strong> wavid<strong>es</strong>, verc sartyel,verc qalmeb, egeTi w<strong>es</strong>-wyobilebaa^~ (40,50). kvrivSi S<strong>es</strong>uli a<strong>da</strong>miani gaiSiSvlebs fexs,raTa sawuTros nalaxi mtveri ar SeitanoskvrivSi. <strong>es</strong> simboluri qmedebaa. vaxuStis cnobiT,xxxix
qvaTaxevis taZarSi `^arvin Sevals ferPcmulis,aramed ferPSiSvelni, siwmidisaTvis~ (75, 340). aseiqcevian meomarnic, roca wmi<strong>da</strong> <strong>realoba</strong>sTanSexeba moeliT: `^maSin ganiSiSvl<strong>es</strong> ferPebi maTi<strong>da</strong> wariZRuan<strong>es</strong> droSaY <strong>da</strong> aRemarTn<strong>es</strong> orsa masqedsa mTasa lomisisasa^~ (96, 108); xolo lomisismTa <strong>da</strong> xa<strong>da</strong>s begoT saRvTo mTiuleTisa <strong>da</strong>xadis <strong>saymo</strong>saTvis igive sinais mTaa, sa<strong>da</strong>cufali ecxadeba maT. amitomac un<strong>da</strong> ganiwmidoniq amavalni, rogorc is mRvdelni, romlebic sinaismTis kvrivebSi <strong>da</strong>apirebdnen asvlas uflissaxilvelad mos<strong>es</strong>Tan erTad (gamosvl. 19, 22).kvrivSi mxolod `kvrivi~ a<strong>da</strong>miani Tu SeaRwevs<strong>da</strong>usjelad. `sazRvari Semouwere xalxs irgvliv<strong>da</strong> uTxari: ekrZaleT mTaze asvlas <strong>da</strong> numiekarebiT mis kalTebs. vinc ki miekareba mTas,sikvdils ver ga<strong>da</strong>urGeba. xeli aravin miakaros,Torem Gaiqoleba an SubiT ganigmireba. gind pirutyviiyos, gind kaci, aravin ga<strong>da</strong>rGeba cocxali~(gamosvl. 19, 12-13). <strong>es</strong> sazRvari, rogorciTqva, uxilavia; is Tumca warmosaxviTia, magramaranakleb STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi, vidre xiluli <strong>da</strong>brkolebagzaze, Tun<strong>da</strong>c iyos igi mcveli qerubimiiqcevisi maxviliT xelSi. uxilavi zRurbli <strong>saymo</strong>scocxal ganc<strong>da</strong>Sia GabeWdili. is mijnavsxiluls uxilavisagan, a<strong>da</strong>mianurs RvTaebrivisagan,xorciels sulierisagan, <strong>da</strong>saxlebuls<strong>da</strong>usaxlebelisagan. aq vawydebiT kvrivis paradoqss:kvrivi principulad <strong>da</strong>usaxlebelia _xl
asea yvelgan tradiciul sazogadoebebSi. mag.,aTenelni TavianTi qalaqis sakralur centrs _wmi<strong>da</strong> Walas, `Seuval~, `<strong>da</strong>ulaxav~, `nakrZal~ <strong>da</strong>sabolood, `<strong>da</strong>usaxlebel~ adgilad Tvlidnen,sa<strong>da</strong>c fexis <strong>da</strong>dgmac ki ikrZalebo<strong>da</strong> (ix. sofokl<strong>es</strong>`oidiposi kolonebSi~), _ magram misiarseboba, rogorc wmi<strong>da</strong> adgilisa, aucilebelia<strong>da</strong>saxlebul terit<strong>ori</strong>aze. is, WeSmaritad,qveynis marilia, romlis ganqarebiT iSleba, ir-Rveva miwa-wyali, nia<strong>da</strong>gi, qveyana, a<strong>da</strong>mianTasacxovrisi.m. eliade wers, rom `kvrivi (The Sacred,`wmi<strong>da</strong>~), rogorc samyaros Suaguli, saukeT<strong>es</strong>oadgilia, saiTkenac a<strong>da</strong>miani miiswrafvissacxovreblad~ (154, 43). magram <strong>es</strong> ase ar un<strong>da</strong>iyos. marTalia, Suaguli saukeT<strong>es</strong>o adgiliamTels samyaroSi, magram saSiSi adgilia <strong>da</strong> iqsruliad warmoudgenelia a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovreba; <strong>es</strong>aris RvTiuri Zalis gamocxadebis adgili, romlisaura iakobma sizmarSi igrZno <strong>da</strong> gamofxizlebulmaamgvarad gaiazra: `ars ufaliadgilsa amas <strong>da</strong> me ara vicode. <strong>da</strong> SeeSina <strong>da</strong>Tqua: viTar saSinel ars adgili <strong>es</strong>e, ara arssxuai <strong>es</strong>e, garna saxli RmrTisaY <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong>e bWezecisa~ (<strong>da</strong>b. 28, 16-17). yofiTi a<strong>da</strong>miani aseTiadgilis aRmoGenis Semdeg gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba religiura<strong>da</strong>mianad <strong>da</strong>, misgan saRvTo SiSiT ukuqceuli,kvlav ubrundeba mas, rogorc Tayvanismcemeli.Tavs iGens wmi<strong>da</strong> adgili anu kvrivixli
<strong>da</strong> ibadeba misi pirveli mlocveli. <strong>es</strong> adgilitaZris winasaxe xdeba. `aRdga iakob ganTiad <strong>da</strong>aRiRo lodi igi, romeli edva sasTunalad, <strong>da</strong>aRmarTa igi Zeglad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asxa zeTi Tavsa mislodisasa. <strong>da</strong> uwo<strong>da</strong> saxeli adgilsa mas saxliRmrTisa^~ (<strong>da</strong>b. 28, 18-19).am adgilze, romlis WeSmaritixati mxolod GvenebaSi SeiZleba yofiliyoxiluli, Gaisaxa am kacis, iakobis, piradireligia, romelic momavalSi mTeli misiSTamomavlobis religiad un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo, racGans misave sityvebSi: `^<strong>da</strong> aRTqua aRTqumaY axali<strong>da</strong> Tqua: ukueTu iyos RmerTi Gem Tana <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>micv<strong>es</strong> me gzasa mas, romelsa me mival <strong>da</strong> mc<strong>es</strong>me puri Wamad <strong>da</strong> samoseli Semosad, <strong>da</strong> momaqciosme cocxlebiT saxlsa mamisa Gemisasa,iyos ufali Gemi RmrTad Gem<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> lodi <strong>es</strong>e,romel aRvidgi Zeglad, iyos saxlad RmrTisaGemisa <strong>da</strong> yovlisagani, raodeni-raY momc<strong>es</strong> me,aTeuli mivsce mas~ (<strong>da</strong>b., 28, 20-22).kvrivi adgili, am azriT, a<strong>da</strong>mianis aRmzrdelia<strong>da</strong> amitomac aucilebeli elementiaterit<strong>ori</strong>isa. is religiis <strong>da</strong>sabamia, magram amavedros samSoblos grZnobis <strong>da</strong>sabami <strong>da</strong> wyarocaris. kvrivi<strong>da</strong>n swavlobs a<strong>da</strong>miani im adgils, immiwis siyvaruls, rogorc kargad SeniSnavs vaJafSavelaerT Tavis moTxrobaSi: `<strong>es</strong> adgiliTavis nangrevebiT Seqmnilia xalxis sulier,zneobriv aRmzrdelad. erma Tu wmin<strong>da</strong> adgilisist<strong>ori</strong>a kargad icis, ar aris saWiro <strong>da</strong>ajeroxlii
xalxi <strong>da</strong> uqa<strong>da</strong>go, rom <strong>es</strong> adgili wmin<strong>da</strong>a, Rirsixsovnisa, pativiscemisa, radgan TviTeuul maTgansdi<strong>da</strong>d swams, am nangrevebSi, am <strong>da</strong>xavsebullodebs S<strong>ori</strong>s Zlieri, yovladSemZlebeli RvTiurisuli ganisvenebs <strong>da</strong> yvela imaTgan, vis winaparTaculocniaT <strong>es</strong> salocavi, STamoebamacilocos _ miarTvas ZRveni _ xari Tu cxvari,sanTeli, qa<strong>da</strong>-xmiadi, raTa ar moevlinos xatisrisxva, ar `moamizezos~ (27, 84).marTalia, kvrivi, rogorc iTqva, gam<strong>ori</strong>cxavsa<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>saxlebis azrs, magram is aucilebeliaa<strong>da</strong>mianTa sacxovrisisaTvis. magram kvrivisparadoqsi is aris, rom is, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sacxovrisisantipodi, iqmneba swored a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>saxlebisSuagulSi. <strong>es</strong> SeiZleba ar iyos w<strong>es</strong>i,magram xSirad xdeba ase, ris gamoc amgvari xasiaTiskvrivGena erTi tipis sakmaod gavrcelebuliandrezis Sinaarsad aris qceuli.<strong>saymo</strong>s miwa-wyali kvrivGenis mudmiv molodinSia.potenciurad yoveli adgili SeiZlebaiyos kvrivi, radgan mTeli miwa-wyali jvarsekuTvnis, sa<strong>da</strong>c man Tavisi xeliT <strong>da</strong>asaxla<strong>saymo</strong>. is xSirad Tavs iGens maT SuagulSi, gaar-Rvevs maT sacxovrebels, risi Sedegia nasaxlarebi(`naxolarebi~) <strong>da</strong> nacixvarebi, mitovebuliadgilebi, romelTa upatronoba aRZravsfiqrs maT uxilav patronze, romelic <strong>saymo</strong>swarmodgeniT mxolod <strong>jvari</strong> SeiZleba iyos. a<strong>da</strong>mianisaganmitovebuli saxl-kari <strong>da</strong> cixe in-xliii
greva, magram is ar ubrundeba bunebas, ar iqcevaqaosad a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kulturis mimarT, aramed,piriqiT, misi arseboba ufro maRal safexurzeadis, raki mas <strong>saymo</strong>s SegnebaSi atyvia <strong>jvari</strong>sxeli. masze devs amieri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>jvari</strong>s mZime xeli. <strong>es</strong>mZime xelia, kvrivad rom xdis mas.sa<strong>da</strong>c wydeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovreba <strong>da</strong> aRebuliaa<strong>da</strong>mianis xeli, iq iwyeba <strong>jvari</strong>s arseboba. aseTadgilebs ewodeba buxreuli anu `gabuxrebuli~adgilebi. SemGneulia, rom kvrivi adgilebixSirad swored buxreuli agilebia. buxreuli,rogorc termini, or aspeqts gamoxatavs: a<strong>da</strong>mianuri,yofiTi TvalTaxedviT, is aris <strong>da</strong>wyevliliadgili (Zveli aRTqmis xerem), <strong>jvari</strong>sTvalTaxedviT ki wmi<strong>da</strong> adgili (kodeS). <strong>jvari</strong>arTmevs a<strong>da</strong>mians adgils <strong>da</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong>d aqcevs mas.kvrivis mniSvnelobiT <strong>saymo</strong>s metyvelebaSi ixmarebaagreTve bortvi * _ gabalaxebuli miwa,yamiri, an uxnavi an naxnavi <strong>da</strong> mere gabalaxebuli(98, 195). a<strong>da</strong>mianis sacxovrebeli an yanaubrundeba xeluxlebel <strong>da</strong> yamir mdgomareobas,ga<strong>da</strong>dis iseT zonaSi, romlis ga<strong>da</strong>laxva samaradisodekrZaleba a<strong>da</strong>mians. kvrivi, buxreuli,bortvi _ samu<strong>da</strong>mod xelSeuxebeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ulaxavia<strong>saymo</strong>saTvis, rogorc mis mier Tavisi patronisaTvismsxverplad gaRebuli samkvidrebeli,romelsac is ukan veRar <strong>da</strong>ibrunebs uku-*kvriv adgils saneSi (gu<strong>da</strong>nis `mTawmin<strong>da</strong>~) `bortvis nakveTi~ ewodeba, romelic arc ixvneba<strong>da</strong> arc iT<strong>es</strong>eba; mowmi<strong>da</strong>ris gar<strong>da</strong> veravin Seva iq, saqonlis gamosadena<strong>da</strong>c ki (64, 715)xliv
niTi ukunisamde. Sewirvis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli mniSvnelobacxom imaSi mdgomareobs, rom <strong>saymo</strong>s miersalocavSi mitanili `gawirulia~ anu <strong>da</strong>tovebuliaiq jvris sakuTrebad, samaradisod.kvrivis aRmoGenakvrivi iseTi <strong>realoba</strong>a, romlis aRmoGena araris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis nebaze. rogorcaucilebels <strong>saymo</strong>s miwa-wylisaTvis, mas aRmoaGensigive Zala, romelmac miwa-wyali misca <strong>saymo</strong>s.<strong>es</strong> Zala aris <strong>jvari</strong>. kvrivi SeiZleba ganimartos,rogorc monakveTi miwisa, romelze<strong>da</strong>c<strong>da</strong>debulia <strong>jvari</strong>s xeli. kvrivis gamoGena amitomacaris iracionaluri, a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis gaugebari;is moulodnelia, TiTqos gaumarTlebelicki. terit<strong>ori</strong>is sruliad umniSvnelo, fizikuriTvalisaTvis sruliad ganurGevel monakveTzegadmodis xarizma <strong>da</strong> gamoarGevs mas sxvaadgilebisgan, rogorc <strong>jvari</strong> gamoarGevs <strong>saymo</strong><strong>da</strong>nTavis rGeuls. iseve, rogorc a<strong>da</strong>miani TavisTavs ver airGevs <strong>jvari</strong>s rGeulad, aseve arSeuZlia mas Tavisi nebiT, Wkua- gonebis moxmobiTairGios kvrivi, gamoarGios is miwa-wyalisxva nakveTebisagan. Tu, cxadia, <strong>es</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianiTavad ar aris <strong>da</strong>Werili <strong>jvari</strong>s mier <strong>da</strong> ar moqmedebs<strong>jvari</strong>s nebiT; maSin is arc ekuTvnisTavis Tavs, rogorc bunebis movlena an pirutyvi,romlebic, rogorc w<strong>es</strong>i, mTavari personaJebiakvrivGenis andrezebSi. kvrivi adgilis mignebaxlv
minebebulia ugunuri arsebis gumanze, radganswored gumania erTaderTi Seucdomeli:cxovelis alRo, gumani, romelic cxaddeba misqcevaSi, moZraobaSi, svlaSi, xmaSi _ aris isarxi, romelSic un<strong>da</strong> idinos RvTiurma nebam.xari, yorani, mtredi _ ai, is arsebani, romelTacswored TavianTi ugunurebis ZaliTekisrebaT iseTi misia, rasac brZenkaci ver kisrulobs.amis saukeT<strong>es</strong>o magaliTebs iZleva ekl<strong>es</strong>iebisa<strong>da</strong> salocavi adgilebis andrezebi,romlebic farTod aris gavrcelebuli mTelsmsoflioSi <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, saqarTvelos mTasa <strong>da</strong>barSi.Tavisuflad gaSvebuli uReli xari miagnebsim adgils, sa<strong>da</strong>c xalxma ekl<strong>es</strong>ia un<strong>da</strong> aagos anxati un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asvenos (amgvarad iqna aRmoGenilikalis zemoT lagurkas adgili, svaneTSi), an<strong>da</strong>arsd<strong>es</strong> romelime wmin<strong>da</strong>nis salocavi (wm.maqsim<strong>es</strong> salocavi leGxumSi); pirutyvis gauazrebelimoqmedeba-svla ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets xalxis sagonebels,radgan pirutyvis svlaSi Tu <strong>da</strong>dgomaSi isxe<strong>da</strong>vs wmi<strong>da</strong>nis nebis gamovlinebas. pirutyvisqcevis uneburi sakraluroba ufro TvalsaGinoxdeba, rod<strong>es</strong>ac is moulodnelad aRmouGens a<strong>da</strong>mianebswmi<strong>da</strong>, kvriv adgils. ai, sruliad upretenzio,magram mniSvnelovani ideis Semcveli andreziaWaruli folkl<strong>ori</strong><strong>da</strong>n: jansaRi xari veraRwevs im adgilamde, sa<strong>da</strong>mdisac xalxi saqonelsdenis <strong>da</strong> sadRac, Sua gzaSi ecema. <strong>da</strong>cemisxlvi
adgili sayurbane (msxverlis S<strong>es</strong>awirav) adgiladSeiracxeba. am tipis andrezebSi xSirad xarisara mxolod SeGerebis, aramed sikvdilisadgilia gamocxadebuli kvriv adgilad. asevekvrivi <strong>da</strong> gamorGeulia is Sualedebi gzaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>cyovndeba, isvenebs xari. am motivzea agebulilomisis, xevis sparsangelozis, Zarwemis wmi<strong>da</strong>giorgis <strong>da</strong> sxva motacebuli xatebis ukan<strong>da</strong>brunebisandrezebi. motacebulma xatma gzaun<strong>da</strong> gaikvlios ucxo qveyni<strong>da</strong>n, un<strong>da</strong> moZebnos,xelaxla aRmoaGinos Tavisi saarso adgili _kvrivi. im Svidi aTasi kaci<strong>da</strong>n, romelic xatTanerTad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brund<strong>es</strong> tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n, aravin gamoGndeba,rom waruZRv<strong>es</strong> xatsa <strong>da</strong> xalxs <strong>da</strong>Seucdomeli gziT miiyvanos Tavis adrindelsaarsomde. andrezSi xatis transportad gamoGndebaxari, romlis rqebze un<strong>da</strong> iyos xati<strong>da</strong>svenebuli. aqe<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> Gand<strong>es</strong>, rom andrezisSemoqmedis TvalsazrisiT xari gzas ikvlevs arasakuTari nebiT, aramed xatis nebiT. xats mohyavsukan xari <strong>da</strong> Svidi aTasi tyve qarTveli. xariTiTqos gaivlis xatis sakralur gzas <strong>da</strong> SeyovnebiTmoniSnavs kvrivebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c mogzauri xalximgzavri xatis niSebs aRmarTavs. `^gamouZRveba <strong>es</strong>xari, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>wvebodis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>isvenebdis, yvelganniSi aaSen<strong>es</strong>. fasanauris aqeTacaa niSi, memre romovi<strong>da</strong>, aqac (mleTas), aqac <strong>da</strong>isvena, aqac niSi<strong>da</strong>dg<strong>es</strong>. wverze ro movi<strong>da</strong>, iq ganisvena suli,gaYsk<strong>da</strong>^~ (40, 114).xlvii
analogiuria Zarwemis wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgis xatis<strong>da</strong>brunebis andrezic: xati lekeTSia <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli<strong>da</strong> azaralebs xalxs. molas ecxadeba xati,mozvris rqaze mimakariT <strong>da</strong> nebaze gamiSviTo.`miakr<strong>es</strong> xati mozvris rqebs <strong>da</strong> gauSv<strong>es</strong> mozveri.midis mozveri, xati gzas uGvenebs. miva ZarwemSi,Tavis Zvel adgilze <strong>da</strong> erTi askilis ZirSi<strong>da</strong>isvenebs. Zarwemel mRvdels <strong>da</strong><strong>es</strong>izmreba xati,romelic etyvis: momZebneT <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c mnaxavT, iqamiSeneT ekl<strong>es</strong>iao. mRvdeli gagzavnis xalxs.ipovnian rqebze xatmikrul mozvers. moxsnian Tuara xats, mozveri imwamsve mokvdeba (`gask<strong>da</strong>~). imadgilas aaSeneben ekl<strong>es</strong>ias <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asveneben wmi<strong>da</strong>giorgis xats~ (9, 212). amave motivebzea agebulirkonis RvTismSoblis xatis andrezic (3, 115). Tuxari ar kvdeba, mas msxverplad swiraven; Tuuremia, urems SeSad xmaroben saklavis mosaxar-Sad; msxverplis Sewirvis adgilze ki xati arsdeba(53, 252).am tipis andrezebis arqetips va<strong>da</strong>sturebTZvel aRTqmaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c moTxrobilia filistimelTaqveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli RvTis kidobnis<strong>da</strong>brunebis ambavi: misanTa rGeviT filistimelebior mewvel Zroxas Seabamen uremSi, zed RvTiskidobans <strong>da</strong>adeben <strong>da</strong> Tavis nebaze miuSveben pirutyvs.Zroxebi ga<strong>da</strong>laxaven israelis sazRvars<strong>da</strong> erT-erTi israelianis yanaSi SeGerdebian;xalxi kidobans gadmoasvenebs urmi<strong>da</strong>n, uremsSeSad <strong>da</strong>Gexaven, Zroxebs ki msxverpladxlviii
S<strong>es</strong>wiraven. <strong>es</strong> adgili GaiTvleba kvriv adgilad,sa<strong>da</strong>c karga xans iqneba kidobani <strong>da</strong>svenebuli (Imef., 5-6).miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad im avbediTi reputaciisa, romelicaqvs yorans xalxur sityvierebaSi <strong>da</strong> yofaSi,erTi moxevuri Tqmuleba mas ukavSirebs xevisupirvel<strong>es</strong>i siwmidis, samebis taZris aSenebas,ufro sworad, sataZre kvrivi adgilis aRmoGenas.rac samma qarTvelma (qarTlis, kaxeTisa <strong>da</strong>imereTis) mefem ver ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, wyvets Saviyorani Tavisi bunebrivi moqmedebis meSveobiT;radgan is atarebs RvTiur nebas. brZeni mcxe-Teli berikacic ki uZluria iracionaluris(rac kvrivis mignebaSi mdgomareobs) winaSe.magram berikacs S<strong>es</strong>wevs rGevis unari: man uwyisyornis zne <strong>da</strong> is WeSmariteba, rom misi bunebriviqcevis wiaR, mis ukan, wmi<strong>da</strong> samebis nebamoqmedebs. mcxeTeli brZenkaci urGevs mefeebs:`mefeno, furberwi <strong>da</strong>hkaliT <strong>da</strong> misi samgorveli(menjis nawili) soflis bolos <strong>da</strong>agdeT, movaSavi yorani <strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c mas gamoxravs, samebac iqaaSeneTo~. aseT ucnaur rGevebs mxolod brZenixalxi iZleva zRaprebSi an imgvari Segnebis sazogadoebaSi,sa<strong>da</strong>c arsebobs rwmena imisa, romyoveli arsi Tu movlena _ qva iqneba, frinveliTu Weqa-quxili _ emorGileba uzena<strong>es</strong>is nebas.yorans miaqvs ganzrax <strong>da</strong>gdebuli samgorveli <strong>da</strong>yvelgan, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi mis gamosaxravad <strong>da</strong>j<strong>da</strong>,xalxs <strong>jvari</strong> an niSi aRumarTavs samebis sax-xlix
elze. mTavari taZari anu samebis mTavari kvrivi,misi saarso iq aSen<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c am grZneulma frinvelmasabolood gamoxra Zvali <strong>da</strong> miagdo,wavi<strong>da</strong> ra Tavisi gziT (53, 226-7).saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebuliaTqmuleba yvavze, romlis Tavganwirulisaqcieli `afuZnebs~ kvriv adgils, sa<strong>da</strong>c saswaulismxilveli xalxi aSenebs ekl<strong>es</strong>ias, romelsacam SemTxvevis aRsaniSnavad `yvavisay<strong>da</strong>ri~Seerqmeva (99, 247; 103, 126-7; 84, 304-5).mtreds, rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>s niSans, <strong>da</strong> mis aR<strong>es</strong>,pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi kavSiri aqvs kvrivadgilebTan, maT aRmoGenasTan. sa<strong>da</strong>c mtredi <strong>da</strong>jdeba,is ueWvelad gamorGeuli adgilia. mtredimonawileobs alaverdis taZris <strong>da</strong>fuZnebis andrezSi,romelic Gawerili aqvT k.koxsa <strong>da</strong>o.spensers saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis wignSi (48,250).moviyvan erT TuSur gadmocemasac <strong>da</strong>noelTaxatis <strong>da</strong>arsebis S<strong>es</strong>axeb, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiTmogvagonebs xevis samebis <strong>da</strong>arsebis andrezs,oRond aq yorans enacvleba mtredi misibunebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare yvela cvlilebiT. roca<strong>da</strong>nos mosaxleobam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita soflis axlosgadmoetana <strong>jvari</strong>, mimarTa mtreds, rogorc sajvareanu kvrivi adgilis `aRmomGen~ frinvels.ai, Ganaweric, rogorc is mosmenili iqna: `winav<strong>da</strong>noelebs soflis TavSi jvar ar hyvandiv. memrmeambv, romev aStoTa gamoviyvanoTav, soflisl
TavSiiTaY karga<strong>da</strong> gvipatronebsav. erT treddeWir <strong>da</strong>noelebs. geSv is aStoTaY. Y<strong>es</strong> siac <strong>da</strong>jdebav,iq <strong>da</strong>vaw<strong>es</strong>oTav cxva <strong>jvari</strong>v. is tredicsoflis TavSi, gorze <strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>riyv, jvar kidenYagr gameyvan aStoTaY: erT kacs droSa gedvmParze, sanTel-ze<strong>da</strong>Se eRv, erT beber diac ukvengaxyoliv tyavis kalTaebis bartyuniT: `gamoqSi,gamarjvebulov, gamoqSi, gamarjvebulov^~ imdRiTaY xyavis <strong>da</strong>noelebs axal<strong>jvari</strong>~ (Gaweriliasof. <strong>da</strong>noSi e.TaTaraiZis mier 1980 w.).<strong>es</strong> scena Tavis moqmedebebiT <strong>da</strong> realiebiT _mtredi, kaci droSiT mxarze, sanTel-ze<strong>da</strong>Se, beberi`nawminduri~ diaci <strong>da</strong> misi SeZaxili `gamarjvebulo~(RvTisSvilTa epiTeti, romelicgvaxsenebs im brZolebs, sai<strong>da</strong>nac isini gamarjvebulnigamovidnen), mcire masStabiT warmogvidgensjvarTa <strong>da</strong>arsebis preist<strong>ori</strong>ul suraTs. aqkvrivis terit<strong>ori</strong>is aRmoGena emTxveva <strong>jvari</strong>s<strong>da</strong>arsebas; sityvebi `im dRiTaY xyavis^~ migvaniSnebs,rom jvarma mignebuli adgili samaradisosamkvidreblad airGia. Tu andrezis suliskveTebiTgavimsWvalebiT, un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom <strong>es</strong> aqti<strong>saymo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> misi terit<strong>ori</strong>is <strong>da</strong>sabamSi pulobsadgilsa <strong>da</strong> dros, an<strong>da</strong> amiT un<strong>da</strong> iwyebod<strong>es</strong> misiganaxleba.jvarGena (ifani keriaSi)is adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c salocavi aris <strong>da</strong>arsebuli,<strong>saymo</strong>s Suaguli adgilia, sai<strong>da</strong>nac ifinebali
siwmide mTel <strong>saymo</strong>ze, romelic gansaxlebulia<strong>jvari</strong>s Tvalsawierze, misi zaris xmis sawierze,cxovrobs RvTisSvilis mier mopovebul miwawyalze,rogorc misi mkvidri anu namdvili yma.aq mivadeqiT Gven Suagulis problemas <strong>saymo</strong>sara mxolod sakralur, aramed yoveldRiur yofaSi.am Suagulis klasikuri gansaxierebaniamTeli fSavisTvis laSaris muxa <strong>da</strong> xevsureTSixmalas alvisxe, romelsac andrezis Tanaxmadwmi<strong>da</strong> mironi swveT<strong>da</strong> gamudmebiT <strong>da</strong> iqve, misZiras Gamarxul qvevrebSi grovdebo<strong>da</strong>, raTa iqi<strong>da</strong>nmTeli xevsureTis salocavebSi ganawilebuliyo.adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c mironis wyaroa, wmi<strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>sSuagulad un<strong>da</strong> viguloT, rogorc mTeliqristianuli saqarTvelosTvis sveticxoveli,romelic, saekl<strong>es</strong>io legendis Tanaxmad, mironmdinarialvisxis adgilzea agebuli. la-Saris muxa ki imiT iyo S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavi, rom isoqros SibiT iyo cas gamobmuli <strong>da</strong> am SibiT,rogorc iakobis naxilvebi kibiT, m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTisadmiZRvenis asatanad adi-GamodiodnenRvTisSvilebi. miwi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saymo</strong>sgan ahqon<strong>da</strong>Tmsxverplis kvamli <strong>da</strong> locva-vedreba, ci<strong>da</strong>n Gamohqon<strong>da</strong>T<strong>saymo</strong>saTvis madli <strong>da</strong> wyaloba.cxadia, is xe, romelic aerTebs cas <strong>da</strong> miwas,samyaros SuagulSia amosuli.andrezulad ar SemorGenila xsovna imisa, Turodis <strong>da</strong>irga an aRmocen<strong>da</strong> RvTis nebiT fSavisalii
<strong>da</strong> xevsureTis am SuagulSi muxa <strong>da</strong> alvisxe.maT, S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, kosmosis <strong>da</strong>sabamSi udgaTf<strong>es</strong>vebi. xolo <strong>es</strong> is xanaa, romelic <strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebismiRmaa <strong>da</strong>rGenili, is ar ekuTvnis <strong>saymo</strong>sist<strong>ori</strong>as, magram <strong>saymo</strong>s axsovs sxva xeebisamosvla, romlebic calkeuli <strong>saymo</strong>ebis SuaguladgilebSi dgas.sofokl<strong>es</strong> `eleqtraSi~ moTxrobilia moaxloebuliSurisgebis winaTgrZnobiT moculiklitemn<strong>es</strong>tr<strong>es</strong> sizmari: `amboben, unaxavsmamaGveni, kvlav samzeoze gamocxadebuli. TurmekeraSi Tavisi kverTxi GaurWvia, romelic masod<strong>es</strong>Rac xelT epyra, axla ki egisT<strong>es</strong> xelSia.maRla azrdila totebSefoTvlili <strong>da</strong> mTelimikeni <strong>da</strong>uGrdilavs~ (str. 417-423).SemaSfoTebelia xis aRmoceneba keraSi, sa<strong>da</strong>ccecxli un<strong>da</strong> enTebod<strong>es</strong>. sizmari, cxadia, sabedisweroa<strong>da</strong> keTils arafers moaswavebs misi patronisaTvis.kverTxi agamemnonisaa <strong>da</strong> misiganedleba <strong>da</strong> SefoTvla imas un<strong>da</strong> moaswavebd<strong>es</strong>,rom agamemnoni <strong>da</strong>brundeba; rom mova patroni <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>epatroneba kvlav Tavis keras, romelic amsizmarSi mTeli mikenis gansaxierebaa. magramagamemnoni ar aris cocxalTa qveyanaSi, is miwa-Sia; <strong>da</strong> swored imis gamo, rom is miwaSia, manaaf<strong>es</strong>viana is xmeli kverTxi imis niSnad, romor<strong>es</strong>te _ misi norGi nergi _ gaswevs agamemnonobas,rom mikenis miwas agamemnoni moevlineba or<strong>es</strong>t<strong>es</strong>saxiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, agamemnoniliii
afoTlebuli kverTxis saxiT brundeba qveyanaSi,rogorc misi RvTiuri patroni, rogorc gmiri _heros (Zveli berZnuli mniSvnelobiT), rogorcsalocavi. kverTxis keraSi GarWoba <strong>da</strong> misi xe<strong>da</strong>Rmoceneba imasac niSnavs, rom adgilis cru patronmaun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tovos kera <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uTmos mis WeSmaritpatrons.S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, am sizmris siuJeti <strong>da</strong>moukidebelisaxiT arsebuliyo elinur samyaroSi, rogorcgarkveuli simbolizmis Semcveli miTosi;Tumca misi kvali ar Gans dRemde SemorGenilwerilobiT wyaroebSi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rommas arc ki SemuRwevia mwerlobaSi zepirsitvierebissfero<strong>da</strong>n. misi arsebobis erTaderTi<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba sizmris saxiT sofokl<strong>es</strong> dramaSia.im simbolizmis mixedviT, romelic mas sizmarSiaqvs <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom ismikenis <strong>da</strong>arsebis miTosi yofiliyo, rogorclokaluri gansaxeba kosmogoniuri miTosisa, sa<strong>da</strong>csamyaros <strong>da</strong>sabamSi uzarmazar, mTelsqveynierebaze totebiT gadmomxobil x<strong>es</strong> vxe<strong>da</strong>vT(gavixsenoT Tun<strong>da</strong>c skandinavuri iggdrasiliifani,rogorc saerToindoevropiuli arqetipiserTi kerZo gamovlena).klitemn<strong>es</strong>tr<strong>es</strong> sizmris igiveobriv siuJetzeaagebuli <strong>aRmosavleT</strong> saqarTvelos mTianeTSigavrcelebuli erTi tipis andrezi, romelsac,rogorc jvarGenis amsaxvel siuJets, <strong>saymo</strong>s<strong>da</strong>sabamSi ga<strong>da</strong>vyavarT. mas martivi kompozicialiv
aqvs <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis ar gaaGnia variantebi: misi arqetipulisaxe cxa<strong>da</strong>d Gans nebismier variantSi.sqema aseTia: keraSi amodis ifani (xSiradgvelic amohyveba) imis niSnad, rom am adgilsRvTisSvili <strong>da</strong>epatrona <strong>da</strong> ojaxma un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>stovossaxli. <strong>es</strong> adgili <strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivi xdeba. ai, amandrezis nimuSi cocxali monaTxrobis mixedviT(ambavi exeba gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>arsebas):`^iq did sofel yofilas. maSi jvar ar yofil.erTxan erTis kavkazauris saxlis yverfSiifn amasul. kavkazaurs ifn mauWrav. meor<strong>es</strong> dR<strong>es</strong>is ifn iqav amasula, isic mauWrav. m<strong>es</strong>ame dR<strong>es</strong>amasul ifni-d’ Tan gvel amaxyoliv. kavkazaursifnic mauWrava-d’ gvelic aukafav^~ (91, 391).yverfSi (keraSi) amosuli ifani gu<strong>da</strong>nis<strong>jvari</strong>s gamoGenis momaswavebelia. magram am Sinaarsisandrezi mxolod gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>T araris Semofargluli. amaoa imis Zieba, Tu pirveladromeli <strong>jvari</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>arseba gadmoscayverfisa <strong>da</strong> ifnis siuJetma, magram faqtia,rom misi gavrcelebis sfero gacilebiT farToa,vidre jvarT<strong>da</strong>arsebis <strong>da</strong> jvarGenis sxva romelimetipis andrezisa. keraSi ifnis amosvliTiGina Tavi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>nis saRvTos gar<strong>da</strong> _xevsureTSi naParelas RvTismSobeli, Subnuriswm. giorgis <strong>jvari</strong> (liqoki), roSkis mTavarangelozi,ukanPadus adgilisde<strong>da</strong>, xaxabos wyarosgoruliwm. giorgi, fSavSi cabaurTisRvTismSobeli, gogolaurTis de<strong>da</strong>RvTismSobelilv
<strong>da</strong> sxvani. am andrezs aqvs tendencia gavrceld<strong>es</strong>yvela mniSvnelovan jvarze <strong>da</strong> iqc<strong>es</strong> jvarGeniszogad andrezad <strong>aRmosavleT</strong> saqarTvelos mTianeTissinamdvileSi. v.bar<strong>da</strong>veliZis cnobiT, amSinaarsis Tqmuleba fiqsirebulia zogierTGrdilokavkasiel mTielTa S<strong>ori</strong>sac (5, 106, Sen.30).andrezis aucilebeli elementebia: kera, ifani(iSviaTad naZvi) <strong>da</strong> gveli; ifnis samgzis amosvla<strong>da</strong> saxlis patronis mier misi moWra, gvelisakafva; ojaxis amowyveta. <strong>es</strong> ukanasknuli momentisxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad aris warmodgenili variantebSi.<strong>jvari</strong> sjis urG mosaxl<strong>es</strong> an avadobiT,an sxva ram faTerakiT; ojaxi ganwirulia <strong>da</strong>sa-Rupad, magram aris SemTxvevebi, roca is drouladgaecleba Zvel samosaxlos. matneli asa-TaSvilebi, warmoSobiT ukanafSavlebi, am saxiTinaxaven keraSi xis amosvlis andrezs, romelicganmartavs ukanafSavi<strong>da</strong>n maTi gadmosaxlebismizezs: mama avalebs Svils cecxlis <strong>da</strong>nTebassaRamoxans. bavSvi midis cecxlis <strong>da</strong>sanTebad,magram keraSi fiWvi (Tu naZvi) <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong> amosuli.Svili mamis rGeviT wvers ga<strong>da</strong>ugrexs fiWvs <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>anTebs cecxls. meore saRamos igive meordeba,fiWvi ufro metad aris gazrdili, magram mainc<strong>da</strong>inTeba cecxli. m<strong>es</strong>ame Ram<strong>es</strong> ojaxis ufrosssizmarSi <strong>jvari</strong> gamoecxadeba <strong>da</strong> ubrZanebs ayras;ojaxi sxva adgilas saxldeba; mis nasaxlarSiRvTisSvili gaiGens Tavis saarsos. mTxrobelnilvi
am andrezul pirTa saxelebsac ki ar iviwyeben:mama iyo berxundi, Svili _ giorgi. SeiZleba vifiqroT,rom <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>arsebis saerTo andrezierTi sagvareulos andrezad aris qceuli. aq arfigurirebs gveli, romelic Gveulebriv keraSiaRmocenebul x<strong>es</strong> amohyveba xolme. S<strong>es</strong>aZloa, amitomacara aqvs tragikuli <strong>da</strong>sasruliukanfSaveli asaTaSvilebis monaTxrob Tqmulebas.garkveuli azria imaSi, rom <strong>es</strong> andrezi TavisarqetipSi swored tragikuli ambis _ ojaxis Tusagvareulos gawyvetis gadmomcemia. iTqva, rom<strong>jvari</strong>s urGi ojaxi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari sikvdiliTiRupeba. rogorc Gans, gvelis amosvla m<strong>es</strong>amedR<strong>es</strong> x<strong>es</strong>Tan erTad ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos SemTxveviTiepizodi. xSir SemTxvevaSi yverfisa <strong>da</strong> ifnis andrezsamgvari gagrZeleba aqvs: mas Semdeg, racmoiWra m<strong>es</strong>amed amosuli ifani <strong>da</strong> aikafa maszeamoyolili gveli, ojaxi Sekrebilia yverfisgarSemo <strong>da</strong> elodeba kerZs, romelic ixarSebasakidelze Gamokidebul qvabSi. gveli zemo<strong>da</strong>nGamoyveba sakidels, GaZvreba qvabSi <strong>da</strong> kerZTanerTad ixarSeba. kerZi wamlavs yvelas, vinc kimas pirs <strong>da</strong>akarebs. ga<strong>da</strong>rGebian mxolod misi uWmelni_ ojaxis rZali <strong>da</strong> akvnis bavSvi.zogierTi variantiT, ueno bavSvi xe<strong>da</strong>vs rogorGaZvra gveli qvabSi, amitom ar ekareba kerZs.sxva variantiT, de<strong>da</strong>c xe<strong>da</strong>vs, magram ver arwmunebsojaxis wevrebs, radgan isini <strong>jvari</strong>saganlvii
arian Tvalabmulni. erTmaneTs upirispirdebianmetyvelni, romlebsac TvalisGini warTmeuliaqvT, <strong>da</strong> mxedveli Gvili bavSvi, romelic ver metyvelebs(gavixsenoT m<strong>ori</strong>s meterlinkis`brmebi~). <strong>es</strong> bavSvi, rogorc ucodveli, gvarisgamagrZelebeli Seiqneba, im sagvareulosi, romelicaxladGenili <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>saymo</strong>d un<strong>da</strong> Gamoyalibd<strong>es</strong>.yverfis wiaRi<strong>da</strong>n ifns amoyolili gveli, romelicakaf<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s urGebma, axla im samgzismoWrili ifniviT aRorZinebuli, zemo<strong>da</strong>n Gamohyvebasakidels, rogorc sasjeli urGobisaTvis.Tumca qvabSi GamZvrali gvelis ambavi <strong>da</strong>moukidebla<strong>da</strong>caris gavrcelebuli zepirsityvierebaSi,magram yverf-ifnis andrezs is organuladukavSirdeba.andrezuli TvalTaxedviT sruliad bunebrivia,rom xe swored keraSi amodis, Tumca keracecxlis adgilia <strong>da</strong> ara xisa. magram, rogorccecxli, aseve xe, Suagulis cocxali niSnebi <strong>da</strong>simboloebia. xis amosvla keraSi, cecxlisadgilSi, kidev erTxel gaxazavs <strong>da</strong> warmoaGensmis Suagulobas. Suaguli TvalsaGinohyo jvarma,roca cecxlis adgilze Tavisi amosunTqviTifani aRmoacena.arsebob<strong>da</strong> sofeli, mosaxleoba, arsebob<strong>da</strong>saxli, arsebob<strong>da</strong> cecxlis adgili am saxlSi,magram jer kidev ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>, radganjvars kidev ar eGina Tavi, is ar iyo jerlviii
<strong>da</strong>arsebuli. `^iq kavkazaur yofilas <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli.iq did sofel yofilas. maSi <strong>jvari</strong> aryofil. erTis kavkazauris saxlis yverfSi ifnamasul^~. <strong>es</strong> yverfi jer kidev ar iyo sakraluriadgili, kulti mxolod potenciurad emarxamasSi.am winaist<strong>ori</strong>ul, ufro sworad, kultamdelxanaSi kera mxolod sayofacxovrebo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebisadgili iyo, is ar gamx<strong>da</strong>ra jer sakraluriadgili. magram <strong>es</strong> adgili, rogorc noyierinia<strong>da</strong>gi, aRmoacenebs kults Tavis wiaRSi,vin icis ra droi<strong>da</strong>n, Gamarxuli kvrivis T<strong>es</strong>lisagan.kera Tumca iyo sacxovrebeli terit<strong>ori</strong>isSuaguli, magram gancalkevebul ojaxs, rogorcatoms, ganuyofel erTeuls, jer kidev arhqon<strong>da</strong> is gacnobierebuli Suagulad, wmi<strong>da</strong> fokusad(laT. kera), romlis irgvliv SemokrebiTa<strong>da</strong>mianTa yofacxovrebiTi erTianoba un<strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmniliyo<strong>saymo</strong>d. mosaxleobas jer kidev arhqonia jvarGenis gamocdileba, rac arcTuumtkivneuloa, rogorc yoveli gansacdeli, radganis <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia msxverplTan: mosaxleobamun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kargos raRac _ am kerZo SemTxvevaSi,Zveli sacxovrebeli terit<strong>ori</strong>a, raTa moipovosRvTiuri patronis mfarveloba, Sevid<strong>es</strong> misimfarvelobis GrdilSi, moeWidos mis kalTebs.ufro metic: a<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufis <strong>saymo</strong>d qcevasewireba garkveuli nawili am jgufisa, RvTiurinebis winaRmdgomni, jiutni, viTarca `krebulilix
kor<strong>es</strong>i~ _ `kacni ficxelni~, romelTac piri uyomiwam <strong>da</strong> STanTqa (ricxv. 16), raTa am gansacdeliTgamoxurvebuli <strong>da</strong> ganwmedili sazogadoebauflis unj <strong>saymo</strong>d gar<strong>da</strong>qmniliyo.andrezis suliskveTeba is aris, rom kaci,romlis `yudroSi~ amodis ifani, nebayoflobiTun<strong>da</strong> Tmobd<strong>es</strong> Tavis sacxovrebels axalicxovrebisaTvis; Tmobd<strong>es</strong>, rogorc msxverpls,swiravd<strong>es</strong> mas. raki misi saxli Seiqmna jvarGenisadgili, Tavad ki gax<strong>da</strong> jvarGenis mxilveli, _is kera, is saxli, is a<strong>da</strong>mianebi bednierni un<strong>da</strong>yofiliyvnen, rom jvarma swored maT SuagulSiineba <strong>da</strong>arseba, magram kaci jiutobs <strong>da</strong> andrezicgvamcnobs, Tu ra mosdevs am sijiut<strong>es</strong>.kaci jiutobs, radgan is jer kidev ar aris yma.andrezi gadmogvcems im viTarebas, roca a<strong>da</strong>mianTajgufebi jer kidev ar warmoadgendnen <strong>saymo</strong>s,aramed arian `utni~, `umecarni~, romlebiccxovroben RvTaebrivi patronis gareSe. JamTasvlisromeliRac monakveTSi jvarma iGina Tavi,rogorc patronma, magram a<strong>da</strong>mians masSi ver gamoucniaTavisi momavali patroni <strong>da</strong> is erGismas, rogorc mters. <strong>da</strong> ai, gandevnilebi sakuTarikeri<strong>da</strong>n, romelic terit<strong>ori</strong>is Suaguli aRmoGn<strong>da</strong>,isini kvlav Suagulisaken gaiweven,magram <strong>es</strong> iqneba ara sayofacxovrebo, aramedsakraluri Suaguli. <strong>saymo</strong> aris TiTqmis mzi<strong>da</strong>ngamosxletili de<strong>da</strong>miwa, romelic iwyebs brunvasTavisi Zveli budis garSemo. ist<strong>ori</strong>ul xanaSilx
Tumca <strong>jvari</strong>s saarso adgili <strong>saymo</strong>s sacxovrebeliterit<strong>ori</strong>is ganapiras imyofeba <strong>da</strong> ara misgeometriul centrSi, magram is misi Suagulia.im droi<strong>da</strong>n, roca ifani aRmocendeba yverfSi <strong>da</strong>mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong>stovebs nebiT Tu iZulebiT kvrivadqceul keras, uTmobs ra Tavis sacxovrebeladgils RvTisSvils, amieri<strong>da</strong>n a<strong>da</strong>mianis samkvidrebladSeuferebels <strong>da</strong> gamousadegars, _arsdeba kulti <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobac iwyebs Tavisaxal arsebobas, is axal safexurze adis; amieri<strong>da</strong>niwyebs arsebobas <strong>saymo</strong>. <strong>es</strong> metad mniSvnelovanimomentia sazogadoebis ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi,romlis gariJraJze msxverplia gaRebuli.x.ortega i gaseti amgvar TvalsazrissgvTavazobs Suasaukuneebis evropuli qalaqisarsze <strong>da</strong> genezisze: `<strong>da</strong>umuSavebel, velur sivrcezevegetatiuri arsebobis xanas enacvlebaqalaqur garemoSi kulturuli koncentraciisdro. qalaqi TiTqos z<strong>es</strong>axlia; is kulturisufro maRal doneze dgas, vidre saxli, radganacsaxli igive budea, romelsac, yvelas kargadmoexseneba, marto a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ki ar ikeTeben, aramedfrinvelebic. qalaqi ufro abstraqtuli <strong>da</strong>ufro rTuli warmonaqmnia, vidre ojaxuri. qalaqi ukve r<strong>es</strong>publikaa, , romelicqalebisa <strong>da</strong> kacebisagan ki ar Sedgeba,aramed moqalaqeebisgan. qalaqis warmoSobasTanerTad a<strong>da</strong>mianuri arseboba axal ganzomilebaSiga<strong>da</strong>dis^ imaT, vinc guSin mxolod a<strong>da</strong>mianebiiyvnen, xolo dR<strong>es</strong> ukve moqalaqeebi gaxdnen,mouwevT mTeli TavianTi Zal-Rone moaxmaronlxi
imas, rom ufro metad aamaRlon am axali arsebobisdone~ (59-a,167).aseTia <strong>saymo</strong>c, "mTis qalaqi", romlis "z<strong>es</strong>axlobas"Tavad <strong>jvari</strong> Tavisi gar<strong>da</strong>mqmneli moqmedebiTu<strong>da</strong>sturebs mis `moqalaqeebs~.jvarGena karatiswverzekeraSi ifnis amosvlis andrezi bevri jvarsalocavis<strong>da</strong>arsebas <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>. bevrgan SexvdebiT<strong>jvari</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>aze, xSirad nangrevebsS<strong>ori</strong>s, amosul ifnis xeebs <strong>da</strong> gaigonebT misinorGi nergebisagan moSlili, gangreuli keriistragikul ambavs. <strong>es</strong> tragizmi Zevs <strong>saymo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong>kultis genezisSi. am siuJetze agebul jvarGenisandrezs pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT`xTonuri~, raki <strong>jvari</strong> miwis guli<strong>da</strong>n amosvliTa<strong>da</strong>sturebs Tavs. magram Gven viciT, rom <strong>jvari</strong>ciuri warmomavlobis aris, rasac S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavadgvimowmebs erT-erTi <strong>jvari</strong>s epiTeti `ciT svetadGamosuli~, kerZod, Girdilis (xevsureTis) wmi<strong>da</strong>giorgis <strong>jvari</strong>s miTologemuri saxelwodeba _`saGal<strong>es</strong> svetad Gamosuli, samkibals Suqis<strong>da</strong>mkravi~. <strong>jvari</strong>, rogorc RvTisSvili, cisSvilic aris, amitomac misi gamoGena ufro metadmaRal mwvervalebzea mosalodneli <strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>cjvarGenas swored maRal mTebSi elis. <strong>jvari</strong>sci<strong>da</strong>n warmomavlobis motivi mkveTrad gamoxatulisiuJetiT <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong> karatis <strong>jvari</strong>s(liqokis kopalas) <strong>da</strong>arsebas karatiswverze. <strong>es</strong>aris sruliad unikalur qargaze agebulilxii
Tqmuleba, romlis msgavsi ar gvxvdeba sxvajvarTa warmoSobis andrezad. ai, misi Sinaarsi:karatiswverze, romlis erT mxar<strong>es</strong> xevsure-Tis sofelia _ Walaisofeli, xolo meoremxar<strong>es</strong> fSavelTa sofeli bulalaurTa, zafxulobiTerTmaneTs xvdeba Tav-Tavisi soflebi<strong>da</strong>nsamwy<strong>es</strong>urSi amosuli ucodveli qal-vaJi, romelTacerTmaneTi uyvarT <strong>da</strong>-Zmuri siyvaruliT.erT dR<strong>es</strong> qal-vaJs ci<strong>da</strong>n mo<strong>es</strong>mebaT wivilis xma,rasac mohyveba saswauli: maT Tvalwin ci<strong>da</strong>n GamoeSvebaTasi <strong>da</strong> vercxlis Sibi. qals SexvdebaSibi, vaJs _ Tasi; waiReben samwy<strong>es</strong>uri<strong>da</strong>n amnivTebs Tav-Tavis saxlebSi <strong>da</strong> winaswar<strong>da</strong>Tqvamen, ar gaumxilon <strong>es</strong> ambavi mSoblebs. vaJiTass WerxoSi (ze<strong>da</strong> sarTulze) <strong>da</strong>malavs karsukan,qali Sibs _ puris kidobanSi. RamiT <strong>ori</strong>v<strong>es</strong>axlSi atydeba iseTive wivili, rog<strong>ori</strong>c amsagnebis gamoGenisas gaisma karatiswverze. meoreRamiTac rom igive ganmeordeba, bavSvebimSoblebs gaumxelen TavianT saidumlos.mSoblebi midian mkiTxavTan, romlis rGeviT Sibsorad Wrian, erT naWers misi gamoGenis adgilasmarxaven miwaSi, meore naWers _ liqokSi <strong>da</strong> zedkoSks aageben; Tass ki karatiswverze marxaven. <strong>es</strong>adgilebia <strong>jvari</strong>s saarso adgilebi (60, 126-128).sxva gadmocemiT: ci<strong>da</strong>n cecxlis Sibi GamoeSveba;Sibi <strong>jvari</strong>s sax<strong>es</strong> iRebs (`ciTav cecxli GamoGn<strong>da</strong>vSibis aRiTao, xatis aRe ki yofiliyvao~).wilisyriT <strong>jvari</strong> qals Sexvdeba <strong>da</strong> gudiT sax-lxiii
lSi waiRebs. Sinaurebs gu<strong>da</strong>Si frinveli egonebaT(`fxawa-fxuw idgav ai gu<strong>da</strong>Siav, _ frinvel<strong>da</strong>iWiriaev? _ uTqom i qalisad~); gu<strong>da</strong>s Tavsmoxsnian <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong> frinveliviT <strong>da</strong>iwyebs frTxials.qali gaqa<strong>da</strong>gdeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>aw<strong>es</strong>ebs karatis<strong>jvari</strong>s kults (67, 180).karatiswveri _ fSavisa <strong>da</strong> xevsureTissoflebis gamyofi, magram qal-vaJis Seyrisadgili, umaRl<strong>es</strong>i mwvervali am aremareSi <strong>da</strong>misi S<strong>es</strong>abami are weliwadisa gazafxuli, `weliwadisdroTa dedofali~, rogorc mas uwodebserTi Zveli avt<strong>ori</strong>, qali <strong>da</strong> vaJi siymawvilisasakSi, maTi ubraloeba <strong>da</strong> siwmide, wmi<strong>da</strong> haeri,romlis wiaR SeiZleba uxilavis xilva^ _ ai,jvarGenis saukeT<strong>es</strong>o pirobebi am andrezSi. <strong>es</strong>iqnebo<strong>da</strong> saSineli movlena, rogorc mexistexa;magram qal-vaJs ar gasGenia SiSis grZnoba, maTbunebaSi rom yofiliyo nia<strong>da</strong>gi SiSis gaGenisaTvis,isini verc ixilavdnen am saswauls. cxadia,maTi uSiSaroba maTive ucodvelobis niSania.`imaT <strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>inax<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> aiR<strong>es</strong>, imitomao, ambobenxevsurebi, rom isini wmi<strong>da</strong>d iyvnen, Torem TumaTi siwmide Selaxuli yofiliyo, maSin iginiverc <strong>da</strong>inaxavdnen <strong>da</strong> verc aiRebdnen Tassa <strong>da</strong>Sibsao~ (60, 127). is qal-vaJi, romelic (ufroqali) <strong>saymo</strong>s genezisis monawile Seiqmna,SeiZleba Seva<strong>da</strong>roT mxolod a<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> evas _samoTxis mkvidrT, romelTac jer kidev ar hqon<strong>da</strong>Tnagemebi akrZaluli xili, <strong>da</strong> romelTalxiv
sicocxle, SeiZleba iTqvas, ganuwyveteli jvar-Genis winaSe gadio<strong>da</strong>. im a<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> evas anareklebiiyvnen <strong>es</strong> vaJi <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> qali; isini aSenebdnen koSkskaratiswverze TamaS-TamaSiT (67, 162) <strong>da</strong> aricodnen, rom jvarGenamde mignebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>Tkvrivi adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini, rogorc sinaismTaze mayvlovanis saswaulis mxilveli mwyemsimose, fexSiSvelani idgnen.jvarGenis sagnebze _ Sibze <strong>da</strong> Tasze _ sagangebodiqneba saubari. axla ki un<strong>da</strong> SeiniSnos,rom mwyemsi qal-vaJi am sagnebs utyuari alRoskarnaxiT sawmido adgilas inaxaven, rog<strong>ori</strong>caris puris kidobani <strong>da</strong> saxlis Werxo; Tumca amwmi<strong>da</strong> sagnebma, rogorc cocxalma arsebebma,saswauliT aGven<strong>es</strong>, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis sacxovrebeliar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo maTi adgil-samyofeli. isiniun<strong>da</strong> Gamarxuliyvnen miwaSi, raTa amozrdiliyokulti, Tun<strong>da</strong>c ifnis saxiT (marTlac, erTi andrezisTanaxmad, ifani amodis keriaSi GarguliTasi<strong>da</strong>n (67, 185).kultis <strong>da</strong>sabami iracionalurSia.<strong>es</strong> cxadia. magram misif<strong>es</strong>vi bavSvur ubraloebaSiZevs. andrezi gvamcnobs: isqal-vaJi `mwyemsobas <strong>da</strong>diana-d’imaSi erT batara koSk gaukeTebav,qvebisai. meore dR<strong>es</strong>erTxan, rosam or misulan, i koSkze <strong>da</strong>yudebulxat yofil^~ (67, 162). bavSvebis aSenebuli sa-lxv
TamaSo koSki aris pirvelsaxe im kvrivi koSkebisa,romlebic miGneulia <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>arsebisadgilze agebulad uxsovar droSi. bavSvebi aSenebenkoSks jvarGenis gaucnobierebel molodinSi.aris soflebi _ <strong>ori</strong> sofeli _ karatiswveris<strong>ori</strong>ve mxar<strong>es</strong>, aris mosaxleoba, arissaqoneli, romelic yovel zafxuls ideneba sa-Zovarze im aremaris umaRl<strong>es</strong> mwvervalze, arianmwyemsebic, magram <strong>es</strong> yvelaferi jer kidev verqmnis <strong>saymo</strong>s, radgan am soflebs fSavisas <strong>da</strong>xevsureTisas ara hyavT <strong>jvari</strong>, salocavi, araaqvT kulti. soflisTvis kulti, religia, araTuaxali, aramed saerTod religia, moaqvT am myemsebssaswaulebrivad ci<strong>da</strong>n movlenili sagnebiswyalobiT; am movleniT iwyeba ist<strong>ori</strong>a amxeobaSi, rogorc skviTebis qveyanaSi oqrosnivTebis gamoGeniT, herodote rom mogviTxrobsTavis `ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi~: `^targitaiss hyav<strong>da</strong> sami vaJi:lipoqsai, arpaqsai <strong>da</strong> umrwem<strong>es</strong>i _ kolaqsai. maTdros ci<strong>da</strong>n GamoeSva oqros iaraRebi: guTaniuReli,culi <strong>da</strong> Tasi. <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvivdnen skviTebisqveyanaSi. pirvelad isini ufrosma <strong>da</strong>inaxa, axlosmivi<strong>da</strong> asaRebad, magram miaxloebisas oqroabrial<strong>da</strong>. is ukanve gabrun<strong>da</strong>. axla meore ZmagaemarTa, magram igive ganmeor<strong>da</strong>. roca isinioqrom Tavisi cecxliT moiSora Tavi<strong>da</strong>n, m<strong>es</strong>amedumrwem<strong>es</strong>i Zma mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cecxlic Gaqra <strong>da</strong> mansaxlSi waiRo <strong>es</strong> nivTebi. amis Semdeg ufrosmalxvi
Zmebma scn<strong>es</strong> miniSneba <strong>da</strong> mTeli samefo masga<strong>da</strong>sc<strong>es</strong>~ (IV, 5).Zmebma samefo umcros Zmas ga<strong>da</strong>sc<strong>es</strong>, rogorczRaprebSi xdeba. magram aq mTavari is aris, rom<strong>es</strong> oqros sagnebi, romelTac Semdeg `skviTi mefeebididis mzrunvelobiT inaxavdnen <strong>da</strong> yovelwliurimsxverplSewirvebiT mowiwebiT scemdnenTayvans~ (IV, 7), qmnian skviTebis manamde u<strong>da</strong>burmiwaze kacobriul kulturas, simbolurad gamoxatavenra sam funqcias a<strong>da</strong>mianuri moRvaweobisas:uReli-guTani _ miwaTmoqmedebas, culi _meomrobas, Tasi _ kultmsaxurebas (124, 156). miwaixvneba, qurumi TasiT Rvris wmi<strong>da</strong> saRvrels,meomari culiT icavs miwis muSakis naWirnaxulevs<strong>da</strong> RvTismsaxuris mSvidobian sakralursaqm<strong>es</strong>. mxolod am sagnebis aTvisebis SemdegSeiZleba laparaki skviTebSi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sazogadoebisarsebobaze.aseve, karatiswverze movlenili wmi<strong>da</strong> sagnebiqmnian <strong>saymo</strong>s _ karatis <strong>jvari</strong> gzavnis Tavis ni-Sans Tasis saxiT <strong>da</strong> misi xelyofis uflebasaniWebs ucodvel mwyemsebs. Tu siwmidis xelyofamaTi privilegiaa, <strong>es</strong> imis niSanic aris, rom isiniamieri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>jvari</strong>s mier `xeldebulni~ an `<strong>da</strong>Werilni~arian. am sakralur sagnebTan Sexebam wertili<strong>da</strong>usva ara mxolod maT bavSvobas <strong>da</strong> pastoraluryofas, aramed sruliad moswyvita isiniyofiT cxovrebas <strong>da</strong> sakralur sferoSi _TiTqos kvrivSi, ga<strong>da</strong>iyvana. `memr gaxdil qa<strong>da</strong>glxvii
is qali, gaqa<strong>da</strong>gebul. gaugav xalxs, movklaTav,uTqom. is qal xan sad malul, xan sad. i xatsTan uyolebav. xat xan gafrindebis, xan mauv. imqals arc meTveurobis w<strong>es</strong> xqonivas, arc qmrianobisa,arc mebosleobisa^ xalxs ar uyenebav iqali^~ (67, 162).<strong>es</strong> xalxi iseve ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> qa<strong>da</strong>gs _<strong>jvari</strong>s moen<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi nebis gamomcxadebels;iseve urGobs, rogorc is mosaxleoba, romliskeraSi jvarGenis niSnad ifani amovi<strong>da</strong>.beTlemi _ jvarTa samSoblo`pirvelad m<strong>ori</strong>gem xTiSvilni zeci<strong>da</strong>n romgadmauSvna, maSin isini gergets <strong>da</strong>abinava^~ (60,118), _ mogviTxrobs RvTisSvilTa am qveynad, a<strong>da</strong>mianTamiwaze, gamoGenis andrezi. gergeti casa<strong>da</strong> miwas S<strong>ori</strong>s aris aRmarTuli, is dgas, rogorcduranqi _ `kavSiri cisa <strong>da</strong> miwisa~, romliserTi kerZo, Zalze gavrcelebuli gansaxebaaris swored mTa (46, 125-7). raki RvTisSvilnigergetze arian <strong>da</strong>binavebulni, SeiZleba isRvTisSvilTa olimpod migveGnia, rom erTi<strong>da</strong>brkoleba ar iyos: zevsisagan, RmerTTa <strong>da</strong>kacTa mamisagan, gansxvavebiT m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTs,RvTisSvilTa gamGensa <strong>da</strong> qveynierebis <strong>da</strong>mbadebels,gergetze ar udgas taxti. mas arasod<strong>es</strong><strong>da</strong>utovebia Tavisi kari caSi, romlis maxlobladerTaderT RvTisSvils kvirias udgaskaravi. `dideba^ dids kviriasa, xTis maRlislxviii
makarv<strong>es</strong>a!~ (56, 14), ase adideben mas. isic gacnobirebulia,rom m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTTan siaxlovisRirseba Tavad m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmrTisgan aqvs miniWebuli:`Sen gadi<strong>da</strong>s, gagimarjos, kvirao xTisgan karaviano!~(56, 26). rogorc `angelozT meufros<strong>es</strong>~ (56,67), mas gansakuTrebuli misia akisria, rac gamoGn<strong>da</strong>kopalasa <strong>da</strong> devTa Serkinebisas, rocadidi kvira<strong>es</strong> maTraxis moqnevam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita sabedisweroasparezobis bedi.gergeti imiTac ar hgavs berZnuli RmerTebispanTeons, rom is RvTisSvilTa droebiTisamyofeli iyo, is iyo Suagza casa <strong>da</strong> miwas S<strong>ori</strong>s<strong>da</strong> gergeti, rogorc duranqi, asruleb<strong>da</strong> amfunqcias. vidre u<strong>da</strong>bl<strong>es</strong> sferoSi, a<strong>da</strong>mianTasamyofelSi <strong>da</strong>eSvebodnen, m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTs isinijer am Suagzaze un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ebinavebina, sai<strong>da</strong>nacun<strong>da</strong> mo<strong>es</strong>minaT maT a<strong>da</strong>mianTa ganwiruli Zaxili.amis Semdeg un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>etovebinaT gergeti <strong>da</strong> GabmuliyvnendevebTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi.asec mox<strong>da</strong>.yvela RvTisSvils sakuTari gza hqon<strong>da</strong> Tavisi<strong>saymo</strong>sken, romelic m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTma winaswarGaabara maT. gergeti<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli xaduelTasameba, `koWis mokidebiT~ aGens ra gza<strong>da</strong>gzasalocav niSebs, adis crolis wverze <strong>da</strong> `yinvrisloginian, nislis kotorSi gaxveuli~<strong>jvari</strong>s saxels imkvidrebs (60, 178). ase sxvaRvTisSvilebic moevlinen Tav-TavianT <strong>saymo</strong>ebismTawmindebs, jvarTa pirvelGenis adgilebs,lxix
omlebic zemo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>hyureben <strong>saymo</strong>Ta miwawyals.rogorc Gans, gergeti ZvelTaganve siwmidiTyofila mosili qarTvelTa TvalSi. im adgilze,sa<strong>da</strong>c dR<strong>es</strong> samebis taZari dgas, tradicia andriamociqulis kvals xe<strong>da</strong>vs: pirvelwodebulmociquls aq <strong>jvari</strong> aRumarTavs, riTac <strong>da</strong>sabamimiucia am aremaris sakraluri ist<strong>ori</strong>isaTvis (71,93). JamTa msvlelobaSi gergetis siwmid<strong>es</strong> isicaZliereb<strong>da</strong>, rom Znelbedobisas samebis taZarSiinaxebo<strong>da</strong> mcxeTis sveticxovelis ganZi, maT S<strong>ori</strong>swmi<strong>da</strong> ninos <strong>jvari</strong> vazisa (75, 357). qristianuludid<strong>es</strong> siwmideTa saxizaris statusiukuifinebo<strong>da</strong> gergetelebzec, samebis <strong>saymo</strong>ze.p.umikaSvilisaTvis uTqvamT gergetelT: `gergetelissisxli sami kacis sisxlaTa Rirs. vaxtanggorgasali mefis Tarxani varT. yarauligviyenia mu<strong>da</strong>m say<strong>da</strong>rTan _ zamTar-zafxulsa.samTa mefis aSenebuli ymani varT. bagrationTanawyalobebi varTo~ (77, 351). gergetSi, rogorcsveticxovlis saxizarSi, Tavad sveticxovlissakralizmi <strong>da</strong> madlia ganivTebuli misi sagan-Zurisa <strong>da</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong> ninos <strong>jvari</strong>s saxiT. aseTigaazreba aqvs <strong>saymo</strong>s religiur SegnebaSi im ist<strong>ori</strong>ulfaqts, rom gergeti mcxeTissveticxovlis saufloSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> (69, 196). isiniTavianT ist<strong>ori</strong>as gorgasli<strong>da</strong>n iwyeben, xolotaZris aSenebas Tamaris andrezul xanas miaweren(un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom <strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebaSilxx
Tamaris epoqa, rogorc sawyisi xana, win uswrebsgorgaslis epoqas).gergetis samebis wmi<strong>da</strong> siZlier<strong>es</strong> misi <strong>saymo</strong>spiriT auwyebs sadidebeli:didia wmi<strong>da</strong> sameba,cis kiduramde elavso^sadideblis <strong>es</strong> sityvebi imasac gvauwyebs, romsameba qveynis SuagulSi dgas <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n afenssamyaros oTxiv kuTxisaken Tavis Saravands.amitom ar aris moulodneli, rom jvrisuReltexilsaqeTa <strong>saymo</strong>ebi TavianTi patroniRvTisSvilebis `samSoblod~ gergets miiGneven.v.bar<strong>da</strong>veliZ<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli aqvs gergetulikoSkebi piraqeT xevsureTSi (barisaPos, buGukurTis,ukenaPos <strong>da</strong> oPerPevis mTebze), romelTaageba ukavSideba gergeti<strong>da</strong>n `TeTreulis~(igulisxmeba vercxlis Tas-ganZis) gadmotanas (6,34). gergeti maTTvis Zlierebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vlaTiswyaroa, rogorc <strong>es</strong> ukanPaduuri simReri<strong>da</strong>n Gans,sa<strong>da</strong>c Padus samebis ymaa Seqebuli:meSvela milxauris Ze, niavo gergetisao,kivkav <strong>da</strong>rbazis gamtexo, momtano sirmaisao,Tormetis Suris mZebnelo, Pelad momyvanotyvisao(38, #25441).wmi<strong>da</strong> mTaa gergeti <strong>da</strong> misi sameba _ qristianulsiwmideTa saxizari; magram samebazemaRla, gergetis kldeSi aris wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta wmi<strong>da</strong>,romlis mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi, berebis gadmocemiT, rasaclxxi
xalxuri Tqmulebebi scems <strong>da</strong>sturs, oqrosmtredebi <strong>da</strong>frinaven (114, 111). mtredebs, romlebicimaginaciuri xilvis meore `wams~ frTianjvrebad gar<strong>da</strong>isaxebian, RvTisSvilis mkadre Tuwmi<strong>da</strong> beri beTlemis qvabSi Sehyavs. beTlemislegen<strong>da</strong>s qristianul tradiciamde mivyavarT,romelsac safuZveli pal<strong>es</strong>tinis beTlemSi aqvs.aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamosuli wmi<strong>da</strong> tradicia xevis beTlemisgarSemo arsebul TqmulebaSi ganagrZobssicocxl<strong>es</strong>. am tradiciuli, wmi<strong>da</strong> andrezis uZvel<strong>es</strong>iGanaweri vaxuSti bagrationis `aRweraSi~moipoveba:`^myinvaris kld<strong>es</strong>a Sina arian quabni gamokueTilnifriad maRalsa, <strong>da</strong> uwodeben beTlemsa,garna saWirod asavali ars, rameTu ars jaWvirkinisa, gardmokidebuli quabi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong> miT aRvlen.ityvian uflis akuansa mun <strong>da</strong> abrahamiskaravsa, mdgomsa usuetod, usablod, <strong>da</strong> sxuaTacasakvirvelTa. aramed me vdumeb^~ (75, 357-8).beTlemis qvabSi <strong>da</strong>cul sakralurreliqviebs, romelTac vaxuSti GamoTvlis, sxvacnobiT, emateba zeciuri mananis maragi <strong>da</strong> isZRveni, romlebic mogvebma axladSobil qrist<strong>es</strong>_ RvTis Z<strong>es</strong> anu RvTisSvils miarTv<strong>es</strong> beTlemSi(114, 112). TiToeuli realia aq mniSvnelovani religiurisimbolizmiT aris <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli _ isinimoicaven Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali aRTqmebis sakralursinamdvil<strong>es</strong>. abraamis, `mravalTa mamis~, karaviaris igive wiaRi misi, sai<strong>da</strong>nac gamovi<strong>da</strong> uflislxxii
Geuli eri _ kacobriobis saxe Zvel aRTqmaSi;amave dros, usvet-usablod mdgari karavi igivecargvalia, romelic moicavs mTel qvenierebas.simbolizmi karvisa ufro meti sakralizmiTimoseba, roca is RvTis Zis samSoblod aris Seracxili:abraamis karavi Zveli aRTqmis sxvasagnebTan <strong>da</strong> movlenebTan erTad RvTismSobliswinaswarmetyveluri xatia. <strong>da</strong>viT guramiSvilisvedrebaSi RvTismSoblis mimarT, romelic misdevstradiciul qristianul simbolizms, vkiTxulobT:saxis * abramis karao, RvTis tevniT gulTamyrdnobelo,sjulT kidobano mosianT, RvTis mcnebis Gasawyobelo,viT Seuwvelo mayvalo, saRmrTo cecxlgauqrobelo,miPsen, nu <strong>da</strong>mwvav saPmiliT, i<strong>es</strong>o qrist<strong>es</strong>mSobelo!(ld, 421)beTlemis qvabSi Tqmuleba adgils miuGenssaswaulebriv sakvebs _ mananas, romelic egvipti<strong>da</strong>ngamosul ers kvebav<strong>da</strong> misi ufali u<strong>da</strong>bnoSiormoci wlis manZilze (gamosvl. 16, 15-35).uflis gamocxadebiT mosem mananis dRiurimaragi Seanaxvina oqros takukSi, romelicrjulis kidobnis gverdiT un<strong>da</strong> mdgariyo uflis* albaT un<strong>da</strong> iyos: `saxiT~.lxxiii
winaSe momaval TaobaTaTvis samaxsovrod. mogvianotradiciiT, mananiani <strong>es</strong> oqros WurWeliTavad rjulis kidobanSi inaxebo<strong>da</strong>: `^romelsaSina iyo takuki oqrosaY, savse mananaYTa~ (ebr. 9,4).beTlemis qvabSive, am sakraluri andrezisTanaxmad, inaxeba mogvebis mier qrist<strong>es</strong> SobisdR<strong>es</strong> morTmeuli ZRveni `oqroi, gundruki <strong>da</strong>muri~ (maT. 2, 11), axladSobil yrmis mefuri(oqro), RvTiuri (gundruki) <strong>da</strong> kacebrivi (muri)Rirsebis aRsaniSnavad. <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, aq dgasis akvani, oqros akvnad saxeldebuli, sa<strong>da</strong>c iwvaRvTis Svili. (me-2 makabelTa wignSi moTxrobilia,rogor Seinax<strong>es</strong> saidumlo gamoqvabulSiZveli aRTqmis rjulis siwmideni: `mivi<strong>da</strong> iqieremia <strong>da</strong> ipova gamoqvabuli <strong>da</strong> Sig Seitanakaravi, kidobani <strong>da</strong> sakurTxeveli, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>beW<strong>da</strong>S<strong>es</strong>asvleli. xolo roca mis kvalze iq mividnenzogierTni mis Tanmxleb pirTagan, rom mieniSnaTgza, ver ipov<strong>es</strong> is adgili~ (me-2 makab. 2, 5-6).Tu gergetis sameba erovnul qristianulsiwmideTa (ninos <strong>jvari</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa) saxizaria,beTlemis qvabi saerToqristianul siwmideTasaidumlo S<strong>es</strong>akrebelia; gar<strong>da</strong> pal<strong>es</strong>tinuribeTlemisa _ qrist<strong>es</strong> samSoblosi, romelic aris,amave ZaliT, qristianuli rjulis <strong>da</strong>sabami,xevis beTlemi simbolurad warmosaxavs rjuliskidobansac, romelic mos<strong>es</strong> karvis _ uflistaZris pirvelsaxis _ wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta wmi<strong>da</strong>Si idga. `<strong>da</strong>lxxiv
kidobansa Sina <strong>da</strong>hsxne saidumloni, romelnimigcne Sen~ (gamosvl. 25, 21), eubneba ufalimos<strong>es</strong>, rod<strong>es</strong>ac sauflo kidobnis agebas ubr-Zaneb<strong>da</strong>. kidobani inaxav<strong>da</strong> saidumlos <strong>da</strong> is amitomacun<strong>da</strong> mdgariyo saidumlo adgilze jerkarvisa <strong>da</strong> mere taZrisa, roca is aSendebo<strong>da</strong>.amitomac beTlemi iseve miuwvdomelia, rogorcierusalimis wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta wmi<strong>da</strong>. `garna saWiroasavali ars, rameTu ars jaWvi rkinisa, gardmokidebuliqvabi<strong>da</strong>m, <strong>da</strong> miT aRvlen~ _ wersvaxuSti. jaWvis arseboba niSnavs, rom adgili,sa<strong>da</strong>mdisac is aris gabmuli, Znelia misaRwevad;is gulisxmobs ufskruls or sferos S<strong>ori</strong>s.magram amave dros, rac mTavaria, misi arsebobavemoaswavebs, rom kavSiri <strong>da</strong>myarebulia: jaWvi religiissimboloa, kavSirisa miwier <strong>da</strong> zeciursamyaroTa S<strong>ori</strong>s. aq isic sacnauri xdeba, romZnelad asaval jaWvze gadis gza mxolodrGeulTa <strong>da</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong>nTa, gza kvrivTa kvrivisaken,sa<strong>da</strong>c didi saidumloa <strong>da</strong>marxuli. beTlemSiasvla Seedreba mRvdelmTavris S<strong>es</strong>vlasierusalimis wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta wmi<strong>da</strong>Si. amitomac beTlemisTqmuleba am saidumlo qvabSi amsvleladmxolod erTaderT mowmi<strong>da</strong>r bers asaxelebs,romelsac beTlemis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis nebiT<strong>da</strong>ulaxavs beTlemis kvrivi. mas iq unaxavs yinulisbrwyinvale taZari, romlis WerivarskvlavebiT yofila moWedili, iataki _ TvalmargalitiT;SuaSi oqros akvani mdgara, romel-lxxv
sac mtredi arwev<strong>da</strong>. sakurTxevelSi sakvirveliram unaxavs, magram misi gamocxadebis uflebaara hqonia (55). rGeuls boZebuli aqvs, cxadia,misi siwmidis jildod, saidumlos xilvisufleba, magram zogierTi ramis gancxadebis nebamas ara aqvs. aseTia kultis saidumlos w<strong>es</strong>i.amasve gulisxmobs vaxuStis fraza, romliTac isamTavrebs beTlemis qvabis siwmideTa GamoTvlas:`^aramed me vdumeb~.mainc gaxsnilia gza saidumlosaken, risinivTieri <strong>da</strong>sturia abrahamis karvisa <strong>da</strong> qrist<strong>es</strong>bagis xis naWrebi, romlebic Tqmulebis Tanaxmad,beTlemi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebul bers mefe erekl<strong>es</strong>TvismiurTmevia (11, 210-1; 129, 111,66). bagration mef<strong>es</strong>,rogorc uflis naT<strong>es</strong>avs (`sa<strong>da</strong>viTo saxlis~STamomavals) <strong>da</strong> RvTisSvilis, kerZod, gu<strong>da</strong>nis<strong>jvari</strong>s, moZm<strong>es</strong>, memkvidreobad ga<strong>da</strong>ecema RvTisganxorcielebis niSani.ai, aseTi saidumloebrivi <strong>da</strong> siwmidiTmosili adgili<strong>da</strong>n, rog<strong>ori</strong>c beTlemia, _ qristianulsiwmideTa S<strong>es</strong>akrebeli adgili anu wmi<strong>da</strong>saganZuri, _ iReben <strong>da</strong>sabams xevsureTisRvTisSvilni; m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTma isini aq Sekriba,raTa aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamocxadebodnen qveyanas; isini aqTavianTi simboluri saxiT arian warmodgenilni,im saxiT, rog<strong>ori</strong>Tac wmi<strong>da</strong> mkadreebs SeuZliaTmaTi xilva. rac <strong>saymo</strong>m icis maT S<strong>es</strong>axeb,mkadreTagan icis, romelTa gamocdilebaSibeTlems Suaguli adgili uWiravs, Tavadlxxvi
eTlemSi ki _ oqros akvans RvTiuri yrmiTurT.xevsuruli andrezi gadmogvcems:`^gaxua wauyvanav xTiSvils gergetis Tava-d’Sauyvanav beTlemis saxlSi. ro SevediT, Tqvisavgaxuamav, _ savse iyvav is saxliv xatebiTao-d’TamaSobd<strong>es</strong>av. zog xatebiv tredebiviT iyvao-d’ireo<strong>da</strong>v erTmaneTSiav. imTven iyvav xatebiv, rombuzvebiviT gad-gamodiod<strong>es</strong>av. erTiv oqros akavanidgao-d’ Sigav ymawvil iwvav, tredeb <strong>da</strong>Rbrunevd<strong>es</strong>avTavze<strong>da</strong>o-d’ ifqlis marcvlebs aWmevd<strong>es</strong>av^~(67, 191).beTlemi savsea `xatebiT~ anu jvrebiT(igulisxmeba jvris niSani), romlebic wamieradmkadris aRqmaSi mtredis sax<strong>es</strong> iReben. <strong>jvari</strong>ca<strong>da</strong> mtredic uxorco angelozebis aReebia. oqrosakvanSi mwolare mxolod imitom ar arisGveulebrivi yrma, rom masze mtredebi zrunaven;<strong>saymo</strong>s warmosaxvaSi angelozebi nebismier ymasmiakiTxaven, Tu is upatronod aris <strong>da</strong>tovebuli.erTi Tqmuleba mogviTxrobs: `de<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>viwyebiasamkalSi akvniT bavSvi. mofrenilan mtredebi <strong>da</strong>angelozebi, Semsx<strong>da</strong>ran akvnis kamaraze. angelozebiTurme akvans arwevdnen, mtredebi naninas<strong>da</strong>RuRunebdnen~ (57, 275). am andrezs efuZnebaakvanis simReris Semdegi striqoni: `tre<strong>da</strong>n ga-RuRunebd<strong>es</strong>o, angelosni garwevd<strong>es</strong>o~ (80, #561-b).akvnis bavSvi angelozTa garemocvaSia, msgavsadbeTlems Sobili yrmisa (Sobis ikonografiaSiisini aucilebeli personaJebi arian). oqroslxxvii
akvanSi mwolare ymawvilis bedi saidumloebiTaris moculi; andrezebSi ar Gans misi kvali, isTiTqos un<strong>da</strong> warmosaxavd<strong>es</strong> RvTisSvilis Sobismaradiul xats <strong>da</strong> arasod<strong>es</strong> gasula beTlemisqvabi<strong>da</strong>n. magram misi arseba un<strong>da</strong> vigulisxmoTRvTisSvilTa meufrosis kvirias saxeSi. kviriaTu kvirae igive `kvirios~ _ berZn. `ufali~, xomm<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis mokarvea, rogorc viciT, msgavsadmisi marjveniT mjdomarisa _ misi Zali <strong>da</strong> samarTali.<strong>saymo</strong>s religiur SegnebaSi mas gancalkevebuliadgili aqvs miGenili: `kviria arerevis jvrebSi^ sakuTrad udgas karavi, sakuTradun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eklas saklavi, sxva angelozeb-Tan nawils ar iRebs^~ (38, #25405). arc mis saxelsacxadebs, romelic saidumlod aris<strong>da</strong>marxuli. ymaTa bage marxulia qrist<strong>es</strong> saxeliswarmosaTqmelad, qriste mis berZnul epiTetSi _`kvirae~-Sia Gasaidumloebuli. *aSkaraa, rom qristianuli tradiciiTSTagonebuli andrezuli `beTlemis saxli~ iswiaRia, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>marxulni arian jvar-xatebi,sai<strong>da</strong>nac gamodian isini <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi <strong>da</strong>sanawileblad.jvarTa am saganZuri<strong>da</strong>n Tu saxizari<strong>da</strong>nmkadr<strong>es</strong> gamohyveba erT-erTi <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong> wauZRvebaRvTisSvils miwieri sabrZanisisaken. `beTlemis* aseve gasaidumloebulia wm. giorgis saxeli zogierT <strong>saymo</strong>Si: uZilaurTaSi <strong>da</strong> SuafxoSi (fSavisxevisTemebSi) wm. giorgi S<strong>es</strong>abamisad kopalad <strong>da</strong> iaxsarad iwodeba. am naSromSi <strong>es</strong> sakiTxiar aris ganxiluli.lxxviii
saxlis~ zemoT moyvanil andrezs amgvarigagrZeleba aqvs:`^gaxua iqiT ro wamosula, wamouyvanav erTmfrinav xati. <strong>es</strong> xati nawiliani yofil, roRamiTav SuqT uSobdisav. ro mavidod gaxuai, xatTavisTavad win wamimZRvebodisav, Tu(rme) icodgaxuam, y<strong>ori</strong>s wyalze ro mavediTav, icodisgaxuam, bibin raim <strong>da</strong>dgao-d’ xatic kldis TavzeGaj<strong>da</strong>v^ mavid<strong>es</strong>av tredis aRiTav reebimao-d’SuqT utevd<strong>es</strong>av. oqroqsoil maitan<strong>es</strong>ao-d’romenic gaxuas maxyvebod, im xats Gaacv<strong>es</strong>, Tavadgamaxyv gzas. ukan gaxua maxyvebod. iqiT wamasulTdRe <strong>da</strong> Ram viareTao-d’ gaTenebisad gu<strong>da</strong>nmavedidiTav, is beRelSi Savi<strong>da</strong>o-d’, me karSi<strong>da</strong>vrGe. iqiT <strong>da</strong>wyebul gaxuaisa-d’ mfrinavis xatiserTad siaruli^~ (67, 191).<strong>jvari</strong> manaTobeli mtredis saxiT mTi<strong>da</strong>n baradeSveba. is stovebs ciur beTlems, beT-lexems_ `saxls purisas~, sa<strong>da</strong>c ifqlis marcvlebiTkvebaven axladSobil yrmas, <strong>da</strong> Sedis gu<strong>da</strong>nisbeRelSi, RvTisSvilis, amjerad wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis,miwieri saarsos kvrivSi. <strong>es</strong> gza, romelicgamoiara mfrinavma jvarma Tavis mkadr<strong>es</strong>Tan er-Tad, qmnis uxilav jaWvs am or beRels S<strong>ori</strong>s.mfrinavi jvrebi<strong>aRmosavleT</strong> saqarTvelos mTels mTianeTSi,sa<strong>da</strong>c ki xalxi RvTisSvilTa mfarvelobis qveS<strong>saymo</strong>ebad cxovrobs, gavrcelebulia andrezebie.w. `mfrinav jvrebze~. potenciurad TiTqmislxxix
yvela <strong>jvari</strong> (RvTisSvilis nivTieri niSani)mfrinavia, magram zogierT <strong>saymo</strong>Si <strong>es</strong> Tviseba<strong>jvari</strong>s (RvTisSvilis) mudmiv epiTets qmnis. mag.,xadus saneba ase ixseneba sadidebelSi: `mfrinaviangelozi crolis wverisa~ (62, 10). am mfrinavangelozs anu samebas croliswverisas jvarGenis<strong>da</strong> mgzavrobis Tavisi andrezi aqvs.sxva jvarTa msgavsad crolis wveris saneba(sameba) gergetis beTlemi<strong>da</strong>n aris wamosuli,magram vidre crolis Tavze <strong>da</strong>arsdebo<strong>da</strong>, ismanamde `mindorGi~ yofila <strong>da</strong>arsebuli; <strong>es</strong> misiwinaist<strong>ori</strong>aa, romlis andrezi SemorGenili araris. rogorc amboben, barSi (anu mindorSi)siwmide Selaxula imdenad, rom iq samebas aRar<strong>da</strong>edgomebo<strong>da</strong>. `^bolos saneba iqamdin gamwyr, roaiyar mindorGiiTa, wamavid mTaGi siwmidis gulisad,sofels arc aq miekara-d’ maRals mTazecrols <strong>da</strong>arsd, PmelT SuaGi^~ (62, 1-2).aseTia am <strong>jvari</strong>s moZraobis ritmi: mTi<strong>da</strong>n(beTlemi<strong>da</strong>n) barad (`mindorGi~), bari<strong>da</strong>n kvlavmTaSi (crolis wverze), Tumca rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT,is crolis mTazec ar Gerdeba mudmivad. misam ritms ist<strong>ori</strong>uli safuZveli, albaT, ZnelbedobisxanaSi aqvs, roca barSi rjuliibRaleba <strong>da</strong> siwmideebi an idevnebian, an mtrisxels ganridebulni, saxizarebs miaSurebenmTebSi. romeli <strong>saymo</strong>s patroni iyo beTlemi<strong>da</strong>nbarSi wamosuli saneba, an saqarTvelos romelikuTxe igulisxmeba am mindorSi, andrezs ar Se-lxxx
mounaxavs, radgan `mindorGiiT~ ltolvilmaxadus sanaxebSi sruliad axali <strong>saymo</strong> Seqmna,<strong>saymo</strong>, romlis cnobierebaSi maTi Semkrebi<strong>jvari</strong>s preist<strong>ori</strong>as ar SeuRwevia. <strong>saymo</strong>s axsovsmxolod misi jvarGena crolis wverze, jvarGenanaTlisa <strong>da</strong> mtredis saxiT. <strong>saymo</strong>s isic axsovs,Tu vin iyo Semswre jvarGenisa anu misi `aRmom-Geni~; <strong>es</strong> iyo Gargli<strong>da</strong>n ukacriel xadussanaxebSi wamosuli kaci _ qeraulTa sagvareuloseponimi vinme qera. mas SeumGnevia naTebacrolis wverze, wasula <strong>da</strong> unaxavs, `rom tredissaxiT ijd maRals qvazed mfrinav angelozi-d’TvalT ar iyrid. qeras gon aPdiva-d’ gonT romasul, iq aRara ibadebo<strong>da</strong>o-d’ muPlmayril vijdivim adgilze<strong>da</strong>v, sa<strong>da</strong>c mfrinav angelozivvnaxev^~ (62, 2). marTalia, jvarGenis mtredigauGinar<strong>da</strong>, magram isaxeba kultis xilulimxare: qera crolis wverze aSenebs koSks anukvrivs jvarGenis niSnad <strong>da</strong> samaxsovrod, <strong>da</strong>rbazs<strong>da</strong> saqvab<strong>es</strong> _ sakulto terit<strong>ori</strong>is aucilebelnagebobebs dReobaTa warsamarTavad.ase arsdeba kulti xaduSi, rac amave dros <strong>saymo</strong>s<strong>da</strong>arsebac aris.is <strong>jvari</strong>, romelic freniT movi<strong>da</strong> croliswverze, ist<strong>ori</strong>ul xanaSic ganagrZobs frenas.<strong>jvari</strong>s mogzauroba adgil-adgil, `koWismokidebiT~, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia <strong>saymo</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>iswmi<strong>da</strong>yofasTan, rac imavdroulad aris misgan amterit<strong>ori</strong>is <strong>da</strong>ufleba. is, Gveulebriv, mkad-lxxxi
<strong>es</strong>Tan erTad mogzaurobs, magram kidobanSiaGasvenebuli <strong>da</strong> mxolod maSin amoabrZaneben,roca amis saWiroeba <strong>da</strong>dgeba. kidobani, cxadia,SemTxveviTi sadguri ar aris <strong>jvari</strong>saTvis: aqun<strong>da</strong> gavixsenoT, rom swored kidobanSi malavsqali karatiswverze gamoGenil niSs <strong>jvari</strong>sas _oqros Sibs. kidobnis ideam SeiZleba uflis kidobnamdemigviyvanos, sa<strong>da</strong>c israelis umTavr<strong>es</strong>isiwmideebi iyo <strong>da</strong>culi. sanebis <strong>jvari</strong>s erTi andreziaseT ambavs inaxavs: RilRvelTa mxareSi,sa<strong>da</strong>c sanebis <strong>jvari</strong>oni begaris asakrefad iyowasuli, misi mkadre wmi<strong>da</strong>d ver <strong>da</strong>icavs Tavisfiqrebs, ris gamoc <strong>jvari</strong> swyreba masze. Tumcais ufro adre RilRvelebze yofila gamwyrali<strong>da</strong> kidobni<strong>da</strong>n amofrenils aRar usurvebia arcam mxareSi gaGereba <strong>da</strong> arc kidobanSi GabrZaneba.`sTxov<strong>es</strong> pativeba, magram saneba Zalian gamwyraliyva-d’ aRar <strong>da</strong>dg iq. gamaxyv mkadreica-d’ <strong>da</strong>sturebic.ro madiod<strong>es</strong>, mauZRvebo<strong>da</strong>T, ukan<strong>jvari</strong>onn maxyvebod<strong>es</strong>. neTxiskar ro mavid<strong>es</strong>, iqerTi Zalian lamaz RilRvlis qal Saxvd<strong>jvari</strong>onT, ro imisTana lamaz qal meore ar iqnebod.mkadre ar iyv xnier kaci-d’ am qalze gulSiraicaR cud gaifiqr. aba saneba gulTa mxilaviasa-d’ gaig <strong>es</strong> ambavi, ro Gemm mkadremav gulSicud raim ifiqrav qalze<strong>da</strong>o-d’ gawyra-d’ am mkadr<strong>es</strong>a-d’sxvaT <strong>jvari</strong>onTac TvalSiiT gauqr^~ (62,208).lxxxii
aq gamoGn<strong>da</strong> misi, rogorc `mfrinavi angelozis~,buneba. un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, am SemTxvevisgamo mieca mas <strong>es</strong> saxeli. miTxo<strong>da</strong>n freniT wamosuli<strong>jvari</strong> gza<strong>da</strong>gza `koWs ikidebs~, adgiladgilaGens kvrivebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c mis salocavaddReobebi <strong>da</strong>w<strong>es</strong>deba: kaloTanaSi <strong>da</strong> SituSi(arxoti), win-PaduSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c is ifns gahkravsfrTas, P<strong>ori</strong>elSi, maWexas muxis nergze, sa<strong>da</strong>c`baris sanebis~ saxeliT <strong>da</strong>w<strong>es</strong>deba misi locva;Sefrindeba sajangis tyeSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c kvrivs auSenebenmas; bolos, <strong>da</strong>dgeba zais, sa<strong>da</strong>c is irGevsTavis saboloo, saarso adgils. amrigad, mfrinavangelozs _ sanebas <strong>ori</strong> sabrZanebeli aqvs: erTisofelSi, meore _ croliswverze; Tumca ist<strong>ori</strong>ulperiodSi croliswveris sanebas safarveliaqvs <strong>da</strong>debuli <strong>da</strong> mkadreebsac aRar ecxadebo<strong>da</strong>.siwmidis <strong>da</strong>klebam gamoiwvia misi gauGinareba.rogorc iTqva, andrezis Tanaxmad, crolissaneba bari<strong>da</strong>n aris amosuli imis gamo, rom baradxalxSi siwmide SebRalula. crolis sanebaam mxriv ar aris gamonaklisi. bari<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>blobi<strong>da</strong>nmaRla afrena <strong>jvari</strong>sa sakmaod gavrcelebulimovlenaa jvar-xatebis ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi. jvarsaRar moswons Tavis saarso adgili <strong>da</strong> maRlamifrinavs. Sardeni Tavis `mogzaurobaSi~mogviTxrobs xeTis mTavarangelozis xatis ambavs,romelic mas adgilobriv mcxovrebTaganmousmenia: `^amboben, rom <strong>es</strong> xati Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveladlxxxiii
Waobis maxloblad mdgar ekl<strong>es</strong>iaSi <strong>es</strong>venao; aquamravi bayayi yofila, romelTa yiyinsacgaubruebia; moqanculi xati mTis wverzegaqceula^~ (89, 154).<strong>es</strong> aris erTi uZvel<strong>es</strong>i werilobiTi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebamfrinavi xatebis arsebobisa qarTvelTareligiur warmodgenebSi. aseve <strong>da</strong>bli<strong>da</strong>n maRlaaris afrenili zemo svaneTis ganTqmuli siwmide_ e.w. Salianis xati (romelic warmoadgensjvars macxovris gamosaxulebiT); Tamar mefisnaGuqari <strong>es</strong> xati jer sofel adgilas <strong>es</strong>vena,magram raRac mizeziT am adgili<strong>da</strong>n afrenila <strong>da</strong>kalis mTis mwvervaze <strong>da</strong>frenila, sa<strong>da</strong>c mas ekl<strong>es</strong>iaaug<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sig <strong>da</strong>asven<strong>es</strong> (97, 149).<strong>da</strong>bli<strong>da</strong>n maRla afrenili <strong>da</strong> mTaze <strong>da</strong>arsebulijvar-xatebis ambebi, gansakuTrebiT, <strong>aRmosavleT</strong>saqarTvelos mTianeTis <strong>saymo</strong>Ta andrezebSiaSemonaxuli. <strong>jvari</strong> gaurbis am wuTisoflis`Waobs~, im adgils, romelic ukidur<strong>es</strong>ad<strong>da</strong>laxulia a<strong>da</strong>mianis uwmindurobisagan.xSirad a<strong>da</strong>mianuri yofa, romelsac gaurbis xati,mis mier moSenebuli, uwmiduri cxovelebiT arisgasimbolurebuli. mag., xadis mTavari salocavixati _ `begoT saRvTo~ adre begoT-karis cixeSiyofila <strong>da</strong>brZanebuli, magram mamlebis yivilsa<strong>da</strong> Rorebis Wyvitins ise Seuwuxebia, rom erTmaRal mTaze afrenila axali saarsos saZebnelad(50, 119). am axal, maRal sabrZanisSi <strong>da</strong>arsebulsun<strong>da</strong> mieRo axali saxeli `saRvTolxxxiv
maRali~, rogora<strong>da</strong>c cnobilia is xadis <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi.`saRvTo maRalis~ saxeliT cnobilsalocavebs, romlebic mTiuleT-gu<strong>da</strong>mayrismaRal mwvervalebze arian <strong>da</strong>brZanebulni, yvelasamgvari Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>T.aris SemTxveva, andrezSi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli,rom a<strong>da</strong>miani Tavis nalax yofas upirispirebsjvars <strong>da</strong> Segnebulad iWreba mis kvrivebSi;iWreba ara sakuTari fexiT, aramed uwmiduricxovelis fexiT, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianis gauwmidurebuli,antijvaruli cxovrebis niSania. gu<strong>da</strong>mayarSiyvebian ambavs vinme mirianeulze, romlisjvarTsawinaaRmdego qceva gamx<strong>da</strong>ra mizezi<strong>jvari</strong>s amaRlebisa sofli<strong>da</strong>n mTis wverze.`mirianeuli yofila erTi <strong>da</strong> Rorebi hyoliamravali. <strong>es</strong> Rorebi, saca e xati brZandebo<strong>da</strong>,wveris angelozi, iq uvlevia. uvlevia iq <strong>es</strong>Rorebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> xati gafrenila memre <strong>da</strong> iqaTga<strong>da</strong>sula, gairidebia. iqac miurekav, iqi<strong>da</strong>nacafrenila <strong>da</strong>, koSkis maRals veZaxiT, _ iq ariyore _ iq <strong>da</strong>brZanebula. iqac gaurekav Rorebi.memre aTnoxs gasula aqe<strong>da</strong>n (aTnoxs ician axla<strong>es</strong> wveroba)^~ (38, #25562). sxva GanawerebSi ufro<strong>da</strong>zustebulia <strong>es</strong> adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c devnili xati<strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong>:`^afrin<strong>da</strong> xati <strong>da</strong> su wverze avi<strong>da</strong>, _ Walis-Tavis wvers. yamiria, iqeTac aravin ar gasTibs.iq qvebia gaTlili, nasaydralia. iq RorebiveRar avido<strong>da</strong>~ (67, 195).lxxxv
mTis wverze asvlisas jvars xvdeba bunebrivadwmi<strong>da</strong>, a<strong>da</strong>mianisagan <strong>da</strong>ulaxavi <strong>da</strong> tradiciiTganwmedili adgilebi _ yamiri <strong>da</strong> nasaydrali,romelTa <strong>da</strong>sabamieri xeluxlebloba <strong>da</strong>siZveliT gaZlierebuli siwmide ga<strong>da</strong>ulaxavzRurblad iqceva qvemo<strong>da</strong>n moZalebuli,gauwmidurebuli sinamdvilisaTvis.sazogadod, R<strong>ori</strong>, romelsac ukanasknelxanamde ar yoliobdnen saqarTvelos mTaSi,siwmidis mtrad aris Seracxili <strong>saymo</strong>s yofaSi<strong>da</strong> cnobierebaSi. Rorebi, maTi andrezebis mixedviT,ara mxolod jvar-xatebs upirispirdebian <strong>da</strong>uteven, aramed wmi<strong>da</strong> berebsac. `sofel gvi<strong>da</strong>qeSiucxovriaT berebs. iq hqoniaT ekl<strong>es</strong>ia. iq arisraRac <strong>da</strong>ufvlilio berebis mier. Gven winaparseTxara ormo <strong>da</strong> raRacam <strong>da</strong>iwkriala <strong>da</strong> guliwauvi<strong>da</strong>. unjia raRaca. mkiTxavi eubneba, isadgili un<strong>da</strong> awmindoTo. rod<strong>es</strong>ac nikalai Semovidnen,Samaiyvan<strong>es</strong> Rorebi, <strong>es</strong>e ityo<strong>da</strong>ke papaGemi.am uwmidurebis Samosvla ver aitan<strong>es</strong>berebma <strong>da</strong> iq wverze <strong>da</strong>saxldnen. aag<strong>es</strong> ekl<strong>es</strong>iabua^~ (40, 100-1). sagulisxmoa, rom moxevuri andreziT,R<strong>ori</strong>s xorcis uWmeloba <strong>da</strong>, sazogadod,am pirutyvis uwmidurad Seracxva berebs<strong>da</strong>udgeniaT: `wmi<strong>da</strong> beTlemSi berebi ro cxovrobd<strong>es</strong>,iq Rorebi Txrid<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> berebma Tqv<strong>es</strong>,R<strong>ori</strong> aRar eWamaTo~ (19, #.29).lxxxvi
vaxuSti batoniSvils xevis samebis gar<strong>da</strong>aRwerili aqvs sveticxovlis siwmideTa kideerTi saxizari:`^leGxumis samxriT <strong>da</strong> odiSis aRmosavliTars eceri. aqa ars ekl<strong>es</strong>ia suetiad wodebuli,saxizari suetis cxovelis samkaul-saunjisa,romelsa Sina ityvian suetis-cxovelis kanklisyofasa dR<strong>es</strong>aca, romeli moiRo gorgasal indoeTi<strong>da</strong>m,wiTlis iagundisa qmnili. aramed saGino<strong>da</strong>rian awca xatni <strong>da</strong> juarni oqrovercxlisani<strong>da</strong> mooWvilni qviTa, mravalni <strong>da</strong>patiosanni, didni <strong>da</strong> mcireni, romelTa ze<strong>da</strong>aqusT sasoeba <strong>da</strong> pativ-scemen. aramed umjob<strong>es</strong>ixati ubiaT ZewkviTa oqrosaTi <strong>da</strong> ityvian: `ukeTuauSvaT, <strong>da</strong>lewavs yovelsave aqa myofsa xatjuarTa,<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong>oden ugunur arian TvisTa ucnobelobiTa,aramed Tu Sevid<strong>es</strong> mun sasukiduno anutyue, veraraisaRa uyofen, garna ganuteveben Tavisuflad~(75, 78-8).Tumca tradiciulad yoveli qristianulitaZari un<strong>da</strong> ifaravd<strong>es</strong> devnils (am mizniT ZveliaRTqmis qveyanaSi sagangebod iyo gamoyofilisaTavS<strong>es</strong>afro, S<strong>es</strong>axvewebeli qalaqebi), magrameceris svetias saxelwodebasTan erTad mcxeTissveticxovlisagan iseTi Zlieri sakralurobaaqvs miniWebuli, rom mas Sexvewili <strong>da</strong>mnaSave,sikvdilis Rirsic rom iyos, samu<strong>da</strong>mod Tavisufldebabralisagan. <strong>da</strong>mnaSav<strong>es</strong> ganwmeds aq<strong>da</strong>unjebuli sruliad saqarTvelos erovnulilxxxvii
qristianuli siwmideni. maT S<strong>ori</strong>s GvensyuradRebas ipyrobs oqros jaWviT <strong>da</strong>bmuli xati.<strong>aRmosavleT</strong> saqarTvelos mTis <strong>saymo</strong>Ta tradiciaSijaWvi anu Sibi <strong>jvari</strong>s bunebrivi Tanmxlebielementia. karatiswveris andrezebSi ci<strong>da</strong>n movleniljvars axlavs oqros Sibi; ufro sworad,<strong>jvari</strong> SibiT aris caze <strong>da</strong>kidebuli, rogorcRvTisSvili wm. giorgi laSarisa, romelic ambob<strong>da</strong>:`cas vebi oqros SabiTa^~.vidre <strong>jvari</strong> fenomenur samyaroSi, a<strong>da</strong>mianTaTvalsawierSi Semovidod<strong>es</strong>, is SibiT aris <strong>da</strong>bmuli.is varskvlavia, romelic varskvlaveTs wydeba<strong>da</strong> caze ga<strong>da</strong>ivlis. asea jvarGenac. rocakaratiswverze mwyemsma qal-vaJma ci<strong>da</strong>n GamoSvebuli<strong>jvari</strong> Tavisken moswi<strong>es</strong>, is moswy<strong>da</strong> cas;maT xelSi ki aRmoGn<strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong> masze gamobmuliSibis naglejiTurT, romelic amieri<strong>da</strong>n Tan axlavsjvars, rogorc aucilebeli atributi, misiciuri warmoSobis niSnad. Sibis nagleji xdeba<strong>jvari</strong>s, rogorc sulieri arsebis, simbolo, rogorc<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>, romelic gamoGn<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianur samyaroSi,aris simbolo im <strong>jvari</strong>sa. Tu `beTlemissaxli~ jvarTa RvTiuri samSoblos xatia amqveyanaze anu m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis kari, maSin iqTavSeyrili jvarni SibiT un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen <strong>da</strong>bmulni,rogorc <strong>da</strong>bmulni arian isini m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTiskarze. mkadrem, romelic RvTisSvilTa gangebiTmoxvdeba beTlemSi, un<strong>da</strong> axsnas <strong>jvari</strong>, rom masSeeZlos Tavisi unaris ganxorcieleba, radganlxxxviii
unebiT is angelosuri arsebaa _ `mfrinavi angelozi~.axsnili <strong>jvari</strong> mxars gaSlis <strong>da</strong> winwaruZRveba Tavis gamZRos (<strong>es</strong> aris <strong>jvari</strong>sa <strong>da</strong>mkadris urTierTobis paradoqsi, razec sxvaganaciqneba saubari: <strong>jvari</strong>s gamZRo sinamdvileSi<strong>jvari</strong>sagan aris gaZRolili).am paradigmis erT-erTi uZvel<strong>es</strong>i mcireaziulivarianti romaul mwerlobaSia <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli.tviroselebs apolonis qan<strong>da</strong>keba <strong>da</strong>ubamTkvarcxlbekze jaWviT, radgan erT maTgans<strong>da</strong>sizmrebia, TiTqos RmerTs qalaqis <strong>da</strong>tovebasurso gasaWirSi, roca aleqsandre makedonelmaqalaqi aiRo, apolonic axsna <strong>da</strong> uwo<strong>da</strong> mas `aleqsandr<strong>es</strong>megobari~.jaWvze <strong>da</strong>bmuli jvar-xatebis legendebi elementarulmovlenebzea <strong>da</strong>myarebuli: maT, rogorcdinamiur arsebaT, ar gaaGniaT simZimisZala, isini ar emorGilebian gravitaciis kanons.rogorc haeriT savse burTebi, isini mu<strong>da</strong>mmaRlisken miiswrafian <strong>da</strong> kidec <strong>da</strong>stovebdnena<strong>da</strong>mianTa sferos, rom a<strong>da</strong>miani ar amZimebd<strong>es</strong>maT, an Tavad sakuTari nebiT ar mZimdebodnena<strong>da</strong>mianTaTvis.. isini `miwdebian~ TavianTi bunebissawinaaRmdegod, raTa a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan <strong>da</strong>rGnen,risTvisac `gadmouSvna~ isini m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTma.Tumca <strong>saymo</strong>m SeiZleba ifiqros, rom axsnili<strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong>stovebs a<strong>da</strong>mianur samyaros, an TavadSeecdeba Tavis <strong>da</strong>xsnas, raTa Tav<strong>da</strong>xsnilmaamiraniviT <strong>da</strong>lewos iqauroba (Tu <strong>saymo</strong> mrisxanelxxxix
aspeqtiT warmoidgens mas). magram andreziT <strong>saymo</strong>sar axsovs, rom od<strong>es</strong>me jvars gamoeGinos <strong>da</strong>mangreveliZala, gar<strong>da</strong> im unikaluriSemTxvevisa <strong>da</strong>sabamSi, roca is ifnis aRmocenebiTamoangrevs keras.Gveulebriv, <strong>jvari</strong>s mkadre Tu gamZRo miwazedgas, gravitaciis Zalas <strong>da</strong>morGilebuli; magramlegendur mkadreebs levitaciis unari aqvT mini-Webuli <strong>jvari</strong>sagan. gaxuaze, gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>smkadreze, aris Tqmuleba, rom mas jvarTan erTadufrenia (38, #25395); aseve dumacxos (gu<strong>da</strong>mayari)saRvTo maRalis dekanozze, focxveraze ambobdnen_ droSiT mxarze saRvTo maRaliswveri<strong>da</strong>n xatebis adgilamde fren<strong>da</strong>o (38, #25536).magram a<strong>da</strong>miani xorcielia <strong>da</strong>, is Tun<strong>da</strong>c mkadreiyos, mudmivad ver inarGunebs uwonadobis mdgomareobas;roca sxeuli mZimdeba, suli veRar aitacebsmas, veRar zi<strong>da</strong>vs. gaxuaze is Tqmulebacaris <strong>da</strong>rGenili, rom pur-yvelis Wamis Semdeg,rac marxvis gatexas niSnavs, jvars miutovebiais. `mepuryvele~ ukve SeuTavsebelia mkadrisfunqciasTan, mas ukve nawili aRar udevs jvar-Tan _ is <strong>da</strong>miwebulia. gar<strong>da</strong> `mepuryveleobisa~<strong>jvari</strong>s samkadreod SeuTavsebelia colSvilianoba(gavixsenoT gvelismWamel mindias tragedia),rac ufro metad amZimebs a<strong>da</strong>mians, miTumet<strong>es</strong> mkadr<strong>es</strong>, wuTisoflis nalax <strong>realoba</strong>SiGaflviT moswyvets ra mas jvar-xatebis wmi<strong>da</strong>xc
ealobas. `megrelaur gasdgomiv col-Svilobas.gascliv i xatic^~ (67, 194).roca mkadre mZimdeba, _ amis mizezi xan<strong>da</strong>zmuliasakic SeiZleba iyos, _ is veRar misdevs,veRar swvdeba jvars; maSin mkadre <strong>da</strong> mfrinavi<strong>jvari</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>realoba</strong>Si aRmoGndebian <strong>da</strong>mkadre cdilobs <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mZimebas, rom manveRar SeZlos frena. anat<strong>ori</strong>s mTavarangelozismkadr<strong>es</strong>, romelic liqoki<strong>da</strong>n mtredis saxiT gamofrenilmajvarma mis mxarze `koWis mokidebiT~Tavis wmi<strong>da</strong> kacad airGia, ukve <strong>da</strong>uZlurebuls,imis gamo, rom `veRar <strong>da</strong>xyvebod jvars, lursman<strong>da</strong>ukrav mParze xatisad~, risTvisac, cxadia,`gaswyromiv xat^~ (38, #26084). sxva tradiciiT,oqromWedels mxolod <strong>da</strong>uRirebia <strong>da</strong>saWedebladlursmani _ is oqrosi yofila, xats mxolodnalursmnali <strong>da</strong>tyobia <strong>da</strong> gaswyromia aramxolod mkadr<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> oqromWedels, aramed mTel<strong>saymo</strong>sac. andrezi swored xatis <strong>da</strong>Wedvis mcdelobasTvlis anatorelTa tragediis mizezad:anat<strong>ori</strong> Jamma gawyvita, ris nivTier <strong>da</strong>stura<strong>da</strong>nat<strong>ori</strong>s akl<strong>da</strong>mebs uGveneben dR<strong>es</strong>ac. magram,rac mTavaria, ukanaskneli mkadris (andrezs misisaxelic Semounaxavs: saRira, badurikaT papa) bediTisaqcieli amTavrebs erT periods <strong>saymo</strong>ssakralur ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi: `<strong>da</strong>Wril~ xats mouSlia`mPriT frinva~ <strong>da</strong> Gveulebriv salocavadga<strong>da</strong>qceula; anatorelTa nafuZarze sxva <strong>saymo</strong>,SatilionTa <strong>saymo</strong> aRmdgara <strong>da</strong> mTavarangelozisxci
Zveli kulti aRorZinebula, magram jvarGenebi,roca <strong>jvari</strong> mkadr<strong>es</strong> xelze mosdio<strong>da</strong>, Semwy<strong>da</strong>rasamu<strong>da</strong>mod (64, 728-729).`mfrinavi <strong>jvari</strong>s~ devniT Tavmobezrebul,qancgawyvetil zogierT mkadr<strong>es</strong> uar<strong>es</strong>ic Gaudenia:mas <strong>da</strong>umiwebia <strong>jvari</strong> am sityvis pir<strong>da</strong>pirimniSvnelobiT. gu<strong>da</strong>nis `mfrinavi <strong>jvari</strong>~, romelic,rogorc vTqviT, gaxuas hyav<strong>da</strong> `wamoyvanili~gergetis `beTlemis saxli<strong>da</strong>n~ <strong>da</strong> romelicTavis gamZRos gzasac unaTeb<strong>da</strong> TavisiSuqiT, rogorc israels naTlis sveti misimgzavrobisas, _ mis mkadr<strong>es</strong>, vinme bunvelas,sadRac klde-RreSi <strong>da</strong>umalavs <strong>da</strong> zed qvebi<strong>da</strong>uyria. `Sen <strong>da</strong>mabnele <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gaboloebo~,uTqvams xats mkiTxavis piriT ukanasknelimkadrisaTvis (38, #25395).mkadre, romelic sulieri <strong>da</strong>cemisa Tu fizikuriuZlurebis mizeziT mxars veRar usworebs`mfrinav jvars~, arsebas, romelmac mas TavisiTavi Gaabara, rogorc gamZRos (sinamdvileSi kiTavad Seiqmna misi gamZRo), tragikuli pirovnebaa.a<strong>da</strong>miani, rogorc xorcieli, ver uZlebsjvarGenas Tavis <strong>da</strong>sazRvrul arsebaSi, ismidrekilia <strong>da</strong>cemad. <strong>jvari</strong> mas gamoarGevs,aRazevebs, magram a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong>ecema; aseTia misicxovrebis ritmi _ aRzeveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cema, ris gamovlenasacvxe<strong>da</strong>vT vaJas `gvelis mWamelSi~.Tumca mindia ar aris <strong>jvari</strong>s xelkaci, magram masaqvs mkadrisa <strong>da</strong> qa<strong>da</strong>gis utyuari Tvisebebi <strong>da</strong>xcii
unari; <strong>jvari</strong> gamovlenilia mis pirovnebaSi (anujvarGenilia) RvTiuri codnisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vlaTissaxiT, rasac sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> mzrunveloba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvawuTisoflis nalaxi sferosgan, moiTxov<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianisaganTavganwirulobas <strong>da</strong> `soflis Tmobas~,rac man ver SeZlo.zogierTi <strong>saymo</strong>s mexsierebam Semoinaxa andrezierTgul mkadreTa, romlebic stovebenyelafers anu sTmoben sofels <strong>da</strong> misdevenjvars, rogorc <strong>da</strong>sTmo abraamma Tavisi sofeli<strong>da</strong> gahyva idumal xmas ucnobi qveynisaken.xSirad, roca siwmidis <strong>da</strong>klebis mizeziT <strong>jvari</strong>stovebs, rogorc amboben, `baris baR<strong>da</strong>ds~ <strong>da</strong>mifrinavs mTebisaken, gauwmidurebuli <strong>saymo</strong><strong>da</strong>nmas mosdevs erTaderTi mkadre, romelsac SerGasiwmide, rogorc marTal no<strong>es</strong> _ warRvnis gmirssayovelTao katastrofis win.ardotis mTavari salocavis (somxos g<strong>ori</strong>sgiorgis) <strong>da</strong>arsebis andreziT (63, 127; 38 #26041),kaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n mtredis saxiT gamofrenil jvars ukanmosdevs mkadre Tu xuc<strong>es</strong>i. Sua zamTaria. mkadrekoWlia <strong>da</strong> SiSveli. siSiSvle gveubneba, rom<strong>jvari</strong>s erTguls uyoymanod, raime gansjisgareSe _ <strong>es</strong> iqnebo<strong>da</strong> erTi Zlieri GaZaxebaSuaZilSi _ <strong>da</strong>utovebia Tavisi sofeli <strong>da</strong> mTeliwarsuli <strong>da</strong> gahyolia erTaderT Tavis saunj<strong>es</strong>,rasac misTvis <strong>jvari</strong> warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. meore bolo<strong>da</strong>nTu Sevxe<strong>da</strong>vT am ambavs, Tavad mkadre aris<strong>jvari</strong>s unji, romelic man gamoarGia mTeli say-xciii
mo<strong>da</strong>n. mkadre perangisamara, zamTris susxSikoWlobiT, WirTa TmeniT misdevs jvars, raki misgareSe azri ekargebo<strong>da</strong> mis arsebobas,sicocxl<strong>es</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c mSobliur sofelSi. sa<strong>da</strong>c<strong>da</strong>dgebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong> anu <strong>da</strong>frindebo<strong>da</strong> mtredi, iqiqnebo<strong>da</strong> misi samSoblo. amitom aseTi suliskveTebiTaRZruli gaudgeba gaqceul jvar-Tan erTad `yovladve ucnaursa <strong>da</strong> uvalsagzasa~, radgan mas ar ecodinebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>ssaboloo sadguri.amave tipis aris xaxabos wyarosgoruligiorgis <strong>da</strong>arsebis andrezi, oRond Zveliadgili<strong>da</strong>n mTaSi garbis ara <strong>jvari</strong>, aramed kaci,vinme bataria (eponimi xaxabos erTi sagvareulosi),romelsac Tvistomi Semokvdomia matanSi(kaxeTSi). is garbis motacebuli <strong>jvari</strong>TurT, romelicgulze aqvs mixutebuli, rogorc sulzeutkb<strong>es</strong>i ram; an iqneb, Tavad iyo jvars mixutebuliSevrdomebis niSnaT, rogorc SurismgebelTagandevnilni Seuvardebian sakurTxevlisjvars; ltolvili Tan <strong>da</strong>atarebs Tavis msxnels,Tu Tavad msxneli ga<strong>da</strong>atarebs mas mTagorebsSuagul zamTarSi. <strong>jvari</strong> ganwmedis mizniT fex-SiSvelsa <strong>da</strong> tanSiSvels <strong>da</strong>atarebs mas TovlSi,yinvaSi aTbobs <strong>da</strong> amsubuqebs mas `^Turme Tovlzeise midio<strong>da</strong>, rom fexi <strong>da</strong>bla ar uvardebo<strong>da</strong>~.gzaSi TiTqos kaci frens <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>jvari</strong>,magram xaxaboSi misvlisas <strong>jvari</strong> mtredis saxiTxciv
gaufrindeba kacs xeli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> wyaros gorze<strong>da</strong>arsdeba (63, 1).garkveuli tipis andrezismixedviT, `mfrinavi <strong>jvari</strong>~gzaSi irGevs Tavis mkadreebs,romlebic arasod<strong>es</strong> stovebenmas, erTgulad misdeven misiaxali samkvidrebelisaken. s. makalaTiasmoTxrobili aqvs xevis sionis RvTaebis <strong>jvari</strong>sTavga<strong>da</strong>savali, romelic mravalmxriv ipyrobsGvens yuradRebas:`sionelebi mRvTaebis am jvars taZri<strong>da</strong>n arasod<strong>es</strong>ar gamoasveneben, radgan xalxs misi gafrenisaeSinia. xalxuri TqmulebiT mRvTaebaerTxel Turme gafrenila <strong>da</strong> is angelozissaxiT sisaursa <strong>da</strong> cofurs Gvenebia. <strong>ori</strong>ve <strong>es</strong>gvari mas <strong>da</strong>sdevnebia <strong>da</strong> mRvTaeba martyofiskldeSi <strong>da</strong>frenila <strong>da</strong> isinic iqve <strong>da</strong>binavebulan.<strong>es</strong> berebs gaugiaT, martyofSi misulan <strong>da</strong> moxeveebisaTvisukiTxavT maTi gadmosvlis mizezebi.moxeveebs upasuxniaT, rom aq Gveni xatissabrZanisiao. berebi gamoqvabulSi S<strong>es</strong>ulan <strong>da</strong> aqmRvTaebisaTvis Tayvani uciaT, Semdeg misTvismalulad oqros Zewkvi SeubamT <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> RvTaebatfilisSi waubrZanebiaTo, aq mis sabrZanisadsionis taZari augiaTo. magram xati aqac ar<strong>da</strong>mdgara <strong>da</strong> isev martyofis kldeSi <strong>da</strong>brunebulao.amitom xalxis rwmeniT misi mTavarixcv
sabrZanisi martyofia, Semdeg ki xevis <strong>da</strong>tfilisis sionio~ (53, 217).am andrezSi gvecnaureba vaxuStis `aRweraSi~<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli Tqmuleba svetis ekl<strong>es</strong>iis <strong>da</strong>bmuljvarze, an ninowminduri legen<strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>bmul~<strong>da</strong> `axsnil~ wmin<strong>da</strong>nze. xevis sionis RvTaebis<strong>jvari</strong>c <strong>da</strong>bmuli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, rom ar gafreniliyo;berebma Seab<strong>es</strong> mas Zewkvi, rom<strong>da</strong>ekavebinaT adgilze, magram amaod: is bunebiTaris `mfrinavi <strong>jvari</strong>~, romelic miikvlevs gzasTavis mier arGeul adgilisken. RvTaebis (igivemacxovris) jvars miewereba <strong>ori</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong> adgilisgaGena: martyofSi aris misive saxelobis (RvTaebis)ekl<strong>es</strong>ia, xolo TbilisSi _ sionis taZari,romelic saxelwodebas xevis im ekl<strong>es</strong>ii<strong>da</strong>niRebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c is Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad <strong>es</strong>vena. amxalxuri sakraluri TqmulebiT, Tbilisis sionixevis sionis gamoZaxilia, misi wiaRi<strong>da</strong>n gamofrenili<strong>jvari</strong>s ZaliT aris <strong>da</strong>arsebuli, oRon<strong>da</strong>ra uSualod, aramed martyofis gamoqvabulisgavliT. andrezi inaxavs, rogorc Gans, im ist<strong>ori</strong>ulfaqts, rom martyofis RvTaebis (macxovris)xati 1752 wels Tbilisis sionis taZarSiiqna gadmosvenebuli (114, 82), xolo xalxuriwarmodgeniT, siwmidis ga<strong>da</strong>tana axal adgilze,rogorc w<strong>es</strong>i, axali sakulto centris <strong>da</strong>fuZnebisniSania.<strong>es</strong> anaqronuli andrezi asaxavs im tradiciulkavSirs, romelic arsebob<strong>da</strong> mTis sakultoxcvi
adgilebsa <strong>da</strong> baris saqarTvelos centralursalocavebs S<strong>ori</strong>s, gamoxatuls siwmideTaga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebiT erTi adgili<strong>da</strong>n meoreze. mTisa<strong>da</strong> baris religiuri konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciisaTvisudid<strong>es</strong>i mniSvneloba un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong> im faqts, rommTis salocavebi tradiciulad saqarTvelosqristianuli centrebis saxizarebad iyo ganw<strong>es</strong>ebuli.magaliTisaTvis, wmi<strong>da</strong> ninos <strong>jvari</strong> amodismTaSi, kerZod, xevSi <strong>da</strong> isadgurebs gergetissamebaSi (<strong>es</strong> mox<strong>da</strong> monRolebis batonobis dros);Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mSvidobian xanaSi <strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>, cxadia,sxva siwmideebTan erTad brundeba sveticxovelSi,Tumca ki ver aRwevs Tavis bude adgilamde;`koWis mokidebiT~, mTielTa sakralurigamoTqma rom vixmaroT, gaivlis arSis cix<strong>es</strong>,ananurs <strong>da</strong> gadis ruseTSi, raki im xanadruseTisken iyo <strong>da</strong>Zruli qarTveloba. xevissionis RvTaebis <strong>jvari</strong>s (romlis gamosaxuleba<strong>da</strong>beWdili aqvs s.makalaTias Tavis wignSi `xevi~,gv. 216) gamofrena barisaken, un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, andrezuladwarmogvidgens siwmideTa <strong>da</strong>brunebasTavis Zvel sawmi<strong>da</strong>rebSi (un<strong>da</strong> vivaraudoT, romxevis sionic baris siwmideTa saxizari iqnebo<strong>da</strong>).aRsaniSnavia, rom martyofis u<strong>da</strong>bur gamoqvabulSi<strong>da</strong>sadgurebuli sionis <strong>jvari</strong> Taviskenizi<strong>da</strong>vs berebs, romlebic, rogorc andrezi<strong>da</strong>nGans, gamocxadebis ZaliT Seityoben mis `mofrenas~am u<strong>da</strong>bnoSi. RvTaebrivi xilviTSTagonebuli berebi SeuWirveblad miagnebenxcvii
martyofis u<strong>da</strong>bnos <strong>da</strong> jvars <strong>da</strong> Tayvans scemenmas, rogorc saswauliT movlenil siwmid<strong>es</strong>.cxadia, <strong>jvari</strong>s gamoGena maTTvis mxolod imasniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>es</strong> u<strong>da</strong>bno, sa<strong>da</strong>c mTiT movlenilmaTu <strong>da</strong>brunebulma siwmidem moisurva <strong>da</strong>vaneba,samonastrod iyo gankuTvnili; rogorc xdebaagiografiul TxzulebebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ekl<strong>es</strong>iebisa<strong>da</strong> monastrebis <strong>da</strong>arsebazea laparaki; mag., rogorcmartod myofma kacma, vinme Puediosma `araTu Zilsa Sina, aramed cxa<strong>da</strong>d~, GvenebiT ixilais wmi<strong>da</strong> adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c un<strong>da</strong> aSenebuliyoxanZTis pirveli ekl<strong>es</strong>ia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sabami miscemo<strong>da</strong>samonastro mSeneblobas; an rogorc grigolsa<strong>da</strong> sabas gamoecxa<strong>da</strong>T `iSxnisa pirveli didebulebaY~imis niSnad, rom iq maTi RvawliT ganaxlebuliyosamonastro cxovreba (ix. `grigolxanZTelis cxovreba~). martyofis u<strong>da</strong>bnoSi mosulberebs <strong>da</strong> im moxeveebs, cofurs <strong>da</strong> sisaurs,romlebic gzad Se<strong>es</strong>wren jvarGenas <strong>da</strong> am jvarSiTavianTi salocavi Seicn<strong>es</strong>, saerTo siwmide aqvTim `mfrinavi <strong>jvari</strong>s~ saxiT. is andrezuli faqti,rom mTi<strong>da</strong>n Gamosul jvars, romelzec macxovrisjvarcma <strong>da</strong> mociqulTa simboluri saxeebia gamoxatuli,cnoben berebi <strong>da</strong> aRiareben sakuTarsiwmided, ris niSna<strong>da</strong>c oqros Zewkvs Seabamen(Tumca Zewkvi SeiZleba gaviazroT Sibad, racjvar-xatis erT gansazRvrul adgilze <strong>da</strong>kavebisniSania) <strong>da</strong> mihyavT saqristianos centrSi _TbilisSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mis <strong>da</strong>samkvidreblad missavexcviii
saxelze sioni igeba. <strong>es</strong> faqti barisa <strong>da</strong> mTistradiciul religiur erTianobas mowmobs.mtredi-<strong>jvari</strong>s niSanig.SaraSiZe wers: `RvTisSvilis `mfrinavi~saxiT gamocxadeba TavisTavad warmoadgensRvTiuri arsis a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis aRqmad manif<strong>es</strong>tacias.amgvari aspeqtiT imoseba xatimxolod imitom, rom <strong>da</strong>amyaros urTierToba a<strong>da</strong>mianursamyarosTan an Gaerios saaqao movlenebSi~(149, 671). meore mxvriv, `mfrinav jvrebs~Gven <strong>saymo</strong>s genezisSi vxe<strong>da</strong>vT; is am saxiT gamoGndebamxolod maSin, roca <strong>es</strong>-<strong>es</strong> aris iqmneba<strong>saymo</strong>, roca irkveva misi <strong>da</strong>saxlebis adgili <strong>da</strong>pirobebi am miwaze. a<strong>da</strong>mianis aramdgradi, <strong>da</strong>umkvidrebeliyofis gamomxatvelia xSirad `mfrinavi<strong>jvari</strong>~, romelic moZraobs, icvlisadgilebs gza<strong>da</strong>gza `koWis mokidebiT~, vidreTavis mierve arGeul saboloo saarso adgilsmoZebnid<strong>es</strong>. `mfrinavi jvris~ cTomilisebrimoZraoba, <strong>da</strong>udgromloba, TiTqos xetiali, Se<strong>es</strong>atyvisebaqmnadobaSi myofi <strong>saymo</strong>s gaurkvevelmdgomareobas. xolo roca <strong>jvari</strong> wyvets`xetials~ <strong>da</strong> myardeba Tavis saboloo kvrivSi,ai, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>saymo</strong>c <strong>da</strong>arsebuliaTavis miwaze, Ruza GaSvebulia nia<strong>da</strong>gSi.gamocxadebuli <strong>jvari</strong> `mfrinaobiT~ avlensTavis mouxelTebel bunebas. marTalia, <strong>jvari</strong>un<strong>da</strong> mofrind<strong>es</strong> transcendenturi sinamdvili<strong>da</strong>nxcix
imisaTvis, rom, rogorc g.SaraSiZe wers, gamoecxadosa<strong>da</strong>mians, magram am gamocxadebaSi naklebiasicxade, metia bundovaneba, radgan angelozurarss ara aqvs myari garsi fizikur samyaroSi.<strong>jvari</strong>s yoveli gamocxadeba kosmogoniuria,misi xati TiTqos qaosSi ibadeba <strong>da</strong> isaxeba a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvisaRqmad sagnad; magram arc erTi saganiar SeiZleba iyos misi saboloo gamoxatuleba,radgan Tavad <strong>jvari</strong>, rogorc sulieriarsi, ver miiRebs erTxel <strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mod gamyarebul,obieqtur samyaroSi arsebul saganTa sax<strong>es</strong>.is denadia, rogorc plazmuri sxeuli an nisli<strong>da</strong> misi konturebis garGeva mxolod <strong>jvari</strong>saverGeul mkadreebs Tu SeuZliaT. am movlenis gamosaxatavad<strong>saymo</strong>s SegnebaSi gamomuSav<strong>da</strong> metaforulisaxe `nislis kot<strong>ori</strong>~. `gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>roca xelze moudio<strong>da</strong>, maSin ToTia S<strong>ori</strong><strong>da</strong>nvenaxav<strong>da</strong> nislis kotors momavals. mere gu<strong>da</strong>nis<strong>jvari</strong> xelze mouvido<strong>da</strong>. nislis kot<strong>ori</strong> niSnavsimas, rom roca gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong> modio<strong>da</strong>, nisliviTk<strong>ori</strong>anteli mohyvebo<strong>da</strong>. am dros ToTiacmoemzadebo<strong>da</strong>, xelze ga<strong>da</strong>ifen<strong>da</strong> samkadreos^ <strong>da</strong>gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong> mtredis saxiT zed <strong>da</strong>ajdebo<strong>da</strong>~(60, 145).nislis kot<strong>ori</strong>s gamoGena jvarGenis niSania,TiTqos <strong>jvari</strong> usaxuri nisli<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> gamoikve-Tos, is `<strong>da</strong>ibadeba~ mtredis an <strong>jvari</strong>s niSniT <strong>da</strong>mkadris xelze hpovebs adgils.c
laSaris wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgize gamoTqmul saw<strong>es</strong>osimReraSi aseTi striqonebia:laSarelais lurjasafafar asxavis giSrisa,Sajdeba, gaemarTebakotor gahyveba nislisa.mTeli <strong>saymo</strong>s Tu rGeuli mkadr<strong>es</strong> Tvalwinmxedrad gamocxadebuli wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgi wasvlisasnislis kotors stovebs Tavis ukan nislSi, nisliskotorad uGinardeba <strong>da</strong> roca kvlav fizikursamyaroSi Semodis, imave nislis kot<strong>ori</strong><strong>da</strong>nibadeba. nislis kot<strong>ori</strong> TiTqos sizmareulisaxea, romelic potenciurad inaxavs sxvasaxeebs, magram is ufro usaxobaa, romelicRvTisSvilis manif<strong>es</strong>taciis mouxelTeblobas gamoxatavs.mxolod mkadrem icis, ra aRiT aris<strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>ri mis samkadreoze RvTisSvili _ mtredis,xatisa Tu jvrisa. rod<strong>es</strong>ac gaxua megrelaurs`beTlemis saxli<strong>da</strong>n~ `mfrinavi xati~wamohyva, erT adgilas, albaT, Sua gzaze, xatioqroqsoviliT Semos<strong>es</strong>. magram ras mosav<strong>da</strong>gaxua, xats _ RvTisSvilis nivTier niSans, Tumtreds _ mis cocxal simbolos, <strong>es</strong> gaxuas, rogorcmkadr<strong>es</strong> saidumloa. <strong>jvari</strong>, xati, Sibi potenciuradcocxalni <strong>da</strong> dinamiurni arian, maTyovel wams SeuZliaT feriscvaleba. maT wamiersaxecvlilebebs mxlod mkadr<strong>es</strong> maxvili TvaliTu <strong>da</strong>iWers.ci
petre iberis cxovrebaSi aseTi epizodiamoTxrobili: ymawvilobisas, rod<strong>es</strong>ac is bizantiisimperat<strong>ori</strong>s sasaxleSi izrdebo<strong>da</strong>,ierusalimi<strong>da</strong>n mosuli berebisagan patiosani<strong>jvari</strong>s nawili SeiZina, romelsac oqros Wur-WelSi inaxav<strong>da</strong>, kviradReobiT <strong>da</strong> did dR<strong>es</strong>aswaulebzeamoiReb<strong>da</strong> xolme, <strong>da</strong>ilocebo<strong>da</strong>,emTxveo<strong>da</strong> mas <strong>da</strong> isev Tavis adgilas Gaasveneb<strong>da</strong>.erTxel, erT-erTi m<strong>es</strong>awoleTagani ymawvili ixmo<strong>da</strong> sTxova, masac eloca <strong>jvari</strong>s nawilze <strong>da</strong>mTxveo<strong>da</strong> mas, magram <strong>jvari</strong> mtre<strong>da</strong>d ga<strong>da</strong>iqca,xelebi<strong>da</strong>n gausxlta patrons <strong>da</strong> sarkmli<strong>da</strong>ngauGinar<strong>da</strong> (20, 273). aseve mtredis saxiTamofrin<strong>da</strong> mwyemsis gudi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>jvari</strong> Tu Sibi <strong>da</strong>caSi gauGinar<strong>da</strong> karatis <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>arsebis andreziserTi variantis mixedviT (137, 110).`mfrinavi <strong>jvari</strong>~, marTalia, fizikur sinamdvileSiSemodis, raTa a<strong>da</strong>mianma SeZlos misixilva, magram misi mxilveli ar arisGveulebrivi a<strong>da</strong>miani. <strong>jvari</strong> ecxadeba mxolodimas, visac RvTisSvili amoirGevs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>anaxvebsTavs. is rGeulia, masze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isimave wmi<strong>da</strong> <strong>realoba</strong>Si imyofeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c mfrinavijvar-xatebi moZraoben. gareSe kacis TvalSiSeiZleba arafriT gamoirGevian TavianT saqmezemimavali mwyemsebi, is cofuri <strong>da</strong> sisauri, romlebmacTiTqos SemTxveviT <strong>da</strong>inax<strong>es</strong> axali saarsossaZieblad gamofrenili RvTaebis <strong>jvari</strong>. amorma TavianTi patronis xilvisas <strong>da</strong>tova cxvaricii
<strong>da</strong> qveyana <strong>da</strong> sabolood <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> martyofisqvabebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c maTma jvarma isurva <strong>da</strong>arseba. amdros maT <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stur<strong>es</strong>, rom <strong>jvari</strong>s rGeulebiarian an iyvnen SobiTganve <strong>da</strong> axla, roca Jami<strong>da</strong>dga, gamoGn<strong>da</strong> maTi rGeuloba. maTze gadmovi<strong>da</strong>RvTisSvilis xarizma. amitomac maT ar SeeZloTsxvanairad moqceuliyvnen. roca a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>jvari</strong>axilvinebs Tavs, am xilviT gamowveuli ganc<strong>da</strong>waruxocelad rGeba maTSi. amieri<strong>da</strong>n is sxva a<strong>da</strong>miania,misi ubraloeba uGveulo SaravandiTimoseba, rogorc wers poeti:iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c aragvs uerTdeba mdinaremtkvari^Segvianebul gziT gaivlis xevsurimwyemsi,<strong>da</strong> misi suli, varskvlavebis sulze uvrc<strong>es</strong>i,ocnebobs mTvaris siTeTreSi, viT qan<strong>da</strong>keba.mas Tan mihyveba ubraloTa mSvidigangeba^andrezi arasod<strong>es</strong> gvamcnobs <strong>jvari</strong>s rGeulisgansakuTrebul Tvisebebs _ `mas Tan mihyvebaubraloTa mSvidi gangeba~, _ wers poetirGeulze, romelsac zebunebrivi sinamdvilisxilvis unari S<strong>es</strong>wevs. is xe<strong>da</strong>vs wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgis,romelic Tavisi raSiT mis saSvelad aris wamosuli,magram <strong>es</strong> `mSvidi gangebis~ xalxi TavianTicxovrebis dramatul fazaSi Sedian, rocaciii
<strong>jvari</strong> akadrebinebs Tavis xilvas, Tumca mxolodxilviT ar sruldeba maTi ambavi. xevsurul andrezSianat<strong>ori</strong>s mTavarangelozis jvarGena amgvara<strong>da</strong>ris gadmocemuli:`liqokiT aris mosul, liqokiT gamamfrin<strong>da</strong>lav,anator <strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>r, aqiT gafrenil <strong>da</strong> Pon<strong>es</strong><strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>r mtredis saxiT. saRira yofil badurikaTpapa, imanav, gaqceulm, aiarisav anat<strong>ori</strong>skuWzev SaPdisav, mtred <strong>da</strong>ujdisav mParze<strong>da</strong>v^~(38, #26084).<strong>jvari</strong> mxarze ajdeba kacs, is poulobssayrdens mokv<strong>da</strong>vis uZlur mxarze _ legendurimkadreni ar gamoirGevian fizikuri ZaliT (`Gixakac iyv~ _ ase amboben maTze). aq sxva Zala izi<strong>da</strong>vsjvars, wmi<strong>da</strong> adgili, wmi<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>miani, rogorc`<strong>da</strong>ulaxavi adgili~. ai, aseT adgilsirGevs <strong>jvari</strong> miwazec <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianSic. mkadre`mxarkvrivia~, anu misi mxari, romelzec `koWimoiki<strong>da</strong>~ jvarma an gahkra angelosuri frTa,kvrivia. Tu kvrivis niSnad miwaze koSkia aRmar-Tuli, mkadreSi amis niSani mis mxarze Gamomj<strong>da</strong>rimtredi an <strong>jvari</strong>a; mkadr<strong>es</strong> mxarze <strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>rimtredi <strong>jvari</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> mokv<strong>da</strong>vi a<strong>da</strong>mianisSekavSirebis niSania, Tumca <strong>es</strong> kavSiri SeiZlebawarmavali iyos, radgan mtredi samu<strong>da</strong>mod arrGeba mis mxarze. amaSi mdgomareobs sxvaTa S<strong>ori</strong>s,mkadreTa tragizmi, rac calke saubris Temaa.civ
ogorc crolis mTi<strong>da</strong>n gamofrenilma samebam,gamoSurebulma Tavisi miwieri sabrZanisisaken,erTxel mxari gahkra ifns, wmin<strong>da</strong>hyo ra isifani, aseve am kacis _ badurikaT papis mxarsacgahkra Tavisi frTa liqoki<strong>da</strong>n wamosulma jvarma<strong>da</strong> gakv<strong>es</strong>a. amiT <strong>da</strong>avala mas siwmidis <strong>da</strong>cva, romar warxociliyo misi mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>jvari</strong>s Sexeba(aseTi kontaqti RvTiur arsebasTan, sxvaTa S<strong>ori</strong>s,aqadur onomastikaSia asaxuli: erT-erTimefe atarebs saxels lifiT-iSTar, rac niSnavs`Sexeba iSTarisa~). amis gamo inaTlaven `mParmklavs~xatis msaxurni imis niSnad, rom impirvel legen<strong>da</strong>rul mkadreebs swored `mParmklavze~Seexo <strong>jvari</strong>.<strong>jvari</strong>s mxilvelni SemTxveviT ar arian mwyemsebi;is moxeveni _ cofuri <strong>da</strong> sisauri, mwyemsebiiyvnen, romlebmac TavianT salocavis gulisaTvisgawir<strong>es</strong> sacxovari <strong>da</strong> aRar mibrunebulan misken.beTlems _ qrist<strong>es</strong> Sobis adgils, angelosebisGagonebiT, pirvelad mwyemsebi miadgnen.mwyemsebi iyvnen am saidumlo Sobis pirvelmxilvelni.Gvens andrezul tradiciaSic mwyemsebsvxe<strong>da</strong>vT <strong>jvari</strong>s pirvelmxilvelebad <strong>da</strong>, un<strong>da</strong>vTqvaT, maTi wri<strong>da</strong>n arian gamosulni pirvelimkadreebi. kistnis <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>arsebis andrezSicmwyemsi monawileobs:`kistnis mTaSi masul gamafrenil mtredi.mtredi mavi<strong>da</strong>v, gamafreniliv, mwyems unaxav,mTaze <strong>da</strong>j<strong>da</strong>v, memre im mwyems xalxisad uTqomav:cv
mtred zis gorze<strong>da</strong>v, aRar Sordebav, <strong>ori</strong> dReiav.qa<strong>da</strong>g wasul <strong>da</strong> saklav <strong>da</strong>ukvlevinebav. rom<strong>da</strong>vxkaliv, xuc<strong>es</strong>s eTqv, mtredmav niskart<strong>da</strong>hkrav sisxlsav samjerav <strong>da</strong> memre gafrin<strong>da</strong>vgu<strong>da</strong>niske<strong>da</strong>v. memre xalxs uTqomav, aq gadmovi<strong>da</strong>v,<strong>da</strong>locviliv, aRar gvin<strong>da</strong>v gu<strong>da</strong>n denaiv.memre xalxs, mTaiv ician, kistnis Tav augebavkoSki. am xats ase iPseneben: TeTri mTis qoroTergvaulo^~ (38, #26082).msgavsad no<strong>es</strong> kidobni<strong>da</strong>n gaSvebuli mtredisa,romelmac warRvnis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebisa <strong>da</strong> xmeleTisgamoGenis niSnad zeTisxilis rto moitananiskartiT, gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong><strong>da</strong>n kistans gamofrenilimtredi kvlav gu<strong>da</strong>nisaken mifrinavssaklavis sisxlSi amowebuli niskartiT imissaswaulad, rom kistanSi <strong>da</strong>ikla pirvelisaklavi, anu <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> kulti. cxadia, am mtredisTvismwyemss SemTxveviT ar moukravs Tvali;mas frinvelma uxilavad gahkra frTa <strong>da</strong> meremTaze Semoj<strong>da</strong> yvelas <strong>da</strong>sanaxad. mwyemsi,S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, ar ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> axal<strong>da</strong>arsebul <strong>saymo</strong>s,magram gorze sam dR<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>yovnebul mtredSi,romelic iq `koWs ikideb<strong>da</strong>~, mfrinavi <strong>jvari</strong> amoicno.mwyemsi potenciuri mkadrea, radgan is,rogorc mdevneli <strong>da</strong> gamZRo Tavisi farisaukeT<strong>es</strong>i saZovrebisaken, im jvars emsgavseba bunebiT,romelic Tavisi sasurveli saarsossaZebnad aris gafrenili. amave dros mwyemssgansxvavebul fizikur sinamdvileSi uxdebacvi
yofna _ maRal mTebze. am dros misi sulimarTlac `varskvlavebze uvrc<strong>es</strong>ia~, misisamyofeli miwieri amaRlebulobis simbolocaris. mose swored mwyemsobis dros airGiaRmerTma Tavis `mkadred~ <strong>da</strong> qa<strong>da</strong>gad, roca mansinais mTaze yvelaze maRal adgils miaRwia. araris SemTxveviTi, rom begoT saRvTo (xadis erTerTisalocavi) mecxvaris napovnia. mas Semdeg,rac mtredis saxiT Genili is monadir<strong>es</strong> mxarSi<strong>da</strong>uWria <strong>da</strong>, soflis xmaurisagan devnili, erTxans<strong>da</strong>karguli iyo <strong>saymo</strong>saTvis, mwyemss unaxavsmTebSi <strong>da</strong> miuyvania mis saboloo samkvidrebelSi.mwyemsisave xeliT yofila SexveulioqroTi misi <strong>da</strong>Wrili mxari (Gawerilia begoTkarSi,1983 wels).kistans <strong>da</strong>arsebuli Tergvauli isev mtredissaxiT ga<strong>da</strong>dis SatilSi _ `pirvelad gu<strong>da</strong>niTjvar kistan ga<strong>da</strong>sul, mere Satil^~, im <strong>saymo</strong>Si<strong>da</strong>saarseblad, romelic agreTve gu<strong>da</strong>ni<strong>da</strong>n _samaganZuros Zireuli <strong>saymo</strong><strong>da</strong>n aris gadmosuli(mtredis gza asaxavs WinWaraulTa svlasgu<strong>da</strong>ni<strong>da</strong>n Satilamde _ kistani, sa<strong>da</strong>c mtredi`koWs ikidebs~, maTTvis Sua gza iyo).`Satil zen vak<strong>es</strong>, erT balRs unaxav mtredi.agerav, Gitiv, uTqvams mamisad. mamas diacisaduTqmav: wadiv, Pbo mamiyvanev. im kac Pbo <strong>da</strong>uklav<strong>da</strong> koSk augav TeTr Tergvaulisad^~ (iqve).aq gadmocemulia <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>arsebis tipiuriscena: mtredis gamoGenis adgilze saklaviscvii
<strong>da</strong>kvla <strong>da</strong> koSkis ageba. TiTqos iqmneba saojaxokulti, romlis SeqmnaSi monawileoben mama, de<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> Svili. magram yvelaferi bavSvi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba. isaris <strong>jvari</strong>s frinvelis pirvelmxilveli. bavSviTavis ubiwo mzeriT xe<strong>da</strong>vs <strong>da</strong> gamoicnobs imavefrinvels, romelic urwev<strong>da</strong> akvans <strong>da</strong> kvebav<strong>da</strong>mas uxilavi ifqlis marcvlebiT _ zeciuri puriT.aseTia bavSvi, romelic xe<strong>da</strong>vs <strong>saymo</strong>saTvisumniSvnelovan<strong>es</strong> movlenas, Tumca is bavSvurieniT metyvelebs. `agerav, Gitiv!~ _ ambobs is<strong>jvari</strong>s mogzavnili mtredis <strong>da</strong>naxvaze imbavSviviT, romelic sakidli<strong>da</strong>n kerZis qvabSi Gamavaligvelis <strong>da</strong>naxvisas afrTxilebs ojaxs:`Wia, Wia!~ Tumca amao aRmoGn<strong>da</strong> misigafrTxileba, radgan jvarma am xalxs mzera<strong>da</strong>ubin<strong>da</strong>, rakiRa ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili hqon<strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>-Rupva urGobisaTvis. aq ki, SatilSi, kulti un<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>arsebuliyo <strong>da</strong> amitomac bavSvis Zaxili `agerav,Gitiv!~ _ usaTuod un<strong>da</strong> gaegona mamas.jvarGenis pirvelmxilveli bavSvis, iseve, rogorcmwyemsis suli, kvlav poetis sityvebi romgavimeoroT, `varskvlavebis sulze uvrc<strong>es</strong>ia~.imis gamo, rom is jer kidev ar amosula im akvni<strong>da</strong>n,romelsac angelozebi arweven <strong>da</strong> amfrTosanTa wreSia gareuli.`mama-Svili ganTqmuli monadireni iyvnen.erTxel wavidnen sanadirod. erTi frinveli<strong>da</strong>inax<strong>es</strong>, romelic sakvirvelad anaTeb<strong>da</strong>^~ <strong>es</strong>jadosnuri zRapris <strong>da</strong>sawyisia, magram igi jvar-cviii
Genis andrezis <strong>da</strong>sawyisa<strong>da</strong>c gamodgeba. frinveli,romelic sakvirvelad anaTebs, jvarGenisandrezSi mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod im frinvelsSeiZleba gulisxmobd<strong>es</strong>, romlis saSualebiTac<strong>jvari</strong> acxadebs Tavs. <strong>es</strong> frinveli ki mtredia,jvarGenis erT-erTi niSani.gu<strong>da</strong>nis jvarze, romelic mtredis aRiT gamoecxa<strong>da</strong>xalxs, naTqvamia: `ro <strong>da</strong>j<strong>da</strong>v, iseT Suqutevdisav, ro kaciv TvalT ver Saayri<strong>da</strong>v^~ (67,192). is zRapruli frinveli <strong>da</strong> andrezebismtredi erTnairi saxiT avlenen Tavs fizikursamyaroSi. rasakvirvelia, im ganTqmulma monadiremama-Svilma un<strong>da</strong> moinadiron ucxo frinveli.andrezis monadirec, nadiris mZebneli,sadRac mTebSi waawydeba ucnaur mtreds. monadirexelcarieli brundeba mTi<strong>da</strong>n, magram masmtredi hyavs napovni. Tumca mtredma Tavad air-Gia monadire _ ipova WiuxebSi gza<strong>da</strong>karguli <strong>da</strong>Tavis mkadred aiyvana. mkadre <strong>jvari</strong>s gamZRosniSnavs, magram amjerad Tavad <strong>jvari</strong>a monadirisgamZRo, gzis maswavlebeli.didg<strong>ori</strong>s <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>arseba roSkaSi, adgilobriviandreziT, monadire Turmans miewereba. andreziinaxavs misave naambobs pirvel pirSi:`SarvanSi rom Gavedi, mtredi amyvao. rom <strong>da</strong>visvenebdi,Sors wavido<strong>da</strong>o; rom avdgebodi, wasasvlelad,axlos modio<strong>da</strong>o. saZelis uReltexilzerom movedi, samjer Semohkra mPrebi erTmaneTs<strong>da</strong> gaenTo cecxli, cecxlis burjRumicix
wamovi<strong>da</strong>o. wamovi<strong>da</strong> cecxli <strong>da</strong> goraze, roSkissamxreTiT Tavberaulis simagreSi cecxlis aliGaikrifao^~ (38, #25434). bunebrivia, rom monadir<strong>es</strong>ahyva mtredi, radgan sanadirod wasvlamdeis marxulob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iwmidebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxuriviTsulierad <strong>da</strong> fizikurad, rom uflebamoepovebina nadirT patronis wmi<strong>da</strong> samflobeloSiS<strong>es</strong>vlisa <strong>da</strong> xeli Sewyobo<strong>da</strong> nadirobaSi.amgvarad marxuli <strong>da</strong> gawmedili monadire,TiTqmis <strong>jvari</strong>s mkadris mowmi<strong>da</strong>rul mdgomareobaSiimyofeba. garkveuli azriT SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom wmi<strong>da</strong> mTebSi S<strong>es</strong>uli monadire igivemkadrea, romelsac ufleba aqvs <strong>da</strong>laxos kvriviadgilebi <strong>da</strong> jvar-xatTa cocxali simbolos _mtredis gamocxadebis mxilveli gaxd<strong>es</strong> (127, 137-8).monadir<strong>es</strong> ara marto ecxadeba <strong>jvari</strong> mtredissaxiT, aramed mas SeuZlia (iqneb evalebod<strong>es</strong>kidec) `gaqceuli~ <strong>jvari</strong>s moZebna <strong>da</strong> misi ukan<strong>da</strong>bruneba. s.makalaTias aseTi andrezi aqvs Gawerilixevis sparsangelosze: raRac mizezis gamosparsangelozis xati Turme Tavis sabrZanebelSiar Gerdebo<strong>da</strong> (gavixsenoT xevis sionis RvTaebis`mfrinavi <strong>jvari</strong>~) <strong>da</strong> erTxelac Turme yurismTisken gafrenila, veravis mouxerxebia misipovna, gar<strong>da</strong> monadirisa, romelsac miuxelavs<strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong> kvlav mis sabrZanebelSi mouyvania.roSkioni monadirisa <strong>da</strong> mtredis urTierTobamTels gzaze tipiuri urTierTobaa mkadrisa <strong>da</strong>cx
<strong>jvari</strong>sa (ix. zemoT gaxuas mgzavroba gu<strong>da</strong>nisjvarTan erTad gergetis beTlemis saxli<strong>da</strong>n),magram is wydeba mas Semdeg, rac mtredi, <strong>jvari</strong>sfrinveli, aGens Tavis namdvil bunebas <strong>da</strong> monadir<strong>es</strong>oflis sazRvarTan ukve jvarGenis Semswrexdeba: aqamde uwyinari <strong>da</strong> TiTqos mfrTxalifrinveli, romelic gzaSi gaurbo<strong>da</strong> monadirissiaxlov<strong>es</strong>, cecxlis burjRumad gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba misTvalwin <strong>da</strong> nacixvarSi, potenciur kvrivSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<strong>jvari</strong> poulobs Tavis samkvidrebels, GaeSveba.am adgils ki, rogorc kvrivs, romelicTiTqos cecxlis <strong>da</strong>Rs atarebs, veRar miekarebamonadire. misi mowmi<strong>da</strong>roba, rac sanadiroadgilebSi gzas uxsni<strong>da</strong>, kvrivis <strong>da</strong>laxvisaTvissakmarisi aRar aris <strong>da</strong> am nacixvarTanve, sa<strong>da</strong>cman ukanasknelad Seaswro Tvali mtreds,uTavdeba <strong>jvari</strong>s gamZRos efemeruli funqcia.Tumca andrezis sxva variantis mixedviT mtredis<strong>da</strong>frenis adgilas monadire koSks agebs kvriviadgilis mosaniSnavad, riTac safuZvels uyriskults (62, 340).monadir<strong>es</strong>ve miewereba Goxis wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgis<strong>da</strong>arseba gu<strong>da</strong>mayrul andrezSi. aq monadireitacebs jvars, radgan is devebis tyveobaSia.`berasa YZaxebulan <strong>da</strong> Turme nadirobs.wasula cirasebSi, mTaze<strong>da</strong>^ <strong>da</strong> erT patarakldeSi <strong>jvari</strong> naxa; gaaneba nadirobas Tavi <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong><strong>jvari</strong> amoiRo. aiRo <strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>Si Gadva <strong>da</strong> wamovi<strong>da</strong>.deedevna devio, deedevna ukanao <strong>da</strong>cxi
moxyva, moxyvao <strong>da</strong> ver deewiva, saca exla Goxisxatia, im adgilzed miitana <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong> iq<strong>da</strong>dva. <strong>da</strong> i devic mihyva <strong>da</strong> iqamde ver mivi<strong>da</strong>,saca is <strong>jvari</strong> idva^~ (38, #25560).sxva variantebiT, <strong>jvari</strong> mtredis saxiTamofrindeba gudi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> xeze Sefrindeba, riTacsoflis gzas ga<strong>da</strong>uRobavs devs^ (38, #25552).mtredma am adgilas gaaGina pirveli niSi <strong>da</strong>gaavlo mijna sofelsa <strong>da</strong> gare samyaros S<strong>ori</strong>s.cirasebis kldeSi, vin icis, ra xni<strong>da</strong>nga<strong>da</strong>maluli <strong>jvari</strong>, ZvelTagan <strong>da</strong>fluli <strong>da</strong>Tilisma<strong>da</strong>debuli ganZis kateg<strong>ori</strong>aSi eqceva. masdevi <strong>da</strong>rajobs, Tumca ver ekareba, radgan misiSexebisagan devi un<strong>da</strong> iferflebod<strong>es</strong>. meoremxriv, aq SeiZleba asaxuli iyos winaist<strong>ori</strong>ulibrZola devsa <strong>da</strong> RvTisSvils S<strong>ori</strong>s. <strong>jvari</strong> devniliadevisagan, an tyved aris wayvanili, rogorcfSaur andrezebSi RvTisSvili kopala.<strong>jvari</strong> Tavs aRwevs devTa tyveobas <strong>da</strong>Tav<strong>da</strong>xsnili ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet brZolas gaumarTavs devebs.gu<strong>da</strong>mayrul andrezSi monadir<strong>es</strong> wiladxv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>faruli <strong>jvari</strong>s migneba. is TiTqos ganZisaRmomGenelia, msgavsad farnavazisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa,romelTac ganZi Tavad gamouGens Tavs. Gvens andrezSi<strong>jvari</strong> sakraluri nivTia, romlis xelyofamxolod mowmi<strong>da</strong>rs <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s rGeulebsSeuZlia. <strong>jvari</strong>s, rogorc sagnis, sakraluroba,rac <strong>da</strong>uSvebels xdis mis xelyofas SemTxveviTcxii
Tu gareSe pirTagan, kargad Gans erTgu<strong>da</strong>mayrulsave TqmulebaSi:`baGikelas Samauvlia RamiT, beqauri iyo iskaci _ Rame modenila. mand <strong>jvari</strong> mouPelavTorRaanT, jalabaurs, vercxlis <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxlSimiitana. ho<strong>da</strong>, iqi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>uZaxnia, me veravxe<strong>da</strong>vdio: _ `baGikelao, jalabaurs uTxar, romai <strong>jvari</strong> ro waiRoo, gamaitanoso, Torem arSevarGenTo, Gveniao~. ram <strong>da</strong>miZaxa, ver vxe<strong>da</strong>vdio,uPilavad, egre^~ (38, #25577)). mTxrobelifiqrobs, rom muqaris xma devis xma iyo. devi amSemTxvevaSi _ Tumca is uwmiduria <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s antipodi,S<strong>es</strong>aZloa, swored amitomac _ <strong>jvari</strong>ssakralizmze, mis xelSeuxleblobazemigviTiTebs. Tu am patara TqmulebaSi <strong>jvari</strong> sakuTarsaxlSi miaqvs mparavs, rac sakralurinivTis profanuli mizniT gamoyenebis c<strong>da</strong>s warmoadgens,Goxis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis andrezSi monadir<strong>es</strong><strong>jvari</strong> miaqvs ara sakuTar saxlSi, piradsakuTrebad, aramed soflisaTvis, romelsac is,rogorc mkadre, kults ufuZnebs.marTalia, monadire aTavisuflebs devisagan<strong>da</strong>tyvevebul jvars, magram mTels am gzaze,cirasebi<strong>da</strong>n soflis sazRvramde, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>jvari</strong>mtredis saxiT amofrin<strong>da</strong> gudi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>jvari</strong> icav<strong>da</strong>monadir<strong>es</strong> mdevari devisagan <strong>da</strong> man miaRwevinauxifaTod <strong>saymo</strong>s sazRvramde.mTels saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuliaTqmulebebi naekl<strong>es</strong>iar adgilebze, romelTaccxiii
uRran tyeSi nadirs <strong>da</strong>devnebuli monadire aRmoaGens.niSandoblivia, rom Zvel naekl<strong>es</strong>iarTanyovelTvis ganZia Gafluli. monadire _ ekl<strong>es</strong>iisa<strong>da</strong> ganZis aRmomGeni, salocavs ganaaxlebs <strong>da</strong>iqve <strong>da</strong>saxldeba (23, 10, 28). cxadia, am tipis andrezebSiekl<strong>es</strong>ia <strong>da</strong> ganZi (sefi, ris gamoc SemdegaRorZinebul sofels sefieTi ewodeba)ganuyofelia erTmaneTisagan. ganZi ueWvelad ekl<strong>es</strong>iissakralurobis nivTieri gamoxatulebaa.Telavis RvTaebis ekl<strong>es</strong>iis <strong>da</strong>arsebaze amgvariTqmulebaa Semonaxuli: sanadiro tyeSirusiSvils sizmrad gamocxadebuli moxucis SegonebiTmouTxria is miwa, sa<strong>da</strong>c iwva; miugniagamoqvabulisaTvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c xati yofila <strong>da</strong>svenebuli,xats win <strong>ori</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong> sanTeli enTo.moxucisve rGeviT am gamoqvabuls zemoT ekl<strong>es</strong>iaun<strong>da</strong> aSenebuliyo RvTaebis saxelze. rusiSvilmatye gakafa, ekl<strong>es</strong>ia aago <strong>da</strong> Tava<strong>da</strong>c TavisisagvareuloTi aq gadmosaxl<strong>da</strong> (83, 5).sxvaTa S<strong>ori</strong>s, crolis sanebis `aRmomGenic~,romelmac ixila <strong>jvari</strong>s naTeba croliswverze _vinme qerauli, bari<strong>da</strong>n amosuli monadire iyo.man miagno sacxovrebel adgils <strong>da</strong> am adgilisRvTiuri patronic gamoecxa<strong>da</strong>.mtredi _ ekl<strong>es</strong>iis maSenebelimefe-patarZlis <strong>da</strong>locvis erT teqstSi Gar-Tulia striqonebi, romlebic pirveli qristianulisaidumlos simbolikas Seicavs:cxiv
mtredma Tavis sindisiTaelusamel koSkSi <strong>da</strong>dgao,zed say<strong>da</strong>ri aaSena,Sig mironi gubed Gadgao^ (79, #550-g).sakiTxavia, sai<strong>da</strong>n moxv<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> fragmenti xsenebul<strong>da</strong>locvaSi; is iwyeba mtrediT <strong>da</strong>mTavrdeba mironiT. S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, mas gagrZelebachqono<strong>da</strong>, radgan mironi uqmad ar Gadgebo<strong>da</strong>gubed. yovel SemTxvevaSi <strong>es</strong> striqonebigvagonebs sxva leqss, sa<strong>da</strong>c mironis gub<strong>es</strong> Tavisifunqcia aqvs:qalaqSi sion-say<strong>da</strong>ribagrationT aag<strong>es</strong>a,maRla caSi aiyvan<strong>es</strong>,Tavs gumbaTi <strong>da</strong>adg<strong>es</strong>a,qveS mironi gubed <strong>da</strong>dga,ymawvilebi <strong>da</strong>naTl<strong>es</strong>a (100, #24).mtreds aq cvlis bagrationi, ierusalims(`elusameli~) _ qalaqi anu Tbilisi, romelic amleqsSi uswordeba mcxeTas, romlis say<strong>da</strong>rSi,sveticxovelSi, rogorc wyarosTvali<strong>da</strong>n, saekl<strong>es</strong>ioandreziT, romelic sveticxovlis sagalobelSiaisaxa, mironi moedinebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>es</strong> iyo embaziqarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> is ymawvilebi, romlebic aqgubed <strong>da</strong>mdgar mironSi <strong>da</strong>naTl<strong>es</strong>, pirveli qarTveliqristianebi iyvnen. mcxeTa meore ierusalimia,rasac eTanxmeba bagrationTa andrezi _<strong>da</strong>viT ebraelTa mefis modgmi<strong>da</strong>n maTi warmoSo-cxv
isa. ai, am meore ierusalimSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c xalxixe<strong>da</strong>vs qristianuli religiis <strong>da</strong>sabams, kultisa<strong>da</strong>, kerZod, naTlisRebis saidumlo ritualisgeneziss, xdeba saswauli: mtredi dgams koSks <strong>da</strong>zed aSenebs taZars. aq vxe<strong>da</strong>vT suliwmidis moqmedebisnivTier kvals fizikur samyaroSi.mtredi _ suliwmidis frinveli _ <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulianaTlisRebasTan; is gamoGn<strong>da</strong> ior<strong>da</strong>n<strong>es</strong>Tavze ga<strong>da</strong>xsnili ci<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>adgra qrist<strong>es</strong>(maT. 3, 16-17). naTlisReba ki aris pirvelisaidumlo qristianuli religiisa _ sxvasaidumloTa <strong>da</strong>sabami.`mtredma Tavis sindisiTa^~ _ am mcire,TiTqos umniSvnelo leqsSi asaxulia mtredTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli unikaluri simbolika, ramacSeiZleba adreqristianuli xanis azrovnebamdemigviyvanos. II-III ss.-is apologeti tertulianeqristianul taZars simbolurad `mtredis saxls~uwodeb<strong>da</strong>; `Gveni mtredis martivi saxlio~,wer<strong>da</strong> is, upirispireb<strong>da</strong> ra mas warmarTTa <strong>da</strong>xurul<strong>da</strong> labirinTebian sawmi<strong>da</strong>rebs, romelTasimbolod is gvels, `naTlis moZule~ arsebassaxav<strong>da</strong>. gveli usinaTlo xvrelebSi iSenebssabu<strong>da</strong>rs, mtredi ki _ naTelSi, radgan mas, rogorc`suli wmidis xats, <strong>aRmosavleT</strong>i _ qrist<strong>es</strong>xati uyvars~.Gven <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, rom mtredi aris kvriviadgilebis mimaniSnebeli frinveli; is <strong>jvari</strong>smanif<strong>es</strong>taciaa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebs aRmouGens imcxvi
adgils, romelsac fizikuri TvalisaTvis safarveliafaria, <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c jvars surs <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba.magram mTis <strong>saymo</strong>Ta andrezebSi amiT ar amoiwurebamtredis funqcia: is ara mxolod auwyebssaklavis sisxlSi samgzis amowebuli niskartiT,rom axal adgils <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong>, aramed aSenebskidec am niskartiT ekl<strong>es</strong>iis sax<strong>es</strong>.aseTi andrezi jerjerobiT mTiuleTgu<strong>da</strong>mayarSia<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliamxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod erTi salocavis _ dumacxoszegardis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis <strong>da</strong>arsebasTan.gadmovcem erT-erT variants, Gawerils dumacxoSi:mTiuleTis sofel lakaTxevSi qarGaiZ<strong>es</strong> xeuWria saxlis asaSeneblad: `^xe uWria aqa <strong>da</strong> moatredi, <strong>da</strong>scems WoWsa <strong>da</strong> waiRebs. <strong>da</strong>fiqr<strong>da</strong> ekaci, sad miaqvs e nafotio tredso. adga, rocamoWra e xe <strong>da</strong> gaxyva am tredsa. gafrindeba, <strong>da</strong>jdeba,gafrindeba, <strong>da</strong>jdeba. <strong>da</strong> Grdilia didi <strong>da</strong>iq aquGebs, rogorc ekl<strong>es</strong>ia, ise agebs. amdgara,gonieri kaci yofila, <strong>da</strong> ekl<strong>es</strong>ia uSenebia imkacsa iq, wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgisa. <strong>da</strong> wasula, misulaafciaurebTan <strong>da</strong> uTqom am afciaurebsa, rorasac mogvTxovT, mogcemT. xars mogvTxovT,Zroxas mogvTxovT, Tu rasac mogvTxovT, mogcemT.uari ar ari. wasula, jalab devekiTxebio.misula _ cxra Zmani yofilan. `jalafno, <strong>es</strong>e, <strong>es</strong>emaZleveno <strong>da</strong> ra gamovarToo, fuli gamovarTo,Tu Zroxao, Tu cx<strong>ori</strong>o?~ zog cx<strong>ori</strong> uTqom, zogcxvii
Zroxa uTqom, zogs xari uTqom. patarZal hyoliaerTi <strong>da</strong>, modio, patarZalsac SevekiTxoTo, `ragamovarToTo~. uTqomT patarZlisaTvis. `me TumkiTxavTo, arc cx<strong>ori</strong> gin<strong>da</strong>To, arc Zroxa gin<strong>da</strong>To.saklavi ro <strong>da</strong>ikvlis, uwin Tqveni <strong>da</strong>iklaso,Tu iq iqnebiTo <strong>da</strong> ro mu<strong>da</strong>m xatobaSi:`wyalobde qarGaiZ<strong>es</strong>a! gamrevd<strong>es</strong> qarGaiZeebi! wyalobde!~araferi gin<strong>da</strong>T magaze metio. <strong>da</strong> dR<strong>es</strong>acro ai _ mu<strong>da</strong>m wels xatobaa _ Tu <strong>es</strong>enia mosuli,imaTi saklavi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iklas dRemdi, qar-GaiZeebisi, `qarGaiZeebo! vin ari, moid<strong>es</strong>! swyalobd<strong>es</strong>ekl<strong>es</strong>iis amSenebelsa!~ (38, #25551).qarGaiZe lakaTxevSi sacxovrebelisaxlis agebas apirebs,magram gangebam mas dumacxoSiekl<strong>es</strong>iis aSeneba <strong>da</strong>akisra. saxlismasalad gamzadebuli xis nafotebimtreds miaqvs <strong>da</strong> maT erTmaneTzeawyobs ekl<strong>es</strong>iis saxed. mtredis moqmedebasaxlis mSenebels Gaagonebs, rom mansaxlis aSenebas un<strong>da</strong> mianebos Tavi <strong>da</strong> ekl<strong>es</strong>iisSenebas mihyos xeli. xe, romlis GamonaTali nafotebisaganmtredis mecadineobiT ekl<strong>es</strong>iis saxeiqmneba, ukve sakraluria <strong>da</strong> misi masalisagan a<strong>da</strong>mianissacxovrebeli saxli ar un<strong>da</strong> aSend<strong>es</strong>.qarGaiZec sakralizmiT imoseba, is dumarcxoskenmfrinav mtreds mihyveba, rogorc mkadre mihyvebaTavis jvars, <strong>da</strong> mtredic aGvenebs mas kvrivadgils, romelic <strong>da</strong>farulia adgilobrivi mo-cxviii
saxleobisaTvis. mtredi aGvenebs mas, TiTqos aswavlid<strong>es</strong>ekl<strong>es</strong>iis sax<strong>es</strong> anu models. namdvilad,qarGaiZe, roca is Tavisi saxlisaTvis masalasWri<strong>da</strong>, mis<strong>da</strong> uneburad monawileob<strong>da</strong> im ekl<strong>es</strong>iismodelis SeqmnaSi, romlis agebas RvTis gangebaavaleb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>es</strong> is modelia, romelic xelT upyriaTxolme taZris kedelze gamosaxul ktitorebs,romlebic TiTqos amboben: `ai, ekl<strong>es</strong>iis saxe,romelic Gven aRvaSeneT~.ase GaiTrevs mtredi sakralur saqmianobaSiubralo kacs _ jer mkadred, mere ekl<strong>es</strong>iis mSeneblad,rac kultis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebis ba<strong>da</strong>lia. <strong>da</strong>Tumca qarGaiZe misTvis ucxo mosaxleobas aRmouGensjvars, magram is, rogorc am <strong>jvari</strong>suymo yma, mis kultSi sakargymo wils idebs.gaibmeba soli<strong>da</strong>robis Sibi lakaTxevissaRvTo maRalsa <strong>da</strong> dumacxos wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis S<strong>ori</strong>s.Sibi, rogorc religiuri kavSiris simbolo,gahyavs mtreds, RvTisSvilis gina suliwmidismacn<strong>es</strong>.am andrezis sxva, S<strong>es</strong>aZloa, ufro gavrcelebulivariantis Tanaxmad, ambavi iwyeba aralakaTxevi<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c, rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, qarGaiZ<strong>es</strong>axlisaTvis x<strong>es</strong> Wri<strong>da</strong>, aramed gzis meorebolos, dumacxos mxareSi, saiTkenac qarGaiZ<strong>es</strong>anadirod aris wasuli. <strong>es</strong> varianti agebuliaGvenTvis nacnob monadirisa <strong>da</strong> mtredis motivze(38, #256196, #.25537, #25613).cxix
monadire Ram<strong>es</strong> aTevs tyeSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong>izmreba, rommtredi am adgilas bud<strong>es</strong> iSenebs; sanadiro<strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong>brunebuli, Ram<strong>es</strong> aTevs berebis nasaxlarSi,sa<strong>da</strong>c cxadliv xe<strong>da</strong>vs, rogor iwyobs mtredisabu<strong>da</strong>rs. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, monadire aRmoGndebaara ubralo, SemTxveviT adgilze, aramedkvrivSi, iseT adgilas, sa<strong>da</strong>c Sewyvetilia sakraluricxovreba <strong>da</strong> axla, rogorc Gans, Jami<strong>da</strong>dga misi aRorZinebisa, ris niSansac aq mofusfusemtredi iZleva. mtreds Sehyavs monadiredidi xnis gauqmebul sawmi<strong>da</strong>rSi, romelsacadgilobriv mcxovrebTaTvis safarveli hqon<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>debuli. mtredi monadir<strong>es</strong>, rogorc Tavismkadr<strong>es</strong>, Tvals auxels <strong>da</strong> Seiyvans am adgilissaidumloSi.Sio mRvimelis cxovrebaSi moTxrobilia epizodi,sa<strong>da</strong>c monadire mtredis wyalobiT, misigamZRoobiT, _ cxadia, aq RvTis xeli moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>,_ aRmoaGens martomyofi beris wmi<strong>da</strong> samyofels.mtredis wyalobiT, safarveli exdeba saidumloadgils, raTa is wuTisoflisTvisac cnobiligaxd<strong>es</strong>.`^ineba zegardmoman gangebaman, raiTa araiyos <strong>da</strong>farul brwyinvale igi varskvlavi.amisTKs gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> igi kacTa S<strong>ori</strong>s, xolo saxegamocxadebisa misisa <strong>es</strong>reT iyo. rameTu mas Jamsaiyo vinme mTavari, saxeliT evagre, qrist<strong>es</strong> moyuare<strong>da</strong> saRrmToTa wignTagan swavluli <strong>da</strong>dR<strong>es</strong>a erTsa hrqua SvilTa TKsTa <strong>da</strong> monaTa:cxx
`ganvideT nadirobad~. <strong>da</strong> ganvl<strong>es</strong> mtkuari <strong>da</strong>ganvid<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>marTebiT adgilsa mas, sa<strong>da</strong> mjdomareiyo beri. xolo yovelnive mi<strong>da</strong>moibnivn<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> evagredgas marto <strong>da</strong> mimoixedvi<strong>da</strong>, raYTa ixilosnadirTagani raime. xolo miSuebiTa RmrTisaYTaixila tredi igi, romel muarTumi<strong>da</strong> sazrdelsaSios. xolo evagre ganicdi<strong>da</strong> mkKrsed <strong>da</strong> ixila,sa<strong>da</strong>-igi Sevi<strong>da</strong>. xolo viTarca inadir<strong>es</strong>,warvid<strong>es</strong> saxed TKsad, <strong>da</strong> xvalisa dRe kualadganvid<strong>es</strong>. <strong>da</strong> viTarca yovelni movidod<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTavari evagre dga maxloblad quabisa mis, sa<strong>da</strong>mjdomare iyo beri. <strong>da</strong>, aha, kualad ixila trediigi <strong>da</strong> moaqun<strong>da</strong> sazdeli berisaTKs. <strong>da</strong> viTarcaganica<strong>da</strong> netarman evagre tredi igi, gankKr<strong>da</strong> igi<strong>da</strong> Seudga kualsa missa <strong>da</strong> ixila wmi<strong>da</strong>Y igi Siomjdomare quabsa Sina^~ (95, 219).hagiografi, msgavsad xalxuri andrezisa,mogviTxrobs <strong>da</strong>faruli siwmidis, rac igiv<strong>es</strong>aidumloa, gamoGenis ambavs. <strong>da</strong>farulis, anusaidumlos gamocxadeba ki erT-erTi qristianuli<strong>es</strong>qatologiuri WeSmaritebaa. `saqmeuGino~, rogorc vkiTxulobT `qarTlis moqcevaSi~mcxeTis ekl<strong>es</strong>iis aSenebis gamo, `cxaddidebaSi~ un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>vid<strong>es</strong>. `cxovrebaSic~ <strong>da</strong> andrezSicmtredia monawile am gamocxadebebisa.Tu andrezis mixedviT, mtreds Tavisi `WoWiT~nafotebi miaqvs gangebiT miniSnebuli adgilisaken<strong>da</strong> Tan xis mWrels Tu monadir<strong>es</strong> gaiyoliebs,`cxovrebaSi~ wmi<strong>da</strong>nis mkvebav mtredscxxi
martod <strong>da</strong>rGenilma monadirem, evagrem, Tvaliun<strong>da</strong> mohkras <strong>da</strong> mihyv<strong>es</strong> mis kvals, `raYTa araiyos <strong>da</strong>faruli brwyinvale igi varskvlavi~.mtredi moqmedebs `miSuebiTa RmrTisaYTa~, radganevagre SiosTan erTad ekl<strong>es</strong>iis mSenebeliun<strong>da</strong> Seiqmnas momavalSi, raTa `saqme qmnuli uGinoY~,rac martodmyofi beris sulier RvawlSi(asketizmSi) mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>, `cxad didebad~ gamoGnd<strong>es</strong>.gana aseve RvTiuri gangebis `miSuebiT~ar moqmedebs andrezis mtredi, roca mas monadireTu xis mWreli berTa Tumca gauqmebul,magram maTi Rvawlis kvalwauSlel sadgomebisakenmihyavs, rom Zveli siwmidis gasaaxlebladekl<strong>es</strong>ia _ mtredis saxli _ aaSenebinos?zegardis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis andrezis variantTaS<strong>ori</strong>s aris kidev erTi versia, romlis Tanaxmadkvrivis aRmomGenia ara lakaTxeveli qarGaiZe,aramed kacis kvlis mizeziT gadmoxvewili qisti,romelsac sofelma wili ar misca Tavis miwawyalze.roca qistma xis Wra <strong>da</strong>iwyo saxlisasaSeneblad, `qe<strong>da</strong>ni movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, ramdeni nafoticSeagdebina x<strong>es</strong>a, imdeni nafoti aiRo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>agrovaiqa, saca is salocavi ari. Gamovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> uTxrasofelsa, ro <strong>es</strong>eTi ambavia^ waviden, nax<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tqv<strong>es</strong>, ro albaT salocavi gvTxovso aqao, ra-Raca avaSenoTo^ sTxov<strong>es</strong>, ro vin aaSenebs,xelosani vin ari, exla <strong>da</strong> _ qarGaiZe yofilaxelosani, waiyvan<strong>es</strong> is qarGaiZe, miiyvan<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>aaSenebin<strong>es</strong> ekl<strong>es</strong>ia^~ (38, #25625).cxxii
qisti, ucxoT<strong>es</strong>li, romelic sofelma ar miiRoTavis wiaRSi, mis<strong>da</strong> uneburad soflisaTvisaxali salocavis aRmomGeni xdeba. kaci erTdrouladwils idebs sofelSi <strong>da</strong> eymoba imsalocavs, romelic misi mizeziT soflis miwawyalzeaRmoGn<strong>da</strong>. sai<strong>da</strong>nRac mofrenili qe<strong>da</strong>nimisi sacxovrebeli saxlisaTvis gankuTvnili xisnafotebiT aSenebs ekl<strong>es</strong>iis sax<strong>es</strong>, riTac gzasuxsnis qists sofelSi <strong>da</strong>sasaxleblad. mopovebulisalocaviTurT, rogorc sasyidliT, isSedis sofelSi <strong>saymo</strong>s sruluflebian wevrad,amrigad qistis mier sacxovrebeli saxlis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebareligiuri aqtia, raki igi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliakultis <strong>da</strong>arsebasTan.`qalaqis <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli, _ wers fiustel dekulanJi, _ aris kaci, romelic asrulebs religiuraqts, romlis gareSe qalaqi ver iarsebeb<strong>da</strong>.<strong>es</strong> is kacia, vinc <strong>da</strong>aarsa kera, sa<strong>da</strong>c maradiuladun<strong>da</strong> enTos wmi<strong>da</strong> cecxli; <strong>es</strong> iskacia, romelic Tavisi locvebiT <strong>da</strong> ritualebiTmouxmobs RmerTebs <strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mod amkvidrebs maTaxal qalaqSi. gasagebia is pativiscema, romelsacmiageben am sakralur a<strong>da</strong>mians. vidre iscocxalia, masSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven kultis Semqnels <strong>da</strong>qalaqis mamas; sikvdilis Semdeg is xdeba saerTowinaprad Taobebisa, romlebic mas misdeven;qalaqisaTvis <strong>es</strong> igivea, rac ojaxis pirveliwinapari. misi xsovna iseve ar qreba, rogorckeris cecxli, romelic man <strong>da</strong>anTo^~ (155, 161).cxxiii
fiustel de kulanJis azriT, romelic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuliaZvel romael matianeebze, qalaqis<strong>da</strong>arseba yovelTvis religiuri aqti iyo, xolomisi <strong>da</strong>maarsebeli _ sakraluri piri. dumacxosmasStabSi <strong>es</strong> gadmoxvewili qisti imave rols asrulebs,rasac im Zveli qalaqebis <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebelni;isic maT msgavsad sakraluri piria _ manaxali sakulto cxovreba misca sofels, Seqmnara misgan axali <strong>saymo</strong> zegardis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgisgarSemo <strong>da</strong> gax<strong>da</strong> misi pirveli dekanozi. man<strong>da</strong>sabami <strong>da</strong>udo dumacxoSi afciaurTa erT Stos_ aspanianT (Tavisi saxelis aspanis mixedviT),sai<strong>da</strong>nac gamodian zegardis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis dekanozebi;maT S<strong>ori</strong>s ki <strong>saymo</strong>s axsovs legen<strong>da</strong>rulifocxvera, romelic mxarze droSagadebulifreniT eSvebo<strong>da</strong> dumacxos saRvTomaRalis mwvervali<strong>da</strong>n soflis salocavamde.jvarGena tyveobaSiSemonaxulia andrezebi <strong>da</strong>tyvevebul <strong>da</strong>tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n Tav<strong>da</strong>xsnil jvar-xatebze, romelTaTavga<strong>da</strong>savali maTsave epiTetebSia gakvrivebuli.jvarTa tyveoba ar aris fantaziis nayofi, isist<strong>ori</strong>uli sinamdvilea, Gveni qveynis bedukuRmarTiwarsulis gamoZaxil andrezebSi. ai, Tun<strong>da</strong>c,erTi magaliTi: `qk s:sv: yaeni wamovi<strong>da</strong>ulusiTa saqarTvelosa; saqristianoTa xatTa <strong>da</strong>jvarTa atyuevebd<strong>es</strong>^~ (69, 335). qarTlis cxovrebaSiSeiZleba <strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>sturoT konkretulicxxiv
SemTxvevebi jvarTa <strong>da</strong>tyvevebisa Semoseulimtris mier: `^amsave Jamsa movid<strong>es</strong> sarkinozni,romelTa uxmobd<strong>es</strong> sajobiT <strong>da</strong> moatyuen<strong>es</strong>kaxeTi, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wu<strong>es</strong> juari <strong>da</strong> mcxeTa, <strong>da</strong> Seiqc<strong>es</strong>,<strong>da</strong> warvid<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> waritan<strong>es</strong> Tana juari patiosani<strong>da</strong>Wrili^~ (73, 265). mteri, urjulo, ebrZvisjvars, rogorc sulier arsebas, rogorc devi _RvTisSvils, <strong>da</strong> is ara mxolod wartyvenilia,aramed <strong>da</strong>Wrilic aris. *<strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli <strong>jvari</strong>s Semdgom beds ucxomxareSi gvamcnobs garkveuli tipis Tqmuleba,romelic mravali variantiT aris cnobili qar-Tul folklorSi. ai, am Tqmulebis fabula:qarTvel tyveebTan erTad gatacebulia xatic.mtris qveyanaSi xati saswauls axdens: Svidiwlis manZilze miwa nayofs ar iZleva, a<strong>da</strong>mianic<strong>da</strong> pirutyvic gaberwebulia, epidemia anadgurebsmosaxleobas. misani xvdeba ubedurebis mizezs;xats sjian (wvaven, sakireSi agdeben), magramverafers akleben: is uvnebelia. bolos, misnisrGeviT, xats xaris rqaze miakraven <strong>da</strong> tyveebTanerTad Tavisuflad gauSveben. xari moisaklisebserT koWl de<strong>da</strong>kacs <strong>da</strong> mxolod maSin <strong>da</strong>iZreba,roca is de<strong>da</strong>kaci SeuerTdeba <strong>saymo</strong>s. xari miuZRvistyveebs samSoblosaken <strong>da</strong> Gerdeba imadgilas, romelsac xati Tavis sabrZanisad amoirGevs.* <strong>da</strong>Wril-<strong>da</strong>lewili xatebis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali moTxrobilia xatmebrZoleobis amsaxvel qristianullegendebSi.cxxv
aseTi Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali aqvs rkonisRvTismSoblis (3, 115) <strong>da</strong> Zarwemis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgisxatebs (92, 212). magram <strong>es</strong> ist<strong>ori</strong>a sayovelTaodcnobili gaxa<strong>da</strong> mTiuleTis <strong>saymo</strong>Ta saerTosalocavma _ saxelganTqmulma lomisis wmi<strong>da</strong>giorgis xatma, romlis Rvawli amgvarad ixseniebasadideblebSi: `gaumarjos lomisas, xorasanTtyveTa <strong>da</strong>mxsnelsa~ (56, 35). lomisiswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis tyveobisa <strong>da</strong> misi Tav<strong>da</strong>xsnis ambavimraval variantad aris Gawerili <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>beWdili(50, 168-9; ##527-8; 40, 114). Tumca xorasanstyveTa mxsneloba ar <strong>da</strong>rGa mxolodlomisis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis privilegiad; un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT,rom lomisis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis xorasnulRvawls hqon<strong>da</strong> tendencia S<strong>es</strong>uliyo mTavarmowamis`saerToqarTul~ cxovrebaSi, rogorc erTimniSvnelovani epizodi. ra uSualo kavSiri un<strong>da</strong>arsebuliyo warsulSi lomisis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis<strong>saymo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ZimiTis (guria) wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis ekl<strong>es</strong>iasS<strong>ori</strong>s, rom gvevarau<strong>da</strong> am miTologemisga<strong>da</strong>svla mTiuleTi<strong>da</strong>n guriaSi. magram ZimiTiswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis xatis kubos amSvenebs warwera,sai<strong>da</strong>nac mogv<strong>es</strong>mis mTiuluri sadideblissityvebi: `q. eha, Sen dido mxneo mxe<strong>da</strong>ro <strong>da</strong>RvawliT Semosilo <strong>da</strong> xvarasanT tyveTamxsnelo, saswaulT moqmedo axovano <strong>da</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong>omowameo giorgi^~ (36, 25).XVIII saukunis werilobiT wyaros Semounaxavsandrezi, sa<strong>da</strong>c tyveTa mxsneli urjuloTacxxvi
qveyni<strong>da</strong>n awyuris (samcxe) RvTismSoblis xatia.beri egnataSvilis `axali qarTlis cxovrebaSi~,sa<strong>da</strong>c aRwerilia XV-XVI saukuneebis samcxis vi-Tareba, vkiTxulobT: samcxis <strong>da</strong>laSqvris Semdeg`aiyara yaeni <strong>da</strong> warvi<strong>da</strong> sayaenosa Tvissa <strong>da</strong>tyue hyv<strong>es</strong> xati awyurisa RmrTismSobeli, <strong>da</strong>wariyvan<strong>es</strong> queyanasa maTsa. <strong>da</strong> iqmna didi glova<strong>da</strong> mwuxareba miuTxrobeli sruliad m<strong>es</strong>xTaze<strong>da</strong>. aRdg<strong>es</strong> yovelni <strong>da</strong> STavid<strong>es</strong> qarTls,vidremdis mwirobd<strong>es</strong> mun Svid wel^ maSin od<strong>es</strong>movi<strong>da</strong> uzun-asan mZlavriTa laSqriTa <strong>da</strong> wariyvanaxati igi awyurisa RmrTismSoblisa queyanasamas ucxo T<strong>es</strong>lTasa, <strong>es</strong>eviTari risxva RmrTisamiavlina; arca Soba de<strong>da</strong>kacman, arca pirutyuman,arc hyo xeman nayofi, arca miwaman aRmoacena. <strong>da</strong>iqmna didi gamoZieba maT S<strong>ori</strong>s ucxosa amisTvissaqmisa <strong>da</strong> ityod<strong>es</strong>: `raY-me ars <strong>es</strong>e?~ romelnimeityod<strong>es</strong>: `SecTomiT iqmna~, xolo sxuani sxuasacarasame mizezsa moiRebd<strong>es</strong>. xolo ubrZn<strong>es</strong>TakacTa mis queyanisaTa <strong>es</strong>reT Tqu<strong>es</strong>: `od<strong>es</strong>-igisaqarTvelos vilaSqreT, maSin erTisa didisasaydri<strong>da</strong>Rmen ficari erTi, Semkuli mravliTapativiTa, vixileT <strong>da</strong> warmoviReT; <strong>da</strong> mgzavrobasamas Guensa ucxo saswauli vixileT misgan,rameTu mwuxrsa GavasueneT uRrm<strong>es</strong>saadgilsa bargisasa <strong>da</strong>, viTarca ganTend<strong>es</strong>, aRmovid<strong>es</strong>siRrmi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> maRlad mjdomare ixilvebodis<strong>da</strong> viTarca mze brwyinevdis. <strong>da</strong> saqme <strong>es</strong>eueWvelad misgan iqmna queyanasa Guensa <strong>da</strong>, Tucxxvii
gnebavs ganrineba Wirisa misgan, igi moviZioT <strong>da</strong>queyanasa maTsa ganuteoT~. maSin moiZi<strong>es</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong><strong>es</strong>e xati <strong>da</strong>, hpov<strong>es</strong> ra, <strong>es</strong>reT ganizrax<strong>es</strong>: `movediT<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vakraT kicusa uPedsa <strong>da</strong>, ukeTuwarvid<strong>es</strong> marTliad gzasa Tvissa, uwyodeT,rameTu amisgan ars <strong>es</strong>e yoveli; <strong>da</strong> ukeTu miiqciossxviT-kerZo, maSin SecdomiT rame iqmna<strong>da</strong> ara amisgan~. <strong>da</strong> viTarca <strong>da</strong>akr<strong>es</strong> kicusa masze<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong>e xati, <strong>es</strong>reT marTliad warmoemarTagzasa samcxeT momyvanebelsa, viTarmca saGinomPe<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> aRviriTa mpyrobeli <strong>da</strong> mmarTebeli.<strong>da</strong> viTarca ixil<strong>es</strong> ucxoT<strong>es</strong>lTa sakvirveleba<strong>es</strong>e, ganixar<strong>es</strong> sixaruliTa didiTa friad, <strong>da</strong>warmogzavn<strong>es</strong> pativiTa. <strong>da</strong> Tanawarmohyva simravlecxenebisa friadi, romelsa zurgebiGadrekilebi dR<strong>es</strong>ca hqa<strong>da</strong>gebs maSindelsa saswaulsa.xolo ucxoT<strong>es</strong>lTa maT ara-ra izrun<strong>es</strong>cxenebisa maTisaTvis, vinaTgan uzomosa misWirisagan Psnasa moelod<strong>es</strong>. <strong>da</strong> gangebiTasaRrmToTa mciredTa JamTa samcx<strong>es</strong> moiwiaadgilsa, romelsa aw elavsi ewodebis, <strong>da</strong> iqmnadidebuli saswauli. rameTu myis ganaTl<strong>da</strong>sruliad samcxe <strong>da</strong> gabrwyin<strong>da</strong> w<strong>es</strong>isaebrpirvelisa. <strong>da</strong> viTarca ixil<strong>es</strong> yovelTa anas<strong>da</strong>Tiigi Secvaleba bnelisa naTlad <strong>da</strong> mixed<strong>es</strong>adgilsa mas <strong>da</strong> saxed elvisa brwyinvi<strong>da</strong> xatiyovlad-wmidisa, gankvirvebulTa Tqu<strong>es</strong>: `ra-mears <strong>es</strong>e elvis saxed brwyinvale?~ <strong>da</strong> mieriTganewo<strong>da</strong> adgilsa mas elavsi. <strong>da</strong> Sekrb<strong>es</strong> yovelnicxxviii
<strong>da</strong> mivid<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> ixil<strong>es</strong> xati <strong>es</strong>e yovlad-wmidisaRmrTismSobelisa brwyinvaled mjdomare kicusaze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> simravle cxenebisa garemosa missa;gankvird<strong>es</strong> ucxosa mas ze<strong>da</strong> sakvirvelsa <strong>da</strong>adid<strong>es</strong> RmerTi <strong>da</strong> yovlad-wmi<strong>da</strong> RmrTismSobeli<strong>da</strong> cremliTa mPurvaliTa RaRadyu<strong>es</strong> missa mimarT:`kurTxeul ars mosvla Seni, de<strong>da</strong>o saxierisaRmrTisao, raYsaTvis <strong>da</strong>gviteven <strong>es</strong>eodenTaJamTa bnelTa Sina, romelTa Sen mier vixileTsaRmrTo naTeli Zisa Senisa?~ <strong>da</strong> viTarca <strong>es</strong>maxatisa saswauliTa mosvla m<strong>es</strong>xTa qarTlsmyofTa, viTarmed samcxe ganaTl<strong>da</strong>, ganixar<strong>es</strong>sixaruliTa didiTa friad <strong>da</strong> Tqu<strong>es</strong>: `ueWveladxati yovlad-wmidisa mosuen<strong>da</strong>. aRvdgeT <strong>da</strong>warvideT queyanasa Guensa~ (74, 479-481).<strong>es</strong> vrceli monakveTi, romlis Sinaarsi arsebiTadigiveobrivia lomisis xatis andrezisa(principul gansxavebas ar qmnis xaris Senacvlebauxedneli kviciT, romliTac brundeba ukanRvTismSoblis xati), aq im mizniT aris motanili,rom yuradReba mivapyraT arqauli miTosisaTvis<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel zogierT moments. rod<strong>es</strong>acbabilonelTa qalRmerTi iSTari stovebs qveyanas<strong>da</strong> qv<strong>es</strong>knelSi Gadis, de<strong>da</strong>miwaze wydeba nayofiereba,rogorc cxoveluri, ise mcenareuli;kacTa modgmasac ki ga<strong>da</strong>Seneba emuqreba, radganqveyni<strong>da</strong>n wasulia gamravlebis impulsi. `arcSoba de<strong>da</strong>kacman, arca pirutyvman, arca hyo xemannayofi, arca miwaman aRmoacena~ _ vkiTxulobTcxxix
saist<strong>ori</strong>o TxzulebaSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> sityvebi TavisuflaladSeiZleba gavimeoroT iSTaris gauGinarebiTqveyanaSi Seqmnili viTarebis <strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad.Tumca <strong>es</strong> saswaulebi xdeba urjuloTaqveyanaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c xatia <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli, <strong>da</strong>ara samcxeSi, xatis <strong>saymo</strong>Si, sai<strong>da</strong>nac rogorciSTari _ radgan ucxo mxareSi wasvla qv<strong>es</strong>knelSiGasvlis ba<strong>da</strong>lia _ wasulia xati; magramarc samcxe, xatis <strong>saymo</strong>, ar aris <strong>da</strong>lxinebuli:`<strong>da</strong> iqmna glova <strong>da</strong> mwuxareba miuTxrobeli,aRdg<strong>es</strong> yovelni <strong>da</strong> STavid<strong>es</strong> qarTls, vidremdismwirobdnen mun Svid wel~ _ gvamcnobs saist<strong>ori</strong>oTxzuleba savsebiT realur ist<strong>ori</strong>ulfaqts: m<strong>es</strong>xebis Gasvlas qarTlSi <strong>da</strong> droebiTmaT iq yofnas, anu mwirobas. m<strong>es</strong>xni stoveben mitovebulqveyanas rogorc israelianebi, romlebicgaurbian SimSils <strong>da</strong> Gadian egvipteSi.S<strong>es</strong>aZloa, m<strong>es</strong>xTaTvis qarTli, sa<strong>da</strong>c `STadian~,simbolurad iyo egvipte, sa<strong>da</strong>c maT Svidi weliun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>hyon mwirad _ ganTqmuli Svidi weliunayofobisa, romelic dgeba nayofieri Svidiwlis Semdeg. arc `Stasvla~ <strong>da</strong> arc `Svidiweli~ ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos SemTxveviTi m<strong>es</strong>xTaTavga<strong>da</strong>savalSi, romelic SeemTxvaT maT maTimfarveli RvTismSoblis xatis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis Semdeg.gadis Svidi weli <strong>da</strong> samcxeSi brundeba gamarjvebuli,uxednel kvicze, rogorc erT drosmisi Ze, amxedrebuli RvTismSobeli, kidev ufrogabrwyinebuli <strong>da</strong> meti didebiT mosili, <strong>da</strong>cxxx
m<strong>es</strong>xnic brundebian Tavis qveyanaSi.RvTismSobeli kvlav Semoikrebs Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>s,romelic Svidi weliwadi `ucxo~ qveyanaSi mwirob<strong>da</strong>,sa<strong>da</strong>c mas qarTlis mefe konstantine, rogorcfaraoni iakobis naSierT, akaveb<strong>da</strong> (`xoloknstantine ayeneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara uteveb<strong>da</strong> warsvlad;<strong>da</strong> viTarca hpov<strong>es</strong> Jami marjue, aRdg<strong>es</strong> Ram<strong>es</strong>aerTsa <strong>da</strong> warmoemarTn<strong>es</strong> yovliT saxleuliT ma-TiTurT~ (74, 481). <strong>es</strong> aris ambavi m<strong>es</strong>xebis gamosvlaTamaTi mwirobis qveyni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> S<strong>es</strong>vlamaTi RvTiuri patronis qveyanaSi. am Tavga<strong>da</strong>savalSikargad Gans, rom am xalxisaTvis sacxovrebeliterit<strong>ori</strong>a warmoudgenelia misi RvTiuripatonis gareSe; aq isic Gans, rom xati Tavisi<strong>da</strong>brunebiT xelmered moupovebs Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>s<strong>da</strong>kargul miwa-wyals.lomisis xati <strong>da</strong> misi ymebi erTad arian qveyanaSi<strong>da</strong>tyvevebulni. TqmulebaTa am rkalSi Semodisxevis sparsangelozis andrezic, romlisteqsti Gawerili aqvs s.makalaTias. ai, misi Sinaarsi:sxva tyveebTan erTad sparseTSi erTi moxeveqalic yofila akvnis bavSviT. aTengenobis winadRiT akvanTan mj<strong>da</strong>ri wverisangelosze ocnebamgaitaca. gamoecxa<strong>da</strong> angelozi <strong>da</strong> uTxra: Taro<strong>da</strong>nGemi sayure gadmoiRe <strong>da</strong> xevis gzas gaudeqio.dRe me gmalav, Ram-RamobiT Suqze gatarebo.iqve gaGn<strong>da</strong> xaric, romlis rqaze Sej<strong>da</strong> wverisangelozi<strong>da</strong> qals win gauZRva. snoSi aTengeno-cxxxi
as miuswro qalma <strong>da</strong> maSinve wverisangelozSiavi<strong>da</strong>, sayure xatisTvis Seuwiravs, xari <strong>da</strong>uklavs<strong>da</strong> angelozic am adgilas <strong>da</strong>frenila (53,252).mTiuleTisa <strong>da</strong> xevis mTavari salocavebissaswaulebi ukavSirdeba mniSvnelovan gansacdelebsmaTi <strong>saymo</strong>ebis ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi. S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia,<strong>es</strong> gansacdeli maTi Seqmnis, <strong>saymo</strong>d GamoyalibebissafuZvelic ki iyos, vinai<strong>da</strong>n sa<strong>da</strong>c araris gansacdeli, iq xsnac ar aris; xsna ki,ga<strong>da</strong>rGena, Tav<strong>da</strong>xsna, xelaxali Seqmnis <strong>da</strong>xelaxali Sobis, gamococxlebis ba<strong>da</strong>lia. amitomaris mxsneli macxovari, ganmacocxlebeli.tyveoba <strong>da</strong> sikvdili rom tolfardi movlenebia,amis <strong>da</strong>sa<strong>da</strong>stureblad aucilebeli arc arisZveli miTosis moxmoba; <strong>es</strong> cxaddeba srulia<strong>da</strong>ramiTosur, yofiT ganc<strong>da</strong>Si, roca a<strong>da</strong>mianimTeli sisavsiT ganicdis tyveobis gansacdels.amas gvi<strong>da</strong>sturebs erTi adgili nikoloz bara-TaSvilis kerZo werili<strong>da</strong>n: `^xom ici, tyveoba<strong>da</strong> sikvdili Gvens de<strong>da</strong>kacebs erTi hgoniaT,metadre lekis tyveoba~ (1848 wlis 2 maisi).`metadre lekis^~ amas Tavisi <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs:leki * urjuloa <strong>da</strong> urjuloTa qveyanaSi tyveoba(gavixsenoT guramiSvilis gansacdeli) gaZlierebulmniSvnelobas iZens, roca qristianis <strong>da</strong>misi xatis tyveobazea laparaki.* lekebSia <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli, Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, rkonis RvTismSobeli (3,115) <strong>da</strong> Zarwemiswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis xati (99, 212), romelTa Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali `xorasnuli Rvawlis~ motivzea agebuli.cxxxii
xats jojoxeTi<strong>da</strong>n, qv<strong>es</strong>kneli<strong>da</strong>n amohyavstyvedqmnili, <strong>da</strong>monebuli xalxi. magram xaticxom tyvea, jer xom man un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ixsnas Tavi, romxalxis gaTavisufleba SeZlos? ufro meti: isicusaTuod tyveobaSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom ixsnas Tavisixalxi; is gveleSapis SiganSi un<strong>da</strong> moeqc<strong>es</strong>,STaenTqas gveleSaps, rom misi mucli<strong>da</strong>n gamoiyvanosSTanTqmulni. jer xatma un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ixsnasTavi <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> misi TviT<strong>da</strong>xsna aris swored jvar-Gena ucxo qveyanaSi.SeniSnuli iyo, rom jvarGena sastiki movlenaa,sastiki Tavad sakuTari <strong>saymo</strong>saTvisac ki,Tavisi unji ymisaTvisac ki, romelsac <strong>da</strong>adebsTavis Zlier xels. miT umet<strong>es</strong>, sastiki <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>undobeliun<strong>da</strong> iyos is, roca <strong>da</strong>tyvevebulia <strong>da</strong>Tav<strong>da</strong>xsnisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> iGinos Tavi. jvarGenisniSnebia _ <strong>da</strong> amas xvdeba ucxo qveynis misani _nayofierebis Sewyveta qveyanaSi, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa <strong>da</strong>cxovelTa siberwe, Jamianoba <strong>da</strong> sxva epidemiebi.<strong>jvari</strong> qveynis gamanadgurebeli saSualebebiTiGens Tavs, rogorc israelis RmerTi egvipteSi,roca faraoni akaveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>monebul xalxs <strong>da</strong> aruSveb<strong>da</strong> monobis qveyni<strong>da</strong>n. xats saswaulebiT gamohyavsTavisi <strong>saymo</strong> xorasni<strong>da</strong>n Tu lekebi<strong>da</strong>n,rogorc iahv<strong>es</strong> Tavisi eri egvipti<strong>da</strong>n iq <strong>da</strong>trialebulisasjelebis _ gvemis, ganadgurebis, snebaTaSeyris,stiqionTa aboboqrebis, pirmSoTaamoxocvis Semdeg; aqac <strong>da</strong> iqac xalxis patroniaGen<strong>da</strong> Tavis marjvenas, romlis winaSe uZluricxxxiii
iyo <strong>da</strong>mTrgunveli qveyana. ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> amxalxis tyveoba, radgan is uflis sakuTreba iyo,misi unji (segulah), rogorc Tavad eubneba maT:`radgan Sena xar wmi<strong>da</strong> eri uflisaTvis, SeniRvTisaTvis, Sen gamogarGia ufalma, SenmaRmerTma, rom misi unji eri yofiliyavi^~ (2rjl. 7, 6). rogorc ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> motaceba <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>tyveveba RvTis kidobnisa <strong>da</strong> aki filistimelTaRvTaebis _ <strong>da</strong>gonis taZarSi gamomwyvdeulmaSemusra maTi kerpi <strong>da</strong> mere, sa<strong>da</strong>c kiga<strong>da</strong>itan<strong>es</strong>, yvelgan _ geTSi, ekronSi _ uwyalodmusrav<strong>da</strong> xalxs <strong>da</strong> ase grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> Svid weliwads,vidre misanTa rGeviT or mewvel furSiSebmul uremze ar <strong>da</strong>asven<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> ar gagzavn<strong>es</strong>Tavis wilxvdomil qveyanaSi; rogorc ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>tyveveba, xelis xlebac ki imisa, razecdevs uflis xeli, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli saSineli RvTiskidobniT <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli. racuflisTvis wmi<strong>da</strong>a (kodeS), is xelSeuxebelia.uflis siwmidis Selaxvis kerZo faqtad, racun<strong>da</strong> ucnaurad ar mogveGvenos, un<strong>da</strong> GavTvaloTerTi SexedviT gaugebari ist<strong>ori</strong>a, rac sarasSeemTxva, Semdeg rebekasac, _ misi <strong>da</strong>kaveba jeregvipteSi faraonis <strong>da</strong> mere gerarSi am qveynismefis mier, ris gamoc `di<strong>da</strong>d SeaWirva ufalmafaraoni <strong>da</strong> misi saxli~ (<strong>da</strong>b. 12, 17) <strong>da</strong> `yvelas<strong>da</strong>uxSo ufalma saSo abimeleqis saxlSi~ (<strong>da</strong>b.20, 18). mis xelmyofelTa <strong>es</strong> `<strong>da</strong>mizezeba~ gar<strong>da</strong>uvaliiyo, imis niSani iyo, rom sara un<strong>da</strong>cxxxiv
<strong>da</strong>brunebo<strong>da</strong> Tavis patrons, radgan is iyoaRTqmis aRsrulebis erTaderTi WurWeli, sai<strong>da</strong>nacufals Tavisi wmi<strong>da</strong> eri un<strong>da</strong> warmoeSva.xati <strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong> erTad arian tyveobaSi. maTierTad yofna imas niSnavs, rom xati ar stovebsTavis xalxs upatronod, Tumca monobis qveyanaSixati jer farulad aris, is imarxavs Tavs, jerar gamoGenila, is sdums. roca is alaparakdeba,ai, maSin xdeba jvarGena <strong>da</strong> iwyeba gamosvla,magram jvarGena _ obieqturi faqti _ a<strong>da</strong>mianissuliskveTebazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.gavixsenoT: mravali xani itanjebo<strong>da</strong> xalxiegvipteSi, magram RmerTi dum<strong>da</strong>. xalxs,S<strong>es</strong>aZloa, namdvilad ase iyo, <strong>da</strong>viwyebulic kihyav<strong>da</strong> Tavisi mama-papis RmerTi; aRarc ki axsov<strong>da</strong>,Tu od<strong>es</strong>me hyolia, magram roca ise<strong>da</strong>mZim<strong>da</strong>, rom metis atana a<strong>da</strong>mians aRar SeeZlo,xalxi akvn<strong>es</strong><strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> RmerTs miswv<strong>da</strong> misi kvn<strong>es</strong>a,radgan is ar iyo umisamarTo, ar iyo umweo, upatronomonis kvn<strong>es</strong>a, aramed a<strong>da</strong>mianisa, romelmacgaixsena Tavisi vinaoba <strong>da</strong> warsuli; sZlia satanismoqmedebas, romelic aviwyeb<strong>da</strong> mas, rom isufliswuli iyo, rom is samyaros Semoqmedisunji sakuTreba iyo (rogorc un<strong>da</strong> iyos yvelaxalxi). ai, swored maSin mox<strong>da</strong> jvarGena sinaismTaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c devnili mose mwy<strong>es</strong>av<strong>da</strong> Tavisi simamrisfaras.un<strong>da</strong> movelodeT, rom yovel aseT dros _ukidur<strong>es</strong> gasaWirSi ibadeba, ufro swored,cxxxv
aRdgeba gawyvetili kavSiri a<strong>da</strong>miansa <strong>da</strong> mismfarvels S<strong>ori</strong>s. jojoxeTSi, veSapis mucelSi,ibadeba sasoeba, rwmena; aq lbeba guli, arqvavdeba. qali swuxs ucxoobaSi, enatreba TavisimTavarangelozis adgilsamyofeli <strong>da</strong> dReoba(adgili <strong>da</strong> dro, rogorc erTiani Jam-kari _kultis piroba) <strong>da</strong> natvraSi, roca is aRargrZnobs Tavs umweod, aris religiis <strong>da</strong>sabami.<strong>da</strong>sabami aris am qalSi, akvans rom uzis, rogorcpirvel qa<strong>da</strong>gSi _ minanSi, sanaTaSi, wmi<strong>da</strong> ninoSi,mariamsa <strong>da</strong> marTaSi. Gumi kvn<strong>es</strong>a natvrasTan er-Tad aRmomx<strong>da</strong>ri aranakleb <strong>es</strong>mis mTavarangelozisxats, vidre egvipteSi <strong>da</strong>monebuli xalxisufals misi gamayruebeli godeba.<strong>saymo</strong> aRdga kvlav, is Seikriba Tavisi xatisgarSemo, uklebliv yvela, im upatrono, yvelasagan<strong>da</strong>viwyebuli koWli de<strong>da</strong>kacianad, romelsac_ ukanasknels _ elodebo<strong>da</strong> xati. <strong>saymo</strong> aRdgatyveobis qveyanaSi, roca alaparak<strong>da</strong> xati, <strong>da</strong>ganmtkic<strong>da</strong> gzaSi, roca is miuZRo<strong>da</strong> maT qveynisaken.isini mtkicdebian <strong>da</strong> kidev ufro er-Tiandebian gzaSi, radgan erTi mimarTulebiTuxdebaT yureba. israeli xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> Tavis windRisiT Rrubels, RamiT _ naTlis svets. <strong>es</strong>enixe<strong>da</strong>ven dRisiT <strong>da</strong> RamiT mTavarangelozis anwmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis xats, aRmarTuls xaris rqebze, _TavianT winamZRols <strong>da</strong> mxsnels, romelic samaradiso<strong>da</strong>RibeW<strong>da</strong> maT SegnebaSi.cxxxvi
cxxxvii
qajaveTisganZi `qajaveTi~, romlis kavSiri `qajeTTan~eWvs ar un<strong>da</strong> iwvevd<strong>es</strong>, tradiciulad _<strong>es</strong> tradicia, rogorc Gans, `vefxistyaosanma~gaaZliera _ iseTi qeyanaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c viRac un<strong>da</strong>iyos <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli: is, vinc motacebulia Tavisiqveyni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> xsnas elis. qajeTi tyveobis qveyanaa<strong>da</strong> Tavad mTeli qveyana qajeTisa erTian cixe<strong>da</strong>ris warmodgenili, cixe ki un<strong>da</strong> gaitexos; amazeTaTbirobs mis misadgomebTan misuli sami gmiri.fSav-xevsureTis andrezebSic laparakia qajaveTisgatexvaze _ `qajaveTi ro gautexavRvTiSvilTa^~ _ rom ZaliT wamoiRon iqi<strong>da</strong>n, racwamosaRebia, wamoiyvanon, rac wamosayvania; xolorac moaqvT Tu mohyavT, aucilebelia <strong>saymo</strong>sTvis,misi arsebobisTvis (rogorc n<strong>es</strong>tani tarielisTvis),Tu ara <strong>da</strong> gaugebari iqnebo<strong>da</strong> mis winaaRmdeggalaSqrebul RvTisSvilTa Tanganwirva.cxxxviii
as mogviTxrobs qajaveTis gatexis Tqmuleba?xaxmatis <strong>jvari</strong>s winamZRolobiT xevsureTisRvTisSvilni gaemarTnen qajaveTis <strong>da</strong>salaSqravad;Tan iaxl<strong>es</strong> erTaderTi mokv<strong>da</strong>vi, a<strong>da</strong>miani,magram ara ubralo mokv<strong>da</strong>vi, aramed <strong>jvari</strong>smkadre, romelsac <strong>jvari</strong> `xelze moudio<strong>da</strong>~. isxSirad, _ misi saxeli iyo gaxua megrelauri(WormeSavi<strong>da</strong>n), _ <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> jvarTan erTad; amboben,`xandixan <strong>da</strong>ikargisao. erT-<strong>ori</strong> TviTgemavidisav, safarvel <strong>da</strong>debul <strong>da</strong>xyvandisavxTiSvilTa Tanav~ (67, 193). kidev ambobdnen, rom`jvarTan jvar yofil, xatTan xat yofil iskaci~. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad jvarTan aseTi siaxlovisa,RvTisSvilTa S<strong>ori</strong>s gareva mas ar SeeZlo xorcielisaxiT, miT umet<strong>es</strong>, qajaveTSi S<strong>es</strong>aRwevad _<strong>es</strong> axasiaTebs am qveyanas, rogorc gansxvavebuliganzomilebis sivrceSi mdebar<strong>es</strong> _ mas un<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>eTmo sxeuli; suli misi un<strong>da</strong> gayro<strong>da</strong> missxeuls, is uxorco un<strong>da</strong> S<strong>es</strong>uliyo qajaveTSi.amitom RvTisSvilebma misi suli amoaZvrin<strong>es</strong>misi sxeuli<strong>da</strong>n. SeuZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> am faqtism<strong>es</strong>ame piriT gadmocema, rom is Tavi<strong>da</strong>nvepirveli piriT ar yofiliyo Tqmuli, ar gaecxadebinaamgvari gansacdeli Tavad mis ganmcdels.`^sul amamaZvrin<strong>es</strong>av, Tqvisav gaxuama-d’ gvamivqviSaSi GaRmarx<strong>es</strong>av~ (67, 190); `<strong>da</strong>mawvin<strong>es</strong>av, sulamamaZvin<strong>es</strong>av. mec angelozebTan viarev^~ (67, 18)).cxxxix
mas Semdeg,rac xaxmati<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Zrulebma gaxuas sulam<strong>ori</strong>debuligvami velkeTilze, <strong>da</strong>Tvis<strong>jvari</strong>smisadgomebTan, sadRac kldis `exSi~ <strong>da</strong>mal<strong>es</strong> TumiwaSi (`qviSaSi~) Gafl<strong>es</strong>, Tu xeze miayud<strong>es</strong>, romukan <strong>da</strong>brunebisas kvlav GaeZvrinaT masSi suli,is ki gauZaliandebo<strong>da</strong> RvTisSvilT, raki misgvams suni eqnebo<strong>da</strong> adenili <strong>da</strong> mxarzec TagvisnaWami eqneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mGneuli, _ amis Semdeg GvenvkargavT maT kvals. cnobilia gza xaxmati<strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong>Tvis<strong>jvari</strong>s uReltexilamde, radgan mas xorcielisnabijebis kvali amGnevia _ mokv<strong>da</strong>vi,sanam xorcieli iyo, xom fex<strong>da</strong>fex misdev<strong>da</strong>mfrinav xatebs, _ magram sruliad gamoucnobiagza <strong>da</strong>Tvis<strong>jvari</strong><strong>da</strong>n qajaveTamde, radgan is uxilavmaarsebebma gaiar<strong>es</strong> ise, rom kvali ar <strong>da</strong>um-GneviaT miwaze <strong>da</strong> verc veravis moukravs maTTvisTvali. <strong>es</strong> uxilavi gza, romlis toponimebi uc-cxl
nobia andrezisaTvis, sruliad sxva ganzomilebaSimdebareobs. midio<strong>da</strong> gza, mere is ga<strong>da</strong>ty<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>TvisjvarTan, ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> piriqiTSi, irealurSi,sa<strong>da</strong>c xorciel gaxuas ar SeeZlo SeRweva. amitomun<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom RvTisSvilTa<strong>da</strong>salaSqravi qajaveTi ar mdebareobs fizikursamyaroSi, Tumca misken mimavali gza is gzaaris, romelsac tradiciulad adgas <strong>saymo</strong>,rod<strong>es</strong>ac piraqeTi xevsureTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Tvis<strong>jvari</strong>sga<strong>da</strong>vliT miTxos soflebis <strong>da</strong>salaSqravad miemarTeba.<strong>es</strong> marSruti asaxulia sagmirosalaSqropoeziaSi: velkeTil amaiar<strong>es</strong>, xaniaSvaRamisao, <strong>da</strong>Tvisjvar ga<strong>da</strong>iar<strong>es</strong>, namga<strong>da</strong>Gqvif<strong>es</strong> mTisao. miTxos pir<strong>da</strong>pir Gavid<strong>es</strong>,alagzed leven Gdilsao (75, #48). <strong>da</strong>TvisjvarerTad Sagrovd<strong>es</strong>, <strong>da</strong>mSven<strong>da</strong> mTa <strong>da</strong> baria, <strong>da</strong>Tvisjvarsga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> Sav-naba<strong>da</strong>is jaria (78, #61).arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad qajaveTisTqmulebaSi asaxuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos qarTvelTatomis mravalgzisi laSqrobebi uSualomezoblebis _ qistebis winaaRmdeg (67, 81-97. <strong>es</strong>realisturi mosazrebaa, romelic eyrdnoba amtomebs S<strong>ori</strong>s saukunovan urTierTobas maTi mezobladcxovrebis manZilze. magram ise ar un<strong>da</strong>warmovidginoT, TiTqos andrezSi qajaveTissaxiT qisteTi igulisxmebod<strong>es</strong>. realurilaSqrobebi <strong>saymo</strong>si qisteTis winaaRmdeg iZlevamodels qajaveTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobisaTvis, _ai, am azriT un<strong>da</strong> iyos asaxuli ist<strong>ori</strong>uli sinamdvileqajaveTis andrezSi, romlis mizan<strong>da</strong>saxulobasruliad gansxvavdeba sagmirosalaSqroeposisagan. amJamad inter<strong>es</strong>is sagansar <strong>Seadgens</strong> sakuTriv brZola jvarTa <strong>da</strong> qajTacxli
S<strong>ori</strong>s; gvainter<strong>es</strong>ebs mxolod laSqrobis mizani<strong>da</strong> misi saboloo Sedegi; Tu ra nax<strong>es</strong> molaSqreebmaqajaveTSi, ra saidumlos aexa<strong>da</strong> iqfar<strong>da</strong>. rog<strong>ori</strong> qveyanaa qajaveTi? qajaveTs, rogorcqveyanas, aqvs Tavisi Suaguli, iseve, rogorca<strong>da</strong>mianTa sazogadoebas, <strong>saymo</strong>s. Suaguli,rogorc kera, sa<strong>da</strong>c amozrdilia mironmdinarialvisxe an oqros SibiT cas gamobmuli muxalaSaris gorze. cxadia, <strong>jvari</strong> dgas <strong>saymo</strong>sSuagulSi. ras warmoadgens qajaveTis Suaguli?<strong>es</strong> is adgili iqneba, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvelaze adre un<strong>da</strong>SeaWenos cxeni molaSqre RvTisSvilma. rod<strong>es</strong>aczurab erisTavi ganizraxavs xevsureTis gatexvas,is pirvel rigSi miadgeba xmalas salocavs <strong>da</strong>mis alvisx<strong>es</strong> mosaWrelad; fSavis xevSi aseTadgilad mas eguleba laSaris muxa, romlismoWriT is <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>imor-Gileb<strong>da</strong> laSaris <strong>saymo</strong>s anu fSavis TormetTems. momxdurma icis, ras <strong>da</strong>artyas pirvelad,sad SeaWenos cxeni. qajaveTSic aris aseTiadgili, <strong>es</strong> aris samWedlo. <strong>es</strong> aRniSnulia leqsSi:sinas SWeds qajTa mWedeli, mivaswver wurvaze<strong>da</strong>o.qurTemul mauglejie, cxeni Savagdize<strong>da</strong>o^ qajaveTis centri samWedloa; Tu sam-Wedlos gatexavs wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgi, qajaveTic gatexilia,misi saidumlo amoxsnilia. amas niSnavs`mivaswver wurvaze<strong>da</strong>o^~ yoveli xeloba sakralur-saidumloebrivia,gansakuTrebiT mWedloba,romelic sakulto qmedebamdea ayvanili.devebi a<strong>da</strong>mganebs umalavdnen mWedlobissaidumlos. aseve <strong>es</strong> saidumlo saqme qajeTis uxilav<strong>da</strong> miuval qveyanaSia <strong>da</strong>culi, sa<strong>da</strong>c xorcieliver SeaRwevs. mWedloba qajaveTis relig-cxlii
iaa <strong>da</strong> samWedloSi, rogorc kvrivSi, gareSem verun<strong>da</strong> Seixedos. magram RvTisSvili _ xaxmatiswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgi Sedis samWedloSi; ufro metic:gaxurebul grdemlze <strong>da</strong>amGnevs Tavisi cxenisnals, rogorc qajaveTis gatexis niSans samaradisod(amboben, qajaveTi<strong>da</strong>n wamoRebuli qurTemuli,romelsac nalis tvifari aqvs, xaxmatis<strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivSi inaxeba dRemde). mainc ras warmoadgensqajaveTis ganZi _ na<strong>da</strong>vli, romelicerTnairad <strong>es</strong>aWiroeba batonsa <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>saymo</strong>s,romlis xorcieli winamZRolia gaxua? cxadia, <strong>es</strong>ar iqneba grova SemTxveviTi sagnebisa, romelicqajaveTis Suagulis _ samWedlos afeTqebis SemdegSeiZleba xelSi moxvedro<strong>da</strong>T gamarjvebulmolaSqreebs. roca inana, uruqis qalRmerTi <strong>da</strong>misi patroni, eriduSi gaemarTa TavisiqalaqisaTvis saWiro faseulobaTa _ nivTierTaTu univToTa wamosaRebad, man ico<strong>da</strong>, ra un<strong>da</strong>wamoeRo <strong>da</strong> risTvis iyo saWiro <strong>es</strong> yvelaferi.mas mohqon<strong>da</strong> saganTa <strong>da</strong> mcnebaTa mTeli er-Toblioba, sistema, romelic safuZvlad un<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>debo<strong>da</strong> uruqis civilizacias (46, 161-6). <strong>es</strong> iyoinanas ZRveni, Tavisi <strong>saymo</strong>saTvis boZebuli. manxomaldiT mozi<strong>da</strong> ganivTebuli `ideebi~, kultisa<strong>da</strong> kulturis safuZvlebi, <strong>da</strong> uruqis navsayudelSigadmotvirTa. Gveni RvTisSvilebis motaniliganZic <strong>Seadgens</strong> saganTa sistemas, romelicsafuZvlad udevs <strong>saymo</strong>Ta sakultosazogadoebrivyofas. qajaveTis ganZSi Semavalisagnebi SeiZleba sam jgufad <strong>da</strong>vyoT. sakuTrivsagnebi: Tasi, sakideli, oqros fanduri, oqrossaceri, qurTemuli (grdemli), furis rqa.saqoneli: xar-Zroxa. qajis qalebi, mTavari maTcxliii
S<strong>ori</strong>s _ samZivari. rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, qajaveTuriganZi ar gamoirGeva saganTa mravalferovnebiT.cxadia, isini arc Tanabari mniSvnelobisa arian_ vgulisxmob sakuTriv sagnebs, romelTa S<strong>ori</strong>sTass umaRl<strong>es</strong>i adgili uWiravs. is dgas saganTaierarqiis TavSi, rogorc yabaxze Semodgmulioqros Tasi, rogorc mizani, romliskenac arismimarTuli yvelas mzera. aseve miuwvdomelia sakultoyofaSi sakralizmiT Semosili Tasi, romelic,rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, simbolurad gamoxatavsmTels kults. SeiZleba gvefiqra, romRvTisSvilebs TavianTi <strong>saymo</strong>ebisaTvis am sagnebis,maT S<strong>ori</strong>s, Tasis, saxiT moaqvT sayofacxovrebokultura; rom TiTqos <strong>es</strong> yvelasaTviscnobili <strong>da</strong> kargad nacnobi sagnebiyoveldRiuri <strong>da</strong>niSnulebisani arian. magram <strong>es</strong>ase ar aris. pirvel rigSi, imis gamo, rom isiniRvTisSvilTa mier arian wamoRebulni, maTixelmonakidia <strong>da</strong> jvarSia mitanili, raTa iqimyofebodnen samu<strong>da</strong>mod. maT azis <strong>jvari</strong>s uxilaviniSani, zogierTs xilulic (rogorc qur-Temuls wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis cxenis nali), rogorc<strong>jvari</strong>s sakuTrebas. sxva saWiroebisaTvis maTigamoyeneba <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia. sakraluria <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>sganZSi imkvidrebs adgils is Tasic, romelicmoym<strong>es</strong> mtris qveyni<strong>da</strong>n moaqvs. ase umRerian ukanxadussanebis ymas, meSvelas, romelic motacebuliTasiTa (saxelad `sirma~) <strong>da</strong> tyviTurTbrundeba Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>Si, riTac is TiTqos qajaveTisgamtexi RvTisSvilis saqciels imeorebs:meSvela milxauris Zev, niavo gergetisao, kivkav<strong>da</strong>rbazis gamtexo, mamtano sirmaisao, TormetisSuris mZebnelo, Pelad mamyvano tyvisao (38,cxliv
#25441). (RvTisSvilTan analogiaze migvaniSnebsmoymis epiTeti `niavo gergetisao~: andreziTviciT,rom crolis saneba gergeti<strong>da</strong>n aris wamosuli).<strong>da</strong>vaxasiaToT TiToeuli maTgani, vnaxoT,ra rols asruleben isini, rogorc andrezebispersonaJebi, <strong>da</strong> ganvsazRvroT maTi sakultofunqciebi erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi. TasiTasi Zevs kultisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis <strong>da</strong>sabamSi. <strong>es</strong>aris niSani, romliTac a<strong>da</strong>miani cxovelisaganganirGeva, rac kargad Gans `gilgameSis eposis~gmiris, enqidus magaliTze. misi gankaceba, kulturulicxovrebisadmi ziareba gamoxatuliaimiT, rom is swavlobs xelSi Tasis <strong>da</strong>Weras <strong>da</strong>miT wyurvilis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas; roca is amasS<strong>es</strong>Zlebs, is ukve a<strong>da</strong>miania; misi arsebobaga<strong>da</strong>izrdeba kulturul yofaSi, rasac is moklebuliiyo, roca u<strong>da</strong>bnoSi `maradJams jogTanerTad wyals ewafebo<strong>da</strong>~ _ arseboba, romelicSeiZleba <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebuli iqnas, rogorc uTasoba,rogorc kulturis nulovani mdgomareoba. rocadiogenma, romelmac uxsovardroindeli kulturisniSnad erTaderTi sagani _ Tasi <strong>da</strong>itova,wylis peSviT amomRebelis <strong>da</strong>naxvisas isic moisrola,rogorc usargeblo ram nivTi; am aqtiTman uari Tqva kacobriuli kulturis uZvel<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>ukanasknel elementur niSanze. diogeniukuagdebs, uaryofs Tass, enqidus xelSi aZlevenmas gankacebis niSnad. ar aris SemTxveviTi, romlemnosis ukacriel kunZulze mitovebulfiloktet<strong>es</strong> kacobriuli kulturis niSnad aqvserTaderTi WurWeli _ Tavisive xeliT gamoGorkniliTasi, rasac mravalnacadi odisevsiironiulad `ganZs~ uwodebs (ix. sofokl<strong>es</strong> dramacxlv
`filoktete~, str. 35-7). odisevsis ironiulsityvebSi, maTi warmomTqmelis uneburad, WeSmaritebaagacxadebuli: Tasi marTlac aris ganZikacobriobisaTvis, kerZod, misi umcir<strong>es</strong>i ujredisTvis_ <strong>saymo</strong>sTvis, romlis cnobierebaSi <strong>es</strong><strong>ori</strong> cneba ganuyreli erTianobiT aris GabeWdili<strong>da</strong> qmnis kidec sakralur SenaduRs _ <strong>es</strong> arisTas-ganZi. roca kulti (<strong>da</strong> kultura) isaxeba, ai,maSin gamoGndeba Tasi. an, piruku, roca TasisGena (TasGena) xdeba, andrezi gvauwyebs sakultocxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sawyiss. SeiZleba asec iTqvas <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong><strong>da</strong>sturdeba Gvens andrezebSi: Tasi Tavad arissaSo sakulto cxovrebisa; Tasi<strong>da</strong>n, rogorckerii<strong>da</strong>n ifani, aRmocendeba kulti. am drosTasi TiTqos kargavs Tavis uSualo,Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel funqcias <strong>da</strong> itvirTavs imaze mets,rac yoveldRiur yofaSi akisria mas. am dros isaRar ekuTvnis a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier <strong>da</strong>mzadebul saganTarigs; is zeciuri warmoSobisaa, rogorcsakulto sagani upirat<strong>es</strong>ad. amitom aris, romTasi kultis genezisSi ci<strong>da</strong>n Gamodis, rogorcmwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin karatiswverze oqrosSibiT GamoSvebuli Tasi. am jvarGenis Tasi romamaRlebulia Tavisi yofiTi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis doni<strong>da</strong>n,iqi<strong>da</strong>nac Gans, rom andrezis variantSi masenacvleba <strong>jvari</strong>, romelic sxva araferia, Tu araRvTisSvilis niSani. karatiswveris jvarGenisTasi ara marto ganudga Tavis pirvelad, bunebiT<strong>da</strong>niSnulebas, aramed sruliad gaeTiSa amqveniursaganTa wr<strong>es</strong>: ci<strong>da</strong>n Gamosuli, is imarxeba miwaSi,efareba a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tvals, rogorc GamarxuliT<strong>es</strong>li, rom iqi<strong>da</strong>n kulti aRmocend<strong>es</strong>. aqTasi, rogorc fuZe <strong>da</strong> saSo, gvevlineba Tavisicxlvi
dedruli aspeqtiT, rac kidev ufro ikveTebaSubnuri <strong>jvari</strong>s (liqokSi) <strong>da</strong>arsebis andrezSi.gadmocemiT, am jvarma Tavi iGina ifnis saxiT,romelic aRmocen<strong>da</strong> romeliRac mosaxliskeriaSi Gamarxuli oqros Tasi<strong>da</strong>n (60,. 130). asev<strong>es</strong>of. GirdilSi (xevsureTi) vinme <strong>da</strong>Tvias nacixvarSi<strong>da</strong>rGenili sami Tasi Seiqna safuZvelisoflis SuagulSi RvTismSoblis jvarGenisa <strong>da</strong>mosaxleobis ayrisa. Tasi miaqvs <strong>saymo</strong>s erTnawils, roca is axal terit<strong>ori</strong>aze <strong>es</strong>axleba,rom axal adgilze Zveli salocavi ga<strong>da</strong>nergos.am dros Taszea <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli kultis mTelisimZime, misi sicocxlisunarianoba. Tasi kultisaRorZinebis WurWelia. saidumloebrivia <strong>jvari</strong>saRmoceneba Tasi<strong>da</strong>n; xiluli nivTi<strong>da</strong>n uxilaviswarmoSoba _ vgulisxmob jvarGenas Tasis fu-Zeze, roca Tasi ara mxolod niSania jvarGenisa,aramed misi warmoSobis wiaRic aris. <strong>jvari</strong>smkadreTa legendur xanaSi Tasi iyo an<strong>da</strong>mati,romelic izi<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> `mfrinav xats~,RvTisSvilisagan Tavisi nebis gamosacxadebladmovlenils. im xanaSi Tasi, rogorc saswaulmoqmediWurWeli, TiTqos aGen<strong>da</strong> jvars <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> iyojvarGenis demonstracia mcire masStabSi <strong>saymo</strong>sTvalwin. `im mPriT mfrinav xats sxva xalxicxe<strong>da</strong>vd. mamaSGemic minaxav. sakadri xqon<strong>da</strong>v.ga<strong>da</strong>ifinisav, aimaSi koWoba Gadgisav. romavidisav, ciT mavidisav i xatio-d’ imasav(koWobas) xan erT gverdze miekrisao, xan meoreze<strong>da</strong>v.exvewisav, exvewisav e mkadreio, memr SigGajdisav, ai koWobaSiav~ (68, 98). <strong>es</strong> `ciT mosulixati~ (anu jvarGenis niSani), romelic ekvrissaxuco koWobis kid<strong>es</strong>, mtredis saxiTac ecxadebacxlvii
<strong>saymo</strong>s. Tasi, rogorc jvarGenis WurWeli, an<strong>da</strong>mativiTizi<strong>da</strong>vs mtreds, <strong>jvari</strong>s manif<strong>es</strong>taciisfrinvels. `^sayeenos ro svemd<strong>es</strong>, am dros ucbadgamocxadd Paxmatis <strong>jvari</strong>s xati mtredis saxiT,sayeenos Tasis pirze <strong>da</strong>jd^~ (62, 569). zogjermtredi amofrindeba Tasi<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc <strong>jvari</strong> sa-So<strong>da</strong>n: `PelSi naWer ludian TasGiiT winwelamadiodisav tredi~ (1, 48). amgvari jvarGenis niSnadvercxlis sakulto Tasebis kid<strong>es</strong> amkobswyvili mtredis vercxlisave figurebi, romlebicerTmaneTisaken arian pirisaxiT mimarTulni.mtredebi Tasze imasac moaswaveben, rom Tasi<strong>jvari</strong>s, RvTisSvilis sakuTrebaa. Tasis kidezemj<strong>da</strong>r mtreds <strong>da</strong> mtredebs vxvdebiT adreqristianulxanaSi katakombebis kedlebze: mtredebiewafebian barZims <strong>da</strong> isini gamoxataven qristianTasulebs, romlebic eziarebian ukv<strong>da</strong>vebissasmels (140, 176). katakombebis mtredebsac,msgavsad <strong>jvari</strong>s Tasebis mtredebisa, Tavze <strong>jvari</strong>aziT. mtredebiani Tasis uZvel<strong>es</strong> nivTier <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaswarmoadgens mikenuri oqros Tasi, e.w.`n<strong>es</strong>t<strong>ori</strong>s Tasi~ Zv.w. XVI s.-isa, romlis msgavsi`ilia<strong>da</strong>s~ XI simReraSia aRwerili (148, #1085)).Tumca <strong>es</strong> mtredebi, rogorc fiqroben, ki ar ewafebianTasSi mdgar sasmels, romelic ambrosiaun<strong>da</strong> iyos, aramed Tavad arian misi momtanni. rasgulisxmobs Tasi fSav-xevsureTis sakulto yofaSi?`sasmel WurWels (yanwi iqneba, Wiqa Tujami) fSaveli Tass uwodebs, metadre Tu xevisbersupyria xelT <strong>da</strong>samwyalobeblad an xatis<strong>da</strong>sadideblad. Tasi saRvTo sagania fSavelisaTvis~._ martivad, magram amomwuravad pasuxobsd.xizaniSvili am kiTxvaze (105). `Tasi samRvTocxlviii
sagania~ _ <strong>es</strong> ganmarteba meti siRrmis momcvelixdeba, roca GavukvirdebiT wina frazaSinaTqvams: `^metadre Tu xevisbers upyria xelT^~.Gveulebrivi, yoveldRiurad saxmari WurWeliiqceva Tasad mxolod maSin, roca mas xevisberi<strong>da</strong>iWers xelSi. Tasi <strong>jvari</strong>s aris, magram mas Tasobas,rogorc funqcias, kultis msaxuri ani-Webs. aq igulisxmeba e.w. saxuco koWobi, romel-Sic, rogorc xevisberis kuTvnil TasSi, <strong>da</strong>unjebuliamisi sakraluroba, risi nivTieri gamoxatulebacaris Semowirulobani, romlebiTac<strong>da</strong>xunZlulia saxuco koWobi. samkauli gamoxatavsTasis pativs <strong>da</strong> amave dros mis kuTvnilebas<strong>jvari</strong>sadmi: jvrebi, mtredebi, Sibebi _ samkaulebia,magram isini jvarGenis niSnebic aris<strong>da</strong> amitomac Tasi maTi bunebrivi S<strong>es</strong>akrebelia.Tasis sakralurobas mowmobs agreTve sakultopraqtika, misi gamoyenebis w<strong>es</strong>i: mTavari Tasi<strong>da</strong>nsvamen mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod jvarTan axlos myofipirebi _ <strong>jvari</strong>s xelkacni, romelTac uflebaaqvT misi xelSi <strong>da</strong>Werisa. zogierT <strong>saymo</strong>Si imdenadZlieria mTavari Tasis sakralizmi, rommisgan `piriT Sasma ar SeiZleb<strong>da</strong>, vavsebdiT,sanTel <strong>da</strong>vakravdiT <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n sxvaSi ga<strong>da</strong>viRebdiT^~<strong>es</strong> iyo xitaleSi (xevsureTi) petre mociqulis<strong>saymo</strong>s Tasi (38). Tasi <strong>jvari</strong>s Tas-ganZisnawilia, amitomac is iziarebs mis idumalebrivbunebas (Tas-ganZi xom samalavSia, SeiZlebaiTqvas, safarvel<strong>da</strong>debuli), rasac warmoaGensswored saxuco koWobi _ Tasobis umaRl<strong>es</strong>i gamoxatuleba,romelsac weliwadSi erTxel gamoabrZaneben(mxolod ase iTqmis Tasze) <strong>saymo</strong>sTvalwin, romelic mas muxlmoyrili elodeba;cxlix
mxolod erTxel, rogorc Zveli aRTqmismRvdelmTavari weliwadSi erTxel Sedis wmi<strong>da</strong>Tawmi<strong>da</strong>Si _ is Sedis saRvTo wyvdiadSi, <strong>es</strong>ki, saRvTo TasiTurT gamodis dRis sinaTleze:pirveli wardgeba uxilavi erTis winaSe, meoreki warudgeba mTels <strong>saymo</strong>s, romelic Sehyurebsmas, Tass, sasoebiT, rogorc wmi<strong>da</strong> graalis TassSexe<strong>da</strong>vdnen mrgvali magidis raindebi, graalis<strong>saymo</strong>, rogorc sayovelTao jvarGenas. misi <strong>da</strong>kargviTxom gamoeclebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s sasoeba <strong>da</strong>Suaguli, romelic uWiravs Tass mis sakultocxovrebaSi; iseTive Suaguli, rogorc sami angeloziswinaSe trapezze mdgar barZims. moacileT<strong>es</strong> barZimi <strong>da</strong> iSleba samebac: isini xom amWurWelisTvis sxe<strong>da</strong>n, maT winaSe sicariele warmoudgenelia.aseve warmoudgenelia carieliTasi; is mainc, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom igi jvarGenissimboluri sagania, rGeba WurWlad, romelmacun<strong>da</strong> miiRos wmi<strong>da</strong> sasmeli <strong>saymo</strong>s saziareblad.Tasi ziarebis WurWelia upirat<strong>es</strong>ad <strong>da</strong>amaSia misi sakraluroba <strong>da</strong> simboluri <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba.magram <strong>es</strong> simbolizmi ar arisganyenebuli. ziareba realuria saboloo aqtiT _saRvTo ludis S<strong>es</strong>miT saerTo Tasi<strong>da</strong>n _ <strong>da</strong> misiganmapirobebeli saerTo SromiTi aqtebiT: mTeli<strong>saymo</strong> realurad <strong>da</strong> potenciurad monawileobs<strong>jvari</strong>s mamulebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebaSi, romlis Wirnaxuli<strong>da</strong>nmzaddeba sadReobo ludi. <strong>jvari</strong>smsaxurni <strong>da</strong> potenciurad mTeli <strong>saymo</strong>, warmomadgenlobissaxiT, svams luds saerTo Tasi<strong>da</strong>n,riTac isini erTianobas a<strong>da</strong>stureben. <strong>saymo</strong>s er-Tianobis gamomxatvelia dReobis <strong>da</strong>sasruls sagangeb<strong>ori</strong>tualiT <strong>da</strong>dgmuli sayeino Tasi, pir-cl
Tamde savse, romelsac saTiTaod xelSeuxebladun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ewafos TiToeuli moyme. ra warmoSobacar un<strong>da</strong> hqond<strong>es</strong> ist<strong>ori</strong>ulad <strong>da</strong> eTnografiuladsayeino Tasis <strong>da</strong>dgmis w<strong>es</strong>-Gveulebas, Tavad misiS<strong>es</strong>rulebis w<strong>es</strong>i migvaniSnebs, rom am ritualisdros, riTac faqtiurad mTavrdeba dR<strong>es</strong>aswauli<strong>da</strong> iwyeba ferxisaiT Gamosvla salocavi<strong>da</strong>n,<strong>saymo</strong> erTxel kidev a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Tavis erTianobas.saxucokoWobs eaxlebian, iGoqeben mis winaSeTav<strong>da</strong>xrilni, gulxel<strong>da</strong>krefilni Seaxeben bag<strong>es</strong>,mosvamen; sayeino TasTan, romelic sipzea <strong>da</strong>svenebuli,midian <strong>da</strong> aseve muxlmoyrilni ewafebian,exebian mxolod bageebiT. am dros <strong>saymo</strong> TiTqosstumaria Tasisa. Tasi dgas, <strong>saymo</strong> eaxleba mas.magram Gven viciT <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> ise<strong>da</strong>c cxadia, rom Tasiar aris Tavisi bunebiT uZravi sagani, gansxvavebiTqajaveTi<strong>da</strong>n wamoRebuli qurTemulisa, ro-cli
melic uZravad devs xaxmatis <strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivSi <strong>da</strong>maszec, rogorc sxvagan sagangebo sipze, idgmissayeino Tasi. Tasi, rogorc mete<strong>ori</strong> gamoGn<strong>da</strong>karatiswverze; is gudiT purTan erTad waiR<strong>es</strong>saxlSi <strong>da</strong> roca gu<strong>da</strong>s Tavi moxsn<strong>es</strong>, mtre<strong>da</strong>dqceuli lamob<strong>da</strong> amofrenas Tu, sxva tradiciiT,amofrin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gauGinar<strong>da</strong> caSi. Tasi moZravia; isgraalis TasiviT xan aq gamoGndeba, xan iq. is Semouvlis<strong>saymo</strong>s, rom yvela aziaros erTs. ZveliaRmosavluri GveulebiT, romelic dR<strong>es</strong>ac moqmedebs<strong>aRmosavleT</strong>is qveynebSi, erTma Tasmaun<strong>da</strong> moiaros Tanameinaxeni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ubrund<strong>es</strong> mas,vinc pirvelad S<strong>es</strong>va <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>sca sxvas. ritualisazri naTelia: erTi Tasi, romelic xeli<strong>da</strong>nxelSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis, TiTqos erTiani jaWvis rgoleba<strong>da</strong>qcevs erT sufrasTan msxdomT. Tormeti mociqulimoiara erTma Tasma <strong>da</strong> isini eziarnenqrist<strong>es</strong> sisxls. pavle mociquli wers: `puri,romelsac Gven vtexT, gana qrist<strong>es</strong> sxeulisziareba ar aris? vinai<strong>da</strong>n puri erTia, Gven kimravalni _ erTi sxeuli, radgan yvelani erTipuri<strong>da</strong>n veziarebiT~ (1 kor., 10, 17). mociqulsSeeZlo eTqva (radgan qristiani eziareba rogorcqrist<strong>es</strong> xorcs, aseve sisxls): `vinai<strong>da</strong>nTasi erTia, Gven ki mravalni _ erTi sxeuli,radgan yvelani erTi Tasi<strong>da</strong>n veziarebiT~ (TasSiaq, cxadia, igulisxmeba is sasmeli, romelicwmi<strong>da</strong> sulis moqmedebiT qrist<strong>es</strong> sisxlad arisgar<strong>da</strong>qmnili, _ Tasi ara rogorc mxolod Tasi,aramed WurWeli, romelSic dgas ziarebis sasmeli).Tasze, rogorc sakulto saganze <strong>da</strong> er-Tianobis niSanze, uadgilo ar iqneba movitanoerTi elinuri legen<strong>da</strong>, romlis personaJebiaclii
Svidi brZeni <strong>da</strong> oqros Tasi. diogen<strong>es</strong> laertiusigadmogvcems, rom erTma arkadielmasikvdilis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>tova oqros Tasi aseTi anderZiT:miec<strong>es</strong> mas, vinc yvelaze meti sikeTe gaakeTaTavisi sibrZniT. misc<strong>es</strong> Tal<strong>es</strong>s, rogorcyvelaze brZens, Tal<strong>es</strong>ma sxvas ga<strong>da</strong>sca <strong>da</strong> Tasmamoiara eqvsi brZeni. sabolood isev Tal<strong>es</strong>s<strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong> Tasi, man ki apolons S<strong>es</strong>wira is (122,71). sxva tradiciiT, oqros barZimi viRacberZenma miiRo krez<strong>es</strong>gan im pirobiT, rom maselinTa S<strong>ori</strong>s ubrZen<strong>es</strong>isTvis mieZRvna igi. manbarZimi miarTva Tal<strong>es</strong>s, romlis xeli<strong>da</strong>n gasulmamoiara yvela brZeni <strong>da</strong> bolos qilonisxelSi rom moxv<strong>da</strong>, qiloni <strong>da</strong>ekiTxa piTielapolons: `vin aris Gemze brZenio~ <strong>da</strong> miiRopasuxad: musoni (122, 72). ras gvaswavlis <strong>es</strong> legen<strong>da</strong>?pirvel rigSi imas, rom Tasi ar SeiZlebaiyos piradi sakuTreba vinm<strong>es</strong>i, Tun<strong>da</strong>c yovladbrZenisa. is gaivlis TiToeulis xelSi, magramaravisTan ar <strong>da</strong>yovndeba. gamogzavnili Tasi aRmoaGensSvid brZens, <strong>da</strong>artyams wr<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> gavawri<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>stovebs ra uxilav kvals, jaWvs, maTSemakavSirebels erT sxeulad. Tasi ubrundebapirvels ara imitom, rom is yvelaze brZenia,aramed imitom, rom Seikras wre. agreTve imitom,rom am TasiT gamocxadd<strong>es</strong> maTi Tanasworoba sibrZniswinaSe, rogorc RvTiuri arsisa, romelmaca<strong>da</strong>mianis xeliT mouvlina maT <strong>es</strong> Tasi. wri<strong>da</strong>ngamosuli Tasi, romelic ar ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>aravis, legendis logikuri <strong>da</strong>sasruliT, Sewiruliqna sawmi<strong>da</strong>rSi, iseve rogorc paraleluriTqmulebis (gviambobs igive diogen<strong>es</strong> laertiusi)oqros samfexi, romelic meTevzeTa bad<strong>es</strong> amoyvacliii
<strong>da</strong> delfos orakulis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT elinTaS<strong>ori</strong>s ubrZn<strong>es</strong>s, Tal<strong>es</strong>s miekuTvna; Tal<strong>es</strong>isaganki yvela brZenis gavliT solonamde mivi<strong>da</strong>, romelmacdelfos S<strong>es</strong>wira is, _ RmerTia yvelazebrZenio. WeSmaritad, yvela nivTi ubrundebaTavis patrons. <strong>es</strong>ec Zveli sibrZnea, oqros samfexi,romelic okeanis ufskruli<strong>da</strong>n amoisrlasibrZnis RmerTma (misi taxti xom okeaneSi dgasZveli aRmosavluri warmodgeniT sibrZnisRmerTsve ubrundeba ela<strong>da</strong>Si. <strong>da</strong>bolos, Tasi,xuc<strong>es</strong>Ta mniSvnelovani atributi, uSualod aris<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli xucobis, rogorc sakraluriqmedebis, proc<strong>es</strong>Tan. rogorc savsea is ludiTxuc<strong>es</strong>is xelSi, aseve savse un<strong>da</strong> iyos xuc<strong>es</strong>ispiri warmosaTqmeli sityviT, romelic <strong>da</strong>ubrkoleblivun<strong>da</strong> moedinebod<strong>es</strong> misi bageebi<strong>da</strong>n. rogorcTasi moiTxovs wmi<strong>da</strong> sasmels, aseve xuc<strong>es</strong>smoeTxoveba wmi<strong>da</strong> metyveleba. Tass ar uyvars dumili,arc maSin, roca saero sufris gamZRolsuWiravs igi, arc miT ufro maSin, roca xuc<strong>es</strong>isxels upyria. <strong>es</strong> kargad Gans sizmrebSi, romlebic<strong>jvari</strong>sagan saxucod amorGeul kacebs<strong>es</strong>izmrebaT: `^moi<strong>da</strong> erTi gaTeTrebuli kaci^xelSi vercxlis Tasi eWira^ moi<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>woliliviyav <strong>da</strong> marjvena xeli mxarze <strong>da</strong>mado, mamawva<strong>da</strong>is Tasi <strong>da</strong> me, locva ar vici-meTqi, vuTxari^~(38, #25456). furis rqa `i cal rqa Zroxa romauyvanav, imisTvis rqai mautexav, uTqvam i wmi<strong>da</strong>giorgis, ro Gems luds ro moxarSavTo, am qajaveTurifuris rqiT awyeviT salude f<strong>ori</strong>o. ai,exla maSindel sawyav gvidgas, im furis rqiswyei. is rqa ki, ai, cixeSi dgas, aRar iqnebisaxla, _ <strong>da</strong>lpebo<strong>da</strong>^~ (88, 595). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,cliv
qajaveTuri furis rqas sakraluroba aqvs mini-Webuli, ara mxolod imitom, rom <strong>es</strong> uzarmazarifuris erTaderTi rqa iyo. calrqiani furisgamo verafers vambobT <strong>da</strong>matebiT, radgan is amTqmulebis gareSe arsad ar gvxdeba, rogorc mi-Tologiuri personaJi. gaugebaria agreTve, Tu rakavSiri aqvs am furs suleTSi mxvnel `cal-rqa~xarTan, romelic epizodurad gvxvdeba erTxevsurul leqsSi: suleTs Pari Pnavs cala-rqa,baraqa m<strong>es</strong>tumreTia (88, #560). aris c<strong>da</strong> maT S<strong>ori</strong>sigiveobis <strong>da</strong>dgenisa <strong>da</strong> am rqaSi cnobili`siuxvis rqis~ <strong>da</strong>naxvisa (94, 49-50). rogorc Gans,,cala-rqa xari Tu furi romeliRac miviwyebulimiTosis personaJia, romlis mxolod uaRr<strong>es</strong>adgamkrTalebulma kvalma moaRwia Gvenamde. zemoTmotanilimonaTxrobi xevsuri kacisa (xaxmatiswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis ymis) metad mniSvnelovania miTosuriSegnebis TvalsazrisiT. mTxrobelis cnobierebaSigabmulia Sibi andrezuli xanis<strong>da</strong>sawyissa <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>sasruls S<strong>ori</strong>s. misi piriTxaxmatis <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>saymo</strong> aRiarebs, rom qajaveTurifuris rqa `<strong>da</strong>lpebo<strong>da</strong>~, anu <strong>saymo</strong>s <strong>es</strong> TaobaSe<strong>es</strong>wro am sakraluri nivTis ganadgurebas.magram isic faqtia, rom sagani ukvalod ar gamqrala:amis <strong>da</strong>sturia misi anabeWdi <strong>saymo</strong>s sakultocxovrebaSi _ <strong>es</strong> aris misi `wye~, romli-Tac <strong>saymo</strong>s wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis GagonebiT evalebamisTvis salude f<strong>ori</strong>s awyva. am `wyis~ saSualebiT<strong>saymo</strong>s SeuZlia warmodgena iqonios qajaveTurifuris rqis tevadobaze. rocamTxrobeli ambobs _ `<strong>da</strong>lpebo<strong>da</strong>~, <strong>es</strong> S<strong>es</strong>aZloamisi kerZo azric ki iyos <strong>da</strong> ara saerTo warmodgena<strong>saymo</strong>si, erTgvari saxecvlileba imclv
Sexedulebebisa, rom am andrezul sagans, realura<strong>da</strong>rsebuli `wyis~ arqetips safarveliaqvs <strong>da</strong>debuli <strong>da</strong> uxilavia imis gamo, rom misiadgil-samyofeli iseT kvrivSia, sa<strong>da</strong>c aravisSeuZlia SeRweva. <strong>es</strong> Tvalsazrisi Gans vaJaseultradiciaSi: `im furis rqa, romelSiac erTikodi puri Gadis, exla xaxmatis <strong>jvari</strong>s monaSenobaSiaSenaxuli, magram Tqven fereebs ki imasar vaGvenebTo~ (30, 155). magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,arsebobs Tu ara nivTierad dR<strong>es</strong>dReobiT, <strong>saymo</strong>scxovrebis ist<strong>ori</strong>ul xanaSi, <strong>es</strong> andrezuli Wur-Weli, is mainc ganagrZobs moqmedebas misgan `masJamsa Sina~ awyuli `wyeebis~ saxiT. ludis meoxebiT,romelic <strong>jvari</strong>s dR<strong>es</strong>aswaulis umniSvnelovan<strong>es</strong>ielementia, qajaveTuri furis rqa, rogorcganZis nawili, ukavSirdeba qajaveTursave warmomavlobisTass. rqasa <strong>da</strong> Tass S<strong>ori</strong>s un<strong>da</strong> warmovidginoTludis <strong>da</strong>mzadebis mTeli proc<strong>es</strong>i,romelic iwyeba salude f<strong>ori</strong>s awyviT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sruldeba,roca ludi, xuc<strong>es</strong>isgan nakurTxi,TasebSi isxmis. amis gamo, un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, calarqafuris rqa ufro metad aris gasaidumloebuli;is imarxavs, SeiZleba iTqvas, ludis<strong>da</strong>mzadebis saidumloebas. S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia ludis,rogorc wmi<strong>da</strong> sasmelis, idea, swored am calarqafuris motanili iyos, ufro sworad, misirqis, rogorc saswaulebrivi WurWlis, Tun<strong>da</strong>c`siuxvis rqis~ saxiT; analogiisaTvis SeiZlebamivmarToT germanul, kerZod, skandinavur mi-Tologias, sa<strong>da</strong>c wmi<strong>da</strong> sasmelis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliasalude qvabis mopovebasTan:RvTaeba t<strong>ori</strong> devur arsebas (xiumirs) mostacebsam WurWels saRvTo nadimisaTvis (132, 175). rakiclvi
am rqasTan, rogorc salude f<strong>ori</strong>s `wy<strong>es</strong>Tan~aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sawyisi etapi ludis<strong>da</strong>mzadebisa, mkacrad Tu ganvsjiT, misi <strong>da</strong>kargvaun<strong>da</strong> moaswavebd<strong>es</strong> am sakraluri saqmianobismoSlas <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, kultis Seryevas, Tumca <strong>es</strong>realurad ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra xaxmatis jvarSi, imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,rom <strong>saymo</strong>s SegnebaSi is rqa `<strong>da</strong>mpalic~iyo. isic S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, rom aseTi ganwyobilebaandrezuli siwmidis mimarT <strong>jvari</strong>ssakraluri organizaciis rRvevis niSanic iyos,rac zogjer gamoixateba xolme poeziaSi, mag.,laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s mimarT: fSavelTa laSaris<strong>jvari</strong>, neta, ar <strong>da</strong>uber<strong>da</strong>a? amboben <strong>da</strong>berebasa,netar, ar maukvdebaa? (77, #64)). cxraZalianioqros fanduri. vaJa fSavela `gvelismWamels~aseTi sceniT iwyebs: sastumros isxdnenxevsurni, ludi eduRa wiqasa, isxdnen banze <strong>da</strong>Rreobdnen, TasebiT svamdnen imasa. zogniukravdnen fandursa ^ ludi _ Tasi _ fanduri^yuradRebas vamaxvilebT imaze, rom <strong>es</strong> sami saganierTmaneTs mezoblobs poemis am umcir<strong>es</strong>monakveTSi, Tumca gansakuTrebuli araferi un<strong>da</strong>iyos imaSi, rom isini saerTo konteqstSi gvxvdebian.stumrobisas, roca erTad iyreba <strong>saymo</strong>,Tun<strong>da</strong>c kerZo kacis saxlSi, magram mainc <strong>jvari</strong>s<strong>da</strong>sturiT, <strong>es</strong> sami ram aucilebelia. Tasisa <strong>da</strong>fanduris urTierToba jer wmin<strong>da</strong> formalurmxriT izi<strong>da</strong>vs Gvens yuradRebas. arian Tasianebi<strong>da</strong> arian uTasoni, romelTac fanduri uWiravTxelSi <strong>da</strong> Tasianebs umRerian. <strong>es</strong> stumrobis erTerTimniSvnelovani ritualia _ dialogi Tasianebsa<strong>da</strong> mefandureTa S<strong>ori</strong>s. al. oGiaurisSekrebili uxvi masali<strong>da</strong>n movitan sanimuSodclvii
amdenime adgils: `uTasoebi, vinc dganan iq, TasianebsumRerian fandurze^ Tasianebi mRerisdros eubnebian imaT: ` <strong>da</strong>urGiT erTucs, didixanmcimRereT kai guliT~ <strong>da</strong> cot-cotas <strong>da</strong>leven.bolos erTi Tasiani imRerebs <strong>da</strong> sxvebicGveulebriv ayvebian^ simRerebis mReriT TavianTTasebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>alevineben pirvel momRerlebs <strong>da</strong>etyvian <strong>da</strong>levis win: `nasvam gaamas, Senis gamarjvebisa~<strong>da</strong> cot-cotas <strong>da</strong>leven. bolos Tasispatronebi TviTon gamoclian Tavis Tasebs <strong>da</strong>Gveulebriv muxlze <strong>da</strong>jdomiT GamoarTmevenTasebs. mere adgebian <strong>da</strong> Tasebs Tavis adgilze<strong>da</strong>dgamen~ (61, 303). `^smis dros miscemen yvelasxelSi Tasebs, erTs visme miscemen xelSi fandurs:is xalxis boloSi <strong>da</strong>jdeba (cal muxlze),<strong>da</strong>ukravs fandurs Zalian mZimed <strong>da</strong> romelim<strong>es</strong>agmiro simReras <strong>da</strong>amRerebs. sagmiro simRerasjaris xalxi Zalian didis yuradRebiT usmenen<strong>da</strong> xelSi TasebiT Zalian Gumad sxe<strong>da</strong>n, rom Ti-Toorola xan<strong>da</strong>xan <strong>ori</strong> sityviT <strong>da</strong>arRvevssiGum<strong>es</strong>8 `didxansac imRer kai guliT~. Sua mRerisdros erTi vinme Tasiani adgeba, momReraliisev cal muxlzed zis <strong>da</strong> fandurs ukravs. Tasianikaci imRerebs <strong>da</strong> wamova TasiT xelSipirveli momRerlisaken aseTi simReriT: TofmaTqva: GemTa wamalTa Svidrigad un<strong>da</strong> duRili,maisis berGi ganayan, memr naxan Gemi quxili, memrnaxas Gemma patronma Gemis <strong>da</strong>Wrilis wuxili. amsityvebiT Tavis Tass miarTmevs pirTan TavisxeliT, is Tan fandurs ukravs <strong>da</strong> Tan ludsasvams^ mere Gamovareba am simReris (moyvaniliamagaliTisaTvis sagmiro simRera, z.k.) irgvlivsaubari. erTi vinme moyveba am ambavs, raze arisclviii
<strong>es</strong> simRera gamoTqmuli. magaliTad, zemoT moyvanilipirveli simReris irgvliv ase ityvian:`gviambe, rogor iyv~. erTs visme ufross sTxoven<strong>da</strong> igic siamovnebiT moyveba am ambavs: gorganiyofilan Zalian monadireni^~ (61, 315-8). aq aRweriliw<strong>es</strong>-Gveuleba, Tumca is gacilebiT gvianaris Gawerili, mxatvrul gamoZaxils poulobs`gvelismWamelis~ S<strong>es</strong>aval scenaSi. vagrZelebzemoT moyvanili teqstis citirebas: zogniukraven fandursa, zed <strong>da</strong>mRerian di<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>, msmenelTagrZnobas udebdnen sagmiro ambebs xi<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>;aRgznebiT gmirTa saxelebs leqsebSi sTvlidnenwmi<strong>da</strong>Ta; moxucni Gibuxebs swevdnen, boli exviaTnisla<strong>da</strong>, ganmartavdian maT ambavs, SandobaTqvian gmirTa<strong>da</strong>. axlebis sawurTnela<strong>da</strong> ixsenebdianqebiTa: `Tqven iciT, amas iqiTa kacad vincgamosdgebiTa!~ Tasi-fanduri-simRera-andrezi.fanduri warmoSobs hangs, hangi ga<strong>da</strong>dis sim-ReraSi, simReras moaqvs sityva, sityva inaxavsandrezs, <strong>saymo</strong>s warsuls. fanduris xma aRviZebs,ganaaxlebs <strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebaSi andrezs, pirvelqmedebas, `mas Jamsa Sina~ momx<strong>da</strong>rs, romelicun<strong>da</strong> meordebod<strong>es</strong> Taobi<strong>da</strong>n TaobaSi, yovel`amas iqiT~, yovel Jams. fanduris xma amagrebs imjaWvs, romliTac, rogorc sakideliT, yma Taviswinaprebzea <strong>da</strong>bmuli. Tumca fandurs ar gaaGniais sakraluri muxti <strong>da</strong> simbolurobis potencia,rogorsac atarebs, mag., Tasi, magram gansakuTrebulviTarebaSi is mainc itvirTavs <strong>jvari</strong>s sakralizms;mas SeuZlia amaRld<strong>es</strong> Tavisi utilitarulisfero<strong>da</strong>n jvarTa simaRlemde <strong>da</strong> moeqc<strong>es</strong>maT wreSi. roca xaxmatis <strong>jvari</strong> qa<strong>da</strong>gispiriT mimarTavs romelime RvTisSvils, moxedosclix
misgan Serisxul ymas, avt<strong>ori</strong>tetulRvTisSvilebTan erTad is uxmobs oqros fandursacqajaveTi<strong>da</strong>nve wamoRebul qurTemulTanerTad, romelsac atyvia wm. giorgis cxenisnalis anabeWdi: `^gaxvewebav xTis nasaxTav,saxmTosav gu<strong>da</strong>nurs gaxvewebav, karatis jvarsgaxvewebav, Subnursav, fandurs gaxvewebav oqrosasav,qurTemuls gaxvewebav sinisasav^~ (68, 42).sakideli <strong>es</strong> sagani ar aris SemTxveviTi qajaveTisganZSi. ganasaxierebs ra saxlissiwmid<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> Suaguls keriasTan erTad, misi Gamoxsna<strong>da</strong> wamoReba mtris saxli<strong>da</strong>n gamarjvebisniSania. keriis cecxlis Gaqroba <strong>da</strong> sakidlis GamoglejaTanabari mniSvnelobis moqmedebebia,romlebic moaswavebs mtris saboloo ganadgurebas.martias gamauvlian gare-kaxeTis mTania, erisTvianebuxocav, cecxlzed <strong>da</strong>usxam wyalia, sakidelGamouglejav, saxlis umtvrevav karia (88,#29-g) ambobs xevsuruli leqsi. martias gmirobas,rogorc yovel aqts, Tavisi arqetipi aqvsRvTisSvilTa qmedebaSi. qajaveTis gatexa simbolizebulia<strong>ori</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong> sagnis _ Tasisa <strong>da</strong> sakidlismotacebiT, rogorc amas vxe<strong>da</strong>vT fSavxevsureTisRvTisSvilTa sadideblebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>cmiTologemurad aris warmodgenili maTi Rvawli:dideba SenTvis, mgzavro PaPmatis jvaro, qajueTisgamtexelo, oqros Tasis wamamRebelo!Pmalas wmi<strong>da</strong>o giorgio, qajueTis jaWvis amglejelo!(38, #25460). sakideli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo qajaveTismTavari kultis niSani, miT umet<strong>es</strong>, Tuis <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia mWedlobis saqm<strong>es</strong>Tan. Gven kiviciT, rom samWedlo qajaveTis Suaguluriadgilia <strong>da</strong>, SeiZleba, mis sakulto centradclx
miviGnioT. qajaveTis Suaguli<strong>da</strong>n RvTisSvili Gamoglejssakidels <strong>da</strong> gamarjvebis niSnad moaqvsTavis sabrZanisSi, <strong>saymo</strong>s SuagulSi. amasvemoelian martia misuraulisgan, roca is qistebis<strong>da</strong>salaSqravad aris wasuli: exla mogviva zafxuli,martia velad gagviva. saxelis moyvarulia,qisteTs salaSqrod wagviva. WerTiT sakidelsmoitans, san<strong>es</strong> xatSiac mogviva (88, #29-b). xorcielicRvTisSvilis kvalze imsaxurebs, rommisi Rvawli am qmedebiT iqnas aRniSnuli _`martia misurauli, qisteTs sakidlis amglejeli~.qajebis samWedloSi gamoWedili sakidelimoaqvT, rogorc na<strong>da</strong>vli <strong>da</strong> gamarjvebis niSani,an Tun<strong>da</strong>c rogorc niSani momavalSi gamosaWedisakidlebisa, romlebic un<strong>da</strong> ekidon saxlebSi <strong>da</strong><strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>rbazebSi, _ magram is mainc ciuri warmomavlobisaa.osebSi gavrcelebuli TqmulebisTanaxmad, sakidlebs kerisa <strong>da</strong> sakidlis mfarveliRvTaeba safa We<strong>da</strong>vs caSi; man misca osebspirveli nimuSi anu arqetipi keriis jaWvisa. sxvagadmocemiT, vasTirjis (wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis) zogierTsalocavSi (`ZuarSi~, igive <strong>jvari</strong>) arsebuli sakidelizecierma mWedlebma gamoWed<strong>es</strong> caSi <strong>da</strong>safam Gamoagdo miwaze. vinme mTxrobeli imasacgadmogvcems, rom misi sakuTari keriis sakidelierT-erT mis winapars upovnia mravali TaobiswinaT, roca is safas Gamougdia (144, 174). Tu sakidlis,rogorc gansakuTrebuli funqciismatarebeli nivTis, idea jaWvSia mocemuli <strong>da</strong>igi jaWvis erT-erTi saxeobaa, maSin rac andrezebSijaWvs exeba, sakidelsac un<strong>da</strong> Seexebod<strong>es</strong>.kerZod, laparakia jaWvis, anu Sibiszeciur warmoSobaze, rasac va<strong>da</strong>sturebT kara-clxi
tiswveris andrezSi. am andrezis erTi variantismixedviT, Gven viciT, rom jvarGenis erT-erTisagani iyo Sibi, romliTac oqros Tasi (variantiT,<strong>jvari</strong>) cas iyo gamobmuli. roca qal-vaJmaTass GasWi<strong>da</strong> xeli <strong>da</strong> Tavisken mozi<strong>da</strong>, Sibigawy<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> wiviliT avar<strong>da</strong> caSi, sai<strong>da</strong>nac iyo GamoSvebuli.aseve, pirvel rigSi, zeciuri warmo-Sobis aris is oqros Sibi, romliTac laSariswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgi cas iyo gamobmuli (`cas vebioqros SibiTa~). roca muxa moWr<strong>es</strong>, <strong>es</strong> Sibic asevewiviliT aiWra zecaSi. aseve keris Tavze saxlisWeri<strong>da</strong>n _ `ci<strong>da</strong>n~ aris Gamokidebuli keriisjaWvi anu sakideli. is TiTqos aerTebs keras,dedrul sawyiss, casTan _ mamrul sawyisTan.jaWvi am SemTxvevaSi aris duranqis gansaxiereba.magram sakideli warmoudgenelia keris gareSe<strong>da</strong> maTi erTianoba gamoxatavs dedrul-mamruliserTianobas; am dros sakideli mamruli bunebisaris. amitomac, xalxuri warmodgeniT, sakidlisGamovardna mamakacis, xolo keris <strong>da</strong>ngrevade<strong>da</strong>kacis sikvdilis momaswavebelia (12, 112),radgan sakideli mamakacis niSania, kera _ de<strong>da</strong>kacis;am warmodgenis ZaliT samkiTxao beWze diasaxlisisniSans `yverfi~ (kera) ewodeba (92, 185).amave ideas kargad gamoxatavs erTi xalxuristriqoni _ `yma gasul-gamosuli sjob, qalikeraGi najdomi~ (32, 107). magram, rogorc viciT,sakideli eulad ar aris Gamokidebuli yverfisTavze: kera-sakidels enacvleba sxva wyvili _sakideli <strong>da</strong> qvabi, romlebic aseve sq<strong>es</strong>uriprincipiT upirispirdeba erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> mamruldedruliserTianobas gamoxatavs kompoziturisaxelwodebiT _ qvab-sakideli, sa<strong>da</strong>c qarTuliclxii
enis w<strong>es</strong>isamebr pirveli adgili dedrs uWiravs.erTmaneTze mibmuli <strong>es</strong> <strong>ori</strong> sagani ojaxis er-Tianobis simboloa (128, 38). qvabi sakraluriWurWlis iseTive kerZo saxea, rogorc Tasi,Tumca misi siwmidis xarisxi naklebia (mag., is arSeiZleba iyos jvarGenis sagani). qvabisa <strong>da</strong> sakidlis<strong>da</strong>pirispirebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi erTianobisanalogias vxe<strong>da</strong>vT karatis <strong>jvari</strong>s jvarGenaSi,roca mwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin gamoGn<strong>da</strong> Tasi<strong>da</strong> Sibi. aq orni arian mxolod. saganic <strong>ori</strong>a.ganawilebis or S<strong>es</strong>aZlo variantSi, am saganTasimboluri <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, bunebrivia,vaJs Sexvd<strong>es</strong> Tasi, qals _ Sibi, rac amgvaradSeiZleba ganimartos: vaJs, bunebis w<strong>es</strong>isamebr,un<strong>da</strong> Sexvd<strong>es</strong> qali, qals _ vaJi. marTlacandrezi gveubneba, rom `qalma aiRo Sibi, <strong>da</strong> va-Jma Tasi^~ (60, 127). raki nivTebi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve TavianTibunebis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT <strong>da</strong>nawil<strong>da</strong>, isini imavew<strong>es</strong>iT hpoveben S<strong>es</strong>anax adgilebs: `^qalma Sibimiitana <strong>da</strong> purian kidobanSi <strong>da</strong>mala. vaJma kiTasi Tavis Werxos karebis ukan <strong>da</strong>dga^~ (iqve).Werxo samamakaco <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, sawmi<strong>da</strong>riadgilia <strong>da</strong>, cxadia, Tasi mainc aq un<strong>da</strong> moxvedriliyo,Tu vaJi ar isurveb<strong>da</strong> masTan ganSorebas.magram niSandoblivia qalis mier SibisSenaxva mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc kidobanSi, romelSicinaxeba puris T<strong>es</strong>lic, <strong>da</strong> ara sxvagan sadme. un<strong>da</strong>vifiqroT, rom kidobani SemTxveviTi adgili araris SibisaTvis, ufro sworad, Sibis naglejisaTvis(radgan jaWvis mTavari nawili ukanve aikecacaSi), romlis vaJur bunebas gvixatavs erTixalxuri leqsi: vaJao, dediserTao, gazrdilomindor-velTao, oqros Sibais naglejo, wamosar-clxiii
tymelo welTa^ (47, 73). `oqros Sibais nagleji~_ vaJis misamarTiT naTqvami, ar aris metaforuliazrovnebis nayofi; misi warmoSoba simboluriazrovnebis wiaRSia saZiebeli, rogorcxvaramz<strong>es</strong> ganTqmuli striqoni, sa<strong>da</strong>c is TavisTavs, roca vaJs mimarTavs, Tasad warmoidgens:vercxlis Tasa<strong>da</strong>mc maqcia, ro RviniT agevsebodi^Tasis qalurobaze, <strong>da</strong> sazogadod, Tas-Sibis, rogorc qal-vaJis, urTierTkavSirze TavisigaregnobiT metyvelebs adre naxsenebisaxuco koWobi, romelic miviGnieT Tasis, rogorcTasis anu Tasobis umaRl<strong>es</strong> gamoxatulebad.saxuco koWobi anu, rogorc zogan, zog <strong>saymo</strong>Siuwodebdnen, mTavari Tasi, pativis niSnadSemkulia Sewiruli samSvenisebiT, romelTa S<strong>ori</strong>sWarbobs vercxlis Sibebi. asec ityvian,saxuco Tasi vercxlis SibebiT aris Semkulio.magram Sibi xom, rogorc yoveli samSvenisi gamonaklisisgareSe (cxadia, <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>saymo</strong>Si)qalis samkaulia, romelic qalis pirvel <strong>da</strong>naxvisTanaveTvalSi un<strong>da</strong> ec<strong>es</strong> kacs (swored <strong>es</strong>aris misi <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba). aseTi wamieriSTabeWdilebiT aris Seqmnili qalis portretivaJas erT moTxrobaSi: `Tinas yelze vercxlisSibi edva, mTels gul-mkerds ufarav<strong>da</strong>. erTmaneTzevercxlis jaWviT ga<strong>da</strong>bmuli vercxlisfulebi _ abazian-uzalTunebi erTi meoreze iyoakinZuli. Siga <strong>da</strong> Sig patara vercxlis jvrebihqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tanebuli; am jvrebis totebze<strong>da</strong>c yunwiThqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kidebuli vercxlisave fulebi^~(25, 238). sxva TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT: `^<strong>da</strong> waiyvan<strong>es</strong>tyved mSvenieri qali, romelsac imdenisamkauli aqvs yelsa <strong>da</strong> gulmkerdze, rom qalsclxiv
uZneldebo<strong>da</strong> misi tareba: `yeli Gamoaqvs mZivsao,SehxvdebiT leqsSi^~ (27, 83). aseve, misi simZimisgamo mkadr<strong>es</strong> uWirs saxuco koWobis xelSi <strong>da</strong>Wera(miT umet<strong>es</strong>, roca is ludiT aris savse), romelicSewiruli SibebiTa <strong>da</strong> vercxlissxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samkaulebiT aris <strong>da</strong>xunZluli. <strong>es</strong>analogia ar gamoparvia gustav rad<strong>es</strong>, romelmacTasebis SemkulobaSi qalis samSvenisebi amoicno;mas Tavis wignSi <strong>da</strong>beWdili aqvs kidec amgvaradSemkuli Tasis gamosaxuleba SeniSvniT, rommasze `vercxlis mTeli sadiaco mokazmulobaaris <strong>da</strong>kidebulio~ (137, 99). vaJi amkobs Tassac<strong>da</strong> qalsac: samkaulebi _ gansakuTrebiT, Sibi, va-Jis niSania maT sxeulze. aseTia Sibi-sakideliTasTan urTierTobaSi: jvarGenaSi isini erTadgamoGndebian <strong>da</strong> erTadve arian sakulto yofaSi.magram rogorc yovel sagans, sakidels aqvs <strong>da</strong>moukidebelimniSvnelobac, rac ar aris ganpirobebulisxva sagnebTan mimarTebiT. is am drosacametebs Tavis uSualo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebas <strong>da</strong> simbolurmniSvnelobas iZens: `Gamomavloba Zalianisi as. GvenSi ician kacisai: rkinis sakidliT<strong>da</strong>bmuliao. gind sawyal kac iyvas, mainc max-Pelavs Tavis Gamomavlobis sityvas~ (2, 60)). amnaTqvams, albaT, ar <strong>es</strong>aWiroeba ganmarteba.SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vZinoT mxolod, rom aq sakideliwarmogvidgens ara marto STamomavlobis, aramedtradiciis, andrezulobis sax<strong>es</strong>ac. tradiciaaris uwyveti jaWvi, romlis TiToeul rgolSidgas a<strong>da</strong>miani; is ar gadis jaWvi<strong>da</strong>n, radgan misigasvliT jaWvi wydeba <strong>da</strong> iqmneba xarvezi. ai, ramisia akisria calkeul a<strong>da</strong>mians, moym<strong>es</strong> Tavis<strong>saymo</strong>Si: maszea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli jaWvis simrTele.clxv
isic cxadia, rom mas erTaderTi adgili uWiravsam jaWvSi <strong>da</strong> rom swored am adgilze asrulebsis Tavis movaleobas <strong>saymo</strong>Si, rac `gin<strong>da</strong> sawyalkac iyvas~. jaWvi <strong>da</strong> Sibi gzis metaforaa fSavxevsuruldialeqtSi (`Sibi~ niSnavs mTisbiliks, romelic jaWviviT miuyveba kld<strong>es</strong> _`Sibn gaiarna kldisani~); abudelauris tbi<strong>da</strong>namosulma iaxsarma gaaba Sibi _ gzasavalikaratemdis, sa<strong>da</strong>c airGia kvrivi <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs<strong>da</strong>ukavSira <strong>es</strong> <strong>ori</strong> adgili. aeqiT karatemdinaars Sibze gasavalio, egre gavivli Sibze<strong>da</strong>,vervin momkidos Tvalio. aseve uxilavi SibiT _is xiluli xdeba jvarGenis dros _ ukavSirdebianerTurTs RvTisSvilebi, erTmaneTis stumarmaspinZelni:`dideba karatiswveris angelozo,liqokiT karatemdina oqros jaWvze erTurTismoarulo stumar-maspinZelno~ (38, #25460)`fSaveli <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia, _ wers d.xizaniSvili,_ rom imisi salocavebi Ram-Rame Gamodian ci<strong>da</strong>nTavis sabrZanisebSi, saTav-dReobo sabrZanisi<strong>da</strong>nniSamde an erTi niSi<strong>da</strong>n meoremde. fSavelisazriT, xati Toks abams <strong>da</strong> zed gadis. TokinaTlisaa <strong>da</strong> TiTon xatic naTlis burTis saxisadga<strong>da</strong>iqceva <strong>da</strong> ise gasrialdeba gabmulTokze~ (106). konkretuli magaliTi am movlenisafSavis sakraluri sinamdvili<strong>da</strong>n mohyavs vaxtangrazikaSvils erT ifanTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, romelicvaJas mzrunvelobis sagani gamx<strong>da</strong>ra: `^amifnis S<strong>es</strong>axeb Zveli, xalxuri gadmocemamogviTxrobs, viTom <strong>es</strong> ifani iyos xatis ifani.xevisberebis <strong>da</strong> moxuci kacebis saubri<strong>da</strong>n Gan<strong>da</strong>,TiTqos am ifanze laSarisken xat-xevi<strong>da</strong>n momavaliangelozi koWs ikideb<strong>da</strong>. xat-xevis salo-clxvi
cavi aris Garglis mTis saSubis ga<strong>da</strong>Rma, ivrisxeobaSi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n aris oqros Sibi gabmuli ukanafSavis SuagulSi mdebare laSaris salocavamdis,<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> oqros Sibi gadis Garglis ifniswverze, sa<strong>da</strong>c angelozi isvenebs. am ifans mama-Gemma Tavisi xeliT Semoavlo qvis yore^~ (70, 31-1). jaWviT RvTisSvilTa kavSiri maTi moZmeobisniSnad kargad Gans axielis (arxotSi) salocavebismagaliTze. arxotis mTavari <strong>jvari</strong> miqielmTavarangelozi, romelsac Tavisi adgilmdebareobisgamo `qveqvuri <strong>jvari</strong>~ Seerqva, jaWviTaris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli gabriel mTavarangelozTan,romelic ufro maRla mdebareobs <strong>da</strong> `mTis<strong>jvari</strong>~ ewodeba, maT S<strong>ori</strong>s gabmuli jaWvi miuyvebagors, romelzec erTmaneTis maRla ganlagebuliaarxotis sxva salocavebi <strong>da</strong> jaWvimaTac akavSirebs erTmaneTTan (60, 41).RvTisSvilTa gza uxilavia, magram, rogorciTqva, is jvarGenis dros xdeba xiluli: oqrosjaWvi aris nakvalevi, <strong>da</strong>tovebuli RvTisSvilismier, romelic cecxlis saxiT <strong>da</strong>dis niSi<strong>da</strong>n ni-Samde, moZmi<strong>da</strong>n moZmemde. ai, moaruliRvTisSvilis jvarGenis erTi magaliTi. vaJafSavelasde<strong>da</strong> igonebs Tavisi ymawvilqalobisdroindelxilvas: `me <strong>da</strong> Gems biZaSvils qalssxlovans gareT derefanSi gveZina. SuaRameiqneb<strong>da</strong>, dgandgari, brdgniali <strong>da</strong>dga iseTi,megona mTa-bari Tu iqcevao. SeSinebuli wamovjeloginSi, gavixede <strong>da</strong> mTeli ca ganaTebuli iyo.<strong>ori</strong> oqrosferi jaWvi iyo wamosuli, erTiWiauris g<strong>ori</strong><strong>da</strong>n, meore sxlovanis g<strong>ori</strong>Ta, ga<strong>da</strong>bmulebi,zed cecxlis balRebi adiodnen <strong>da</strong> Gamodiodnen<strong>da</strong> iseT mwkepr (wmin<strong>da</strong>) xmaze ga-clxvii
lobdnen, ise tkbilad, RmerTo, imaze kargs rasgaigonebs kacis yurio~ (86, 55). <strong>es</strong> xilva imiTacaris RirsS<strong>es</strong>aniSnavi, rom masSi Tavs iGens iakobiskibis motivi, xolo kibe, rogorc Sveulikomunikaciis saSualeba, xSirad jaWvis saxiTaris warmodgenili (mag., beTlemis TqmulebaSi);jaWvis xidis rolsac asrulebs mag., mcxeTurlegen<strong>da</strong>Si, romlis Tanaxmad <strong>jvari</strong>s taZarsa <strong>da</strong>sveticxovlis gumbaTs S<strong>ori</strong>s gabmul `jaWvisxidze~ wmi<strong>da</strong> berebi ga<strong>da</strong>diodnen <strong>da</strong> gamodiodnen(135-a, 21); S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, <strong>es</strong> Tqmuleba asaxuliiyos <strong>jvari</strong>s monastris adgilobriv saxelwodebaSi_ `jaWvis say<strong>da</strong>ri~ (18, 61). sagulisxmoa, rom`jaWvis gza~ _ <strong>es</strong> poulobs analogiasRvTisSvilTa gzasTan _ wmi<strong>da</strong> gzaa, romelzecberebs mxolod wmi<strong>da</strong> fiqrebiT SeuZliaT mimosvla,winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi jaWvi wydeba <strong>da</strong>beri iRupeba (38, # 9815). vaJa-fSavelas dedisnaxilvebi jvarGena, eWvi ar aris, imave tradiciiTun<strong>da</strong> iyos nasazrdoebi, romlis wiaRSicxmalas alvisxis andrezia Seqmnili: ^ RTiskarze sakvexura<strong>da</strong> zdgomian alvisxenia, wverzedxqonia mombuli cxra-kecad Sibi grZelia, zedisxd<strong>es</strong> angelozebi, mParT ebn<strong>es</strong> oqros Tbenia,isen wvrili PmiT galoben, yureba sanatrelia(88, #541). <strong>es</strong> `cxra-keci~ Sibic gamoxatavskavSirs, magram ara mxolod erT sibrtyeze myofRvTisSvilebs S<strong>ori</strong>s, aramed ierarqiuli kibissafexurebs S<strong>ori</strong>s. aq myardeba kavSiri Sveulxazze RvTisSvilsa <strong>da</strong> m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTs S<strong>ori</strong>s,kavSiri, romelic ufro gamokveTilad Gans la-Saris TqmulebaSi, romelic xmalas alvisxisTqmulebis analogiuria: beri giorgi mec viyav,clxviii
cas vebi oqros SibiTa; goraze medga bermuxa,zed avdiodi kibiTa, Gems <strong>saymo</strong>T SamanazeniRmerTTan amqon<strong>da</strong> iqiTa (77, #60). am patara leqsSiWarbad aris warmodgenili saSualebani,romlebiTac <strong>ori</strong> samyaro erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba:xe <strong>da</strong> mTa cisa <strong>da</strong> miwis kavSiris anu duranqisklasikuri saxeebia (46, 125-131), kibe, cnobilikibe iakobisa, romelic man sizmarSi ixila(`<strong>es</strong>izmra, miwaze kibe dgas <strong>da</strong> TaviT cas wvdeba.uflis angelozebi adi-Gamodian kibeze. aha,ufali dgas kibis TavSi^~ (<strong>da</strong>b., 28, 12-13) <strong>da</strong>,bolos, Sibi. aseTia suraTi laSarSi: mTaze dgasmuxa, muxaze kibea Sedgmuli, kibis TavSiRvTisSvilia, romelic SibiT _ sakideliT casaris gamobmuli. RvTisSvili am gziT adis Tavisi<strong>saymo</strong>s mier Semowiruli ZRveniTurT RvTiskarze. mas aaqvs `Semonazeni~ _ locva-vedreba,sasoeba Tu saklavis sisxli, ganatifebuli, rogorcsakmevlis kvamli. RvTisSvili Suamavaliacasa <strong>da</strong> miwas S<strong>ori</strong>s; is aris Tavad Sibi, romelicam or sferos akavSirebs erTmaneTTan.sabolood, un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom raki jvarGena religiisgamocxadebaa a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis, Sibi an sakideli,rogorc jvarGenis niSani, religiis simbolocaris. sityva religia (`kavSirisaRdgena~), iseve rogorc ebrauli beriT(`kavSiri~, romelic Zveli tradiciiT iTargmneba`aRTqmad~), xom imasve niSnavs etimologiurad,ra funqciac Sibs Tu sakidels akisria. <strong>da</strong>vukvirdeTlaSaris muxisa <strong>da</strong> xmalas alvisxisandrezebs: RvTisSvili mistiris warsuls, rocamuxac iyo, oqros Sibic iyo <strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>sS<strong>es</strong>awiravic misdio<strong>da</strong> m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTs. anu iyoclxix
kavSiri, iyo religia _ Sibi, magram Sibi gawy<strong>da</strong>_ amas gvamcnobs xmalas alvis xis leqsi: alvisxe ga<strong>da</strong>aqci<strong>es</strong>, Zir ar gawir<strong>es</strong>, wveria. Sib gawy<strong>da</strong>,ciske wavi<strong>da</strong>, wio<strong>da</strong> rogorc gvelia (8, #541). <strong>da</strong>de<strong>da</strong>miwis am adgilze gawy<strong>da</strong> cisa <strong>da</strong> miwiskavSiri _ religia. cxraeniani zari Tu Tasi,fanduri, sakideli sayofacxovrebo sagnebicaris <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>miani iyenebs maT yoveldRiur, saeroyofaSi, rogorc elementuri kulturis sagnebs,zari, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirwmi<strong>da</strong>d sakulto sagania;is mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod sakulto <strong>da</strong>niSnulebiTSegvxvdeba <strong>saymo</strong>Si, maSinac ki, roca ismavani ymis pirutyvis kiserzea Sebmuli, radgan<strong>es</strong> zari, zanzalaki, miuTiTebs, rom <strong>es</strong> pirutyvisamsxverplo pirutyvvia. sakulto cxovrebaSizars igive funqcia akisria, rac zemoGamoTvlilsagnebs _ is mowodebulia gaaerTianos <strong>jvari</strong>symebi, gaaxsenos, rom hyavT saerTo patroni, romisini <strong>saymo</strong>s Seadgenen. erTi avt<strong>ori</strong>, romelicikvlevs sazogadoebrivi Temis kulturuli garemosproblemebs, sxvaTa S<strong>ori</strong>s, wers:`^SuasaukuneebSi Temi upirat<strong>es</strong>ad religiuriiyo, ris gamoc umTavr<strong>es</strong>i misi instituti iyoekl<strong>es</strong>ia, ekl<strong>es</strong>iasTan midio<strong>da</strong> yvela gza; ufrometic, ekl<strong>es</strong>ia Tavze <strong>da</strong>hyureb<strong>da</strong> Temis yvela Senobas,uqmni<strong>da</strong> ra xalxs masze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisganc<strong>da</strong>s. ekl<strong>es</strong>iis zarebic ki TamaSob<strong>da</strong> Tavisrols, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c isini sazRvravdnen Temisterit<strong>ori</strong>as. cxovreba zarebis xmis smenadobisfarglebSi moqceuli Temis SigniT cxovrebasniSnav<strong>da</strong>~ (148, 134). swavlulis <strong>es</strong> sityvebiS<strong>es</strong>aniSnavi ganmartebaa iaxsris leqsSi<strong>da</strong>xatuli scenisa, sa<strong>da</strong>c patara zaris xmasclxx
ekisreba <strong>saymo</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>s SemosazRvra avisgorsSamikidodiT Gemi patara zaria. <strong>da</strong>vkra, PmaaPads gavid<strong>es</strong>, gamoisaxon <strong>jvari</strong>a (88, #542-z). TuSibi gamoxatavs <strong>saymo</strong>s mTlianobas droJamulmodenilobaSi, zaris xma akustikurad aerTianebs<strong>saymo</strong>s ara mxolod im azriT, rom is mouwodebsmas <strong>jvari</strong>saken, saerTo S<strong>es</strong>akrebelSi, raTa <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturd<strong>es</strong><strong>es</strong> erToba, aramed im azriTac, rom isyovel moymeSi erT saerTo fiqrebs <strong>da</strong> sasoebasaRviZebs. zogierT tradiciaSi zari Sibis vizualursax<strong>es</strong> iRebs. <strong>saymo</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>is umaRl<strong>es</strong>adgilze aRmarTuli sazaris TiTqmisusxeulo, xSirad euli (rogorc mag.,iremTkaloze, uZilaurTis Tavs) silueti ariserTaderTi mowme <strong>da</strong> niSani imisa, rom <strong>es</strong> adgiliwmi<strong>da</strong> miwaa <strong>da</strong> jvars ekuTvnis. sa<strong>da</strong>c zaria, iswmi<strong>da</strong> adgilia, radgan zari kultis genezisSiaris Gawerili. abudelauris tbi<strong>da</strong>n Tav<strong>da</strong>xsniliiaxsari gafrin<strong>da</strong> liqokisken <strong>da</strong> karatiswverzemoiki<strong>da</strong> `koWi~, ris niSnad iq agebulia orad-<strong>ori</strong>Senoba _ mcire koSki, romelic sinamdvileSiqvis yorea, <strong>da</strong> sazare. aqe<strong>da</strong>n, andrezis Tanaxmad,ubisTavs misuli, iqac, karated saxeldebuladgilze, `ikidebs koWs~, sa<strong>da</strong>c Sendeba agreTvekoSki <strong>da</strong> sazare (65, 68). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, sazare<strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>arsebis niSnad dgas <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c is dgas,iq wmi<strong>da</strong> miwaa anu kvrivi. amitomac kvrivsxSirad ganmartaven rogorc iseT adgils, sa<strong>da</strong>csazarea an ganZia <strong>da</strong>fluli. zaris gaTanabrebaganZTan am ganmartebaSi ar aris SemTxveviTi.zars Tavisi funqcia aniWebs ganZis statuss: rogorc<strong>jvari</strong>s xmis gamomtevebels, mas gaunaTlavixeli ver Seexeba <strong>da</strong>sarekad; <strong>da</strong> zog SemTxvevaSi,clxxi
ogorc ganZi, samalavSi inaxeba. aseTi siuJetiaSeqmnili iaxsris zarze: xevisbers <strong>da</strong>aviwy<strong>da</strong>zaris samalavi, ver moZebn<strong>es</strong>, ifiqr<strong>es</strong>, iaxsari<strong>da</strong>adeb<strong>da</strong> safarvels. wavidnen zaris sayidlad.<strong>jvari</strong>s kacebs RvTisSvili iq <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>T, sa<strong>da</strong>czari un<strong>da</strong> eyi<strong>da</strong>T, iaxsari mtre<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>aj<strong>da</strong> erTzars imis niSnad, rom swored <strong>es</strong> zari un<strong>da</strong> eyi<strong>da</strong>Tmis xelkacebs (65, 79-80). mtredi _ <strong>jvari</strong>sfrinveli _ <strong>da</strong>brZandeba zarze, rogorc legen<strong>da</strong>rulimkadris mxarze an sakadrisga<strong>da</strong>farebulxelze. xolo rasac mxars gahkravs <strong>jvari</strong>, _SemTxveviT ki arafers ar gahkravs mxars _ iswmi<strong>da</strong> sagani xdeba. is, msgavsad Tasisa, SeiZlebajvarGenis niSanic iyos (38, #25464). zari, rogorcsakulto sagani, ukavSirdebakultmsaxurebis erT mniSvnelovan elements _samsxverplo pirutyvs; ara mxolod im azriT,rom zari mis Sewirvamde qedze hkidia mas. zari<strong>da</strong> saqoneli _ <strong>es</strong> sagani <strong>da</strong> cocxali arseba _Tavs iyrian xuc<strong>es</strong>is ufleba-movaleobaTa er-TobliobaSi. <strong>saymo</strong>s klasikur xanaSi `ufrosTavxevisberad is iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, visac zari <strong>da</strong>saklavis <strong>da</strong>kvla evalebo<strong>da</strong>^~ (65, 387). naxirisaqoneli, cxadia, a<strong>da</strong>mianis sarGoa, misi cxovrebissaxsari. magram is SeiZleba ufro meti iyos,vidre sazrdo. sakulto azriT, pirveladi masSiswored is aris, rac sazrdoze metia. saqonelzeigive SegviZlia gavimeoroT, rac iTqva Tasze,rom tradiciul kulturaSi is aris erT-erTi imsaganTagan, romelsac SeuZlia itvirTos imazemeti, rasac bunebiT warmoadgens; amaRld<strong>es</strong>, a<strong>da</strong>mianmaaamaRlos is mis elementur <strong>da</strong>niSnulebazemaRla; ufro meti azri S<strong>es</strong>Zinos sa-clxxii
zogadoebisaTvis, vidre aqvs sakvebs fizikuriarsebobis S<strong>es</strong>anarGuneblad. <strong>es</strong> gacnobierebuliaindur kulturaSi, <strong>es</strong> Segnebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T zoroastrulihimnebis _ gaTebis Semqmnelebs, <strong>es</strong>savsebiT gaazrebulia Gven <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi. saqoneliwmi<strong>da</strong>, sapativebeli arsebaa. ras niSnavs <strong>es</strong>? robertsonsmiTi, romelmac Seiswavla m<strong>es</strong>aqonle <strong>da</strong>mwyemsi xalxebis, kerZod, semiti tomebisGveulebani saqonelTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, wers Semdegs:`Sinauri cxovelebi pativiT arian mosilnide<strong>da</strong>miwis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxis mwyems xalxebSi. isini,erTis mxriv, miGneuli arian a<strong>da</strong>mianis megobrebad<strong>da</strong> Tvistomebad, meor<strong>es</strong> mxriv, RvTiuribunebis arsebebad; maTi <strong>da</strong>xocva mxolod gansakuTrebulviTarebaSia neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli, <strong>da</strong> aseTdrosac ki ar gamoiyeneba kerZo, yoveldRiursakvebad, aramed mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod saerTodR<strong>es</strong>aswaulebze. afrikis erT-erT momTabaretomze amboben, rom maT erTaderT sarGos cxvrisfarebi <strong>da</strong> saqoneli warmoadgens. roca saZovariuxvia wvimebis Semdeg, isini ikvebebian rZeSiSezavebuli sisxliT, romelsac iseve, rogorcarabeTSi, cocxal pirutyvs uReben; xologvalvebis dros beberi an sneuli cxovelisxorcs Wamen. magram pirutyvis <strong>da</strong>mkvleli uwmiduradiTvleba maT TvalSi^ saqoneli wmi<strong>da</strong>arsebaa, radgan is warmoadgens a<strong>da</strong>mianiscxovrebis saxsars. mas klaven mxolod gasaWirisdros <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>mkvleli uwmidurad iTvleba,rac imas gulisxmobs, rom <strong>da</strong>kvla pirutyvisaukeTuri saqmea^ yoveldRiuri sakvebi afrikisbevri m<strong>es</strong>aqonle xalxisa aris rZe an nanadirevi,saqoneli ki, romelsac isini mwy<strong>es</strong>aven, iSviaTadclxxiii
ikvlis sakvebad; mas mxolod gansakuTrebulSemTxvevaSi klaven, mag., laSqrobis gamocxadebisas,bavSvebis wina<strong>da</strong>cveTisas <strong>da</strong> qorwilSi; anklaven samoselisTvis an imitom, rom pirutyvi<strong>da</strong>saxiGrebulia an beberi^~ (157, 277-9). TiTqosparadoqsia: saqoneli a<strong>da</strong>mianis erTaderTi sar-Goa, risTvisac kaci Tavs <strong>da</strong>debs, magram is arikvlis yoveldRiuri purobisaTvis; ufro meti:misi <strong>da</strong>kvla uRvTo aqtia. swored imitom, romsaqoneli Gveni <strong>saymo</strong>s sicocxlis saxsaria, misiimedi am wuTisofelSi, is ar ikvlis yoveldRiurisakvebisTvis, aramed rogorc m<strong>es</strong>aqonl<strong>es</strong>emiti tomebi iqcevian, is ikvlis laSqrobis winjvarSi, <strong>jvari</strong>s dR<strong>es</strong>aswaulebze, jvarSi gayvanisas,qorwilSi, micvalebulis xarjebSi. <strong>saymo</strong>scxovrebis am mniSvnelovan, gar<strong>da</strong>mtex periodebSiSeiZleba gaiwiros, Seiwiros saqoneli.clxxivxari iwireba
<strong>saymo</strong>s genezisSi, rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, a<strong>da</strong>mianisyofna-aryofnis zRurblze <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> gasdevs miscxovrebas, Tavs iGens kerZo <strong>da</strong> saerTo mniSvnelovanSemTxvevebSi. xari, Gven viciT, dgaskultis <strong>da</strong>sabamSi: devebisgan Seuracxyofili,sasowarkveTamde misuli kaci gaixsenebsS<strong>es</strong>awiravad yvelaze saukeT<strong>es</strong>os, rac ki gaaGniaqveyanaze _ TeTr xars, romelic aris pirvelgaRebulimsxverpli Gvens andrezebSi (60, 119) _pirveli <strong>da</strong>kluli saqoneli a<strong>da</strong>mianis Rirsebisga<strong>da</strong>sarGenad. gana am zRurblze TeTrma xarma aritvirTa religiis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebis mTeli simZime,roca a<strong>da</strong>miani eZeb<strong>da</strong> xsnas uzena<strong>es</strong>isagan? misisisxli iseve wmi<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong> Zvirfasi, rogorcwinapris <strong>da</strong>Rvrili sisxli, Sewiruli misikeTildReobisaTvis. xars angelozebi unTebenrqebze sanTels, jer angelozebi, mereRa a<strong>da</strong>mianebi,roca is samsxverploze mihyavT. sxva drosxars rqaze mtredi azis <strong>da</strong> miuZRveba mas <strong>jvari</strong>ssabrZanisisaken, romelsac a<strong>da</strong>miani TavisiT vermiagneb<strong>da</strong>. xaris rqaze asvenia mTavarangelozisan wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis xati <strong>da</strong> miuZRvis samSoblosakenSvidi aTas Tav<strong>da</strong>xsnil tyv<strong>es</strong>. amis gamoxari ar ikvlis mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod sakvebismopovebis mizniT. is religiuri aqtia TavisiwarmoSobiT, aseve mizniT <strong>da</strong> ritualuri formiT:xelxanjliani msaxuri kultisa simZim<strong>es</strong> sZens amaqts, romelic ritualis gareSe mkvlelobadGaiTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s TvalSi; is <strong>da</strong>mwyalobnebisteqstis warmoTqmiT `akvrivebs~ drois monakveTs;roca saklavi ikvlis, am dros iq Sekrebili<strong>saymo</strong> ecnoba Tavisi religiis mrwamss, Tavisrjuls; mis cnobierebaSi erTxel kidev ibeWdebaclxxv
RvTisSvilTa saxelebi maTi <strong>da</strong>dgenili TanamimdevrobiT.iseve, rogorc ludiT savse Tasisadideblis gareSe mxolod Rreobis niSansiZleva, aseve _ analogiurad xanjali mdumare<strong>da</strong>mkvlelis xelSi, roca ar ismis <strong>da</strong>mwyalobnebissityvebi, mkvlelobis niSania. saklavi ikvlis,un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iklas, yvelas Tvalwin, sajarod,ara farulad; is potenciurad ekuTvnis yvelas,mTels <strong>saymo</strong>s. <strong>es</strong> sajaroba ritualuri qmedebi-TurT aniWebs pirutyvs saklavis statuss. rogorcreligiur-zneobrivi realobis, <strong>da</strong>niSnulebagamoxatulia saxelwodebaSi, romliTacis <strong>da</strong>mwyalobnebis teqstSi ixseneba: samsaxuri.pirutyvi samsaxurSia _ xorciels eZleva saSualebamisi meSveobiT emsaxuros jvars. saqonelidgas a<strong>da</strong>miansa <strong>da</strong> RvTisSvils S<strong>ori</strong>s. amitom isar SeiZleba ar iyos wmi<strong>da</strong>. siwmidiT aris Semosiliyvelaferi, rac masTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulimis samsaxureblad moyvanisas: qsovilic,romliTac Subli aqvs gakruli; zanzalakic,qedze rom hkidia, rac jvarSi rGeba, <strong>da</strong> bolos,sisxli. `^ moxsenebuli samsaxuri Sena samTavroias, Sena gasamarjod xTis karze mosaxmarad^~ (56,14). `wamoyenebuli samsaxuri, moxsenebuli, RvTisadgindod<strong>es</strong>, RmerTs maaxsenidi, kvireisad gindod<strong>es</strong>,kvir<strong>es</strong> maaxsenidi, ara _ TviTon miiTvaleTRirsa<strong>da</strong>, Rirseula<strong>da</strong>, Svi<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>, Svideula<strong>da</strong>,xsnila<strong>da</strong>, kurTxeula<strong>da</strong>^~ (38, #25449).saklavis suli, romelic mis sisxlSia, adisde<strong>da</strong>miwi<strong>da</strong>n maRla, RvTisSvilze maRla, m<strong>ori</strong>geRvTis karamde. gana amis Semdeg <strong>es</strong> saklavi araris duranqi _ `kavSiri cisa <strong>da</strong> miwisa?~saklavi, romelic aris upirat<strong>es</strong>ad xari, <strong>saymo</strong>sclxxvi
akavSirebs RvTisSvilTan, xolo RvTisSvilismeoxebiT m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTTan, radgan masTan aaqvsRvTisSvils `wamoyenebuli samsaxuri~. magramigive saklavi, rogorc msxverpli, <strong>saymo</strong>s konsoli<strong>da</strong>ciis,misi simtkicis erT-erTi pirobaa. <strong>es</strong>kargad Gans `xar-qvabiT Seyrilobisa~ <strong>da</strong>mokveTilis Sem<strong>ori</strong>gebis ritualebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>csaklavs ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli akisria. romelim<strong>es</strong>usti gvaris warmomadgenlebi gaZlierebismizniT ekedlebian Zlier gvars, risTvisac, w<strong>es</strong>is<strong>da</strong>yenebiT, aduReben luds (`qvabi~), jvarSi<strong>da</strong>klaven saklavs (`xari~) <strong>da</strong> erTgulebis ficssdeben, rom ar uRalateben Tavis axal gvareulobas,aRiareben ra mis salocavs <strong>da</strong> winaprebs.<strong>es</strong> w<strong>es</strong>i moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>aRmosavleT</strong> saqarTvelosmTianeTis TiTqmis yvela <strong>saymo</strong>Si, rac <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuliasaeTnografio literaturaSi (54, 79;51, 71; 49, 91). xariT SeyrilTa S<strong>ori</strong>s, iseve rogorcsisxliT naT<strong>es</strong>avTa S<strong>ori</strong>s, qorwineba <strong>da</strong>uSvebeliiyo. am w<strong>es</strong>-Gveulebis fonze, romlisdrosac xaris <strong>da</strong>kvla aucilebeli aqtia <strong>ori</strong>gvaris sisxliT <strong>da</strong>naT<strong>es</strong>avebaSi, niSandoblivadikveTeba sapirispiro w<strong>es</strong>-Gveuleba, romelicerTi gvaris orad gayris <strong>da</strong> am gayrilTa S<strong>ori</strong>ssisxlis naT<strong>es</strong>aobisa <strong>da</strong> misgan gamomdinare valdebulebaTagauqmebis dros sruldeba. gu<strong>da</strong>mayarSigavrcelebuli andrezis Tanaxmad, wiklaurTa<strong>da</strong> beqaurTa winaprebma _ wikvam <strong>da</strong> beqam,im mizniT, rom erTmaneTSi qorwinebis nebahqono<strong>da</strong>T, <strong>da</strong>kl<strong>es</strong> ZaRli, orad gaglij<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> maTSua gaiar<strong>es</strong>. Tu ucxoTa erTianobisTvis wmi<strong>da</strong>saklavi ikvlis, raTa <strong>ori</strong> gvaris warmomadgenelTsaSualeba hqondeT simbolurad ez-clxxvii
iaron saerTos saklavis xorcis WamiT <strong>da</strong> amiTsamu<strong>da</strong>mod <strong>da</strong>amowmon erToba, amis sawinaaRmdegoqmedebisas, roca gvari iyofa, klaven uwmidurcxovels, anu, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, `antisaklavs~,romelic ar iWmeva, rogorc usurmagi<strong>da</strong>, cxadia, ver Seasrulebs ziarebis funqcias.analogiuria w<strong>es</strong>i, romliTac yma ikveTeba <strong>saymo</strong><strong>da</strong>n:`^ZaRlis mokvliT moikveTen maSin, Tu naT<strong>es</strong>aviSeirTo colad, an Tu aRar emorGilebaTavis gvars <strong>da</strong> Gadis raime uw<strong>es</strong>obas^ erTi vinmeZaRls moklavs tyviiT <strong>da</strong> iZaxebs: momikveTav amZaRlis sisxliT (mokveTilis saxeli), eg GemiaRarai as dReis Semdega-d’ me magis aRarai or^~(66, 40). ZaRlis sisxliT mokveTili gvarSi TuTemSi mxolod wmi<strong>da</strong> saklavis sisxlis meSveobiTaRdgeba (iqve, agr. 61, 356). mokveTilis SerigebisritualSi xarTan <strong>da</strong> ludTan erTad, rogorcmniSvnelovani elementebi, monawileobenqvabi <strong>da</strong> Tasi _ aseve qajaveTis na<strong>da</strong>vlissagnebi. `mokveTilma saTemo xats un<strong>da</strong> S<strong>es</strong>wiroserTi qvabi <strong>da</strong> vercxlis Tasi, agreTve un<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>uklas erTi xari <strong>da</strong> ludic auduRos^~ (54, 97).Tasi, qvabi, saklavi, ludi _ ai, <strong>es</strong> aris TiTqmisyvelaferi, razec aris <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli kultismTeli ritualuri mxare; <strong>es</strong> yvelaferi exmarebamokveTils, aRidginos Tavi jer jvarSi, mere<strong>saymo</strong>Si; aRidginos Tavi winaparTa salocavisTvis,rom kvlav hqond<strong>es</strong> ufleba, moisminos<strong>jvari</strong>s karze <strong>da</strong>mwyalobnebis sityvebi: `^ Senskarze sanTeli aunTia, Tasi auvsia, samsaxuri wamouyenebia,RvTis karze maixmare, gamarjvebulo^~(38, #25557). saklavad moyvanili xari,romelic myar mdgomareobas uqmnis ymas <strong>saymo</strong>Si,clxxviii
unebrivia, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebd<strong>es</strong>mtris Sem<strong>ori</strong>gebis <strong>da</strong>, sazogadod, Zveli samkvdro-sasicocxlomtrobis ganqarebis dros.xari am dros _ sagangebod aris gaxazuli misiferi <strong>da</strong> garegnoba _ Serigebis niSanic aris <strong>da</strong>ficis ganmamtkicebelic. mkvleli, SurismaZiebeli,ase mimarTavs fSavis <strong>saymo</strong>Ta saxeliT gabu<strong>da</strong>yebulTorRvas: samjer mamixve, TrRvao, sami<strong>da</strong>gikal cxvario, meoTxed mosuls <strong>da</strong>gikalTeTri qorai Pario^ (88, #44). iyo saubari, romTeTri xari figurirebs kultis genezisSi, rommisi wamoyenebiT <strong>da</strong>edo <strong>da</strong>sabami samxvewromsxverplSewirvas, rogorc erT-erT umniSvnelovan<strong>es</strong>rituals sxva ritualTa S<strong>ori</strong>s. roca ist<strong>ori</strong>ulxanaSi viTareba meordeba mciremasStabiT, ganmeorebisas TeTri xari imave<strong>da</strong>niSnulebiT aris `wamoyenebuli~. gansacdelsga<strong>da</strong>rGenili TuSi TiliZe, fSavelTa mosisxle<strong>da</strong> maTi araerTgzis amklebi, aRTqmisamebr TeTrxars swiravs laSaris wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis. `^TiliZ<strong>es</strong>fSavelebisaTvis Serigeba uTxovia <strong>da</strong> laSarobaszvarakad TeTrqora xari miuyvania, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>ori</strong>vemxare Zmad gaficula <strong>da</strong> Serigebis niSnad iqv<strong>es</strong>amanic GausvamT <strong>da</strong> TuSebs laSarSi Tavisi sajarecgaumarTavT~ (51, 200); `^ simtkicis niSnadTiliZ<strong>es</strong> laSaris droSa TuSeTSi gadmoutania<strong>da</strong> aq GiRos mTaze aRumarTavs, sa<strong>da</strong>c laSaris <strong>es</strong>xatic augia~ (49, 199-200). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, TiliZeuarsebs TuSebs laSaris jvars, romelic manTav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad pirad salocavad airGia: madroveT,fSavelT Svilebo, maloceT Tqveni<strong>jvari</strong>a, movsulvar saxvewnela<strong>da</strong>, momiyvania Paria^(49, 92). sagulisxmoa isic, rom Serigeba orclxxix
<strong>saymo</strong>s S<strong>ori</strong>s <strong>da</strong> salocavis <strong>da</strong>arseba erTdrouliaqtia <strong>da</strong> rom TiliZe Tavisi TeTrqoraxariTurT S<strong>es</strong>ulia <strong>da</strong>mafuZnebel andrezSi.xaris sakulto mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebisSemdeg un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom sxva sakralursagnebTan (Tasi, sakideli, zari^) erTad qajaveTi<strong>da</strong>nwamosxmuli naxiri sakulto <strong>da</strong>niSnulebisaris <strong>da</strong> is ekuTvnis jvars, kerZod, xaxmatisjvars, romelsac ist<strong>ori</strong>ul xanaSi hyav<strong>da</strong>Tavisuflad gaSvebuli kuratebi, <strong>da</strong>uko<strong>da</strong>vni <strong>da</strong>uRelSi Seubmelni, <strong>jvari</strong>s sakuTrebis niSnad.sagmiro leqsebSic ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c gmiri RvTisSvilTaarqetipul qmedebas imeorebs, _ saqonels itacebsqisteTi<strong>da</strong>n (qajaveTis amqveyniuri oreuli<strong>da</strong>n)_ motacebul saqonels ara sakuTar saxlebSi,aramed laSaris gorze arekaven, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<strong>da</strong>iZra laSqari. ^ modian nasaxelarni, gadmovlensayaWisasa. xuTSabaTs dilas Gamovlen,maabuqeben miwasa. Gamovlen laSaris gorsa, Gamaixdianbinasa, xatis samRvTosa Gadian xarisasa<strong>da</strong> RvTisasa, niSa xars rqaze uWdeven pir<strong>da</strong>pirTamarisasa (51, 86). saqoneli, rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>sna<strong>da</strong>vli, raki misi ymebis xeliT aris modenili,mis terit<strong>ori</strong>aze ikvlis. amas gulisxmobsfSavelTa erT-erTi beladisa <strong>da</strong> xevisbrissityvebi: gara var Turmanauli, me bevrgan miqnanziani, mixocavs laSaris gorsa qistis xarebirqiani (51, 84). <strong>da</strong> erTi xevsuruli leqsis fragmenti,sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>jvari</strong>s saqonlis gamtaceblad uSualodRvTisSvili gvevlineba: martuam gu<strong>da</strong>nisjvarma <strong>da</strong>anaxevra jaria, anadgureb<strong>da</strong> laSqarsalurjais natotaria. martuam amaibruna TereTegoelTcxvaria, beRel-beRlis kars uPdebisclxxx
miTxoelT Paris rqania (62, 668). samZimari `qajaveTviarebodidio, naxirs aiqiT vadendidio~ _am sityvebs aTqmevinebs Tavis qa<strong>da</strong>gs, meen<strong>es</strong>, qajaveTi<strong>da</strong>nwamoyvanili qajis qali. xaxmatiswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgim samZimari gamoitaca Tu gamoixsnaqajaveTi<strong>da</strong>n qajaveTur ganZTan erTad. axla kisamZimari ambobs, qajaveTSi <strong>da</strong>vdiodi <strong>da</strong>saqonels iqi<strong>da</strong>n movdenidio. zmnis xolmebiTikilo _ `viarebodidi~ _ TiTqos mowmobs, romsamZimari xaxmatis <strong>jvari</strong>s msgavsad perioduladmgzavrobs qajaveTSi. xom ase mimarTaven amRvTisSvils _ qajaveT rad iarebi, giorgimglisa ferao? Gans, TiTqos, samZimari <strong>da</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong>giorgi drogamoSvebiT `iarebian~ qajaveTSi,magram andrezi <strong>da</strong> simRera gadmogvcems mxoloderTgzis mogzaurobas xaxmatis <strong>jvari</strong>sas qajaveTisaken<strong>da</strong> isic samZimaris gareSe, radgan amdros samZimari qajaveTSia <strong>da</strong>, S<strong>es</strong>aZloa, elismxsnels. marTalia, wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgi masTan erTadbrundeba ukan, magram ar Gans, rom qajis qalimodenid<strong>es</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamorekil naxirs, romlismwyemsad TqmulebaSi <strong>da</strong>saxelebulia karatis<strong>jvari</strong> kopala <strong>da</strong> ara samZimari. SeiZleba misi <strong>es</strong>sityvebi (`qajaveT viarebodidio^~) misi biografiisromelime epizods gulisxmobd<strong>es</strong>, romelsacukve mouswria <strong>da</strong>viwyeba. dRevandelsamZimars ki naklebi kavSiri aqvs qajaveTis naxirTan<strong>da</strong>, saerTod, saqonelTan. xaxmatis jvarSimas sruliad gansakuTrebuli funqcia akisria<strong>da</strong> Taviseburi Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali aqvs, rasac is Tavisiqa<strong>da</strong>gis piriT amxels. jer visaubroT miswarmomavlobaze, romelic winaaRmdegobrivia <strong>da</strong><strong>ori</strong> urTierTgamomricxveli tradiciiT arisclxxxi
cnobili. erTi tradiciis Tanaxmad, qajis qalebi_ samZimari, mzeqali <strong>da</strong> aSeqali ZaliT arianmotacebulni. Turme ambobdnen: `aqve <strong>da</strong>gvxoceT<strong>da</strong> TqvenTan (RvTisSvilebTan) ar wamovalTo~; armohyvebodnen, vidre xaxmatis jvarma ar aRuTqvamaT saarso wilis micema xaxmatis miwa-wyalze<strong>da</strong> `Zalisa <strong>da</strong> SeZlebis~ ganawileba maTTvis;hpirdebo<strong>da</strong> maT, rom RvTisSvilTa uflebiTiqnebodnen <strong>da</strong>arsebulni xaxmatSi anu iqnebodnenjvarni. ai, am pirobiT gamoatacebina Tavi xaxmatiswm. giorgis samma qajma qalma samZimarisufrosobiT (60, 107-8). sxva tradiciiT, romelicTiTqos xuc<strong>es</strong>Ta sityvebis _ `tyveno, eajeT, naPsarno~_ ganmartebas warmoadgens, xaxmatis<strong>jvari</strong>s `modeni~ qajaveTis tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n arian gamoxsnilni,rogorc n<strong>es</strong>tani. asec amboben: `qajeTisnaPsroba kiden ase niSnavs, viTom <strong>da</strong>tvevebulebihyvand<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> aPsn<strong>es</strong> am angelozebm <strong>da</strong> wamaiyvan<strong>es</strong>~.magram rogor moxvdnen tyveobaSi <strong>es</strong>qalebi, amis andrezi ar Gans. zRaprebSi <strong>da</strong> sagmiroeposSi gamoxsnili qali, mzeTunaxavi, rogorcw<strong>es</strong>i, gamomxsneli gmiris sacolea. gmirssacole mohyavs qajeTi<strong>da</strong>n, brolis koSki<strong>da</strong>n,qv<strong>es</strong>kneli<strong>da</strong>n, sa<strong>da</strong>c mzeTunaxavs ar surs <strong>da</strong>r-Gena <strong>da</strong> exmareba Tavis rGeuls, aswavlis gzasa<strong>da</strong> xerxs ucxo qveyanaSi. Gveni andrezi sakraluriTqmulebaa, radgan is exeba kultis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebas,amitomac gamoxsnili qali, Tun<strong>da</strong>c isiyos mzeTunaxavi (aseTa<strong>da</strong>c aris miGneuli qajisqali), ver iqneba sacole misi gamomxsneligmirisa, radgan <strong>es</strong> gmiri aris RvTisSvili, angelozi,uxorco arseba. xaxmatis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgistyve qalebi Tavis modeebad mohyavs xaxmatSi, maTclxxxii
S<strong>ori</strong>s pirveli <strong>da</strong> mTavari samZimari, xolosamZimari ase alaparakebs Tavis qa<strong>da</strong>gs: `wamamiyvanagiorgimao, me xo qal viyav qajisao, mamanaTvlivaqriste RmerTsao, gavPe PorcielTsalocavio~ (60, 113). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, qajeTi<strong>da</strong>nwamoyvanas, iqi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xsnas, gansakuTrebuli aspeqtiaqvs: is niSnavs rjulis Secvlas, ufrosworad, mas mohyveba gaTavisuflebuli qalwulisgaqristianeba. samZimarze kidev yvebianaseT ambavs: `^ is samZimar qajT Pelmwifis qalyofil. iq gveleSap yofil. imas Tu und SeeWamerT vin sofelSiiT, wylispirSi <strong>da</strong>usvemd<strong>es</strong>. issamZimar <strong>da</strong>usom. misul giorgi, uTqom, ro gaga-Tavisuflebav Senav. mamas uTxariv, ro wagiyvanav.cxrajer wyalSi gaibanev, samiv saklav <strong>da</strong>kaliv^~(67, 193). vavsebT am epizods sxva Ganaweris mixedviT(versia igivea, xaxmaturi, oRond odnavgansxvavebuli re<strong>da</strong>qciiT): `^maSin Gven giorgis<strong>da</strong>urtyams veSapisTvis Subi <strong>da</strong> wamouyvania samZimari.moiyvana Tavis jvarSi, mounaTlia samZimariTavis rjulze. <strong>da</strong>sdva safarveli <strong>da</strong> veRar naxasamZimari xalxma~ (6, 79). ar aris Zneli ammonaTxrobSi wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis umTavr<strong>es</strong>i saswaulis<strong>da</strong>naxva. epizodi agebulia sayovelTaod gavrcelebulmotivze, romelic adreve <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>kapadokieli wmi<strong>da</strong>nis saxels <strong>da</strong> myari agili<strong>da</strong>ikava mis biografiaSi. wmi<strong>da</strong> mxe<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong>ixsniswarmarTi mefis asuls gveleSapisagan, romelsacmiuyvan<strong>es</strong> is msxverplad <strong>da</strong> am saswaulis ZaliTqrist<strong>es</strong> rjulze moaqcevs qalwuls, mef<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTel qalaqs. eWvi ar aris, rom samZimaris epizodiqajaveTis TqmulebaSi wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis gmirobisxevsuruli variantia; rom is wmi<strong>da</strong> gior-clxxxiii
gis kanonikuri `cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n~ modis <strong>da</strong> verGaiTvleba saerTaS<strong>ori</strong>so siuJetis adgilobriv,<strong>da</strong>moukidebel variantad. xaxmatis <strong>jvari</strong> _ xaxmatiswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgi imeorebs Tavisi mosaxelewmi<strong>da</strong>nis arqetipul qcevas, qajaveTi enacvlebaim warmarTul qalaqs, romelic wmi<strong>da</strong> mxe<strong>da</strong>rmagveleSapis Zaladobisagan ixsna, xolo qajisqali im usaxelo ufliswuls, romelic man gveleSapisxaxas gamostaca <strong>da</strong> qristianulrjulze moaqcia. xsna am qristianul andrezSiWeSmarit sarwmunoebaze moqcevis tolfasia. qajaveTisa<strong>da</strong> warmarTuli qalaqis (lasiis)igiveoba ufro TvalsaGinoa qajaveT-qisteTisigiveobis fonze, radgan qistebs <strong>da</strong>, sazogadod,Grdilo kavkasiis mezobel mahmadian tomebsqarTvel mTielTa <strong>saymo</strong>ebi upirat<strong>es</strong>ad sarwmunoebriviniSniT upirispirdebian, rogorc urjuloebsrjulianebi, romlebic wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgisreligias aRiareben <strong>da</strong> amis <strong>da</strong>sturad, Zveli mematianisTqmiT, `juaris msaxurni arian~.gansxvavebiT wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis mier moqceuli warmarTuliqalaqisagan, qajaveTi qajaveTadve<strong>da</strong>rGa; amis sanacvlod qajTa xelmwifis asulisamZimari xaxmatis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis wyalobiTRvTisSvilis rangSi amaRl<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sruliad unikaluriadgili <strong>da</strong>iWira sxva RvTisSvilTa S<strong>ori</strong>s;is xaxmatis jvarma Tavis `moZmed~ wamoiyvanaxaxmatSi <strong>da</strong> ise Rrmad SeeTvisa mas, rom <strong>es</strong> axalimoZme <strong>saymo</strong>s warmodgenaSi `giorgi’ samZimarerTni’ ~ (68, 42); <strong>saymo</strong>s ar abrkolebs is garemoeba,rom giorgi mamria, samZimari _ dedri:`giorgi’ samZimar erTni’ , erT xTiSvili’ ~. rocaaxseneben xaxmatis jvars, <strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebaSiclxxxiv
Gndeba <strong>ori</strong> piri erTi <strong>jvari</strong>sa, erTiRvTisSvilisa _ `giorgi naRvarmSvenieri~ <strong>da</strong>`xeli samZimari, yel-Riliani~. <strong>saymo</strong> Wvrets erTRvTisSvilSi, erT RvTiur arsebaSi animaanimusiserTianobas. qajaveTisken gaemarTamxe<strong>da</strong>ri, `naRarSi meburTvali~, _ oboli animusi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n animasTan erTad, raTa samu<strong>da</strong>modgaerTianebuliyvnen xaxmatis jvarSi. xaxmatis<strong>jvari</strong> yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi moqmedebsara rogorc calke mamri <strong>da</strong> calke dedri,aramed Tavisi mTliani bunebiT, dedrulmamrulierTianobiT; dedri Wvirvalebs mismamakacur gamocxadebaSi, rac TvalsaGinodikveTeba sxva RvTisSvilTa fonze, rogorc mag.,am leqsSi: laRno, sad mizdiT, Pevsurno, sadmixqriT qarebulasa. win gidgasT gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>,yviro<strong>da</strong> Parebulasa, mogyvebasT PaPmatis <strong>jvari</strong>,tiro<strong>da</strong> qaleburasa (88, #171), mamri iGens TavsraRac saxiT mainc mis dedrul gamocxadebaSi,rogorc gvarwmuneben samZimaris naqa<strong>da</strong>garebi,sa<strong>da</strong>c misi ucnauri Tavga<strong>da</strong>savalia moTxrobili.samZimaris naqa<strong>da</strong>gari <strong>da</strong> misi andrezi erTmaneTsavsebs; erTi <strong>da</strong> meore sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva aspeqtiT gvimxelssamZimaris bunebas <strong>da</strong> misi movlenis, anu<strong>saymo</strong>Si misi gamocxadebis arss. andrezi aseTiSinaarsis aris: vaJs samZimari sruliad konkretuliqalis saxiT ecxadeba, cxovrobs mis saxlSi,diasaxlisobs. eWvs aiReben, rom is ar arisGveulebrivi qali, an sulac qali ar aris; samZimarisaswaulsac Gaidens <strong>da</strong> saxli<strong>da</strong>n wava.mogvyavs T. oGiauris Ganaweri: `PaPmatis jvarqalis aRiT SGvenebiv xoligas kistan. imas sdobnivassaerboe kasris ZirSiiT oqro zaltisa <strong>da</strong>clxxxv
eWdis gamaReba. Tavis nebiT masvlivas diacad,juaT elene viTom orav. de<strong>da</strong>mTils RgonebivGemis Svilis diaciav. is ki ar vic, ramTven xanyofil. erTxan de<strong>da</strong>mTilisad uTqom _ Sin min<strong>da</strong>vwasvlaiv, masanTon * miqneniv. TviTon qneniv,uTqom de<strong>da</strong>mTils. Sautyvav, ro <strong>es</strong>iv qal arTuklaR asav. i de<strong>da</strong>mTil wasul; ro masul, didqvab idgav, oTx-xuT Gareqamde Gadiodisao. xaviwduR<strong>da</strong>v, Gavxeneo, ai saerboe kasrSiav TiTa iyvavamasmuliv. i zalteiod beWe<strong>da</strong>iv gverdi exsn<strong>es</strong>av.is aba ras etyod. memr i masanTon ro uqnian,samjer Gaudgam TiTi, uTqm _ e<strong>es</strong>r xqniTi<strong>da</strong>v, e<strong>es</strong>iavGem w<strong>es</strong>iv. maSi qoo gamacxadebul. jer cixeSimisul lebaiskar, masanTon maunTian, memriqiT gamafrin<strong>da</strong>l, wovais wyal misul. iqac <strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>ra,iqiT ga<strong>da</strong>mxtar aq masul. i xoligasgastrelebivas _ <strong>es</strong>iv qal arTuklaR asav. RamiTgulzed Pel Gamausom, kaciviT xqon<strong>da</strong>v, qalobaar etyobo<strong>da</strong>v. uTqom dedisad, romav <strong>es</strong> qal arun<strong>da</strong> iyvasav~ (68, 45). samZimaris efemeruli, vi-Tom qmari <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>mTili, rwmundebian, rom <strong>es</strong>`juaT elene~ srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar aris juaT elene;ufro meti: is arc aris Gveulebrivi diaci.de<strong>da</strong>mTili mis uGveulobas imaSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs, rom <strong>es</strong>`juaT elene~ erTi TiTis amoweba erboTi acxobsmasanToebs; xvdeba raRacas, magram frTxilidiaci arafers ambobs. `qmari~, xoliga, ufromets xvdeba. is atyobs, rom misi `coli~ araTujuaT elene ar aris, aramed, S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, diacicki ar iyos. `i xoligas gasatrelebivas~, e.i.xoliga <strong>da</strong>eWvebula: misi coli qals hgavs,* `masanToni~ _ saw<strong>es</strong>o namcxvrebi; naqa<strong>da</strong>garSi am sityvas enacvleba `salaRobelni~.clxxxvi
magram qalis niSnebi ar atyvia. monaTxrobi<strong>da</strong>nar Gans, iyo Tu ara maT S<strong>ori</strong>s col-qmruliurTierToba; xoligas ukvir<strong>da</strong> mxolod, rom miscols ratomRac mkerdi ar aGn<strong>da</strong>, `qaloba aretyobo<strong>da</strong>v~. <strong>es</strong> niSani tipiuria samZimaris andrezebSimisi bunebis samxelad. vinme buloelassamZimari uwvebo<strong>da</strong> colis magivrad: `^mausomPeli-d’ ara Rbadebiv imas gulzed. kaciviT yofila-d’gamatrialebul~ (68, 49). `<strong>es</strong> qal ar un<strong>da</strong>iyvasav~, gamofxizldeba sabolood gaognebuliqmari, romelmac ver moaxerxa, rac col-qmarsS<strong>ori</strong>s un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. erT monaTxrobSi aseTiviTarebaa: `^de<strong>da</strong>kacTan ro <strong>da</strong>wvebian, is roun<strong>da</strong> meqnisav, <strong>da</strong>ikargisav. kac-diac ro Sadgebianaisra, <strong>da</strong>ikargisav^~ (68, 49) `<strong>da</strong>ikargisav~, _ ambobsgawbilebuli kaci, anu qrebo<strong>da</strong>o, radgansamZimari mouxelTebelia kac-diacis saqmisaTvis.gadmocemi<strong>da</strong>n ar Gans, ra mizniT maqcierobs xaxmatis<strong>jvari</strong> mokv<strong>da</strong>vis ojaxSi. nuTu mxolodimisTvis trialebs iq nacnobi diacis saxiT ramdenimexans, rom gaaognos de<strong>da</strong>-Svili, an <strong>da</strong>utovosandrezad Tavisi w<strong>es</strong>i _ masanToSi TiTissamgzis GaWdoba, rogorc naqa<strong>da</strong>garSi aTqmevinebsTavis meen<strong>es</strong> _ salaRobelni <strong>da</strong>vacxvnidio, samkanaTiTi Gavadgidio? nuTu aseTi saqcielimxolod qajuri naSTi <strong>da</strong> kvalia morjulebulsamZimarSi? gavecnoT samZimaris naqa<strong>da</strong>gar teqstebs.naqa<strong>da</strong>garebSi, romlebic T.oGiauris mieraris gamovlenili <strong>da</strong> GarTuli samecniero kvlevissferoSi (68, 45-7), samZimaris Tavga<strong>da</strong>savalimokv<strong>da</strong>vis ojaxSi sxva kuTxiT aris <strong>da</strong>naxuli <strong>da</strong>gadmocemuli. Gven saqme gvaqvs poetur teqsteb-Tan, sa<strong>da</strong>c didi STambeW<strong>da</strong>obiT, sakmaod Zunwad,clxxxvii
ac aZlierebs eqspr<strong>es</strong>iulobas, gadmocemuliasamZimaris qcevebi, rasac is Tavis arGeuli`qmris~ saxlSi sGadis. de<strong>da</strong>kaci trialebsojaxSi, saqmianobs: `sacersa, varclsa Gaujdidio~,`Wima-laxtaras vzidevdio~, is Tavs imkobs<strong>da</strong> keklucobs de<strong>da</strong>kacis w<strong>es</strong>isamebr:`naoWiani Gavicvidio, qoqomon gavabrialnidio~,`yurze sayursa videbdidio, qoqomiansa vicomdidio~,`<strong>da</strong>vigruSnidi Tavmandilnio~^ cxadia,ra mizniT irTveba <strong>da</strong> lamazdeba qali. mizansacaRwevs, rogorc <strong>es</strong> Gans naqa<strong>da</strong>garSi: abule-TaurT saRirasao qali sacoled mavswondidio,Gavexvividi, Gauwvidio, ZuZu-mkerds * gamavixvividio^magram am dros araferi ar xdeba.samZimars zRurblamde mihyavs Tavisi rGeuli,Tavad ki ukan ixevs; is ar aZlevs uflebas xorciels,ga<strong>da</strong>laxos zRurbli. rogorc ki vaJiamas Seecdeba, rac naqa<strong>da</strong>garebSi odnav Sefarula<strong>da</strong>ris gamoxatuli _ `qali sacoled mamindomao~an `colad wayvana mamindomao~; samZimarigarbis, saxtad stovebs ra vaJs <strong>da</strong> saidumlosacsafarveli exdeba. cxadi xdeba, rom aq samZimariiyo, ris <strong>da</strong>stura<strong>da</strong>c misi nabijebisa <strong>da</strong> kidevsxva ramis kvali rGeba. momyavs erT-erTi tipiurinaqa<strong>da</strong>gari, sa<strong>da</strong>c mokled aris gadmocemuli<strong>es</strong> ambavi: abuleTaurT cixeSiao medg<strong>es</strong> loginniGar<strong>da</strong>xSiao. abuleTaurT xoligamao qalisacoled mamindomao. im Gemsa gamonafrindobsaoiqav aGnian nakoWarnio. pur-satan mamGn<strong>es</strong> Rele-Siao, Pelis saponi wyaroSiao. momxyvebod SanacodrobiTao(77, #27). aqe<strong>da</strong>n cxa<strong>da</strong>d Gans, rom* Tumca prozauli gadmocemi<strong>da</strong>n viciT, rom samZimars mkerdi `kaciviT xqon<strong>da</strong>v, qaloba aretyobo<strong>da</strong>v~.clxxxviii
samZimaris logini abudelaurT cixis Gar<strong>da</strong>xSisrulebiT ar aris gamzadebuli col-qmruliurTierTobisaTvis, is ar aris saqorwino sareceli.samZimari gaurbis axlo kavSirs vaJTan,imaze mWidros, ris uflebasac Tavad qaliiZleva, stumaric garbis ukanmouxe<strong>da</strong>vad; maTiyovelgvari urTierToba wydeba, xolo vaJs zedmetivnebis gamoGena, rogorc zneobrivi kanonis<strong>da</strong>rRveva, codvad <strong>da</strong> sircxvilad eTvleba,razec migvaniSnebs teqstis bolo striqoni`momxyvebod SanacodrobiTao~. ai, ras ambobsmwyralad wasuli samZimari vaJze, romlisTvisacukve cxadia, rom S<strong>es</strong>co<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amiT <strong>da</strong>arRviaurTierToba; moindoma, risi ndomac gulSic arun<strong>da</strong> gaevlo. amitom ambobs samZimari mitovebulvaJze, _ codvis GamdeniviT momyvebo<strong>da</strong>o.moralur akrZalvas sq<strong>es</strong>uri urTierTobisas Tavisigamoxatuleba aqvs am aqtis fizikur SeuZleblobaSi.prozaul andrezebSi, rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT,vaJi qalis niSnebs ver atyobs samZimars anurTierTobis zRurblTan misvlisas qali qreba(`<strong>da</strong>ikargisav~). <strong>es</strong> fizikuri ucnauroba Tavi<strong>da</strong>nvegacxadebulia naqa<strong>da</strong>garSi samZimaris piriT: `viarebodiqaliviTao^~, `memra qala<strong>da</strong>maviqcidio^~, `qalura Gamauaridio^~, `qalisfafanag Gavicvidio^~ <strong>da</strong> sxva, rac mxolod imasniSnavs, rom samZimari, rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>, angelozuriarseba, ar aris qali <strong>da</strong> mas, roca garemoebamoiTxovs, mxolod uxdeba qaliviT moqceva.ras un<strong>da</strong> niSnavd<strong>es</strong> samZimaris <strong>es</strong> ucnaurisaqcieli, romelsac Znelia gamarTleba <strong>da</strong> axsnamoeZebnos Gveulebrivi, yofiTi TvalsazrisiT.misi saqcieli iseve auxsnelia <strong>da</strong> bundovanebiTclxxxix
moculi, rogorc xevsureTis <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi erTdros mtkiced gamj<strong>da</strong>ri, TiTqos sazogadoebrivinstitutad qceuli sworfrobis w<strong>es</strong>-Gveuleba,romlis iniciatorad, <strong>da</strong>mfuZneblad SeiZlebagvevlinebod<strong>es</strong> samZimari Tavis naqa<strong>da</strong>garebSi. *S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, amiT ar ixsnebod<strong>es</strong> sworfrobisw<strong>es</strong>-Gveulebis gamocana (ar vcdilob misi ist<strong>ori</strong>ulif<strong>es</strong>vebisa <strong>da</strong> warmoSobis kvleva-Ziebas),magram <strong>es</strong> analogia saSualebas gvaZlevs gavdoTSibi sworfrobis realur sinamdvil<strong>es</strong>a <strong>da</strong> mismiTosur sinamdvil<strong>es</strong> S<strong>ori</strong>s. safuZvliani aRwerilobaam w<strong>es</strong>-Gveulebisa, romelic gam<strong>ori</strong>cxavszerele <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas mis mimarT <strong>da</strong> gareSeTvalsazriss masze (4), gviGvenebs, rom is warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>,<strong>saymo</strong>s arsebobis deka<strong>da</strong>nsSic ki,mkacrad <strong>da</strong>dgenili w<strong>es</strong>ebis sistemas, sa<strong>da</strong>c gaTvaliswinebuliayoveli wvrilmani <strong>da</strong> mosalodnelikazusi. am GveulebaSi iniciativa qalsekuTvnis, is iwvevs vaJs masTan Seyrisa <strong>da</strong>saubris surviliT, <strong>da</strong> erTad yofnis (konkretulad,wolis) drosac is ganagebs urTierTobas,udebs ra zRvars vaJis vnebebs <strong>da</strong> sworfrobisw<strong>es</strong>iT akrZalur gamoxdomebs. iqmnebaSTabeWdileba TiTqos am Gveulebis w<strong>es</strong>ebi qalis<strong>da</strong>dgenilia <strong>da</strong> mTeli Gveulebac misgan iRebs<strong>da</strong>sabams, iseve rogorc qali dgas, xevsuruliandrezis Tanaxmad, <strong>jvari</strong>s qa<strong>da</strong>gebis institutisgenezisSi. sworferTa S<strong>ori</strong>s _ <strong>es</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>uvaliw<strong>es</strong>ia _ ikrZaleba ara mxolod xorcielikavSiri, aramed kanonieri col-qmrobac. am Seuvalikanonis SemSlelni rjulis gamtexebad* aseTi Tvalsazrisi gatarebulia g.jafariZis TezisebSi `wmin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>febi~ (111, 11).cxc
Seiracxebian <strong>da</strong> iseve moikveTebian <strong>saymo</strong><strong>da</strong>n, rogorcinc<strong>es</strong>tis Gamdenni. erTad `wola-dgomis~ganmavlobaSi, rogorc adgilobriv uwodeben amGveulebas (sworfrobas), rogorc ki qaliSeatyobs, rom mis sworfer vaJs `sxva~ siyvaruliTuyvars igi, qali stovebs sworfrobis sawols<strong>da</strong> midis, raTa aRar <strong>da</strong>brund<strong>es</strong> ukan, aRarmoixedos am vaJisaken. xorcieli qali iqceva,rogorc samZimari, imeorebs mis arqetipulsaqciels, rom aRkveTos vaJis survili. vaJma arun<strong>da</strong> Seiyvaros Tavisi sworferi, rogorc de<strong>da</strong>kaci_ <strong>es</strong> kanoni gafrTxilebasaviT gaismissamZimaris sityvebSi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>JinebiTga<strong>da</strong>dis naqa<strong>da</strong>gari<strong>da</strong>n naqa<strong>da</strong>garSi: `abuleTaurTime<strong>da</strong>sao qali sacoled mavswondidio~, `megrelaursagaxuasao sacoled vewonebodidio~,`abuleTaurT ime<strong>da</strong>mao colad wayvana mamindomao~^aSkaraa am sityvebis sayveduriani kilo,romliTac is krZalavs sworferTa qorwinebas<strong>da</strong> maT uxvedrobas aw<strong>es</strong>ebs. mas SeeZlo eTqva:`e<strong>es</strong>iav Gem w<strong>es</strong>iv~, rogorc kistneli xoligasojaxSi misanToebze sami naWdevis gamo Tqva,roca <strong>da</strong>aw<strong>es</strong>a <strong>es</strong> Gveuleba: `e<strong>es</strong>r xqniTi<strong>da</strong>v, e<strong>es</strong>iavGem w<strong>es</strong>iv~, <strong>da</strong> moefara Tvals. amiT amoiwurebaqajaveTis ganZi, romlis yvela saganisakraluria Tavisi bunebiT <strong>da</strong> sakulto <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaaqvs. <strong>da</strong>viwyeT TasiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vasruleTsamZimariT, romlis mudmivi epiTeti `yel-Riliani~ qaluri niSniT TasTan iGens msgavsebas,<strong>da</strong> Tasi xom qalis samkaulebiT aris Semkuli.droSa zogierT <strong>saymo</strong>Ta andrezebis Tanaxmad,erT-erTi im sam droSaTagani, romlebic aTangenobisdros gamoaqvT sajarod, xevsurebs qa-cxci
javeTi<strong>da</strong>n moutacniaT (58, 9). iseve, rogorc sakidlisGamogleja qajaveTis `keri<strong>da</strong>n~ moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>qajaveTis Suagulis <strong>da</strong>ngrevas, asevedroSis motaceba sruli gamarjvebis niSani un<strong>da</strong>yofiliyo. <strong>es</strong> niSani axla <strong>jvari</strong>s umniSvnelovan<strong>es</strong>iatributia <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs<strong>saymo</strong>s cxovrebaSi. sakralurobisxarisxiT mas SeiZleba gavuTanabroT mxolodTasi, kerZod, saxuco koWobi, romlis S<strong>es</strong>axebiTqva, rom is qalis samkaulebiT aris Semkuli.igive iTqmis droSaze, romelic Tumca ganwmedil<strong>da</strong> xelmxar ganaTlul mamakacs uWiravs xelSi,magram qaluri warmomavlobis sagniT aris agebuli.droSa aris sawmido-samamakaco sagani, isbrZolaSi win miuZRvis <strong>saymo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>, SeiZleba, iRebebod<strong>es</strong>sisxliT, magram mis SeqmnaSimonawileobs qalis xeli, romelic misi ganaTvlisSemdeg kvlav verasod<strong>es</strong> Seexeba mas.droSas ebmis qalTagan Senawiri, raime mizezisgamo Senawiri, _ beWedi, yelsabami, Sibi, magram,rac mTavaria, droSas `aSenebs~ sakadrisebi (ansamkadroebi), romlebic qalis S<strong>es</strong>amoselisnawils <strong>Seadgens</strong>. qsovilis is naWeri, rasac Gvenmandils vuwodebT, droSis ZiriTadi elementia.`droSa Semosilia feradi TavSaliT. droSisS<strong>es</strong>amoss qalebi swiraven^~ (54, 262); `Sexvewilebixats swiraven TeTrsa <strong>da</strong> Wrel sadroSe xilabandebs,romlebsac dekanozi arTmevs <strong>da</strong> dro-Saze Seabams~ (49, 199). erTi aqvT samoseli dro-Sasa <strong>da</strong> qals. qalis mandili potenciuri sakadrisia<strong>da</strong>, sanam qali mas Tavze moixvevd<strong>es</strong>,rogorc samZimari ambobs qa<strong>da</strong>gis piriT _ `<strong>da</strong>vigruSnidiTavmandilio~, is, S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, dro-cxcii
Sis alami gaxd<strong>es</strong>. aq TiTqos paradoqsia: erTsa<strong>da</strong> imave sagans vxe<strong>da</strong>vT or, erTmaneTissapirispiro adgilze _ droSaze <strong>jvari</strong>s niSnad<strong>da</strong> qalis Tavze pativis niSnad. ra ufskrulicar un<strong>da</strong> iyos siwmidis mxriv de<strong>da</strong>kacsa <strong>da</strong> jvarsS<strong>ori</strong>s, aris erTi viTareba, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini erTi <strong>da</strong>imave funqciiT gvevlinebian: <strong>es</strong> aris SuRli <strong>saymo</strong>Si,rasac Tanabrad ver iTmenen <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong> qali<strong>da</strong>, ai, mandili <strong>da</strong> sakadrisi maT xelSi mSvidobisa<strong>da</strong> Tanxmobis niSania. sakmaod cnobilia eTnografiuliyofi<strong>da</strong>n qalis mier mandilisGagdebis Gveuleba moSuRarTa S<strong>ori</strong>s. ai, raswers vaJa-fSavela Tavis narkvevSi `xevsurebi~: `^Tu Gxubi gaZlier<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cudis Sedegis momaswavebeliSeiqmna, moGxubrebs qalebi ga<strong>da</strong>udgebianSuaze, mandilebs moixdian <strong>da</strong> imaT win gadisvrian:`emas <strong>da</strong>sdeviT pativi, geyoT, <strong>da</strong>SveldiT~^xSirad xalxis gasaSveleblad xevisberebidroSebs gamoitanen xolme~ (35, 49; ix.agreTve b<strong>es</strong>arion gabuuris `xevsuruli masalebi~,<strong>ori</strong> nakveTi saTauriT `SuRli <strong>da</strong>droSa <strong>da</strong> SuRli <strong>da</strong> qali~ (17, 123-4). <strong>jvari</strong>sdroSis Tavisebureba, Gveulebrivi droSisagangansxvavebiT, is aris, rom igi im saxiT ar aris<strong>da</strong>culi, ra saxiTac mas moqmedebaSi vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,roca is gamobrZanebulia <strong>saymo</strong>s win dR<strong>es</strong>aswaulisdros. yoveli gamobrZanebisas droSaxelaxla un<strong>da</strong> `aSend<strong>es</strong>~, `aibas~, `Seikazmos~, _moirTos <strong>da</strong> Seimkos rogorc dReobaze gamosuliqali. misi samkaulebi inaxeba sagangebo zar<strong>da</strong>x-SSi, rogorc Tas-ganZi. droSis `aSenebis~ anu`Sekazmvis~ ufleba mxolod imas aqvs, visacxelT un<strong>da</strong> epyras is dR<strong>es</strong>aswaulze <strong>da</strong> brZo-cxciii
laSi. <strong>es</strong> Sedis medroS<strong>es</strong> anu mkadris sakralurmovaleobaSi. <strong>es</strong> pirni, roca moawevs droSis abmisdro, fexSiSvelni <strong>da</strong> qudmoxdilni, GoqiTmieaxlebian im adgils, sa<strong>da</strong>c droSis `samoseli~<strong>da</strong> samkauli _ baR<strong>da</strong>debi, jvrebi, zanzalakebi,Sibebi <strong>da</strong> sxva. _ inaxeba, <strong>da</strong> exvewebianRvTisSvils, visi droSis asaSenebla<strong>da</strong>c arianmisulni: `<strong>da</strong>locvilo wyaros g<strong>ori</strong>sao, SenisdroSais sabrZanisis karisa-d’ kamalais <strong>da</strong>laPxvisa-d’nu gagviwyrebi~ (63, 7-8); magram vidremkadre Tu medroSe droSis Sekazmvas Seudgebod<strong>es</strong>,is samgzis un<strong>da</strong> iyos ganbanili wyaroswyalSi (62, 174). droSis abma saidumlo ritualia,romelic srul mdumarebaSi mimdinareobs(62, 275). mkadreebi TiTqos amzadeben, qmnianRvTisSvilis amqveniur sxeuls, rom misi xilvayvelas SeeZlos; droSa TiTqos jvarGenis saxea,romelsac a<strong>da</strong>miani amzadebs, iwvevs TavisixeliT. droSis gamobrZaneba <strong>saymo</strong>saTvis marTlacjvarGenis movlenaa, is ufro mets xe<strong>da</strong>vsjvarSi, vidre gareSe kacma SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>inaxos:`Pmalais droSaiv iseT marTul iyvisav, roS<strong>ori</strong>T gaigonebdiTav imis zarebis Jrialsav.aisrav baR<strong>da</strong>debiT iyvisav marTuliv, ro Tvaliar iyridisav~ (62, 572). `TvalT ar iyridisav~ _rogorc xdeba jvarGenis dros, rocaRvTisSvili Tavisi brwyinvalebiT acxadebs Tavsxorcielis Tvalwin: `^ auP<strong>da</strong>v kidobnisad Tavid’kidobanSiiT amamxtar xati-d’ <strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>r kidobnisTavze tredis aRiT. ro <strong>da</strong>j<strong>da</strong>v, iseT SuqTutevdisav, ro kaciv TvalT ver Saayri<strong>da</strong>v~ (68,192). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong>saymo</strong>s religiur SegnebaSidroSa uTanabrdeba jvarGenis bunebriv sagans,cxciv
omelsac <strong>jvari</strong> irGevs Tavis manif<strong>es</strong>tacisaTvis.<strong>saymo</strong>s <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxuris (medroSa<strong>es</strong>) mizanic<strong>es</strong> aris: droSaSi <strong>da</strong>inaxos <strong>da</strong> ganicados <strong>jvari</strong>sZala. amitomac is ara mxolod sakralurinivTia, aramed cocxali arsebac aris, Tumca a<strong>da</strong>mianisxeliT Seqmnili, romlis mimarT xorcieliiseT sityvebs moixmobs, mxolod a<strong>da</strong>mianebismimarT rom ixmareba. droSa ki ar gamoaqvT,aramed mas gamoabrZaneben, ki ar <strong>da</strong>sdeben, aramed<strong>da</strong>abrZaneben <strong>da</strong> a.S. analogiuri viTarebaa ZvelqarTul teqstebSi _ am niSniT erTmaneTsupirispirdeba sakraluri <strong>da</strong> saero nivTebi: `<strong>da</strong>moiyvann<strong>es</strong> mijnaZorTa xatni wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta mociqulTapetr<strong>es</strong>i <strong>da</strong> pavl<strong>es</strong>i <strong>da</strong> nawilni wmidisa barTlomemociqulisani <strong>da</strong> moixun<strong>es</strong> sigelni^~ (96, 8).droSas, rogorc cocxal arsebas, romelSicsuldgmulobs RvTisSvili, SeiZleba hqond<strong>es</strong>Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali, iqc<strong>es</strong> andrezis gmirad, iyos sakuTariTavis gamomxsneli tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n, riTacmogvagonebs wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgisa Tu mTavarangelozissaswaulebs urjuloTa qveyanaSi. aseTia droSavaJa-fSavelas moTxrobaSi `droSa~, sa<strong>da</strong>c mciremasStabiT is marTlac imeorebs RvTisSvilTasaswaulebriv Tavga<strong>da</strong>savals, Tumca nawarmoebisavsebiT realisturia <strong>da</strong> erTgvarad publicisturicki, mimarTuli imaT S<strong>es</strong>agoneblad, vinc amsakralur saganSi `ubralo joxis~ metsverafers xe<strong>da</strong>vs, rogorc is moxeleebi, xevisbersrom ZaliT gamoglejen xeli<strong>da</strong>n droSas.avt<strong>ori</strong> Tavis moTxrobaSi, rogorc ambis gadmomcemeli<strong>da</strong> Tavad mTavari gmiris _ droSisSinagani bunebis aRmwereli, <strong>saymo</strong>s poziciazedgas <strong>da</strong> Signi<strong>da</strong>n ganicdis mis yovel sakralurcxcv
ealias. momyavs amonawerebi `droSa<strong>da</strong>n~, rogorc<strong>saymo</strong>s Tavisi siwmidisami <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebispirvelwyaro. `arc erTi de<strong>da</strong> Svils ar ufrTxildebo<strong>da</strong>ise, rogorc beki droSas ufrTxildebo<strong>da</strong>,mTeli Zala <strong>da</strong> dideba xatisa _ <strong>da</strong>xalxisa _ bekis warmodgeniT am droSaSi iyoSaerTebuli. droSis waRebasTan erTad waRebuliiqnebo<strong>da</strong> fSavis xevis iRbali, wasuli iyo imissaqme^~. `^ vidre droSa arsebobs qveyanaze,xevisberic un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> xatoba-dReobebic imsaxiT, ra saxiTac dR<strong>es</strong> vxe<strong>da</strong>vT; droSa Tavia,xolo <strong>da</strong>narGeni yvelaferi <strong>da</strong> yvelani mxolodtani. roca tans Tavi mohSordeba, maSin tanicakvdeba usaTuod. maSasame, mRvdlisa <strong>da</strong> boqaulissazrunavi iyo wartyvena droSisa. xalxi imas<strong>da</strong>sdevs Tan, rogorc cxvris fara namarilevs~.droSis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis Semdeg: `yvela grZnob<strong>da</strong>Tavs uTavouxelfexod, _ hgrZnob<strong>da</strong> ise, rom <strong>da</strong>rajebmamohkveT<strong>es</strong> naxevari aso <strong>da</strong> ise gauSv<strong>es</strong>TviTeuli maTgani. gzakvalareul weroebsaviTaRar icodnen, ra eqnaT, saiT wasuliyvnen _ganegrZoT gza, Tu ukan <strong>da</strong>brunebuliyvnen; dro-Sam gaiyola Tan imaTi suli <strong>da</strong> guli; droSa,rogorc Gangali masze mibmul Tevzs, ise izi<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>Tavisken xalxis ocnebas. saca droSaa,RmerTic iq aris, Tun<strong>da</strong> boselSi Seitano. <strong>da</strong>amitom mlocavT droSa rom GixaurSi <strong>da</strong>JangebulTofebTan erTad <strong>da</strong>yudebuli <strong>da</strong>enaxaT,iseve muxls mouyridnen, rogorc wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgissalocavSi. dR<strong>es</strong> <strong>es</strong> droSa mtrisagan Seuracxyofilia,javri ar amoiyar<strong>es</strong>^ `Gven Turme GvenisuZlurebis gamo veraferi vuSveleT droSas,magram araferi uSavs. is TavisTavs uSvelis~. _cxcvi
<strong>es</strong> fiqri uelav<strong>da</strong> yvelas TavSi <strong>da</strong> gulSi imedi<strong>es</strong>axebo<strong>da</strong>, rom droSas, roca iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>epatronebo<strong>da</strong>xevisberi <strong>da</strong> xalxic Gveulebrivadgahyvebo<strong>da</strong> Tan mis sadideblad <strong>da</strong> sasaxelod^~.droSis Tav<strong>da</strong>xsnis Semdeg: `xalxi, rogorckruxs wiwilebi, ise misdev<strong>da</strong> ukan xevisbersa,yvela di<strong>da</strong>d bednierad hgrZnob<strong>da</strong> Tavis Tavsa,rom eRirsa droSis gayolas^~. droSa _ xalxiswinamZRoli, droSa _ gafantuli <strong>saymo</strong>s Semomkrebi<strong>da</strong> misi erTianobis sulis Gamdgmeli,droSa _ vnebuli <strong>da</strong> gamarjvebuli, sakuTariTavis mxsneli tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n, _ ai, rogorc aqvswarmosaxuli poets <strong>es</strong> mniSvnelovani sakultosagani, misi cxovelmyofeli <strong>da</strong> dinamiuri buneba.aq iRebs sityvier gamoxatulebas tradiciadqceuli religiuri ganc<strong>da</strong>, romelic eufleba<strong>saymo</strong>s droSis gamoGenisas, roca is avlens Tavisisakralurobis maqsimums. poeti, cxadia, gamoxatavs<strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebaSi gamomuSavebulwarmodgenebs, magram is azrovnebs im simbolikiT,romelsac mimarTaven adreqristianulxanaSi religiuri WeSmaritebebis gadmosacemad(igulisxmeba warmodgena qristeze, rogorc ekl<strong>es</strong>iisanu qristianTa `<strong>saymo</strong>s~ Tavze <strong>da</strong> Tevzissimbolika mamaTa nawerebSi <strong>da</strong> katakombebiskedlebze). arasakulto leqs-simRerebSi droSagaTanabrebulia gmirTan, romelic brZolaSi miuZRvis<strong>saymo</strong>s; droSa ganuyrelia winamZRolissaxisagan, mas xe<strong>da</strong>ven mxarze droSagadebuls,xolo <strong>es</strong> iseTi mdgomareobaa, roca a<strong>da</strong>mians<strong>da</strong>vlaTi <strong>da</strong>hbrunavs Tavze. <strong>da</strong>vnatri <strong>da</strong>badebasaxoSaras xaxaisasa, aisxams iaraRebsa, angelozsaRgav cisasa, mxarze gadidebs droSasa laRiscxcvii
laSaris jvrisasa, gamauZRveba fSavlebsa, saxelsaxsenebs RvTisasa (37, 123). medroSe centralurifiguraa laSqarSi <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>cemalaSqris <strong>da</strong>marcxebis tolfasia: RmerTma icod<strong>es</strong>,mewyina sikvdili ereklisao, <strong>da</strong>rGoma narovanze<strong>da</strong>medroSe bRaraisao, lekebisagan waRebabRarais borayisao (88, #60). mefis sikvdili, medroSis<strong>da</strong>Rupva, droSis motaceba _ ai, sruli<strong>da</strong>marcxebis niSnebi. rogorc brZolaSi bedissimbolo, droSa gamoGndeba simReris bolosbrZolis <strong>da</strong>sasrulis sauwyeblad: yvelais sawyinaria<strong>da</strong>dgoma borayisao, aRar xuo<strong>da</strong>s droSailaRis karatis jvrisao (88, #59). aq laparakiakaratis jvris anu kopalas droSis <strong>da</strong>dumebaze,rogorc marcxis niSanze. ai, ras gviambobengu<strong>da</strong>nis jvris salaSqro droSaze: `GvenilaSqari gamarjvdisao, ahyvirdis, ahyvirdis <strong>es</strong>droSaio <strong>da</strong> Tu PevsurT laSqari ver imarjveb<strong>da</strong>o,<strong>da</strong>sGumdiso^~ (38, #23121). droSa Zalasmatebs mis xelSi <strong>da</strong>mWers. vaJas imavemoTxrobaSi xevisberi, romelsac devebTanWidili <strong>da</strong><strong>es</strong>izmra, ase ambobs: `^ xanjalmaZalian miSvela <strong>da</strong> droSac rom mWero<strong>da</strong> xelSi,iqneba gavlaxavdi~. matebs ara mxolod Zalas,aramed gansakuTrebuli siwmindiT mosavs mas,droSasTan kontaqti sakralurs xdis pirovnebas.aleqsandre yazbegis `xevisber goGaSi~ amgvara<strong>da</strong>ris gadmocemuli <strong>es</strong> movlena: `xalxma gakvirvebiTSehxe<strong>da</strong> xevis beris xelis Semxebs, nametnavadim dros, rod<strong>es</strong>ac mas xevis siwminde, dro-Sis Tavi, xelSi eWira * ~. erT fSaur andrezSi* ix. g. jafariZis statia (110, 24-25).cxcviii
droSa monawileobs TasTan erTad <strong>da</strong> <strong>ori</strong>venisaerTo ZaliT saswauls axdenen xevisberisxelSi ** . cabaurTis mTavarangelozis xevisberze,gamaxare xoxor<strong>da</strong>ulze aseTi ambavia SemorGenili.momyavs aleqsi oGiauris Ganaweri:`erTxel uZvel<strong>es</strong> dros mTawmin<strong>da</strong>s mekvleT didiTovli mouvi<strong>da</strong>. litania dR<strong>es</strong> cota Seicvalaamindi, magram mekvleni mainc avidnen mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze.yvela w<strong>es</strong>ebi Seasrul<strong>es</strong>. <strong>da</strong>iwyo Rame Tova,dilisaTvis yelamdin Tovli <strong>da</strong>iqca <strong>da</strong> wamosvlaaRar icodnen rogor moexerxebinaT. sadReobomTawmin<strong>da</strong> iseT goraze aris, rom garSemo sulsazove adgilebi axvevia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qanebuli gver<strong>da</strong>likldeebi. xan erT mxar<strong>es</strong> moemzaden <strong>da</strong> xanmeor<strong>es</strong>, magram wamosvla ver gabed<strong>es</strong>. bolos Pevisberigaaqa<strong>da</strong>ga mTavarangelozma. Pevisberi gamaxareiyo xoxor<strong>da</strong>uli. aiRo xelSi samivercxlis Tasi, mxarze droSa gaido <strong>da</strong> qa<strong>da</strong>gobiTpir<strong>da</strong>pir sazove kldeze <strong>da</strong>eSo pirTavqve.xalxi ver ga<strong>da</strong>yva, gaty<strong>da</strong> mTis didi zovi <strong>da</strong>wamoiRo Pevisberi. zovma erTi didi kldewamoiRo, Tavze ganieri iyo <strong>es</strong> klde <strong>da</strong> Pevisberiam kldeze zed moxv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>riviT. zovma kldeversnaxevarze ise waiRo, rom gverdi ar ga<strong>da</strong>uqcevia<strong>da</strong> Pevisberic Tan Gamoiyolia. Gamovi<strong>da</strong>xatis pir<strong>da</strong>pir adgilobriv mzilas. Pevisberiise mSvi<strong>da</strong>d Gamovi<strong>da</strong>, rom gulic ar SeSinebia.zovi <strong>da</strong> klde gaGer<strong>da</strong>, Pevisberi mSvi<strong>da</strong>d gadmovi<strong>da</strong>zovis Gamotanil kldezeiT <strong>da</strong> droSiswkaruniT gamovi<strong>da</strong> xatSi. droSac mxarze edo <strong>da</strong>** a. zisermanis gadmocemiT, <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>naSaulebul pirs ficis warmoTqmisas marjvena xelSi droSaun<strong>da</strong> eWiros, marcxenaSi _ vercxlis Tasi (125,231). am ritualSi Gans erTad Seyrili droSisa<strong>da</strong> Tasis sakraluri Zala, romlis winaSe a<strong>da</strong>mianis neba uZluria.cxcix
Tasebic isev xelSi eWira^~ (65, rv. 19) * . droSaTavisi sakraluri Zalis maqsimums xevisberisxelSi aRwevs, anu im piris xelSi, romelsac<strong>jvari</strong>sagan aqvs ufleba miRebuli xeli hkadros<strong>jvari</strong>s siwmid<strong>es</strong> _ droSas. amitomac medroS<strong>es</strong>meorenairad mkadre ewodeba. `samkadreos droSaseZaxian^ mkadreeb avleven~ (68, 109). amrigad, arsebobsgarkveuli analogia droSasa <strong>da</strong> im legendurmkadreebs S<strong>ori</strong>s, romelTac xelze samkadreo(anu sakadrisi) efinaT RvTisSvilis<strong>da</strong>sabrZaneblad. `^roca gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong> modio<strong>da</strong>,nisliviT k<strong>ori</strong>anteli mohyvebo<strong>da</strong>. am drosToTiac moemzadebo<strong>da</strong>, xelze ga<strong>da</strong>ifen<strong>da</strong> samkadreos.gai<strong>da</strong>uri Tavs gverdze <strong>da</strong>iWer<strong>da</strong>, iseelaparakebo<strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>nis jvars^~ (60, 144). aseiqceo<strong>da</strong> ToTia gai<strong>da</strong>uri, gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>s mkadre<strong>da</strong> sxva mkadreebi, romelTa saxelebi SemorGa<strong>saymo</strong>Ta xsovnas. samkadreo qsovili maSin amoqmeddebaTavisi funqciiT, roca mkadre amoiRebsmas <strong>da</strong> xelze ga<strong>da</strong>ifens. aseve droSis samkadreomaSin iGens Tavis Zalas, roca amoRebulia tagruci<strong>da</strong>n,sa<strong>da</strong>c is inaxeba, <strong>da</strong> droSis tanzeaSebmuli. amrigad, mkadre, romelsac gawvdilxelze samkadreo aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>fenili, SeiZlebaSeva<strong>da</strong>roT imave samkadreoebiT Sekazmul dro-Sas. maT S<strong>ori</strong>s sruliad garkveuli analogiaarsebobs ist<strong>ori</strong>ul WrilSi; aq mxolod analogiazeSeiZleba iyos laparaki. g.SaraSiZ<strong>es</strong>, romelicsagangebod ikvlevs droSis funqciebs,* <strong>es</strong> cabaurTuli andrezi vaJas, romlis gvari cabaurTis mTavarangelozis <strong>saymo</strong>Si Sedio<strong>da</strong>, gamoyenebuliun<strong>da</strong> hqond<strong>es</strong> moTxrobaSi `beriZe gautexeli~. oRond moTxrobis finali tragikulia:xevisbers stovebs <strong>da</strong>vlaTi, romelic arwivis saxiT <strong>da</strong>hbrunav<strong>da</strong> xolme Tavze, <strong>da</strong> maszvavi <strong>da</strong>itans.cc
<strong>da</strong>saSvebad miaGnia misi gaigiveba rogorc mismtvirTvel a<strong>da</strong>mianTan, aseve RvTisSvilTan,romlis manif<strong>es</strong>taciasac is warmoadgens (149, 671).marTalia, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, droSa sakadrisiTaRWurvili kultmsaxuris _ mkadrissax<strong>es</strong> warmoadgens, magram is Tavisi sakralurobismaqsimumSi Tavad <strong>jvari</strong>s Semcvlelia, rogorc<strong>es</strong> kargad Gans erT leqsSi: netavin GamagviGinnababuraulni Zmanio, anamc isliqokelebi, erTis droSais ymanio (60, 152).`droSis yma~ aq `<strong>jvari</strong>s ymis~ sinonimia.liqokelebi kopalas ymani arian. kerZod,kopalaze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom droSa misi arsebiTiatributia. erT TuSur leqsSi vkiTxulobT:nogiris wverze <strong>da</strong>brZan<strong>da</strong> giorgi dobiliani,mTis ZirSi Semoegeba kopale bovrayiani(49, 34). rogorc xaxmatis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgiadobiliani (`dobilSi~ samZimari igulisxmeba),aseve kopala `bovrayiania~ (droSiania). mTels<strong>aRmosavleT</strong> saqarTvelos mTianeTis <strong>saymo</strong>ebSiganTqmulia kopalas droSa, romelSic amRvTisSvilis Zalaa <strong>da</strong>unjebuli. aris kidev erTisagani, sa<strong>da</strong>c samkadreos anu sakadriss Tavisimyari adgili aqvs miGenili. <strong>es</strong> aris xe, romelic,iseve rogorc legenduri mkadre, droSis rolSiSeiZleba mogvevlinos. wmi<strong>da</strong> adgilas mdgari xeiqceva marTlac droSad, uzarmazar uZrav dro-Sad, roca mis totebze mlocvelebi sakadrisebsSeabamen; <strong>es</strong> maTi mciredi, magram wmi<strong>da</strong>S<strong>es</strong>awiravia. amgvarad Semkul xeebs mgzavrisaqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi Sexvdeba. Gven viciT,rom droSis samkadroebi, rogorc w<strong>es</strong>i, qalebisSenawiria; aseve qalebi swiraven ubralo qso-cci
vilis naWrebs xats <strong>da</strong> hkideben maT samu<strong>da</strong>modxis totebze. niSandoblivia, rom qsnis xeobaSiS<strong>es</strong>amosels (TavSals, yelsaxvevs <strong>da</strong> sxv.), romliTacde<strong>da</strong>kacebi amkoben xatis terit<strong>ori</strong>azemdgar xeebs, `droSas~ uwodeben (13, 130). xistotebi wmi<strong>da</strong> S<strong>es</strong>awiraviT imkoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong>S<strong>es</strong>awiravi _ sakadrisi, raki is wmi<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong> xatissakuTrebaa, SeiZleba Seexsnas x<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> droSistanze Seibas. is Tu moscildeba od<strong>es</strong>me x<strong>es</strong>,mxolod im mizniT moscildeba, rom misgandroSa Seikazmos. am dros <strong>saymo</strong> <strong>es</strong>wreba TiTqosdroSis geneziss, `mas Jamsa~, roca droSaibadeba. v.bar<strong>da</strong>veliZ<strong>es</strong> naSromSi `ivris fSavlebSi~vkiTxulobT: `^Tamarisadmi Sewiruliferadi (TeTri, yviTeli/wiTeli <strong>da</strong> erTi Savi)`sakadrisebi~, romlebic Tamaris xatisgalavanSi totebze eki<strong>da</strong>, Gamoxsn<strong>es</strong>, droSistarze aab<strong>es</strong>, Semdeg tars zemo<strong>da</strong>n Gamohkid<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tavze oqrosfrad moelvare liTonis <strong>jvari</strong><strong>da</strong>amagr<strong>es</strong>. ase gaGn<strong>da</strong> laSarobaze `xatis droSa~(9, 134-5). sakadriss Gven kidev erT adgilzevxvdebiT: sakadrisiT rqebi aqvs gakruli jvarSimiyvanil samsxverplo pirutyvs. sakadrisi pirutyvisrqebze imis niSania, rom pirutyvi <strong>jvari</strong>saris <strong>da</strong> sakadrisic misi <strong>da</strong>kvlis Semdeg iqvemdgar xeze ga<strong>da</strong>inacvlebs, an, SeiZleba, masdroSaze miuGinon adgili sxva sakadrisebTanerTad. saklavs yelze zanzalaki aqvs Sebmuli,romelic xmianebs imis sauwyeblad, rom is<strong>jvari</strong>saa; misi <strong>da</strong>kvlis Semdeg zanzalaki jvarSirGeba * , rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>s kuTvnileba. xatSi Sewi-* ukan-axos (xevsureTi) fuZis angelozis sazareze <strong>da</strong> iqve mdgar xeze uricxvi amgvari warmomavlobiszanzalakia Gamokidebuli.ccii
ulma zanzalakma SeiZleba droSazega<strong>da</strong>inacvlos, radgan is droSis erT-erTi aucilebelielementia; radgan is droSis xmaa,romliTac RvTisSvili auwyebs <strong>saymo</strong>s Tavis gamoCenas.F<strong>saymo</strong><strong>saymo</strong> jvris karzehegeli wers: `amgvarad moqmedebs xalxissuli: is aris gansazRvruli suli, romelicTavisi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n qmnis namdvil samyaros, romelicmocemul droSi myofobs <strong>da</strong> arsobs Tavis religiaSi,Tavis kultSi, Tavis GveulebebSi^Tavis <strong>da</strong>w<strong>es</strong>ebulebebSi, Tavis qmedebebSi <strong>da</strong>Tavis saqmeebSi. <strong>es</strong> aris misi saqme, <strong>es</strong> aris <strong>es</strong>xalxi~ (117, 71).<strong>es</strong> xalxi, romelic qmnis Tavis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savals,Tavis ist<strong>ori</strong>as, Tavis andrezebs, <strong>saymo</strong>SiagaerTianebuli, arsebobs rogorc <strong>saymo</strong>. cxadia,is erTianobaSi moqceuli sazogadoebaa, magramtermini `sazogadoeba~ ver gamoxatavs am er-cciii
Tianobis azrs. <strong>es</strong> termini gulisxmobs, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebigaerTianebulni arian raRac zogadis safuZvelze,magram <strong>es</strong> zogadi upirovnoa <strong>da</strong>, amdenadve,efemeruli. adgilobrivi termini `<strong>saymo</strong>~gulisxmobs dinamiur <strong>da</strong> pirovnul Zalas, romelicerT organizmad kravs a<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufs.<strong>es</strong> Zala ar aris maTi gamogonili an maTi miRweuli,is maT gareSea.termini sa-ym-o im<strong>da</strong>gvaradve aris agebuli,rogorc sa-Zm-o; maT S<strong>ori</strong>s sruli morfologiuri<strong>da</strong> semantikuri paralelizmia: yma-<strong>saymo</strong>moyme:Zma-saZmo-moZme. is Zala, romelic qmnis <strong>da</strong>azrs aniWebs <strong>saymo</strong>s, aris patroni (an batoni),romlis ymebic arian <strong>saymo</strong>Si gaerTianebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi;aseve, saZmoSi Zmebi erTiandebian mamisirgvliv, mamis mfarvelobis qveS. rogorc ymebigulisxmoben patrons, aseve Zmebi gulisxmobenmamas. sabolood, patroni <strong>da</strong> mama erTi <strong>da</strong> imavemniSvnelobis Semcveli sityvebia (patroni pater`mama~), iseve rogorc `ymis~ amosavalia `yrma~ <strong>da</strong>`Svili~. avTandili _ rostevanis yma, imavdrouladTavisi patronis Svilic aris, maTiurTierToba mamaSviluria patronymulTan erTad:patroni Gemi gamzrdeli, RmrTiTa <strong>da</strong>RmrTeebr cxoveli,mSobluri, tkbili, mowyale, ca wyalobisamToveli^amasve ityo<strong>da</strong> yoveli <strong>jvari</strong>s yma Tavisi patronis,RvTisSvilis mimarT, radgan <strong>saymo</strong>, ro-cciv
melsac is sisxlxorceulad ekuTvnis,RvTisSvilis Seqmnilia <strong>da</strong> organizebuli, rogorccocxali TviTSegnebiT avsili arseba. <strong>saymo</strong>sgenezisSi, rogorc viciT, Zevs patronobisa<strong>da</strong> mfarvelobis idea; <strong>saymo</strong> gaGn<strong>da</strong>, Gamoyalib<strong>da</strong>maSin, roca devebis Zaladobam ukidur<strong>es</strong> zRvarsmiaRwia, ufro sworad, roca a<strong>da</strong>miani mixv<strong>da</strong>,rom is kargav<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis sax<strong>es</strong>. am dros mox<strong>da</strong>xorcielTa pirveli konsoli<strong>da</strong>cia, maTiSekvriveba erT sxeulad, maTi gamoRviZeba jvris<strong>saymo</strong>d. rogorc kvrivi adgilebi Seqmna jvarma,aseve Seqmna xorcielTagan Tavisi unji <strong>saymo</strong>,rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZis (unjis) cocxali oreuli.jvarma xorcielni gamostaca devebs, rogorcganZi, msgavsad israelis RmerTisa, romelmacmTeli kacobriobi<strong>da</strong>n gamoarGia israeli <strong>da</strong>Tavis unj (ebr. segulah) xalxad Seracxa: `iqnebiTGemTvis unjad yvela xalxs S<strong>ori</strong>s, radganGemia mTeli qveyniereba~ (gamosvl. 19,5); `iakobiTavisTvis gamoarGia ufalma, israeli _ Tavisunjad~ (fs. 135, 4) * ; `radgan wmi<strong>da</strong> xalxi xar Senuflis, Seni RvTisaTvis; Sen agirGia ufalma,Senma RmerTma, rom yofiliyavi misi unji xalxiyvela xalxs S<strong>ori</strong>s, vinc ki aris de<strong>da</strong>miwiszurgze~ (me-2 rj. 7,6).am ukanasknel muxlSi `me-2 rjuli<strong>da</strong>n~yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mieqc<strong>es</strong> S<strong>es</strong>abamisobas wmi<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong>* Zvel qarTul TargmanSi ikiTxeba: `rameTu iakobi Tvisad gamoarGia ufalman <strong>da</strong> israeli _sabrZaneblad Tvisad~.ccv
unjs S<strong>ori</strong>s: unjad anu ganZad arGeuli xalxiwmi<strong>da</strong> xalxia. Gven <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, rom adgilissiwmidis erT-erTi piroba masSi Gamarxuli gan-Zia; aseve <strong>jvari</strong>s mier arGeuli, <strong>saymo</strong>d Seqmnilia<strong>da</strong>mianTa sazogadoeba wmi<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>sabamiT, Tavispirvel birTvSi. unji ymani, unji <strong>saymo</strong> _ ist<strong>ori</strong>isgenezisis xanis qmnilebaa, im xanisa, roca<strong>jvari</strong> anadgureb<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis mtrebs. <strong>es</strong> aris <strong>saymo</strong>ssakraluri ist<strong>ori</strong>is umniSvnelovan<strong>es</strong>ifaqti, iseTive, rog<strong>ori</strong>c aris israelisTvis misiegvipti<strong>da</strong>n gamoxsna <strong>da</strong> aRTqmul qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba.`<strong>da</strong> misca qveyanaY maTi samkvidreblad,samkvidreblad israelsa ersa Tvissa~ (fs. 134,12). jvars gaRebuli aqvs msxverpli Tavisi <strong>saymo</strong>saTvis<strong>da</strong> am msxverplis sazRaurad <strong>saymo</strong> unjiskateg<strong>ori</strong>aSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis.<strong>da</strong> axla <strong>jvari</strong> icavs, ifaravs Tavis ganZs _<strong>saymo</strong>s, rom is ar moitacos devma, romelicyovelnairi xerxiT cdilobs mis xelSi Gagdebas.<strong>jvari</strong> aris is Zala, romelic ugeriebs <strong>saymo</strong>sdevTa Semotevas <strong>da</strong> amave dros misi meoxebiT<strong>saymo</strong> ukavSirdeba m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTs, romelsacde<strong>da</strong>miwaze, <strong>saymo</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>aze, arsad ara aqvssamkvidrebeli. <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>es</strong> funqcia kargad arisgamoxatuli cnobil sakulto leqsSi:beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa;goraze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa.Gem <strong>saymo</strong>T Samonazeni RmerTTan amqon<strong>da</strong>iqiTa^ccvi
<strong>jvari</strong> Suamavalia <strong>saymo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTsS<strong>ori</strong>s. <strong>saymo</strong>sagan Sewiruli msxverpli jvarsaaqvs m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTis karze _ <strong>es</strong> aris Semwirvelis<strong>da</strong>valeba, rogorc xsenebuliasaklavis <strong>da</strong>kvlis win xuc<strong>es</strong>is piriT:`wamoyenebulni macxovarni, buRaurni <strong>da</strong> rqajangianni,<strong>da</strong>narGeni ZRveni, moxsenebulni, RvTisadgindod<strong>es</strong>T, RmerTs maaxseneT, kvireisad gindod<strong>es</strong>T,kvir<strong>es</strong> maaxseneT. ara _ TviTon aiReT<strong>da</strong> miiTvaleT Rirsa<strong>da</strong>, Rirseula<strong>da</strong>, xsnila<strong>da</strong>,kurTxeula<strong>da</strong>^~ (38, #25450). `Tu ara <strong>da</strong> TavadTqven aiReTo~, _ sTavazobs <strong>saymo</strong> jvarT, magramjvarni arafers itoveben TavisTvis; rasac Seiwiraven,maRla miaqvT, RvTisaken, raTa wyaloba<strong>da</strong> madli gamoiTxovon misgan xorcielTaTvis.de<strong>da</strong>miwaze jvars emsaxurebian xorcielni samsaxuriswayenebiT, rogorc ymani Tavis batons,maRla caSi ki, m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis karze, igive <strong>jvari</strong>Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>s msaxuria. rogorc xorcielniikribebian <strong>jvari</strong>s karze misi samsaxurisaTvis <strong>da</strong>erTgulebis <strong>da</strong>sa<strong>da</strong>stureblad, aseve jvarniikribebian m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis karze. `rogorc PorcielniGven gvloculoben, egre Gven vloculobTmarig<strong>es</strong>ao~ _ ambobs RvTisSvili. safexurebrivadis locva <strong>da</strong> ZRveni uzena<strong>es</strong>amde;de<strong>da</strong>miwi<strong>da</strong>n zecamde adis locva, gaivlisRvTisSvils <strong>da</strong> miaRwevs m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis smenas.RvTisSvilT ase mimarTaven <strong>da</strong>mwyalobnebisas: `^Tqven Tqveni gamGeni RmerTi ar mogiwyin<strong>es</strong>T, arccvii
mogiZulebsT; Tqven Tqven <strong>saymo</strong>s nu maiwyenT, numaiZulebT^~ (56, 24). xorcielTa <strong>saymo</strong> xe<strong>da</strong>vsuxorcoTa samyaroSi Tavis analogs _ jvarTa<strong>saymo</strong>s, oRond maT `saZmo~ un<strong>da</strong> vuwodoT, radganjvarni erTurTis moZmeni arian.Zveli formaciis miTologiebSi a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong>mis sacxovrebels Suaguli adgili uWiravssamsknelovan samyaroSi. asea Suamdinarul, indur,alTaur, skandinavur miTologiebSi; amgvarive<strong>da</strong>yofa universumisa gvxvdeba agreTvexalxur zRaprebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c SuasknelizRapris gmiris samSobloa,magram mas sxva sknelebSicuxdeba yofa. a<strong>da</strong>miani cxovrobsSuasknelSi, sai<strong>da</strong>nac mas gza exsneba <strong>ori</strong> mimar-TulebiT _ zecisaken <strong>da</strong> qv<strong>es</strong>knelisaken. am gzas,xSirad samyaros RerZad warmodgenils, ganasaxierebssamyarouli xe, romelic msWvalavs samsknels. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, <strong>es</strong> xe Tavisi aRmocenebiT,rogorc indra Tavisi sami ga<strong>da</strong>bijebiT,qmnis samsknelovan samyaros. xis ZiriSuasknelia, a<strong>da</strong>mianis sacxovrebeli; xis f<strong>es</strong>vebi_ qv<strong>es</strong>kneli, romelsac gveli ganasaxierebs; xiskenwero z<strong>es</strong>knelis xatia <strong>da</strong> mas frinveli warmogvidgens.aseTia, kerZod, SumerelTa miTosurixeebi (46,127-9) <strong>da</strong> skandinavelTa iggdrasili,bumberazi ifani (131, 249; 133, 478; 134, 22).Gvens samyaroSic dgas xe, magram misi Ziri araris <strong>saymo</strong>s sacxovrebeli adgili. xe, xSiradccviii
ifani, kvrivzea aRmocenebuli, mis GrdilSiikribeba <strong>saymo</strong> sakulto dR<strong>es</strong>aswaulebze <strong>da</strong> racaq xdeba, yvelaferi RvTisSvilis winaSe xdeba,mis terit<strong>ori</strong>aze, mis ezoSi, rasac jvarTa enazekari ewodeba. <strong>saymo</strong> aq modis <strong>da</strong> moaqvs Tavisisamsaxuri im imediT, rom mas <strong>da</strong>xvdeba <strong>jvari</strong> _am adgilis patroni. <strong>saymo</strong> aq stumrad modisTavis patronTan, rogorc maspinZelTan. ymisstumroba <strong>da</strong> RvTisSvilis maspinZloba xis Zirasamgvarad aris gamoxatuli erT sakulto leqsSi:Gvenis RvTisSvilis karze<strong>da</strong> xe alva amosulao,wverad mausxam yurZeni, saWmelad Gamosulao.magis uWmeli qal-vaJi udrood <strong>da</strong>Saulao.<strong>saymo</strong> elis sawauls Tavisi RvTisSviliskarze, saswauls, romelic andrezul xanaSia<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli, roca xe-alva ukv<strong>da</strong>vebis nayofsisxam<strong>da</strong>. am nayofis gemeba ver moswr<strong>es</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mma <strong>da</strong>evam, pirvelma qal-vaJma, magram mas eziarebianqristianul xanaSi, rogorc qrist<strong>es</strong> sisxls, romelicsulier <strong>da</strong> xorciel simrTel<strong>es</strong> aniWebsmaT. <strong>es</strong> funqcia akisria xis kenweroze saswaulebrivadmosxmul yurZens.alvisx<strong>es</strong>Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli realiebis safuZvelze,romlebic gvxvdeba sakulto simRerebsa<strong>da</strong> andrezul prozaSi, S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, alvisxissimbolikis aRdgena (112). Tu zemoT motanilsimReraSi alvisxis kenweroze ukv<strong>da</strong>vebis ziarebisyurZens elis <strong>saymo</strong>, sxva simReraSi is ange-ccix
lozebis budea, sai<strong>da</strong>nac maTi xmatkbili galobamoismis:zed isxd<strong>es</strong> angelozebi, mParT ebn<strong>es</strong> oqrosTbenia.isen wvrili PmiT galoben, yureba sanatrelia(88, #541).xolo xis im nawilSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c Zveli mi-Tologiis Tanaxmad xTonuri samyaro igulvebagvelisa Tu gveleSapis saxiT, <strong>saymo</strong>s mistiuriTvali anu <strong>saymo</strong> mkadr<strong>es</strong> TvaliT xe<strong>da</strong>vs mironiTsavse qvevrebs, sai<strong>da</strong>nac angelozebi anawilebenqristianebis udid<strong>es</strong> siwmid<strong>es</strong> mTeli xevsureTissalocavebisaTvis sakulto saidumlos warsamarTavad.mironi wveTavs, rogorc viciT, amalvis xi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>, aha, is im siRrmemde aRwevs, sa<strong>da</strong>cqv<strong>es</strong>kneli eguleba Zvel miTologiebs. aq araris wyvdiadi, aq naTelia; manZili wmi<strong>da</strong> sinaTliswyaroTi _ anTebuli sanTliT izomeba:cxra-cxra fexi sanTeli sWirdeba iq Gasvlas <strong>da</strong>imdenive iqi<strong>da</strong>n amosvlas. <strong>es</strong> aris kvlav jvrissamkvidrebeli <strong>da</strong> ara SaveTi, xTonuri samyaro.amrigad, jvars xis mTeli vertikali uWiravsmisi kenwero<strong>da</strong>n f<strong>es</strong>vebamde <strong>da</strong> kenwero<strong>da</strong>n maRla,m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis karamde. xolo xe _ alvisxe, muxaTu ifani _ dgas kvrivSi, rogorc sveti, cisa <strong>da</strong>miwis SemaerTebeli.Tu alvisx<strong>es</strong>a <strong>da</strong> laSaris bermuxas andrezulwarsulSi ga<strong>da</strong>vyavarT, TiTqmis kultisgenezisSi, ist<strong>ori</strong>uli xana icnobs ifans (Sdr.ccx
skandinavuri miTologiis iggdrasili _ odinisifani), romlis gareSe iSviaTad SevxvdebiT<strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivebs. ifani wmi<strong>da</strong>a, mxolod maSin,roca is <strong>jvari</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>azea aRmocenebuli,rogorc viciT, <strong>jvari</strong>s iq myofobis niSnad. arayvela ifanze, aramed mxolod kvrivis ifanzexdeba saGino mkadrisaTvis sakraluri <strong>realoba</strong>.ifnze boinobs nasaxi, safarvel Gamodgebo<strong>da</strong>,m<strong>es</strong>amsaxure gamZRoTad SuqiTa <strong>da</strong>adgebo<strong>da</strong>(38, #1051).naTqvamia erT fragmentul sakulto sim-ReraSi. `nasaxi~, srulad `RvTisnasaxi~, <strong>jvari</strong>serT-erTi saxelwodebaa _ `RvTisSvilis~ sinonimi.leqsSi gadmocemuli suraTi _ `ifnzeboinobs nasaxi~ _ gamoxatavs RvTisSvilisnaTel <strong>da</strong> dinamiur bunebas <strong>da</strong> im sax<strong>es</strong>, rogorcis ecxadeba mkadr<strong>es</strong>. nasaxi, romelic Tavze<strong>da</strong>hbrunavs ifnis GrdilSi Sekrebil Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>s,mosalodnelia, gafrind<strong>es</strong> maRla, m<strong>ori</strong>geRvTisaken, saiTkenac ifns, iseve rogorc la-Saris muxas, awvdili aqvs totebi. magram, rogorcleqsi<strong>da</strong>n Gans, `moboine nasaxs~ safarveliaqvs <strong>da</strong>debuli am adgilis sakralurobisa <strong>da</strong>saidumloebis niSnad. <strong>saymo</strong>m icis, rom aq raRacuxilavi xdeba; <strong>da</strong> rac xdeba, imis sityvieri xatiga<strong>da</strong>ecema <strong>saymo</strong>s. aseve laSaris bermuxas exdebasafarveli mkadris winaSe <strong>da</strong> aGens Tavissaidumloebas, rac xatovnad gaecxadeba <strong>saymo</strong>s.ccxi
<strong>es</strong> leqsic mkadr<strong>es</strong> mistiuri gamocdilebisSedegia, <strong>es</strong> misi xilvaa:beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa,goraze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa,Gem <strong>saymo</strong>T Samonazeni RmerTTan amqon<strong>da</strong>iqiTa^xe mTlianad ekuTvnis RvTisSvils, is misigzaa <strong>saymo</strong>s sakulto S<strong>es</strong>akrebeli adgili<strong>da</strong>nm<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis karamde; isic SeiZleba iTqvas, romxe RvTisSvilis, anu <strong>jvari</strong>s tania, romelic miwi<strong>da</strong>nzecamdea aziduli; is, rogorc sveti, cisa<strong>da</strong> miwis SemaerTebelia. aqe<strong>da</strong>n Gans, rom masuWiravs Suaskneli a<strong>da</strong>mianur <strong>da</strong> RvTaebriv samyarosS<strong>ori</strong>s.yoveli xi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic <strong>jvari</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>azedgas, iwyeba <strong>es</strong> gza, <strong>jvari</strong>s gza. <strong>es</strong> aris xis Ziri,romliskenac miemarTeba yma `samsaxuriT~(saklaviT) Tavisi sofli<strong>da</strong>n, Tavisi kari<strong>da</strong>n.xolo misi sofeli, misi kari nalaxi adgilia;yvelaferi _ wuTisoflis av-kargi, rac xdeba, aqxdeba. roca dR<strong>es</strong>aswaulis Jami dgeba, ymaGamoiferTxavs wuTisoflis mtvers <strong>da</strong> iwmidebaimisaTvis, rom Rirsi gaxd<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s karis<strong>da</strong>laxvisa, radgan <strong>jvari</strong>s kari wmi<strong>da</strong> adgilia. amwmi<strong>da</strong> adgilze erTad modian yma <strong>da</strong> misi cxvari,misi samsaxuris cocxali gansaxiereba, misixorcS<strong>es</strong>xmuli samsaxuri. gare<strong>da</strong>n ise Gans,TiTqos a<strong>da</strong>mians mohyavd<strong>es</strong> aq pirutyvi. magramsinamdvileSi, Tu <strong>jvari</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n gamovixe<strong>da</strong>vTccxii
<strong>jvari</strong>s karze amomaval mlocvelebisken, mivxvdebiT,rom swored cxvars mohyavs Tavisi patroni,romelic am samsaxuris gareSe ver warudgebajvarsa <strong>da</strong> xuc<strong>es</strong>s. yma codvilia, cxvari_ ucodveli. ucodveli itvirTavs Tavisi codvilipatronis ganmwmedelis rols. am pirutyviT,ufro misi sisxliT, moipovebs is <strong>jvari</strong>skarze amosvlis uflebas.aris kidev ufro wmi<strong>da</strong> adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>cmouwevs ymas asvla Tavisi gamomsyidvelis samsaxuriT:<strong>es</strong> aris mTawmin<strong>da</strong>. mTawmin<strong>da</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong>Tawmi<strong>da</strong>a,aq ymas <strong>da</strong> mis `gamZRos~ _ sacxovars <strong>da</strong>xvdebaTzRurbli, romlis maRla iwyebaRvTisSvilis gza miRmurisaken, sa<strong>da</strong>c ukvem<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis saufloSi, mis karze wardgebaRvTisSvili Tavisi ymis samsaxuriT.mTawmin<strong>da</strong>fSavis xevSi sami mwvervali atarebs mTawmindissaxels. arsebobs cabaurTis mTawmin<strong>da</strong>,WiGos mTawmin<strong>da</strong>, axadis mTawmin<strong>da</strong>. magram GvenSegviZlia pirobiTad vuwodoT mTawmin<strong>da</strong> sxvamwvervalebsac, romlebic <strong>da</strong>hyureben Tav-TavianT<strong>saymo</strong>Ta terit<strong>ori</strong>as <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c maTi samTo salocavia<strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n. <strong>es</strong> is adgilia, sa<strong>da</strong>c pirvelad<strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>, amitomac is yvelaze kvriviadgilia; iq asvla evaleba ymas `muxlis <strong>da</strong>saRlelad~,muxlis <strong>da</strong>Rla ki aris misgan atanilimsxverpli mwvervalze wmi<strong>da</strong> saklavTan erTad.ccxiii
sadidebelSi Girdilis (xevsureTi) wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis<strong>jvari</strong> (anu `qvena <strong>jvari</strong>~) amgvarad iwodeba:`saGal<strong>es</strong> svetad Gamosuli, samkibal(s) Suqis<strong>da</strong>mkravi~. am frazaSi lakoniurad, miTologemurisaxiT aris gadmocemuli <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>arsebisanu jvarGenis misteria. saGale Girdilisa <strong>da</strong>kidev sxva jvarTa pirvelGenis adgilia, is maTimTawmi<strong>da</strong>a. svetad Gamosulma jvarma od<strong>es</strong>Rac, sakultocxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sabamSi, romelic <strong>saymo</strong>spreist<strong>ori</strong>aSia sagulvebeli, Tavisi gamoGeniTwmi<strong>da</strong> hyo mTa, aqcia ra is sinaid, sa<strong>da</strong>c mos<strong>es</strong>gamoecxa<strong>da</strong> Tavisi xalxis ufali Weqa-quxilSi.Gvenc viciT, rom <strong>jvari</strong> etaneba maRal mwvervalebs,rogorc mexi; Gven <strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT karatisjvarGenis andrezis magaliTze. is, rogorc mexi,ecema umaRl<strong>es</strong> mwvervals <strong>da</strong> misi Suqi anaTebsqvemoT aremar<strong>es</strong>. saGali<strong>da</strong>n wamosulma Suqma<strong>da</strong>hkra samkibals <strong>da</strong> mTawmindis siwmid<strong>es</strong> aziaraigi; samkibali ki adgilia sofel Girdilisterit<strong>ori</strong>aze, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>jvari</strong>a <strong>da</strong>arsebuli.aseve maTuris mTavarangelozze amboben, romis svetad Gamosula sayaWis wverze, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamofrenila<strong>da</strong> `qusli moukravs~ ekl<strong>es</strong>iaSi(adgilis saxelia), sa<strong>da</strong>c kvrivSi Gamarxula (38,#25502). sayaWis wveri maTuris <strong>saymo</strong>s mTawmin<strong>da</strong>a.ccxiv
yovel mTawmin<strong>da</strong>s aqvs Tavisi wmin<strong>da</strong> warsuli,romelic dRemde fragmentulad SemorGa<strong>saymo</strong>s mexsierebas. is, rac dR<strong>es</strong> SeiZlebaSeikribos <strong>saymo</strong>Si, aris mxolod naSTi erTdros arsebuli wmi<strong>da</strong> andrezisa, romelSic<strong>da</strong>culi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze kultis, sakultocxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sabamis ambavi. ai, gadmocema WiGosTemis mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze, rogorc is v.bar<strong>da</strong>veliZ<strong>es</strong>aqvs Gawerili:`mTawmin<strong>da</strong> aris sul maRali mTa, misrianT <strong>da</strong>WiGoelT zeviT, sul maRali mwvervali. TiTqmisiq Tovli mkaTaTveSic aris <strong>da</strong> mariamobis TveSiaxalsac GamosTovs. rogorc gadmogvcemen, aqyofila erTi beri, zamTar <strong>da</strong> zafxul iqucxovria. hqonia patara samlocvelo ekl<strong>es</strong>iismsgavsi <strong>da</strong> TviTonac Turme Sig cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. misisamlocvelos xeebi <strong>da</strong> ficrebi isev ariso^ ficrebic<strong>da</strong> xeebic iseTi wiTelia, rogorccxvarT sisxlio. puri am berebs albaT zafxulSimihqon<strong>da</strong>T samyofio, Torem iq zamTarSimisvla yovlad SeuZlebeliao. iq erTi qvevriyofila, ar viciT wyali iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Sig, Tu Rvinoo.imisi saxeli <strong>da</strong>viwyebulia. <strong>da</strong>viwyebuliasalocavis mfarveli angelozis saxelic, xolomTawmin<strong>da</strong>s eZaxian <strong>da</strong> im beris nadgomSi kacismisvla ar SeiZlebao~ (5, 179).mTawmin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iq mcxvrebi martosuli beriwmi<strong>da</strong> andrezis saukeT<strong>es</strong>o elementebia, magramandrezi TiTqos <strong>da</strong>viwyebulia, maSin tradiciacccxv
gawyvetila; Tumca mTawmin<strong>da</strong>s, viTarca wmi<strong>da</strong>berTa samyofels, siwmide mainc SerGenia, racimas niSnavs, rom tradicia raRac saxiT, safarvel<strong>da</strong>debulian faruli dinebiT, ganagrZobsarsebobas. siwmide Zlierad <strong>da</strong> Rrmad aris Gaf<strong>es</strong>vilimis nia<strong>da</strong>gSi <strong>da</strong> misi miwa atarebssiwmidis kvals, rac samu<strong>da</strong>mod SerGa mis saxelwodebas.zemoT motanili gadmocema Tumca fragmentulia,magram is Seicavs mTawmindis saerToandrezis mniSvnelovan elementebs, romelTa SinaarsiSeiZleba sxva monacemebis meSveobiTaRdg<strong>es</strong>. rod<strong>es</strong>ac laparakia imaze, rom berebimTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze zamTar-zafxul cxovroben, GvenscnobierebaSi aRdgeba maradiuli gazafxulis(Tu zafxulis) xati: mTawmin<strong>da</strong> iseTi adgilia,sa<strong>da</strong>c an maradiulad grZeldeba zafxuli, anzamTari ar avlens pirquS bunebas. crolismTaze, romelic ukan-xadus (xevsureTi) sanebissamTo samkvidrebelia, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, zam-TarSi `sicive ar scodniv, iseT Tbil yofilaisavxalxiv, ro mTel Ram<strong>es</strong>av oflga<strong>da</strong>zdiodisav^~. aseTive saswaulebrivia staruniSismTa (svaneTSi), sa<strong>da</strong>c ZvelTagan agebulijgragis say<strong>da</strong>ri mdgara <strong>da</strong> Tovli <strong>da</strong> sicive arscodnia, maradiuli zafxuli yofila (59, 37).zemoT motanil gadmocemaSi laparakia purze,romelic berebs zamTar-zafxul samyofi hqoniaT.am purTanac saswauli un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli:marTlac, WiGos mTawmindis andrezSi, ufroccxvi
sworad, <strong>da</strong>karguli andrezis fragmentSi,naTqvamia, rom erT xevisbers mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze erTinaWeri puris amara gamouzamTrebia: ramdensacmostex<strong>da</strong> am purs naWers, imdeni ematebo<strong>da</strong>.mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze <strong>ori</strong> qvevris arsebobas mivyavarTqristianuli sarwmunoebis erT-erT mniSvnelovansaidumlosTan, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakultocxovrebis cxovelmyofeli wyaroa: erTSize<strong>da</strong>Sea, meoreSi _ wyali, ziarebis aucilebelinivTierebani. magram is wyali, romelic ziarebiselementad grovdeba erT-erT qvevrSi, ar arisGveulebrivi wyali; is ukv<strong>da</strong>vebis wyalia, romelicaxadis mTawmindis andrezis Tanaxmadkldi<strong>da</strong>n mosGqefs, rogorc macxovris gangmiruliferdi<strong>da</strong>n.yovel mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze, <strong>saymo</strong>s GvenebiT, berTanasaxlarebia, <strong>da</strong>xavsebuli muxis ficrebi an`cxvarT sisxlis~ feri ficrebis naSTi, rasacveravin ekareba, rogorc buxreuls. yovelinasaxlari kvrivia, magram kvrivze kvrivia isbuxreuli adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c wmi<strong>da</strong> berebs ucxovriaTod<strong>es</strong>Rac: <strong>es</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong> miwaa, radgan aq arisreligiis <strong>da</strong>sabami; <strong>es</strong> aris <strong>saymo</strong>s sinai, rogorciTqva, sa<strong>da</strong>c mosem miiRo rjulis gamocxadeba,ris niSna<strong>da</strong>c SemoisazRvra misi Ziri, rogorcakrZaluli zona (<strong>es</strong> iyo, Tu ar vcdebi, pirvelikvrivis Gena saRvTo ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi): `moerideT mTazeasvlas <strong>da</strong> nu miekarebiT mis kalTebs. vinc kiccxvii
mTas miekareba, ver ga<strong>da</strong>urGeba sikvdils ^~ (gamosvl.19, 12).mTawmin<strong>da</strong> Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali aRTqmis religiebSiamqveyniuri samoTxis xatia; aq amodis,aq ikribeba samoTxi<strong>da</strong>n gandevnili a<strong>da</strong>mis STamomavloba.Gveni mTawmindebic atareben am sayovelTao,msoflio mTawmindis anu samoTxis niSnebs;mTawmin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>culia dro-Jamis gamanadgurebelimoqmedebisagan, aq ar SemouRwevia wuTisoflisanu bunebis kanonebs; aq sruli S<strong>es</strong>abamisobaaadgilsa <strong>da</strong> am adgilze mcxovrebberebs S<strong>ori</strong>s _ <strong>ori</strong>veni siwmidiT arian mosilni.aq un<strong>da</strong> gavixsenoT Tamaris samefo, romelicagreTve samoTxis xats atarebs: Tamars taxtimaRal mTaze udgas <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n ganagebs Tavissamefos. maRal mTaze maradiuli gazafxulia<strong>da</strong>sadgurebuli, ganxorcielebulia sakraluriqronotoposi: maRali adgili _ weliwadismaRali dro: adgilisa <strong>da</strong> Jamis sakraluri er-Tianoba (43, 156); gazafxuli _ weliwadis droTadedofali batonobs umaRl<strong>es</strong> mwvervalze <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong>imis gamoa, rom Tamars dro-Jamisa <strong>da</strong> tarosismomtani frinveli hyavs <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli. Tamari,msgavsad mTawmindis berebisa, saswaulSi cxovrobs<strong>da</strong> ar emorGileba bunebis kanonebs, is wu-Tisoflis gareT dgas. magram sakmarisia Tamaribarad Gavid<strong>es</strong>, rom frinvelma Tavi <strong>da</strong>ixsnas <strong>da</strong>gazafxulis dedofalma <strong>da</strong>stovos taxti, TamarissamefoSi zamTari <strong>da</strong>dg<strong>es</strong>. aseve icvleba ta-ccxviii
osi staruniSis mwvervalze. Tumca svanurTqmulebaSi samoTxis <strong>da</strong>kargvis miTosi SemofargluliakerZo-sagvareulo ist<strong>ori</strong>iT, magram amissanacvlod masSi religiuri momentimonawileobs: jgragis mulzonma (wmi<strong>da</strong> kacma,sityvi<strong>da</strong>n `monazoni~), romelic Tavisi xalxiTstaruniSis maRal mTaze jgragis ekl<strong>es</strong>iisgverdiT saxlob<strong>da</strong>, ver <strong>da</strong>icva misTvis mibarebuliskivri, romelSic zamTris momyvani frinveliiyo gamoketili; frinveli amofrin<strong>da</strong>skivri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> staruniSis mwvervalze pirveladmovi<strong>da</strong> Tovli. mulzoni Tavisi sagvareuloTiiZulebuli Seiqna <strong>da</strong>etovebina staruniSi <strong>da</strong> baradGamosuliyo. rogorc Tamaris, ise staruniSisTqmulebaSi mkafiod ikiTxeba miTosia<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>cemisa, misi gandevnisa samoTxi<strong>da</strong>n.ra mox<strong>da</strong> mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze? mTawmin<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>ikargaa<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis <strong>da</strong> miuwvdomeli Seiqna. berebiga<strong>da</strong>Sendnen im saswaulebTan erTad, romlebicmaT cxovrebas axl<strong>da</strong>. maradiuli gazafxuli,ukv<strong>da</strong>vebis wyaro, ze<strong>da</strong>Sis qvevrebi, <strong>da</strong>ulevelipuris arseboba _ <strong>es</strong> iyo umaRl<strong>es</strong>i religiuricxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> siwmidis gamoxatuleba. mTawmin<strong>da</strong>zeSewy<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> cxovreba <strong>da</strong> amis mizezad andrezisiwmidis <strong>da</strong>klebas miiGnevs. andrezigveubneba, rom a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong>eca, ris gamoc misTvis<strong>da</strong>ikarga samoTxe mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze. magram is ar gamqrala,is ar STaunTqavs wuTisofels; is, mar-Talia, fizikuri TvaliT ar ixilveba, magramccxix
cocxlobs mkadreTa <strong>da</strong> rGeul pirTa xilvebsa<strong>da</strong> idumal gamocdilebaSi, radgan, msgavsad<strong>jvari</strong>s saidumlo ganZisa, masac safarveli aqvs<strong>da</strong>debuli.samagaliTod mogvyavs ukanxadus sanebismTawmindis _ croliswveris andrezi, rogorc isal. oGiaurs aqvs Gawerili:`winav crols yofil <strong>da</strong>rbasic, saqvabeicsanebis <strong>jvari</strong>sai. iq udenav PaduelTac, kala-TonelTac zamTar-zafxul sadReobod. iqwasuls xalxsav arc sciodisao-d’ arc zvav mauvidisav.iq tye ar asa-d’ zamTris SeSa vercaiTuzi<strong>da</strong>v’ Porciv ucecxlod duRdisav <strong>da</strong>rbasSiav.saklav ro migvyvandisav, Tovlzed isr gaiarisav,ro Tovl ar gautydisav. iq wasayvan saklavixalxs win Tu <strong>da</strong>udgisa-d’ Tao SaPdis crolszamTris. sxvakan ro qarbuqv iyvisav, iqav Tbiliyvisav, rosac dReoba iqnebod. iq yofil gamar-Tul yvelai _ qvabi, saqvabe, <strong>da</strong>rbasi, suyvelai.weliwadSi (axal wels) mekvleTac iq udenava-d’manamden iqiT mekvlen ar mavidod<strong>es</strong>, xalx Sinyofilas patimari^ mekvleT mixqoniv marto san-Teli-d’ Rame iq uTenebavis. sicive ar scodniv.iseT Tbil yofilaisav xalxiv, ro mTels Ram<strong>es</strong>avofl ga<strong>da</strong>zdiodisav. Pel migexlaTav, qvaicTbil iyvisao-d’ miwaicav. mixqonebiv sefeebi rogorcmekvleT w<strong>es</strong>i asa-d’ sefeebze <strong>da</strong>krul san-Tlebsac Taod gaekidisav. Tu vin an wmi<strong>da</strong>dnamyof ar mivi<strong>da</strong>o-d’ an sofelGi namyofs naRa-ccxx
latar ra visad eqnebod, imis sanTels armeekidisav cecxlio-d’ mTel mekvlen TumasTxovd<strong>es</strong> madlsa-d’ Saexvewebod<strong>es</strong>^ sanebisjvar raxan mavidisav, ganaTdisav iqaobaiv,TvaliT ki verai vnaxidiTav, scodniv winaT, naxisavan mkadremao-d’ an xuc<strong>es</strong>maod, imas gamaucxadisavTavis brZanebai. maSin Zalian wamebayofilas, Zalian siwmide^ memr is wameba TanTan<strong>da</strong>ikarg, aRar swams xalxsa-d’ xTiSvilic TanTanaxPd. aRarc Porcm <strong>da</strong>iwy ucecxlod duRili,aRarc sanTlebs ekidebod cecxli. xalxsacscio<strong>da</strong>-d’ qarbuqvisgan veRar <strong>da</strong>diod<strong>es</strong>a-d’<strong>da</strong>aneb<strong>es</strong> Tavi wvers siarulsa-d’ gaaGin<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>blasalocavi^ imis memr maikargn<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>rbasi, saqvabeiccrol, ro aRarc vin icis sad iyvn<strong>es</strong>, vercvin midiod iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c eWvi iyvad^ mainc amobd<strong>es</strong>,ro safarvel <strong>da</strong>edvav^~ (62, 203-4).andrezSi aRwerilia saswaulebi, romlebicatareben amqveyniuri samoTxis niSnebs, amavedros gvixataven <strong>saymo</strong>s religiur yofas misumaRl<strong>es</strong> arsobriv gansaxierebaSi. aq gadmocemuliakultis pirvelsaxe, misi Seuryvnelimdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> yovelive <strong>es</strong> ymaTa rwmenaze <strong>da</strong>siwmideze dgas. siwmidisa <strong>da</strong> rwmenis <strong>da</strong>klebisSedegad saswaulebi wyvets moqmedebas croliswverze <strong>da</strong> sakulto nagebobebs, rogorc graalisTass an uwmid<strong>es</strong> ganZs rasme, safarveli efareba.<strong>es</strong> ki imis imeds iZleva <strong>saymo</strong>s SegnebaSi, rom <strong>es</strong>yvelaferi _ wmi<strong>da</strong> warsuli sabolood ar gam-ccxxi
qrala <strong>da</strong> od<strong>es</strong>me mainc iGens Tavs. <strong>saymo</strong> mu<strong>da</strong>melis jvarGenas, is elis agreTve sakraluriwarsulis Semobrunebas. ar arsebobs <strong>da</strong>faruli,rom ar gacxadd<strong>es</strong>. <strong>es</strong> xom mis rwmenaze <strong>da</strong>siwmidezea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. <strong>es</strong> icis <strong>saymo</strong>m. ai, <strong>es</strong>principi _ <strong>da</strong>farulis saboloo gacxadeba _udevs safuZvlad andrezs guroel monadireze,romelic sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze miRweuli,Seiqna mxilveli <strong>saymo</strong>s sakraluri warsulisa.grZeldeba crolis wveris `mTawmindis~ andrezial. oGiauris GanaweriT:`erT menadir<strong>es</strong> guroels kananaT mangias <strong>da</strong>-Ramebiyv nadirobaGia-d’ uGin Rame yofiliyva-d’ar scodniyv, sad iyv. misuliyva-d’ ex Rgonebiyv.Sasuliyv RamiTa-d’ <strong>da</strong>mdgariyv. sizmarGi maSGvenebiyvkaci. Tao<strong>da</strong>c TeTri iyvav, ro TvalT ariyri<strong>da</strong>v. maTraP eWirav PelSiao-d’ wamamkrav ma-TraPis wveriv _ Senav aq ra gindo<strong>da</strong>v, raadSamaxvediv aqav. amav Ram<strong>es</strong> unaxav sizmarSi TavisverZi oTxrqai. uTqom sizmarSi sxva kacs, ro egverZiv aq un<strong>da</strong> maiyvanao-d’ <strong>da</strong>xklav. ro gamaRviZebivmangias, isiT Tbilad viweviv, ro oflga<strong>da</strong>mdio<strong>da</strong>o-d’ gaTenebuliyvav kidevac. amdgarmaSiva-d’ mauTxovav madli-d’ SauTqom is oTxrqaverZi, ro zafxulis aq maviyonao-d’ ro kargadgasinaTlebula, <strong>da</strong>uazreio-d’ <strong>da</strong>rbasSi sa<strong>da</strong>m kivweorav, Tqvis mangiam. yvela iyvav gawyobilivskamebiv, sacecxluriv, sakideliv, zedganic iyvav.suyvela gamarTuloba iyvav spilenis qvab-ccxxii
tablebiv. gakvirvebul <strong>da</strong>vrGiv, aq mavsulorav.gamasul iqiTao-d’ unaxav meore karni Sasavalni.Sasula-d’ aq saqvabe yofil gamarTul, qvabsakideli.did salude qvabi, SeSanic iqav iyvn<strong>es</strong>avqvabis ZirGiav^ mapativev, ro Sens karGia-d’kamalaSi Samavvardnilorav Ramis sibnelis gamoTao-d’aTengenas Gemi oTxrqaiT verZiT SamavPdebiv^~(62, 205-6).sizmari <strong>da</strong> cxadi ga<strong>da</strong>dis erTmaneTSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong><strong>ori</strong> mdgomareoba qmnis monadiris, viTarcamkadris, gamocdilebas. Gven viciT, rom monadirenixSirad jvarGenis mowmeni arian: isini aRmoaGenen<strong>jvari</strong>s niSnebs <strong>da</strong> axali <strong>jvari</strong> moaqvT<strong>saymo</strong>saTvis. <strong>es</strong> imis gamoa, rom monadire Tavisimowmi<strong>da</strong>robiT TiTqmis mkadris statuss aRwevs.am andrezSi ki vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rom mis winaSe gar-Rveulia wuTisoflis sinamdvile <strong>da</strong> sakraluriwarsuli aGens Tavis realiebs, rogorc im legendurmkadreTa winaSe, romelnic RvTisSvilebssuliT aRtacebuli <strong>da</strong>hyav<strong>da</strong>T <strong>jvari</strong>s safarvel<strong>da</strong>debulsiwmideTa saxilvelad. safarveli, romelicadevs didi xnis winaT gauqmebul sakultonagebobebs, niSnavs, rom sakraluri sinamdvileganagrZobs arsebobas Tavis gansakuTrebuldro-JamSi <strong>da</strong> Senaxulia im saxiT, rog<strong>ori</strong>saxiTac is moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> warsulSi (monadiremixila ara naSTebi, aramed <strong>da</strong>uzianebeli,mrTeli sinamdvile kultisa) <strong>da</strong> rom iq SeRweva<strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n ambis gamotana S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia; im si-ccxxiii
namdvilis TviTmxilveli <strong>da</strong> ganmcdeli mkadreTu monadire sakuTari gansacdelisa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebissafuZvelze qmnis mTawmindis andrezs.mxolod am gziT iqmneba andrezi <strong>da</strong> iZenssayovelTaobas.<strong>saymo</strong> <strong>da</strong> ganZi`^ aq fSavsa Sina ars ekl<strong>es</strong>ia laSasagan aSenebuli,romelsa Sina arian mravalni xatni <strong>da</strong>jvarni oqro-vercxlisani, WurWelni <strong>da</strong> wignni,<strong>da</strong> uwodeben laSas jvars, <strong>da</strong> aquT sasoeba masze<strong>da</strong> friad, rameTu verca fSavi, verca Pevsuri,ukeTu iSovnos oqro anu vercxli, veraraid ixmarebenTavisad, aramed miuZRvnis laSas-jvarsa~(75|, 533).vaxuSti batoniSvilis <strong>es</strong> sityvebi zustad axasiaTebsfSavel-xevsurTa <strong>da</strong> sxva kuTxis <strong>saymo</strong>ebis<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas napovni ganZisadmi. ganZijvars ekuTvnis, iseve rogorc misi sakuTrebaais terit<strong>ori</strong>a, sa<strong>da</strong>c mkvidrobs <strong>saymo</strong>. jvarma<strong>saymo</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>a moupova, devebs gamohglijamiwa-wyali <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebs ga<strong>da</strong>sca; amitomac yvelaferi,rac ki am miwa-wyalze moipoveba, <strong>jvari</strong>ssakuTrebaa. am WeSmaritebis saukeT<strong>es</strong>o gamoxatulebaakvrivi adgilebis arseboba <strong>saymo</strong>sterit<strong>ori</strong>aze. adre iTqva, rom <strong>saymo</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>isnebismieri adgili potenciurad atarebs kvrivisgamovlinebis (kvrivGenis) S<strong>es</strong>aZleblobas. <strong>da</strong> ai,aseTi S<strong>es</strong>aZlebloba Tavis ganxorcielebas pou-ccxxiv
lobs ganZis gamoGenis saxiT. m.eliade wers:`ganZi aris sakraluris _ absoluturi realobisgrZnobadi xati~ (154, 135).rogorc jvars hyavs Tavisi unji ymani, unji<strong>saymo</strong>, aseve mas aqvs ganZi, nivTieri faseulobissaxiT (Zvirfasi liTonebi, Zvirfasi samsaxurebeliWurWeli <strong>da</strong> sxv.); `unji~ <strong>da</strong> `ganZi~ sinonimebia;zogierT <strong>saymo</strong>Si RvTisSvili iwodeba `unjisyaraulad~ an `unjis angelozad~. ukanxadusmTavari <strong>jvari</strong> moixsenieba rogorc `sajang<strong>es</strong>unjis angelozi, gmiri saneba~ (62, 56); aseve qmostisa<strong>da</strong> Rulis kopala iwodeba `unjis angelozad~(6, 103, 107); SatilSi erT-erT jvars ase mimarTaven:`laRo ganZis angelozo~ (6, 75).<strong>jvari</strong> patronobs, yaraulobs Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>sac<strong>da</strong> ganZsac, romelic Tavis mxriv, rogorc kvrivimateriis umaRl<strong>es</strong>i gamovlineba, RvTisSviliserT-erTi niSania.amitom aris, rom `verca fSavi, verca Pevsuri,ukeTu iSovnos oqro anu vercxli, veraraid ixmarebenTavisad, aramed miuZRvnis laSas-jvarsa~.vaxuStiseuli <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba fSav-xevsurTa imiTacaris sagulisxmo, rom igi gvimxels ganZis sakraluraspeqts. am sakralurobis Segnebis ZaliTymas ekrZaleba ganZeulis gamoyeneba sayofacxovrebosaWiroebisaTvis: is wmi<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod jvarSi un<strong>da</strong> inaxebod<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>jvari</strong>s samsaxurs xmardebod<strong>es</strong>. <strong>es</strong> Seuvalikanonia <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>saymo</strong>Si. <strong>da</strong> ara marto <strong>jvari</strong>sccxxv
<strong>saymo</strong>Si. `^Tu vinme miwaSi raime samkauls ipovni<strong>da</strong>,ekl<strong>es</strong>iaSi mihqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iq xatTan deb<strong>da</strong>~,a<strong>da</strong>sturebs am Gveulebas s.makalaTia qsnisxeobaSi (52, 8). am <strong>da</strong>uwerel kanons, romelsacrogorc TavisTavad cxads, asrulebs <strong>jvari</strong>s yma,akrZalvis saxiT vxvdebiT saekl<strong>es</strong>io samarTlisdokumentSi `did sjulis kanonSi~: `WurWelTaoqroYsa <strong>da</strong> vercxlisaTa <strong>da</strong> tiloTa nuRaramcavin miixueWs saPmarad Tvissa, rameTu usjuloebaars^~ (21, 146).rogorc yvela sakralur <strong>realoba</strong>s, ganZsacsafarveli aqvs <strong>da</strong>debuli; is miuwvdomeliarigiTi ymisaTvis; is saidumloebiT aris moculi<strong>da</strong> am viTarebis gamoxatulebaa <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZissamalavebis arseboba. is <strong>da</strong>farulia ara mxolodgareSe TvalisaTvis <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod mparavisSiSis gamo, aramed TviT <strong>saymo</strong>s TvalisTvisac,romelsac misi xilva mxolod did dR<strong>es</strong>aswaulebSiSeuZlia. a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier <strong>da</strong>w<strong>es</strong>ebulisamalavi warmoadgens <strong>jvari</strong>s mier Tavis sagan-Zurze <strong>da</strong>debuli safarvelis imitacias. ramizeziTac ar un<strong>da</strong> SemoRebuliyo samalavebi<strong>jvari</strong>s ganZisaTvis, <strong>es</strong> idumaleba, rasac ganZsaniWebs samalavi, ganZis arsebiTi, miucilebeliTviseba Seiqna. <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZi <strong>saymo</strong>s ver warmoudgeniasamalavis gareSe, romlis adgilsamofeli<strong>saymo</strong>Si mxolod orma kacma SeiZlebaicod<strong>es</strong>. <strong>es</strong> <strong>ori</strong> kaci <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>niSnulia am samsaxurSi.maT ewodebaT meganZurebi. aq, sxvaTaccxxvi
S<strong>ori</strong>s, un<strong>da</strong> SevniSnoT, rom arsebobs uTuokavSiri meganZuris <strong>da</strong>niSnulebasa <strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>nis<strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>saymo</strong>s Zireul saxelwodebas S<strong>ori</strong>s:gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>saymo</strong>s ewodeba samaganZuro, albaT,imis niSnad, rom is, rogorc Tavisi <strong>jvari</strong>sunji yma, <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZis mcvelia; saxelwodebaTiTqos gvauwyebs, rom mTeli <strong>saymo</strong> maganZurebisganaris Semdgari, Tumca ist<strong>ori</strong>ulad <strong>da</strong> realuradganZTan siaxlovis privilegia <strong>jvari</strong>smier arGeul ramdenime pirs aqvs miniWebuli.ganZi, rogorc sakraluri ram, gareSeTaganxeluxlebeli <strong>da</strong> miuwvdomeli un<strong>da</strong> iyos. is arun<strong>da</strong> Gand<strong>es</strong>, is saimedod un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>culi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>faruli; ar un<strong>da</strong> Gand<strong>es</strong> miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze, arun<strong>da</strong> iyos gamoqveynebuli am sityvis pirveladimniSvnelobiT. rogorc saidumlo, is miwaSimarxia <strong>da</strong> ar un<strong>da</strong> enaxvebod<strong>es</strong> mzis naTels, rogorcmzeTunaxavi. amitom ganZis miTosuriadgilsamyofeli miwisqveSeTia an mdinarisfskeri (rogorc, mag., nibelungTa oqrosi), an gamoqvabulebi,xelovnuri Tu bunebrivi, mitovebulinasaxlarebi <strong>da</strong> nacixvarebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c amqveyniuriyofa-cxovreba karga xnis Semwy<strong>da</strong>ria.ganZi <strong>da</strong>farulia, magram ar arsebobs <strong>da</strong>faruli,rom sabolood ar gamocxadd<strong>es</strong>. oRond <strong>da</strong>faruliyvelas ar gamoecxadeba, ganZi yvelasaTvisar iGens Tavs. Zvel eposebSi Zieba ganZisa, misixilva <strong>da</strong> mopoveba gansakuTrebuli warmoSobisgmirTa xvedria. xSir SemTxvevaSi <strong>es</strong> epizodiccxxvii
ZiriTadi gamocdilebaa maT cxovrebaSi.SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom `gilgameSianis~prologSi sagangebod aris naxsenebi `saunjismigneba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>farulis gaxsna~ (aq `saunje~ <strong>da</strong>`<strong>da</strong>faruli~, rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, sruliad identurirealobebia). germanul-skandinavuri miTosissigurd-zigfridi Tavis saxelovanTavga<strong>da</strong>savals swored ganZis xelSi GagdebiTiwyebs, Tumca ganZis floba misTvis tragikuliaRmoGndeba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gv<strong>es</strong>kvna, rom sigurdiTu zigfridi <strong>da</strong> nebismieri eposisa Tu miTosisgmiri, romelsac Rupavs oqro, ar aris misi WeSmaritipatroni. farnavazma miagno uxsovaridrois ganZs <strong>da</strong> am ganZma gaamarjvebina mas, radganis iyo STamomavali `TavTa maT qarTlisaTa~.Gveni <strong>saymo</strong>ebis andrezebSi ganZis Zieba, rogorcw<strong>es</strong>i, <strong>jvari</strong>s mier aris STagonebuli.<strong>jvari</strong>s rGeulni _ mkadreni midian <strong>jvari</strong>s<strong>da</strong>valebiT saxifaTo laSqrobaSi ganZis wamosaRebad,romelic devebis sakuTrebaSia (an,S<strong>es</strong>aZloa, devebisgan iyos mitacebuli <strong>da</strong> misi<strong>da</strong>brunebis dro dgeba). mkadre Tavs swiravs<strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>valebis S<strong>es</strong>asruleblad, is safrTxeSiigdebs sicocxl<strong>es</strong>, Zlevs SiSs, romelic mas euflebaim ucxo, araa<strong>da</strong>mianur samyaroSi moxvedrisas,rog<strong>ori</strong>c SeiZleba iyos devTa saxli,sa<strong>da</strong>c devebis qorwilia, an qajTa cixis nangrevebi,`cixei qajTa Zveleburi, eexla yoreni.ccxxviii
iqiT amasataneb Tvaleb asav, uTqom gaxuas, jvarmeubnebisav, ialgundebiav^~.mkadr<strong>es</strong> gansacdeliTu ganZis qona aucilebelia <strong>jvari</strong>saTvis, _mkadrisaTvis, raTa is <strong>jvari</strong>s mkadre iyos, aucilebeliagansacdeli, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliaganZis xilvasTan <strong>da</strong> mopovebasTan. <strong>es</strong> gansacdeli,romelSic misi sicocxle bewvzehkidia, sa<strong>da</strong>c is sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnamdeamisuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris mkadreobis skola<strong>da</strong> man <strong>es</strong> un<strong>da</strong> gaiaros, Tu surs, rom iyosmkadre. man un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>abijos zRurbls iqiT <strong>da</strong>ga<strong>da</strong>vid<strong>es</strong> sxva samyaroSi, jvris samyaroSi. masSemTxveva eZleva aRmoGnd<strong>es</strong> safarvelaxdili gan-Zis winaSe anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, uxdebagareSeTaTvis uxilavis xilva. adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>ckacma un<strong>da</strong> ixilos ganZi, gansakuTrebuliadgilia; is, SeiZleba iTqvas, arc ki ekuTvnis imsivrcul sinamdvil<strong>es</strong>, romelSic cxovrobs<strong>saymo</strong>. misi gansakuTrebuloba, rac axasiaTebskvrivs, <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv iGens Tavs, rogorc ki a<strong>da</strong>miani<strong>da</strong>laxavs mis zRurbls. yvelaze gavrcelebuliadgili ganZis Genis adgilTa S<strong>ori</strong>s Zvelinacixvarebia. maTi mxolod arsebobac ki warmo-Sobs Tqmulebebs, romlebic SeiZleba srulia<strong>da</strong>car asaxavd<strong>es</strong> sinamdvil<strong>es</strong>, raime kavSirsrealur viTarebasTan. TiTqmis yvelgan, sa<strong>da</strong>c kinacixvaria, mis mezoblad mcxovrebis SegnebaSiccxxix
is raRac saidumlos inaxavs, rac xSiroad ganZissaxiT aris warmodgenili.nacixvari yvelafrianad, rasac is inaxavs, uxilav-xilulianad,ara mxolod sxva sivrceSimdebareobs, aramed is sxva droSia moqceuli. <strong>es</strong>adgilebi, romlebic soflis zemoT mdebareobs,buxreulia, rogorc ganmdgari wuTisoflis sinamdvilisagan;amitomac aq ikrZaleba yofiTisaqmianoba. <strong>es</strong> iseTi adgilebia, sa<strong>da</strong>c, vaJassityvebiT rom vTqvaT _iq xom xvniT aravina hxnavs,arc vin ras sT<strong>es</strong>avs T<strong>es</strong>iTa^isini mitovebulni, `<strong>da</strong>wirulni~ arian jvar-Genis molodinSi.arxotions, vinme aliaT uSiSas aseTi ambaviSeemTxva nacixvarSi. <strong>saymo</strong> ucvlelad inaxavs mismonaTxrobs:`aliaT uSiSa ityo<strong>da</strong>: erTxel vxnavdi cixiskiserao (nacixvari nasoflaris Tavze). saPnisirasam gamedo, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>JRarun<strong>da</strong>o. Gavxene <strong>da</strong> qvabiidga oqro-vercxliT savseo <strong>da</strong> zed wiTelioqros feri Pbo iwva <strong>da</strong> Tvalebs abobineb<strong>da</strong>o.mere aRaraferi maxsov<strong>da</strong>, ra <strong>da</strong>memarTao <strong>da</strong> gonTro movedi, me <strong>da</strong> Gemi Par-guTani WalaSi GavsuliyaviTareul-<strong>da</strong>reulio^~ (66, 61).adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c oqro-vercxliT savse qoTaniemarxa, <strong>da</strong>kargula; un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom am aremareSixvna-T<strong>es</strong>va Sewydebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> warmoiSobo<strong>da</strong>akrZaluli sivrce. ai, sad ebjineba erTmaneTsccxxx
andrezi <strong>da</strong> sinamdvile. kvrivma oqrosferi xbosTvalebis brialiT moisrola Tavisagan cnobamixdilixorcieli, ucabe<strong>da</strong>d mxilvelisaidumlosi, romlis xilva mokv<strong>da</strong>visaTvisautanelia. nacixvaris ganZs, romelic `qv<strong>es</strong>knelSimavalma~ saxnisma aRmoaGina, _saxnisma Tqva: qveSknels <strong>da</strong>val,mzisa Suqi menatreba^_ yarauloben ara devebi <strong>da</strong> qajebi, an qvewarmavalni(skandinavelTa poetur enaze oqrosmetaforaa `gvelis sawoli~), aramed gamoucnobixbo, romelic Tavzar<strong>da</strong>mcemia swored Tvinieriarsebisagan moulodneli Tvalebis bobiniT * .ganZi, oqrosferi xbo, cnobis mix<strong>da</strong> _ am motivebzeagebuli kidev <strong>ori</strong> andrezia fiqsirebulialeqsi oGiauris GanawerebSi. Tu aliaTuSiSa SemTxveviT, xvnis dros waawy<strong>da</strong> ganZs, qvemoTmotanil andrezebSi RvTisSvils mihyavsTavisi mkadre saSineli saganZuris saxilvelad.pirveli exeba karatis<strong>jvari</strong>s mkadr<strong>es</strong> omas.`oma <strong>jvari</strong>s Pel-kaci iyva-d’ rwmunebuli. omakoWla kac iyvisao-d’ codviT <strong>da</strong>vidodisav.magram karatis jvarsav xan sad <strong>da</strong>xyvandisao-d’xan sa<strong>da</strong>v. winav koWla ar yofilao-d’ gveleTSi<strong>da</strong>koWlebulav. masvliv omas karatis <strong>jvari</strong> Pelze<strong>da</strong>gamaucxadebav, ro gveleT un<strong>da</strong> wavi<strong>da</strong>Tav.iqav samalaviao-d’ is un<strong>da</strong> amaiRav. gamaxyolios* oqros ganZi rom Tavisi S<strong>es</strong>atyvisi feris cxovelis (Txis, xbos, xaris, cxenis, Zroxis <strong>da</strong> sxv.)sax<strong>es</strong> iRebs, <strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia slavur folklorSi (113-a, 365-6).ccxxxi
omai-d’ win liqokis xati gamazRoliv. aragvzeisr Gamauvlav, ro vervis unaxav; safarvel zdebivomaisacao-d’ karatis <strong>jvari</strong>s xatsac. gveleTro misul, sa<strong>da</strong>c samalav iyv, imis karze gaGer<strong>da</strong>vxativ, iwro GasaZrom yofila-d’ GazRolivxati-d’ Gasul omai. Sig ro Sasulan, unaxav, rodidZal Tas-ganZ yofil <strong>da</strong>dgmuli. Taro iyvao-d’sru eWirav Tasebsav. vercxlis suraeb idgaverTs Taroze<strong>da</strong>v, sru Sibianebi. erTiv vercxlisyavarjen uyu<strong>da</strong>v erTs kuTxeSiav. meor<strong>es</strong> kuTxe-Siav did qvab idgav saludei-d’ ze<strong>da</strong>v oqrosferiv yviTel Pbo iwvav. raira asav am qvabSiav,aim qvabsav jox Samavxkariv, <strong>da</strong>dgav jRar-jRurivqvabSiacao-d’ raic Tas-ganZ iyvav, suyvela Zirs<strong>da</strong>ecao-d’ <strong>da</strong>dgav jRrialiv. im jRar-jRurzemaibrunav Tavi, zed ro iwvav, im Pbomao-d’ SamamibRvirav.oma SaSinebula-d’ gamavardnil gareTi,gonT axPdiv, gamagorvil, ga<strong>da</strong>vardnilkldeTa-d’ <strong>da</strong>mrGal aiq. gonT ro mavediv,icodisav omamav, kldeT ZirSi vegdio-d’ erTsfePsac veRar viyolebdiv. aRarc xati iyvav iqaod’aRarc angeloziv. memr mwyemsebs mauPelavomai-d’ gaugebiebav xalxisad^~ (62, 563)).analogiuri gansacdeli gaiara xaxmatis<strong>jvari</strong>s mkadrem SiSiam:`^erTxel uTqom SiSiaisad PaPmatis jvars,ro waedio-d’ ukanamSav (ukanafSavs) mamicadevo-d’miac iq maolav, iqav erT saqmei gvaqvavgasakeTebelio-d’ is gavakeTaTav. wamasul SiSi-ccxxxii
aio-d’ masul ukanamSav. uc<strong>da</strong>v aq ors dR<strong>es</strong>a-d’arcad masvliv <strong>jvari</strong>. m<strong>es</strong>am<strong>es</strong> dR<strong>es</strong> Pelze masvlivtredis aRiT. unaxavs ukenamSavlebsaca-d’mauyvanav kvamlis saklavi; saklaveb ro <strong>da</strong>uPocavSiSiaisad gauwevav wyarosTaviske * jvars. wyarosTavro misulan, erT beRel yofil, sa<strong>da</strong>c arvinar midiod. misul mfrinav xati-d’ mixyoliv,Sasul xat beRlis nangrevSia-d’ Saxyoliv SiSiaic.iqav erT did sip idvao, jvarma saiT <strong>da</strong>miyenav,ro eg sip axPadev. auP<strong>da</strong>v sipi-d’ erT qvabamaGenil oqro-vercxliT savse. ze<strong>da</strong>v erT Pboiwvav yviTelio-d’ abobineb<strong>da</strong>v wiTelT TvalTav.SiSias ro Pbo unaxav, <strong>da</strong>Sinebula-d’ gonT aPdiv.gonT ro mavediv, gamoveyvanev mSavlebso, wyalsmasxemd<strong>es</strong>av. memr aRarc vin mixParebiv am beRels^~(62, 567-8).erTi SexedviT, am mkadreTaTavga<strong>da</strong>savali TiTqos marcxiania: a<strong>da</strong>mianiver uZlebs <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZisadmiTvalis gasworebas <strong>da</strong> mis pirispirdgomas. Tumca mkadre xelcarielibrundeba, magram mis SegnebaSi samu<strong>da</strong>mod arisGabeWdili <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZis xati _ <strong>es</strong> aris am gansacdelisSedegi. gansacdelma un<strong>da</strong> aRzardos,Seqmnas mkadre. amitomac gansacdeli, romelsac<strong>jvari</strong> SeamTxvevs maT, ar aris SemTxveviTi. arcaliaT uSiSa wawydomia xvnis dros miwaSi* adgili ukanafSavSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>arsebulia ukanafSavis saTemo xati giorgi wyarosTauli.ccxxxiii
Gaflul ganZs SemTxveviT. aseTi gansacdeli,rogorc Zlieri gamocdileba, <strong>jvari</strong>s rGeulebisprivilegiaa <strong>da</strong> mas TavisTavadi Rirebuleba aqvs,imisgan <strong>da</strong>moukidebliv, Tu rogor <strong>da</strong>mTavrdebaTavga<strong>da</strong>savali. rasac mkadreebi xe<strong>da</strong>ven, sxvebisaTvisuxilavia an ekrZalebaT <strong>da</strong>sanaxad. rasxe<strong>da</strong>ven isini? oma liqokelis xilva srul suraTsiZleva imisa, Tu ras warmoadgens <strong>jvari</strong>ssaganZuri: sakraluri sagnebi isea ganlagebuli,rogorc asvenia isini dReobi<strong>da</strong>n dReobamd<strong>es</strong>amalavSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c oma moxv<strong>da</strong> viwro GasaZvromiT,romlis siviwrov<strong>es</strong> simboluri <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba aqvs.erTis mxriv, samalavi gvagonebs <strong>da</strong>rbazs <strong>da</strong> oma,liqokis <strong>jvari</strong>s mkadre, nacnob garemoSia moxvedrili,amitomac aq misTvis TiTqmis moulodneli<strong>da</strong> saSiSi araferi un<strong>da</strong> iyos. magram TugavixsenebT, rom liqokis <strong>jvari</strong>s saarso<strong>da</strong>n viwrosamalavamde mTels gzaze xorciels safarveliaqvs <strong>da</strong>debuli, un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom omamiRma samyaroSia moxvedrili. iseve rogorcgaxua megrelauris kvals vkargavT mas Semdeg,rac RvTisSvilebma mas suli amoarid<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>usxeulmyofeli gaiyoli<strong>es</strong> qajaveTis gzaze,aseve omas fizikur sxeulze <strong>da</strong>debuli safarvelicmigvaniSnebs mis ga<strong>da</strong>svlas sxva samyaroSi.omam, SiSiamac un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>laxon, <strong>da</strong>laxonzRurbli, romelic mijnavs erTmaneTisagannalax <strong>da</strong> sakralur sivrceebs. gasasvleli ki,anu, rogorc gadmocemaSia naTqvami, `GasaZromi~,ccxxxiv
viwroa, rogorc bewvis xidi <strong>da</strong> is Gven gvagonebsqv<strong>es</strong>knels, sa<strong>da</strong>c Gadian (<strong>es</strong> maTi aucilebeli gamocdilebaun<strong>da</strong> iyos) Zveli miTologiurieposebis gmirebi. Gveni mkadreebic maT ricxvsekuTvnian, e.w. `maZiebel gmirTa~ ricxvs, romelTaZiebis Sedegi, sabolood, raRac WeSmaritebisaRmoGenaa. maTgan gansxvavebiT Gvenimkadreebi kultis msaxurni arian <strong>da</strong> Tu isiniraime WeSmaritebis aRmomGenni xdebian, <strong>es</strong> WeSmaritebajvarTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong> isinimas miwis gulSi <strong>da</strong>unjebuli ganZis saxiT Wvreten.ganZi, rogorc WeSmariteba, saidumloebrivia<strong>da</strong> is ar Zevs miwis ze<strong>da</strong>pirze, is miwis siRrme-Sia saZiebeli. <strong>es</strong> aris <strong>jvari</strong>s WeSmariteba <strong>da</strong> isTas-ganZSia ganivTebuli.xaxmateli mkadre SiSia Tavis jvars sruliadsxva sazogadoebis, sxva <strong>saymo</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>azemihyavs ganZis saxilvelad. amasac Tavisi mniSvnelobaaqvs andrezSi: jvarma icis <strong>da</strong> SiSiamacun<strong>da</strong> ixilos <strong>da</strong> icod<strong>es</strong> is, rac ukanfSavelebmaar ician, saxeldobr, ras imarxavs maTi mitovebuli,ukve nangrevebad qceuli beReli (`erTbeRel yofil, sa<strong>da</strong>c aravin ar midiod~); beRelixom wmi<strong>da</strong> nagebobaa, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>jvari</strong>s mkadre fex-SiSvela GoqiT Sedis; masze ufro wmi<strong>da</strong>a nabeRlari,sa<strong>da</strong>c aravin ar Sedis.saganZuris xilvas Tan axlavs SiSis ganc<strong>da</strong>,radgan mxilveli grZnobs, rom mas sakralur <strong>realoba</strong>sTanaqvs saqme. aq Gven vawydebiT iseT vi-ccxxxv
Tarebas, rod<strong>es</strong>ac SiSi, saRvTo SiSi, religiuriSemecnebis <strong>da</strong>sabamia. cnobil germanel mistikossiakob boem<strong>es</strong> aseTi gansacdeli hqon<strong>da</strong> si-WabukeSi: samwy<strong>es</strong>urSi yofnisas is moulodnela<strong>da</strong>RmoGn<strong>da</strong> gamoqvabulis win, romelSic oqroTisavse uzarmazari WurWeli idga. am saxilvelmaiseTi Tavzari <strong>da</strong>sca ymawvils, rom is ukanmiuxe<strong>da</strong>vadsirbiliT gaecala iqaurobas. mas Semdeggamoqvabuli Ria aRarasod<strong>es</strong> unaxavs (141,185). gamoqvabuls masSi <strong>da</strong>unjebuli ganZiTurT,mkadreTa eniT rom vTqvaT, safarveli <strong>da</strong>edo.magram iakob boem<strong>es</strong>aTvis <strong>es</strong> ganumeorebelixilva mis momaval mistiur gamocilebas, RvTiurWeSmaritebaTa gamocxadebas moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>.mkadre <strong>jvari</strong>s saidumlos <strong>da</strong> WeSmaritebasganZis saxiT ixilavs, radgan <strong>jvari</strong>s WeSmaritebamis ganZeulobaSia ganivTebuli. magram mkadrisgamocdilebaSi oqro-vercxli <strong>da</strong> sxva ganZeuloba_ materialuri faseulobani, ar aris er-TaderTi <strong>realoba</strong>, raSic <strong>da</strong>unjebulia <strong>jvari</strong>ssakraluroba. kidev ufro Rrmad, vidre ganZi,inaxeba mironi, SeiZleba iTqvas, kultis uxrwneli<strong>es</strong>encia, romlis unikaluri andrezi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliaerTaderT jvarTan xevsureTisa _xmalas mTavarangelozTan, od<strong>es</strong>Rac budexevsureTisSuagulTan, sa<strong>da</strong>c ikazmebo<strong>da</strong>saerTo-saxevsureTo salaSqro droSa, vidregu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong> gamoGndebo<strong>da</strong> asparezze <strong>da</strong>aRzevdebo<strong>da</strong>.ccxxxvi
ai, <strong>es</strong> andrezic im saxiT, rogorc is Gaweriliaqvs al. oGiaurs:`^ am PmalaSi mdgar erTi Zalian maRalalvis xe. im alvis x<strong>es</strong> mironi gamazdeniv. amalvis x<strong>es</strong> ZirSi <strong>da</strong>rani xqoniva-d’ maRla alvisxis gverdze didi cixei mdgar, alvis xis ZiriSig am <strong>da</strong>ranSi yofilasa-d’ am <strong>da</strong>rans safarvelizdebiv. gaxua ro yofil PeTaSauri, is angeloz-Tan wilnayar yofila-d’ imaTTan uvlav. erTxangu<strong>da</strong>nis jvar miuyvanav gaxua PmalaSia-d’ Gauxdenav<strong>da</strong>ranSi. im siRrme Gasaval iyvav, icodisavgaxuamav, ro cxra feP sanTeliv Gasa<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>mWir<strong>da</strong>o-d’cxra feP sanTeli ama<strong>es</strong>asav. ro GavPediv,iqaobaiv sanTlebiT iyvav garaprapebuio-d’ aTasisrigis xTiSviln ad-Gadiod<strong>es</strong>ao-d’ gaxqondivmironiv. alvis x<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>Wkdeuli xqon<strong>da</strong>o-d’ iqiTgadmadio<strong>da</strong>v mironiv. ZirSiav qoTan edgao-d’ SigewveTebo<strong>da</strong>v ais mironiv. erT angeloz edgaTavze<strong>da</strong>o-d’ romenic xTiSvil mavido<strong>da</strong>v, maxqon<strong>da</strong>vsamirone oqros boTlebio-d’ is angelozivusxemdiv mironsao-d’ istumreb<strong>da</strong>v yvelasav.oqros sawyavi xqon<strong>da</strong>-d’ imaT uwyev<strong>da</strong>v. mia-d’gu<strong>da</strong>nis jvarsac magvc<strong>es</strong>av mironio-d’ wamavedi-Tav. sakvirvel sanaxaoba iyvav iqaobaiv, ro sruraprap iyvao-d’ Pma amauReblad Sad-gadiod<strong>es</strong>avxTisnasaxniv^~ (62, 572).xmalas salocavi <strong>da</strong> mironmdinari alvis xeaGens Tavs mkadr<strong>es</strong> Tvalwin, rogorc religiuricxovrebis Suaguli. <strong>es</strong> aris yvelaze mniSvnelo-ccxxxvii
vani gamocdileba mkadr<strong>es</strong>i, ufro mniSvnelovani,vidre ganZis xilvaa. am dros mkadre Wvrets, rogorcmistikosi, religiis <strong>da</strong>sabams _ mironiswyaros _ <strong>da</strong> RvTisSvilTa saidumlo saqmianobasmiwis gulSi, sai<strong>da</strong>nac maT amoaqvT Tav-TavianTi<strong>saymo</strong>ebisaTvis mironi, rogorc kultis macocxlebeliwmi<strong>da</strong> nivTiereba. andrezi inaxavsim xanis xsovnas, rod<strong>es</strong>ac mironi iyo aramxolod niSani Tu simbolo kultisa, aramedmisi aucilebeli elementi, romelicmonawileob<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovan saidumlo ritualebSi.xmalas mironis andrezi qristianuliekl<strong>es</strong>iis wiaRi<strong>da</strong>n iRebs <strong>da</strong>sabams. Zneli ar arisxmalas mironmdinar alvis xeSi gamovicnoTmcxeTis mironmdinari sveti, romelic idgasveticxovlis pirvel taZarSi _ qristianulisaqarTvelos sakralur SuagulSi; aq duR<strong>da</strong> mironi<strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n nawildebo<strong>da</strong> is mTels saqarTveloSi,rogorc xmalas mironi xevsureTissalocavebSi. mirons, iseve rogorc Tas-ganZs,vxe<strong>da</strong>vT kultis genezisSi, rasac gvi<strong>da</strong>sturebserTi xalxuri leqsi:qalaqSi sion-say<strong>da</strong>ribagrationT aag<strong>es</strong>a,maRla caSi aiyvan<strong>es</strong>,Tavs gumbaTi <strong>da</strong>adg<strong>es</strong>a.qveS mironi gubed <strong>da</strong>dga,ymawvilebi <strong>da</strong>naTl<strong>es</strong>a(100, 13).ccxxxviii
ogorc iTqva, mironis gamoyeneba <strong>saymo</strong>s realursakulto cxovrebaSi preist<strong>ori</strong>asekuTvnis, amitom ist<strong>ori</strong>ul xanaSi is iZens simbolurmniSvnelobas, gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba ra <strong>jvari</strong>sganZis sublimur saxed. magram ganZis sublimaciaTavis umaRl<strong>es</strong> zRvars aRwevs, roca is mkadr<strong>es</strong><strong>jvari</strong>s saxiT gamouGens Tavs. <strong>es</strong> aris <strong>jvari</strong>s ni-Sani, romelsac xevsurulad ewodeba xati.gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>s mkadris, gaxua megrelauris samkadreobiografiaSi amgvari gamocdileba <strong>da</strong>sturdeba.momyavs al. oGiauris Ganaweri:`^ gaxua wauyvanav xvTiSvils gergetis Tava-d’Sauyvanav beTlemis saxlSi. ro Sevediv, Tqvisavgaxuamav, _ savse iyvav is saxliv xatebiTao-d’TamaSobd<strong>es</strong>av. zog xatebiv tredebiviT iyvao-d’ireo<strong>da</strong>v erTmaneTSiav. imTven iyvav xatebiv, robuzvebiviT gad-gamadiod<strong>es</strong>av. erTiv oqros akavanidgao-d’ Sigav ymawvil iwvav. tredeb <strong>da</strong>Rbrunnevd<strong>es</strong>avTavze<strong>da</strong>o-d’ ifqlis marcvlebs aWmevd<strong>es</strong>av.gaxua iqiT ro wamasula, wamouyvanav erTmfrinav xati. <strong>es</strong> xati nawiliani yofil, roRamiTav SuqT uSobdisav. ro mavidod gaxuai, xatTavisTavad win mamiZRvebodisav, Tu icod gaxuam.y<strong>ori</strong>s wyalze ro mavediTav, icodis gaxuam, bibinraim <strong>da</strong>dgao-d’ xatic kldis Tavze Saj<strong>da</strong>v.mavid<strong>es</strong>av tredis aRiTav reebimao-d’ SuqT kiutevd<strong>es</strong>av. oqroqsoil maitan<strong>es</strong>ao-d’ romenicgaxuas maxyvebod im xats Gaacv<strong>es</strong> Tuad’ gamaxyvgzas. ukan gaxua maxyvebod. iqiT wamasulT dReccxxxix
<strong>da</strong> Ram viareTao-d’ gaTenebisad gu<strong>da</strong>n mavediTav.gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>s beRelasTan ro mivediTav, isbeRelSi Savi<strong>da</strong>o-d’ me karSi <strong>da</strong>vrGiv^~ (67, 191).mkadre, RvTis suliT ayvanili, msgavsadZveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa Tu qa<strong>da</strong>gTa,Wvrets _ <strong>es</strong> misi mistiuri samkadreo gamocdilebaa_ RvTisSvilTa `samSoblos~, romelsacgergetis mTaze aTavsebs Tqmulebebi:`^pirvelad m<strong>ori</strong>gem rom RvTisSvilni zeci<strong>da</strong>ngadmouSvna, maSin isini gergets <strong>da</strong>abinava, gergetismTis ZirSi^~ (60, 118). S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavia mkadr<strong>es</strong>suliT mogzaurobis diapazoni _ miwis siRrmi<strong>da</strong>n(`cxra feP sanTeliv Gasa<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>mWir<strong>da</strong>o-d’cxra feP sanTeliv ama<strong>es</strong>asav~) <strong>da</strong> wyaros TavisbeRlis imave siRrmi<strong>da</strong>n, TiTqos miwis guli<strong>da</strong>ngergetis mTis mwvervalamde, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebaaTavsebs beRels, radgan `beTlemi~ niSnavs`saxls purisas~, imasve, rasac beReli. gergetisbeTlemi is adgilia, sa<strong>da</strong>c xalxuri gadmocemebiTuwmid<strong>es</strong>i relikviebia <strong>da</strong>culi,SeiZleba iTqvas, safarvel<strong>da</strong>debuli, raTa gare-SemoTa mzera ar miswvd<strong>es</strong> maT.beTlemSi, xalxis warmodgeniT, marxia qristianuli<strong>da</strong>sabamieri siwmideni <strong>da</strong> saidumloebani,romelTa xilva mxolod wmi<strong>da</strong> berebs <strong>da</strong>mowmi<strong>da</strong>rebs Tu SeuZliaT. aq aris qristianulisarwmunoebis, mTeli qristianuli samyarosmTavari ganZi. pirvelad werilobiT am sakralurandrezebs vxvdebiT vaxuStis `aRweraSi~: `^ myin-ccxl
varis kld<strong>es</strong>a Sina arian qvabni gamokveTilnifriad maRalsa, <strong>da</strong> uwodeben beTlemsa, garnasaWirod asaval ars, rameTu ars jaWvi rkinisa,gardmokidebuli qvabi<strong>da</strong>m, <strong>da</strong> miT aRvlen. ityvianuflis akvansa mun <strong>da</strong> abrahamis karavsa, mdgomsusvetod, usablod, <strong>da</strong> sxvaTaca sakvirvelTa.aramed me vdumeb~ (75, 533). uflis akvani <strong>da</strong>abraamis karavi metyveleben beTlemis mniSvnelobazexalxis SegnebaSi: isini qristianobis<strong>da</strong>sabamis simboloebia. axla cxadia ra akvaniaxevsuruli andrezis `oqros akvani~ <strong>da</strong> vin arisSig mwolare ymawvili, romelsac mtredebi<strong>da</strong>hbrunaven Tavze <strong>da</strong> ifqlis (beTlemi xomifqlis beRelia) marcvlebiT kvebaven. adreiTqva, rom gergetis beTlemi xalxur warmodgenaSijvarxatebis samSobloa; axla vityviT,rom is RvTisSvilis, axali yrmis, m<strong>es</strong>iis sam-Sobloa. beTlemSi erTdroulad vxe<strong>da</strong>vT <strong>da</strong>sabams<strong>da</strong> am <strong>da</strong>sabamis nayofs abraamis karvisa <strong>da</strong>uflis akvnis saxiT, _ akvanSi mwolare yrmaabraamis karavi<strong>da</strong>n aris gamosuli, rogorcgvamcnobs qrist<strong>es</strong> genealogia maT<strong>es</strong> mixedviT(`abraham Sva isaak, isaak Sva iakob^~).vaxuStiseul gadmocemaSi S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavia fraza`ityvian^ sxvaTaca sakvirvelTa. aramed mevdumeb~. <strong>es</strong> is sityvebia, romelTac ambobsmkadre, roca mas surs Tavisi samsaxuris sakralurobisgamoxatva; rom saidumlos xilvamoiTxovs dumils mxilvelisagan garkveul Ja-ccxli
mamde, Semdeg ki gacxaddeba <strong>da</strong>faruli. roca<strong>jvari</strong> auSvebs xels Tavis mkadr<strong>es</strong>, ai, maSineZleva mas saidumlos gamocxadebis ufleba. ammistiur gamocdilebas mkadr<strong>es</strong>gan Tu Seityobs<strong>saymo</strong>, misi gadmocemis bunebrivi forma pirvelpirSi monaTxrobia, rogorc gaxua megrelaurismagaliTze vxe<strong>da</strong>vT.gergetis beTlemi, rogorc saganZuris sublimurisaxe, rogorc kvrivis kvrivi, gamouGensTavis idumal wiaRs mxolod mas, vinc mowmi<strong>da</strong>robismaRal xarisxs aris miRweuli: gergetis simaRlemoiTxovs a<strong>da</strong>mianisagan zneobriv simaRl<strong>es</strong>.moxevur andrezebSi beTlemis wiaRis mxilvelebad<strong>da</strong>saxelebulni arian wmi<strong>da</strong> berebi <strong>da</strong>mowmi<strong>da</strong>ri mRvdelebi: `ioseb moxeve, mRvdeli. <strong>es</strong>eiyo friad siwmidis moyvare <strong>da</strong> memarxule, romelyovelgan ganiTqva saTnoeba misi. <strong>es</strong>e nebiTaRvTisaTa aRvi<strong>da</strong> myinvarsa Sina, kacTagan Seuvalsa;<strong>da</strong> mun ixila karavi <strong>da</strong> akvani abraamisamamamTavrisa^~ (11, 210) * . Tqmulebis sxva versiismixedviT, beTlemis saidumloebaTa mxilveliyofila vinme mamuka beri, romelsac beTlemiswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgi gamocxadebia <strong>da</strong> Rirs uyvia igiTavisi sabrZaneblis saxilvelad. mas unaxavsoqros akvani, misi mrweveli mtredi <strong>da</strong> kideviseTi sakvirveli ram sakurTxevelSi, romlisgamxelis ufleba mas ar hqonia (85). am siwmideTa* `kalmasobis~ avtors Secdoma aqvs <strong>da</strong>Svebuli: cnobilia <strong>da</strong> simbolur-aleg<strong>ori</strong>uli mniSvnelobisaamxolod karavi abraamisa, akvani ki mxolod qrist<strong>es</strong>ia.ccxlii
xilvis <strong>da</strong>sturad Tu rame moaqvT am wmi<strong>da</strong>berebs, <strong>es</strong> aris an karvis naWeri, an akvnis xisnawili, ZRvnad mefe erekl<strong>es</strong>aTvis, rogorcnawili ganZisa, wmi<strong>da</strong> relikviebi (11, 210-1; 129, 111,66).amrigad, <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZi, romelic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvasaxiT aGens Tavs mkadris winaSe _ is xan oqrovercxlia,xan Zvirfasi Tvali, xan mironi, xanjvar-xatebis gamosaxulebani, xan qristianulireligiis simboloebi, _ <strong>da</strong>marxulia de<strong>da</strong>miwisor, erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego sferoSi _ miwissiRrmeSi <strong>da</strong> mTis mwvervalze; is qv<strong>es</strong>knelSiacaris <strong>da</strong> caSic, <strong>ori</strong>vegan miuwvdomelia gareSe-TaTvis; <strong>da</strong>debuli aqvs safarveli, romlis wiaRmxolod mkadris Tvali Tu ixedeba mistiuriWvretiT. am unars mkadre wmi<strong>da</strong> cxovrebiTipovebs; sxvanairad, mkadre arsebobis imave rigSiun<strong>da</strong> imyofebod<strong>es</strong>, raSic imyofeba <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZi_ <strong>es</strong> aris siwmide anu gamocalkeveba yofiTi sinamdvili<strong>da</strong>n.mxolod am pirobiT SeeyrebianurTierTs mkadre <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZi.mkadre mieaxleba ganZs mowiwebiT, an cnobaexdeba misi Zlieri sakraluri `Zabvis~ winaSe, anis garbis SeSinebuli, rogorc ymawvili boeme.Tumca Gveulebriv mkadre, romelic <strong>da</strong>niSnulia<strong>jvari</strong>s mier meganZurad, un<strong>da</strong> itand<strong>es</strong> ganZismetafizikur Zalas: am SeZlebas mas <strong>jvari</strong> un<strong>da</strong>aniWebd<strong>es</strong> misi mowmi<strong>da</strong>ruli cxovrebis wil. anTu is mkadre ar aris <strong>da</strong> ar gauvlia mowmi<strong>da</strong>ro-ccxliii
is gansacdeli, maSin samefo STamomavloba masnebas aZlevs Seeyaros ganZs, romelsac safarveliexdeba mis winaSe. Tavisi <strong>da</strong> qveyniscxovrebis sabediswero Jams farnavazi mze-irmiswyalobiT miagnebs uxsovari droi<strong>da</strong>n safarvel<strong>da</strong>debulsaganZurs <strong>da</strong> miT ixsnis sakuTar Tavs<strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, qveyanasac (44). herodot<strong>es</strong>skviTur andrezSi mxolod umcrosi Ze mSoblisa,umrwem<strong>es</strong>i sam ZmaSi, SeZlebs miuaxlovd<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>xelhyos ci<strong>da</strong>n Gamocvenil oqros nivTebi, romelTaccecxlis ZaliT ganirid<strong>es</strong> <strong>ori</strong> Zma.umrwm<strong>es</strong>is, kolaqsaisis, winaSe cecxli GCaqra <strong>da</strong>oqros nivTebma `Tavi <strong>da</strong>uTm<strong>es</strong>~ mas; Zmebma aRiar<strong>es</strong>umrwem<strong>es</strong>i <strong>da</strong> mTeli Zalaufleba mas ga<strong>da</strong>sc<strong>es</strong>.misgan <strong>da</strong>iwyo skviTebis samefo dinastia,romlis saRvTo relikviad <strong>es</strong> oqros sagnebi gamocxad<strong>da</strong>(ist<strong>ori</strong>a, IV, 5, 7).rogorc skviTuri Tqmulebi<strong>da</strong>n Gans (amasGveni andrezebic a<strong>da</strong>stureban), ganZi mxolod mas`nebdeba~, visac is imTaviTve ekuTvnis anu miskanonier mflobels _ an mefed Sobils, rogorckolaqsaisia an farnavazi; an jvars, romelic mismosapoveblad gzavnis Tavis amorGeul mkadr<strong>es</strong>,mowmi<strong>da</strong>rs <strong>jvari</strong>sas. araRirsTa mimarT ganZiaGens Tavis Sinagan, empiriulad gamouvlenelbunebas, rac safarveliT aris <strong>da</strong>faruli; amdros, roca mas mparavi uaxlovdeba, ganZi brialebs<strong>da</strong> amiT icavs Tavs; is cecxls isvris,radgan cecxlovani bunebisaa. amitomac misiccxliv
<strong>da</strong>marxvis adgilebSi, xalxis warmodgeniT, Ram-RamobiT cecxlis naTebis xilva SeiZleba (113-a,363). Zvel miTologiebSi ganZs miGenili hyavsgveleSapi, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi cecxlismfrqvevelia<strong>da</strong> ganZis Sinagani cecxlovanibunebis gasagnebas warmoadgens, imis gamovlinebas,rac ganZSi saSinelia; ufro sworad, ganZissaSineli cecxli iRebs gveleSapis sax<strong>es</strong> momxvduriswinaSe <strong>da</strong> momxvduri ukan ixevs. Gvens andrezebSiganZis saSiSi buneba gasagnebuliaoqrosferi (yviTeli) xbos saxiT, romelic risxviTabrialebs Tvalebs, cnobis mix<strong>da</strong>mdeafrTxobs ra TviT <strong>jvari</strong>s mkadr<strong>es</strong>ac. analogiuriwarmodgena cnobilia slavi xalxebisfolkl<strong>ori</strong><strong>da</strong>n: ganZi iRebs cxovelis _ xaris,Txis, cxenis sax<strong>es</strong>, im Seferilobisas, ra ferisacaris ganZi (Tu is oqroa, cxoveli yviTeliferisaa); ganZis Txris dros yviTeli ZaRliamoxteba <strong>da</strong> aSinebs a<strong>da</strong>mians (113-a, 365-6).aramiTologiur, yofiT sinamdvileSi gvele-Sapi _ ganZis mo<strong>da</strong>raje drakoni gvelis sax<strong>es</strong>iRebs; xToniuri arseba icavs ganZs, radgan ismis samflobeloSia <strong>da</strong>marxuli, xToniuria.gvelisgan <strong>da</strong>cul saganZurebs xalxis cnobierebaaTavsebs nacixvarebSi, nasaydralebSi, buxreuladgilebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c yofiTi Tu sakulto cxovrebaSemwy<strong>da</strong>ria didi xnis winaT <strong>da</strong>, rogorc viciT,maTi warmosaxviTi an realuri arseboba uqmnisam adgilebs siwmid<strong>es</strong>, kvrivad xdis maT. `is unjiccxlv
sad inaxveba, mxolod ufrosebma ician, TiToorolam.iq gveli s<strong>da</strong>rajobske~ (40, 104); `oqrosguTnebia iq Galagebuli. isa Txar<strong>es</strong>, fuZiskari,ro veZaxiT. `iq gveli mogveGvenao~, <strong>da</strong>aneb<strong>es</strong>Tavi^~ (40, 111), _ amboben mTiuleTSi.Gven andrezebSi ganZis Zieba, rogorc w<strong>es</strong>i,jvarTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. <strong>jvari</strong>s rGeulimkadreebi <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>valebiT midian saxifaToeqspediciaSi ganZis mosapoveblad, romelic devebissakuTrebaSia; mkadre devs gamohglejsganZs, rogorc jvarma, RvTisSvilma gamohglijaerT dros Tavisi <strong>saymo</strong>saTvis sacxovrebeliterit<strong>ori</strong>a. am gziT mopovebuli oqro-vercxliT<strong>da</strong> Zvirfasi TvlebiT ivseba an axlad iqmneba<strong>jvari</strong>s saganZuri, romelic, rogorc Tavisadgilze iTqva, kultis gulisguls <strong>Seadgens</strong>;ganZi qmnis Tavis garSemo <strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivs, romelsacmkadre Tavisi siwmidis ZaliT uaxlovdeba.ganZi TavisTan axlos uSvebs mkadr<strong>es</strong>, radgan is<strong>jvari</strong>s mowmi<strong>da</strong>ria. magram <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZis (saubaria<strong>jvari</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>aze <strong>da</strong>cul ganZze) paradoqsiis aris, rom misi Sinagani cecxlovanibuneba uZluria uwmiduri Zalis winaSe. fSavxevsureTSi<strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>mayar-mTiuleTSi gavrcelebulirwmena-warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mparavi manamver miekareba <strong>jvari</strong>s Tas-ganZs amosaRebad, sanamkatas ar <strong>da</strong>klavs <strong>da</strong> mis sisxls ar asxurebsmas. al. oGiauris masalebSi moipoveba amis <strong>da</strong>sa<strong>da</strong>sturebladTavad mparavis naambobi, aRiareba:ccxlvi
`^ manamdin axlos ver miudegiT amosaRebad imTas-ganZs * , manam kata ar <strong>da</strong>vkaliT <strong>da</strong> sisxli ar<strong>da</strong>vasxiTo. ase rom miviqeciT, raRacam wiviliwaiRo <strong>da</strong> Gven neba mogveca axlo misvlisa <strong>da</strong>ganZis amoRebisao. manamdin ki, rom miuaxlovdebodiT,im Tas-ganZi<strong>da</strong>n cecxli amovardebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zed gadmogvefinebo<strong>da</strong> alio <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wvas gvipireb<strong>da</strong>o~(62, 160).aq moTxrobili ambavi Zlier gvagonebs skvi-Tur Tqmulebas, mTieli mparavi <strong>da</strong> kolaqsaisis<strong>ori</strong> Zma msgavs situaciaSi arian moxvedrilni:ganZi Sinagani cecxlis GeniT iSorebs maT, radganganZi ver Seicnobs maTSi Tavis WeSmarit patrons,aramed xvdeba, rom isini mparavni arian:xelyofen imas, rac maT ar ekuTvnis <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n,SobiTganve, an risi xelyofis <strong>da</strong>sturi <strong>jvari</strong>saganar miuRiaT. Gveni andrezis mparavni ganZisxelSi Gagdebis mizniT mimarTven Sav magias _klaven uwmidur cxovels, raTa misi sisxliTgaauwmiduron ganZi <strong>da</strong> mere xelyon. analogiurisaSualeba ganZis mignebisa Tu mopovebisa <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuliagermanuli <strong>da</strong> slavuri modgmisxalxebSic: im adgilas, sa<strong>da</strong>c ganZia Gamarxuli,klaven Sav Txas an Sav qaTams, rac Semdeg xToniurisulebisadmi msxverplSewirvad iqnagaazrebuli (113-a, 373). Gveni andrezebis mparavnikatas uklaven ara qv<strong>es</strong>knelis sulebs an eSmaks,* igulisxmeba bacaligos <strong>jvari</strong>s, pirquSis <strong>jvari</strong>s Tas-ganZi.ccxlvii
aramed klaven mas, rogorc `antimsxverpls~,romlis sisxlmac un<strong>da</strong> warxocos wmi<strong>da</strong>saklavis sisxli, riTac ganaTlulia, rogorcw<strong>es</strong>i, <strong>jvari</strong>s Tas-ganZi. mparavi aq iyenebs imZvelTaZvel saSualebas, romelic moiSveli<strong>es</strong>laSaris muxis moWrisas: zurab erisTavma manamveraferi <strong>da</strong>aklo laSaris muxas, sanam mis ZirSikata ar <strong>da</strong>kl<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi sisxli ar asxur<strong>es</strong> mistans.mparavi, romelic uwmidur cxovels, usurmags* swiravs msxverplad, eTiSeba Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>s<strong>da</strong> jvars. ufro meti: is mtrobs, uaryofs jvars,eziareba ra eSmakeul Zalas. man uari Tqva a<strong>da</strong>mianobaze<strong>da</strong> devur samsaxurSi Gadga. <strong>jvari</strong>sa <strong>da</strong>Tavis TavSi a<strong>da</strong>mianuris uaryofis gareSe is verGaigdebs xelSi <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZs, is usaTuod<strong>da</strong>naSaulebrivi saqcielis Gamdeni un<strong>da</strong> iyos.zogierTi xalxis warmodgeniT, ganZis mopovebamxolod iseT a<strong>da</strong>mians SeuZlia, romelsacgarkveuli raodenobis kaciskvla aqvs Gadenili(113-a, 364), an suli aqvs eSmakisaTvis miyiduli(113-a, 374). aseTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis bedi ki yovelTvistragikulia, rogorc murmanisa, romelmac Savimagiis gamoyenebiT Gaigdo xelSi eTeri, romelicab<strong>es</strong>aloms ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, rogorc nadirobisasmopovebuli ganZi. Tas-ganZis mparavis ukuRmar-* usurmagi _ cxoveli, romlis xorci ar iWmeva (cxeni, ZaRli, kata <strong>da</strong> sxv.) (87, 410). usurmagirom ar iWmeva, swored amitom ar SeiZleba misi msxverplad Sewirva. usurmagi, rogorcmsxverpli, uwmidurTa msxverplia.ccxlviii
Toba kargad aris gamoxatuli sityvebiT, romliTacis saxuco teqstebSi ixsenieba: `oqrovercxlisPelukuRm gamtani~.`oqros Rili~rogorc <strong>jvari</strong> aris m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis Svili <strong>da</strong>amitomac mas ewodeba `RvTisSvili~ (RvTisnasaxi,RvTisnabadebi), aseve yma aris Svili Tavisi<strong>jvari</strong>sa. garkveuli azriT, yma xom Tavisi patronisSvilia; avTandili rostevanis ymac aris<strong>da</strong> Svilic. S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia `yma~ gulisxmobd<strong>es</strong>`Svilsac~, rogorc `yrmas~. S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, <strong>saymo</strong>senobriv cnobierebaSi jer kidev ar waSlila am<strong>ori</strong> terminis semantiuri identuroba. akad.n.berZeniSivili varaudob<strong>da</strong>, rom `Svili~, rogorcsocialuri termini, S<strong>es</strong>atyvisi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo`ymisa~, romelic, misi azriT, gvian <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>enaSi (15, 124). am azris <strong>da</strong>sturiSeiZleba iyos is faqti, rom mTis leqsikaSi<strong>ori</strong>ve <strong>es</strong> termini Semonaxulia erTi <strong>da</strong> imaveierarqiuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis gamosaxatavad:<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli wevrebi ierarqiisa gamoxatuliaterminebiT `Svili~ <strong>da</strong> `yma~ (`RvTis Svili~ <strong>da</strong>`<strong>jvari</strong>s yma~).`mamaSvilur~ urTierTobas jvarsa <strong>da</strong> misymas S<strong>ori</strong>s a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Tavad rituali jvarSimiRebisa: <strong>saymo</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>badebul dediSobila vaJsdroSis qveS Seagoreben, sai<strong>da</strong>nac is meoredibadeba (57, 261). droSa ki, rogorc viciT, jvarsccxlix
ganasaxierebs. v.bar<strong>da</strong>veliZe am ritualSi samar-Tlianad xe<strong>da</strong>vs <strong>jvari</strong>s mier Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>badebulibavSvis Svilad ayvanis misterias (115,61). rogorc Gans, fizikuri <strong>da</strong>badeba <strong>saymo</strong>Si sakmarisiar aris imisaTvis, rom yrma <strong>saymo</strong>s sruluflebianiwevri anu <strong>jvari</strong>s yma Seiqnas. ufrometi: fizikuri Soba Svilis statussac ar ani-Webs Sobils. SatilSi ambobdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> naTqvaminebismier <strong>saymo</strong>ze vrceldeba: `kistan Svils miubarebsavSvil nu giqvianav, icodian Satil~ (38,#26085).xatSi gayvaniT yrma Seiqneba Temis sakuTariwevri <strong>da</strong> Temis salocavis yma, oqros Rili (106).am sityvebis avt<strong>ori</strong> fSavis sinamdvil<strong>es</strong> agviwers.oqros Rili fSauri terminia, romlis xevsuruliS<strong>es</strong>atyvisia vercxlis Rili. <strong>jvari</strong>s dro-Sis sakadrisebi<strong>da</strong>n Sobili oqros Riladiwodeba. droSi<strong>da</strong>n is ibadeba sruluflebianymad, `droSis ymad~, <strong>da</strong> mas am dros <strong>jvari</strong>, misi`mSobeli~ `Rils~ uwodebs; is<strong>jvari</strong>sTvis aris `Rili~, radgan ymaTiTqos RiliviT un<strong>da</strong> iyos mikerebulikalTas Sevrdomebis niSnad.xolo Rili oqrosia an vercxlis imazriT, rom axladSobili yma amieri<strong>da</strong>n aris<strong>jvari</strong>s ganZi, RvTisSvilis unji yma, iseTiveZvirfasi sakuTreba, rog<strong>ori</strong>c mas aqvs <strong>jvari</strong>ssaganZuris (Tas-ganZis <strong>da</strong> sxva `TeTreulis~)saxiT. analogia, S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, Soreuliccl
mogveGvenos, magram mainc aRsaniSnavia, rom indoeTSiufro maRali xarisxis mosapovebla<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>miani sagangebo ritualis gavliT ubrundebasaSos, raTa iq `oqros embrionad~ Gaisaxos.`oqros embrionad~ gar<strong>da</strong>qmniT a<strong>da</strong>miani oqrosTvisebebs eziareba (152, 56). <strong>jvari</strong>s droSis sa-SoSi Gasaxuli oqros Rilic aseve nawilianixdeba <strong>jvari</strong>sa, romlis niSani aris oqro.`fSavelebs TavianTi Tavi am xatebis ymebadmiaGniaT, xatebi ki fSavelebs `oqros Rilebad~Tvlian~ (51, 184). aqe<strong>da</strong>n Gans, rom <strong>saymo</strong>Si orjerSobili <strong>ori</strong> mxri<strong>da</strong>n aris gansazRvruli <strong>da</strong> saxelwodebuli:yma gulisxmobs ierarqiul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaspatronisadmi, rac upirat<strong>es</strong>ad gamoxatavsa<strong>da</strong>mianis Tvalsazriss Tavis mdgomareobazeam urTierTobaSi; oqros Rili ki ismetaforuli saxea, romliTac RvTisSvils sursgamoxatos <strong>es</strong> urTierToba. am metaf<strong>ori</strong>T ganelebuliais simkacre, rac SeiZleba axld<strong>es</strong> patronymul<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas. roca RvTisSvili ambobsTavis ymaze (qa<strong>da</strong>gis piriT): `vercxlisRili me myavs ayvanili, Gem kalTas vafarebo~ (57,262), yma ismens patronis mzrunvel xmas, aramkacrs, radgan Rili <strong>da</strong> kalTa mSobliurganc<strong>da</strong>s badeben masSi. Gveni mizani ar aris ammetaf<strong>ori</strong>s warmoSobis garkveva, magram un<strong>da</strong>SeiniSnos, rom Gven <strong>saymo</strong>ebs gareT, sxva tradiciaSi,erTmaneTis gverdiT gvxvdeba yma <strong>da</strong>ccli
oqros Rili, romelic amjerad ymis samkaulia.xalxuri leqsi Tamars aTqmevinebs:aTasi kaba yma myav<strong>da</strong>, yvelani oqros RiliTa,vaWmevdi de<strong>da</strong>l xoxobsa, vasmevdi brolisWiqiTa.vinc ki Semeba, Sevebi alaliTa <strong>da</strong> jiqiTa^awi Tqven iciT, mefeno, vinc <strong>da</strong>rGiT amasiqiTa(81, #76).cxadi unla iyos, rom oqrosRilkabian ymebSiTamaris unji <strong>saymo</strong> igulisxmeba, romelsacbagrationi dedofali iseve patronobs <strong>da</strong> icavsmtrebisagan, rogorc mTis <strong>saymo</strong>ebs maTiRvTisSvili. xolo bagrationi, Gven viciT, moZmeobiskavSiriT aris Sekruli mTisRvTisSvilebTan.`Rili~ migvaniSnebs ymaTa Tanasworobas <strong>saymo</strong>Si,radgan is gulisxmobs saerTo kalTas, romelsacakeria Rilebi. `Rili~ emblemaa Tanasworobisa,romelsac gamoxatavs sityva mo-ymeTavisi morfologiuri agebulebiT: TavsarTi`mo-~ atarebs ymaTa S<strong>ori</strong>s Tanasworobis ideas.oqros RilTa S<strong>ori</strong>s <strong>jvari</strong> aravis aniWebs upirat<strong>es</strong>obas(yvela Rili oqrosia), aravis anebivrebs,aravis amyofebs fufunebaSi; Tu vinm<strong>es</strong>gamoarGevs, <strong>es</strong> gamorGeuloba ufro tvirTia <strong>da</strong>sakmaod mZimec, vidre privilegia. <strong>jvari</strong> ar ar-Gevs ymebs qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT; realurigansxvaveba mdi<strong>da</strong>rsa <strong>da</strong> Raribs S<strong>ori</strong>scclii
gaqarwylebulia <strong>jvari</strong>s TvalSi. <strong>es</strong> Segnebaasuldgmulebs <strong>saymo</strong>s, radgan man icis, rom materialuridovlaTi <strong>da</strong> sulieri dovlaTi<strong>jvari</strong>s boZebulia ymisaTvis imis pasuxad, rasac`samsaxuris wayenebiT~ anu msxverplis SewirvisasmoiTxovs: `^ rasac wyalobas geTxoebo<strong>da</strong>nT,gamGens m<strong>ori</strong>g<strong>es</strong>, <strong>da</strong>mrig<strong>es</strong> RmerTs SaaxvewnidiT,winpira kacis mexvewurni kacsa kas dros maumatidiT,Rone-qon<strong>es</strong> maumatidiT. velT vin gavido<strong>da</strong>sTqvenis mexvewuris yudroGi, bedsa-d <strong>da</strong>vlaTsTqvens axseneb<strong>da</strong>s, Tqven bedi <strong>da</strong>vlaTi<strong>da</strong>axmaridiT, Sors myofn axlos <strong>da</strong>uxvdidiT,Tqvens kabis kalTa GaufaridiT, miwrielqvecriel<strong>da</strong>ulagmidiT, mterze, nadirze gaumarjvidiT^~(56, 19).nivTieri dovlaTi, romelsac flobs yma <strong>saymo</strong>Si,im Txovnis ganaRdebaa, <strong>jvari</strong>s SuamdgomlobiTm<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTisadmi rom aris mimarTuli.amitomac mdi<strong>da</strong>r ymas ara aqvs safuZveli <strong>da</strong>ufleba iamayos SeZenili simdidriT. amgvari siamayisyoveli gamovlineba <strong>da</strong> misgan gamowveulisurvili gamocalkevebis <strong>da</strong> gamorGeulobisa <strong>saymo</strong>ssamarTlian guliswyromas <strong>da</strong> undoblobasimsaxurebs, radgan <strong>es</strong> safrTx<strong>es</strong> uqmnis <strong>saymo</strong>serTianobas. dovlaTi<strong>da</strong>n, rac upirat<strong>es</strong>ad warmoadgenspirutyvs, madlieri ymis mier gaiRebamsxverpli, rogorc sazRauri moniWebulisa, rogorcnaTqvamia erT sakulto simReraSi _ccliii
cxvarsaR umate, Tevdore, Tu gin<strong>da</strong> rqajangianio(77, #73).sa<strong>da</strong>c rqa-jangiani niSnavs sakuTriv im pirutyvs,romelic saklavad aris miyvanili <strong>jvari</strong>skarze. msxverpli msxverplia _ ymisgan SewirulierTi cxvari Tu hekatomba Tanabari Rirebulebisaaris <strong>jvari</strong>saTvis, radgan is moelisTiToeulisagan Tavisi dovlaTis mixedviT. hekatomba,rac `andrezad ar modis~, <strong>jvari</strong>s winaSeampartavnobad GaiTvleba; <strong>jvari</strong> risxavs gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuls,vinc ga<strong>da</strong>dis Gveulebriv normas,ga<strong>da</strong>laxavs <strong>da</strong>sazRvrul (Tu <strong>da</strong>msazRvrel)zRurbls. <strong>jvari</strong> ar `ixdens~ iseT ymas, romeliccdilobs qonebrivi upirat<strong>es</strong>oba socialur <strong>da</strong>sakulto upirat<strong>es</strong>obaSi ga<strong>da</strong>zardos, anu qonebrividovlaTiT gamowveuli pr<strong>es</strong>tiJi aqciospativad <strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>sagan zedmeti pativi moiTxovos.saqciels, romelic mdgomareobs simdidris niSniT<strong>saymo</strong>sagan gamocalkevebis tendenciaSi, gabu<strong>da</strong>yebaewodeba. <strong>es</strong> mTiuluri kilokavis sityvaa<strong>da</strong> is amgvarad ganimarteba eTnografebismier:`^ Temi ikveT<strong>da</strong> iseT wevrebs sazogadoebisas,romelic qonebis <strong>da</strong>grovebisaken miiswrafo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Temisagan gamocalkevebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. Temi amasg a b u d a y e b a s eZax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuls imiTsji<strong>da</strong>, rom srul izolaciaSi aqcev<strong>da</strong>^~ (102, 64).aRniSnulia, rom gabu<strong>da</strong>yebulis mokveTa <strong>saymo</strong>-ccliv
<strong>da</strong>n aris `Temis SigniT Seqmnili prerogativebiswinaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erTi saSualeba~ (iqve),`aseT sasjels Temi maSin mimarTav<strong>da</strong>, rod<strong>es</strong>acTemis SigniT vinme ekonomiuri Tu sxva raimeupirat<strong>es</strong>obis mopovebas Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>~ (102, 67).rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuli Tavisive nebiTemijneba <strong>saymo</strong>s, _ oqros Rili Tavs iglejs<strong>jvari</strong>s kabi<strong>da</strong>n, _ rasac <strong>saymo</strong> misi mokveTiTa<strong>da</strong>sturebs. <strong>jvari</strong>s kalTas Tavisi nebiT aglejiliRili ukve mokveTilia, <strong>saymo</strong> mxolodritualurad a<strong>da</strong>sturebs amas.gavecnoT <strong>ori</strong>ode siuJets, romelic Seqmniliagabu<strong>da</strong>yebis motivze. fSavSi (GargalSi), ivrisfSavelebSi (artanSi, arxalSi), gu<strong>da</strong>mayarSigavrcelebulia Tqmuleba gamdidrebul kacze,romelic cxvar-Zroxas maRla mTaSi wvelis <strong>da</strong>rZe milebiT <strong>da</strong>bla sofelSi misdis. <strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebaSiaseTi viTareba anomaluria; <strong>es</strong> arisukidur<strong>es</strong>i simdidris niSani <strong>da</strong> gaiazreba jvrisadmimtrobad, risTvisac gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuli pirebiisjebian sruli ga<strong>da</strong>SenebiT, <strong>saymo</strong>s sasikvdiloganaGeni gamoaqvs maTTvis <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>sturiTxdeba. xma RvTisa _ xma erisa _ <strong>es</strong> Zvelidevizi aq srul moqmedebaSia. <strong>es</strong> kargad Ganssulasa <strong>da</strong> kurdRelas _ Garglel ZmaTa andrezSi.`^ im sula kurdRelaT xalxi ar uSobavaragvis Walaze, arc fSavelebi, arc Pevsurebi^im sula kurdRelaT ise Sauwuxebav xalxi, roamdgara luxumis Svili, cabaurTaSi wasula <strong>da</strong>cclv
welwad dilas sasoveT Tavis maRalze saparavisyelisas nabdis PluGiaT ga<strong>da</strong>ulalav xalxi <strong>da</strong>RalatiT <strong>da</strong>uPocnebav iseebi^ xalxi Gausafrebav,Tavad mekvled misula. miiR<strong>es</strong> rogorc dediZmisSvili. roca <strong>da</strong>iTvrnen, adga <strong>da</strong> Saatyobina imxalxsa, deeca <strong>es</strong> <strong>ori</strong> sofeli im or kacsa. sulaiaxunis SasamarTs mauklav, kurdRela gamahqcevia<strong>da</strong> Garglis karT mauklav^~ (67, 116). ni-Sandoblivia, rom gabu<strong>da</strong>yebul Zmebs erTobilisofeli klavs, mTeli sofeli kisrulobs pasuxismgeblobas,rom iZulebulia <strong>da</strong>arRvios zneobrivikanoni _ axalwlis dilas RalatiT <strong>da</strong>xoconZmebi. Tumca sofeli un<strong>da</strong> grZnobd<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s<strong>da</strong>sturs am sisxlian saqmeSi. <strong>jvari</strong>s neba maT<strong>da</strong>RupvaSi iqi<strong>da</strong>n Gans, rom sulasa <strong>da</strong>kurdRelas nasaxlars GargalSi <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong>epatroneba.maTi, rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>sagan SerisxulTa<strong>da</strong> ganwirulTa, nasaxlari buxreuli xdeba.`GargalSi laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s niSia. sulakurdRelaTeZaxian, imaT nacixvarSia^~, `^ isen<strong>da</strong>uPocian laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s ymaTa <strong>da</strong> raki imisZaliT momP<strong>da</strong>ra, maukidebav iq koWi <strong>da</strong> beReli<strong>da</strong>uarsebav iqa^ laSaris jvars maadidebs (Pevisberi),laSaris jvarsa <strong>da</strong> Tamaris jvars iqbeRlebi aqv^~ (67, 122).gadmocemis Tanaxmad, gabu<strong>da</strong>yebulebs, romelTacmTaSi nawveli rZe <strong>da</strong>bla sofelSiGaudiT, erTdroulad uswordebian Tav-TavianT<strong>saymo</strong>Si: `rogorc sula <strong>da</strong> kurdRela GargalSi,cclvi
ise arxalSi arxali yofila, artanSi TaRlaura^im axalwels suyvelani samganve amouwyvetiaTfSavelebsa^~ (67, 116). Tu Garglelisula <strong>da</strong> kurdRela, artneli Tagva TaRlaura <strong>da</strong>arxleli arxali <strong>saymo</strong>s upirispirdebian TavianTigamorGeuli simdidriT, uZilaurTeli vinme<strong>da</strong> gogolaurTeli yartaula jvarTac aRarepuebian <strong>da</strong> `metoben~ maTze. uZilaurTels<strong>da</strong>utrabaxnia: kopalas ymebs wyali ara aqvT sasmelad,Gemi muSebi ki ludSi banaobeno. <strong>jvari</strong>ase uswordeba mas: qvabSi sakidli<strong>da</strong>n gveli Gadis,kerZi iwamleba <strong>da</strong> mis mWamels imsxverplebsyvelas; ga<strong>da</strong>rGeba mxolod de<strong>da</strong>-Svili (38,#25606). aseve iRupeba gogolaurTeli yartaula,romelsac uTqvams, Gems mamulSi ufro meti kacimuSaobs, vidre mTavarmowameSio (65, 34-35) * .roca dovlaTiT gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuli <strong>saymo</strong>sagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebladgrZnobs Tavs, is jvarsac uaryofs,rogorc RvTiur patrons, <strong>da</strong> devnis mas. <strong>es</strong> arisgabu<strong>da</strong>yebis mwvervali, rac ukidur<strong>es</strong> individualizmSigamoixateba. am dros `Rili~mowyvetilia miwas <strong>da</strong> cas <strong>da</strong> is ar SeiZleba arganadgurd<strong>es</strong>. gu<strong>da</strong>mayarSi aseTi andrezia SemorGenili:`^ am wveris angelozis samkvidro aqa yofila.soflis (igulisxmeba sof. gamsi, z.k.)Tavze. erTi kaci _ mirianeuli gamdidrebula* sxva variantiT, yartaula cabaurTelia, romelic `metobs~ mezobel <strong>saymo</strong>ze, gogolaurTismTavarmowameze (18, #122).cclvii
Zalian. <strong>es</strong> xati ar iPdens Turme Rorebis yolas.mividnen <strong>es</strong> Rorebi (xatSi), sTxrian, gadmoTxar<strong>es</strong>iqauroba. is Zalian mdi<strong>da</strong>ri kaci yofila. erTdR<strong>es</strong> <strong>ori</strong> qorwili un<strong>da</strong> hqond<strong>es</strong>. amaitana kaxeTi<strong>da</strong>nRvinoebi, maaqvs <strong>da</strong> gzaSi deeca didiqariSxali, gaafuWa yvelaferi. _ macale, me mirianeulivaro, kidev viyidio. wavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kidevmaitana. gzaSi aRara xifaTi ar mosvlia.gaamza<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> mayrebi. wavidnen. <strong>ori</strong> qali un<strong>da</strong> maiyvanonojaxSi <strong>da</strong> qorwili ga<strong>da</strong>ixadon. rocamodian mayrebi <strong>da</strong> mohyavT qalebi, iseTi warRvnamovi<strong>da</strong>, wamovi<strong>da</strong> miwa, moimzRvla, moxv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTeli waiRo mayrioni niaRvarma, xalxic,patarZlebica. is xati imaze gajavr<strong>da</strong>, Rorebmarom amoTxar<strong>es</strong>. afrin<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> xati, zeviT vloculobT,sagulebels eZaxian, iq <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong>. am mirianeulmagaigo <strong>da</strong> iqac areka Rorebi. iqi<strong>da</strong>n afrin<strong>da</strong>(xati) <strong>da</strong> su wverze avi<strong>da</strong>, WalisTaviswvers. yamiria, iqeTac <strong>da</strong> aqeTac aravin gasTibs.ar aPsonT mama-papas, veravin ver gasTibs. iq qvebiagaTlili, nasaydralia. iq Rorebi veRar avido<strong>da</strong>.imaze gajavr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amitom <strong>da</strong>Rupa. roca<strong>es</strong>eni <strong>da</strong>uRupav, memre gameecxa<strong>da</strong> Tu rogor iqnebo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> uTxra mirianeuls: `gageride, zeviTwavedi <strong>da</strong> Samamyev, mirianeulo. migayeneb <strong>da</strong>mogayeneb, qalis qalze <strong>da</strong>gayenebo. sugawyvetila is xalxi; marTlac qalis qali<strong>da</strong>mrGala, sxva naT<strong>es</strong>avebi su gawyvetilan~ (67,195).cclviii
adre gavecaniT iseT andrezebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>jvari</strong>keraSi ifnis amosvliT an sxva ram saswauliTdevnis mosaxleobas mis adgil-samyofeli<strong>da</strong>n,axla ki vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rom Tavad <strong>jvari</strong>s yma gamodis<strong>jvari</strong>s mdevnelis rolSi; Tu sxvagan, jvarGenisa<strong>da</strong> jvarT <strong>da</strong>arsebis andrezebSi sakraluriipyrobs profanul terit<strong>ori</strong>as, aGens ra adgiladgilkvrivebs, gu<strong>da</strong>mayrul andrezSi mirianeulikvrivebis <strong>da</strong>laxviT ifarToebs saarsoterit<strong>ori</strong>as im sazRvramde, sa<strong>da</strong>mdec ki fizikuradS<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia. ingreva <strong>jvari</strong>s Senebuli,Sendeba a<strong>da</strong>miani, magram Tu a<strong>da</strong>mianis aSenebaszRvari aqvs <strong>da</strong>debuli, <strong>jvari</strong> usasruloa <strong>da</strong> miswinaSe sabolood nadgurdeba a<strong>da</strong>miani. mirianeulismodgma <strong>saymo</strong><strong>da</strong>n amoiricxa (qalis STamomavali,miT umet<strong>es</strong>, `qalis qali~ ver agrZelebsgvars), gvarma ki `koWis mokidebiT~ gaaGinaaxali kvrivi, romelsac fizikurad veRarmiswvdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis xeli. `WalisTavis wveri~,sa<strong>da</strong>c devnilma xatma samkvidrebeli adgili amoirGia,fSavis mTawmin<strong>da</strong>Ta analogiuri mTaaris, aqac mTeli aremare miukarebelia kacTagan(`yamiria, iqeTac <strong>da</strong> aqiTac aravin gasTibs~) <strong>da</strong>mosaxleoba aqac a<strong>da</strong>sturebs nasaydralebs, sakultoyofis niSnebs.gabu<strong>da</strong>yebulTa aRsasruli tragizmis mwvervalsaRwevs, roca iRupeba cxra Zmisagan Semgarididi ojaxi. cxra kurTxeulobis niSania, masSiGadebulia gamravlebis usazRvro potencia.cclix
marTlac, cxra Zma, cxra patarZali, cxra vaJi _<strong>es</strong> aris ukve sofeli sofelSi. magram swored aqmarxia gabu<strong>da</strong>yebis T<strong>es</strong>li.cxras avbediTi mxarec aqvs. Tumca qorwilSiusurveben `cxra vaJi <strong>da</strong> erTi qalio~ (40, 75),magram am sakraluri <strong>da</strong> kurTxeuli ricxviT gamoxatulisimravle sabediswero xdeba, rocacxra Zma emsgavseba im cxra gamxvivnebul anugamravlebul-gaZlierebul cxra Zma devs, romelTauzomo simdidrisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>usazRvrelieqspansiurobis niSani `cxraTavianobaa~.cxra Tava devi hyoliyo, cxra SvilTgamzdeli qalia(67, 151).cxraSi marxia gabu<strong>da</strong>yebulTa bediswera:kurTxeva wyevlad icvleba, roca cxra Zmaupirispirdeba sofels. isini uteven sofels, misxarjze ifarToveben TavianT terit<strong>ori</strong>as; amiTeTiSebian sofelsac <strong>da</strong> jvarsac, uromliso<strong>da</strong>cisini cdiloben Seadginon sakuTari, <strong>jvari</strong>sagan<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli `<strong>saymo</strong>~. gabu<strong>da</strong>yebis, mZlavrobis<strong>da</strong> sxvaTagan gamorGeulobis niSnad am cxra Zmashyavs TeTri xarebi (Tu ar eyolaT, TeTr mitkalsacmeven), romliTac xnaven TavianT yanas ananadgureben soflis yanebs. <strong>es</strong> TeTri feri, romelic(msgavsad cxrisa) SeiZleba kurTxeulobisniSanic ki yofiliyo, maTi avbediTi niSania, <strong>da</strong>ai, gabu<strong>da</strong>yebis mwvervalze myofT, maT ecxadebaTsabediswero saswaulebi _ TiTqos jvarGeniscclx
niSnebi, romlebSic isini amoikiTxaven TavianTaRsasruls, saTibSi wyali eyinebaT, saxlSi rZe,akvanSi bavSvis Sardi. `rZe gamyar<strong>da</strong>, Gvenitazari (w<strong>es</strong>i) asrul<strong>da</strong>o~. <strong>da</strong> albaT <strong>jvari</strong>s SegonebiT,rom codvilianTa sarGo-sabadebliTsofeli ar gauwmidurebuliyo, saTiTaod Sediangamzadebul akl<strong>da</strong>maSi <strong>da</strong> cocxlad isamarebenTavs, stoveben ra buxreuli adgilis xsovnas<strong>da</strong>rGenilTa TaobebSi (40, 100-1; 109-a, 150, 159; 67,195-6).sxva cxra Zma, kvlav mTiuluri andrezisTanaxmad, sofel gvi<strong>da</strong>qeSi cixe-koSks aSenebsbabilonis godlis mSenebelTa kvalze. `exla xogagiswordiT, saRvToo!~ _ S<strong>es</strong>Zaxeben TavianTjvars, ris gamoc <strong>jvari</strong> pirwmin<strong>da</strong>d gaswyvetscxra Zmas, romelic mTels sofels Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.ase ga<strong>da</strong>Senebula gvi<strong>da</strong>q<strong>es</strong> erTi modgma (40, 101).aseve ga<strong>da</strong>Senebulan jaunarni lakaTxevSi (mTiuleTi);saRvTos mexi <strong>da</strong>ukravs cixis mSenebelicra ZmisaTvis, jvarTan gasworebas rom <strong>es</strong>wrafodnen,roca uTqvamT _ `erTi SemovlaRa gvakliao~(109-a, 192).aseve cxra Zmis `<strong>da</strong>levis~ ambavs mogviTxrobsmidelaurTa andrezi. xa<strong>da</strong>Si erTi sofelieWiraT gamdidrebul-gabu<strong>da</strong>yebul cxra ZmamidelaurT. erT-erT Zmas droSiTa <strong>da</strong> anTebulisanTliT Semouvlia mTeli xadisaTvis terit<strong>ori</strong>is<strong>da</strong>uflebis mizniT. <strong>es</strong> sakraluri moqmedebaa.ase iqceva qa<strong>da</strong>gi kultis genezisSi. roca iscclxi
xatis wmi<strong>da</strong> terit<strong>ori</strong>as SemosazRvravs. gabu<strong>da</strong>yebisgamovlenaa midelauris mxriv sakralursferoSi SeWra _ sakraluri ritualis uzurpacia.(Sdr. alu<strong>da</strong>s mier kuratis TviTneburadSewirva <strong>jvari</strong>s karze) * . maT <strong>da</strong>sasjelad <strong>es</strong>saqcielic sakmarisi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. magram andrezskidev sxva <strong>da</strong>naSauli aqvs Semonaxuli. andreziagebulia GvenTvis nacnob mtredisa <strong>da</strong> monadirismotivze.`^ yofila sofeli <strong>da</strong> cxra Zmani yofilan <strong>da</strong>erTi monadire yofila. <strong>da</strong> wavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> monadire <strong>da</strong>saRamos moi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iaraRi aiyara <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>hki<strong>da</strong>boZze^ ho<strong>da</strong>, Gamacvivnila is iaraRi, kidev <strong>da</strong>ukidnia,Gamacvivnila <strong>da</strong> mamas uTqvia, ro sadiyav, Svilo, dR<strong>es</strong> sad iareo? sa<strong>da</strong>, ra naxeo <strong>da</strong>_ araferi ar moutania _ <strong>da</strong> begoT xatis tyeSiviyavio <strong>da</strong> mtreds v<strong>es</strong>roleo, <strong>da</strong>vWer frTaSio<strong>da</strong> wavi<strong>da</strong> isio. gagiwyra RmerTio, begoT saRvTo<strong>da</strong>giWriao^~ (gagonilia xa<strong>da</strong>Si, ix. agreTve 40,51).jvarT <strong>da</strong>arsebis andrezSi monadir<strong>es</strong> mohyavsmtredi _ Tumca arc ki icis, rom is <strong>jvari</strong>s ni-Sania _ Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> Tavis<strong>da</strong> uneburadsalocavis <strong>da</strong>arsebis monawile xdeba. aq monadirear moqmedebs, rogorc monadire _ is arnadirobs, Tumca wmi<strong>da</strong> `nanadireviT~ brundeba* <strong>es</strong> iseTive codvaa, rogorc TviTneburad, <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>sturisa <strong>da</strong> mowodebis gareSe dekanozoba.`Tavis mowadinebiT dekanozad wasvla cudia, <strong>da</strong>iRupeba. xats Tavdidi kaci ar un<strong>da</strong>, Gven<strong>da</strong>bali varT~ (gagonilia gu<strong>da</strong>mayarSi, 1982w.).cclxii
ukan. midelauris tragikul andrezSi ki monadirecdilobs im frinvlis monadirebas, romelze<strong>da</strong>car nadiroben. is Seeyreba mtreds (<strong>es</strong>misi bedisweraa!), magram ver Seicnobs masSi xatiswmi<strong>da</strong> frinvels (<strong>es</strong>ec misi <strong>da</strong> misi Zmebisbedisweraa!) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sWris mas. <strong>es</strong> sabediswero gasrolamidelaurTa <strong>da</strong>qcevis niSania. <strong>jvari</strong> maTiv<strong>es</strong>akuTari xeliT uswordeba gabu<strong>da</strong>yebul ymebs.metismeti simdidre ar aris gabu<strong>da</strong>yebis er-TaderTi mizezi. xSirad xdeba, oqros Rilsaviwydeba, rom materialuri dovlaTi, romelsacis flobs, <strong>jvari</strong>s miniWebulia, rogorc nadirTpatronis nawyalobebi misi kerZi nanadirevi.magram <strong>saymo</strong>Si SevxvdebiT iseT ymasac, romelsacar axsovs, rom <strong>jvari</strong>s kalTazea <strong>da</strong>kerebuli <strong>da</strong>misi <strong>da</strong>vlaTiT (xarizmiT) aRwevs yvelafers,rasac aRwevs.cabaurTis <strong>saymo</strong>Si SemorGenilia ambavimTavarangelozis xevisbris, gamaxare xoxor<strong>da</strong>ulissaswaulebrivi ga<strong>da</strong>rGenisa (<strong>es</strong> xevisberierT-erTi cxra gabu<strong>da</strong>yebul ZmaTagania).Gven <strong>es</strong> andrezi vaxseneT,roca saubari iyo <strong>jvari</strong>s ZiriTadsiwmideebze. axalwlis dilas xevisberi,romelsac xelSi droSa <strong>da</strong>Tasi (sxva variantiT: droSa <strong>da</strong>wilobebi, romlebic jvarSi, beRlis karze un<strong>da</strong>mietana xevisbers, rogorc axali wlis mekvl<strong>es</strong>)eWira, gamoitaca zvavma <strong>da</strong> uvneblad Gamosvacclxiii
soflis axlos, mzilas, sa<strong>da</strong>c axla kvrivia.cxadia, droSac <strong>da</strong> Tasic <strong>da</strong> Tavad xevisberic<strong>jvari</strong>s sakuTrebaa, misi unji, rogorc oqrosRili. magram xevisberi ufro metia <strong>jvari</strong>saTvis,vidre rigiTi oqros Rili. Tu rigiTi yma <strong>jvari</strong>sunjia, xevisberi, rogorc misi <strong>da</strong>Werili, misiunjis unjia. amitomac <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong>icav<strong>da</strong> gansacdelSiTavis unjis unjs <strong>da</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong> sagnebs,romlebic xelT epyra mas. <strong>es</strong> ico<strong>da</strong> xevisbermaxoxor<strong>da</strong>ulma, roca <strong>jvari</strong> axsena <strong>da</strong> erTaderTma<strong>jvari</strong>oni<strong>da</strong>n gabedulad <strong>da</strong>dga fexi sazvaveadgilze. is ga<strong>da</strong>rGa <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>vlaTis ZaliT,magram samSvidobos Gasulma <strong>es</strong> saswaulebrivixsna sakuTar Tavs miawera <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amadlamTavarangelozs: `mTavarangelozo, Gemma <strong>da</strong>vlaTmagiSvela, Toro droSac <strong>da</strong>gekargebo<strong>da</strong>,Tasnic <strong>da</strong> Pevisberic mogikvdebo<strong>da</strong>o~ (65, 228).aseTi suliskveTeba un<strong>da</strong> amoiZirkvos <strong>saymo</strong><strong>da</strong>nmis matarebel pirovnebasTan erTad, miTumet<strong>es</strong>, Tu is xevisberia <strong>da</strong> ara rigiTi oqrosRili, kultis msaxuri, romelic warmarTavs <strong>saymo</strong>sreligiur Segnebas <strong>da</strong> cxovrebas. andreziserTi variantiT, xevisbers mis ZmebTan erTad,romelTa <strong>da</strong>Rupva (`<strong>da</strong>leva~) <strong>da</strong>upirebia maTjvars, cabaurTis mTavarangelozs laSaris<strong>jvari</strong>, rogorc fSavis RvTisSvilTa Tavi, gamosarGlebia<strong>da</strong> erTi koWli mWedeli miucia maTgamosasyi<strong>da</strong>d. ase moaSora isini im jvars <strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s,sa<strong>da</strong>c gabu<strong>da</strong>ydnen. sxva tradiciiT, <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong>cclxiv
ufro <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia, cabaurTis <strong>jvari</strong> RupavsTavis gadidgulebul msaxurs.<strong>da</strong>vlaTixoxor<strong>da</strong>ulis ambavi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs vaJafSavelassityvebs:`^ fSavels zogi kaci zog xatze iRblianihgonia~ (33, 12). <strong>es</strong> azri, romelic albaT raRacrealur gamocdilebas emyareba, aqa-iq bJutavs<strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebaSi. zog pirovnebas Tavis saxelovanmomavals sakuTari <strong>da</strong>vlaTis cocxaliganc<strong>da</strong> awinaswarmetyvelebs. andrezad SemorGenilialaSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s xevisberis, garaTurmanaulis Gveneba, romelic mas siymawvileSiaraerTxel unaxavs: nisla xari erkineba wiTelxars <strong>da</strong> am SerkinebaSi yovelTvis wiTeli xarigamodis gamarjvebuli. nislaSi laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s<strong>da</strong>vlaTia gansaxierebuli, xolo wiTeli garasganc<strong>da</strong>Si misi <strong>da</strong>vlaTis gansaxierebaa (19, #121).rogor xdeba, rom laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>vlaTs misymis <strong>da</strong>vlaTi sZalavs? laSaris <strong>jvari</strong> xom`zogi~ <strong>jvari</strong> ar aris? Tumca arc gara Turmanauliaubralo yma, magram is mainc ymaa. <strong>da</strong>mainc misi momavali am Gvenebam Tu ganc<strong>da</strong>m ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita.aqe<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba misi gabu<strong>da</strong>yeba, romliTacaRbeWdilia misi cxovrebis yoveli ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetiwuTi. am wuTebSi gabedvis gareSe, roca is endobo<strong>da</strong>Tavis <strong>da</strong>vlaTs, gara ver miaRwev<strong>da</strong> misaRwevs,rom ar ganeca<strong>da</strong> Tavis TavSi wiTelicclxv
xaris Zala, romelic mis ymawvilur ocnebaSiTavis <strong>da</strong>vlaTad <strong>es</strong>axebo<strong>da</strong>. magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amgabu<strong>da</strong>yebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavis Tavze uzomo warmodgenisa,rasac amarTleb<strong>da</strong> kidec, garas aRsasruliar yofila tragikuli; man Rrma <strong>da</strong> brZnul siberemdemiaRwia _ laSaris <strong>jvari</strong> Tavis nebasacxadeb<strong>da</strong> misi piriT. laSaris jvars ar <strong>da</strong>usjiaTavisi yma jvarTan gatolebaze ocnebisaTvis.<strong>es</strong> gamonaklisi SemTxvevaa gabu<strong>da</strong>yebulTaist<strong>ori</strong>aSi. amis mizezs mivxvdebiT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebTgaras warmomavlobas <strong>da</strong> im imedebs,rasac sabediswero gansacdelSi mis Sobaze amyareb<strong>da</strong><strong>saymo</strong>.gara TurmanaulTa gvars ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, xoloTurmanaulni Seadgenen gogolaurTa <strong>saymo</strong>s erTerTgvars. TurmanaulTa sagvareulos saxelovani,SeiZleba iTqvas, <strong>da</strong>vlaTiani warsuli aqvs.misma eponimma _ Turmanma, romelic, andrezisTanaxmad, batonis usamarTlobas gamoqceviabari<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>aarsa roSka-qmostis <strong>saymo</strong> xevisbereTSi<strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>c `aRmouGina~ mas. is, rogorcmonadire, jvarGenis mxilveli Seiqna WiuxebSi <strong>da</strong><strong>jvari</strong>, mtredis aRiT gamocxadebuli, mohgvara<strong>saymo</strong>s (38, #25434). <strong>es</strong> iyo misi <strong>da</strong>vlaTi, romelicga<strong>da</strong>dis mis STamomavlebSi, rogorc sakuTreba,<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> xdeba am gvaris gabu<strong>da</strong>yebis safuZveli.rogorc gara aris gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuli TurmanaulTsagvareulo<strong>da</strong>n, aseve TurmanaulTa sagvareuloagabu<strong>da</strong>yebuli gogolaurTa <strong>saymo</strong>Si, romeliccclxvi
Tavis mxriv, gabu<strong>da</strong>yebulia mTels fSavis xevSi,laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s Tormet <strong>saymo</strong>Si. Gven ki viciT,rom <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong> ar `xdeniloben~ gabu<strong>da</strong>yebas,amitomac jvarma samgzis miiyvana calkeTurmanaulni, calke gogolaurni `<strong>da</strong>levamde~(mizezad andrezi wmidobis <strong>da</strong>ucvelobas asaxelebs).<strong>saymo</strong> `ileo<strong>da</strong>~, magram raRac saswauliTkvlav aRorZindebo<strong>da</strong>. andrezi mogviTxrobs, romTurmanaulni jvarma erT kacze <strong>da</strong>iyvana, oTxmociwlis berikacze, romelsac sxva gvariswarmomadgenlebma maT<strong>da</strong>mi gaweuli sikeTissazRaurad TavianTi qali SerT<strong>es</strong>. Turmanaulebim<strong>es</strong>amed aRorZindnen, kvlav gamravldnen <strong>da</strong> imberikacisgan m<strong>es</strong>ame TaobaSi iSva gara (65, 300),aSkarad gamoxatuli gabu<strong>da</strong>yebis niSnebiT.sxva gadmocemis Tanaxmad, raRac <strong>da</strong>naSaulisaTvisfSavis TerTmetma Temma gogolaurebsGaqolva ga<strong>da</strong>uwyvita; moaquG<strong>es</strong> kidec saqolaviqva, rom dReoba dR<strong>es</strong> yvelani erTad GaeqolaT.am saqmeSi mTeli pasuxismgebloba garas ekisrebo<strong>da</strong>,rogorc gansakuTrebuli metobis gamomGenssagogolauroSi. (`metobas akeTebs, Tavs wavi<strong>da</strong>~_ ase xasiaTdeba mTxroblis sityvebiT misiqceva). pirveli <strong>da</strong>rtyma mas un<strong>da</strong> mieRo, magramgaram Tavis gvarisa <strong>da</strong> gogolaurTis sxva ymeb-Tan erTad gastexa maisti, qistebis gautexelicixe, rac qajaveTis gatexas edrebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> gamorekaiqi<strong>da</strong>n uTvalavi cxvar-Zroxa laSaris<strong>jvari</strong>saken, rom w<strong>es</strong>isamebr <strong>jvari</strong>saTvis SeewiraTcclxvii
naTavari <strong>da</strong> mere gaenawilebinaT na<strong>da</strong>vli. garas<strong>da</strong> Turmanaulebs <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, gogolaurebs, <strong>es</strong>qmedeba <strong>da</strong>vlaTSi GaeTvalaT <strong>da</strong> xevisberebmaapati<strong>es</strong> garas <strong>da</strong> mere gogolaurebs <strong>da</strong>naSauli:`raki maisti gatexao, _ uTqvams maTuris xevisbers,_ gogolaurs me ki virigebo, <strong>da</strong>narGen TemebmaTavad iciano~ <strong>da</strong> gaty<strong>da</strong>. vercaRa sxva Temebmaqn<strong>es</strong>~ (38, #25451).S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavia, rom maistis gatexa provocirebuliiyo laSaris Tavxevisberis mier mis<strong>da</strong>uneburad, romelsac garasTvis, jer kidev pirtitvelayrmisTvis uTqvams _ `aqao, ra didiguliTa xaro, ra maistis cxvar-Zroxa mamitaneo~(iqve). am sityvebma aanTo garas suli, gaaxela`wiTeli xari~ <strong>da</strong>, rogorc Tqmuleba gadmogvcems,TxuTmeti wlis Wabukma xeli <strong>da</strong>avlolaSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s droSas, aragvisaken <strong>da</strong>eSva,samgzis ibana aragvSi <strong>da</strong> droSac gabana. merejvarSi avi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xalxs gamoucxa<strong>da</strong>: qisteTsmivdivar, maisti un<strong>da</strong> gavtexoo (38, #25457). <strong>es</strong>sruliad <strong>da</strong>uSvebeli saqcieli iyo _ xevisberisfunqciis uzurpacia, droSis xelyofa (kvlav gavixsenoTalu<strong>da</strong> qeTelauris analogiuriqmedeba). magram gara ar isjeba; man Tavisi <strong>da</strong>vlaTiTgaamarTla, rac gabe<strong>da</strong>: droSiT xelSi,rogorc xevisberma <strong>da</strong> meomarma, gatexa maisti.Tumca gara gamonaklisia, misi gabedva ar arisandrezad <strong>da</strong>debuli; mis saqciels veravingaimeorebs <strong>da</strong>usjelad. garas saqcielis an-cclxviii
drezad amRebs igive Gveneba un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>, racgaras; exila jvarTan morkinali sakuTari <strong>da</strong>vlaTi,an raRac sxva niSani gamocxadebo<strong>da</strong>, racgaabedvineb<strong>da</strong>.tradiciul sazogadoebaSi winapris saqcielimagaliTia, romlis mixedviT un<strong>da</strong> iqceod<strong>es</strong> STamomavloba.ras vityviT gara Turmanaulze? gara,cxadia, andrezis gmiria, magram is srulebiT araris andrezuli, masSi aris raRac gansakuTrebuli,ganumeorebeli, rac gamoar-Gevs mas im winaprisagan, romelTaqcevani safuZvlad udevs STamomavalTaqcevebs. garas SaTamomavalixevisberi ver <strong>da</strong>iwyebs Tavissakulto moRvaweobas imgvaradve,rogorc <strong>da</strong>iwyo garam _ TviTneburad ver <strong>da</strong>avlebsxels <strong>jvari</strong>s uwmid<strong>es</strong> sagans, <strong>da</strong> ver gamoacxadebsTavs sakuTari nebiT xevisbrad. aseTisaqcielis gambe<strong>da</strong>vs un<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong>mod<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>vlaTis xma,rogorc xma <strong>jvari</strong>sa, <strong>da</strong> albaT maSin SeiZlebaxevisbrad <strong>da</strong>dgomis tradiciuli w<strong>es</strong>isgan ga<strong>da</strong>xveva.ase xdeba maSin, roca dgeba amis gar<strong>da</strong>uvaliaucilebloba, roca sxva gza ar Gans; rocaar Gans kaci, romelic gabe<strong>da</strong>vs gautexavi cixisgatexas, rom <strong>saymo</strong>s ocneba aRasrulos. amis sakuTarinebiT, <strong>saymo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>sturis gareSeaRmsrulebeli xarizmatuli (<strong>da</strong>vlaTiani) pirovnebaun<strong>da</strong> iyos; masze un<strong>da</strong> gadmovid<strong>es</strong> xarizma _madli, rac sruliad norG asakSi aucilebeli,cclxix
tradiciulad mimdinare ritualTa gverdis avliTSeaZlebnebs xevisbrobas <strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s winamZRolobas.<strong>da</strong>vlaTiani gara upirispirdebatradicias, magram is, S<strong>es</strong>aZloa, axal tradiciasuyrid<strong>es</strong> safuZvels.garas upirat<strong>es</strong>oba is aris, rom gara <strong>saymo</strong>sgenezisSi ibadeba, <strong>da</strong>levamde miyvanili <strong>saymo</strong>sxelaxal genezisSi. iq aris misi f<strong>es</strong>vi. is bebrisSvilia, rogorc zamTris <strong>da</strong>leuli mzis Svili,romelic Tavis droze <strong>da</strong>uval mzed iqceva. aRmavaliZala Gans mis pirovnebaSi, mis rwmenaSi<strong>da</strong> imedSi <strong>da</strong>vlaTisadmi. magram garaSi ar arispirovnuli individualizmi, rasac ebrZvis <strong>jvari</strong><strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>. gara iqceva ise, rogorc sWirdeba <strong>saymo</strong>sTavis arsebobis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet Jams, sikvdilsicocxliszRurblze. garas individualizmSiganaxlebuli <strong>da</strong> aRorZinebuli <strong>saymo</strong>s individualizmia,riTac is ucxo sazogadoebebsupirispirdeba. aseT dros <strong>saymo</strong>s sulieriZalebi, rwmena, imedi, <strong>da</strong>vlaTian pirovnebaSia<strong>da</strong>unjebuli. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom gara afuZnebsTavis pirovnul andrezs, romelsac SeiZlebaerTeulebi mihyvnen <strong>saymo</strong>s ist<strong>ori</strong>is ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetgansacdelebSi. magram misi saqcieli ver <strong>da</strong>mkvidrdebasayovelTao w<strong>es</strong>ad.niSandoblivia, rom garas <strong>da</strong>vlaTi misisikvdilis Semdegac etoqeba laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s<strong>da</strong>vlaTs. aseTi Tqmulebaa <strong>da</strong>rGenili: gara rommomkv<strong>da</strong>ra, misianebs veRar gaumarjvniaT erTxans.cclxx
mere laSaris jvars meenis piriT gamoucxadebia:gara amoeTxaraT, marjvena beWi aeTalaT <strong>da</strong> la-Saris droSisaTvis SeebaT. asec moqceulan _SeubamT droSaze <strong>da</strong> kidec gaumarjvniaT (38,#25458).pirovnebani, romlebic mkveTrad gamoxatuli<strong>da</strong>vlaTiT arian aRZrulni, mwvervalebiviT Ganan<strong>saymo</strong>Si. isini <strong>da</strong>vlaTis meoxebiT arian atyorcnilnioqros Rilis Gveulebrivi, yofiTidoni<strong>da</strong>n. mwvervalze yofna gansacdelia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vlaTisparadoqsi is aris, rom <strong>da</strong>vlaTi kacisacxaddeba mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod ukidur<strong>es</strong> gansacdelSi,sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze, rocakacis arseboba bewvze hkidia. ai, am dros iGensTavs <strong>da</strong>vlaTi, rogorc saswauli. rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>ecxadeba mkadr<strong>es</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet viTarebaSi, asevegamouqrolebs <strong>da</strong>vlaTi kacs c<strong>da</strong>Si, gansacdelSi<strong>da</strong> maSin mixvdeba kaci, rom is <strong>da</strong>vlaTiani yofila.Gveulebriv, wynar `amindSi~ <strong>da</strong>vlaTi arGans, mas TiTqos safarveli aqvs <strong>da</strong>debuli.fSav-xevsuruli <strong>da</strong>vlaTi imave tipis movlenaa,rogorc aris islandiuri hamingja, romelicxSirad ixsenieba islandiur sagebSi, rocakonungis gabedul nabijzea saubari. ai, rogorganmartavs am cnebas a.gureviGi:`mefeTa sagebSi iRbali (óäà÷à), bedi _ arisTviseba, romelic, pirvel yovlisa konungs, beladsmiewereba. sazogadod, rac ufro warGinebuli<strong>da</strong> keTilSobilia kaci, miT ufro meticclxxi
iRblis mqonea is, miT ufro advilad ixveWs gamarjvebas<strong>da</strong> simdidr<strong>es</strong>^ yoveli konungi flobsTavis sakuTar `iRbals~, `nawils~ (äîëÿ), amavedros is yvela Tavisi winapris iRblis memkvidrea^~(120, 55).`iRbali vlindeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis moqmedebebSi,amitom aqtiuri, uyoymano moqmedeba misisaqcielis imperativia. yoymani <strong>da</strong> zedmeti gansjaSefasebulia, rogorc iRblis uqonlobis niSani.amas gar<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> arsebiTia, iRblis kateg<strong>ori</strong>isgagebisaTvis skandinavelebTan, iRbali ar warmoadgensindividis iseT ganuSorebel <strong>da</strong> maradTanmxleb Tvisebas, rom is ar saWiroebd<strong>es</strong>ganmtkicebas <strong>da</strong> sistematur gamoc<strong>da</strong>s moqmedebaSi.iRblis xarisxze, mis xasiaTzea <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevis sasikeTo bolo, magrammxolod moraluri <strong>da</strong> fizikuri Zalebis mudmivi<strong>da</strong>ZabviT SeuZlia mas miaRwios Tavisi iRbliscxadyofas^~ (120, 52-3).aq Tqmuli savsebiT gamoxatavs <strong>da</strong>vlaTis cnebas;amave dros, <strong>da</strong>vlaTis cneba aris is sasinjiqva, romelic amxels Zireul gansxvavebas Zvelskandinaviur sazogadebasa <strong>da</strong> Gvens <strong>saymo</strong>ebs S<strong>ori</strong>s.skandinavuri <strong>da</strong>vlaTi mxolod konungTa <strong>da</strong>warGinebulTa Tvisebaa, ubralo mokv<strong>da</strong>vs, rigiTmebrZols is ar SeiZleba hqond<strong>es</strong>. TavisgenezisSi konungoba swored <strong>da</strong>vlaTzea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.mas moaqvs a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis warGineba<strong>da</strong> mefoba, xalxis winamZRoloba.cclxxii
Gven <strong>saymo</strong>Si, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c jvarma moymenioqros Rilad SobiT gaaTanaswora erTmaneTTan,yoveli maTgani potenciurad atarebs <strong>da</strong>vla-Tianobis S<strong>es</strong>aZleblobas. yvela SeiZleba iyos<strong>da</strong>vlaTiani _ rigiTi ymac <strong>da</strong> mefe ereklec,RvTisSvilis moZme, Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTxel TavissicocxleSi gamoavlens rigiTi moyme <strong>da</strong>vlaTs<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> yofnis mas saxelisTvis: `WabukaT Ga-Gaurasa <strong>da</strong>vlaT <strong>da</strong>aj<strong>da</strong> mParze<strong>da</strong>^~ mefis <strong>da</strong>vlaTimarTlac grandiozulia Tavisi masStabiTa<strong>da</strong> ZaliT, magram mainc <strong>da</strong>vlaTia _ zea<strong>da</strong>mianurisSemoWra mokv<strong>da</strong>vis <strong>da</strong>sazRvrul sicocxleSi<strong>da</strong> S<strong>es</strong>aZleblobebSi, roca RvTiuri gaarRvevsa<strong>da</strong>mianuri SezRudulobis farglebs. `ereklebatoniSvili RvTisgan as <strong>da</strong>vlaTiani~, ambobssimRera. WabukaT GaGauras an vinme uTurgaTgiorgis <strong>da</strong>vlaTi (`ardots uTurgis giorgi,giqris <strong>da</strong>vlaTis qario~, 88,#100), Tumca viwrodSemosazRvrul asparezze, sadRac miyruebulxevSi vlindeba, magram Tavisi arsiT is srulia<strong>da</strong>car gansxvavdeba mefuri <strong>da</strong>vlaTisagan.<strong>da</strong>vlaTma SeiZleba yvelas gamouqrolos,oRond mxolod maSin, roca moyme moqmedebs,xolo misi moqmedeba brZolaa anu c<strong>da</strong>. <strong>es</strong> arismisi mniSvnelovani saqmianoba, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tavs iGensmisi egzistencia. moymis <strong>da</strong>vlaTi Tavs ver iGensmSvidobiani Sromis dros, gansxvavebiT bibliuriiosebisa, romelsac Tavis egvipteli batonissaxlSi `yvelaferSi xeli hqon<strong>da</strong> momarTuli~cclxxiii
(<strong>da</strong>b. 39, 2). S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavia, rom <strong>saymo</strong>s enaze brZolasewodeba c<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c moyme cdis Tavs, sa<strong>da</strong>cun<strong>da</strong> ganicados <strong>da</strong>vlaTis qrolva, romlismolodini arasod<strong>es</strong> stovebs mas. am molodiniTelis is Jams, rodis Gaebmeba c<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> swuxsmTeli arsebiT, roca ar eZleva cdis saSualeba:bralia mindiaisad, xan ro ar eqna cdisao(88, #103).is sizmrad xe<strong>da</strong>vs c<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> mouTmenlad elisgaTenebas, rom ar gauSvas xeli<strong>da</strong>n c<strong>da</strong>, romelicmisi <strong>da</strong>vlaTis saunjea:kldis ZirSi <strong>da</strong>Zinebulsa sizmar unaxavscdisao,meelis gaTenebasa, masvla uxaris mzisao(88, #193).magram moymem isic icis, rom c<strong>da</strong>Si mxolodTavganwirvisas modis <strong>da</strong>vlaTi, romelsacsikvdilis sunTqva moaqvs Tan; is Tavs iGens iseTgansacdelSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c moyme sikvdil-sicocxliszRvarzea, magram ga<strong>da</strong>rGenaze ar un<strong>da</strong> fiqrobd<strong>es</strong>,radgan `Wkvians~ gaurbis <strong>da</strong>vlaTi; misif<strong>es</strong>vi iracionalurSia. is zena samyaro<strong>da</strong>n arismofrenili <strong>da</strong>, rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>s mtredi, mxarzeajdeba moym<strong>es</strong>, rom Tavisi uxilavi frTis SexebiTerTi wamiT mainc aswios wuTisofli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>maradiulobas aziaros.vaJa-fSavelas leqsSi `martooba~, romlis<strong>da</strong>sawyisi sityvebia `aRar m<strong>es</strong>tumra arwivi~,gvecnaureba xalxuri warmodgena <strong>da</strong>vlaTis bune-cclxxiv
aze, Tumca xalxur poeziaSi versad <strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>sturebT,rom <strong>da</strong>vlaTi frTosani arwivi iyos.albaT <strong>es</strong> vaJas piradi warmosaxvis nayofia.amasTanave isic S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavia, rom <strong>da</strong>vlaTibrZolis veli<strong>da</strong>n mis leqsSi STagonebisa <strong>da</strong> Semoqmedebis(am sityvis farTo azriT) asparezzeaga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebuli. poeti eZaxis arwivs, rogorcmkadr<strong>es</strong> SeeZlo miemarTa <strong>jvari</strong>s macnisaTvis:modi, arwivo, sa<strong>da</strong> xar?S<strong>ori</strong>Tve gicnob xmaze<strong>da</strong>.Sens mosvlas roca ki vigrZnob,gamovicvlebi wamze<strong>da</strong>;myis vtoveb de<strong>da</strong>miwasa,ga<strong>da</strong>vsaxldebi caze<strong>da</strong>.xan fandurs SavaJRaruneb,xan <strong>da</strong>vamRereb Tarze<strong>da</strong>.xan vtiri, xana vloculob,xan brazs, Sxams vanTxev Sxamze<strong>da</strong>.roca arwivi Tan maxlavs,mizis marjvena mxarze<strong>da</strong>, _mefisa madga gvirgvini,vzivar samefo taxtze<strong>da</strong>!Seuracxyofas vin mkadrebs?salams miZRvnian c<strong>da</strong>ze<strong>da</strong>.roca arwivi wamiva,Gvari var mcire Gvarze<strong>da</strong>.<strong>da</strong>mmaleT, nu gamomaGenT,ar S<strong>es</strong>cdeT, <strong>da</strong>msvaT jarze<strong>da</strong>.cclxxv
poeti sakuTar c<strong>da</strong>Si ganicdis <strong>da</strong>vlaTis mimoqcevas;am mimoqcevaSi, romelic e<strong>da</strong>reba zRvisritms, gadis misi cxovreba. zogjer <strong>es</strong> Sinaganic<strong>da</strong> sivrcul-droJamul gamoxatulebas poulobsmTa-barisa <strong>da</strong> gazafxul-zamTris monacvleobaSi(42). mTa <strong>da</strong> gazafxuli gancdilia, rogorc sulieriaRzevebis <strong>da</strong> STagonebis dro <strong>da</strong> adgili;am dros <strong>da</strong> aq <strong>da</strong>vlaTis frinveli arwivi aRwevsTavis mwvervals. xolo bari <strong>da</strong> zamTari <strong>da</strong>cemaa,miwier tyveobaSi yofna, roca arwivi uGinardeba;S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, samu<strong>da</strong>mod gauGinard<strong>es</strong>.<strong>da</strong>vlaTi tragikuli fenomenia.<strong>da</strong>vlaTis gauGinarebis, misgan ganwirulobismudmiv safrTxeSi gadis <strong>da</strong>vlaTianis cxovreba,romelic mTavrdeba tragikulad, radgan <strong>da</strong>vlaTmaar SeiZleba ar gaswiros, an ar <strong>da</strong>ayenosgabu<strong>da</strong>yebis gzaze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rupos. an is ver aitans<strong>da</strong>vlaTis ganc<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> gabediTebamde midis, radgana<strong>da</strong>mianis buneba SezRudulia <strong>da</strong> ver uZlebs<strong>da</strong>vlaTis usasrulobas, Tumca misi moqmedebisdro wamisyofaSia moqceuli.ai, TorRva, romlis <strong>da</strong>vlaTianobis amomwurav<strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas iZleva masze Seqmnili xalxurileqsebi <strong>da</strong> prozauli gadmocemebi.oblobiT amaizar<strong>da</strong> TorRva Zaganis gvario,ama<strong>es</strong> amaiyola navTi <strong>da</strong> nakvercxalio.iorSi amaiGqvifa, S<strong>ori</strong>T vin uga Tvalio.didebuloba <strong>da</strong>uTqv<strong>es</strong>, beWebs unax<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>o.cclxxvi
marjvniv mze werebuliyva, marcxniske mTvarisnalio^oblobaSi imaleba misi gansakuTrebuloba,misi <strong>da</strong>vlaTi. <strong>es</strong> Zveli xalxuri warmodgenaa _oblebad <strong>da</strong>izardnen amirani <strong>da</strong> Zmani misni,oboli iyo farnavazi, romelic Semdeg didebasewia Tavisi <strong>da</strong>vlaTiT, obolia zRapris bevrigmiri, romelic sabolood xelmwifebas aRwevs.magram TorRvas obloba faravs mis warmoSobasbagrationisagan (gadmocemiT, is aleqsandr<strong>es</strong> TuromeliRac batoniSvilis nabiWvari yofila);amaTgan gamohyolia mas, rogorc zemoT moyvanilnawyvetSi Gans, sagvareulo didebulebis niSnebi,romelTa S<strong>es</strong>axeb qristofore kasteli laparakobsTavisi naxatebis minawerebSi (41, #3, #9). <strong>es</strong>aris saidumlo <strong>da</strong>Ri, romelic mSobeli dedisgar<strong>da</strong> aravis ar un<strong>da</strong> exila; magram viRacamTvali mohkra (`vin uga Tvalio~), roca nabanavebiTorRva ivris wyli<strong>da</strong>n de<strong>da</strong>Sobila amodio<strong>da</strong>.Tu adre `xTisagan <strong>da</strong>vlaTian~ TorRvas tyvia arekarebo<strong>da</strong>, am saidumlo niSnebis gamoaSkaravebisSemdeg Svid weliwads naava<strong>da</strong>ri kacis mier nasroliisris msxverpli xdeba.meore versiiT, TorRvas ifarav<strong>da</strong> arasaidumlo niSnebi, aramed gveleSapisgan naGuqarijaWvis perangi, romelic albaT misma <strong>da</strong>vlaTmaGaagdebina xelSi:sanadiroSi TorRvama TeTr jiPvs maxki<strong>da</strong>Tavlio,cclxxvii
fePi gausxlta TorRvasa, myinvarm gauRokario,veSap myinvarSi namyofi gaux<strong>da</strong> megobario,TorRvasa Gasacmela<strong>da</strong> aGuqa samanqanio(88, #44-d).TeTr jixvs * , rogorc irems farnavazi, mihyavsTorRva im adgilamde, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>sabamiTve elo<strong>da</strong>mas jaWvis perangis saxiT ginivTebuli misi<strong>da</strong>vlaTi. misi <strong>es</strong> gamocdileba amgvarad arisgadmocemuli prozaul TqmulebaSi: `TorRvasanadirod yofila, erT alagas yinulSi Gavardnila,iq veSapi wolila <strong>da</strong> imas <strong>da</strong>scemia. Turm<strong>es</strong>iciviTa <strong>da</strong> simSiliT kvdebo<strong>da</strong> TorRva. Seeco<strong>da</strong>veSaps, amoiRebs Tvals, alokebs, gaaZRobs <strong>da</strong>gaaTbobs. gauZmobildeba. im veSaps miucia jaWvi,_ begTari, _ tanze Gasacmelad. Turme iseTiTviseba hqon<strong>da</strong> im jaWvs, sa<strong>da</strong>c xmals<strong>da</strong>artyamdnen, an tyvia <strong>da</strong> isari moxvdebo<strong>da</strong>, suliq miixvetebo<strong>da</strong> Turme <strong>da</strong> veRarafers akleb<strong>da</strong>iaraRi^~ (88, 351).didebuloba, <strong>da</strong>vlaTianoba, saswaulebrivijaWvis perangi _ <strong>es</strong> yvelaferi pirad siGauq<strong>es</strong>TanerTad avaleb<strong>da</strong> TorRvas, rom <strong>da</strong>ecva fSavxevsureTis<strong>da</strong> TuSeTis <strong>saymo</strong>ebi, rogorc icavdnenmaT maTi kanonieri patronebi _ bagrationebi,raki is imaT naSierad aRiareb<strong>da</strong> Tavs. poeturifragmentebi<strong>da</strong>n Gans, rom TorRva cdilobs Tav-* amave epizodis amsaxvel sxva leqsSi TeTr jixvs enacvleba TeTri yorani, romelic Tan Gayvebamiwis napralSi gauGinarebul jaWvis perangs (88, #44-v).cclxxviii
isi didebuli warmoSobis ganaRdebas xevsureTissinamdvileSi _ is TiTqos ikrebs Tavis garSemo<strong>saymo</strong>s, is batonobs; is cdilobs terit<strong>ori</strong>is<strong>da</strong>patronebas:vaJkacni eegeTani TorRvasa xyvand<strong>es</strong> ymanio(88, 44-d).gamigonian Pevsurni, TorRvas ro xyvand<strong>es</strong>ymania,TorRva ikvlev<strong>da</strong> adgilsa, batonis nabiWvaria(88, #44-v).TorRva cdilobs <strong>da</strong>iWiros bagrationi batonisadgili mTis <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi <strong>da</strong>, raki bagrationiRvTisSvilTa moZmed aris Seracxili, TorRvacTiTqos `jvarobs~ Tavis TanamemamuleTa S<strong>ori</strong>s,rac SeumGneveli ar <strong>da</strong>rGenila. xalxuri poeziagansakuTrebiT ar aviTarebs am Temas, magramzogierTi detali TorRvas garSemo Seqmnil leqsebSiaSkarad metyvelebs am suliskveTebaze:SamoZugZugebs TorRvai, ro ZuZauri <strong>jvari</strong>o,romelsac, rogorc marTlac jvars * , sauflosaklavs uklaven:meoTxed mosuls <strong>da</strong>gikal TeTri qoraiPario^magram nacvlad imisa, rom <strong>da</strong>vlaTiannawiliani<strong>da</strong> Seuval-jaWvis-perangosani TorRvayofiliyo Tavisi <strong>saymo</strong>s patroni <strong>da</strong> mcavi-* `koSki dgas ielovanSi, TorRvais naburTvalio~ (88, #44-b) _ rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, TorRvasacgauGn<strong>da</strong> `koSki~, rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivi, sa<strong>da</strong>c `burTaobs~ <strong>jvari</strong>; gavixsenoT jvarTa gavrcelebisepiTeti `moburTvali~.cclxxix
mfaravi, rogorc bagrationT naSieri <strong>da</strong>RvTisSvilTa moZme, is xdeba maTi mtarvali <strong>da</strong>moZalade; is vardeba gabu<strong>da</strong>yebaSi, risganac misisaxelis sadidebel leqsSic ki afrTxileben:Sagaqi, nu gazdiddebi, mama meca myav Pmliani,samT Saxkravs SenisTanaTa jaWvianT perangiani(88, #43-g).`maTqvami~ qali am ukanaskneli sityvebiTgaaxsenebs TorRvas, rom <strong>da</strong>vlaTi ar aris misipirovnuli Tviseba, rom mis gareSe is ubralomokv<strong>da</strong>vad iqceva <strong>da</strong> misi momrevic moiZebneba<strong>saymo</strong>Si.roca TorRvas gabu<strong>da</strong>yeba mwvervals aRwevs,is iTxovs <strong>da</strong>matebiT begars, TiTqos umniSvneloserTi SexedviT:mSavleb, umateT begarsa TiTo tarigicxvario,TiTo nacrian tomara, mTaze <strong>da</strong>vyaramSralio.sakar-ymod SamikrifodiT laRis arwivismPario(88, #44).TiTqos ra aris erTi tarigi, tomara nacari<strong>da</strong> arwivis frTa, magram <strong>es</strong> gax<strong>da</strong> ukanaskneliwveTi moTminebis TasSi, _ swored am dros iwyebamisi <strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong> is, <strong>da</strong>vlaTwarTmeuli, xdebamsxverpli iseTi kacisa, romlis xeliT srulebiTar moelo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rupvas. S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, imcclxxx
kacis mxarze ga<strong>da</strong>inacvla <strong>da</strong>vlaTma, rom gabe<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> TorRvasTana kacs <strong>da</strong>umizna isari. mkvleliase mimarTavs mokluls:TorRvav, nu <strong>da</strong>memdurebi, Zalisa moge Zalio.Svid wels var naava<strong>da</strong>ri, samsa ki _nacivario.muPliT movziden boZalsa, _ PelSi ara maqvjanio^(88, #44-T).naava<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> aqamde usaxelo GonTa, ase erqvaTorRvas mkvlels, marTlac ver SeZleb<strong>da</strong> amsaqm<strong>es</strong>, rom misi msxverpli maT Sexvedramde aryofiliyo ganwiruli <strong>da</strong>vlaTisagan. <strong>da</strong>vlaTmagawira gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuli * iseve, rogorc aRTqmisgamtexeli gvelismWameli mindia, romelsacwaerTva zebunebrivi sibrZne, rac sabolood misitragikuli <strong>da</strong>Rupvis mizezi Seiqna.ucxo Tvali, romelic yovelTvis mtrulia,SeniSnavs TorRvas beWebze aRbeWdili jvris,mzisa <strong>da</strong> mTvaris gamosaxulebebs _ misinawilianobis piktografiul niSnebs, romelTaarseboba mis tanze saidumlod un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>r-Geniliyo sikvdilamde. <strong>es</strong> niSnebi, rogorc Tilisma,icav<strong>da</strong> mas gansacdelSi, vidre dRis sinaTlear ixil<strong>es</strong> maT. TorRva hkargavs veSapisnaGuqar `samanqanur~ jaWvis perangsac, romelSic* gabu<strong>da</strong>yebas erTvis Ralatic: `Zmobilis moRalat<strong>es</strong>a RmerTm giyvas samarTalio~ (88, #44-T).oRond gaurkvevelia, vin aris <strong>es</strong> Zmobili. jaWvis perangis mGuqebeli veSapic mis Zmobiladixseneba (Ralatis epizodi ucnobia).cclxxxi
msgavsad vaxtang gorgaslis vigris tyavisa, arcisari <strong>da</strong> arc tyvia ar atan<strong>da</strong>. S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavia, rom<strong>es</strong> <strong>ori</strong>ve sabediswero <strong>da</strong>nakargi banaobis drosSeemTxva TorRvas: erTxel iorSi `amoGqvebisas~,roca `Tvali ug<strong>es</strong>~ mis SiSvel tans; meored,roca arWilos wyalSi sabanaod GasulmauyuradRebod miatova jaWvi. ai, rogor gamoiTqvaleqsad <strong>es</strong> epizodi:Gamodidnen an<strong>da</strong>ksa monadireni rvania.TorRvaic amand Gamaxyva, ro yvirilobis Paria.beGavad rasam maRbijavs, emGnevis natiralia._ `jaWvi ra uyav, TorRvao, Zmobilis naGuqaria?~_ `sanadiroGi ga<strong>da</strong>vel, nadirT movavleTvalia;Gavedi arWiloSia, movPele Tbili wyalia.me Gaved sabanao<strong>da</strong>, jaWvs gavanebe Tavia.maSin <strong>da</strong>vkarge tiali, veRar movxkide Tvalia.egre gacur<strong>da</strong> e jaWvi, rogorc mdinare wyalia.gamauyene mdevari, ver mauPel<strong>es</strong> kvalia.wamoved, raRas viqmodi? imad var natiralia~(88, #44-z).banaoba Zveli miTologiuri motivia; mobanaveTorRva, romelic kargavs SobiTgan boZebuls TugansacdelSi mopovebuls, Zveli miTosebis personaJebsenaT<strong>es</strong>aveba, mag., gilgameSs, romelicbanaobis dros kargavs uyuradRebod migdebulcclxxxii
siWabukis balaxs, didi wvalebiT rom amoitanaokeanis fskeri<strong>da</strong>n. aseve evfrati<strong>da</strong>n SiSvla<strong>da</strong>mosul gmirebs _ gilgameSsa <strong>da</strong> enqidus _<strong>da</strong>adga Tvali qalRmerTma iSTarma, rac erTerTimaTganisTvis sabediswero Seiqna (ix. kariVI). qaosis frinvelma, anzudma, banaobis drosmohpara samyaros ufals, enlils, bedisweris<strong>da</strong>febi (46, 90).wodebulni <strong>da</strong> rGeulniSarmanaulo, Savardenoo,mTibelni gixarianRaeo?mTibel-mamklisa sanayro<strong>da</strong>odumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo?bevrais jiPvis gamgor<strong>es</strong>ao,Tofsa Pirimsa zi<strong>da</strong>vRaeo?mtrisa bevrais gamjavr<strong>es</strong>ao,welze frangulsa ibamRaeo?stumris bevrisa masaxursao,tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo?bevrais mtrisa gamrig<strong>es</strong>ao,enasa bWeSi zi<strong>da</strong>vRaeo?(79, #149).am xevsuruli xmiT natiralSi paradigmula<strong>da</strong>ris aRnusxuli yoveli saqmianoba, romelTaaRsrulebaSi gadis TiToeuli ymis wuTisofeli.motirali saTiTaod GamoTvlis maT <strong>da</strong>Rupuliscxe<strong>da</strong>rTan Sekrebili xalxis gasagonad <strong>da</strong> sagulisxmoa,rom yovelive amas <strong>saymo</strong>, TiToeulicclxxxiii
moyme, diacis piriT ismens. romc ar ganmeord<strong>es</strong>naTqvami, am sityvebs Rrmad ibeW<strong>da</strong>vs maTi maxsovroba.SromaSi, nadirobaSi, brZolaSi, maspin-ZlobaSi, <strong>saymo</strong>s TanxmobisaTvis zrunvaSi gadiscxovreba Sarmanaulisa. natirali TavisilakoniurobiT <strong>da</strong> amomwuravobiT arqetipulmniSvnelobas iZens rigiTi ymis amsofliuriyofierebisaTvis, Tumca is, rogorc natirali,<strong>da</strong>mwuxrebuli gulis uSualo amoZaxilia: <strong>da</strong>itiris Zmaze, <strong>da</strong>badebasa <strong>da</strong> sikvdils S<strong>ori</strong>s moqceulerT sicocxleze, rogorc wuTisoflis<strong>da</strong>sasrulze, romlis tragizms itvirTavs <strong>ori</strong>odeTiTqos<strong>da</strong> umniSvnelo marcvali _ Rae.aq GamoTvlil xuTi rigis saqmianobas un<strong>da</strong>eweod<strong>es</strong> a<strong>da</strong>miani, Tu mas surs (<strong>da</strong> ar SeiZleba<strong>es</strong> ar surd<strong>es</strong>) iyos <strong>saymo</strong>s sruluflebiani wevri_ yma <strong>saymo</strong>Si, moyme moymeTa S<strong>ori</strong>s. <strong>es</strong> niSnavs:<strong>saymo</strong>s warsulSi (ufro <strong>da</strong>sabamSi) Seqmnil yai<strong>da</strong>zeun<strong>da</strong> warmarTos man Tavisi cxovreba. amTvalTaxedviT, <strong>es</strong> natirali mamaTa andrezissaukeT<strong>es</strong>o gadmomcemia, is <strong>saymo</strong>s kodeqsia, sasowarkveTilidiacis piriT Tqmuli; amoZaxebuliusasoo mwuxarebaSi. ai, <strong>es</strong> andrezia STabeWdiliSvilis cnobierebaSi, mas un<strong>da</strong> asrulebd<strong>es</strong> is,Tuki surs, ekuTvnod<strong>es</strong> mamaTa <strong>saymo</strong>s. is un<strong>da</strong>fiqrobd<strong>es</strong>, moqmedebd<strong>es</strong>, ibrZod<strong>es</strong>, maspinZlobd<strong>es</strong>,saklavs klavd<strong>es</strong>, qorwindebod<strong>es</strong>, kvdebod<strong>es</strong>,imarxebod<strong>es</strong>^ imgvaradve, rogorc iqceodnen `masJamsa Sina~ mcxovrebi mis winaprebi anu `wina Ja-cclxxxiv
mis gmirni~, rogorc <strong>saymo</strong>Si uwodeben maT. racmox<strong>da</strong> erTxel <strong>da</strong> xdebo<strong>da</strong> winaT, xdeba axlac<strong>da</strong> momavalSic un<strong>da</strong> moxd<strong>es</strong>, is aris namdvili;is un<strong>da</strong> xorciedebod<strong>es</strong> ganuwyvetliv, rogorcmouwodebs simReris striqoni:ar xkargavT, berdiSvilebo, naqnarsa mampapisasa!(78, #61).naqnari ymis moRvaweobis yvela sferosgulisxmobs, magram yvelaze mkveTrad is brZolaSigamoixateba. <strong>es</strong> `naqnari~, upirvel<strong>es</strong> yovlisa,aris c<strong>da</strong>, romelic mama-papas aqvsgancdili <strong>da</strong> rac misma STamomavalmac un<strong>da</strong>ganicados.baraqal, PevsurT Svilebo, winaTac egre qniano!Pmalni nacadni winani, franguleb ufro Wriano(78, #440).is, rac ar aris nacadi, rasac c<strong>da</strong>Si ar gamouvlia,<strong>saymo</strong>sTvis moklebulia mniSvnelobasan arc ki arsebobs. xmali aq maRldeba Tavispragmatul <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaze; is aris ara mxolodbrZolis iaraRi, aramed ganuwyveteli tradiciis,modenilobis materialuri gamomxatveli, rogorcmamaTa cdis matarebeli. is anivTebs <strong>saymo</strong>stradiciulobas. xmali iseTive niSania <strong>saymo</strong>ssaero aspeqtisa (Tumca brZolac saRvTo xasiaTsiRebs xSirad), rogorc droSa <strong>da</strong> Tasi _ sak-cclxxxv
aluri yofisa. rac ufro Zvelia xmali, racufro metis xelSia gamotarebuli, miT ufromWrelia _ `Pmalni nacadni winani, frangulebufro Wriano~; an roca mas l<strong>es</strong>aven, yvela sxvaaxal xmalze ufro mWrelia:winaTa mamaT naqonni <strong>da</strong>l<strong>es</strong>n<strong>es</strong>, ufro Wriano(78, 186).am `<strong>da</strong>l<strong>es</strong>vaSi~ Gans aucilebloba Zvelimodenilobisa, tradiciisa, dro<strong>da</strong>dro ganaxlebisa.xmali, gamoWedili `wina Jams~, mas JamsaSina, momdevno Taobebma un<strong>da</strong> l<strong>es</strong>on <strong>da</strong> l<strong>es</strong>on.<strong>es</strong> aris TaobaTa saqme dro-Jamis denaSi. `winaTamamaT naqoni~ xmali ara mxolod imarjvebs, aramedqmnis ist<strong>ori</strong>as. is aris droTa kavSiris ni-Sani, amave dros is un<strong>da</strong> iyos niSani <strong>saymo</strong>Takonsoli<strong>da</strong>ciisa, rogorc gvicxadebs erTi cnobilisimReris striqonebi:xmalo, xevsureTs naWedo, alvanSi TuSma gagfera,mefe ereklem <strong>da</strong>gloca, saomrad <strong>jvari</strong><strong>da</strong>gwera.<strong>es</strong> xmali aris ist<strong>ori</strong>uli xmali, am sityvisRrma gagebiT.<strong>saymo</strong> gamsWvalulia im suliskveTebiT, rasacm.eliade xe<strong>da</strong>vs tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, rogorcmis arsebiT safuZvels: rom `obieqti anmoqmedeba imdenad aris realuri an namdvili,ramdena<strong>da</strong>c is hbaZavs an imeorebs arqetips^~ romtradiciuli kulturis kaci Seicnobs Taviscclxxxvi
Tavs, rogorc realurs, mxolod imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>cis wyvets TavisTavadobas <strong>da</strong> hbaZavs animeorebs sxvis qcevebs^~ (153, 64). <strong>es</strong> `sxva~ arisara viRac sxva, aramed misi winapari, romelicman un<strong>da</strong> aRiaros Tavis TavSi, Tavis fiqrebSi,Tavis moqmedebaSi, qcevaSi. winapari mas akeTebinebs,rasac is akeTebs <strong>da</strong> rogorc akeTebs.<strong>saymo</strong> savsebiT, Tavis mTlianobaSi, gamoukleblivpatriciulia anu iseTi sazogadoeba, romelmacicis mama (155, 273). yovel SemTxvevaSi, iseZebs mamas: `GvenSi ician kacisai: rkinis sakidliT<strong>da</strong>bmuliao. gind sawyal kac iyvas, maincmaPelavs Tavis Gamamavlobis sityvas^~ (22, 60).romelime Zlier sagvareulos Sekedlebuli,masTan xar-qvabiT Seyrili susti gvari aRiarebsnaT<strong>es</strong>avad ara mxolod Tanamedrove naSierT amgvarisas, aramed mis winaprebsac, Tvlis ra maTpirvel-mamas Tavis winaprad. axali mamis aRiarebagulisxmobs, un<strong>da</strong> gulisxmobd<strong>es</strong>, sagvareuloandrezebis gaTavisebas, maT GabeWdvascnobierebaSi <strong>da</strong>, albaT, qcevaTa gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas amsagvareulos zne-GveulebaTa mixedviT.zemoT motanil xevsurul Tqmas kacze <strong>da</strong> sakidelze,romelic winaprisagan modenilobisuwyvet jaWvs gamoxatavs simbolurad, exmaurebaerTi cnobili gamoTqmis a.gureviGiseuli parafrazi,riTac man sca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>exasiaTebina Zveligermanelis (am terminis farTo gagebiT) TviT-Segneba: `miTxari, vin aris Seni winapari <strong>da</strong> ge-cclxxxvii
tyvi, vina xar Sen~ (121, 140). sazogadod,a.gureviGis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebebi Zvel germanelTa TuskandinavelTa, kerZod, islandielTa sazogadoebisa<strong>da</strong> maT warmomadgenelTa cnobierebis struqturaze,Tavisuflad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT Gveni<strong>saymo</strong>ebis <strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad. is wers: `islandieliar aris mowyvetili Tavis organul koleqtivs<strong>da</strong> misi gageba SeiZleba mxolod rogorcam koleqtivis wevrisa. misi cnobiereba (Segneba)ar aris individualisturi, is azrovnebsmTlianis _ Tavis jgufis kateg<strong>ori</strong>ebiT, isxe<strong>da</strong>vs sakuTar Tavs TiTqos gare<strong>da</strong>n, sazogadoebisTvaliT. radgan ar SeuZlia SeafasosTavisi Tavi sxvagvarad, Tu ara ise, rogorcmas sazogadoeba afasebs~ (iqve).`organuli koleqtivia~ swored Gveni <strong>saymo</strong>,romelic iqmneba vercxlis (an oqros) RilTa <strong>da</strong>badebiT<strong>jvari</strong>s droSis sakadrisebi<strong>da</strong>n, saerTowiaRi<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc wiaRi<strong>da</strong>n abraamisa. jvarSigayvanis ritualis azric swored is aris, romymebi gaTanaswordnen patronis winaSe erTmaneTismimarT, rom gamarTld<strong>es</strong> maTi saxelwodeba_ mo-ym-e. marTlac, isini ar ganirGevianerTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>mwyalobnebis teqstSi, romli-Tac xuc<strong>es</strong>i _ Suamavali <strong>saymo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> jvars S<strong>ori</strong>s_ akanonierebs maT wamoyenebul samsaxurs, <strong>da</strong>romlis erTaderTi misamarTi aris <strong>jvari</strong>; romelsacismens jer <strong>jvari</strong>, mereRa mis karze Sekrebilni.yvelasaTvis erTia warmosaTqmeli, upi-cclxxxviii
at<strong>es</strong>oba aravis eniWeba. jvars surs, rom misiymani Tanasworni ibadebodnen <strong>da</strong>, raki <strong>es</strong> ase arxdeba, is Tavis karze saRvTo ritualiT aTanasworebsmaT. misTvis mis karze yvelani wodebulniarian, magram maT S<strong>ori</strong>s <strong>jvari</strong> gamoarGevsTavis rGeulT, raTa Tavisi samsaxuris mZimetvirTi <strong>da</strong>akisros.a.zisermanma mTis <strong>saymo</strong>ebs `meomruli sazogadoebebi~uwo<strong>da</strong> (125, 208). magram <strong>es</strong>calmxrivi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebaa. <strong>saymo</strong>ebi, pirvel rigSi,sakraluri sazogadoebebia, radgan maTi er-Tianobis uzena<strong>es</strong>i gamoxatuleba aris sakraluri<strong>realoba</strong> _ <strong>jvari</strong>, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavsmeomrul aspeqtsac. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebismeomrul mxar<strong>es</strong>, <strong>es</strong>oden aucilebels<strong>da</strong> bunebrivs mis cxovrebaSi, sanqcias aniWebs<strong>jvari</strong> _ Tavad meomari, ris gamoc brZola aRqmulia<strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebaSi rogorc wmi<strong>da</strong> saqme:is iwyeba <strong>jvari</strong>s karze <strong>jvari</strong>s ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT<strong>da</strong> mTavrdeba <strong>jvari</strong>s karzeve, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>jvari</strong>sdroSasTan erTad brundebian nabrZoli moymeni.<strong>jvari</strong> iRebs monawileobas maT brZolebSi, rogorcRvTiuri sar<strong>da</strong>li, romelic cxenze amxedrebuliwin miuZRvis maT <strong>da</strong> Telavs mtris rigebs.Tu <strong>jvari</strong>s karze <strong>jvari</strong> uwyinari mtredisaRiT ecxadeba mkadr<strong>es</strong>, velze, moymeTa c<strong>da</strong>Si iscxaddeba rogorc uwyalo mxe<strong>da</strong>ri, romlissaxiT <strong>saymo</strong> cnobs Tavis mfarvels _ wmin<strong>da</strong>nsTu angelozs: Zlevamosil wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis <strong>da</strong>cclxxxix
miqael mTavarangelozs. <strong>es</strong> ar aris subieqturiGveneba, romelic mxolod <strong>saymo</strong>s warmosaxvaSiasebobs; ara, Gveneba sayovelTaoa, obieqturi:jvars mxedris saxiT <strong>saymo</strong>s mtrebic xe<strong>da</strong>venbrZolis qar-cecxlSi, rogorc didg<strong>ori</strong>s omSi<strong>ori</strong>ve mxare _ Zlevamosil wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis (73,341).ar <strong>da</strong>gcil<strong>da</strong>a, RilRvlebo, samans ro dgemdiTZvlisasa,TeTrtaiWosans xedevdiT sax<strong>es</strong> arxotisjvrisasa?<strong>jvari</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s genezisSi, roca is gamouGn<strong>da</strong>patronad <strong>saymo</strong>s, xom meomari iyo; is axlac, ist<strong>ori</strong>ulxanaSi, asrulebs am saqm<strong>es</strong>: ebrZvis <strong>saymo</strong>smtrebs, rogorc `mas Jamsa Sina~ ebrZo<strong>da</strong> devebs,<strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s mtrebi xom im devebis sax<strong>es</strong> warmoadgenensakraluri sazogadoebis TvalSi.mterTan brZola Tu gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba,<strong>jvari</strong>a am gamarjvebis sulisGamdgmeli. magramuSualod c<strong>da</strong>Si, romelic aRniSnavs ukanasknel,sabediswero Setakebas, monawileoben rGeulimoymeni, `kai ymebi~, romlebic <strong>jvari</strong>s `saRvTolaSqris~ mowinave razms warmoadgenen. isini<strong>jvari</strong>s raindebi arian, iseTive Tavganwirulni,rogorc Tavad jvarni iyvnen `mas Jamsa Sina~.vaJa wers: `gmiri imdenad Tavis TavisTvis aracocxlobs <strong>da</strong> imdens ar akeTebs, ramdensac TemisTvis,magram am samsaxurisaTvis saxelis metiaraferi hrGeba. mxolod xatobis dros xevisbericcxc
gansakuTrebul didis TasiT gmirs sakargymos(kai yma) asmevs. sikvdilis Semdeg mTeli Temihglovobs, xatobis dros oficialurad ismisgmiris S<strong>es</strong>andobari. jer xevisberi ityvis <strong>da</strong>mere didi <strong>da</strong> patara moayolebs S<strong>es</strong>andobars.diaR, gmiri msxverplia soflisa: sxvas aZRobs,TviTon mSieria, sxvis sicocxlisaTvis TiTonsikvdils eZleva pirSi~ (26,87).c<strong>da</strong>Si saxelmoxveWilni, rogorc <strong>saymo</strong><strong>da</strong>n gamorGeulni,sakraluri pirni arian <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>es</strong>sakraluroba kidev ufro matulobs, roca isinisakuTari sisxliT gainaTlebian, rogorc`msxverplni soflisa~. maSin isini axlos dgananjvarTan. sxvisi sicocxlisaTvis TavganwirulmoymeTa apoTeozi, maTi amaRleba Gveulebrividoni<strong>da</strong>n, kargad Gans laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s `piroflianTa~SemTxvevaSi: piroflianni arian c<strong>da</strong>Si<strong>da</strong>Rlili moymeni, sulieri STamomavalni imSvidi piroflianisa, romelTac gara TurmanaulisxanaSi <strong>da</strong>Rvar<strong>es</strong> c<strong>da</strong>Si ofli <strong>da</strong> TavianTi<strong>da</strong>RupviT ixsn<strong>es</strong> laSqari. <strong>es</strong> aris er-TaderTi SemTxveva, roca <strong>jvari</strong> iTmens (`ixdens~)a<strong>da</strong>mianis ofls, radgan is <strong>da</strong>denilia brZolisvelze Tavganwirulis mier, mas sisxlis fasiaqvs miniWebuli; radgan <strong>es</strong> ofli ar aris a<strong>da</strong>mianissxeulis ze<strong>da</strong>piruli gamonadeni; is iRvrebamisi arsebi<strong>da</strong>n, romelic mis ZvalSia SenivTebuli;is aris misi mironi, rogorc mefe ereklezegvamcnobs Tqmuleba, rom `mironi nefeccxci
erekl<strong>es</strong> Zvlebs Gamohdiso~ (82, #10). rigiT kaiymebze ki vaJa idumali gancdiT ambobs `baxtrionis~S<strong>es</strong>avalSi, romaRar SfoToben saflavSigmirT oflis mRvreli Zvalebio.`kai yma~ rom <strong>jvari</strong>s wmi<strong>da</strong>a, amis <strong>da</strong>sturiaara mxolod misTvis gankuTvnili sakargymo TasisicocxleSi <strong>da</strong> S<strong>es</strong>andobari sikvdilis Semdeg,romlebic xatobaze Seismis; aseve laSaris piroflianTasaxsenebeli sasmisi, moyolebuliuSualod `Pelmwife-laSaris jvris~ sadideblisSemdeg (87, 438), aramed qalTa sq<strong>es</strong>isadmi maTi<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebac, rac gamoxatulia erT-erTimaTganis, `sisxlis wvimebis~ droindeli gmiris,mamuka qalun<strong>da</strong>uris saxelSi: qal-un<strong>da</strong>uri, anukaci, romelic qalis undomelia, `un<strong>da</strong>uri~ * .moviSveliebT vaJas <strong>da</strong>kvirvebas gmiris bunebaze:`Tumca kargad viciT, rom qalis siyvaruligmirs gmirobas ar uSlis, aramed umatebs kidecmxneobas <strong>da</strong> simamac<strong>es</strong>, magram xalxi diacis miyolasuSlis gmirs, rogorc misi Rirsebis<strong>da</strong>mamcirebel saqm<strong>es</strong>. amgvars Sexedulobas xalxisassakuTari mizezi aqvs, romelic sul sxvasaTavi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs. vgoneb, rom fSavlisromantiuli buneba qristianul elements<strong>da</strong>uZlevia. gmiri erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros mtrissixlis mqcevelic aris <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>nic, rogorc* Sdr. `qmar-un<strong>da</strong>uri~ (88, #654).ccxcii
mfarveli Tavis Temisa. raki igi madlis momqmedia,bevrs sikeT<strong>es</strong>a <strong>da</strong> madlsa sT<strong>es</strong>avs qveyanaze;rogorc vaJkaci wmin<strong>da</strong>ni, Tavis siwmindisa <strong>da</strong>vaJkacobis <strong>da</strong>sagvirgvineblad qalebsac un<strong>da</strong>eridos~ (25, 86).S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavi sityvebi aqvs Tqmuli vaJas Gvenigmiris <strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad: `gmiri erTsa <strong>da</strong> imavedros mtris sisxlis mqcevelic aris <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>nic^~TiTqos paradoqsia: rogor SeiZlebaiyos wmin<strong>da</strong>ni sisxlis, Tun<strong>da</strong>c mtris sisxlis,<strong>da</strong>mRvreli; gamanadgurebeli sicocxlisa, romelicsisxlSia (lev. 17, 11-14). magram siwmidemebrZoli gmirisa ar aris zneobiTi kateg<strong>ori</strong>a;siwmide aq un<strong>da</strong> gavigoT Zveli aRTqmis sakralurieTikis azriT: wmi<strong>da</strong> aris is, vincyoveldRiur yofas <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebrivGveulebebs aris ganridebuli; is, vinc Tmobs amcxovrebas <strong>da</strong> siameTa ama soflisa, rom saRvTosaqmis aRsrulebis ufleba moipovos. sakralursazogadoebaSi saRvTo saqmea omi,RvTismsaxureba <strong>da</strong> nadiroba, rac sisxlis<strong>da</strong>RvrasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. amitom am saqm<strong>es</strong>un<strong>da</strong> asrulebd<strong>es</strong> an Seudg<strong>es</strong> iseTi kaci, visacGamoferTxili aqvs wuTisoflis mtveri <strong>da</strong> ga-Tavisuflebulia miwier vnebaTagan. xolo erTerTiuZlier<strong>es</strong>i vnebaTagan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliaqalis sq<strong>es</strong>Tan, rasac gaurbian meomarni <strong>da</strong> monadireniTavianTi saqmis aRsrulebis win araubralo kdemamosilebis an zneobrivi patiosne-ccxciii
is gamo, aramed im mizniT, rom sq<strong>es</strong>ma, rogorcbunebiTma stiqiam, ar Seryvnas, ar `<strong>da</strong>laxos~saRvTo saqme, radgan <strong>es</strong> saqme _ msxverplis Sewirvaiqneba is, mtris kvla Tu nadiris xocva _saSiSia, rogorc yoveli sakraluri. aseTi wmi<strong>da</strong>ni,mowmi<strong>da</strong>rni iyvnen Zveli aRTqmis gmirebi _samsoni, gedeoni <strong>da</strong> sxvani, msajulni <strong>da</strong>mxsnelni israelisa gasaWirSi. aseTive mowmi<strong>da</strong>rniarian Gveni `kai ymani~, Zveli `piroflianni~,romelTa cxovrebis w<strong>es</strong>Si `qalun<strong>da</strong>uroba~Sedis, rogorc erT-erTi ZiriTadiTviseba. am sferoSi `kai ymani~ baZavenRvTisSvilT, romelTa wreSi araTu sakraluriandrezi, aramed xalxis laRi fantaziac ki verwarmoidgens sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs.piriqiT: erT-erTi RvTisSvilis biografiaSiaris epizodi, roca is, misi silamaziT moxibluldiacTagan <strong>da</strong>Rwevis mizniT, m<strong>ori</strong>geRmerTs S<strong>es</strong>Txovs saxis <strong>da</strong>maxinjebas, rasac usrulebskidec <strong>da</strong>mbadebeli <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, ulamaz<strong>es</strong>iangelozi `pirquSad~ ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva (am saxelsatarebs fSavSi axadisa <strong>da</strong> xevsureTSibacaligos <strong>jvari</strong>). <strong>jvari</strong>s saxeli, ufro sworad,fsevdonimi `pirquSi~ SeiZleba kai ymis epiTeta<strong>da</strong>cgamodg<strong>es</strong>, radgan is garegnuli silamaziTar aris gamorGeuli. gmiri garegnobiT ar hgavsmz<strong>es</strong>a <strong>da</strong> mTvar<strong>es</strong>. igi Taviseburad aris lamazi:`svilisferi, Savgvremiani~, _ wers vaJa (26, 83).ccxciv
`svilisferi~ ki, rogorc cnobili leqsi<strong>da</strong>nviciT, wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis saqebari epiTetia:qajaveT ras iarebi, giorgiv, svilisferao?..`kai yma~ <strong>da</strong> `cu<strong>da</strong>i~ yvelaze ufro mkveTradswored diacur sawyisTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiTupirispirdebian erTmaneTs xalxur SairebSi.kai yma laSqar mokvdeba,sworebis mjobinobasa.cu<strong>da</strong>i _ boslis yur<strong>es</strong>a,qalebTan loginobasa.xiluli paTosi, rac ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad ganicdeba,am striqonebisa aris `kais~ <strong>da</strong> `cu<strong>da</strong>s~ zneobrivisaxis Gveneba; magram mis miRma gamokveTiliaam ze<strong>da</strong>piruli <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis ufroRrma <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani safuZveli: erT mxar<strong>es</strong>vxe<strong>da</strong>vT kai ymas brZolis velze, c<strong>da</strong>Si, sa<strong>da</strong>cis sikvdils elis, sa<strong>da</strong>c wmi<strong>da</strong> sisxli iRvreba;meore mxar<strong>es</strong> vxe<strong>da</strong>vT `cu<strong>da</strong>s~ boselSi, mireuladgilas, sa<strong>da</strong>c is gancxromaSia, sa<strong>da</strong>c uwmidurisisxlia <strong>da</strong>Rvrili. erTaderTi RvTisSvili, romelTanacromanuli epizodia <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulixalxis warmosaxvaSi, laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>a. magram samarTlianobamoiTxovs imis aRniSvnas, rom la-Saris <strong>jvari</strong>s `romanuli~ buneba srulebiTgam<strong>ori</strong>cxavs niSansac ki xorciel-vnebiTi siyvarulisas.andrezi ambobs, rom laSas <strong>da</strong>uw<strong>es</strong>ebiasworfrobis w<strong>es</strong>-Gveuleba. S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, sworfrobisw<strong>es</strong>i, romelsac ritualis cxadi niSnebiaqvs, swored `mowmi<strong>da</strong>ri~ (am terminis pirobiTiccxcv
gagebiT) kai ymebisaTvis iyo <strong>da</strong>w<strong>es</strong>ebuli <strong>da</strong>droTa viTarebaSi gavrcelebuliyos mTels <strong>saymo</strong>Si.S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, am w<strong>es</strong>-Gveulebis idumalebiTmoculi genezisi kai ymis anu <strong>jvari</strong>s raindis`kults~ ukavSirdebod<strong>es</strong> * . sworfroba un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyomowmi<strong>da</strong>ris gamoc<strong>da</strong>, romelsac <strong>jvari</strong>uwyobs mas; jvarma gansacdelSi un<strong>da</strong> gaatarosTavisi raindi, rom moamzados im cdisTvis, romelicmas brZolis velze moelis. sworferTanurTierToba un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vsaxoT c<strong>da</strong>d, romelic winuZRvis im sabediswero, samkvdro-sasicocxloc<strong>da</strong>s (brZolas), rod<strong>es</strong>ac man Tavisi <strong>da</strong>vlaTisgamovleniT un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rvaros sxvisi sisxli angaiRos sakuTari. sworferTan moqcevis<strong>da</strong>dgenili w<strong>es</strong>ebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis (<strong>da</strong>ulaxavi zRurblis<strong>da</strong>laxvis) SemTxvevaSi is gaiuwmidurebsTavs <strong>da</strong> usaxelo <strong>da</strong>marcxebas hpovebs am c<strong>da</strong>Si.sworfrobis yofaSi cnobilni arian `dRiani~sworferni (4), rac cxadi analogi un<strong>da</strong> iyosbrZolis c<strong>da</strong>Si gamoGenili <strong>da</strong>vlaTisa <strong>da</strong> saxelianobisa.sworfrobaSi SemTxveul marcxsaranaklebi sircxvili un<strong>da</strong> moetana moymisaTvis,vidre brZolis c<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>marcxebas. Tu erTgan,erT c<strong>da</strong>Si, Tavganwiruloba un<strong>da</strong> gamoeGina<strong>jvari</strong>s rainds, meoregan, sxva c<strong>da</strong>Si, mas <strong>jvari</strong>ukidur<strong>es</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>Weras (am sityvis Zlieri azriT)avaleb<strong>da</strong>.* sworfrobis sxva aspeqtebze mkadreebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ix. naSromis 11,7.ccxcvi
ai, <strong>jvari</strong>s rGeuli mamuka qalun<strong>da</strong>uri, romlismetsaxeli (gvarad is gogoWuri iyo,guroeli) gvicxadebs kaiymis erT mniSvnelovanniSans, namdvili mowmi<strong>da</strong>ri, msgavsi israelisnazorovelTa, romlis xanmokle sicocxle saswaulebSigadis. oRond <strong>es</strong> saswaulebi Tavs iGensmxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod c<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> ara yoveldRiuryofaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c is rigiTi yma iyo <strong>jvari</strong>sa, ojaxisgamosakvebad `xifxolais~ (veluri sakvebi mcenare)mTxreli. misi xmali iseve gamorGeuliasxvaTa xmlebisagan, rogorc Tavad aris gamor-Geuli sxva ymebisagan; xmali aris xiluli ni-Sani misi nawilianobisa * . b<strong>es</strong>arion gabuuri gadmogvcems:`^ rosac qalun<strong>da</strong>urs gamarjvebis dRemauidod mterze, maSin Tu qalun<strong>da</strong>uris Pmali _nawilian yofilas <strong>da</strong> _ qarqaSGigiT Tu amaiwevd,amiT gaagebiebd patrons gamarjvebis dR<strong>es</strong>. Pmalrosac amaiwevd, im dros qalun<strong>da</strong>uri sa<strong>da</strong> gin<strong>da</strong>saqmeze namyof gaigebs Pmlis amowevas, sxonairadgaxdebod^~ (17, 158).gadmocema gveubneba qalun<strong>da</strong>urze, rom xmlisamoweva qarqaSi<strong>da</strong>n, _ rac leqsa<strong>da</strong>c aris aRbeWdili_ `qalun<strong>da</strong>uris frangulma qarqaSiTamaiwiva~, _ omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis niSans aZlev<strong>da</strong> Tavispatrons <strong>da</strong> isic `sxonairad gaxdebod~. Tu rogorun<strong>da</strong> gavigoT <strong>es</strong> `sxonairad~ gaxdoma anu* nawilianobis Taobaze ix. a.arabulis sadisertacio naSromi (1).ccxcvii
feriscvaleba misi, movitan kvlav b<strong>es</strong>arion gabuurisGanawers: `mamuka qalun<strong>da</strong>ur nawilianyofilas: rosac salaSqrod sad geemarTebod,win maskvlaviviT Tu gauZRvebod sveti, anu Suqi~(17, 159), rogorc uflis rGeul xalxs miuZRo<strong>da</strong>win gzis saGveneblad naTlis sveti. qalun<strong>da</strong>uric<strong>jvari</strong>sagan <strong>da</strong>culia am Seuvali SaravandiT,rogorc naTqvamia leqsSi:Samaubrun<strong>da</strong>, farav<strong>da</strong> pirze mze, beWebs faria(81, #152).am fernacvali saxiT Sedis is c<strong>da</strong>Si:Tan maxyv<strong>es</strong> qalun<strong>da</strong>ursa mamukas Suqnimzisani (81, #125),ambobs leqsi.aseTni arian rGeuli moymeni, cdis kacni, romelTaofliTa <strong>da</strong> sisxliT <strong>jvari</strong> icavs Tavisvercxlis RilTa Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> erTianobas.isini <strong>jvari</strong>s rGeulni arian, raki vercxlisRilTa <strong>da</strong>cviT jvars emsaxurebian <strong>da</strong> aucileblobiTinawileben mis siwmid<strong>es</strong>.kai ymis saxeli garegan c<strong>da</strong>Si vlindeba; misisarbieli aris veli, xolo Jami rbolisa _ isxana, roca velad gasvlaa S<strong>es</strong>aZlebeli (amitomacuwodeben <strong>saymo</strong>Si salaSqrod gasvlas`velobas~); <strong>es</strong> aris brZolis qronotoposi: drogazafxul-zafxuli, asparezi _ gare sivrce. <strong>es</strong>viTareba aris aRbeWdili erT xalxur leqsSiWormeSion kai ymaze, martia misuraulze:ccxcviii
gazafxul raxan movi<strong>da</strong>s, martia veladgagviva (88, #29).<strong>jvari</strong>s patimarnikai yma c<strong>da</strong>Si sikvdilis Tu sisxlis <strong>da</strong>Rvriswil saxels ixveWs, magram arsebobs iseTi c<strong>da</strong>c,sa<strong>da</strong>c saxeli ar aris saZiebeli. piriqiT, aseTicdis wiaR gavlilT aravin miiGnevs saxelian a<strong>da</strong>mianebad.aseTi c<strong>da</strong> ar aris SemozRuduliweliwadis droiT <strong>da</strong> arc sivrciT; is SeiZlebaiTqvas, droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcis gareSe mimdinareobs.<strong>es</strong> aris Sinagani c<strong>da</strong>, romelsac ganicdian<strong>jvari</strong>s msaxurni. mkadre an qa<strong>da</strong>gi; <strong>jvari</strong>smsaxurTa ierarqiis umaRl<strong>es</strong>i warmomadgeneli,cxovrobs Sinagani cxovrebiT, misi moRvaweobiswyaro _ <strong>da</strong>sabami Sinagan c<strong>da</strong>Sia; is SigniT arisSebrunebuli, risi garegani gamoxatulebaa misigza-savali beRlisaken an <strong>da</strong>rbazisken, saiTkenacmas gza exsneba zRurblis <strong>da</strong>laxvis w<strong>es</strong>is S<strong>es</strong>rulebisSemdeg. GvenTvis cnobilia, rommkadreTa xilvebi beRelTan <strong>da</strong> siRrmeebTan aris<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli: xaxmateli SiSia wyarosTaulixatis beRelSi Sedis <strong>jvari</strong>s ganZis mosaxilavad;aliaT uSiSa jvars Gamohyavs miwisqveSa maranSimironiT savse qvevrebis saxilvelad. beReli,rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>s erT-erTi nageboba, cxadia, SemozRuduliasivrceSi, magram sakraluri azriTmisi sivrce ganusazRvrelia; manZili iq arizomeba iseve, rogorc xmalas salocavis mi-ccxcix
wisqeSa <strong>da</strong>ranSi, sivrculi sazomiT. manZiliserTeulad aq aRebulia anTebuli sanTeli, romelicerTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros zomavs <strong>da</strong> anaTebskidec mkadris gzas sakraluri siRrmisSuagulisaken; wmi<strong>da</strong> sanTeli zomavs sakralurs<strong>da</strong> ara fizikur sivrc<strong>es</strong>. ai, sad aris, rasiRrmeebs swvdeba mkadris Tu qa<strong>da</strong>gis c<strong>da</strong>. maTigza-savali iseve uxilavia, rogorc gaxua megrelaurisgza <strong>da</strong>Tvis<strong>jvari</strong><strong>da</strong>n qajaveTis sam-Wedlomde.gaxua megrelaurze <strong>da</strong> sxva legen<strong>da</strong>rulmkadreebze amboben, rom isini angelozebSi iyvnen`garTulni~ <strong>da</strong> rom isini maT TavianT wreSiSehyav<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>atarebdnen. <strong>es</strong>ec maTi suliericxovrebis amsaxveli andrezuli faqtebia. rogorcmaT beRli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> mironis <strong>da</strong>rani<strong>da</strong>n gamoaqvTjvar-xatebis saidumlo, aseve ucxadebenisini <strong>saymo</strong>s angelozTa saidumlos. maTi amgvarigamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n modis yvelaferi, rac <strong>saymo</strong>micis Tavisi patroni RvTisSvilebis samyaroze.mkadre Tu qa<strong>da</strong>gi, Tavad STagonebuli <strong>jvari</strong>smier, andrezebis STamagonebelia <strong>saymo</strong>Si; masmoaqvs is dvrita sakraluri sfero<strong>da</strong>n, romelze<strong>da</strong>c`fuvdeba~ siuJeti <strong>da</strong> iqmneba andrezi.naTqvamia: `eg andrez as (aris) naqa<strong>da</strong>gari~, (22,15).mkadris moRvaweoba savsebiT sulieria, maSinacki, roca mas <strong>jvari</strong>s siwmide _ droSa upyriaxelSi. is ar gamoirGeva fizikuri ZaliT, am `be-ccc
Gav~ <strong>da</strong> `Gixa~ kacis, rogorc <strong>saymo</strong> moixseniebsmaT, sidiade uxilavia, iseve, rogorc uxilaviamisi cdis asparezi. am mxriv mkadre, romelic areZebs saxels <strong>da</strong> verc hpulobs, kidec rom eZebos,rom hqond<strong>es</strong> amis ufleba, sruli antipodiun<strong>da</strong> iyos kai ymisa. mkadre Tu qa<strong>da</strong>gi sisxls arRvris <strong>da</strong> arc aravin moiTxovs misgan Tavganwirvas,magram misi c<strong>da</strong> aranakleb saxifaToa velobisc<strong>da</strong>ze, imdenad saxifaTo, rom is, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<strong>jvari</strong>s mxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa, cnobas kargavs <strong>jvari</strong>ssiwmideTa WeSmariti saxis xilvisas, roca idumalebiTmoculi `oqrosferi xbo~ TvalebsrisxviT ubrialebs mas; is drkeba sakralurobiswinaSe. mkadris c<strong>da</strong>-gansacdeli, romelSic gadismTeli misi cxovreba mowifulobis xani<strong>da</strong>nsikvdilamde, erTi satanjvelia; masSi TiTqostanjuli kacobriobis drama ixateba.erT-erTi saxelwodeba <strong>jvari</strong>s samsaxurisa,romelic mi<strong>es</strong>a<strong>da</strong>geba am samsaxuris ierarqiisyovel wevrs, gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc axlos arianjvarTan, aris patimari. `dideba Sen<strong>da</strong> qveynisgamaGinaro, wyalTa <strong>da</strong> PmelTa <strong>da</strong>mdgmelo,dideba Sen<strong>da</strong>, giorgiv wyaros gorze <strong>da</strong>arsebulo,giorgi, Sen uSveli SenT patimarTad^~ (63,4).patimari sabas ganmartebiT aris `SeukravadSepyrobili~; raki <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxurs `patimari~ewodeba, <strong>es</strong> imas niSnavs, rom <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxuri<strong>jvari</strong>s mier pyrobilia Seukravad, <strong>jvari</strong>s patim-ccci
ebs ar aGneviaT fizikuri niSnebi borkilebisa,riTac Seborkilni un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyvnen isini.jvars patimrad hyavs ayvanili Tavisi msaxuri,raki <strong>jvari</strong>s samsaxuris aRsruleba mxolod ima<strong>da</strong>mians SeuZlia, romelic gamocalkevebuliiqneba sazogadoebi<strong>da</strong>n, saero yofi<strong>da</strong>n; romelicar iqneba gareuli sxvebSi, anu mireuli, romelsacnalaPSi ar eqneba fexi <strong>da</strong>dgmuli. qristianuliterminologiiT rom gamovTqvaT, patimariaris igive beri, gandegili, romelic RvTissamsaxuris <strong>da</strong>ubrkoleblad aRsrulebisTvisganmdgaria wuTisofels <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>bnos gamoqvabulebSi`ipatimrebs~ Tavs. aq is ufro axlosaris Tavis salocavTan, mxolod aq aris misic<strong>da</strong>, mxolod aq gadis is aucilebel gansacdels.sakralur patimars aqvs erTi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti ni-Sani, romelic ucxoa saero tusaRisaTvis. <strong>es</strong> ni-Sani kargad Gans sityva `patimaris~ im mniSvnelobaSi,romelic <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia qarTlurdialeqtSi: patimari niSnavs wmi<strong>da</strong>, sufTa Rvinos,wyals an erbos (76, 348). Zneli ar aris axsnasemantikuri ga<strong>da</strong>svlisa patimri<strong>da</strong>n wmidisaken:is, rac gamocalkevebulia saerTo<strong>da</strong>n, saero<strong>da</strong>nan sajaro<strong>da</strong>n, wmi<strong>da</strong>a. raime nivTi rom wmi<strong>da</strong>gaxd<strong>es</strong> an SeinarGunos siwmide, mas un<strong>da</strong> mo-Sord<strong>es</strong> wuTisoflis mtveri. is ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos`sawuTros fexiT nalaxi~ (guramiSvili); is patimariun<strong>da</strong> iyos. patimroba acilebelia imisT-cccii
visac, rom <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxurma moipovos Sinaganicdis S<strong>es</strong>aZlebloba, radgan namdvili patimariSinagani cxovrebiT cxovrobs; is Tavis SigniTun<strong>da</strong> iyos Gabrunebuli. patimrobaSi ecxadebaa<strong>da</strong>mians Tavisi <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong> salocavi, rogorcguramiSvils _ xaroSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c is Tavisi RvTaebrivipatronis STagonebiT WeSmarit gzas poulobs;aq ibadeba is sulis kacad <strong>da</strong> poetad.xolo vin aris mkadre an qa<strong>da</strong>gi, Tu ara bibliurisulis kaci~ (`iS ha-ruax~, osia, 9, 7), romelicswvdeba <strong>saymo</strong>saTvis miuwvdomel realobebs<strong>da</strong> sityvis ZaliT gareSeTaTvis misawvdomsxdis maT.`patimari~ Tavisi xevsurul-qarTluli mniSvnelobiTzusti adekvatia ebraeluri sityvisanazir (qarTuli bibliis `nazoroveli~), romlisZiri nzr Seicavs gamocalkevebis, gandgomisideas, sai<strong>da</strong>nac viTardeba konsekraciis <strong>da</strong> SewirulobismniSvneloba, ase rom `RvTis naziri~(nazir ha-elohim, msaj. 13, 5) imasve gulisxmobs,rasac `RvTis patimari~, gina `RvTis mowmi<strong>da</strong>ri~,rogorebic iyvnen samsoni, gedeoni <strong>da</strong> sxvani,msajulTa epoqis `erismTavrebi~, romlebsacmowifulobis asaki<strong>da</strong>nve sulier-xorcielisiwmidis <strong>da</strong>sacavad (Tu mosapoveblad)akrZalvebSi un<strong>da</strong> gaetarebinaT cxovreba. isini,rogorc mowmi<strong>da</strong>rni, nazorovelni, marTlac,patimarni iyvnen (ufro sworad, un<strong>da</strong> yifiliyvnen),ar un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>elaxaT is sazRvrebi, romle-ccciii
ic maT mSoblebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T maTTvis <strong>da</strong>sazRvrulijer kidev maT <strong>da</strong>badebamde RvTisadmi aRTqmis<strong>da</strong>debisas. bibliur `RvTis patimars~ mSoblebiTavisi nebiT swiraven RmerTs, romelic xangamoSvebiTavsebs maT Tavisi suliT <strong>da</strong> amarjvebinebsisraelis mterze; RvTis sulis gar<strong>da</strong>mosvlaaris erTaderTi jildo maTi patimrobisa,maTi <strong>da</strong>sazRvrul-SezRuduli mowmi<strong>da</strong>rulicxovrebisa. magram amis sazRaurad aris wamebimaT cxovrebaSi, Tumca arcTu xSiri, rod<strong>es</strong>acisini ganicdian <strong>da</strong>vlaTis qaris qrolvas, silaR<strong>es</strong><strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebas, radgan Tavad suli,romelic maTze gardmodis am wamebSi, Tavisuflebissulia. gandgomili, TiTqos gariyuli,akrZalvebiT Seborkili, wuTisoflis siameTamTmobeli, mxolod aseT wamebSi ganicdis Tavisuflebas<strong>da</strong> misgan gamowveul netarebas.bibliuri nazoroveli aris nebayoflobiTimsxverpli, mSoblebisgan gaRebuli (yovelSemTxvevaSi, <strong>es</strong> ase Gans Zveli aRTqmis wignebSiSemorGenili cnobebis mixedviT); <strong>jvari</strong>s patimarski Tavad <strong>jvari</strong> irGevs sakuTari nebiT; mkadrerom rGeulia, is <strong>jvari</strong>s nebiT aris rGeuli. ymaTavisi nebiT ver Gadgeba <strong>jvari</strong>s samsaxurSi,Tavisi nebiT ver mouwodebs Tavs am samsaxurisTvis,radgan <strong>es</strong> sakraluri samsaxuria,rogorc mRvdelmTavrobis pativi, ris S<strong>es</strong>axebacwers pavle mociquli erT-erT epistoleSi: `<strong>da</strong>arvin TaviT TvisiT miiRos pativi, aramed ro-ccciv
meli wodebul arn RmrTisa mier, viTarca-igiahron. egreTca qriste ara Tavisi Tvisi adi<strong>da</strong>yofad igi mRvdelT moZRvrad, aramed romeli-igietyo<strong>da</strong> mas: `Ze Gemi xari Sen <strong>da</strong> me dR<strong>es</strong> miSobieSen~ (ebr. 5, 4-5).yma <strong>da</strong>Werili un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>jvari</strong>s mier _mxolod am gziT Gayenebuli mis samsaxurSi. <strong>da</strong>Weras,romelic adgilobrivi terminia sakralurimdgomareobis gamomxatveli leqsiki<strong>da</strong>n, kvlav`patimrobis~ ideamde mivyavarT. <strong>es</strong> termini<strong>jvari</strong>s moqmedebis ufro farTo asparezs un<strong>da</strong>moicavd<strong>es</strong>, vidre pirovnebis sazRvrebia; radganGven viciT, rom <strong>jvari</strong> Tavis sakralur ZalasbunebaSic avlens; GvenTvis cnobilia jvarGenisfaqtebi, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara <strong>jvari</strong>s mierim terit<strong>ori</strong>is `<strong>da</strong>Wera~, sa<strong>da</strong>c is iGens Tavs.jvarGenis mizani swored <strong>es</strong> aris: gamoacalkevosadgili sirceSi <strong>da</strong> SemozRudos is uxilavisazRvriT, romlis yaraula<strong>da</strong>c dgeba <strong>jvari</strong>.<strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivi anu `<strong>da</strong>Werili~ adgili <strong>jvari</strong>s`patimari~ adgilia am sityvis qarTluri gagebiT.iseve, rogorc <strong>saymo</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>aSi iWreba<strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong> iWers am terit<strong>ori</strong>is adgils, `patimarhyofs~mas, aseve iWreba is <strong>saymo</strong>Si, sai<strong>da</strong>nac gamoarGevsTavis rGeuls, rom Tavis `patimrad~gaixados. Tu kvrivi adgili aris Sedegi jvarGenisa<strong>saymo</strong>s miwa-wyalze, mkadre an qa<strong>da</strong>gi jvar-Genis anabeWdia <strong>saymo</strong>Si. rogorc adgilia <strong>da</strong>Werili<strong>jvari</strong>s mier <strong>da</strong> am <strong>da</strong>WeriT wmi<strong>da</strong>qmnili,cccv
aseve a<strong>da</strong>miania <strong>da</strong>Werili <strong>da</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong>qmnili anuganridebuli yoveldRiur yofas. ai, ras ambobsTavad <strong>jvari</strong> (isev qa<strong>da</strong>gis piriT, radgan qa<strong>da</strong>giamisi moene) Tavis `patimarze~:`^ Gem ayvaniliav vercxlis Riliv, ar vaZlevavsxvis ojaxSi Sasvlis nebasav, ar vaZlevavgareT myofebsTan aZraxdomis nebasav^~ (58, 19).sxvisi ojaxi <strong>da</strong> gare samyofeli, rogorcnalaPi adgili, <strong>jvari</strong>s patimrisaTvis akrZalulizonaa, romlis zRurblis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvasac mas aranebebs <strong>jvari</strong>, misi `<strong>da</strong>mWeri~; <strong>jvari</strong> ukrZalavsmas Signi<strong>da</strong>n gareT anu `ulaPi<strong>da</strong>n~ `nalaPSi~ gamosvlasara mxolod gauwmidurebis safrTxisTavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad, aramed im saidumlossaimedod <strong>da</strong>marxvis mizniTac, romelsac qa<strong>da</strong>gi,<strong>jvari</strong>s gamocxadebis WurWeli, un<strong>da</strong> inaxavd<strong>es</strong>`rioSi~ xalxis uqmi cnobismoyvareobisagan. `arvaZlevav gareT myofebsTan aZraxdomis nebasav~, _brZanebs <strong>jvari</strong>.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom <strong>jvari</strong>s patimari iseTiveidumalebrivia xorcielTa S<strong>ori</strong>s, rogorc<strong>jvari</strong>s ganZi gareSe saganTa S<strong>ori</strong>s. radgan gan-Zic, rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>s ayvanili kaci, <strong>jvari</strong>s patimaria<strong>da</strong> saidumlod aris <strong>da</strong>cul-<strong>da</strong>marxuli sagangebosamalavebSi, rom gareSem ar hkidosTvali. Tu xorcielni erTobliv TavianT patroni<strong>jvari</strong>s unji ymebi arian anu mis saunj<strong>es</strong>Seadgenen, am saunjeSi <strong>jvari</strong>s uSualo msaxurnimisi unjis unjni arian.cccvi
<strong>jvari</strong>s patimars, rogorc Tavisufleba<strong>da</strong>kargulymas, marTalia, akrZaluli aqvs gareT gamosvla<strong>da</strong> yvelgan yofna, is erTi mniSvnelovaniupirat<strong>es</strong>obiT sargeblobs <strong>saymo</strong>Si: mas SeuZliaSevid<strong>es</strong> iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c mis gar<strong>da</strong> yvelas ekrZalebaS<strong>es</strong>vla; <strong>da</strong> Seexos iseT sagnebs, romelTa xelyofasmis gar<strong>da</strong> veravin be<strong>da</strong>vs. <strong>es</strong> `S<strong>es</strong>vla~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong>`xelyofa~ asimboliurebs mis mowodebas Sinaganicxovrebisaken <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s saidumloSimonawileobas. <strong>es</strong> aris misi Tavisufleba, rasac<strong>jvari</strong>s gar<strong>da</strong> veravin waarTmevs mas, radgan<strong>jvari</strong>sagan aqvs miniWebuli, rogorc mis rGeuls.patimari, <strong>da</strong>Werili, rGeuli _ sinonimuri saxelwodebebiaim pirovnebaTa, romlebsac <strong>jvari</strong>iaxlovebs, raTa amsaxuros Tavis kults. amitomac,cxadia, <strong>jvari</strong>s saidumlo adgilebis<strong>da</strong>laxva ar aris uqmi cnobismoyvareobis sagani;<strong>es</strong> samsaxuria, upirvel<strong>es</strong> yovlisa, anu begara,<strong>jvari</strong>s mier Tavis ymaze <strong>da</strong>debuli, romlis mosaxdeladis mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT arismomzadebuli. <strong>es</strong> mzadeba ki mis<strong>da</strong> uneburad iwyeba,rogorc w<strong>es</strong>i, mowifulobis asaki<strong>da</strong>n, rocaa<strong>da</strong>miani fsiqo-fiziologiurad <strong>da</strong> socialura<strong>da</strong>xal stadiaSi Sedis, ga<strong>da</strong>laxavs ra zRurbls,romelic or asaks mijnavs erTmaneTisgan.swored am gar<strong>da</strong>texis Sualedur xanaSiGasWidebs Zlierad <strong>jvari</strong> xels <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iWers a<strong>da</strong>mians.a<strong>da</strong>mianSi xdeba jvarGena <strong>da</strong> is miyenebuliazRurblTan, sa<strong>da</strong>c profanuli <strong>da</strong> sak-cccvii
aluri erTmaneTs emijneba. gar<strong>da</strong>mtexi asakissiZneleebs <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelobas <strong>da</strong> erTgvar satanjvels,rasac grZnobs yoveli a<strong>da</strong>miani,aZlierebs <strong>da</strong> mkveTrad warmoaGens <strong>jvari</strong> TavisiGeniT a<strong>da</strong>mianSi. <strong>jvari</strong>s rGeulSi erTmaneTisparalelurad mimdinareobs fsiqo-fiziologiurimomwifebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxurad Gamoyalibebisproc<strong>es</strong>i. iseve, rogorc kvrivTan miaxloeba,kvrivSi S<strong>es</strong>vla amizezebs a<strong>da</strong>mians, aseve <strong>jvari</strong>sS<strong>es</strong>vla a<strong>da</strong>mianSi iwvevs Zvrebs mis sulier samyaroSi;a<strong>da</strong>miani gadis mZime gansacdels, romelicgrZeldeba iqamde, vidre a<strong>da</strong>mianisabolood ar ga<strong>da</strong>laxavs asakobriv zRurbls<strong>da</strong> amasTan erTad <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxurad ar igrZnobsTavs. T. oGiaurs mopovebuli aqvs unikaluri <strong>da</strong>uxvi masala <strong>jvari</strong>sagan <strong>da</strong>WerilTa gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n.momyavs zogierTi amonaweri:`ufroc balRobidge <strong>da</strong>iWers. <strong>da</strong>iwyebs avadobas,tanjvas, Ronobas, itanjebis, gulis wuxili.vinc xuc<strong>es</strong>i * , is qa<strong>da</strong>gisgan gaigebs. vincqa<strong>da</strong>gi as, imas imTvnad Saawuxebs, ro TviTonun<strong>da</strong> gaaqa<strong>da</strong>gos isi. balRs <strong>da</strong>iWers, magram rosacimTven iqnebis, ro yvelafer gaigas, <strong>jvari</strong>sa<strong>da</strong> xalxis Jamkar ro SauZlav, maSi gaaqa<strong>da</strong>gebsimas. manamde sru itanjebis. sizmarGi ecxadebis,awvalebs _ ise un<strong>da</strong> maiqcav, me un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>myvav. isise <strong>da</strong>iwyebs, ro vervin gaigebs tanjvasa Tu sxva* e.i. vinc xuc<strong>es</strong>ad un<strong>da</strong> jvars.cccviii
ame SWirs imas. is SaiZlebis, ro TviTon ico<strong>da</strong>s,ro jvarn awuxeben, magram Taod ar ityvis.arc jvarT swadiana, arc Taod und, ro Tqvas,ar swadian~ (68, 17-18).`is giJdebis, is qa<strong>da</strong>gobas <strong>da</strong>iwyebs, RabuSobas.is gonT aRar iqnebis, is iqnebis areuli. rasiZaxebs, Tao ar icis iman. rasac aZaxebiebs, imasiZaxebs. pirvelad iman araferi ar icis, rasiZaxis~ (68, 18).`uTurgam iambis: aod viyvidiv, Zalian cu<strong>da</strong>dviyvidiv. sru gamecale Tavze<strong>da</strong>v Tmaiv, srumeGvenebodianav. arafer ar mtkiodisav, _ eegraod viyvidiv. dRe-Ram<strong>es</strong> ver vigebdiv, goni mPdebo<strong>da</strong>v,naxevarTxan ar viyvidiv gonTav, sruugonT viyvidiv. kopala meGvenebodisav, sacxa<strong>da</strong>cmeGvenebodisav, ZilGiacav. sru imaTTan, _ angelozebsTanviyvidiv. mZinaricav sru imaTas vi-Zaxdiv. ocis wlisav viyvidiv. diac ar myvan<strong>da</strong>vmayvaniliv. winwinav ro angeloz gameGvenav, maSidiac ar myvan<strong>da</strong>v~ (68, 18-9).`manam enas gamaiRebs, <strong>da</strong>iwyebs sizmarSixedvnas, sizmarSi qa<strong>da</strong>gobas. maSia<strong>da</strong>v gaawmidebs.Sin as, nalaPSi ar gaivlis, arc sworfrobaSaiZlebis. colis moyvanamde as sawamebeli~ (68,19).avstraliisa <strong>da</strong> afrikis Zveli formaciis sazogadoebebSisrulwlovanebas miRweulymawvilebs, romlebic tomis sruluflebianiwevrebi un<strong>da</strong> gaxdnen, xelovnurad uqmnian `mi-cccix
Tosur garemos~, soflis gareT, sadme wmi<strong>da</strong>tyeSi Tu tramalze, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini tomis mfarvelsulebsa <strong>da</strong> winaprebs S<strong>ori</strong>s arian `garTulni~,raTa eziaron maT sibrZn<strong>es</strong> (126, 251). am sazogadoebebSiiniciacia koleqtiuri RonisZiebaa<strong>da</strong> masTan mravalferovani w<strong>es</strong>-Gveulebebia <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.Gvens <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi `iniciacia~ individualuria,is ukidur<strong>es</strong>ad pirovnul xasiaTsatarebs, is iwyeba sruliad spontanurad pirovnebaSi<strong>da</strong> grZeldeba sxvis Gaurevlad; am drosa<strong>da</strong>miani martod aris <strong>da</strong>rGenili angelozTa TuRvTisSvilTa winaSe. rituali mxolod maSin SemodisTavis ZalaSi, rod<strong>es</strong>ac yvelaferi ukanaris: Widili <strong>da</strong>mcxralia, gansacdeliganvlilia, ga<strong>da</strong>tanilia. <strong>es</strong> rituali cnobiliasaxelwodebiT _ zRurblis <strong>da</strong>laPva, romeliczustad gamoxatavs mis arss, radgan zemoT gadmocemuligansacdelebis gmiri <strong>ori</strong> samyaroszRurblze cxovrobs: xorcielad fizikur samyaroSimyofi cnobierebiT is im samyaroSiga<strong>da</strong>dis, romelic angelozebiT ginaRvTisSvilebiT aris <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli. is ganuwyvetelGvenebebSia, misTvis waSlilia zRvaricxadsa <strong>da</strong> sizmars S<strong>ori</strong>s, dR<strong>es</strong>a <strong>da</strong> Ram<strong>es</strong> S<strong>ori</strong>s.<strong>es</strong> aris gar<strong>da</strong>mavali mdgomareoba Tavisukidur<strong>es</strong> gamoxatulebaSi, roca a<strong>da</strong>mianis cnobierebaqaoss moucavs, rac sulieri SeSlilobisniSans adebs mis pirovnebas. am dros gamZafrebuliamozardis gar<strong>da</strong>mtexi asaki, rocacccx
masSi iRviZebs uGveulo SegrZnebani <strong>da</strong> gancdebi,sxva samyaro<strong>da</strong>n SemoWrili realobebi xdebianxilvis obieqtebad, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi, rocasaqme gvaqvs mkadris gamocdilebasTan, mistiurxilvad miiGneva, xolo am dros, Wabukis maWrobisperiodSi, sigiJed <strong>da</strong> `ugonTobad~ ganicdeba.<strong>ori</strong>ve SemTxvevaSi <strong>saymo</strong> jvarGenis Zalas xe<strong>da</strong>vsa<strong>da</strong>mianSi. cnobierebis aseT viTarebas Tavisi<strong>da</strong>sasruli aqvs <strong>da</strong> zRurblis <strong>da</strong>laPvis ritualisimbolurad gamoxatavs qaosis <strong>da</strong>srulebas,roca isev gamoGndeba <strong>ori</strong> samyaros gammijnavizRurbli, realuri zRurbli <strong>da</strong>rbazisa _ `iq<strong>da</strong>rbaz as, saca ufro angelozebi sxdebian~ (22,16), _ raTa erTxel <strong>da</strong> samu<strong>da</strong>mod moipovos masSiS<strong>es</strong>vlis ufleba.am gar<strong>da</strong>maval asakSi myofs, SeSlili cnobierebismqone ymas, romelic jvars tyved hyavsGagdebuli <strong>da</strong> awvalebs, RabuSi ewodeba. <strong>es</strong>adgilobrivi teqnikuri terminia <strong>jvari</strong>sagan gamowveuliSeSlilobis * gamosaxatavad _ `is gi-Jdebis, is qa<strong>da</strong>gobas <strong>da</strong>iwyebs, RabuSobas~. magramRabuSobis xana, rogorc yoveli gar<strong>da</strong>mavalixana, efemerulia <strong>da</strong> is un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iZlios,ga<strong>da</strong>ilaxos ise, rogorc garkveuli asakiga<strong>da</strong>ilaxeba. <strong>es</strong> xdeba maSin, roca, rogorcT.oGiauri SeniSnavs, `avadmyofobisagan SewuxebuliRabuSi bolos far-xmals yris <strong>da</strong>* <strong>es</strong> problema S<strong>es</strong>wavlilia pirvelad n.min<strong>da</strong>Zis monografiaSi `qarTuli xalxuri medicina~, Tb.,1981.cccxi
RvTisSvils morGildeba. amis Semdeg igi `enasgamoitans~ (gaqa<strong>da</strong>gdeba). avadmyofoba sustdeba,axlad `<strong>da</strong>mdgari~ qa<strong>da</strong>gi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan ukeT Seiqneba<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kisrebul movaleobas <strong>jvari</strong>s karz<strong>es</strong>ikvdilamde asrulebs~ (68, 20).RabuSoba dionisuri mdgomareobaa, romelicmiiswrafis apolonurisaken, sulieri wonasworobisa<strong>da</strong> plastiurobisaken. <strong>es</strong> aris mdgomareobamaWrisa, romelic duRilSi cdilobsRvinod qcevas; is, rac aRar aris `tkbili~ <strong>da</strong>jer ar aris Rvino _ maWari sruliad gamousadegariasakulto <strong>da</strong>niSnulebisaTvis,magram warmoSobs wmi<strong>da</strong> sasmels, romelicibadeba vnebuli dionis<strong>es</strong> sxeuli<strong>da</strong>n.RabuSi gvagonebs e.w. `mfrinav jvrebs~,moxetiale xatebs, romelTac jer kidev ver aRmouGeniaTTavianTi mudmivi saarso adgili, jerkidev ar <strong>da</strong>magrebulan kvrivze, f<strong>es</strong>vi ar gaudgamTmiwis wiaRSi. amgvari jvar-xatebis `Gveulebaa~mudmivi xetiali adgili<strong>da</strong>n adgilze, risgamoc isini jaWviT arian <strong>da</strong>bmulni, rogorc,magaliTad, xevis sionis xati, romlisTavga<strong>da</strong>savali moTxrobilia s.makalaTias `xevSi~(53, 217), an eceris (svaneTi) ekl<strong>es</strong>iaSi <strong>da</strong>culierTi xati, romelic `ubiaT ZewkviTa oqrosaTi<strong>da</strong> ityvian: `ukeTu auSvaT, <strong>da</strong>lewavs yovelsaveaqa myofsa xat-jvarTa~ (75, 788). aseve <strong>da</strong>udgromelixasiaTisa iyo anat<strong>ori</strong>s mTavarangelozisxati, `mfrinavi <strong>jvari</strong>~, romelsac fexiT <strong>da</strong>s-cccxii
dev<strong>da</strong> qancgawyvetili misi mkadre, vidrelursmniT ar <strong>da</strong>uWe<strong>da</strong> frTebi, ris gamoc <strong>jvari</strong>Semoswyra mas <strong>da</strong> gauGinar<strong>da</strong>.RabuSobis, rogorc gansacdelis, gavla aucilebeliw<strong>es</strong>ia sakraluri Tanamdebobis <strong>da</strong>sakaveblad<strong>jvari</strong>s karze. magram isic aucilebelw<strong>es</strong>ad aris qceuli, TiTqos ritualad, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianigaurbod<strong>es</strong> Tanamdebobas <strong>jvari</strong>s karze,radgan is mZime <strong>da</strong> sapasuxismgeblo movaleobadmiaGnia; radgan mas mouxdeba jvarTan <strong>da</strong> miskvrivebTan siaxlove, rac, S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, misi<strong>da</strong>Rupvis mizezi Seiqnas, Tu sakmarisad wmi<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>r Seinaxa Tavi; Tu ar iwmi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mireuli miuaxlov<strong>da</strong>siwmid<strong>es</strong>, mas ueWveli ganadgurebamoelis. gaigonebT xuc<strong>es</strong>ad <strong>da</strong>dgomaze uarisTqmis mizezad, _ vicodi, wmidobas verSevZlebdi, amitomac vuZaliandebodio jvars (38,#25386). <strong>jvari</strong>s mier niSanSi amoRebuli xSiradmzad aris ga<strong>da</strong>itanos <strong>jvari</strong>s risxva, vidre <strong>da</strong>hyv<strong>es</strong>mis nebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>udg<strong>es</strong> msaxurad. gansacdeli,romelic zemoT aRiwera, mxolod mowifulobiszRurblze rodi elis a<strong>da</strong>mians; is, Gveulebriv,am asakSi iGens Tavs, magram <strong>jvari</strong>, Tu massWirdeba, ar <strong>da</strong>gidevs asaks a<strong>da</strong>mianisas, romelicman Tavis rGeulad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. potenciura<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>miani, <strong>jvari</strong>s yma, nebismier asakSi un<strong>da</strong>elod<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s Zaxils, mis Genas; xSirad <strong>jvari</strong>sulierTan erTad fizikuri avadobis saxiTaciGens Tavs a<strong>da</strong>mianSi; yma xvdeba batonis niSans,cccxiii
magram urGobs, misTvis `sikvdili <strong>da</strong> Pevisbrobabedena ar aris~ (38, #25456). ai, xevisberis naambobi,romelic tipiuria am movlenisaTvis:`^ avad viyav sami weli. arc wamali mamidga,araferi. <strong>da</strong> miTxr<strong>es</strong>, ro un<strong>da</strong> iyo dekanoza<strong>da</strong>o.meti gza ara mqon<strong>da</strong> ra. me ki ar mindo<strong>da</strong>, magramras vizamdi. Gavardi loginad. Gavardnili viyavi<strong>da</strong> arc wamali mamidga, araferi ar mamidga.giorgi ro iyo, dekanozi, naxulob<strong>da</strong> sizmars:samjera Sen gadmogabare droSao. sizmari vnaxeo,ro samjera Sen gadmogabareo. me sizmari <strong>es</strong>evnaxe, ro xatSi mivdiodi <strong>da</strong> xalxi mxvdebo<strong>da</strong>gzaze <strong>da</strong> ver miWerdnen gzaze, mainc mivdiodi^mere cecxli gamiGn<strong>da</strong> fexebSi. fexebSi ro gami-Gn<strong>da</strong> cecxli, ali wamovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>miara <strong>da</strong>veRar gavige memre, ra vqen, rogora vqen. memrgonT mamivi<strong>da</strong>. memre wavedi, meti gza ara mqon<strong>da</strong>~(38, #25545).`^Rame sizmarGi dekanozoba <strong>da</strong>viwyidi. i xatGiun<strong>da</strong> vyofiliyavi <strong>da</strong> mexuca, martua veyudi.<strong>da</strong>miwyo TvalebSi kleba. eqvs wels brmad viyavi.madloba angelozebs, Tvali amexila. dekanoziun<strong>da</strong> vyofiliyavi. aravin iyo aq dekanozi^ xucobam<strong>es</strong>izmrebo<strong>da</strong> xatSi _ sufra, Tas-ganZi,anTebuli sanTlebi^~ (38, #25386). Rameul GvenebaSiis dgas garigebuli Tasebisa <strong>da</strong> anTebulisanTlebis win dekanozis pozaSi; <strong>jvari</strong> Tavismsaxurad asizmrebs Tavs, magram dRisiT rigiTymobas arGevs <strong>jvari</strong>s karze adgils <strong>da</strong> gaurbiscccxiv
mis nebas, rogorc sakuTari Tavis uRirsad Semracxveliqristiani beri gaurbis mRvdelm-Tavrad kurTxevas, rac TiTqos tradiciad arisqceuli qristianul sinamdvileSi.qa<strong>da</strong>gad an xuc<strong>es</strong>ad <strong>da</strong>Werilis urGoba <strong>jvari</strong>smimarT, amboxi xorcielisa Tavisi batonis winaaRmdeg<strong>da</strong> Semdeg Widili <strong>ori</strong>, erTmaneTisadmiSeuwonadi nebisa aucilebeli momentia <strong>jvari</strong>smsaxurad <strong>da</strong>dgomis dramatul siuJetSi, namdvildramaSi, romelic sabolood xorcielis <strong>da</strong>marcxebiTmTavrdeba. <strong>jvari</strong> mainc miiyvans <strong>da</strong>WerilsTavisi <strong>da</strong>rbazis zRurblTan.zemoT naxsenebi iyo S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavi adgilobrivi(xevsuruli) termini _ zRurblis <strong>da</strong>laPva, romlissimboluri azri sanaxevrod miviwyebulia<strong>saymo</strong>Si. mis ganmartebas mxolod tavtologiura<strong>da</strong>n ritualis empiriulad aRweriT Tu axerxeben.`zRurblis <strong>da</strong>laPva is aris, rom kacian gabeGavdeba, an gairyvneba; mkiTxaveebTan gaikiTxaven,isini etyvian, Pelosnad gin<strong>da</strong> misvla,zRurbl un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>laPoo^~ (24, 47). am ganmartebaSimainc mkrTalad Gans, rom zRurblis <strong>da</strong>laxvamdgomareobis Secvlis momaswavebeli ritualia;rom is akanonebs ritualad saero mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>nsakralurSi S<strong>es</strong>vlas. zRurblis <strong>da</strong>laPvaTavisTavad simboluria, rogorc yoveli ritualuriqmedeba, magram mas Tavis mxriv aqvs simbolurigamoxatuleba sxva qmedebaSi. zRurblis<strong>da</strong>laPvis rituals, romelsac asruleben piraqeTcccxv
xevsureTSi, Se<strong>es</strong>atyviseba piriqiT xevsureTis<strong>saymo</strong>ebSi gavrcelebuli saPeloSi Gadgomis *rituali, romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobs: `saPelospurebs~ wriulad <strong>da</strong>awyoben `bortvze~,<strong>jvari</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>is wmi<strong>da</strong> adgilze, <strong>da</strong> erTadgilas am wr<strong>es</strong> Riad <strong>da</strong>stoveben S<strong>es</strong>asvlel`karad~. purebze `Pelosnis samxvewrod~ <strong>da</strong>klulisaklavis xorcis naWrebs awyoben, <strong>da</strong>dgamenludis Tasebs zed <strong>da</strong>magrebuli sanTlebi-TurT. xelsanTliani xuc<strong>es</strong>i <strong>da</strong> is piri, vinc`saPeloSi~ un<strong>da</strong> Gadg<strong>es</strong>, S<strong>es</strong>asvleli `kariT~Sedian wreSi <strong>da</strong> sanTlebs anTeben. yovelive imismniSvnelobis <strong>da</strong>sturad, rac aq xdeba, mamakacebiquds ixdian, <strong>jvari</strong>sagan moSorebiT mdgari de<strong>da</strong>kacebifexze wamoiSlebian, `m<strong>es</strong>aPelo<strong>es</strong>~mSoblebi ki muxlmoyriT arian, vidre maTiSvili wreSi dgas. xuc<strong>es</strong>i xucobs, wamoTqvamsTavis saTqmels (24, 43-4).cxadia, rom am ritualSi samsxverplo purebiTa<strong>da</strong> saklavis xorciT Semoxazuli wre<strong>jvari</strong>s bortvze sakralur sivrc<strong>es</strong> moicavs. Tu<strong>jvari</strong>s bortvi, rogorc kvrivi, wmi<strong>da</strong> adgilia,wreSi moqceuli sivrce wmi<strong>da</strong>Tawmi<strong>da</strong>a, rogorc<strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>rbazi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ufro angelozebi sxde-* `saPelo~, iseve rogorc `Pelosani~ feo<strong>da</strong>luri saqarTvelos saxelmwifo aparatis terminebia,romlebic mTaSi sakralur Tanamdebobas <strong>da</strong> mis matarebels aRniSnavs. qarTuli<strong>da</strong>n nas<strong>es</strong>xebi<strong>es</strong> sityva formiT `Palsuan~ svaneTSi `salocavis msaxurs~ niSnavs (8, 43, 60, 62)cccxvi
ian. am wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta wmi<strong>da</strong>Si Sedis m<strong>es</strong>aPeloe. <strong>es</strong>aris misgan zRurblis <strong>da</strong>laPva * .im <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>jvari</strong>s samsaxurSiGadgomis rituals zRurblis <strong>da</strong>laPva ewodeba,<strong>da</strong>rbazis realur, fizikur zRurblTan ikvlebasaklavi _ zRurblis samlaPao, romlis sisxli-Tac un<strong>da</strong> gainaTlos <strong>da</strong>rbazis zRurbli.mxolod amis Semdeg aqvs ufleba axalbe<strong>da</strong><strong>jvari</strong>s msaxurs <strong>da</strong>laxos zRurbli <strong>da</strong> Sevid<strong>es</strong><strong>da</strong>rbazSi, romelic, vaJas ganmartebiT, warmadgens`ierusalimis wmi<strong>da</strong>-wmi<strong>da</strong>Tas, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tavixevisberi weliwadSi mxolod erTxel Sedis,rogorc mRvdelmTavari wmi<strong>da</strong>-wmi<strong>da</strong>TaSi~ (33, 27).poeti, S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, aWarbebd<strong>es</strong>, _ xevisberiweliwadSi ramdenjerme, dReobebis dros, Sedis<strong>da</strong>rbazSi, _ magram arsobrivad is zustad warmoaGens<strong>da</strong>rbazis mniSvnelobas <strong>saymo</strong>s <strong>jvari</strong>skultSi. ai, aq Semodis <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>Werili, patimari.zRurbli simbolurad gamoxatavs xiluli<strong>da</strong> uxilavi samyaroebis sazRvars, <strong>da</strong>rbazi _ uxilavsamyaros, romelic angelozebiT aris<strong>da</strong>saxlebuli.magram zRurblamde mosvlas <strong>da</strong> mis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvaswin uZRvis simboluri qmedebani, romlebicmis pirovnul gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas, mis axal a<strong>da</strong>mianadSobas gamoxataven. is TiTqos eTiSeba gare sam-* `zRurblis <strong>da</strong>laxvis~ w<strong>es</strong>i vainaxTa saqorwino ritualSi sruldeba: roca siZe pirvelad Sedissacolis saxlSi anu ga<strong>da</strong>laxavs karis zRurbls, valdebulia samwliani cxvari <strong>da</strong>uklas ojaxs (14565). siZisTvis sacolis saxli sakraluriacccxvii
yaros, gadis sawmi<strong>da</strong>rSi anu wmidobs, icavsakrZalvaTa mTel wyebas; am dros is cxovrobs<strong>jvari</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>aze an Tavisi saxlis WerxoSi,romelic yovelTvis wmi<strong>da</strong>d aris <strong>da</strong>culi <strong>da</strong>TiTqos <strong>jvari</strong>s adgils warmoadgens a<strong>da</strong>mianissacxovrebelSi. xatobis dR<strong>es</strong> is cxra wyaroswyalze ganibaneba cxragzis, Seimoseba axal-Sekerili, uxmari samoseliT <strong>da</strong> usmel-uWmeli(`unayro~) midis jvarSi (24, 40-1), raTa iq <strong>da</strong>rbaziszRurblis <strong>da</strong>laxviT ritualurad moipovossakraluri statusi.<strong>jvari</strong>s mkadreebze amboben, rom isini angelozebSiarian garTulni (67, 188); maTive gadmocemiTisini mkadreobis mowodebas angelozebisaganiReben. iqi<strong>da</strong>n modis STagoneba, saxeldobr,xucobis dros warmosaTqmeli sityvebi. sizmradxe<strong>da</strong>ven garigebul tablas _ ludiT savseTasebs <strong>da</strong> anTebul sanTlebs, magram duman, radganjer ara aqvT gamoRebuli `sakraluri ena~.ecxadebaT `gaTeTrebuli kaci~, romlis saxeSicxSirad gamoicnoba gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili xuc<strong>es</strong>i, awvdisTass <strong>da</strong> GasGurGulebs xucobis sityvebs (38,#25456). iRviZebs mkadre <strong>da</strong> sizmri<strong>da</strong>n gamoiyolebsam sityvebs, romlebic ukve GabeWdiliamis mexsierebaSi. `zogjer Zaxebas ver vaswreb,<strong>da</strong>martyams raRac~ (38, #25402). <strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>rtyma iqi<strong>da</strong>n,im STagonebis wyaro<strong>da</strong>n modis.cccxviiibosli<strong>da</strong>n jvaramde
<strong>jvari</strong>s msaxuri sakralurobis maqsimums maSinavlens, roca misi samsaxuris Jami dgeba; rocais dgas iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulos <strong>es</strong> samsaxuri.arsebobs S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavi adgilobrivi termini Jamkari,romelSic SeiZleba vigulisxmoT <strong>jvari</strong>sJami <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s kari; Jami, rod<strong>es</strong>ac sruldebakultmsaxureba, <strong>da</strong> kari anu adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>csruldeba igi. <strong>es</strong> aris sakraluri qronotoposi,erTianoba sakraluri droisa <strong>da</strong> sivrcisa; aq, amadgilze <strong>da</strong> axla, am dros un<strong>da</strong> xorcieldebod<strong>es</strong><strong>es</strong> samsaxuri, xelaxla ibadebod<strong>es</strong> `Jamiigi~ anu cocxldebod<strong>es</strong> is dro, rod<strong>es</strong>ac pirvelad<strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong> kulti. Jam-karis gareSe kulti ararsebobs, magram is mxolod konkretul JamkarSiisxams xorcs.wmi<strong>da</strong> Jam-kari, imisaTvis rom kultis potenciaamoZravd<strong>es</strong>, aucileblobiT moiTxovs m<strong>es</strong>ameelements _ <strong>es</strong> aris msaxuri, romlis zogad saxelwodebadGven Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve viyenebdiT arqaulmkadr<strong>es</strong>, romelic Tavis TavSi iTavseb<strong>da</strong> ist<strong>ori</strong>ulixanis <strong>da</strong> dRemde arsebuli qa<strong>da</strong>gis, xuc<strong>es</strong>is<strong>da</strong> medroSis funqciebs (68, 113). mkadre, iseve,rogorc Jam-kari, wmi<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> iyos. Gven viciT,rom man, ganaTlulma <strong>da</strong> gawmedilma, <strong>da</strong>laxa<strong>da</strong>rbazis zRurbli, romlis miRma is transcendentursamyaros eziara, angelozebis wreSiSevi<strong>da</strong>. am aqtiT xorcieli <strong>jvari</strong>s siwmid<strong>es</strong>Tanxdeba naziarebi; siwmide ar aris misi Sinagani<strong>da</strong> mudmivi mdgomareoba, amitomac <strong>jvari</strong>scccxix
msaxuri Rirsi rom Seiqnas wmi<strong>da</strong> Jam-karisa, isperiodulad un<strong>da</strong> ganiwmidebod<strong>es</strong>; Tu arganiaxla Tavisi siwmide, is ver miva dReobisdR<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s karze Tavisi sakraluri movaleobisS<strong>es</strong>asruleblad. is un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dg<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>sterit<strong>ori</strong>is yvelaze wmi<strong>da</strong> adgilas, sa<strong>da</strong>mdec kixorciels mi<strong>es</strong>vleba. aseTi adgili <strong>jvari</strong>sterit<strong>ori</strong>aze aris <strong>jvari</strong>s beReli, romliszRurblze ga<strong>da</strong>bijeba <strong>da</strong> Sig S<strong>es</strong>vla mxolod<strong>jvari</strong>s gamZRoT anu xuc<strong>es</strong>ebs SeuZliaT, Tumcaiq Zilis neba ara aqvT (62, 655). beRels mxolodukidur<strong>es</strong>i gansacdelis Jams miaSurebs rigiTiyma: bacaligvelma vaGem devi mokla; sxva devebisagandevnili vaGe pirquSis beRelSi afarebsTavs, sa<strong>da</strong>c devebi ver be<strong>da</strong>ven S<strong>es</strong>vlas (62, 588);Tumca vaG<strong>es</strong> uwmiduri Zalisagan <strong>jvari</strong>sgalavanic <strong>da</strong>icav<strong>da</strong>, magram devnilma uwmid<strong>es</strong>adgils miaSura _ is uSualod <strong>jvari</strong>s ub<strong>es</strong> Seexvewa.qa<strong>da</strong>gis, rogorc umaRl<strong>es</strong>i mowmi<strong>da</strong>robismatarebeli piris, funqcia <strong>jvari</strong>s beRelTanaris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli: `qa<strong>da</strong>gs Saiyvanen, sacakvrivi; beRelSi <strong>da</strong>smen~ (68, 66). aq, beRliswiaRSi ecxadeba <strong>jvari</strong> qa<strong>da</strong>gs <strong>da</strong> ucxadebs Tavisnebas. <strong>jvari</strong>s gamocxadebis scena aRwerilia`baxtrionis~ V TavSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qa<strong>da</strong>gi uambobsxalxs Tavis mistiur gamocxadebas:win momegeba siciliT,beRlis kars modga mzebura,cccxx
tanT ecva lurji beqTari,Tavze GaGqani exura.didia Gveni batoni^beRlis kari <strong>jvari</strong>s wmi<strong>da</strong> nagebobis konkretulisaxec aris <strong>da</strong> amave dros bevr <strong>saymo</strong>Si is<strong>jvari</strong>s karis aRmniSvnelicaa, riTac misisiwmidea gamoxatuli. rogorc sabrZolo poezii<strong>da</strong>nGans, mteri swored beRlis kars utevs, rogorczurab erisTavi laSaris bermuxas <strong>da</strong>gudelas alvisx<strong>es</strong>:maS cabaurTas GavideT, vamtvrioT beRliskario (109, 35).ai, am wmi<strong>da</strong> beRelSi S<strong>es</strong>asvlelad, romlismistiuri siRrme cxra fexi wmi<strong>da</strong> sanTlis SuqiTizomeba, qa<strong>da</strong>gs sWirdeba pirvelmopovebulisiwmidis xelaxla mopoveba, rom kvlavaRorZind<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s mkadred.sauflo dRis <strong>da</strong>dgomamde, roca msaxuri<strong>jvari</strong>s karze un<strong>da</strong> gamocxadd<strong>es</strong>, is ramdenimekviriT adre iwyebs wmidobas. is sawmi<strong>da</strong>rSi gadis,iwyebs cxovrebas <strong>jvari</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>aze, ker-Zod, saberoSi, marxulobs, ekrZaleba de<strong>da</strong>kacTanaraTu siaxlove, galaparakebac ki; is <strong>da</strong>dismisTvis gankuTvnili savali bilikebiT, romlebic`ulaP~ adgilebze gadis; sxvis ojaxSi saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi misvlisas (w<strong>es</strong>iT kiekrZaleba: `^ar vaZlevav sxvis ojaxSi S<strong>es</strong>vlisnebasav, ar vaZlevav gareT myofebsTanaZraxdomis nebasav^~ (68, 19) bans an Werxos miaS-cccxxi
urebs, rogorc saxlis wmi<strong>da</strong>d Senaxuladgilebs; wmi<strong>da</strong> wyaros, ara mdinaris, wyalSiibaneba yoveldRe, ragind civi zamTari iyos.zog <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi sawmi<strong>da</strong>rSi gasulni sruliadwyveten ojaxTan kavSirs <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s koSkSiga<strong>da</strong>saxlebulni umanko bavSvebis mitanilisakvebiT ikvebebian (53, 209). winasadReobo periodiTormetjer (Tu wliur dR<strong>es</strong>aswaulTa maqsimalurricxvs aviRebT) un<strong>da</strong> modiod<strong>es</strong> weliwadSi<strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxuric am dros, rogorcberi <strong>da</strong> gandegili, Tmobs wuTisofels <strong>da</strong>TiTqos u<strong>da</strong>bnoSi gadis gansawmedelad. is fizikuradcxovrobs <strong>saymo</strong>Si, <strong>saymo</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>aze,magram sulierad sxva samyaroSia ga<strong>da</strong>suli;<strong>saymo</strong> nalaPSi cxovrobs, is ulaPSi; <strong>saymo</strong>xsnilia, is marxuli; <strong>saymo</strong> Tavisufalia, ispatimari. is Tmobs bevr ram<strong>es</strong> mTeli wlismanZilze, rom jvarTan axlos misvlis uflebamoipovos; sulierad emzadeba, `ipatimrebs~ Tavs,rom Sevid<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta wmi<strong>da</strong>Si.akrZalvebSi, marxulobaSi, patimrobaSi,gandegilobaSi gadis <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxuris cxovrebismeti wili. is ar aris Semosili sagangebo talavariT,romelic mas rigiTi ymisagan ganasxvaveb<strong>da</strong>;magram mas uxilavi samoseli, rogorcsqima monazvnisa, ga<strong>da</strong>farebuli aqvs <strong>jvari</strong>s mier.Tu mis miwmi<strong>da</strong>robis reJims mis ukidur<strong>es</strong>obaSiwarmovidgenT, <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxuri am periodSi gare-SeTagan uxilavi un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> mxolod Jam-karzecccxxii
un<strong>da</strong> Gndebod<strong>es</strong> Semokrebili <strong>da</strong> misi momlodine<strong>saymo</strong>s winaSe xelxanjliani, Tu is xuc<strong>es</strong>ia, <strong>da</strong>mwyalbnebissityvebis warmosaTqmelad <strong>da</strong> wamoyenebulisamsaxuris (anu saklavis) Tavisgzaze <strong>da</strong>sayeneblad. aq un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom racufro mniSvnelovani movaleoba akisria <strong>jvari</strong>smsaxurs <strong>jvari</strong>s karze, miT ufro mkacri un<strong>da</strong>iyos mis cxovrebis w<strong>es</strong>i. xuc<strong>es</strong>i Tu dekanozi,igive xevisberi, romelsac akisria wmi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saSineli samsaxuri _ sisxliani msxverplis Sewirva<strong>saymo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> calkeuli ymebis saxelze,cxadia, meti siwmidiT un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen mosilni,vidre <strong>da</strong>sturebi, romlebsac evalebaT sadReoboludis moxarSva <strong>da</strong> amave dros sawmi<strong>da</strong>rSi gasulixevisbrisaTvis saWmelis momzadeba, radganxevisbrebi mxolod ganaTluli xeliT momzadebulsaWmels Wamen. <strong>da</strong>sturs Tavisi arcTu xangrZlivimowmi<strong>da</strong>robiT ufleba aqvs mopovebulizvarakis <strong>da</strong>kvlisas miexmaros xevisbers (fexebigaukavos saklavs, <strong>da</strong>rbazSi Sehyv<strong>es</strong> xevisbers <strong>da</strong>sxv.). amitomac is garkveul xans gandegilobsojaxi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> sagangebo SenobaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>sturoSicxovrobs.<strong>da</strong>sturi ver Seasrulebs Tavis funqcias, TuSultam (Tu GanGxma) ar moutana mas salude qeri<strong>da</strong> SeSa. raki am naklebad mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobispirebsac uxdebaT monawileoba dR<strong>es</strong>aswaulis,wmi<strong>da</strong> Jam-karis momzadebaSi, isinic wmidoben,magram maT ar evalebaT gansakuTrebulicccxxiii
akrZalvebis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> maTi mowmi<strong>da</strong>robis va<strong>da</strong>cxanmoklea.rigiTi ymebi, romlebic jvars ar amourGeviaraime samsaxurisaTvis <strong>jvari</strong>s karze an arc wilisyriTevalebaT samsaxuri, an arc raimeaRTqma aqvT <strong>da</strong>debuli, Tavisufalni arianakrZalvebisagan yoveldRiur yofaSi, magramswored <strong>es</strong> Tavisufleba arTmevs maT uflebasTavisuflad moiqcnen <strong>jvari</strong>s karze _ idgenen <strong>da</strong>Sevidnen iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>stur-xelosnebs <strong>da</strong> xevisbrebsuxdebaT yofna. <strong>jvari</strong>s karze aSkaravdebapatimris upirat<strong>es</strong>oba Tavisuflis mimarT _rigiTi ymisTvis <strong>da</strong>farulia saidumlo, ismxolod gare<strong>da</strong>n S<strong>es</strong>cqeris wmi<strong>da</strong> sanTlebiscimcims beRelSi Tu <strong>da</strong>rbazSi an kvrivis sipebze<strong>da</strong> ar SeuZlia uxilavad Semowerili sazRvrisga<strong>da</strong>laxva, radgan mas ar <strong>da</strong>ulaxavs simbolurrealurizRurbli <strong>da</strong>rbazisa. <strong>es</strong> uTanasworoba,rac jvarTan mimarTebaSi aSkaravdeba, gawonasworebuliaimiT, rom <strong>jvari</strong>sagan TavisufalrigiT ymas, magram profanuli yofis patimars,sxva <strong>realoba</strong>Si aqvs upirat<strong>es</strong>oba <strong>da</strong>Tmobili. ai,ras wers d.xizaniSvili: `xevisberi Tumca xatismaxlobeli piria <strong>da</strong> xalxisagan pativcemuli,magram kargi iRbalis mqoned, `<strong>da</strong>vlaTian~, bednierkacad is mainc ver GaiTvleba fSavelebSi.xevisberi <strong>da</strong> mowmin<strong>da</strong>rebi xatis `tusaRebi~ <strong>da</strong>`monebi~ arian, iRbali ki ver amoirGevs TavisTvisxevis-brad <strong>da</strong> mowmin<strong>da</strong>rad ver <strong>da</strong>amonavebs,cccxxiv
adgan misi winaaRmdegi kacis mosarGle amSemTxvevaSi isev kacis iRbalia. fSavlis azriT,yvela xevisberi, qa<strong>da</strong>g-mkiTxavi <strong>da</strong> sazogadodxatisagan <strong>da</strong>monavebuli kaci uiRbloa <strong>da</strong> Tavisufalxalxze nakleb bednieri~ (108). marTlac,ra <strong>da</strong>vlaTi <strong>da</strong> yismaTi uSvelis mas, vinc jvar-Tan siaxlovis gamo mudmiv xifaTSi imyofeba,visac misi samsaxuris mZime tvirTi awevs, xolosazRaurad saklavis tyaviRa rGeba xelSi. yofacxovrebiTiTvalsazrisiT <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxurzeubeduri a<strong>da</strong>miani ar moiZebneba mTels <strong>saymo</strong>Si.S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, mas ifaravd<strong>es</strong> kidec <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>vlaTi,a<strong>da</strong>mianur <strong>da</strong>vlaTze ganuzomelad Zlieri(rogorc cabaurTis mTavarangelozis mkadr<strong>es</strong>,romelic zvavi<strong>da</strong>n uvneblad gamoiyvana jvarma),magram <strong>jvari</strong>ve anadgurebs mas an `<strong>da</strong>levs~ monagariTurTmciredi ampartavnobis gamoGenisa Tusiwmidis uneburi SebRalvisaTvis. `rodis iyo,<strong>jvari</strong>s tyve-tusaRni kargad iyvnen <strong>da</strong> kargadkvdebodnen? _ kiTxvas svam<strong>da</strong> qa<strong>da</strong>gi <strong>da</strong> Tavadvepasuxob<strong>da</strong>, _ arasod<strong>es</strong>. radgan jvarni uyisma-Toni iyvnen <strong>da</strong> maT varskvlavze <strong>da</strong>badebulebmakargi ra un<strong>da</strong> naxon?~ (38, #25468).<strong>saymo</strong> ar Sedgeba dedrovanTagan, magram <strong>saymo</strong>Sicxovrobs dedrovani <strong>da</strong> mas garkveuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaaqvs jvarTan. <strong>jvari</strong> icavs dedrovans,Tavis biJionas, rogorc Tavad <strong>jvari</strong>uwodebs mas (rogorc mamrovans _ vercxlisRils), magram icavs ara iseTi TavgamodebiT, ro-cccxxv
gorc mamrovans, romelic qmnis <strong>saymo</strong>s `sxeuls~.de<strong>da</strong>kaci, mowmi<strong>da</strong>ric ki, ver utoldeba siwmidiTaramowmi<strong>da</strong>r mamakacs (107). ase rom, sawmi<strong>da</strong>rSiyofna savsebiT ver warxocavs bunebiT uwmidurebas,rasac de<strong>da</strong>kacSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs tradiciuli kulti.de<strong>da</strong>kacis saSo<strong>da</strong>n mravldeba <strong>saymo</strong>, magramswored saSos gamo, romelic Sobs, masekrZaleba jvarTan siaxlove. <strong>jvari</strong>s mTels samyaroSidedrovani calke sazogadoebas, bi-JionaTa calke krebuls qmnis, romelic Jam-karzegaridebulia mamrovanTa krebuls. magaliTad,laSaris jvarSi yvela <strong>saymo</strong>s dedrovani erTsajareSi iyris Tavs, maSin roca mamrovanT Tav-Tavisi sajareebi aqvT <strong>saymo</strong>ebis mixedviT.zogierT jvarSi, mag., xaxmatis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis(naRvarmSvenieris) jvarSi, de<strong>da</strong>kacebis sajare<strong>da</strong> maTTvis neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli terit<strong>ori</strong>a bunebrivisazRvriT, stequras xeviT aris gamijnuli<strong>jvari</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>is im nawilisagan, sa<strong>da</strong>c maTga<strong>da</strong>svlis ufleba ara aqvT. de<strong>da</strong>kacs ekrZalebaaraTu <strong>jvari</strong>s siwmideTa xelisxleba (mis xelSiki gadis sadroSe baR<strong>da</strong>di, magram mas Semdeg,rac is droSaze Seibmis, misTvis miuwvdomelixdeba), aramed <strong>jvari</strong>s saxelis xsenebac ki: saubarSimas SeuZlia Tavis Tu xelis moZraobiTmigvaniSnos jvarze, an gansazRvros is Tavisiqmris an mamis saxeliT (`Gemi kacis <strong>jvari</strong>~, `Gemimamis <strong>jvari</strong>~), an zedwodebiT (`qvena <strong>jvari</strong>~,`zena <strong>jvari</strong>~), an nebismieri narTauli gziT.cccxxvi
dedrovanSi gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvT<strong>ori</strong> ukidur<strong>es</strong>i asakis qalebs _ moxucebulT,romlTac Semwy<strong>da</strong>ri aqvT de<strong>da</strong>Tw<strong>es</strong>i <strong>da</strong> gogonebs,romelTac ar miuRweviaT mowifulobamde. maT arekrZalebaT xevisberTa <strong>da</strong> mowmi<strong>da</strong>rTasamyofelSi S<strong>es</strong>vla (51, 181); ufro metic: isinisaWironic ki arian jvarSi. rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT,zogierT <strong>saymo</strong>Si uasako gogonebisxeliT misdiT sawmi<strong>da</strong>rSi gasulxevisberebs sakvebi (mag., xevSi),sxvagan ki (arxotisa <strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>nisjvrebSi) <strong>da</strong>sturebis <strong>da</strong>mxmared<strong>jvari</strong> xnier de<strong>da</strong>kacebs moiTxovs (62, 693).dedrovanTa S<strong>ori</strong>s arian or mdgomareobaSimyofi qalebi _ de<strong>da</strong>Tw<strong>es</strong>Si myofni anu mebosleni,romlebic sagangebo SenobaSi (samreloSi)an boselSi ganiwmindebian; <strong>da</strong> ukanasknel TveSiGamdgarni, romlebic aseve sagangebo qoxSiimyofebian mSobiarobamde <strong>da</strong> mSobiarobis Semdeg.Tavad isini <strong>da</strong> maTi samyofeli adgili usasrulomanZiliT (sakraluri azriT) arian <strong>da</strong>-Sorebulni jvars, rogorc misi antipodebi.boslis gamoGena aseT viTarebaSi ar arismoulodneli. misi funqcia, rogorc uwmidurobaSimyofi de<strong>da</strong>kacis droebiTisadgomisa, erT-erTi uZvel<strong>es</strong>i <strong>da</strong> mTels de<strong>da</strong>miwiszurgze farTod gavrcelebuli realiaa, romelsacmiTosur-simboluri gaazrebebi aqvs.amave dros is SeiZleba kulturaTa ganmasxvave-cccxxvii
eli erT-erTi niSanic iyos. SuamdinareTis sakraluryofaSi <strong>da</strong> miTosSi boseli wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta wmi<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>ris Seracxili swored imis gamo, rom isSobis adgilia, sa<strong>da</strong>c ibadeba ara mxolodtaZris wmi<strong>da</strong> naxiri, aramed mefec <strong>da</strong>,sabolood, <strong>es</strong> Senoba RvTis saxlis mniSvnelobasiZens miTosSi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c kosmiuri boseliRmerTebis saSod aris warmodgenili (46,77, 212, 186). is sakraluri <strong>realoba</strong>a. aseTive sakraluria,oRond sawinaaRmdego niSniT (laTinurisityvis sacer `wmi<strong>da</strong>~ meore mniSvneloba _`uwmiduri~) * boseli Gven <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c massimboliuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs, rogorc siwmidisnulovan adgils, sai<strong>da</strong>nac iwyeba ganwmedis gza,mimarTuli <strong>jvari</strong>saken, romelic siwmidis umaRl<strong>es</strong>igamoxatulebaa. boseli imis gamo, rom isSobis adgilia an momSobiarebulis droebiTisamyofeli, uwmiduria; magram misgan, rogorcdedis mucli<strong>da</strong>n, gamomavali <strong>jvari</strong>sken aris mimarTuli.yma ibadeba `qoxSi~, romelsac zogierT sazogadoebaSi`boseli~ ewodeba, Tumca zogan isrealura<strong>da</strong>c boselia. momSobiarebuli qaliramdenime xnis Semdeg axladSobili yrmiTurT(is <strong>jvari</strong>s momavali ymaa) gamodis samSobiaroqoxi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Sedis saqonlis sadgomSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c xans<strong>da</strong>hyofs axladSobilTan erTad, vidre ar* ix. 147, 187-9.cccxxviii
ganiwmideba <strong>da</strong> samyof saxlSi S<strong>es</strong>vlis uflebaar miecema. ganwmedis Semdeg is stovebs bosels<strong>da</strong> Sedis saxlSi, magram jer kidev ekrZalebaWerxoSi asvla, radgan Werxo sawmi<strong>da</strong>ri adgilia,rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>s adgili <strong>jvari</strong>s ymis (is SeiZlebadekanozi iyos) sacxovrebel saxlSi. <strong>es</strong> gza, romelsacgaivlis de<strong>da</strong>kaci axladSobilTan erTadbosli<strong>da</strong>n Werxomde, simbolurad gamoxatavs<strong>jvari</strong>saken mimaval ganwmedis gzas, aRmaval gzasSobis adgili<strong>da</strong>n jvaramde, sa<strong>da</strong>c un<strong>da</strong> mivid<strong>es</strong>Tu un<strong>da</strong> miiyvanon <strong>saymo</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>badebuli yvelavercxlis Rili. boseli, rogorc saSo, dedrulia_ aq de<strong>da</strong>kacebi trialeben <strong>da</strong> wvebian<strong>da</strong>saZineblad; Werxo mamrulia <strong>da</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong>a, rogorc<strong>jvari</strong> _ aq iZinebs mamakaci (54, 136; 55, 187).aqve imyofeba ojaxis `<strong>jvari</strong>~ anu mekeziswvre angelozi.siwmide moemarTeba Werxo<strong>da</strong>n qvemoT,rogorc emanaciis naTeli, <strong>da</strong> iklebs uqvemo<strong>es</strong>sarTulSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>jvari</strong>s msaxurT <strong>da</strong> mowmi<strong>da</strong>rebsS<strong>es</strong>vla ekrZalebaT.a<strong>da</strong>miani roca ibadeba, is uwmiduri ibadeba;roca kvdeba a<strong>da</strong>miani, is kvlav uwmiduri xdeba.`civi~, rogorc micvalebuls uwodeben tabuirebulenaze, <strong>jvari</strong>sagan ganridebulia; iseve Sorsaris <strong>jvari</strong>sagan, rogorc boselSi Tu qoxSi axladSobiliyrma. uZilaurTis <strong>saymo</strong>Si `civs~araTu <strong>jvari</strong>s xelkaci, rigiTi ymac ki verekareba; micvalebuli sxva sofli<strong>da</strong>n mosulmaxalxma un<strong>da</strong> miabaros miwas (65, 202). <strong>da</strong>mmarx-cccxxix
velni tans ganibanen, rogorc axladmologinebuli<strong>da</strong> axladSobili iwmidebian. zogierT<strong>saymo</strong>Si, mag., arxotSi, `micvalebuls asvenebenboselSi~ (59-b, 44). Gans, <strong>saymo</strong> raRac saidumlokavSirs xe<strong>da</strong>vs a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sobasa <strong>da</strong> sikvdilsS<strong>ori</strong>s.qa<strong>da</strong>gi qalebidedrovani, marTalia, uwmidurad aris Seracxili<strong>da</strong> Sors dgas <strong>jvari</strong>sagan, magramzogierTi <strong>saymo</strong> swored masSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs sakultocxovrebis <strong>da</strong>sabams. xevsuruli andreziT, Tamarmef<strong>es</strong> xaxmatSi augia ekl<strong>es</strong>ia <strong>da</strong> Seuwiravs misTvisqristianuli religiis upirvel<strong>es</strong>i niSanioqros <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong> vercxlis Tasebi.erTi leqsi ambobs:qalma Tqva Tamar mefema: xaxmats avage say<strong>da</strong>ri,vercxlis Tasebi SeviRe, Sig <strong>da</strong>vayene bermRvdeli(143, 97).gadmocemiT `PaPmatis <strong>jvari</strong> winaT ar iyovo<strong>da</strong> Tamar mefem ekl<strong>es</strong>ia aaSena wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgissaxelze <strong>da</strong> bolos gaGn<strong>da</strong> giorgis locva <strong>da</strong>ga<strong>da</strong>keT<strong>da</strong> Pevsurul religiur sadReobod^~ (60,116). Tamari, saekl<strong>es</strong>io wmin<strong>da</strong>ni, xevsureTSicwmin<strong>da</strong>nad aris Seracxili <strong>da</strong> misi nasadgomaris,rogorc wmin<strong>da</strong> adgilis xsovna, ukanaskneldromde iyo SemorGenili xaxmatSi. XIX saukunis<strong>da</strong>sasrulis mogzauri aseT epizodscccxxx
mogviTxrobs xaxmatSi agebul axal ekl<strong>es</strong>iasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT: `^ PaPmatSi kacebi <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>kacebiris vai-vaglaxiT Sevidnen say<strong>da</strong>rSi; de<strong>da</strong>kacebskenWebi GaedoT pirSi. imitom ar Sedian, romTviT adgili, raze<strong>da</strong>c say<strong>da</strong>ri dgas (say<strong>da</strong>riiqve xatis gverdzea), wmin<strong>da</strong> adgilad miaGniaT:`aq Tamar mefis nasadgomari asav^~ (39). rogorcvxe<strong>da</strong>vT, Tamaris nasadgomari <strong>jvari</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>azeegulebo<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> iseve ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong>T misi,rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>s `<strong>da</strong>Werili~, kvrivi adgilebisa.Tamari aGens <strong>saymo</strong>Si kvriv adgils, <strong>es</strong> ki kultis<strong>da</strong>fuZnebis ba<strong>da</strong>lia.Tumca Tamari kultis <strong>da</strong>maarsebelia ara rogorcsakuTriv qali, aramed rogorc RvTiuriwarmoSobis mefe; is axorcielebs Tavis TavSiprincips bagrationTa modgmisa, romelicRvTisSvilTa moZmed iyo <strong>da</strong>saxuli garkveulixani<strong>da</strong>n dinastiis mTeli arsebobis manZilzevidre ukanasknel mefe ereklemde. amrigad, isafuZnebs Tu ganaaxlebs Tavisi RvTiuri moZmisreligias mTaSi, ukve arsebul kults, romlis`aRmoGenaSi~ ar miuRia monawileoba, ar yofilajvarGenis mxilveli <strong>da</strong> ganmcdeli, rogorc amrjulis pirvelqa<strong>da</strong>gni, romelTac <strong>jvari</strong> irGevsTavisi WeSmaritebis saqa<strong>da</strong>geblad.xevsureTsa <strong>da</strong> fSavSi arsebobs andrezebi,romelTa mixedviT jvarGenad gamzadebulmaRvTisSvilma mTels <strong>saymo</strong>Si qali gaixa<strong>da</strong> TavisrGeulad <strong>da</strong> patimrad. jvarGenis erT-erT an-cccxxxi
drezs qalis monawileobiT Gven ukve gavecaniT;<strong>es</strong> iyo karatis <strong>jvari</strong>s anu kopalas liqokSi gamoGenisandrezi. misi gmirebi iyvnen ubralomwyemsebi _ mowifulobis zRurblamde misuliqal-vaJi, romelTac ubiwo siyvaruliT uyvar<strong>da</strong>TerTmaneTi. <strong>es</strong>eni iyvnen jvarGenis mxilvelni <strong>da</strong>uSualo ganmcdelni, maT fsiqikaSi gaiara jvar-Genis faqtma <strong>da</strong> erT-erT maTganze _ <strong>es</strong> iyo qali_ samu<strong>da</strong>mo tvifari aRbeW<strong>da</strong>. andrezi ambobs,rom qal-vaJi ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong> jvarGenis mxilvelni,rom ubiwoni ar yofiliyvnen (60, 127); qaliimyofebo<strong>da</strong> sulier-xorcieli siwmidis im mdgomareobaSi,romelSic uqorwinebeli andrezuliTamari imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, roca is Tavis siwmid<strong>es</strong>levitaciis unariT <strong>da</strong> mzis sxivis saswauliTamowmeb<strong>da</strong> (43). Tu jvarGenis pirvelxilvisaTvissaWiro iyo siwmide, is aucilebeli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyoSemdegac <strong>da</strong> ar un<strong>da</strong> wabilwuliyoqalSi, raki jvarma is airGia Tavis mkadred.qalSi un<strong>da</strong> gagrZelebuliyo sulier-xorcielisiwmidis asaki, masSi ar un<strong>da</strong> eGina Tavi im niSnebs,romlebic <strong>jvari</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s TvalSi uwmidurarsebad xdis qals. andrezi sagangeboyuradRebas aqcevs am moments: `^ im qals arcmeTveurobis w<strong>es</strong>n xqonivas, arc qmrianobisa, arcmebosleobisa^~ (67, 162). mxolod aseTi qaliSeeZlo aetana RvTisSvils Tavis mkadred; meoremxriv, mxolod aseT qals SeeZlo `ekadrebina~(gaebedna) <strong>jvari</strong>s siaxlove.cccxxxii
xeli me mkadra minanma, zaltian-saTiTianio(60, 135),ambobs karatis <strong>jvari</strong> erT sakulto leqsSi,sa<strong>da</strong>c aRwerilia <strong>jvari</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> minanis _ ase erqvapirvel qa<strong>da</strong>g qals, karatis <strong>jvari</strong>s `aRmomGens~ _mogzauroba mTis TemebSi begaris asaRebad, racaxali rjulis ganmtkicebis niSania (iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c<strong>jvari</strong> begaras aw<strong>es</strong>ebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi misikultic aris <strong>da</strong>w<strong>es</strong>ebuli). am striqonSi aRsaniSnavia,rom <strong>jvari</strong>s mkadre qals qalurobis niSnadmxolodRa samkauli _ `zalte~ (salte, samajuri)aqvs SerGenili samZimariviT, romelicaseve <strong>da</strong>clilia qalurobis xorcieli niSnebisagan(68, 45).jvars sur<strong>da</strong>, rom `zaltian-saTiTian~ diacsgamocxadebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi xeliT <strong>da</strong>efuZnebina Tavisisalocavi; magram qalSi aRmofxvrili un<strong>da</strong>yofiliyo sq<strong>es</strong>i. <strong>es</strong> aris <strong>jvari</strong>s paradoqsi. <strong>jvari</strong>ar eZebs Tavis rGeuls anomaliebSi, magram Tavis`<strong>da</strong>WerilSi~ is waSlis fiziologiur niSnebs,riTac de<strong>da</strong>kacs ga<strong>da</strong>iyvans im kateg<strong>ori</strong>aSi, sa<strong>da</strong>cmowmi<strong>da</strong>ri mamakacebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s xelkacebiiricxebian. mxolod amgvarad ganwmedili qalisxeliT, romelsac ar emuqreba uwmiduroba, <strong>jvari</strong>avrcelebs Tavis religias urjulo mosaxleobaSi,raTa gaixados is Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>d.cccxxxiii
pirvel qa<strong>da</strong>g qalze andrezi gadmogvcems: `^pirvel imas autexav qa<strong>da</strong>goba mTel PevsureTSi,gu<strong>da</strong>nac, PaPmatac. im qals sru mu<strong>da</strong>m xatSi uvlavsalocavad. memr ekl<strong>es</strong>ia <strong>da</strong>udgam, <strong>da</strong>rbasgaumarTebav, memr dReobeb <strong>da</strong>uw<strong>es</strong>ebav: aTengena,amaRleba, sxvai^ im qals ar uxucebav, eegrsaqa<strong>da</strong>go uubnav~ (67, 162). rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, qali,romelmac Seqmna religiuri cxovrebis safuZvlebi,ar yofila uflebamosili xuc<strong>es</strong>ismovaleobis S<strong>es</strong>asruleblad; is SeiZleba qa<strong>da</strong>giyofiliyo, magram ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong> xuc<strong>es</strong>i, Tumcaqa<strong>da</strong>gis religiuri statusi gacilebiT maRalia<strong>da</strong> sakraluri xuc<strong>es</strong>isaze, radgan kultisgenezisi<strong>da</strong>nve mTels ist<strong>ori</strong>ul xanaSi mas <strong>jvari</strong>swored qa<strong>da</strong>gis piriT irGevs <strong>saymo</strong><strong>da</strong>n. `im qalsar uxucebav^~, iseve rogorc wmi<strong>da</strong> ninos, romelmacmxolod uqa<strong>da</strong>ga qrist<strong>es</strong> sityva mcxeTisers <strong>da</strong> misca saxe pirveli ekl<strong>es</strong>iisa, magram misimomnaTvleli mRvdlebi saberZneTi<strong>da</strong>ngamoiTxova, raki mas, rogorc qals, naTliscemisufleba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>.andrezis sityvebi, rom `im qals ar uxucebav,eegr saqa<strong>da</strong>god uubnav~, gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom qa<strong>da</strong>gobispirveladobas <strong>da</strong> xucobis meoradobasa<strong>da</strong>sturebs (radgan jer gamocxadebaa, mereRawarmarTva kultisa), sxva mxrivac aris sagulisxmo:is faqti, rom qali qa<strong>da</strong>gob<strong>da</strong>, xoloxucoba ar SeeZlo, rac mamakacs un<strong>da</strong> ekisra ist<strong>ori</strong>ulad,migvaniSnebs qa<strong>da</strong>gobis unaris de-cccxxxiv
drul, xolo xucobis funqciis mamrul warmomavlobaze,risi safuZvelic de<strong>da</strong>kacis pasiur<strong>da</strong> mamakacis aqtiur bunebaSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos Gamarxuli.qa<strong>da</strong>gsa <strong>da</strong> xuc<strong>es</strong>s S<strong>ori</strong>s Zireuli gansxvaveba,cxadia, jvarTan maT mimarTebaSi un<strong>da</strong> Gand<strong>es</strong>;maTi warmosaTqmeli teqstebi <strong>da</strong> funqciasruliad gansxvavebuli warmomavlobisaaa. maTiSe<strong>da</strong>rebisaTvis S<strong>es</strong>aniSnav masalas iZleva al.oGiauris Ganaweri mowmaos (xevsureTi)mTavarangelozis jvarSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c xuc<strong>es</strong>i <strong>da</strong>qa<strong>da</strong>gi erTi <strong>da</strong> igive piria.mimdinareobs kultmsaxureba <strong>jvari</strong>s karzeaxali <strong>da</strong>sturebis <strong>da</strong>sayeneblad. `am drosxuc<strong>es</strong>i gainaTlebo<strong>da</strong>-d’ <strong>da</strong>akrevd anTebul san-Tlebs <strong>da</strong>rbazSi. Tan SasZaxnebd: `<strong>da</strong>locvilomTavaro angelozo, SamaZaxilze nu gamiwyrebi,uti-d’ umecari or, Porcieli or. Sen uSveliSenT ymaT, Sen nu maiwyen, nu maiZuleb Send samsaxurad,Tavis samSvidobod^~. am SaZaxils rogaaTavebd, gamava-d’ xalxis saTaveSi <strong>da</strong>jdebod.cotaixniTg<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyebd mTqnarebas. xalxi <strong>da</strong>Gumebul<strong>da</strong>sxdebo<strong>da</strong>-d’ elod<strong>es</strong> gaqa<strong>da</strong>gebas^ am-Tqnarebd mal-maled, Tan creml <strong>da</strong>uwyebd madenas.bolos <strong>da</strong>ikivlebd: `hai, hai, me ormTavarangelozi, me maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebai. GemmaT aRaraad gavaGnior. mPari mPars gamiswor<strong>es</strong>ad’kiser kisers. maTreven simurSia-d’, roSianSi.aRaraad vis gavaGnior, magram me aisiv mTavar-cccxxxv
angeloz or, me aisiv Zali-d’ SaZlebai maqv. GemymaT urGev, ro WkviT iyvnan. me nu ga<strong>da</strong>magdeben,Tore vanan; Gems w<strong>es</strong>s me ar <strong>da</strong>viyri, raic xTisganmaqv malocvili^~ (68, 68-69).<strong>saymo</strong>s Tvalwin xdeba xuc<strong>es</strong>is gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaqa<strong>da</strong>gad; am saxecvlilebis garegani niSani arismTqnareba, rogorc transis pasiur mdgomareobaSiga<strong>da</strong>svlis simptomi. roca is, rogorcxuc<strong>es</strong>i, warmoTqvam<strong>da</strong> saTqmels, misi sityva qvemo<strong>da</strong>nzemoT iyo mimarTuli; <strong>es</strong> iyo xorcielismimarTva RvTisSvilisadmi, a<strong>da</strong>mianuri warmoSobissityva, romelsac warmoTqvam<strong>da</strong> xuc<strong>es</strong>isruli SegnebiT Tavisi piriT, rogorc xorcielTa<strong>saymo</strong>s warmomadgeneli, <strong>jvari</strong>sagan sakraluriuflebebiT aRWurvili, rogorc Suamavali<strong>saymo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> jvars S<strong>ori</strong>s. xucobaSi xuc<strong>es</strong>ismosaxsenebelia is, rac <strong>saymo</strong>m icis TavisTavze _ rac uWirs, rac trialebs <strong>saymo</strong>Si, Tavissibriyv<strong>es</strong>Tan erTad, rom is `utia <strong>da</strong> umecari~,rom mas wamoyenebuli hyavs samsaxuri imisaTvis,rom jvarma ixsnas is `laRis mtrisgan, mwarissikvdilisgan~, rom miiRos <strong>es</strong> sacxovari`xsnila<strong>da</strong>, kurTxeula<strong>da</strong>~; yvelaferi <strong>es</strong> _ warm-Tqmulic <strong>da</strong> wamoyenebulic, roca <strong>da</strong>iRvreba misisisxli, adis maRla, ufro sworad un<strong>da</strong> miaRwiosjvaramde, radgan is mis karze warmoiTqmis<strong>da</strong> keTdeba, rom jvarma uxilavi SibiT Tu kibiTm<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTTan aitanos. ase dgas xuc<strong>es</strong>i _xorcieli uxilavi <strong>jvari</strong>s winaSe <strong>da</strong> Tavisi sax-cccxxxvi
eliT laparakobs; Tumca misi warmosaTqmelisityvebi misi SeTxzuli ar aris, is Seiqmna masJamsa, sakulto cxovrebis genezisSi <strong>da</strong> misSeqmnaSi am xuc<strong>es</strong>is winaprebi iRebdnenmonawileobas. <strong>es</strong> xuc<strong>es</strong>i swavlobs xucobissityvebs cxadSi Tu sizmarSi Tavis winamorbedisagan;sityvebi <strong>jvari</strong>sagan ar arisSTagonebuli, xuc<strong>es</strong>i warmoTqvams a<strong>da</strong>mianursaTqmels, rogorc xorcieli, <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> proc<strong>es</strong>i xucobisasavsebiT aqtiuria <strong>da</strong> cnobieri.Tu xuc<strong>es</strong>is sityvebi RvTisSvilis gasagonadiyo warmoTqmuli, qa<strong>da</strong>gis naTqvams sawinaaRmdego<strong>da</strong>niSnuleba aqvs: is <strong>saymo</strong>m un<strong>da</strong>Seisminos, mis gasagonad aris naTqvami. xuc<strong>es</strong>issityvebi, rogorc yoveli locva-vedreba, xorcielsamyaroSi ibadeba <strong>da</strong> aRivlineba sulierisaken;naqa<strong>da</strong>gari ki Tavisi arsiT jvaruli warmoSobisaris <strong>da</strong> zemo<strong>da</strong>n gar<strong>da</strong>modis <strong>saymo</strong>ze,xorcielze. raki uxorco jvars ar SeuZlia warmoTqvas<strong>saymo</strong>s xorcieli yurTasmenisaTvisgasagoni sityva, Tavis saTqmels is qa<strong>da</strong>gis sametyveloorganoebiT warmoTqvams; warmoTqvamsimas, rac ar icis <strong>saymo</strong>m <strong>da</strong> verc Seicnobs TavisiWkuiT, radgan xorcieli `utia <strong>da</strong> umecari~,misTvis momavals, mosaxdens Tu mowevnads safarveliaqvs <strong>da</strong>debuli. Tavad RvTisSvilirasac xe<strong>da</strong>vs momavalSi, m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis karzexe<strong>da</strong>vs, roca mas iq asvla mouwevs; amitomacnaqa<strong>da</strong>gari xSirad gaismis rogorc gafrTxileba:cccxxxvii
`gamimTxildiTav, ymano, cud saqmei maqvav xTiskarze<strong>da</strong>v maxiluliv. mTxilaT iyveniTav, Gemnoymano^~ (68, 70). <strong>jvari</strong>, rogorc `preist<strong>ori</strong>uli~,im Jamis gmiri, mistiris Tavis warsul didebas<strong>da</strong> qa<strong>da</strong>gis piriT amxnevebs <strong>saymo</strong>s: `sa<strong>da</strong>R maqvZali-d’ SaZlebai, sa<strong>da</strong>R maqv! Gamameyar suyvelaferi,_ qer-oqronic, Wiqa-didebanic, zRvenulufanic,Par-kuretnic. maSin mqond Zali-d’SaZleba, rosac dev-de<strong>da</strong>berT vlagmevdi, cxraadl miwa-myars vaxviebdi. magram eexlad ymaTsaSvela<strong>da</strong> saxoiSnod iqav xTis karze <strong>da</strong>vdi<strong>ori</strong>miT ro mimiZvird<strong>es</strong> ymani. qer-oqron ver gamaviRensrulad. mzeqal Sagvijd maRalzed,magvayoln cis xorxoSni, gaminadgurn Gemxo<strong>da</strong>burni, Gem ymaT qer-oqronic. merigem RmerTm<strong>da</strong>miZrn bageni <strong>da</strong> jiPvis Tav-rqan gadmamayolnsam pirad. umTxildiT Tavs, ageb ga<strong>da</strong>vicil Gemmagamarjvebamaca <strong>da</strong> merig<strong>es</strong> RmerTisamac. Sav<strong>es</strong>revPar-maniST, ageb ga<strong>da</strong>vilocav, <strong>da</strong>vimProb kvira<strong>es</strong>,<strong>da</strong>vxqrTamav bnel-siskris TeviT, zRven-samsaxurTSasroliT. giorgis Savexvewebi, giorgis modeyel-RilianT _ <strong>da</strong>xmareba gamiwieTav, eniT xarTavlaqardianniv. giorgim PaPmatis jvarm SaxkazmTavis nislisferi, cis gidel-gidelT <strong>da</strong>awyvit,gaSal wyalobis maskvlavni. nuRar geSinisT,imedianad iyveniT^~ (68, 70).rasac <strong>saymo</strong> ismens qa<strong>da</strong>gisgan, ar aris mocemuliqa<strong>da</strong>gis c<strong>da</strong>Si; mTeli naqa<strong>da</strong>gari warmoadgensRvTisSvilis c<strong>da</strong>s, mis xilvas m<strong>ori</strong>gecccxxxviii
RvTis karze. <strong>es</strong> xilva rom misawvdomi gaxd<strong>es</strong>xorcielTaTvis, jvarma is un<strong>da</strong> Gaagdos xorcieliswiaRSi, rogorc T<strong>es</strong>li, <strong>da</strong> aSobios mas,rogorc sityva. <strong>es</strong> wiaRi aris qa<strong>da</strong>gis mTeliarseba <strong>da</strong> ara mxolod misi sametyvelo organoebi,radgan <strong>jvari</strong> aris Gasaxlebuli qa<strong>da</strong>gSi<strong>da</strong> Signi<strong>da</strong>n metyvelebs misi bageebiT, rogorcdelfuri misani piTia (150, 70), romelTanac Gveni<strong>saymo</strong>ebis qa<strong>da</strong>gs bevri ram aqvs saerTo, Tun<strong>da</strong>cis, rom apolonis winaswarmetyveleba Gveninaqa<strong>da</strong>garis msgavsad, rogorc w<strong>es</strong>i, pirvelipiriT aris gadmocemuli (150, 70-1). <strong>es</strong> piri delfoSiapolonia, GvenTan <strong>jvari</strong>. qa<strong>da</strong>gi instrumentia,sayviria jvris xelSi, romliTac <strong>jvari</strong>axmianebs Tavis xilvebs. amitomac qa<strong>da</strong>gi, Tun<strong>da</strong>cigi mamakaci iyos (<strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong>ec aris ist<strong>ori</strong>ulxanaSi), pasiuria, rogorc saSo, sai<strong>da</strong>nac jvarmadedruli kerii<strong>da</strong>n aRmocenebuli ifniviT un<strong>da</strong>amouSvas Tavisi sityva.wmi<strong>da</strong> ninos, romelic mis<strong>da</strong>mi miZRvnil kon<strong>da</strong>kSinaxsenebia rogorc `qa<strong>da</strong>gi sityvisaRvTisa~, troparSi mimarTaven `sulisa wmidisaqnaro~, rac niSnavs, rom wmi<strong>da</strong> nino aris qnarisuliwmidis xelSi, romliTac is axmianebs TavisWeSmaritebas. <strong>es</strong> metafora sxva ram<strong>es</strong>ac gulisxmobs,oRond albaT ar aris gacnobierebulitroparSi, saxeldobr, qa<strong>da</strong>gobasa <strong>da</strong> poeturSTagonebas S<strong>ori</strong>s Zireul kavSirs, rasac kvlavdedrul sawyisamde mivyavarT. naqa<strong>da</strong>gari arcccxxxix
aris ubralo prozauli gadmocema imisa, rasac<strong>jvari</strong> xe<strong>da</strong>vs m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis karze an risi cnobebacmas surs Tavisi <strong>saymo</strong>saTvis; qa<strong>da</strong>gimidrekilia leqsiTi metyvelebisaken, rogorcyoveli eqstaturi metyveleba, romlis f<strong>es</strong>viaracnobierSi Zevs (mag., yuranis ukanasknelisurebi, romlebic, rogorc cnobilia, transisaTu Sepyrobilobis mdgomareobaSia warmoTqmulimuhamedis mier), magram GvenTvis mniSvnelovani isaris, rom tradiciul naqa<strong>da</strong>garebSi igive sazomi<strong>da</strong>sturdeba, rac xmiT natirlebSi; <strong>es</strong> arisuriTmo cxramarcvliani leqsi, `mTiblurad~wodebuli. xolo xmiT natirlebi, romelTa S<strong>ori</strong>sbevri poeturi Sedevria, de<strong>da</strong>kacebis mieraris Seqmnili, iseve rogorc <strong>es</strong> Zvel civilizaciebSiaris <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli (mag., SumerisqalRmerTis, inanas natirlebi dumuzize, 46, 244-5).naqa<strong>da</strong>garTa formismieri igiveoba xmiTnatirlebTan, cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos<strong>da</strong> Gven sruli ufleba gvaqvs vilaparakoT, aramxolod analogiis gziT, maT dedrul warmomavlobaze;miT ufro, Tu andrezic qa<strong>da</strong>gobis`amtexad~ mTels xevsureTSi qals asaxelebs.bunebrivia, qa<strong>da</strong>goba ukve gulisxmobs garkveuliteqstis realur arsebobas `mas Jamsa~, romliskvali, albaT, dR<strong>es</strong>dReisobiT gamovlenil <strong>da</strong>cnobil tradiciul naqa<strong>da</strong>garebSia saZiebeli.sanimuSod momyavs naqa<strong>da</strong>garis teqsti, sa<strong>da</strong>ccccxl
qa<strong>da</strong>gis piriT laparakobs arxotis <strong>jvari</strong>(miqiel mTavarangelozi), romelic aq ymisa <strong>da</strong>masze gamwyral RvTisSvils S<strong>ori</strong>s SuamavlisrolSi gamodis:gexvewebio, miqielio,apativeo, autieo,uti asa <strong>da</strong> umecario,Sen gexvewebis Porcielio,Sen apative umecarsao,me gamaviTxov buRaursao,Tu gamigoneb miqielsao,nu GauPureb sagebelTao,Tor <strong>da</strong>gWirdebis miqielio,rosac SavPdebi xTis karze<strong>da</strong>o,iq me maqv Zali SaZlebaio,iq me maqv xTiSvilT metobaio(60, 11).(am sazomis _ mTibluris _ sakulto warmomavlobazeisic un<strong>da</strong> mowmobd<strong>es</strong>, rom karatis<strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>da</strong>arsebis andrezis erTi variantisTanaxmad im vaJs, romelic Tavis `mod<strong>es</strong>Tan~,pirvel qa<strong>da</strong>gTan erTad, kopalas jvarGenis<strong>da</strong>mswre Seiqna, mTibluri erqva saxelad: `^ imkacs mTiblurs Zaxnilan, qals minan qvivnebul^~67, 180).sanaTa. de<strong>da</strong>kacis saxels ukavSirdeba erTerTisaerTo-fSavuri salocavis jvarGenac.d.xizaniSvili aseT andrezs gadmogvcems:cccxli
`Relis gorze, sa<strong>da</strong>c Tamar mefis salocavia,vidre igi `Tavs iGen<strong>da</strong>~, gabi<strong>da</strong>urebis TemisfSavlebs ucxovriaT. roca Tamar mefem `TaviiGina~, gabi<strong>da</strong>urebi sxva sofelSi, xoSaraSiga<strong>da</strong>usaxlebia. salocavis gamoGena sanaTas`unari~ yofila. pirvelad mas <strong>da</strong>uwyia sanTlebisanTeba am adgilSi <strong>da</strong> Tamar mefis xevisbruladdideba, mas urGevia aq mcxovrebTaTvis, <strong>da</strong>eTmoT<strong>es</strong> adgili Tamar mefisaTvis <strong>da</strong> sxvagan ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebuliyvnen.maT ar <strong>da</strong>ujerebiaT sanaTasTvis,ris gamoc Tamar mefe ganrisxebula: erTmaneTiirmebad mouGvenebia <strong>da</strong> SvildisriT amouwyvetia.ramdenime komli ga<strong>da</strong>rGenila, ar gasaxlebulan,uTqvamT: sanam gasalewad gaSlil kalos Tavis-Tavad cecxli ar waekideba, fiwlis totebze <strong>da</strong>xaris rqebze kelaptris aliviT ar gamoGndeba,ar ga<strong>da</strong>vsaxldebiTo. Tamar mef<strong>es</strong> <strong>es</strong> saswaulicmouxdenia, maSin iZulebuli gaxdnen ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebuliyvnen~(108). igive andrezi, oRond <strong>jvari</strong>s`aRmomGeni~ de<strong>da</strong>kacis saxelis mouxsenieblad,gadmocemuli aqvs al. oGiaursac (65, 8).soflis mTels mosaxleobaSi erTaderTiqali grZnobs, rom sofeli kvriv adgilzea gaSenebuli;rom is adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c sofeli dgas,wmi<strong>da</strong> miwaa (rogorc mos<strong>es</strong> afrTxileb<strong>da</strong> uflisxma sinas mTaze, mayvlovanSi); kvrivis anu sakralurisganc<strong>da</strong> aris swored is `unari~ sana-Tasi, rogorc de<strong>da</strong>kacisa. karatis <strong>jvari</strong>s<strong>da</strong>arsebis andrezisagan gansxvavebiT, fSavuricccxlii
Tqmuleba soflis axal terit<strong>ori</strong>aze <strong>da</strong>saxlebisandrezic aris. ase rom, de<strong>da</strong>kaci _ sanaTa dgasxoSaris <strong>da</strong>saxlebis genezisSi. mis mier `aRmoGenili~<strong>jvari</strong>sagan gabidourTa soflis <strong>da</strong>kavebisSemdeg mosaxleoba ga<strong>da</strong>dis xoSaraSi,romlis terit<strong>ori</strong>a saimdrood wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgim(xoSaris `saxuTmetom~ an `saxuTmeto Zelis angelozma~)devebisagan gaaTavisufla (65, 1). TamarisjvarGena uSualod mosdevs xoSaraSi <strong>saymo</strong>s<strong>da</strong>arsebas <strong>da</strong> am <strong>da</strong>sabamier aqtSi lomis wiliudevs sanaTas.xevsur minanisgan gansxvavebiT fSaveli qaliar kmayofildeba imiT, rom is qa<strong>da</strong>gebs Tamariskults <strong>da</strong> afrTxilebs sofels _ winaaRmdegobaar gauwion axladGenil jvars; sanaTa itvirTavsxevisberis funqciasac _ anTebs sanTlebs,adidebs RvTisSvils, rasac ver `kadrulob<strong>da</strong>~(ver be<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>) minani, Tumca is karatis <strong>jvari</strong>saganarGeuli pirveli mkadre iyo. S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia,aq cxaddebod<strong>es</strong> fSavis tradicia, romelicde<strong>da</strong>kacebs gansakuTrebul Rirsebas aniWebs, racmaT gamoarGevs xevsureTisa <strong>da</strong> mTis <strong>saymo</strong>Ta dedrovanTagan.vaJa wers: `Tumca de<strong>da</strong>kaci <strong>da</strong>-Gagruli iyo, magram zog-zogis sagvareulosqalebs sapatio adgili sWeriaT. zepirgadmocemamogviTxrobs, rom laSaris `sabWeo~ skamze <strong>ori</strong>Taoba mj<strong>da</strong>ra goderZaulebis gvaris qali: `sab-Weo~ skami Tavxevisbers ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>^~ (35, 75). amtradiciis Suqze, Tumca `sabWeo skami~ mainccccxliii
saero samsaxurSia, moulodneli ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos,rom sanaTa iWreba sakralur sferoSi <strong>da</strong> TiTqosmisi saxelic (sanaTa) sanTlis <strong>da</strong>nTebiT gamoxatulkultmsaxurebaze migvaniSnebs. magram un<strong>da</strong>vifiqroT, rom mamakacis roli _ saero Tu sakraluri_ de<strong>da</strong>kacs mxolod kritikul viTarebaSiekisreba.xalxuri poezia icnobs xoSarel sanaTas _`eniT, sityviT gamamxnevebel diacs~ (vaJa), romelicvaJasave TqmiT, `ekuTvnis im Savsa <strong>da</strong> bneldros, roca fSavelebi <strong>da</strong> TuSebi erTi meor<strong>es</strong>ahlaSqravdnen, ar iyo maT S<strong>ori</strong>s Zmoba <strong>da</strong> Tanxmoba~(31, 322). <strong>es</strong> aris xoSarisaTvis sabedisweroxana, roca <strong>saymo</strong> `saxuTmeto Zelis angelozisa~<strong>da</strong>levis zRvaramde iyo misuli; <strong>saymo</strong> ixsna ramdenimegmirma, romelTa S<strong>ori</strong>s leqsi axsenebssanaTas:<strong>da</strong>gvlivna xoSaris gorma,iq wylis ar gamodenama,viwro-viwroma xev-xuvma,mokled fSavlebis denama,wowkoraulis isarma,sanaTaisa enama^arc leqsi, arc prozauli andrezi arazustebs, ra sityvebs wamoTqvam<strong>da</strong> xoSareliqali moisarTa Tu xmliT mkveTebelTa gasamxneveblad,romelTac albaT <strong>es</strong>aWiroebo<strong>da</strong>T gamxneveba,rogorc erT dros israelis msajuliqalis, deboras TanamemamuleT. `sicocxle Gakv<strong>da</strong>cccxliv
israelis <strong>da</strong>ba-soflebSi, Gakv<strong>da</strong>, vidre araRvdeqi me, debora, vidre ar aRvdeqi me, de<strong>da</strong>israelSi!~ (msaj. 5, 7). ai, am kritikul Jams,roca yvelaferi Gamkv<strong>da</strong>ria, gamoGndeba deboras`unari~, rogorc xoSareli sanaTasi, romlisenam `<strong>da</strong>liva~ mteri.aris kidev erTi sanaTa, `baxtrionis~ gmiri,marTlac `de<strong>da</strong> fSavSi~, romlis gmiruli ojaxi_ brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>Rupuli aTi Svili <strong>da</strong> qmari _ ganasaxierebsxoSaris `<strong>da</strong>leul~ <strong>saymo</strong>s. `sicocxleGakv<strong>da</strong> israelis <strong>da</strong>ba-soflebSi!~ <strong>es</strong>sityvebi zustad gamoxatavs xoSaris (anu fSavis,ganzogadebulad) mdgomareobas <strong>da</strong> sanaTas suliskveTebas.sicocxle Gamkv<strong>da</strong>ria xoSaraSi <strong>da</strong><strong>es</strong> yvelaze ufro cxadi xdeba dR<strong>es</strong>aswaulisdR<strong>es</strong>, rocaaq arc xevisbris xma ismis,arsad fSauri Rreoba,vin giJi ityvis imasa,rom dR<strong>es</strong> aq iyo dReoba?!brala<strong>da</strong> bJutavs sanTeli^<strong>es</strong> erTaderTi sanTeli <strong>da</strong>nTebulia sanaTasmier, qmarSvilamowyvetili diacis mier, romelickisrulobs sakulto cxovrebis aRorZinebas uymod<strong>da</strong>rGenil jvarSi:martos aunTav sanTlebi,<strong>da</strong> xatic udidebia,martos <strong>da</strong>uklav saklavi,TviTonve utyavebia,cccxlv
martodmartosa diacsaxat-RmerTi uxsenebia.sanaTa sGadis iseT saqm<strong>es</strong>, romlis uflebamas, rogorc de<strong>da</strong>kacs, tradiciulad ara aqvs;misi saqcieli gaugonari saqcielia <strong>saymo</strong>sTvalSi, romlis Tvalsazriss aq gamoxatavsavt<strong>ori</strong> poemisa <strong>da</strong> am uGveulo scenis erTaderTiSemswre _ kviria. avt<strong>ori</strong> gakvirvebiT kiTxulobs_ `sajar<strong>es</strong> diacs ra un<strong>da</strong>, ar Tu eSinis <strong>da</strong>visa?~kviria ki qveynis <strong>da</strong>sasrulad aRiqvams am vi-Tarebas, roca yvelaferi Tav<strong>da</strong>yiraa:diacs vin mogca is neba,saqme akeTo mamrisa?vfiqrob, droeba <strong>da</strong>mdgaraim meormosvlis wamisa.kviria ar cdeba: xoSaraSi katastrofis Semdeg<strong>da</strong>mdgaria `meormosvlis wami~, roca yvelaferiTavi<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> iwyebod<strong>es</strong>, un<strong>da</strong> ganmeord<strong>es</strong>im pirvel sanaTas qmedeba, romelmac <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong>sacxovrebeli adgili aRmouGina `<strong>da</strong>levamde~misul xoSaris winaprebs. `baxtrionis~, am <strong>es</strong>qatologiuripoemis, <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi am sanaTas <strong>es</strong>erTi SexedviT uGveulo, magram andrezuladGveulebivi, arqetipuli saqcieli imeds iZleva,rom xoSaraSi aRdgeba <strong>saymo</strong>.cccxlvi`sisxlis wvimebis droebi~
<strong>saymo</strong>s Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali _ warsuli cxovrebismTeli gamocdilebis rGeuli, rogorc ganZi, andrezebSia<strong>da</strong>unjebuli. <strong>es</strong> aris winaparTa, `winaJamis~ gmirTa, <strong>jvari</strong>s unj ymaTa Rvawli, upirat<strong>es</strong>ad,saqmeni sagmironi, romelnic maT Gaidin<strong>es</strong>ukidur<strong>es</strong> gansacdelSi, roca <strong>saymo</strong> _ <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong>periodulad xdebo<strong>da</strong> _ <strong>da</strong>levis pirze iyomisuli. am dros Tavs iGen<strong>da</strong> Zala, romelicmtruli garemocvis mimarT winaRdgomiT ixsni<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> kvlav aaRorZineb<strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s. <strong>es</strong> is Zalaa, romelmacTavis droze, `mas Jamsa Sina~ Seqmna<strong>saymo</strong>; is <strong>jvari</strong>s saxiT iyo maSin gamoGenili.<strong>saymo</strong>s SeqmnasTan erTad, rogorc <strong>da</strong>vinaxeT, iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>kulti _ sakralur-zneobrivi Suaguli,romlis, rogorc keriis irgvliv, Tavs iyri<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sazogadoeba. ar aris paradoqsi _ <strong>es</strong><strong>saymo</strong>s ist<strong>ori</strong>ul c<strong>da</strong>Sia mocemuli, _ rom amSuagulis SenarGunebas an xelaxla ganmtkicebasxels uwyob<strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>ngrevis mowadine mtruliZala, perioduli Semotevebi. a<strong>da</strong>mianifxizlob<strong>da</strong>, is ar iZineb<strong>da</strong> `magari ZiliT~, romkeraSi cecxli ar Gaqrobo<strong>da</strong>. ai, aseTi mRviZarebisperiodebi aris aRbeWdili andrezSi. aq vernaxavT mSvidobian droebas _ isini ar Semounaxavs<strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebas, ar aRubeW<strong>da</strong>vs andrezSi,radgan am dros samagaliTo araferi xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<strong>saymo</strong>saTvis, misi momavlisaTvis, mniSvnelovani<strong>da</strong> STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi mxolod didi velobis peri-cccxlvii
odebSi xdebo<strong>da</strong>, cdebSi, romlebic mwvervalebiviTmosGans maT warsul Tavga<strong>da</strong>savalSi.<strong>saymo</strong>s mexsiereba ga<strong>da</strong>arGevs warsulicxovrebis mniSvnelovan faqtebs <strong>da</strong> maT safuZvelzeqmnis andrezul ist<strong>ori</strong>as, romelicZlieri epoqiT aris aRniSnuli. Zlier xanas safuZvelirealurad momx<strong>da</strong>r movlenaSi aqvs, moqmedipirebic savsebiT realurni <strong>da</strong> ist<strong>ori</strong>uladcnobilni arian; magram andrezuli ist<strong>ori</strong>isdroJamul-sivrcul asparezs kvebaven sxvaxani<strong>da</strong>n moxmobili pirovnebanic <strong>da</strong> realiebi,romlebic mniSvnelovnebis gamo veRar etevianTavianT warmaval epoqaSi. yoveli saukeT<strong>es</strong>o a<strong>da</strong>mianuriaqti, rac od<strong>es</strong>me Gaudenia <strong>saymo</strong>s er-Tobliv <strong>da</strong> mis calkeul warmomadgenels, gadmodisam Zlier xanaSi <strong>da</strong> kidev ufro aZlierebsmas. S<strong>es</strong>aniSnavia, rom <strong>saymo</strong>s mexsiereba ar gaurbis<strong>da</strong> ar iSorebs, aramed samaradisod,S<strong>es</strong>aZloa sagangebo<strong>da</strong>c, aRbeW<strong>da</strong>vs marcxsac <strong>da</strong>Ralatsac, rac ki od<strong>es</strong>me SemTxvevia <strong>da</strong> Gaudeniamoym<strong>es</strong>; rasac Tavisi bedisweruli niSniTSeuZravs od<strong>es</strong>me <strong>saymo</strong>s Segneba <strong>da</strong> sinidisi, <strong>da</strong>warmosaxva. warsulis faqtebis SemarGeveli,magram obieqturi mexsiereba <strong>saymo</strong>si inaxavsmtris saxels, rogorc Seunaxavs a<strong>da</strong>mis ZismterTa _ dev-kerpTa _ saxeli <strong>da</strong> srulia<strong>da</strong>c arcdilobs mis <strong>da</strong>mcirebas, rom ar gaufasurd<strong>es</strong>momavlis TvalSi mis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi<strong>da</strong>Rvrili sisxli.cccxlviii
dRemde SemorGenil zepirsityvier masalaSiSeiZleba sami Zlieri xana gamoikveTos:I. RvTisSvilTa <strong>da</strong> dev-kerpTa brZolebis xana,roca RvTisSvilni m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis gangebiTgandevnian devebs a<strong>da</strong>mianTaTvisgankuTvnili miwa-wyli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> aarseben<strong>jvari</strong>s TayvanismcemelTa anu rjulianTa<strong>saymo</strong>ebs gaTavisuflebul terit<strong>ori</strong>aze. amxanaze ukve iyo saubari.II. zurab erisTavTan brZolebis epoqa; xana,rod<strong>es</strong>ac <strong>saymo</strong>ebs uxdebaT maTTvis mopovebulimiwa-wylisa <strong>da</strong> rjulis <strong>da</strong>cva.zurabisa <strong>da</strong> misi laSqris saxiT isiniTiTqos preist<strong>ori</strong>i<strong>da</strong>n movlenil devebsigerieben.III. xana Tavganwiruli brZolebisa mefe erekl<strong>es</strong>aTvis;xana, roca sisxliT mopovebulTavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> sicocxl<strong>es</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>ebi uangarodmiuZRvnian bagration batons, romelsacisini TavianT RvTisSvilTa moZmedTvlian.samive <strong>es</strong> xana `sisxlis wvimebis droa~.pirvel xanaSi iRvreba RvTisSvilTa sisxli, a<strong>da</strong>mianTaxsnisaTvis m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis gangebiT<strong>da</strong>Txeuli. meore xanaSi <strong>saymo</strong> Rvris sisxls sakuTariTavis ga<strong>da</strong>sarGenad; <strong>saymo</strong> am xanaSi dgasa<strong>da</strong>mianis saxiT movlenili imave Zalis winaSe,romelTanac preist<strong>ori</strong>aSi omi hqon<strong>da</strong>RvTisSvils gamarTuli. m<strong>es</strong>ame xanaSi sisxlicccxlix
wmi<strong>da</strong> msxverplia, sazRauris umolodinoT gaRebuli,radgan un<strong>da</strong> gasworebuliyo preist<strong>ori</strong>ulivali RvTisSvilTa winaSe. am sisxlissanacvlod, romelic <strong>da</strong>Rvar<strong>es</strong> RvTisSvilebma<strong>saymo</strong>s S<strong>es</strong>aqmnelad. <strong>saymo</strong> Rvris Tavis sisxlserekle mefis saSvelad, radgan is, maTi rwmeniT,mfarveli RvTisSvilis moZmea.devebis mobrunebazurabis Semosevebi mTis <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi ormniSvnelovania:erTis mxriv, isini safrTx<strong>es</strong> uqmni<strong>da</strong><strong>saymo</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas <strong>da</strong> maT fizikur arsebobasacki; meore mxriv, <strong>da</strong> <strong>es</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetia amgvarimovlenebis Sefasebisas, isini xelsuwyob<strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s Sinagani struqturis ganmtkicebas<strong>da</strong> calkeul <strong>saymo</strong>Ta konsoli<strong>da</strong>cias. am`sisxlis wvimebis~ xanas ufro naklebi mniSvnelobaar hqonia <strong>saymo</strong>Ta ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi, vidreRvTisSvilTa brZolebis upoqas. Tu maSinRvTisSvilebs awvaT mTeli tvirTi devuriZalebis mogeriebisa, axla maTi ymebi ist<strong>ori</strong>ulxanaSi igerieben devur Semotevebs, sworeddevurs, raki <strong>saymo</strong>s aRqmaSi zurabis saxiT devebiemuqrebian <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>saymo</strong>s. preist<strong>ori</strong>aSi<strong>jvari</strong> ebrZo<strong>da</strong> devs, ist<strong>ori</strong>ul epoqaSi misixorcieli ymebi imeoreben batonis saqm<strong>es</strong>, icavenra RvTisSvilTa monapovars _ <strong>saymo</strong>s. zurabTanbrZolebis paralelurad mimdinareobs <strong>saymo</strong>skonsoli<strong>da</strong>ciis proc<strong>es</strong>i, analogiuri im aqtisa,cccl
omelic devebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg <strong>saymo</strong>Ta<strong>da</strong>arsebaSi gamoixata.zurab erisTavi aragvisa imave batonis ymaa,visac xevsurebi <strong>da</strong> fSavlebi arian Sevedrebulni,vis <strong>saymo</strong>sac isini Seadgenen. <strong>es</strong> arisbagrationi mefe, romelic Tavis Tavs Tvlisgu<strong>da</strong>nis saRvTosa <strong>da</strong> laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s moZmedtradiciulad, rac saist<strong>ori</strong>o werilobiT dokumentebSicaris asaxuli. ase rom, zurab erisTavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong> saerTo batonis mimarT ierarqiisTanabar safexurze dganan. <strong>da</strong> ai, <strong>saymo</strong>Taandrezul ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi zurab erisTavi Gawerilia,rogorc Tavisi batonis winaaRmdeg aRmdgari yma,gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuli yma, romelic cdilobs TavigauTanabros batons. gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuli ymis janyigamoixateba imaSi, rom is cdilobs Tavis gavlenaSiSemoiyvanos samefo domeni, `saxasoni mefisani~.`zurab erisTavi uZlier<strong>es</strong>i feo<strong>da</strong>li iyoTeimurazis samefoSi. Zlieri safeo<strong>da</strong>lozurabma memkvidreobiT miiRo. jer kidev misimama nugzar erisTavi Zlivs cnob<strong>da</strong> patronadqarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs. zurab erisTavi kidevufro gaZlier<strong>da</strong>.1618 wels erisTavis winaaRmdeg mTiuleTi <strong>da</strong>xevi ajanydnen (ZvelTaganve mefe am qveynebsTavis sakuTrebad sTvli<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> erisTavi aq mefisdidmoxele iyo. Tavisuflebis moyvare mTielebiaqamdisac araerTxel ajanyebuliyvnen, araerTicccli
erisTavi ga<strong>es</strong>tumrebinaT `saiqios~ <strong>da</strong> batonobisuReli TavianT ficxeli qedi<strong>da</strong>n araerTxelga<strong>da</strong>egdoT, magram arc mefis feo<strong>da</strong>lurixelisufleba cdilob<strong>da</strong> naklebis <strong>da</strong>JinebiT ammniSvnelovani qveynebis <strong>da</strong>morGilebas. gvianfeo<strong>da</strong>lurxanaSi mefis xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>sustebas-Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT aragvis erisTavebma mTiuleTisa<strong>da</strong> xevis <strong>da</strong>sakuTreba ganizrax<strong>es</strong>).ajanyebul mTis winaaRmdeg zurab erisTavmadid Tavads baraTa baraTaSvils sTxova <strong>da</strong>xmareba.feo<strong>da</strong>lis laSqarma gatexa mTis winaaRmdegoba.zurabma <strong>da</strong>imorGila, mZimed <strong>da</strong>xarka<strong>da</strong> sabolood gaisakuTra mTiuleTi <strong>da</strong> xevi.1620 wels zurab erisTavma fSav-xevsureTis<strong>da</strong>morGileba ganizraxa. mrisxane feo<strong>da</strong>li sastikwinaaRmdegobas waawy<strong>da</strong>. zurab erisTavi TavisiaznaurebiT SeiWra fSav-xevsureTSi, <strong>da</strong>bugasoflebi, <strong>da</strong>angria salocavebi, magram ar iqna <strong>da</strong>fSav-xevsureTi ver <strong>da</strong>imona. sastiki brZola ramodenimewels grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. mravali lomgulivaJkaci Seawy<strong>da</strong> zurabis xrova-aznaurebs, magramTavisuflebis gmirebma mters aranakleb`awiTlebin<strong>es</strong> qviSani~.mediduri erisTavi advilad ar <strong>da</strong>exsnebo<strong>da</strong>Seupovar mTielebs, rom TviT ar ga<strong>da</strong>hyolo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>usrulebel SfoTs~ (15, 248).ai, sul <strong>es</strong> aris, rac SeiZleba arsebiTadiTqvas zurab erisTavze, rogorc ist<strong>ori</strong>ul pirovnebaze.saqarTvelos ist<strong>ori</strong>is masStabiT misiccclii
movlena epizoduria, magram mTis, gansakuTrebiT,fSav-xevsureTis <strong>saymo</strong>ebisaTvis mas sabedisweromniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>. zurabis brZolebi, rogorcadreve iTqva, <strong>Seadgens</strong> am <strong>saymo</strong>ebis ist<strong>ori</strong>isbirTvs, mis Suagul nawils, romlis Semdegacbevri ram ganisazRvra maT momaval cxovrebaSi.mefis <strong>saymo</strong>Si gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuli erisTavi mef<strong>es</strong>utolebs Tavs _ is cdilobs misi unji ymebis<strong>da</strong>morGilebas <strong>da</strong> maT batonad Tavis gamocxadebas.unji <strong>saymo</strong>ebis SegnebaSi ki <strong>es</strong> niSnavs imas,rom erisTavi upirispirdeba ara mxolod xorcielbatons _ mef<strong>es</strong>, aramed uxorco batonsac,angelozs, jvars. erTi osuri an<strong>da</strong>za ambobs:`mTaSi bevri jvrebia, barad _ bevri batonebio~(136, 300); mTieli Tayvans scems <strong>da</strong> emorGilebajvars, <strong>da</strong> ar scnobs bari<strong>da</strong>n amosul batons,romlis winaaRmdeg brZola mas rjulisaTvisbrZolad miaGnia. zurabis `erisTaoba~ ambZolebis konteqstSi iZens ufro Rrma mniSvnelobas,vidre mas socialur planSi aqvs mini-Webuli; <strong>saymo</strong>s Segnebuli aqvs, rom `erisTaoba~profanuli Zalauflebaa, romelic lamobs sakralur<strong>saymo</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas anu <strong>jvari</strong>skanonieri m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis gangebiT <strong>da</strong>dgeniliZalauflebis <strong>da</strong>sakuTrebas.PevsureTia, zurabo, ver iqam erisTobasa.gagiwvrildebis kiseri, ver S<strong>es</strong>Zleb qveiTobasa(81, #114),cccliii
_ mimarTavs zurabs <strong>saymo</strong>. zurabi verS<strong>es</strong>Zlebs `erisTobas~, radgan <strong>saymo</strong>Si erisTaobasaxorcielebs ganuzomlad Zlieri batoni,_ is erTaderTi, vinc am tituls imsaxurebswarmomavlobiT, _ vidre bari<strong>da</strong>n amosuliuzurpat<strong>ori</strong>. <strong>da</strong>pirispireba Seuwonadia,magram erisTavi ar aris warmodgenili ususurmtrad. ara, zurabi imdenad Zlieria, rom <strong>saymo</strong>mzad aris TiTqmis `jvarad~ <strong>da</strong>isaxos is, TumcaWeSmariti <strong>jvari</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>aze SemoWrils mainc`gauwvrildeba kiseri~. gamoTqma gulisxmobs,rom erisTavi msxvilkiseraa anu Zlieri qedismqonea, rogorc himnebSi arian <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebulniSuamdinareTis mbrZaneblebi (`msxvili qedi~Zlierebis metaforaa Sumerul-aqadur enebSi);zurabs, rogorc jvarsa <strong>da</strong> mef<strong>es</strong>, hyavs Tavisi<strong>saymo</strong>: `rogorc erekl<strong>es</strong> Pevsurn, egr zurabs:osi <strong>da</strong> moPeve zurabis yma yofila~ (88, 316). <strong>es</strong>sityvebi sagrZnobi mowiwebiT aris naTqvamizurabze: visac sakuTari yma hyavs, visac eymobian(nebiT Tu <strong>da</strong>ZalebiT), is pirovneba vercxlisRilis TvalSi ar aris ubralo mokv<strong>da</strong>vi. leqsebSisalaSqrod mimaval zurabTan erTad misiymebic arian naxsenebi:zurab Gamoj<strong>da</strong> roSkis gors, Tanaxyon Tavisymania(81, #140-b).<strong>da</strong>marcxebuls (<strong>jvari</strong>c xom marcxdeba) Tan mihyvebaTavisi <strong>saymo</strong>:cccliv
adga, wavi<strong>da</strong> zurabi, morTuli Tavis ymiTao(81, #143).zurabis gamoGena <strong>saymo</strong>s terit<strong>ori</strong>aze marTlac<strong>jvari</strong>s, oRond mtruli <strong>jvari</strong>s, gamoGenaa,rac SeiZleba <strong>saymo</strong>s TvalSi aRqmuli iqnasdevuri Zalebis Semobrunebad preist<strong>ori</strong>i<strong>da</strong>n _devTa Genad:roSkis gor zurab Gamoj<strong>da</strong>, Suq Gamutivnamzisani.roSkas awiwd<strong>es</strong> cixeni, blos banni qviTkirisani:~gveSinos, <strong>da</strong>gvecemian nazlobni saZelisani~(81, #125).mtruli <strong>jvari</strong> devuri niSnebiT, rogorc aremaris<strong>da</strong>mangreveli Zala, ecxadeba roSkas <strong>da</strong>mezobel <strong>saymo</strong>ebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c, andrezis Tanaxmad,saxlobdnen isini, vidre maT iaxsari, kopala,wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgi Tu mTavarangelozi ar ahyri<strong>da</strong>.zurabi cdiloba <strong>jvari</strong>s nebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli <strong>saymo</strong>ebisayras <strong>da</strong> maTi adgilebis <strong>da</strong>kavebas; isiqceo<strong>da</strong> rogorc <strong>jvari</strong>, magram is anti<strong>jvari</strong> iyo:is ver aGen<strong>da</strong> Tavis fexis <strong>da</strong>nadgamze kvrivs,misgan gabuxreulebuli adgili sakralurobasver iZen<strong>da</strong>, iseve rogorc misi efemeruli ymebiver gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnebodnen unj ymebad mis xelSi, imbatonis xelSi, romelsac mxolod sabatonodhyav<strong>da</strong> isini <strong>da</strong>Werili, ara sapatroneblad. ai,sad iyo gansxvaveba WeSmarit jvarsa, romelSicccclv
agrationi mefec igulisxmeba, <strong>da</strong> zurabs _ antijvarsS<strong>ori</strong>s.antijvarma ahyara ukanaxovlebi _ beqaurTa<strong>da</strong> wiklaurTa winaprebi, romlebmac Tavi Seafar<strong>es</strong>gu<strong>da</strong>mayris xeobas; aseve aoxrebul buGukurTi<strong>da</strong>nga<strong>da</strong>rGenilni zurabis veragul xmals,gaifantnen xevsa <strong>da</strong> mTiuleTSi; magram verc erTbuxreul adgilze zurabma ver moiki<strong>da</strong> fexi, verGaasaxla Tavisi <strong>da</strong>monebuli ymebi, anu ver miscaterit<strong>ori</strong>a Tavis antijvarul <strong>saymo</strong>s.am wris sagmiro poeziaSi is xanaa asaxuli,rod<strong>es</strong>ac <strong>saymo</strong> `<strong>da</strong>levis~ zRvaramdea misuli;zurabis perioduli (`zurab ratisSvils samjer<strong>da</strong>ulaSqrav PevsureTi meSvide-meSvide wels^~ 88,298) Semotevebisagan Sewuxebulni imgvaradve mimarTavenmas, rogorc SeiZleba miemarTa <strong>saymo</strong>sTavisi mrisxane <strong>jvari</strong>sTvis, romlis `magarixeliT~ is <strong>da</strong>levamde iqnebo<strong>da</strong> misuli. <strong>saymo</strong>ssityvebi samarTliania:<strong>da</strong>deg, <strong>da</strong>gvexsen, zurabo, narGomn orT SenisPmlisani.magram am sityvebSi _ `narGomn orT^~ _ gaismistragizmic <strong>da</strong> muqaris xmac, muqaris gar<strong>da</strong>siamayec <strong>saymo</strong>s ukeT<strong>es</strong>i nawilisa. narGomniPmlisani warmoadgens, SeiZleba iTqvas, sisxliTga<strong>da</strong>rGeul <strong>da</strong> Seqmnil erT muWa unj <strong>saymo</strong>s,narGoms anu rGeuls. tragikulia, magram amavedros samomavlod imediani `narGomni xmlisani~.<strong>es</strong> exmaureba im <strong>es</strong>qatologiur viTarebas, rocaccclvi
RvTis rGeulebSi sisxlis wvimebis dros mravalTa<strong>da</strong>cemis Semdeg rGeulTa S<strong>ori</strong>s rGeulnirGebian. ezekielis wignSi ufali mimarTavs Tavisers: `<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ecemian <strong>da</strong>xocilni Tqvens S<strong>ori</strong>s <strong>da</strong>gaigebT, rom me ufali var, magram <strong>da</strong>gitovebTmaxvils gaarGenilT^~ (6, 7-8).`maxvils ga<strong>da</strong>rGenilni~ (feliteY xereb) arisSeumusvreli nawili <strong>saymo</strong>si, romelsac veraZala ver sZlebs am wuTisofelSi, romelic gastanswuTisoflis <strong>da</strong>sasrulamde. ai, misi unjobisZiriTadi Sinaarsi. magram <strong>es</strong> narGomni Pmlisanicmzad arian <strong>da</strong>ixocon, oRond <strong>da</strong>rGnen unj<strong>saymo</strong>d TavianTi <strong>jvari</strong>sa samaradisod. l.m. gumiliovsgamoTqmuli aqvs azri: `yvela eTnosirodia Tanaxma SeinarGunos sicocxle mtrisadmimorGilebis fasad~ (119, 87). aseT eTnosad Gamoyalib<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> ganmtkic<strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s <strong>saymo</strong>. aseTi iyonarGomTa suliskveTeba zurab erisTavis winaaRmdegbrZolebSi.<strong>jvari</strong>, romelic <strong>saymo</strong>s genezisSi anadgureb<strong>da</strong>mosaxleobas, aRar erGis Tavis gamorGeul nar-Goms RvTiuri kanonis ZaliT, sai<strong>da</strong>nac <strong>da</strong>sabamsiRebs a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kanonic: rogorc erTi TofiTasi jixvis mokvlis anu azaris S<strong>es</strong>rulebis SemdegTofi imarxeba, rom codva ar <strong>da</strong>edos mispatrons, aseve ikrZaleba erTi Setakebisas Tormetzemeti mtris mokvla; mecamete moklulicodvad <strong>da</strong>awveba meomars, Tun<strong>da</strong>c <strong>es</strong> iyosqalun<strong>da</strong>uri _ begeng<strong>ori</strong>s gmiri (17, 160). magramccclvii
zurabi, rogorc anti<strong>jvari</strong>, ar exsneba misgan<strong>da</strong>leul <strong>saymo</strong>s; is misdevs ara RvTisSvilur <strong>da</strong>kacur, aramed devur kanons, romlis Tanaxmadkacma kacs Zmis xorci un<strong>da</strong> aWamos mis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad,an niSnad Zlevisa. <strong>es</strong> aris ukidur<strong>es</strong>i RonisZieba,rasac mimarTavs anti<strong>jvari</strong>. kacis xorcisWama kacisaTvis devuri stumar-maspinZlobisw<strong>es</strong>-Gveulebaa, romelic sruldeba maT qorwilSi:devebsa hqon<strong>da</strong>T qorwili, simRera amodio<strong>da</strong>.SegvipatiJ<strong>es</strong>, SevediT, amirans puri hSio<strong>da</strong>,dedobilebis nacxobi qa<strong>da</strong> kecebSi Sxio<strong>da</strong>,SamahWr<strong>es</strong>, Samaayen<strong>es</strong>, kacis Tav-fexi dio<strong>da</strong>^(93, 318).ufro Zlierad <strong>es</strong> jojoxeTuri viTareba gadmocemuliaqvs vaJas erT leqsSi _ `devebis qorwili~,romelsac safuZvlad mTiuluri warmodgenebi<strong>da</strong>sdebia, rogorc leqsis qv<strong>es</strong>aTauri<strong>da</strong>n(`mTiuluri~) Gans; devebis stumarimogviTxrobs Tavis jojoxeTur gansacdels:^devebsa aqvis qorwili, didi <strong>da</strong>rbazi zrialebs.mec <strong>da</strong>mpatiJ<strong>es</strong>, Sevedi, _ ra mqise suni trialebs?!sam pirad cecxli <strong>da</strong>enToT, zed sami qvabiSxio<strong>da</strong>,stumrebis wina xonGebzed kacis Tav-fexi dio<strong>da</strong>,ukvenas yureSiiTa kvn<strong>es</strong>is xma gamodio<strong>da</strong>:ccclviii
`Zmis xorci rogora vsWamo?~ _ yma vinme gamohkio<strong>da</strong>^T.Gxenkelis ganmartebiT, msgavsi gansacdelebi<strong>da</strong>nis azria gamosatani, rom devebi a<strong>da</strong>miansugvano <strong>da</strong> saSineli saqmis aRsrulebas aiZuleben,raTa <strong>da</strong>Trgunon maTSi kacuri <strong>da</strong> miTdevurs aziaron (94, 116). zurabSi devi moqmedebs,roca is Zmis xorcis WmeviT xevsurbuGukurTa motexas cdilobs (72, 511); amasveGaadeninebs erT fSavel moym<strong>es</strong> _ laSaris muxismoWris saidumlos gacxadebaze uaris mTqmels,riTac <strong>es</strong> moyme Tavis kacur Rirsebaze maRla<strong>jvari</strong>s saidumloebas ayenebs.zurabs misi xmlis narGomni ebrZvian. nar-Gomni imasac niSnavs, rom <strong>saymo</strong> saboloo ZalisxmeviT ebmis ukanasknul brZolaSi. <strong>es</strong> sabedisweromomenti _ narGomTa tragikuli suliskveTebagamoxatulia <strong>saymo</strong>save sityvebiT,romliTac is mimarTavs momxdurs:amagiT giTxar, zurabo, `Pevsuri kaci utia~,ager begen-gors gaxene, futkar Rgav, gamautia(81, #126).sagulisxmoa, rom <strong>saymo</strong> am muqaris sityvebSiimave saxiT _ `uti~ _ warmoudgens Tavs mosisxlemters, rogorc mas surs aGvenos TaviTavis jvars, roca xuc<strong>es</strong>is piriT mimarTavs mas<strong>jvari</strong>s karze: `^ Gven Porcielni orT, utni, umecarni,Gvens ucodrobas nu Saafereb, magivecrGeva-<strong>da</strong>rigebani^~ (64, 743); <strong>saymo</strong> `utad~ <strong>da</strong> `ume-ccclix
crad~ warmosaxavs Tavs, rac imas gulisxmobs,rom <strong>saymo</strong> Tavze xelaRebulia, SeiZleba iTqvas,<strong>da</strong> savsebiT ixsnis pasuxismgeblobas: jvars isS<strong>es</strong>Txovs apatios mas utoba-umecrebiT Gadenilicodva; mters emuqreba, rom Se-utevs, rogorcu t i , rogorc TavzexelaRebuli.<strong>saymo</strong>s sityvebSi `gaxene, futkars Rgav~,romliTac is asuraTebs Tavis Setevas, `futkari~simravl<strong>es</strong> ar gulisxmobs, _ xevsurTalaSqari mcirericxovania zurabis, SeiZlebaiTqvas, urdos (rogorc is Gans <strong>saymo</strong>s TvalSi)winaSe, _ futkari niSnavs maT Tavganwirulobas,rom isini mzad arian ugmiron n<strong>es</strong>tari <strong>da</strong>Seakvden mters.futkari niSnavs agreTve <strong>saymo</strong>s wevrTamWidro kavSirs <strong>da</strong> mimarTebas saerTo Suagulisadmi,magram garkveul zRvaramde: sakmarisiafutkari ga<strong>da</strong>scd<strong>es</strong> am Suagulis gavlenis zonas,is iRupeba. aseve <strong>saymo</strong> _ gamova Tu ara Tavisi<strong>jvari</strong>s mfarvelobis zoni<strong>da</strong>n, is eqceva zurabismomnusxavi gavlenis qveS <strong>da</strong> maSin Zlevs maszurabis <strong>da</strong>vlaTi. <strong>saymo</strong> Zlieria iq, sa<strong>da</strong>cvrceldeba misi <strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivebis Zala, berZenTaanteosiviT, romelic mSobel de<strong>da</strong>miwasTan SexebiTikrebs Zalas. <strong>jvari</strong> Tavis terit<strong>ori</strong>aze,Tavis de<strong>da</strong>miwazea Zlieri <strong>da</strong> is uZlurdeba,roca Sordeba mas. <strong>jvari</strong>s mfarveloba klebulobs,Zlierdeba mtris <strong>da</strong>vlaTi. ase mox<strong>da</strong>TrusoSi, <strong>jvari</strong>s kvrivebi<strong>da</strong>n Sors, roca sanadi-ccclx
mod mipatiJebul xevsurebs, rogorc stumrebs,RalatiT iaraRi aaxsnevina <strong>da</strong> amoxoca.xevsurebma iaraRi Seixsn<strong>es</strong>, TiTqos <strong>jvari</strong>s karzeyofiliyvnen saRvTo sufraze, rogorc iqcevian<strong>jvari</strong>s stumrebi; maT yuri ar aTxov<strong>es</strong> mrGevels,romelic winaTgrZnob<strong>da</strong> zurabis Ralats:gaxua keTeSauri PevsurT kargs eubnebao:_ `Pmlebs nu <strong>da</strong>iPsniT, Pevsurno, zurab ar<strong>da</strong>indobao~.ar <strong>da</strong>ijer<strong>es</strong>, SaiPsn<strong>es</strong>, etli zurabis rev<strong>da</strong>o(82, #141-l).`etli zurabis rev<strong>da</strong>o~ _ igulisxmeba, romzurabis etli anu <strong>da</strong>vlaTi, sZlev<strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>setls anu <strong>da</strong>vlaTs, rac igive <strong>jvari</strong>s etli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>vlaTia. Trusomde veRar swvdeba xevsurTa<strong>jvari</strong>s gavlena. aq sxva Zala moqmedebs, aq anti<strong>jvari</strong>ambrZanebeli.ai, <strong>es</strong> Trusos narGomni uweven winaaRmdegobaszurabs, ibrZvian sanam dganan maTi salocavebi:xevsureTSi xmalas mTavarangelozi <strong>da</strong> fSavisxevSi_ laSari. zurabma icis, rom is ver <strong>da</strong>imorGilebs<strong>saymo</strong>ebs, sanam am salocavebs ar SebRalavs:zurabs javri klavs <strong>ori</strong>sa: zen mTisa, qvemoTbarisa,PevsureTs WormeSavisa, fSavSi laSaris<strong>jvari</strong>sa^(81, #113-b).an, rogorc ambobs is sxva leqsSi:ccclxi
ageb javrs amoviyridi fSavSi laSarisjvrisasa (81, #136).Gven viciT, ras niSnavs <strong>jvari</strong>, mfarveliRvTisSvili <strong>saymo</strong>saTvis; axla warmovidginoT,ra aris, kerZod, laSaris <strong>jvari</strong> fSavis Tormeti<strong>saymo</strong>saTvis.Tu calkeul <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi <strong>jvari</strong>s TayvaniscemiT,roca dgeba mis karze misvlis <strong>da</strong> mis winaSe samsaxuriTwardgomis Jami, roca srulqmnilia Jamkari,moymeni a<strong>da</strong>stureben TavianT erTianobas <strong>da</strong>cocxlad, TvalnaTliv ganicdian, rom Seadgenen<strong>da</strong> ekuTvnian erT <strong>saymo</strong>s, aseve xmel gorze`Saxdomili~ fSavis Tormeti <strong>saymo</strong>, sai<strong>da</strong>nac arun<strong>da</strong> iyvnen isini mosulni, Tavisi uzena<strong>es</strong>i patroniswinaSe a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Tavis erTianobas, romTormetive <strong>saymo</strong> laSaris wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis did<strong>saymo</strong>Si aris gaerTianebuli. saTemo <strong>jvari</strong>smfarveloba vrceldeba mxolod mis<strong>da</strong>mi m<strong>ori</strong>geRvTis mier gangebiT rwmunebul <strong>saymo</strong>ze, magramlaSaris <strong>jvari</strong>, rogorc ierarqiulad maszemaRla mdgomi, Tavis mfarvelobas <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebasavrcelebs fSavis xevis Tormetive <strong>saymo</strong>ze<strong>da</strong> im terit<strong>ori</strong>aze, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini <strong>da</strong>asaxla maTmaRvTisSvilma. laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>, igive wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgi,mTeli fSavis xevis patronia, ris gamoc ewodebamas `xelmwife laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>~, rogorc is moixseniebafSavis xevisberTa sityvebSi. amrigad, isfSavisxevis <strong>saymo</strong>ebis Suagulia, rogorcierusalimis taZari, rogorc sioni, israelisccclxii
Tormeti tomisaTvis <strong>da</strong> misi miwisaTvis; TumcalaSaris adgili ar aris raRac gansakuTrebuli,raime niSniT gamorGeuli masze <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul<strong>saymo</strong>Ta jvarebis adgilebisgan, _ is arcmaRalze mdebareobs, rogorc calkeul <strong>saymo</strong>TamTawmindebi <strong>da</strong> arc fSavisxevis geografiulcentrSi; is erTi xrioki adgilia, sruliad SeumGneveligareSe TvalisaTvis, rac Tavad missaxelwodebaSia asaxuli _ `xmelg<strong>ori</strong>~ (aseTivexriokia anu xmeli g<strong>ori</strong> sinais mTa, sa<strong>da</strong>c mos<strong>es</strong>hqon<strong>da</strong> uflis gamocxadeba <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c miiRorjuli. <strong>es</strong> sixmele mis erT-erT saxelSi Gans:xoreb). rogorc erTi avt<strong>ori</strong> wers, `laSarisjvars Tavisi xriokoba sayvedurad miaGnia. igixSirad ubrZanebs Tavis `ymas~, rom man ar<strong>da</strong>iviwyos laSaris <strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong> erTs an ors welSimainc `Sexd<strong>es</strong> imis xmel gorzed~ (106). `Tu <strong>da</strong>giviwye,ierusalim, <strong>da</strong>miviwyos marjvenam Gemma!~ _Tun<strong>da</strong>c kedlis nangreviRa iyos <strong>da</strong>rGenili misgan.am amoZaxilis suliskveTebiT un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyogamsWvaluli TiToeuli yma Tavisi diasp<strong>ori</strong>smxareSi. is yma S<strong>ori</strong><strong>da</strong>nac modis, brundebarogorc futkari Tavis skaSi, radgan is arismisi ierusalimi.laSaris xmelgorze, rogorc ierusalimSi,ikribeba Tormeti <strong>saymo</strong>; <strong>es</strong> xdeba axalkviras. amdros Tavs iyris Tormeti <strong>saymo</strong>s TormetidroSa, romelTac laSaris droSa egebeba, rogorcmaspinZeli. magram vidre xmelgorzeccclxiii
`Saxdebodnen~, isini gza<strong>da</strong>gza xvdebian erTmaneTserTurTis salocav adgilebSi. xmelgorze`amomx<strong>da</strong>rni~ kvrivSi <strong>da</strong>brZandebian, sa<strong>da</strong>ca<strong>da</strong>stureben rogorc TavianT erTianobas, iseerTianobas laSaris jvarTan (65, 359). laSarisaerTo S<strong>es</strong>akrebelia, droSiT aq warmodgeniliaRvTisSvili <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>saymo</strong>. xolo TiToeul <strong>saymo</strong>sam S<strong>es</strong>akrebelSi Tavisi sajare aqvs. `sajareebiise iyo moyolebuli, mrgvlad, rogorcTemebi aris moyolebuli fSavis_Pevis gaRmagamoRmamrgvlad~ (65, 369). xmelgorze, rogorcaqe<strong>da</strong>n Gans, mTeli fSavisxevis topografia iyoasaxuli. aq uxilavad, weliwadis yvela drosaris warmodgenili mTeli fSavisxevi; xmelgorzemisi tvifaria aRbeWdili.laSari aris ara mxolod is Suaguli, sa<strong>da</strong>cerTianobas ganicdian fSavis <strong>saymo</strong>ebi, aramed,qveynierebis Suagulic, sa<strong>da</strong>c garRveulia cam<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saymo</strong>s S<strong>ori</strong>s kavSiris <strong>da</strong>samyareblad.erTxel kidev gavixsenoT leqsi _legendur mkadreTa xilva, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>es</strong> zebunebrivi<strong>realoba</strong>a asaxuli:beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa,xmel gorze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodikibiTa,Gem <strong>saymo</strong>T Semonazeni RmerTTan amqon<strong>da</strong>iqiTa^am sakulto leqsis yoveli elementi mowmobs,rom xmelg<strong>ori</strong> im adgilad aris warmodgenili,ccclxiv
sa<strong>da</strong>c gadis samyaros RerZi. aq gamavali RerZiimas niSnavs, rom am adgilas Seiqmna samyaro <strong>da</strong>samyarosTan erTad fSavis Suagulic. ase rom,qvenierebis Suaguli fSavis Suagulic aris, sa<strong>da</strong>cGamarxulia laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s kultissaidumlo. laSaris bermuxasTan, rogorc misikultis simbolosTan, aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>es</strong>saidumlo, romelsac inaxavs <strong>saymo</strong> TavisisimtkiciTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>urRvevlobis sawindrad.Tu laSaris <strong>jvari</strong> Tavisi bermuxiT avlensSuagulis ideas, xmalas mTavarangelozsxevsureTSi udgas alvisxe, romlis wveriagreTve cas aris gamobmuli oqros SibiT angelozebisanu RvTisSvilTa samimosvlod.Suagulis idea kidev ufro Zlierdeba imiT, rom,andrezis Tanaxmad, am alvisxi<strong>da</strong>n Gamonadeni mironimis ZirSi Gamarxul qvevrebSi grovdebo<strong>da</strong>,raTa Semdeg mTeli xevsureTis salocavebs ganawilebo<strong>da</strong>.mironi kultis saidumloa <strong>da</strong> amitomacmis miwisqveSa <strong>da</strong>rans `safarveli zdebiv~(62, 572). laSari, misi xmelg<strong>ori</strong>, fSavis xeviscentria, rogorc sazogadoebrivi, ise sakraluri;aseTive centria xevsureTis TemebisaTvisgudela, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>es</strong> `mirvnis xe~ izrdeba.magram xevsuruli andrezebisaTvis <strong>es</strong> S<strong>ori</strong> warsulia,imdroindeli xana, roca gu<strong>da</strong>ni, samagan-Zuros adgili, jer kidev ar iyo gamoGenilixevsurTa ist<strong>ori</strong>is asparezze. gudela, xmalasalvisxe, _ winarewarsulia, romelic uSualodccclxv
ebmis am adgilebSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis<strong>da</strong>nergvas, rac mironis simboluri xiT aris gamoxatuli.aq aris mironis wyaro, rogorcsveticxovelSi <strong>da</strong>, rogorc sveticxovelia qristianulisaqarTvelos Suaguli, aseve gudelaTavisi mironmdinari alvisxiT aris xevsureTisSuaguli. `aqiT Tu ebmod winav salaSqro dro-Saic, manam gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong> gaZrivldebo<strong>da</strong>--d’ isga<strong>da</strong>iqceod saerTo xevsureTis salocavad~ (62,570). Jami Seicvala <strong>da</strong> axla gu<strong>da</strong>nSi <strong>da</strong>iwy<strong>es</strong>saerTo saxevsureTo droSis abma, axla gu<strong>da</strong>niswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis <strong>jvari</strong> (ufro cnobili saxelwodebiT:gu<strong>da</strong>nis saRvTo) uZRvebo<strong>da</strong> laSqars,radgan xmalas salocavma Sewyvita arseboba,rasac andrezi zurabis laSqrobebTan, ufrosworad, erT ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet laSqrobasTan <strong>da</strong>Sinauris RalatTan akavSirebs.am sakralur Suagulebs _ xevsureTSi xmalas<strong>da</strong> fSavisxevSi xmelgors _ utevs zurab erisTavi,kacis saxiT gamocxadebuli devi Tuqaji, Tu anti<strong>jvari</strong>, raTa misi <strong>da</strong>ngreviT <strong>da</strong>angrios<strong>saymo</strong> <strong>da</strong> aiRos misi miwa-wyali. vaJa wersamis Taobaze: `yvela, visac ki fSavis <strong>da</strong>mor-Gileba edva gulSi, rogorc sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva zepirgadmocemagveubneba, brZolas usaTauodTav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad laSaris jvarTan iwyebs. asemoiqca zurab erisTavi; iman ganizraxa xatis Semusrva,maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, umTavr<strong>es</strong> mowinaaRmdegeZalad imas laSaris <strong>jvari</strong> miaGn<strong>da</strong>, risTvisacccclxvi
mosWra didi muxa, romelsac hqon<strong>da</strong> kenweroze`ci<strong>da</strong>n mosuli oqros jaWvi angelozebis asavlel-Gasasvlelad^~(28, 236).mteri fiqrobs <strong>da</strong> xSirad mas umarTlebsfiqri, rom Tu is <strong>da</strong><strong>es</strong>xmis sakralur Suagulssazogadoebisas, brZola mogebuli aqvs. <strong>es</strong> momentigaielvebs TiTqos naklebmniSvnelovani SinabrZolebisamsaxvel leqsSi, epizodurad:maS cabaurTas GavideT, vamtvrioT beRliskario^(82, #148).sad un<strong>da</strong> miemarTa <strong>saymo</strong>s ganadgurebismsurvel mters Tavisi maxvili, _ maSinac ki,roca mteri calkeuli moymis kar-mi<strong>da</strong>mos <strong>es</strong>xmisTavs, is pirvel rigSi saxlis sakralurSuaguls _ Werxos utevs:nakveTauris Werxosa Sen Sexsen rkinis kario(82, #146),_ ras un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>scemo<strong>da</strong> pirvelad, Tu ara beRels,romelic, rogorc viciT, <strong>jvari</strong>s kvriviskvrivia, sa<strong>da</strong>c araTu ucxo kaci, Sinauri rigiTiymac ki ver be<strong>da</strong>vs S<strong>es</strong>vlas. raki beRlis <strong>da</strong>x-Suli kari simbolurad gamoxatavs kultissaidumlos, gasagebi un<strong>da</strong> iyos, ras niSnavsbeRlis karis mtvreva.mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>samorGileblad mteri iseiqceva, TiTqos ucxo miwaze ucxo rjulis xalxseomebod<strong>es</strong>:jimSer, aragvis patroni, Saubralebi ymisao,ccclxvii
PevSi cixeebs mtvreveli, aragvze saydrebisao(40, 70).saydris mtvreva ukidur<strong>es</strong>i saSualebaa saydris<strong>saymo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>samorGileblad; mteri am gziTeZebs gamarjvebas. is SeiZleba imarjvebd<strong>es</strong>kidec, magram imarjvebs ga<strong>da</strong>rjulebis fasad,radgan am dros mteri hkargavs a<strong>da</strong>mianur sax<strong>es</strong>:is devur gzas adgas. jimSer aragvis erisTavizurab erisTavis gzas misdevs, magram zurabisltolvaSi laSaris muxisaken sxva Suri Gans.zurabi Tavisi `javriT~ fSavisxevis siwmidis mimarTmogvagonebs aqadel naramsins, romelmacSumeris <strong>da</strong>moukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoTa(`<strong>saymo</strong>Ta~) xelSi Gasagdebad Seutia qveynisSuaguls nipurSi, romlis mTavar taZarSi,SumerelTa rwmeniT, msoflio uxilavi RerZisniSnad didi sveti (dim-gali) iyo aRmarTuli.erTi Sumeruli poemis Tanaxmad aqadis mefem saxuraviaxa<strong>da</strong> SumerelTa taZars, `gaaSiSvla~ is,raTa aqadels, gareSe kacs, Gaexe<strong>da</strong> mis saidumloSi(46, 29). niSandoblivia, rom SumerelTaSegnebaSi aqadis dinastiis <strong>da</strong>cema am uRvTo aqts_ siwmidis Selaxvas <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>.laSarisa <strong>da</strong> xmalas xeTa (muxisa <strong>da</strong>alvisxis) simtkice, rogorc kultis simtkice,sazogadod, saidumloebasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli:vidre saidumlo ar gasula <strong>saymo</strong>s farglebi<strong>da</strong>n,am xeebs mteri ver moereva. saidumlo<strong>saymo</strong>Sia <strong>da</strong>culi, rogorc saidumlo Tas-ganZisa,ccclxviii
misi samalavisa, romelic mxolod maganZurmaicis. ase mTels <strong>saymo</strong>s SeiZleba scodno<strong>da</strong> bermuxisTu alvisxis saidumlo, rogorc zRaprebSiician romelime personaJis sulis saidumloadgil-samyofeli, Tu sad inaxeba misi suli. ai,dgas <strong>saymo</strong>s SuagulSi _ fSavSi muxa, xevsureTSialvisxe, romelTa arseboba, rogorc sakralurxeTa, mxolod <strong>saymo</strong>m icis: maTi arsebobasaidumloebrivia, gareSe Tvali ver xe<strong>da</strong>vs maT,ver un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>inaxos, TiTqos mas safarveli aqvs<strong>da</strong>debuli. magram, rogorc erTi xalxuri leqsiambobs, `Jami moalis, kar gaiRebis Tava<strong>da</strong>~, asevedgeba dro am saidumloebriv xeTa gacxadebisa.maT arsebobas Tavad maTive foToli gascems.fSauri andrezis Tanaxmad, laSaris muxas fo-Tolic sxvanairi hqonia; aragvis mier GamotanilifoToli zurabs JinvalSi unaxavs <strong>da</strong>mimxv<strong>da</strong>ra, rom xeze oqros Sibi iyo <strong>da</strong> moundomebiaxis moWra^ (65, 251). aseTive Tqmulebaa<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli xevsurul alvisxeze: `^ amalvisx<strong>es</strong> sTvelT rom foToli Gamauyrav, erTfoToli aragvGi Gavardnila-d’ qalaqGi wauRavwyals^~ (62, 573).mironmdinari <strong>da</strong> oqrosSibiani xeebi, romelTasaidumlo arsebobas maTive foToli gascems, _kultis sasicocxlo simboloebia, _ mtrisaTvisxelSi Gasagdebi ganZia. is cdilobs mis mopovebas,radgan, Gven viciT, qveynis <strong>da</strong>patronebisccclxix
mowadine mis ganZs un<strong>da</strong> eZiebd<strong>es</strong>, rom misgan<strong>da</strong>carielebiT <strong>da</strong>auZluros qveyana.magram zurabi fizikuri ZaliT ver aiRebsganZs, muxaSi Tu alvisxeSi <strong>da</strong>unjebuls; manSeiZleba fizikuri ZaliT `<strong>da</strong>levis~ zRvaramdemiiyvanos <strong>saymo</strong>, magram is ver moWris sakralurx<strong>es</strong>. `<strong>da</strong>xkrianav x<strong>es</strong>ad culio-d’ iqav gaikurnisav~(62, 573), ambobs xevsuruli gadmocema xmalasalvisxeze. amitom zurabi cdilobs gamostyuos<strong>saymo</strong>s kultis saidumlo, risTvisac is laSaris<strong>saymo</strong>ebs saTiTaod sabediswero gansacdelSiagdebs. zurabis `xmlis narGomni~ un<strong>da</strong> gamoicadonlaSarisadmi erTgulebaSi _ gascems Tu ara<strong>saymo</strong> muxis moWris saidumloebas , Tu rogorun<strong>da</strong> moiWras aTaswlovani xe. muqusRvTismSoblis ymebi _ wowkoraulni umalgvelis Wamas arGeven, oRond ar gascensaidumlo; zurabi gvelis xorcs aWmevs maT,risTvisac `mucelgvelianebis~ saxeli <strong>da</strong>imsaxur<strong>es</strong>.cabaurni mzad arian ZaRlis xorci Wamon,vidre uRalaton jvars; <strong>jvari</strong>s erTgulebaSigamocdilni arad agdeben <strong>da</strong>mcinav Sairs:iqiT mimideg, cabauro,ZaRlis mWamelo gogoWuroo,m<strong>es</strong>amed romeliRac _ andrezi ar asaxelebs _<strong>saymo</strong>s ymas, tragikuli dilemis winaSe mdgars,araa<strong>da</strong>mianur saqciels _ Zmis xorcis WamasaiZulebs devuri qorwilis w<strong>es</strong>iT (65, 309). aseTiccclxx
arGevanis fasad ujdebaT ymebs laSaris bermuxissaidumlo.saidumlos gascems Sinauri kaci; SinagamcemiaRmoGndeba axadis TemSi, pirquSis <strong>saymo</strong>Si, vinmeSalikauri, romelic muxis moWris xerxs afciaursaswavlis (65, 251). swored misi saxeliSemoinaxa simReram:sul-krulma afciaurma amamibruna ZiriTa^mainc ra iyo <strong>es</strong> saidumloeba, romlis gareSezurabis razmeli _ gu<strong>da</strong>mayreli afciauri veraxerxeb<strong>da</strong> oqrosSibiani muxis, xolo xevsureTSisxva vinme mironmdinari alvisxis moWras? rasaidumlo gasca fSavSi axadelma Salikaurma <strong>da</strong>xevsureTSi, rogorc andrezs Semounaxavs, vinmeberma areSaulma, <strong>jvari</strong>s xelkacma?xevsuruli andrezi mogviTxrobs:`erT Rulel kac yofil gvarad areSauli,xnieri-d’ <strong>jvari</strong>s Pelkaci. masulebs gaugav, romagan icisav rogor meeWrebisav eg xeio-d’<strong>da</strong>uqrTamav <strong>es</strong> areSauli. imas uswavlebav: erTcica maiyvaneTav, imiT ganaTleTao-d’ xTiSvilaxPdebisao, memr meeWrebisav. Tore manamxTiSvili xpatronobsav, magas sul ar gaSWrisav~.mauyvanava-d’ <strong>da</strong>uklav cicai xis ZirSi.axPdomiv xTisSvili-d’ mauWrav xei. xe rowaqceul, wverze gambul jaWv gawyvetila-d’wiviliT caSi wasul^~ (62, 573.<strong>es</strong> ambavi amgvarad aris gamoTqmuli sim-ReraSi:ccclxxi
^ erTic etana Ruleli, ariSauli beria.saxels sumeljas etyod<strong>es</strong>, andrezSi egr<strong>es</strong>weria.angelozT ecxadebo<strong>da</strong>, gasTeTrebiyo wveria^albaT aswavla Rulelma alvis xeT <strong>da</strong>saWrelia:`Tqven maiyvaneT katai xeT ZirSi <strong>da</strong>sakvlelia!~xeni <strong>da</strong>naTl<strong>es</strong> sisxliTa, eg ufrosakvirvelia.alvisxe ga<strong>da</strong>aqci<strong>es</strong>, Zir ar gawir<strong>es</strong>, wveria.Sib gawy<strong>da</strong>, ciske wavi<strong>da</strong>, wio<strong>da</strong> rogorcgvelia^ (88, #541).analogiur andrezs yvebian fSavSi laSarismuxaze:`^ bolos axadelma Salikaurma aswavla (afciaurs):muxis qveS cica <strong>da</strong>kali <strong>da</strong> mere moiWrebao.<strong>da</strong>kla cica. oqros Sibi moswy<strong>da</strong> muxas <strong>da</strong>zecaSi wivili waiRo. muxa waiqca <strong>da</strong> wveri gaRmamxar<strong>es</strong> sakviraos <strong>da</strong>kra^~ (65, 251).zurab erisTavi (radgan is aris maTisaqcielis wamqezebeli <strong>da</strong> maiZulebeli, mTelspasuxismgeblobasac is un<strong>da</strong> kisrulobd<strong>es</strong>) iseveiqceva, rogorc jvar-ganZis mparavi, roca iswmi<strong>da</strong> ganZisa <strong>da</strong> kvrivi adgilis `gamonaTvlis~mizniT, _ raTa misi xelyofa SeZlos _ usurmagcxovels swiravs msxverplad. erT-erTi usurmagicxoveli kataa, romlis sisxli, rogorc antimsxverplisa,Zalas ukargavs siwmid<strong>es</strong>, isccclxxii
`afrTxobs~ jvars, im angelozs, <strong>da</strong>vanebuls miskvrivSi; usurmagis sisxli ganaqarvebs im Zalas,romelic wmi<strong>da</strong>d xdis wmi<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> kvrivs _ kvrivad.katis sisxlnasxurebs muxas stoveben angelozebi,wydeba Sibi _ kavSiri cisa <strong>da</strong> miwisa <strong>da</strong>m<strong>ori</strong>ge RmerTs ubrundeba, raki is, rogorc religia,zeciuri warmoSobisaa. Sibis gawyvetareligiis, kultis gauqmebis simboluri gamoxatulebaa,radgan Sibi, rogorc duranqi, Tavadreligiis simboloa, cisa <strong>da</strong> miwis kavSiris ganmaxorcielebeli.sakulto cxovrebis, Tavadkultis Gaqrobasve gamoxatavs simbolurad mironiswyaros <strong>da</strong>wyveta xmalas alvisxis moWrisSemdeg; am aqtma gaauqma kulti gudelaSi,xevsureTis Tav<strong>da</strong>ripirvel SuagulSi.laSaris muxis mosisxle zurab erisTavi moqmedebs,rogorc Tas-ganZis mparavi. magram iskidev gvagonebs im qajebs, romlebic `cicas~ TavfexiTigerieben Semoteul RvTisSvilebs qajaveTismisadgomebTan, <strong>da</strong> warmatebiTac, radganRvTisSvilebs afrTxobs <strong>da</strong> auZlurebs usurmagismikareba, rogorc maTgan sxurebulisisxli. usurmagi qajTa (<strong>da</strong> albaT devTac)iaraRia angelozTa winaaRmdeg. amitomac, rakizurab erisTavi usurmagis msxverpls swiravs,eweva Sav magias, rogorc qajTa samyaro<strong>da</strong>n movlenili,fSav-xevsureTis <strong>saymo</strong>Ta warsawymdelad,mis winaaRmdeg brZola saRvTo omia, sa<strong>da</strong>c un<strong>da</strong>gaimarjvos <strong>jvari</strong>s Zalam. zurab erisTavi un<strong>da</strong>ccclxxiii
<strong>da</strong>marcxd<strong>es</strong>, rogorc marcxdeba andrezulimteri, magaliTad imave `sisxlis wvimebis~droindeli Sah-abasi, romelic zurabiviT Tavs<strong>es</strong>xmis fSavis siwmid<strong>es</strong>, laSaris ganZs, raTa misi<strong>da</strong>patronebiT <strong>saymo</strong>s batoni Seiqnas (51, 23).marTalia, andrezis Tanaxmad, zurab erisTavieweva sawadels _ Wris laSaris muxas <strong>da</strong> xmalasalvisx<strong>es</strong>, magram is mainc ver imorGilebsRvTisSvilTa <strong>saymo</strong>ebs. is mainc ver GaigdebsxelSi oqros Sibs, verc alvisxisas <strong>da</strong> vercmuxisas, religiis wmi<strong>da</strong> niSans; xis wversmowyvetili Sibi Tumca <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong> cas, sai<strong>da</strong>nacis, rogorc karatis<strong>jvari</strong>s andrezi mogviTxrobs,iyo warmoSobili (msgavsad osuri andrezebissakidlebisa, romelTac caSi amzadebs RvTaebrivimWedeli safa); Tumca Sibi gauGinar<strong>da</strong>,rasac un<strong>da</strong> mo<strong>es</strong>wavebina religiis gaqroba ammiwa-wyalze, <strong>da</strong> masTan erTad <strong>saymo</strong>ebis <strong>da</strong>cema,magram mis garSemo Semokrebili xalxi <strong>da</strong>rGaisev <strong>saymo</strong>d, radgan im muxis kunZSi, `narGomi~zurabis xmlisa (msgavsad ymaTa) iqve <strong>da</strong>rGa, rogorcwmi<strong>da</strong>, Tumca <strong>da</strong>xavsebuli naSTi samyarosSuagulisa <strong>da</strong> kultis simbolosi, romelsackvlav Zvel pativs miageben, rogorc TviTmxilvelisGanaweri<strong>da</strong>n Gans (125, 231), laSaris gorzeamx<strong>da</strong>rni `narGomni~ zurabis xmlisani anu gamarjvebuli(<strong>es</strong> RvTisSvilTa cnobili epiTetia),aRmdgari <strong>saymo</strong>. laSaris kultis aRorZineba, andrezisTanaxmad, ukavSirdeba bermuxis nafotebs,ccclxxiv
omelTagan erTi ivris kudebisken ga<strong>da</strong>vardnila,sa<strong>da</strong>c man <strong>da</strong>sabami misca laSaris xatisjvarGenas ivris fSavlebSi; meore iqve <strong>da</strong>cemula,adgilobriv, rogorc T<strong>es</strong>li, romelic un<strong>da</strong>aRorZinebuliyo; m<strong>es</strong>ame nafotis bedi ucnobia,gadmogvcems andrezi (9, 106), magram cxadia, imucnob nafots sadRac un<strong>da</strong> mieca <strong>da</strong>sabami axalisalocavisaTvis. bermuxis nafotebis andreziimis gamomxatvelia, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad sakultomuxis moWrisa, <strong>saymo</strong>s ar <strong>da</strong>ukargavs kulti, romsakulto cxovreba ar Sewyvetila <strong>da</strong>, rogorcTviTmxilvelis sityvebi<strong>da</strong>n Gans Zveli laSariskultis ganuwyvetlobis simboluri niSani yofilamuxis nafotebi, romlebic wmi<strong>da</strong>d iyo Seracxili<strong>da</strong> didi sasoebiT, rogorc saidumlo,xatSi inaxebo<strong>da</strong> (125, 232). zurab erisTavma la-Saris muxis moWriT, marTalia, ver <strong>da</strong>angria<strong>saymo</strong>, magram misi gafantva mainc moaxerxa. TubirTvi isev laSaris terit<strong>ori</strong>aze <strong>da</strong>rGa, rogorcmoWrili muxis kunZTan <strong>da</strong>vardnilimTavari nafoti, rogorc sawin<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>saymo</strong>saRorZinebisa, <strong>da</strong>narGeni nawili am <strong>saymo</strong>si muxisganasxletil sxva nafotebs gahyva fSavisxevisgareT; Tumca sxva miwaze ga<strong>da</strong>tyorcnilni maincar kargaven kavSirs Zireul salocavTan <strong>da</strong>, rogorcvaJa wers, `mu<strong>da</strong>m wels barelebis mosvlasalocavad laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>sa umizezo ar aris.aSkaraa, rom isini ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebaSi arian fSavi<strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong> ar iviwyeben Tavisis mama-papis Zvels salo-ccclxxv
cavs. <strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>ujerebelia miT umet<strong>es</strong>, rom fSavSiaris sof. yvara. ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebulT Tavisis soflissaxeli Tan wauRiaT. xalxic amtkicebs amga<strong>da</strong>saxlebas <strong>da</strong> mizezad zurabs asaxelebs, romelsac<strong>da</strong>uwiokebia xalxi <strong>da</strong> gaubnevia, <strong>da</strong>uqsaqsia^~(29, 57).sxva andrezis Tanaxmad zurabis mier muxismoWra aris is mijna, romlis Semdegac axali sakultocxovreba iwyeba xmelgorze: Tqmuleba ambobs,rom laSaris gorze <strong>jvari</strong>s muxis moWramdemxolod berebi cxovrobdnen, gareSe kaci iq veradio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bli<strong>da</strong>n ilocav<strong>da</strong> jvars (65, 251).axal epoqaSi laSaris gorze, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRar dgasoqrosSibiani Zveli muxa, magram RvTisSvilisgza <strong>jvari</strong>s kari<strong>da</strong>n m<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis karamde maincarsebobs (Tumca safarveli aqvs <strong>da</strong>debuli),gareSe kacic adis Tavisi samsaxuris misatanad<strong>da</strong> Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>sTan erTianobis <strong>da</strong>sa<strong>da</strong>stureblad.verc xmalas alvisxis moWriT <strong>da</strong>imorGilaxevsureTSi zurabma <strong>saymo</strong>ebi, sabolood veramoZirkva kulti; Tumca aqac moswy<strong>da</strong> oqros Sibi<strong>da</strong> caSi gauGinar<strong>da</strong>, safarveli ga<strong>da</strong>efara mironiswyaros, romlis xilva mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod<strong>jvari</strong>s mkadreTa mistiur gamocdilebaSi gax<strong>da</strong>S<strong>es</strong>aZlebeli; magram saerTo saxevsureTo(igulisxmeba bude-xevsureTi) sakulto cxovrebisSuagulma gu<strong>da</strong>nSi ga<strong>da</strong>inacvla, sa<strong>da</strong>ckeriaSi amosulma ifnma auwya RvTisSvilisccclxxvi
jvarGena axal adgilze. axla gu<strong>da</strong>nSi ibmissalaSqro droSa <strong>da</strong> aq muSavdeba, raTa gavrceld<strong>es</strong>sxva <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi savaldebulo rjuli.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad ngrevisa <strong>da</strong> ganadgurebisa, rasacsamgzis yoveli Svidi wlis gamoSvebiT mohyvebo<strong>da</strong>xolme <strong>saymo</strong>Ta nawilis an zogierT <strong>saymo</strong>TamTliani gafantva, zurabis laSqrobebma<strong>saymo</strong>Ta S<strong>ori</strong>s <strong>da</strong>ba<strong>da</strong> soli<strong>da</strong>robis ZlieriSegneba, romelic Zunwad, ara myvirala sityvebiTgamoiTqmo<strong>da</strong> im `sisxlis wvimebis~ epoqis amsaxvelsimRerebSi, Tumca kerZod, ara ganzogadebulisaxiT, rac, S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, met Zalas <strong>da</strong>sarwmunoebas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> naTqvams:uTurgi mewyinaisZe xevsurT gulisad kvdebao,amRas <strong>es</strong>xdian colSvilni, magas ra wauxdebao(81, #124).arxotioni, vis <strong>saymo</strong>sac ar emuqreba zurabi,Tavs swiravs aragvel xevsurTa ga<strong>da</strong>sarGenad;uymo yma sisxls Rvris im <strong>saymo</strong>s <strong>jvari</strong>saTvis,romelic ar moiTxovs misgan Tavganwirvas <strong>da</strong>sisxls. aseTi gmiri, rog<strong>ori</strong>c aris naklebad gamoGeniliuTurgi, amRioni, romelic sxva <strong>saymo</strong>saTvisswiravs Tavs, ar aris gamonaklisi amepoqaSi, am brZolebSi. iyo qalun<strong>da</strong>uri,guroeli, romlis saxl-kars guroSi, mTis iqiT,albaT ver miswvdebo<strong>da</strong> zurabis xeli; swored isgax<strong>da</strong> am epopeis gmiri, gmiri begeng<strong>ori</strong>sa, sa<strong>da</strong>cmterze gamarjvebis niSnad aragvi<strong>da</strong>n motaniliriyis qva `Gaayu<strong>da</strong>~ samanad, _ <strong>es</strong> ki rogorc is-ccclxxvii
t<strong>ori</strong>ul-andrezuli aqti, simReris sityvebiTacaRibeW<strong>da</strong> samaradisod:Tan maxyv<strong>es</strong> qalun<strong>da</strong>ursa mamukas Suqnimzisani,begengor Gamoewiva, yman GaWrna zurabisani.amandiT amabrunvilma samann Gaxyudna qvisani(81, #125).ccclxxviii
Sewirulniis epoqa aRbeWdili iyo mtris niSniT, amas ki,romelze<strong>da</strong>c axla iqneba saubari, patronisbeWedi adevs; patronisa, romlisTvisac Tavsswiravs ga<strong>da</strong>rGenili <strong>saymo</strong>. <strong>es</strong> epoqebi <strong>saymo</strong>sSegnebaSi ar emijnebian erTmaneTs qronologiuriniSniT; isini, S<strong>es</strong>aZlebelia, erTdroula<strong>da</strong>rseboben andrezul warsulSi. Gven ganvixilavTmaT droul monakveTebad, raki viciT, rom erekl<strong>es</strong>xana mosdevs zurab erisTavis xanas; magram<strong>saymo</strong>saTvis <strong>es</strong> epoqebi, erTmaneTSi SeRwevadni,ufro mo<strong>da</strong>luri mdgomareobebia <strong>saymo</strong>si, romelTacqmnis devurisa <strong>da</strong> RvTaebrivis(T.Gxenkeli) urTierTmonacvleoba <strong>saymo</strong>sTavga<strong>da</strong>savalSi. roca RvTaebrivi, <strong>jvari</strong>s saxiTwarmodgenili, ukan ixevs, maSin wamoiweva `masJamsa Sina~ <strong>da</strong>Trgunuli devuri Zala. zurab erisTavimaSin aRzevdeba, roca bagrationisxelisufleba <strong>da</strong>uZlurebulia. <strong>jvari</strong> _ batoniukan ixevs <strong>da</strong> stovebs <strong>saymo</strong>s bedis an misi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<strong>da</strong>vlaTis anabara.ccclxxix
zurab erisTavi imave batonis ymaa, visacfSav-xevsurni arian Sevedrebul-Sexvewilni. isaris yma bagration mefisa, romelic Tavis TavsTvlis (rasac <strong>saymo</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>sturebs) gu<strong>da</strong>nissaRvTosa <strong>da</strong> laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s moZmed, romelsackonkretul ist<strong>ori</strong>ul periodSi mefe Teimuraziwarmoadgens. zurab erisTavi sxva aravinaa, Tuara gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuli yma, romelic cdilobs Tavisibatonis adgilis <strong>da</strong>Weras, rac mxolod misi<strong>da</strong>uZlurebis SemTxvevaSia S<strong>es</strong>aZlebeli:<strong>da</strong>livna bagrationni, Tavad batonad zisao(88, #54).<strong>es</strong> sityvebi sxva ist<strong>ori</strong>ul viTarebazeanaTqvami, magram isini kargad mi<strong>es</strong>a<strong>da</strong>geba gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuliymis suliskveTebas <strong>da</strong> saboloo survils.zurab erisTavis batoni (yofacxovrebaSi misisimamri) Teimuraz mefe amgvarad aris SeqebulierT xevsurul poetur fragmentSi, romeliczustad gamoxatavs <strong>saymo</strong>s SegnebaSi arsebulwarmodgenas Tavis xorciel batonze:aim adgilis Wirime, sad Teimurazi bzandeba:<strong>da</strong>icems wiTlis karavsa, zed oqros sveti<strong>da</strong>dgeba(98, #34).<strong>es</strong> `oqros sveti~ aris gamoZaxili im `naTlissvetisa~, romelic RvTisSvilTa jvarGenis erTerTisaxea. Teimurazs, rogorc bagration mef<strong>es</strong><strong>da</strong> RvTisSvilis moZm<strong>es</strong>, Tan axlavs RvTisSvilTaccclxxx
anu jvarTa, `ciT svetad GamosulTa~, atributebi.wiTelic xom RvTisSvilTa gansakuTrebuliniSania:saneba xkazmebs zer<strong>da</strong>gsa, samwyarsa, samiswlisasa,<strong>da</strong>axvevs masarTavebsa wiTelis atlasisasa^(6, 97).`wiTeli atlasi~ <strong>jvari</strong>s upirvel<strong>es</strong>i siwmidis_ droSis masalad gvevlineba erT xmiTnatiralSi:droSaT qve vinaR agvibem<strong>da</strong>o,Pmalas wiTliTa atlasiTao^(79, #157).cxadia, atlasis wiTeli ar aris ubralo,bunebrivi feri, romelic Gveulebriv sagnebs mosavs;is sakraluri feria, rogorc Zoweuli.Teimurazi, zurab erisTavis batoni (<strong>da</strong> mer<strong>es</strong>imamri misi), erTi warmomadgenelia im modgmisa,romlis Zirs bagrationTa dinastiuri legen<strong>da</strong>israelis mefeSi _ <strong>da</strong>viTSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs. am modgmaSiiSva qriste, ase rom bagrationebi Tavad macxovrisnaT<strong>es</strong>avebi arian. am legen<strong>da</strong>s, romelic werilobiTaris <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli qarTul saist<strong>ori</strong>owyaroSi (70, 371-2), exmaureba erTi xevsuruliepizoduri andrezi mefe erekleze, romelicsveticxovlis taZarSi sulis ZaliT zeatacebuliloyiT exuteba gumbaTze gamosaxulccclxxxi
qriste-pantokrat<strong>ori</strong>s loyas (38, #25401) * . saist<strong>ori</strong>owyarom Semoinaxa xalxuri warmoSobisgadmocema, romlis Tanaxmad pirveli bagrationiguarami, `erisTavi qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> mama bagrationTa~,irmis ZuZunawovaria, msgavsad Sumerislegen<strong>da</strong>ruli mefeebisa, romlebic RvTaebrivmafurebma gamozard<strong>es</strong> TavianTi `madliani rZiT~wmi<strong>da</strong> boslebSi Tu mTebSi. vaxuStis `aRweraSi~<strong>es</strong> legen<strong>da</strong> amgvarad aris gadmocemuli: `vgoneb,viTarca sityva ars iverielTa Sina, rameTu iremmanganzar<strong>da</strong>o bagrationi; iyo <strong>es</strong>e guaram raJamsmoukl<strong>es</strong> mama <strong>da</strong> miuR<strong>es</strong> berZenTa bolo klarjeTisa,amas eZiebdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mal<strong>es</strong> gamzrdelTa<strong>da</strong> mwirobasa Sina yrma <strong>es</strong>e Seegua iremsa,awoveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aRivsis <strong>da</strong> avlineb<strong>da</strong>. Semdgomadixil<strong>es</strong> sakvirveli <strong>es</strong>e klarjTa, hscn<strong>es</strong> bagratovanebamisi, miiyvan<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong> hyv<strong>es</strong> kvalad erisTaverisTavad^~(75, 694, Sen.1).ga<strong>da</strong>dis bagrationTa Taobebi _ legen<strong>da</strong>rGeba ucvleli, oRond icvleba saxelidinastiis <strong>da</strong>maarseblisa, irmis ZuZunawovari yrmisa,ikargeba xsovna gvaramze, `bagrationTamamaze~, <strong>da</strong> xalxis cnobierebaSi Tavs iGenslaSa-giorgi pirvel bagrationad, romelsacSobs Tamari ubiwo GasaxviT mzis sxivisagan; TamariSobs yrmas, romelsac aseve gamozrdisiremi _ mziuri cxoveli (gavixsenoT mze-irmis* locvis dros levitaciis unars miaweren qristianobis ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi wm. ekaterin<strong>es</strong>, wm. Tomaaqvinels <strong>da</strong> sxv., xolo qarTul andrezebSi _ Tamar dedofals, vidre is qalwulobas inaxav<strong>da</strong>.ccclxxxii
simbolika farnavazis gamefebis andrezSi (44).pirveli bagrationis mziur warmoSobas, sai<strong>da</strong>nacxalxuri andreziT <strong>da</strong>sabams iRebs saqarTvelosist<strong>ori</strong>a <strong>da</strong>, sazogadod, dro-Jami (43),a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Tamaris mematianis (`ist<strong>ori</strong>aTa <strong>da</strong>azmaTa~ avt<strong>ori</strong>s) sityvebi, rom `laSa~ afsarTaenaze `soflis ganmanaTlebels~ niSnavs (74, 58).legen<strong>da</strong> bagrationTa rGeulobaze <strong>da</strong>sturdebakastelis GanawerebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c vxvdebiTRmerTTan maTi wilnayarobis ideis gamoxatulebas.italieli beri imereTis mefeTa (aleqsandreIII <strong>da</strong> bagrat IV) naxatebis qveS aTavsebswarwerebs, romlebic Taviseburad gadmoscemendinastiur legen<strong>da</strong>s: `yovel qarTvels sjera,rom rod<strong>es</strong>ac mefe bagrati qudmoxdili loculob<strong>da</strong>taZarSi, ci<strong>da</strong>n GamoeSva xiluli Suqi <strong>da</strong>Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili oqros gvirgvini Tavze<strong>da</strong>adga^ imasac amboben, rom marjvena beWzejvris niSani aqvso, rasac sajarod acxadeben amsamefoebSi^~ (41, 75); aleqsandre mefeze is wers:`<strong>da</strong>badebisTanave mas zurgis <strong>ori</strong>ve mxar<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>hqonia gamosaxuli^ amboben, rom beWebze patara<strong>jvari</strong> aqvso~ (41, 76). beWebze gamosaxuli <strong>jvari</strong>aris erT-erTi xiluli niSani bagrationi mefiswilnayarobisa Tavis RvTiur naT<strong>es</strong>avTan; <strong>es</strong> arismisi nawilianoba, rac naxsenebi iyo TorRvasTankavSirSi, romlis Sobas xevsuruli andreziakavSirebs erT-erTi bagrationis yofnasTan SatilisTu mucos <strong>saymo</strong>Si. Tavisi mamisgan hqon<strong>da</strong>ccclxxxiii
mas gamoyolili sagvareulo niSani nawilisa _<strong>jvari</strong> <strong>da</strong> heraldikurad ganlagebuli mze <strong>da</strong>mTvare beWebze _didebuloba <strong>da</strong>uTqv<strong>es</strong>, beWebs unax<strong>es</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>o,marjvniv mze werebuliyva, marcxniske mTvarisnalio^bagrationis moqmedebis kvals vxe<strong>da</strong>vT fSavxevsureTis<strong>saymo</strong>Ta kultis genezisSi, saxeldobr,roca samefo taxtisgan ganmdgarifxovelni, romelTa religiuri aRmsareblobaamgvarad aqvs gamoxatuli XIII s-is meist<strong>ori</strong><strong>es</strong> _`fxovelni juaris msaxurni arian <strong>da</strong> qristianobasaiGemeben~, kvlav <strong>da</strong>imorGila Tamarma, rasacun<strong>da</strong> mohyolo<strong>da</strong> maTi xelaxali moqceva qrist<strong>es</strong>rjulze _ maT mier aRiarebuli <strong>jvari</strong>s TayvaniscemaSi<strong>jvari</strong>s WeSmariti religiis aRdgena(74, 111). am ist<strong>ori</strong>ul-politikuri aqciis gamo-Zaxili un<strong>da</strong> iyos tradiciuli cnobebi Tamarismier xevsureTis sazogadoebebSi ekl<strong>es</strong>iis agebaze<strong>da</strong> Tas-ganZis Sewirvaze, rac kultis<strong>da</strong>arsebas niSnavs; an mis nabinavarze zogierTi<strong>jvari</strong>s, mag., gu<strong>da</strong>nSi naxarelas RvTisSoblis<strong>da</strong>arseba (38, #25967); <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT, Tamariskultis _ Tamar-aqim-dedoflis saxeliT, <strong>da</strong>laSa giorgis <strong>jvari</strong>s arseboba fSavis xevSi, sa<strong>da</strong>cisini centraluri salocavebia, romelnicTavis garSemo ikreben fSavis Tormet <strong>saymo</strong>s.fxovSi waruSlel kvals stovebs bagrationi _mis erT nawilSi (xevsureTSi) is kultis <strong>da</strong>ma-ccclxxxiv
fuZnebelia, xolo fSavSi Tavad arisga<strong>da</strong>qceuli salocavad, RvTisSvilad, jvarad,romelic hpatronobs fSavis xevis <strong>saymo</strong>ebs, rogorcerT mTlian <strong>saymo</strong>s.fSav-xevsureTis <strong>saymo</strong>ebi pirovnulad icnobenerTaderT warmomadgenels bagrationTa dinastiisas_ <strong>es</strong> aris mefe erekle meore. erekle savsebiTrealuria maT warmodgenaSi, is maTi xorcielibatonia, romelsac <strong>da</strong>hyvebian brZolebSi,magram misi warmoSoba iseve legen<strong>da</strong>rulia, rogorclaSa-giorgisa. isic SobiTganve ga<strong>da</strong>gdebuliatyeSi <strong>da</strong> irmis ZuZuTia gazrdili:batoniSvils erekl<strong>es</strong>a irmis ZuZu uwovnia,wyali usvams algeTisa, TrialeTze uZovnia,<strong>da</strong>kargula saGaleSi, monadir<strong>es</strong> upovnia(82, #1).yrma erekle araTu imeorebs Tavis winapris,laSa giorgis andrezul Tavga<strong>da</strong>savals, aramedmis adgilsac ki ikavebs, gvevlineba ra, xevsuruliandrezebis Tanaxmad, Tamaris Zed <strong>da</strong>pirvel bagrationad (82, ##43-i, 43-k). is arispirveli <strong>da</strong> amave dros ukanaskneli: is iwyebsist<strong>ori</strong>as <strong>da</strong> isve amTavrebs mas; Tamarsa <strong>da</strong>erekl<strong>es</strong> S<strong>ori</strong>s ukidur<strong>es</strong>ad SekumSulia wuTisoflisdro-Jami; ise rom, erekl<strong>es</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>,bagrationTa dinastiis sxva warmomadgenels arrGeba adgili. <strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebaSi Tamari <strong>da</strong>erekle erTJamobaSi arian moqceulni: `xalxsswams, rom mefe erekle <strong>da</strong> Tamar-mefe cocxlebiccclxxxv
arian RmerTTan <strong>da</strong> roca gauWirdeba saqarTvelos,mieSvelebiano^~ (88, 365). Tamari <strong>da</strong>erekle erTi RvTaebrivi siwmidiT arian mosilni<strong>da</strong> erTgvarad a<strong>da</strong>stureben am siwmid<strong>es</strong>; Tamarzeamboben, rom locvisas iatakze ar idga, aramednaxevari adlis simaRleze haerSi iyo gaGerebuli(81, 239), rom `misi tanisamosi eki<strong>da</strong>sarkmli<strong>da</strong>n SemonaTebul sxivze~ (81, 81); aseve,`erekle roca locvaze <strong>da</strong>dgebo<strong>da</strong>, xmals mzisSuqze <strong>da</strong>hkideb<strong>da</strong> xolmeo <strong>da</strong> locvas rocagaaTaveb<strong>da</strong>, i sxividgan iseve aiReb<strong>da</strong> Pmalsa~ (88,365); sveticxovelSi locvisas is zeaRitacebo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> macxovris xats exutebo<strong>da</strong> (38, #25468).sveticxovlis taZari, kultis genezisisadgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c misi saflavia, aris is adgili,sai<strong>da</strong>nac mefe cad amaRl<strong>da</strong>:cxeTas dgas TeTri say<strong>da</strong>ri, Sig naTobskelaptario,Sig idga oqros kuboi, gamoxatuli <strong>jvari</strong>o.Sig iwva nefe-erekle, bagrationTa gvario.zecas wavi<strong>da</strong> erekle, qrist<strong>es</strong>Tan wilnayario(88, #58-g).`Sig iwva~^ axla zecas aris wasuli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>brundeba, rogorc m<strong>es</strong>ia _ amgvarad un<strong>da</strong> gamoxatuliyobagrationTa RvTiuri warmoSoba,maTi qrist<strong>es</strong>Tan naT<strong>es</strong>aoba im konkretul warmomadgenelSi,romelsac, rogorc ukanasknels,un<strong>da</strong> etvirTa Tavisi dinastiis mTeli simZime.ccclxxxvi
ar mokv<strong>da</strong>, RmerTTan wavi<strong>da</strong>, Zma ari, wilnayaria(88, #58-i).mefis, rogorc RmerTTan wilnayaris, arsebawarmodgenilia mironis wyarod _ `mironi nefeerekl<strong>es</strong> Zvlebs Gamohdiso~ * , gvauwyebs xalxuriTqmuleba, romelsac ist<strong>ori</strong>uli mef<strong>es</strong>veticxovlis an kultis <strong>da</strong>sabamSi ga<strong>da</strong>hyavs, imandrezul xanaSi, roca sauflo kvarTze aRmocenebulixi<strong>da</strong>n mironi wveTav<strong>da</strong>, am adgilas kiaxla misi saflavia. xolo xevsuris religiurSegnebaSi sveticxovels swored am saflavis gamoceniWeba sakraluroba, rogorc salocavs.laSa giorgisa <strong>da</strong> Tamar mefis saflavebze aRmocen<strong>da</strong>,fSavelTa rwmeniT, laSarisa <strong>da</strong> Tamar-Relis salocavebi; isini iq marxian, amitomac iqaris <strong>da</strong>arsebuli maTi jvrebi. `kalmasobaSi~ <strong>es</strong>Tqmuleba amgvarad aris gadmocemuli: beri ioanease eubneba fSavlebs, gaaxsenebs maTsave andrezs,rac maT un<strong>da</strong> scodno<strong>da</strong>T: `^ iman (laSagiorgim, z.k.) mogaqcivaT Tqven, romelic axla iqfSavSi marxia <strong>da</strong> Tavis unj ymaT gamogelo<strong>da</strong>T^~(10, 82).erekle, rogorc RvTis cxebuli mefe,xevsureTisa <strong>da</strong> fSavis <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi RvTisSvilisRirsebaSia ayvanili. misi povnac iseTivea, rogorcRvTisSvilis jvarGena.* qristianobis ist<strong>ori</strong>aSi cnobilni arian mironmdinareni _ wm. dimitri T<strong>es</strong>alonikeli (III-IV ss.) <strong>da</strong>Rirsi svimeon serbeTis mTavari (XII-XIII ss.).ccclxxxvii
atoniSvil erekl<strong>es</strong>a irmis ZuZu uwovnia,gadugdiaT saGaleSi, monadir<strong>es</strong> upovnia.saGale (xevsureTSi) cnobilia rogorc jvar-Genis mTa, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> erT-erTi <strong>jvari</strong> wmi<strong>da</strong>giorgisa _ `saGal<strong>es</strong> svetad Gamosuli, samkibalSuqis <strong>da</strong>mkravi~. monadiris xsenebac ar aris amfragmentSi moulodneli: gavixsenoT is monadire,romelsac, rogorc mkadr<strong>es</strong>, Gamohyavs napovni<strong>jvari</strong> Tavis <strong>saymo</strong>Si. asevea napovni erekleRvTisSvilad xevsureTisa <strong>da</strong> fSavis <strong>saymo</strong>ebisaTvis.erekle napovnia, rogorc andrezuli patroni<strong>saymo</strong>ebisa, magram mas Tavad hyavs mopovebuli<strong>saymo</strong>, is Tavad qmnis Tavis sapatronebel <strong>saymo</strong>s,rac realuri ist<strong>ori</strong>uli faqtiT aris gapirobebuli.`qronikons umg (443) = 1755 w. ama xanTa Sinaxevsuris qveyana aRar <strong>da</strong>emorGila kaxs batons<strong>da</strong> pirvelisamebr aRar monebdnen. GamobrZan<strong>da</strong>kaxeTi<strong>da</strong>m kaxi batoni erekle qalaqs <strong>da</strong> mosTxovafarvani mamasa Tvissa qarTvels batonsmef<strong>es</strong> Teimurazs, ineba xevsureTisa <strong>da</strong>laSqvra,gaistumra mamaman cxebulman Zei Tvisi mefeerekle <strong>da</strong> gasca brZaneba TavadTa qarTlisaTa,raTa iaxlnen Tan: mobrZan<strong>da</strong> mefe erekleananurs, Semoeyarnen iq qarTvelni amorGeviTdidebulTa Svilni <strong>da</strong> aznaurSvilni zemoqarTlisani <strong>da</strong> erisTavebi <strong>ori</strong>ve <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong> jim-Ser, wabZan<strong>da</strong> ananuri<strong>da</strong>m, mibrZan<strong>da</strong> TianeTs, iqccclxxxviii
Semoeyarnen jari kaxeTisa. zamTari iyo, Tovlididi <strong>da</strong> gza saWiro. <strong>da</strong>iqveiT<strong>es</strong> yovelTa,Tvinier mefisa <strong>da</strong> imanca bevrjer iaris qveiTad.mividnen, fSavni miegeben, fSavelni <strong>da</strong>xvdnen, racim qveyanas gaewyobo<strong>da</strong>, moarTv<strong>es</strong> mosarTmevi. enebaTiqi<strong>da</strong>m ga<strong>da</strong>svla qveyanaSi xevsureTisa. raSeityv<strong>es</strong> xevsurT, Semoexvewen xevsurni <strong>da</strong>iTxov<strong>es</strong> <strong>da</strong>naSaulisa miteveba. Seundo cdomamaTi <strong>da</strong> Semoiriga. iaxlnen ufrosni kacni <strong>da</strong>moarTv<strong>es</strong> jorni, Zroxani <strong>da</strong> cxvarni feSqaSad<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>idv<strong>es</strong> Tavs samsaxuri, raca ZvelTagan kaxbatonebisagan sdebo<strong>da</strong>T, gamoarTo mefeman mZevlebi<strong>da</strong> ganuteva xevsurni mSvidobiT~ (54, 39).mefe erekle _ Tamaris andrezuli memkvidrerealura<strong>da</strong>c imeorebs Tamaris qmedebas, rogorcarqetipul saqciels winaprisas: meordeba XIII s-is viTareba, roca Tamars moux<strong>da</strong> fxovis Semomtkiceba<strong>da</strong> iq <strong>jvari</strong>s sarwmunoebis ganaxleba,rasac Tavis mxriv arqetipuli magaliTi aqvs IVs-Si, roca wmi<strong>da</strong> nino gaemarTa mTielTa (kerZod,fxovelTa) mosanaTlavad.erekle ganaaxlebs, xelaxla qmnis qristianulTems xevsureTSi, aRadgens <strong>saymo</strong>ebs, racbunebrivad religiuri aqtiT aris ganmkicebuli:am laSqrobis dros erekle (jer kidevufliswuli) naTlavs ormoc<strong>da</strong>oTx xevsur bavSvs(54, 40) <strong>da</strong>, amrigad, naTlis mamad evlineba kvlavSemomtkicebul <strong>saymo</strong>s. is uw<strong>es</strong>ebs maT yofacxovrebissakralur reJims; tradiciiT, erekl<strong>es</strong>ccclxxxix
<strong>da</strong>uw<strong>es</strong>ebia xevsureTisaTvis orSabaTis uqme _`kvirais sapatio dRe~ (37, 59) <strong>da</strong> Tavisi wili<strong>da</strong>udevs maTi kultis uwmid<strong>es</strong> saganSi: igi zarsSeabams gu<strong>da</strong>nis saRvTos droSas. arsebobs gadmocema,rom erekl<strong>es</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>nis wm. giorgis <strong>jvari</strong>saTvismiuZRvnia ganTqmuli droSa _ `gaJekauri~,romlis xma aragvis WalaSi ismo<strong>da</strong> sane<strong>da</strong>n (4, 6).erekle, rogorc sakulto cxovrebis ama-RorZinebeli xevsureTis <strong>saymo</strong>ebSi (rac andrezulixanis pirvel<strong>da</strong>mfuZneblis Rvawlisganmeorebad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vsaxoT ist<strong>ori</strong>ul xanaSi),Seracxilia gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>s moZmed, rac imasniSnavs, rom xorcieli mefe ierarqiuladRvTisSvilisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>jvari</strong>s safexurze dgeba. isaxorcielebs RvTisSvilebsa <strong>da</strong> bagrationebsS<strong>ori</strong>s adriTganve <strong>da</strong>w<strong>es</strong>ebul moZmeobas, rasac,Tavis mxriv, RvTisSvilTa moZmeobis institutSiaqvs safuZveli (7). zemoT iTqva, rom am urTier-Tobas Tamarisa <strong>da</strong> laSa giorgis xanaSi <strong>da</strong>edosafuZveli, rac asaxulia andrezul gadmocemebSi.mogviano xanis werilobiTi dokumentebimowmoben am tradiciuli moZmeobis sicxovel<strong>es</strong>bagrationTa dinastiur SegnebaSi. kaxeTis mefeebiwyalobis wignebSi laSaris jvars TavianTmoZmed, xolo laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s ymebs, fSavlebs,TavianT ymebad ixsenieben, riTac a<strong>da</strong>sturebenTavianT Tanasworobas RvTisSvilTan, laSariswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgisTan, romelTanac pirvelad, `masJamsa Sina~, laSa-giorgim <strong>da</strong>amyara moZmeoba. amcccxc
tradicias kaxeTis TviT gamahmadianebuli mefeebicki inaxavdnen: `^ Gvensa di<strong>da</strong>T erTgulaTWirnaxulad namsaxursa Gvenis Zmis laSarisjvrisymaT, erTobiT fSavelT^~ vkiTxulobTerekle pirvelis Zis <strong>da</strong>viTis (imamyuli-xanis,1703-1722) wyalobis wignSi (5, 400); konstantineerekl<strong>es</strong> Ze (mahmadyuli-xani, 1722-1732) mimarTavslaSaris jvars: `^ mouSleli ZRveni <strong>da</strong>S<strong>es</strong>awiravi mogarTviT <strong>da</strong> SemogwireT Tqven yovladdidebulsa <strong>da</strong> yovlad qebulsa mxe<strong>da</strong>rsaRuTisasa, moZm<strong>es</strong>a Gvensa wmi<strong>da</strong>sa giorgis la-Saris jvarsa <strong>da</strong> kvalad miuboZeT moymeTa, molaSqreTa,dekanozTa, qa<strong>da</strong>gTa <strong>da</strong> sruliadfSavelTa^~ (5, 42).erekle II fSavis salocavs Tavisi `moZmiskars~ uwodebs: `<strong>es</strong> ganaGenis wigni <strong>da</strong>gvidvia Gven,mefe erekl<strong>es</strong>: ase rom grigol saxlTuxuc<strong>es</strong>igavgzavneT fSavs, Gveni moZmis karze iyo <strong>da</strong>fSavelT stumari iyo^~ (5, 44)).kanonzomieria, rom laSaris jvars, rogorcmefis moZm<strong>es</strong>, Tavis batonad aRiarebs mefis yma,qveSevrdomi erisTavi:`^ Tqven didsa <strong>da</strong> amaRlebuls <strong>da</strong> aRmatebulsa,zRviTi zRvamde gaTqmulsa, mTisa <strong>da</strong> barisasalocavsa, patiosansa <strong>da</strong> mravaljer m<strong>es</strong>aso<strong>es</strong>a,keTilad gamarjvebulsa didsa laSarisjvarsa giorgisa <strong>da</strong> sul erTobiT Tqvens salocavsa<strong>da</strong> Tqvens kargs ymaT fSavelTa: ase romGveni mama-papamdin Tqvenis erTgulebisa <strong>da</strong> sam-cccxci
saxurisa me <strong>da</strong> Seni vyofilvarT^ arc GvenssicocxleSi manamdin Gvenis mamis T<strong>es</strong>li am qveyanasviyvneT, arc Tqvens samsaxurzed <strong>da</strong> erTgulobazedPeli aviRoT^~ (5, 41).bagration mefeTa moZmea agreTve xevsureTis(kerZod, samaganZuros) Zlieri salocavi gu<strong>da</strong>niswmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis <strong>jvari</strong>, ber baadurad wodebuliadgilobriv tabuirebul enaze. Tumca cnobiliar aris maTi moZmeobis amsaxvel<strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebelisamefo werilobiTi dokumentebi,magram <strong>saymo</strong>Si Tavis droze Zlieradhqon<strong>da</strong> f<strong>es</strong>vi gadgmuli am rwmenas <strong>da</strong>, rogorcmosalodneli iyo, bagration mefeTa S<strong>ori</strong>s er-TaderT erekleSi xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen gu<strong>da</strong>nis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgisxorciel moZm<strong>es</strong>. erekl<strong>es</strong> pirovnebaSia <strong>da</strong>unjebulidinastiuri krebiTi pirovneba, romelicaxorcielebs moZmeobis princips. rogorc sakraluripirovneba, erekle zedroulobaSi myofobs,erTis mxriv, TamarTan erTad, romelTaS<strong>ori</strong>s gasuli realuri dro-Jami warxocilia anukidur<strong>es</strong> zRvramdea SekumSuli; meore mxriv,gu<strong>da</strong>nis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis gverdiT, romelTanacm<strong>ori</strong>ge RvTis gangebiT wils hyris. `RTis nasaxTbatoni romeni viyoT, <strong>da</strong> xorcielTi romenio.xorcielT batonoba erekl<strong>es</strong> rgebia <strong>da</strong> RTisnasaxTi(xatebisa) ber baadurs^~ (77, 303), ambobsandrezi.rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, TiTqos SemTxvevis (wilisyris)wyalobiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetila, rom erekl<strong>es</strong>cccxcii
gebo<strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>nis xorcielTa <strong>saymo</strong>s batonoba.wilisyris faqti maT S<strong>ori</strong>s a<strong>da</strong>sturebs <strong>saymo</strong>sTvalSi maT potenciur Tanasworobas, kerZodimas, rom erekle potenciurad flob<strong>da</strong>RvTisSvilTa batonobis unars, rogorc TavadRvTisSvili. erekl<strong>es</strong>, rogorc xorcielT <strong>saymo</strong>spatronis, bedi caSia ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili; aq Gaabar<strong>es</strong><strong>da</strong> miiRo man Tavisi unji <strong>saymo</strong> _ Tavisi wmi<strong>da</strong>mxedroba, laSqari.mefe periodulad adis gu<strong>da</strong>nSi, <strong>da</strong>, rogorcqa<strong>da</strong>gi, Sedis <strong>jvari</strong>s wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta wmi<strong>da</strong>Si TavisimoZmis winaSe pirispir S<strong>es</strong>ayrelad. al.oGiaurisGanawerebSi amgvarad aris gadmocemuli xorciel-uxorcomoZmeTa urTierToba:`xevsurebs mefe iraklic ise miaGn<strong>da</strong>, rogorcRvTaeba <strong>da</strong> eZaxodnen gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>s moZm<strong>es</strong>.igic amodio<strong>da</strong> xevsureTSi, xevsurT gu<strong>da</strong>nisjvarSi mouyri<strong>da</strong> Tavs <strong>da</strong> TviTon beRelSi Sevido<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> ismo<strong>da</strong> xmamaRali laparaki. xevsurebsegona, gu<strong>da</strong>nis jvars irakli pira<strong>da</strong>d elaparakebao,Gven ver vxe<strong>da</strong>vT gu<strong>da</strong>nis jvars, radgan safarveliaZevso <strong>da</strong> rogorc misi moZme <strong>da</strong> TviTonacwmi<strong>da</strong> kaci, rogorc RvTaeba, irakli TvaliTxe<strong>da</strong>vs <strong>da</strong> erTad baasobeno^~ (60, 143-4); `^ is romxevsureTSi movido<strong>da</strong> xevsurT gasayvanad jarSi,maSin pirvelad gu<strong>da</strong>nSi avido<strong>da</strong>, Sevido<strong>da</strong>gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>s beRelSi <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n saubari ismo<strong>da</strong>iraklisa <strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong>sa erTad. iginisaubrobdnen xevsurT saWirboroto <strong>da</strong> agreTvecccxciii
saqarTvelos sakiTxebze. gu<strong>da</strong>nis jvars xevsurniver xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen, iraklis ki pira<strong>da</strong>d ecxadebo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> rogorc moZm<strong>es</strong> <strong>es</strong>aubrebo<strong>da</strong>. saubars romgaaTavebdnen, irakli gamovido<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gu<strong>da</strong>nis<strong>jvari</strong>s survils Seyril xevsurT uambob<strong>da</strong>.xSirad yofila SemTxveva, rom gamosuli gamoacxadeb<strong>da</strong>irakli: `gu<strong>da</strong>nis <strong>jvari</strong> brZanebs,Gemni ymani xevsurni moemzadeniT, Gemi droSaaabiT, saqarTvelos mteri Semo<strong>es</strong>eva, un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vexmaroT.xTisgan gamarjveba viTxove <strong>da</strong> miboZa. meGems fxasisxlian xmals Semovirtyam <strong>da</strong> TqvenTanerTad omSi viqnebio. rogorc <strong>da</strong>mbadebelma miboZa,gamarjveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vla me <strong>da</strong> Gem ymaT <strong>da</strong>gvr-Gebao~ (62, 662).xorciel <strong>da</strong> uxorco batonebs erTi saerTosaziaro <strong>saymo</strong> hyavT: gu<strong>da</strong>nis wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis<strong>saymo</strong> imavdroulad erekl<strong>es</strong> unji <strong>saymo</strong>c aris<strong>da</strong> iseve emsaxureba mas, rogorc jvars. unji ymavaldebulia miaSuros, gahyv<strong>es</strong> Tavis patronspirvelsave <strong>da</strong>Zaxilze; magram <strong>es</strong> valdebulebapatronis nebiT ar aris nakarnaxevi, is bunebrivad,raime gansjis gareSe ibadeba <strong>saymo</strong>s SegnebaSi,rogorc misi Sinagani moTxovnileba. isivalebs, sisxli <strong>da</strong>Rvaros Tavisi patronisaTvis<strong>da</strong> saxelis gar<strong>da</strong> ar elis sxva sazRaurs<strong>da</strong>Rvrili sisxlis wil. am suliskveTebiT arisgamsWvaluli fSav-xevsuruli sagmiro poezia im`sisxlis wvimebis~ droebisa, roca maTi sagmirocxovrebis sulisGamdgmeli <strong>da</strong> maTi ist<strong>ori</strong>iscccxciv
warmmarTveli mefe ereklea; roca is, rogorc<strong>jvari</strong>, gars ikrebs Tavis unj <strong>saymo</strong>s <strong>da</strong> gahyavsigi Tavisi mxaris viwro sazRvrebi<strong>da</strong>n ucxoqveyanaSi saqarTvelos mtris winaaRmdegsabrZolvelad; isini, rogorc wmi<strong>da</strong> mxedrebi,uangarod emsaxurebian batons <strong>da</strong> ar kadruloben,rom raime nivTier dovlaTze mihyidonmas TavianTi erTguleba. ai, epizodi patron-ymisurTierTobisa, romelic gulmarTlad gamoxatavs<strong>saymo</strong>s uSualo gulispasuxs:`miSveleT, Gemo Pevsurno, unjni ymani xarTGemnia.fuls magcemT magodenasa, ro ar zi<strong>da</strong>vd<strong>es</strong>cxenia~PevsurT swyenios <strong>es</strong> sityva, romav `Gven mefemav<strong>es</strong> raad gviTxrav, ro `fuls magcemTav~? Gvengana fulis gulisad vomobTav~? maSin erTPmaduTqom xalxs:`Tavs ver gagixriT Pevsurni, _ unjni ymanivarT Sennia;TeTrs vinc aiRebs Pevsuri, vinac maxki<strong>da</strong>sPelia,gauwyras, nefev ereklev, is salocavi Gvenia!~(17, 162-3).am dros is sruliad qarTvelTa <strong>jvari</strong>saTvisibrZvis, <strong>jvari</strong>saTvis, romelic <strong>saymo</strong>s ist<strong>ori</strong>isam epoqaSi erekl<strong>es</strong> saxiT warmoudgeba mas; is amdros ar ibrZvis Tavis ga<strong>da</strong>sarGenad, radgan masarc devebi <strong>da</strong> arc gabu<strong>da</strong>yebuli feo<strong>da</strong>li arcccxcv
emuqreba; is ga<strong>da</strong>rGenilia winamaval `sisxliswvimebis~ xanaSi; is `laRis mtris~ maxvilisaganaris `narGomi~ <strong>da</strong> swored aman gaxa<strong>da</strong> Tavisi<strong>jvari</strong>s unj <strong>saymo</strong>d , romelsac amieri<strong>da</strong>n mfarvelobsmisi RvTaebrivi patroni. patronis vali<strong>saymo</strong>s mimarT ga<strong>da</strong>dis erekle mefeze, uxorcopatronis moZmeze, <strong>da</strong> isic ar stovebs maT gasaWirSi:`gafrindi, Gemo cxeno, sa<strong>da</strong>c ymaniiPocebian, ereklec iq iyos!~ _ uTqvams mas.bagrationi mefe Tavisi moqmedebiT <strong>saymo</strong>s cnobierebaSiaRviZebs Tavisi moZmis <strong>da</strong> naT<strong>es</strong>avis,laSaris wmi<strong>da</strong> giorgis xats, romelic amgvara<strong>da</strong>ris aRbeWdili erT xalxur leqsSi:laSarelais lurjasa fafar asxavis giSlisa,Sajdeba, gaemarTeba, kotor gahyveba nislisa,Tavis ymaT mieSveleba xan rom ar iyos misvlisa^cccxcviliteratura1. arabuli a., miTologiuri sawyisebi <strong>aRmosavleT</strong>saqarTvelos mTianeTis xalxur poeziasa<strong>da</strong> vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi. Tb., 1882(sadisertacio naSromi, inaxeba SoTa rus-Tavelis sax. qarTuli literaturis ist<strong>ori</strong>isinstitutis biblioTekaSi).
2. ar<strong>da</strong>Sir papakis Zis saqmeTa wigni. falauri<strong>da</strong>nTargmna, gamokvleva <strong>da</strong> leqsikoni <strong>da</strong>urToTeo GxeiZem. "mecniereba", Tb., 1975.3. arjevaniZe e., anotirebuli bibliografia"ÑÌÎÌÏÊ"-Si gamoqveynebuli qarTuli xalxurisityvierebis masalisa. "mecniereba", Tb., 1971.4. baliauri n., sworfroba xevsureTSi. Tsu, Tb.,1991.5. bar<strong>da</strong>veliZe v., <strong>aRmosavleT</strong> saqarTvelos mTianeTistradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakultoZeglebi, t.I, "mecniereba", Tb., 1974.6. bar<strong>da</strong>veliZe v., <strong>aRmosavleT</strong> saqarTvelos mTianeTistradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakultoZeglebi, t.II, mecniereba", Tb., 1982.7. bar<strong>da</strong>veliZe v., mTisa <strong>da</strong> baris mosaxleobisurTierTobis ist<strong>ori</strong>i<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi (moZmeobisinstituti) ("macne", ist<strong>ori</strong>is, arqeologiis,eTnografiis <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis ist<strong>ori</strong>isseria, 1971, #3).8. bar<strong>da</strong>veliZe v., qarTvelTa uZvel<strong>es</strong>i sarwmunoebisist<strong>ori</strong>i<strong>da</strong>n (RvTaeba barbar-bazar), Tb.,1941.9. bar<strong>da</strong>veliZe v., ivris fSavelebi, enimkismoambe, XI, 1941.10. batoniSvili ioane, kalmasoba, t.I, tf., 1936.11. batoniSvili ioane, kalmasoba, t.II, Tb., 1948.12. bedukiZe l. xalxuri aveji aRm. saqarTvelosmTianeTSi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1973.cccxcvii
13. bezaraSvili c., ritualuri samoseli (kreb."qsnis xeoba", Tb. 1975).14. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos ist<strong>ori</strong>is sakiTxebi,wigni III, "mecniereba", Tb., 1966.15. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos ist<strong>ori</strong>is sakiTxebi,wigni VI, "mecniereba", Tb., 1973.16. gamrekeli v., cqitiSvili z., 1970 wlis 5aprilis demografiuli nusxa ("macne", ist<strong>ori</strong>is,arqeologiis, eTngrafiisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebisist<strong>ori</strong>is seria, 1, 1973).17. gabuuri b., Pevsuruli masalebi prof. akakiSaniZis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT, qarTuli saenaTmecnierosazogadoebis weliwdeuli, I-II, tf., 1923-1924.18. gvasalia j., aragvis xeobis ist<strong>ori</strong>uli geografiissakiTxebi (saqarTvelos ist<strong>ori</strong>uligeografiis krebuli, V, "mecniereba", Tb., 1975).19. gigineiSvili i., Tofuria v., qavTaraZe i., qar-Tuli dialeqtologia, I, Tsu gamomcemloba,Tb., 1961.20. georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebisaqarTveos S<strong>es</strong>axeb, t.II, "mecniereba, Tb., 1965.21. didi sjuliskanoni, "mecniereba", Tb., 1975.22. doliZe g., xevsuruli teqstebi, Tsu gamomcemloba,Tb., 1975.23. eliava g., abaSisa <strong>da</strong> martvilis raionebistoponimika, "mecniereba", Tb., 1977.24. eriaSvili J., uZvel<strong>es</strong>i socialur-religiuriinstitutebi saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, "mecniereba",Tb., 1982.cccxcviii
25. vaJa-fSavela, berdixa (suraTebi fSavelebiscxovrebisa), TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli,t.VI, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.26. vaJa-fSavela, gmiris ideali fSauri poeziisgamoxatulebiT, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli,t.IX, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.27. vaJa-fSavela, droSa, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli,t.VII, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.28. vaJa-fSavela, laSaris <strong>jvari</strong>s dReoba anu la-Saroba, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.IX,"sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.29. vaJa-fSavela, laSaroba, TxzulebaTa srulikrebuli, t.IX, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb.,1964.30. vaJa-fSavela, rame-rume mTisa, TxzulebaTasruli krebuli, t.IX, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo",Tb., 1964.31. vaJa-fSavela, fiqrebi "vefxistyaosnis"S<strong>es</strong>axeb, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.IX,"sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.32. vaJa-fSavela, fSaveli de<strong>da</strong>kacis mdgomareoba<strong>da</strong>ideali fSauri poeziis gamoxatulebiT,TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.IX,"sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.33. vaJa-fSavela, fSavlebi, TxzulebaTa srulikrebuli, t.IX, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb.,1964.cccxcix
34. vaJa-fSavela, fSavlebis Zveli samarTali <strong>da</strong>saojaxo w<strong>es</strong>ebi. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli,t.IX, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.35. vaJa-fSavela, xevsurebi (sazogado SeniSvnebi),TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.IX, "sabWoTasaqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.36. TayaiSvili e., arqeologiuri mogzauroba <strong>da</strong>SeniSvnebi, "iveria, 1901, #2.37. TevdoraZe g., xuTi weli fSav-xevsureTSi, tf.,1930.38. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruliarqivi (folkl<strong>ori</strong>stikis kaTedra).39. iqauri, erTi kvira xevsureTSi, "iveria", 1892,#163.40. kaiSauri l., mTiuluri teqstebi, "mecniereba",Tb., 1978.41. kasteli don kristoforo, cnobebi <strong>da</strong> albomisaqarTvelos S<strong>es</strong>axeb, "mecniereba", Tb., 1977.42. kiknaZe z., vaJas mTa <strong>da</strong> bari ("qarTuli ena <strong>da</strong>literatura skolaSi", 1980, #3).43. kiknaZe z., Tamaris andrezuli xana ("mnaTobi",1982, #10).44. kiknaZe z., farnavazis sizmari ("macnke", enisa<strong>da</strong> literaturis seria, #1, 1984).45. kiknaZe z., qarTlis moqcevis folklorulivariantebi ("macne", enisa <strong>da</strong>literaturis seria,1982, #1).46. kiknaZe z., Suamdinaruli miTologia, "mecniereba",Tb., 1979.cd
47. kotetiSvili v., xalxuri poezia, "sabWoTamwerali", Tb., 1961.48. koxi k., spenseri o., cnobebi saqarTvelosS<strong>es</strong>axeb, "mecniereba", Tb., 1981.48-a. lekiaSvili a., kviria-macxovari ("mnaTobi",1982, #???).49. makalaTia s., TuSeTi, tf., 1933.50. makalaTia s., mTiuleTi, tf., 1930.51. makalaTia s., fSavi, tf., 1934.52. makalaTia s., qsnis xeoba, Tb., 1968.53. makalaTia s., xevi, tf., 1934.54. makalaTia s., xevsureTi, tf., 1935.55. masalebi saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa <strong>da</strong>xelosnobis ist<strong>ori</strong>isaTvis, "mecniereba"., Tb.,1976.56. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, 1,ssrk mecn. akad. saqarTvelos filialis gamomc.,tf., 1938.57. maWavariani e., bavSvis movla-aRzrdis w<strong>es</strong>ebimTiuleTSi (s.janaSias sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifomuzeumis moambe, t.XIX-A <strong>da</strong> XXI--B,1957).58. molodini d., jalabaZe g., saqarTvelos saxelmwifomuzeumis droSebis katalogi, Tb.,1962.59. oniani a., svanuri miTologiisaTvis, TqmulebebiRvTaebaTa S<strong>es</strong>axeb qvemo svaneTSi, 1939(saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis ist<strong>ori</strong>is institutiseTnografiis ganyofilebis arqivi, M 21).cdi
59-a. ortega i gaseti x., masebis amboxi, <strong>es</strong>panuri<strong>da</strong>nTargmna b.bregvaZem, Tb., `xomli~, 1993. ,59-b. oGiauri al., stumarmaspinZloba xevsureTSi,"mecniereba", Tb., 1980.60. oGiauri al., Tqmulebebi xevsurul RvTaebaTa<strong>da</strong> RvTisSvilTa S<strong>es</strong>axeb, 1938 (saqarTvelosmecn. akademiis ist<strong>ori</strong>is institutis eTnografiisganyofilebis arqivi, M 15).61. oGiauri al., xevsuruli xalxuri dReobebiskalen<strong>da</strong>ri (arxoti), 1938, (iqve, M 16).62. oGiauri al., xevsuruli xalxuri dReobebiskalen<strong>da</strong>ri (bude-xevsureTi), 1939, (iqve, M 17).63. oGiauri al., xevsuruli xalxuri dReobebiskalen<strong>da</strong>ri, VII (piriqiTi xevsureTi, xaxabo,ardoti), 1939 (iqve, M 18).64. oGiauri al., religia budexevsureTisa <strong>da</strong> SatilisTemSi, 1940 (iqve, M 32).65. oGiauri al., fSauri xalxuri dReobebi (iqve,M 83).66. oGiauri al., xevsuruli masalebi, I (iqve, M 86).67. oGiauri T., miTologiuri gadmocemebi <strong>aRmosavleT</strong>saqarTveos mTianeTSi, "mecniereba, Tb.,1967.68. oGiauri T., qarTvelTa uZvel<strong>es</strong>i sarwmunoebisist<strong>ori</strong>i<strong>da</strong>n, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiisgamomcemloba, Tb., 1954.69. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia T., qronikebi <strong>da</strong> sxva masala saqarTvelosist<strong>ori</strong>isa <strong>da</strong> mwerlobisa, w. II, tf.,1897cdii
70. razikaSvili v., mamaGemi vaJa-fSavela, "sabWoTasaqarTvelo", Tb., 1966.71. sanikiZe T., gergetis xuroTmoZRvruli ansambli,"mecniereba", Tb., 1975.72. qarTvel mTielTa zepirsityviereba, mTiuleTgu<strong>da</strong>mayari,teqstebis momzadeba, re<strong>da</strong>qcia, gamokvleva<strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebi el. virsalaZisa,saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemoba,Tb., 1958.73. qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, saxelgami, Tb., 1955.74. qarTlis cxovreba, t.II, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo",Tb., 1959.75. qarTlis cxovreba, t.IV, batoniSvili vaxuSti,"aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa", "sabWoTasaqarTvelo", Tb., 1973.76. qarTluli dialeqtis leqsikoni (masalebi),"mecniereba", Tb., 1981.77. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.I, miTologiurileqsebi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1972.78. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.IV, sagmiro leqsebi,"mecniereba", Tb., 1975.79. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.V, saw<strong>es</strong>Gveuleboleqsebi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1976.80. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.VIII, sayofacxovreboleqsebi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1979.81. qarTuli xalxuri saist<strong>ori</strong>o sityviereba, t.I,teqstebis momzadeba, re<strong>da</strong>qcia, <strong>S<strong>es</strong>avali</strong> <strong>da</strong>SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaruliZisa, saqarTvelosssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1961.cdiii
82. qarTuli xalxuri saist<strong>ori</strong>o sityviereba, t.II,teqstebis momzadeba, re<strong>da</strong>qcia, <strong>S<strong>es</strong>avali</strong> <strong>da</strong>SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaruliZisa, saqarTvelosssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1964.83. RvTaebis ekl<strong>es</strong>ia TelavSi ("mwyemsi", 1887, #16).84. Rlonti al., qarTuli xalxuri novelebi (teqstebi),Tb., 1956.85. yazbegi sol., yazbegis mTa ("iveria", 1895,#197).86. yubaneiSvili sol., vaJa-fSavela, saxelgami,Tb., 1937.87. SaniZe akaki, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t.I,"mecniereba, 1984.88. SaniZe akaki, qarTuli xalxuri poezia, I,xevsuruli, saxelgami, tf., 1931.89. Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>aRmosavleT</strong>issxva qveynebSi (cnobebi saqarTvelosS<strong>es</strong>axeb), "mecniereba", Tb., 1975.90. Satberdis krebuli, "mecniereba", Tb., 1979.91. Gitaia g., eTnonimikuri xalxuri gadmocemebi(ist<strong>ori</strong>is institutis Sromebi, I, saqarTvelosssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1955).92. Gitaia g., xevsuruli saxlis sene (analebi, iv.javaxiSvilis sax. ist<strong>ori</strong>is institutisSromebi, I, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiisgamomcemloba, Tb., 1947).93. Giqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu gamomcemloba,Tb., 1947.cdiv
94. Gxenkeli T., tragikuli niRbebi, "ganaTleba",Tb., 1971.95. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturisZeglebi, wigni I (V-X ss.), "mecniereba", Tb.,1964.96. Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t.II, "mecniereba",Tb., 1965.97. ZiZiguri v., maswavleblis mogonebebi, Tb., 1957.98. WinWarauli al., xevsureTis Taviseburebani,teqstebi <strong>da</strong> indeqsi, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTaakademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1960.99. xalxuri sibrZne, t.III, qarTuli eposi, "nakaduli",Tb., 1964.100.xalxuri sityvierebis masalebi, Sekrebilij.sonRulaSvilis mier, saqarTvelos ssrulimecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1955.101.xaraZe r., xevsuruli andrezi - xalxuri samarTliswyaro (saqarTvelos ssr mecn.akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. ist<strong>ori</strong>is institutismimomxilveli, t.II, Tb., 1951).102.xaraZe r., robaqiZe al., mTiuleTis sofeliZvelad, "mecniereba", Tb., 1965.103.xaxanaSvili a., qarTuli sityvierebis ist<strong>ori</strong>a(uZvel<strong>es</strong>i droidgan XVIII sauk. gasulamde),tf., 1904.104.xizaniSvili n., eTnografiuli nawerebi, ssrkmecn. akademiis saqarTvelos filialis gamomcemloba,Tb., 1940.cdv
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