qarTuli folklori - Reso Kiknadze
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

humanitaruli fakulteti<br />

zurab kiknaZe<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong><br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

Tbilisi 2007

© zurab kiknaZe, 2007<br />

Zurab <strong>Kiknadze</strong><br />

The Georgian Folklore<br />

naSroms safuZvlad udevs leqciebis kursi,<br />

romelic sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ekiTxeboda<br />

filologiis fakultetis studentebs<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom masSi gatarebuli<br />

bevri idea, SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobrivi, wlidan<br />

wlamde ibadeboda auditoriaSi msmenelTa winaSe,<br />

maTTan warmosaxviT dialogSi.<br />

2

winasityva<br />

vidre adamiani Tavis nafiqrs da saTqmels damwerlobis meSveobiT<br />

gadmoscemda, didi xnis manZilze, _ romlis xangrZlivoba ganuzomelia, _<br />

yvelaferi, rac misi mentaluri sferos kuTvnileba iyo, zepirsityvierad<br />

vrceldeboda. mwignobrobas ar gauuqmebia zepirmetyveleba, igi Tansdevs<br />

kacobriobis istorias dRemde sxvadasxva doneebze, yoveldRiuri<br />

sakomunikacio metyvelebiT dawyebuli SemoqmedebiT damTavrebuli. sadac<br />

arsebobs ena, iq zepir sityvas bunebrivrivi asparezi aqvs. metic SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas _ enis funqcionirebis bunebrivi saxe da arxi zepirmetyvelebaa,<br />

ena ar gaCenila imisTvis, raTa aucileblobiT xelovnuri niSnebis<br />

tyveobaSi moqceuliyo. marTalia, mxolod damwerlobam gaxada<br />

SesaZlebeli istoria, Seiqna ra maxsovrobis saimedo WurWlad,<br />

amavdroulad, man dakarga bunebrioba da is cxovelmyofeli gavlena<br />

adamianze da uSualoba, romelic mas Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi hqonda.<br />

rom davazustoT, sityvierma Semoqmedebam, garkveulwilad, droismieri<br />

xelovnebis sferodan, romelsac dasabamiTve ekuTvnoda, sivrcismier<br />

(plastikur) xelovnebaTa sferoSi gadainacvla. mkiTxvels uxdeba<br />

xiluli niSnebisgan Semdgari teqstidan im uxilavis aRdgena, romelsac<br />

zepirsityvieri nakadi warmodagens. platoni `fedrosSi~ sokrates piriT<br />

gulubryviloebad naTlavs maT, vinc Caweril sityvas mosmenilze maRla<br />

ayeneben. platoni damwerlobis cud Tvisebad miiCnevs imas, rac mas<br />

mxatvrobasTan anaTesavebs. misi figurebi, ambobs igi, cocxlebiviT<br />

dganan, magram roca SeekiTxebi, medidurad duman. aseve iTqmis dawerili<br />

Txzulebis mimarT: igi laparakobs rogorc gonieri adamiani, magram<br />

SekiTxvaze maTi naTqvamis gamo sulmudam erTsa da imaves gpasuxoben.<br />

yoveli Txzuleba, erTxel Cawerili, yvelgan mimoiqceva _ maTTanac,<br />

visac esmis misi da maTTanac, visac ar egebis misi wakiTxva. Cawerilma<br />

Txzulebam Tavad ar icis, vis elaparakos da vis _ ara. sokrate ambobs,<br />

rom dauwereli sityva, romelic aris dawerilis ufrosi Zma, iwereba<br />

msmenelis gulSi da mas SeuZlia Tavis dacva da laparaki, visTanac<br />

egebis, da aseve SeuZlia dumdes. dawerili sityva mxolod asaxvaa<br />

cocxali sityvisa. Cven davsZenT, rom is, rac asaxulia, garkveuli azriT,<br />

mkvdaria. is emsgavseba TavisuflebisTvis gaCenil frinvels, romelic<br />

galiaSia gamomwyvdeuli.<br />

marTalia, damwerlobam zepirsityvieri teqstis materialurad,<br />

niSnebis saSualebiT, dafiqsirebiT maTi xangrZlivad Senaxvis saimedo<br />

garantia Seqmna, magram zepirsityvier Semoqmedebas waarTva misi arsebiTi<br />

Tviseba, romelic Tavdapirvel sinkretizmSi gamoixateboda. SesaZloa,<br />

naratiuli prozauli JanrebisTvis sadao iyos, magram poeturi teqstebi<br />

zepirsityvierebis damwerlobaSeuxebel klasikur xanaSi (da merec)<br />

mxolod sityvier informacias ar gadmoscemda, maT Tanaxlda hangi ara<br />

3

ogorc mxolod Sesrulebis teqnikuri mxare, aramed sityvasTan<br />

Sezrdili ganuyofeli mTlianoba. es ganuyofeli damwerlobam gaxliCa,<br />

ugulebelyo ra musikaluri mxare, romlis gareSe poeturi (da zogierTi<br />

TvalsazrisiT, saerTod) metyveleba ar arsebobda.<br />

garda amisa, damwerlobam ugulebelyo zepiri sityvis, dialoguri<br />

buneba, zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis mTeli arsi, romelic mTqmelsa da<br />

msmenels Soris uSualo urTierTobaSi mdgomareobs. cocxali sityvis<br />

smenisas msmeneli mTeli arsebiT aris aris CarTuli am procesSi.<br />

folklorul teqsts, gansxvavebiT dawerilisgan, TavisTavadi arseboba<br />

ara aqvs _ igi mis msmenelTan erTad arsebobs, msmenelTan uSualo<br />

urTierTobaSi iZens sazriss. sadac ar aris msmeneli (auditoria), iq<br />

teqstic ar aris, an mas potenciuri arseboba aqvs da yoveli<br />

warmoTqmisas TiTqos xelaxla, aravin icis, mexsierebis romeli<br />

xveulidan ibadeba. cocxali sityvis gadacemis erTaderTi instrumenti<br />

xelTuqmneli bunebrivi garemoa haeri, romelic vibrirebs sityvis<br />

Sexebisgan, da ara damwerlobis niSnebi, romlebic transmisiis mxolod<br />

da mxolod teqnikuri an, Tundac, simboluri saSualebaa. da Tavad es<br />

saSualeba _ wigni _ iZens masSi `Cadebuli~ Sinaarsisgan damoukidebel<br />

Rirebulebas da xdeba kulturi faqti.<br />

ar unda gvkvebos imis iluziam, rom wignebSi dabeWdili<br />

zepirsityvierebis (zRaprebidan dawyebuli andazebiT damTavrebuli)<br />

teqstebi ramdenadme srulyofil an namdvil (avTentur) warmodgenas<br />

gviqmnian zepirsityvier Semoqmedebaze. bevr SemTxvevaSi es aris im<br />

organuli nayofisgan darCenili CenCo, romelic adamianis noosferoSi<br />

uxilavad arsebobda da ganapoxebda mis cnobierebas. aq gvagondeba<br />

odisevsis sityvebi, romlebiTac man Tavisi awmyo mdgomareoba saukeTeso<br />

TavTavebisgan nalew bzes Seadara: ar metyoba, rogori TavTavic viyavio?<br />

wigni ar aris fokloruli Semoqmedebis bunebrivi adgili, ukeTes<br />

SemTxvevaSi, wigni misi samarxia (am sityvis rogorc dadebiTi, ise<br />

uaryofiTi azriT). anTologiebsa da mravaltomeulebSi dabeWdili<br />

folklorul masalas, garda zemoTaRniSnuli calmxrivobisa, kidev is<br />

nakli aqvs, rom igi mowyvetilia im yofas, romelmac is warmoSva. es did<br />

xarvezs qmnis folkloruli teqstebis adeqvatur aRqmasa da SecnobaSi,<br />

rac ar emuqreba literaturul nawarmoebs, romelic Tumca garkveuli<br />

tradiciis nayofia, magram ise organulad ar aris amozrdili<br />

tradiciidan da yofidan (an tradiciuli yofidan), rogorc <strong>folklori</strong>.<br />

rac unda did SemoqmedebiT potencias mivawerdeT xalxs, mwignobruli<br />

civilizacia Tavisi gardauvali Zlevamosili istoriuli msvlelobiT<br />

da kulturtregerTa Tu saxelmwifoebrivi politikis xelSewyobiT,<br />

cdilobs moicvas zepirsityvieri kultura, gadaiyvanos Tavis `baqanze~<br />

aqedan gamomdinare yvela SedegiT. tradiciuli yofis, sabolood,<br />

tradiciulobis, rogorc principis, rRveva, romelsac<br />

individualisturma mwignobrulma kulturam misca dasabami, Tavis mxriv,<br />

gzas uxsnis da amkvidrebs fsevdoxalxur Semoqmedebas. ar SeiZleba ar<br />

vaRiaroT xalxuri SemoqmedebiTi energiis TandaTanobiTi daSretis<br />

procesi, rac adreve aisaxa zepirsityvieri Janruli mravalferovnebis<br />

gaRaribebaSi. Zveli Janrebis asparezi ikargeba, axali aRar iqmneba.<br />

4

Tanamedrove <strong>folklori</strong> mxolod mxolod mkrTali Crdilia imisa, rac<br />

tradiciul xanaSi zepirsityvierebis saxiT arsebobda da xalxis yofacxovrebis<br />

yvela sferos (nivTiers Tu mentalurs) emsaxureboda. Tumca<br />

es Crdilic ki, msgavsad mravalnacadi odisevsis sityvebisa, erTgvarad<br />

amxels im movlenis sidiades, romelmac datova igi. fataluria, magram<br />

albaT kanonzomieric, rom misi Seswavla misi Semoqmedebis didi miqcevis<br />

Semdeg iwyeba. kvlav Sedarebas Tu movixmobT, Cawerili <strong>folklori</strong> hgavs<br />

kinematografis im SeCerebul kadrebs, romelTac arc dinamika da arc<br />

xma, arc feri, ar SemorCeniaT.<br />

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, xalxuri sityvierebis Semswavleli<br />

disciplina <strong>folklori</strong>stika erT-erTi warmatebuli dargia filologiis<br />

mecnierebis sferoSi. mis gankargulebaSia Janroblivad mdidari da<br />

mravalferovani masala, romelic namdvilad amouwuravia rogorc<br />

moculobiT, ise problematikiT da xedvis mravalmxrivobiT, misi<br />

momijnave disciplinebi (eTnologia-eTnografia, kulturuli<br />

anTropologia, religiaTmcodneoba, religiis istoria...) axal-axal<br />

perspeqtivebs gadaSlis mis winaSe da axal-axal amocanebs usaxavs mas.<br />

amitomac erTi monografiis farglebi ver moicavs zepirsityvier<br />

memkvidreobas mTeli misi sisruliT da mravalferovnebiT, da arc<br />

winamdebare wigns eqneba aseTi mizani. mkiTxveli gaecnoba mxolod<br />

ZiriTads, mxolod im arsebiTs, romelic, avtoris azriT, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s individualobas warmoaCens.<br />

Sesavali<br />

im SemoqmedebiTi sferos saxelwodeba, romelic <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

saxeliT aris cnobili, anglosaqsuri kompozitiT gamoixateba: folk-lore.<br />

raki, sazogadod, kompoziti, sul mcire, ori wevrisagan mainc Sedgeba,<br />

romlebic erTmaneTTan garkveuli kavSiriT arian Sekruli da, SesaZloa,<br />

SeduRabebulnic, misi Sinaarsic met-naklebad rTulia. kerZod, Cvens<br />

SemTxvevaSic, is masala, romelsac disciplina, saxelwodebiT,<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stika Seiswavlis, ar aris martivi: igi ori wevris,<br />

saxeldobr, xalxisa da sibrZnis, urTierTSerwymaa. amitomac arsebiTia<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stikis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinis,<br />

moculobisa da sazRvrebis dadgena, romlebic SeiZleba Seicvalos<br />

imisda mixedviT, Tu ras vigulisxmebT kompozitis folk+lore, rogorc<br />

mTlianis, cnebaSi. unda ganimartos am sayovelTao terminis Sinaarsi.<br />

ramdenadac Tavad termini Sedgeba ori sityvisagan _ "xalxi" da<br />

"sibrZne", terminiT aRniSnuli sagani Tavis interesebis sferoSi unda<br />

aqcevdes or realobas: is unda swavlobdes, erTi mxriv, xalxis, rogorc<br />

garkveuli erTobis, cnobierebas da SemoqmedebiT Taviseburebas, meore<br />

mxriv, im produqts, romelic Seqmnilia an gardaqmnilia am cnobierebaSi.<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stma unda Seiswavlos xalxis cnobierebis struqtura,<br />

5

cnobierebisa, romelic Taviseburad aRiqvams yofierebis movlenebs da<br />

faqtebs, gardaqmnis da inaxavs maT. cxadi xdeba, rom eTnografia da<br />

eTnologia <strong>folklori</strong>stikis momijnave (Tu damxmare) sxva<br />

disciplinebidan yvelaze ufro axlos aris masTan, ramdenadac<br />

folklorul Semoqmedebas yofaSi udgas fesvi da misgan mowyvetili<br />

kargavs Tavis arsebiT niSnebs. es aris misi erT-erTi fundamenturi<br />

niSani, romelic mas literaturuli Semoqmedebisgan ganasxvavebs.<br />

folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifikuri niSnebi maT<br />

urTierTkavSirSi, maT erTobliobaSi, erTmaneTisgan gamomdinareobaSi<br />

unda iqnas ganxiluli da gaazrebuli. tradiciuli niSnebi xalxuri<br />

Semoqmedebisa, romlebic SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas gansazRvrul<br />

raodenobamde, rogoric aris anonimuroba, gavrcelebis zepiri forma,<br />

variantuloba da koleqtiuroba, arsebiTad, arawignuri kulturis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli da ganmsazRvreli niSnebia, riTac <strong>folklori</strong><br />

literaturas upirispirdeba, Tumca es niSnebi, met-naklebi intensivobiT<br />

da gansxvavebuli motivaciiT, mwerlobas anu individualur<br />

Semoqmedebasac axasiaTebs. warmoiSveba problema, romelic amgvarad<br />

iqneba dasmuli: ra gansxvavebaa, magaliTad, folklorul anonimurobasa<br />

da literaturul anonimurobas Soris, anu: ra iwvevs anonimurobas erT<br />

SemTxvevaSi da ra iwvevs _ meore SemTxvevaSi.<br />

problema ganzogadoebul saxes iRebs da yalibdeba Semdegnairad:<br />

erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori kultura _ zepiri (udamwerlobo), smenaze<br />

dafuZnebuli, da wignuri (samwerlo), xedvaze dafuZnebuli. yuri da<br />

Tvali aq fundamenturi (amosavali) niSnebia, romlebic Tav-Tavis daRs<br />

aCneven am kulturebs. es problema gadaizrdeba msmenelisa da<br />

mkiTxvelis problemaSi. folklorul SemoqmedebaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs<br />

msmenelTan, rogorc folkloruli teqstis erT-erTi SesaZlebeli<br />

variantis potenciur avtorTan.<br />

termin "folklors" folklore, Tumca masSi nagulisxmevi masala _<br />

zepirsityvieri sibrZne Tu codna _ Tavisi arsiT anonimuria da<br />

principulad dauTariRebeli, avtoric hyavs da misi Seqmnis droc<br />

cnobilia. misi arseboba iwyeba 1846 wlidan, roca uiliam Tomsma (William<br />

Thoms) inglisur Jurnal "aTeneumis" (The Athenaeum) 22 agvistos nomerSi<br />

gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT "Folklore", sadac pirvelad gamoCnda termini,<br />

romelic man ori Zvelinglisuri (saqsonuri) sityvisgan _ folk (xalxi) da<br />

lore (sibrZne, codna) _ monetasaviT "moWra". statia daviwyebas mieca,<br />

magram mis furclebze dabadebuli termini sicocxlisunariani<br />

aRmoCnda. erTi welic ar iyo gasuli, rom Jurnali 1848 wels ukve<br />

aRfrTovanebas gamoxatavda am terminis swrafi gavrcelebios gamo.<br />

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobasi igi gascilda inglisis sazRvrebs da<br />

SeaRwia kotinentze, skandinaviaSi, slavur qveynebSi. man Secvala<br />

xalxuri Semoqmedebis aRmniSvneli manamde arsebuli saxelwodebani:<br />

"xalxuri siZveleni" an erTgvarad winaaRmdegobrivi "xalxuri<br />

literatura" da mtkiced daimkvidra adgili humanitarul disciplinaTa<br />

aRmniSvnel terminebs Soris.<br />

6

misi pirvelSemqmneli am sityvaSi, rogorc cnebaSi, ufro farTo<br />

Sinaarss gulisxmobda, vidre Cven dRes. u. Tomsi sityviT lore aRniSnavda<br />

xalxis Semoqmedebis iseT sferosac, romelic SeiZleba gaSualebiTac ar<br />

iyos dakavSirebuli sityvasTan, sityvier SemoqmedebasTan. lore "sibrZne"<br />

misTvis moicavda yvelafers, rac ki adamians, adamianTa sazogadoebas,<br />

Seuqmnia Tavisi Segnebuli cxovrebis manZilze anu, rac homo sapiensi da<br />

homo faberi arsebobs dedamiwaze. es unda iyos yvelaferi _ bumerangidan<br />

(Tu mas umartives iaraRad miviCnevT), vrcel sityvier teqstebamde an<br />

iseT rTul folkorul fenomenamde, rogoricaa andaza. sityvieri<br />

Semoqmedeba erT-erTi Semavali nakadia am dausabamo da ukidegano<br />

mdinarebaSi, romelsac xalxur kulturas vuwodebT. droTa viTarebaSi<br />

es termini TandaTan viwrovdeba da zogierT tradiciaSi, mag., CvenTan, is<br />

mxolod zepirsityvierebas gulisxmobs. Tumca SemorCenilia misi farTe<br />

mniSvnelobis kvalic iseT terminSi, rogoric aris "musikaluri<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>", romelic "xalxuri musikis" tolfardi cnebaa. am azriT<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>a xalxuri cekvebi, xalxuri saxioba, xalxuri medicina,<br />

xalxuri saxviTi xelovneba, mSenebloba, xelosnoba, stumarmaspinZlobis<br />

wesebi, wes-Cveulebani, xalxuri kulinaria... anu yvelaferi, romlis<br />

codna dauwereli saxiT, zepirmetyvelebiT an, Tundac usityvod _ qceviT<br />

Tu moqmedebiT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas.<br />

raki termini "<strong>folklori</strong>" kompozitia da ori cnebisagan Sedgeba,<br />

mecnieruli interesic masSi nagulisxmevi realobisadmi ormagi unda<br />

iyos. ras gulisxmobs folk "xalxi" da ras gulisxmobs lore "sibrZne",<br />

"codna"? ganvixiloT pirveli. ras warmoadgens is "xalxi", romelic<br />

atarebs am "sibrZnes"? am kompozitSi sibrZne-codnasTan mimarTebaSi<br />

“xalxi" gulisxmobs adamianTa imgvar simravles, romelic garkveul<br />

niSanTa erTobliobiT aris gaerTianebuli da Tavadac acnobierebs da<br />

ganicdis am erTianobas. es SeiZleba is niSnebi iyos, romelic erT erad<br />

Sekravs sxvadasxva warmoSobis xalxebs da tomebs. es iqneba ena,<br />

teritoria, saerTo warsuli, saerTo mteri. imisaTvis, rom xalxi<br />

"sibrZnis" matarebeli "folki" gaxdes, amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom<br />

garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi igi saerTo cxovrebiT cxovrobdes.<br />

arsebobs qarTveli xalxi, romelic Tavis TavSi atarebs saerTo<br />

warsulis xsovnas, warsulisa, romelic dasaxlebulia saerTo<br />

winaprebiT da saerTo mtrebiT. erT enaze molaparake xalxs saerTo<br />

religia kidev ufro mWidrod aerTianebs, didi xnis mkvidroba erT<br />

teritoriaze mSobliurs xdis am miwa-wyals da migraciis SemTxvevaSi<br />

inaxavs mis xsovnas. xalxi inaxavs "codnas" am miwa-wyalze, mis "sibrZnes",<br />

romelic Tqmulebis, legendis, gadmocemis saxiT gadadis Taobidan<br />

TaobaSi. xalxi adamianTa jgufebis organuli, Sezrdili krebulia,<br />

romelsac aqvs Tavisi Suaguli, kera, centri, Tundac sxvadasxvagvarad<br />

gamoxatuli. folki SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod eri, aramed erTi<br />

sagvareulo an erTi ojaxi, romelic Semokrebilia erTi keriis<br />

("Suacecxlis") garSemo da inaxavs winaprebis xsovnas da cecxls,<br />

rogorc ganivTebul xsovnas, ramdenadac es cecxli saerTo<br />

"Suacecxlis" nawilia. is ritualebi, romlebic sruldeba am keriasTan,<br />

7

sityvebi, am dros rom warmoiTqmis, is teqstebi, rac am dros<br />

moiTxroba, mag., zRaprebi svanuri lifanalis dros, roca keriasTan<br />

ikribeba mTeli ojaxi _ cocxlebi gardasul TaobebTan erTad, is,<br />

riTac cocxlebi umaspinZldebian winaparTa sulebs am dRes, es "sibrZne"<br />

da "codna", romelic Seqmnes am ojaxis Taobebma da inaxavs yoveli<br />

Taoba. mxolod Suagulis mqone adamianTa jgufs, Tundac<br />

mcirericxovans, ZaluZs Seqmnas lore da Seinaxos igi. riTac brbo<br />

xalxisagan gansxvavdeba, aris swored is, rom brbos ar SeuZlia Seqmnas<br />

"sibrZne", radgan mas ar gaaCnia mexsiereba, misi cnobiereba myisieria, is<br />

ver inaxavs im umartivess da umciressac ki, rasac is am wamSi "qmnis".<br />

"xalxad" SeiZleba miviCnioT stadionze Seyrili adamianebi, romelTa<br />

saerTo gulisyuri mimarTulia erTisken da, Tumca es erToba<br />

efemerulia, am erTobis ZaliT maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan "raRac", Tundac es<br />

raRac iyos frTiani SeZaxili, moswrebuli naTqvami, romelic anekdotSi<br />

da "legendaSi", iqneb "miTosSic" gadaizardos (XX saukunis 40-iani<br />

wlebis bavSvebs Soris gavrcelebuli iyo Tqmuleba, rom ganTqmul<br />

mcvels SavguliZes marjvena fexi hqonda "dabeWdili". es, namdvilad,<br />

SavguliZis miTosi iyo. baskebTan TamaSis Semdeg, ocdaaTian wlebSi<br />

bavSvTa Soris gaCnda legenda, rom baskebis mekare maimuni iyo da kudiT<br />

ekideboda horizontalur Zels). folkia armiac, samxedro qveganayofi,<br />

razmi, romelsac gadauxdia brZolebi da, Tundac is sxvadasxva<br />

pirovnebisa da aRmsareblobis adamianebisgan Sedgebodes, mas saerTo<br />

<strong>folklori</strong> eqneba da es misi "omisa da mSvidobis" <strong>folklori</strong> iqneba.<br />

xalxad SeiZleba miviCnioT saswavlebeli (saSualo skola, internati,<br />

gimnazia, universiteti, calkeuli fakultetic ki), Tu mis ukan dgas<br />

TaobaTa wyeba, romelTa maxsovroba inaxavs profesor-maswavlebelTa<br />

ucnaurobaTa anekdotur ambebs Tu maT araordinaluri saqcielT da<br />

yvelaferi es zepirad iqneba gadacemuli Taobidan Taobas. aseve folkia<br />

profesiuli gaerTianebani, rogoric aris, amqari Tavisi tradiciiT, wes-<br />

CveulebebiT, mfarveli wmidanebiT da TqmulebebiT maT arqetipul<br />

qmedebebze. am principiT Tu vixelmZRvanelebT, folki SeiZleba<br />

aRmovaCinoT yvelgan, ara mxolod da gansakuTrebiT soflad, sadac<br />

Cveulebriv eZeben xalxur Semoqmedebas, aramed yvelgan, sadac adamianTa<br />

jgufebs aqvT met-naklebad xangrZlivi periodi erTad cxovrebisa da<br />

saerTo miznebiTa da amocanebiT suldgmulobisa, saerTo gansacdelisa,<br />

saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolisa, saerTo gamarjvebisa da saerTo<br />

marcxisa. yovel amgvarad gagebul erTianobas aqvs Tavisi lore, Tavisi<br />

"sibrZne" anu Tavisi sakuTari <strong>folklori</strong>. mas aqvs es, inaxavs da<br />

gadascems mas Tundac erTaderT Taobamde, ra Rirebulebisac ar unda<br />

iyos igi. or adamiansac ki, bavSvobidan, uxsovrobidan TanSezrdil or<br />

megobars aqvs sakuTari <strong>folklori</strong>, dauwereli mikromatiane yvelaferi<br />

imisa, rac maT ganucdiaT, unaxavT, mousmeniaT, umReriaT. maT aqvT<br />

TavianTi sakuTari "ena", sakuTari simboloebi, pirobiTi niSnebi,<br />

romlebic mxolod maTTvis aris gasagebi.<br />

magram amJamad Cveni yuradRebis sagania adamianTa erTianobis ara<br />

yvela safexuri, zemoT rom iyo gakvriT naxsenebi, aramed mxolod da<br />

8

mxolod imgvari erTianoba, romelic warmoadgens xalxs am cnebis<br />

sayovelTao gagebiT.<br />

Cveni sagania qarTveli xalxis <strong>folklori</strong> anu, rac igivea, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

xalxuri sityviereba. Tumca aqac, am SesityvebaSi, "xalxi" gulisxmobs<br />

ufro mets, vidre erovnuli erTobaa, ufro mets, rac aviwroebs kidec<br />

mis mniSvnelobas. es xalxi aris sakuTriv Semoqmedi an Semnaxveli<br />

yvelaferi imisa, rac Seadgens folklors. germaneli romantikosi<br />

filosofosi iohan gotfrid herderi (1744-1803) werda: "xalxi (Volk) aris<br />

bunebrivi da Seuryvneli nawili erisa, amitom is mowodebulia erovnuli<br />

sulis gamosaxatavad". amrigad, igi fiqrobs, rom erSi aris birTvi,<br />

xalxi, folki (germ. Volk), romelzec dakisrebulia Semoqmedebis misia da<br />

misi Seqmnilia is, rac <strong>folklori</strong>s saxelwodebiT aris cnibili. amave<br />

dros, aseTi gageba xalxisa uaxlovdeba xalxuri Semoqmedebis mistikur<br />

gagebas, romlis mixedviTac is RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa. iakob grimi<br />

(1785-1863), <strong>folklori</strong>stikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, wers Tavis kolegas,<br />

germanel poets arnims: "Tu Sen CemsaviT gwams, rom religia RvTaebrivi<br />

gamocxadebis Sedegad warmoiSva, rom enis warmoSobac aseve<br />

sasawaulebrivia da rom igi ar warmoadgens adamianis gamonagons, isic<br />

unda irwmuno da igrZno, rom xalxur poeziasac igive warmoSoba aqvs".<br />

es Tvalsazrisi xalxur poezias upirispirebs xelovnur poezias,<br />

romelic wignuri kulturis wiaRSia Seqmnili. romantikosi<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stebi (da pirveli <strong>folklori</strong>stebi mxolod romantikosebi<br />

iyvnen) fiqrobdnen, rom xalxuri leqsi aracnobierad ibadeba, rom<br />

xalxuri poezia aris adamianSi RvTaebrivis gamovlena. "igi SiSvelia da<br />

atarebs Tavis TavSi RvTis xats", werda vilhelm grimi. yoveli movlenis<br />

warmoSoba saidumloebiT aris moculi, saidumlo ki RvTiuri myofobis<br />

niSania. uZvelesi tradicia sityvieri Semoqmedebis dasabams RvTiur<br />

samyaroSi xedavs, rogorc dasturdeba homerosis poemebis dasawyis<br />

striqonebSi ("risxvaze mimRere, qalRmerTo...", "kacze miambe, muzav...").<br />

rogor unda gavigoT xalxuri Semoqmedebis RvTiuri warmomavloba?<br />

germaneli romantikosebi, cxadia, ar fiqrobdnen berZeni rafsodis<br />

kvalze, TiTqos xalxuri sityvierebis Sinaarsebi RvTiuri samyarodan<br />

aris nakarnaxevi. "RvTiuri" maT naazrevSi niSnavda "zeindividualurs",<br />

"zepirovnuls", rogoric namdvilad aris xalxuri Semoqmedeba. xalxuri<br />

Semoqmedi ganicdis Tavis TavSi imaze maRals, rasac misi yoveldRiuri,<br />

yofiTi arseba, misi pirovneba warmoadgens. zeindividualuri adamianSi is<br />

safexuria, romelic erTma tradiciam, SeiZleba, "RvTiurad" miiCnios,<br />

meorem _ saerTosaxalxod anu im realobad, rasac zemoT "xalxi"<br />

vuwodeT. rasac xalxuri Semoqmedi qmnis, Tavisi pirovnuli cnobierebis<br />

safexuridan, folkis cnobierebamde amaRlebuli qmnis. garkveuli azriT,<br />

rasac is qmnis, ar aris misi sakuTari pirovnuli Semoqmedeba. es aris,<br />

ZiriTadad, amominurobis sazrisi.<br />

Cven viciT zogadad, ras warmoadgens "xalxi", romlis cnobierebaSi<br />

daculia zepirsityvieri fondi. viciT, aseve zogadad, ras moicavs<br />

xalxuri Semoqmedeba (mis Janrul Semadgenlobaze qvemoT iqneba saubari).<br />

axla gavarkvioT, ra saxiT arsebobs igi, rogor vrceldeba, rogor da<br />

9

atom icvleba, Tu icvleba, vis SeuZlia misi Secvla, an roca qmnis<br />

adamiani, risi ZaliT da visi saxeliT qmnis imas, rasac qmnis.<br />

folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifika<br />

(arsebiTi niSnebi)<br />

es niSnebi erTmaneTisagan gamomdinarea, anu TiToeuli maTgani<br />

mizezic aris da Sedegic. magram isic unda iTqvas, da es mTavaria, rom<br />

yovel maTgans TviTkmari da damoukidebeli Rirebuleba aqvs <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

gansazRvraSi, ramdenadac TiToeulSi Cans xalxuri Semoqmedebis bunebis<br />

mTeli sisavse.<br />

gavrcelebis zepiri forma<br />

es aris yvelaze TvalsaCino niSani folkloruli Semoqmedebisa,<br />

rac mis erT-erT saxelwodebaSic aris asaxuli: "zepirsityviereba".<br />

namdvilad, xalxuri Semoqmedeba zepirsityvieria, rogorc warmoSobiT,<br />

aseve gavrcelebis formiT: iqmneba zepirad da vrceldeba zepirad. es<br />

aris am zogadi niSnis ori aspeqti. zepirsityvieri teqsti SeiZleba<br />

Cawerili iqnas, magram es ar iqneba misi arsebobis bunebrivi forma (aris<br />

gamonaklisi: xalxuri epitafia, romelic mxolod da mxolod qvaze<br />

amokveTili saxiT arsebobs. es, ra Tqma unda, mxolod damwerlobis<br />

kulturaSia SesaZlebeli). mTeli damwerlobamdeli periodis sityvieri<br />

Semoqmedeba, romlis dasabami uxsovrobaSi ikargeba, zepiri saxiT<br />

gadaecema Taobidan Taobas uwyveti modenilobiT da ganagrZobs<br />

arsebobas wignuri civilizaciebis xanaSic da werilobiT saxesac iRebs,<br />

Tumca xalxuri sityvieri Semoqmedeba mxolod mosasmenad aris<br />

gamiznuli, rac garkveul daRs asvams mas. es qmnis mis Tavisebur<br />

poetikas, sakmaod gansxvavebuls wignuri Semoqmedebisgan, romelic<br />

sakiTxavad aris gamiznuli. gansxvaveba smenasa da kiTxvas Soris ar aris<br />

mxolod teqnikuri xasiaTisa. arsebobs smeniTi kultura am fenomenis<br />

(smenis) Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, da arsebobs kiTxviTi kultura,<br />

xedvis fenomenis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare. <strong>folklori</strong> ZiriTadad<br />

yuria, wigni (literatura) _ Tvali. grigol robaqiZe erTgan wers:<br />

"akakis leqsSi "yuria" meti, vidre "Tvali". amiT _ `yur~ sityviT mwerali<br />

akakis SemoqmedebaSi xalxur zepirsityvier stiqias aRniSnavs. "Tvali<br />

naklebia akakis leqsSi, ganagrZobs avtori, rogorc saerTod qarTul<br />

poeziaSi". amiT mas surs Tqvas, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> wignuri poezia<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad nasazrdoebia xalxuri poeziiT.<br />

yurTasmenis prioriteti TvalTaxedvis mimarT udamwerlobo epoqaSi<br />

niSandobliv gamoxatulebas poulobs aedebisa Tu rafsodebis<br />

(mgosnebis) sibrmavis fenomenSi. maTi klasikuri magaliTi da<br />

warmomadgeneli homerosia, romlis poemaSi ("odiseaSi") aseve brma aedebi<br />

monawileoben _ demodoke da femiosi. brmebi iyvnen iaponeli moxetiale<br />

bivaboZuebi (biva-boZu), romlebic simebiani instrumentis (`biva”)<br />

akompanimentze asrulebdnen TavianT repertuars. maTi sibrmave qmediTi<br />

faqtoria rogorc zepiri SemoqmedebisTvis, aseve raime ambis zepir<br />

10

gardaTqmisTvis. Tvalis Zala da unari mTlianad sasmenelSia gadasuli,<br />

yuris Zala da unari xedvis xarjzea gafaqizebuli. mas SeuZlia<br />

mTlianad moicvas xedva, Caenacvlos mas, rasac mowmobs Tavad smenis<br />

aRmniSvneli sityvis gamoyeneba xedvis gamosaxatavad: yureba.<br />

msmeneli uSualod aRiqvams teqsts. msmeneli eswreba Semoqmedebis<br />

process, rac mis Tvalwin sruldeba, TiTqos xelaxla iqmneba misTvis,<br />

radgan yoveli axali Sesruleba pirvelSemoqmedebis badalia. xalxuri<br />

nawarmoebi mxolod maSin arsebobs aqtualurad, roca is warmoiTqmis.<br />

warmoTqmamde misi arseboba, garkveuli azriT, potenciuria _ is<br />

mTqmelis mexsierebaSi arsebobs rogorc SesaZlebloba. amitomac zepiri<br />

nawarmoebi arc erTi ganmeorebisas arasodes ar aris Tavisi Tavis<br />

igiveobrivi. msmeneli yovelTvis xedavs avtors Tavis win, radgan<br />

mTqmelis xmaSi avtoris xma esmis, maT Soris ar arsebobs drouli<br />

xarvezi, maT Soris ar arsebobs sxva Suamavali, garda haerisa, romelic<br />

vibrirebs da msmenelamde daubrkolebliv miaqvs sityva. rafsodSi,<br />

romelsac dRevandlamde moaqvs es sityva, msmeneli im pirvelmTqmels<br />

xedavs, Tumca misi saxeli da saxe samudamod dafarulia. ase ar aris<br />

literaturuli nawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi: mkiTxveli Tavad kiTxulobs<br />

teqsts, is mowyvetilia avtors, ver xedavs mas, ar esmis misi xma, Tumca<br />

mas SeuZlia ixilos misi saxe da misi saxelic cnobilia misTvis.<br />

mkiTxveli Tavad "axmovanebs" teqsts da svams maxvilebs. aris<br />

SemTxvevebi, roca literaturuli nawarmoebis avtori Tavad kiTxulobs<br />

teqsts (scenaze, televizorSi Tu radioSi), magram es ar aris arsebiTi,<br />

es ar aris is wesi, romlis ZaliTac arsebobs literaturuli<br />

nawarmoebi. aris sapirispiro SemTxvevebi, roca adamiani kiTxulobs<br />

wignSi dabeWdil xalxur nawarmoebs. magram, rogorc iTqva, wigni ar<br />

aris xalxuri sityvis bunebrivi adgili. wigni, wera, kiTxva<br />

antifolkloruli movlenebia. wignSi asoebiT dabeWdili xalxuri leqsi<br />

Cven SeiZleba SevadaroT mgalobel Cits, romelic galiaSia damwyvdeuli.<br />

marTalia, wigni inaxavs sityvas, romelsac JamTasvla uTuod waSlis<br />

adamianis mexsierebaSi, magram isic marTalia, rom wigni ver inaxavs mas<br />

cocxlad, radgan zepiri sityva ar aris wignSi dasabeWdad Seqmnili,<br />

rogorc gareuli frinveli ar aris gaCenili galiis binadrad. zepiri<br />

sityva Seqmnilia mudmivi ganuwyveteli qmnadobisaTvis, droSi da<br />

sivrceSi cvalebadobisaTvis.<br />

anonimuroba<br />

folkloruli teqstis anonimur xasiaTs ramdenime mizezi<br />

ganapirobebs. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom anonimuroba ar niSnavs<br />

imas, rom folklorul nawarmoebs saerTod ar hyolia avtori. cnobili<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>sti vl. propi wers: `literaturaTmcodneobis tradiciebis<br />

skolaSi aRzrdilT Cven xSirad verc ki warmogvidgenia, rom poeturi<br />

nawarmoebi SeiZleba sxvagvarad warmoiSvas, vidre literaturuli<br />

Txzuleba individualuri avtorobisas. Cven sulmudam gvgonia, rom is<br />

viRacam pirvelma unda SeTxzas. Tumca SesaZlebelia sruliad<br />

gansxvavebuli xerxebi poeturi nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisa, da maTi<br />

Seswavla <strong>folklori</strong>stikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi da uZnelesi problemaa...<br />

11

warmoSobiT <strong>folklori</strong> unda davuaxlovoT ara literaturas, aramed<br />

enas, romelic aravis gamougonia da ara hyavs arc avtori da arc<br />

avtorebi. igi warmoiSveba da icvleba sruliad kanonzomierad da<br />

adamianTa nebisgan damoukidebliv...~ [propi 1976 :21-22]<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s enasTan daaxloebaSi aris WeSmaritebis marcvali,<br />

magram Zneli dasajerebelia, rom romelime xalxuri poeturi nawarmoebi,<br />

Tundac ritualuri teqsti, Selocva Tu wyevlis formula, iseve<br />

uavtorod iyos Seqmnili, rogorc ena, rogorc aseTi, mis mTlianobaSi.<br />

ras warmoadgens sinamdvileSi es "sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebi"?<br />

arseboben ki isini realurad, rom SesaZlebeli iyos maTi Seswavla?<br />

<strong>folklori</strong> Semoqmedebaa da Semoqmedeba mxolod adamianis pirovnebis<br />

unaria. Tuki arsebobs Seqmnili, unda arsebobdes viRac, romelic qmnis ..<br />

zemoTmotanili Sexeduleba folklorul Semoqmedebaze aSkarad<br />

panTeisturia, is uaryofs Semoqmeds da aRiarebs Seqmnilis TavisTavad<br />

warmoSobas. ena namdvilad uavtorod aris warmoSobili, folkloruli<br />

teqsti ki _ Seqmnili.<br />

folkloruli teqstis anonimurobis ZiriTadi pirobaa avtorobis<br />

uflebis principuli ararseboba tradiciul sazogadoebaSi. es is<br />

sferoa, romelsac yvelaze gvian daeufla kerZo sakuTrebis Segneba. Folkis<br />

wreSi myofma Semoqmedma ar SeiZleba miiCnios Tavi mis mier SeTxzuli<br />

teqstis iseTsave avtorad, rogoric literaturuli anu samwerlo<br />

nawarmoebis avtoria. individualuri avtori _ mwerali, rogorc<br />

Semoqmedi, ar ekuTvnis xalxs im azriT, rogorc ekuTvnis mas xalxuri<br />

avtori. pirveli gamoTqvams Tavis pirovnuls upiratesad, meore _<br />

xalxisas upiratesad. pirveli eZebs originalurs, sakuTars,<br />

ganumeorebels, jerarTqmuls. meore eZebs mxolod imas, rasac xalxi<br />

moiwonebs da dasturs dascems. da es mowoneba da dasturcema mravali<br />

Taobis manZilze grZeldeba. am mowonebis intuicia da alRo aqvs xalxis<br />

mgosans, romelic itvirTavs xalxis fiqris da suliskveTebis gamoxatvas.<br />

is koleqtivis niRabia, koleqtivi RaRadebs misi piriT, is misi xmaa, misi<br />

sayviria. rogor SeiZleba man ifiqros, rom rasac is warmoTqvams, misi<br />

sakuTrebaa? misi ganuyofeli sakuTreba mxolod misi niWia da unaria,<br />

romelsac is gamoTqmis `iaraRad~ iyenebs. is Tavisi niWiT aris<br />

gamorCeuli folkisgan.<br />

am niWieris Semoqmedebaze da misi Semoqmedebis nayofze amgvar tevad<br />

formulas ayalibebs vasil barnovi: `eris gulisnadebs pirvelad<br />

warmoTqvams romelime niWieri Svili erisa, naTqvami aRibeWdeba<br />

msmenelTa mexsierebaSi da gavrceldeba zepirsityvaobiT erTi adgilidan<br />

meore adgilas, erTi Taobidan meore Taobaze.“<br />

es `niWieri Svili“, cxadia, arsebobda realurad, fizikurad, Tavisi<br />

sisxliTa da xorciT. is daibada, cxovrobda, mokvda, sadRac miwaSi misi<br />

sakuTari Zvlebi marxia. usamarTloba iqneboda, wagverTva<br />

egzistencialuroba misi individualobisaTvis, magram, vimeorebT, Tavis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi, Tavis „naTqvamSi“, igi arasodes cdilobda Tavisi<br />

pirovnulis, individualuris, kerZos wamowevas misi gaxmaurebisa da<br />

gasajaroebis (gaqveynebis) mizniT. misi "naTqvami" namdvilad "eris<br />

gulisnadebs" Seicavs, is ubrunebs xalxs mis nafiqrals, ubrunebs<br />

12

gamokveTilad, imgvari formiT, rogoradac verc erTi maTgani ver<br />

Camoayalibebda. aTavisuflebs ra "mgalobel Cits" galiidan, igi aRar<br />

zrunavs da arc SeuZlia izrunos mis bedze, raTa erTxel "nagalobebi"<br />

pirvelqmnili saxiT iqnas Senaxuli. pirvelqmnili saxiT teqsts mxolod<br />

beWduri (da axal droSi eleqtronuli) wigni inaxavs.<br />

variantuloba<br />

sityvis zepiri gavrceleba gardauvalad iwvevs teqstis cvlilebas.<br />

zepiri sityva Tavisufalia, gansxvavebiT dabeWdili sityvisagan, magram<br />

mas axlavs nakli: igi eqvemdebareba droJams, romelic Tavis beWeds<br />

asvams mas. droSi da sivrceSi igi icvleba, aCens variantebs, rogorc<br />

Citi bartyebs. pirvelSemoqmedis piridan gamosuli teqsti `ibartyebs~.<br />

mkacri azriT, xalxuri teqsti mxolod da mxolod misi romelime<br />

variantis saxiT arsebobs, amaoa misi invariantuli anu arqetipuli, Tu<br />

"kanonikuri" teqstis Zieba. kanonikuroba mxolod literaturul<br />

SemoqmedebaSia saZiebeli, radgan literatura da misi avtori amas<br />

moiTxoven. mwerali, literatori ara mxolod Txzulebas qmnis, aramed<br />

aris am Txzulebis kanonikuri teqstis avtori, romlis xelyofis<br />

ufleba, Tundac gaumjobesebis mizniT, aravis aqvs. xalxuri<br />

SemoqmedebisTvis ucxoa kanonikuroba, is ar ipoveba bunebaSi, is<br />

`gafrenilia~, rogorc galiidan gaSvebuli frinveli. magram mainc<br />

arqetipi (pirvelqmnili teqsti) mTqmelis gonebaSi, mexsierebaSi<br />

"Crdilis" (ludvig vitgenStainis terminiT) saxiT aris daculi da is<br />

yoveli warmoTqmisas "cocxldeba", xorcs isxams, Tumca verasodes<br />

daemTxveva im pirvelTqmuls. am azriT aris yoveli warmoTqma axali<br />

Semoqmedeba, axal da axal variantTa Cena. am garemoebam warmoSva termini<br />

avtor-mTqmeli. xalxuri teqstis arseboba mxolod avtor-mTqmelTa mier<br />

warmoSobil variantebad aris warmosadgeni da SesaZlebeli. maT ricxvs<br />

dasasruli ar eqneba, Tu saerTod ar Sewyda tradicia da ar amowura<br />

variantTa Cenis SesaZlebloba. es maSin xdeba, roca mexsierebidan<br />

arqetipi waiSleba an fragmentebis saxiT sxva teqstis Semadgenel<br />

nawilebad iqceva.<br />

msmeneli potenciuri avtor-mTqmelia, romelsac SeuZlia<br />

`sakuTari~ variantis saxiT miitanos mosmenili teqsti kvlav msmenelTan<br />

da a.S. da a.S. TiToeul variants ama Tu im konkretul sazogadoebaSi,<br />

konkretul tradiciaSi, TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela varianti<br />

damoukidebeli mTlianobaa da TviTmyofadia.<br />

zepirsityvieri nawarmoebis cvlilebis gardauvaloba gamowveulia<br />

im situaciiT, sadac is warmoiTqmeba anu sadac xdeba misi kvlavwarmoeba,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, misi xelaxali qmna. igi icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu<br />

sad warmoiTqmis, vin ismens mas. msmeneli an msmenelTa krebuli _<br />

auditoria ganapirobebs teqstis ara mxolod cvlilebas, aramed swored<br />

amgvar da ara sxvanair cvlilebas. radgan es konkretuli auditoriaa. es<br />

auditoria qmnis am variants, es varianti am auditoriis variantia.<br />

radgan: mTqmeli warmoTqvams amaTTvis, vis winaSec igi dgas da ara<br />

abstraqtulad, msmenelisgan ganyenebulad, imisgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc<br />

me wigni melaparakeba, roca Cemsa da avtors Soris mxolod sayovelTao<br />

13

eWduri niSnebia. mTqmels yovelTvis msmeneli hyavs mxedvelobaSi,<br />

msmeneli ki yovelTvis konkretulia, mas Tavisi vinaoba aqvs _ uvinaobo<br />

auditoria ar arsebobs arc obieqturad da arc mTqmelisTvis. msmeneli<br />

arsebobs da Tavs iCens garemoSi, xolo garemo (es sofeli, es kuTxe)<br />

yovelTvis konkretulia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konkretuli garemo,<br />

auditoria, msmenelTa wre, badebs ama Tu im variants.<br />

marTalia, xalxuri teqsti mxolod variantebad da, amasTanave, rac<br />

mTavaria, Tanasworuflebian variantebad arsebobs, da es aris misi<br />

xalxurobis erT-erTi gadamwyveti niSani, mainc ar unda dagvaviwydes,<br />

rom teqsti Tavdapirvelad erTi iyo, radgan is erTi avtoris piridan<br />

gamovida. variantebi meoreulia, Tumca isini xalxuri zepiri teqstis<br />

bedisweraa.<br />

Znelia gaziareba im Tvalsazrisisa, romlis Tanaxmadac `araviTari<br />

Tavdapirveli, amosavali teqsti ar arsebula da arc SeiZleba<br />

arsebuliyo~ (vl. propi), rom `folkloruli nawarmoebi imTaviTve<br />

iqmneba ara erTaderTi teqstis saxiT, aramed mxatvrul CanafiqrTa<br />

realizaciebis saxiT, e. i. variantebad~ (b. putilovi). magram sakiTxavia,<br />

vis gonebaSi ibadeba es Canafiqri, Tu ara erTi pirovnebisa, Tundac is<br />

iyos koleqtivis zraxvaTa da azrTa wyobis (mentalitetis) gamomxatveli.<br />

koleqtiuroba<br />

raki xalxuri nawarmoebi mxolod da mxolod variantebad arsebobs<br />

da es aris misi arsebobis bunebrivi forma, anu uvarianto, erTaderT<br />

teqstad arsebuli nawarmoebi ver CaiTvleba xalxur nawarmoebad,<br />

laparaki mis avtorze, rogorc erT pirovnebaze, mainc principulad<br />

SeuZlebelia. misi variantebis SeqmnaSi Taobebi iReben monawileobas da,<br />

amdenad, amgvarad warmoSobili nawarmoebi saxalxo, koleqtiuri<br />

sakuTrebaa. is yvelas ekuTvnis, radgan mis SeqmnaSi monawileoba aqvs<br />

miRebuli ara mxolod pirvel mTqmels, aramed gardamTqmels da<br />

msmenelsac TaobaTa manZilze drosa da sivrceSi.<br />

koleqtiurobas meore mxarec aqvs. xalxuri nawarmoebi imitomac<br />

aris koleqtiuri sakuTreba, rom is gamoxatavs ara kerZo pirovnebis,<br />

aramed folkis suliskveTebas, is mtkiced zis ama Tu im sazogadoebis<br />

tradiciaSi, am cnebis ufarToesi gagebiT _ aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod<br />

tradiciuli poetika, poeturi gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi, rogorc saerTo<br />

monapovari, aramed yofiTi kultura da msoflxedvelobriv warmodgenaTa<br />

sistema _ mTeli memkvidreobiTi sulieri dovlaTi.<br />

koleqtiurobis xasiaTi kargad gamoTqva karl gustav iungma:<br />

`koleqtiuri aracnobieri Tu gaaqtiurda, kaci sakuTar Tavs aRar<br />

ekuTvnis” [iungi:62]. amgvarad aqvs dakarguli saxalxo poet-mTqmels<br />

sakuTari Tavi. garkveuli azriT, swored am dakargviT iqmneba namdvili<br />

xalxuri nawarmoebi rogorc koleqtiuri sakuTreba.<br />

tradiciuloba<br />

14

a aris tradicia? tradicia (gadmocema) is arxia (kalapoti),<br />

romelSic Taobidan Taobamde miedineba xalxuri yofa da, masTan erTad,<br />

Semoqmedeba. tradicia ganapirobebs xalxis (koleqtivis) yofis<br />

mdgradobas. koleqtivis konservatizmi _ yofiTi, msoflmxedvelobiTi,<br />

kulturuli, mxatvruli _ misi tradiciulobis meore mxarea.<br />

folkloruli Janruli sistemis urRvevoba da mdgradoba swored<br />

tradiciis Zalazea damyarebuli.<br />

tradiciul yofaSi Zlieria tradiciis mowola individis<br />

cnobierebaze. individi am tradiciis wiaRSia dabadebuli, aRzrdilia<br />

masSi da Tavadac am tradiciis, sxvanairad, mama-papis anderZnamagis<br />

gamtari da aRmsrulebelia. magram es ar gamoricxavs individualuri<br />

gadaxrebis rols tradiciaSi. arasodes individis cnobiereba ar aris<br />

avsebuli mTlianad tradiciuli msoflgancdiT, eTikur-moraluri da<br />

esTetikuri idealebiT. "adgili rCeba" individualurs, romelic, xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi, aracnobierad, uneburad poulobs gamosavals da<br />

SeumCnevlad "iwveTeba" tradiciis kalapotSi. tradicia aris gadacema<br />

(laTinuri sityva traditio amas niSnavs), xolo rac gadasacemia, arasdros<br />

absoluturi sizustiT ar gadaicema, gadacemuli yovel jerze<br />

saxecvlilebas, Tundac umniSvnelos, Tavad gadamcemisTvisac<br />

SeumCnevels, ganicdis. magram yvelaferi es xdeba isev da isev mdgradi<br />

tradiciis farglebSi. ganaxlebuli nakadi kvlav miedineba, gza da gza<br />

gadaxarSavs ra am individualurs. magram Tu sazogadoebis istoria<br />

individualur gamovlenaTa istoriac aris, im pirveli tradiciidan<br />

aRebuli qani sabolood veRar Zlevs individualur gamovlenebs da<br />

tradiciac icvleba, anu axal tradicias eyreba safuZveli.<br />

mTqmelis mexsierebaSi daculi tradiciuli teqsti raRac axals<br />

iZens misi aqtualizaciis procesSi. warmoTqmuli teqsti ar aris<br />

identuri mexsierebaSi potenciurad arsebuli, daculi teqstisa.<br />

Semosuli siaxle, romelic qmnis gansxvavebas, mTqmeliseulia. es asea<br />

yoveli axali warmoTqmisas. siaxlis Semotana teqstSi mxolod maSin<br />

dasruldeba, roca is aRar warmoiTqmis, roca misi aqtualizacia aRar<br />

xdeba, anu is wyvets arsebobas, rogorc folkloruli teqsti.<br />

improvizacia<br />

improvizaciaze, rogorc xalxuri Semoqmdebebis, erT-erT niSanze,<br />

vlaparakobT, erTi mxriv, variantulobaa, meore mxriv,<br />

tardiciulobasTan dakavSirebiT. `improvizacia yvelganarsebulia, igi<br />

msWvalavs mTels folklors, myofobs yoveli cvlilebis dros,<br />

versiebisa da axali nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisas~ [anikini:116]<br />

garemo qmnis improvizaciis pirobas. erTi mxriv, arsebobs<br />

improvizaciis unari, meore mxriv, arsebobs auditoriis mzaoba<br />

improvizaciis molodinisTvis. improvizacia, romelic variants badebs,<br />

konkretuli situaciiT aris ganpirobebuli.<br />

ras warmoadgens situacia? risgan Sedgeba igi? “situacias unda<br />

mivakuTvnoT msmenelTa Semadgenloba. improvizacia sxvadasxvagvarad<br />

miikvlevs gzas imisda mixedviT, Tu vis uyveba mezRapre zRapars, bavSvebs<br />

15

Tu ufrosebs. monaTxrobi aRiqmeba msmenelTagan gansxvavebulad maTi<br />

ganwyobilebis _ mxiarulisa Tu naRvlianis mixedviT. es yvelaferi<br />

aisaxeba Semsrulebelze” [bogatiriovi:397] da, cxadia, monaTxrob<br />

nawarmoebze. amieridan is ukve sxvaa, es sxva aris swored is, rasac<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi variants uwodeben.<br />

improvizacia, romelic gulisxmobs mTqmelis Semoqmedebas<br />

tradiciuli teqstis Sesrulebis (gadmocemis) procesSi, TiTqosda<br />

moumzadeblad, msmenelTaTvis moulodnelad, met-naklebad axasiaTebs<br />

TiTqmis yvela Janrs. gansakuTrebiT didi asparezi aqvs mas poeziaSi.<br />

improvizaciis mizania teqstis dafaruli SesaZleblobebis warmoCenagaRrmaveba<br />

_ improvizaciis mizezi Tavad teqstSi, mis fabulaSi Zevs.<br />

amis saukeTeso magaliTia `vefxvisa da moymis leqsis~ gagrZeleba. am<br />

baladaSi dedis motivis Semosvla improvizacias unda mivaweroT. mistvis<br />

amosavali `embrioni~ baladis boloswina striqonSi Zevs: `vin etyvis<br />

magis dedasa, kars usxeds qadag-misanni~. mTqmelis xelSi sityva `deda~<br />

improvizaciis stimuls iZleva. am moulodnelma gagrZelebam axal<br />

aspeqtiT gaaSuqa balada, romlis bunebrivi dasasruls bolo striqoni<br />

acxadebs: `uerTod ar daixarjvnis Cvenis afxazis isarni~.<br />

magram TiTqmis yvela xalxis foklorSi aris Janri, romelic<br />

mxolod da mxolod improvizaciis ZaliT arsebobs, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

improvizaciis Sedegia. es aris gaSaireba, romelic kafiis saxelwodebiT<br />

farTod aris gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki fSavSi, sadac am Janrs mkacrad Camoyalibebuli<br />

kanonebi aqvs. sxva moTxovnebTan erTad (mag., riTmis Seucvleloba),<br />

improvizacia aq gadamwyvetia, adre naTqvamis ganmeoreba, Tuki aseTi ram<br />

moxda, Caavrdnaa, marcxia kafiobis procesSi da igi unda Sewydes.<br />

gadamwyvetia aseve improvizacia xmiT natirlebSi, romlebic Tumca<br />

iyeneben tradiciul saxeebs, magram, ZiriTadad, improvizaciis efeqts<br />

emyareba. moulodneloba, SeiZleba iTqvas, auditoriis dakveTaa, romelic<br />

ganuxrelad sruldeba.<br />

am mxriv, SesaZloa, sakulto sityviereba iyos gamonaklisi, Tumca<br />

improvizaciis SesaZlebloba arc aq unda iyos gamoricxuli. marTalia,<br />

sakulto poeziisTvis ar aris damxasiaTebeli pirovnuli Careva teqstis<br />

Segnebuli Secvlis mizniT, ar arsebobs raime impulsi an motivi am<br />

CarevisTvis _ teqstis sakralizmi da misi aseve sakraluri warmoSoba<br />

amas ar uwyobs xels, mainc sporadulad dasturdeba improvizaciis<br />

SemTxvevebi. es maSin xdeba, roca sustdeba sakraluri teqstisadmi<br />

mowiweba da Semsrulebeli Tavs Tavisuflebis uflebas aZlevs.<br />

yofiToba<br />

yofiToba mniSvnelovani niSania, SesaZloa, yvela niSanze arsebiTi.<br />

ver vnaxavT iseT sferos xalxis yofisa, romelsac ar hqondes<br />

gamoxatuleba romelime folklorul JanrSi. ufro metic:<br />

folkloruli Semoqmedeba yofidan aris amozrdili da misi niadagiT<br />

sazrdoobs, magram Semoqmedeba yofis mimarT ar aris pasiuri, igi ara<br />

mxolod asaxavs, aireklavs yofas, metic, misi aqtivoba mimarTulia yofis<br />

16

mowesrigebisaken. <strong>folklori</strong>s Janruli sistema, yofidan amozrdili,<br />

Tavad zemoqmedebs yofaze, struqtura da sazrisi Seaqvs yofaSi.<br />

amasTanave, yofis gareSe folkloruli Semoqmedeba kargavs Tavis<br />

funqcias, romelsac is Janris farglebSi asrulebs. folkloruli<br />

Semoqmedebis Rirebuleba mxolod yofaSia da misi ZaliT Tavad yofa<br />

iZens Rirebulebas. imdenad mWidroa urTierToba Janrsa da yofas Soris,<br />

rom SesaZlebeli xdeba <strong>folklori</strong>s Janrobrivi Sedgenilobis mixedviT<br />

sazogadoebis yofis struqturaze, wesrigze msjeloba.<br />

yofiTobas kidev erTi aspeqti aqvs: folkloruli Semoqmedeba<br />

`naturaluri meurneobis~ principiT arsebobs da funqcionirebs. `xalxma<br />

Seqmna Janrebis iseTi mravalferovneba, rogoric literaturas arasodes<br />

gaaCnda~ [emelianovi:101]. sofeli, Tu aviRebT sofels, rogorc TviTkmar<br />

erTeuls, romelic Tavisi sakuTari bunebrivi resursebiT sazrdoobs<br />

(aqvs sakuTari savargulebi, saZovrebi, tye, wyaroebi da sxva), aseve<br />

Tavisi sakuTari ZalebiT ikmayofilebs inteleqtualur moTxovnilebebs.<br />

mis mentalobaSi araferia iseTi, rasac safuZveli soflis yofaSi ara<br />

aqvs. Tu sofels hyavs Tavisi sakuTari mWedeli an durgali, aseve hyavs<br />

Tavisi sakuTari mTqmeli, romelic inaxavs da gadascems zepirsityvier<br />

teqstebs. soflis zepirsityvieri `fondi~ daculia mis mexsierebaSi.<br />

Teoriulad SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom garedan, sxva soflidan, am sofels<br />

arafris Semotana ar uxdeba. magram sofeli ar aris imgvarad Caketili,<br />

rom srulebiT Tavisufali iyos gavlenebisgan an ar hqondes garedan<br />

Semosuli xmebisTvis yuris dagdebis moTxovnileba. oRond ucxo Temebi<br />

Tu siuJetebi soflis `qvabSi~, yofaSi, imgvarad gadaixarSeba, rom ukve<br />

soflis sakuTreba xdeba. yovelTvis arsebobdnen soflidan soflad<br />

moaruli profesionali mTqmelebi, romelTa naTqvamebi (leqsi iqneba Tu<br />

zRapari) `ileqeba~ soflis cnobierebaSi da variantebis saxiT, rogorc<br />

misi sakuTreba, ganagrZobs arsebobas.<br />

sinkretizmi<br />

laparakoben xalxuri Semoqmedebis sinkretizmze. ra aris<br />

sinkretizmi? "ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni" amgvarad ganmartavs am termins:<br />

"Serwymuli arseboba, daunawevrebuloba, rac raime movlenis sawyis<br />

safexurze gvxvdeba". xalxur SemoqmedebaSi es gulisxmobs Semoqmedebisa<br />

Tu gadmocemis erTian aqtSi xelovnebis ramdenime dargis monawileobas.<br />

amosavali ki, cxadia, sityva iqneba, roca sityvier SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs<br />

saqme. es niSani <strong>folklori</strong>sa SeiZleba ar mogveCvenos universalurad.<br />

magram es erTi SexedviT da mxolod maTi dRevandeli saxidan<br />

gamomdinare. klasikuri nimuSi sinkretizmisa aris, magaliTisTvis,<br />

xevsuruli sagmiro leqsi, romelsac adgilobriv "simReres" uwodeben.<br />

ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom sityvieri teqsti, romelic ambis<br />

informacias inaxavs, ar gadaicema "mSralad", mxolod da mxolod<br />

verbalurad, aramed musikaluri hangis TanxlebiT. es imdenad myari<br />

tradiciaa, rom vaJa-fSavela Tavis leqsebs, romelTa Sorisac bevrs<br />

saTaurad uzis "simRera", fanduris xmaze Txzavda. aris Tu ara<br />

"simRere", rogorc Janri, sityvisa da hangis Tavdapirveli<br />

daunawevrebulobis anu sinkretizmis nimuSi? vaJas gamocdilebidan,<br />

17

omelsac safuZveli folklorSi aqvs, amosvliT SeiZleba dadebiTi<br />

pasuxi gaeces am kiTxvas. hangi Tan axlavs sityvieri teqstis Seqmnis<br />

process. hangi araTu awesrigebs sityvas, aramed CarTulia sityvieri<br />

Semoqmedebis procesSi, misi organuli monawilea.<br />

sinkretizmis sxva ufro rTuli magaliTebia xalxuri<br />

dResaswaulebi, sanaxaobebi, sadac erTianobaSia mocemuli sityva, Tundac<br />

virtualuri scenaris saxiT, mxatvroba (niRbebisa da Sesamoslebis<br />

saxiT), musika, cekvebi. aseTia `berikaoba~, `yeenoba~, romelTa xsovna<br />

dResac aqa-iq, Cvens daba-soflebSi, SemorCenilia.<br />

dasasrul, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom yvela es niSani,<br />

garkveulwilad, literaturul Semoqmedebasac axasiaTebs. gana<br />

mwerlobaSi ar aris dadasturebuli anonimuri Txzulebani? an<br />

variantebis naklebobaa? an rogor SegviZlia uarvyoT, rom yoveli<br />

literaturuli nawarmoebi garkveul tradiciaSia moqceuli? an romeli<br />

nawarmoebia, Rrmad individualisturic rom iyos, ramdenadme ar<br />

gamoxatavdes koleqtivis suliskveTebas, molodinebs, imedebs, ar<br />

upasuxebdes mis esTetikur mrwamss da a.S. yvela es niSani, literaturas<br />

marTlac, saziaro aqvs folklorul SemoqmedebasTan. magram TiToeuli<br />

am niSnis buneba da, ramdenadme, sazrisi gansxvavebulia imisda mixedviT,<br />

Tu sad vadasturebT mas _ folklorSi Tu literaturaSi.<br />

literaturis anonimuroba SemTxveviTia, ar aris gamowveuli<br />

Tavad Semoqmedebis bunebiT. iq, sadac saavtoro uflebis Segneba ar<br />

arsebobs, iq anonimuroba kanonzomieria; sadac es Segneba arsebobs, iq<br />

anonimuroba gamonaklisia, misi gamomwvevi mizezi an Tavad avtoris<br />

nebaSia, an raRac obieqtur garemoebebSi, romlebic SemoqmedebiT<br />

procesTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. aseve iTqmis zepirgavrcelebazec.<br />

warmosadgenia literaturuli nawarmoebis (leqsis) zepiri gavrceleba,<br />

magram misi bedi ar hgavs im nawarmoebis beds, romlis arsebobisa da<br />

gavrcelebis erTaderTi forma zepirsityvieria (amitomac<br />

zepirsityviereba folkloruli Semoqmedebis erT-erTi arsebiTi<br />

dasaxelebaa). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, literaturuli nawarmoebi<br />

miiswrafis beWdur sityvaSi mosaxvedrad, xolo folklorul nawarmoebs<br />

gaxsnili aqvs gza zepir asparezze.<br />

iSviaTad Tu literaturul nawarmoebs pirvel cdaSive<br />

srulyofili, yovel SemTxvevaSi, avtorisTvis damakmayofilebeli saxe<br />

mieRos. avtori SemoqmedebiT procesSi qmnis variantebs, vidre igi<br />

sabolood Tavisi Canafiqris srul gamoxatulebas ar dainaxavs.<br />

variantebi SeiZleba gadarCes, an, SesaZloa, avtorma saWirod ar miiCnios<br />

maTi SenarCuneba. literaturuli nawarmoebis variantulobis arsebiTi<br />

gansxvaveba zepirsityvieri teqstis variantulobisgan, pirvel rigSi, is<br />

aris, rom variantebi aq win uZRvis erT kanonikur, avtoris mier<br />

mowonebul teqsts, folklorSi ki piruku _ Tavdapirveli teqsti aCens<br />

drosa da sivrceSi variantebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, iZenen<br />

damoukidebel Rirebulebas. meore gansxvaveba is aris, rom<br />

literaturuli variantebi avtoris mier dawunebulia da, ukeTes<br />

SemTxvevaSi, sarqivod aris ganwiruli, folkloruli nawarmoebi ki<br />

18

piruku _ mxolod variantebis saxiT arsebobs, romelTagan TiToeuli<br />

Rirebulia.<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda SevniSnoT Semdegi: gavrceleblia<br />

mankieri praqtika, roca xalxuri poeziis gamocemisas gamomcemelTa an<br />

(gamomcemlis) mier arCeuli varianti ibeWdeba rogorc ZiriTadi teqsti,<br />

danarCeni variantebi gadatanilia boloSi (ix., magaliTisTvis, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

xalxuri poezia 12 tomad). romelime variantisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba,<br />

jer erTi, subieqturia, meore mxriv, es qmnis imis iluzias, TiTqos<br />

swored is iyos srulyofili teqsti, danarCenebi ki arasrulyofili,<br />

rac sruliad miuRebelia. Cven viciT, rom TiToeuli teqsti miukvleveli<br />

arqetipis variantebia da TiToeul maTgani TviTmyofadia. Tundac<br />

dazianebuli da mxatvrulad mdare, igi gamoxatavs ama Tu im tradicias<br />

da <strong>folklori</strong>sti valdebulia, mas sxva, ukeTesad CaTvlil variantebs<br />

Soris miuCinos Tanabari adgili. xSirad xdeba, rom dawunebuli varianti<br />

zogierT pasaJSi ukeTes wakiTxvas iZleva, vidre arCeuli teqsti. yvela<br />

variants Tavisi niSandoblivi Tavisebureba aqvs da <strong>folklori</strong>stmac<br />

saTanado pativi unda miagos mas. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela varianti unda<br />

ibeWdebodes ZiriTad nawilSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT, rom ar gaCndes<br />

mcdari warmodgena, TiTqos boloSi dabeWdili teqstebi TavSi moqceuli<br />

teqstis variantebi iyos. <strong>folklori</strong>stma unda daafasos TiToeuli<br />

soflis, kuTxis tradicia, romelmac Semoinaxa Tavad teqsti, xolo Tu<br />

rogor Semoinaxa igi, rogoria maTi Rirseba-naklovanebebi, es Sefasebis<br />

sakiTxia da mas Tavisi adgili aqvs.<br />

ramdenadac xalxur Semoqmedebis avtori anonimuria da<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stikas arc uxdeba misi vinaobis dadgena, avtorobis sakiTxs<br />

aq cvlis teqstis ama Tu im variantis Semnaxvelis sakiTxi. is pieteti,<br />

romelsac literaturis istoria iCens avtorisadmi folklorSi<br />

mTqmelis pirovnebazea gadatanili. marTalia, xalxuri leqsi anonimuria<br />

da Cven araferi viciT da verc verasodes gavigebT raimes misi vinaobis<br />

Sesaxeb, samagierod bevri ram SegviZlia vicodeT Tavis mexsierebaSi an<br />

repertuarSi leqsis Semnaxvelis vinaobaze. isic marTalia, rom leqsi<br />

zeindividualuria, magram misi esa Tu is varianti garkveul pirovnebis<br />

saxelTan aris dakavSorebuli da misi pirovnebis daRs atarebs. ar unda<br />

dagvaviwydes, rom varianti yovelTvis Canaweria da konkretuli<br />

pirovnebisgan aris Cawerili. Canaweri Rirebulia mecnierebisTvis, Tu mas<br />

axlavs pasporti _ ase uwodeben <strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi yvela monacemis<br />

erTobliobas, romelic Caweril teqstTan aris dakavSirebuli. am<br />

monacemebis folklorul Canawers unda axldes cnobebi mTqmelis<br />

vinaobaze: gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli, wlovaneba, warmoSoba, socialuri<br />

mdgomareoba, profesia, ganaTlebis cenzi _ aris Tu ara igi wera-kiTxvis<br />

mcodne, SeeZlo Tu ara wignSi waekiTxa teqsti, ramdenad sandoa igi,<br />

rogorc mTqmeli, ramdenad farToa misi repertuari da sxva; visgan da<br />

sad moismina teqsti... sasurvelia da aucilebelic, Camwerma mosmenil<br />

teqsts daurTos mTqmeliseuli SeniSvnebi, ganmartebebi teqstis garSemo<br />

_ es yvelaferi gvexmareba teqstis srulyofil gagebSi. aucilebelia<br />

Camwerma aRniSnos Caweris adgili da TariRi, da Tavisi vinaoba. Camwers<br />

ara aqvs ufleba raime Sesworeba Seitanos CanawerSi, unda axsovdes, rom<br />

19

mas saqme aqvs variantTan, romelic atarebs mTqmelisa da adgilis<br />

Taviseburebebs, rom araferi vTqvaT dialeqtur individualobaze.<br />

amrigad, pasporti folkloruli Canaweris aucilebeli Tanmxlebia.<br />

es aris anonimuri xalxuri nawarmoebis vinaobis ganmsazRvreli. mis<br />

gareSe Canaweri, Tunda genialuri teqstisa, Zalze naklulia. es aris<br />

fokloris Sekrebis wesi, romelic XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda evropaSi<br />

da saqarTvelmdec movida. Tumca mas erTaderTi adepti hyavda petre<br />

umikaSvilis (1839-1904) saxiT, romelsac ekuTvnis am mxriv yvelaze<br />

Rirebuli folkloruli Canawerebi; misive Sedgenilia `programma<br />

xalxis sityvierebis nawarmoebis SekrebisaTvis~ (Tbilisi, 1882). Caweris<br />

wesebis pirvelsave punqtad aq vkiTxulobT:<br />

`yvelaferi unda daiweros swored ise, rogorc xalxi ambobs.<br />

damwerma (Camwerma, z.k.) Tavis tavs neba ar unda misces<br />

mcireodenis cvlilebis moxdenisaca. adgilobrivi gamoTqma,<br />

sityvebi, sityvebis dalageba frazebSi, frazebis<br />

erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba, _ yvelaferi sastikad<br />

unda daicvas damwerma; is adgilebic ki ar unda Sescvalos,<br />

romelic uzrod eCveneba. yuradReba unda mieqces metadre<br />

prozad sawersa, rom xalxis enis kilo da frazebis SekavSireba<br />

namdvili darCes...~<br />

meore da mesame punqtebSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`zogierTi leqsi an zRapari anu sxva nTqvami xalxSi<br />

sxva da sxva cvlilebiT aris an sul mTlad, an zogi adgilebi<br />

da striqonebi, an ravdenime sityva. Zalian saWiroa, rom damweri<br />

marto erTs redaqcias ar dasjerdes, aramed yoveli gansxvavebac<br />

aRniSnos sxolioebsi, rom zogSi esa da es cvlilebaao. da Tu<br />

srulad bevri hasxvaveba, mTlad daiweros. es cvlilebis dawera<br />

imitom aris saWiro, rom xSirad mrTels dids leqsSi anu zRaparSi<br />

oriode sami sityva, sxva cvlilebiY xmarebuli, mrTelis Txzulebis<br />

fersa cvlis da zogjer Zvirfass ganZs Seadgens.~<br />

`zogs leqss an sxva naTqvams mTqmelni axsnas ukeTeben. es<br />

axsnac unda aRniSnos sxolioSi moxsenebiT, rom Tqmelis<br />

axsnaa. ra adgilic, anu romelime azri an sityva damwers<br />

ar esmis, hkiTxos glexs da, Tu man axsna misca, saWiroa amisi<br />

dawerac~.<br />

petre umikaSvilis mdidar folklorul CanawerebSi es wesi ganuxrelad<br />

aris daculi [umikaSvili:1937; umikaSvili:1964]. samwuxaroa, rom<br />

erTaderTi umikaSvili iyo, esoden did yuradRebas aqcevda<br />

folkloruli teqstis pasportis Sedgenas, rac sruliad<br />

ugulebelyofilia sxvata CanawerebSi. genialur vaJa-fSavelas bevri<br />

xalxuri leqsebi moyavs Tavis narkvevebSi, magram arsad ar uTiTebs arc<br />

mTqmelis vinaobas, arc Caweris adgils da wels. arada, bevri maTgani<br />

pirvelad mis mier aris gamoqveynebuli. aseve iTqmis ilia WavWavaZis da<br />

sxvaTa Canawerebis Sesaxeb. dResdReobiT fokloristebi savele muSaobis<br />

dros mxolod am principebiT xelmZRvaneloben.<br />

20

ac Seexeba koleqtiurobas da tradiciulobas, rac<br />

aucileblobiT moeTxoveba folklorul nawarmoebs, literaturuli<br />

nawarmoebisTvis mxolod fonia, romelzec mkveTrad isaxeba is arsebiTi,<br />

rac mis individualobas da novatorobas Seadgens. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

Tu folkloruli nawarmoebi arsebiTad mxolod koleqtivSi da<br />

tradiciaSi arsebobs, da aq mJRavndeba misi genialoba, literaturuli<br />

nawarmoebis Rirseba da Rirebuleba, misi genialoba mis individualobasa<br />

da novatorobaSi mdgomareobs.<br />

amrigad, verc erTs, TavisTavad aRebuls, zemoT CamoTvlil<br />

niSanTagan ver CavTvliT unikalurad <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis. jer, TiToeuli<br />

maTgani gansxvavebul saxes iRebs imisda mixedviT, sad gvxvdeba igi _<br />

folklorSi Tu literaturaSi; mere, maTi, rogorc aRiniSna,<br />

urTierTgamomavloba da ganpirobebuloba unikalurs xdis maT<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>sTvis, rac imas niSnavs, rom es niSnebi folklorSi<br />

organulia da ara SemTxveviTi, mis gareSe arsebul raRac faqtorebiT<br />

ganpirobebuli; da bolos, unikaluria Tavad Sexameba maTi, rac<br />

arsebiTia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, fundamenturi folkloruli<br />

SemoqmedebisTvis. es hgavs yvavilebis Taiguls, romelSic TiToeuli<br />

yvavilis individualoba sxvebTan SexamebaSi axal Tvisebas iZens.<br />

sxvaa am niSanTagan SeTxzuli Taiguli folklorSi da sxvaa _<br />

literaturaSi.<br />

`daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~<br />

j. Tomsis mier Seqmnil kompozitSi folk-lore pirveli sityva im<br />

mniSvnelobiT moxvda, romelic mas inglisur enaSi hqonda da aqvs: es<br />

aris mosaxleobis naklebad ganviTarebuli, mwignobrobas moklebuli<br />

fenebi. es is xalxia, romelic Tavis SemoqmedebaSi damwerlobas ar<br />

iyenebs _ qmnis zepirad da avrcelebs zepirad. magram ismis sakiTxi:<br />

rogor unda gavigoT, rom xalxi qmnis? xalxi xom pirovneba ar aris, rom<br />

qmnides? gamomdinare yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan, rac folkoruli<br />

Semoqmedebis specifikas exeboda, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qmnian yovelTvis<br />

erTeulebi, xalxis niWieri warmomadgenlebi, romelTac SeuZliaT<br />

gamoxaton xalxis suliskveTeba, interesebi, imedebi, sasowarkveTilebani,<br />

wuxili, molodinebi da a. S. isini, SeiZleba iTqvas, folkis zedafenis<br />

warmomadgenlebi arian. magram maT mier Seqmnilis realizaciisTvis anu<br />

mis `gamosaqveyneblad~ xalxs unda Seswevdes mosmenis unari, igi mzad<br />

unda iyos imisaTvis, raTa miiRos es mosmenili, aRmoaCinos masSi<br />

sakuTari, risi gamoTqmis Zali mas ar Seswevs. mxolod amis Semdeg<br />

SeeZleba mas mosmenilis damaxsovreba (Senaxva) da gatana-gavrceleba.<br />

maSasadame, arsebobs avtori da arsebobs mTqmeli, romlis meSveobiTac<br />

pirvelnaTqvami folkamde midis. mTqmeli aqtiuria, msmeneli pasiuri<br />

aRmqmeli. magram am pasiur masaSi yovelTvis moiZebneba pirovneba,<br />

romelic iRebs estafetas anu mTqmeli xdeba da a. S. fokloristikas<br />

yovelTvis saqme aqvs mTqmelebTan da ara avtorebTan, romelTa saxelebi<br />

samudamod dakargulia, TaobaTa mTqmelebSia ganzavebuli. roca zRapris<br />

mTxrobels (mezRapres) vusmenT, ar vfiqrobT, rom zRapari misi<br />

SeTxzulia; arc `vefxvisa da moymis~ Tu sxva sagmiro baladis<br />

21

Semsrulebeli ar aris misi avtori. arc erTi teqsti, romelsac Cven<br />

vismenT am Cvens aqtualur xanaSi, ar aris misi mTqmelis Seqmnili. magram<br />

Cven vambobT, rom mTqmeli ar gadmogvcems sxvisas, aramed isev da isev<br />

xalxisas, TiTqos xalxi iyo Semoqmedi. aucilebelia, dazustdes, ras<br />

niSnavs `xalxis Semoqmedeba~, ras vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT `xalxi<br />

qmnis? iseT rames xom ar mivawerT xalxs, romlis kompetencia mas ara<br />

aqvs, maSinac ki, roca erT pirovnebasTan gvaqvs saqme? Semqmnelia<br />

saxalxo mTqmeli Tu Semsrulebeli? Cven viciT, rom is Tavisas (mkacri<br />

azriT) ar asrulebs. iseve, rogorc hamletis monologi, romelsac<br />

vismenT, ar aris misi Semsruleblis dawerili.<br />

gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi eduard hofman-kraierma (1864-1937)<br />

amgvarad gamoxata folkloruli Semoqmedebis Tavisi koncefcia: `xalxi<br />

ar qmnis, aramed mxolod imeorebs Seqmnils~ (Das Volk produzier nicht, es<br />

reproduziert nur). es Teza iyo Sedegi im gamokvlevebisa, romelTa mixedviTac<br />

bevr xalxur simReras literaturuli winapari moeZebna. zogi avtori (i.<br />

grupe) ise Sors wavida, rom xalxs SemoqmedebiTi uZlurebac ki aRiara.<br />

misi azriT, yvela kulturuli faseuloba mosaxleobis maRal wreSia<br />

iqmneba da mxolod demokratizaciis procesis ganvlis Semdeg iqceva<br />

farTo masebis kuTvnilebad anu folklorad. am Teoriis mixedviT,<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>, rogorc hans naumanma (1886-1951) gamoxata, aris `daZiruli<br />

kulturuli dovlaTi~ (gesunkenes Kulturgut) [kokiara:556-557, bauzingeri:44-<br />

45].<br />

am Tvalsazrisis gaziareba misi arealis mxolod SezRudviT Tu<br />

aris SesaZlebeli. ra Tqma, unda yvela Janri ver CaiTvleba maRali<br />

fenebidan `daZirulad~ da ~daZirvac~ yovelTvis ar aris daqveiTeba,<br />

rRvevis procesis gamoxatuleba. qarTul folkorul sinamdvileSi<br />

xalxuri vefxistyaosnis saxiT Cven gvaqvs `daZiruli dovlaTi~, romelic<br />

aSkarad daqveiTebulia, degradirebulic ki. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom<br />

garkveuli saxiT tradicia mainc aris Senaxuli. TiTqos `daZiruli<br />

dovlaTis~ fenomeni Senaxvas unda gulisxmobdes, magram Tu ram iqna<br />

Senaxuli xalxur wiaRSi CaZiruli literaturuli vefxistyaosnidan,<br />

mxolod gardaqmnili saxiT iqna Semonaxuli. xalxma Taviseburad<br />

gardaqmna yvela ZiriTadi motivi, romelic SoTas poemis dedaarss<br />

Seadgens [qoriZe:102-150].<br />

magram <strong>folklori</strong> icnobs iseT `daZirul kulturul dovlaTs~,<br />

romelic met-naklebad wmida saxiT aris Senaxuli. es aris zRapari,<br />

romlis Canafiqri namdvilad ar aris xalxuri warmoSobis; rac masSi<br />

xalxuria, es misi Sesamoselia, romelic icvleba xalxidan xalxSi,<br />

mTqmelidan mTqmelSi. ra roli aqvs xalxs? xalxi mxolod<br />

Semsrulebelia, amdenadve _ Semnaxveli, magram Sesrulebis procesi<br />

improvizaciebis CaTvliT iqamde ar midis, rom zRapars struqtura da<br />

sazrisi daekargos. xalxuri mTxrobelis individualoba ar exeba<br />

zRapris Sidaformas, is mxolod mravalferovan samkaulebs qmnis mis<br />

garegan sxeulze, arsi igive rCeba. gveCveneba, TiTqos zRaparma Tavadve<br />

Semoinaxa sakuTari Tavi. igive SegviZlia vTqvaT `amiranianis~ Sesaxeb,<br />

romlis ideuri Canafiqri aSkarad scildeba xalxis mentalitetis<br />

22

kompetencias, magram misi dRevandlamde Semonaxuli, Tundac dalewili<br />

teqsti mainc inaxavs Tavdapirvel sazriss, rasac ver vambobT daZirul<br />

`vefxistyaosanze~.<br />

meore mxriv, isic udaoa, rom sityvieri Semoqmedebis nayofTa<br />

`daZirva~ xalxis mexsierebaSi am dovlaTis Senaxvis saukeTeso<br />

saSualebaa da, ramdenadac pasiuria (da aseTia igi principulad)<br />

koleqtiuri mexsiereba, imdenad mrTelad da Seuryvnelad inaxavs igi<br />

mibarebuls.<br />

literatura<br />

anikini: Аникин В.П. Теория фольклора, Курс лекций, М., 1996.<br />

bauzingeri: Bausinger H. Formen der “Volkspoesie”, Erich Scmidt Verlag, Berlin, 1980.<br />

bogatiriovi: Богатырев П.Г. Вопросы теории народного искусства, «Искусство», М.,<br />

1971.<br />

emelianovi: Емельянов Л. И. Методологические вопросы фольклористики, Л., «Наука»,<br />

1978.<br />

iungi: karl gustav iungi, analitikuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi:<br />

sizmrebi, Tb., 1995.<br />

kokiara: Коккьяра Дж., История фольклористики в Европе, М., 1960.<br />

propi 1976: Пропп В. Я. Фольклор и действительность, М., «Наука», 1976.<br />

umikaSvili 1937: xalxuri sityviereba, nawili pirveli. leqsebi, andazebi,<br />

gamocanebi. redaqcia, biografia, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi f.<br />

gogiCaiSvilisa, federacia, 1937.<br />

umikaSvili 1964: xalxuri sityviereba, meore gamocema prof. mixeil<br />

Ciqovanis redaqciiT, oTx tomad I-IV, `literatura da xelovneba~, Tb.,<br />

1964.<br />

qoriZe: qoriZe e. `vefxistyaosnisa~ da ~tarielianis~ urTierTmimarTeba,<br />

Tsu, Tb., 1999.<br />

zepirsityvieri Janrebi<br />

erTi filosofiuri wigni, romlis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmani ioane petriws<br />

ekuTvnis, ase iwyeba: `yovelive simravle eziarebis raÁTame (rogorme)<br />

erTsa~. marTalia, es sityvebi mTels sinamdvilezea naTqvami, magram isini<br />

SeiZleba sityvieri Semoqmedebis mimarT gavimeoroT. <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

sinamdvile mravalferovania, is sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisgan mravalgvarad<br />

gansxvavebul teqstebs Seicavs, magram yvela maT, mTels am simravles<br />

erTi niSani aqvs, riTac maT <strong>folklori</strong>s saxelwodebis qveS vaerTianebT<br />

23

da, imavdroulad, ganvasxvavebT samwerlo Semoqmedebisgan. am sakiTxze<br />

nawilobriv zemoT ukve iyo saubari. Cven viciT, ra niSnebi mijnavs<br />

zepirsityvierebas mwerlobisgan. axla visaubroT imaze, Tu ra niSnebi<br />

mijnavs erTi Janris zepirsityvier teqsts sxva Janris teqstisgan.<br />

Janri aris <strong>folklori</strong>s (zepirsityvierebis) amosavali damoukidebeli,<br />

TviTkmari odenoba. mas aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi, niSnebi, funqcia da<br />

daniSnuleba yofaSi, Tavisi Sinaarsobriv-Tematuri Semcveloba, Tavisi<br />

poetika, is Tan sdevs da asaxavs sinamdvilis erT romelime mxares. vl.<br />

propi ase martivad da ubralod ganmartavs Janrs: “Janris specifika is<br />

aris, Tu ra sinamdvilea masSi asaxuli da rogori saSualebiT aris<br />

asaxuli”. da kidev: misi azriT, formas ganapirobebs Sinaarsi, anu Janri<br />

aris formisa da Sinaarsis erTianoba. es imgvari ganuyofeli erTianobaa,<br />

roca Sinaarsi moiTxovs swored amgvar formas da, piruku, es forma<br />

amgvari SinaarsisTvis aris Seqmnili. Tu analogias (Sedarebas)<br />

mivmarTavT, es aris WurWlisa da SigTavsis urTierToba, roca isini<br />

erTurTs gansazRvraven. formisa da Sinaarsis erTianoba tradiciiT aris<br />

ganmtkicebuli.<br />

yoveli nawarmoebi romelime Janrs unda ekuTvnodes, romelime<br />

JanrSi unda iyos gaerTianebuli. Janris gareSe, eulad arsebuli<br />

nawarmoebi iseTive anomaliaa, rogorc variantebs moklebuli<br />

folkloruli teqsti an adamiani vinaobis gareSe, adamiani, romelic arc<br />

erT jgufs ar ekuTvnis, an cxoveli, romelic arc erT saxeobas ar<br />

ganekuTvneba. rogorc folkloruli teqsti warmodgenilia variantebis<br />

saxiT da ara eulad, ara oblad, aseve fokloruli fondi Sedgeba ara<br />

calkeuli erTeulebisgan, aramed jgufebisgan, romlebSic saerTo<br />

niSnebiT aRWurvili erTeulebia gaerTianebuli. `leqsi vefxisa da<br />

moymisa~, SesaZloa, unikaluri iyos Tavisi mxatvruli RirebulebiT,<br />

magram is, rogorc garkveuli gvarisadmi kuTvnili teqsti, ar aris<br />

unikaluri. igi Janris farglebSia warmodgenili zepirsityvierebis<br />

fondSi.<br />

ra qmnis Janrs? Janrs qmnis niSanTa da maxasiaTebelTa (rogorc<br />

formis, ise Sinaarsis mxriv) erToblioba. es aris Janris sakiTxi,<br />

romelic folklors saziaro aqvs literaturasTan. magram erTia<br />

literaturis Janris amosavali da sxvaa folkloruli Janris amosavali.<br />

ra niSniT ganirCeva literaturaSi Janri anu gvari? arsebobs ori<br />

kriteriumi: formaluri da Sinaarsoblivi. formis mixedviT nawarmoebi<br />

SeiZleba ekuTvnodes prozas an poezias, dramas an eposs, miniaturas,<br />

novelas an romans. Sinaarsis mixedviT Tu davajgufebT nawarmoebebs,<br />

isini unda gavaerTianoT sxvadasxva jgufebSi Tematikis mixedviT.<br />

nawarmoebi, vTqvaT, romani, iqneba an yofiTi, an saTavgadasavlo, an<br />

istoriuli, an filosofiuri, an deteqtiuri da a. S. eposic, poemac aseve<br />

SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebul Tematikaze agebuli, Tumca formis mxriv<br />

isini erT JanrSi iqnebian moqceulni.<br />

folklorsa da literaturas SeiZleba hqondeT saziaro Janrebi.<br />

arsebobs lirikuli leqsi literaturaSi da arsebobs lirikuli leqsi<br />

folklorSi. arsebobs erTgan satrfialo, filosofiuri lirika da<br />

arsebobs meoregan amgvari Janris leqsebi. aseve saziaroa drama, romelic<br />

24

iseve udevs safuZvlad xalxur ritualur Tu sawesCveulebo sanaxaobebs,<br />

rogorc Teatralur spektaklebs. magram arsebobs Janrebi, romlebic<br />

mxolod literaturaSi an mxolod zepirsityvierebaSi gvxvdeba. qarTul<br />

folklorSi ver SevxvdebiT romanis Janris nawarmoebs, Tumca sxva<br />

xalxebis folklorSi is SeiZleba dasturdebodes. magaliTad, sparsuli<br />

dastanebi sxva araferia, Tu ara zepiri sagmiro-satavgadasavlo<br />

(safalavno) romanebi paraleluri siuJetebiT, personaJTa simravliT da<br />

sxva [gvaxaria]. folklorSi ar arsebobs imgvarad organizebuli leqsi,<br />

rogoric aris, magaliTisTvis, soneti. es wmida literaturuli Janria.<br />

axla piruku. ar arsebobs literaturaSi iseTi wmidawylis<br />

folkloruli Janrebi, rogorebicaa: andaza, Selocva, samgloviaro<br />

poezia (Tavisi qveJanrebiT), sakulto poezia, miTologiuri Tqmulebebi,<br />

gamocana... rac Seexeba zRapars, romelsac vadasturebT mwerlobaSi, is<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>dan aris nasesxebi da gardaqmnilia xSirad Janruli<br />

tradiciis darRveviT.<br />

garda amisa, arsebobs fundamenturi gansxvaveba Tavad Janris<br />

gagebaSi: Janris cneba sxvaobs imisda mixedviT, Tu romel<br />

SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme _ folklorTan Tu literaturasTan. am<br />

gansxvavebis dasadgenad gavixsenoT <strong>folklori</strong>s erTi niSani, romlis<br />

Sesaxebac zemoT iyo saubari. es aris misi yofiToba.<br />

yoveli nayofi xalxuri Semoqmedebisa _ mcire leqsi iqneba is Tu<br />

vrceli eposi, romelic Tavisi Janris farglebSi arsebobs, mWidrod<br />

aris dakavSirebuli adamianis cxovrebisa da saqmianobis erT romelime<br />

sferosTan. da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdeni mxarec aqvs adamianur yofas mis<br />

sulier-nivTier gamoxatulebaSi, zepirsityvierebis imdensave Janrs<br />

icnobs folkloruli Semoqmedeba. amitomac foklkloruli Janris cneba<br />

yofaSi misi funqciiT unda ganisazRvros. literaturul Janrebs<br />

amgvarad ver ganvsazRvravT, radgan maT aranairi Sexeba ara aqvT<br />

yofasTan.<br />

zepirsityviereba gasdevs da Tansdevs sazogadoebas da, kerZod,<br />

yoveli konkretuli adamianis cxovrebas misi dabadebidan sikvdilamde.<br />

sakmarisia, gavayoloT Tvali adamianis gzas Sobidan sikvdilamde, Tu<br />

arnold van xenepis (Arnold van Gennep) moswrebul gamoTqmas gamoviyenebT _<br />

`akvnidan saflavamde~, rom davinaxoT sisxlxorceuli kavSiri<br />

adamianur yofasa da folklors Soris. van xenepma am or realobas<br />

Soris moaqcia e. w. gadasvlis ritualebi, Cven ki maT Soris movaqcevT<br />

yvela Janrs, romelic qmnis folkloruli Semoqmedebis ara mxolod<br />

raodenobriv, aramed Tematur simravles.<br />

a. van xeneps, roca is gadasvlis ritualebze laparakobs,<br />

mxedvelobaSi hyavs adamiani, individi, romelic Tavisi cxovrebis<br />

manZilze, akvnidan saflavamde, eqvemdebareba ritualebs, romlebic misi<br />

cxovrebis gardamtex momentebs aRniSnavs. es aris Soba, ziareba<br />

sociumTan, roca is Tavisi mSobliuri sazogadoebis sruluflebiani<br />

wevri xdeba, qorwineba, romelic axal socialur safexurze ahyavs igi<br />

da, bolos, sikvdili, romelic aseve ritualSia `SefuTuli~.<br />

magram adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis, cxovreba gacilebiT<br />

mravalferovania, is mxolod am gardamtexi ritualebiT ar amoiwureba.<br />

25

gavadevnoT Tvali adamianis cxovrebas, mis saqmianobas ojaxSi Tu<br />

sazogadoebaSi, sofelSi Tu TemSi, anu Sin Tu gareT. gavadevnoT Tvali<br />

misi cxovrebis gzas, marTlac, akvnidan saflavamde. am or samans Soris<br />

moqceulia misi cxovreba. davinaxavT, rom folkloruli Janrebi misi<br />

cxovrebis anareklia, rasac ver vityviT literaturul Janrebze.<br />

adamiani ibadeba. misi fizikuri movlineba amqveynad gansakuTrebuli<br />

ritualiT aris aRniSnuli, romelsac, cxadia, sityvieri teqsti axlavs.<br />

es aris saZeo (Zeobis) simRerebi. aq sityvieri <strong>folklori</strong> esazRvreba<br />

yofacxovrebiT folklors (eTnografias) da gadawnulia masTan.<br />

akvanSi mwolare bavSvi izrdeba e. w. saakvne simRerebis smenaSi,<br />

romelTa sityvieri mniSvneloba misTvis gaugebaria da am gaugebrobis<br />

gamo es simRerebi miT ufro aRweven Tavis mizans _ gamoZerwon bavSvis<br />

sulier-sxeulebrivi habitusi. arc saZeo simRerebs da arc dedis nanas<br />

ara aqvT damoukidebeli Rirebuleba _ isini mxolod am momentisTvis<br />

aris gamiznuli. aravis mouva azrad sxva dros maTi Sesruleba.<br />

bavSvi enas idgams da am asakisTvisac arsebobs folkoruli<br />

teqstebi, romelTac enis gasatexs vuwodebT. ram warmoSva isini, Tu ara<br />

zrunvam, rom swori mimarTuleba mieces bavSvis metyvelebas, rom misi<br />

fonetikuri artikulacia sociumis metyvelebas Seesabamebodes. bavSvi<br />

TamaSobs. TamaSi ar aris mdumare procesi; rogorc rituals, masac<br />

sityvieri teqsti axlavs.<br />

mozardi ebmeba SromiT procesSi. Sromis simRerebi misi ganuyreli<br />

Tanmxlebia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini iseve aucilebelia, rogorc<br />

Sromis iaraRebi, romelTac bavSvobis asakidan gamosuli adamiani iRebs<br />

xelSi da uZlurebamde Tavis Tanamgzavrad xdis. namgali, celi, Toxi da<br />

guTani simReris teqstTan da hangTan aris Sezrdili.<br />

Sromas enacvleba dResaswaulebi, romlebic aseve damSvenebulia<br />

simRerebiT _ isini an sawesCveuleboa an religiuri (sakulto). mTeli<br />

weliwadi dasaxsrulia am sazeimo dReebiT, roca adamiani ara mxolod<br />

suls iTqvams Sromisgan, aramed maRldeba kidec masze, povebs ra Tavis<br />

Rirseul daniSnulebas.<br />

yofa _ misi moTxovnilebebi, ucxo (araadamianuri) Zalebis<br />

Semotevis molodini, misi usafrTxoebis survili _ Tavis nebismier<br />

sferoSi bunebrivad badebs sityvier teqstebs, romlebic Selocvebis<br />

saxeliT aris cnobili. rasac <strong>folklori</strong>s yofiTobaze vlaparakobT,<br />

wmida saxiT, utilitarul donemdec ki, am JanrSia warmodgenili.<br />

adamiani qorwindeba, riTac misi cxovreba axal fazaSi Sedis:<br />

icvleba misi socialuri statusi. am mniSvnelovani dReebis aRniSvnas<br />

emsaxureba saqorwino simRerebi, romlebic ritualis Tanmxlebia. magram<br />

arsebobs satrfialo lirika, romelsac qorwinebasTan ara aqvs kavSiri,<br />

magram asaxavs Tumca araformalur, magram realur urTierTobas qalvaJs<br />

Soris, rasac yofaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis<br />

tradiciuli sworfrobis instituti Seesatyviseba.<br />

mSvidobian saqmianobas cvlis brZola, romlis Jami dgeba adamianis<br />

cxovrebaSi. adamiani ara mxolod mSromelia an medResaswaule, aramed is<br />

mebrZolic aris _ Tavisi ojaxis, soflis Tu kuTxis damcveli. im<br />

kuTxeebSi, sadac mSvidobiani yofa momxdurTa winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />

26

mudmiv molodinSia, zepirsityvierebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />

iZens sagmiro poezia. sagmiro leqsebi yovelTvis konkretul<br />

SemTxvevebze da konkretul adamianebzea SeTxzuli, anu is garkveuli<br />

ganzogadebis xarisxiT konkretuli yofidan aris amozrdili.<br />

adamiani emsaxureba miwas, ibrZvis miwa-wylisTvis, dResaswaulobs,<br />

miagebs pativs da Tavisi Sromis nayofebs uzenaes arsebas, romelsac is<br />

Tavis mfarvelad miiCnevs _ es qmedebani, Tundac misi qorwilis CaTvliT,<br />

sadac igi pirovnulad monawileobs, sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobisaa.<br />

aseve sazogadoebrivia misi msoflgancda, romelsac is sociumis saxeliT<br />

gamoxatavs. es aris misi pirovnuli damokidebuleba garesamyarosa da<br />

adamianisadmi, zogadad, wuTisoflisadmi. sociumis yofa, misi adgili am<br />

sofelSi (rogorc viwro, ise farTo azriT), bedi Tu ubedoba, rac mas<br />

Tavs atydeba, samarTali Tu usamarTloba, yvelaferi, rasac ganicdis<br />

igi, e. w. filosofiur lirikaSi povebs gamoxatulebas. wuTisoflis<br />

miseuli `analizi~ ganzogadebis did xarisxs andazaSi aRwevs, JanrSi,<br />

romelic sityvierebisa da enis zRvarze arsebobs, Tumca is ufro enis<br />

fenomenia, uSualod metyvelebaSi ibadeba da, amdenad, misi adgili<br />

`yofierebis saxlSia~ (rogorc enas uwodebs m. haidegeri). ena andazis<br />

meSveobiT azrovnebs, afasebs wuTisofels.<br />

rogorc arsebobs werilobiTi istoria (matiane, qronika), aseve<br />

arsebobs xalxuri zepirsityvieri istoria. radgan adamiani ar cxovrobs<br />

mxolod awmyoTi, am warmavali wamebiT, romelTa amaoebas igi savsebiT<br />

acnobierebs. warmavlobisa da amaoebis dasaZlevad zepir istoriaSi dro<br />

SemWidroebulia imdenad, rom warsuli awmyoSi gadmodis da masTan<br />

erTad erT mTlianobas qmnis. warsuli, SeiZleba iqvas, yofiTad<br />

xelmisawvdomia, aqvea, radgan cixe-simagre, romelic warsulSi aigo,<br />

ganagrZobs arsebobas da inaxavs mis mSenebelTa kvals. TqmulebaSi sami<br />

sxvadasxva epoqis mefeebi erTmaneTis Tanadroulni arian da erTad<br />

aSeneben eklesias. am Janrs ganekuTvneba legenda, Tqmuleba, miTologiuri<br />

teqstebi, romlebic maradiuli warsul-awmyos xdomilebebs Seicaven.<br />

folkloruli teqstebis masividan unda gamocalkevdes aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelosTvis specifikuri andrezebi, romelTac am<br />

sazogadoebebisTvis fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba aqvT. isini inaxaven<br />

soflis Tu sagvareuloTa daarsebis Tqmulebebs, wes-CveulebaTa<br />

pirvelad SemoRebis aqtebs (precedentebs), mTels rjuls, razec dgas<br />

sazogadoeba.<br />

gancalkevebiT dgas folklorul Janrebs Soris jadosnuri<br />

zRapari, romelic arsad, dReisaTvis misi gavrcelebis areSi,<br />

adgilobrivi warmoSobis ar aris. TiTqos mas yvelaze naklebad unda<br />

hqondes kavSiri yofasTan, magram rogorc misi Sesrulebis tradicia<br />

mowmobs, zRapars SeuZlia ritualis Tanmxlebi funqcia Seasrulos (mag.,<br />

svanuri lifanalis ritualis dros). amasve mowmobs zogierT tradiciaSi<br />

misi Sesrulebis SezRudva wlis (zamTarSi) an dRe-Ramis (daRamebisas)<br />

garkveuli monakveTiT, rac, SesaZloa, misi ritualuri warmoSobis niSani<br />

iyos.<br />

hipoTeturia eposis, kerZod, `amiranianis~, funqcionaluri mxare _<br />

hqonda Tu ara mas, sxva Janris nawarmoebTa msgavsad, yofiTi datvirTva.<br />

27

TiTqos misi sinkretuli Sesrulebis wesi (sityva hangTan erTad) amas<br />

unda mowmobdes. misi Sesrulebis dro da adgilic gansazRvruli unda<br />

yofiliyo.<br />

tradiciul adamians, tradiciuli sociumis sruluflebian wevrs,<br />

idealur SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze Sexeba aqvs Cvens mier<br />

Janrebad wodebul yvela am sityvier realobasTan. igi maTi Seqmnisa da<br />

Senaxvis an aqtiuri, an pasiuri monawilea. es yvelaferi mis sulier Tu<br />

yofiT moTxovnilebaTa realizaciaa. magram mTavrdeba adamianis<br />

cxovreba, romelic misi sakuTrebaa, Tumca mis Seqmna-CamoyalibebaSi<br />

sociums Tavisi wvlili aqvs Setanili. amitom adamianis sikvdili, ra<br />

statusic ar unda hqondes mas, sazogadoebrivi movlenaa da, amdenad,<br />

sazogadoebrivad aRniSvnis Rirsia. samgloviaro poezia is sityvieri<br />

teqstia, romelic axlavs dakrZalvis rituals, rogorc misi organuli<br />

Semadgeneli nawili.<br />

aleqsandre jambakur-orbelians (erekles meoris asulis Tekla<br />

batoniSvilis vaJi, 1802-1869) pirvelad qarTul <strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi jer kidev<br />

maSin, roca CvenSi <strong>folklori</strong>stikas, rogorc mecnierebis dargs, fexic ar<br />

hqonda adgmuli, mocemuli aqvs <strong>qarTuli</strong> (sasimRero) <strong>folklori</strong>s Janruli<br />

dajgufeba. adamianis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan etapebs exmaureba ara `mSrali~<br />

sityva, aramed sityva hangTan erTad, rasac Cven sinkretul xelovnebas<br />

vuwodebT. esenia saZeo, saqorwilo, sufruli, saferxiso, Sromis, sawesCveulebi<br />

da, bolos, samgloviaro simRerebi [Ciqovani 1956:110-113]. a. jambakur-orbeliani<br />

ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan dasavlur da aRmosavlur qarTul hangebs. erTgan<br />

igi igonebs: `erTs Sobis winaRames maxsovs am ocdaTis weliwadis winaT Cveni<br />

saxlis fanjrebis qvemoT, quCaSi, uecari simRera daiwyes, alilo: Tqma,<br />

moZaxili, bani. ase gawyobilis mSvenieris xmiT ambobdnen im alilos, yoveli<br />

CvenSi goneba im simReram moitaca, vinc im dros Sin viyaviT da gaCumebuli yurs<br />

ugdebdiT im xmoanebas metis siamovniT (sic!). imaT rom is Tqma daasrules, aq<br />

Cven SevwuxdiT, garda batoniSvilis dediCemisa, romelmac bZana: es uTuod<br />

imerlebi ariano. am sityvasTan Cemi umcrosi Zma wamoxta da saCqaroT<br />

mosamsaxures amoayvanina samniv. gamovikiTxeT, marTla imerlebi iyvnen. karga<br />

xani aRar gauSviT, bevri kargi simRerebi da RiRinebi vaTqmevineT imeruli~<br />

[Ciqovani 1956:113].<br />

mizanSewonilia Tu ara, sakiTxis dasma, Tu romeli Janria uZvelesi.<br />

poeturi Tu prozauli? miTologiuri, Sromis, samgloviaro Tu<br />

sawesCveulebo? iqneb saakvno? an andaza Tu Selocva?<br />

asec SeiZleba vikiTxoT: Janris SigniT romeli teqstia yvelaze<br />

Zveli? magaliTisTvis, romeli ufro Zvelia _ `fxoveli da Savaneli“<br />

Tu `Siola da mTrexeli“? jadosnur zRaprebs, cxovelTa igavebs an<br />

andazebsa Tu gamocanebs Soris SegviZlia gamovarCioT uZvelesi?<br />

amgvarad kiTxvis dasma zepirsityvierebis mimarT, namdvilad,<br />

gaumarTlebelia, ramdenadac saqme damwerlobis gareSe arsebul<br />

teqstebTan gvaqvs. SeiZleba Tu ara arsebobdes disciplina, romelic<br />

Seiswavlis zepirsityvierebis istorias literaturis istoriis<br />

analogiurad? literaturis SemswavlelisTvis advilia an principulad<br />

SesaZlebeli literaturuli procesis Tvalis gadevneba dasabamidan mis<br />

28

dReebamde. ama Tu im xalxis damwerlobam SeiZleba Semoinaxos pirveli<br />

werilobiTi nawarmoebi, saidanac literaturis mkvlevars SeeZleba<br />

literaturis istoriis ageba. es SeiZleba iyos poezia an proza, mTliani<br />

nawarmoebi an misi fragmenti. Cven SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

mwerlobis istorias "qarTlis moqcevidan" dRemde. Cvens Tvalwin iqneba<br />

gadaSlili literaturuli procesi Tavisi wyvetilebiT, degradaciebiT,<br />

gardaqmnebiT, aRorZinebebiT. is erT qronologiur Zafze iqneba asxmuli.<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s SemTxvevaSi am qronologiurad gawyobil Zafs Cven<br />

moklebuli varT. ramdenadac <strong>folklori</strong> _ xalxuri Semoqmedeba<br />

zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebaa, CvenTvis samudamo ucnobad rCeba is<br />

nawarmoebi, leqsi Tu prozauli igavi, saidanac misi istoriis dawyeba<br />

SegveZleboda. Cven vambobT: aTasxuTaswlovani <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura,<br />

magram Cven ar SegviZlia analogiurad vilaparakoT aTasxuTaswlovan<br />

qarTul zepirsityvierebaze im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom Cven ar viciT<br />

da arasodes gvecodineba, ra saxe hqonda qarTul folklors aTas<br />

xuTasi wlis winaT. <strong>qarTuli</strong> damwerlobis istoriis mTels manZilze,<br />

XIX saukunemde <strong>qarTuli</strong> zepirsityvierebis mcireodeni fragmentebis<br />

garda, arasodes dafiqsirebula. Cven SegviZlia mxolod calkeul<br />

motivTa an xalxuri Txrobis stilisa Tu kompoziciuri struqturis<br />

dadastureba literaturul nawarmoebebSi. mTeli Cveni zepirsityvieri<br />

fondi XIX saukunis im viTarebas asaxavs, romelic am droisTvis<br />

arsebobda. magaliTisTvis, ar viciT, ra saxe hqonda `amiranianis“ eposs<br />

XVIII, XVII, XVI da a.S. saukuneebSi _ iseTive fragmentuli iyo igi,<br />

rogorc XIX saukunis CanawerebSi vxedavT, Tu mTliani?<br />

marTalia, Cven ar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ama Tu im xalxuri<br />

teqstis asaki, Cven ar SegviZlia teqstebis safuZvelze vilaparakoT<br />

mravalsaukunovan qarTul xalxur Semoqmedebaze, magram Cven SegviZlia<br />

vilaparakoT mis xangrZliv tradiciaze. rogorc mdinaris kalapotia<br />

Zveli, uxsovari, magram masSi mudmivaxali, ganaxlebuli wylis nakadi<br />

miedineba, asea <strong>folklori</strong>c: uxsovari droidan modenil tradiciaSi<br />

Tavsdeba zepirsityvierebis maradganaxlebuli fondi, sadac erTmaneTis<br />

gverdiT myofobs Zveli da axali. amasTanave, SeiZleba paradoqsi iyos,<br />

magram xdeba, rom axladSeqmnili ufro Zlieri tradiciulobiT iyos<br />

aRbeWdili, vidre qronologiurad masze adre Seqmnili. am azriT,<br />

SesaZloa, `vefxi da moyme“ ufro meti siZveliT xasiaTdebodes, vidre<br />

`amiranianis“ zogierTi Canaweri.<br />

aseT viTarebaSi, roca Tavad masalis aqronuloba (udrooba) ar<br />

iZleva imis saSualebas, rom masSi uZvelesi gamovarCioT da,<br />

literaturis istoriis analogiiT, is davayenoT zepirsityvieri<br />

SemoqmedebiTi procesis saTaveSi, dawyebisTvis nebismieri arCevani<br />

gamarTlebuli unda iyos. raki dawyeba aucilebelia, Cven daviwyebT Cveni<br />

arCevaniT da im imediT, rom es Janri an nawarmoebi uZvelesad ar iqneba<br />

miCneuli. mkiTxvels SeuZlia Tavisi arCevani gaakeTos. Cven ki vecdebiT,<br />

rom Cvenma `TviTneburma“ arCevanma logikuri gagrZeleba hpovos. Cven<br />

viwyebT miTosiT, romelic qarTul folklorSi sakmao<br />

mravalferovnebiT aris warmodgenili.<br />

29

literatura<br />

gvaxaria: gvaxaria a. sparsuli xalxuri prozis istoriidan (dasTanebi),<br />

`mecniereba~, 1973.<br />

Ciqovani 1956: Ciqovani m. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sityvierebis istoria,<br />

samecniero-meToduri kabinetis gamocema, Tb., 1956.<br />

miTosi<br />

sami berZnuli sityva: miTosi (muthos), eposi (epos), logosi (logos)<br />

TiTqmis sinonimebia. homerosis enaSi isini aRniSnaven `naTqvam sityvas~,<br />

`ambavs~, `monaTxrobs~ da a.S. , yvelafers, rac moicavs da atarebs raime<br />

informacias, Setyobinebas, codnas raimes Sesaxeb da a.S. maT Soris<br />

diferenciacia mogvianebiT xdeba. mogvianebiT am samma sityvam gamoxata<br />

adamianis sityvieri Semoqmedebis sami saxeoba: miTologiuri, epiuri,<br />

logikuri.<br />

epiuri anu mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ena, ZiriTadad, tropis<br />

umartives saxeze _ Sedarebazea damyarebuli. Sedareba xorcieldeba<br />

kavSirebiT: `rogorc”, `TiTqos”, `iseve, rogorc” da sxva. erTi movlena<br />

meoresTan raRac saerTo niSniT aris dakavSirebuli. poeti mTvareSi<br />

xedavs namgals, an rqas, da ambobs: `mTvare, rogorc namgali”, `mTvare<br />

xaris rqasaviT” da a. S. an mas SeuZlia Tqvas: `mze, rogorc rqebaweuli<br />

iremi garbis caze..”<br />

logikuri azrovnebisTvis, romelic mieltvis zust codnas da<br />

definiciebs, gamousadegaria amgvari Sedarebebi. pirvel wanamZRvars<br />

`yoveli adamiani mokvdavia” unda mosdevdes `sokrate adamiania”, da ara<br />

`sokrate adamians hgavs”, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver miviRebT daskvnas:<br />

`sokrate mokvdavia”. logikuri azrovneba saganTa da movlenaTa<br />

igiveobazea dafuZnebuli da ara msgavsebaze (`viT”, `rogorc” da sxva).<br />

miTosi gansakuTrebuli tipia azrovnebisa, romelic gansxvavdeba<br />

sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisgan, ramdenadac mas surs sagnebisa da<br />

movlenebis igiveoba dainaxos da xedavs kidec. miTosisTvis mTvare ara<br />

mxolod hgavs xaris rqas an namgals, aramed Tavad aris rqac da<br />

namgalic. aseve iremi araTu hgavs raRac niSniT mzes, aramed Tavad aris<br />

mze.<br />

miTosi SeiZleba arsebobdes erTi sityvis saxiT, romelic xSirad,<br />

gansakuTrebiT Zvel enebSi, gamWvirvale semantikiT aris da dawnexilad<br />

gadmogvcems sagnis Sesaxeb ambavs an miniSnebas ambavze. unda vifiqroT,<br />

rom pirvelSerqmeuli saxeli moicavs warmodgenas da ambavs sagnis<br />

Sesaxeb. magaliTad, germanuli Regenbogen `wvimis rkali~, franguli arc en<br />

ciel `cis rkali~, qarTulad “cisartyela” _ cis sartyeli, CrdiloeTis<br />

xalxebSi “meliis Sardi”, romelic miTologiuri meliis oinbazobis<br />

ambavs inaxavs... zogierT enaSi, magaliTad, megrulSi, ZvelebraulSi “mze”<br />

da “rZe” erTi da imave sityviT gamoixateba, rac garkveul miTologiur<br />

WeSmaritebas (mzisa da rZis igiveobas) Seicavs. Tu ena, rogorc amboben,<br />

30

samyaros sityvieri suraTia, misi sityvebi miTologiur sinamdviles unda<br />

gamoxatavdes.<br />

miTosi, rogorc msoflmxedvelobiTi teqsti, Seicavs fundamentur,<br />

arsebiT warmodgenebs samyaroze, adamianze, samyaroSi arsebul sagnebze<br />

Tu movlenebze, maT pirvelwarmoSobaze an pirvelSeqmnaze da<br />

daniSnulebaze.<br />

arsebiTad, yoveli miTologiuri teqsti kosmogoniuri xasiaTisaa:<br />

igi mogviTxrobs ambavs an mTeli kosmosis an misi romelime nawilis<br />

pirvelSeqmnaze.<br />

miTologema<br />

miTologema miTologiuri teqstis “saSeni masalaa”. isini<br />

gansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmoadgenen kosmosis struqturas. TiToeuli<br />

maTganis ganSliT warmoiqmneba miTologiuri narativi. amgvarad,<br />

miTologema miTologiuri narativis embrionia.<br />

aq CamoTvlili miTologemebi kosmogoniuri miTosis sxvadasxva<br />

aspeqtebs gamoxataven.<br />

_ cisa da miwis gamijvnis miTologema. am miTologemiT<br />

gamoxatulia kosmogoniis elementaruli aqti, samyaros Seqmnis pirveli<br />

nabiji _ Tavdapirveli erTianobis ganwvaleba, iqneba es cisa da miwis Tu<br />

mlaSe da mtknari wylebis erTianoba... an kosmiuri kvercxis SigTavsis<br />

or nawilad (cilisa cad da kvercxisgulisa miwad) ganyofa...<br />

_ cisa da miwis kavSiris miTologema. cisa da miwis gaSoriSorebis<br />

Semdeg rCeba maT Soris uxilavi kavSiri, e. w. samyaros didi RerZi,<br />

romelsac msoflio miTologiaSi sxvadasxvanairi xiluli gansaxeba aqvs:<br />

mTa, xe, kverTxi, taZari, kibe, jaWvi... nebismieri vertikalurad<br />

aRmarTuli sagani. <strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologia icnobs am miTologemas, romelic<br />

uxvad aris warmodgenli erT fSaur saweso leqsSi:<br />

wmida giorgi mec viyav,<br />

cas vebi oqros SibiTa (jaWviTa),<br />

xmelgorze (mTaze) medga bermuxa (beberi muxa),<br />

zed avdiodi kibiTa,<br />

Cems saymoT SemonaZRveni<br />

RmerTTan amqonda iqiTa.<br />

SeniSvna. laSaris muxa (bermuxa _ Zveli muxa) dResac dgas fSavSi<br />

xmelgorze, sadac daarsebulia laSaris salocavi, laSaris xati wmida giorgis<br />

saxelze, romelsac Tqven icnobT vaJa-fSavelas leqsebidan da poemebidan.<br />

gavixsenoT `baxtrioni”, gansakuTrebiT misi bolo striqonebi: `eRirsebao<br />

luxumsa laSaris jvarze Sadgoma”.<br />

Sibi _ jaWvi.<br />

es leqsi imiT aris SesaniSnavi, rom misi yovel striqonSi cisa da<br />

miwis kavSiris miTologemis romelime xilul niSans vpoulobT. es xe,<br />

SeiZleba iqvas, isea daxunZluli am niSan-simboloebiT, rogorc<br />

saaxalwlo naZvisxe samkaulebiT da saCuqrebiT.<br />

31

I. pirveli, es aris mTa, romelic rogorc cisa da miwis kavSiris<br />

erT-erTi universalia, yvela miTologiaSia aris warmodgenili. yvelgan<br />

igi, imavdroulad, Suagulis miTologemis Sinaarssac iTavsebs: cisa da<br />

miwis SemaerTebeli RerZi samyaros SuagulSi gadis. Tumca igi fSavis<br />

miyruebul kuTxeSia aRmarTuli, magram miTologiurad igi kosmiur Tas<br />

ganasaxierebs.<br />

II. meore, es aris jaWvi (Sibi), rogorc cisa da miwis<br />

damakavSirebeli saSualeba. ramdenadac sakraluria, maszea mibmuli wmida<br />

giorgi, amdenad oqrosia. amgvari oqros uxilavi Sibebi akavSirebs<br />

erTmaneTTan fSav-xevsureTis RvTisSvilebs, maTi saSualebiT isini<br />

stumroben erTmaneTs. Semonaxulia vaJa-fSavelas dedis xilva, romelic<br />

mas uxilavs axlgazrdobaSi:<br />

`me da Cem biZaSvils qals sxlovans (sofelia TianeTSi, z. k.) derefanSi<br />

gveZina. SuaRame iqneboda, dgandgari, brdgniali dadga iseTi, megona mTabari<br />

Tu iqcevao. SeSinebuli wamovje loginSi, gavixede da mTeli ca<br />

ganaTebuli iyo. ori oqrosferi jaWvi iyo wamosuli, erTi Wiauris<br />

goridan, meore sxlovanis goriTa, gadabmulebi, zed cecxlis balRebi<br />

adiodnen da Camodiodnen da iseT wminda xmaze galobdnen, ise tkbilad,<br />

RmerTo, imaze kargs ras gaigonebs kacis yurio” [yubaneiSvili: 55).<br />

III. mesame, es aris xe, fSaur leqsSi bermuxis saxiT warmodgenili.<br />

laSaris bermuxa tipiuri kosmiuri xea, romlis tipologiuri analogebi<br />

yvela miTologiur tradiciaSi gvxvdeba. yvelagan amgvar xes sxvafasxva<br />

ganzomilebebi aqvs: igi aris samyaros centri, cisa da miwis<br />

makavSirebeli, zeaRsavleli, rogorc gza qvemo sferodan zemo<br />

sferoebisken. swored aseTi gamoyeneba aqvs wmida girogis xes<br />

(`xmelgorze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi...”).<br />

IV. meoTxe, es aris kibe, adamianis xeliT Seqmnili, ara bunebrivi<br />

sagani, romlis pirdapiri daniSnuleba erTi sibrtyidan sxva sibrtyeSi<br />

gadayvanaa. Suamdinaruli safexurebiani taZari ziquraTi kibis<br />

gansaxierebaa, romlis Svidi safexuri yofierebis gansxvavebul doneebs<br />

Seesatyviseba. vertikalurad aRmarTuli kibe da misi safexurebi<br />

TandaTanobiT, ara naxtomisebur, zeaRsvlas gamoxatavs miwieri sferodan<br />

zemo sferoebamde, transcendenturi realobisken _ kibis Ziri miwaze<br />

dgas, misi Tavi RvTis karzea mibjenili.<br />

V. Tumca msxverpli (`SemonaZRveni”), romelic am leqsSi yvelaze<br />

bolos aris moxseniebuli, miTologemebs ar ekuTvnis, magram, Tu<br />

religiis kuTxiT ganvixilavT teqsts, igi miwisa da cis komunikaciis ara<br />

mxolod saSualeba, aramed mizani aRmoCndeba. xiluli msxverpli<br />

(saklavi, qadebi, sakulto namcxvrebi da sxva), romelic mlocvelis mier<br />

aris mitanili salocavSi, uxilavad adis RmerTamde, amyarebs ra kavSirs<br />

32

adamiansa da RmerTs Soris. msxverplTan erTad maRla adis locvavedreba<br />

da qeba-dideba, romelTac muxis ZirSi myofni aRavlenen.<br />

magram msxverpli (saklavi), rogorc nivTieri, ise sityvier-sulieri<br />

(locva) gulisxmobs pasuxs, romelsac mlocvelni wyalobis saxiT<br />

gamoelian RvTisgan.<br />

VI. da, bolos, yvela CamoTvlili miTologemis Semkrebi da<br />

Semajamebeli da Tavis TavSi momcveli, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maTi<br />

amamoZravebeli figura wmida giorgia, romelic TiToeul maTgan iyenebs<br />

instrumentad RvTis karamde asasvlelad. magram Tavadac igi duranqis<br />

dinamiuri gamomxatveli, rogorc agenti, romelic Tavisi asvliT<br />

aRavlens adamianTagan Sewirul msxverpls da sityva locva-vedrebis<br />

saxiT, raTa gamosTxovos SemwirvelTaTvis madli uzenaess.<br />

_ samyaros Suagulis miTologema. cisa da miwis kavSiris<br />

simboloebi, ZiriTadad, samyaros Suagulis gamomxatvelia. damatebiT,<br />

berZnebTan delfos taZris TeTri qva _ omfalos, samyaros Wipi; aseve<br />

agnis cecxli anu samsxverplo cecxli, rogorc indur warmodgenebSi;<br />

da, sazogadod, yoveli kera, sadac cecxli anTia; berZnuli hestia. kera<br />

samyaros centric aris da saxlisac. Suaguli SeiZleba warmovidginoT<br />

koncentriuli wreebis saxiT: samyaro_qveyana_qalaqi_saxli_kera. yvela<br />

amaT msWvalavs erTi RerZi, romelic TiToeuli maTganis centrSi gadis.<br />

imdenad Zlieria adamianTa sacxovrebeli adgilis Tu qveynis warmodgena<br />

samyaros Suagulad, rom amgvari warmodgena bevri qveynis ideologias<br />

daedo safuZvlad. Cinelebis warmodgeniT, maTi qveyana samyaros<br />

SuagulSi mdebareobda. amitomac ewodeboda (da dResac ewodeba) CineTs<br />

jun-go (“Suaguli samefo”), romlis garSemo Semovlebulma kedelma<br />

TvalsaCino gaxada es miTologema. aseTi warmodgena hqondaT<br />

Sumerlebsac TavianT qveyanaze (“Sumeri _ didi mTa, cisa da miwis<br />

qveyana”).<br />

_ maradi gazafxulis (Tu zafxulis), sxvagvarad, samoTxis<br />

miTologema (ix. vrclad qvemoT).<br />

_ dabrunebis miTologema. yovelTvis gulisxmobs amosaval<br />

wertilSi anu centrSi dabrunebas. am miTologemazea agebuli Zveli<br />

eposebi, jadosnuri zRapari... gmiri usaTuod brundeba iq, saidanac<br />

gamovida. dabrunebis adgili misi saxlia, misi dabadebis adgili. yvela<br />

gmiri Tavis qveyanas, Tavis qalaqs, Tavis kerias, rogorc odisevsi _<br />

iTakas ubrundeba. Sumeruli andaza: “dae, Citi Tavis budes daubrundes,<br />

tyve Tavis qalaqs (dedas) daubrundes” _ am miTologemis gamomxatvelia,<br />

rogorc Camavali mzis miTologemuri saxelwodeba: `mze, dedasTan<br />

dabrunebuli~ (uTu-ama-ar-gi).<br />

_ xelaxla Sobis miTologema. es miTologema dabrunebis<br />

miTologemis saxecvlilebaa. Tavisi arsiT isic kosmogoniuria. gmiri<br />

ubrundeba dedis saSos, raTa meored daibados.<br />

_ gveleSapis miTologema, romelic am mniSvnelobiT msoflio<br />

miTologiebSi yvelaze metad aris gavrcelebuli. gveleSapi ylapavs<br />

gmirs da isev ukan amoanTxevs. mis mucelSi moxvedrili gmiri kvdeba,<br />

33

aTa, rogorc dedis saSodan, kvlav iSvas. gveleSapis mier STanTqma<br />

miTologiuri gmiris aucilebeli gamocdilebaa: marduqi, Suamdinaruli<br />

miTologiis demiurgi, kosmosis Semqmneli, sanam kosmoss Seqmnides,<br />

TiamaTis _ pirvel arsebuli zRvis mucelSi imyofeba; aseve indoelTa<br />

indra _ gveleSap vritras mucelSi; amirani, herakle, iasoni da sxvani<br />

namyofi arian gveleSapis mucelSi, saidanac isini ganaxlebuli ZaliT<br />

ibadebian.<br />

axla ganvixiloT <strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologiuri teqstebi da vnaxoT, ra da<br />

ra miTologemebis ganSlis Sedegad arian isini warmoSobili.<br />

kosmogoniuri miTosi<br />

qarTul miTologiaSi ver vadasturebT kosmogoniur miToss Tavisi<br />

pirvandeli saxiT. magram SegviZlia moviyvanoT misi variacia, romelsac<br />

sofelsa da mis mtrul Zalas Soris brZolis saxe aqvs micemuli.<br />

erTmaneTs upirispirdeba wyali da xmeleTi, romelTagan pirveli qaoss<br />

ganasaxierebs, meore _ kosmoss. misi klasikuri nimuSia ugarituli eposi<br />

baalis (xmeleTis uflis) da misi antagonistis iamis (zRvis urCxulis)<br />

Sesaxeb. maT Soris brZola gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinareobs da<br />

mas dasasruli ara aqvs. xan baali imarjvebs, xan – iami. am brZolis<br />

analogi SeiZleba xmeleTze zRvis periodul da dausrulebel moqcevamiqcevaSi<br />

davinaxoT.<br />

qarTul miTosSi gveleSapisa da xaris brZola ganasaxierebs<br />

zRvis stiqiisa (qaosis) da xmeleTis (kosmosis) dasabamier brZolas.<br />

am tipis miTosi saqarTvelos bevr kuTxeSia gavrcelebuli. misi<br />

fabula amgvaria:<br />

soflis maxlobel tbaSi gveleSapi budobs. periodulad igi<br />

amodis tbidan, Tavs esxmis sofels, stacebs saqonels, anadgurebs<br />

naTesebs, awiokebs mosaxleobas... Ram-RamobiT soflis uCinrad gveleSaps<br />

kurati (mozveri) ebrZvis, magram amaod: sofelSi igi dasisxlianebuli da<br />

daqanculi brundeba. sofeli daudarajdeba xars da, roca mixvdeba, Tu<br />

risgan emarTeba mas es ambavi, rqebs almasiT mouWedavs da ase gauSvebs<br />

gveleSapTan sabrZolvelad. xari eZgereba zRvis urCxuls da mucels<br />

gaufatravs. cocxal-mkvdari gveleSapi ukuiqceva, gaqceuls wyali ukan<br />

gayveba da tbac daicleba. natbevar adgilze ki xalxi dasaxldeba.<br />

gveleSapi sxva kvalsac stovebs landSaftze: igi Tavisi sxeuliT<br />

mdinaris kalapots gaiyvans.<br />

gveleSapisa da misi antagonistis brZolis miTosi yvelgan<br />

inarCunebs Tavis Tavdapirvel kosmogoniur xasiaTs, Tundac masSi<br />

gadmocemuli konkretuli ambavi erT romelime sofels exebodes. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi miTologiuri warmodgenis ZaliT, sofeli mTeli samyaros<br />

saxeliT figurirebs. "sofel" sityvac xom am ormag, erTmaneTSi<br />

gardamaval mniSvnelobas Seicavs. ugaritul miTosTan Cveni teqstis<br />

tipologiuri msgavseba detalebSic iCens Tavs. saxeldobr, xmeleTis<br />

patronis, baalis, simboluri gamoxatuleba xaria.<br />

maradiuli gazafxulis miTosi<br />

34

miTosi miwier samoTxeze farTod aris gavrcelebuli Zveli<br />

xalxebis miTologiaSi, Sumeridan dawyebuli indoiranuli samyaroTi<br />

damTavrebuli. yvelgan mas Taviseburi saxe aqvs da dakavSirebulia im<br />

qveynis realiebTan (landSafti, istoriuli warsuli, toponimia, flora,<br />

fauna...), sadac is Seiqmna. qarTul folklorSi samoTxe ukavSirdeba<br />

Tamaris pirovnebas. im sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi, sadac Caisaxa es<br />

miTosi, Tamaris samefo warmodgenili iyo `oqros xanad~, Tamari _ mis<br />

erTpirovnul Semoqmedad da mzrunvel patronad. Tu istoriulad<br />

Tamaris `oqros xana~ istoriuli procesis kulminaciaa, miTologiurad<br />

misi dasasruli istoriuli droJamis dasawyisia.<br />

miTosi, romelic mravali variantiT aris cnobili [sixaruliZe<br />

1961:44, 44-b-T], mogviTxrobs: erT dros Tamar dedofals taxti ialbuzis<br />

mTaze edga. mis samefo-samflobeloSi maradiuli zafxuli iyo, zamTari<br />

ar icoda. aqedan mTeli qveyniereba xelisguliviT Canda. Tamaris<br />

maradiul samefoSi arc sneuleba iyo, arc sibere, arc sikvdili, radgan<br />

droJamis mdinareba SeCerebuli iyo. ra mizeziT? _ Tamars droJamis<br />

momyvani frinveli hyavda sasaxlis erT oTaxSi datyvevebuli. erTxel,<br />

roca Tamarma barad Casvla moisurva, sasaxlis mcvelad Tavis erTguli<br />

msaxuri datova da im Tormeti oTaxis gasaRebic Caabara: yvela oTaxis<br />

gaReba SegiZlia, garda meTormetesio. msaxurma pirvelad swored im<br />

oTaxis kari gaaRo, romlis gaRebac akrZaluli hqonda. gaiRo Tu ara<br />

kari, gamofrinda iqidan frinveli da caSi gauCinarda. ca ki moiRrubla,<br />

qariSxali atyda, movida Tovli da mTeli mTa sasaxliTurT dafara.<br />

amrigad, Tamarma veRar SeZlo mTaze asvla da darCa barad. amieridan<br />

daiwyo dineba droJamma, weliwadis droebi erTmaneTs Seenacvla da ase<br />

daikarga maradiuli gazafxulis samefo.<br />

dadga axali xana _ akrZalvis darRvevis xana, romelic droJamis<br />

anu movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobis niSniT aris aRbeWdili. erTdrouloba<br />

sivrceSi, rasac Tamaris sameufo warmoadgenda, Secvala Tanamimdevrobam<br />

_ drom daipyro sivrce, gabatonda masze. `maradiuli gazafxuli~,<br />

akrZalvis ZaliT rom arsebobda, warmavalma wuTisofelma Secvala;<br />

erTJamoba, romelic sivrceSi iyo ganfenili, droSi monacvle<br />

monakveTebad danawevrda, rac niSnavs imas, rom dro sivrceze gabatonda.<br />

Tamari, rogorc dakarguli samoTxis dedofali, esqatologiurmesianisturi<br />

figura xdeba: xalxis warmodgeniT, Tamars oqros kuboakvanSi<br />

Zinavs da, dadgeba Jami, roca gaiRviZebs da kvlav maradiul<br />

zafxuls daamkvidrebs Tavis samefoSi, romelis amave dros<br />

universaluri samefoa..<br />

Tamaris samoTxis miToss aqvs Tavisi semantikuri oreuli, romelic<br />

sxva siuJetis meSveobiT imave miTologiur ambavs mogviTxrobs.<br />

qalwulobaSi Tamar dedofali iseTi wmida yofila, rom mis<br />

samosels sxivi ikavebda, locvis dros maRla aiweoda da, sanam<br />

loculobda, haerSi idga. mas surda samudamod qalwulad darCeniliyo,<br />

rom mudam gagrZelebuliyo samoTxiseburi mdgomareoba, romelSic is<br />

imyofeboda. magram raki memkvidre aucilebeli iyo samefosTvis, Tamari<br />

mzisgan dafexmZimda da misi samoTxiseburi yofac dasrulda: samosels<br />

35

mzis sxivi aRar iWerda, locvisas haerSi veRar Cerdeboda. bavSvi rom<br />

daibada, Tamarma msaxurs ubrZana, igi usier tyeSi waeyvana da iq<br />

daetovebina. magram gangebam bavSvs iremi mouvlina, romelmac mas ZuZu<br />

awova. erT dRes Tamari Tavisi amaliT sanadirod wavida monadireebma<br />

iremi dainaxes da, is iyo unda esrolaT, rom mucelze amokruli bavSvi<br />

SeniSnes. Seatyobines es ambavi Tamars, Tamari mixvda, vin unda yofiliyo<br />

bavSvi da sasaxleSi waiyvana. ase ipoves gadagdebuli memkvidre, daarqves<br />

laSa (mzis naTeli), gazardes da, roca srulwlovani gaxda, gaamefes<br />

[sixaruliZe:43,43-b-m]. sxva tradiciiT, romelic erT fragmentul leqsad<br />

aris Semonaxuli laSa-giorgis erekle mefe cvlis:<br />

batoniSvil ereklesa, irmis ZuZu uwovnia,<br />

wyali usvams algeTisa, TrialeTze uZovnia,<br />

gadugdiaT saCaleSi, monadires upovnia<br />

[kotetiSvili 1961:107].<br />

pirvel teqstSi Tu akrZalva totalurad cvlis qveynierebis<br />

mdgomareobas, meore teqstSi akrZalvis Sedegi erTi pirovnebis bedze<br />

gadatydeba, es pirovneba ki, rogorc mefe, qveynis bedzea pasuxismgebeli.<br />

ramdenadac Tamari samoTxiseuli yofis niSnebs atarebs, misi<br />

mdgomareoba mTels mis qveyanaze vrceldeba. cnobili saistorio teqsti<br />

(`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~) araorazrovnad axasiaTebs mas da<br />

mis samefos srulyofilebis niSnebiT. mis qveyanaSi realoba erTi<br />

safexuriT amaRldeba, ierarqiul kibeze. movusminoT teqsts:<br />

`gaaznaurdes queyanisa moqmedni (anu miwismuSakni, z.k.), da gadidebuldes<br />

aznaurni, da gaxelmwifdes didebulni mefobasa Sina amissa...~ [qarTlis<br />

cxovreba I:34].<br />

magram xelmwife? romeli safexuria xelmwifobis Semdeg?<br />

didebulTa gaxelmwifebaze ar mTavrdeba es procesi: Tavad xelmwifemac<br />

unda gadainacvlos erTi safexuriT zemoT anu RvTiur rangSi amaRldes.<br />

da marTlac `samebasa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar, misworebuli da<br />

aRmatebuli~ (sxvagan: `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulisa...~), ambobs<br />

teqsti. anu Tamaris pirovneba RvTiur samebaSi meoTxe wevrad aris<br />

miRebuli. cxadia, am gamoTqmas dogmatis Rirebuleba ocnebaSic ver<br />

mieniWeba, magram Tamaris pirovnebis daxasiaTebisTvis samebis oTxebad<br />

gardaqmna, Tundac metaforulad, bevrismTqmelia. es ar aris erTaderTi<br />

SemTxveva. am saistorio teqsts sistemurad gasdevs mefis (mefeTa)<br />

gaRmerTeba: `RmrTisagan RmerTqmnilni daviT da Tamar~. Tavad fexmZimoba<br />

Tamarisa da mis mier Zis Soba miTologiuri eniT aris aRwerili:<br />

`miudga Tamar ganwmediliTa gonebiTa da taZrisa RmrTisa aRmsWvalulisa<br />

sanTliTa sxeulisaTa, mxurvaliTa guliTa da ganaTlebuliTa suliTa<br />

tabaxmelisa beTlemmyofelman mun Sva Ze, swori Zisa RmrTisa...~ [qarTlis<br />

cxovreba I56:].<br />

xolo am Zeze, rogorc miTologiur gmirze, naTqvamia, rom `ixiles<br />

yrma axali, pirvel saukuneTa ganwesebuli Ze mefisa, mefed, Svilad<br />

cxebulad daviTianad...~ anu: Tamaris Zis Soba qveynis gaCenamde iyo<br />

Cafiqrebuli.<br />

eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom xalxuri Tqmuleba-miTosi Tamaris<br />

Sesaxeb im samefo ideologiis gamoZaxilia, romelic msWvalavs<br />

36

saistorio Txzulebas `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~. `CaZiruli<br />

kulturuli dovlaTis~ Teoria aq ganxiluli <strong>qarTuli</strong> Tqmulebis<br />

saxiT saukeTeso sailustracio masalas hpovebda. suli samefo<br />

ideologiisa gardaqmnilia xalxis cnobierebaSi da miTosis saxes iRebs.<br />

ZiriTadi motivi samoTxis miTosisa _ qalwulad darCenis survili,<br />

romelsac xalxi Tamars miawers, `istoriasa da azmanSi~ Tavad Tamaris<br />

piriT aris gacxadebuli: `mowame ars Cvenda RmerTi, arodes yofila<br />

guli Cemi mowadine qmrosnobisa~. mxolod vali saxelmwifos winaSe<br />

aiZulebda mas moqceuliyo Tavisi nebis winaaRmdeg, rogorc vkiTxulobT:<br />

`yovlad uwadinelman qorwinebisaman iaja xsna qmrosnobisagan. xolo ...<br />

spaTa aiZules qmnad da, viTar iyo xvedri da rigi ulumpianobisa da<br />

Saravandedobisa maTisa, egreT iqmna qorwili saxedaudebeli da<br />

igavmiuwdomeli...~. xalxuri Tqmulebis variantebSi Cans es iZulebac.<br />

Tumca xalxis cnobierebas maragad aqvs da iyenebs kidec ubiwod Casaxvis<br />

universaluri motivis kerZo gamoxatulebas _ mzis sxivisgan<br />

mucladRebas (berZnuli miTosi danaes Sesaxeb, Tqmuleba Cingisxanze,<br />

romelic mzis Svilad acxadebda Tavs da sxva).<br />

aseve araorazrovnad Tamaris, RvTisdari xelmwifisa da TiTqmis<br />

RmerTis, sabrZanebeli samefo samoTxes aris Sedarebuli xsenebul<br />

matianeSi. giorgi rusis gandevnas qveynidan (eqsoria) avtors samoTxidan<br />

adamis gandevnas axsenebs. roca qveynis vazirebma da didebulebma mas am<br />

samoTxisdari qveynisTvis Seuferebeli zneoba Seatyves, `erTxma yves<br />

mcnobelTa amisTa, viTarmed ese misve Zvelisa mterisa ars, romelman<br />

moakvlevina Zmasa Zma da mamasa Svili da eqsoria-iqmna pirveli igi kaci<br />

samoTxiT, viTar ese aw xilulisa amis samoTxisa da ubrwyinvalesisa<br />

edemisa Seumzadebia eqsoria-qmna...~; `vinaTgan odesme igive rusi, amis<br />

samoTxisagan eqsoriaqmnili...~. xolo Tavad Tamari, damoukideblad<br />

mefur-RvTaebrivi Rirsebisa, edemis baRSi myof, gvelisgan jer kidev<br />

Seucdenel (`uzakvel~) evas aris araTu Sedarebuli, aramed<br />

miTologiuri wesisamebr, masTan gaigivebuli.<br />

istoriulad Tamaris mbrZaneblobas monRolTa batonoba mohyva,<br />

rasac, cxadia, `azmaTa~ avtori yvelaze koSmarul sizmradac ver<br />

ixilavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, samefo ideologia, romelic Tamaris<br />

qveyanaSi miwier samoTxes Tu ara, mis niSnebs mainc xedavda, momdevno<br />

ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg gacamtverda. amis mowme da maRiarebeli<br />

`aswlovani matianis~ JamTaaRmwerelia, romelmac piruTvneli ganaCeni<br />

gamoutana didebuli samefos naSierT _ `samebisgan oTxad aRzevebulis~<br />

memkvidreebs.<br />

rogor gardaiqmna xalxis cnobierebaSi anu rogori saxe miiRo<br />

katastrofam `CaZiruli kulturis dovlaTSi~? rogor uyurebs xalxi<br />

TamarisSemdgom periods? xalxuri cnobiereba miyveba universalur<br />

miTosur stereotips, romlis Tanaxmad yvela miTologiur tradiciaSi<br />

samoTxe warsulis faqtia, xolo misi momdevno periodi _ samoTxis<br />

antipodi, warmavalobiT da droJamis uxanobiT aRbeWdili. rusTvelis<br />

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es warmavali wuTisofeli, sawuTro, romelic<br />

samoTxis gareT arsebobs, `moklea, miT oxeria~. magram es realuri<br />

istoriaa, romelic am miTosis Semoqmedis xanamde grZeldeba da kidev<br />

37

gagrZeldeba. am xanis saTaveSi ki dgas ara Tamari, samoTxis meufe,<br />

aramed misi naSieri, akrZalvis darRvevis Sedegi, romliTac iwyeba<br />

istoriuli periodi Tavisi bedukuRmarTobebiTa da katastrofebiT.<br />

Tamari istoriis gareSe dgas, is araistoriuli, miTologiuri, ufro<br />

metic kosmogoniuri figuraa, droisa da sivrcis miRma myofi, saidanac<br />

dasabams iRebs pirveli variantis Tanaxmad mTeli yofiereba, xolo<br />

meore variantiT _ kerZo qveyana saqarTvelo, romlis pirveli mefe mzis<br />

sxivisgan aris Casaxuli da irmis rZiT aris gamokvebili. es miTologema<br />

ki Zalze Zvelia da, SesaZloa, universaluric iyos. misi pirveli<br />

werilobiTi dadastureba Sumerul eposSia, sadac uruqis mefe enmerqari<br />

moxseniebulia rogorc mzis Svili da mTianeTSi furiremis ZuZunawovi.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> Tqmuleba laSas dabadebisa da aRzrdis Sesaxeb savsebiT<br />

asaxavs am universalias, rasac nawilobriv `istoriaTa da azmaTa~<br />

teqstic amowmebs, roca laSas saxels `naTels~ ukavSirebs. am motivs<br />

transformirebuli saxiT kidev SevxvdebiT.<br />

farnavazis sizmari<br />

meore mefe, romelic CarTulia miTologiur rkalSi, farnavazia,<br />

istoriulad saqarTvelos (qarTlis) pirveli mefe. Tumca is<br />

qronologiurad pirvelia, magram masze saubari Tamaris Semdeg gvixdeba.<br />

misi miTosic kosmogoniuria, magram viwro gagebiT: miTosi exeba<br />

realobis (sinamdvilis) erT-erTi realiis _ mefobis warmoSobas.<br />

leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ Semonaxulia unikaluri<br />

teqsti, romelic ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: sizmrisgan da cxadisgan.<br />

laparakia farnavazis sizmarze, romelsac aSkara miTologiuri<br />

datvirTva aqvs.<br />

es teqsti SemTxveviT ar uZRvis win farnavazis cxovrebas. igi<br />

fuZemdebluria, rogorc yoveli miTologiuri teqsti. TiToeuli realia<br />

da qmedeba, romelTac masSi vxvdebiT, erT mizans emsaxureba _ imis<br />

Cvenebas, Tu rogor gaxda farnavazi, mcxeTeli mamasaxlisis Zmiswuli,<br />

mefed. mefoba, mamasaxlisobisgan gansxvavebiT, sakraluria anu misi<br />

daweseba adamianis nebaze ar aris damokidebuli. ra aris es realiebi,<br />

romelTa erToblioba mefobis institutis sakralur warmoSobaze<br />

migvaniSnebs?<br />

pirvel rigSi, mze, romlis cvari qvesknelidan mzis mierve<br />

gamoxsnilma farnavazma icxo saxeze. es iyo misi mefed cxebis ritualis<br />

sizmriseuli xati: farnavazma Tavisi mefed cxebis scena ixila sizmrad.<br />

aq isic aRsaniSnavia, rom mamasaxlisis naTesavi, romelic Tavad ar iyo<br />

mamasaxlisi, axal statusSi ibadeba, risTvisac igi jer unda mokvdes.<br />

kvdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani da ibadeba mefe. mzis cvari erTsa da imave<br />

dros misi ganmacocxlebelic (ix. jadosnuri zRapris `mzis piris<br />

nabani~, romelic dRisiT mkvdar ufliswuls acocxlebs) aris da mefed<br />

mqcevelic (miTosuri warmodgeniT, ramac `vefxistyaosanSi~ aisaxa: mefe<br />

mzis wilia).<br />

iremi, romelic ciuri mzis monacvlea miwaze. miTosurad isini<br />

gaigivebulni arian erTmaneTTan. ara metaforulad, aramed srulad: iremi<br />

aris mze. rogorc mziuri cxoveli, igi ufliswulTa mkvebavi unda iyos.<br />

38

igiveobrivni arian ara mxolod iremi da mze, aramed mze da rZec,<br />

romlis miTosuri xati cvariT aris warmodgenili. am igiveobas<br />

mivyavarT megrul Tqmulebamde, romelic gvixsnis, Tu ratom iwodeba<br />

megrulad mze da rZe erTi da imave sityviT (`bJa~) da rig-vedas himnamde,<br />

sadac cis mxurvale mnaTobi da furis jiqanSi Cayenebuli siTxe erTi da<br />

imave metafizikuri raobis ori gamovlenaa (“Sen Caayene Tbili notioSi,<br />

Sen aiyvane mze caSi”).<br />

oqro aseve miTosuri metafizikiT ukavSirdeba mzes, irems, rZes da,<br />

sabolood, mefes, rogorc samefo Rirsebis gamomxatveli liTonia.<br />

da, bolos, monadireoba, rogorc samefo sporti, yuradRebas<br />

imsaxurebs miTosuri aspeqtiT da gvagzavnis zRaprebis monadiris obol<br />

SvilTan, romelic monadireobis wyalobiT eweva beds, da im mefesTan,<br />

romlis samonadireo gamocdilebam qveyana axal religias aziara (mefe<br />

mirianis gansacdeli TxoTis mTaze nadirobisas).<br />

yvela es realia ganfenilia mTel qarTul folklorSi _ poeturSi<br />

Tu prozaulSi. maTi mikvleva yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi<br />

SesaZlebelia.<br />

nadiri, zogadad, da iremi, kerZod, bevri miTosuri gadmocemis<br />

personaJia. nadiris kvals midevnebuli monadireebi ucxo sinamdvilis<br />

mxilveli xdebian. asea `amirandarejanianSi~, asea `vefxistyaosanSi~,<br />

sadac `ucxo moymes~ swored nadirobisas waawydebian (niSandoblivia,<br />

rom `ucxo moyme~ mSobiluri da ucxo teritoriebis gamyof wylis piras<br />

zis). amiranis eposSi miTologiur pasaJad unda CavTvaloT leqsi,<br />

romelic baladis saxes atarebs. mas SeiZleba miTologiuri balada<br />

vuwodoT. aq iremia gmirebis gzamkvlevi:<br />

sanadirod wamovidnen amiran da Zmani misni,<br />

aTi mTa gadmoiares, meTerTmete algeTisni.<br />

mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misni.<br />

ucxo mTazed koSki naxes, anagebni brolis qvisni.<br />

gargnulad gauares, vera hpoves karni misni.<br />

sadac rom mzem sxivi styorcna, amiranma _ muxli misni,<br />

koSkma piri iq gaaRo, iq Seiba kari misni...<br />

[Ciqovani 1947:302].<br />

adamians, rogorc Cans, surda iremi, cxovelTa samyaros mSveneba,<br />

moeSinaurebina da caerTo Tavis yofaSi. igi arCevanis winaSea dayenebuli:<br />

iremi Tu xari? miTosi mogviTxrobs, rom RmerTma qveynis gaCenis Semdeg<br />

iremi da xari gaajibra erTmaneTs, romeli ufro gamoadgeboda adamians.<br />

vin ufro male gadairbenda cas, adamianic imas airCevda. iremi<br />

TavaRebuli gaiqca, gafrinda. magram bevri sirbilisgan araqaTi<br />

gamoecala da mokvda. mxolod misi nakvaleviRa darCa caze `irmis<br />

naxtomis~ saxiT. xari ki dinjad gaemarTa TavCaRunuli, is miwisken<br />

icqireboda, riTac aCvenebda winaswar, Tu risTvis iyo ganwesebuli. gvian<br />

miaRwia samans, magram mivida jnmrTeli da dauRalavi. xaris nakvalevic<br />

daaCnda cas _ `xaris navali~. amis Semdeg akurTxa RmerTma xari, qedi<br />

dauloca da mas aqeT mas awevs adamianis Senaxvis tvirTio [kotetiSvili<br />

39

1961:382]. leqsma ki xaris tvirTis warmoSobis sxva varianti Semogvinaxa:<br />

cxovelTa Soris xari nebayoflobiT kisrulobs adamianis rCenas:<br />

.... adamianis Senaxva veravin idva Tavzeda,<br />

xvna-Tesva, farcxva da zidva gaWirda metad Zalzeda.<br />

xarma Tqva, pirnaTlierma, me damawereT rqazeda.<br />

micvivdnen angelozebi, dahkocnes orTav Tvalzeda.<br />

Camoqnes wyvili sanTeli, miakres orsav rqazeda.<br />

Svidic uboZes sartyeli, gagzavnes qveyanazeda:<br />

wadi, xaro, imuSave, erTgulad mTa da barzeda,<br />

Segabas Senma patronma....<br />

[kotetiSvili 1961150-1].<br />

miTosSi, sadac aseve iremi da xari figurirebs, rolebi Secvlilia.<br />

samsxverplod wm. giorgis mier gamogzavnil irems xari enacvleba. sofel<br />

xanSi tabeSaZeebis gvarze da iremze aseTi gadmocemaa: aRdgomidan<br />

ormocdameaTe dReze yovelwliurad iremi movidoda tyelaSi wm. giorgis<br />

elkesiis ezoSi, eklesias samgzis Semouvlida, karTan dawveboda da,<br />

roca “dainacoxrebda”, tabeSaZis kaci daklavda, wm. giorgis Seswiravda.<br />

erTxel iremi Tavis droze (“Tavis aloze”) ar mosula, xalxs ki<br />

SiSSiliT suli misdioda. dagvianebiT mosul irems tabeSaZem<br />

“danacoxreba” ar daacada, “ras qvia, deigvianeo”, da wixlis kvriT<br />

wauqcia da daklav. wm. giorgi ganrisxebula da tabeSaZeTa gvari<br />

gawyvetamde miuyvania. gadarCenila mxolod sxva sofelSi CasiZebuli<br />

tabeSaZis akvanSi mwolare vaJi. bavSvi sxva gvaris xalxs miuyvania<br />

tyelaSi da wm. giorgisTvis Seuvedrebia: “wmidao giorgi, karugdebelo,<br />

nu moklav am bavSvs da misi gvari yovel wels irmis magivrad samwlian<br />

kuros Semogwiravso.” wm. giorgim miiRo vedreba da tabeSaZeTa gvari<br />

kvlav aRmdgara da momravlebula. am droidan tabeSaZeebis yvela buns<br />

(saerTo babuis Svils) tyelaSi Sesawiravad xari mihyavs da miaqvs zedaSe<br />

[ruxaZe: 92-94]. tyelas irmis miTosis analogiuri gadmocema saarTvelos<br />

sxva kuTxeebSic aris gavrcelebuli (imereTi, qarTli, samegrelo,<br />

afxazeTi, svaneTi).<br />

Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tavad iremi ver egueba adamianis mier masze<br />

dakisrebul tvirTs da kvdeba _ marcxdeba xarTan SejibrSi, tyelas<br />

miTosSi adamiani Tavisi sulswrafobiT ver hguobs irmis, rogorc<br />

msxverplis, samsaxurs da mas, rogorc msxverpls, amieridan xari<br />

enacvleba. magram es xari, rogorc sxva gadmocemebidan viciT, aseve wm.<br />

giorgis gamogzavnilia. iloris eklesiaSi wm. giorgi yovel weliwads<br />

gzavnida samsxverplo xars, romelic diliT daxvdeboda salocavad<br />

mosul sofels. magram wmidani Sewyvets xaris gamogzavnas mas Semdeg,<br />

rac xars iloris eklesiis galavnidan moiparaven, an Seuracxyofen.<br />

amieridan gamogzavnil xars Sinauri xari Seenacvleba. asevea svanur<br />

versiaSi: jgragis msaxuri iparavs uyuldaSis jgragisTvis gankuTvnil<br />

xars da jgragi aRar gzavnis samsxverplo xars [Tsufa-ssn #477].<br />

40

kultis daarsebis miTosi<br />

am wris teqstebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSia (fSavxevsureTi,<br />

gudamayar-mTiuleTi, TuSeTi) gavrcelebuli.<br />

a) xe (ifni) amodis keriaSi, riTac jvari (xati, angelozi,<br />

RvTisSvili) niSans aZlevs ojaxs, dauTmos mas sacxovrebeli, raTa<br />

profanuli kera sakralur adgilad gadaiqces, sadac jvari daidebs<br />

binas. erTi variantis mixedviT, mosaxle nebayoflobiT tovebs<br />

sacxovrebels, riTac xels uwyobs jvris daarsebas sofelSi. meore<br />

variantSi mosaxle winaaRmdegobas uwevs jvars _ samgzis Wris xes da<br />

akafavs masze Semoxveul gvels. mesame dRes gveli yvelasgan SeumCnevlad<br />

sakidels Camoyveba da wamlavs kerZs, romelic qvabSi ixarSeba. jvaris<br />

sasjels gadarCebian mxolod deda da ZuZuTa bavSvi, romlebic ar<br />

gaiziareben trapezs. yvelgan, sadac daarsebis es miTosia gavrcelebuli,<br />

misi utyuarobis niSnad ifnebiT dafaruli samosaxlos nangrevebs<br />

uCveneben. (sawmidaris daarsebis es modeli gavrcelebulia xevsureTSi,<br />

fSavSi, gudamayarSi).<br />

(Tavisi simboluri mniSvnelobiT keriaSi xis amosvlis siuJeti<br />

dadasturebulia sofokles dramaSi `eleqtra~. klitemnestra xedavs<br />

sizmrad agamemnons, romelic keriaSi arWobs samefo kverTxs, kverTxi<br />

gaidgams fesvebs, SeifoTleba da mTel mikens gadaefareba. simbolizmi<br />

aSkaraa: patroni, mokluli mefis memkvidris, orestes saxiT, ubrundeba<br />

Tavis keras).<br />

b) kopalas xatis daarseba karatiswverze. saZovarze axalgazrda<br />

mwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin cidan jaWvi da Tasi Camocvivdeba. qal-vaJi<br />

wilisyriT gainawilebs da Tav-Tavis saxlSi waiRebs, Tass qali<br />

kidobanSi, vaJi ki jaWvs WerxoSi (xevsuruli saxlis zeda sarTulze)<br />

damalavs. sagnebi, ramdenadac isini profanuli saWiroebisTvis ar arian<br />

movlenilni, saxlebSi xmaurs atexen. ufrosebi qadags daekiTxebian,<br />

qadagi urCevs sagnebis Camocvenis adgilze sakulto koSkis agebas da<br />

Tasisa da jaWvis iqve Camarxvas. karatis wveri gamyofi mTa fSavisa da<br />

xvsureTis soflebs Soris. qali xevsuria Walaissoflidan, vaJi _<br />

fSavelia bullaurTadan.<br />

g) erTi lakaTxeveli (mTiuleTis sofelia) kaci, gvarad qarCaiZe,<br />

tyeSi xes Wris saxlis asaSeneblad. modis mtredi, niskartiT miaqvs<br />

nafotebi da dumacxos tyeSi (gudamayari) maTgan eklesias aSenebs.<br />

qarCaiZes Seatyobinebs sofels da sofeli mas eklesiis aSenebas sTxovs,<br />

gasamrjelod qarCaiZe mis mier moyvanili saklavis pirvel rigSi<br />

Sewirvis uflebas miiRebs. saxlis mSenebli eklesiis mSeneblad iqceva.<br />

RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebi<br />

am brZolaTa amsaxveli narativebi aRmosavleT saqaTvelos<br />

mTianeTSia gavrcelebuli [oCiauri 1991:41-46; oCiauri 1967:143-159]. maTi<br />

andrezuli xasiaTi maTsave dasasrulSi mJRavndeba: RvTisSvilis<br />

gamarjveba devze yovelTvis misi apoTeoziT mTavrdeba. saboloo mizani<br />

am brZolebisa salocavis daarsebaa anu, sxvagvarad, teritoriis ganwmeda<br />

uwmiduri devebisgan da adamianTa sazogadoebisTvis sasicocxlo<br />

41

garemos Seqmna. iq, sadac adre devi batonobda adamianze, amieridan<br />

arsdeba RvTisSvili adamianis patronad da mfarvelad, adamiani ki _ mis<br />

ymad. Tavisi arsiT urTierToba RvTisSvilsa da adamians Soris<br />

patronymuli urTierTobis principzea agebuli. amitomac uxilavi<br />

patronis garSemo Semokrebil adamianTa jgufs saymo ewodeba. sa-ym-o _<br />

Tavad am sityvis morfologiuri aRnagoba mowmobs Tavis Tavze da im<br />

krebulze, romelic am sityviT iwodeba: saymo ymebis erTianobaa,<br />

romelic patrons gulisxmobs. es sityva imasac gveubneba, rom ymebi<br />

(moymeni) TavianTi patronis winaSe Tanabarni arian, rac maT Soris<br />

rCeulTa arsebobas ar gamoricxavs.<br />

RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa Serkinebis ramdenime modeli arsebobs:<br />

I. RvTisSvili ebrZvis devs uSualod fizikuri ZaliT an iaraRiT<br />

(mSvild-isari, laxti), anadgurebs an gandevnis mas da mis adgilze<br />

arsdeba salocavi. iqmneba misi kulti masTan dakavSirebuli yvela<br />

atributiT (nagebobebi, yanebi, dResaswaulebi).<br />

II. RvTisSvili da devebi mSvidobian asparezobaSi _ simZimis<br />

awevaSi, rogorc iaxsris (Suafxos qistaurTa saymos patronis),<br />

SemTxvevaSi, an Sor manZilze qvebis srolaSi, rogorc fSavis erT-erTi<br />

saymos _ uZilaurTis andrezi gviambobs, cdian Zalas. damarcxebuli devi<br />

Tmobs Tavis samflobelos da aiyreba iqidan, raTa RvTisSvils dauTmos<br />

adgili, sadac arsdeba RvTisSvilis kulti.<br />

III. RvTisSvili, kerZod, iaxsari daedevneba ukanasknel devs,<br />

romelic tbaSi poulobs TavSesafars. iaxsari devs tbaSi Cahyveba da iq<br />

gangmiravs. devis sisxli Sekravs tbis zedapirs da iaxsari veRar amodis<br />

tbidan. bolos, qadagis sityviT, faraSi moZebnian oTxrqa da oTxyura<br />

cxvars, tbis piras daklaven da mis sixls tbis zedapirs asxureben. tba<br />

gaixsneba da misi siRrmidan iaxsari mtredis saxiT moevlineba mis mier<br />

devebisgan gamoxsnil saymos. es siuJeti edo safuZvlad misterias,<br />

romelic imarTeboda weliwadSi erTxel: Suafxos saymo gaivlida devs<br />

dadevnebuli iaxsris gzas (Suafxodan xevsureTis sofel roSkisken),<br />

mividodnen tbis piras, sadac iaxsari gauCinarda. jvaris xucesi<br />

(xevisberi) iaxsris rolSi cdilobda iaxsris kvalze tbaSi CaRrmavebas,<br />

magram akavebdnen. moiyvandnen oTxrqa cxvars da daklavdnen iaxsris<br />

gasaTavisufleblad.<br />

am siuJetebs, romlebic sxva sazogadoebaSi ubralod sadevgmiro<br />

ambebi iqneboda, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mosaxleobaSi<br />

miTosis statusi aqvT, ramdenadac isini salocavis daarsebis<br />

garemoebebze mouTxroben saymos.<br />

literatura<br />

Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli arqivi.<br />

Tsufa-ssn: saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli arqivi, studentTa<br />

sadiplomo naSromebi.<br />

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poezia, `sabWoTa<br />

mwerali~, Tb., 1961.<br />

42

oCiauri 1939: oCiauri aleqsi, xevsuruli xalxuri dReobebis kalendari,<br />

VII (saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />

institutis eTnologiis departamentis arqivi, 1939, M 18).<br />

ruxaZe: ruxaZe j., xani imereTis xevsureTia, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb.,<br />

1989.<br />

sixaruliZe 1961: sixaruliZe qs. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri saistorio sityviereba<br />

I, ssr mecn. akademiis gamomc., Tb., 1961.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba I: qarTlis cxovreba I, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1955.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb.,<br />

1959.<br />

Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu, Tb., 1947.<br />

yubaneiSvili: yubaneiSvili s. vaJa-fSavela, `saxelgami~,ETb., 1937.<br />

eposi<br />

eposs farTo azriT mivakuTvnebT yvela TxrobiT Janrs, romelic<br />

ar aris arc drama, arc lirika. klasikuri ganmartebiT, eposi<br />

upirispirdeba dramas da lirikas, Tumca ipoveba eposi, romelic Tavis<br />

TavSi aerTianebs sityvierebis am saxeobebs.<br />

arsebobs miTologiuri eposi, romelSic RmerTebi monawileoben. is<br />

mogviTxrobs samyaros, mcenareTa da cxovelTa Seqmnis, bunebis<br />

movlenaTa, adamianis, adamianuri sazogadoebis, kacobriuli<br />

civilizaciis, sagnebis, sayofacxovrebo kulturis warmoSobis ambavs.<br />

maTi mTavari personaJebi demiurgebi (`naxevarSemoqmedni~) da e. w.<br />

`kulturuli gmirebi~ arian.<br />

arsebobs sagmiro-saistorio eposi, romelsac raime istoriuli<br />

ambavi udevs safuZvlad. magram es ambavi ganzogadebulia im zomamde, rom<br />

mTeli xalxis warsulis, awmyos da momavlis ganmsazRvreli xdeba, misi<br />

istoriis centraluri xdomilebaa. aseTebia germanuli modgmis xalxTa<br />

da irlandielTa sagebi, rusuli `bilinebis~ cikli, espanuri poema `Cems<br />

sidze~, berZenTa `digenis akritasi~, somexTa `daviT sasuneli~ da<br />

mravali sxva.<br />

aris eposebi, romlebic mowyvetilni arian istoriul drosa da<br />

sivrces da mogviTxroben saarako WabukTa sagmiro saqmeT. es sagmirosaTavgadasavlo<br />

anu safalavno eposebia. aseTebia sparsuli dasTanebi<br />

(romlebmac CvenSi `yaramanianisa~ da sxvaTa saxiT hpova gamoZaxili,<br />

wignuri `amirandarejanianic~ maT ricxvs ekuTvnis).<br />

43

arsebobs samijnuro (romanuli) eposi, romlis klasikuri nimuSia<br />

Suasaukuneebis kelturi warmoSobis Tqmuleba tristanisa da izoldas<br />

tragikuli siyvarulis Sesaxeb. amave Janrs unda ekuTvnodes saqorwino<br />

urTierTobaze agebuli eposebi, rogoric aris germanelTa `kudruni~.<br />

romanuli motivi erTi Zlieri nakadia da xSirad TviTkmar Rirebulebas<br />

iZens sagmiro-saistorio eposSi.<br />

ra adgili uWiravs eposs qarTul folklorSi da romeli<br />

saxeobebiT aris igi warmodgenili?<br />

mravalferovan da mdidari tradiciis mqone qarTul xalxur<br />

sityvierebaSi epikuri Semoqmedebis wvlili metad mwiria. qarTul<br />

folklorSi ver vadasturebT istoriuli xasiaTis eposs, sadac<br />

ganzogadebulad iqneboda gadmocemuli xalxis istoria, rogorc es,<br />

Cveulebriv, am Janris eposebSia. ar Cans istoriuli gmiris saxeli,<br />

romlis garSemo realuri istoriis Taviseburad gardaqmnil sagmiro<br />

ambavTa ciklizacia momxdariyos, Tumca saqarTvelos istoria arcTu<br />

Raribia heroikuli epoqebiT, brZolebiT da, Sesabamisad, istoriuli gmirebiT.<br />

Cven ver vifiqrebT, rom xalxis epikuri cnobiereba gulgrili<br />

darCeniliyos im epoqaluri sasikeTo Tu sabediswero Zvrebis mimarT,<br />

romlebic araerTgzis ganucdia qveyanas; ver vifiqrebT, rom<br />

zepirsityvier matianes ar aesaxos espaneTis rekonkistis (arabebisgan<br />

qveynis gamoxsnis) analogiuri uaRresad daZabuli xana, aSot<br />

kurapalatisa da mis TanamdgomTa gmiruli epopea, rac <strong>qarTuli</strong> miwebis<br />

kvlav SemokrebiT dasrulda, magram espanuri `Cemi sidis~ msgavsi<br />

xalxuri poema, sadac ukvdavyofili iqneboda TaobaTa xsovnaSi `Cemi<br />

aSoti~, ar dasturdeba; an masze adreuli xana gorgaslisa, romlis<br />

miTosuri xati werilobiT matianeSi aris moxvedrili, xalxuri eposis<br />

saxiT ki ar Cans; an, Tundac, ufro adreuli epoqa farnavazisa, romlis<br />

arqetipuli drois, rogorc `Zlieri Jamis~, mefobis da sxva sulier<br />

RirebulebaTa, mraval siaxleTa dasabamieri Jamis kvali werilobiTma<br />

istoriam Semoinaxa, xalxis xsovnas ki ver SemorCa. ra mizeziT? mizezi<br />

martivia: vrcelia `koleqtiuri~ mexsiereba, magram is usazRvro da<br />

dauSreteli ar aris. mas ar SeuZlia TanadroulobaSi moicvas mTeli<br />

zepirsityvieri fondi misi `dasabamidan~, erTdroulad Seinaxos<br />

sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaTa zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis nayofebi.<br />

Taobebis monacvleobasTan erTad icvleba, periodul ganaxlebas<br />

ganicdis zepirsityvieri teqstebi; Zveli gadadis, mis nacvlad axali<br />

mkvidrdeba. `xalxs is moswons, rac axalia~, amboben `odiseaSi~ Zveli<br />

miTebis momRerlis demodokes msmenelni. da is Zveli, romelic ukan<br />

ixevs, gadis xalxis mexsierebis sawieridan, Tu aso-niSnebiT ar iqna<br />

Cawerili, samudamo daviwyebisTvis aris ganwiruli. arc erTi zemoxsenebuli<br />

xalxuri eposis xsenebac ki ar iqneboda, rom maT Caweraze ar<br />

ezrunaT. Seqmnidan orasi wlis Semdeg Cawerili iqna `simRera Cems<br />

sidze~ (Semonaxulia erTaderTi 1307 wlis xelnaweriT); CaweriT gadaurCa<br />

44

drois dinebisgan gariyvas `kalevala~, irlandiuri Tu islandiuri<br />

sagebi, epikuri ciklebi digenis akritasze; damwerlobam gadaarCina<br />

rusuli bilinebi, romlebic maTi pirvelCaweridan asi wlis Semdeg<br />

xalxis xsovnaSi ukve waSlili iyo.<br />

dasanania, rom saqarTveloSi, uZvelesi damwerlobis qveyanaSi, XIX<br />

saukunis meore naxevramde ar ucdiaT xalxuri eposebis Cawera. Cvens<br />

werilobiT ZeglebSi maTi arsebobis mxolod fragmentuli kvali<br />

SeiZleba davadasturoT. im xanamde, roca maTi Caweris interesi gaCnda,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri eposi arasrulyofili, fragmentuli, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

`dalewili~ saxiT iyo moRweuli. ra saxe hqonda mas klasikur, epikuri<br />

Semoqmedebis apogeaSi, CvenTvis samudamod ucnobi rCeba.<br />

eposis rkalSi Cven vaqcevT zRapars, rogorc narativis unikalur<br />

saxeobas. igi warmodgenilia erTaderTi tipiT, romelsac pirobiTad<br />

`jadosnur zRapars~ vuwodebT. misi gavrcelebis areali ar aris<br />

SemozRuduli romelime xalxis <strong>folklori</strong>T: arsebobs <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

zRaprebi, arsebobs rusuli zRaprebi da a. S., magram zRapari erTia<br />

yvelgan, yvela kulturaSi, sadac ki gvxvdeba.<br />

winaswari zogadi ganmartebiT, zRapari aris im tipis eposi,<br />

romelic gadmoscems erTi mTavari gmiris cxovrebas misi Sinidan<br />

gasvlidan Sin dabrunebamde.<br />

daviwyoT zRapriT. Cven mas esqatologiur eposs vuwodebT. ratom? am<br />

kiTxvas narkvevis bolos gaecema pasuxi.<br />

a. esqatologiuri zRapari<br />

zRapari lamis folkloruli Semoqmedebis simboloa. <strong>folklori</strong><br />

da zRapari TiTqmis gaigivebulia erTmaneTTan. Tu ramea universaluri<br />

msoflio xalxur SemoqmedebaSi _ es zRaparia. roca laparakia xalxis<br />

xasiaTze, xalxis sulze, Taviseburebebze, xalxur zRaprebs moixmoben<br />

xolme, Tumca zRapris ZiriTadi dvrita universaluria,<br />

zogadsakacobrioa. iyo xana <strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi, roca didi TavgamodebiT<br />

eZebdnen zRapris arqetips (winasaxes) da mis samSoblos, Tumca kvleva<br />

uSedegod damTavrda, mizani kvlevisa miRweuli ver iqna, mainc didi<br />

codna dagrovda msoflio zRaprebis Sesaxeb. aRmoCnda, rom mTavari<br />

saZiebeli zRaparSi aris ara misi warmoSobis adgilsamyofeli da arc<br />

imdenad misi warmoSobis problema, romelic mudam hipoTeturi iqneba,<br />

ramdenadac misi agebuleba, struqtura, mizandasaxuloba, rac saerToa<br />

dResdReobiT arsebuli yvela zRaprisTvis.<br />

Cveulebriv, zRapars, rogorc Janrs, sam tipad yofen: jadosnur,<br />

cxovelTa da sayofacxovrebo zRaprad. umjobesia, zRapari folkoruli<br />

narativis erT-erT saxeobad CavTvaloT, xolo zemoT CamoTvlili<br />

nawilebi _ Janrebad. Tumca arc es iqneba maincdamainc realobis<br />

amsaxveli: es sami narativi imdenad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan<br />

45

strtuqturiT, SinaarsiT da ideologiiT, rom erTi saxelwodebis<br />

(zRapari) JanrSi maTi moqceva gaZneldeba. amJamad Cveni yuradRebis<br />

sagania xalxuri narativis an eposis is saxe, romlis saxelwodebad<br />

jadosnuri zRaparia damkvidrebuli, Cven ki mas sakuTriv zRapars<br />

vuwodebT. ufro metic: misi ideologia da mizandasaxuloba safuZvels<br />

gvaZlevs vuwodoT mas xalxuri esqatologiuri eposi.<br />

vidre zRapris ganmartebas SemogTavazebdeT, ganvixilavT Tavad<br />

zRapris teqsts, romlis analizis Semdeg gvecodineb misi raoba, rogorc<br />

folkloruli Janrisa; gvecodineba, vin aris zRapris gmiri, ras<br />

warmoadgens zRapris samyaro, misi dro da sivrce, ra mimarTeba aqvs mas<br />

im samyarosTan, sadac zRapris mTxrobeli da msmeneli cxovroben, ras<br />

gveubneba zRapari, rogori azrovnebis nayofia igi, ras niSnavs misi „iyo<br />

da ara iyo ra“, ramdenad arsebiTia misTvis jadosnuri (fantastikuri)<br />

elementi, ramac misi gavrcelebuli dasaxeleba („jadosnuri zRapari“)<br />

gansazRvra da sxva.<br />

zRapris Sinaarsis ganxilvamde warmovadginoT igi mis mTlianobaSi<br />

dasawyisi da dasasruli formulebiTurT, romlebic Tumca yvela<br />

zRaparSi ar dasturdeba, magram misi Txrobis specifikas warmoadgens.<br />

zRapari sami nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1) dasawyisi (rus. зачин), romelsac<br />

SeiZleba vuwodoT „winkari“, 2) Tavad zRapris Sinaarsi da 3) dasasruli,<br />

romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT „gamoTxoveba zRaparTan“.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris klasikuri dasawyisia `iyo da ara iyo ra“,<br />

romelic SeiZleba gamodges, sazogadod, zRapris gansazRvrebad: zRapris<br />

ambavi moxda da arc momxdara. es aris mTxrobelis da mis kvalze<br />

msmenelis Tvalsazrisi zRaparze. aseTi dasawyisi <strong>qarTuli</strong> zraprebis<br />

Taviseburebaa. rusuli zRaprebi, romlebic did msgavsebas avlenen<br />

qarTul zRaprebTan, rogorc wesi, ase martivad iwyeba: жил-был, жила-была,<br />

жили-были...<br />

amgvarad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris Txroba iwyeba formuliT:<br />

1. "iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo..." rasac SeiZleba uSualod mosdevdes<br />

zRapris arsebiTi nawili, an formula grZeldebodes:<br />

2. "iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyo..." da daiwyos<br />

zRapari. magram formulas aqvs Semdgomi gafarToebis tendencia:<br />

3. "iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyo SaSvi<br />

mgalobeli, RmerTi Cveni mwyalobeli, RmerTs dideba, Cven mSvidoba,<br />

RmerTi maRali, kaci dabali], iyo..." da iwyeba Tavad zRapris Sinaarsi.<br />

ra funqcias asrulebs zRapris dasawyisi? mas gadahyavs msmeneli<br />

erTi sinamdvilidan sxva sinamdvileSi _ realobidan zRapris samyaroSi.<br />

rogorc saxls aqvs winkari, romelsac oTaxSi (sacxovrebeli sivrceSi)<br />

SevyavarT, aseve zRaparic moiTxovs winkars. es sityvieri winkaria.<br />

SegviZlia zRapris winkari tradiciuli simbolikis planSi ganvixiloT.<br />

tradiciul xalxebSi stumrobis, stumris miRebis praqtika<br />

tipologiurad Tanxvdeba zRapris struqturas. monRolebSi stumars<br />

mxolod mas Semdeg dauwyeben saqmian saubars, rac CamoTavdeba<br />

standartuli tradiciuli misalmebebi (yalionis gabolebasTan erTad),<br />

romlebic araviTar informacias ar Seicaven da, cxadia, aranair<br />

46

kavSirSi ar arian stumrobis ZiriTad TemasTan. amgvari ritualebis<br />

mkvlevari wers: “am wmidawylis etiketur situaciaSi SeiZleba davinaxoT<br />

gamoZaxili Tavis droze semantikurad niSnadi “gadasvlis” ritualisa:<br />

gadalaxulia zRurbli ori samyarosi, romelTagan erTi garea, meore _<br />

Sida... stumars marTebs daicvas es wesi “ucxos” gadmotanisa “TavisSi”.<br />

analogia TvalsaCinoa: aseve zRapris msmenels marTebs daicvas zRapris<br />

mosmenis wesebi anu miiRos is realoba, romelsac zRapari (anu misi<br />

mTxrobeli) sTavazobs mas.<br />

igive datvirTva unda hqondes zRapris daboloebasac, romelic<br />

aseve informaciulad ar aris dakavSirebuli ZiriTad SinaarsTan.<br />

gansxvavebiT winkarisgan, romelic mravalferovnebiT ar gamoirCeva,<br />

"gamosaTxovari" formula sakmaod uxvia Tematurad. mTxrobeli aq met<br />

Tavisuflebas da fantazias avlens.<br />

es formulebia, maT Soris klasikuri:<br />

1. "Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, qato iqa, fqvili aqa" (varianti: "Wiri iqa,<br />

lxini aqa, nacari iqa, fqvili aqa").<br />

2. "zRapar iyo, zRapar iyo, Walas Citi Camkvdariyo, did qvabSi ar<br />

eteoda, pataraSi ar kmariyo; asi kaci ver SesWamda, erTi kacis lukma<br />

iyo".<br />

2. "mTas uremi avagore, bars Cavida gorebiTa, aq sicocxliT<br />

momigoneT, saiqios cxonebiTa" (varianti: "mTas uremi avagore, wamovida<br />

gorebiTa, aivseniT qonebiTa, WkuiTa da gonebiTa").<br />

3. "elasa, melasa, Wiqa mekida yelasa, mTqmelsa da gamgonebelsac<br />

Zili gaamoT yvelasa (var.: davalevine yvelasa)".<br />

da nakleb gavrcelebuli:<br />

4. "isini iyvnen WirSi, Cven viyaviT lxinSi".<br />

5 "erTi litra cercvi mqonda, erTi litra cercvi rao. roca kacs<br />

ar uweria, ver daRupavs verca rao".<br />

6. "Cemi araki gavaTave. wuxel iq viyav, dRes aq movedi. sami vaSli,<br />

sami broweuli. RmerTma nu mogiSaloT, Tqveni xeliT moweuli".<br />

7. "vidre iq ar viyoT, manamde daumarcxebeli viyoT, dRegrZeli<br />

viyoT".<br />

8. "cidan sami vaSli Camovarda. erTi mTqmelsa, erTi gamogonesa,<br />

erTi am zRapris gamomTqmelsa".<br />

9. "tyeSi saxre gamovWeri, gamovida navada, Tu me sityva SegawyineT,<br />

nu iqnebiT mwyralada".<br />

10. `iseTi qorwili hqondaT, Citis rZe ar akldaT. mec iq viyavi<br />

qorwilSi~.<br />

11. “gadaixades didebuli qorwili. guSinwin iyo, ver mivel,<br />

dapatiJebuli ki viyavi~.<br />

winkarsa da `gamosaTxovar~ formulas Soris moqceulia sakuTriv<br />

zRapari. arc winkars da arc `gamosaTxovar~ formulas zRapris<br />

SinaarsTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs. TiToeul maTgans SeiZleba<br />

hqonoda TavisTavadi Rirebuleba Tavis sakuTar JanrSi. zRaparSi<br />

gadmonacvlebiT maT Secvlilia aqvT Janri.<br />

`gamosaTxovari~ formulis mizania gaSualebiT, ara naxtomiT<br />

daabrunos msmeneli zRapris samyarodan yofiT sinamdvileSi. imdenad<br />

47

aucilebelia zRaprisaTvis winkari da `gamosaTxovari~, rom es funqcia<br />

SeiZleba nebismierma teqstma Seasrulos, raki misTvis srulebiTac ar<br />

aris niSandoblivi raime kavSiri zRapris SinaarsTan. unda SeiniSnos,<br />

rom ramdenadac `gamosaTxovari~ ukve moTxrobili zRapris metateqsturi<br />

epilogia, gansxvavebiT winkarisgan, romelic jer kidev ucnob zRapars<br />

uZRvis win, SeiZleba gamoxatavdes mTxrobelis SeniSvnas, Tvalsazriss<br />

Tu damokidebulebas moTxrobili sinamdvilisadmi, saxeldobr, rom is<br />

tyuilia, Tumca mTxrobeli qorwilzec iyo mipatiJebuli, romelsac is<br />

daeswro (10) an ar daeswro (11). mTxrobeli gaxazavs zRapris<br />

sinamdvileSi moxvedris SeuZleblobas (7). mTxrobelis komentari<br />

SeiZleba Seexos zRapris paradoqsulobas, mis yofnas realur-irealuris<br />

zRvarze (amasve gamoxatavs winkaris `iyo da ara iyo ra~) da gadmosces<br />

is leqsiT, romelic gansakuTrebiT acxovelebs msmenelis warmosaxvas:<br />

`zRapar iyo, zRapar iyo, Walas Citi Camkvdariyo, did qvabSi ar<br />

eteoda...~ da a.S.<br />

am or formulas, rogorc wignis ydebs Soris, moqceuli Tavad<br />

zRapari sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. es aris misi kompoziciis uzogadesi<br />

sqema. principi aseTia: Txroba mTavrdeba im adgilas, saidanac daiwyo<br />

igi. es adgili zRaparSi, rogorc wesi, saxlia. zRapari saxliT iwyeba da<br />

saxliTve mTavrdeba. is, rac iwyeba da mTavrdeba, anu mTeli ambavi,<br />

gmiris `zRapruli~ Tavgadasavali, Seadgens zRapris Sinaarss. ra<br />

xdeboda gmiris saxlidan gamosvlamdeAda ra moxdeba saxlSi saboloo<br />

damkvidrebis Semdeg ar Seadgens zRapris Sinaarss. miuxedavad amisa,<br />

ZiriTadi yofna gmirisa ara gareT, aramed saxlSi yofnaa, amitomac is<br />

gardauvalad brundeba Sin. es ara mxolod zRapris, aramed, sazogadod,<br />

eposis kompoziciuri kanonia (gavixsenoT odisevsis dauokebeli swrafva<br />

iTakisken, rasac verc qalRmerTTa macdunebeli aRTqmebi abrkolebs).<br />

es sammonakveTiani kompozicia amgvarad SeiZleba gamoixatos: TezisiantiTezisi-sinTezisi.<br />

Tezisi mocemulobaa, antiTezisi misi uaryofaa,<br />

sinTezisi uaryofis daZleva da TezisSi dabruneba, roca realoba ufro<br />

maral safexurze adis. es aris dialeqtikuri ganviTarebis hegeliseuli<br />

gza. zRaprisadmi miyenebuli, igi gulisxmobs Semdegs: Teziss anu<br />

Sinyofnas mosdevs misi uaryofa _ antiTezisi anu gareTyofna,<br />

romelsac saboloo etapze cvlis sinTezisi-Sinyofna. sinTezisi imaze<br />

miuTiTebs, rom saboloo Sinyofna ara aris Tavdapirveli Sinyofnis<br />

ubralo ganmeoreba. sinamdvile aq ufro maRal safexurze adis: gmiri<br />

Sin gamdidrebuli brundeba, ara iseTi Raribi (rusTveluri<br />

mniSvnelobiT: `davyo martod da Raribad~), rogoric gzas daadga. misi<br />

dabrunebiT saxlSi Semodis raRac, rac iq adre ar ipoveboda. es siaxle<br />

SeiZleba iyos raime sagani, romelic gatacebulia saxlidan, an sacole,<br />

romelic unda moitacos an gamoixsnas zRapris gmirma. marTalia, gmiris<br />

mizani Sindabrunebaa mopovebul saganTan erTad, riTac sruldeba mamis<br />

davaleba, magram zRapris mTavari Sinaarsi gareTyofniT anu antiTezisiT<br />

ivseba. sxvagvarad: mTxrobelisTvis da msmenelisTvis gmiris cxovrebis<br />

es Sualeduri monakveTia cnobili. swored es Sualedia mTavari,<br />

risTvisac moTxrobilia zRapari. Tumca yvelaferi, rac xdeba am<br />

monakveTSi anu zRapris samyaroSi, mowodebulia imisTvis, rom Sinyofna<br />

48

erTi safexuriT amaRldes, saboloo gansruleba hpovos. sabolood,<br />

Tavdapirveli Sinyofna Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba meore Sinyofnisgan,<br />

romelic zRapris sinTezur dasasruls warmoadgens.<br />

zRapris problemas Seadgens 1) misi struqtura, 2) personaJTa raoba<br />

(ara vinaoba), 3) mTavari gmiris svlebi, 4) misi asparezis dro da sivrce<br />

(anu droJamul-sivrculi ganzomilebani) da, sabolood, 5) misi<br />

ideologia anu sazrisi.<br />

zRapris Seswavlis pirvel etapze mkvlevarni misi istoriuli<br />

aspeqtiT interesdebodnen. wina planze iyo wamoweuli zRapris, rogorc<br />

Janris, warmoSobis problema. (Sveduri skola, kroon da sxvani)<br />

Tanamedrove etapze yuradReba misi struqturis Seswavlazea gadatanili.<br />

problema mdgomareobs ara imaSi, Tu rogori iyo zRapris Tavdapirveli<br />

saxe, rodis da sad, romel xalxSi, romel kulturaSi warmoiSva misi<br />

arqetipi, ra cvlilebebi ganicada man drosa da sivrceSi. saeWvoa, odesme<br />

gaeces am kiTxvebs damakmayofilebeli pasuxi. gamomdinare <strong>folklori</strong>s,<br />

rogorc udamwerlobo kulturis, specifikidan, msgavsi istoriuli<br />

xasiaTis kiTxvebi amao da, amdenad, gadauWrelia.<br />

Cven ganvixiloT zRapris is saxe, rogoric man dRemde moitana da<br />

arsebobs dRemde sxvadasxva xalxebSi. ra aris am saxis zRapris sazrisi?<br />

ras acxadebs is an ras faravs Tavisi jadosnurobis safarvels iqiT?<br />

sazrisis gamoCenamde gavecnoT mis struqturas. rusma <strong>folklori</strong>stma<br />

vl. propma gasuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gamoaqveyna Tavisi<br />

gamokvlevis Sedegebi saTauriT “zRapris morfologia” (1928), sadac 100<br />

rusuli zRapris analizis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli aqvs<br />

fuZemdebluri daskvnebi, romlebic, mkvlevris azriT, igive darCeboda,<br />

saanalizo zRaprebis ricxvi rom gazrdiliyo. Cveni mxriv, davZenT, rom<br />

viTareba ar Seicvleboda, rusuli zRaprebis nacvlad <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRaprebi<br />

rom yofiliyo gaanalizebuli. vl. propma amgvarad Camoayaliba ZiriTadi<br />

debulebebi, romlebic yvela jadosnuri zRaprisTvis saerToa:<br />

1) zRapris funqciaTa ricxvi gansazRvrulia,<br />

2) funqciaTa Tanamimdevroba yvela zRaparSi ucvlelia,<br />

3) yvela jadosnuri zRapari Tavisi wyobiT erTi tipisaa.<br />

vl. propis gamokvleviT, funqciaTa ricxvi gansazRvrulia, is<br />

Seadgens 31-s, rac SeiZleba sadao iyos, Tumca Tavad Tezisi<br />

gansazRvrulobisa savsebiT misaRebia. ra aris funqcia zRaparSi?<br />

vl. propis mixedviT, funqcia zRapris siuJetis iseTi erTeulia,<br />

romelic Semdgom dayofas ar eqvemdebareba, is, SeiZleba iTqvas atomia.<br />

funqcia, amave dros, ucvleli sididea. zRaparSi xSirad erTsa da imave<br />

funqcias sxvadasxva personaJi asrulebs (“mefe Wabuks aZlevs cxens” _<br />

“jadoqari glexis biWs aZlevs beWeds”). aq cvladia moqmedi piris<br />

sazRapro vinaoba, ucvlelia moqmedeba, svla, rasac is asrulebs: gmiris<br />

dasaCuqrebis, rogorc funqciis arsi, ar icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu vin<br />

aris misi subieqti (damsaCuqrebeli) an ra konkretuli gamoxatuleba aqvs<br />

saCuqars (mfrinavi xaliCa iqneba is, faskunjis frTa Tu beWedi). mxolod<br />

amrigad, zRapris personaJebi da sagnebi, ra sxvadasxvagvarnic ar unda<br />

iyvnen isini, unda dajgufdes imisda mixedviT, Tu ra funqcias<br />

asruleben, ras akeTeben mTavari gmirisTvis, ra misia akisriaT mis<br />

49

mimarT. xolo kiTxva, Tu ra konkretuli gamoxatuleba aqvs funqciis<br />

(Tundac misiis) aRmsrulebels da Tavad aRsrulebis aqts,<br />

meorexarisxovani adgili uWiravs zRapris siRrmiseul struqturaSi da<br />

misi analizisas mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. es zRapris nivTier<br />

mravalferovnebas da simdidres gamoxatavs da ara mis arss.<br />

meore sakiTxia, Tu ra TanamimdevrobiT sruldeba es funqciebi<br />

zRapris droJamSi. anu zogadad: romeli funqciiT iwyeba zRapari da<br />

romliT mTavrdeba igi.<br />

zRapari iwyeba mTavari gmiris saxlidan (Sinidan) gasvliT. es aris<br />

pirveli funqcia funqciaTa TanamimdevrobaSi. mas, cxadia, mxolod<br />

mTavari gmiri unda asrulebdes. zRapari mTavrdeba qorwiliT an<br />

gamefebiT. es aris ukanaskneli svla-qmedeba, romlis iqiT zRapris<br />

kompetencia aRar grZeldeba. mezRapris Tvali da codna mas ver swvdeba<br />

da, amdenad, msmenelisTvisac daxurulia. es aris zRapris saboloo,<br />

absoluturi dasasruli. am or funqcia-qmedebas (gasvla-dabruneba)<br />

Soris moqceulia yvela sxva funqcia-qmedeba, romlebic aviTareben<br />

zRapris siuJets da avseben mis Sinaarss. funqciaTa erToblioba zRapris<br />

xerxemalia, sadac TiToeul “malas” Tavisi kuTvnili da Seucvleli<br />

adgili uWiravs.<br />

vl. propma daadgina funqciaTa sasruli raodenoba, magram es imas<br />

rodi niSnavs, rom yvela zRaparSi funqciaTa maqsimaluri raodenobaa<br />

gamoyenebuli (realizebuli). albaT iSviaTia zRapari, sadac 31-ve<br />

funqcia iyos warmodgenili an iseTi, romelic erTaderTi funqciis<br />

Semcveli iqneboda. erTsvliani zRapari ar arsebobs, radgan narativi<br />

oriode svlaze ver aigeba.<br />

zRapris mravalferovnebas da sirTules funqciaTa jaWvi qmnis.<br />

funqciebi ganawilebulia personaJTa Soris anu personaJebi funqciis<br />

matarebelni arian (ufunqcio personaJi zRaparSi ar moiZebneba).<br />

personaJebi unda gamovarCioT ara maTi vinaobis, aramed maTi<br />

Sesrulebuli an maTze dakisrebuli amocanis (funqciis) mixedviT.<br />

amrigad, zRapris personaJis vinaobas mxolod funqcia gansazRvravs<br />

anu misi ara warmomavloba, aramed raoba. iseve, rogorc funqciebis, aseve<br />

maTi Semsruleblebis raodenoba zRvardebulia. personaJTa raoba, vl.<br />

propis Tanaxmad [propi 1984:120-133], ar aris Svidze meti. es maqsimaluri<br />

ricxvia, romelic SeiZleba ar iyos da arc aris realizebuli yvela<br />

zRaparSi. magram es optimaluri ricxvia _ merve personaJi ar ipoveba.<br />

zRaparSi yvela svla am Svid personaJs Soris aris ganawilebuli. eseni<br />

arian:<br />

1. mTavari gmiri _ personaJi, romelzec dakisrebulia da romelic<br />

asrulebs mTavar amocanas zRaparSi, rasac SeiZleba zRapris<br />

misia vuwodoT. is gadis saxlidan da brundeba saxlSi, am<br />

gasvla-dabrunebas Soris asrulebs kidev sxva funqciebs, magram<br />

maszea dasawyisi da dasasruli, is aris misi ani da hoe. yvela<br />

danarCeni personaJi Tav-Tavisi funqciiT mxoloddamxolod<br />

misTvis arsebobs, misTvis gamoCndeba zRapris asparezze. mTavari<br />

gmiri uqonlobas, raimes naklulobas gahyavs saxlidan.<br />

50

2. gamstumrebeli. misi moqmedebis wre SezRudulia. mas, rogorc<br />

dasaxelebidan Cans, erTaderTgzis uxdeba am funqciis<br />

Sesruleba. sxva dros, garda zRapris dasawyisisa, igi am<br />

funqcias ver Seasrulebas, radgan gmiri erTxel gadis<br />

saxlidan. gamstumrebeli ZiriTadad aris mama, radgan mamis<br />

garda, Tu is cocxalia, aravis SeuZlia bavSvis gaSveba.<br />

3. mavne (antagonisti). igi zRaparSi gamoCndeba erTaderTi<br />

funqciiT _ vneba miayenos mTavar gmirs, daabrkolos igi, xeli<br />

SeuSalos misiis SesrulebaSi. igi Tavs iCens, rogorc ki gmiri<br />

daadgeba Tavis gzas, anu misi adgili saxlis zRurbls iqiT<br />

aris.<br />

4. Semwe. igi mavnis antipodia. igi gmiris nacvlad asrulebs Znel<br />

amocanas, romelzec damyarebulia misi saboloo warmateba.<br />

5. mCuqebeli amaragebs gmirs raime sagniT, romlis saSualebiTac<br />

gmiri gadalaxavs winaaRmdegobas, raTa Tavi daaRwios mavnis<br />

crugmiris mier dagebul maxes.<br />

6. crugmiri. misi mTavari funqciaa mTavari gmiris monapovris<br />

miTviseba, sabolood, misi pirovnebis uzurpacia. mtavari gmiris<br />

saxiT movlenili, is gamarTavs cruqorwils da, sabolood,<br />

dabrunebuli mTavari gmiris mier mxilebuli, mamis xeliT iqneba<br />

gankiTxuli da dasjili.<br />

7. mefis asuli an misi mama. maTi moqmedebis wrea: asuli an misi<br />

mama, mefe, Znel davalebis aZlevs mTavari gmirs; asulis<br />

funqciaa, iyos Zebnili da mopovebuli mTavari gmiris xeliT, da<br />

masze daqorwinebuli.<br />

es aris personaJTa maqsimaluri raodenoba. ar arsebobs zRapari,<br />

sadac Svidze meti funqcionaluri personaJi monawileobdes. magram ar<br />

aris savaldebulo, rom zRaparSi Svidive personaJi iyos warmodgenili,<br />

radgan mTavaria ara Tavad personaJi, aramed funqcia, romelsac is<br />

asrulebs. Semweobisa da Cuqebis funqcia SeiZleba erTma personaJma<br />

SeiTavsos _ iyos mCuqebel-Semwe. aseT SemTxvevebSi zRapars akldeba<br />

personaJi, magram funqciaTa raodenoba igive rCeba. (paraleli:<br />

Teatraluri warmodgena icnobs erT speqtaklSi ori rolis<br />

Semsrulebel erT msaxiobs).<br />

sabolood, vl. propi zRapris amgvar uzogades ganmartebas<br />

gvTavazobs: “morfologiurad jadosnuri zRapari SeiZleba ewodos<br />

yovelgvar ganviTarebas, romelic vnebiT an uqonlobiT iwyeba da<br />

saSualedo funqciebis gavliT mTavrdeba qorwinebiT anda sxva funqciiT,<br />

romelic kvanZis gaxsnisaTvis gamoiyeneba”.<br />

swored am saSualedo funqciebiT, maTi Tanamimdevruli<br />

msvlelobiT aris avsebuli zRapris Sinaarsi da es aris zRapris<br />

samyaro. gavecnoT, ra xasiaTisaa es samyaro, ra adgili uWiravs mas<br />

realobaSi. amis garkvevisTvis gasaRebad gamogvadgeba propiseuli<br />

morfologiuri analizis Sedegebi, magram es ar iqneba sakmarisi. erTia<br />

morfologia, meorea am morfologiis, am mwyobri struqturis ukan<br />

dafaruli sinamdvile. Cveni mizania im faruli sinamdvilis gacxadeba,<br />

romelic zRapris gulisguls unda Seadgendes. zRapris samyaros<br />

51

amocnobasTan erTad unda amovicnoT zRapris mTavari gmiris raoba, rac<br />

mis konkretul, zRapridan zRapramde cvalebad gamoxatulebaTa ukan<br />

imaleba. an ras niSnavs zRaparSi “Sin” da “gareT”?<br />

marTalia, mTavari gmiris mizani Sindabrunebaa mopovebul saganTan<br />

erTad, riTac sruldeba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mamis davaleba, magram<br />

zRapris mTavari Sinaarsi (ara mizani) gareTyofnaa anu Sinyofnis<br />

antiTezisi. yvelaferi, rac ki zRapris samyaroSi xdeba, mowodebulia<br />

imisaTvis, rom Sinyofna erTi safexuriT amaRldes, saboloo gansruleba<br />

hpovos. magram rac xdeba, yvelaferi gareT xdeba. da Tu araferi xdeba,<br />

droc ar miedineba. garesamyaro ki mTlianad drouli ganzomilebisaa,<br />

mTlianad droJamis morCilebaSia. es is adgilia, sadac mimdinareobs<br />

gmiris, SesaZloa, biologiuri zrdisa da sulier-inteleqtualuri<br />

aRzrdis procesi, romelic mTavrdeba saxlis zRurblTan, anu gmiri<br />

savsebiT da absoluturad momwifebuli ubrundeba Tavis Sinas da Tavisi<br />

dabrunebiT gardaqmnis mas.<br />

mTavari gmiri _ yaribi anu Raribi (rusTvelis `igi ucxo da<br />

Raribi~), upovari, gamoucdeli, ucxo samyaroSi, sadac mas mravali,<br />

yovel xisZiras Casafrebuli xifaTi emuqreba,. dabrkolebebiT aris<br />

avsebuli misi gza. misi gasvlisTanave, Sinas zRurbls miRma Tavs iCens<br />

mavne, antagonisti, romelic swored imisTvis gamoCndeba, rom<br />

daabrkolos, ukan daxios miznisaken winmimavali gmiri. magram sadac<br />

mavnea, iq aris Semwec da mCuqebelic, romelTa gareSe zRapris gmirs<br />

gardauvali daRupva elis.<br />

gareT xdeba unarebis manifestacia, Tandayolil TvisebaTa<br />

gamomzeureba, ZalTa aqtivizacia, rasac Sin ver moaxerxebda, amis<br />

saWiroebac ar gaCndeboda. gansacdeli, gamocda, cda elis mas saxlis<br />

zRurbls iqiT, gzaze, ara saxlSi...<br />

vin aris zRapris gmiri?<br />

is yaribia, mgzavria, Tavis qveyanas moSorebuli, da es iwvevs<br />

misdami TanarZnobas. mas sWirdeba gzis maswavlebeli, Semwe da mCuqebeli<br />

da isinic ar daayovneben...<br />

is idumalis maZiebelia; is dgas gzajvaredinze da irCevs im gzas,<br />

romelic ukan ardabrunebas iuwyeba. magram swored am gzas mihyavs igi<br />

miznamde, sxva gzebi fuWia, misi ori Zma rom daadgeba. es “sikvdilis gza”<br />

“sicocxlis gza” aRmoCndeba. am gzaze aRmoaCens is im idumals, romlis<br />

saZieblad gamovida saxlidan. is auqmebs warweras gzajvaredinze.<br />

is ndobiTa da rwmeniT aris savse da es amarjvebinebs mas. is<br />

rwmeniTa da ndobiT iRebs jadosnur nivTs da ar gamocdis mas, vidre<br />

gasaWirSi ar Cavardeba. es aris rwmena codnamde.<br />

is arafers moelis gaweuli samsaxurisTvis, is xelgaSlilia da<br />

gascems ukanasknels, Zvirad mopovebulsac, romelic, SesaZloa, misi<br />

xetialis mizans Seadgens, gascems ara imis gamo, rom aswilad migebis<br />

molodini aqvs. sixarbe da angariSianoba Sors aris misgan da Tu vinme<br />

amarTlebs paradoqsul devizs “rasaca gascem, Senia”, zRapris gmiri<br />

amarTlebs.<br />

da, sabolood, Tu vikiTxavT, riT imarjvebs zRapris gmiri, pasuxi<br />

aseTi iqneba: is imarjvebs im usazRvro sikeTiT, TvinierebiT,<br />

52

morCilebiT, udrtvinvelobiT, yvela am arapraqtikuli Tandayolili<br />

TvisebebiT, romlebic saxlidan gamohyva mas. maTi ZaliT misken<br />

mimarTuli yoveli boroteba sasikeTod Semoubrundeba.<br />

da, sabolood, zRapris gmiri axorcielebs soflis Zlevas,<br />

acxadebs am Zlevis saidumlos.<br />

zRapris samyaros bunebis gasarkvevad unda gairkves zRapris<br />

droisa da sivrcis xasiaTi.<br />

zRapris mSrali, sqematuri dasawyisi: "erTxel erT qveyanaSi iyo<br />

erTi xelmwife" gvimxels mis xasiaTs.<br />

ra qveyanaa es qveyana? arc saqarTvelo, arc ruseTi, arc romelime<br />

konkretuli qveyana. mas ara aqvs konkretuli eTnikuri saxe. yovlad<br />

warmoudgenelia zRapris ambavi xdebodex sadme konkretul adgilas da<br />

konkretul droSi, sadac odesme mainc zRapris msmeneli moxvedriliyo<br />

an momavalSi moxvdes. misken misasvleli gzebi moWrilia. zRapari am<br />

mxriv udroo da uadgilo adgilia (atopos, atopia). Tu zRapris<br />

dasawyisSi qveynis miTiTeba da droJamis daTariReba gvxvdeba, igi<br />

zRapruli cnobierebis Sesustebis, zRapris Janris gadagvarebis mizeziT<br />

unda avxsnaT.<br />

am ganusazRvrelobiT zRapari gansxvavdeba miTosisgan, legendisgan<br />

an Tqmulebisgan, romelTa moqmedebis asparezi toponimizebulia, dro _<br />

gansazRvruli. is Cveni droa, Tundac uxsovari iyos. SeiZleba moinaxos<br />

miTosis (legendis, Tqmulebis) moqmedebis adgili, SeiZleba gaxsenebul<br />

iqnas moqmedebis dro. warsulSi momxdari ambavi kvals tovebs miwaze<br />

tbis an borcvis, nangrevis, xevisa, kldisa Tu gamoqvabulis, an, Tundac,<br />

gaqvavebuli Tu qvadqceuli gveleSapis saxiT, zraprisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

romelsac xilul sinamdvileSi ara aqvs tvifari. Tqmulebis dros<br />

gavixsenebT, ramdenadac is warsulia, magram zRapris dros ver<br />

gavixsenebT, ramdenadac is msmenelis drois paraleluria da arasodes<br />

gadakveTavs mas. zRaparSi gamavali dro da mTxrobel-msmenelis dro<br />

gansxvavebul ganzomilebaSi arseboben, isini acdenili arian erTmaneTs,<br />

ar ebmian, ar agrZeleben erTmaneTs. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, isini<br />

paralelurad miedinebian da ar kveTen erTmaneTs. zRapris dro ar aris<br />

warsuli dro realuri drois mimarT. is hermetuli, Caketili droa, mas<br />

aqvs dasawyisi, romelic udroobidan modis da dasasruli, romelic<br />

maradiulobSi gadadis. “dResac bednierad cxovroben” an “dResac<br />

qorwili grZeldeba” _ mianiSnebs am maradiulobaze. zRapris am<br />

gangrZobil qorwilSi rac xdeba, is aRwera-gadmocemas ar eqvemdebareba.<br />

wuTisoflis sityvebi, romelTac mTxrobeli am momentamde (qorwilamde)<br />

iyenebda, aq aRar gamodgeba.<br />

zRapris dasasruls, roca mTxrobeli Tavisi personiT<br />

alaparakdeba, TiTqos xdeba garRveva zRapris hermetul droSi, TiTqos<br />

paraleluri mdinarebebi ori droisa _ zRaprisa da misi mTxrobelmsmenelisa<br />

erTvian erTmaneTs, roca mTxrobeli ambobs, mec iq viyavi,<br />

iqidan movdivaro. magram aravis sjera, rom zRapris mTxrobeli Tvissave<br />

monaTxrobSi, zRaparSi, gamonagonSi imyofeboda. mTxroblis bolo<br />

replika kidev ufro warmoaCens zRapris gansxvavebul droJamulsivrcul<br />

samyaros.<br />

53

arsad sxva TxrobiT teqstSi ise mZafrad ar igrZnoba drois<br />

ganmavloba, rogorc zRaparSi. zRapris gmiri Tavisi Tavis realizacias<br />

droSi axdens, mas dro sWirdeba, rogorc aravis. rogorc ityvian, dro<br />

mis sasargeblod muSaobs, is endoba dros. zRaparSi droc personaJia,<br />

romelic badebs zrunvas da am zrunviT ivseba mTavari gmiri. “yofierebis<br />

drod qceva ganpirobebulia zrunviT” (m. haidegeri). da, rogorc ki<br />

amoiwureba sazrunavi, droc amowurulia. es aris drois dasasruli,<br />

romelic zRaparma gvamcno. amazea naTqvami: `dro aRar iqneba~<br />

(gamocxadeba, 10:6).<br />

droisa da sivrcis erTianobas zRapris samyaroSi mxars ubams misi<br />

mTavari gmiri: rogorc dro da sivrcea ganusazRvreli da usaxelo, aseve<br />

mTavari gmiria usaxelo. zRaparma ar icis misi sakuTari saxeli. is an<br />

ufliswulia, an glexis biWia, magram mas saxeli ara aqvs. raki zRapris<br />

qveyana arc saqarTveloa, arc ruseTi da arc sxva romelime qveyana,<br />

zRapris gmiric ar ekuTvnis romelime eTnoss, mas ara aqvs erovneba. mas<br />

ar ekiTxebian, ra rjulis xar, romeli tomisa xar? (aq unda SeiniSnos<br />

erTi paradoqsi: miuxedavad eTnikuri ganusazRvrelobisa, zRapris gmiri,<br />

rogorc saerTod Tavad zRapari, sisxlxorceulad aris dakavSirebuli<br />

im xalxis yofasTan da mentalobasTan, sadac da vis enazec moiTxroba<br />

igi. rusul Tu sxva xalxis zRaprebSi mTavari gmiri, marTalia, atarebs<br />

saxels, magram es saxeli misi ara sakuTari, aramed zogadi, gvarobiTi<br />

saxelia. rusuli zRapris yvela gmiri principulad ivanuSkaa).<br />

mainc vin aris zRapris gmiri? zemoT SevecadeT, gagverkvia misi<br />

buneba, xasiaTi, zneobrivi saxe. axla vnaxoT, ras gamoxatavs igi<br />

principulad, ra saboloo funqcia akisria mas zRaparSi?<br />

Tu miviRebT vl. propis debulebas, rom yvela zRapari Tavisi<br />

wyobiT erTi tipisaa, isic unda miviRoT, rom yvela zRapris mTavari<br />

gmiri erTia. kacobriobac erTia da zRapris gmiri am kacobriobis<br />

warmomadgenelia, ufro sworad, Tavisi pirovnebiT gamoxatavs mas. Tu<br />

imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mTavari gmiri Tavis gzaze savsebiT axdens<br />

Tavisi unarebisa da Tvisebebis manifestacias, rom is aRwevs Tavisi<br />

cxovrebis mizans, risTvisac is saxlidan gavida, rom es gza savsea<br />

gansacdelebiT da, metaforulad rom vTqvaT, igi cxovrebis gzaa, radgan<br />

Tavad cxovrebac gzaa, da rom es gza erTaderTia misTvis da sxva arc<br />

arsebobs, _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas arc sxva sicocxle aqvs, garda<br />

imisa, rac am zRaparSi ganvlo da ganicada. SindabrunebiT man daasrula<br />

Tavisi cxovrebis gza, ris bolosac mas eloda sinTezisi, romelmac is<br />

axal JamSi da axal miwaze gadaiyvana. es qorwilis droJamia, romelic<br />

maradiulad grZeldeba. am qorwils mxolod saxelwodeba akavSirebs<br />

amwuTisoflur yofiT qorwilTan, romlis Sedegad Taobebi ibadebian.<br />

yofiTi qorwilebiT, SeuRlebebiT, amwuTisofluri ojaxebis SeqmniT<br />

SeiZleba mTavrdebodes romanebi, romelTa klasikuri nimuSia “omi da<br />

mSvidoba”, magram ara zRapari. zRapris dasasruli ar gulisxmobs amgvar<br />

qorwils da, niSandoblivia, rom arc erT keTilmosurne mTxrobels, am<br />

wuTisoflis Svils, ar gasCenia survili daesrulebina zRapris qorwili<br />

da mis Sedegad dabadebulTa ambis Txroba samomavlod gadaedo. ara, is<br />

ambobs, rom qorwili dResac grZeldeba, swored ise, rogorc<br />

54

qristianuli esqatologiis merve dRe, uxvalio da dauRamebeli dRe (wm.<br />

basili didi).<br />

amitomac, roca vlaparakobT zRapris dasasrulze, es dasasruli<br />

mxolod siuJeturi drois dasasruli ar aris, es absoluturi<br />

dasasrulia, romlis saukeTeso simbolo qorwilia.<br />

Tu yovelive zemoTqmuls gaviazrebT, e.w. jadosnuri zRapari,<br />

romelsac namdvilad ekuTvnis saxelwodebad esqatologiuri eposi,<br />

amgvarad SeiZleba ganimartos:<br />

zRapari aris myari struqturis, gamonagonze dafuZnebuli xalxuri<br />

zepiri moTxroba, romelic agebulia erT mTavar RerZze _ erTi mTavari<br />

gmiris dabrkolebebiT da gansacdelebiT savse Tavgadasavalze<br />

ganusazRvrel drosa da sivrceSi, rodesac da sadac xdeba misi<br />

unarebisa da Tvisebebis TandaTanobiTi manifestacia, TviTSecnoba da<br />

gamocda, da orientirebulia absoluturi da saboloo bednieri<br />

dasasrulisken.<br />

dabolos, rac Seexeba jadosnur-fantastikur moments zRaparSi,<br />

amaze SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven mier ganxiluli<br />

tipis zRaprebSi ver davasaxelebT verc erT zRapars, romelSic ar<br />

monawileobdes fantastika, es ukanaskneli mainc ar aris is arsebiTi,<br />

romelic SeiZleboda misi Janruli bunebisa Tu sazrisis ZiriTadi<br />

ganmsazRvreli yofiliyo.<br />

mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom zRapris fantastikuri foni mTavari<br />

gmiris cnobierebaSi samyaros pirvelxilvisgan gamowveuli gancvifrebis<br />

gamoxatulebaa. is gaocebis anabeWdia. es aris samyaro mis<br />

pirvelxilvaSi. zRapris jadosnur-fantastikuri garemo imis niSania, rom<br />

zRapris gmiri mudam inarCunebs bavSvobas, is bolomde, qorwilamde<br />

bavSvad rCeba. sxvanairad, qorwilSi, rogorc sasufevelSi, ver Seva. es<br />

aris bavSvobis sibrZne. am uSualo sibrZnis wyalobiT aris zRapari<br />

damajerebeli, sarwmuno. rogorc ki TxrobaSi saocrebani, fantastikuri<br />

Tavgadasavlebi moWarbdeba da TviTmiznad iqceva, zRapari, rogorc<br />

Janri, wyvets arsebobas, is umal cruzRapris saxes iRebs, romlisac<br />

aRaravis sjera.<br />

zRapris fantastika mainc realuri cxovrebis logikas aris<br />

daqvemdebarebuli. zRapris gmiri, rac unda fantastikis samyarosi<br />

moZraobdes, unda gvaxsovdes, rom es samyaro mainc Cveni samyaroa da<br />

zRapris gmiric Cveniania, erT-erTi CvenTagania.<br />

b. cxovelTa zRapari<br />

cxovelTa Sesaxeb am patara moTxrobebs SeiZleba eposi vuwodoT,<br />

Tumca isini, erTi SexedviT, igav-arakTa monaTesave Janria. igavi Tu<br />

araki, an Tundac, igav-araki, narTauli Txrobaa: igi mogviTxrobs<br />

cxovelebze da maT urTierTobaze, msmenelma ki maTSi adamianebi da<br />

adamianTa urTierTobani unda igulisxmon. igavis mgeli, melia an daTvi<br />

ar aris mgeli, melia Tu daTvi, aramed ama da am xasiaTis, niris, unaris,<br />

Tvisebebis, qcevis adamiani. anu, sxvagvarad, es cxovelebi, romlebic<br />

gadadian igavidan igavSi, adamianebs ganasaxiereben. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

55

es cxovelebi msaxiobebi arian da garkveuli tipis adamianTa rolebs<br />

asruleben. es cxovelebi, romlebic bunebiT utyvni arian, TiTqos<br />

scenidan amxelen kacTa modgmis mankier mxareebs, da es xdeba swored im<br />

ZaliT, rom Tavad maT bunebiT ar axasiaTebT gakicxuli mankierebani da<br />

amitomac moraluri pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufalni arian. es garemoeba<br />

amZafrebs da efeqturs xdis mxilebas.<br />

magram xalxuri eposi cxovelTa Sesaxeb anu cxovelTa eposi, ar<br />

aris mxilebiTi. es siuJetebi mxolod mogvianod iqna gamoyenebuli<br />

moralisa da Wkuis saswavleblad. maTSi Cadebul sibrZnes pragmatuli<br />

daniSnuleba mieca, rac warmoSobidanve maT ar gaaCndaT. ra iyo maTi<br />

sazrisi, ras gamoxataven es lakoniuri maxvilgonieri siuJetebi<br />

moulodneli komikuri Tu tragikomikuli dasasruliT? risTvis Seiqmna<br />

isini? aris gavrcelebuli azri, TiTqos cxovelTa `zRaprebi”, rogorc<br />

maT arasworad uwodeben, Seiqmna im mizniT, rom daefiqsirebinaT<br />

sxvadasxva juris cxovelTa xasiaTebi, Tvisebebi da am saxiT Senaxuliyo<br />

codna maT Sesaxeb, raTa ase gadacemoda Taobidan Taobas.<br />

gonebamaxviluria am Janris amgvari warmoSoba: isini, am mxriv, TiTqos<br />

emsgavsebian andazebs, romlebic aseve SemWidroebulad inaxaven codnas<br />

yofierebis sxvadasxva sferodan, lakoniur frazaSi wnexen mravalgzisi<br />

gamocdilebis Sedegebs, raTa Taobidan Taobas gadaeces. Tu es ase iyo,<br />

cxovelTa eposs unda daerqvas cocxali bunebis (personaJebad<br />

mcenareebic SeiZleba Segvxvdes) pirvelyofili saxelmZRvanelo,<br />

erTgvari bunebis kari, romlis saSualebiTac axali Taoba winaswar,<br />

gamocdilebamde, eziareboda cxovelTa urTierTobaTa, maTi xasiaTis<br />

saidumloebebs. magram ase iyo? es daniSnuleba hqonda maT? saeWvoa. amis<br />

sawinaaRmdegod laparakobs is arsebiTi garemoeba, rom cxovelTa<br />

eposis cxovelebi Zalze daSorebulni arian bunebaSi realurad arsebul<br />

cxovelebs. mgeli da daTvi sulac ar arian iseTi briyvebi, rogorc<br />

eposSi arian gamoyvanilni. mglisa Tu daTvis Sesaxeb amgvari “codniT”<br />

aRWurvili monadirisa Tu vinme glexis nabijebi tyeSi marcxiani iqneba.<br />

am ukanasknel as wels ganviTarebuli naturalisturi mecniereba da<br />

praqtika ar adasturebs “zRaprul” da realur cxovelTa Sesatyvisobas.<br />

aSkaraa, rom “zRapruli” cxovelebi gamonagonis sferos ekuTvnian,<br />

fantaziis nayofni arian. magram Tu rogor inarCuneben isini<br />

cxovelmyofelobas, avTenturobas, namdvilobas _ swored es aris yoveli<br />

gamonagonis, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, saidumlo da mis axsnas<br />

Cven aq ar SevudgebiT.<br />

arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad cxovelTa igavi<br />

miTologiuri warmoSobisaa, anu TiToeuli siuJeti inaxavda informacias<br />

raime sagnisa Tu movlenis (Tu mTlianad samyaros ara) warmoSobis<br />

Sesaxeb. sxvagvarad: igavi TiTqos gardaqmnili, desakralizebuli<br />

miTosia. SeiZleba warmovidginoT sazogadoeba, sadac marTlac cxovelTa<br />

igavebi miTosis rols asruleben _ cxovelebs TavianTi qmedebebiT,<br />

Tundac cbierebiT da eSmakobiT, gaiZverobiT, muxTlobiT SemoaqvT<br />

realobaSi raRac siaxle, adamianebisTvis pouloben gadarCenis saxsars.<br />

isini _ mela iqneba, yvavi Tu yorani adamianTa sazogadoebis winaprebad<br />

iTvlebian, romelTac adamianebs gaumzades pirobebi adamianuri<br />

56

cxovrebisTvis, Tavad ki ganudgnen adamianebs da cxoveluri saxe da<br />

yofa arCies. amgvar igavebs Tu mkacrad miTologiuri ara, SeiZleba<br />

etiologiuri vuwodoT. aseTebia qarTul folklorSi gavrcelebuli, aw<br />

sabavSvo repertuaris kuTvnili siuJetebi, rogoric aris, “ratom aqvs<br />

ofofs savarcxliani qoCori” da sxva misi analogiurni. miTologiuri<br />

warmoSobis momxreTa azriT, cxovelTa eposis bavSvTa auditoriaSi<br />

gadasvla-gadanacvleba misi degradaciis niSania, maT am wreSi gamrTobi<br />

funqcia aqvT SeZenili. magram ismis kiTxva _ rodis moxda es<br />

gadancvleba?<br />

Tu miTosuri igavebis sekularul igavebad gardaqmna sinamdviles<br />

Seesabameba, es gardaqmna unda viguloT ara romelime erovnul (vTqvaT,<br />

qarTul) foklorul sinamdvileSi, aramed ufro adre, vidre isini am<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s fondSi SemoaRwevdnen. radgan eWvi ar aris, rom cxovelTa<br />

igavebis fonds (jadosnur zRaparTa analogiurad) saerTo warmoSoba<br />

aqvs. sxva sakiTxia, SesaZloa, gadauWrelic, Tu sad, romel xalxSi,<br />

romel sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibda misi tipebi dRevandeli saxiT, magram<br />

isini, erTmaneTis met-naklebad identurni, yovel xalxSi damoukideblad<br />

rom ar aRmocenebulan, aSkaraa. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs evraziis sivrceSi<br />

gavrcelebuli igavebi, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad igiveobrivni arian _<br />

warmoadgenen saerTo fonds, rac maTi klasifikaciis da katalogizaciis<br />

SesaZleblobas iZleva. arsebobs saerTo fondi, romlis sisavsidan<br />

TiToeuli tradicia qmnis Tavis marags, cxadia, qmnis sakuTarsac. ase,<br />

magaliTad, cxovelTa saerTaSoriso igavuri fondidan saqarTveloSi<br />

dadasturebulia 130-mde fabula, aqedan naxevari originaluria, romelic<br />

ar gvxvdeba msoflio folklorSi [qurdovaniZe 2001:183]. dasaSvebia<br />

qarTul igavebSi miTologiur-triqsteruli (oinbazuri) kvalis Zieba,<br />

magram es ukve calke, kerZod, istoriuli kvlevis problemaa. Cveni<br />

amocana araa igavTa genezisis dadgena, Cven miznad visaxavT, gavarkvioT,<br />

Tu ras warmoadgens dRes igavTa es fondi Tavis mTlianobaSi im saxiT,<br />

ra saxiTac Cvenamde moaRwia. ra aris cxovelTa eposis sazrisi, ras<br />

eubneba msmenels, ra sibrZnes inaxavs igi Tavisi fabulis meSveobiT.<br />

SeniSvna. katalogis mixedviT, SegviZlia met-naklebi sruli warmodgena<br />

viqonioT cxovelTa eposis arsebuli sakuTriv <strong>qarTuli</strong> siuJetebis Sesaxeb:<br />

qurdovaniZe:2000; ColoyaSvili:2002.<br />

pirvelyovlisa, ganvmartoT, ras vgulisxmobT, roca cxovelTa igavebs<br />

eposs vuwodebT. miCveuli varT, rom eposi didi tiloa, farTo asparezia,<br />

rogorc sivrcul, ise droJamuli ganzomilebiT. eposis gmirs (gmirebs)<br />

mravalzRurbliani Tavgadasavali aqvT. eposi moicavs gmiris cxovrebis<br />

ara mxolod erT an ramdenime epizods, aramed xSirad mTel cxovrebas<br />

dabadebidan aRsasrulamde (apoTeozamde).. cxovelTa igavs ki, calke<br />

aRebuls, arc xangrZlivoba aqvs da arc sakmarisi sivrce. ra gvaZlevs<br />

imis safuZvels, rom cxovelTa novelistur igavebs eposi vuwodoT?<br />

Tumca cxovelTa erTi romelime igavi personaJis, vTqvaT, meliis,<br />

romelime oinbazobas gadmogvcems Tavisi dasawyisiT da dasasruliT,<br />

anu TviTkmaria, dasrulebulia, mainc es TviTkmari siuJeti erTi mTelis<br />

nawilad unda gaviazroT. nawilebs mTlianobaSi aqceven personaJebi,<br />

57

omlebic igavidan igavSi, siuJetidan siuJetSi gadadian. Tu erTgan<br />

kvdebian, meoreSi cocxldebian, inarCuneben ra igiveobas Tavis TavTan.<br />

melia yvelgan meliaa, is yvela igavSi meliobs, arsad kargavs meliobas,<br />

mgeli ar moiSlis mglobas, rac mis maradiul briyvobasa da sixarbeSi,<br />

aseve marad mSivrobaSi mdgomareobs. isini ar SeiZleba aseTebi ar iyvnen,<br />

arasodes Seicvlian nirs da qcevas, rom sxva saxiT gveCvenon. Cven<br />

TiToeul maTgans yvelgan gamovicnobT rogorc Zvel nacnobs, romelic<br />

mravalgzis Segvxvedria. niSandoblivia, rom mela Tu mgeli, TiToeuli<br />

cxoveli individia da, amave dros, Tavisi gvaris warmomadgeneli.<br />

amitomac mis gverdiT sxva mela da sxva mgeli ar Cans. mela, mgeli da<br />

sxvani igavTa erTobliobis personaJTa sakuTari saxelebia. am mxriv, es<br />

samyaro dasazRvrulia, erTxel da samudamod determinirebuli. TiTqos<br />

es ar aris Tavisuflebis samyaro, magram mis farglebSi, misgan<br />

gamousvlelad, misi binadarni axerxeben Tavisufalni iyvnen Tavis<br />

qmedebebSi.<br />

es aris erTiani epikuri samyaro, sadac cxovroben, mimodian, moqmedeben,<br />

erTmaneTs xvdebian es arsebebi. es maTi samyaroa, maTTvis nacnobia iq<br />

cxovrebis wesebi da es aravis ukvirs. Cvenc viRebT am wesebs, rogorc<br />

aseTs, rogorc TavisTavad cxads. es sastiki, urTierTSeuTavseblobis,<br />

principulad antagonisturi samyaroa. ra Sors dgas igi im samyarosgan,<br />

sadac saxlidan gamosuli jadosnuri zRapris gmiri Sedis, sadac mas<br />

uxdeba mogzauroba, Tavisi raobis gamovlena (manifestacia). marTalia, iq<br />

aris antagonisti, mavne, aris crugmiri (yvelaze saSiSi antagonistTa<br />

Soris), magram iq arian Semwenic da mCuqebelnic, romelTa wyalobiT<br />

yoveli xifaTi daZleulia. amis sapirispirod, cxovelTa eposis<br />

samyaroSi ar arseboben Semweni, xifaTSi Cacvenili misi mkvidrni sakuTar<br />

Tavs arian mindobilni... es sicruis, gautanlobis, urTierTmoRorebis,<br />

muxanaTobis samyaroa. yvelani erTmaneTs atyueben an cdiloben<br />

motyuebas. es aris maTi cxovrebis wesi. magram moRorebac aris da<br />

moRoreba. amiT ar kmayofildeba udidesi, daucxromeli oinbazi mela.<br />

moRoreba Tavdeba sisastikiT. mgeli ara mxolod moRorebulia, aramed<br />

tyavic aqvs gamZvrali. udanaSaulo, Tundac xarb mgels, tyavs aZroben<br />

arafrisTvis, mxolod imisTvis, rom Tavidan moiSoron, gzidan<br />

Camoicilon? aris raime sazrisi am muxanaTobaSi, romelic aseTi<br />

sisastikiT gvirgvindeba? adamians mainc _ amaze unda iyos gaTvlili<br />

igavi _ ecineba, TiTqos bolomde arc ki sjera, rom aseTi sisastike<br />

namdvilad xdeba. es sisastike rom ara cxovelTa igavSi, aramed<br />

adamianTa Sesaxeb moTxrobaSi gamoCeniliyo _ anu adamianisTvis gaeZroT<br />

tyavi angarebiT Tu, miT uaresi, uangarod _ es autaneli iqneboda,<br />

komizmisTvis, romelic axlavs cxovelTa igavs, adgili namdvilad ar<br />

darCeboda. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom cxovelTa eposis cxovelebi<br />

cxovelebi arian da maT ukan adamianebi ar igulisxmebian. sisastike<br />

ganelebulia cxovelTa upasuxismgeblo samyaroSi gadataniT. aravis<br />

gauCndeba survili, moraluri kuTxiT Seafasos meliis jer muxanaToba<br />

da mere sisastike, boroti xumroba, rac adamianTa SemTxvevaSi bunebrivi<br />

iqneboda. es samyaro aseTia _ ara amoraluri, aramed imoraluri, ris<br />

58

mimarTac moraluri kategoriebis miyeneba uadgilo iqneboda. Tu raime<br />

SemorCa miTologiuri (Tuki gauvlia mas aseTi periodi) cxovelTa eposs,<br />

es unda iyos swored misi sruli emansipacia, gaTavisufleba moralisgan.<br />

morali arc masSia da arc daskvnaSi, riTac Cveulebriv mTavrdeba<br />

ezopes igavebi. imoralizmi aris misi zneobrivi kredo. SesaZloa,<br />

visaubroT mxolod damTxvevaze miTologiur imoralizmTan da cxovelTa<br />

eposis aseve principuli imoralizmi mis damoukidebel niSan-Tvisebad da<br />

maxasiaTeblad miviCnioT, riTac is fundamenturad gansxvavdeba<br />

jadosnuri zRaprisgan. is saqcieli, romelic ar moekiTxeba melas,<br />

udanaSaulo mgeli rom Caagdo WaSi an gaatyava, uTuod moekiTxeboda<br />

jadosnuri zRapris gmiris antagonists, is pasuxs agebs Tavis qmedebaze.<br />

zRapris samyarosgan gansxvavebiT cxovelTa eposis samyaro<br />

upasuxismgeblo samyaroa. viciT, ras gvimxels jadosnuri zRapari Tavisi<br />

SinaarsiT da esqatologiuri finaliT. igi gvixatavs samyaros, sadac<br />

mavne-antagonistebTan erTad Tanaarseboben keTili nebis arsebani _<br />

yofierebis romel safexurs ar unda ekuTvnodnen isini. ras gvimxels<br />

cxovelTa eposi, TiToeuli misi epizodi? zRapris sapirispirod<br />

Tanaarsebobis, Tanacxovrebis (simbiozis) SeuZleblobas, arsebaTa<br />

urTierTSeuTavseblobas. totaluri sicrue, muxanaToba, Ralati,<br />

sisastike am SeuTavseblobis gamoxatulebaa. am samyaroSi megobrobis<br />

yoveli mcdeloba kraxiT mTavrdeba. komikur-ironiulia ukuRmarTi<br />

dasasrulis fonze cxovelTa igavis dasawyisi: erTxel mela da mgeli<br />

daZmobildnen. vgrZnobT, rom es Zmoba Txel safarvelad aqvs<br />

gadafarebuli maT urTierTobas. is ganwirulia CaSlad am avtonomiuri,<br />

Caketili samyaros wesisamebr. cxovelebi adamianebiviT iqcevian, miznebic<br />

TiTqos adamianuri aqvT, laparakoben adamianurad, magram mainc<br />

cxovelebad rCebian. maTi es ucnauri statusi _ adamianuroba<br />

cxovelobis SenarCunebasTan erTad cxovelTa eposis Janris<br />

damaxasiaTebeli niSania. cxoveli adamianis eniT laparakobs, magram es<br />

ar aris aRqmuli, rogorc saswauli, es ar ganekuTvneba saswaulTa<br />

kategorias, rogorc, magaliTad, winaswarmetyvel balaamis saxedris<br />

ametyveleba. balaamis saxedarma ena amoidga ukiduresi gaWirvebisas,<br />

moxda gardatexa, Tumca efemeruli, mis bunebaSi da saxtad datova<br />

Tavisi patroni, magram cxovelTa eposis mela-mgels ena ar amoudgams _<br />

maT Tavidanve micemuli aqvT metyvelebis unari. SevniSnavT<br />

arsebiT gansxvavebas cxovelTa eposisa da jadosnuri zRapris<br />

cxovelebs Soris. isini ara mxolod sxvadasxva samyaros, aramed<br />

cxovelTa gansxvavebul gvarebs ekuTvnian. saerTo saxelwodebam<br />

SecdomaSi ar unda Segviyvanos. Tundac is garemoeba, rom jadosnur<br />

zRaparSi isini (mela iqneba Tu mgeli) ar arian TavisTavadni, aramed<br />

damxmareni, ris gamoc maT unda Seicvalon maTTvis Cveuli niri da qceva.<br />

cxovelTa eposis personaJi ar gamodgeba mTavari gmiris Semwed an<br />

mCuqeblad. isini mxolod sakuTari TaviT arian dakavebulni, sakuTari<br />

miznebi amoZravebT maT. sakmaod egocentrulni arian imisaTvis, rom<br />

uangarod gauwion samsaxuri xifaTSi Cavardnil adamians.<br />

oriode sityva kompoziciaze. cxovelTa igavi ar aris<br />

damorCilebuli iseT mkacr kanonebs, rogorc jadosnuri zRapari. igi ar<br />

59

eqvemdebareba vl. propiseul morfologiur (funqcionalur) analizs. Tu<br />

zRapris gmiris gamosvla asparezze ganpirobebulia gamstumreblis<br />

funqciiT, misi droebiTi warmateba-warumatebloba zRapris imanenturi<br />

kanonebis ZaliT damokidebulia mavneze, antagonistze, Semweze,<br />

mCuqebelze, sruliad gansxvavebuli viTarebaa cxovelTa eposSi. mTavari<br />

gmiri, Tuki igavSi arsebobs aseTi, mxolod da mxolod Tavis Tavs<br />

“eyudnis”, patronad, Semwed da mCuqeblad Tavisi Tavi hyavs. ar viciT,<br />

saidan Cndeba is asparezze. ram gamoiyvana mela Tavisi sorodan, CvenTvis<br />

ucnobia. ar hyavs mas gamstumrebeli. is da misi mowinaaRmdege ukve gareT<br />

arian, gzaze. ambavic gzaSi iwyeba SexvedriT. xvdebian, rogorc wesi,<br />

sxvadasxva (mxolod sxvadasxva!) gvaris cxovelebi. Sexvedras, rogorc<br />

saSualebas, mxolod ori mizani SeiZleba hqondes: daZmobileba da Sebma<br />

(Sejibri). daZmobileba gulisxmobs sakvebis erToblivad mopoebas, erTad<br />

Wamas, saerTo trapezs. mizani TiTqos materialuria, ukiduresad yofiTi,<br />

biologiuri, magram erTad Wama-sma Tanacxovrebis, simbiozis<br />

SesaZleblobis udidesi gamocdaa, ris Semdegac unda daiwyos sxva,<br />

maRali rangis urTierTobebi. aq ar wavalT Sors imis saCveneblad, Tu<br />

raoden didi xvedriTi wona aqvs xalxebis yofa-cxovrebaSi saerTo<br />

sufras, sadac adamianebi erTianobas eziarebian. adamianebi erTi modgmaa,<br />

erT gvars warmoadgenen uricxv qmnilebaTa Soris, amitomac maT surT<br />

erTianoba, miiswrafian erTmaneTisken, cdiloben daZlion babilonis<br />

godolis Semdgomi ucxooba, moZebnon ucxoSi “sxvai Cemi” (gr. robaqiZe).<br />

cxovelTa eposSic aris survili, TiTqos Sinagani, Tandayolili<br />

ltolva erTad cxovrebisa, rasac aq sruliad kanonzomierad saerTo<br />

trapezi gamoxatavs. magram es ar xerxdeba maTi erTmaneTTan<br />

SeuTavseblobis gamo. gavixsenoT melasa da weros epizodi, romelic<br />

mainc mSvidobianad mTavrdeba, Tumca erTmaneTis maspinZlobiT<br />

gawbilebulni erTmaneTs Sordebian, raTa kvlav aRar Sexvdnen erTmaneTs.<br />

magram ase mSvidobianad ar Sordebian erTmaneTs daZmobilebuli mela da<br />

mgeli. “Zmobil” mgels, romelsac Tavisi wili erbo SeuWama meliam,<br />

moRoreba ar akmara, tyavi gaaZro am sityvis pirdapiri sastiki<br />

mniSvnelobiT. es sisastike, rasac mela umiznod, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

uangarod sCadis, xsenebuli SeuTavseblobis kategoriuli<br />

gamoxatulebaa. ras niSnavs es siRrmiseulad? niSnavs imas, rom cxovelTa<br />

samyaro erTiani ar aris _ yvela Seqmnilia “Tavisi gvaris mixedviT”, am<br />

gvarTa Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs, gadebuli xidi umal tydeba, rogorc<br />

ki fundamenturi moTxovnileba _ am SemTxvevaSi Wama _ wamoiwevs win?<br />

cnobilia, rom kvebis sistema xalxTa Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani,<br />

SesaZloa, gadamwyveti ganmasxvavebeli niSania. Tu es asea adamianTa<br />

sazogadoebaSi, miT ufro es iTqmis cxovelebis mimarT, romelTa<br />

erTaderTi saqmianoba biologiur moTxovnilebebTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />

sxvadasxva gvaris cxovelTa simbiozi kraxisTvis aris ganwiruli.<br />

maTi yoveli erToblivi saqmianoba aseve sruli kraxiT mTavrdeba:<br />

mamali, mela, ZaRli ver aSeneben sofels. es cxovelTa eposis Tema<br />

advilad xdeba moralizebis saSualeba, rogorc, magaliTisTvis,<br />

60

krilovis arakSi (Однажды лебедь, рак да щука). sxvadasxva gvaris<br />

cxovelebi samyaros (kerZod, tyis) saerTo hamoniaSi monawileoben, magram<br />

erTmaneTisadmi SeuTavsebelni, Seurigebelni da mtrulni arian. amas<br />

aCvenebs cxovelTa eposi. ras unda iwvevdes es paradoqsebi CvenSi,<br />

adamianebSi? sicils Tu Cafiqrebas? melias improvizebuli oinebi,<br />

romlebic `Zmobilisadmia~ mimarTuli, TviTkmari Rirebulebis Semcvelia.<br />

ver vityviT, rom es oinebi Cagvafiqrebs, Cagvaxedebs Cvens TavSi. ara,<br />

melia Tavisi TavaSvebuli, sruliad gaumarTlebeli, umizezo sisastikiT<br />

Cvens samxileblad ar aris movlenili cxovelTa eposSi. Tumca, vimeoreb,<br />

igi SeiZleba moralis wasakiTxad, Wkuis saswavleblad iqnas<br />

gamoyenebuli. Tumca es ukve sxva Janri iqneba.<br />

magram, Tu ufro Rrmad SevxedavT am SeuTavseblobas, davinaxavT, rom<br />

SeuTavsebloba zedapirulia, fenomenuria, siRrmeSi ki erTianoba Zevs _<br />

yvela qmnileba erT bunebas aris naziarebi da, Tu cxovelebi<br />

zedapirulad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, siRrmeSi isini erTni arian,<br />

rogorc erTi Semoqmedis qmnilebani. daZmobilebis, Tanacxovrebis<br />

survili cxovelTa eposSi amiT aris gamowveuli, igi Sinagani Zaxilia,<br />

bunebrivi tendenciaa. xalxuri sityviereba mainc aRiarebs cxovelTa<br />

samyaros solidarobas, romelic Zlevs zedapirul mtrobas. arafers<br />

vityviT jadosnur zRaparze, sadac es TvalsaCinoa. mTeli misi<br />

xerxemali solidarobazea agebuli _ maTi qmedebis mizani mTavari<br />

gmiria. foklori icnobs teqstebs, sadac Zleulia gaucxoeba, aRdgenilia<br />

erTianoba, roca gamoCndeba saerTo mizani. erT-erTi aseTia `sabralo<br />

dedabrisasa~ [qxp VIII:#713], sadac TiTqmis yvela gvaris Sinaur-gareuli<br />

cxoveli, romelic ki am leqsis Semqmneli sazogadoebisTvis aris<br />

cnobili, garTianebulia kacTagan (soflisgan, am sityvis orive<br />

mniSvnelobiT) gariyul-mitovebuli dedabris Sesawevad. SeiZleba<br />

vifiqroT, rom am cxovelebSi (aha, maTi sruli sia: Tagvebi, lomebi,<br />

vefxvebi, taxebi, meliebi, weroebi, batebi, irmebi, daTvebi, mglebi,<br />

SaSvebi, gnolebi, kaWkaWebi, mtredebi, gvritebi, variebi, ixvebi,<br />

torolebi, xoxbebi, bulbulebi da, bolos, `sawyali beri qedani~)<br />

adamianebi igulisxmebian? aramc da aramc! mTeli paradoqsi, iumori,<br />

SesaZloa, komizmic swored imaSia, rom Semweni swored cxovelebi arian<br />

da ara adamianebi, romelTac humanisturi valdebuleba isedac unda<br />

hqonodaT am martoxela, umweo dedabris mimarT. Tumca isic unda iTqvas,<br />

rom am mozrdili leqsis, TiTqos eposis, sazrisSi mxileba ar Zevs, misi<br />

paTosi ar aris mamxilebeli. is, rac miuRwevelia cxovelTa eposSi, aq<br />

miRweulia. aq Txa da mgeli erTad araTu sZoven, erTad Sromoben<br />

sxvisTvis, erTi miznis qveS arian gaerTianebulni. yvela Tavisi<br />

SesaZleblobiT Seeweva dedabers. cxovelTa samyaro emsaxureba martod<br />

darCenils. dedaberi adamis rolSia, rogorc yoveli qmnilebis batoni.<br />

adamma am dedabris saxiT Tavisi Zveli dideba aRidgina, rogorc yoveli<br />

qmnilebis patronma. cxovelTa samyaro adamianis samsaxurSia Cayenebuli<br />

da poema, romelic mTlianad mamiTadis Temazea agebuli, lxiniT anu<br />

Tavisi bunebrivi dasasruliT mTavrdeba:<br />

61

`silamazisTvis xoxobi SuaSi Caisviano,<br />

bulbuli galobisaTvis sul Tavsa daisviano,<br />

sawyali beri qedani boloSi moigdiano.<br />

erTad smen, sWamen, lxinoben, harales dasZaxiano~.<br />

didebuli finalia, romelic principulad (arsobrivad)<br />

upirispirdeba cxovelTa eposis tragikomikur dasasruls da jadosnuri<br />

zRapris esqatologiuri dasasrulisken ixreba.<br />

.<br />

literatura<br />

qurdovaniZe 2000: Указатель сюжетов грузинской народной сказки. Систематический<br />

указатель по системе Ааарне-Томпсона, составил проф. Курдованидзе Т.Д. , «Мерани»,<br />

Тб., 2000;<br />

qurdovaniZe 2001: qurdovaniZe T., <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>, Tb., 2001.<br />

umikaSvili III: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba III, `literatura da<br />

xelovneba~, Tb., 1964. .<br />

qxp VIII: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad.<br />

ColoyaSvili 2002: ColoyaSvili r. cxovelTa eposis klasifikacia da<br />

siuJeturi saZiebeli (kumulaciuri zRaprebi da zRaprebi cxovelTa<br />

Sesaxeb. `<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>~ 1(XVII), Tb., 2002.<br />

sayofiero zRapari anu xalxuri novela<br />

tradiciulad zRapars sam jgufad yofen: jadosnur zRaprebad,<br />

cxovelTa zRaprebad da sayofiero zRaprebad. sinamdvileSi, Tu kargad<br />

davukvirdebiT, isini gansxvavebul Janrebs ekuTvnian da maTi gaerTianeba<br />

erTi saxelwodebis qveS ar unda iyos gamarTlebuli. amis gamoa, rom<br />

CamoTvlisas mxolod jadosnur zRapars Tvlian `sakuTriv~ anu namdvil<br />

zRaprad, danarCenebs sxvadasxva saxeliT moixsenieben.<br />

Cven vamjobineT, jadosnuri zRaprisTvis, misi specifikuri<br />

dasasrulis gamo, `esqatologiuri zRapari~ gvewodebina, xolo cxovelTa<br />

zRaprebisTvis _ cxovelTa eposi. rac Seexeba mesame tipis `zRapars~,<br />

romelsac axla ganvixilavT, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, `sayofiero<br />

zRapars~ an `novelistur zRapars~ uwodeben, Tumca maTTvis umjobesi<br />

iqneboda ~xalxur novela~ gvewodebina, ramdenadac igi novelisturi<br />

Txrobis yvela pirobas akmayofilebs. amrigad, `xalxuri novelis~ Tu<br />

`sayofiero zRapris~ (saxelwodeba namdvilad yovelTvis pirobiTia,<br />

62

simboluria, arasodes gamoxatavs mTlianad mis arss) saxiT Cvens winaSea<br />

xalxuri narativi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba, erTi mxriv,<br />

`sakuTriv zRaprisgan~, meore mxriv, `cxovelTa eposisgan~.<br />

cxadia, sayofiero zRapari Tu xalxuri novelac gamonagonzea<br />

dafuZnebuli, magram es gamonagoni arsebiTad gansxvavdeba rogorc<br />

cxovelTa, ise esqatologiuri zRapris gamonagonisgan. igi savsebiT<br />

realisturi gamonagonia, ramdenadac Tavis siuJetebSi arafers Seicavs<br />

iseTs, rac realur cxovrebaSi ver moxdeboda. misi personaJebi realuri<br />

adamianebi arian, sazogadoebis yvela fenis da xasiaTis warmomadgenlebi:<br />

glexebi da batonebi, mojamagirebi da damqiravebelni, Rarib-Ratakebi da<br />

SeZlebulni, marTalni da crupentelebi, sovdagrebi da boganoebi,<br />

brZenebi da sulelebi, mwyemsebi da guTnisdedebi, mRvdlebi da diakvnebi,<br />

qurdebi da avazakebi, qosatyuilebi da sxvani da sxvani. yvelani, vinc ki<br />

am narativSi monawileobs Tumca groteskulni, magram savsebiT<br />

pragmatulni arian, magram mTavari gmiri, cota ucnauri qcevisaa, cota ar<br />

iyos, briyvis STabeWdilebas stovebs, erTi sityviT, ar iqceva<br />

standartulad, rogorc Cveulebrivi adamianebi unda iqceodnen. magram<br />

sabolood swored is imarjvebs. riTi? ara fizikuri Zal-RoniT, aramed<br />

moxerxebiT. maTzea zedgamoWrili andaza `xerxi sjobia Ronesa, Tu kaci<br />

moigonebsa~. isinic esqatologiuri zRapris gmiriviT mudmivad gzas<br />

adganan, magram maT gzajvaredinze is warwera ar aris, ukanmouqcevlobiT<br />

rom afrTxilebs mgzavrs. magram isini gaTelili gziT mainc ar midian,<br />

ar iqcevian ise, rogorc yvela iqceva; maT saqcielSi, azrovnebaSi TiTqos<br />

Wkua ar monawileobs, magram swored maTi es uWkuoba aRmoCndeba<br />

erTaderTi gza miznis misaRwevad. sabolood, maTi absurduli<br />

gadawyvetileba imarjvebs. Tu mojamagirea, sami wlis gasamrjelod<br />

SemoTavazebul fulsa da sam sityvas Soris sityvebs (anu Segonebebs)<br />

irCevs da Sinaganad kmayofili gaudgeba gzas Sinisken. yvelafers<br />

danarCens, rasac im fuliTac ver SeiZenda, am sityvebis meoxebiT iZens.<br />

maT xibls qmnis maTive saqcielis da fiqrebis absurduloba, rasac,<br />

rusTvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `Wkvianni ver mixvdebian~. mas gzaze ar<br />

Sexvdeba Semwe an mCuqebeli, romelic uangarod ixsnida mas gasaWiridan.<br />

piriqiT, yoveli Semxvedri mis gacurebas cdilobs, yvelam piri Seikra<br />

mis winaaRmdeg, rom misi sakuTari xari, romelic gasayidad mihyavs, Txad<br />

CauTvalon. sabolood, ara sxva vinme, aramed isev da isev sakuTari<br />

moxerxeba aRudgens martiv WeSmaritebas, rom misi pirutyvi xari iyo da<br />

ara Txa. WeSmaritebis kriteriumad komikuri xaris kudia gamoyenebuli,<br />

romelic Txad gayiduli xarisgan SerCa.<br />

advili SesamCnevia, rom novelis gmiri ara mxolod sxva Janris<br />

personaJia, aramed sruliad gansxvavebuli tipis da formaciis adamiania.<br />

ufro sworad, zRaprisTvis am axal, yofiT adamians, romelic Zireulad<br />

gansxvavdeba zRapris gmirisgan, samoqmedo asparezad swored iseTi foni<br />

esaWiroeba, am tipis narativebSi rom aris gaSlili. es foni mkveTrad<br />

socialuria, sadac personaJebi yovelTvis raRac gamorCenas elian,<br />

konkretuli, pragmatuli, advilad misaRwevi mizani aqvT dasaxuli,<br />

gansxvavebiT esqatologiuri zRapris masStaburi miznisa, romlis<br />

63

miRwevaSi (an CaSlaSi) mTeli zRapruli sinamdvile (anu, vityviT Cven,<br />

mTeli wuTisofeli) monawileobs.<br />

esqatologiuri zRaprisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis narativi Caketil<br />

drosa da sivrceSi xorcieldeba da, erTgvarad, simboluria, rogorc<br />

yvelaferi, rac masSi xdeba, novelebis dro da sivrce Cveni (anu<br />

mTxrobelisa da msmenelis) dro da sivrcea; Cven advilad warmovidgenT<br />

Tavs maSin da iq myofad, monawiled am samyaros situaciebisa, raoden<br />

ucnauri da uCveuloc ar unda iyvnen isini. am novelebSi arc erTi<br />

ararealuri sagani ar monawileobs, igi ar icnobs jadosur sagnebs<br />

(mfrinavi xaliCa, natvrisTvali da sxvani), romelTa saSualebiTac<br />

zRapris gmiri aRwevs mizans, magram Txrobis efeqti miRweulia am<br />

savsebiT realur, advilmisawvdom da advilad mosapovebel saganTa<br />

uCveulo, xSirad absurduli gamoyenebiT. amis klasikuri magaliTia<br />

nacarqeqias xelSi is sagnebi, romelTa saSualebiTac imarjvebs igi.<br />

realisturi foni Tavisi sagnebiTurT am novelebSi hiperbolizebulia.<br />

realisturi, rogorc uwodeben literaturaSi [Rlonti<br />

1989:16,18,23,31], novelebis Tematika mravalferovania da Znelad Tu<br />

eqvemdebareba klasifikacias, Tematur dajgufebas. mainc am<br />

mravalferovani simravlidan SeiZleba gamovarCioT universaluri<br />

gavrcelebis mTeli cikli briyv adamianebze _ dedakacebze da<br />

mamakacebze.<br />

es fabliod wodebuli novelebi TiTqos amaTraxebs maT sibriyves<br />

[Rlonti:299]. magram asea? mxileba da gamaTraxebaa maTi sazrisi?<br />

qvrivi dedakaci, romelic `saiqiodan mobrunebul kacis~ xeliT<br />

Tavis gardacvlil meuRlesTan an mamasTan uamrav xorags ugzavnis (cxra<br />

tomara xorbals, cxra tomara brinjs, cxra tomara fqvils, cxra fuT<br />

erbos, cxra fuT yvels da a.S. cxraobiT) gasakicxia sibriyvisTvis Tu<br />

saqebia im guluxvobisTvis, amasTanave, erTgulebisTvis, romelsac<br />

gardacvlilis mimarT iCens, an, Tundac, ndobisTvis ucnobi mamakacis<br />

mimarT? misi sruliad arapragmatuli, obieqturad Tu SevxedavT,<br />

saqcieli sibriyvea, magram amasTan erTad gana novela pragmatizms ar<br />

kicxavs? ra Tqma unda, es misabaZi saqcieli ar aris, magram fablios ar<br />

unda davakisroT arc moralis swavlebis da arc magaliTis micemis<br />

amocana. misi daniSnuleba namdvilad esTeturia, rogorc cxovelTa<br />

eposSi vxedavT. melia arasodes iqneba imis magaliTi, Tu rogor ar unda<br />

moiqces adamiani. am Janris igavebSi swored amgvari melia da mgelia<br />

misaRebi da, erTgvarad, mosawoni, rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebis<br />

personaJi, rac unda uaryofiTi iyos igi.<br />

aseve iTqmis am briyv qalebze, romlebic tirian jer-ardabadebuli<br />

Svilis sikvdils, romelic maT warmosaxvaSi ukve Camovarda xidan, an<br />

taroze Semodebuli culi daeca Tavze da sxva da sxva. es SeiZleba<br />

mxolod sasacilo iyos da meti araferi, magram gana es cotaa, rom kidev<br />

sxva raRac amocaniT davtvirToT?<br />

64

erTaderTi racionaluri azri, romelic amgvari fablioebidan<br />

gamomdinareobs is aris, romelic am <strong>qarTuli</strong> andaziT gamoixateba _<br />

`mjobis mjobi ar daileva~, anu Cveni parafraziT `briyvis briyvi ar<br />

daileva~, rom adamianis sibriyves sazRvari ara aqvs da es WeSmariteba<br />

ara TavSi sacemad da vaiviSis saZaxeblad, aramed imis saCveneblad aris<br />

mowodebuli, rom `sadRac~, realobisa Tu azrovnebis romeliRac<br />

ganzomilebaSi es Cveni qveyana briyvTa qveyanaa. es azri aqvs SinaurTa<br />

(col-Svilis) sibriyviT aRSfoTebuli kacis ambavs, romelic sxva<br />

qveyanaSi gadaixveweba, sadac uares sibriyves gadaeyreba da Tavad<br />

aranaklebs sibriyves iCens, magram mainc kulminacia colis sityvebSia<br />

moqceuli, romliTac dabrunebul qmars axarebs, yana moxani da marili<br />

davTeseo. daskvna is aris, rom dabrunebuls es sisulele ar gakvirvebia.<br />

gana SeiZleba am fablios amgvari Sefaseba: `briyvi dedakacis motivebs<br />

mTel msoflio folklorSi aqvs paralelebi. yvela maTgans erTi azri<br />

aqvs: xalxi sastikad dascinis briyv dedakacs, zizRiT ucqeris mis uRirs<br />

saqciels...~ [Rlonti 1989:301]. amgvari Sefasebebi `zizRi~ da `uRirsi<br />

saqcieli~ aq namdvilad uadgilo Sefasebebia. fablios namdvilad ara<br />

aqvs dasaxuli es amocana iseve, rogorc xalxuri novelebis fondSi<br />

arsebul sami tyuilis cikls [Rlonti 1989:376-378].<br />

erTma axirebulma xelmwifem gamoacxada, vinc sam iseT tyuils<br />

metyvis, rom ar gamegos, qaliSvils mivaTxoveb, Tu ara da, Tavs movWrio.<br />

oTxmocdacxramets moWra Tavi, meased wardga erTi menaxire da sami<br />

tyuili moaxsena. pirveli aseTi iyo: `guSin naxiridan rom davbrundi,<br />

dedaCems sadili ar hqonda gakeTebuli, me ki puri mSioda. Cvens baRSi<br />

erTi gogra meguleboda. avdeqi da mis mosatanad wavedi. mivel, vnaxe,<br />

sadac meguleboda, iq aRar iyo. gavyev gogris kavs. okeanis gaRma<br />

gasulyo da iq ido gogra. gaviare am kavze, gavedi gaRma, movglije<br />

gogra, saWamadi gavakeTe da me da dedaCemma kargi vaxSami geaxeliT~.<br />

meore tyuili es iyo: `guSin saRamos naxiridan rom movedi, dedaCems<br />

saWamadi Seenelebina da marili ver eSova... gaviqeci gubarSi, saidanac<br />

marili moaqvT... arc CaquCi mqonda, arc araferi, rom klde damengria da<br />

marili wamomeRo. xan aqeT mivartyi Tavi, xan iqiT da erTi kai mozrdili<br />

lodi movagdebine. gavide mxarze da Sinisaken gamoviqeci. SevaneleT<br />

saWamadi da im Rames kai vaxSami geaxeliT~. mesame tyuili amgvari iyo:<br />

`menaxirem xelmwifis karze uzarmazari qvevri miagora da uTxra: mamaSens<br />

mamaCemisa es erTi didi qvevri oqro marTebia da unda gadamixadoo~. am<br />

ukanasknelma tyuilma gaWra: xelmwife iZulebuli gaxda, menaxirisTvis<br />

mefis asuli mieTxovebina [Rlonti 1989:377]. es iseTi tyuili iyo, rom<br />

xelmwifes ar SeeZlo misi gabaTileba ise, rom absurdSi ar<br />

Cavardniliyo.<br />

am tipis novelebSi tyuilis mTqmeli, cxadia, ubralo crupentela<br />

ar aris, romelic angarebiani mizniT an vinmes gasacureblad Txzavs<br />

tyuilebs da simarTled asaRebs mas. es tyuilTSemoqmedebaa, Tavistavad<br />

Rirebuli xelovnebis nawarmoebia, romelic moiTxovs fantaziis da<br />

iumoris Sezavebas. amave dros, am tyuilebis statusi ucnauria: Tu,<br />

65

Cveulebriv, tyuilis sazrisi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tavi simarTled,<br />

sinamdvileSi momxdar ambad gaasaRos, am fablioebis tyuili Tavad<br />

acxadebs Tavs rogorc tyuils absoluturi saxiT, radgan aseTia SekveTa.<br />

aq tyuili qmnis Tavis sakuTar sinamdviles, sadac yvelaferi<br />

SesaZlebelia. tyuilis damajerebloba miT ufro izrdeba, rac ufro<br />

daujerebelia monaTxrobi. es aris uangaro, dauinteresebeli tyuili,<br />

romlis mizani ara mis gareT, aramed isev da isev mis sakuTar TavSia. is<br />

arafris sxvis, Tavis gareSe arsebulis, saSualeba ar aris. is<br />

TviTmizania. baron miunhauzenis tyuilebisgan gasxvavebiT, fablios<br />

tyuilebi msmenelis gansacvifreblad ar iTxzveba, isini TiTqos axal<br />

sinamdviles qmnian, romelic racionaluri kanonebiT ar imarTeba da arc<br />

adamianis logikas eqvemdebareba.<br />

magram aris xalxur novelebSi personaJi, romelsac tyuilis Tqma<br />

Tavis bunebad gauxdia. es qosatyuilaa. Zneli gasarkvevia, Tu ratom<br />

daukavSirda matyuaroba qosobas (uwverulvaSobas), ramac sagangebo<br />

terminic ki Seqmna _ `qosatyuila~, magram aRmosavlur samyaroSi es<br />

motivi universaluria. kerZod, yirgizul da yazaxur folklorSi<br />

arsebobs personaJi, romelic Tavisi funqciiT da saxelwodebiT (aldarqose)<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> qosatyuilas identuria. aseve, vxvdebiT mas, rogorc Zvel<br />

nacnobs, Sua aziidan esoden daSorebul da gansxvavebuli kulturis<br />

qveyanaSi, rogoric saberZneTia. magram, cxadia, berZeni qosatyuila ar<br />

momdinareobs klasikuri elinuri samyarodan, igi gviandeli warmonaqmnia<br />

da misi aRmosavluri warmoSoba eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. Tavad am arsebis<br />

aRsaniSnavi sityva _ spanos arc arsebobda ZvelberZnul enaSi. Zneli<br />

asaxsnelia, ratom daukavSirda matyuarobas bunebrivi uwveruloba.<br />

SesaZloa, qosatyuilas prototipi aseve aRmosavluri warmoSobis<br />

saWurisi iyos, romlis gaurkveveli sqesi Sinagani tyuilis asociacias<br />

iwvevda. adamiani, romelic arc kacia, arc qalia, ukve sicruesa da<br />

tyuils atarebs Tavisi bunebiT da ar SeiZleba sando iyos. berZnuli<br />

spanos iseTive kolorituli personaJia [megasi:LVI], rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

xalxuri novelebis qosatyuila. magram berZnuli spanos ar aris iseTi<br />

undoobisa da matyuarobis gansaxiereba, rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong> novelebis<br />

qosatyuila. erT novelaSi mama sikvdilis win Svilebs anderZad<br />

erTaderT rCevas utovebs: `yvelgan ivaWreT, yvelas endeT da qosas ki nu<br />

endobiTo~. qosas veragobas umcrosi Svili Zlevs da novelis sazrisic<br />

es aris swored, rom mxilebuli iqnas qosas buneba da misi veragoba<br />

missave sawinaaRmdegod mieqces [xalxuri sibrZne II:344]. Tumca sxva<br />

novelaSi kvlav aRdgeba igi, raTa moiqces ise, rogorc Tavisi buneba<br />

karnaxobs. qosatyuilas ar SeuZlia ar tyuodes, es ari misi bunebis<br />

gamovlineba, misi cxovrebis wesi, rogorc sulxan-saba orbelianis im<br />

morielisa, romelsac, misive gulaxdili aRiarebiT, ar SeuZlia ar<br />

igeslebodes.<br />

qosatyuilas tyuils ara aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebuleba; gvizidavs<br />

ara Tavad saxe tyuilisa, aramed adamianis tipi, romelsac ar SeiZlia<br />

adamianebTan urTierToba, Tu ara tyuilis meSveobiT.<br />

66

arsebobs qarTul novelistur zRaprebSi personaJi, romelsac<br />

iaraRad tyuili aqvs momarjvebuli da mowinaaRmdegis gacurebiT aRwevs<br />

warmatebas. da es warmateba aris ara droebiTi, rogorc qosatyuilasi an<br />

mis msgavsTa, aramed saboloo. es personaJi nacarqeqiaa. erTi SexedviT<br />

araraoba, romelic nacris qeqvaSi atarebs wuTisofels, misda uneburad<br />

zRapruli simdidris patroni xdeba. Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom<br />

devebis saxlidan wamoRebuli dovlaTiTurT Sindabrunebuli nacarqeqia,<br />

romlisTvisac zRaparma sxva saxeli ar gaimeta, kvlav keriasTan dajdes<br />

da nacris qeqva ganagrZos. radgan es saxeli misi mudmivi saxelia. am<br />

saxelma gamokveTa misi pirovneba. magram ara, igi arasodes miubrundeba<br />

nacris qeqvas da kvlav arasodes dasWirdeba vinmes gacureba, rogorc im<br />

mamamTavars, romelic mis mier gacurebul Zmas gaeqca da sruliad sxva,<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, saxelSecvlil adamianad dabrunda. roca qveynis<br />

sazRvrebSi Semovida iakobi, ase Tqva: `me xom erTi joxis amaram<br />

gadavlaxe es iordane, axla ki or banakad vdgavar~ (dab. 32:10). yrma<br />

iakobma Zmas esavs gamostyua pirmSoeba, romelic providenciiT mas<br />

ekuTvnoda da mere yvelaferi, rac, SesaZloa, ar ekuTvnoda mas, didi<br />

SromiT da patiosnebiT moipova.<br />

rogor SeuZlia gamoxatos nacarqeqiam is, rac mas gadaxda Tavs?<br />

dae, dascinodnen mas im sagnebis gamo, romelic man moiTxova<br />

saxlidan gasvlisas, roca gareT agdebdnen. ra aris Wyinti yveli, ra<br />

aris sadgisi, ra aris erTi guda nacari? nivTebi, romlebic mxolod<br />

saxlSi SeiZleba gamoadges kacs. magram Cven viciT, rom es kaci,<br />

romelsac aiZuleben dastovos kera, ar gamoiyenebs am sagnebs maTi<br />

pirdapiri daniSnulebisamebr. is ar SeWams yvels, sadgisiT ar gaxvrets<br />

tyavs, nacriT ar gaxexavs qvabs. is aRmoaCens maTSi imaze mets, rasac<br />

isini asruleben yoveldRiur yofaSi, an rac maTTvis daukisrebia<br />

adamianis Wkuas. dascinian mas? magram is Tavad dascinebs maT, vinc ver<br />

ixedeba saganTa ukan, saganTa siRrmeSi, saganTa zemoT, romelTa Wkua<br />

erTganzomilebiania, amitomac yoveldRiurobas mijaWvuli...<br />

is aerTebs Tavis TavSi ori tipis adamians, romelTagan erTi<br />

Wvrets _ mWvretelia, meore moqmedebs _ moqmedia... erTi Sin aris, meore<br />

_ gareT. sofeli maT gareSe warmoudgenelia, isini erTmaneTs avseben.<br />

erTic aucilebelia da meorec. magram unda vicodeT, rom erTis wili _<br />

mWvretelisa, romelic zis, gamorCeulia. mWvreteli, idumalis msmenelis<br />

wili qristem gamoarCia, roca uTxra beTanieli lazares das: "marTa!<br />

marTa! Sen bevr rameze zrunav da wuxxar, saWiro ki mxolod erTia..."<br />

(luka, 10:41-42).<br />

sazRurblo situaciaSi absoluturi improvizaciis ZaliT man am sam<br />

saganSi iseTi Tvisebebi ganWvrita, romelTa ganWvretas aTasi wlis<br />

manZilzec ver SeZlebda erTganzomilebiani Wkviani adamiani. `mas erTsa...<br />

Wkvianni ver mixvdebian~. imis gasagebad, Tu vin aris nacarqeqia,<br />

67

gavarkvioT, vin aris misi antagonisti. devi ganasaxierebs absolutur<br />

sibriyves, romelic uzomo fizikur Zalas emyareba. igi Zveli formaciis<br />

gmiria, romlis oreulebs mravlad vpovebT msoflio folklorSi Tu<br />

miTologiaSi. es aris polifemi, es aris goliaTi, eseni arian winare<br />

mosaxleobis reliqtebi, romelTa fizikuri Zala anaqronizmia axal<br />

viTarebaSi. maTi mowinaaRmdegeni arian odisevsi, romelic ara mxolod<br />

polifemisgan, aramed Tavis TvistomTa Sorisac unikaluria tavisi<br />

TvisebebiT: Tu maradWabukiaqilevsis mudmivi anu arsobrivi epiTeti aris<br />

`fexmardi~, menelaosisa _ `omSi myivari~, odisevsis epiTetebi<br />

egzistencialur gamocdilebebzea agebuli (`mravalanacadi~,<br />

`mravaltanjuli~...) da Tavadac arasodes gaurbis, piriqiT, mieltvis<br />

axal-axal gamocdilebebs da gansacdelebs. devebs, polifemis saxiT igi<br />

amarcxebs ara fizikuri ZaliT, aramed mentaluri improvizaciiT,<br />

iaraRiT, romelic man, rogorc homo faberma, daamzada. daviTi amarcxebs<br />

goliaTs ara saul mefis SemoTavazebuli aRWurvilobiT, aramed<br />

SurduliT, romelic goliaTis TvalSi ZaRlis maTraxs ufro hgavda,<br />

vidre sabrZolo iaraRs. nacarqeqias gamarjveba devebze, odisevsisa<br />

polifemze da daviTisa goliaTze mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia<br />

moulodnelobis efeqtiT _ maT metoqeebs situaciis gazrebis droc ar<br />

rCebaT, Tuki saerTod aqvT azrovnebis unari. momavali am Cia tanis<br />

adamianebisaa, romlebic saganTa arsSi ixedebian da iq moulodnel<br />

SesaZleblobebs aRmoaCenen. misTvis, vinc nacarqeqia saxlidan gamoagdo,<br />

is sami sagani _ yveli, nacari da sadgisi rCeba yvelad, nacrad da<br />

sadgisad, naqarqeqia ki amieridan maTSi imaze mets xedavs, rasac isini<br />

yofiT doneze warmoadgenen. es aris nacris qeqvis Sedegi, es aris<br />

nacarqeqias unikaloba qarTul da, garkveulwilad, msoflio<br />

folklorSi.<br />

literatura<br />

Rlonti: Rlonti al. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri novelis sakiTxebi, Tsu, Tb., 1989.<br />

megasi: MMegas Georgios A. Folktales of Greece, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago<br />

and London [1977].<br />

xalxuri sibrZne II: xalxuri sibrZne II, xalxuri zRaprebi, nakaduli, Tb.,<br />

1964.<br />

zRapris universaloba<br />

68

msoflio zRaprebs Soris saerTo ara mxolod motivebis, aramed<br />

siuJetebis doneze sakmaod TvalsaCinoa. sakmarisia gadavikiTxoT qarTul<br />

zRaprebTan erTad paralelurad rusuli, berZnuli Tu ruminuli<br />

zRaprebi, rom davrwmundeT amaSi. magram erovnuli wiaRi universalur<br />

siuJets Tu motivs Taviseburad amuSavebs. es qmnis TiToeuli zRapris<br />

mravalferovnebas, realizaciis amouwurav SesaZleblobebs.<br />

miuxedavad am universalobisa, romelsac zRapris siuJetebi atarebs,<br />

mainc roca saqme exeeba calkeuli xalxis sityvier Semoqmedebas, pirvel<br />

rigSi, zRaprebs mivadgebiT, radgan swored zRapari Segvacnobinebs da<br />

gvagrZnobinebs ama Tu im xalxis suls da xasiaTs. siuJetis Tu motivis<br />

gardaqmnaSi monawileobs xalxis yofa, misi qveynis landSafti,<br />

istoriuli gamocdileba, zne-Cveulebebi, religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi,<br />

ideologia _ es yvelaferi daRs asvams universalurs da erovnul<br />

sakuTrebad aqcevs mas. magram universaluri im donemde ar gardaiqmneba,<br />

rom Zneli gamosacnobi gaxdes. universaluri siuJeti mainc inarCunebs<br />

yovel nacionalur wiaRSi Tavis individualobas. razom gansxvavebuli ar<br />

iyos <strong>qarTuli</strong> da rusuli xalxuri kulturebi, TvalSi sacemia am or<br />

xalxSi gavrcelebuli zraprebis siaxlove.<br />

1910 wels finelma <strong>folklori</strong>stma antti amatus aarnem (1867-1925) Seadgina<br />

msoflio zRaprebis siuJetTa saZieblebi, romelic Semdgom ganavrco<br />

amerikelma stiT tompsonma (1964) da ukanasknel xans germanelma hansiorg<br />

uTerma (2004). dResdReobiT es saZiebeli sxvadasxva tipis zRaprebis<br />

2400-mde siuJets moicavs. arsebobs <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris siuJetTa saZiebelic<br />

[qurdovaniZe 2000]. igi warmogvidgens <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris mTels marags,<br />

romelic moicavs rogorc universalurs, an qarTulad saxecvlils, ise<br />

originalur qarTuls, romelTac ara aqvT paraleli msoflio sazRapro<br />

fondSi.<br />

magram amasTanave unda iTqvas, rom siuJetTa universaloba pirobiTia.<br />

`saZiebelSi~ moqceuli zRaprebi mainc Semofarglulia erTi regioniT _<br />

es aris evraziis regioni. rac ufro vSordebiT evraziuli qveynebis<br />

sazRvrebs, rom araferi vTqvaT orTave amerikis da wynari okeanis<br />

xalxebze, maT miRma gavrcelebuli siuJetebi adgils ver pouloben<br />

tradiciul saZieblebSi. amasTanave `saZiebeli~ ver moicavs realurad<br />

arsebuli zRaprebis mTels mravalferovnebas, im xalxTa zRaprebis<br />

siuJetebsac ki, romelTa klasifikaciis Sedegad gamomuSavda es sistema.<br />

maSasadame, saWiroa maTi klasifikacia axali midgomebiT da axal<br />

sawyisebze, raTa universalobis fundamenturi xasiaTi ara garegnulzedapiruli<br />

msgavsebis, aramed siRmiseuli analogiebis safuZvelze<br />

gamovlindes.<br />

amitomac simptomaturia, rom Cinuri da Turquli zRaprebis saZiebelTa<br />

Sedgenisas uari iTqva aarnes sistemaze, romelmac ver SeZlo maTi metnaklebi<br />

sisruliT asaxva [Jirmuinski:342]. axal sistemaSi adgili unda<br />

hpovon vitnamis, indoneziis, okeaniis, koreis, iaponiis, Savi afrikis<br />

sazRapro siuJetebma, romelTa siuJetebi dRemde `ucxo sxeulad~ Canan.<br />

69

zRapris genezisis problema Zalze rTulia, SeiZleba iTqvas, am etapze<br />

gadauWreli. e. w. <strong>folklori</strong>stTa Crdilouri skolam (skandinavia,<br />

fineTi) aTwleulebi Sealia am sagans, magram amaod. zRapris samSoblo<br />

kvlav dafarulia. magram arsebobda ki erTi adgili, sadac Caisaxa<br />

pirveli zRapari? zRapari Caisaxa Tu zRapris embrioni, romelmac Semdeg<br />

Camoyalibda zRaprad? sad, romel qveyanaSi, romel xalxSi? an ra mizniT?<br />

ra yofiTi funqcia hqonda mas Tavdapirvelad da a. S. amocanas is<br />

arTulebs, rom zRapari, rogorc zepirsityvieri teqsti, ascda<br />

damwerlobas: iSviaTad Tu gamxdara zRapari werilobiTi kulturis<br />

kuTvnileba. Tobidan Taobas zepirad gadacemuli icvlida saxes da<br />

ikargeboda kidec. is saxe zRaprebisa, romelTac moicavs `saZiebeli~<br />

SedarebiT gvian aris Camoyalibebuli. TiTebze CamosaTvlelia zRaprebi,<br />

romlebic damwerlobis interesis sferoSi moxvdnen. magaliTisTvis<br />

davasaxelebT asurul-babilonur (aqadur) zRapars Cven mier<br />

saxeldebuli `cxovelTa eposis~ repertuaridan _ `gveli da arwivi<br />

daZmobildnen...~ [Suamd:138] da Zvelegviptur vrcel moTxrobas ori Zmis<br />

Sesaxeb [vikentievi], romelic jadosnuri zRapris motivebs da<br />

struqturas avlens. magram gagviWirdeba imis Tqma, rom samSoblo<br />

cxovelTa eposisa SuamdinareTia, jadosnuris zRaprisa ki _ Zveli<br />

egvipte.<br />

XIX s-is samociani wlebidan germaneli mecnieris Teodor benfeis (1809-<br />

1881) gamokvlevebis gavleniT [kokiara:320-322], karga xans miRebuli iyo<br />

azri, rom zRaprebi da, sazogadod, xalxuri narativebi (igavebi da sxva)<br />

indoeTidan gavrcelda mTels dedamiwis zurgze. maTi wyaro ki iyo<br />

induri cxovelTa igavarakebis kompoziciuri krebuli `panCatantra~,<br />

romelic Cv. w. III-IV saukuneebSi Seiqmna sanskritze. sxvadasxva<br />

saukuneebSi es induri literaturuli nawarmoebi sxvadasxva enebze<br />

iTargmneboda da paralelurad xalxSi vrceldeboda, iZenda ra xalxur<br />

variantebs. mere kvlav literaturul saxes iRebda, raTa kvlav<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>zacia ganecada. da ase moedo mTels axlo aRmosavleTsa da<br />

evropas. es enebia falauri (saSualo sparsuli), siriuli, arabuli,<br />

sparsuli, berZnuli, ebrauli, slavuri, Turquli, espanuri, laTinuri,<br />

franguli, italiuri, germanuli, inglisuri... aRnusxulia eqvsasamde<br />

Targmani 60 enaze. TiToeulma am enam moaxdina induridan wamosuli<br />

cxovelTa igav-arakebis adaptacia. qarTul literaturaSi `panCatantra~<br />

`qilila da damanas~ saxiT movida (XVII-XVIII ss.), romelmac, Tavis mxriv,<br />

igavTa folkloruli variantebi warmoSva. am Teorias `moxetiale<br />

siuJetebis~, orientaluri (aRmosavluri), an `sesxebis~ Teoria ewoda.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom `sesxebis~ Teoriam bevri igav-arakuli siuJetis<br />

warmoSobas (pirvelwyaros) mohfina Suqi, mainc <strong>folklori</strong>stika veRar<br />

dakmayofilda `moxetiale siuJetTa~ Teoriis calmxrivi gagebiT, kerZod,<br />

maTi eqskluziurad induri warmoSobiT. zRapari ar daiyvaneba igavebze<br />

da sazRapro siuJetebi igavTa siuJetebze. droTa viTarebaSi aqtualoba<br />

dakarga zRaparis, rogorc Janris, samSoblos Ziebam da mTavari<br />

yuradReba mieqca mis struqturas (amaze ukve gvqonda zemoT saubari).<br />

70

magram ramdenadac siuJetebis sesxeba, romlis meore mxare maT `xetials~<br />

gulisxmobs, gamowveulia xalxTa Soris kulturul-istoriuli<br />

kavSirebiT, gamaxvilda yuradReba im gzebze, romlebiTac es siuJetebi<br />

xalxidan xalxSi xetialoben. maTTvis enobrivi barieri ar arsebobs. es<br />

gzebia _ mcire aziidan xmelTaSua zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiros gavliT<br />

espaneTisken; saberZneTis arqipelagis gavliT siciliasa da italiaSi;<br />

mcire aziidanve bizantiisa da balkaneTis gavliT evropaSi. Turquli<br />

modgmis xalxebis gza Soreuli aRmosavleTidan cimbiris gavliT da Sua<br />

aziidan ruseTis samxriT stepebis gavliT evropis misadgomebamde<br />

(ungrelebi, bulgarelebi). mniSvnelovania im epoqebis moniSvna, roca<br />

xdeboda xalxTa didi gadasaxlebebi da laSqrobebi: kimerielebis gavla<br />

kavkasionis wiaR saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT urartumde;<br />

aleqsandre makedonelis laSqroba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken; arabi<br />

tomebis moZraoba aRmosavleTidan ukidures dasavleTamde; monRolTa<br />

urdoebis moZraoba Sida monRoleTidan dasavleTisken; jvarosnuli<br />

laSqrobebi dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken. berZnul werilobiT<br />

tradiciaSi miTologiurma gadmocemebma Taviseburad gamoxates<br />

kulturuli gacvla-gamocvlis ganuwyveteli procesi: ios finikielebi<br />

itaceben argosidan; evropes finikiidan itaceben elinebi; oqros sawmisi<br />

eladidan kolxeTSi midis: oqros sawmiss ibruneben da medeas itaceben<br />

elinebi; troeli parisi eladidan itacebs mSvenier elenes; elini tomebi<br />

ilaSqreben elenes dasabruneblad mcire aziaSi; troelTa erTi nawili<br />

eneasis winamZRolobiT daiZrebian evropisken... bolos, elini tomebi<br />

gadian arqipelagidan mcire aziisa da Savi zRvis sanapiroebisken<br />

(kolonizacia procesi). Zvel samyaroSi kulturebi arasodes yofilan<br />

Caketilni da izolirebulni erTmaneTis mimarT. siuJetebis `xetiali~,<br />

maTi `xiznoba~ da damkvidreba xalxidan xalxSi, kulturul<br />

RirebulebaTa sesxeba gacilebiT intensiuri iyo Zvel xalxebSi,<br />

urTierTobis yvela forma _ saomari laSqrobebidan dawyebili aRebmicemobiT<br />

(saganTa gacvla-gamocvliT) damTavrebuli _ CarTuli iyo<br />

kulturaTa urTierTgamdidrebis am istoriul procesSi. ra Tqma unda,<br />

kulturuli aReb-micemoba zRapruloi siuJetebiT ar amoiwureboda.<br />

laparakia yvela xalxis zepirsityvier memkvidreobaze, romelic<br />

yovelTvis inarCunebda Riaobas ucxos mimarT. amas Cven SegviZlia<br />

vuwodoT SeZenili universaloba mas Semdeg, rac erTiani kacobrioba<br />

daiSla babilonis daumTavrebeli godlis kedlebTan. aq ukve SevdivarT<br />

kacobriobis arsebobis im periodSi, saidanac istoria mxolod da<br />

mxolod miTosis eniT gvelaparakeba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi babilonis godlis<br />

miTosis sazrisi is aris, rom erTiani kacobriobis TiToeulma nawilma<br />

gancalkevebis Semdeg met-naklebi sicxadiT SeZlo SeenarCunebina is<br />

saerTo, romelic maT erTianobaSi hqondaT. iyo da aris gaucxoeba, magram<br />

iyo da aris urTierTgagebac da urTierTSeRwevac swored im saerTo enis<br />

safuZvelze, romelsac TiToeuli maTgani iyo ziarebuli.<br />

literatura<br />

71

vikentievi: Викентьев В. М. Древне-египетская повесть о двух братьях, М., 1917.<br />

kokiara: Коккьяра Дж., История фольклористики в Европе, М., 1960.<br />

Jirmunski: Жирмунский В. М., К вопросу о международных сказочных сюжетах (В<br />

книге: Жирмунский В. М Сравнительное Литературоведение, Восток и Запад, Л., «Наука»,<br />

1979).<br />

Suamd: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, Tb., `merani~, 1987.<br />

`amiraniani~ - tragikuli eposi<br />

mravalferovan da mdidari tradiciis mqone qarTul xalxur<br />

sityvierebaSi epikuri Semoqmedebis wvlili, SeiZleba iTqvas, metad<br />

mwiria. qarTul folklorSi ver vadasturebT istoriuli xasiaTis eposs,<br />

sadac ganzogadebulad iqneboda gadmocemuli xalxis istoria, rogorc<br />

es, Cveulebriv, am Janris eposebSia; rogorc es aris `nibelungebis simReraSi~<br />

an Turqul `dede qorquTis wignSi~. ar Cans istoriuli an fsevdoistoriuli<br />

gmiri, romlis garSemo realuri istoriis Taviseburad<br />

gardaqmnil sagmiro ambavTa ciklizacia momxdariyos, Tumca saqarTvelos<br />

istoria arcTu Raribia heroikuli epoqebiT, brZolebiT da, Sesabamisad,<br />

istoriuli gmirebiT.<br />

Cven ver vifiqrebT, rom xalxis epikuri cnobiereba gulgrili<br />

darCeniliyos im epoqaluri sasikeTo Tu sabediswero Zvrebis mimarT,<br />

romlebic araerTgzis ganucdia qveyanas; ver vifiqrebT, rom<br />

zepirsityvier matianes ar aesaxos espaneTis rekonkistis analogiuri<br />

uaRresad daZabuli xana, aSot kurapalatisa da mis TanamdgomTa gmiruli<br />

epopea, rac <strong>qarTuli</strong> miwebis kvlav SemokrebiT dasrulda, magram<br />

espanuri `Cemi sidis~ msgavsi xalxuri poema, sadac ukvdavyofili<br />

iqneboda TaobaTa xsovnaSi `Cemi aSoti~, ar dasturdeba; an masze<br />

adreuli xana gorgaslisa, romlis miTosuri xati werilobiT matianeSi<br />

aris moxvedrili, xalxuri eposis saxiT ki ar Cans; an, Tundac, ufro<br />

adreuli epoqa farnavazisa, romlis arqetipuli drois, rogorc `Zlieri<br />

Jamis~, mefobis da sxva sulier RirebulebaTa, mraval siaxleTa<br />

dasabamieri Jamis kvali werilobiTma istoriam Semoinaxa, xalxis xsovnas<br />

ki ver SemorCa. ra mizeziT? mizezi martivia: vrcelia `koleqtiuri~<br />

mexsiereba, magram is usazRvro da dauSreteli ar aris. mas ar SeuZlia<br />

sinqronulad moicvas mTeli zepirsityvieri fondi misi `dasabamidan~,<br />

erTdroulad Seinaxos sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaTa zepirsityvieri<br />

Semoqmedebis nayofebi. Taobebis monacvleobasTan erTad icvleba,<br />

72

periodul ganaxlebas ganicdis zepirsityvieri teqstebi; Zveli gadadis,<br />

mis nacvlad axali mkvidrdeba. `xalxs is moswons, rac axalia~, amboben<br />

`odiseaSi~ Zveli miTebis momRerlis demodokes msmenelni. da is Zveli,<br />

romelic ukan ixevs, gadis xalxis mexsierebis sawieridan, Tu asoniSnebiT<br />

ar iqna Cawerili, samudamo daviwyebisTvis aris ganwiruli. arc<br />

erTi zemoxsenebuli xalxuri eposis xsenebac ki ar iqneboda, rom maT<br />

Caweraze ar ezrunaT. Seqmnidan orasi wlis Semdeg Cawerili iqna<br />

`simRera Cems sidze~ (Semonaxulia erTaderTi 1307 wlis xelnaweriT);<br />

CaweriT gadaurCa drois dinebisgan gariyvas `kalevala~, irlandiuri Tu<br />

islandiuri sagebi, epikuri ciklebi digenis akritasze; damwerlobam<br />

gadaarCina rusuli bilinebi, romlebic maTi pirvelCaweridan asi wlis<br />

Semdeg xalxis xsovnaSi ukve waSlili iyo.<br />

dasanania, rom saqarTveloSi, uZvelesi damwerlobis qveyanaSi, XIX<br />

saukunis meore naxevramde ar ucdiaT xalxuri eposebis Cawera. Cvens<br />

werilobiT ZeglebSi maTi arsebobis mxolod fragmentuli kvali<br />

SeiZleba davadasturoT. im xanamde, roca maTi Caweris interesi gaCnda,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri eposi arasrulyofili, fragmentuli, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

dakninebuli saxiT iyo moRweuli. ra saxe hqonda mas klasikur, epikuri<br />

Semoqmedebis apogeaSi, CvenTvis samudamod ucnobi rCeba. magram, rogorc<br />

odisevsi ambobs sakuTar Tavze, `am galewili bzidanac Cans, ra TavTavic<br />

viyavio~, igive SegviZlia vTqvaT am epikur teqstebze, romelTa analizs<br />

vTavazobT mkiTxvels winamdebare wignSi.<br />

es sami eposi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. TiToeuli maTgani<br />

warmoadgens epikuri Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebul saxeobas. isini<br />

ganekuTvnebian qarTveli xalxis kulturuli cxovrebis, qveynis istoriis<br />

sxvadasxva periods, Seiqmnen gansxvavebul kulturul fenebSi.<br />

problematuria `amiranianis~ Seqmna-Camoyalibebis xana, magram Cven<br />

SegviZlia zustad ganvsazRvroT `arsenas leqsis~ Seqmna-gavrcelebis<br />

periodi. amirani miTologiur samyaroSi moqmedi personaJia, romlis<br />

asparezi sakacobrioa. arsena ki realuri pirovnebaa, masze SeTxzuli<br />

`Sairsityvebis~ Tanamedrove. magram rac unda sxvaobdes maTi `sknelebi~,<br />

maT Soris arsebiTi msgavsebaa, ris Cvenebasac cdilobs avtori. SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom amirani xalxuri eposis ania (alfa) anu dasabami, rogorc paradigma<br />

da arqetipi, arsena ki _ hoe (omega), misi ukanaskneli variacia.<br />

asec SegveZlo gveTqva: `amiraniani~ da `arsenas leqsi~ erT epikur, magram<br />

sxvadasxva siRrmis dinebas ekuTvnian; `mas Jams~, magram ar viciT, rodis<br />

gaWril saerTo kalapotSi miedinebian. msgavseba siRrmiseulia,<br />

gansxvaveba _ epoqaluri. ver vpovebT sxva xalxur eposs, sadac ise<br />

mkveTrad iyos gacxadebuli adamianis amaRlebisa da dacemis egzistencialuri<br />

drama, rogorc es `amiraniansa~ da `arsenas leqsSia~.<br />

da mesame, Cveni ganxilvis sagania romantikuli eposi _ poema<br />

`eTeriani~, romelic adamianis bunebis sxva siRrmeebs swvdeba. aq<br />

namdvilad `sxvaa adamiani~, ara epoqalurad sxva, aramed adamianis sxva<br />

tipi, _ aseT sxvas vxvdebiT imave epoqis `vefxistyaosanSi~. aq siyvaruli<br />

73

Tavis Tavs ubrundeba, igi poulobs Tavis stiqias, rogorc cecxli eZebs<br />

Tavis Tavs da poulobs im materiis simxurvaleSi, romelsac is ekideba.<br />

siyvaruli aq gamocdac aris da gansacdelic, is esqatologiuria<br />

(amTavrebs uxano wuTisofels), samaradisod grZeldeba.<br />

amiranis ambavs mTels saqarTveloSi icnoben, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

`nikofsiidan darubandamde~. igi dadasturebulia saqarTvelos TiTqmis<br />

yvela istoriul mxareSi (qarTli, kaxeTi, fSav-xevsureTi, mesxeTi,<br />

javaxeTi, imereTi, raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi...). `amiraniani~ Zveli Tqmulebaa,<br />

Cans, mas mouswria sruliad saqarTvelos Semovla. Canawerebi ki sakmaod<br />

gviandelia, ara uadres XIX s-is 60-iani wlebisa. igi Zvelia, magram arc<br />

ise Zveli, rom aTaswleulebs iTvlides. aTaswleulebis Semonaxva<br />

mxolod damwerlobas Tu SeuZlia, maT adamianis mexsiereba, Tundac<br />

`koleqtiuri~, ver gauZlebs. uZvelesia `amiranianis~ motivebi,<br />

miTologemebi, magram Tavad sxeuli misi SedarebiT mogviano warmonaqmnia.<br />

eposma Cvenamde fragmentuli saxiT moaRwia. igi arsebobs TxrobiTi<br />

teqstis saxiT, romelSic alag-alag leqsiTi nawilebia CarTuli. ar<br />

arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes erTi myari kanonikuri prozauli<br />

teqsti, ver davadasturebT erTi da imave epizodis or identur Canawers.<br />

mxolod leqsiTi nawilebia mdgradi, mcireodeni variantuli<br />

cvlilebebiT. unda SeiniSnos, rom swored gadamwyveti epizodebi ar aris<br />

gadmocemuli leqsad, leqsiTi fragmentebi epizoduri xasiaTisaa. ar<br />

moiZebneba Canaweri, romelic Tanamimdevrulad moicavdes amiranis<br />

Tavgadasavlis yvela SesaZlebel epizods, rac ganpirobebuli unda iyos<br />

ara Tqmulebis Tavdapirveli fragmentulobiT, aramed alag-alag tradiciuli<br />

epikuri xsovnis gamkrTalebiT. eWvi ar aris, rom epizodebi<br />

imTaviTve erTian epikur droSi unda yofiliyo CarTuli. `amiranianis~<br />

mTlianobas, sxva niSnebTan erTad, misi dasawyisi da dasasruli mowmobs.<br />

`amiranianis~ folkloruli Canawerebis monografiuli gamocema<br />

ekuTvnis prof. m. Ciqovans _ mijaWvuli amirani (Tsu gam. Tb., 1947), sadac<br />

Tavmoyrilia imxanad xelmisawvdomi, met-naklebad Rirebuli<br />

folkloruli teqstebi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan (qarTli,<br />

kaxeTi, fSavi, mesxeT-javaxeTi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi, xevi, mTiuleTi, guria,<br />

imereTi, raWa, svaneTi, samegrelo, afxazeTi, oseTi), sul 69 teqsti. raime<br />

arsebiTi siaxle `amiranianis~ SecnobisTvis am publikaciis Semdeg<br />

mopovebul masalas ar moutania. kvlevisas veyrdnobi zemoxsenebul<br />

gamocemas.<br />

ra tipisa Tu formaciis eposebs ganekuTvneba `amiraniani~? cxadia,<br />

igi ar aris istoriuli eposi. masSi ver aRmovaCenT verc erT istoriul<br />

realias, verc romelime istoriuli epoqisa da istoriuli adgilis<br />

kvals; misi gmirebis asparezi ganusazRvrelia; arafers gveubneba arc<br />

`balxi~, `balxeTi~ Tu `CabalxeTi~, arc `algeTi~ (erTaderTi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

toponimi). arc personaJTa sakuTari saxelebia <strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriuli<br />

sinamdvilidan aRebuli: badri, usupi, yamari arabul-sparsuli<br />

74

warmoSobisaa. ar viciT, ra erqva mTavar gmirs, sanam mas amirani<br />

daerqmeoda. misi es saxeli ufro gviandelia, vidre mose xonelis<br />

sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo eposiseuli `amiran darejanis Ze~, romlis<br />

sparsuli warmoSoba karga xnis gamokvleulia da eWvs ar unda iwvevdes:<br />

amir andare jehan niSnavs: `amiri qveynierebaze~, iseve rogorc nest<br />

andare jehan niSnavs: `ar aris [misi msgavsi] qveynierebaze~. simptomaturia,<br />

rom `amirandarejanianSi~ mTavari gmiri arasodes moixsenieba rogorc<br />

`amirani~: xalxurma tradiciam mowyvita igi kompozits da damoukidebel<br />

andronimad aqcia, rac dRemde asea.<br />

yovelive amiT _ zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebiT `amiranianis~<br />

qronotoposi zRaprul drosa da sivrces mogvagonebs, magram `amiraniani~<br />

zRapari ar aris. misi tragikuli dasasruli auqmebs mis zRaprulobas.<br />

`amiraniani~ arc miTologiuri eposia, swored misi asparezis<br />

ganusazRvreli qronotopiurobis gamo. miTosi, rogorc wesi, `dabmulia~<br />

gansazRvrul sivrcesa da droze. sivrce miTosSi toponimizebulia, dro<br />

_ winarewarsuli, romelic ebmis istoriul dros.<br />

Tu SevecdebiT `amiranianis~ tipis gansazRvras, unda vuwodoT mas<br />

`tragikuli eposi~, sadac sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo da miTologiuri<br />

motivebiT SeZerwilia adamianis aRzevebisa da dacemis drama. rogorc<br />

naCvenebi iqneba, `amiranians~ ufro meti aqvs saerTo berZnul klasikur<br />

dramasTan, vidre promeTevsis miTosTan (amaze qvemoT). `amiranianic~,<br />

msgavsad berZnuli dramisa, hubriszea agebuli. hubrisi anu gabudayeba<br />

kulminaciaa im zRurblTa Soris, romelTac gaivlis tragikuli dramis<br />

gmiri. ufro arsebiTad rom vTqvaT, `amiranianSi~ dgas adamianis problema<br />

da es problema, ar unda gagvikvirdes, egzistencialur WrilSia dasmuli<br />

da gadawyvetili. amaSi mdgomareobs `amiranianis~ TavisTavadoba, misi<br />

unikaluri adgili msoflio xalxTa eposebs Soris.<br />

samwuxarod, rogorc iTqva, Cveni eposi fragmentebad aris Cvenamde<br />

SemorCenili. es fragmentuloba epikuri sunTqvis Sewyvetis Sedegia.<br />

magram Cvens xelTaa fragmentebi da, rogorc odisevsi ityoda, am<br />

galewili bzidanac Cans, rogori TavTavi viyavio, Cvenc igive SegviZlia<br />

vTqvaT maTze. es fragmentebi niSnebia da Cven unda avalaparakoT isini.<br />

Cveni mizania, arsebul masalaSi gamovavlinoT is aucilebeli<br />

sazRurblo epizodebi, romelTa gareSe amiranis Tqmuleba dakargavda<br />

TavisTavadobas. unda vecadoT, agreTve, rom am epizodebs gmiris<br />

Tavgadasvlis droJamul mdinarebaSi mivuCinoT misi bunebrivi, erTaderTi<br />

adgili. `amiranianis~ dRemde SemorCenili masala iZleva amis saSualebas.<br />

arsebul Canawerebze dakvirvebam cxadhyo, rom SesaZlebelia epizodTa<br />

dalageba mkacri TanamimdevrobiT, iseve rogorc `svlebi~ misdevs<br />

erTmaneTs jadosnur zRaparSi (ix. vl. propis `zRapris morfologia~). am<br />

epizodebs Cven vuwodebT zRurblebs, romlebic aRniSnaven gmiris<br />

gadasvlebs misi yofierebis axal-axal viTarebebSi. amaTgan zogi sayovelTaoa<br />

(universaluria), zogi ki – sakuTriv amiraniseuli.<br />

75

gansxvavebiT sxva eposTa gmirebisgan, romlebic mTeli Txrobis<br />

manZilze igiveobrivni rCebian sakuTar TavTan, amiranis pirovneba<br />

ganviTarebas ganicdis, igi icvleba yoveli zRurblis gadalaxvis Semdeg.<br />

zRurblebi gmiris sulier (aseve fizikur) ganviTarebaSi axal-axal<br />

safexurebs aRniSnaven. Zveli da axali msoflio eposebis gmirebi _<br />

odisevsi, aqilevsi, agamemnoni da sxvani dasrulebuli saxiT gamovidnen<br />

TiTqos zevsis Tavidan. mudmivi epiTetebi, romlebic ganuyrelad Tan<br />

sdeven maT, mowmoben maTi fizikur-sulieri saxis imTaviTve<br />

dasrulebulobas. rogorc Semodian isini TxrobaSi, iseTiveni rCebian<br />

isini im kataklizmebisa da gansacdelebis Semdeg, romelTac ganicdian<br />

isini. arc araferi ematebaT, arc akldebaT. odisevsi TiTqos SobiTganve<br />

mravalnacadi da didgamWriaxia _ es misi bedisweruli daxasiaTebebia.<br />

aqilevsi mudam fexmardia, magram, rac mTavaria, xanmokle sicocxle misi<br />

bedisweraa, misi xasiaTi imTaviTve dasazRvrulia da amgvari Semodis is<br />

epikur sinamdvileSi. aseve germaneli zigfridi, franki rolandi, espaneli<br />

sidi, berZeni digenis akritasi da sxvani da sxvani, romelTa xasiaTsa da<br />

bunebaSi Cven veraviTar cvlilebas gansacdelTa ganvlis Semdeg ver<br />

vamCnevT. maT TavgadasavalSi ar SeimCneva gardamtexi zRurblebi,<br />

romelTac ganviTarebis safexurebze ahyavT gmiri. Cveni amocanaa am<br />

zRurblTa SemCneva da maTTvis maTi kuTvnili adgilis miCena gmiris<br />

TavgadasavalSi.<br />

epikuri gmiris anu, sxvanairad, tradiciuli gmiris Tavgadasavlis<br />

epizodebad dayofas karga xnis istoria aqvs. pirvelad (1864 w.)<br />

germanelma ioahan georg fon hanma scada 14 gmiris Tavgadasavlis<br />

safuZvelze daedgina 16-epizodiani modeli, romelic oTx jgufad hqonda<br />

dayofili: dabadeba, siWabuke, dabruneba da sxva SemTxvevebi [raglani:142-<br />

3]. iseTi gmirisaTvis, rogoric amirania, haniseul sqemaSi mxolod ramdenime<br />

elementi Tu gamodgeba, isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am elementebis<br />

Sinaarss ramdenadme gavafarTovebT an transformirebulad warmovidgenT:<br />

gmiris ukanonod dabadeba, dabadebisas dayolili niSnebi, gadagdeba,<br />

ucxo col-qmris mier aRzrda. mis kvals mihyva (1881 w.) alfred nati (Nutt),<br />

romelmac 14-mde daiyvana epizodTa ricxvi, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

saanalizod damatebiT kelturi (arturis cikli) da finuri Tqmulebebi<br />

gamoiyena [raglani:143]. 1934 wels gamoqveynebul SromaSi `tradiciuli<br />

gmiri~ ficroi riCard somerset raglanma (Fitzroy Richard Somerset Raglan)<br />

epizodTa raodenoba 22-mde gazarda: Tormeti klasikuri, sami bibliuri<br />

(iosebi, mose, elia), erTi germanikuli (zigfridi), erTi kelturi (arturi)<br />

da erTic Zvelegvipturi (nikanga) `biografiebis~ safuZvelze<br />

[raglani:145-150]. bolos, holandieli <strong>folklori</strong>sti ian de frizi (Jan de<br />

Vries) 10-epizodian modelamde daiyvans. Cveni azriT, igi yvelaze<br />

optimaluria da, albaT, universaluric, yovel SemTxvevaSi igi ukeTesad<br />

esadageba amiranis Tavgadasavals. mogvyavs igi mTlianad: I. gmiri isaxeba,<br />

II. ibadeba, II. dabadebuls safrTxe emuqreba, IV. izrdeba, V. uZlevelia, VI.<br />

ebrZvis gveleSaps da sxva urCxulebs, VII. didi gansacdelis gavliT<br />

76

moipovebs sacoles, VIII. Cadis qvesknelSi, IX. brundeba iq, saidanac<br />

gamoaZeves da amarcxebs mtrebs, X. kvdeba [raglani:143].<br />

ra iwvevs aseT damTxvevas sxvadasxva TqmulebaTa gmirebis<br />

TavgadasavlebSi? ra ZaliT xerxdeba maTi erT modelamde dayvana? f.r.s.<br />

raglani fiqrobs, da es namdvilad erTaderTi axsna unda iyos, rom am<br />

TavgadasavlebSi saqme gvaqvs im ritualebis mimdevrobasTan, romelTac<br />

tradiciul sazogadoebebSi eqvemdebarebodnen adamianebi, ara mxolod<br />

mefeebi, mTavrebi Tu beladebi. `tradiciuli gmiris Tqmuleba aris ara<br />

realurad arsebuli adamianis cxovrebis realuri epizodebi, aramed<br />

ritualur personaJTa cxovreba-saqmianobis ritualuri etapebi.<br />

aucilebeli ar aris aqedan davaskvnaT, rom am TqmulebaTa gmirebi<br />

sinamdvileSi ar arsebobdnen. magram, vfiqrobT, Tu isini realurad<br />

arsebobdnen, maT moqmedebebs umeteswilad ritualuri xasiaTi hqondaT<br />

an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maTi Tqmulebebi ise gardaiqmna, rom erT<br />

tipur models misadageboda~ [raglani:50].<br />

isic usaTuod unda aRiniSnos, rom TqmulebaTa gmirebis<br />

TavgadasavalSi, romlebic ritualTa Tanamimdevrobazea agebuli, am<br />

ritualebs dakarguli aqvT Tavdapirveli funqcia. ritualis forma aq<br />

misgan gansxvavebuli realobis gamosaxatavad aris mowodebuli da,<br />

ramdenadac tradiciuli sazogadoebebi yvelgan erTtipuria, tradiciuli<br />

gmiris Tavgadasavlis modelic erTtipuri iqneba. f.r.s. raglani, cxadia,<br />

ar varaudobs, rom mis 22-epizodian modelSi yvela gmiris cxovreba<br />

`jdeba~. 22 misTvis maqsimaluri raodenobaa, romlis realizacia yvelgan<br />

ar aris savaldebulo. magaliTisTvis, Tu oidiposis TavgadasavlSi<br />

raodenoba maqsimaluria, Tesevsi oc safexurs gadis, herakle _ Cvidmets,<br />

persevsi _ Teqvsmets... avtori am naklulobas Tqmulebis xarvezs awers,<br />

magram xarvezi Tqmulebis cudad Semonaxulobis mizezi ar unda iyos. Tu<br />

rituals TqmulebaSi Tavisi Tavdapirveli funqcia aRar ekisreba,<br />

aucilebelic ar unda yofiliyo maTi sruli raodenobiT asaxva. rogorc<br />

a. van genepma gamoikvlia, maTi ricxvi SezRudulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

arc ocdaoramde da arc aTamde ar aRwevs. es aris zogadad e.w. gadasvlis<br />

ritualebi (rites de passage), romelTa meSveobiT Tu TanxlebiT<br />

tradiciuli sazogadoebebis wevri icvlis asakobriv da socialur<br />

statuss. gadasvlis rituali sruldeba Sobis, iniciaciis, qorwinebisa da<br />

sikvdilis SemTxvevebSi. es aris sami fundamenturi etapi adamianis<br />

cxovrebaSi da, cxadia, isini (nedli an gardaqmnili saxiT) asaxuli<br />

iqneba nebismieri gmiris epikur TavgadasavalSic. van xenepis mixedviT, es<br />

ritualebi qmnian jaWvs, romelic sami safexurisgan Sedgeba:<br />

gamocalkevebis rituali (rites de separation), gadasvlis rituali (rites de<br />

passage), roca adamiani zRurblzea (arc iqiT, arc aqeT) da mikuTvnebis<br />

rituali (rites de incorporation), roca adamiani _ ritualis obieqti sabolood<br />

mkvidrdeba axal statusSi (asakobrivi iqneba cvlileba, socialuri,<br />

Tu metafizikuri). epikur TqmulebaTa analizi gamoavlens maT cxad Tu<br />

latentur monawileobas mTavari gmiris cxovrebaSi. isini `amiranianSic~<br />

77

ixilveba. misi analizi gviCvenebs, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> eposi ar misdevs im<br />

models, romelic evropelma mkvlevrebma daudgines klasikur Tu<br />

araklasikur Tqmulebebs. amirans sakuTari gza aqvs, sakuTari etapebi am<br />

gzaze, romlebic Zerwaven mis ganumeorebel saxes, erTaderT tips, arc<br />

erT zemoxsenebul gmirs rom ar enaTesaveba.<br />

germaneli filosofosi, Tanamedrove hermenevtikis erT-erTi<br />

fuZemdebeli, h.-g. gadameri erTgan wers: `mTeli unda gavigoT nawilis<br />

safuZvelze, nawili ki _ mTelis safuZvelze... nawili ganisazRvreba<br />

mTeliT da, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs mTels~ [gadameri:72]. am<br />

gamonaTqvamSi TiTqos mankieri wrea, magram is WeSmaritebas gamoxatavs.<br />

aseve vityviT `amiranianis~ epizodebze da im mTelze, im mTlianobaze,<br />

romlis nawilebi es epizodebia. Cven SegviZlia gamovicnoT, romeli mTelis<br />

nawilia esa Tu is epizodi, Tuki am mTelze gveqneba warmodgena.<br />

mTelamde viciT nawili da nawilamde viciT mTeli. sabolood ki, Cvens<br />

intuiciaSi mTeli da nawili erTianobaSia. ai, es epizodebi, romelTa<br />

gareSe ver iarsebebs mTeli eposi.<br />

I. Soba. amirani, rogorc yoveli epikuri gmiri, saswaulebrivad<br />

unda iSvas. magram saswaulebrivi Soba yvela variantSi erTi da imave<br />

xarisxiT ar aris aqtualizebuli. misi Sesustebuli varianti iqneba<br />

bavSvis dabadeba xandazmuli mSoblebisgan. Tumca amgvari Soba ar<br />

CaiTvleba sakuTriv amiraniseulad. mTavari mainc is aris, rom amiranis<br />

mSoblebi ucnobni unda iyvnen im sazogadoebisaTvis, sadac igi moxvdeba<br />

da gaizrdeba. arc deda, arc mama misi Sobis Semdeg cocxali ar rCeba;<br />

mama Tu ar kvdeba, is uCinardeba, raTa Senaxul iqnas amiranis warmoSobis<br />

saidumlo. mzeTunaxavi deda kvdeba, rogorc wesi, bavSvis dabadebamde.<br />

bavSvi unda amoiridos dedis saSodan da monacvleobiT unda gamoiSuSos<br />

cxovelTa: jer batknis, mere boColas faSvSi (kaxuri varianti) an<br />

dekeulis da mere kuros faSvSi (svanuri), an axladmokluli irmis `nedl<br />

tyavSi~ (guruli) [rexviaSvili:221]. SesaZloa, am epizodSi Zvel da e.w.<br />

primitiul xalxebSi gavrcelebuli ritualis eqo iyos SemorCenili. mag.,<br />

bantus tomSi bavSvebs winadacveTis win Cautareben rituals, romelsac<br />

xelaxla Soba ewodeba. mama daklavs cxvars da sami dRis Semdeg<br />

gamoaxvevs mis faSvSi an tyavSi. magram gamoxvevamde bavSvi unda wamodges<br />

sawolze da axalSobiliviT unda iWyipinos. sami dRis manZilze is cxovelis<br />

tyavSi imyofeba. amgvarad, bavSvi eziareba bunebis sasicocxlo<br />

Zalebs, rac misi momavali Zlierebis sawindaria.<br />

amiranis mama ufro xSirad monadirea, romelic amiranis dedas sadRac<br />

miuval kldeSi, gamoqvabulSi xvdeba. SeiZleba gamoqvabuli koSkma<br />

Secvalos, sadac mzeTunaxavia gamoketili. zogierT variantSi mamac<br />

iRupeba am SeuRlebis Sedegad. es misi bedisweraa.<br />

amiranis obloba struqturuli elementic aris mis istoriaSi.<br />

obloba eposis dasasruls tragikulad meordeba martoobiT (XII) da<br />

ase ikvris wre.<br />

78

II. gadagdeba. amirani gadagdebuli bavSvia, TiTqos dasaRupavad<br />

ganwiruli. TiTqos is im mizniT iqna gadagdebuli, rom daiRupos. Cvilis<br />

sicocxle bewvze hkidia, magram Tu gadarCa, mas didi momavali eqneba.<br />

`gadagdebuli bavSvis tragedia anazRaurebulia oblobis miTologiuri<br />

didebulebiT, pirvelyofili bavSvis ukiduresi martoobiT samyaroSi,<br />

misi unikalobiT. aseTi bavSvis gamoCena Tanxvdeba saganTa gariJraJs, istoriis<br />

axal xanas, `axal cxovrebas~ realobis nebismier doneze~<br />

[eliade 1974:250]. axladSobilis bedis nivTieri gamoxatulebaa maxvili,<br />

romelic mas dedis muclidan dahyveba da sabediswero gansacdelSi<br />

ixsnis mas. simartove ki amiranis mudmivi Tanamdevia.<br />

svanur epikur poeziaSi Semonaxulia ambavi dakarguli Tu gadagdebuli<br />

Cvili bavSvisa. dals bavSvi maRali kldis gamoqvabulidan<br />

gadmouvardeba. bavSvs mgeli dastacebs pirs da mihyavs. monadire Tofs<br />

dascems mgels, bavSvs aiyvans da dedamiss, dals, ubrunebs gamoqvabulSi.<br />

amis sazRaurad monadire dalisgan nadirobis iRbliT jildovdeba.<br />

gadarCenili bavSvis Semdgomi bedi ki ucnobia [svanuri poezia:268-273]. vin<br />

aris es gamoucnobi bavSvi? momavali amirania?<br />

es siuJeti iZleva saSualebas sxvagvari daboloebisa, risi<br />

realizebac ar dasturdeba svanur poeziaSi. erTi SesaZlo varianti:<br />

bavSvi dals gadmouvarda an bavSvi gadaagdes, mgelma ipovna da waiyvana<br />

(monadire ar Sexvedria) gasazrdelad. mgeli gazrdis mas, raTa<br />

gazrdili daubrundes adamianur sazogadoebas. amgvari warmoSobis<br />

gmirebi xSiria msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis folklorSi. SeiZleba<br />

warmovidginoT, rom monadirem mglis piridan gamotacebuli bavSvi<br />

TavisTan waiyvana, radgan deda ar Cans, deda mkvdaria. monadire an Tavad<br />

gazrdis bavSvs, an daagdebs, raTa axla sxva vinmem waiyvanos<br />

aRsazrdelad. xalxuri TqmulebiT, Tamaris Ze – laSa-giorgi tyeSia<br />

gadagdebuli, raTa daifaros mSoblis sircxvili. aseve gadagdebulia,<br />

magram umotivod, rac miT ufro cxadyofs am aqtis aucileblobas gmiris<br />

biografiaSi, misi Soreuli STamomavali erekle meore, romelsac<br />

amgvarad umRers leqsi: `batoniSvil ereklesa irmis ZuZu uwovnia, wyali<br />

usvams algeTisa, TrialeTze uZovnia, gadugdiaT saCaleSi, monadires<br />

upovnia~.<br />

gadagdebuli bavSvebi, romlebic miaRweven mowifulobis asaks,<br />

brundebian Sobis adgilze da xsna moaqvT TavianTi qalaqisTvis Tu<br />

qveynisTvis, xalxisTvis. aseTebia: sargon aqadeli, mose, romulusi da<br />

sxvani.<br />

akvanSi mwolare amirans `iamanis wyaroze~ dagdebulsac pouloben –<br />

es TiTqos Sesustebuli variantia wyalSi gadagdebisa misi daRupvis<br />

mizniT. xan akvani wylis fskerzea, ramac bazaleTis tbis andrezSi hpova<br />

asaxva esqatologiuri molodinis saxiT.<br />

79

III. naTloba. qristianuli sarwmunoebis es upirvelesi saidumlo,<br />

rogorc zRurbli, sakmaod mkvidrad zis amiranis biografiaSi. Tu<br />

naTloba siuJeturad ar aris moTxrobili, is mainc fiqsirebulia<br />

amiranis vinaobis aRniSvnisas (`amirani iyo RvTis naTluli~, kaxeTi).<br />

naTlobis gareSe simZafres dakargavda is tragikuli konfliqti,<br />

romelic naTliasTan SeWidebaSi mdgomareobs. yvela variantSi, sadac ki<br />

naTlobis epizodia Semonaxuli, amiranis naTlia (qriste, ufali,<br />

iSviaTad – wm. giorgi) da misi mimjaWveli erTi da igive piria. naTlia<br />

Rones daanaTlavs Tavis naTluls da es aris misi saCuqari, romelic<br />

amiranma sasikeTod unda gamoiyenos da iyenebs kidec garkveul<br />

zRurblamde. naTliave sjis mas. aq Cans qristes ori saxe – mwyalobelisa<br />

da ganmkiTxvelisa (esqatologiuri mrisxane pantokratori).<br />

albaT, mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom qriste RmerTi, misi naTlia,<br />

amirans gzajvaredinze dagdebuls ipovnis da monaTlavs [arjevaniZe:119].<br />

gzajvaredini misi SesaZleblobebisa da arCevanis simboluri<br />

gamoxatulebaa.<br />

80

III-a. rZeSi ganbana. es epizodi mxolod svanur variantSia<br />

dadasturebuli [Ciqovani 1947:357]. rZeSi mas dedobili ganbans, roca<br />

Seatyobs Cvils, rom is araCveulebrivi bavSvia: dedobili masSi dalis<br />

naSiers amoicnobs. am ganbaniT dedobilma amirani Tavisi Cveulebrivi<br />

Svilebisgan gamoarCia. sagulisxmoa, rom megrul TqmulebebSi aseve rZeSi<br />

ganbanen mZinare tyaSi mafas Tmebs. rZeSi ganbana arqauli motivia,<br />

gamoyenebuli rogorc naTlobis gaZlierebuli varianti.<br />

IV. boboqari bavSvoba. f.r.s. raglans, romelmac tradiciuli<br />

gmiris Tavgadasavlis saerTo modeli gamoikvlia [raglani:152], SeniSnuli<br />

aqvs, rom gmirs yvelaze saocari, anu gmirisTvis niSandoblivi ambebi<br />

mxolod mowifulobis xanaSi gadaxdeba, xolo dabadebasa da am asaks<br />

Soris araferi xdeba. SesaZlebelia, es asec iyos mkvlevris xelT<br />

arsebul masalaSi, magram am debulebas ar adasturebs amiranis eposi.<br />

xalxuri Tqmuleba icnobs amiranis bavSvobas, romelic dauokebeli<br />

fizikuri Zalis gamovleniT xasiaTdeba. es TiTqos celqobaa, magram misi<br />

metismeti sicelqe TiTqos samzadisia momavali brZolebisaTvis, romlebic<br />

man aucileblad unda gadaixados. Cven gmiris am periods `boboqar<br />

bavSvobas~ vuwodebT. boboqari bavSvoba analogias poulobs gilgameSis<br />

cxovrebis pirvel periodTan, roca veraferi aokebs mis Zalas. magram es<br />

dauokebloba Tavis kulminaciaSi gamoaCens gamosavals: Tu gilgameSs<br />

uruqelTa vedrebis ZaliT moevlineba enqidu, romelic sxva<br />

mimarTulebiT warmarTavs mis Zalas da mTel cxovrebas [gilgameSiani:2],<br />

amirani kokebdamsxvreuli dedabris sityviT erTbaSad momwifdeba<br />

imisaTvis, rom aRasrulos vali adamianTa sazogadoebis winaSe,<br />

romelsac ase saswaulebrivad moevlina.<br />

unda SeiniSnos, rom `boboqari bavSvobis~ amgvari realizacia<br />

jadosnuri zRapridan aris Sesuli amiranis eposSi.<br />

`gmiruli bavSvoba~ gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia Turquli<br />

modgmis xalxTa eposisaTvis. `siuJetur-Tematuri datvirTva baRaTuruli<br />

bavSvobisa (богатырское детство) ukiduresad mniSvnelovania. mudmivi aqtivoba,<br />

zogjer zedmetad moWarbebulic ki, rac hipertrofiul saxes iRebs xolme,<br />

baRaTuris ganmsazRvreli Tvisebaa da igi vlindeba ara uceb, aramed<br />

Senaxulia faruli saxiT mis bavSvobaSi... es erTgvari inkubaciuri<br />

periodia, roca mimdinareobs qmnadoba da dagroveba personaJis<br />

qaraqterologiuri Tvisebebisa...~ [nekliudovi:129].<br />

swored am aucilebel periods gadis amirani boboqari bavSvobis<br />

saxiT. es periodi momdevno periodis, rogorc misi realizaciis,<br />

zRurblia, winapirobaa, romelsac mosdevs sxva, axali zRurbli.<br />

81

V. devebTan brZola. epikuri gmiris biografiaSi aucilebeli<br />

epizodia borot ZalebTan brZola. amiranis eposSi am Zalebs devebi<br />

ganasaxiereben. ara Wabukobis gamoCenisa da Zalis demonstraciisaTvis,<br />

ara TviTmiznurad, rogorc xSirad xdeba `amirandarejaniansa~ da sxva<br />

safalavno eposebSi, ebrZvis amirani devebs, aramed gansazRvruli,<br />

erTjeradi miznis misaRwevad. rogor ar hgavs safalavno eposis gmirebs<br />

amirani Tavisi erTjeradi SebrZolebiT, Tavisi erTaderTi antagonisti<br />

deviT, erTi mizniT, roca miaRwevs mizans da devebic misTvis (Tu<br />

saerTod?) aRar arseboben.<br />

amirani mowodebulia daamkvidros am qveyanaze sikeTe, naTliisgan<br />

Zala mas swored amisTvis aqvs mimadlebuli. amirani mamobilis ojaxs,<br />

romelic adamianur sazogadoebas (sociums) ganasaxierebs, moevlineba<br />

rogorc mxsneli. igi adamianebs ubrunebs devebis mier mitacebul<br />

teritorias, aTavisuflebs mas devebisgan. svanuri variantis mixedviT,<br />

amirani Tavis mamobils, iamans ubrunebs devis mier motacebul Tvals. es<br />

aris sababi devebTan brZolisa. amirani devebs maTi qorwilis dRes<br />

ebrZvis. es mniSvnelovania. aq aris esqatologiuri momenti: swored<br />

qorwilis dRes, simbolurad ukanasknel dRes, roca yvelani erTad arian<br />

Seyrilni, erTianad unda gawydnen. es brZola sabolooa, radgan Tavad<br />

qorwilia saboloo aqti, gadasvla erTi viTarebidan axal viTarebaSi,<br />

Zvelis dasasruli axlis mosapoveblad. devebisTvis es `gadasxvavebaa~<br />

(Sdr. jvar-xatebis epiTeti `dev-kerpT gadamsxvavebeli~ [sadideblebi:118]),<br />

amieridan am qorwiliT unda Sewydes maTi Zveleburi yofiereba.<br />

82

VI. ukanaskneli devi da camcumis koSki marTalia, Cven miviReT<br />

Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom devebTan brZola erTjeradia, magram iseve<br />

rogorc RvTisSvilTa da devebis brZolis epopeaSi devebis ganadgurebis<br />

Semdeg ukanaskneli devi rCeba, romelsac sabolood iaxsari mouRebs<br />

bolos [kiknaZe 1996:11], aqac gadarCeba erTi devi, romelic unda<br />

ganadgurdes, raTa gamoCndes axali zRurbli gmiris gzaze. am devis<br />

saxeli gamoCndeba SesaniSnav baladaSi, romelic `amiranianis~ bevr<br />

CanawerSi ipoveba. es aris leqsi, romelic iwyeba sityvebiT `sanadirod<br />

gamovidnen amiran da Zmani misni, win iremi gamouxtaT cas swvdeboda<br />

rqani misni...~ iremma monadireni camcumis koSkTan miiyvana, sadac daxvdaT<br />

mkvdari camcumi da werili, romelic misi saxeliT iuwyeboda, rom mas<br />

moukvleli gadaurCa erTaderTi baybaydevi. werilis avtori devTan<br />

gasworebisTvis da Tavisi damarxvisTvis sTavazobs Tavis iaraRs, cols<br />

da sxva. es is baybaydevia, romelic unda Sexvdes camcumis koSkidan<br />

gamosul amirans, moiklas masTan orTabrZolaSi da sikvdilis win amcnos<br />

mas yamaris adgilsamyofeli. aseve, es is devia, romlis moWrili Tavidan<br />

amosuli sami Wia momavali epizodis Canasaxia. amirani ar klavs Wiebs da<br />

amiT qmnis safrTxes Tavis momaval asparezze. asparezi safrTxiT unda<br />

iyos savse, es aris misi arsebobis forma. amiranis arCevani _ ar daxocos<br />

Wiebi _ Tavisufalia, radgan arsebobs alternativa – Zmebis rCeva<br />

motivaciiTurT: mokali, Torem... amirani ki indobs, rogorc daindo<br />

gilgameSma xumbaba, miuxedavad enqidus rCevisa. magram aq piruku xdeba:<br />

enqidu gilgameSis nacvlad klavs urCxuls da swored misi sikvdili<br />

(ara dandoba, `amiranianisgan~ gansxvavebiT) xdeba momavali safrTxis<br />

mizezi [gilgameSiani:119].<br />

amrigad, balada, romlis organuli kavSiri amiranis eposTan<br />

TiTqos eWvs iwvevs, gamoyenebulia xidad momdevno epizodisken<br />

(zRurblze) gadasasvlelad.<br />

SeniSvna. `amirandarejanianSi~ analogiuri epizodi mTeli eposis karibWea,<br />

saidanac iwyeba misi samyaro. abesalom mefe edevneba ucxo qurciks, romelic<br />

Svidi dRis Semdeg miiyvans ucxo adgilas (`qveyana ucxod auCnda~), Tavad ki erT<br />

kldeSi gauCinardeba. mefe ixilavs qviTkiris saxls, romlis SigniT kedlebze<br />

amiran darejanis Zisa da misi Wabukebis saxeebia gamosaxuli. mefe moiwyens maTi<br />

ucnobobis, rogorc rostevani `ucxo moymis~ gamo. mTeli `amirandarejaniani~<br />

maTi Wabukobis gadmocemas eZRvneba. amisgan gansxvavebiT amirani da misi Zmebi ar<br />

interesdebian camcumis warsuliT. maT mxolod pativi unda miagon mkvdars da<br />

Suri iZion baybaydevze, anu gaagrZelon camcumis daumTavrebeli saqme.<br />

83

VII. STanTqma-amonTxeva (meored Soba). gveleSapTan brZolis<br />

epizodi centraluria amiranis TavgadasavalSi. amave dros igi miToepikuri<br />

gmiris aucilebeli gansacdelia, romelic unda gaiaros man,<br />

raTa axal qmedebaTa asparezi gaiSalos mis winaSe. gveleSapTan brZola<br />

arsebiTad gansxvavdeba devebTan brZolisgan.<br />

devebi mravlad arian, gveleSapi ki erTia, anu is gveleSapi,<br />

romelmac gmiri unda Caylapos. amdenad, gmirs tavis cxovrebaSi erTxel<br />

uxdeba gveleSapTan Sebma.<br />

yvela miTo-epikur gmirs cxovrebis gzaze, romelic faqtiurad<br />

brZolis, winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvis gzaa, Tavisi gveleSapi (urCxuli,<br />

drakoni) xvdeba. igi, cxadia, amarcxebs mas, magram gveleSapis Zleva<br />

gansxvavdeba sxva antagonistur arsebaTa, boroteul ZalTa (devebis)<br />

Zlevisgan. rogorc wesi, gveleSapis mebrZoli gmiri unda STainTqas<br />

gveleSapis mier, raTa Signidan daamarcxos igi, radgan garedan misi<br />

damarcxeba ar iqneba. magram STanTqma-Caylapvas kidev sxva ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs. amirani ekuTvnis im gmirTa wyebas,<br />

romlebic namyofi arian gveleSapis mucelSi da misi wiaRidan<br />

gamarjvebulni gamodian. vidre herakle, elinTa gmiri, daamarcxebda<br />

urCxuls, romelsac mefis asuli hesione unda Caeylapa, jer Tavad<br />

STainTqmeba mis xaxaSi, gaivlis mis wiaRs da gamova gareT. imave<br />

gansacdelis winaSea meore elini gmiri iasoni: miTosurad namdvil<br />

iasons medeas micemuli wamliT ki ar dauZinebia oqros sawmisis mcveli<br />

urCxuli, raTa es sawmisi mSvidad moepara, aramed jer Caiylapa mis mier<br />

da, roca ukan amovida, urCxuli gmiris am amosvliT ukve ganadgurebuli<br />

iyo. es miTosuri sinamdvile erTi etruskuli xanis larnakzea<br />

dadasturebuli [kampbeli:XV,247], arc apolonios rodoselis<br />

`argonavtikaSi~ da arc sxva werilobiT wyaroSi urCxulis amgvar<br />

aRsasrulze araferia naTqvami (rogorc Cans, sityvierad gmiris am<br />

gansacdelis gamoxatvas gaurbodnen). amosvla, rogorc xsna, yovelTvis<br />

triumfaluria. es aris xsna da gamarjveba erTdroulad. aseve STainTqmeba<br />

finuri eposis `kalevalas~ gmiri veinemeineni vipunen-gveleSapis mier.<br />

mis mucelSi moxvedrili, igi naviT gacuravs zRvauri gveleSapis Sigans<br />

nawlavebis gziT erTi bolodan meore bolomde da zRvaSi amoinTxeva.<br />

amiraniviT mounelebeli da mtkivneuli aRmoCnda igi vipunen-gveleSapisTvis<br />

(XVII runa). amave eposis gmiri gveleSapisgan Caylapuli mWedeli<br />

ilmarineni svanuri versiis amiraniviT ukadrisobs misi piridan an ukana<br />

nawilidan amosvlas da gveleSapis mucelSive gamoWedili daniT gamoWris<br />

misi ferdidan gamosasvlels [miTebi:507; Eeliade 1965:63].<br />

ras gulisxmobs es epizodi garda masSi gadmocemuli sagmiro<br />

aqtisa? STanTqma Tavisi warmoSobiT kosmogoniuri motivia, rogorc<br />

gveleSapTan brZolaa kosmogoniis igavuri gadmocema. damarcxebuli<br />

gveleSapis sxeuli samyaros edeba safuZvlad, materiad. amis klasikuri<br />

magaliTia marduqisa da TiamaTis orTabrZola, romelic kosmosis<br />

SeqmniT mTavrdeba [kiknaZe 2006:143-144]. magram kosmosis Seqmnas win uZRvis<br />

84

TiamaTis mier marduqis STanTqma da marduqis xeliT TiamaTis muclis<br />

gafatvra da amosvla, rogorc mzisa wyvdiadidan, rac qaosidan kosmosis<br />

dabadebas niSnavs. aseve kosmogoniuria Zvelinduri indrasa da gveleSap<br />

vritras Soris Serkinebis miTosi. uxelfexo uzarmazari gveleSapi<br />

vritra, romelmac STanTqa mdinareTa wylebi da moaqcia Tavis SiganSi,<br />

ylapavs mis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebul indras. indra Signidan ganwvalavs<br />

gveleSapis sxeuls, ixsnis Tavs da datyvevebul wylebsac, misi<br />

sxeulisgan qmnis samyaros sxvadasxva nivTs [miTebi:534].<br />

STanTqma-amonTxevis kosmogoniur miTosSi zogan gamWvirvaled, zogan<br />

Sefarulad Cans erTi mniSvnelovani miTologema: STamnTqmeli zRvauri<br />

urCxuli, gveleSapi STanTqmulis mSobeli dedaa, romlis saSodan<br />

xelaxla unda daibados RvTaeba, kosmogoniuri gmiri. babilonuri<br />

kosmogoniuri eposis TiamaTi (`zRva~) yvela RmerTis didi dedaa, maT<br />

Soris marduqisac, romelmac misi sxeulisgan samyaro Seeqmna. am<br />

miTologiur faqts mowmobs polinezieli gmiris STamnTqmeli gveleSapis<br />

saxeli – `didi-didi-didi deda~ [kampbeli:91].<br />

STanTqmas, rogorc miTologemas, kidev erTi datvirTva aqvs: igi<br />

niSnavs damarxvas, daflvas, saSoSi ukan dabrunebas anu, sxvanairad,<br />

embrionad qcevas, raTa arseba kvlav iSvas. meore mxriv, STanTqma-STaflva<br />

sikvdilis sinonimia, rasac unda mosdevdes aRdgoma-gacocxleba,<br />

sabolood, isev da isev xelaxali Soba. amrigad, gveleSapis muceli<br />

dedis saSoa, saidanac unda daibados arseba. amitomac ar unda iyos<br />

moulodneli, rom tyeSi mdebare is qoxi, sadac pirvelyofili xalxebi<br />

asruleben mowifulobaSi gadasvlis ritualebs, `dedis saSod~ iwodeba<br />

da, imavdroulad, gveleSapis wiaRs warmoadgens. zogan qoxSi<br />

Sesasvleli, sadac Sedis mowifulobis zRurbls miwevnili bavSvi,<br />

`gveleSapis pirad~ iwodeba, karis daxurva ki gveleSapis mucelSi mis<br />

gamomwyvdevas ganasaxierebs. axal gvineaSi sainiciacio qoxs gveleSapis<br />

forma aqvs Tavisi mucliTa da kudiT. bavSvi Sedis qoxSi, TiTqos<br />

gveleSapis mucelSi inTqmebodes. es misi didi dedis saSoc aris, sadac<br />

is ubrundeba embrionalur statuss da saidanac is meored ibadeba,<br />

rogorc sazogadoebis (tomis) srulfasovani da sruluflebiani wevri<br />

[eliade 1965:35-36].<br />

cxadia, amiranis STanTqma-amonTxevas aRar aqvs is datvirTva, rac<br />

mas tradiciul sazogadoebebSi hqonda. amiranis TavgadasavalSi es<br />

epizodi zRurblia, romlis gadalaxvis Semdeg misi yofa axal safexurze<br />

adis.<br />

Tu pirveli SobiT gmiris sicocxle iwyeba, meore SobiT _ axali<br />

sicocxle. rogorc pirveli Sobis dros gaiWra dedis muceli, aseve am<br />

meore Sobisas ikveTeba ferdi gveleSapisa im daniT, romelic Tan dahyva<br />

mas pirveli Sobidan. Cans, meore Soba gardauvali yofila: is am<br />

Tandayolil danaSia nagulisxmevi. es imas niSnavs, rom gveleSapi<br />

amiranis bedisweraa, TiTqos gadamwyvet zRurblze misi mSobeli deda<br />

xvdeba mas am gveleSapis saxiT, romelic xelaxla badebs mas. magram Tu<br />

85

acnobierebs amas amiranis eposi, ufro sworad, am epizodis mTxrobeli<br />

Tu misi am saxiT Semnaxveli? yvela variantSi, romelic ki gveleSapis<br />

epizods inaxavs, gveleSapis muclidan gamosuli amirani axladSobilis<br />

niSans atarebs, rasac groteskulad asaxavs leqsi:<br />

`amirani daibada: goWsa hgvanda, xuxalasa.<br />

Tma da wveri gascvivnoda, Ceeyara tomarasa~.<br />

es ori kupleti Tavisi sityvieri qsoviliT ar modis arqauli xanidan,<br />

magram mas ZvelTaZveli miTologemis gamoxatva aqvs natvirTi. es groteski<br />

xatovnad gadmoscems axladSobilis saxes, mis ususurobas. wver-ulvaSis<br />

gacvena migvaniSnebs, rom amiranis biologiuri dro ukuqceulia saSoSi<br />

dabrunebiT. dro xelaxla unda amoZravdes, `xuxala~ unda gamoSuSdes,<br />

Seimosos, unda miaRwios mowifulobas da es procesi unda daCqardes.<br />

amisaTvis mowodebulia momdevno epizodi.<br />

VIII. igri batonis wyali. es epizodi Tavis winapirobad<br />

gveleSapis epizods gulisxmobs, maszea damokidebuli, Tumca SeiZleba<br />

TavisTavadi ambis STabeWdilebas tovebdes. amirani igri-batonis wyalSi<br />

unda ganibanos, rac TiTqos naTlobis wyalSi ganbanis analogiuria. am<br />

dros TiTqos naTlobis ganaxleba xdeba, rogorc Sobis momdevno,<br />

aucilebeli ritualisa. an SesaZloa, igris sabaneli im dekeulisa da<br />

kuros faSvis analogiuria, sadac dedis saSodan naadrevad gamosuli<br />

amiranis sxeuli unda gamoSuSebuliyo.<br />

amirani ganaxlebuli ZaliT amodis igris sabanelidan. ganaxleba<br />

aucilebelia misTvis, radgan mis winaSe axali, Znelad Sesasrulebeli<br />

amocanaa. magram ra unda iyos imaze Zneli gansacdeli, vidre devebTan an<br />

gveleSapebTan (TeTrTan, wiTelTan da, bolos, SavTan) brZolaa? rogorc<br />

Cans, aris aseTi gansacdeli, romelic amiranma, rogorc epikurma gmirma,<br />

unda gadaitanos. es aris sacolis Zieba.<br />

IX. yamari. qalwuli, mzeTunaxavi, yovelTvis mosatacebelia. es<br />

aris udidesi gmirobis aqti da zeadamianur Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. gmiri<br />

amisaTvis momzadebuli unda iyos, am aqtamde mas raRac unda hqondes<br />

Cadenili, Cadebuli unda hqondes sagmiro windi. `sjobs sayvarelsa<br />

uCvenne saqmeni sagmironia~, SemTxveviT ar dascdenia nestans es sityvebi.<br />

amiransac hqonda Cadenili sagmiro – es iyo devebTan brZola da is<br />

gansacdeli, romlis Semdegac igi xelaxla unda dabadebuliyo axali<br />

sagmiros Casadenad.<br />

amiranis gzaze axali, ufro maRali safexuri gamoCndeba. aq<br />

zRurbli xvdeba mas da es zRurbli sagmiro da miTologiuri eposebis<br />

erT mniSvnelovan motivTan aris dakavSirebuli. es aris mzeTunaxavis<br />

motaceba da igi gardauvalia, rogorc gmiris, ise qalis cxovrebaSi:<br />

mzeTunaxavi samaradisod ar unda darCes koSkSi. vinmem igi mzis<br />

86

sinaTleze unda gaiyvanos – mzeTunaxavma unda ixilos mze an mzem Tvali<br />

hkidos mzeTunaxavs. qali mzad aris amisaTvis da is elis Tavis<br />

gamomxsnels, rogorc ukacur bnel saxlSi myofi farnavazi, romelic<br />

mzem gamoiyvana velad da axilvina Tavisi Tavi `qvemdablad~.<br />

es yamars ar exeba, magram aq unda iTqvas, rom mzeTunaxavi,<br />

romelsac saguldagulod malaven samzeosgan, bolos mainc mzis<br />

sxivisgan mucladRebuli aRmoCndeba. winaswarmetyveleba, romlis<br />

Tanaxmad naSieri mamas an papas taxtidan gadmoagdebs, Tan axlavs<br />

siuJets, magram ara yovelTvis. is aucilebeli ar aris. SeniSnulia<br />

koSkSi qalwulis damwyvdevis ritualuri warmomavloba [propi 2000:27].<br />

damwyvdeva, sazogadoebisgan ganrideba-gamocalkeveba e.w. gadasvlis<br />

ritualis kuTvnilebaa. ganmartoebul koSkSi Sedis mowifulobis<br />

zRurbls miRweuli da iqidan mowifuli gamodis. koSki Tu sxva nageboba,<br />

rac unda erqvas mas, koSki Tu `gveleSapis muceli~ an `dedis saSo~,<br />

rogorc mas e.w. primitiul xalxebSi uwodeben, is adgilia, sadac<br />

mimdinareobs gogonas fizikuri momwifebisa da qalur `sibrZneSi~<br />

wvrTnis periodi. da is mTavrdeba swored maSin, roca vaJic miaRwevs im<br />

zRurbls, romlis gadalaxvis Semdeg mas SeuZlia qalis mopoveba.<br />

asakobrivi gadasvlis ritualis yru gamoZaxils axleburi motivaciiT<br />

`vefxistyaosanSic~ vxvdebiT. Cven viciT, rom garkveul xanamde tarieli<br />

da nestani erTad izrdebian. magram dgeba Jami da vaJs mama waiyvans,<br />

nestans ki mefe sagangebo saxls augebs. gavixsenoT strofebi 331-333:<br />

`mefeman saxli augo, Sigan samyofi qalisa:<br />

qvad fazari sxda, kubo dga iagundisa, lalisa,<br />

pirsa baRCa da sabanlad saraji vardis wyalisa;<br />

igi mun iyves, medebis visgan saxmili alisa!<br />

dRe da Rame mujamriTa ekmeodis alva Tlili;<br />

zogjer koSks jdis, zogjer baRCas Camovidis, ra dgis Crdili.<br />

davar iyo da mefisa, qvrivi, qajeTs gaTxovili,<br />

mas sibrZnisa saswavleblad TviT mefeman misca Svili.<br />

sra edga mofardaguli oqsinoTa da SardiTa;<br />

vervin vxedevdiT, Seiqmna piriTa mina-vardiTa;<br />

asmaT da orni monani hyvian, imRerdis nardiTa;<br />

mun izrdebodis taniTa, gabaons ganazardiTa~.<br />

am strofebSi bevri detali migvaniSnebs nestanis `samyofis~<br />

ritualur bunebaze. misi mdidruli saxe, es fufuneba da garegnuli<br />

brwyinvaleba mxolod imas gveubneba, rom igi ufliswulisTvis aris<br />

gankuTvnili. SevcdebiT, Tu vifiqrebT, rom aq nestanis dro<br />

uzrunvelobasa da TamaSSi gadis (`imRerdis nardiTa~). aq mimdinareobs<br />

uasako gogonas wvrTna sadiaco asakisTvis. am strofebSi gamxelilia am<br />

koSkis WeSmariti daniSnuleba: igi mxolod qalTa samyofia, sadac<br />

mamakacs Sesvla aRkveTili aqvs. `vervin vxedevdiT~, ambobs tarieli da<br />

87

gulisxmobs mamakacebs, TviT mama-mefis CaTvliT. qals ver ixilavs<br />

mamakacis Tvali, mSoblisac ki, iseve rogorc Tvali mzisa, rogorc<br />

mzeTunaxavs: `Camovidis, ra dgis Crdili~, anu dRis im periodSi, roca<br />

Casulia mze. aq wvrTnian mas (`mas sibrZnisa saswavleblad...~) qalur<br />

codnaSi anu saidumloSi, romelic mamrTagan dafaruli rCeba. qaluri<br />

sibrZnis idumaleba aq gamoxatulia TiTqos qajuri codniT, romelSic mas<br />

davari ganaswavlis. da, bolos, aq izrdeba is qalad, dedakacad: `mun<br />

izrdebodis taniTa, gabaons ganazardiTa~. gabaonSi gazrdiloba, poemis<br />

avtoris mixedviT, srulyofili gazrdilobaa, roca asaki aRwevs saTanado<br />

zRurbls. nestani sruliad gardaiqmneba koSkSi, is ucxoa, gaucxoebulia<br />

tarielisgan, romelmac ver icno Tavisi toli, romelTanac erTad<br />

izrdeboda. es ucxooba, mowifulobis es siucxove aris moulodneli<br />

siyvarulis afeTqebis mizezi.<br />

magram `amiranianSi, rogorc rusTavelis poemaSi, koSkSi yofna ar<br />

inaxavs gadasvlis ritualis cocxal xsovnas. is mxolod saSeni masalaa<br />

sxva motivis warmosaCenad.<br />

vaJi swored maSin miadgeba koSks, roca qals aRar edgomeba iq,<br />

roca misi koSkSi yofnis dReebi amowurulia da axali zRurbli<br />

gamoCndeba mis cxovrebaSi, mis fizikur-sulier zrda-ganviTarebaSi.<br />

amitomac qali xalisiT mihyveba vaJs, exmareba kidec – ara Tu gatacebaSi,<br />

aramed mamis damarcxebaSic (ase iqceva, Tu gavixsenebT, kolxi medeac,<br />

romelic jer mamis winaaRmdeg exmareba iasons, mere ki Zmas gawiravs).<br />

`amiran, gulad gmiri xar, kilo ar ici omisa.<br />

maRla raTa scem spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa.<br />

Cardaxs SeaWer boZebi, mas wamze miawvinosa~.<br />

qali TiTqos sadRacidan motacebulia da mas ZaliT akaveben koSkSi.<br />

magram mas aRar surs Tundac brolis koSkSi darCena. qalisTvis es<br />

tyveobaa, ufro sworad, garkveuli droidan is acnobierebs, rom<br />

datyvevebulia da rom sadRac arsebobs misi gamomxsneli. mainc saidan<br />

moxvda es qali – yamari am koSkSi? es saidumloa, am saidumlos ver<br />

amxels mTqmeli: koSki, romelic Suagul zRvaSia anu zRvis WipSi,<br />

miuwvdomlobis gamomxatvelia. eposma mxolod yofiTi motivi icis<br />

yamaris siucxovisa ded-mamisadmi, romlebic iqneb sulac ar arian misi<br />

mSoblebi:<br />

`arca gamzarda dedama, arca metyoda nanasa,<br />

gareT gadgamdiT akvansa, SigniT metyodiT nanasa.<br />

roca Sin Semiyvanidi, yelze madebdi danasa...~<br />

ras niSnavs es `gareT gadgmuli akvani~ da `Signidan namReri nana~ an<br />

yelze daRirebuli dana? xom ar migvaniSnebs es yamaris araCveulebriv<br />

88

avSvobaze, mis idumalebriv warmoSobaze? amiranis akvanic xom gareT,<br />

iamanis wyaroze iyo gadgmuli. xom ar iyo yamari iseTive moZulebuli<br />

Svili, rogorc zRapris geri, romelic ufliswulma unda gamoixsnas da<br />

didebaSi Seiyvanos, anu misi faruli dideba gamoaaSkaravos? (amis Taobaze<br />

ix. `eTeriani~). radgan brolis koSki ar aris is adgili, sadac asuli<br />

Tavisi nebiT imyofeboda, asuls ara aqvs sakuTari neba, is ar irCevs Tavis<br />

adgilsamyofels. is mxolod elis, rogorc elis murmanis koSkSi<br />

gamomwyvdeuli eTeri abesaloms. qalis, aq yamaris, pasiuroba kidev ufro<br />

amZafrebs mis idumalebas. Tu amiranze, mis warmoSobaze raRac viciT,<br />

yamaris warmoSoba saidumloebiT aris moculi. ufro metic: Tavad<br />

yamaria saidumlo, romlis arc dasabami viciT, arc – bolo. ra rols<br />

unda TamaSobdes qali amiranis TavgadasavalSi, Tuki maT Sexvedras<br />

qorwili ar agvirgvinebs? arc erT Canawer variantSi ar aris naxsenebi<br />

maTi qorwili – naxsenebi rom yofiliyo, es zRapris dasasruli iqneboda.<br />

magram amiranis Tqmuleba ar aris zRapari, rom qorwiliT dasruldes.<br />

rCeba motacebis aqti, rogorc aqti, Tavis TavSi dasrulebuli, TviTkmari<br />

epizodi. amiT motacebas (gamoxsnas) TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli<br />

Rirebuleba eniWeba.<br />

motacebis Semdeg yamaris kvali ikargeba: mas ver vxedavT amiranis<br />

gverdiT misi cxovrebis sabediswero wuTebSi, verc maSin, roca is martoa<br />

Tavis gabudayebaSi, verc – roca naTlias iwvevs orTabrZolaSi, verc –<br />

roca kldezea mijaWvuli.<br />

amirani yamaris mosataceblad ebrZvis Zalebs, romelTac RrubelT<br />

batoni ganagebs, caze Camokidebuli koSkidan Camohyavs qali, da am aqtis<br />

CadeniT TiTqos gascdeba adamianur zRvars, is TiTqos adamianze meti<br />

gaxdeba. magram mas moelis iseTi gansacdeli, romlis gadasatanad aRar<br />

hyofnis adamianuri Zala. mas win kidev erTi zRurbli-gansacdeli elis<br />

gadasalaxavad.<br />

X. ambri arabi. es gansacdeli mkvdarma ambri arabma mouvlina<br />

amirans, roca amirani Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervalze iyo; roca is darwmunebuli<br />

iyo Tavis uZlevelobaSi, Tavis erTaderTobaSi. vin aris ambri<br />

arabi, ra warsuli aqvs, ra gmiroba Caudenia – es arc amiranma icis da<br />

arc eposis msmenelebma ician. sad iyo misi Wabukobis asparezi, an vin<br />

daumarcxebia mas, arc es aris cnobili. is TiTqos sxva droSi da sxva<br />

sivrceSi arsebobda da sikvdilis SemdegRa SemoiWra amiranis cxovrebaSi,<br />

rogorc cocxali dadastureba xalxuri Tqmisa: `mjobs mjobi ar<br />

daeleva~. amirani Tavis Tavze ganicdis am andazis WeSmaritebas. is ismens<br />

ambris dedisgan mware sityvebs, rogorc mxilebas:<br />

`ais qveyanamc krulia, sadac Sen amiranobdi,<br />

Tavs ixuravdi CaCqansa, boloze hjaWvianobdi.<br />

wesi Tu iyos dedaTi, advilad ginadirebdi~.<br />

89

da sasowarkveTa moicavs mas, ormoc dRes iglovebs sabneloSi<br />

jdomiT sakuTar Tavs. marcxi miT ufro samarcxvinoa, rom igi<br />

mkvdrisagan aqvs nawvnevi. sasowarkveTa miT ufro autanelia, rom igi<br />

veRarasodes moaxerxebs ambri arabTan Sebmas Tavisi saamayo Zalis<br />

gamosacdelad da rom igi ambri arabis ara mTelma Zalam daamarcxa,<br />

aramed misma naSTma – mkvdarma fexma, romelic urmidan gadmovardniliyo<br />

da miwaze naRari gahqonda. ambri arabTan Sexvedram amiranSi CaTesa<br />

Surisa da sasowarkveTilebis Tesli, romelmac Semdeg gabudayebis<br />

(ZvelberZenTa hubrisis) nayofi aRmoacena.<br />

SeniSvna. Wabuki `amirandarejanianSi~ faTerakebis da orTabrZolebis<br />

maZiebeli gmiria, Wabukoba _ misi erTaderTi saqmianoba.<br />

XI. Zalis ganaxleba. am sasowarkveTilebidan, romelic araraobis<br />

Segnebam warmoSva, amirans naTlia gamoiyvans. aq xdeba misi gardatexa,<br />

TiTqos sxva adamianad dabadeba. naTliam icis, rom es amirani, romelic<br />

ixveweba Zalis momatebas, is Zveli amirani aRar aris, borotebas rom<br />

ebrZoda akvanSi danaTluli ZaliT. naTliam icis, amirani am<br />

gaorkecebul Zalas sasikeTod ar gamoiyenebs. magram naTlias, Tumca is<br />

yovlisSemZlea, ar ZaluZs uari uTxras naTluls saTxovarze, radgan<br />

naTlulis uflebaa, saCuqari miiRos naTliisgan. naTliam icis, rom<br />

amiranisTvis es sasikeTo ar iqneba, magram amiranma Tavad unda<br />

gamoscados is, rac man unda icodes, rogorc adamianma, da rac misi,<br />

rogorc adamianis, gamosacdelia. naTliam is bolomde unda miuSvas,<br />

amoawurinos adamianuri SesaZleblobani, sakuTar Tavze ganacdevinos<br />

adamianSi moqceuli, Tundac RvTiuri naTliisgan moniWebuli Zalis<br />

dasazRvruloba. naTliis codna absoluturia: is, RmerTi, Wvrets yvela<br />

SesaZleblobas, maT Soris imasac, romelic amirans sabediswero<br />

orTabrZolamde miiyvans. meore mxriv, naTlias ar SeuZlia uari uTxras<br />

naTluls, rogorc basili didi wers, `RmerTi uZluria adamianis<br />

Tavisufali nebis winaSe, mas ar SeuZlia misi iZuleba, radgan<br />

Tavisufleba RvTis yovlisSemZleobidan momdinareobs~. da amiransac,<br />

rogorc adamians, RvTis xatad Seqmnils, ar SeiZleba waerTvas<br />

Tavisufali neba, Tunda igi borotebisken ixrebodes. erTaderTi, rac<br />

`zRvars udebs~ RvTis yovlisSemZleobas, adamianis Tavisuflebaa. RmerTs<br />

ar `SeuZlia~ masze Zaladoba, radgan Tavisufleba RvTis naperwkalia<br />

adamianSi.<br />

XII. gabudayeba (hubrisi) RmerTi ar akavebs, RmerTi miuSvebs. es<br />

RvTiuri miSvebaa. amirani miSvebulia da isic etoqeba imas, vinc miuSva<br />

igi.<br />

Zalagaorkecebuli amirani sruliad marto aRmoCndeba. rogor<br />

warmoiSva es simartove? sad aris yamari, romlis mosapoveblad man<br />

arnaxuli gmiroba Caidina? ar viciT. mTxrobeli dums. ara Tu ar icis,<br />

arc ainteresebs yamaris bedi, radgan es arseba Tavad amirans aRar<br />

esaWiroeba. sad arian Zmebi – badri da usupi, romlebic Tan axldnen mas<br />

90

ganuyrelad da Semweoba gauwies yamaris mopovebaSi? mTxrobeli dums.<br />

amirans isini aRar esaWiroeba. Tavis gabudayebaSi amirani marto unda<br />

iyos, rogorc absoluti, romelic ver iTmens Tavis gverdiT sxvas. erTi<br />

variantis mixedviT, amirani Sin tovebs maT, Tan ar mihyavs saWabukod,<br />

xels SemiSliano. marTlac, Zmebi iqneb xelisSemSlelni yofiliyvnen:<br />

amirani am qveynad xom yvelas unda dapirispireboda, raTa Tavisi Zalis<br />

`usazRvroeba~ gamoecada da ganecada, raTa, sabolood, martodmarto<br />

darCeniliyo sakuTar TavTan. is ar unda SeCerebuliyo berikacis winaSe,<br />

romelTan orTabrZolasac Zmebi uTuod dauSlidnen. da amirani, raki mas<br />

naTlia miuSvebda mis nebaze, bolomde gamocdida Tavs anu im Zalas,<br />

romelic Tavisi egoneboda, radgan daviwyebuli eqneboda, visi moniWebuli<br />

iyo igi. amirani mowyda kacobriobas – man Tavisive xeliT gaaudaburgaaukacriela<br />

Tavisi garemo: arc toli, arc naklebi, arc mjobi, aRarc<br />

badri da usupi, aRarc yamari... arc devebi (garda erTaderTi calTvala<br />

devisa) – martodmarto miwasa da cas Sua, uflis winaSe, RvTis pirispir.<br />

miwas umZimda amirani. raRacis molodini iyo.<br />

sazogadoebisgan es kideganoba, asocialuroba, rac aSkarad<br />

SeiniSneba amiranis pirovnebaSi [tuiti:315-316], sxva araferia, Tu ara misi<br />

gabudayebis, hubrisis gamoxatuleba. is SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc<br />

socialuri struqturis, figuralurad, keriis damangreveli `anti-siZe~<br />

[SaraSiZe: 202-203]. g. SaraSiZe mis am Tvisebas monadireobasTan akavSirebs.<br />

Tumca amiranisTvis monadireoba ganmsazRvreli ar aris, magram is<br />

damatebiT aZlierebs hubrisis xifaTs. miTosuri monadire, rogorc wesi,<br />

am motiviT iRupeba.<br />

bolos, martod darCenili (sad arian misi Zmebi, sad aris yamari?)<br />

amirani kvlav obolia da kvlav boboqrobs, rogorc bavSvobaSi. meordeba<br />

misi boboqari, agresiuli bavSvoba – moWarbebuli Zalis usagno<br />

demonstracia.<br />

XIII. uflis gamowveva. `... maSin moicems guls, sazRvars gadalaxavs<br />

da Sescodavs. misi Zala ki mis RmerTSia~ (abak. 2:11). amiranis momrevi<br />

aRaravin darCa qveyanaze. es misi bedisweraa. sabedisweroa im azriT, rom<br />

gardauvalia misi Sexvedra im berikacTan, romelmac erTxel Rame gaaTia<br />

misi mamobilis WerqveS da axladmogvrili Svilis naTlioba SesTavaza.<br />

ar SeiZleba am berikacma ar moikiTxos igi, ar daxvdes mas gzaze, raTa<br />

mouvlinos axali gansacdeli. amiranma ganizraxa aseTi absurdi –<br />

absoluturi Zalis mflobeloba, im wyarosi, saidanac moedineba misi<br />

Zliereba.<br />

amirani devebis saxiT dabal sawyiss ebrZoda da misi brZola<br />

warmatebuli iyo (`amiranma devi dasca...~). axla naTliis saxiT is<br />

umaRles sawyiss ebrZvis da dascems sakuTar Tavs. erTxel amiranma<br />

moiTxova imaze meti, rac SobiTgan hqonda micemuli, da mieca. axla man<br />

moisurva gamxdariyo imaze meti, rac iyo: amaRlebuliyo misTvis Zalis<br />

momniWebelze. naTliasTan SebrZolebiT man moindoma, rom madli,<br />

91

omelic mas mieca, misi buneba gamxdariyo. amiranSi meordeba adamis<br />

dacema. `adamis dacema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man RmerTTan metoqeoba<br />

arCia, raTa gaTanasworeboda mas, nacvlad imisa, rom mis madls<br />

ziareboda~ [meiendorfi:132]. amgvari ganzraxvis absurduloba yofierebaSi<br />

pirvelad maSin gamoCnda, roca erTma ubrwyinvalesma angelozma, romelic<br />

yvela sxva angelozze axlos iyo gamCenTan, misi taxtis xelyofa<br />

ganizraxa – Svilma moindoma, Camoegdo mama da misi adgili daeWira. am<br />

aqtiT – es iyo janyi, mwvervali gabudayebisa – sulier samyaroSi<br />

Semovida boroteba, romelmac mere adamSi iCina Tavi. amiranis sasjelic<br />

iseTive aucdenelia, rogorc sasjeli mojanye angelozisa. es aris misi<br />

mokveTa samzeodan, cocxalTa qveynidan da, rac ufro maRali iyo misi<br />

mdgomareoba, miT ufro Rrma iyo misi dacema. amirani, rogorc adamiani,<br />

RvTis xats atarebs, RmerTma is Tavisufal arsebad Seqmna. da raki<br />

Tavisufalia, mas SeuZlia airCios RvTis sawinaaRmdego, daupirispirdes<br />

kidec mas, vinc Seqmna igi. rogorc Toma aqvineli wers, `borotebis<br />

arCevis SesaZlebloba upiroboa, igi ar SeiZleba waerTvas srulyofil<br />

arsebas. aq aris Rrma safuZveli gansacdelisa da angelozis janyisa, da,<br />

agreTve, adamianis gansacdelisa da janyisa, rogorc pirveli adamianisa,<br />

aseve yvela Cvenganis. es aris yoveli sulieri arsebis xvedri: man unda<br />

gaiaros gansacdeli TavisuflebiT~. SeiZleba Tu ara amiranis janyi<br />

ganvixiloT mamis winaaRmdeg janyis saerTo tipologiur konteqstSi?<br />

kerZod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi CarTva berZnuli Teogoniis<br />

tipologiaSi? kronosi Camoagdebs uranoss, kronoss Camoagdebs zevsi.<br />

mojanye imarjvebs, misTvis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sasjeli. amiranis<br />

janyi, mxolod mcdeloba upiratesobis gamoCenisa, Tavis TavSive gulisxmobs<br />

sasjels. amiranis eposi misdevs semitur yaidas, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />

mama yovelTvis gamarjvebulia, misi marcxi warmoudgenelia, radgan is<br />

absoluturi mamobis gansaxierebaa.<br />

92

XIV. mijaWva. amiranis sasjelis adgili igive adgilia, sadac man<br />

berikacs orTabrZola gaumarTa. Serkineba xdeba an romelime maRal<br />

mTaze (ialbuzi, brutsabZela, sayornia...), an samWedlosTan, an<br />

gzajvaredinze. maRali mTa, mTis mwvervali kargad gamoxatavs misi<br />

zvaobis, gabudayebis mwvervals, saidanac unda daiwyos misi dacema. is<br />

palo Tu uflis yavarjeni, romelsac Zvra ver uyo amiranma, raki uflis<br />

brZanebiT fesvebi gaidga dedamiwis gulSi, iqceva im svetad, sadac<br />

miejaWveba meamboxe gmiri. mijaWva ar akmara mrisxane naTliam – zed<br />

kldec gadaaxura, raTa kacTagan uxilavi yofiliyo, rogorc dabeWdili<br />

saidumlo. daeca amirani. daeca, rogorc is angelozi, romelzec<br />

bibliaSia naTqvami: `rogor Camoemxe cidan, mTiebo, Zeo ganTiadisa! miwas<br />

daenarcxe, xalxTa mtarvalo! guSin ambobdi: cad avxdebi, RvTis<br />

varsklavTa zemoT taxts davidgam da davjdebi sakrebulo mTaze,<br />

Crdilo kalTebze. maRla RrublebSi aviWrebi, uzenaess gavutoldebio!<br />

magram SaveTSi Cadixar, qvesknelis ufskrulebSi...~ (esaia, 14: 12-15). is, rac<br />

daemarTa amirans, ar aris ganpirobebuli mis gareSe arsebuli obieqturi<br />

garemoebebiT, arc winaswarganCinebiT (anu bedisweriT), aramed<br />

gamowveulia misi Tavisufali nebiT. aq aris tragedia ara bediswerisa,<br />

rogorc antikur dramasa Tu miTosSi, aramed tragedia Tavisufali<br />

nebisa, rogorc qristianuli epoqis dramaSi (Seqspiri, ibseni, vaJafSavela...).<br />

n. berdiaevi erTgan wers, rom `namdvili tragedia aris<br />

tragedia Tavisuflebisa da ara bediswerisa~. amiranis saqmeSi ar Cans<br />

bediswera. ar Cans arc winaswarmetyveleba, romelsac unda gaurbodes is,<br />

rogorc oidiposi an aqilevsi gaurbian. bevri niSniT amirani enaTesaveba<br />

aqilevss [tuiti:309-310, 315-6, 319-320], magram am erTaderTi gadamwyveti<br />

niSniT Sordeba. es aris Tavisufali neba anu arCevanis Tavisufleba,<br />

rasac moklebulia elinTa saxelganTqmuli gmiri.<br />

amiranis sasjelis Tavisebureba is aris, rom mijaWvam samani daudo<br />

mis hubriss, iseve, rogorc codvis Sedegad Semosulma sikvdilma adams<br />

mis bunebaSi codvis gamaradisebis perspeqtiva aacila. aq Cans sasjelis<br />

ambivalenturoba, rac esoden nacnobia elinuri tragediisTvis.<br />

Tavsdatexilma ubedurebam, rogorc RvTis sasjelma, kaTarzisi unda<br />

dabados. amiranis tragedia elis kaTarziss.<br />

93

XV. mijaWvuli amirani. amirani garidebulia kacobriobas. misi<br />

Tavdapirveli obloba absoluturi martoobis saxes iRebs. martoobis<br />

ganaCeni man Tavadve gamoutana Tavis Tavs, roca gabudayebis periodSi<br />

ganudga yvelas da, sabolood, yovlis pirvel mizezsa da dasabams<br />

aujanyda. ar arian mis gverdiT arc misi Zmebi da arc yamari. sad aris<br />

Semwe, mrCeveli da mosarCle? RmerTma dasaja da adamiani rogorRa<br />

gamoesarClos? aRarc metoqe, romelTanac kvlav gamocdida Zalas.<br />

ukanaskneli Zala, romelmac is miajaWva, klded aris aRmarTuli. axla is<br />

martoa Tavis TavTan, dasrulda epikuri dro da daiwyo<br />

egzistencialuri, misi sakuTari pirovnuli dro. am tyveobaSi mis<br />

garSemo Cndebian sruliad axali personaJebi. aq aris goSia, romelmac<br />

mTeli wlis manZilze unda lokos jaWvi, gawyvetamde miiyvanos igi, raTa<br />

mWedlebma kvlav gaamrTelon. es xdeba vnebis kviras, did xuTSabaTs,<br />

roca mWedlebi dilaadrianad ubrad grdemlze uros scemen TavTavianT<br />

samWedloebSi da maTi erToblivi ZalisxmeviT iq, gamoqvabulSi, jaWvi<br />

kvlav iWedeba. mTiuluri Tqmuleba amgvarad gadmogvcems amiranis jaWvTa<br />

yovelwliur ganaxlebas mWedlebis mier: `aRdgomis sami dRis win, did<br />

xuTSabaTs, mWedelma grdemls kveri unda dahkras, Toro amirani aiSvebs<br />

da mWedlebs emterebao. ramdenjerac kvers grdemlze dahkramen, imdens<br />

muSkias lokviT gaTxelebuli amiranis jaWvi gasqeldebao. amirani aq,<br />

mleTaSia dabmuli~ [kaiSauri:107].<br />

aqvea Citi, romelic periodulad ajdeba palos, raTa amiranma palo,<br />

romelsac is aryevs mTeli wlis manZilze, Tavisda uneburad kvlav<br />

myarad CaaWedos kldeSi. paloze Semomjdar am ucxo, saidanRac<br />

Semofrenil frTosans wili udevs TiTqos ukve Tavdaxsnili amiranis<br />

xelmeored mijaWvaSi. amirani palos abrunebs miwis siRrmeSi. ras niSnavs<br />

es? risi niSania es Citi? imis xom ara, rom is jer kidev ar aris mzad<br />

gasaTavisufleblad? es uneburi TviTSeborkva xom ar aris gamoxatuleba<br />

im codvisa, romlisganac igi jer kidev ar gaTavisuflebula? an im<br />

absurdisa, romelSic sakuTar ZalaSi dajerebam Caagdo? igive Zala,<br />

romelic misi imedi da siamaye iyo, iqceva mis kvlav mimjaWvelad. es Zala<br />

xom mainc misi sakuTreba ar aris – es misi naTliis Zalaa, romelic<br />

mibarebuli hqonda mas. igive Zala ajaWvavs mas kvlav ganmeorebiT da ase<br />

iqneba, sanam amirani amas ar mixvdeba.<br />

goSia – miwis arseba – exmareba, Citi – cis arseba – xels uSlis. es<br />

imas xom ar niSnavs, rom ca jer kidev ar aris Tanaxma misi<br />

gaTavisuflebisa? ca kvlav gansacdels ugzavnis mas, kvlav elis misgan<br />

pasuxs. sijiutea, rom abrkolebs mis gaTavisuflebas. jer sijiute unda<br />

daiZlios.<br />

94

XVI. gaTavisuflebis mcdelobani. Tanaxmad ramdenime variantad<br />

arsebuli Tqmulebisa, romelic SeiZleba amiranis eposis epilogad<br />

miviCnioT, is klde, sadac mijaWvulia gmiri, Svid weliwadSi erTxel iReba.<br />

ca kvlav aZlevs Sanss...<br />

erT-erTs am gaxsnaTagan Seeswreba erTi usaxelo mwyemsi, menaxire,<br />

mecxvare Tu monadire [arjevaniZe:95; Ciqovani 1947:335,338,346]. eposis<br />

dasawyisSi, mis prologSi, vxedavT monadires, romelmac ipovna bavSvi da<br />

ixsna daRupvisagan. epilogSi kvlav vxvdebiT monadires, romelsac<br />

amJamadac amiranis gadarCenis misia akisria. am monadirem amiranis<br />

davalebiT Sinidan (an samWedlodan) unda wamoiRos jaWvi (sakideli),<br />

romlis saSualebiTac amiranma Tavisken unda miizidos xmali, raTa<br />

gakveTos borkilebi. monadirem ubrad unda wamoiRos es sakideli –<br />

aravis gasces xma, aravis gamoepasuxos. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi eqneba<br />

warmateba mis mcdelobas. Cveulebriv, monadire yovelTvis icavs<br />

akrZalvebs sanadirod wasvlamde ramdenime dRiT adre. marxulobs,<br />

mdumarebs, ar ekareba cols. am akrZalvaTa Sesrulebazea damokidebuli<br />

misi warmateba nadirobisas.<br />

magram monadire ver daicavs dumilis aRTqmas. abezari coli<br />

daacdeninebs sityvas amiranis gamosaxsnelad mimaval qmars. monadire<br />

veRar miagnebs kldes da amiranis gaTavisuflebis saxsaric ispoba.<br />

monadire ver icavs dumils, mWedlebi ki icaven, roca ubrad scemen<br />

grdemlze uros, da maTi moqmedeba warmatebulia (gavixsenoT, rom<br />

arsebobs sakmaod gavrcelebuli cikli TqmulebaTa akrZalvis damrRvevi<br />

monadiris Sesaxeb). mWedeli icavs aRTqmas, monadire – arRvevs. es imas<br />

niSnavs, rom jer kidev Warbobs is tendenciebi, romlebic amiranis<br />

mijaWvis pirobebs qmnian.<br />

ras gveubneba xelmocaruli monadiris Tqmuleba? es Tqmuleba Citis<br />

epizodTan erTad gveubneba, rom amirans isev da isev fizikuri Zalis<br />

imedi aqvs: is cdilobs fizikuri ZaliT aiSvas Tavi – palo moaryios,<br />

xmali moizidos borkilTa gasakveTad. magram es borkilebi iseTi<br />

borkilebia, romlebic xmliT ar gaikveTeba. isini sxva Zalam unda axsnas.<br />

Tqmuleba kidev, da es mTavaria, gveubneba, rom sanam adamiani aseTia,<br />

rogorc is monadire, romelic arRvevs aRTqmas, manam amirani mijaWvuli<br />

iqneba. amirani swored imitom aris mijaWvuli, rom kacTa modgma ar aris<br />

srulyofili. amiranis mijaWvuloba adamianTa sisustiT aris<br />

ganpirobebuli. sanam arsebobs SesaZlebloba imisa, rom kacTa modgmaSi<br />

irRveodes aRTqma da fici, amiranic mijaWvuli iqneba da is verasodes<br />

daixsnis Tavs borkilebisgan. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom amirani<br />

codvili kacobriobis gansaxierebaa, rom is atarebs kacobriobis<br />

codvebs, Sekrulia am codvebiT. da Tu kacobriobaSi aRmoCndeba erTi<br />

wmida kaci, is erTic sakmarisi iqneba, rom amiransac daudges Tavisuflebis<br />

dRe – misi SeTxelebuli borkili sabolood gawydes, moryeuli<br />

paloc sabolood amovardes.<br />

95

jaWvi, rogorc sagani, sabediswero xdeba amiranisTvis. is<br />

ambivalenturia: jaWviT aris is dabmuli da jaWviTve cdilobs<br />

gaTavisuflebas. sxva TqmulebaSi (megrulSi) monadires mwyemsi enacvleba,<br />

romelsac jaWvi miaqvs amiranis dasaxsnelad. mwyemss monadireebi<br />

SeSlilad CaTvlian da amiranisTvis gamzadebuli jaWviT Sekraven. amis<br />

Semdeg mwyemsi wyevlis monadireebs. yazbegis kldeze, ambobs Tqmuleba,<br />

hkidia es jaWvi, unda vifiqroT, ara amiranis gaTavisuflebis simbolod,<br />

aramed imis niSnad, rom es saSualeba ver gaaTavisuflebs mas.<br />

xalxis SefasebiT, Tu amirans gaTavisufleba uweria, unda<br />

gaTavisufldes gardaqmnili amirani da ara iseTi, rogoric miajaWves.<br />

aseTi amiranis aSveba araTu kacobriobis, aramed mTeli bunebis<br />

gamanadgurebelic aris. vaJas leqss `amirani~ amgvari SeniSvna axlavs:<br />

`fSavlebis warmodgeniT, rodesac amirani aRdgeba, maSin bunebaSic<br />

areuloba moxdeba~. xalxi, romelmac misi Tqmuleba Seinaxa, imitomac<br />

ekideba TanagrZnobiT mijaWvul gmirs, rom igi masSi sakuTar Tavs –<br />

codvaTa sakrvelebiT dabmuls, xedavs da gaTavisuflebas elis. es<br />

monadire xalxis warmomadgenelia. ara mxolod monadirea pasuxismgebeli,<br />

aramed TiToeuli Cvengani pirovnulad monawileobs misi satanjvelis<br />

gaxangrZlivebaSi. amiranis sasjeli Cveni sasjelia. xalxis Tvalsazrisi<br />

dasjili amiranis bedze mkafiod Cans erT moxevur TqmulebaSi. rodesac<br />

gamarjvebebiT gabudayebulma amiranma qriste RmerTTanac Sejibreba<br />

moindoma, RmerTma is amisTvis myinvarwveris ferdobze miajaWvao. amiT<br />

undoda esargebla amiranis dauZinebel mters gveleSaps, myinvaris<br />

wveridan gadmococda da dabmul amirans SeWmas upirebda. magram misi es<br />

ganzraxva wm. giorgis gaugia da swrafad iqve gaCenila. wmindans gvele-<br />

SapisaTvis TiTis daqneviT uTqvams: `SeCerdi, amirani codvebis<br />

mosananieblad davabi da ara Sen gasaZRomado, mandve gaqvavdio~. am<br />

sityvebiT gveleSapi iqve gaqvavebula [makalaTia:242].<br />

vinc amas ambobs, mas ar gaumetebia amirani samudamo satanjvelisTvis,<br />

jojoxeTisTvis. es gveleSapi jojoxeTs atarebs Tavis TavSi,<br />

is modis, rom sabolood STanTqas amiranis sicocxle. magram amirani<br />

unda gadarCes da igi mismave sakuTarma Zalam unda gadaarCinos. Tumca<br />

misi mxsneli Zala ar iqneba fizikuri Zala, aramed Zala sinanulisa,<br />

raSic unda STainTqas misi urCoba da ampartavneba. eposis Semnaxveli<br />

xalxic ase fiqrobs. is ar gansjis amirans, mxolod elodeba mis<br />

moqcevas. is TanaugrZnobs mas, mis tanjvas, is ar gansjis, radgan<br />

`ukanaskneli sja mxolod RmerTs ekuTvnis, adamians ki arasodes ar<br />

SeuZlia gansajos RvTis qmnileba, rogorc sabolood daRupuli da<br />

amitomac unda uyvardes masSi xsnis potencia~ [berdiaevi:48]. amiranSi ki<br />

aris xsnis potencia, SesaZlebloba gaTavisuflebisa sakuTari<br />

Zalmomreobisagan.<br />

sasinanulod amirans micemuli aqvs vada. sasinanulo droJami mas<br />

ar warTmevia. es igrZnoba moxeur TqmulebaSi – misi azri saerTo<br />

suliskveTebis gamomxatvelia. xalxis sulma mSobliur landSaftSic ki –<br />

96

mTadqceul gveleSapSi – amoikiTxa, rom cas sabolood ar gauwiravs<br />

adamiani, rom ca mis mxarezea.<br />

`amiraniani~ ar aris dasrulebuli, misi droJami ar amowurula.<br />

siuJeturi dro emTxveva realur dros, romelic jer kidev miedineba.<br />

amirani kacobriobis istoriis yovel awmyoSia, is yvela epoqis<br />

Tanamedrovea.<br />

blez paskali (1623-1662) werda, rom adamians ornairi gansacdeli<br />

emuqreba: is SeiZleba Cavardes sasowarkveTilebaSi Tavisi uZlurebis<br />

gamo da SeiZleba gaampartavndes sakuTar Tavze gadametebuli<br />

warmodgenis gamo. amirani moicva sasowarkveTilebam uZlevel ambri<br />

arabTan Sexvedrisas da _ hubrisma, roca warmoidgina, rom misi momrevi<br />

amqveynad da arc qveynis gareT aravin iyo. ambri arabis winaSe Tavis<br />

uZlurebaSi darwmunebuli, ormoci dRe da ormoci Rame glovobda. misma<br />

naTliam, macxovarma ieso qristem, Seibrala igi da uzomo Zala mianiWa.<br />

magram roca amirans qveyanaze aravin darCa mourevneli, mas daeufla<br />

hubrisi da Tavad macxovari gamoiwvia orTabrZolaSi. gaampartavnebulma<br />

imis damarcxeba moindoma, vinc Zala mianiWa. es iyo udidesi hubrisis<br />

gamovlineba, risTvisac amirani kldeze mijaWviT dasaja RmerTma.<br />

SeiZleboda hubrisis gardaqmnili saxe dagvenaxa erT fragmentSi,<br />

sadac amirani wmida cxovelis uneblie mkvlelad gvevlineba:<br />

mTas iremi wamogvixta, casa swvdeba rqani misi,<br />

amiranma ro esrola, moido marjvena mxarsao,<br />

mivida, bevri itira, ro jvari naxa rqasao<br />

[Ciqovani 1981:21].<br />

aSkaraa, rom es fragmenti im vrceli baladiseburi teqstis<br />

nawilia, romelic amgvarad iwyeba: `sanadirod wamovidnen amiran da Zmani<br />

misni... mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misni, ucxo mTaze koSki<br />

naxes, anagebi brolis qvisi~ da a.S. (ix. VI epizodi). am baladis arc erT<br />

variantSi jvari ar gvxvdeba, arc is Cans, rom es oqrosrqiani iremi<br />

raimeTi niSnulia. `amiranma boZali hkra, wiTlad dasWra mxari misi~, da<br />

am qmedebas ar mohyveba tragikuli Sedegi. magram raki mas Tundac erT,<br />

unikalur variantSi, miewereba jvriani irmis mokvla, igi ar unda<br />

ugelebelvyoT, unda CavTvaloT amiranis ganwirulebis momaswaveblad am<br />

ZvelTaZveli miTologemis saSualebiT. jer kidev agamemnonia gaxveuli am<br />

miTologemaSi: TqmulebiT, mas mouklavs artemisis wmida Sveli, rac misi<br />

tragikuli daRupvis mizezi gamxdara. mogvianebiT igive mizezi<br />

mouswrafebs sicocxles bizantiuri xanis berZen gmirs _ digenis<br />

(`orgzis Sobil~) akritass. misi mokluli irmis rqebs Soris jvari da<br />

beWebs Soris yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xati aRmoCnda da manac,<br />

rogorc zemoT moyvanil fragmentSi amiranma, gamoiglova Tavi: `samasi<br />

daTvi movkali da samocdaori lomi da, aha, bedisweram wmida irems<br />

97

Semaxvedra, romelsac rqebSi jvari hqonda, Tavze varskvlavi da beWebze<br />

RvTismSobeli. codvaSi Cavvardi da unda movkvde~ [destunisi:29-30].<br />

digenisi iRupeba, rogor tipuri monadire, romelsac nadirobisas<br />

Semoakvdeba nadirTpatronis rCeuli pirutyvi. amasTanave, SesaZloa,<br />

damatebiT misi codva daxocili nadiris gadametebul ricxvSic (samasi<br />

daTvi da samocdaori lomi) gamoixata.<br />

daismis kiTxva: romel epikur Tu miTologiur personaJebTan avlens<br />

amirani tipologiur naTesaobas im masalis mixedviT, romelic Cvens<br />

xelTaa, rogorc igi Cans Cvenamde moRweul TqmulebebSi? elin<br />

promeTesTan? aseTia gavrcelebuli azri, magram Tu masalidan amovalT<br />

da ara winaswar SemuSavebuli azridan, amiransa da promeTes Soris verc<br />

fundamentur da verc tipologiur msgavseba-naTesaobas ver vpovebT.<br />

tipologiuradac isini gansxvavebulni arian. aris mxolod erTaderTi<br />

msgavseba maT Soris – mijaWva. orive gmiri mijaWvulia da mijaWvis<br />

adgilad orive TqmulebaSi kavkasiis mTebia dasaxelebuli. es ki sakmao<br />

sacdurs iZleva maTi gaigivebisTvis.<br />

vin aris promeTe da vin aris amirani?<br />

promeTe uzenaesi RvTaebis, zevsis Taobisaa. maT saerTo papa<br />

(uranosi) da didi deda (gea) hyavT. olimposis mbrZaneblisgan igi<br />

arafriT aris davalebuli, arc damokidebulia masze. Tumca is ar<br />

ekuTvnis olimposze dabrZanebul RvTaebriv elitas, romelic ganagebs<br />

samyaros.<br />

amirani Tumca saswaulebriv aris Sobili, mainc adamiania, adamianTa<br />

samyaros ekuTvnis. igi rom qriste RmerTis naTlulia da misgan<br />

ZalamoniWebuli, swored imas mowmobs, rom is ierarqiulad dabla<br />

mdgomia. promeTe Semqmnelia adamianTa modgmisa, romelsac amiranic<br />

ekuTvnis eladis sxva gmirebTan erTad (herakle, Tesevsi, persevsi da<br />

sxvani mravalni). promeTes sazrunavi adamianebia (adamianebi mas abaria),<br />

amiranisa _ sakuTari Tavi, masze zrunavs ufali qriste.<br />

promeTes Zalis, RvTaebrivi unarebis wyaro Tavadvea, yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, zevsisgan ar aris davalebuli, amiranis Zlierebis wyaro ki<br />

ufalia.<br />

promeTe da amirani kacobriobis ganviTarebis gansxvavebul<br />

safexurebs ekuTvnian. promeTes iaraRi aris Wkua, gamWriaxoba, moxerxeba.<br />

amirani ki moqmedebs mxolod fizikuri ZaliT, rac migvaniSnebs, rom igi<br />

sxva, ufro Zveli formaciis kacobriobas ekuTvnis. promeTes formacia<br />

meoreulia, igi axali kacobriobis warmomadgenelia. promeTe iseve<br />

upirispirdeba amirans, rogorc mravalnacadi odisevsi fexmard aqilevss<br />

an omSi myivar menelaoss, romelTa epiTetebi fizikur Zalaze miuTiTebs.<br />

pirvelTa rigSia marko kraleviCi, romelic gansacdelis (ufalTan<br />

gancdili marcxis) Semdeg gadadis promeTe-odisevsis formaciaSi.<br />

gansxvavebulia maTi dasjis motivebic. sxvadasxva miTologiuri<br />

tradicia promeTevsis mijaWvis mizezad Tvlis: 1) kacTaTvis cecxlis<br />

motanas anu cecxlis saidumlos gamJRavnebas, 2) zevsis sabediswero<br />

98

saidumlos argamxelas (rom zevss misi da Tetisis naSieri Camoagdebs<br />

taxtidan), 3) aTenas motacebis mcdelobas.<br />

amirani isjeba: 1) ufalTan gatolebis mcdelobisaTvis, 2) ficis<br />

samgzisi gatexisaTvis (svanuri versiiT), da aramc da aramc cecxlis (an<br />

yamaris) motacebisaTvis. arc erTi varianti ar laparakobs cecxlis<br />

motacebaze da mis miwaze Camotanaze amiranis an mis ZmaTa xeliT. Tu<br />

cecxlzea sadme laparaki, es exeba miwaze arsebuli cecxlis povnas, ara<br />

– motacebas. ar aris damajerebeli yamarisa da cecxlis igiveobis<br />

argumentebi: `promeTes oreuli amirani RrubelT ufals _ pirimzes qaliSvils,<br />

mzeTunaxavs mostacebs da colad SeirTavs. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

cecxli mzeTunaxaviTaa Secvlili. asea gaformebuli amiranianSi es<br />

motivi misi ganviTarebis umaRles safexurze~ [Ciqovani 1959:235]. aRvniSnav,<br />

rom motacebul mzeTunaxavs amirani colad ar irTavs. romc irTavdes da<br />

igi cecxlis gamoxatuleba iyos, es aqti mainc ar CaiTvleboda<br />

promeTevsiseul kulturul qmedebad. yamari, rogorc cecxli, motacebis<br />

Semdeg aRarsad Cans. Tuki moitaces, xalxisTvis unda yofiliyo<br />

motacebuli.<br />

mijaWva mxolod saSualebaa dasjisa, romliTac sxvadasxva<br />

danaSaulisaTvis isjebian. mTavari ki aris ara sasjelis saxe, aramed<br />

sasjelis mizezi da, erTgvarad, mizani. Tu meore kriteriumiT davuwyebT<br />

Zebnas amiranis oreulebs, pirvel rigSi, Tvalwin warmogvidgeba iseTi<br />

personaJebi gansxvavebuli sagmiro-miTologiuri tradiciebidan,<br />

rogorebic arian osuri narTebis baTraZi, somxuri eposis mheri da<br />

samxreTeli slavebis marko kraleviCi, afxazuri tradiciis abrskili da<br />

megrulis aramxutu.<br />

devebTan mebrZoli baTraZi, romelic ciuri mWedlis qurdalagonis<br />

mier aris gamowrTobili, Tavis Zalas Zuarebis (jvarTa) da vacilebis (wm.<br />

eliebis) winaaRmdeg mimarTavs. misi gabudayebis kulminacia RmerTTan<br />

Serkinebaa, sadac uZleveli baTraZi marcxdeba: dedamiwis simZimis gudas<br />

ki aswevs, magram oqros Zafis gorgalis awevas veRar SeZlebs, ris<br />

Semdegac igi aRiarebs, rom arsebobs misi mjobi.<br />

asparezoba mxolod marcxiT ar mTavrdeba – RmerTi mzis<br />

mxurvalebiT acamtverebs mas. baTraZis Tqmuleba ar icnobs mijaWvas<br />

[narTebi 1988:270-272].<br />

aseve mijaWvis gareSe mTavrdeba markos marcxi. marko, dainaxavs ra,<br />

rom misi momrevi amqveynad aravinaa, ufals gamoiwvevs orTabrZolaSi.<br />

ufali Camodis dedamiwaze, moxucis saxiT gamoecxadeba da dedamiwis<br />

wona gudas daugdebs gzajvaredinze. marko ver aswevs, Tumca mTel Tavis<br />

Zalas mas daaxarjavs. bolos ufali gaumJRavnebs Tavs, marko inanebs,<br />

rom ufali orTabrZolaSi gamoiwvia. uflis nebiT, marko kvlav uZlevel<br />

Wabukad darCeba, oRond amieridan orTabrZolaSi Zalis nacvlad xerxsa<br />

da eSmakobas gamoiyenebs [slavTa simR.:207-8]. aramxutus Tqmuleba,<br />

gansxvavebiT `amiranianisgan~, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli konkretul<br />

eTniur garemosTan (sof. jvari, cimintiebi, qardavebi, ServaSiZe, visTanac<br />

99

mas urTierToba aqvs). igi Tavidanve moZaladea da RmerTsac eurCeba. wm.<br />

giorgi mas, rogorc araqristians(!), verafers aklebs, RmerTi ki sjis:<br />

Zafs Semoaqselavs tanze, jaWvad uqcevs da paloze daabams. aramxutusac<br />

Citi uSlis palos amoZrobas [Ciqovani 1947:385]. arsebobs gayofiTebuli<br />

variantebi, sadac aramxutus tyviiT(!) klavs cimintia, Tavs moaWris da<br />

jgeges miarTmevs sofel jvarSi [Ciqovani 1947:386].<br />

aseve eTnizebulia, da ufro Zlieradac, abrskilis afxazuri<br />

Tqmuleba: is ebrZvis samSoblos (afxazeTis) mtrebs (eWvi ar aris, rom es<br />

motivi gviandeli warmoSobisaa). mis biografiaSi ZiriTadi gmiroba devis<br />

mokvlaa. gaampartavnebul-gabudayebuli abrskili RmerTs etoleba –<br />

arafris didebiT ar uxris mas qeds. Tavs arasodes xris, RmerTs ar<br />

egonos, Tayvans mcemso. Tqmuleba orTabrZolas ar icnobs. RmerTi sjis<br />

mas: jaWviT Seborkils Wlous gamoqvabulSi (oCamCiris maxloblad)<br />

rkinis boZze miabmevinebs. aqac vxvdebiT gaTavisuflebis amao mcdelobas<br />

or variantad: 1) Citis mizeziT misi palo kidev ufro Rrmad iWedeba<br />

kldeSi; 2) afxazebi – aCbebi Tu cacbebi – miagneben abrskilis<br />

gamoqvabuls, magram imedgacruebulni ukanve dabrundebian [zuxba:344-9; 9,<br />

387-9]. adiReelTa narTebis meTaurma (Txamadam) nasiren-JaCem ganizraxa<br />

RmerTis (Txas) meufebis damxoba. adis oSxamaxoze (ialbuzze), RmerTebis<br />

mTaze, da ebrZvis RvTaeba pakos, rom daibrunos warTmeuli cecxli. pako<br />

miajaWvavs nasirens oSxamaxos wverze. SevniSnavT, rom adiReuri simReramoTqma<br />

mijaWvul nasirenze `wvrilmanebSic~ ki imeorebs amiranis dramas.<br />

mogvyavs es simRera:<br />

`o uiy-uiy, narTo nasiren! uiy, uiy nasiren-JaCe! muxanaTuria Seni<br />

qcevani, RvTis sityvas da saqmes Sen pativs ar scem. o, RvTisagan<br />

SeCvenebulo, o, vinc mTaze aiyvanes, o, vinc mTaze miajaWves! Sens zemoT<br />

arwivia, gverdiT Seni ZaRli giwevs! aryevs grialiT svets, Citi<br />

mofrindeba xolme, svetze jdeba. Sen brazdebi, ehei, yviri, qvas esvri,<br />

svets xvdeba, sveti ufro Rrmad erWoba. Sens gverdiT ZaRli wevs, jaWvs<br />

RrRnis, Zafis sisqes xdis. roca galokavs, mWedlebi samWedloSi sisxam<br />

diliT grdemlze uros scemen, jaWvi kvlav mTliandeba, rogorc iyo...<br />

vidre Cven ar agxsniT, RmerTi gakavebdes mand dasaRupavad~ [narTebi 1974:<br />

273-4].<br />

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs amiranis bedTan tipologiuri<br />

an, SesaZloa, geneturi msgavseba-siaxloviT somexTa mheri<br />

umrwemesi, sasunelTa modgmis ukanaskneli gmiri. misi bavSvoba iseTive<br />

boboqaria, rogorc amiranisa, xolo gabudayebis zRurblze dedamiwas<br />

aRar surs misi atana (siarulisas fexebi miwaSi efloba), anu is<br />

dawyevlilia miwisagan. misi bolo kldis gamoqvabulia, rasac mhers misi<br />

ded-mama uwinaswarmetyvelebs, roca igi maT saflavebs CasZaxebs<br />

SemweobisTvis da mheric miadgeba kldes, magram manamde is orTabrZolaSi<br />

iwvevs RmerTs (`an Semerkine, an waiRe Cemi suli~), romelic mas Svid<br />

angelozs SeabrZolebs. magram amaoa mheris cda: misi elva-xmali<br />

verafers aklebs uxorcoT. damarcxebulma mherma sakuTari maxviliT<br />

100

gaapo klde, romlis wiaRSi `samudamod~ unda datyvevebuliyo. klde<br />

weliwadSi orjer ixsneba _ vardavarisa da amaRlebis dResaswaulebze.<br />

mheri gamodis gareT, magram kvlavindeburad miwas ar surs misi zidva, is<br />

cxenianad efloba miwaSi. kldis erT-erTi gaxsnisas Semodis mwyemsi da<br />

mis kiTxvaze, rodis gamoxval aqedano, mheri aZlevs sagulisxmo pasuxs:<br />

`Tu axla avdeqi da gamovedi, ver amitans me miwa. sanam es wuTisofeli<br />

borotebiT aris savse, sanam aseTi crua miwa, me ar mecxovreba qveyanaze.<br />

roca daemxoba es sofeli da kvlav aSendeba, roca xorblis marcvali<br />

kaklisodena gaxdeba, roca askilis nayofiviT gaxdeba xorblis<br />

marcvali, ai, maSin dadgeba Cemi dRe da im dRes gamoval aqedan~<br />

[sasuneli:340-341]. rogorc vxedavT, mheris gaTavisufleba iseve, rogorc<br />

amiranisa, esqatologiur perspeqtivasTan, qveynis feriscvalebasTan aris<br />

dakavSirebuli. mheris RmerTmebrZoli neba motexilia, igi, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, kaTarzisis procesSi imyofeba da elis saboloo, esqatologiur<br />

Jams. ganwmedil-ganaxlebuli mheri da `axali ca da axali miwa~ Seegebeba<br />

erTmaneTs.<br />

yvela am TqmulebaSi gamoxatulia tragedia adamianisa, romelic ver<br />

egueba adamianur dasazRvrulobas da cdilobs gascdes kacobriv<br />

sazRvars, gautoldes RmerTs, risTvisac isjeba. erTaderTi marko ar<br />

isjeba. mas miemadleba sxvarigi Zala – igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, am marcxiani<br />

orTabrZolidan axal adamianad ibadeba. marko rwmundeba fizikuri Zalis<br />

umweobaSi, roca absolutur Zalas Seejaxeba. orTabrZola misi<br />

gakveTili iyo. amiranisTvisac gakveTilia es sabediswero Serkineba Tavis<br />

naTliasTan, isic unda darwmundes, rom adamianSi moqceuli Zala uflis<br />

winaSe araraobaa. is, rac markos pirovnebaSi moxda, aris gardaqmna –<br />

metanoia, TvalTaxedvis Secvla, anu sinanuli, rasac RmerTi elis mijaWvuli<br />

amiranisagan.<br />

promeTevsi ki arc adamiania da, amis gamo, arc sinanulis gancda<br />

aqvs, arc zevsi moelis misgan sinanuls. amiranis tragedia gacilebiT<br />

Rrmaa, vidre promeTevsisa, romlis bedi zevsis kaprizze Tu<br />

TviTnebobazea damokidebuli. amave dros promeTevsi ukve gamoxsnilia,<br />

magram is ixsna gareSe Zalam da ara Sinaganma mzadyofnam xsnisaTvis.<br />

Tumca Sinaganis problema arc dgas mis winaSe. es adamianis problemaa,<br />

promeTe ki adamiani ar aris.<br />

dasasrul, momyavs h.-g. gadameris lakoniuri daskvnebi, romlebiTac<br />

man daasrula Tavisi narkvevi promeTevsze:<br />

`ase iqceva promeTevsi simbolod kacobriobis TviTtanjvisa<br />

sakuTari sindisiT, cnobierebis tragediis simbolod~. da kidev: `masSi<br />

kacobrioba, visTvisac is itanjeba, Wvrets sakuTar Tavs~. da bolos: `me<br />

meCveneba, rom promeTevsis istoria iseve daumTavrebelia, rogorc Tavad<br />

adamianis istoria~ [gadameri:255].<br />

me meCveneba, rom es sityvebi ufro amiranis egzistencialur<br />

mdgomareobas gamoxatavs, vidre promeTevsisas. istoriaSi promeTevsis<br />

drama dasrulebulia, is herakles gamomsyidvelma aqtma gaauqma, amiranisa<br />

101

ki dRemde grZeldeba `mijaWvul~ Tu gamoqvabulSi gamomwyvdeul<br />

(gavixsenoT platonis miTosi gamoqvabulze `saxelmwifoSi~) kacTa<br />

modgmasTan erTad.<br />

literatura<br />

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe e. anotirebuli bibliografia CMOMПK-Si<br />

gamoqveynebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sityvierebis masalisa, `mecniereba~, Tb.,<br />

1971.<br />

berdiaevi: Бердяев Н., Эрос и личность, Изд. “Прометей”, М., 1989.<br />

gadameri: Гадамер Г.-Г.Актуальность прекрасного, “Искусство”, М., 1991.<br />

gilgameSiani, gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, `ganaTleba~,<br />

Tb., 1984.<br />

destunisi: Дестунис Г., Разыскания о греческих богатырских былинах средневекового<br />

периода, СПб, 1883.<br />

eliade 1974: Eliade M., Patterns in Comparative Religion, New American Library, New<br />

York, 1974.<br />

zuxba: zuxba s., afxazuri zepirsityviereba, Tsu, Tb., 1988.<br />

kaiSauri: kaiSauri l., mTiuluri teqstebi, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1978.<br />

kampbeli: Campbell J., The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Bollingen Series XVII, Princeton<br />

University Press, 1973.<br />

kiknaZe 1996: kiknaZe z., <strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologia I, jvari da saymo, quTaisi,<br />

1996.<br />

kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z. Suamdinaruli miTologia, `saari~, 2006.<br />

makalaTia: makalaTia s., xevi, tf., 1934.<br />

meiendorfi: Мейендорф Иоанн, прот., Православие в современном мире, New York,<br />

1981.<br />

miTebi: Мифы народов мира, т. I, “Советская Энциклопедия”, М., 1980.<br />

narTebi 1988: narTebi, osuridan Targmna meri cxovrebovma, `irisToni~,<br />

cxinvali, 1988.<br />

narTebi 1974: Нарты, Адыгейский народный эпос, «Наука», М., 1974.<br />

nekliudovi: Неклюдов С. Ю. Героическое детство, Историко-филологические исследования,<br />

М., 1984.<br />

propi 2000: Пропп Вл., Исторические корни волшебной сказки, “Лабиринт”, М., 2000<br />

rexviaSvili: rexviaSvili n., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri metalurgia, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1964.<br />

sadideblebi: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, Tsu <strong>folklori</strong>stikis kaTedris<br />

Sromebi 2, Tb., 1998.<br />

sasuneli: Давид Сасунский. Армянский народный Эпос, “Советский писатель”, Л-д,<br />

1982.<br />

svanuri: svanuri poezia I, Tb., 1935.<br />

slavTa simR.: Песни южных славян, “Художественная литература”, М., 1976.<br />

Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, `Tbilisis universitetis<br />

gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1947.<br />

102

Ciqovani 1959: Ciqovani m., <strong>qarTuli</strong> eposi I, mijaWvuli amirani,<br />

`saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1959.<br />

Ciqovani 1981: Ciqovani m., amiranis Tqmulebis poeturi Canawerebi, epikuri<br />

Janrebi, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong> X, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1981.<br />

SaraSiZe: Charachidzé G., Prométhée ou le Caucase, Essai de mythologie contrastive,<br />

Flamarion, 1986.<br />

eliade 1965: Eliade M., Rites and Symbols of Initiation, The Mystery of Birth and Rebirth,<br />

Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1965.<br />

raglani: Raglan L., The Hero of Tradition, The Study of Folklore, ed. Dundes A.,<br />

University of California and Berkley, 1965.<br />

tuiti: Tuite K., Achilles and Caucasus, The Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 26, N 3-<br />

4, 1998.<br />

`eTeriani~<br />

`eTeriani~ cameti variantis safuZvelze pirvelad p. umikaSvilma<br />

gamoaqveyna 1975 wels. gamomcemeli mas `zRapars~ uwodebs (`abesalom da<br />

eTeris zRapari iseTi ram aris...~) da, marTlac, am ambavs variantTa<br />

umetesobaSi zRapris samoseli mosavs Tavisi tradiciuli winkariT _<br />

`iyo-da-ara-iyo-ra~. zogierT CanawerSi gazRaprebis procesi bolomdea<br />

misuli: ambavi zRapriseuli klasikuri dasasruliT – qorwiliT da<br />

`Wiri-iqa-lxini-aqa~-Ti mTavrdeba, radgan ar gamoCndeba murmani da,<br />

cxadia, arc im tragedias rCeba adgili, romelic `eTerianis~, rogorc<br />

samijnuro eposis individualobas qmnis. am saxis variantebSi eposi<br />

mTlianad Zleulia zRapris stiqiisagan. gazRaprebis tendencia gasagebia,<br />

ramdenadac es TxrobiTi Janri, rogorc misi sakuTreba, sxva JanrTagan<br />

yvelaze ukeTesad miesadaga xalxis cnobierebas (rogorc davinaxeT,<br />

`amiranianic~ ver ascda am tendencias).<br />

msgavsad `amiranianisa~, `eTerianic~ prozisa da leqsisgan Sedgeba.<br />

prozac da leqsic mTeli saqarTvelos farglebSi (da mis gareTac) aris<br />

dadasturebuli. `eTerianis~ pirveli gamomcemeli winasityvaobaSi werda:<br />

`es eTeriani, Sedgenili saxalxo leqsebisa da pirad naTqvamobisagan,<br />

romelnic darCenilan dRevandlamde saqarTvelos yvela nawilebSi.<br />

zemoxsenebuli leqsebi da pirad naTqvamobani (ricxviT cametni) ekuTvnis<br />

Semdeg adgilebs: qarTls, kaxeTs, imereTs, samcxes (axalcixis mazras),<br />

xevsureTs, xevs (Tergisas) da qalaq mozdoks~ [eTeriani 1875]. aq<br />

`naTqvamoba~ prozaul monaTxrobs gulisxmobs, romelic sakmaod sxvaobs<br />

103

variantebSi. ar arsebobs kanonikuri prozauli xalxuri teqsti. leqsi ki<br />

ucvlelia da metnaklebad inarCunebs Tavis saxes Canaweridan CanawerSi.<br />

es ki imas unda niSnavdes, rom poeturi teqsti `eTerianSi~ pirveladia,<br />

arqetipulia, prozauli ki _ meoradi, Semavsebeli. amitomac<br />

zRapradqceul variantebSi poetur CanarTebs ver vxvdebiT _ aseTia<br />

variantTa wre I (ix. qvemoT). Tumca sxva SexedulebiT, `eTerianis eposis<br />

birTvi prozaulia~ [qurdovaniZe 1975:115] da, ufro metic: eposi zRapris<br />

niadagzea Camoyalibebuli, anu misi pirvelwyaro aris zRapari<br />

[qurdovaniZe 1975:114. 113]. Znelia am Tvalsazrisis miReba, ramdenadac<br />

zRaparSi, rogorc aseTSi, ver aRmovaCenT iseT `birTvs~, romelic misi<br />

siuJetis tragikul ganviTarebas gamoiwvevda. zRapris principuli<br />

optimizmi ar iZleva amis SesaZleblobas.<br />

`eTerianis~ arazRaprul warmoSobas isic mowmobs, rom misi<br />

sxeulis mdgradi fena _ leqsiTi nawili ZiriTadad dialoguria, rac<br />

SeiZleba niSnavdes imas, rom `eTerianis~ arqetipuli teqsti romantiuli<br />

drama iyo. dialoguroba SeiZleba mis Tavdapirvel antifonur<br />

Sesrulebasac mowmobdes [qurdovaniZe 1975:119]. es dialogebia: dialogi<br />

abesalomsa da eTers Soris, romelic mTavrdeba abesalomis ficiT<br />

eTerisadmi; dialogi abesalomsa da murmans Soris; dialogi marexsa da<br />

eTers Soris; ukanaskneli dialogi abesalomsa da eTers Soris.<br />

dialogebSi Cabmulia eposis yvela personaJi, vinc ki individualur<br />

saxes atarebs. mTavari personaJebis dialogebi iwyebs da amTavrebs<br />

nawarmoebs. leqsiTi variantebi eposis mTels Sinaarss moicavs dawyebuli<br />

striqonebiT `abesalom da eTeri RmerTma Segvyara erTferi~ da<br />

damTavrebuli striqonebiT `Sen, Cemo moyvris danao, ubes midevxar ganao,<br />

amogiReb da davicem marjvena ZuZusTanao~ [eTeriani 1954:# 44].<br />

aSkaraa, rom `eTeriani~ ar aris im xasiaTis nawarmoebi, romlis<br />

siuJets zRaparSi unda epova xorcSesxma. arsebobs variantTa sxva wre,<br />

sadac eTeris warmoSoba ar ukavSirdeba zRapris siuJets da ambavSic ar<br />

monawileoben zRapris tradiciuli (kanonikuri) personaJebi (avi<br />

dedinacvali, geri, keTili dedaberi). variantebis gansxvavebul wreTa<br />

arseboba sakmaod abundovanebs `eTerianis~ warmomavlobas da, kerZod,<br />

eTeris, rogorc personaJis, vinaobis sakiTxs. romelia pirveladi –<br />

`eTeri-geri~ Tu `eTeri-tyiuri~? xom ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom<br />

misi arqetipi saerTod ar arsebula da `eTerianis~ dRemde SemorCenili<br />

variantebi ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli wyarodan momdinareobs?<br />

aseve daismis kiTxva `eTerianis~ dawyebis Taobaze. variantTa umetesobaSi<br />

ambavi eTeriT iwyeba (aqedan dakanonebuli saxelwodeba `eTeriani~).<br />

magram ipoveba variantebi, arcTu mcirericxovani, sadac ambavi<br />

abesalomis sanadirod gasvliT iwyeba. romelia pirveladi? aqve unda<br />

SeiniSnos, rom xalxuri Txroba, Cveulebriv, iwyeba im personaJiT,<br />

romelic mTavaria TxrobaSi, anu romlis ambavic aris mosaTxrobi.<br />

104

amgvarad ismis kiTxvebi: romelia `eTerianSi~ mTavari gmiri? an<br />

rogor poulobs abesalomi eTers _ ZebniT, rogorc gazRaprebul<br />

variantebSia (wre I-II), Tu _ tyeSi SexvedriT (wre III)?<br />

gaCnda arcTu usafuZvlo eWvi, rom `eTeriani~ wignuri<br />

warmoSobisaa. p. ingoroyva `eTerians~ CamoTvlis im literaturul<br />

nawarmoebTa Soris, romelTagan an fragmentebia SemorCenili an mxolod<br />

saxelebi. `rogorc Tavis droze gamorkveuli gveqneba, _ am romanidan<br />

aris warmoSobili dRemde Senaxuli xalxuri Tqmuleba `abesalom da<br />

eTeri~, _ iseve, rogorc SoTas vefxis-tyaosnidan Semdeg warmoiSva<br />

xalxuri vefxis-tyaosani~ [ingoroyva 1924:486]. mkvlevari Seecada ucxour<br />

sakuTar saxelTa safuZvelze emtkicebina Tavisi varaudi [ingoroyva<br />

1938:37-9].<br />

CamovTvaloT wyeba im niSnebisa, romlebic, SesaZloa, amxeldes mis<br />

wignur warmoSobas:<br />

− xalxuri epikuri _ zRapruli Tu arazRapruli _ Txroba ar<br />

aRiniSneba mravalpersonaJianobiT. arsebobs erTi, mxolod erTi<br />

mTavari gmiri, romelic atarebs eposis ideas, yvela danarCeni<br />

personaJi damxmareni arian da ara TavisTavadni. zRaparSi maT Tav-<br />

Tavisi funqciebi aqvT, romelTac isini mTavari gmiris mimarT<br />

asruleben da funqciis amowurvasTan erTad uCinardebian. rom ar<br />

vilaparakoT zRaparze, `amiranianis~ personaJebic aseve damokidebulni<br />

arian mTavar gmirze, maT, kerZod, amiranis Zmebs, TavisTavadi arseboba<br />

(egzistencia) ar gaaCniaT. isini uCinardebian, rogorc ki maTi funqcia<br />

amoiwureba. `eTerianSi~ sami damoukidebeli, TavisTavadi personaJia (rogorc<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~, rogorc `visramianSi~).<br />

− `eTerianis~ personaJebi, gansxvavebiT folkloruli warmomavlobis<br />

personaJebisgan, aratipurni, individualurni da unikalurni arian. maTi<br />

saxeebi arsad sxvagan ar meordeba. xalxuri poetikisTvis ki mxolod<br />

tipuri, ganmeorebadi Tvisebebia yuradRebis Rirsi.<br />

− moqmedebis motivireba, razec agebulia `eTerianis~ drama, principulad<br />

ucxoa <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis. folkloruli gmiris moqmedebas ara aqvs<br />

motivacia. Tu <strong>folklori</strong>s gmiri sCadis borotebas, is sCadis mas,<br />

rogorc borotebis gansaxiereba _ sxvanairad mas moqceva ar SeuZlia.<br />

aseTi ar aris murmani: igi sCadis borotebas ara imitom, rom borotia,<br />

aramed imitom, rom sxva gamosavals ver xedavs [bardaveliZe:202-203].<br />

_ <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis ucxoa gmiris feriscvaleba, rogorsac ganicdian jer<br />

murmani, mere abesalomi. ver vifiqrebT, _ aseTia nawarmoebis logika, _<br />

rom murmani Tavidanve, eTeris gamoCenamde, abesalomis orguli yma<br />

yofiliyo.<br />

− Rrma emociebis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, siyvarulis dinamikuri<br />

gamomJaRvneba, maSin roca `xalxur eposSi siyvaruli, Cveulebriv,<br />

statikur formaSia mocemuli~ [bardaveliZe:197]. Tu SevadarebT, erTi<br />

mxriv, amiran-yamarisa da, meore mxriv, abesalom-eTeris urTierTobas da<br />

murmanis damokidebulebas eTerisadmi, maT Soris fundamentur sxvaobas<br />

105

davinaxavT. amiranisaTvis yamaris mopoveba sagmiro saqmea, misi, rogorc<br />

safalavno an miTologiuri eposis an gmiris, gardauvali<br />

valdebulebaa. amiranis mizani ufro gamoxsnaa koSkSi gamoketili<br />

mzeTunaxavisa, vidre misi, rogorc qalis, daufleba. amiranis Semdgom<br />

TavgadasavalSi, mis morig zRurblebze yamari aRar Cans. xolo rac<br />

abesaloms da murmans amoZravebT eTeris mimarT, mxolod da mxolod<br />

Rrma adamianuri siyvarulis grZnobaa. zRapris gmirs siyvaruli ar<br />

amoZravebs. sacolis motaceba Tu gamoxsna wmidawylis formaluri<br />

qmedebaa. aq Tqmuli ar exeba lirikas, romelic<br />

− dabolos, analogia kvlav `vefxistyaosanTan~ (p. ingoroyvas ZiriTadi<br />

argumenti): rom ar SemorCeniliyo rusTavelis poema, xalxuri<br />

`vefxistyaosani~ anu `tarieliani~, isic, msgavsad `eTerianisa~,<br />

zepirsityvieri warmoSobis nawarmoebad iqneboda miCneuli. es iribi<br />

argumentia, magram angariSi unda gaewios.<br />

es argumentebi saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT `eTerianis~ elitarul<br />

warmoSobaze, anu CavTvaloT is e.w. daZiruli kulturis dovlaTis<br />

(Gesunkenes Kulturgut) erT kerZo gamovlinebad xalxur sityvierebaSi<br />

[bauzingeri:44-5; kokiara:556-7]. qarTul folklorSi aseTebia:<br />

`tarieliani~, Sahnames xalxuri versiebi `beJaniani~, `rostomiani~,<br />

`rusudaniani~ da sxvani, romelTac Tav-TavianTi wignuri wyaroebi<br />

eZebnebaT.<br />

dResdReobiT metnaklebad sruli (ramdenadac SeiZleba hqondes<br />

sisrulis pretenzia xalxuri Canawerebis korpuss) gamocema `eTerianis~<br />

variantebisa ekuTvnis m. Ciqovans [eTeriani 1954]. aq Tavmoyrilia 42<br />

folkloruli Canaweri saqarTvelos aTamde kuTxidan.<br />

variantebi qvemoT yvelgan am gamocemaSi miCenili nomriT aris<br />

miTiTebuli.<br />

teqstis morfologia<br />

`eTeriani~ ori nawilisagan Sedgeba:<br />

1. eTeris ambavi abesalomTan qorwilamde.<br />

2. ambavi abesalomisa da eTerisa da murmanisa qorwilis Semdeg.<br />

arsebobs `eTerianis~ variantTa oTxi wre, romlebic erTmaneTisgan<br />

arsebiTad sxvaoben ambis mxolod pirvel nawilSi, sadac Txroba<br />

abesalomisa da eTeris qorwilamde aRwevs. es nawili ZiriTadi ambis<br />

(tragediis) eqspozicias warmoadgens. wreebi erTmaneTisgan eTeris<br />

warmomavlobiT gansxvavdebian. variantTa erT wreSi eTeri geria (dediT<br />

oboli, dedinacvliT), meoreSi – dediT oboli (udedinacvlod), mesameSi<br />

– tyiuri, arwivisa (an daTvis) gazrdili (udedmamod). meoTxe wre Txrobis<br />

dasawyisis mixedviT aris gamoyofili: aq ambavi abesalomis gamoCeniT<br />

iwyeba.<br />

106

nawili 1. eqspozicia<br />

(ambavi qorwilamde)<br />

aq wamoiWreba problema: romelia Tavdapirveli eqspozicia eposisa?<br />

– variantTa is wre, sadac eTeri geria?<br />

– Tu is, sadac eTeri udedinacvlo obolia?<br />

– Tu is, sadac eTeri arwivis (daTvis) gazrdilia?<br />

romeli wridan aris namdvili eTeri?<br />

ganvixiloT variantTa es wreebi – ra epizodebisgan Sedgeba TiToeuli<br />

maTgani (vimeorebT, rom erTmaneTisgan maT mxolod eTeris warmomavloba<br />

ganasxvavebs).<br />

wre I. eTeri-geri<br />

variantTa am wreSi `eTeri-geris~ mTeli Tavgadasavali qorwilamde<br />

jadosnuri zRapris Sinaarss Seadgens.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom am wris variantebis erTi mniSvnelovani niSani<br />

poeturi nawilebis ararsebobaa. is mTlianad TxrobiTia, anu,<br />

p.umikaSvilis termins Tu gamoviyenebT, `naTqvamobisgan~ Sedgeba. es imas<br />

niSnavs, rom igi mTlianad moucavs zRapris stiqias.<br />

ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />

I. dediT oboli eTeri dedinacvlis mier devnili geria; mas hyavs<br />

antagonisti (`crugmiri~) dedinacvlis asulis saxiT, romelic misi<br />

sruli (fizikurad da sulier-zneobrivad) antipodia. igi mxolod<br />

pasiuri iaraRia dedis xelSi eTeris winaaRmdeg. zog variantSi<br />

dedinacvlis asuli arc monawileobs TxrobaSi. eTers hyavs Zroxa,<br />

romlis saSualebiTac dedis suli Semweobas uwevs misi cxovrebis<br />

gadamwyvet Jams.<br />

II. eTeri gareT, kerZod, tyeSi unda aRmoCndes, rom beds ewios,<br />

romelsac gangeba umzadebs mas. dedinacvali mas samwyesurSi gzavnis,<br />

magram am gastumrebas gagdebis saxe aqvs. eTer-gers dedinacvali TiTqos<br />

agzavnis tradiciuli Zneli davalebiT, romelsac eTeri Semwis meSveobiT<br />

asrulebs.<br />

III. Sexvedra SemwesTan (dedaberi). es aris misi mCuqebelic da<br />

mwyalobelic. es Sexvedra gansacdelia, romlis Semdeg eTeri feriscvalebas<br />

ganicdis. oqrosferi Tma, romelsac Tavisi sikeTis wil moipovebs,<br />

misi momavali didebulebis pirveli niSania. dedinacvlis gogo ver<br />

uZlebs am gansacdels da kidev ufro maxinji brundeba Sin. es motivi<br />

dadasturebuli msoflio zRaprebis katalogSi [qurdovaniZe 2000:#480].<br />

IV. dedis wyaloba. dedabris wyalobas dedis wyaloba mohyveba. furi,<br />

romelSic dedis sulia Casaxlebuli, daikvlis, misi Zvlebi Caimarxeba<br />

saidumlo adgilas, sadac eTers daxvdeba Zvirfasi samoseli, oqros qoSi<br />

da raSi [qurdovaniZe 2000:#510A].<br />

V. eklesiaSi. sadedoflod gamowyobili eTeri ucxo asulad gamoCndeba<br />

xalxSi, romelTa Soris dedinacvalic aris Tavisi qaliSviliTurT.<br />

107

VI. qoSi ikargeba. ukana gzaze eTers cali qoSi wyalSi uvardeba.<br />

VII. mTeli samefo eZebs qoSis patrons.<br />

IX. dedinacvali cdilobs, Tavisi qaliSvili Seatyuos abesaloms.<br />

X. qoSis namdvili patronis gamoCena da cru-eTeris mxileba. am dros<br />

xvdebian pirvelad erTmaneTs abesalomi da eTeri. [erT mesxur variantSi<br />

es epizodi retardaciulia: rogorc ki abesalomi droebiT datovebs<br />

sadedoflod gamzadebul eTers, dedinacvali gaxdis mas samosels,<br />

moaWris oqrosfer Tmebs da Tavis Svils gamoawyobs abesalomisTvis,<br />

eTers ki ToneSi Caagdebs. eTeris wasayvanad ukan mobrunebuli abesalomi<br />

Tonidan amoiyvans eTers, kvlav Semosavs da waiyvans].<br />

XI. fici abesalomisa.<br />

XII. qorwili. aq mTavrdeba zRapari. magram sadac zRapari mTavrdeba, iq<br />

iwyeba abesalomisa da eTeris ambavi. qorwilis dros Semodis axali<br />

personaJi – murmani. droebiT SevwyvitoT Sinaarsis gadmocema am<br />

epizodze da vnaxoT ra epizodebisagan Sedgeba variantTa meore wre.<br />

wre II. eTeri-oboli (udedinacvlod)<br />

(eTeriani 1954:# 9, 28, 29, 33, 42)<br />

ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />

I. `iyo da ara iyo ra, iyvnen Raribi col-qmari~, eTeris mSoblebi,<br />

romlebic daixocnen.<br />

II. ded-mamiT oboli eTeri Saragzaze gamvlel-gamomvlels Tavs<br />

uxilavs mSoblebis sulis saoxad (Tanaxmad RvTisTvis micemuli ficisa).<br />

zogierT variantSi eTeri Tmas dedabers uxilavs, romelic amis<br />

sanacvlod asaCuqrebs mas.<br />

III. sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi eTers xis Ziras Sexvdeba, an<br />

Saragzaze, sadac eTeri gamvlel-gamomvlels Tavs uxilavs.<br />

IV. eTeri Tavs uxilavs abesaloms RvTisadmi micemuli aRTqmis<br />

Tanaxmad.<br />

V. CaZinebulT qriste RmerTi daagvirgvinebs maT.<br />

VI. abesalomis fici.<br />

VII. qorwili.<br />

wre II-a. eTeri-oboli (mamiT, udedinacvlod)<br />

(eTeriani 1954:#4)<br />

ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />

I. eTeris mama `Zalian Raribi moxuci kacia~. deda ar Cans.<br />

II. eTeri gadis samwyesurSi. eTeri Tavad sTxovs mamas – menaxired<br />

gauSvas. `dedinacvliani~ variantebis gagdebas aq nebayoflobiTi gasvla<br />

enacvleba.<br />

III. Sexvedra tyeSi. abesalomi gahyveba Suqs, romlis wyaroa muxis<br />

fuRuroSi CaZinebuli eTeri. eTeri grZelTmiani mzeTunaxavia.<br />

108

IV. abesalomis fici.<br />

V. qorwili.<br />

wre III. eTeri – arwivis (daTvis) gazrdili<br />

(eTeriani 1954:#13)<br />

dasawyisi aq zRaprulia: `iyo da ara iyo ra...~ magram eTeri ara hgavs<br />

zRapris personaJs: is arc geria, arc oboli. is uCveulod naSobia da<br />

tyeSia gazrdili. frinveli an cxoveli zrdis mas.<br />

ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />

I. uSvilo col-qmari.<br />

II. qmari midis mkiTxavTan.<br />

III. kaci Wams colisTvis gankuTvnil sam vaSls.<br />

IV. eTeri Caisaxeba kacis kanWSi. V. moWril da gadagdebul kanWs arwivi<br />

Tu orbi (an daTvi) waiRebs Tavis budeSi (bunagSi), kanWidan daibadeba<br />

eTeri.<br />

VII. sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi Suqze miagnebs eTers.<br />

VIII. Sexvedra da abesalomis fici.<br />

IX. abesalomi saqorwilo (sadedoflo) samoseliT Semosavs eTers da<br />

waiyvans sasaxleSi.<br />

X. qorwili.<br />

wre IV. ambavi abesalomiT iwyeba<br />

(eTeriani 1954:# 2, 15)<br />

ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />

I. `abesalomi mefe iyo~. abesaloms esizmreba eTeri. suraTiT eZebs<br />

dasizmrebul eTers. eTeris warmomavloba ucnobia.<br />

II. abesalomi sanadirod gadis.<br />

III. Sexvedra abesalomisa da eTerisa `amur-wyalze~ an `soflis bolos,<br />

wylis piras~.<br />

IV. fici abesalomisa.<br />

V. abesalomi Semosavs eTers.<br />

VI. qorwili (`Svidi dRe-Rame~).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, eqspoziciis (qorwilamdeli ambis) variantebSi<br />

mTavari personaJi eTeri sxvadasxva warmoSobisaa: sxvaa eTeri, rogorc<br />

dedinacvlis geri; sxvaa eTeri, rogorc udedinacvlo oboli; sxvaa<br />

eTeri, rogorc tyeSi gazrdili (Tumca aq Semotanilia oblobis axali<br />

saxe, substanciuri udedmamobiT gaZlierebuli). aseve gansxvavebulia am<br />

variantebSi abesalomisa da eTeris Sexvedris pirobebi<br />

nawili 2. ambavi qorwilis Semdeg<br />

jvriswerisa Tu qorwilis Semdeg ambis gadmocemaSi yvela variantSi<br />

epizodebi erTmaneTs arsebiTad emTxveva. abesalomisa da eTeris ambis<br />

109

sakuTrivi nawili swored es aris. Tu zRapari qorwiliT mTavrdeba,<br />

abesalomisa da eTeris ambavi qorwilidan iwyeba, riTac isini emijnebian<br />

zRapris personaJebs. sadac mTavrdeba zRapari, iq iwyeba tragikuli<br />

ambavi, romelic Semdegi epizodebisagan Sedgeba:<br />

I. murmans Seuyvardeba eTeri, romlis xelSi CagdebisaTvis eSmaks<br />

mihyidis suls. variantTa umravlesobis Tanaxmad, murmani jvriswerisa Tu<br />

qorwilis dros Semodis TxrobaSi.<br />

II. xelSekruleba eSmakTan. sulis miyidva (murmani eSmakisgan Seityobs<br />

eTeris xelSi Cagdebis xerxs da qorwilis an jvrisweris dros<br />

gamoiyenebs mas). zogierT variantSi deda gaiRebs Tavis suls (eTeriani<br />

1954:#16).<br />

III. saxeze fetvis Seyra da eTeris dasneuleba. erT mesxur variantSi<br />

(#26) eTers fetvs dedinacvali (zRapari am nawilSic aris SemoWrili!)<br />

ayris da ara – Tavad eSmaki an murmani. ase rom, aq murmani Tavisufalia<br />

codvisagan. murmanis saxe (is ar aris eSmakTan wilnayari)<br />

gafermkrTalebulia.<br />

IV. eTeris sneuleba – ras niSnavs igi? zogierTi variantis mixedviT,<br />

eTeris sneuleba moCvenebiTia. (#33).<br />

V. abesalomi gadascems eTers murmans, romlis xelSi eTeri<br />

ganikurneba. es ori aqti erTdroulia. sad xdeba gadacema? – jvarisweris<br />

dros, qorwilis dros, bednierebis kulminaciaSi.<br />

VI. abesalomisa da murmanis dialogi. abesaloms surs, gaigos eTeris<br />

ambavi. es dialogi (erT-erTi saukeTeso adgili mTels `eTerianSi~,<br />

romelic TiTqmis yvela CanawerSia Semonaxuli) leqsis saxiT aris<br />

gadmocemuli: `murman, murman, Sensa mzesa, Cemi eTer ra dReSia?~ (var.<br />

`Seni coli ra rigia?~). kiTxvas mosdevs murmanis vrceli pasuxi: `ras<br />

kiTxulob, caTa sworo, colis qeba augia...~ murmani aRuwers abesaloms<br />

`brolis cixeSi~ gamoketili eTeris silamazes, romelic amieridan miuwvdomelia<br />

abesalomisTvis.<br />

VII. abesalomi ueTerod – sneuli.<br />

VIII. murmanis gagzavna ukvdavebis wylis mosatanad an salaSqrod<br />

(Zneli davaleba). murmanis gagzavnis mizani abesalomisa da eTeris kvlav<br />

Seyraa. erT variantSi murmans dasneulebuli eTeri agzavnis ukvdavebis<br />

vaSlis mosatanad faruli motiviT, rom didixniT (an sabolood)<br />

moaridos `brolis cixes~, Tavad ki abesalomis sanaxavad wavides (#16,<br />

kaxeTi).<br />

IX. asparezze gamodis abesalomis da marixi rogorc elCi sneul<br />

abesalomsa da datyvevebul eTers Soris. zogierT variantSi sneuli<br />

abesalomis mesaidumle dedaa. fSaur versiaSi is kiTxulobs Svilis<br />

sneulobis mizezs:<br />

`Svilo, visi gklavs survili, Zils ar gaZinebs mZinarsa,<br />

waval da imas gipovni, wyals Caudgebi mdinarsa~. (#28)<br />

110

abesalomis deda, iseve rogorc deda murmanisa, yvelafrisTvis mzad<br />

aris. abesalomi agzavnis marexs am davalebiT: `adeqi, marex-marskvlavo,<br />

eTersa karsa uare, Tu gkiTxos Cemi ambavi, dajed da wvrilad uambe~.<br />

variantebs meore dac – `mariam-marskvlavi~ an `varex-marskvlavi~ – SemohyavT.<br />

xalxuri Txrobis kanonis Tanaxmad, eTeri mesame misvlaze unda<br />

wamoyves elCs. es sami cda amgvarad SeiZleba ganawilebuliyo, risi<br />

kvalic SemorCenilia variantebSi: a. `marex-marskvlavi~ midis samjer, mesame<br />

misvlaze wamoyveba eTeri. kaxur variantSi (#14) marexs orjer uxdeba<br />

eTerTan misvla. b. eTerTan midis jer deda, mere debi saTiTaod. bolo<br />

mimsvlels unda wamohyves eTeri. srulad arc erTi SesaZlebloba ar aris<br />

realizebuli.<br />

aRsaniSnavia eTeris sayveduri, romelic yvela variantSi Tanabari<br />

mxatvruli mTlianobiT ar aris SemorCenili. eTeri ase mimarTavs<br />

abesalomis gamogzavnils: `marex-marskvlavo, ras brZaneb mag Senis<br />

tkbili eniTa, Tavs gvirgvini aixada, sxvas daadga xeliTa~ (#14, kaxeTi);<br />

`RvTisgan dadgmuli gvirgvini ZaliT gadigdo xeliTa~ (#9, qarTli). sxva<br />

variantis mixedviT, am sityvebs eTeri abesalomis meore das, maris<br />

mimarTavs: `mari-qalo, iqiT wadi, nu damferfle eniTao, Tav gvirgvini<br />

aixada, sxvas daadga xeliTao~ (#10). am variantSi eTeri uaryofs marexmarskvlavis<br />

elCobas da mari-qals mihyveba abesalomTan.<br />

X. eTeri midis abesalomTan. zogierTi variantis mixedviT, mas martokas<br />

ar uSveben `brolis koSkidan~ – mazlebi gamohyvebian (#16), an yvelani –<br />

`sul Tan gahyvnen~ (#2). is namdvili patimaria.<br />

XI. ukanaskneli Sexvedra. is, rac abesalomsa da eTers Soris iTqmis<br />

maTi Sexvedrisas, ar aris adeqvaturi imisa, rasac igi unda iwvevdes.<br />

TiTqmis yvela variantSi momakvdavi abesalomi sTavazobs eTers `garjisaTvis~<br />

(`Cemi naxvisTvina~, #19) oqro-vercxls, margalitebs, raSs,<br />

moaxleebs, anu mefur ZRvens (#2), zogan – mxolod cxens: `eTersa cxeni<br />

miarTviT, gava sqeli da maRali!~ (#14). saCuqari SeTavazebulia, TiTqos<br />

mxolod im mizniT, rom eTers SesaZlebloba mieces ganacxados: `eTersa<br />

cxeni ar unda, dana uboZeT almasi~ (#14). amas ambobs, Tumca mas Tana<br />

aqvs abesalomis naCuqari dana: `eTersa cxeni rad unda, dana uboZe<br />

Savtari. abesalomis danao, ubeSi devxar ganao, amogiReb da dagikram<br />

marcxena ZuZusTanao~ (#2).<br />

XII. abesalomis sikvdili da eTeris TviTmkvleloba. bevri variantis<br />

mixedviT, abesalomi kvdeba eTeris mosvlisTanave: abesaloms eTeris<br />

fexis xma esmis mxolod – `eTeri banze Semodga, kari da bani daiZra~ (#8,<br />

qarTli), erT CanawerSi vkiTxulobT: `abesalomma icno eTeris fexis xma~<br />

(#9, qarTli). eTers esmis misi naTqvami, magram abesalomis yuramde veRar<br />

midis eTeris pasuxi.<br />

XIII. ori saflavi. vardi (da ia) da Tasi oqrosi. ambavi saflavze leqsad<br />

aris Semonaxuli da am leqss Tavad eTeri warmoTqvams, sanam gulze<br />

danas daicemdes. eTeri Tavad Txzavs Tavis da abesalomis epitafias.<br />

111

zogi variantis mixedviT, murmanis bedic nawinaswarmetyvelevia (#2,<br />

qarTli).<br />

XIV. murmanis dabruneba da TviTmkvleloba.<br />

XV. mesame saflavi. murmani Tavis saflavs abesalomisa da eTeris<br />

saflavs Soris gaiTxris. masze ekali amodis da ia-vardis gadaxvevas<br />

uSlis xels. ekali codvis simboloa (adamis codvis daRi mcenareze),<br />

vardi – netarebis. ekali imasac gvaxsenebs, rac jvarisweris dros moxda<br />

– eSmakeulis SeWra axaldagvirgvinebulTa Soris sikvdilSic meordeba.<br />

ekali _ arimanis (eSmakTa Tavadis) Suria ormuzdisadmi. murmanis<br />

siyvaruli eklad gadaiqca.<br />

XVI. esqatologiuri epilogi. `erTi kaci~ (mwyemsi, gamvleli, soflis<br />

xalxi) amoZirkvavs ekals (arimanis Surs, murmanis damangrevel<br />

siyvaruls), romelsac murmanis Zvlebic amohyveba. ia da vardi kvlav<br />

Caexvevian erTmaneTs.<br />

ambavi eTerisa, abesalomisa da murmanisa<br />

I. eTeri-geri<br />

`eTerianSi~ sami mTavari personaJia. ukve es `sameba~ mowmobs, Tu<br />

raoden ucxo unda iyos es xalxuri nawarmoebi jadosnuri zRaprisTvis,<br />

romelic SeWrila mis sxeulSi, Sezrdia mas da TiTqmis mis sxeulad<br />

qceula. ambavi abesalom da eTerisa Tavisi tragikuli dasasruliT<br />

safuZvlianad gansxvavdeba jadosnuri zRaprisgan, romelsac gmirTaTvis<br />

sasikeTo dasasruli aqvs. da mainc, `eTerianis~ dRemde SemorCenil<br />

ZiriTad variantebSi misi erT-erTi mTavari gmiri – eTeri jadosnuri<br />

zRapris personaJis biografiiT aris warmodgenili. misi pirveli nawili<br />

(`ambavi abesalom da eTerisa qorwilamde~) mTlianad, yvela misi<br />

epizodiTurT, farTod gavrcelebuli sazRapro siuJetis erTi variantia<br />

Курдованидзе 2000:## 480, 510A].<br />

`eTerianis~ eTeris vinaobis gacnobisas da gadmocemisas Cven<br />

imavdroulad vecnobiT da gadmovcemT jadosnuri zRapris personaJis _<br />

geris vinaobas da mis Tavgadasavals. am zRapris gmiri _ dedinacvlisgan<br />

moZulebuli geri _ da romantiuli eposis gmiri eTeri erTi da igive<br />

pirovnebaa.<br />

abesalomTan Sexvedramde da qorwilamde maT erTi cxovreba aqvT<br />

gavlili.<br />

eposis xalxur mTqmelebs daebadaT survili, abesalomis rCeuli eTeri<br />

geris statusSi warmoedginaT.<br />

ra aris gerobaSi iseTi, rasac eTeris bunebis gamoxatva unda<br />

dakisreboda?<br />

vin aris geri?<br />

arsebobs wuTisoflis bavSvi, wers erTgan n. berdiaevi, da arsebobs<br />

RvTis bavSvi, romelsac `bedi swyalobs~ da dasabamieri TavisuflebiT<br />

aris dajildoebuli. Cven davsZenT, rom deda gamoxatavs RvTis samefos,<br />

xolo dedinacvali _ am wuTisofels. Sesabamisad: oboli da geri,<br />

112

ogorc RvTis bavSvebi, ar ekuTvnian am wuTisofels – isini ar arian<br />

misi mkvidrni. obloba da geroba aq tovebs socialur sferos da sxva<br />

ganzomilebaSi gadadis. dedinacvali cdilobs, Tavisi RviZli Svili,<br />

asuli wuTisoflisa, Seunacvlos wuTisoflis gers. da sakvirvelia, rom<br />

mama Cumi dasturiT monawileobs am boroteul SenacvlebaSi. geri,<br />

marTalia, daibada am qoxSi, magram es qoxi ar aris misi namdvili saxli,<br />

misi saxli sxvagan dgas, is sasaxlea. ase, sadedoflo geri, magram<br />

dedinacvlisgan devnili, ufliswuls wisqvilSi Sobs bavSvs<br />

[Курдованидзе:# 403], romlis namdvili samSoblo mefis sasaxlea. geris<br />

oqrosferi Tma, romelsac is dedabrisaTvis gaweuli sikeTis wil<br />

moipovebs, amis dasturi da niSania. oqroa misi namdvili feri, romelic<br />

garkveul dromde dafaruli unda iyos, raTa Tavis Jams gamobrwyindes.<br />

dedis gamogzavnili Zvirfasi Sesamoseli, oqros qoSi, sadedoflo<br />

Sesamoselia, romliTac is Sedis eklesiaSi momavali qorwilis dRis<br />

winaswarsauwyeblad.<br />

gers gzaSi ekargeba qoSi, radgan is Cqarobs Sin dabrunebas, rom ar<br />

gacxaddes misi saidumlo, radgan dedinacvali Casafrebulia saxlSi.<br />

magram qoSis dakargva is aucilebeli dabrkolebaa, romelmac mas sikeTe<br />

unda moutanos, iseve, rogorc dedinacvlis davalebebma. ase rom:<br />

dedinacvali Tavisi Zneli davalebiT, magram iseTive Semwea misi, rogorc<br />

dedis suli da keTili dedaberi, romelic, SesaZloa, misi dedis<br />

ganxorcieleba iyos. yoveli misi metoqe ganwirulia dasamarcxeblad,<br />

radgan oqros qoSi mxolod mas ekuTvnis da sxvas aravis dedamiwis<br />

zurgze. mTels wuTisofelSi ar moiZebneba asuli, romelsac moergeboda<br />

es qoSi. qoSi da eTeri erTad daibadnen. mis fexs dahyva rCeulobis<br />

dideba. eTerisaTvis gankuTvnilma oqros qoSma SeiZleba moiaros<br />

qveyniereba, magram is kvlav eTers daubrundeba, radgan misi cali masTan<br />

aris, rogorc dasabamieri jildo. yovelive amas moklebulia<br />

dedinacvlis asuli, mas ara aqvs bedi, is ver uZlebs gamocdas; mas<br />

imsxverplebs gansacdeli, radgan is ar aris RvTis bavSvi, is<br />

wuTisoflis RviZli da mkvidri Svilia.<br />

pirveli konturebi geris bedisa maSin isaxeba, roca dedinacvlisgan<br />

devnili tyeSi dedaberTan erTaderTi swori urTierTobis (sityvapasuxisa<br />

da saqcielis) gamocdas, rogorc gansacdels, gaivlis. saidana<br />

aqvs obolsa da gers amgvari qcevis gamocdileba? cxadia, is<br />

Tandayolilia. keTilSobileba, WeSmaritad dedofluri, usazRvro sikeTe<br />

dedis saSoTganve dahyva mas. is saCuqari, romelsac geri dedabrisgan<br />

iRebs, mas damsaxurebuli aqvs Tavisi maRali warmoSobiT _ igi sruliad<br />

bunebrivad, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe ipovebs mas. es misi bedia.<br />

geri gogona zRapris mTavari personaJia. vaJi, romelic moZebnis da<br />

airCevs mas, moklebulia TavisTavadobas – masze ar aris SeCerebuli<br />

mTxrobelis yuradReba. is mxolod saSualebaa imisaTvis, raTa geri<br />

ewios Tavis beds, daxsnil iqnas am damcirebuli mdgomareobidan.<br />

ufliswuli (misi mxsneli, rogorc wesi, ufliswulia) aucileblobiT<br />

113

aris movlinebuli geris gadasarCenad _ misi gadarCena caSia gadawyvetili.<br />

geri, cocxalTagan moZulebuli, TviT mSobeli mamisganac ki<br />

mitovebuli, dedoflis Rirsebamde aRwevs.<br />

aqa aqvs gamarTleba da sazrisi gerebis zRapars, romelic gvimxels<br />

imaze mets, rasac geris socialuri Sinaarsi inaxavs.<br />

im variantebSic ki, sadac gogona ar aris geri, aramed mxolod oboli<br />

da aravin aiZulebs mas Rirsebis `damamcirebeli~ samsaxuris gawevas, igi<br />

Tavisi aRTqmiT asrulebs aseT samsaxurs. is Tavisi nebiT gadis<br />

Saragzaze da gamvlel-gamomvlels Tmas uxilavs ded-mamis sulis saoxad<br />

RvTisadmi micemuli aRTqmisamebr. aseTi nebayoflobiTi samsaxuri arasodes<br />

rCeba sazRauris gareSe, Tumca Tavad msaxuri arafers moiTxovs<br />

sanacvlod. es iseTi samsaxuria, romlisganac arafers gamoelian.<br />

dedofali, rogorc mefe, Camodis taxtidan da emsaxureba Tavis<br />

qveSevrdomT. es aris yvelaze maRali samsaxuri, roca uzenaesi udablesis<br />

msaxuri xdeba (amis arqetipi gankacebis saidumloSia). zRaparSi oblis<br />

Sesrulebuli samsaxuri ar aris ganpirobebuli misi dabali socialuri<br />

mdgomareobiT. misi msaxureba araCveulebrivi warmoSobisaa.<br />

eTerisTvis ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi geris statusi. unda vifiqroT,<br />

rom wignuri eTeris epikur vinaobaSi iqneboda raRac iseTi niSani,<br />

romelic swored gerobas unda gamoexata. Cven amis mxolod varaudi<br />

SeiZleba gvqondes.<br />

II. eTeri-tyiuri<br />

sul sxvaa es eTeri. igi araCveulkebrivi warmoSobisaa. igi udedod<br />

aris Sobili da gazrdili. mas deda ar hyolia.<br />

visi Svilia igi? aravisi. is ibadeba saswaulebrivad, rogorc dionise<br />

zevsis barZayidan. amgvarad Sobili eTeri gansxvavdeba dedinacvlis<br />

xeliT devnili da Seviwroebuli geri gogonasagan. geri da oboli qoxSi<br />

arian dabadebulni da qoxSi izrdebian (Tumca farul brwyinvalebas<br />

atareben), qoxSive aRmoaCens mas abesalomi. arwivis (Tu daTvis) gazrdili<br />

eTeri ki araTu ar Sobila qoxSi, misTvis ucxoa adamianTa sazogadoeba.<br />

mas arc ucnaurad mopovebuli brwyinvale samoseli da oqros qoSi aqvs.<br />

misi didebulebis erTaderTi niSani misi bunebrivi Tmaa. eTeri tyeSia<br />

gazrdili da tyeSive waawydeba mas sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi.<br />

amrigad, es varianti sagrZnoblad SekumSulia. gza eTerisa Tavisi<br />

adgilsamyoflidan mefis sasaxlemde ukiduresad Semoklebulia. magram<br />

raoden grZelia gza imisaTvis, visac arasodes unaxavs adamianTa<br />

sazogadoeba! man unda daZlios is manZili, romelic Zevs tyidan<br />

sasaxlemde.<br />

am eTeris silamaze pirvelqmnili, bunebrivi silamazea, risi niSani<br />

grZeli Tmebia, eTeris erTaderTi Sesamoseli. mas esaWiroeba sxvagvari<br />

Semosva da abesalomi Semosavs kidec mas, Semosavs, raTa SesaZlebeli<br />

gaxdes misi sasaxleSi Seyvana. amave dros Sesamoseli abesalomis ZRvenia,<br />

sasZlosaTvis, saqorwino niSnad mirTmeuli, analogiurad dedisagan<br />

nawyalobevi saCuqrisa, rogorc mziTvisa.<br />

114

socialur dapirispirebas, romelsac gazRaprebul variantebSi qmnis<br />

eTeris warmoSoba, anu dapirispirebas qoxsa da sasaxles Soris,<br />

variantTa am wreSi enacvleba dapirispireba tyesa da sasaxles Soris.<br />

TavisTavad es aris kerZo SemTxveva fundamenturi dapirispirebisa<br />

bunebasa da kulturas Soris, rac SeiZleba RvTis qmnilebasa da<br />

adamianis qmnilebas Soris dapirispirebaSi gadaizardos. aq erTmaneTis<br />

pirispir dganan ara mxolod vaJi da qali, aramed arsebani, romlebic<br />

yofierebis or gansxvavebul sferos ekuTvnian.<br />

aq iseTive dapirispirebaa abesalomsa da eTers Soris, rogorc<br />

`gilgameSianis~ SamxaTsa da enqidus Soris [gilgameSiani:42-44], oRond<br />

rolebi Secvlili aqvs qal-vaJs: Tu `gilgameSianSi~ enqidu-vaJi bunebas<br />

ganasaxierebs, SamxaTi-qali kulturaa, romelic urbanistul centrs<br />

warmoadgens, `eTerianSi~ – qalia buneba, vaJi _ kultura. sagulisxmoa,<br />

rom Sexvedra qal-vaJs Soris sanadiro adgilebSi xdeba, rogorc Cvens,<br />

ise aqadur eposSi. rogorc `gilgameSianSi~ usaxelo monadire gadis<br />

sanadirod udabnoSi da mihyavs qali SamxaTi, uruqis kulturis<br />

gamomxatveli da matarebeli, raTa veluri enqidu Seityuos uruqSi,<br />

aziaros mis sazogadoebas, kulturas, aseve iqceva abesalomi.<br />

gauxedneli da gaxednili – es dapirispirebac erTi kerZo SemTxvevaa im<br />

Zireuli dapirispirebisa, bunebasa da kulturas Soris rom arsebobs.<br />

homerosi gauxednels uwodebs qalwuls, romelic ar Sebmula saqorwino<br />

uRelSi. niSandoblivia, rom sacolis mopoveba tyeSi xdeba: abesaloms<br />

eTeri mihyavs sasaxleSi, rogorc nanadirevi, monadirebuli. bunebrivad<br />

JRers saqorwino simRera:<br />

movdivarT, mogvixaria,<br />

mogvyavs dedali xoxobi...<br />

es, SesaZlebelia, abesalomis simRera yofiliyo, rogorc monadirisa –<br />

masSi erTiandeba mefe da monadire. monadire xom, Cveulebriv, imaze<br />

mniSvnelovans moinadirebs, risTvisac sanadirod gadis (gavixsenoT<br />

farnavazis aRmoCena tfilisis RirRalebSi, mirian mefis gansacdeli<br />

TxoTis mTaze).<br />

murmani<br />

`eTerianis~ specifikas, mis individualobas, rogorc Tqmulebisa, qmnis<br />

murmani. mis gareSe abesalomisa da eTeris ambavi zRaprad darCeboda. mas<br />

gahyavs zRapris sivrcidan eTeri da abesalomi. igi uxsnis maT gzas sxva<br />

dasasrulisken. murmania, romelic eSmakis manqanebiT gardaiqmnis Tavs<br />

Cvens Tvalwin da gardaqmnis abesalomsac, Seucvlis adgils eTersac.<br />

murmanis tipi unikaluria qarTul folklorSi, mis gamo eTeric da<br />

abesalomic iZenen unikalobas da isini axali, moulodneli saxiT<br />

warmogvidgebian. maTi namdvili, sakuTrivi cxovreba murmanis gamoCeniT<br />

iwyeba. murmani ar aris ubralo antagonisti, romelic jadosnur<br />

zRaparSi gamoCndeba xolme mTavari gmiris gzaze. mas Tavisi mkveTri<br />

individualoba, Tavisi Sinagani samyaro, Tavisi cxovreba, Tavisi mizani<br />

aqvs. is damoukidebeli personaJia, is TiTqos abesalomis ymaa, magram<br />

115

eTeris `mopovebis~ Semdeg arc ymas hgavs – is sruliad avtonomiuri<br />

xdeba Tavis samflobeloSi, sadac abesaloms verc ki miesvleba.<br />

murmani, Tu zRapris eTosidan gamovalT, dedinacvlis asulis<br />

erTgvari analogiaa: Tu eTeris gverdiT arsebobs crugmiri (crueTeri),<br />

romelsac eTerobas akisreben, abesalomsac aRmoaCndeba crugmiri<br />

(cruabesalomi) murmanis saxiT. murmanis siyvaruli `Zlieria<br />

sikvdiliviT~, da Suri misi `sastikia jojoxeTiviT~ (`qebaTa qeba~). aseTi<br />

siyvaruli uCveuloa zRaprisTvis da, sazogadod, folkloruli prozisaTvis.<br />

is gulisxmobs pirovnebas, individualobas, rac aseve ucxoa<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>sTvis. murmani siyvarulisaTvis suls mihyidis eSmaks, mihyidis<br />

imas, rac misi erTaderTi ganuyofeli sakuTrebaa. suls gascems imis<br />

sanacvlod, rac mas ar ekuTvnis da kanonierad ver moipovebs. aq<br />

problema imdenad zneobrivi ar aris, ramdenadac egzistencialuri.<br />

siyvarulis sagnis mosapoveblad murmani mzad aris `sxvad~ iqces,<br />

`gardasxvavdes~, radgan iseTi, rogoric is `amJamad~ aris, ver daeufleba<br />

eTers. is usaTuod eSmakTan unda iyos wilnayari, rom SeuZlebeli<br />

SeZlos: daepatronos imas, rac mas ar ekuTvnis. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT<br />

wmida saganZuris miTosi: rogorc ganZis mparavi Savi magiis moxmobiT<br />

xdeba `antimsxverplis~ Semwirveli – usurmagi cxovelis sisxls<br />

miasxurebs ganZs, raTa waarTvas mas misi mfarveli siwmide da<br />

uvnebelhyos xelyofisaTvis [kiknaZe 1996: 253], ase iqceva murmanic: fetvi<br />

mis xelSi is magiuri saSualebaa, romliTac igi saxes ucvlis eTers,<br />

raTa TavisTvis, rogorc aw ukve eSmakeulisTvis, xelmisawvdomi gaxados.<br />

murmani-yma eTeris xelSi CagdebiT ar SeiZleba, ar ganicdides<br />

upiratesobas ueTerod darCenili abesalomis mimarT, ueTerod, romelic<br />

misi sicocxlis mizani iyo. es upiratesoba magram es upiratesoba<br />

efemerulia. suli anima, romliTac is eTeris siyvaruls moipovebda,<br />

gayiduli aqvs da veRarasodes daibrunebs. mas aRar gaaCnia is unari,<br />

romliTac SesaZlebelia siyvaruli. rogorc abesalomia RvTis ficiT<br />

samudamod Sekruli eTerTan, ase murmania samudamod Sekruli eSmakis<br />

ficiT. amis Semdeg mas ar unda ukvirdes, rom eTeris daufleba mas ar<br />

SeeZleba. `Seni bralia, eTero, mzis qoniT CrdilSi bereba, Sen amikrZale<br />

is wesi, rac col-qmarT Seefereba~, wuxs murmani. eTeri misTvis kvlav<br />

miuwvdomelia. murmani cocxliv jojoxeTSia: wvavs survili, magram ver<br />

isrulebs sawadels. flobs ganZs da verc flobs, ver tkbeba misi<br />

qonebiT, radgan suli dakarguli aqvs.<br />

ra SerCa murmans? hubrisi, siampartavne. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom<br />

abesalom-murmanis dialogSi abesalomi `caTasworad~ iwodeba ymis mier.<br />

`ras hkiTxulob, caTasworo...~ es mefuri, abesalomis Rirsebis<br />

gamomxatveli niSania, rasac murmani ver miitacebs rogorc eSmaki ver<br />

Seswvdeba cas. arsebobs Canaweri, sadac abesalomis sakuTari saxeli<br />

`caTasworia~. murmanma icis, rom caTaswors ver gauswordeba da es aris<br />

misi bediswera.<br />

116

Tumca igi sxva gziT cdilobs caTasworTan gatolebas. murmanis<br />

`brolis cixis~ aRweriloba amaze migvaniSnebs, magram eTeris dauflebis<br />

gareSe is mefobis maradi maZiebeli an uzurpatori iqneba (amitom ver<br />

eufleba indoeTis taxts unestanod darCenili tarieli). mas aqvs cixe,<br />

magram ar hyavs dedofali, romelmac es cixe samefo sasaxled unda<br />

aqcios. Tumca taxtis daufleba ar aris murmanis mizani _ is mijnuria<br />

anu siyvaruliT Sepyrobili, rogorc tarieli, romelsac nestanis gadakargvis<br />

Semdeg aRar gaxsenebia Tavisi kanonieri ufleba samefoze.<br />

`brolis cixis~ arseboba hubrisis ukiduresi saxe, uaresi, vidre<br />

amqveyniuri siuzerenis mimarT ampartavnoba da janyis samzadisia.<br />

`kargad ici, brolis cixe<br />

rogor camdi maRalia...~<br />

`brolis cixis~ daxasiaTeba – `camdis maRali~, `cas wveri miubjenia~,<br />

`wveri camdis maRalia~, `cis wveramdi amigia~ – mowmobs misi amSeneblis<br />

ampartavnobas ara mxolod Tavisi siuzerenis mimarT, aramed janysac cis<br />

winaaRmdeg. `babilonis godlis~ am miTologemas qarTul folklorSi<br />

gamoZaxili aqvs: `camdis maRali~ cixisa Tu koSkis maSenebelni RvTis<br />

risxvas daiTeven~ [kiknaZe 1996:176].<br />

abesalomi<br />

im dialogis Semdeg, mas mere, rac murmanisgan abesalomma eTerze<br />

moismina – mis simrTeleze, silamazeze da miuwvdomlobaze, rom eTers<br />

brolis koSkSi daubrunda Tavisi silamaze, romelic saqorwilo taxtze<br />

mjdomares fetvma daufara, rogorc adre konkebi faravda, – abesalomi<br />

sneuldeba. is ar hgavs im abesaloms, galaRebuls, sanadirod gasuls,<br />

eTeris momnadirebels. `gaficebT Tqven, asulno ierusalimisa, Tu hpovoT<br />

metrfe Cemi, ras etyviT mas? uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan~,<br />

vkiTxulobT solomonis `qebaTa qebaSi~ (5:8). abesalomic aseve atans<br />

ambavs eTerTan: uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan. axla is sneulia<br />

mijnurobiT, sawadelis miuwvdomlobiT, sasurvelis `ver-mixvdomisa<br />

wyeniTa~. sad aris gamosavali, xsna, gankurneba? erTaderTi, rasac am<br />

dros tradiciuli eposi da cxovreba sTavazobs sasomixdil mijnurs,<br />

sasurvelis motacebaa. magram `eTerianSi~ es ar xerxdeba. eposi<br />

sabolood emijneba zRapars, sadac gasaWirSi Cavardnil gmirs meyseulad<br />

evlineba Semwe. abesaloms ar gamouCnda Semwe, romelic mas<br />

moatacebinebda an Tavad moutacebda eTers.<br />

wuTisoflis tyeSi abesalomma hpova Tavisi cali – anima, magram<br />

dakarga igi. da misi es mdgomareoba tragikulia: sjobda, yvelaferi<br />

sizmari yofiliyo! abesalomi gviCvenebs anima-dakarguli adamianis saxes.<br />

is ganaxevrebulia, is calia mxolod da, rogorc mxolod cali,<br />

ganwirulia dasaRupavad. is tarielis mdgomareobaSia. tarielma icis,<br />

rom arsebobs satrfo, magram ar icis misi adgilsamyofeli, misi<br />

mopovebis gzebi da itanjeba. abesalomma Tumca icis eTeris samyofeli,<br />

magram mas ara aqvs misi dabrunebis saxsari da kvdeba. nestani da eTeri –<br />

oriveni miudgomel koSkSi arian sasiZos molodinSi gamoketilni. oriveni<br />

117

moelian mxsnels. marTalia, nestanis werili iuwyeba, rom mas imedi ara<br />

aqvs am wuTisofelSi tarielTan Sexvedrisa, magram eposis logikiT, igi<br />

tarielma unda ixsnas. es mis bedSia Cawerili. magram ra dReSia eTeri?<br />

eTeric elis mxsnels, magram mas, vinc mxsneli unda iyos, ar ZaluZs misi<br />

gamoxsna `gardaqajuli~ murmanis koSkidan. is Tumca ar mdebareobs<br />

sadRac dasakargavSi, aramed aqvea, misi sasaxlis mezoblad, magram es<br />

mezobloba, es siaxlovea swored, rom aaskecebs abesalomis mwuxarebas,<br />

TvalnaTliv aCvenebs ra mis umweobas.<br />

aseTi uZluri iyo didxans tarieli da dasasruli ar uCanda mis urvas.<br />

is daRupuli iyo am usasrulo wuxilSi. am udabnom, am kideganobam, am<br />

sulierma depresiam – mis yoveldRiur yofaSi daisadgura, Seiqna misi<br />

wesi cxovrebisa, romelic misi buneba xdeboda, rom avTandils ar<br />

moeswro.<br />

tariels gamouCndeba Semwe, romelic mis nacvlad eZebs mis dakargul<br />

satrfos. is akeTebs imas, risi gakeTebac tariels Tavis mdgomareobaSi<br />

ar SeuZlia.<br />

erTaderTi Semwe, vinc unda Seweoda abesaloms dakarguli eTeris<br />

dasabruneblad (warmovidginoT, rom is qajebs hyavs motacebuli), sxva vin<br />

SeiZleba yofiliyo, Tu ara murmani. is aris misi yma, qveSevrdomi, veziri.<br />

vezirma unda uSvelos mas siyvarulSi, radgan mefis siyvaruli da<br />

yvelaferi, rac mas mosdevs, rogorc Sedegi (qorwili, Zeoba),<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis movlenebia da maRla dgas veziris<br />

piradul bednierebaze.<br />

magram veziri abesalomisa aris misi ubedurebis wyaro. Tu zRapris<br />

eniT vilaparakebT, murmani abesalomisTvis crugmiria, romelic itacebs<br />

mTavari gmiris monapovars da surs, misi pirovnebac miiTvisos. murmani<br />

antigmiria: tradiciuli eposis kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT mis saqciels, is<br />

sCadis imis sawinaaRmdegos, rasac gmiri unda sCadiodes. gmiri unda<br />

aTavisuflebdes koSkidan mzeTunaxavs, murmani ki amwyvdevs mas. tyve<br />

moelis mxsnels da mxsnelic Tavis droze moevlineba mas. es gardauvali<br />

wesia. magram `eTeriani~ imiT aris gansakuTrebuli, rom is arRvevs am<br />

wess: datyvevebul eTers ar hyavs gamomxsneli, metic: is namdvilad ar<br />

moelis mas. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom murmanma eSmakis SemweobiT ara<br />

mxolod eTeri daaziana, aramed abesalomic. eTerTan erTad abesaloms<br />

waerTva mxneobac, waerTva is, rasac rusTaveli erT-erT pirobad uyenebs<br />

WeSmarit mijnurs: `daTmoba, mZleTa mebrZolTa mZleoba~. abesalomi<br />

aRarc is mijnuri ar aris, romelsac siyvarulis Zala aZlevs sagmiro<br />

aqtis Cadenis stimuls. is daZabunebulia xorcielad da sulierad. es<br />

siZabune, SeiZleba vifiqroT, eSmauri qmedebis Sedegia.<br />

ratom moxda ase?<br />

ase moxda, radgan abesalomi dahyva, Tumca Tavisda uneburad, eSmakis<br />

nebas. Tavisi arCevaniT saSualeba misca eSmaks misi jojoxeTuri gegmis<br />

gansaxorcieleblad. `vis gindaT qali eTeri?~ – swored am sityvebs,<br />

romlebic abaTileben tyeSi micemul saSinel fics, moeloda misgan<br />

118

eSmaki. abesalomi ar aris eSmakis tyve, rogorc murmani, magram is<br />

dasjilia imisaTvis, rom ar eyo Tmena eSmakis ganzraxvis CasafuSavad. es<br />

iyo Cavardna abesalomis nebaSi. murmanis xeliT Semodis gansacdeli<br />

abesalomisTvis. gansacdelis winaSe dgas ara mxolod murmani, romelsac,<br />

rogorc Tavisufali nebis matarebels, SeeZlo uari eTqva eSmakis<br />

rCevaze, aramed abesalomic, romelsac aseve SeeZlo ar daeTmo eTeri. magram<br />

abesalomi Tmobs eTers, gansacdelSi marcxdeba igi da amis gamo<br />

tyeSi warmoTqmuli is fici damokles maxviliviT daRirebulia mis Tavze.<br />

abesaloms ara hyavs avTandili, magram mas hyavs marexi, romelic<br />

asmaTobas uwevs mas. magram asmaTi uZluria avTandilis gareSe. aseve<br />

uZluria marexic, magram mas ar SeiZleba hqondes vinmes imedi. ra SeuZlia<br />

marexs? mas mxolod is SeuZlia, rasac igi sCadis abesalomisTvis: mas<br />

mxolod miaqvs misi siyvarulis ambavi eTerTan. marexi Suamavalia animussa<br />

da animas Soris.<br />

esqatologiuri Sexvedra<br />

abesalomi da eTeri Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, magram es Sexvedra ar hgavs<br />

samijnuro Sexvedras. abesalomi ganwirulia, eTeris naxva ver gankurnavs<br />

mas. ratom xdeba ase? mxolod imitom, rom eTers daugvianebia? `Zmao,<br />

movida eTeri, TuRa gaq TvalSi naTeli!~ momakvdavi pasuxobs: `movides,<br />

TuRa movida, ara maqvs TvalSi naTeli~ (eTeriani 1954:#5). Cans, eTeris<br />

Suqmac, erT dros muxis fuRurodan rom anaTebda, ver ixsna igi. isic<br />

Cans, rom xsnas abesalomi saWiroebs, ara eTeri. ra SeiZleba iTqvas am<br />

damasrulebel epizodze? eTeri brundeba abesalomTan, magram abesalomi<br />

kvdeba. sicocxleSi Seuyrelni sikvdilSi Seeyrebian erTmaneTs. ratom<br />

xdeba es? nuTu ise Rrmad SeaRwia eSmakis manqanebam adamianis yofaSi,<br />

rom siyvaruli uZluri aRmoCnda mis winaSe da ver mkvidrdeba<br />

wuTisofelSi? es TiTqos asec unda momxdariyo – radgan `yoveli<br />

sofeli borotsa zeda dgas~ (1 ioan. 5:19). ase xdeba wuTisoflis<br />

sazRvrebSi. eTeris dabruneba, romelic mxolod Senacvlebaa misi xsnisa,<br />

arafers cvlis abesalomis tragikul bedSi. eTeri ki ar unda<br />

dabrunebuliyo, aramed unda gamoxsniliyo, unda gamoCeniliyo gmiri,<br />

pirovneba, romelic Caidenda am aqts, daamxobda borotebas, rogorc<br />

naTqvamia, rom `borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~. mxolod<br />

es aqti xsnisa, nebelobiTi aqti, gaarRvevda wuTisoflis sazRvrebs da<br />

gaiyvanda yofierebas absolutur dasasrulSi. is esqatologiuri Jamis<br />

gmiri, romlisganac moelis xsnas ara mxolod wuTisoflis tyve eTeri,<br />

aramed mTeli yofiereba, aklia `eTerians~. is, visac unda ekisra es<br />

amocana, sneulia da misi sneuleba, pirvel rigSi, nebis sneulebaa. xsna<br />

ar arsebobs Tavisufali nebis gareSe. marTalia, tarieli uavTandilod<br />

ver miaRwevda sawadels, magram avTandilic uZluri iqneboda utarielod,<br />

Tu rom tarielis neba ar gaTavisuflebuliyo satanis sakvrelTagan.<br />

amaod ar aris naTqvami poemis prologSi: `Sen damifare, Zleva mec<br />

daTrgunvad me satanisa, momec mijnurTa survili, sikvdimde gasatanisa~.<br />

119

avTandils ar SeeZlo tarielisTvis qvabSi miegvara nestani, es ar<br />

iqneboda xsna. nestanis gamoxsnaSi tarielis neba da xeli aucilebeli<br />

iyo. tarielis xsna da nestanis gamoxsna erTdroulad unda momxdariyo.<br />

isini paraleluri aqtebia.<br />

TiTqos `eTerianis~ dasasruli tragikulia. siyvaruli amqveynad<br />

marcxdeba. magram misi meufeba gaaRwevs am wuTisoflis miRma, sadac<br />

xdeba gayrilTa SeerTeba. amis niSani maT saflavebze amosuli ia da<br />

vardia. amodis maT Soris ekalic, eSmakis moqmedebis niSnad, magram<br />

gaivlis vinme gamvleli da amoZirkvavs ekals. gana es ar niSnavs imas,<br />

rom eSmakis manqaneba CafuSulia? jadosnur zRaparSi, romelic<br />

`eTerianis~ mxolod eqspozicias warmoadgens, moqmedeba im zRurblamde<br />

midis, romlis Semdeg iwyeba axali era, uboroto da ueSmako, radgan<br />

zRapris gmirma ar datova pirobebi borotebisa da eSmakis manqanebaTa<br />

asaRorZineblad. gayrilTa bednieri Sexvedra am wuTisofelSive xdeba<br />

zRurblTan da isini gadadian axal eonSi.<br />

xolo rac xdeba `eTerianSi~, zRapris uaryofaa. asec SeiZleba<br />

gaviazroT masSi gaTamaSebuli drama. `eTerianis~ sakuTrivi ambavi<br />

qorwilidan iwyeba, rac zRaprisTvis dasasrulia. magram rac zRapris<br />

dasasrulia, is dramis dasawyisia, romelic mTavrdeba sikvdiliT anu<br />

wuTisoflis wesiT. zRaparSi ki wuTisoflis wesi gauqmebulia. ra xdeba<br />

`eTerianis~ qorwilze, romelic zRapris esqatologiuri qorwilis<br />

yofiTi saxea? murmanis saxiT zRapris crugmiri aRdga TiTqos<br />

sasjelidan da kvlav daisakuTra namdvili gmiris monapovari. aq<br />

imarjvebs, magram droebiT, is, vinc zRapris bolos mxilebulia, rogorc<br />

antigmiri. is CafuSavs namdvil qorwils da eklis saxiT Cadgeba mefesa<br />

da rZals Soris. eSmaki, kacobriobis mteri, angrevs aSenebuls isev da<br />

isev adamianis xeliT. is gamoCndeba zRapris bolos da ukan daatrialebs<br />

yvelafers. kvlav wvaleba, wuxili, sinaklule, rac, rogorc viciT, iwvevs<br />

gmiris gasvlas saxlidan, mis gadakargvas. eTeri kvlav mosapovebelia, is<br />

kvlav am wuTisoflis eSmakeul koSkSia gamoketili. eSmaki, romelTanac<br />

murmanma xelSekruleba dado, esqatologiuri qorwilis mteria. is xels<br />

uSlis axali cisa da axali miwis Seqmnas, mas surs samaradisod<br />

gagrZeldes dacemuli soflis JamTa dineba. wuTisofelSi is udarajebs<br />

yovel murmans da ucdis Sesafer Jams, rom gamoiyenos igi Tavisi miznis<br />

misaRwevad. eSmaks surs adamianis sulis xelSi Cagdeba, magram ufro<br />

metad mas surs, rom CaifuSos saboloo qorwili da samudamod gayaros<br />

erTmaneTs mefe da sZali. magram sabolood eSmaki uZluri gamodga. man<br />

mxolod murmanis suli Caigdo xelSi, qorwili ki ver CafuSa. qorwili<br />

dausxlta mas xelidan da im samefoSi gadainacvla, sadac eSmaks aRar<br />

ZaluZs SeRweva. im samefos niSnebi ia da vardia, sxvadasxva Jamis<br />

yvavilni, amieridan maradisobaSi ganuyofelni (ekali maT Soris<br />

efemerulia, mas aqve amoZirkvavs yoveli gamvleli), da wyaro oqros<br />

TasiTurT simbolod maTi Sendobisa.<br />

120

P.S. Tavis dasawyisSi naxsenebi iyo hipoTeza `eTerianis~ literaturuli<br />

warmoSobis Sesaxeb. moyvanili iyo argumentebic. narkvevSi<br />

gatarebuli iyo paralelebi `vefxistyaosanTan~. axla SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom `eTeriani~, Tuki is marTlac literaturuli warmomavlobisaa,<br />

`vefxistyaosans~ win unda uswrebdes, Tumca imave epoqaSi unda iyos<br />

Seqmnili. `vefxistyaosani~ mesaxeba `eTerianis~ replikad, imis saCveneblad,<br />

rom arsebobs xsna, rom araTu brolis koSki, aramed qajeTis cixis<br />

Zlevac SesaZlebelia, radgan arsebobs amqveynad, am dacemul<br />

wuTisofelSi, megobroba, siyvaruli, erTguleba. `eTerianis~ sami<br />

personaJi da erTi toposi `vefxistyaosanSi~ pouloben TavianT<br />

Sesatyvisebs: abesalomi – tarielSi, eTeri – nestanSi, marexi – asmaTSi,<br />

brolis cixe – qajeTis cixeSi. avTandilis adgili `eTerianSi~ carielia.<br />

da es aris swored `eTerianis~ tragediis mizezi. `vefxistyaosani~<br />

avTandilis gamoCeniT Zlevs am tragediis SesaZleblobas.<br />

abesalomi eTeri marexi brolis<br />

cixe<br />

tarieli nestani asmaTi qajeTis<br />

cixe<br />

literatura<br />

121<br />

eSmaki murmani _<br />

qaji _ avTandili<br />

bardaveliZe: bardaveliZe j., individualuri xasiaTis problema<br />

folklorSi, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong> III, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1969.<br />

gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, `ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.<br />

eTeriani 1875: eTeriani ambavi abesalom da eTerisa. Sedgenili saxalxo<br />

leqsebisa da naTqvamebisagan petre umikaSvilis mier. dabeWdili eqvTime<br />

xelaZisagan. tf., 1875.<br />

eTeriani 1954: eTeriani, xalxuri sityviereba IV, meore seria, redaqcia,<br />

Sesavali statia da SeniSvnebi m. Ciqovanisa, `saqarTvelos ssr<br />

mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1954.<br />

ingoroyva: ingoroyva p., CaxruxaZe poeti. mogzauri., `kavkasioni~ 1-2,<br />

tf., 1924.<br />

ingoroyva: ingoroyva p., rusTavelis epoqis saliteraturo<br />

memkvidreoba, `rusTavelis krebuli~, 1938.<br />

kiknaZe: kiknaZe z., <strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologia I, jvari da saymo, quTaisi, 1996.<br />

qurdovaniZe 1974: qurdovaniZe T., eTeriani, Tsu, Tb., 1974.<br />

kokiara: Коккьяра Дж., История фольклористики в Европе, М., 1960.

qurdovaniZe 2000: Курдованидзе Т., Указатель сюжетов грузинской народной сказки,<br />

“Мерани”, Тб., 2000.<br />

Bausinger H., Formen der “Volkpoesie”, Erich Schmidt Verlag,<br />

Berlin, 1980.<br />

arsenas leqsi<br />

(poezia da sinamdvile)<br />

`arsenas leqsi~ <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri epikuri Semoqmedebis gviani nayofia.<br />

igi XIX s-is me-2 naxevarSia Seqmnili. misi mTavari gmiri realuri<br />

pirovnebaa, TiTqos cnobilia misi dabadebis (1797), gavardnisa (1823) da<br />

sikvdilis (1842) TariRebi. miuxedavad amisa, `arsenas leqsis~ gmiri<br />

tradiciuli epikuri gmiris yvela niSans atarebs. `leqsi~ anonimuria.<br />

cnobilni arian mxolod is xalxuri mTqmelebi – moxetiale mestvireebi,<br />

romlebic mTel saqarTveloSi avrcelebdnen `Sairsityvas~ ukve legendad<br />

qceul keTilSobil yaCaRze, ase tragikulad rom daasrula Tavisi<br />

cxovreba. `arsenas leqsi~ mestvireTa repertuaris aucilebel nawils<br />

Seadgenda. asrulebdnen mas religiur Tu saxalxo dResaswaulebze,<br />

Tavyrilobebze, soflad Tu qalaqad.<br />

rogorc Cans, `Sairsityvebi~ arsena oZelaSvilze missave sicocxleSi<br />

yofila SeTxzuli da gavrcelebuli. rusuli gazeTis `kavkazis~ (1846 #7)<br />

cnoba mowmobs am leqsebis popularobas xalxSi. germaneli mogzaurisa<br />

da eTnografis a. haqsthauzenis (1792-1866) wignSi (rusuli Targmani<br />

“Закавказский край” gamoqveynda 1857 w.) moxvda arsenas ambavi, romelic mas<br />

germaneli kolonistebisgan hqonia gagebuli TbilisSi jer kidev 1843<br />

wels. arsenas `Sairsityvas~ germanelTa wreSic SeuRwevia. ar aris<br />

gamoricxuli, rom a. haqsthauzenisTvis Tbilisel germanelebs arsenas<br />

Tavgadasavali swored xalxuri leqsebis mixedviT eambaT, ramdenadac am<br />

monaTxrobis detalebi emTxveva `arsenas leqsis~ zogierT epizods, Tumca<br />

122

arsebiTi gansxvavebebic arsebobs (ix. damateba 1). rogorc garkveulia,<br />

leqsi Tu leqsebi arsenaze 1841-1846 wlebSi unda Seqmniliyo [kakiaSvili].<br />

pirveli publikacia `arsenas leqsisa~ ekuTvnis nikoloz yifians (1847-<br />

1905), romelmac sxvadasxva variantis safuZvelze Seadgina erTi<br />

Serwymuli teqsti da ilias `kako yaCaRTan~ erTad dabeWda calke wignad<br />

(1872 w.).<br />

is teqsti `arsenas leqsisa~, romelic dRemde ibeWdeba, p. umikaSvilis<br />

xelidan aris gamosuli (pirvelad gamoqveynda 1874 w.). `arsenas teqstis~<br />

dadgenaSi p. umikaSvilis Rvawlis Sesaxeb ix. [gvaramaZe: 45-46]. man<br />

gamokveTa eposis saboloo saxe, erT Zafze aago mis xelT arsebuli<br />

calkeuli epizodi, romlebic erTmaneTTan daukavSireblad sruldeboda<br />

mestvireTa mier. umikaSvilis arqivSi daculia epizodebi, romlebic mas<br />

ar gamouyenebia `arsenas leqsis~ asagebad. da mainc umikaSviliseuli<br />

gamTlianeba arsena yaCaRis garSemo arsebuli `Sairsityvebisa~<br />

metnaklebad amomwuravia da dRemde inarCunebs rogorc mxatvrul, ise<br />

informaciul mniSvnelobas. mis Semdeg aravis ucdia Sevseba `arsenas<br />

leqsisa~ sxva epizodebiT, an p. umikaSvilis mier gamoyenebuli masalis<br />

sxvagvarad ganlageba. p. umikaSviliseuli teqsti optimaluria: TiToeuli<br />

epizodi masSi poulobs Tavis erTaderT kuTvnil adgils. marTalia,<br />

mestvireTa repertuari arasodes moicavda yvela arsebuli epizodisgan<br />

Semdgar erT mTlian teqsts, unda vifiqroT, rom maT cnobierebaSi<br />

virtualurad arsebobda calkeul epizodTa Tavdapirveli erTianobis<br />

gancda. savsebiT gasaziarebelia amasTan dakavSirebiT g. barnovis<br />

Tvalsazrisi, romelic man amgvarad gamoTqva: `arsenas leqsi~ ar<br />

warmoadgens sxvadasxva epizodebis meqanikur gadabmas. igi Tavidanve<br />

gaazrebuli unda yofiliyo rogorc epikuri tilo, mTliani istoria<br />

saxalxo gmirisa. vfiqrob, swored aman ganapiroba rekonstruqciis<br />

warmateba~ [barnovi 1989:24]. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis SoTa<br />

rusTavelis saxelobis literaturis institutis folklorul arqivSi, p.<br />

umikaSvilis koleqciaSi, daculia `arsenas leqsis~ erTi teqsti, rogorc<br />

Cans, pirveli (an erT-erTi) cda arsebuli variantebis gamTlianebisa,<br />

romelic p. umikaSvils ar gamouqveynebia (SoTa rusTavelis sax. <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis institutis folkloruli arqivi = fa. umik. 15/2).<br />

`arsenas leqsis~ gmiri arsena oZelaSvili realuri piria. Tavisi<br />

epoqisa da sazogadoebis Svili. misi samoqmedo asparezic, cxadia,<br />

savsebiT realur sivrceSia gaSlili – es aris aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo,<br />

misi TiTqmis yoveli mxare. `arsenas leqsi~ sxva xalxur qmnilebaTagan<br />

toponimebis uCveulo siuxviT gamoirCeva. misi gmiris saasparezo are<br />

vrcelia: TrialeTi, marabda, koda, TeleTi, kumisi, somxiTi (sofeli),<br />

Tbilisi (`qalaqi~), almasis wyali, Siraqi, Tavfaravnis tba, gomareTi,<br />

qiziyi – bodbisxevi, martyofi, diRomi, mcxeTa, muxaTgverdi, zemo<br />

qarTli, axalcixe. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT: yazaxi (azerbaijanSi).<br />

arsenas ambavSi monawileoben da ubralod naxsenebi arian sxvadasxva<br />

123

erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, rac kargad asaxavs istoriuli saqarTvelos<br />

eTnikur-demografiul suraTs.<br />

visi Semqmnelic unda iyos `arsenas leqsi~ – qarCoxeli mecxvarisa Tu<br />

raWveli mestvirisa, igi xalasi xalxuri geniis Semoqmedebis nayofia,<br />

masSi sWvivis qristianuli suli, gamgebi da mimtevebeli yoveli<br />

adamianuri codvisa. xSiri xseneba RvTis saxelisa, mironis madlisa,<br />

pirjvrisa, dalocvis sityvebisa `arsenas leqsSi~ arc SemTxveviTia, arc<br />

ubralod sityvis masalaa, arc mxolod Cveuleba an tradiciaa, arc e.w.<br />

xarkia epoqisadmi. es realiebi leqsis organuli nawilia, romelic<br />

gansazRvravs mTavari gmiris xasiaTs, rogoradac surs, igi dainaxos<br />

mestvirem, romelic Tavis simReras, Zveli rafsodebis msgavsad, uzenaesis<br />

xsenebiT iwyebs: `SairsityviTa mestvirem RmerTi maRali axsena~... RvTis<br />

saxelis xsenebiT iwyeba da sasufevlis naTlis xsenebiT mTavrdeba<br />

`arsenas leqsi~ (`iq naTeli dadgesa~). es, pirvel rigSi, mestvireTa<br />

religiurobis, maTi qristianuli mrwamsis gamoxatulebaa. Znelia<br />

moiZebnos xalxuri nawarmoebi, romelic ise mdidari iyos qristianuli<br />

leqsikiT, rogorc `arsenas leqsia~. esoden mcire sivrceze RmerTisa da<br />

sxva wmida saxelTa (siwmideTa, rogoric aris: mironi, naTloba,<br />

sefiskveri, wirva, pirjvari, madli, aRdgoma, RvTismSobeli...) da<br />

gamoTqmaTa xseneba (yovel meTxuTmete striqonSi!) gansakuTrebul naTels<br />

afens teqsts, romlis mTavari Tema TviT mis SemqmnelTaTvis srulebiTac<br />

ar aris religiuri – is arsenas sagmiro saqmeebs gadmogvcems.<br />

gansxvavebiT sxva sagmiro leqsebisagan, Tundac amiranis miTologiuri<br />

eposisagan, `arsenas leqsSi~ datrialebuli suli gvagrZnobinebs mis<br />

mkiTxvelT, rom qristianul qveyanaSi vimyofebiT (mestvire yovelnairad<br />

aZlierebs am gancdas) da ara sadRac religiurad gaurkvevel samyaroSi.<br />

da mainc, arsena, cxadia, epikuri gmiria. amitomac misi gmiruli<br />

biografia tradiciuli epikuri gmiris Tavgadasavlis kalapotSi<br />

miedineba. aq Cven gvecnaureba tipurad igive epizodebi, igive<br />

`zRurblebi~, romlebic gaiara da gadalaxa amiranma. arsena gardauvali<br />

aucileblobiT gaivlis maT. arsena amas ver ascdeba, Tumca igi<br />

istoriul droSi cxovrobs da moqmedebs.<br />

`amiraniansa~ da `arsenas leqss~ Soris siaxlove pirvelad anton<br />

xinTibiZem aRniSna: `Cven zemoTmoyvanili adgilebis mxolod formaluri<br />

damTxveva aRvniSneT. unda vivaraudoT, rom mas Sinaarsobrivi safuZvlebi<br />

eqneboda. es, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos ar Cans, magram amiranisa da arsenas<br />

mxatvruli saxeebis guldasmiTi analiziT aSkara xdeba. marTlac, am ori<br />

gmiris cxovrebis epizodebi erTmaneTs emTxveva~ [xinTibiZe:89]. Tumca<br />

avtori ar akonkretebs am epizodebs. igi avlebs mxolod zogad<br />

paralels maT brZolebSi, erTi mxriv, borotebisa da, meore mxriv,<br />

usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. sagulisxmoa daskvna: `arsenas leqsi~ Sorsaa<br />

miTiuri garemosagan, amitom gmiris cxovreba realisturad aris asaxuli,<br />

magram `amiranisa~ da `arsenas leqsis~ am adgilebis plastikur-poeturi<br />

124

Strixebi mainc erTimeores emTxveva. aqac aSkarad Cans `amiranis~ gavlena<br />

`arsenas leqsze~ [xinTibiZe:89].<br />

msgavseba am or eposs Soris ufro metia da Rrma, vidre plastikurpoeturi.<br />

is siRrmiseulia, rasac maTi struqtura aaSkaravebs. saerTo<br />

agebuleba (epizodTa Tanamimdevrobis saxiT) amxels maT siRrmiseul<br />

identurobas, romelic tipologiuric aris da geneturic, ramdenadac<br />

isini erTi saerTo tradiciis kuTvnilebaa. `arsenas leqsze~ gacilebiT<br />

adrindeli, SeiZleba iTqvas, misTvis arqetipuli `amiranianis~ gavlena<br />

mxolod amgvarad unda iqnas gagebuli. `arsenas leqsi~ da `amiraniani~<br />

erT epikur kalapotSi (tradiciaSi), Tumca radikalurad gansxvavebul<br />

socialur SreebSi miedinebian.<br />

zemoTqmuli gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom `arsenas leqsSi~ `amiranianis~<br />

analogiuri epizodebi gamovyoT.<br />

`arsenas leqsSi~ erTmaneTs erwymis da emsWvaleba sami Sre: 1.<br />

miTologiuri, romelic SeiZleba saTaves iRebdes uSualod arqetipidan<br />

an uaxloesi wyarodan – `amiranianidan~. gmiris aRzeveba da dacema. janyi,<br />

hubrisi. 2. socialuri Sre: samarTali-usamarTloba. winaaRmdegoba,<br />

Seurigebloba, krizisi socialur niadagze. 3. egzistencialuri plani.<br />

pirovnebis bedi. krizisi pirovnul niadagze. samive Sre met-naklebad<br />

`leqsis~ yvela ZiriTad epizodSi ikiTxeba.<br />

gamovyoT da gavaanalizoT `arsenas leqsis~ ZiriTadi epizodebi.<br />

I. epikuri gmiris warmoSoba saswaulebrivi unda iyos. arsenas<br />

`Sairsityvis~ variantebs Soris ar ipoveba teqsti, romelic gvamcnobdes<br />

misi araTu saswaulebrivi, aramed saerTod dabadebis ambavs. magram<br />

arsenas warmoSoba mainc araCveulebrivia. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom<br />

mestvireebi ar gadmogvcemen misi mSoblebis vinaobas, TiTqos isini arc<br />

arsebulan. Tumca SeuZlebelia, maTi saxelebi drois esoden mcire<br />

manZilze daviwyebas miscemoda. aq saqme unda gvqondes mSobelTa vinaobis<br />

principul ucnobobasTan. gmiri amozrdilia, rogorc aisbergi – Tavis<br />

wreSi, Tavis socialur garemocvaSi. is aris udedmamo, unaTesao, uojaxo.<br />

mSobelTa uxsenebloba miT ufro niSandoblivia, rom `arsenas leqsSi~<br />

monawile pirebi savsebiT realurni arian da TavianTi namdvili gvarsaxelebiT<br />

ixseniebian (zaal baraTaSvili, sumbaTovi, makarovi...). arsenas<br />

obloba arsebiTia, es misi, rogorc epikuri gmiris, dasabamieri<br />

gansazRvrulobaa. obloba niSania misi gamorCeulobisa sazogadoebaSi,<br />

sadac is TiTqos RvTiT aris movlenili. erT-erTi varianti gvamcnobs:<br />

`rom daibada arsena, pirvelad RmerTi axsena...~<br />

es lakoniuri `Sairsityva~ amave dros gmiris maRal warmoSobaze<br />

miuTiTebs, mis saswaulebriv Sobazec da imazec, rom misi naTlia<br />

ufalia, romlis saxeli Sobidanve dahyva mis bageebs, rogorc amirans –<br />

oqros kbili da fizikuri Zala. magram sinamdvile, rasac zemoTnaxsenebi<br />

haksthauzeni gadmogvcems arsenas Sesaxeb, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos<br />

metyvelebs: `arsena meduqne iyo, e.i. daxlis mepatrone tfilisSi~ (ix.<br />

damateba 1). ar gvaqvs safuZveli, rom am cnobas eWviT movekidoT, Tumca<br />

125

igi ver egueba jer mestvireTa da mere Cvens warmodgenas mis heroikul<br />

pirovnebaze.<br />

II. baRaTuruli zrda (boboqari bavSvoba). gmiris fizikuri Zalis<br />

amofrqveva adreuli asakidanve iwyeba: amirani akvanSive iCens Tavis<br />

Tandayolil Zalas, romelic naTliam daanaTla mas. magram es ar aris<br />

sakuTriv gmirobis aqti, aramed Zalis mxolod pirvelCena. p. umikaSvilis<br />

`leqsSi~ arsena amgvarad iCens Tavs:<br />

`rom Seiqna Teqvsmeti wlis, mTa da bari Seajera...~<br />

magram sxva variantebSi, romlebic p. umikaSvils ar gamouyenebia, asaki<br />

sagrZnoblad daweulia:<br />

`Tormeti wlis rom Seiqna, ulvaSebma daamSvena...~<br />

sxva fragmentSi kidev ufro daiwevs misi gamoCenis asaki da zRaprulmiTosurSi<br />

gadadis:<br />

`Svidi wlisa rom Seiqna, cxenxedna dauwesesa,<br />

ise fantams Tavadebsa, viTa bora wiwilebsa...~<br />

arsenas gamoCena saswaulebriv-moulodnelia, auxsnelia misi<br />

baRaTuruli zrdis, saxecvlilebis mizezi:<br />

`mTeli qveyana gahkvirda: arsena ram daasqela.<br />

saca cxeni gaaWena, kldeze mtveri aayena...~<br />

es is zRurblia, saidanac iwyeba misi baRaTuruli saqmianoba; igrZnoba,<br />

rom `uerTod ar daixarjvis~ misi energia, romelic awveba mas, raTa<br />

gaiyvanos igi gareT – asparezze. masSi zambarasaviT Cawnexili Zala<br />

aiZulebs amas.<br />

III. qalis motaceba. tradiciul eposSi am qmedebas win uswrebs gmiris<br />

ZiriTadi Rvawli, romliTac is gmirobs – es aris brZola borot<br />

ZalebTan. `arsenas leqsSi~ ki qalis motacebiT iwyeba gmiris saqmeni<br />

sagmironi. Tumca wina epizodi (fizikuri Zalis pirvelCena) dasturia<br />

imisa, rom mas ZaluZs am Rvawlis aRsruleba, rasac eposSi baRaTuruli<br />

niSnoba gulisxmobs.<br />

qalis motaceba TiTqos Tavsdeba batonymur yofaSi: motacebuli<br />

moaxlea, momtacebeli – yma, arc erTi ar aris Tavisufali. batonis<br />

moaxlis momtacebeli yma am aqtiT arad agdebs batonis nebas, eurCeba da,<br />

sabolood, ujanydeba mas. is garbis moaxlesTan erTad, riTac Tavisi<br />

xeliT iWris gzas ukan dasabruneblad. misi es gaWra imis niSania, rom is<br />

ver Tavsdeba Tavis socialur garemoSi, im statusSi, romliTac daibada.<br />

am motacebiT, am gaWriT is icvlis statuss, rogorc ardaSir papakani,<br />

romelmac Tavis patrons, mefes mxevali da Tasi mostaca, riTac Tavi<br />

gaiTavisufla ymobisgan, raTa dabadebiT momadlebuli mefoba moepovebina<br />

[ardaSiri:46]. niSandoblivia, rom sinamdvile (anu is, rac sinamdvileSi<br />

moxda) ufro axlos aris ardaSiris epizodTan, vidre `leqsi~: `maSin<br />

arsenam RamiT gamoiyvana Tavadis saukeTeso cxeni, moitaca qali da<br />

mTebSi gaixizna~ (damateba 1). ajanyebuli arsena, ardaSiris msgavsad,<br />

Tavisi batonis moaxles mis cxenTan erTad itacebs.<br />

126

aq unda SeiniSnos, rom motacebis mizezi arsebobs – mowoneba: `batons<br />

ro erTi gogo hyavs, arsenas moewoneba~, magram ar Cans Sedegi motacebisa.<br />

motaceba motacebadve rCeba, rogorc sabediswero saqcieli, rogorc<br />

garkveuli zRurblis gadalaxva, romelic mTlianad cvlis gmiris<br />

mdgomareobas, mTel mis cxovrebas. moaxlis motacebas TviTkmari<br />

Rirebuleba aqvs gmiris biografiaSi. amitom aris, rom ucnobia araTu<br />

saxeli motacebulisa, aramed misi asaval-dasavalic motacebis Semdeg.<br />

igi iseve uCinardeba, rogorc amiranis yamari, romelmac Seasrula Tavisi<br />

funqcia gmiris gzaze da ukvalod gauCinarda. mestvireTa arsena amas<br />

sCadis, rogorc epikuri gmirisTvis savaldebulo aqts. am epizodSi<br />

mestvire ugulebelyofs sinamdviles, romelic Tumca tragikulia, magram<br />

ar scildeba yofiT realobas (ix. damateba 1 da 2). sinamdvileSi ki,<br />

cnobilia, rom arsenas TamaraSvilebis xelSewyobiT axalcixeSi uTxovia<br />

qali [WiWinaZe:127].<br />

is unda gasuliyo Tavisi wridan, saxlidan, sadac daibada, zRapris<br />

gmiriviT da am gasvlis motivi qalis motacebaa – akrZalulis xelyofa.<br />

magram am aqts faruli motivi aRZravs, ris ganxorcielebasac arsena<br />

mTel Tavis cxovrebas miuZRvnis: is daupirispirdeba batons, raTa Tavad<br />

gaxdes batoni da Taviseburad gagebuli samarTali daamyaros (`mdidars<br />

arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs...~). `ardaSir papakis Zis saqmeTa wignSi~ naTqvamia:<br />

`kaci, romelic Tavis batons gaeqceva, didebasa da mefobas miaRwevs~<br />

[ardaSiri:46].<br />

ymaSi iRviZebs pirovneba. mestvire grZnobs am gaRviZebas. Tumca man icis<br />

(unda icodes), rom arsena arasodes yma ar yofila, misi ojaxi saeklesio<br />

glexebi iyvnen [kakiaSvili:17,33]. `biWo, arsenav, ra miyav, yma iyav<br />

magisTanao!~ zaal baraTaSvilis sinanuliT naTqvam am sityvebSi `yma~,<br />

SesaZloa, arc niSnavdes mainc da mainc batonis ymas. `biWo~ ki namdvilad<br />

mis yoCaRobaze miuTiTebs [abaSiZe:9]. baraTaSvili aSkarad keTilganwyobilic<br />

ki aris mis mimarT, rac dokumenturadac dasturdeba (ix. damateba 5).<br />

arsena axalcixeSi miatovebs Tavis motacebuls da iwyebs gasvlas.<br />

IV. brZola usamarTlobasTan. mteri `leqsSi~ rus-yazaxebis saxiT aris<br />

warmodgenili. anu miTosuri mteri (devi) yofiT-istoriuli mtris<br />

konkretul saxeSia ganxorcielebuli, amave dros es saxe groteskuli<br />

unda iyos, rogorc berikaobis Tu yeenobis personaJebisa.<br />

aq unda SeiniSnos, rom yazaxebTan Setakeba qalis motacebis faqtiT<br />

aris ganpirobebul-motivirebuli: batonma unda daibrunos motacebuli<br />

da gauswordes ajanyebul ymas. magram is umweoa – is `qoSs ukuRma hyris~,<br />

garbis, `orTav TvaliT~ icremleba, `saCivars wers~... `aTi-Tormeti yazaxi~<br />

arsenas Sesapyrobad igzavneba. swored es `aTi-Tormeti yazaxia~ arsenas<br />

namdvili da erTaderTi mteri. arsena Seebmis maT, rogorc amirani –<br />

devebs. brZolis aRweraSi aSkarad ismis, Tumca groteskamde<br />

CamoqveiTebuli, amiranuli brZolis eqo:<br />

`aTi-Tormeti yazaxi sul cxvariviT gadmodena.<br />

TeleTis bolomde mohyva, somxiTSi ar gaaCera.<br />

127

im sawyali yazaxebis zurgze boli aayena~.<br />

damarcxebuli yazaxebic amiranul ganzomilebaSi aRiqvamen arsenas<br />

pirovnebas:<br />

`an aris devi, lomgmiri, an aris rkinis mkvnetela...~<br />

epikuri gmiri erTxel unda amarcxebdes borot Zalas, rogorc iTqva,<br />

mas erTaderTi mowinaaRmdege unda hyavdes. amiranis brZola devebTan<br />

erTjeradia, is erTaderTjer ebrZvis devebs, roca iamanis mitacebuli<br />

Tvalia dasabrunebeli, an adamianTa miwa-wylidan arian gasarekni.<br />

danarCeni brZolebi mxolod ganmeorebaa, mxolod siWarbea da axals da<br />

arsebiTs arafers sZens gmiris biografias (rogorc `amirandarejanianis~<br />

Wabukebs dausrulebeli sagmiro Tavgadasavalni).<br />

arsenas yoveli Setakeba Tavis arqetips yazax-rusebTan im pirvel<br />

SetakebaSi poulobs. aqedan eZleva dasabami mis brZolas socialuri<br />

usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, romelic xorcieldeba deviziT `mdidars<br />

arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~. brZola borotebis winaaRmdeg socialur<br />

sferoSia gadanacvlebuli.<br />

V. Ralati. Ralati ar aris gamoricxuli epikuri gmiris biografiaSi<br />

(miTosSi mas ar eZleva zneobrivi Sefaseba). SeiZleba is davadasturoT<br />

`amiranianSic~ – im epizodSi, roca Zmebi amirans sami veSapis pirispir<br />

miatoveben. zRaparSi Ralatis msxverplia umcrosi Zma, anu mTavari gmiri,<br />

romelic asrulebs mTavar saqmes.<br />

`arsenas leqsSi~ Ralats ormagi funqcia ekisreba: Cveneba wuTisoflis<br />

muxanaTobisa arsenas keTilSobilebasTan dapirispirebiT (raTa<br />

gamoikveTos arsenas zneobrivi upiratesoba im garemocvaSi, sadac mas<br />

uxdeba urTierToba). misTvis sabedisweroa, xolo arsebuli<br />

sinamdvilisTvis niSandoblivi, rom Ralati `naTel-mironis~ mier aris<br />

Cadenili. es mowmobs wuTisoflis uaRresad dacemul mdgomareobas.<br />

Sendoba RalatisTvis Zlieri qristianuli niSania `arsenas leqsSi~.<br />

tradiciul eposebSi, aseve zRaparSi, romelTa finali esqatologiuria,<br />

muxanaTobisTvis iSviaTia patieba. avismoqmedi sabolood dausjeli ar<br />

unda gadarCes. es gadaxveva epikuri tradiciidan (kanonidan)<br />

sinamdviliseulia. am epizods realurad momxdari faqti udevs safuZvlad.<br />

is momxdara 1837 wels. Semonaxulia dokumenti (gubernatoris<br />

werili), sadac laparakia 13 bodbisxevelis oTxmocdaaTi maneTiT<br />

dajildovebaze arsenas gacemisTvis [kakiaSvili:20].<br />

amave dros, kompoziciurad da arsobrivad Ralatis epizodi<br />

ganapirobebs momdevno mniSvnelovan epizods, romelsac ver ascdeba<br />

vercerTi epikuri gmiri.<br />

VI. cixe-abano. am epizodSi gveleSapis motivis yvela elementia<br />

mocemuli. arsena STanTqmulia cixis mier, saidanac TiTqos araviTari<br />

saxsari ar arsebobs misi Tavdaxsnisa. mas gardauvali daRupva elis, ris<br />

ueWvel niSansac es Zunwi protokoluri, Tumca amave dros simboluric,<br />

sityvebi iZleva:<br />

`sacimbirod gaamweses, cali wveri moparsesa...~<br />

128

a Zalam unda moabrunos Tavisuflebisaken `calwvermoparsuli~<br />

adamiani? magram aRmoCndeba saswaulebrivi saxsari – `erTi sawyali<br />

manaTi~, romelic straJnikebis dasaTrobad gamodga, da is qlibi,<br />

romelic keTilad ganwyobilma mikitnebma Caudes jibeSi. am qlibma sxva<br />

ra unda gagvaxsenos, Tu ara is almasis dana, romelic amirans dahyva<br />

SobiTgan da romlis meSveobiTac man daaRwia Tavi gveleSapis mucels?<br />

amiranis gamosvla gveleSapis wiaRidan mis meore Sobad davsaxeT.<br />

arsenasaTvis es abanoa. Znelia Tqma, gulisxmobda Tu ara p. umikaSvili<br />

meored Sobis miTologemas, roca abanodan mis gamosvlaze werda: `arsena<br />

meored ibadeba!~ [xinTibiZe:212]. yofiTi abano iseTive wylis stiqiaa,<br />

rogorc miTosuri gveleSapis muceli, saidanac amirani xelaxla iSva.<br />

abanos, am sayofacxovrebo dawesebulebas, mniSvnelovani miTologiuri<br />

datvirTva aqvs miTossa da Zvel eposebSi. abanosTan dakavSirebulia<br />

marcxic da gamarjvebac (aRorZineba): Sumeris RmerTs enlils abanoSi<br />

mostaces `bedisweris dafebi~; gilgameSma, sabanaod wyalSi Casulma,<br />

dakarga `siWabukis balaxi~... abanoSi mokles troadan dabrunebuli<br />

agamemnoni... abano is saSoa, sadac SeiZleba daiRupos nayofi da saidanac<br />

ibadeba axali sicocxle. abanoSi Sesuli an veRar gamova iqidan<br />

cocxali, an gamova aRorZinebuli da Zalaganaxlebuli, meored Sobili.<br />

Tbilisis sinamdvilis uaRresad yofiTi realia – abano bunebrivad<br />

Semodis `leqsSi~ da imkvidrebs iq Tavis kuTvnil adgils tradiciuli<br />

gmiris TavgadasavalSi.<br />

abanodan TavdaRweuli arsenas meored Soba groteskulad aris<br />

warmodgenili: is `ufrosis~ SinelSi, rusul CeqmaSi da `SlapaSi~<br />

gamowyobili gamodis gareT Seucnoblad – `imaT batoni egonaT, es arsena<br />

gamoZvresa~, sul es aris misi saxecvlileba, meored dabadeba. is gamodis<br />

rogorc miTologiuri striqteri (oinbazi), romlis gmirobis, Cveulebriv,<br />

kulturuli Rvawlis aRsrulebis erTaderTi xerxi eSmakoba da<br />

oinbazobaa. oRond arsena savsebiT acnobierebs am komikur situacias,<br />

romlis wyalobiTac man ixsna Tavi: `patara gamoiara, Tan sicili<br />

autydesa~.<br />

`amiranianSi~ gveleSapis (meored Sobis) epizods yamaris motaceba<br />

mosdevs. `arsenas leqsSi~ es Tanamimdevroba, rogorc davinaxeT,<br />

Secvlilia (rom ar vTqvaT: darRveulia). arsenas ukve motacebuli hyavs<br />

Tavisi `yamari~. ra elis win arsenas? ra Rvawli aqvs aRsasrulebeli<br />

abanodan gamosvlis Semdeg? abano xom is zRurbli unda iyos, romlis<br />

gadalaxvis Semdeg gmiris moqmedebam axal safexurze unda iCinos Tavi?<br />

abanodan arsena galaRebuli gamodis, is yovlisSemZlea. ra<br />

dabrkoleba unda Sexvdes mas Tavis gzaze, rom ver gadalaxos? SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom arsena misma davlaTma TavisuflebaSi gaiyvana. ganmeorda is<br />

pirveli gasvla, roca yma motacebul moaxlesTan erTad Tavis batons<br />

gaeqca. magram aris gansxvaveba am or gamosvlas Soris: pirveli gzis<br />

dasawyisi iyo, meore ki is mwvervalia, saidanac iwyeba dacema, am dacemis<br />

niSani ki gabudayebaa (hubrisi).<br />

129

VII. gabudayeba. martyofis monastris epizodi gardamtexi momentia<br />

arsenas cxovrebaSi. aqedan iwyeba misi gaampartavneba. hubrisi, romelic<br />

farulad izrdeboda masSi, aq iCens Tavs pirvelad. aq Cven TiTqos sxva<br />

arsenas vxedavT – ver vcnobT mas. marTlac, arsena, romlis bageTagan<br />

arasodes gamosula RvTis mgmobi sityva (mestvire gansakuTrebiT zrunavs<br />

mis sametyvelo leqsikaze), saqmiTac qristianuli zneobis magaliTi<br />

uCvenebia (Ralatis patieba farsadanisTvis), axla am wmida adgilze,<br />

saRvTo dResaswaulis dRes, SurisZiebis JiniT aris aRZruli da<br />

angariSsworebisa da Seuracxyofis mizniT ganaiaraRebs eklesiidan<br />

gamosul sumbaTovsa da makarovs mandilosnebis Tvalwin. mestvire<br />

sagangebod, ara SemTxveviT, arc sityvis masalisaTvis, aRniSnavs<br />

adgilisa da drois siwmindes:<br />

`RvTaebobis madli gywalobT, martyofis TavSi svenia,<br />

iq iyo misi dReoba, TiTonac giaxelia...<br />

roca wirva gamovida, imisi madli Senia...~<br />

Zneli warmosadgenia, am epizodis avtors, romelic iqneb marTlac<br />

eswreboda wirvas martyofis taZarSi, efiqra, rom taZris midamoSi<br />

myofTa (vinc ar unda yofiliyvnen isini), Seuracxmyofel arsenasTan<br />

RvTis madli iqneboda. unda iTqvas, rom sinamdvileSi makarovisa da<br />

sumbaTovis Seuracxyofa moxda ara martyofis monastris galavanSi,<br />

aramed misken mimaval gzaze, tyis piras, anu ara wmida adgilze, aramed<br />

arsenas, rogorc `tyeSi gavardnili kacis~ teritoriaze. da moxda ara<br />

iseTi mwvave, damamcirebeli saxiT, rogorc mestvire aRwers (ix. damateba<br />

4). mestvire am gamonagoniT Segnebulad amZimebs arsenas codvas misi<br />

cxovrebis tragikul periodSi, miawers ra misTvis, rogorc `tyeSi<br />

gavardnili kacisTvis~, Cveul Zaladobas Seuferebel adgilze. Tavisi<br />

antagonistebi rom dainaxa arsenam, `pirjvari dauweria...~<br />

cxadia Seusabamoba am pirjvris gadawerasa da im saqciels Soris,<br />

romelic uSualod mosdevs mas. es pirjvris gadawera gamiznulad aris<br />

Semotanili TxrobaSi. es epizodi rom sabediswero, avbediTi Setrialebaa<br />

arsenas cxovrebaSi, iqidanac Cans, rom arsena, aqamde devnili yaCaRi,<br />

romelic imaleba da tyes afarebs Tavs, martyofis dReobis Semdeg ori<br />

kviris naqeifari, sruliad axdilad Sedis qalaqSi (anu TbilisSi),<br />

rogorc triumfatori. sabedisweroa misi Semdgomi nabijebi, rac<br />

martyofis epizodis bolos savsebiT gacnobierebulia:<br />

`ori kvira ToneTSia qeifebsa bevrsa swevsa,<br />

gamvlelsa da gamomvlelsa suyvelas Rvinos asmevsa.<br />

meore kvira gaTavda, qalaqisken gamoswevsa,<br />

mTeli qalaqis biWebi mtredis gundiviT dasdevsa~.<br />

arsenam sasworze Seagdo Tavisi bedi – TiTqos gamoiwvia naTlia, an<br />

sakuTar davlaTs mindobili scdis RmerTs. da RmerTi amjerad ar<br />

gaswiravs mas:<br />

`RmerTs uSvelia, arsena, amieriT gansacdelsa...~<br />

130

RmerTi jer kidev masTan aris, jer kidev scdis mas, aZlevs vadas am<br />

gansacdelSi, romelSic arsenam Tavisi nebiT Caigdo Tavi. magram rogor<br />

iqceva is? mas kvlav mikitnebTan vxedavT, romlebic macTunebeli<br />

sirinozebiviT ityueben:<br />

`saca miva mikitnebTan, yvela mas dauqnevs xelsa~.<br />

sabedisweroa es xelis daqneva. es yofiTi Jesti mawvevarisa tragikul<br />

niSnad iqceva. `yvela mas dauqnevs xelsa~ – TiTqos yvela SeTanxmebula<br />

mis dasaRupavad. ar arsebobs Zala, romelic gauZlebda am xelis<br />

daqnevas.<br />

Rirs oriode sityva iTqvas mikitnebze, am tipiur qalaqur personaJebze.<br />

Tumca Rvinis mimwodebeli iseve Zvelia (noes Jamidan), rogorc Tavad<br />

cTuneba, romelic sulmudam sdarajobs adamians. Rvinis mimwodebeli iyo<br />

sirinozi qali siduri, romelic gilgameSs akavebda mis gzaze da<br />

WeSmaritebis maZiebels ukan, yoveldRiurobisken abrunebda<br />

[gilgameSiani:86]. arsenas mikitnebi neitraluri xalxia: isini yvelas<br />

miawodeben sasmels – es maTi mowodebaa – miT ufro iseT martosuls,<br />

rogoric arsenaa, visTvisac Rvino, SesaZlebelia, monatrebul Wers<br />

cvlides, an misi erTaderTi axlobeli iyos. avbediTad gaismis: `daxede,<br />

is mikitnebi megobraTac gauCndesa!~ Tu erTxel mikitnebis sasmelma ixsna<br />

arsena (straJnikebis daTrobis epizodi), axla maTi RviniT savse tiki<br />

misTvis aSkarad damRupvelia. tiki gatanebulia, is unda daicalos, man<br />

Tavisi saqme unda gaakeTos, mas ukan veraferi daabrunebs. am dros arsenas<br />

ukve nanaxi aqvs is sizmari, romelSic Tavisi gardauvali<br />

aRsasruli amoikiTxa: `nebiT gamoviWri yelsa~. es sityvebi, rogorc<br />

Tavadve daaskvna, ara mxolod misi aRsasrulis gardauvlobaze<br />

mianiSnebs, aramed im codvazec, romlis Cadenac mas, rogorc bediswera,<br />

uZevs win, Tumca TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ukve codvis dasabamia.<br />

amitomac am duqanSi is ukanasknelad gascems Tavis nayaCaRars<br />

SesandobarisaTvis (`Sesandobari dalieT, roca arsena mokvdesa~).<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom erTi Canaweris mixedviT, am sizmars, rogorc<br />

saidumlos, arsena kuWatnelTan SebrZolamde aRsarebis saxiT Caabarebs<br />

mRvdels: `sveticxovelSi Sevida, aRsareba uTxra mRvdelsa, wuxeli vnaxe<br />

sizmari~... [fa umik.: 15/2]. es epizodi realobas efuZneba. vasil barnovi<br />

mogviTxrobs arsenas momswreTa mogonebas: `arsena morwmune kaci iyo.<br />

yovel didmarxvaSi movidoda SerCeul dRes, dRisiT, moiTxovda<br />

aRsarebas da ziarebas Rvdlisagan. aRsarebis dros cxenidan erT fexs<br />

Camosdgamda. erTi isev uzangSi edga. etyoda: – umTavresi codva, kacis<br />

kvla ar Camideniao. Tu mamiklavs, roca SemebrZoleboda, maSin~ (damateba<br />

3). ziarebis moTxovnileba, rac mudam Tan sdevs mas mis arCeul gzaze,<br />

iseve rogorc misi RvTismosavuri metyveleba, bunebrivia saeklesio<br />

(kerZod, Tbilisis ierusalimis eklesiis) glexis ojaxidan gamosulisTvis<br />

[kakiaSvili:33].<br />

sizmridan Cans, rom axlovdeba aRdgoma, win aris dReebi vnebis kvirisa<br />

– da es Svideuli, rogorc gansacdeli, elis mas. im sizmris Tema –<br />

131

erTaderTi Sinaarsi `sisxlSi viRebavdi wversa~ – tragikulad exmianeba<br />

saaRdgomo kvercxs, romlis xelSi daWeris imedi arsenas aRara aqvs.<br />

VIII. wiTeli paraskevi (naTliis gamowveva). es sabediswero Sexvedra<br />

giorgi kuWatnelTan, Tuki odesme sxva dros gadayria am kacs, romelsac<br />

wyevlas uTvlis meleqse, ara imdenad mis pirovnebas, aramed am<br />

SemTxveviTobas, swored am dros kaxeTidan imereTSi rom waiyvana da<br />

udroo dros moqeife arsenas Sehyara [misi Sairsityva `gzebze sufris<br />

gadafenis~ xsenebiT iwyeba da miTve mTavrdeba], SesaZloa, wiTel<br />

paraskevs arc momxdara. esec arsenas bediswera yofila, – ase fiqrobs<br />

meleqse, roca aRniSnavs kuWatnelis gamoCenas muxaTgverdTan:<br />

`im giorgi kuWatnelsa gamCeneli gauwyresa,<br />

wamosula kaxeTidan, imereTSi gamoswevsa~.<br />

anu: raRa swored am dros gamoiara kuWatnelma – sinanuli Cans<br />

mestviris sityvebSi. magram kuWatneli Tavis gzaze gaswevs. adamiani midis<br />

Tavisi gziT, Tavis saqmeze midis. magram mas, SesaZloa, RmerTi gzavnides,<br />

rac ar ewinaaRmdegeba Tavad adamianis nebas, gaswios Tavis gzaze, Tavis<br />

saWiroebaze. RmerTs SeuZlia Tavisi miznisTvis gamoiyenos misi svla.<br />

aTasidan erTi SesaZlebloba gamoarCios da Tavis samsaxurSi Caayenos.<br />

`gamCeneli gauwyresa~, ambobs mestvire (TiTqos arsenas eTqvas: es xom<br />

arsenas Cveuli sityvebia, yovelTvis mzad rom aqvs mas sabediswero<br />

wuTebSi), romelic adamianuri TvalTaxedviT afasebs movlenaTa<br />

mdinarebas. Sairmesityves arsenas mxari uWiravs. raRa swored am dros, am<br />

dRes, wiTel paraskevs, roca arsena, martodmarto, yvelasgan gariyuli,<br />

muxaTgverdSi qeifobs, ufiqria kuWatnels Tavisi mgzavroba kaxeTidan<br />

imereTisken? – fiqrobs Sairmesityve. magram kuWatnelis gamoCenaSi<br />

swored am dros gana RvTis xeli ar urevia? gana arsena mowyvetilia<br />

mTel samyaros? gana es Sexvedra misi gansacdeli ar aris? misi bedis<br />

nawili ar aris? gana kuWatneli misi ambri-arabi ar aris, is mkvdari<br />

bumberazi, amirans rom daxvdeba gzaze gamosacdelad? mestvirem icis,<br />

rom sabedisweroa arsenas `nabdis gaSla~ muxaTgverdTan da es dRe<br />

swored wiTeli paraskevi unda iyos, rom arsena daisajos – gamoCndes<br />

vinme, vinc aRasrulebs RvTis sasjels. sasjeli unda aRsruldes, magram<br />

wyevla-krulva mas, visi xeliTac aRsruldeba. ase fiqrobs mestvire.<br />

kuWatneli yvelaze arasasurveli mgzavria am dros im kacisaTvis, vin<br />

mTel qveynierebas gaeriya. aq aseT dros viRac usaTuod Caivlida, magram<br />

vinc Caiara, mosalodnel CamvlelTa Soris yvelaze utyuari iyo. es<br />

Cavla Tavisi simarTliT yvelaze mkacri da sastiki Cavla iyo. es iyo<br />

sabediswero Cavla. swored amitom aris, `rom mTqmelebi giorgi ku-<br />

Watnels iseTi muqi saRebavebiT ar xataven, rogorc es mosalodneli iyo<br />

usayvarlesi gmiris mkvlelis daxatvisas~ [barnovi 1976:9].<br />

vnebis kviraa, dRe wiTeli paraskevisa. am dros arsenas vxedavT<br />

gzaze `mcxeTis pirdapir~, saidanac jvari da, albaT, sveticxovlis<br />

saydaric Canda, puris saWmelad damjdars, qristianisTvis Seuferebel<br />

viTarebaSi, xolo arsena qristiania, qristes mcnebaTa Semnaxvelia<br />

132

sityviTa da saqmiT, amas `leqsis~ bevri epizodi adasturebs. martyofis<br />

Semdeg, roca arsena `SiSvlad~, davlaTis amara, gacxadebulad Sedis<br />

xalxmraval qalaqSi, mestvire ambobs: `RmerTs uSvelia, arsenao~. maSin<br />

jer kidev masTan iyo RmerTi, romlis saxels is mudam axsenebda.<br />

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kuWatnelis pirovnebas, rom is Cveuli ar unda<br />

yofiliyo adamianis ferebas da tkbili sityvac arcTu xSirad, SesaZloa,<br />

sulac ar dascdenia mis bages. mis pasuxs moqeife yaCaRis mopatiJebaze<br />

stumarmaspinZlobis wesis Selaxvad an mopatiJis Seuracxyofad ver<br />

miviCnevT. ras eubneba gzad Cavlili arsenas? ras Seaxsenebs mas? imas xom<br />

ara, rac mas, rogorc qristians, unda xsomeboda? yoveli qristianisTvis<br />

cxad WeSmaritebas xom ara, romelic arsenas daviwynia? Seaxsenebs ara<br />

dayvavebiT, aramed kicxviT da ginebiT (aseTia, arsenasgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

kuWatnelis leqsika) da es ar cvlis saqmis arss:<br />

`giorgi Semoaginebs dedisa da mamis yelsa:<br />

va, Se sawyalo arsena, rada xar WkuaTxelia?<br />

me dRes Rvinos rogor davlev, wiTeli paraskevia!~<br />

es iyo da es. ai, es sityvebi warmoiTqva arsenas gasagonad da manac<br />

gaigona es sityvebi. da wavida Tavisi gziT am sityvebis mTqmeli. datova<br />

sityva da wavida. sityvis gamgonma ki sityva ar Seismina. gana es yaCaRi,<br />

muxaTgverdTan wiTel paraskevs moqeife, marTla sawyali, Sesacodebeli,<br />

rogorc codvis Camdeni, da WkuaTxeli ar iyo? sxva dros amgvarad<br />

Semkoba `tyeSi gavardnili kacisa~ da SemoTavazebul pur-marilze uaris<br />

Tqma – `Tu egre Rvino mindodes, jibeSi fuli bevria~, – aSkarad<br />

Seuracxmyofeli iqneboda. magram wiTel paraskevs, vnebis kviris yvelaze<br />

mZime dRes? `kacad rodiRa Camagdo, raRa biWoba Cemiao~, – mZvinvarebs igi,<br />

`kacad!~ – ai, hubrisi. aRar axsovs qriste, arc jvarcma, arc... axsovs<br />

Tavisi Tavi – kaci, Tavisi warmavali RirsebiT (`biWobiT~), romelic<br />

adamianis, rogorc qristianis, Rirsebas aris Senacvlebuli da masze<br />

maRlaa dayenebuli. mgzavrma pur-marilze fexi ukra, magram man Tavad?<br />

Tavad xom am dRes hkra wixli, gaTela es dRe? `kacad rodiRa Camagdo,<br />

raRa biWoba Cemia~, ambobs is, rogorc farsadanze SurisZiebiT aRZruli<br />

ambobda: `Tu naTlimamas SevarCine, kacad vinRa Camagdebsa~ [fa umik.: 15/2].<br />

maSin man sZlia Surisgebis cdunebas.<br />

nacvlad imisa, rom mikitnebisgan cdunebuli arsena gonze moeyvana<br />

wiTeli paraskevis xsenebas (visganac unda moesmina es sityvebi da ra<br />

mkvaxedac unda Tqmuliyo, isini WeSmaritebas RaRadebdnen), is Selaxuli<br />

Tavmoyvareobis aRdgenas cdilobs. da mere rogor? is unda daedevnos<br />

garidebul kuWatnels Seuracxsayofad, radgan gaZarcvis mizani amjerad<br />

damcirebaa:<br />

`an unda momce fulebi, an Seni cxeni damrCesa!~<br />

133

wiTeli paraskevis siwmide erTxel kidev ibRaleba. SeeZlo Tu ara<br />

arsenas pativmoyvareobis daokeba, daZleva angariSis sworebis,<br />

SurisZiebis grZnobisa? arsenas, rogorc Cven mas vicnobT `leqsis~<br />

mixedviT, SeeZlo es. man xom ibatona SurisZiebis grZnobaze, roca<br />

Ralati apatia farsadans. es iyo misi maRalzneobrivi, WeSmaritad<br />

qristianuli saqcieli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros Sejamda mTeli misi<br />

cxovreba, gasxivosnda mironisa da RvTis winaSe, rogorc paradoqsuli<br />

pasuxi TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi sakuTar Tavze nawvnevi umadurobisa.<br />

SurisZiebis grZnobiT atanils – javriT Semuruli misi gulis siRrmes<br />

xom mainc miswvda mitevebis RvTiuri naperwkali. man, TiTqos rogorc<br />

macxovarma, ormodan amoiyvana farsadanis codvili suli. magram am<br />

zneobriv mwvervalze amaRlebuls ram ubiZga daRmasvlisken? mestvire<br />

aRwers mis dacemas muxaTgverdTan, magram misTvis dafarulia dacemis<br />

motivi. es Tavad arsenas Rrmadpirovnul saidumlod rCeba, romlis<br />

mxolod niSania is Semzaravi sizmari, sadac sruli sicxadiT aris<br />

nawinaswarmetyvelebi misi bolo. raRac Catyda mis arsebaSi, azri<br />

gamoecala mis arsebobas. kerZod, ra naxa man sizmarSi? mxolod is, rom<br />

sisxlSi iRebavda wvers, meti araferi? magram am sizmareul moqmedebaSi<br />

man sakuTari ganaCeni amoikiTxa; ara mxolod ganaCeni, aramed zusti<br />

droc ki misi aRsrulebisa. wiTeli kvercxi mis sizmarSi mxolod vnebis<br />

kviris dReebSi unda amotivtivebuliyo. wiTeli kvercxis gaxseneba Tu<br />

moaxloebulma paseqma moitana, sakuTar sisxlSi wveris Rebva gardauval<br />

daRupvas – sisxlian dRes uqadda mas:<br />

`ver daveswrebi aRdgomas, ver daviWer wiTel kvercxsa.<br />

Tu Zalad aravin momkla, nebiT gamoviWri yelsa~.<br />

`ver daviWer wiTel kvercxsa~ – is grZnobs, rom araTu ver moeswreba<br />

aRdgomas, aramed Rirsic ar iqneba aRdgomis simbolos xeliT Sexebisa.<br />

sizmari yovelTvis simboluria. am sizmarSi kvercxis wiTeli – qristes<br />

sisxli da Tavad is wiTeli, romliTac igi wvers iRebavs, sabediswerod<br />

xvdeba erTmaneTs.<br />

es ambavi, kuWatnelTan Setakeba, SesaZlebelia, sulac ar momxdara<br />

wiTel paraskevs. haksthauzenis CanaweriT, ar Cans, rom es dRe<br />

maincdamainc wiTeli paraskevi yofiliyos (arc 1872 wlis gamocemaSia<br />

wiTeli paraskevi naxsenebi). da sababic kuWatnelisgan pur-marilis<br />

miuReblobisa sxvaa: moucleloba (ix. damateba 1). aSkaraa mestviris<br />

tendencia: is sabediswero konteqstSi xedavs arsenas sikvdils, rogorc<br />

misi cxovrebis kanonzomier aRsasruls. es ar darCenila SeumCneveli p.<br />

umikaSvilisTvis. ai, ras wers igi arsenas aRsasrulze:<br />

`es arsenas sikvdili gegoneba TiTqos SemTxveviTi sikvdili iyoso,<br />

magram kargaT ro davakvirdeT, meore mxaresac davinaxavT. giorgi<br />

sulieri kacia da adaTis amsrulebeli. salocavad miemgzavreba. arsenas<br />

adaTi araT miaCnia, Tunda paraskevic iyos, Taviseburad Seeqceva. giorgi<br />

miwvevaze aginebs wiTel paraskevs Rvinos smisaTvis da xalxisaTvis<br />

pativcemul da miRebul adaTis gatexisaTvis da, ai arsena, xalxis<br />

134

moyvare da xalxisagan Seyvarebuli, rodesac xalxis adaTis aRsrulebas<br />

uarsa hyofs, da aqac Tavisufleba unda, rogorc yovelTvisa hqonia – am<br />

dros TiTqos bedic xels iRebs da sikvdiliT sjis~ [umikaSvili:217].<br />

arsena Tavisi sisxliT gamoisyidis danaSauls (sxvisi sisxliT arc<br />

axla, arc am ukanasknel orTabrZolaSic, Tavdacvis drosac, ar mZimdeba<br />

misi suli) da savsebiT amarTlebs im sityvebs, romlebic, mestviris<br />

TqmiT, wauweria mcxeTis xalxs misi saflavis qvaze:<br />

`aqac kai kaci iyo, iq naTeli daadgesa~.<br />

TiTqos misi ukanaskneli saidumlos gamJRavnebaa sikvdiliswina<br />

sityvebi:<br />

`Cemi Svidasi Tumani kaspSi erT dids kldeSi devsa;<br />

Raribsa, aras mqonesa, mieces da moxmardesa~.<br />

es `Svidasi Tumani~, kldeSi damarxuli, rogorc saarako ram ganZi,<br />

misi sikeTis, rogorc es mestvires esmis, nivTieri gamoxatuleba, TiTqos<br />

sasufevlis mosapoveblad Cadebuli windia.<br />

finalSi isic sagulisxmoa, rom ganZis saidumlos is Tavis<br />

mkvlels umxels da am faqts momakvdavis piridan aRmomxdar SeZaxilTan<br />

`ver gagimete, giorgio~ erTad msmeneli ar SeiZleba ar aRiqvamdes<br />

rogorc mtris Sendobis qristianul aqts, riTac mas, wiTeli paraskevis<br />

gamtexs, gza gaexsna sasufevlisaken.<br />

daskvna<br />

arsenas hubrisi ar amoiwureba religiuri momentiT. es mxolod<br />

zedapirze Zevs. mis hubriss Rrmad pirovnuli motivebi aqvs.<br />

misi cxovrebis dramaSi arc socialuri problemaa mTavari. is<br />

mxolod iwyeba socialuriT, magram mTavrdeba pirovnuli<br />

eksistencialuri tragizmiT.<br />

siRrmiseulad, rogorc pirovneba, is ar ekuTvnis im wres, saidanac<br />

gamovida, romlis `Svilic~ unda yofiliyo. ver mivida im wremde,<br />

romelsac daupirispirda. erTs gaeqca, meores ver eziara. daiwyo ki<br />

imgvarad, rogorc maRali wris Svilebi iqcevian: `batons rom erTi gogo<br />

hyavs, arsenas moewoneba~. mestviris am SairSi Zlieria kategoriuloba<br />

adamianisa, romelsac viRac moswons. is avlens gardauval nebas. gana ymaglexis<br />

arCevania mowoneba da am grZnobaze mTeli Tavisi bedis Segdeba?<br />

is, xelgaSlili, udardeli, uangariSo, araviTar kanons ar<br />

dagidevs, garda Sinagani Zaxilisa – moiqces ase da ara – ise. es<br />

TviTneboba misi konstituciaa. moiqces ara ise, rogorc socialurad misi<br />

tolebi iqcevian. `arsena gamonaklisia. mis xasiaTs da cxovrebis wess<br />

Rrmad damCnevia erTaderTobis daRi~ [asaTiani:77]. Cven SegviZlia<br />

vilaparakoT realur arsenaze, romlis saxe daWerili aqvs mestviris<br />

135

Sairsityvas. Tumca Sairsityvis gareSe darCa bevri moaruli ambavi mis<br />

`originalur da amay xasiaTze~ (damateba 1). mestvires ar SeeZlo aReqva<br />

misi saqcieli da qceva martyofis dReobaze, rom gaexada igi Sairsityvis<br />

masalad, radgan is sruliad ucxo iyo misi warmoSobis adamianisTvis.<br />

misi qceva Tavadis winaSe spontanurad avlens Tavisuflebas da<br />

Tanasworobas, Tandayolil aristokratizms: sTxovs saCuqrad dambaCas<br />

da, roca dambaCis patroni mimarTavs misken iaraRs, is uSiSrad<br />

uaxlovdeba damiznebul lulas asaRebad. mere, situaciis gantvirTvis<br />

Semdeg, sTxovs Tavaduri JestiT mis qaliSvils, romelmac is<br />

sikvdilisgan ixsna: `neba miboZeT, kabaze da xelze gemTxvioT~ (damateba<br />

1). es ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo mestvireTa Tema. aseTi arsena ar aris<br />

maTi gmiri, Tumca mestvire mainc grZnobs, rom arsenaSi aris raRac<br />

iseTi, rac ganasxvavebs mas im wrisagan, sadac is daibada.<br />

es `silaRe sulisa~, romelic gansakuTrebiT `gzebze sufris<br />

gadafenaSi~ [asaTiani:77] da sxva qcevebSi vlindeba, anomaliad Cans<br />

yoveldRiurobis WapanSi gabmuli glexobis wreSi. arsena `Taviseburi<br />

gadaxraa normidan, vinaidan Tavisi mdgomareobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba<br />

umravlesobisagan: arc xnavs, arc Tesavs~... [asaTiani:77]. es namdvili<br />

rusTveluri mocaleobaa, rac kidev sxva mowodebebs uxsnis gzas.<br />

`mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~ rusTveluri `Sen daamdidre yovelis~<br />

Taviseburi paradigmaa. arsena iqceva, rogorc uflebamosili da es<br />

ufleba, gamoWedos axali sazomi (adli), man TviTve mianiWa Tavis Tavs.<br />

Tumca es TviTmarqvioba masve Semoubrundeba – aRdgebian cruarsenebi da<br />

misi saxeliT borotad amoqmeddebian.<br />

Znelad moiZebneba, SesaZloa, verc ki moiZebnos qarTul mwerlobasa<br />

da yofaSi iseTi tragikuli piri da personaJi, rogoric arsena iyo da<br />

aris. iyo erTxel Tavis sisxliT da xorciT Tavis kuTvnil droSi da<br />

sivrceSi da aris samudamod darCenili SairsityvaSi. misi saxe moZraobs<br />

sinamdvilesa da poezias Soris. Sairsityvam aitaca igi sinamdvilidan,<br />

masSi iseTi ram dainaxa, rac mas eposis tragikul gmirad aqcevda. Tu<br />

elinuri dramis mTavari mamoZravebeli zambara hubrisia, amasve vityviT<br />

`arsenas leqsze~ da misi gmiris mimarT gamoviyenebT qarTul sityvacnebas<br />

silaRes. `arsena laRi iyo. silaRe simpartavne ar aris. arsenas<br />

kacoba silaRiT ikafavda gzas~ [abaSiZe:6]. kargi naTqvamia. magram<br />

silaRes, romelic namdvilad ar aris ampartavnoba, axlavs<br />

ampartavnebaSi, dauokebel silaReSi gadazrdis xifaTi. arsenas mTeli<br />

gza Tavisi aRsasruliT amas emowmeba.<br />

damateba I<br />

epizodebi arsenas cxovrebidan<br />

arsena meduqne iyo, e.i. savaWros patroni tfilisSi. mas Seuyvarda Tavad<br />

baraTovis ymis qaliSvili, romlisTvisac igi arsenas gamosasyids sTxovda.<br />

arsenam mTeli weli bejiTad imuSava da, bolos, saWiro Tanxac daagrova, magram<br />

baraTovma piri uSala da axali pirobebi wauyena. maSin arsenam RamiT gamoiyvana<br />

Tavadis saukeTeso cxeni, moitaca qali da mTebSi gaixizna; magram daiWires da<br />

136

cixeSi Casves. ramdenime wlis Semdeg gaaTavisufles. amasobaSi misi Seyvarebuli<br />

Tavadma sxvaze gaaTxova. maSin arsenam dastova qalaqi, wavida mTebSi da yaCaRoba<br />

daiwyo. martodmarto, bevri wlis manZilze awuxebda Tbilisis Semogarens.<br />

bevrs yvebian misi originaluri da amayi xasiaTis Sesaxeb. igi aerTebda<br />

gabedulebasa da jiut vaJkacobas araCveulebriv RonesTan, ise rom veravin<br />

bedavda misTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas, igi mxolod aucilebels iRebda.<br />

erTxel vaWari gauCerebia, romelsac Tan uzomo fuli hqonia, Sexvewnia<br />

damindeo, arsenas is sadRac gaugzavnia Tavis nacvlad 4 maneTi valis<br />

gasastumreblad.<br />

mis dasaWerad didi Tanxa iyo gamocxadebuli, magram veravin bedavda am<br />

Tanxis damsaxurebas. bolos mis naTlimamas gauCnda es survili. saojaxo<br />

saqmeebze molaparakebis sababiT, man saxlSi dapatiJa igi. misi xmali kedelze<br />

dakides, maspinZeli ki yovel Rones xmarobda mis dasaTrobad. `vin arian, Seni<br />

saxlis garSemo rom darbiano?~ maspinZels feri ecvala. arsenam daiyvira,<br />

Ralatiao, da uxmlod gavarda oTaxidan, Seaxta WiSkarTan dabmul cxens da<br />

gaqusla. tyviebi daadevnes, dauWres cxeni, magram Tavad gadarCa da miimala.<br />

naTlimama amis Semdeg mudmiv SiSSi iyo, sul imaleboda da marto arasodes<br />

wveboda dasaZineblad. mcire xnis Semdeg martyofSi saeklesio dResaswaulze<br />

gamoCnda arsena uamrav xalxSi, romelTagan naxevarze meti scnobda mas. magram<br />

TiTqos veravin amCnevda. igi mivida Tavad orbelianTan, romelic iq Tavis<br />

ojaxTan erTad iyo mosuli, da erTi Wiqa Rvino mosTxova. Tavadma daakmayofila<br />

misi Txovna. `mcnob me?~ – hkiTxa arsenam. `gcnob. arsena xar~. – `maSin sTxove im<br />

kacs, – miuTiTa Soriaxlo myof Cinovnikze, – rom maCuqos Tavisi xmali~. – `Sen<br />

Tavad sTxove~. arsena mivida CinovnikTan, magram man, aRSfoTebulma, uari uTxra<br />

Txovnaze. maSin Tavadma mas ori sityva wasCurCula da Cinovnikmac misca xmali<br />

arsenas.<br />

ramdenime xnis Semdeg SemTvrali arsena isev mivida TavadTan da uTxra:<br />

`Seni dambaCa momwons, maCuqe~. Tavadma Caxmaxi Seayena, daumizna da uTxra: `modi,<br />

waiRe!~ arsena uaxlovdeboda, rom am dros axalgazrda Tavadisqali mivarda<br />

mamas da daiyvira: `am wmida dResaswaulis gulisaTvis, nu daRvriT sisxls!~<br />

arsena mivida TavadisqalTan: `Tqven sikvdilisgan mixseniT. neba miboZeT, kabaze<br />

da xelze gemTxvioT~, da Seeria xalxs. meore dRes man ukan daabruna xmali, ar<br />

undoda, codva dasdeboda aseT dResaswaulze.<br />

roca yazarmaSi mimaval oficrebs Seeyreboda, arafers uSavebda maT, purmarilze<br />

hpatiJebda, isinic siamovnebiT Tanxmdebodnen.<br />

bolos arsena orTabrZolaSi daiRupa. erTxel igi amxanagebTan erTad<br />

ijda tfilisis maxloblad gzaze. am dros gamoiara imerelma aznaurma<br />

msaxurTan erTad. arsenam miipatiJa igi pur-marilze, magram man uari uTxra im<br />

mizeziT, rom gadaudebel saqmeze midioda. roca is wavida, megobrebma arsenas<br />

uTxres: `marTla daijere, rac giTxra? SenTan puris Wama ercxvineba~. – `ase<br />

fiqrobT?~ – `aba ra!~ arsena Seaxta cxens da meored dapatiJa aznauri. – `Tu<br />

mibrZaneb da memuqrebi, gangeb ar wamoval~. orTavem iSiSvles xmlebi da daiwyo<br />

sastiki brZola. aznauris msaxuri mSvidad adevnebda Tvalyurs. aznauri orjer<br />

daiWra, arsenas ki jer erTi Wrilobac ar hqonda. bolos, aznaurma uyvira<br />

msaxurs: `unda moakvlevino Seni batoni!~ msaxurma gulcivad daumizna da<br />

adgilzeve mokla arsena.<br />

[haksthauzeni:85-88]<br />

137

damateba II<br />

arsena oZelaSvilis ambavi<br />

roca arsenas moutacia moaxle, maSin mamaCemi estate 15 wlisa yofila da<br />

algeTze xborebi hyolia da SaSinebia, qali ro mohyamdaT wiokobiTa da arsenas<br />

uTqom: estateo, Sen nu geSiniao, me Sen arafers gerCio. arsenas ro qali<br />

moutacnia, gomareTs wauyvania, iq dautovebia, TiTon wamosula, albaT iq mokeTe<br />

eyoleboda, da saridali (`tifi~) Saxvedria. lekianoba ro yofila da xalxi ro<br />

gaqceulan, iq dasamali alagebi yofila feiqarTubanSi, – kldeebia, ro xami<br />

kacma naxos, ityvis, es ra sakurveli rame yofila. iq Wala iyo da iq ucxovria<br />

arsenas. cxeni hyolia da gauSvia WalaSi xurjingadakidebuli. purica hqonia,<br />

Rvinoca, xorcica da ise avaT yofila im saridoTi, ro Tavi ara hqonia, roma<br />

misuliyo, xurjini CamoeRo da puri eWama. roca morCenila, memre dauZaxnia im<br />

cxenisaTvis, lurja, modio. ise gawurTnuli hyolia cxeni, ro dauZaxebda,<br />

movidoda maSveTi. ro mosula cxeni, yvelaferi ayrolebuli yofila. mere<br />

Camosula ninikas binaSi. saca Rori hyvanda da maSveTi ro misula, gaqceula<br />

ninika, ro Rori daklas da, ar dakla Rorio, ninikao, Roris xorci ar minda<br />

meo da mand jorjiaSvileb ro amboben, bogvSia. jorjiaSvilebis bina yofila<br />

iqve axlo ninikasTan da uTqom, ninikoo, wadio jorjiaSvilebis binaSio da<br />

uTxario, cxvari gamamigzavnono. rogor ar gamougzavnidnen, arsenas saxeli ro<br />

gaiges. gamougzavnes erTi kai Wedila da is dakles. memre kai puri Wames erTaT<br />

da ninikamaca da arsenamaca da mere arsenam uTxra, ro ninikoo, erTi rame unda<br />

giTxrao da ar damzardeo. aba uar rogor etyoda da uTxra: ai es Cemi cxenio<br />

da Sajeqio da wadio. Rame gaugzavnia marabdaSi, ro aravin naxos. arsenas cxenze<br />

Samjdara da uTqom, roma Cem saxSi ar mixvideo. – iq naTlideda hyolia.<br />

gamaacxoso da Rvinoc, tiki gagimsoso da ise midio da wamodio, ro aravin ara<br />

gnaxoso. ise, ro Tel marabdas xeli hqonda mowerili, ro Tu arsena gamoCndeboda<br />

sadme, Tel marabdas gadaasaxlebdnen. (sof. tbisi).<br />

[salariZe:190-1]<br />

damateba III<br />

oZelaSvili da iakob mRvdeli<br />

kodaSi, Sua sofelSi mozrdili saxli, didi derefani muxis koWebze,<br />

SuaSi veeba boZi. Sesavali kedeli Ria, gelazebiT SezRuduli, kibec – sami<br />

gelazi. marjvniv – patara oTaxi. imis gverdze marcxniv kedelSi didi karebi<br />

garanduli. es iyo didi oTaxis kari sastumrosi. urdulTan kars rom gaaRebdi,<br />

ori kibe iyo qvisa, Caxvidodi Sin saxlSi. samzareulo, sakuWnao, kidobani aq<br />

iyo gamarTuli. marcxniv Sesavali saToneSi, Sin saxlidan pirdapir marnis kari<br />

– sufTa oTaxi, qvevrebmomwkrivebuli, baRis iaraRi, jagnebi. am patara oTaxSi mudam<br />

mwife xilis suni idga. es iyo arsenas oTaxi. egre veZaxdiT.<br />

iakobma gvian Seimosa mRvdloba. manamdisin moqeife axalgazrdobaSi<br />

reuliyo. axovani vaJkaci, TeTr-wiTeli, mZlavri marjvenis meqone. kargi<br />

mTqmeli, cota damcinveli. daaxlovebiyo arsenas da bolomdis SerCa megobrad.<br />

gaWirebaSi arsena Seefareboda Rvdlis saxls. imisTvis mzad iyo yvelaferi<br />

maranSi. marans erTi fanjaraca hqonda SemTxvevaSi gamosayeneblad.<br />

arsena morwmune kaci iyo. yovel didmarxvaSi movidoda SerCeul dRes,<br />

dRisiT, moiTxovda aRsarebas da ziarebas Rvdlisagan. aRsarebis dros cxenidan<br />

erT fexs Camosdgamda, erTi isev uzangSi edga. etyoda: – umTavresi codva, kacis<br />

138

kvla ar Camideniao. Tu mamiklavs, roca SemebrZoleboda, maSin. gasacarcvad ki<br />

aravis vindob: mec miWirs da gaWirebuli megobrebic bevri myavs. eziareboda,<br />

xelze emTxveoda.<br />

gamigia, roca arsena iakobTan iyo saziareblad Tu mosasveneblad, sofeli<br />

misaval gzebze yarauls daayenebda, rom droze ecnobebina mZebnelis misvla.<br />

isic uTqvamT, vinme soflidan mosakiTxsac miarTmevdao.<br />

amaTac, Rvdels da arsenas, erTxel Sejaxeba mohxdeniaT: kodidan<br />

patarZali mihyvandaT marabdas. meqorwineebs ambavi mihsvliaT: arsena gdarajobT,<br />

patarZlis motaceba undao. SeSinebulan, misulan da uTxovniaT iakobisaTvis:<br />

wamogvyevi, Seni xaTri aqvs da gamklavebac SegiZliano.<br />

SezarxoSebul Rvdels xalxis Txovna ar gaetexa, CamoeRo xmali da<br />

gahyoloda mayrebs.<br />

Rame sironikaanT orRobeSi, bogirTan, marTla dahxvedriyo arsena da<br />

Seetia.<br />

yvelani ganabuliyvnen. iakobi wamdgariyo wina da daeZaxa: gza daagdeo!<br />

wamosuliyo arsena misken dambaCiT xelSi. gansacdelSi Rvdels daeqnia xmali.<br />

daWriliyo arsenas cxeni.<br />

– arsen! – daeZaxa Rvdels.<br />

– iakob, Sen? Cqara cxeni, Cemi daWrilia.<br />

Rvdeli maSinve gadmosuliyo Zirs da mieca Tavisi cxeni. patarZali mainc<br />

gadaerCina.<br />

ramdenime dRis Semdeg cxeni isev mihsvlia Rvdels.<br />

arsenas bina kumisis mRvimeebSic hqonda da, Tu nuzla Semoakldeboda,<br />

Rvdeli gaatanda imasTan ulufas, viTom diakvans samebaSi gzavnida.<br />

is Zveli saxli kodaze daqceulia. axliT aris Secvlili.<br />

arsenas erTi xmalTagani SeCenoda marans. iq ekida taxtis kedelze. Cem<br />

dros ukve Jangmokidebuli iyo. memre xanjlad gadaakeTa solom.<br />

[barnovi 1964:336-7].<br />

damateba IV<br />

Sexvedra makarovTan martyofis gzaze, 15. VIII. 1839 w.<br />

`guSindel dRes, naSuadRevis xuT saaTze me Cemi ojaxiT mivemgzavrebodi sof.<br />

noriodan salocavSi martyofis mama antonis uZvelesi drois RvTaebis taZarSi.<br />

Cveulebriv, 15 agvistos aq mravali xalxi iyris xolme Tavs. is iyo, mivaRwieT<br />

mTis Zirs norixevze, rom uecrad viRac cxenosani SemefeTa. manamde me mas ar<br />

vicnobdi, arsad minaxavs. igi momiaxlovda cxendacxen da momTxova puri da<br />

Rvino, razec me uari vuTxari. maSin man gamomicxada: `me arsena oZelaSvili var<br />

da, Tu Cems moTxovnas ar SeasrulebT, Cvens Soris usiamovneba datrialdebao~.<br />

am sityvebis wamosrola da misi cxenidan Camoxtoma erTi iyo. Tvalis daxamxamebaSi<br />

Cerqezuli xmali Camomaglija, magram, rom gaigo, vinca var, or-sam<br />

wuTSi isev damibruna. Cems maxloblad mimavals ki [Tavad sumbaTaSvils] ZaliT<br />

aarTva spilosZvlistariani Cerqezuli xmali da oqroTi movarayebuli dambaCa.<br />

me ramdenjerme vTxove arsenas, daebrunebina misTvis warTmeuli Zvirfasad<br />

Semkuli iaraRi, magram igi civ uarze iyo da daemuqra kidec. me meti aRar<br />

139

Cavreulvar am saqmeSi. davbrundi Tavzardacemul da SeSinebul Cem ojaxTan da<br />

monastrisken ganvagrZeT gza.<br />

am SemTxvevis dros Cems garda iq sxva xalxic iyo da maT Soris sofel<br />

noriodan glexi zaqaria ZiZikaSvili, mgram arsenas SiSiT man krintic ver<br />

daZra.<br />

es yaCaRi zorba, lurj ulayze ijda; SeiaraRebuli iyo osmaluri dambaCiT,<br />

TofiT, xmal-xanjliT da mkerdze gardigardmo patrontaSebiT. CemTan<br />

Sexvedramde arsena viRac mgzavrebs misdevda da xmamaRla emusaifeboda, magram<br />

me rom daminaxa, imaT Tavi gaaneba da gaCerda. monastrisken mimavalni<br />

laparakobdnen, rom arsena oZelaSvili muqaraze mets aravis arafers erCoda,<br />

araviTar borotebas aravis mimarT ar Cadioda, aravisTvis uwyeninebiao...~<br />

es aris sinodaluri kantoris Cinovnikis ivane arjevaniZe-makarovis xeliT<br />

rusul enaze dawerili axsna-ganmarteba Tavad sumbaTaSvilis moxsenebiTi<br />

baraTis gamo martyofis incidentis Sesaxeb.<br />

[arjevaniZe]<br />

damateba V<br />

(zaal baraTaSvili arsena oZelaSvilze)<br />

me arsena damaviwyda kidec, masTan sadao ara maqvs ra. Sevityve kargad, rom me<br />

igi ara mmtrobs da Cemi waxdena mas ar unda. Tanaxma var, Zalian kargi. saqme<br />

mxolod mTavroba aris. me aras verCi, Tu mTavrobac aras etyvis da apativebs.<br />

mTavrobas mis Sesaxeb ara aqvs kargi Sexeduleba. mTavroba mas uyurebs, rogorc<br />

Tavis mters da xalxis amjanyebels. mec ki vecdebodi, rom mTavrobamac<br />

Seiwynaros igi da apativos, magram ubedureba imaSi aris, rom mas bevri mteri<br />

hyavs da amitom mas bevr rames swameben, bevrs danaSaulobas, ymebis ajanyebas,<br />

aramc Tu marto batonebis winaaRmdeg, aramed mTavrobis winaaRmdegac.<br />

[WiWinaZe: 133-134].<br />

literatura<br />

abaSiZe: abaSiZe b., erovnuli fenomeni da arsenas leqsi, Tb., `merani~,<br />

1991.<br />

ardaSiri: ardaSir papakisZis saqmeTa wigni, falauridan Targmna,<br />

gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo Teo CxeiZem, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1975.<br />

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe i. ivane makarovi da arsena oZelaSvili<br />

(`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1967, #47).<br />

asaTiani: asaTiani g., saTaveebTan, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1982.<br />

barnovi 1964: barnovi v. samwuxro Rimi: Txzulebani, tomi 10,<br />

`literatura da xelovneba~, 1964, gv<br />

barnovi 1976: barnovi g., adamianis Sinasamyaros gamoxatva qarTul<br />

xalxur poeziaSi, `<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>~ VI, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1976.<br />

barnovi 1989: barnovi g., werilebi, `merani~, Tb., 1989.<br />

gvaramaZe: gvaramaZe l., petre umikaSvili – redaqtor-gamomcemeli,<br />

`macne~, enisa da literaturis seria, 1971, # 2.<br />

140

gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, `ganaTleba~, Tb.,<br />

1984.<br />

kakiaSvili: kakiaSvili g., arsena qarTul literaturaSi, Tb.,<br />

`xelovneba~, 1955.<br />

salariZe: salariZe T. algeTis xeobis qarTluri, `mecniereba~,<br />

1978,.<br />

umikaSvili 1938: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba, nawili pirveli,<br />

tfilisi, 1937.<br />

umikaSvili: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba IV, Tb., `literatura da<br />

xelovneba~, 1964.<br />

fa umik.: SoTa rusTavelis sax. literaturis institutis<br />

folkloruli arqivi, p.. umikaSvilis fondi,<br />

WiWinaZe: WiWinaZe z., saqarTvelos batonymobis faqtiuri masalebi, t. 2-3,<br />

1924.<br />

xinTibiZe: xinTibiZe ant., folkloruli masalebi arsena oZelaSvilze,<br />

Tb., 1968.<br />

haksthauzeni: Гакстгаузен Август, фон, Закавказский край,<br />

ч. 1, Санкт-Петербург, 1857.<br />

poezia<br />

a) sakulto poezia<br />

rodesac sakulto poeziaze vlaparakobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis zepirsityvieri masala da ara<br />

saerTo <strong>qarTuli</strong>. amave dros, isic unda iTqvas, rom poezia pirobiTi<br />

terminia am xasiaTis teqstebisaTvis. maTi amaRlebuli Sinaarsi, sazeimo<br />

pirobebi Sesrulebisa, erTgvari ritmi maTi Sesrulebisa, da bolos,<br />

myari struqtura TiTqos safuZvels iZleva imisaTvis, rom es teqstebi<br />

poetur Semoqmedebad CavTvaloT.<br />

sakulto teqstebi Seiqmna aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis<br />

saymoebSi (TemebSi, sazogadoebebSi) socialur-religiuri<br />

saWiroebisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, am regionSi mosaxleoba<br />

tradiciulad salocavebis garSemo iyo (da ramdenadme, aris dResac)<br />

Semokrebili. mTiuleTisa da fSav-xevsureTis aragvis xeobebSi moqceuli<br />

mTeli teritoria danawilebulia sazogadoebebad, romlebic romelime<br />

RvTisSvilis Tu jvaris saymod iTvleba. RvTisSvili (RvTisnasaxi,<br />

RvTisnabadebi) an jvari zogadi saxelia wmidanisa (wm. giorgi,<br />

RvTismSobeli, wm. petre mociquli da sxva) Tu angelozisa (miqaeli,<br />

141

gabrieli), romelic mfarvelobs ama Tu im, saymod wodebul<br />

sazogadoebas. saymo da misi teritoria iTvleba winaistoriul xanaSi<br />

(“mas Jamsa Sina”) romelime jvarisa Tu RvTisSvilis mopovebulad da<br />

daarsebulad da ganagrZobs cxovrebas misi mfarvelobis qveS istoriul<br />

xanaSi. yoveli saymos, rogorc yovelTa miwierTa gangeba RvTis (“morige<br />

RmerTis”) xelSia, magram adamianebs, saymos uSualo (Tumca xucesis<br />

meSveobiT, romelic saymos warmomadgenelia) urTierToba jvarTan aqvs,<br />

morige RmerTis kari Sors aris, jvaris kari ki iqvea, sofelSi. saymo<br />

xucesis piriT elaparakeba jvars, xolo jvari qadagis piriT _ saymos,<br />

roca RvTis gangebas ucxadebs mas. es ormxrivi mimarTuleba _ saymodan<br />

morige RmerTisaken da morige RmerTidan saymosaken qmnis ori saxis<br />

sakulto teqstebis arsebobis pirobas. pirvelia saxuco anu xucesis<br />

warmosaTqmeli teqstebi, meore _ naqadagarni, qadagis mier warmoTqmuli<br />

teqstebi.<br />

I. saxuco teqstebi. am regionis sakulto teqstebs Soris<br />

gansakuTrebuli kanonikurobiT gamoirCeva xevsuruli xucobani. es is<br />

teqstebia, romelTac warmoTqvams xucesi sxvadasxva SemTxvevebis gamo<br />

jvaris karze. maTi adresati yovelTvis aris konkretuli jvari<br />

(RvTisSvili) an mTeli "panTeoni", mTeli erToblioba jvarTa morige<br />

RmerTis ufrosobiT. es teqstebi, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba garkveuli<br />

raodenobis stereotipuli sintagmisagan, romlebic mcireodeni<br />

saxecvlilebiT gadadis erTi teqstidan meore teqstSi. es cvlilebebi<br />

sruliad umniSvneloa, isini exeba sintaqsur mxares. mosalodneli unda<br />

yofiliyo stereotipul sintagmaTa gansazRvruli, kanonikurad<br />

dadgenili (tradiciiT ganmtkicebuli) Tanamimdevroba, rac arsebiTad<br />

dasturdeba kidec, magram es Tanamimdevroba yvelgan ar xorcieldeba.<br />

aseve, cxadia, ar aris aucilebeli erT romelime konkretul teqstSi<br />

realizebuli iyos yvela stereotipuli formula, maTi raodenoba<br />

SeiZleba minimumamde iqnas dayvanili, rac albaT unda aixsnebodes<br />

tradiciis SesustebiT romelime saymoSi, an romelime xucesis xarveziani<br />

praqtikiT. arsebuli Canawerebis mixedviT Znelia msjeloba romelime<br />

teqstis maqsimalur sisruleze, magram mainc aris iseTi teqstebi,<br />

romlebic am sisrulis STabeWdilebas stoveben, imdenad amomwuravad<br />

scemen pasuxs maxvewaris yoveldRiur interesebs.<br />

ase rom, xucobaTa gamoyenebis diapazoni metad vrcelia, igi yofacxovrebis<br />

TiTqmis yvela sferos moicavs. yoveli met-naklebad<br />

mniSvnelovani saqmianoba Tu xdomileba adamianis cxovrebaSi<br />

ritualizebulia da aucileblobiT moiTxovs xucesis Carevas<br />

konkretuli garemoebisTvis dawesebuli sityviTa da qmedebiT. xucobis<br />

teqstebi gaismis msxverplis Sewirvisas (saklavis dakvlisas) jvarSi Tu<br />

jvaris ymis ojaxSi; sufris dalocvisas; sanadirod wasvlis win; Temidan<br />

mokveTisas; mtris darisxebisas; jvaris msaxurTa (dasturTa, mesafuvreTa<br />

da sxvaTa) ganaTvlisas; wyalSi Tu zvavSi daRupulis sulis Ziebisas<br />

(e.w. suliT xucoba, romelsac wamoTqvams sulis xucesi); saxelis<br />

dadebisas; sulis wyaros (daRupulis saxelze), mkvdris cxenis, jvarSi<br />

Sewiruli nivTebis (Tasis da sxvaTa), axalwulTa (jvarSi gasayvanTa),<br />

142

mekvleTa, doRis dalocvisas; jvarSi mitanili qada-purebis gaservisas,<br />

ludis kodis gaxsnisas, samanis Cadgmisas, samkalSi pirvelad gasvlisas,<br />

stumris gastumrebisas da sxva da sxva SemTxvevisaTvis. cxadia, yovel<br />

rituals Tavisi sakuTrivi teqsti Seesatyviseba.<br />

mogvyavs xevsuruli xucobis teqsti, romelic warmoTqmuli iqna<br />

gudanSi 1994 wels aTengenobas saklavis dakvlisas gudanis jvris<br />

xucesis gaga WinWaraulis piriT:<br />

`aaa, dideeba RmerTsa, madli RmerTsa, dideba dRes<br />

dResindelsa, rjul qristianTa, mzesa-d’ mzis myol<br />

angelozTa. dideba-d’ gamarjveba Senda, batono xTiSobelo,<br />

naÃarela zRurblis damteo, zar eklesiis damWero, Sen<br />

gadidas RmerTma, Sen gagimarjvas, Seni gamCeni morige RmerTi<br />

gadidebs, gaZrielebs, ar magiwyens, ar magiZulebs, Sens<br />

samsaxuris mamxseneebs nu maiwyen, nu maiZuleb. rasa mÃarze da<br />

gulze gexvewebodas, imazed gaugonidi. Sen morige RmerTs<br />

gamauTxovidi, did kviraes Saaxvewnidi. xcevdi xfarevdi,<br />

Svelidi swyalobdi, avis dRisa, laRis mtrisa, mwaris dRisa,<br />

mwaris sikvdilisa, mavnisa, marÃisa, Sen kalTa daufaridi. es<br />

moxrili Coqiv, maTxoiliv madliv, maxsenebulsa samsaxursa,<br />

Sen samsaxuris mamxsenisa, magaT Tav-yudro jalafobisa<br />

orfeÃ-oTxfeÃisa, qudosan mandilosnisa, naSvral-namuSavrisa<br />

da bedisa-d’ bolosa yurTamsmeneli, mlxeneli, mxoiSnebelimc<br />

iqnebi, agremc gagemarjvebis...~<br />

[sadideblebi:15].<br />

es aris e. w. xucobis teqstis is nawili, romelic sadideblisa Tu<br />

damwyalobnebis saxeliT aris cnobili. misi Sinaarsi stereotipebisgan<br />

Sedgeba, romlebic umniSvnelo variaciebiT meordeba sxvadasxva<br />

saymoebSi warmoTqmul teqstebSi. xevsuri xucesi arasodes aZlevs Tavs<br />

uflebas Tundac umniSvnelo cvlileba Seitanos teqstSi. gansxvavebebi<br />

mxolod saymoTa adgilobriv tradicias gamoxatavs da ar aris<br />

gamowveuli misi warmomTqmelis nebaze da gemovnebaze. Tumca isic unda<br />

iTqvas, rom erTi da igive xucesi arasodes warmoTqvams savsebiT<br />

identur teqsts _ mis arsenalSi arsebobs vrceli da SekumSuli<br />

versiebi. magaliTisTvis, gaga WinWaraulis mier imave dRis sxva<br />

monakveTSi, xatis sxva adgilas warmoTqmul damwyalobnebaSi dasawyisic<br />

gansxvavebulia da sxva stereotipebic iCens Tavs:<br />

“batono xTiSobelo, xTiSoblis laSqarno, gza-Saras<br />

yaraulno, Tqven gadidnasT RmerTma, Tqven gagimarjvasT<br />

damadlebulze TeTreulzed, sanTelzed... Tqven sefe-sanTelsa, WiqabarZimsa,<br />

TeTreulis dammadleebs nu maiwyenT, nu maiZulebT...me<br />

rasac maxsenebas davakleb Tqven Wiqa-barzimTa, sefe-sanTelsa,<br />

damadlebul TeTreulsa, Tqven Tqven wyalobas nu daaklebT, agremc<br />

gagemarjvebisT. ikadreT, aitaneT da xTis karze maiÃmareT, magcasT<br />

wyaloba, mezRvne-mesanTleebo, sawaRmarTod magiarasT, davlaT<br />

dagaxmarasT, zRvnoba-sanTloba, sefe-sanTlis Ãseneba, TeTreulis<br />

143

damadleba sasixarulo gagixadasT, saklood dagixaliznasT, waRm<br />

magegebasT, waRm gamagyvasT, mowaRmarTe angelozi gagayolasT<br />

gzaSia, mgzavrobaSi da Tqven gwyalobdasT, xTiSoblis karis<br />

mlocavT...”<br />

[sadideblebi:15].<br />

damwyalobnebas xucobis teqstSi mosdevs kurTxeva (kurTxeba),<br />

romelic sruliad gansakuTrebuli Sedgenilobisaa. igi warmoadgens<br />

qristianuli literaturidan _ saxarebidan, locvebidan da liturgiuli<br />

sakiTxavebidan amokrefili damaxinjebuli sintagmebisa da gaugebari<br />

warmoSobis frazebisa Tu sityvebis amalgamas, Senadnobs, da TiTqos<br />

erTi amosunTqviT, gansakuTrebuli, damwyalobnebisgan gansxvavebuli<br />

intonaciiT warmoiTqmis:<br />

“saxeliTa xTisaTa sarxielisaTa, Tavsa dagadges yovliTa da<br />

yovlebiTa, sityviTa damravlebiTa. wmida arsebulo, arsebi<br />

amaRlebulo, wmidad iyo sakiTxavi, vinaa sakiTxavi, pavleia<br />

sakiTxavi. abrieli oxiTa mravliTa, bevriTa bevreuliTa maSi mavida<br />

ufali aTasiTa gundiTa, aTasiTa angelozebiTa, mware axsna suli<br />

Cvenni, autivna tiloni an xilo an Satoloebao. satyuilebiTa<br />

gvelisiTa, sacdeniTa eSmakisiTa, ara dedakacisiTa, ara<br />

mamakacisiTa, ara piriTa bagozelisiTa, RmerTo xTobao, galobao,<br />

sarwmunoebao, mzei gamarwyvilebela, egia jojoxeTi urZeo<br />

urRveveli, didia zRudeba Cveni. casa mtredi gadmanaxda, sixarulsa<br />

moiTxovda, Cvenno Zmano sionisao, mtkiceno, mtkiced iyveniT, saqmisa<br />

Cvensa RmatebdiT, gana cudi Sroma iyo, romeni iwva, eZina, Cvenisa<br />

oxisa kviraisaTa. adges, wavides, maaÃsenes xTis mowafeTa,<br />

angelozTa, ade, ganiRviZe. adga, ganiRviZa dilisnia fria, daZRves<br />

egen ufro, sayidelnia caTaCia, Tqo ufalma, yovelma erma sityva<br />

uflisa, mamisa, Zisa, Cven jvarisa Cvenisa wmidisa. maSin Seswaldes<br />

ufalsa obolni...”<br />

[sadideblebi:41].<br />

es teqstebi warmoiTqmis xatSi saklavis dakvlis win.<br />

saxuco teqstebidan Cans, rom Suamavlis funqcias asrulebs jvari<br />

_ damakavSirebeli saymosi morige RmerTTan, romlis kars adamiani ver<br />

wvdeba, jvari ki ufro misawvdomia. Tu morige RmerTs manifestaciis<br />

araviTari forma ara aqvs (igi usaxoa); Tavad uxilavi arseba jvari<br />

adamians sxvadasxva niSnebis (mtredi, jvaris niSani, Rrublis fTila,<br />

cecxlis `burjRumi” da sxva) meSveobiT ucxadebs Tavs. da Tu saymosa da<br />

morige RmerTs Soris Suamavali jvaria, Tavad jvarsa da saymos Soris<br />

Suamavlis rolSi xucesi gamodis, romelic akavSirebs saymos jvarTan,<br />

xucess jvarTan miaqvs saymos msxverpli da Txovna, raTa man es<br />

msxverpli da Txovna aitanos morige RmerTamde _ msxverpli, cxadia,<br />

sublimuri saxiT; ufro sworad, msxverpli aris samsaxuri, romelic<br />

unda gamoiyenos xucesma jvaris mosamadliereblad jvaris karze, xolo<br />

jvarma, Tavis mxridan, morige RmerTis mosamadliereblad RvTis karze.<br />

144

xucesis, rogorc Suamavlis roli, kargad Cans stereotipuli<br />

formulis erT-erT saxesxvaobaSi:<br />

`geZax-gexvewebian es mama-Svili, me Send Samamixvewebian, Sen Sens gamCensa,<br />

morigesa damriges Saaxvewnio~ (axieli).<br />

ase safexurebriv, ierarqiulad adis xvewna saymodan xucesisa da<br />

jvaris gavliT morige RmerTis karamde.<br />

magram es konkretuli jvari, romlis mimarTac aris Txovna<br />

naTqvami, SuamavliTa ara mxolod ymasa da morige RmerTs Soris, aramed<br />

ymasa da sxva jvars Soris, es amgvarad aris gamoTqmuli:<br />

`sxva xTisnabadeb Tu ras uwyrebodas, umruddebodas, madli dauTxovidi,<br />

sxvasTan uSuidi~ (arxoti, miqael mTavarangelozis jvari).<br />

`sxvagan xTisnabadebn Tu razed uwyrebodan, madli-d xoiSan dauTxoidiT~<br />

(barisaxo, kvirias xati).<br />

`did kviraes sxvan xTisnasaxn Tu ras uCiodan, ukuRm dgebodan madli,<br />

xoiSan, dauTxoidi~ (lebaiskari, kistani).<br />

kidev ras sTxovs saymo jvars? yvela saTxovars Tavisi<br />

stereotipuli formula aqvs. am saTxovarebSi ixateba ymis mTeli<br />

cxovreba _ misi saojaxo, sameurneo yofa, misi zneobrivi saxe, misi gare<br />

da Sida. kacis Semateba ojaxSi, saqonlis simravle, janmrTeloba, mteri,<br />

sikvdili, Svela xifaTSi, davlaTis SeSveleba, mSvidobiT dabruneba,<br />

mosavali (`sTvel Ralian-baraqian amauyenidiT~), Segnebuli da uneburi<br />

Secodeba, Sromis kurTxeva (`xarisa-d’ mxris naoflars jvar<br />

dauwerdiT~), ZRvenis kurTxeva (`qristem dagiwerasT jvar Tqven zRvenTad’<br />

samsaxur~), codvebis moteveba sinanulisas (`sinanuls Tu geZaxdan,<br />

ulxindiTa~) im SegnebiT, rom `yma SauwyenT, baton Saundobar ar iqnebis".<br />

sxadasxva SemTxvevebi:<br />

garda uSualod saklavis dakvlis win, misi legitimaciis<br />

(msxverplis kanonierebis) mizniT warmosaTqmeli teqstebisa anu<br />

damwyalobnebaTa, xucesTa sityvier maragSi unda gamovyoT sakuTriv<br />

sadideblebi, romlebic jvarisa Tu kerZo sufris dasalocad<br />

warmoiTqmis. aq xsendebian sxvadasxva saymoTa RvTisSvilebi _ TiToeul<br />

maTganze TiTo sanTeli da TiTo sasmisia (Wiqa-barZimi) gapirovnebuli.<br />

ai, es sadidebelic (Cawerili barisaxoSi, kviria xatSi, XX saukunis 30ian<br />

wlebSi):<br />

`wina sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos, maRalo<br />

RmerTo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos,<br />

kviraev, xTis karze karaviano! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen<br />

gadidas. gagimarjos RubisTav svetis angelozo! aem sanTel-WiqabarZimzeda<br />

Sen gadidas, gagimarjos, xTisSobelo! aem sanTel-WiqabarZimzeda<br />

Sen gadidas, gagimarjos saxmTo-saxates mdgomo<br />

angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos<br />

pirquSo, cecxlisaliano! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas,<br />

gagimarjos gmiro kopalav, laRo laxtiano! aem sanTel-WiqabarZimzeda<br />

Sen gadidas, gagimarjos Tavado mTavarangelozo! aem<br />

sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos xTiSobelo,<br />

adgilis dedao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos<br />

145

kviraev Telis angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas,<br />

gagimarjos sanebao axoswverisao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen<br />

gadidas, gagimarjos giorgiv wyarosTavisao! aem sanTel-WiqabarZimzeda<br />

Sen gadidas, gagimarjos laSqarno xTisSoblisano! aem<br />

sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos giorgiv<br />

naRvrispirisao!~<br />

[sadideblebi:17-18].<br />

II. naqadagarni. xucobis teqstebSi adresati jvaria, raki es<br />

teqstebi vedrebas gamoxataven. magram aris sakulto teqstebi, sadac<br />

saymoa adresati. amitomac, Tu damwyalobnebaSi an sadidebelSi sityva<br />

miemarTeba qvemodan zeviT, naqadagarSi zemodan qveviT miemarTeba. Tu<br />

pirvel SemTxvevaSi xucesi jvaris mimarT agzavnis sityvas, aq qadagi<br />

laparakobs jvaris piriT saymos gasagonad, mas jvaris sityva moaqvs<br />

adamianebamde. aq mimarTuleba zemodan qvemoT aris: morige RmerTis neba<br />

jvars Camoaqvs dedamiwaze da qadagi is piria, romelsac jvari ucxadebs<br />

am neba-gadawyvetilebas da romlis bageebiT cxaddeba es neba.<br />

damwyalobnebaSi xucesi "agzavnis" jvars morige RmerTis karze madlisa<br />

da wyalobis gamosaTxovnad, naqadagarSi ki morige RmerTis karze<br />

namyofi jvari brundeba ukan da qadagis piriT mTels saymos ucxadebs<br />

morigis nebas da momavalsac uwinaswarmetyvelebs. naqadagaris enac<br />

Sesabamisad simboluria da "iracionaluri", rac e. w. "jvarTenis"<br />

leqsikaSi cxaddeba. "jvarTenis" uxvi gamoyeneba imiTac aris<br />

ganpirobebuli, rom naqadagarSi metyvelebs ara adamiani, aramed jvari.<br />

mogvyavs naqadagaris nimuSi:<br />

`hai, hai, me or mTavarangelozi, me maqvs Zali-d’ SaZlebai.<br />

CemT ymaT aRaraad gavaCnior. mÃar mÃars gamisworesa-d’ kiser _<br />

kisers. maTreven simurSia-d’ rioSianSi. aRaraad vis gavaCnior,<br />

magram me aisiv mTavarangelozi or, me aisiv Zali-d’ SaZlebai maqv.<br />

Cem ymaT urCev, ro WkviT iyvnan. me nu gadamagdeben, Tore vanan. Cems<br />

wess me ar daviyri, raic xTisgan maqv malocvili. Cem dasturmsaxurn<br />

daZveldes, gaTamamdes. aRarcraad me mivaCnior , me<br />

miTqvamis Cemis meenis piriTa-d’ gamocxadebavis. amirCevian Cemda<br />

samsaxurebelad orni dasturni ori wliT...~<br />

[sadideblebi:179].<br />

am naqadagarSi arxotis jvari, miqiel mTavarangelozi, sayvedurobs<br />

Tavis saymos rwmenis daklebas, amxels siwmideTa profanaciaSi (`maTreven<br />

simurSi da rioSianSi~) da afrTxilebs mas, nu daagdeben mis samsaxurs.<br />

naqadagari, rogorc mis boloSi Cans, jvaris msaxurTa _ dasturTa<br />

dasayeneblad aris warmoTqmuli (zogierT jvarSi dasturebs qadagis<br />

piriT irCeven, zogierTSi _ qadagis gareSe, ubralo kenWisyriT).<br />

gansakuTrebiT mdidaria informaciiT da gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />

saSualebebiT RulSi (xevsureTi) iaxsris jvarSi warmoTqmuli<br />

naqadagari:<br />

`sadaR maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebai, sadaR maqv! Camameyar<br />

suyvelaferi _ qer-oqronic, Wiqa-didebanic, zRven-ulufanic, Ãar-<br />

146

kuretni. maSin mqond Zali-d’ SaZleba, rosac dev-dedaberT<br />

vlagmevdi, vlaxtevdi, cxra adl miwa-myars vaxeviebdi. magram<br />

eexlad ymaT saSvelada saxoiSnod iqav xTis karze davdior, imiT<br />

ro mimiZvirdes ymani. qer-oqron ver gadmaviRen srulad. mzeqal<br />

Sagvijd maRalzed, magvayoln cis xorxoSni, gaminadgurn Cem<br />

xodaburni, Cem ymiT qer-oqronic. merige RmerTm damiZr bageni da<br />

jixvis Tav-rqani gadmamayoln sam pirad. umTxildiT Tavs, ageb<br />

gadavicil. xTis karze daol. maqv ki imed, ro gadavicil Cemma<br />

gamarjvebamamc da meriges RmerTisamc Savesrev Ãar-maniST, ageb<br />

gadavicilav, davimÃrob kviraes. davxqrTamav bnel-siskris TeviT,<br />

zRven-samsaxurT SasroliT. giorgis Savexvewebi, giorgis mode<br />

yelRilianT, daÃmareba gamiwieTav, eniT xarTav laqardianniv.<br />

giorgim ÃaÃmatis jvarm Saxkazm Tavis nislisferi, cis gidelgidel<br />

daawyvita, gaSal wyalobis maskvlavni. nuRae geSinisT,<br />

imedianad iyveniT~.<br />

[sadideblebi:180].<br />

iaxsari, Rulis jvari, ixsenebs devebTan brZolis xanas (“rosac<br />

dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, vlaxtevdi”) Zveleburi Zalisa da avtoritetis<br />

moSlas uCivis. Civis, rom misTvis msxverpli (“qer-oqroni, Wiqa-didebani,<br />

zRven-ulufani, Ãar-kuretni”) aRar iwireba magram mainc ixtibars ar<br />

itexs da ganagrZobs Suamavlobas Tavis saymosa da morige RmerTs Soris,<br />

Cveulebisamebr, dadis mis karze madlis gamosaTxovnad. naqadagarSi<br />

metaforuli enaa gamoyenebuli, rac adgilobriv, xevsurul dialeqtze,<br />

“jvarTenis” saxeliT aris cnobili. ganvmartoT `jvarTenis” sityvebi:<br />

qer-oqroni _ macvleluli, ZiriTadad qeri; gamoTqma mzeqal Sagvijd<br />

maRalzed niSnavs gvalvianobas (mzeqal _ mze); xodaburni – jvaris<br />

yanebi; Ãar-maniSni _ jvarSi dasaklavi pirutyvi; bnel-siskris Teva _<br />

Ramis Teva; zRven-samsaxurT _ Sesawiravi: zRveni _ qada-purebi, samsaxuri<br />

_ saklavi; yelRiliani _ xaxmatis jvaris modes, samZimaris (ix. qvemoT)<br />

epiTeti: cis gidel-gidel _ ciskiduri.<br />

zogi naqadagari e. w. mTibluri sazomiT aris gawyobili:<br />

`gexvewebio miqielio,<br />

apativeo, autieo,<br />

uti asa da umecario,<br />

Sen gexveweba Ãorcielio,<br />

Sen apative umecarsao,<br />

me gamoviTxov buRaursao,<br />

Tu gamigoneb miqielsao,<br />

nu CauÃureb sagebelTao,<br />

ros dagWirdebis miqielio,<br />

rosac SavÃdebiT xTis karzedao,<br />

iq me maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebaio,<br />

iq me maqv xTiSvilT metobaio”.<br />

[sadideblebi:181].<br />

147

es naqadari warmoadgens Tavis saymosadmi jvaris meoxebis<br />

saukeTeso nimuSs. miqiel mTavarangelozi _ arxotis jvari am<br />

naqadagarSi emudareba romeliRac RvTisSvils, Camoexsnas mis ymas,<br />

apatios Secodeba, rogorc `utsa da umecars”, mzad aris RvTis karze<br />

RvTisSvilTa Sekrebisas, Tu gasWirda, meoxeba (Suamdgomloba) gauwios<br />

mas morige RmerTis winaSe, radgan Tavs yvela RvTisSvilze upiratesad<br />

Tvlis.<br />

`jvarTenis” sityvebis ganmarteba: buRauri _ jvarSi dasaklavad<br />

misayvani pirutyvi; nu CauÃureb sagebelTao _ nu gaxdi avad, sawolSi<br />

xangrZliv mwoliared.<br />

II-a. samZimaris naqadagarni. samZimaris naqadagrebi, ramdenadac<br />

maTi `avtori” anu pirveli piri miTosuri personaJia, SegveZlo<br />

andrezebis nakveTSi gangvexila, magram isini ufro saweso sityvierebas<br />

ganekuTvnebian, amave dros es teqstebi originaluri da Taviseburi<br />

poeturi Semoqmedebis brwyinvale nimuSebia. samZimari xaxmatis wmida<br />

giorgis mier qajaveTidan aris wamoyvanili. gadmocemebSi ar aris<br />

erTsulovneba mis statusze qajaveTSi: erTni Tu mas motacebulad<br />

Tvlian, meoris Tanaxmad igi ganTavisuflebulia qajaveTis tyveobidan.<br />

kidev sxva andreziT, samZimaris Tavgadasavali imeorebs wmida giorgis<br />

mier gveleSapis xaxidan daxsnili mefis asulis ambavs. asea Tu ise,<br />

xaxmatis giorgi qristianulad naTlavs samZimars da wils udebs Tavis<br />

jvarSi, salocavSi. mas Semdeg xaxmatis jvari ar gulisxmobs mxolod wm.<br />

giorgis, aramed samZimars masTan erTad. amrigad, xaxmatis jvari<br />

orsaxiania: igi Tavis saymos ecxadeba rogorc mxedris saxiT, ise<br />

ulamazesi, samkaulebiT morTuli qalis saxiT, _ es aris “yelRiliani”<br />

an xeli samZimari. yelRiliani niSnavs farRuliT morTul-mokazmuls,<br />

xeli ki gamoxatavs mis araordiunalur, TiTqos SeSlilis qcevas, rac<br />

Seadgens swored misi naqadagrebis Sinaarss. naqadagrebSi igi gvevlineba<br />

erT-erTi funqciiT, rac xaxmatis jvaris ymis gamocdaSi mdgomareobs.<br />

samZimari nacnobi qalis saxiT ecxadeba moymes, daniSnuliviT cxovrobs<br />

mis saxlSi, trialebs karmidamoSi, akeTebs qalis yovelgvar saqmes, “Wimalaxtara”,<br />

anu sakvebi mxaleuli moaqvs mTidan, asufTavebs saxl-kars<br />

(abuleTaurT cixeSi), acxobs da, bolos, loginSic ki uwveba moymes<br />

(abuleTaurT xoligas, saRiras, imedas an megrelaurT gaxuas), magram<br />

rogorc ki moyme mis mimarT vaJurad mopyrobas moindomebs, samZimari<br />

dauyonebliv stovebs vaJis saxls, samagierod ki raRac sasikeTo niSans<br />

utovebs ojaxs. samZimari gamoscdis yvelas, vis gamocdasac moisurvebs,<br />

magram veravin uZlebs am gamocdas. gavecnoT erT-erT naqadagars:<br />

`maSin Zliv mqonda SaZlebaio,<br />

viarebodi qaliviTao,<br />

naoWiani Cavicvidio,<br />

qoqomon gavabrialnidio.<br />

juaT elene vegonidio,<br />

gogoTurais mayvareio.<br />

abuleTaurT cixeSiao<br />

148

medges loginni CardaxSiao.<br />

abuleTaurT xoligamao<br />

qali sacoled mamindomao.<br />

im Cemsa gamonafrindomsao<br />

iqav aCnian nakoWvarnio.<br />

pur-satann mamCnes ReleSiao,<br />

xelis saponi wyaroSiao,<br />

mamyvebod SanacodrobiTao~.<br />

[sadideblebi:183].<br />

sxva fragmentebSic Zunwad, magram STambeWdavad, macduneblad aris<br />

warmodgenili es maqcia, romelic qalis saxiT ecxadeba vaJs, magram<br />

sruliadac ar aris qali; araTu qali ar aris, adamianuri arsebac ki ar<br />

aris. `naoWiani Cavicvidio, qoqomon gavabrialnidio”, ambobs aq Tavis<br />

Tavze samZimari, sxvagan ki: `yurze sayures videbdidio”, “qalis fafanag<br />

Cavicvidio, davigruSnidi Tav-mandilnio” _ aq naTqvamia yvelaferi, rasac<br />

ki SeeZlo TavdaWerili xevsuri moyme, xaxmatis jvaris, yma aeRelvebina.<br />

`qoqomon gavabrialnidio” _ mxolod es iqneboda sakmarisi, rom yma,<br />

rogorc vaJi, Tavdaviwyebas miscemoda. magram vaJi iTmens, vidre samZimari<br />

ukidures erotikaSi ar gaaxvevs vaJs: `Cavexvividi, Cauwvidio, ZuZu-mkerds<br />

gamavixvividio”. am kulminaciaSi “qali” stovebs vaJs da mis saxl-kars.<br />

yvelaferi ocnebaSi momxdara: mis mezobel juaT elenes, mis uimedo<br />

Seyvarebuls, misi ocnebis qalwuls, fiqradac ar gauvlia gulSi,<br />

sacoled stumreboda mas sakuTar saxlSi.<br />

literatura<br />

sadideblebi: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, `nekeri~, Tb., 1998.<br />

b) magiuri poezia<br />

(Selocva)<br />

terminisTvis. Selocva, rogorc sityvis aRnagoba _ Se-locva _<br />

cxadyofs, locvisgan warmodgeba. ra niuanss hmatebs amosaval sityvas _<br />

locvas windebuli Se-? Tu locva miemarTeba ierarqiulad maRla mdgom<br />

arsebas (RmerTi, angelozi, wmidani), rogorc saTxovari, romelic<br />

Seicavs vedrebasac am saTxovaris aRsasruleblad, Selocvis saSualebiT<br />

adamiani cdilobs zemoqmedeba moaxdinos arsebaTa nebaze, iZulebiT<br />

daiyolios Tavis sasikeTod. aq raime Txovna da vedreba gamoricxulia.<br />

erTi, rac saerToa locvasa da Selocvas Soris, es aris rwmena<br />

fizikuri sinamdvilis miRmuri realobis arsebobisa: locvis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

rogorc iTqva, rwmena RvTisa da misi angelosebisadmi, rogorc iseTi<br />

realobisa, romelic adamianze maRla dgas, xolo Selocvis SemTxvevaSi<br />

rwmena demoniuri arsebebisadmi, romlebic ar arian warmodgenili<br />

adamianze ierarqiulad maRla mdgomad, isini adamianis mimarT<br />

149

paralelur samyaroSi arseboben, arc mis maRla, arc dabla, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, Tanabrad. amis gamoa, rom Selocvis toni safuZvlianad<br />

gansxvavdeba locvis tonisgan, romelic arsebiTad ar Secvlila<br />

moyolebuli im droidan, rac locvebis pirveli Canawerebi gaCnda.<br />

locvis kilo Txovna-vedrebiTia, cremlnarevia, aRvsili sakuTari<br />

codvilianobis SegnebiT. mlocveli gamsWvalulia sasoebiT, mowiwebiTa<br />

da SiSiT uzenaesisadmi; is aRiarebs uzenaesis nebas da emorCileba mas,<br />

aRiarebs mis absolutur siwmidesa da Zlierebas, grZnobs da xedavs<br />

kidec ufskruls Tavis SezRudul arsebasa da RvTis usasrulobas<br />

Soris, ivedreba, odnavad mainc Seivsos es ufskruli. locva xidia am<br />

sinamdvilesa da zesinamdviles Soris.<br />

aseTi iyo mlocveli yovelTvis mas Semdeg, rac adamianma aRiara<br />

Tavisze maRla mdgomi RvTiuri samyaros arseboba. aseTia arsebiTad<br />

locva poliTeistur epoqebSic, rasac cxadad mowmobs Cvenamde lursmul<br />

damwerlobaSi Semonaxuli aSurul-babilonuri locvebi. locvebis<br />

gverdiT am epoqaSi Selocvebic arsebobda, romlis mTelma korpusma<br />

moaRwia Cvenamde. amitom Sexeduleba, TiTqos locva Selocvis evoluciis<br />

Sedegia (an piruku) sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. sxvaa mlocvelis da sxvaa<br />

Semlocvelis fsiqologia. isini gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri da<br />

egzistencialuri tipebi arian, ramdenadac Tavad maTi “adresatebia”<br />

erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebulni.<br />

Semlocveli ar grZnobs araviTar ierarqiul damokidebulebas<br />

imaTze, vis mimarTac Selocvis teqstia gamiznuli. is maT imave<br />

horizontalur sibrtyeze an mis qvemoTac gaiazrebs, sadac Tavad aris.<br />

mlocvelis vedreba da misi locva qvemodan maRlisken miimarTeba,<br />

Semlocveli brZanebiT moiTxovs, igi an gasZaxis an CasZaxis; mlocveli<br />

gamsWvalulia braleulobisa da sinanulisa grZnobiT, SemlocvelisTvis<br />

ar arsebobs aseTi gancda, is SelocviT emuqreba im arsebebs, romlebic<br />

abrkoleben mas da xels uSlian mis keTildReobasa da sameurneo<br />

warmatebas. sabolood, Tu CavukvirdebiT, Selocvis teqsti savsea<br />

muqariT da demoniur arsebaTa daSinebas emsaxureba. dabolos, Tu locva,<br />

Tundac warmarTul xanaSi, saxeldebiT mimarTavs RmerTebs da maTTan<br />

adamians individualur-pirovnuli damokidebuleba aqvs (RmerTi cnobs<br />

adamians), Selocvis obieqtebi usaxelo arsebebia da damokidebuleba aq<br />

upirovnoa: avsuli cnobs ara adamians, aramed magiur teqsts, romelic<br />

mis winaaRmdeg badesaviT aris gadasrolili an isariviT natyorcni. erTi<br />

mkvlevaris gamoTqmiT, Selocva mtris winaaRmdeg dagebuli xafangiviTaa.<br />

kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani locvasa da Selocvas Soris. Tu<br />

locvis mxolod teqstia sakmarisi raTa man mizans miaRwios, miswvdes<br />

uzenaesis yurs, Selocva, rogorc wesi, moiTxovs rituals, romlis<br />

gareSe mas Zala ar eqneba. marTalia, rogorc ovidiusi ambobs, rom<br />

”sityvebs wona aqvT”, magram sityvis usxeulo wonas esaWiroeba dawonva<br />

ritualis saxiT. Selocvas qmediTi Zala ritualis TanxlebiT aqvs.<br />

amitomac teqsti masTan erT mTlianobad aRiqmeba. amdenad, Selocva<br />

sinkretuli Janria da am mxriv igi klasikuri gagebis miToss enaTesaveba,<br />

romelic aseve teqstisa da qmedebis erTianobaa. arc calke teqsti, arc<br />

150

calke qmedeba _ aseTia Selocvis principi. isini erTmaneTs avseben da<br />

aZliereben.<br />

warmoSoba. marTalia, Selocva dResdReobiT xalxSia<br />

gavrcelebuli da xalxuri kulturis fonds ekuTvnis, misi xalxuri<br />

warmomavloba eWvis qveS aris dayenebuli. mansika (Mansikka), romelmac<br />

rusuli Selocvebi gamoikvlia, uaryofs Selocvebis xalxur warmoSobas.<br />

is fiqrobs, rom Selocva, rogorc aseTi, warmoadgens ara xalxis masebis<br />

Semoqmedebas, aramed sasuliero wreebis mwignobruli moRvaweobis<br />

erTgvar produqts. misi azriT, ruseTSi Selocvebi warmoiSva<br />

literaturis gavrcelebis Sedegad, qristianuli simboloebis daSlis<br />

(SeiZleba iTqvas, gadagvarebis) Tu reinterpretaciis Sedegad<br />

[veselovski:88]. am TvalsazrisSi aris WeSmaritebis marcvali, magram ar<br />

unda gamovricxoT xalxis wvlili Selocvis dRevandeli saxis (tipis)<br />

CamoyalibebaSi. marTalia, simboloebi elitaruli wris kuTvnilebaa,<br />

magram maTi daSla, maTSi raRac axlis danaxva, axleburi gageba,<br />

xalxuri specifikuri miznebis samsaxurSi Cayeneba sxvagan sad unda<br />

momxdariyo, Tu ara isev da isev xalxis wiaRSi. analogiisTvis<br />

gvaxsendeba xalxuri “tarieliani”, romlis warmomavloba<br />

“vefxistyaosnidan” ueWvelia, magram isic eWvgareSea, rom igi am<br />

ukanasknelis “xalxur qvabSi” gadaxarSvis Sedegia. “xarSva” ki Zlieri,<br />

Tu SemoqmedebiTi ara, bunebriv-aracnobieri procesia. amrigad, Tu<br />

Selocvebis masala zemodan modis, maTi Selocvad gardaqmna dabal<br />

wreebSi xdeba.<br />

ufro konkretulad Selocvis, rogorc Janris, warmoSobis<br />

problemas a. veselovski pasuxobs. misi azriT, Selocva SuasaukuneebSi<br />

axlad aRorZinebuli miTologiuri Semoqmedebis bumis Sedegia.<br />

SuasaukuneebSi dadga meore didi xana miTologiuri Semoqmedebisa da, ai,<br />

swored am dros Camoyalibda SelocvaTa teqstebi, romlebic<br />

tipologiurad msgavsia warmarTuli Selocvebisa. ase rom, a.<br />

veselovskis azriT, dRemde SemorCenili Selocvebi ara warmarTuli,<br />

aramed qristianuli epoqis produqtebia.. qristianul epoqaSi warmoqmnil<br />

SelocvebSi warmarTuli elementebis Ziebas igi gaumarTleblad miiCnevs.<br />

axlandeli Selocvebis msgavseba “Zvel warmarTul SelocvebTan<br />

gamowveulia ara axal formaSi maTi gardasaxviT, aramed qristianul<br />

niadagze miTosuri procesis damoukidebeli aRorZinebiT”, wers igi<br />

[petrovi:90]. transformirebuli qristianuli realiebisa Tu simboloebis<br />

gamoricxvis Semdeg Selocvis teqstSi arsebiTad aRaraferi rCeba.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> Selocvebis magaliTze, Tundac maTi zedapiruli gacnobisas,<br />

SegviZlia amis danaxva. qristianuli realiebi Selocvebis ZiriTadi<br />

plastia. sabolood, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Selocvebi Sedegia<br />

qristianuli realiebis imgvarive gaxalxurebisa (paganizaciisa),<br />

rogorsac qristianuli wmidanebis xalxur versiebSi vadasturebT.<br />

klasifikacia. Selocvebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT maTi<br />

gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT. TiToeuli jgufi mravalferovnebiT<br />

xasiaTdeba. es ori sferoa: I. adamianuri sfero anu aq erTiandeba<br />

Selocvebi, romlebic adamianis janmrTelobas emsaxureba; arsebobs<br />

nebismieri sneulebis sawinaaRmdego Selocva: Tvalis, uJmuris,<br />

151

SeSinebulis, gulis tkivilis, bednieris (muwukis evfemisturi<br />

saxelwodeba xalxur medicinaSi), orsulis dasacavi da sxva. masve<br />

SeiZleba mivaTvaloT siyvarulis gamomwvevi, avi Tvalis mosageriebeli<br />

da sxva. II. sameurneo sfero, raSic gaerTianebulia ZiriTadad velze<br />

myofi saqonlis mxecisgan dasacavi teqstebi. erTi swavlulis TqmiT (e.<br />

kagarovi), am tipis Selocva imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac nadiris<br />

winaaRmdeg dagebuli xafangi. marTlac, mglis piris Sesakravi Selocva<br />

sxva araferia, Tu ara sityvieri xafangi, romelic ritualTan erTad Sin<br />

aris “dagebuli”, magram gareT moqmedebs.<br />

struqtura da realiebi. oriode sityva SelocvaTa<br />

bundovanebaze: bundovaneba Selocvis konstitutiuri elementia.<br />

warmoSobisTanave is aseTi iyo. ar aris marTebuli, TiTqos Selocvebis<br />

Tavis droze gasagebi teqsti droTa viTarebaSi gabundovanda. riT<br />

SeiZleba aixsnas SelocvaTa bunebiTi bundovaneba? mas SeiZleba<br />

moeZebnos axsna magiaSi. ramdenadac magiis obieqti iracionaluri,<br />

araadamianuri Zalebia (romlebic adamians ver cnoben da adamianic ver<br />

cnobs maT), maTTan sasaubro enac iracionaluri, gaugebari unda iyos.<br />

rac ufro bundovania da adamianis TvalsazrisiT gaugebari sityva Tu<br />

teqsti, imdenad qmediTia igi. yvelaze Zlieri Selocvebi abrakadabruli<br />

Sinaarsis teqstebia. maTi aRmniSvneli sagangebo terminebic ki arsebobs:<br />

berZnulad barbara onomata “barbarosuli (gaugebari) saxelebi”.<br />

aqvs Tu ara raime gamokveTili struqtura Selocvas? mas unda<br />

hqondes: I. Sesavali nawili, dasawyisi formula; II, Selocvis obieqtis<br />

dasaxeleba, III. daskvna (ganaCeni).<br />

I. dasawyisi formulebi. isini arcTu mravalferovania. yvelaze<br />

metad gavrcelebulia stereotipuli formula “saxeliTa mamisaTa da<br />

ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa”, romelsac qristianul samyaroSi yoveli<br />

saqmis dawyebisas warmoTqvamen. sakuTriv Selocvis teqstis win misi<br />

warmoTqmiT Semlocveli teqsts legitimurobasTan erTad Zalas aniWebs.<br />

es formula aq imis niSanic aris, rom Semlocveli qristianad Tvlis<br />

Tavs, Tumca Selocvas qristianobasTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, arc<br />

Sinaarsobrivad da arc sarwmunoebrivad. es formula, rogorc wesi,<br />

Semlocvelis warmoTqmaSi deformirebulia, TiTqos “gamartivebulia”.<br />

mas aseTi saxe aqvs miRebuli: `saxelo saxeliTa mamiTa ZiTa suliTa<br />

wmindiTa”. zigjer mas erTvis: amin! misi variaciebia: `saxeliTa RvTiTa<br />

mamiTa ZiTa suliTa wmindiTa”, “saxelo saxeliTa ZiTa xvTiTa da uZravi<br />

dedamiwiTa”, `saxelo saxelisao saxelo samjer RvTisao”...<br />

garkveuli Janris (nadiris piris Sesakravi) Selocvebs win uZRvis<br />

fsevdoqristianuli dasawyisi, magaliTad: `ekenia bekenia bekens xati<br />

svenebia”, romelsac variaciebi aqvs: `ekenia bekenia beksa (var. bersa) xati<br />

svenebia”, `ekenia bekenia bersa xati Cvenebia”, `ekenia mekenia mefes xati<br />

svenebia”, `es alagi bukasia bukas xati asvenia” da sxva.<br />

xSiria abradakabras tipis, gaugebar sityvaTa sintagmebisgan<br />

Sedgenili dasawyisebi: `alisasa malisasa”, `atiti matiti”, `movida<br />

matauri da matauri da katauri”, `adilasa madilasa”, `erosani merosani<br />

usaxlkaro xarosani”, `eli elavda (var. elobda) meli melavda<br />

(melobda)”, `eli elenTa melo melenTa”, `ale male salandole”, “aba<br />

152

abaia Taba Tabaia ieso da lasaria”, `asamaria dasamaria zeviT da Cemi<br />

qveviT maria”. xSirad Selocvis teqsti mTlianad abradakabraa, rac<br />

aZlierebs mis qmediTobas, radgan qmediTia ara Sinaarsi sityvisa, misi<br />

racionaluri marcvali, aramed misi fonetikuri saxe. saukeTeso Selocva<br />

uazroa. Tumca uazrobaSi SeiZleba azris danaxvac, Tu Selocvis teqsts<br />

qmedebasTan erTad gaviazrebT:<br />

`msxals vWam, msxals vsvam, msxali mifenia,<br />

msxali mafaria, msxali var!<br />

qliavsa vWam, qliavsa vsvam, qliavi mifenia,<br />

qliavi mafaria, qliavi var!<br />

WinWarsa vWam, WinWarsa vsvam, WinWari mifenia,<br />

WinWari mafaria, WinWari var!”<br />

[SioSvili:185].<br />

calke aRebuli es teqsti namdvili abradakabraa, magram misi<br />

sazrisis gasaRebi samkurnalo qmedebaSia. danayili cxra msxlis, cxra<br />

qliavis da cxra WinWris foTlis masas am Selocvis Semdeg usvamen<br />

morielis nakbenze. Selocvas bundovani Sinaarsi aqvs, Znelia misi<br />

siuJetis gamokveTa, iracionaluris racionalur enaze “gadmoTargmna”,<br />

magram SesaZlebelia personaJTa identifikacia mainc. vin arian isini?<br />

SelocvebSi SevxvdebiT qriste RmerTs, deda mariams (uCveulo<br />

mezoblobaSi; “gvelis deda mariami”), mociqulebs, sxva wmidanebs... magram<br />

ismis kiTxva, ramdenad arian saxecvlili qristianuli wyaroebis<br />

personaJebi, ramdenad daSordnen isini Tavis pirvelwyaros, SerCaT Tu<br />

ara maT Tavdapirveli niSnebi?<br />

ganvixiloT RvTismSoblis, rogorc SelocvebSi iwodeba, deda<br />

mariamis, saxe. igi yvela Janris Selocvebis mniSvnelovani figuraa. igi,<br />

rogorc wesi, mtiralia da es ar aris misTvis SemTxveviTi. magram igi<br />

tiris ara Tavis jvarcmul Zes, aramed moTqvams im borotebis gamo,<br />

romelic mas avsulma uyo. misi antagonisti xSirad uria qeTelad (var.<br />

qeTela, qeTeri, qeTeni, qeTereSali da sxva) aris wodebuli. aSkaraa misi<br />

warmomavloba. es is uria xeTelia, romlis coli daviT israelis mefem<br />

Seacdina, Tavad ki muxanaTurad moakvlevina (2 mef. 11). isic aSkara unda<br />

iyos, rom SelocvaSi warmodgenili boroteba, ris uvnebelsayofadac<br />

mowodebulia teqsti, daviTis STamomavlis, mariamis, mimarT uria<br />

xeTelis SurisZiebis Sedegia.<br />

“saxeliTa RvTiTa, mamiTa, ZiTa da suliTa wmindiTa.<br />

locva Tvalymisa.<br />

vijeqi taZarsa, vqsovdi qselsa oqros kedisasa.<br />

Camoiara uria qeTelma, SemTvala, Semyvala, Semagizinzila,<br />

gawyda qseli oqros kedisa,<br />

damcvinda mxari almasisa,<br />

damayrevina Tma giSrisa.<br />

Camoiara qristema, mkiTxa:<br />

_ deda mariam, ras tiri?<br />

_ rava ras vtiri, vijeqi taZarsa,<br />

153

vqsovdi qselsa oqros kedisasa.<br />

Camoiara uria qeTelma,<br />

SemTvala, Semyvala, Semagizinzila.<br />

gamiwyda qseli oqros kedisa,<br />

damcvinda mxari almasisa,<br />

damayrevina Tma giSrisa.<br />

miTxra qristema:<br />

_ nu stiri, deda maria, nu yri cremlsa margalitisasa!<br />

adeqi, aaduRe wyali, Cakari muguzali,<br />

avi TvaliT Semxedvares TvalSi nacari, gulSi Radari!<br />

wminda giorgis laxvari da bozali<br />

moxvda yiasa, amouvida Rliavsa!”<br />

[SioSvili:53].<br />

gavaanalizoT es teqsti analogiuri teqstebis (sadac aseve deda<br />

mariamia mTavari personaJi) moSveliebiT. deda mariami avi Tvalis<br />

msxverplia, ufro sworad, gaTvalulia uria qeTelis avi mzeriT misi<br />

Sromis nayofi _ qseli. sxva SelocvebSi dasaxelebuli wiTel-yviTeli<br />

an mwvane abreSumis samoseli, rac cxadia, arsebiT gansxvavebas ar qmnis.<br />

deda mariami warmodgenilia, rogorc arqetipi, romelic pirvelad xdeba<br />

gaTvalvis msxverpli da pirveladve ganaqarvebs mas ritualuri qmedebiT,<br />

romelic Selocvis teqstSivea gamJRavnebuli (muguzlis Cayra mduRare<br />

wyalSi), rac arcTu xSiri SemTxvevaa. yvela gaTvaluli asrulebs deda<br />

mariamis qmedebas. SeiZleba isic vifiqroT, rom misi antagonisti uria<br />

qeTeli, rogorc aseve arqetipi, yoveli konkretuli gaTvalvis<br />

gamomwvevia.<br />

sagulisxmoa adgili, sadac Sromobs deda mariami. es aris taZari,<br />

sadac apokrifis (iakobis protosaxareba) Tanaxmad, rva wlis mariami<br />

Seyvanili iqna da cxovrobda iq. wmida legendis Tanaxmadve, aq aris<br />

moqsovili kvarTi, romelic qristes emosa. ra Tqma unda, Selocvis<br />

teqstSi yofiT logikas ar unda veZebdeT. mTavari aq is aris, rom<br />

gaTvalvisgan daxsnis xerxi qristesgan modis, rac unda aZlierebdes<br />

Selocvis qmediTobis avtoritets.<br />

mrCevelis rolSi zogan miqel-gabrieli gamodis, rac kidev ufro<br />

aaxloebs teqsts pirvelwyarosTan (gabrielia is mTavarangelozi,<br />

romelmac axara mariams RvTis Zis mucladReba).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, am tipis Selocva, sadac mariamia mTavari<br />

personaJi, Tavidan bolomde _ preambulidan (“saxeliTa RvTiTa...”)<br />

dawyebuli SedegiT (`wminda giorgis laxvari da bozali”) damTavrebuli,<br />

mTlianad qristianuli elementebiTa da realiebiT aris SeZerwili.<br />

zogan deda mariami oqros skamze zis, an samoTxis karze, an<br />

gzajvaredinze da tiris, misi cremlebi margalitebia (`rasa yri cremlsa<br />

margalitisasa”), misi saqmianoba qsovaa _ qalis saqmianobis Tavi da Tavi.<br />

is arTavda `qselsa Zoweulisasa, iSlida Tmasa broweulisasa” an<br />

`samoselsa vqsovdi wiTlisasa, yviTlisasa. rac Seexeba Tmis gaSlas,<br />

SeiZleba gavixsenoT ingilouri legenda wmida mariamze, romelic Svid<br />

weliwadSi erTxel gamodis gamoqvabulidan da misi pirveli moqmedeba is<br />

154

aris, rom oqros savarcxliT Tmas ivarcxnis. qselis qsova (Tu qselva)<br />

da Tmis varcxna, rogorc qaluri aqtebi, damaxasiaTebelia xalxuri deda<br />

mariamisTvis. Tumca, rogorc gabriel episkoposs (qiqoZes) qadagebaSi<br />

uTqvams, romeliRac Zvel eklesiaSi arsebula RvTismSoblis freska,<br />

sadac deda-mariami TiTistariT arTavs matylis Zafs (cnoba momyavs ilia<br />

WavWavaZis sityvidan, romelic man warmoTqva gelaTSi gabriel<br />

episkoposis dabadebis dRes [WavWavaZe 1987:421). mariami, rogorc qslis<br />

mbeWavi an, Tundac mqsoveli, apokrifulia. mariams xelSi TiTistari<br />

sWeria, roca mTavarangelozi gabrieli gamoecxada. gadmocemiT, am<br />

qselisgan moqsova man ukerveli kvarTi uflisa. boroti Zala Slis mis<br />

naqsovs da navarcxns.<br />

SeniSvna. “mrTveli RvTismSoblis” saxe niSandoblivia rusuli<br />

SelocvebisTvis: igi oqros TiTistariT arTavs Zafs, rasac samkurnalo<br />

SelocvebSi sisxlis Semdedebeli «Пресвятая мать бугородица на залатую пряслицу<br />

пряла, нитку атарвала, кроу завизала», xolo samonadiroSi mxecebis damWeri Zala aqvs:<br />

«...а прядет нити ... на белых зверей, на белых зайцев, на красных лисиц...» [petrovi:105].<br />

Selocvis teqsti iZleva deda mariamis portretsac: “Tvalni mesxa<br />

giSrisa, kbili _ margalitisa”, rasac ziani adgeba kvlav Surismgebeli<br />

uria xeTelisgan: `Semoeswro qeTela uriam, seli Cauwyvita Zoweulisa,<br />

Tvalebi daayrevina giSrisa, kbili _ margalitisa”.<br />

mis aqsesuarebad gamoCndeba: oqros skamze mjdar mariams win `edga<br />

Wiqa minisa, Sig edga wyali vardisa”, rasac aseve ziani miadgeba<br />

borotisgan. Selocvis teqsti imeds iZleva: `gagemarTeba qseli<br />

Zoweulisani, Tmani broweulisani, wyali vardisani”, rac Tavis mxriv,<br />

zianis (kerZod, gaTvalvis) moxsnis garantiaa. Tumca SevxvdebiT<br />

Selocvas, sadac RvTismSobeli misTvis uCveulo qmedebis avtoria:<br />

`Camaiara qristes dedam mariamma,<br />

Camamiglija qseli Zoweuli, koka<br />

wamiqcia vercxlis wyliani”<br />

[SioSvili:45]<br />

.<br />

magram ZiriTadad, deda mariami vnebulia, mas Semwe esaWiroeba da<br />

isic gamoCndeba _ es ieso qristea.<br />

`modioda qriste RmerTi, ijda kviczed uxednarzed.<br />

gedixeda qveda qveyanaze:<br />

_ neta rasi zivilia, neta rasi kivilia?<br />

aravin atirebdes qvrivsao,<br />

arc aravin iklebdes obols mwirsao.<br />

_ ara, mama, Ze da sulo wmindao,<br />

arc aravin atirebs qvrivsao,<br />

arc aravin iklebs obols mwirsao.<br />

deda mariams Wvali asvia,<br />

misi zivilia, misi kivilia.<br />

_ TviT mosruli kanafi gadagrixe, gadmogrixe,<br />

gadaacvi maxaTsa, is gauqrobs Wvalsa”<br />

155

[SioSvili:85]<br />

qriste, CoCorze amxedrebuli, Sedis ierusalimSi, sadac mefis<br />

pativs miageben mas. “da mohguares viri da kicvi mis Tana da daasxes mas<br />

zeda samoseli da dajda mas zeda” (m. 21:7). da am SelocvaSi qriste<br />

namdvilad mefurad iqceva: obolTa da qvriv-oxerTa gankiTxva, amqveynad<br />

mefobis daarsebidanve mefeTa wesia, maTi upirvelesi movaleobaa<br />

socialur sferoSi. xamurabis kanonebis epilogSi es sagangebod aris<br />

aRniSnuli: “Zlierisgan sustis ardasaCagravad, oblisa da qvrivisTvis<br />

samarTlis misacemad babilonSi... Cemi Zvirfasi sityvebi qvaze davwere da<br />

Cemi qandakis win, romel ars mefe simarTlisa, davdgi” [xamurabi:49). Tu<br />

“qveda qveyanaze” socialurad yvelaferi wesrigSia, mariams, romelic<br />

mTeli xalxis gansaxierebaa, sneuleba, _ am SemTxvevaSi arcTu mZime,<br />

Wvali, _ awuxebs, da qristesac moaqvs wamlis saidumlo. Selocvas<br />

araferi esaqmeba socialur problemebTan, igi mxolod adamianis<br />

janmrTelobiT aris dakavebuli.<br />

dialogi, romelic Sexvedras mosdevs, arsebiTia SelocvaTa<br />

umravlesobisTvis, sadac ki personaJebi, rogorc wesi, qristianuli<br />

samyarodan, monawileoben. dialoguroba Selocvis optimaluri formaa,<br />

romlis saSualebiTac gamoiZieba sneulebis gamomwvevi mizezi Tu wamali.<br />

`ijda mariami, tiroda cxare cremliTa.<br />

gadmaÁxeda ufalma da hkiTxa:<br />

_ raTa tiri, mariam cxare cremliTa?<br />

_ masa vtiri, daÁdgomia adamis Zesa mWvali,<br />

awuxebs da aRonebs. ra aris amis wamali?<br />

_ is aris magis wamali:<br />

gadaxti Cemsa baRCasa, Caikref kanafsa.<br />

Saabam wiTel bawarsa, gadaÁdeb mxar-iRliasa.<br />

aÁyris Wvalsa, CaÁyris zRvasa”<br />

[SioSvili:80].<br />

aq pasuxisgamcemi anu mcodne wamlisa qristea. sxvagan SeiZleba<br />

deda mariami iyos:<br />

“saxelo saxeliTa, samjer saxelo RvTisao.<br />

ivane da burbuSela kalozeda burTaobdnen.<br />

axta burTi, TvalSi eca,<br />

Tvali sisxlad gadaeqca.<br />

hkiTxes deda mariamsa:<br />

_ ra aris amis wamali?<br />

_ samjer gadahkravs laxvis nemssa.<br />

Seugdebs zemo niavsa, gaatans qvemo niavsa...” [SioSvili::95].<br />

zogierTi Selocvis mixedviT, wamali arc qristem da arc mariamma<br />

ar icis. qriste Tavad aris dazaralebuli da deda mariami eZebs misTvis<br />

wamals. wamali aRmoCndeba, magram mis ganmacxadebels Selocva ar<br />

asaxelebs.<br />

156

`_ mariav, ras tiri, ras Civi, ras godgodeb?<br />

_ ravar ar vtiri, ravar ar vCivi, ravar ar vgodgodeb?<br />

Cemi Svili uries qorwilze wolia,<br />

TvalSi burTi moxdenia, Tvali atkenia.<br />

_ imis wamali: foladi lemsi, yirmiza Zafi,<br />

ahkide Tavsa, uSvelis Tvalsa”<br />

[SioSvili:96].<br />

Selocvis miznisTvis Sors wasula Semlocveli fantazia, Tuki am<br />

“uries qorwilSi” ioanes saxarebis kanas qorwili igulisxmeba, sadac<br />

iesom deda mariamTan erTad stumrebulma, wylis Rvinod gardaqmnis<br />

saswauli moaxdina (i. 2:1-11). qorwili, misi pirveli saswaulis adgili,<br />

misi Tvalis dazianebis adgilad gardaiqmna. xSirad qristes cvlis<br />

miqel-gabrieli, romelic bevr SelocvaSi sxvadasxva senis gamomwvevTa<br />

antagonistia:<br />

“.. movida miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi.<br />

_ ras stiri, deda mariam, an ras Civi,<br />

an rasa yri Tvalidan cremlsa?..”<br />

_ nu tiri, deda mariamo, nu Jivi,<br />

nurca yri Tvalidan cremlsa!<br />

davkrav Tvalsa Cemsa laxvarsa,<br />

gavaronieb dedomiwasa...”<br />

[SioSvili:52]<br />

miqel-mTavarangelozi wmida samebis ZaliT ukan axevinebs sens:<br />

`saymawvilo modioda, moanTebda cecxliviT,<br />

mopetelobda TikaniviT, moWyviroda goWiviT.<br />

Sexvda miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi:<br />

_ sad midixar, saymawvilo?<br />

_ ager mival ToTo bovSvTan Zvalis saxravad,<br />

rbilis saWmelad, sisxlis saTqvefad.<br />

_ ar gagiSva ToTo bovSvTan mama-Zem da suli wmindam<br />

Zvalis saxravad, rbilis saWmelad, sisxlis saTqvefad!”<br />

[SioSvili:63].<br />

miqel-gabrieli xSiri antagonistia gansakuTrebiT saymawvilosi<br />

(saymawvilo senis), SeSinebulis, uJmuris. is meoxeobas uwevs mtirals da<br />

zianis msxverpls deda mariams, magram Segvxvdeba Selocva, sadac Tavad<br />

157

deda mariami gvevlineba, gaugebari mizeziT, snebis (saymawvilos)<br />

gamomwvevad, xolo miqel gabrieli tradiciul antagonistad.<br />

“... ijda mariami karsa ierusalimisasa.<br />

Semoeyara miqel-gabrieli Tavarangelozi:<br />

_ sad mixval, sad migixaria?<br />

_ mival vaJis, qalis, ymawvilis saWiateblad, saqToblobad.<br />

gouwyra miqel-gabrielma:<br />

_ nu iq, sulo ukeTuro,<br />

nurca svam sisxlsa ymawvilisasa da a.S.<br />

[SioSvili:65].<br />

aseve SevxvdebiT Selocvas, sadac naTqvamia:<br />

`Camaiara qristes dedam mariamma,<br />

Camamiglija qseli Zoweuli,<br />

koka wamiqcia vercxlis wyliani”<br />

[SioSvili:45].<br />

aseve petresa da pavles, da iakobsac vixilavT negatiur rolSi,<br />

aseve auxsneli motiviT, ram gamoiwvia maTi amgvari gardasaxva, Zneli<br />

asaxsnelia.<br />

`petre, pavle da iakob sauJmurod modiodnen”<br />

[SioSvili:26].<br />

mociqulebi petre da pavle sagmiro eposis personaJebTan _<br />

rostomTan da tarielTan arian Sewyvilebulni, maTi antagonisti ki<br />

wmida estatea:<br />

`modiodes petre da pavle, rostom da tariel<br />

aruxiTa da maruxiTa.<br />

win daxda wminda estate samocdasamis TaviTa.<br />

_ sad mixolT, Savno Zmano, Tqveni Savi ZaRlebiTa?<br />

_ xevs mivalT sasmelada, saWmelada,<br />

balRis SesaRoneblada, patronis dasaZmareblada.<br />

_ girCevT, dabrundeT, Savno Zmano, Tqvenis Savis ZaRlebiTa!<br />

_ ar iqneba gabruneba, gzasa mivdivarT, gzasa ialTa.<br />

_ gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi Roris RrutuniTa,<br />

gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi katis bRaviliTa,<br />

gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi lekvis yefiTao!<br />

_ gamovalT, wminda estateo, samocdasami Tavisa!...<br />

[SioSvili:30-1].<br />

rostom da tarielTan petresa da pavles dawyvileba am<br />

ukanasknelTa profanaciis da ufro metisac _ gauwmidurebis niSania.<br />

magram aq vawydebiT paganizaciis ukidures zRvars, roca sikeTe<br />

borotebad, siwmide uwmidurebad gardaisaxeba. petre da pavle uJmuris<br />

araTu gamomwvevni arian, aramed Tavad ganasaxiereben uJmurs da<br />

158

“Semkulni” arian yvela im atributiT, rogorc isini xalxis<br />

warmodgenaSi Canan. siSave maTi feria da am feris usurmag cxovelTa<br />

saxes iReben.<br />

petresa da pavles zogjer gaugebari _ arc pozitiuri, arc<br />

negatiuri _ monawileoba aqvT sxvadasxva daniSnulebis SelocvebSi. erT<br />

Wvalis SelocvaSi mocemulia dialogi petresa da iordanes Soris,<br />

romelic cocxal arsebad aris gagebuli:<br />

`didi, didi, didebuli,<br />

saydari aSenebuli,<br />

lodi iyo midebuli.<br />

petre ijda qvasa,<br />

iordane _ wyalsa<br />

petrem uTxra iordanes:<br />

_ raT ara sWam pursa?<br />

_ miT ara vWam pursa,<br />

Wvali masvia gulsa.<br />

ra aris misi wamali?<br />

_ civi wyali, civi rkina,<br />

RvTiT amosuli kanafi<br />

gadaamcven mxarsa,<br />

is gaaqrobs mWvalsa!”<br />

[SioSvili:84].<br />

ra saSeni masaliT aris agebuli es Selocva?<br />

vin aris es iordane? petre qvaa (berZn. petra) da amitomac is “ijda<br />

qvasa”, romelzedac eklesia daaSena qristem _ am motiviT iwyeba<br />

Selocvis teqsti. es “lodi iyo midebuli”, SesaZloa, qristes samarxis<br />

lods gulisxmobdes (SesaZloa, aq SemoWrili iyos aRdgomis epizodidan).<br />

vin aris iordane da ras unda niSnavdes petresa da misi saubari puris<br />

Wamis Sesaxeb? wyals (anu wyalze, wyalTan Tu wyalSi) mjdari iordane<br />

sxva vin unda iyos Tu ara ioane naTlismcemeli, romlis pirveli<br />

gamoCena mdinare iordanesTan aris dakavSirebuli? uJmuris locvaSi<br />

zianis msxverpli ioardanes monaTlulad aris moxsenebuli: “Sen, eSmako,<br />

deexseni, ar ari Sensa nebasa! iordanes naTlulia, naTliRebas<br />

daswrebia” [SioSvili:26]. sxvagan, SeSinebulis SelocvaSi, srulad da<br />

garkveviT (kanonikurad): “qriste Cvenia, qristesi Cvena varT.<br />

naTlismcemlis monaTvlasa, naTelRebas davswrebivarT” [SioSvili:13].<br />

ras niSnavs SekiTxva `raT ara sWam pursa”? unda gavixsenoT<br />

saxarebaSi naTqvami, rom `movida iovane, arca Wamda, arca sumida...” (maT.<br />

11:18), magram sxva sakiTxia, ra niSniT Tu sazrisiT ukavSirdeba puris<br />

uWmeloba `mWvals”. hermenevtika aq uZluria. nebismieri realia SeiZleba<br />

iqnas SelocvaSi gamoyenebuli da iq mas Tavisi sazrisi eniWeba.<br />

SeSinebulis SelocvaSi Tavad petre-pavlea kiTxuli: `petre-pavle pursa<br />

sWamdes iordanes yanazeda. _ petre, rad ara sWam pursao?..” petre da<br />

pavle Wamen purs da mainc ekiTxebian, ratom ar WamTo? iqneb unda<br />

ekiTxaT, ratom WamTo, rogorc maTes saxareba mogviTxrobs:<br />

159

`mas Jamsa warvidoda iesu dResa SabaTsa yanobirsa maTsa. xolo<br />

mowafeTa SeemSia da iwyes musrvad Tavsa Ãuvilisasa da Wamad. xolo<br />

farisevelTa maT ixiles raÁ, hrques mas: aha mowafeni Senni iqman, romeli ara<br />

jer-ars SabaTsa Sina saqmed” (maT. 12:1-2).<br />

SabaTs ikrZaleba ara Wama, aramed saWmlis mopoveba. Selocvas es<br />

adgili SeeZlo Taviseburad gaego: petre-pavles, moSiebul mociqulebs,<br />

ekrZalebaT `iordanes yanaze” Wama. iordanes yana, rogorc tabuirebuli,<br />

rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi ityvian, kvrivi adgili,<br />

imdenadvea Semlocvelis fantaziis nayofi, ramdenadac is xalxuri<br />

rwmena-warmodgenis realobas emyareba. sxvadasxvagan `iordanes yanaze”-s<br />

enacvleba `wyalsa iordanisasa”, `karsa iordanisa”...<br />

saxarebiseuli epizodis radikaluri transformaciis nimuSad unda<br />

miviCnioT qananeli qalis demoniur arsebad gardaqmnili saxe<br />

saymawvilos erT-erT SelocvaSi:<br />

`modioda qali qananeli.<br />

mozuoda qariviTa,<br />

gadudga deda mariam:<br />

_ sad mixval, qalo, qananelo?<br />

_ viyavi zRvasa, ar damitia zRvama,<br />

mivdivar asotanSia sisxlis sasmelad,<br />

xorcis saWmelad, ded-mamis sawruwuneblaTa..”.<br />

[SioSvili:64].<br />

Selocvas mosdevs wamlis “receptis” gamJRavneba. dasawyisi tipuria:<br />

sneuleba dadis dasaxuli misamarTiT, rogorc sxva SelocvebSi<br />

vxvdebiT. magram vin aris `ali qananeli”? maTes saxarebaSi aseTi<br />

epizodia gadmocemuli: `da aha esera dedakaci qananeli sazRvarTa maTgan<br />

gamovida, RaRadebda da ityoda: Semiwyale me, ufalo, Zeo daviTiso,<br />

rameTu asuli Cemi borotad eSmakeul ars” (maT. 15:22). da qristem<br />

gankurna misi asuli. cxadia, Selocvis `qali qananeli” am epizodidan<br />

iRebs saTaves, magram, rogorc vxedavT, SelocvaSi yvelaferi ukuRmaa<br />

warmodgenili. ar aris SemTxveviTi dedakacis Secvla qaliT:<br />

SelocvisTvis arsebiTia aliteracia _ qali qananeli, rac kidev ufro<br />

gaZlierebulia sintagmiT “mozuoda qariviTa”, Tumca qari, Tu<br />

saymawvilos Selocvebs gadavxedavT, arcTu SemTxveviTia<br />

saymawvilosTvis: es aris `wiTeli qari”, “pirwklis (var. pilwis) qari”,<br />

`barbawis qari”, `sarsalobda qariviTa”... Tumca qali qananeli SeiZleba<br />

Tavad iyos sneulis arqetipi:<br />

`qali viyav qananeli, TvalebiTa wirpliani, muxlebiTa nisliani...”<br />

[mosuliSvili:163].<br />

mogvyavs qristianul saxelTa da abrakadabras SeTavsebis nimuSi:<br />

“saxeliTa xvTisaTa, mamisa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmindisaTa.<br />

edenienTa RaiRe SamaTe edenia iavi egramaTe<br />

160

egresem iosi erivane da iona iosave.<br />

amiTa saxeliTa Seikra piri devTa,<br />

qajTa da gvelTa da yovelTa saCinoTa da uCinoTa mavnebelTa.<br />

ieso qriste, Zeo da sityvao RvTisao cxovelisao,<br />

ixseni yovelive Wirisagan da yovlisa saeSmakosagan<br />

da yovelisa crusa mavnisa da sacTurisagan mona ese RvTisa”<br />

[SioSvili:199-200].<br />

kontrasti aSkaraa: teqsti ori gansxvavebuli warmoSobis<br />

nawilisgan Sedgeba: erTs asazrdoebs qristianuli rwmena, meore sityvis<br />

magiazea dafuZnebuli. struqturulad _ magiuri Sre qristianul<br />

formulebs Soris aris moqceuli: iwyeba universaluri formuliT<br />

`saxeliTa...” mas mosdevs (Selocvis obieqtTa _ avsulTa dasaxelebis<br />

Semdeg) abrakadabra `edenienTa...” da mTavrdeba qristes mimarT locviT.<br />

zogi Selocvis (saymawvilosi da munisa) siuJeti agebulia<br />

qristesTvis sruliad SeuTavsebel qmedebaze:<br />

`qristem dakla TeTri furi,<br />

man awvia yovli suli.<br />

satkburma uTxra: _ me rad ar mawvie?<br />

_ Sen mad ar gawvie, Sexval ymawvilis tanSi,<br />

wiwkni, glejav, qavlav, worblav!<br />

_ ara, Ze da mama, sulo wmindav,<br />

arca vwiwkni, arca vqavli,<br />

avyvavdebi atmis yvaviliviT,<br />

Camovcvindebi qondris yvaviliviT.<br />

RmerTo mouxdine locva Cemi!”<br />

[SioSvili:70].<br />

SeniSvna. `satkburi~ kanis daavadebaa, `ganrTxmuli muwuki” (saba). igi<br />

SelocvaSi ganpirovnebulia, CaTvlilia sulierTa (`yovli suli”) ricxvSi.<br />

qriste ixdis saRmrTos TeTri furis dakvliT da, rogorc<br />

samyaros ufali, universaluri RmerTi, iwvevs yvelas, garda satkburisa<br />

(an mRerisa), romlis mimarT mas pretenzia aqvs. pretenzia aaSkaravebs<br />

sneulebis etiologias da satkburic Tanaxmaa, ar Sevides Rrmad<br />

adamianis organizmSi _ mxolod ayvavdes yvaviliviT da daWknes yvavilTa<br />

wesiT. satkburi uars ambobs Tavis gamanadgurebel Zalaze, oRond<br />

saRvTo lxins ar moakldes! qriste sabolood Seirigebs mas: satkburi<br />

wmida samebis saxeliT debs fics.<br />

nadirobis Tema sakmaod mkvidrad aris warmodgenili SelocvebSi.<br />

Selocvis epiuri, rogorc uwodeben, nawili sanadirod gasvliT iwyeba.<br />

sanadirod gamsvleli zogjer pirveli piria: `avdeq dilaze, Cevcvi<br />

Txilamurebi, wavel sanadiroT, nadiri veZebe, ver viSue”. sanadirod<br />

161

gadian samni Zmani, usaxeloni: “samni Zmani viyaviT, gvqonda samebis Zala,<br />

davdiodiT mTaSia, daveZebdiT nadirsa. ver vipoveT nadiri, vpoveT<br />

SeSinebuli...” [SioSvili:17]. xSirad sami Zma saxeldebiT arian<br />

CamoTvlilni _ irosi, mirosi da kvirosani: irox, marox da kvirstine;<br />

keroz, kuroz, kerastine; erevezi, kerevezi, miqel-gabriel<br />

mTavarangelozi _ es ukanaskneli, cxadia, riTmisTvis aris moxmobili.<br />

sxva axsna amgvar saxelTa Tavmoyras ar eZebneba. ra warmoSoba aqvT am<br />

saxelebs, gaurkvevelia.<br />

sanadirod gamsvlelebad maxareblebsac SevxvdebiT:<br />

`Cven samni Zmani viyveniTa:<br />

maTe, ivane, markozi.<br />

wavediT nadirobad, vinadireT.<br />

zRvas iqiT gadviyareniT,<br />

zRvas aqeT gadmoviyareniT...”<br />

[mosuliSvili:98]<br />

TiTqos maTi sanadirod gasvla, raki zRvaa naxsenebi, maTi<br />

mebadurobis reminiscenciaa (maxareblebi galileis zRvaze<br />

mebadurobdnen qristes TanxlebiT), Tumca Selocvis maxareblebi mTaSic<br />

nadiroben:<br />

`Cven viyveniT samni Zmani:<br />

maTe, markoz da ivane.<br />

mTas wavediT sanadiroT,<br />

kvali ver vipovneT nadirisa,<br />

kvali vipovneT qalisa.<br />

qalsa qajaveTisasa<br />

maxe davudgiT, Siga gavabiT...”<br />

[mosuliSvili:122]<br />

nadirobaSi Selocvis epiur personaJebs, rogorc wesi, xeli<br />

ecarebaT, samagierod isini sneulebis gamomwvevs moinadireben: `kvali<br />

vera vpove nadirisa, vpove ukeTurisa...”; `haide, wevdeT sanadiroT!<br />

gedevxede, ver viSove nadiri. kbildaxCenili samartvilo (saymawvilo)<br />

modioda...”; “vera vpoveT kvali nadirisa, vpoveT kvali alisa da<br />

eSmakisa...”. Tumca nadiroba ar aris specifikuri SelocvebisTvis. mas<br />

SevxvdebiT epiuri Txrobis eqspoziciaSi: nadirobiT iwyeba<br />

`vefxistyaosani”, `amirandarejaniani”, `sibrZne-sicruisa”. nadirobas<br />

gamoucnob samyaroSi Sehyavs adamiani; amirani da misi Zmebi (Selocvis<br />

samni Zmani monadireni!) dakargaven oqrosrqiani irmis kvals, samagierod<br />

camcumis saidumlo koSks waawydebian. monadire sxva samyaros mimkvlevia,<br />

sadac sxva saidumloebaTa garda sneulebaTa mizezebi ipoveba.<br />

Selocvebis monadire Samans mogvagonebs, romelic eZebs sneulis suls<br />

an devnis avsulebs SelocvebiT _ is Selocvis personaJic aris da<br />

162

warmomTqmelic. Tuki arsebobs raime msgavseba am tipis (`samonadireo”)<br />

Selocvis Sinaarssa da Samanis mkurnalobis meTods Soris, es mxolod<br />

tipologiuri iqneba, ara geneturi (Cveni Selocvebi da Samanoba<br />

arsebiTad sxvadasxva kulturebs ekuTvnian).<br />

SelocvebisTvis, rogorc iracionaluri teqstisTvis,<br />

damaxasiaTebelia SeuZleblobis an absurdis Semcveli siuJetebi,<br />

romlebsac damoukidebeli Janrobrivi arseboba aqvT. aseTebia mTlianad<br />

naRrZobis Selocvebi:<br />

“ucxo mindorSi ucxo xe idga,<br />

ucxo frinvels zed bude edga.<br />

evedi ufexod, deviWire uxelod,<br />

Camoviyvane ufexod, davkali udanod,<br />

Sevwvi ucecxlod, SevWame upirod.<br />

gorebuli gordebodes,<br />

naRrZobi ki mTeldebodes!”<br />

[SioSvili:145]<br />

“wylis pirs idga ori xe, ufesuri, uZiro.<br />

zed ijda ori tredi, ufrToni uxToni.<br />

zed eveli uxelo, Zirs Camevel ufexo.<br />

davkali udanod, Sevwvi ucecxlod.<br />

adam deeca, sisxlma Ceeqca.<br />

damcemels etkina, amdgomels eSvela”<br />

[mosuliSvili:146].<br />

Selocva situaciis SeuZleblobas sneulebis gagrZelebis<br />

SeuZleblobasTan akavSirebs:<br />

“eli elavda, zRva SoSinobda,<br />

zRvisa pirasa wiTeli xucesi iyo,<br />

eba wiTeli xarebi, xnemda da Tesamda.<br />

_ wiTelo xuceso, vin geigona zRva xnuli, qviSa Tesuli,<br />

damwvari mesame dRes iqiT gaZnelebulio?”<br />

[SioSvili:104]<br />

an aseTi daboloebiT:<br />

“xuceso, rasa xnam da rasa sTesam?<br />

_ kldesa da qvas vTesam.<br />

damwvaro, ise Sen ixare,<br />

rogorc kldeSi qviSam ixaros!”<br />

[SioSvili:103].<br />

garda universaluri yoveli saqmianobis damwyebi formulisa<br />

(“saxeliTa...”), SelocvebSi vxvdebiT:<br />

163

“Sen qristesi xar, qriste Senia, qristes beWdiT dabeWdili xar. mama gacvia, da<br />

Ze gartyia da suli wminda gars gaxvevia”, “mama acvia, Ze artyia, suliwminda<br />

gars avlia. oTxi Tavi saxareba oTxiv kuTxes usvenia _ maTe markoz, luka da<br />

ivane”, “ezos _ jvari, kars _ beWedi! Sen daÁwere Seni jvari! cda Cemi, neba<br />

RvTisa”, “gwyalobdes wminda giorgi, jvari patiosani”, “samni Zmani viyaviT,<br />

gvqonda samebis Zala”, “aruli kudiansa, jvari aqaurobas!”, “ierusalems wirva<br />

iyo”, “es adgili wminda aris, wminda aris, RvTisa aris”, “RmerTi cixea, Siga<br />

zRudea, Sig arian mTavarangelozebi”, “karvis pirs dgas eklesia”, “RmerTo, Sen<br />

daswere Seni wyalobis jvari!”, “jvars daviWer jvariTa, elusamlis<br />

(ierusalimis) ZaliTa”, meti avtoritetisTvis Semlocveli Selocvas<br />

RvTismSobels miawers: “es locva gana Cemi mogonilia, RvTis dedis mariamis<br />

mogonilia”, “zecis kvris xma mesma, angelozi locvad dadga”, “qriste SabrZanda<br />

marjvena mxarsa” (mamis marjveniT) da sxva.<br />

qristinuli teqstebidan wamoRebuli es “inkrustaciebi” ar aris<br />

SemTxveviTi. Selocvebi qristianul wreSia Seqmnili da qristianuli<br />

rwmenis avtoritetiT aris gamagrebuli. magram es qristianoba<br />

paganizebulia. sxvanairad arc SeiZleba iyos. xalxSi potenciurad<br />

arsebobs warmarTuli stiqia da is yovel xelsayrel situaciaSi Tavs<br />

iCens.<br />

literatura<br />

mosuliSvili: gveli movkal uflisaTvis, <strong>qarTuli</strong> Selocvebi,<br />

wignTa da xelnawerTagan gamokriba mixo mosuliSvilma [foliantini,<br />

1991].<br />

petrovi: Петров В. Н. Заговоры (Из истории русской советской фольклористики,<br />

Л., «Наука», 1981).<br />

SioSvili: SioSvili T. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri Selocvebi, krebuli<br />

Seadgina T. SioSvilma, baTumi, 1994.<br />

WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV, 1987.<br />

xamurabi: xamurabis kanonebi, “mecniereba”, Tb., 1988,<br />

g) Sromis poezia<br />

164

a aris Sroma, Tu mas mxolod ekonomikuri kuTxiT SevxedavT,<br />

rogorc mxolod aucilebeli saarsebo sazrdos mopovebis iZulebiT<br />

saqmianobas? Tu Sroma adamianis bunebrivi moTxovnilebaa, romlis gareSe<br />

is adamiani ar aris?<br />

moaruli azria: Sromam Seqmna adamiani. Tu asea, vin unda yofiliyo<br />

is Tavdapirveli arseba, romlisganac homo faber-i warmoiSva an ram aiZula<br />

es arseba “iaraRis mkeTebeli” gamxdariyo? saidan modis Sromis unari _<br />

sinamdvilem SesZina mas Tu Tandayolili iyo? ra iyo iseTi am homo-Si,<br />

ramac ase fundamenturad ganasxvava igi danarCen cocxal qmnilebaTagan?<br />

Sromis instinqti? Taxvic Sromobs da gansacvifrebelia misi Sromis<br />

nayofi. magram mas instinqti aSromebs. swored rom aSromebs. adamianis<br />

Sroma ki gaazrebuli qmedebaa, iaraRis keTebidan dawyebuli am iaraRis<br />

gamoyenebiT damTavrebuli. mas ar aSromebenA_ is Sromobs. da am SromaSi<br />

igi acxadebs Tavs, rogorc Tavisufali nebis mqone arseba. Sroma<br />

adamianis moxovnilebaa, janmrTeli, saRi adamianis fundamenturi<br />

moTxovnileba, romlis saSualebiTac is axdens am specifikurad<br />

kacobrivi unaris realizacias. amitomac ewodeba miwaze Sromis Sedegs<br />

ga-kac-riel-eba da uSromel, Sromisgan mitovebul miwas _ u-kac-rieli.<br />

adamians SeuZlia iSromos _ magram es SeuZlia ar aris misTvis<br />

fataluri: mas aseve SeuZlia ar iSromos, magram darCes adamianad, mainc<br />

ekuTvnodes homo faberis modgmas. xolo Taxvs ar SeuZlia ar Sromobdes:<br />

ar agebdes wylisqveSa darbazebs. Tu is amas ar akeTebs, igi aRar aris<br />

Taxvi, aRar ekuTvnis Taxvis modgmas. Taxvi ver ityvis uars Tavis<br />

Taxvobaze, mas ara aqvs imis sawinaaRmdego neba, rac am arsebis Taxvoba<br />

qmnis.<br />

Sromis unari Cadebulia adamianis gvarSi, rogorc is Cadebulia<br />

Taxvis gvarSi, magram Taxvisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianis (adamianuri)<br />

Sroma nebelobiTi aqtia. Taxvisa ki iZulebiTi. nebelobiTobidan<br />

gamomdinare adamianuri Sroma SemoqmedebiTia, Semoqmedebaa, romelsac<br />

adamiani yvela safexurze avlens met-naklebad, TviT monuri Sromidan<br />

dawyebuli da Tavisufali SromiT damTavrebuli.<br />

magram Sroma fizikuri aqtia, is qancavs sxeuls. Tavad Sromasityvis<br />

semantika fizikuri daqanculobis gamomxatvelia: daSvroma,<br />

maSvrali... is autaneli iqneboda, rom mas ar axldes arafizikuri niSani<br />

_ ritmi. da Tu ram instinqturi arsebobs am sferoSi, es aris<br />

ritmuloba, rac cxovelsac axasiaTebs, magram adamianis xelSi<br />

Semoqmedebad aris gardaqmnili. Sromac, amrigad, unda iqces<br />

Semoqmedebad, rom fizikurad asatani iyos.<br />

roca Sromaze, Sromis poeziaze vlaparakobT, Cven viRebT Sromas<br />

rogorc fsiqologiur, ise zneobriv, egzistencialur da SemoqmedebiT<br />

ganzomilebebSi.<br />

vayenebT problemas: marTalia, Sromis mizani saarsebo produqtis<br />

Seqmnaa, magram is ar aris fatalurad dabmuli arsebobisTvis brZolaze,<br />

ar aris imdenad damiwebuli, rom adgili ar rCebodes imisTvis,<br />

risTvisac is SeiZleba iyos saSualeba, romliTac adamiani ikmayofilebs<br />

Tavis arsebiT moTxovnilebas, rac SemoqmedebiT wyurvilSi mdgomareobs.<br />

165

Semodis aseTi Tema _ Sroma da ritmi. es aris karl biuxeris<br />

klasikuri wignis saTauri [biuxeri 1923], sadac pirvelad daukavSirda<br />

erTmaneTs Sromis poeziis genezisis asaxsnelad es ori gansxvavebuli<br />

warmoSobis fenomeni. Sroma _ fizikuri procesi da ritmi, romelic<br />

fizikur Sromas Semoqmedebad aqcevs.<br />

unda iTqvas, rom bevri simRera, romelic Sromis simRerebis<br />

JanrSia moqceuli, mkacrad Tu ganvsjiT ar unda ekuTvnodes am Janrs.<br />

isini ufro drois gasayvanad, mosawyeni erTferovnebis dasaZlevad an,<br />

ubralod, fiqrT gasarTvelad imRereba SromiTi saqmianobis dros.<br />

Sromis simRerad miCnevisTvis aseve ar gamodgeba argumentad misi, ase<br />

vTqvaT, “SromiTi” Sinaarsi. namdvili Sromis simRera, Cveni azriT, is<br />

simReraa, romelic ritmulad asaxavs Sromis ama Tu im saxeobis process.<br />

Sromis simReris ritmi da taqti Sromis ritmiT da taqtiT unda iyos<br />

nakarnaxevi, misi met-naklebad adeqvaturi unda iyos.<br />

Sromis procesSi ritms akustikuri gamoxatuleba aqvs. Sromis<br />

xasiaTi, romelic bunebrivad da aucileblobiT moiTxovs ritmul<br />

moqmedebebs, gamosavals aZlevs Sinagan ritms gamamxnevebeli Tu<br />

wamaqezebeli SeZaxilebiT. maTi ritmuloba, ritmuli Tanamimdevroba,<br />

Sromis poeziis winasaxea, romelic jer kidev ar aris poezia. rac ufro<br />

swrafia Sromis procesi, miT ufro mravlobs glosolaliebi anu<br />

uSinaarso Zaxilebi. arc aris saWiro maTSi raime odesRac arsebuli da<br />

dResdReobiT dakarguli azris Zieba. es aris wmida ritmi, bgerobrivad<br />

gaformebuli. “hek-hok! heka-hoka! // hek-hok! heka-hoka!” gaismis mkis dros.<br />

esec sakmarisi iqneboda fizikuri Sromis dasaZlevad, magram adamiani<br />

metyveli arsebaa da mas ar SeuZlia ar imetyvelos Tundac Sromis<br />

procesSi, radgan Sroma, rogorc gaazrebuli moqmedeba, gazrebul<br />

sityvebsac moiTxovs. mkaSi mRerian:<br />

“namgalo, Cemo rkinao, gasWer, gamiZeR winao!<br />

hep-hop! hep-hop! eka-oka! eka-oka!<br />

avxe-avxe! avxe-avxe! biWo Cemi mkaca naxe!<br />

heepuna-hoopuna! eka-oka! eka-oka!“ [akakis krebuli 1899:35].<br />

rogorc vxedavT, aq ritms emateba riTma, rac imis niSania, rom es<br />

leqs-simRera im epoqis Semoqmedebaa, roca riTmiani leqsi qarTul<br />

sinamdvileSi ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo.<br />

sityvierebis damoukidebel Janrad poeziis (ritmul-riTmuli<br />

metyvelebis) Camoyalibebis epoqaSi saxes icvlis Sromis Tanmxlebi<br />

sityvieri struqtura. igi sasimRero poeziis saxes iRebs. babilonur<br />

teqstebSi dadasturebulia mosavlis simRera alalas saxelwodebiT. erT<br />

poemaSi gaubedurebuli kaci moTqvams, rom mtrebma misi yanebidan<br />

gandevnes alala [lamberti 1960:36,101]. sxvagan naTqvamia, rom urartus<br />

mefem qveynis mitovebul yanebSi keTilxmovani alala amRera Tavis xalxs<br />

[sargoni 1912:str. 107]. Zvelma berZnulma literaturam Semoinaxa<br />

momkelTa, mlewavTa, mexelsafqvaveTa, yurZnis mwuravTa, matylis<br />

damrTvelTa, mqsovelTa, wylis mzidvelTa, Tokis mgrexelTa, mRebavTa,<br />

moyarauleTa, mwyemsTa da, warmoidgineT, meabanoeTa da sxvaTa da sxvaTa<br />

166

simRerebis fragmentebi an maTi ubralo xseneba. a. jambakur-orbeliani<br />

asaxelebs simRerebs, romlebsac asrulebdnen venaxSi, qvevris recxvisas,<br />

yurZnis dawurvisas, saxlis senebisas, miwis xvnisa da dafarcxvisas,<br />

yanis mkisa da namglis lesvisas, Znebis akrefisas, lewvisas, xvavis<br />

ganiavebisas da sxva [Ciqovani 1956:112].<br />

k. biuxers wignSi “Sroma da ritmi” moyavs nasaus xalxuri leqsebis<br />

wignidan cnoba, rom germaniis am mxaris glexebi uSromlad arc erT<br />

samuSaos ar asruleben. simRera Tan axlavs mkas, lewvas, gogonebis mier<br />

tyeSi kenkris Segrovebas, nebismier samuSaos, romelsac qalebi an kacebi<br />

erTad asruleben, Taflis xarSva iqneba Tu cercvis CurCva, selis CeCva<br />

Tu matylis recxva; anTu cxvris parsva, romelSic mTeli sofeli iRebs<br />

monawileobas... soflad mudam gaismis ganuwyveteli mxiaruli simRerebi.<br />

aSkaraa da es yovelma adamianma, visac ki odesme fizikurad<br />

umuSavnia, icis, rom simRera amsubuqebs Sromas, fizikur datvirTvas,<br />

TiTqmis SeumCnevels xdis mas da, rac mTavaria, aCqarebs Sromis process<br />

da zrdis mis nayofierebas. daCqareba zogjer ara mxolod ritmSia<br />

gamoxatuli, aramed sityvieradac aris gamoTqmuli:<br />

“aba, nado, mogvexmare!<br />

da mousviT Toxi Cqara,<br />

napirebi gavitanoT,<br />

Torem mzei gadiara”.<br />

arsebobs koleqtiuri Sroma da arsebobs individualuri Sroma.<br />

Sromis xasiaTis kvalobaze Sromis leqs-simRerebi ori saxisaa: a)<br />

gunduri anu koleqtiuri da b) individualuri. es aris Sromis poeziis<br />

uzogadesi klasifikacia.<br />

gunduri<br />

prioriteti am ori saxidan gundurs eniWeba. aq unda davinaxoT<br />

Sromis poezia Tavisi wmida saxiT. eseni ara mxolod leqsebia, romlebic<br />

Sromis process asaxaven, Sromaze laparakoben, aramed damakavSirebeli<br />

Zafi mSromelsa da im sivrces da im sagans Soris, sadac mimdinareobs<br />

Sroma da riskenac mimarTulia Zalisxmeva. gundur simReraTa umetesoba<br />

samiwaTmoqmedo xasiaTisaa, rac mowmobs imas, rom saqarTvelo imTaviTve<br />

agraruli qveyana iyo, rom misi prioriteti miwaTmoqmedebaa. rogorc<br />

amboben, qarTvelTa qveyanas swored amitom ewoda georgia da qarTvels _<br />

georgos.<br />

samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaoebi _ xvna-TesviT dawyebuli da mosavlis<br />

aRebiT damTavrebuli _ gansazRvravs Sromis leqs-simReraTa fondis<br />

Sedgenilobas. rogorc guTnisdeda miuZRvis win guTneuls, aseve<br />

leqs-simRerebi mouZRvis win samiwaTmoqmedo Sromis leqs-simRerebs.<br />

guTnuris tradiciis Sesaxeb yvelaze Zvel cnobas “istoriaTa da azmaTa”<br />

maRalfardovani teqsti gvawvdis: “yrmani memrowleni ganpebasa Sina<br />

ornatTasa Tamaris qebasa meleqseobdian” [qarTlis cxovreba II:146]. ras<br />

gveubneba es cnoba? _ rom xnulis (SesaZloa, igulisxmebodes pirveli<br />

167

xnuli) gatarebisas mexreebi Tamaris saxotbo lkeqsebs mRerodnen. unda<br />

vigulisxmoT, rom am absolutizmis xanaSi xalxuri guTnurebi<br />

“Tamarianis” msgavsma ideologizirebulma leqsebma Secvales. am cnobaSi<br />

xvna-Tesvis procesis gaxmianebis aucileblobac aris nagulisxmevi.<br />

gansxvavebiT Cveni epoqisgan, mdumared aravin xnavda da arc aravin<br />

Tesavda. simReras religiuri datvirTva hqonda SeZenili, rasac arcTu<br />

xelovnurad SeiZleboda Senacvleboda Tamaris, rogorc ara mxolod<br />

qveynis, aramed, rogorc mis Sesaxeb andrezebi mogviTxrobs, mTeli<br />

qvynierebis demiurgis da patronis qebani. Cven viciT, rom qebani sakmaod<br />

gavrcelebuli Janri iyo im xanis saqarTveloSi (gavixsenoT Tundac<br />

“vTqveni qebani visni me...”).<br />

Cven ar viciT guTnuris repertuari, ra leqs-simRerebs Seicavda<br />

igi Tamaris xanaSi an masze adreul epoqebSi, Tundac mas Semdeg, radgan<br />

rac Cven misi saxiT gvaqvs, XIX saukunes ar scildeba. ar gvgonia, rom<br />

saukuneTa manZilze guTneuls erTi da igive teqsti da sasimRero<br />

melodia gasdevda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Sromis poeziis daTariRebis<br />

mcdeloba, sanam avTenturi teqsti ar aRmoCenila, amao saqmea. istoriuli<br />

kataklizmebi exeboda ara mxolod socialur da ideologiur sferos<br />

xalxis cxovrebisa, aramed Rrmad iWreboda xalxis yofierebaSi, Tumca<br />

yvelaze konservatuli da tradiciuli es sferoa. SeiZleba vifiqroT,<br />

rom Tamaris qebani, erotizmiT ganiuansebuli (xvna-Tesvis arqauli<br />

poezia erotiulia Tavisi Sinagani sazrisiT), marTlac damkvidrebuliyo<br />

agrarul yofaSi garkveul xanamde, raTa momdevno epoqebSi morigi<br />

kataklizmebis kvaldakval axal-axali teqstebiT Secvliliyo. xolo<br />

dRemde rac SemogvrCa, Tumca SeuZlebelia misi TariRis da plastebis<br />

gansazRvra, sakmaod mravalferovania. guTnuri leqs-simRerebi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

samiwaTmoqmedo poeziis wamyvani sferoa. yofaSi amas guTnisdedis didi<br />

avtoriteti mowmobs, romelTanac ver midis verc mwyemsis, verc<br />

monadiris saxeli. qali, rogorc Suamdinareli qalRmerTi inana,<br />

guTnisdedas irCevs Tavis nandaurad:<br />

“qalma Tqva: qmari ar minda, nu gamaTxueb dedao,<br />

nu mimcem mecxvare kacsa, Toro maizrobs fexsao.<br />

nurv mimcem monadiresa, gadmoardeba kldesao.<br />

Tu mimcem, iseTs kacs mimec, rom iyos guTnisdedao...”<br />

guTnuris specifika mis diferencirebul TematikaSi mdgomareobs.<br />

masSi asaxvas hpovebs guTneulis mTeli Semadgenloba. es aris: leqssimRerebi<br />

a) Tavad guTnisdedaze, b) muSa-saqonelze _ xar-kameCze, g)<br />

guTanze da mis nawilebze. vin arian maTi Semsrulebelni? eseni arian<br />

mexreebi, ara erTi da ori, aramed 4-5, romlebic praqtikulad<br />

axorcieleben guTnisdedis nebas _ advili ar iyo aTi-Tormeti uReli<br />

xar-kameCis marTva ornatis gatanis dros, simRera exmareboda maT am<br />

saqmeSi: qeba guTnisdedisa, qeba da gamxneveba pirutyvisa da guTnis<br />

nawilebisa. muSaxeli (mexreebi), saxvneli iaraRi da gamwevi Zala<br />

modgamis saxelwodebiT urRvevi mTlianoba iyo, xolo guTnisdeda<br />

168

Sromis procesis winamZRoli da, albaT, Tavdapirvelad am procesis<br />

Tanmxlebi simReris wamomwyebi. mexreebs uTuod is aZlevda tons.<br />

`Sen Cemo guTnisdedao, xari gibia mtredao,<br />

mexreebs gamoarTmevdi, Seaxtebodi zedao,<br />

simRera kargi gcodnia, dasZaxdi zeda zedao~<br />

[qxp X:#62].<br />

mosimRere pirutyvs alaparakebs:<br />

`xari var, xarTan Semabi, xarulad gamawevine,<br />

SuaSi toli Camide, simarTliT gamawevine”<br />

[qxp X:#133].<br />

aq xari moiTxovs, uRelSi misi Tanabari Zalis pirutyvi Seuban,<br />

rom erTmaneTs ar CamorCen da ornati Tanabrad gaitanon. ise Zlieria<br />

zogierTi xari, rom kameCsac ki ubamen metoled. sxva simReraSi ki<br />

TiTqos mexre etoleba da verc etoleba kameCs:<br />

`ho-tpu kameCo rqiano, Seni meuRle mqviano.<br />

me meuRlobas ver gizam, patara biWi mqviano”.<br />

[qxp X:#150].<br />

xarebs gamxnevebac sWirdebaT, rom fexi ar aiTrion, da mexrec<br />

siyvaruliT, ara kicxviT da mkvaxe sityvebiT, mimarTavs mas:<br />

“gaswie, Cemo lekiav, ficxo da xalisiano,<br />

nurc Sen maiwyen, mindorav, guldinjo, imediano”.<br />

[qxp X:#127].<br />

xari da guTani (xar-guTani) xom ganuyofelia, Tumca xaris Zalaa aq<br />

gadamwyveti, magram vinc am sityvebs warmoTqvams, aRtacebas ver malavs<br />

guTnis gamZleobiT gaocebuli. TiTqos guTani Tavisi ZaliT uZRodes win<br />

xarsa da mexres:<br />

“gamarjvebulma guTanma samocjer Semouara,<br />

neta ra xarma gauZlo, anda ra mexrem iara”.<br />

[qxp X:#31}.<br />

ar iqneba swori, Tu mxolod xvna-Tesvis realiebiT SemovfarglavT<br />

guTnur simRerebs. xSiria xvna-Tesvis dros sxva Janris poeturi<br />

nimuSebis Sesruleba, romelTac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs arc<br />

sazogadod Sromis, miT naklebad xvna-Tesvis procesTan. SegveZlo xvnis<br />

dros mogvesmina “Tavfaravneli Wabuki” leqsi an Tundac sagmiro leqsi.<br />

didi mindvrebis xvnisas, roca amoiwureba guTnuris repertuari, guneuli<br />

sxva Janris poezias daesesxeba. erTi Janridan meoreSi gadasvla arcTu<br />

uCveulo movlenaa qarTul folklorSi (sawesCveulebo ritualSic ki,<br />

roca gaWirdeba, iWreba saero xasiaTis leqsebi).<br />

169

amdenadac guTnisdedis instituti aRmosavlur-<strong>qarTuli</strong> realiaa,<br />

guTnuri simRerebic mxolod am regionSia gavrcelebuli. dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi koleqtiuri Sromis es saxeoba ucnobia. samagierod<br />

dasavlur tradiciaSi myarad aris damkvidrebuli naduri koleqtiuri<br />

Sromis gansxvavebuli tipis nadis Tanmxlebi repertuari, romelic Tavis<br />

arqaulobas gabmuli usityvo SeZaxilebiT da Taviseburi, mxolod<br />

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli melodiiT gvimowmebs. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

dasavlur nads, rogorc SromaSi koleqtiuri daxmarebis saxes, mamiTadi<br />

Seesatyviseba, magram gansxvaveba TvalSisacemia: mamiTadisgan gansxvavebiT<br />

nadi ritualizebulia Tavisi dasawyisiT (ymawvilis nadSi mipatiJeba<br />

mowifulobis niSnad) da dasasruliT (nadis bolos nadis patronis<br />

ezoSi ToxebiT xis moWra). naduri Sroma erTgvarad sanaxaobiTia, Tumca<br />

mayurebeli ar hyavs da misi mizani masSivea, ara mis gareT _<br />

sanaxaobisTvis. mas kanonikuri saxe aqvs: simRerebis Sesruleba<br />

damokidebulia dRis monakveTebze, samuSaos periodebze, dasawyisze da<br />

dasasrulze. repertuari sakmaod mdidaria, Seicavs oTxi Janris _<br />

sawesCveulebo, sagmiro (dadasturebulia teqstebi `amiranianidan“ da<br />

xalxuri `vefxistyaosnidan“), sayofacxovrebo da satrfialo _<br />

simRerebs. magram, rac mis specifikas Seadgens, es aris Sesrulebis<br />

manera: orad gayofili mSromelTa gundi monacvleobiT imeorebs<br />

SeZaxilebs, mere mTliani gundi erTsa da imave teqsts erTad<br />

warmoTqvams. aseTia guruli naduri, romelic sruldeba yanaSi muSaobis<br />

dros, iqneba es xvna-Tesva Tu margvla-Toxna (Romis Tu simindis).<br />

jgufebi erTmaneTs uxmoben, iwveven saSromlad, amxneveben. raRac<br />

dionisuri moismis am samxmian SeZaxilebSi:<br />

I xma: hoaa, oaa, ioa, haa, hooa!<br />

II xma: o, io, io, io, io, io, io!<br />

III xma: io, ooooo, io, ooooo!<br />

meore jgufi amasve gasZaxebs da, bolos, mTeli gundi erTxmad<br />

daagugunebs sam xmaze:<br />

I xma: odilei, oida, odilei, oida!<br />

II xma: io, io, io, uo, io, uo!<br />

III xma: io, io, io, io, io, io!<br />

[oqroSiZe:73].<br />

bolos, movusmonoT arqanjelo lambertis, XVII saukunis italiel<br />

misioners, romelic ori aTeuli weli cxovrobda samegreloSi da<br />

koleqtiuri Sromis yvelaze adreuli, rac ki mogvepoveba, aRwera<br />

dagvitova:<br />

„...miwidan Tavs iCens Tu ara Romi, maSinve gamoToxna sWirdeba,<br />

radgan saqme saCqaroa da patroni Tavis kacebiT veRar ereva, mezoblebi<br />

unda moixmaros. vinc ukve dasTesa yana da Toxnas unda Seudges, iwvevs<br />

mosaxmareblad imaT, romelTac jer Toxnis dro ar dasdgomia. Tavis<br />

droze sxvebi amaT moexmarebian. radgan es didi Sroma saSinel sicxeSi<br />

unda aitanos kacma, mis gasaadvileblad iseTi xerxi mougoniaT, rom<br />

170

gegonebaT, mTeli sofeli qeifobso. am xerxs Seadgens sami rame: nadi,<br />

simRera da uxvi saWmeli, romelsac mamulis patroni iZleva. xSirad nadi<br />

Sedgeba ormocdaaTi da samoci Carazmul mToxnelisagan. im dros rom<br />

gaamxnevos igini, patronic TavSi Caudgeba ToxiT da Toxnis, rogorc<br />

danarCenebi. simRera, romelic mohyveba nads, gamougoniaT marto imitom<br />

ki ara, rom mxiaruli kreba gaamxnevos, aramed imisaTvisac, rom imaT<br />

Cqara imuSaon. amisaTvis sagangebo simRera aqvT, romlis xmaze Toxnasac<br />

ise awyoben, rogorc sakravze cekvas: ramdenadac simReras aaCqareben,<br />

imdenad Toxnasac aaCqareben. amisaTvis TavSi dadgeba ori momRerali da<br />

iwyebs simReras. am meTaurebs erTi-orad eZleva ulufa imisaTvis, rom<br />

Toxna daaCqarebinos sxvebs. saWmeli sakmaod uxvi aqvT, radgan igia maTi<br />

Sromis erTaderTi fasi. dRis ganmavlobaSi samjer miutanen saWmels<br />

yanaSi. daRamebisas ki patronis saxlSi umzadeben vaxSams, romelic metad<br />

uxvia. am dros yovelsave dards muSaobis Sesaxeb Tavidan iSoreben,<br />

SuaRamemdis sxedan da dros atareben WamaSi, smaSi da simReraSi. ra<br />

mSvenieri sanaxavia, roca mzis Casvlisas Toxnas gaaTaveben da midian<br />

patronis saxlSi. TiTqos erTi droSis jariskacebiao, gaudviaT mxrebze<br />

Toxebi da eqvs Tu rva wyebad, nel-nela midian, Tan miimRerian da didis<br />

ambiT Sedian patronis ezoSi. aq Semovlen Tu ara, dasxdebian irgvliv da<br />

maSinve moutaneben saWmels“ [lamberti:51-52].<br />

xelxvavi<br />

umTavresad dasavlur-<strong>qarTuli</strong>a, radgan is sagangebod simindis<br />

rCevis dros sruldeba. magram ar unda vifiqroT, rom xelxvavi, rogorc<br />

Sromis simRera, simindis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis Semdeg (XVII<br />

saukunidan) Seqmniliyos. kompozitis meore sityva “xvavi” gvarwmunebs,<br />

rom xelxvavi mosavlis aRebis simRera unda yofiliyo da mxolod<br />

mogvianebiT daisakuTra simindma, roca igi wamyvani kultura gaxda<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi Romis Semdeg (da bolos Seenacvla kidec mas).<br />

siminds arCevs RamiT sagangebod mowveuli nadi samezoblodan,<br />

umTavresad dedrovani. ezoSi an kaloze sxdebian, rig-rigobiT yvebian<br />

zRaprebs, amboben leqsebs, mRerian sxvadasxva simRerebs, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

`xelxvavs”, romlis groteskuli, hiperbolaze agebuli Sinaarsi, iribad<br />

adasturebs mosavlis siuxves. <strong>folklori</strong>st Tamar oqroSiZes geguTSi<br />

es teqsti Cauweria, romelsac Tavisi dasasruliT sakulto sferoSi<br />

gadavyavarT:<br />

`xelxvavia, xelxvavia xelbaraqelao,<br />

RmerTo, mome mklavSi Zala, muxlSi Zala, xelbaraqelao.<br />

xelxvavia, xelxvavia xelbaraqelao.<br />

kurdRelsa SeSa moqonda, xelbaraqelao,<br />

asi uremi erTado, xelbaraqelao,<br />

ezoSi ver Camotia, xelbaraqelao,<br />

Robe motexa Sarisa, xelbaraqelao.<br />

miqeli da gabrieli, xelbaraqelao,<br />

yana mogvca xvavrieli, xelbaraqelao”.<br />

[oqroSiZe:79].<br />

171

`xelbaraqela” “xelxvavis” sinonimuri saxesxvaobaa (xvavi-baraqa).<br />

TiTqos moulodnelia miqelisa da gabrielis xseneba simReris<br />

dasasruls _ isini xom sikvdilis angelozebad iTvlebian. maT, rogorc<br />

Cans, hqoniaT monawileoba mosavlis gauxvebaSi, arc martoni arian.<br />

guriaSi Cawerili orstriqoniani teqsti maT wmida giorgisTan erTad<br />

ixsenebs, rogorc mosavlis mauxvebelT:<br />

`miqela da gabriela, kalo gagvixvavriela.<br />

wminda giorgi mobrZanda, Cvens kaloze dabrZandeba”.<br />

[oqroSiZe:80]<br />

samkali.<br />

`hopuna” SeiZleba davarqvaT samkalSi samRerel simRerebs. es<br />

winamZRolis SeZaxilia, mkis dawyebis niSani. maTi ritmi swrafia,<br />

izrdeba da kulminacias aRwevs. ritmis TandaTanobiTi aCqareba mkis<br />

procesSi aSkarad gamowvevisa da gajibrebis niSania. ritmis saCveneblad<br />

nimuSi zemoT moviyvane (`hek-hok! heka-hoka! hek-hok! heka-hoka!” da sxva).<br />

mkaSi centraluri figura namgalia. namgals _ mkis iaraRs, rogorc<br />

cocxal arsebas, ise mimarTaven. pirdaClungebuli namglis lesvas mkis<br />

periodebs Soris Tavisi ritmi aqvs da sxva simReras moiTxovs,<br />

mRerodnen sagmiro leqsebs, romelTac refrenad gasdevda SeZaxili:<br />

`glesav da glesav, namgalo, namgalo Cemo rkinao!” namgali brZolis<br />

iaraRia (`rkina” brZolis simboloa sagmiro poeziaSi). masac TiTqos<br />

gamxneveba sWirdeba:<br />

mka omia:<br />

`Cemo namgalo, rkinao, gasWer, gamiZeR winao,<br />

rada xar daRonebuli, magre ram mogawyinao?<br />

dRe vimuSaoT mindorSi, Rame wavideT Sinao”.<br />

[qxp X:#437].<br />

`yanas unda bagi-bugi, omi gadasavalia”.<br />

[qxp X:#475].<br />

mosamkal yanaSi ise Sedis momkeli, rogorc omSi, oRond usisxlo<br />

omSi, rogorc erT gamocana gveubneba:<br />

`Tem-Temad modis laSqari, mova da moiqcevisa,<br />

yria uwyalod daWrili, sisxli ar daiqcevisa.<br />

RmerTma es mogvca sazrdelad, Tu kaci moiqcevisa”.<br />

[oqroSiZe:85].<br />

Tumca arcTu “usisxlo”, TiTqos “sisxlic” iRvreba:<br />

“mesveuri gagvepara, yanas gamosWra yelia,<br />

gadaugrixa kiseri, daatyo Tavis xelia”.<br />

172

[qxp X:426].<br />

momkeli yovelTvis imarjvebs am omSi, magram arsebobs Tqmulebac<br />

yanaSi _ uzomo samkalSi damarcxebul momkel-meomarze, romlis<br />

miTologemuri fragmenti mkis simRerad qceula:<br />

“oblisa deda Cioda: Svili momikla mzemao.<br />

_ arca me movkal, arc Sena, mindorma mokla grZelmao”.<br />

[oqroSiZe:87]<br />

momkelTa ganTqmul simReras, romelsac dRes xalxuri simRerebis<br />

bevri amsambli asrulebs, ‘Sen biWo anagurelo” realuri safuZveli unda<br />

hqondes. masSi gaxsenebulia mkaSi daRupuli vaJkacis saxeli, Tumca sxva<br />

kuTxeSi gadasvliT, SesaZloa, saxeli icvlebodes. k. biuxers Tavis<br />

wignSi amgvarad aqvs moyvanili es leqsi:<br />

`Sen, biWo, azamburelo,<br />

Seni xma Camodioda,<br />

Seni namglisa wkriali<br />

wyalgaRma gamodioda.<br />

_ azambureli momkali<br />

me movkal uTarelmao.<br />

_ arca Sen mohkal, arca me,<br />

mindorma mohkla gZelmao”.<br />

[biuxeri:???]<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong> Seicavs daRupuli monadiris da mwyemsis<br />

cikls. es leqsi ki SegviZlia, daRupuli momkelis cikls mivaTvaloT,<br />

Tumca mas damuSaveba da farTo gavrceleba ar hqonia.<br />

Cven viciT, rom sasiyvarulo, xSirad erotikaSi gadasuli, motivi<br />

araTu ucxo, niSandoblivia mkis simRerebisTvis. xevsureTSi mkis dros<br />

gansakuTrebiT xmiT natirlebs mRerian, barSi erotikuli Tematika<br />

upiratesobs. Tumca “azamburelis” leqsis sevdiani hangebic ar unda iyos<br />

SemTxveviTi da moulodneli.<br />

mkis procesi uSualod, imave dRes, gadadis agraruli wlis bolo,<br />

damasrulebel etapze _ es aris momkili puris lewva, kalooba Tavisi<br />

kalouriT.<br />

kalouri<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze kolorituli procesi Sromisa, bunebrivad iwvevs<br />

mzis simbolikis asociaciebs. mzis gulze, papanaqebaSi, magrad motkepnil<br />

mrgval moedanze gaSlilia momkili puris Znebi, kevrSi Sebmuli xarebi<br />

gars uvlis moedans mzis mimarTulebiT da lewavs Znas _ ganaridebs<br />

xorbals TavTavisgan. niCbebiT niavdeba galewili bze, romelic qars<br />

miaqvs, xorbali kaloze rCeba, xvavdeba. kaloobis procesis bolo etapi<br />

fSauri warmoSobis Tavad kalour simRerebSia asaxuli:<br />

`Sen, dilis mzeo, lamazo, brwyinvale sxivebiano,<br />

173

kaloze yana gavSale, amo, ar daigviano.<br />

niSa dauvlis nikoras, kevri daiwyebs trialsa,<br />

bze ise unda gavlewo, zecas mihqondes niavsa~<br />

[qxp X:#603]<br />

venaxis simRerebi<br />

saqarTveloSi mevenaxeobis Zveli da maRali kulturis Sesabamisad,<br />

venaxSi Sromis leqs-simRerebic mravalferovania. vazis movlis<br />

periodebs: barva-Toxnas vazis sxvlas, Sewamvlas, krefas (rTvels) _<br />

mevenaxis Sromis kulminacias, romelic sazogado zeimSia gadazrdili, _<br />

qvevrebis recxvas da yurZnis wurvas Tav-Tavisi simRerebi axlavs,<br />

romlebic am diferencirebuli Sromis specifikas asaxaven. magram ar<br />

unda vifiqroT, rom yoveli leqsi, romelic vazsa da yurZens exeba,<br />

usaTuod sruldeboda Sromis procesSi. magaliTisTvis, am SesaniSnav<br />

leqss, romelic maRlari yurZnis Tavgadasavals aRwers, Znelia<br />

moeZebnos adgili savenaxo Sromis periodSi, roca is SeiZleba<br />

Sesrulebuliyo:<br />

“xis wveroSi Citi gWamda, gidliT Camogitaneo,<br />

sawnaxelSi rom Cagyare, fexiT gamogiyvaneo,<br />

qvevrebi rom gagirecxe, CafiT gamogitaneo,<br />

amdeni Sroma gavwie, mainc ar gamitaneo”<br />

[akakis krebuli 1899:35-36].<br />

gavrcelebuli azriT, yurZnis RvTaebad miCneulia aguna, romlis<br />

mxolod saxelia ASemorCenili, isic aqa-iq, sporadulad. aguna rTvelSi<br />

centraluri figura unda yofiliyo, magram misi xseneba saaxalwlo<br />

ritualiT aris Semofargluli. ver vadasturebT raime narativs mis<br />

Sesaxeb da sasimRero teqsts, sadac mevenaxe SesTxovs mas rTvelamde an<br />

sakuTriv rTvelSi yurZnis baraqianobas. magram sagulisxmo is aris, rom<br />

SeZaxilSi, romelic gurul folklorSia SemorCenili, agunas gverdiT<br />

“baxua” ixsenieba, romelic samarTlianad iwvevs baxusis, Rvinis berZnul-<br />

romauli RmerTis asociacias (ar aris gamoricxuli, rom guriis sofel<br />

baxvis saxelwodeba baxusTan iyos dakavSirebuli. aseve dialeqturi<br />

“gabaxeba”). saaxalwlod acxobdnen “agunas purs”, romelic Roris TavTan<br />

erTad gahqondaT venaxSi da agunas xmamaRali xmobiT Semouvlidnen<br />

maRlars: “aguna, aguna, Semeiare! baxuas karebTan geiare! Cvens venaxSi<br />

aseTi mtevani (bavSvs aiyvandnen xelSi), sxvis mamulSi nafoti da<br />

furceli!” amave sityvebs, mcireodeni cvlilebiT, dasZaxebdnen<br />

sawnaxels, Tan xeze najaxis yuiT akakunebdnen, TiTqos agunas uxmobdnen:<br />

“aguna, aguna! Cvensken Cameiare! baxvsa da askanaze geiare! Cvens venaxebs<br />

sikeTe mieci, sxvis venaxSi furceli gaamravle!” raWa-leCxumSi aguna<br />

angurad aris cnobili da kidev ufro gamokveTilia misi, rogorc Rvinis<br />

RvTaebis, saxe da funqcia. aqac axal wels miulocavdnen venaxs<br />

garsSemovliT da maRali SeZaxiliT: “anguram Cameiara iliTa da miliTa,<br />

orSimo da xrikiTa! Cveni mamuli Ceiara, w(v)ivi meitexa, Rvinis Rvari<br />

174

aayena! isxa, isxa, isxa... gamoRma yurZeni, gaRma furceli!” mili, orSimo,<br />

xriki _ meRvineobis inventari _ agunas, Rvinis RvTaebis, atributebia.<br />

amrigad, koleqtiuri samiwaTmoqmedo Sroma sanaxaobiT da sazeimo<br />

saxes iRebs, romelSic CarTulia mTeli mosaxleoba didian-patarianad,<br />

visac ki Sromis unari dakarguli ara aqvs. nadi, xelxvavi, rTveli _<br />

namdvili saxalxo dResaswaulebia, romlebic religiur<br />

dResaswaulebTan erTad SemoqmedebiTi SromiTi sixaruliT da imedebiT<br />

msWvalavs miwis muSakis yofas. MO<br />

Tibvis leqs-simRerebi.<br />

Tibva, rogorc mniSvnelovani sameurneo saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT<br />

saqarTvelos mTianeTisTvis aris niSandoblivi, igi mesaqonleobasTan<br />

aris dakavSirebuli. magram am saqmianobis dros samReri leqsebi mxolod<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi iRebs mkacrad Camoyalibebul<br />

kanonikur saxes. Tibvis leqs-simReras aq mTibluri ewodeba, romelsac<br />

aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli versifikaciuli saxe. mTibluri, rogorc sxva<br />

adgilzec (ix. qvemoT,YxmiT natirali) aris aRniSnuli, warmoadgens<br />

cxramarcvlian uriTmo leqss, romlis warmoSoba bundovanebiT aris<br />

moculi. is ki cnobilia, rom, vidre mTibveli mTiblur leqss “celze<br />

daamRerebda”, manamde is xmiT natirali iyo, uSualod micvalebulis<br />

cxedris win improvizebulad Seqmnili. amiT aris gamowveuli, rom<br />

mTibluris hangi metad naRvliania, Sesrulebis tempic mdorea, rac<br />

albaT celis monotonur moZraobas asaxavs.<br />

Tibvas rom samgloviaro hangi axlavs, am faqtis pirveli<br />

werilobiTi cnoba XIX saukunidan mogvepoveba. ai, ras mogviTxrobs<br />

xevsurTSi mogzauri [kaxeli:94]:<br />

„Rulis mindvrebs rom gavcdiT da WalaSi gadavuxvieT, gzidan<br />

cota moSorebiT serze mTibav xevsurebis simRera Semogvesma. cxeni<br />

Sevayene, davugde simReras yuri, magram erTobili naRvliani xmis meti<br />

ver gavarCie-ra. samuSao xevsurebis leqsis gageba mindoda, veRar<br />

moviTmine da mTibavebs xma miveci. ramdensame wamSi Cems gverdiT idga<br />

cnobili mindia. salamis umal mindias vsTxove eTqo is leqsi, romelsac<br />

isini mRerodnen. am leqss Cven muSaobis dros vmReriTo, miTxra mindiam<br />

da nela garkveviT sTqva:<br />

„RoraT Sabura ara xaravo, Ãaro nabamo rkinisao,<br />

kedo nagdebo sinisao, gamogorgvlilo rkinis kverao.<br />

xmalo, naWedo safrangesao, qalaq nawdobo erboSiao,<br />

Tofo, naWedo yirimSiao, jaWvo, naqsovo urumSiao.<br />

Satil dediZmaT estumridio, iqiT velobas wagiyvaneno,<br />

aiq urjulo gamogivaTo, Tof hkridi, gaagoridio,<br />

mosWridi xel, wamaiRidio, Tavis qviTkirsa miakridio,<br />

qal-zali gaivl-gamaivliso, Seni nakravi moagondebiso“<br />

[qxp X:#688].<br />

am sityvebs rom naRvlian xmaze mReroda Ruleli xevsuri, gasakviri<br />

ar aris, radgan es leqsi xmiT natiralia vinme RoraT Saburaze.<br />

175

atom sruldeba maincdamainc Tibvis dros xmiT natirali, ar aris<br />

bolomde gamorkveuli. fiqroben, rom raki Tibvis procesi mwvane balaxis<br />

sicocxlis mospobaa, samgloviaro teqsti da melodia sruliad<br />

SesatyvisobaSia masTan. Tibva fSaur poeziaSi sikvdilis moqmedebis<br />

metaforaa:<br />

`sikvdilm Tqva: zRvis gaRmiT viyav, zRva CqefiT gamoviari,<br />

Samovxe fSavis mTazeda, vardni hyvaodes, iani,<br />

Caudeg, ise CavTibe, ro kargma celma Tivani...“<br />

[qxp VII:#158].<br />

asea Tu ise, glovis motivi Tibvas ritualuradac ukavSirdeba.<br />

Tibvis `sezoni~ im wels gardacvlilTa gaxsenebiT iwyeba. mTels<br />

xevsureTSi Tibvas samSabaT dRes iwyeben [oCiauri 2005:113-114, 181]. es aris<br />

`Tibis samSabaTi~, romelsac ganuxrelad icaven. am dRemde Tibvas veravin<br />

gabedavda. am dRes im wlisgardacvlilis Wirisufali awvevda mTel<br />

sofels Tavis saxlSi, patiJic ar sWirdebodaT, Seikribebodnen da im<br />

wlis mkvdris saxelze aryiT dalocavdnen Tibis sezonis gaxsnas.<br />

diacebi gaSlidnen talavars, rogorc damarxvis dRes. jer ZaxiliT<br />

natirals Seasrulebdnen, magaliTad:<br />

`raÃel Tibis SamSabaTi goqv, Zmao,<br />

sxvan saTibad emzadebian, Zmao,<br />

miwa Sens dasa, Zmao....<br />

Sen sworeb TibaSi maiRalebian, Zmao...<br />

Sen mÃar-beWi miwas uWerav, Zmao.....~<br />

[oCiauri 2005:113-114].<br />

mere xmiT motirali gaSlili talavridan gardacvlilis iaraRs aiRebda<br />

da gaimeorebda natirals, romelic am wels gardacvlilis datirebisas<br />

Sesrulda. magaliTad:<br />

`Seni kacoba raÃeliao,<br />

beber mamasa aTibviebo,<br />

dawirul celi-d’ safarcxvelio,<br />

meored ra aaRebieo,<br />

genacvlos seni naTulaio,<br />

Sen xo didxans Zil ar icodio,<br />

gaTenebamdin amazdgidio,<br />

manam mTiblebi maidodeso.<br />

namÃrevn sataves Saxyarnidio,<br />

masulebs mTiblebs daxkivlidio~.<br />

[oCiauri 2005:181].<br />

zedmiwevniT esadageba am dRis _ Tibis samSabaTis suliskveTebas es<br />

natirali, sadac pirvel rigSi mitovebul (`dawirul~) celzea laparaki.<br />

sxva natiralSi ufro reliefurad aris gamoxatuli Tibvis Tema da<br />

ucelod darCenili gaoxrebuli saTibebis suraTi:<br />

176

`Tqveni WirimeT, matiralono,<br />

Cven droJam ar gakvirvebsTaeo?<br />

gaoÃrda celi, safarcxvelio,<br />

mTani daoÃrdes mzispirulnio,<br />

Tormetis mTiblis sayofinnio...~<br />

[oCiauri 2005:114].<br />

amis Semdeg anugeSeben Wirisufals da mTibelni Tav-TavianT saTibebSi<br />

gaiSlebian. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xmiT natirali Tibvis process<br />

udgas saTaveSi da Tavisi naRvliani hangiT warmarTavs mas.<br />

niSandoblivia, rom Tibva gardacvlili mTibelis gaxsenebiT iwyeba.<br />

is aris TiTqos dawyebis iniciatori.<br />

amitomac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom xmiT natiralSi Tibvis motivi<br />

ganmsazRvrelia. motirali tiris JamianobaSi daxocil dedakacebze,<br />

romlebsac aRar eRirsebaT mTibelTa danaxva:<br />

`qalebo, Jamis naxocebo,<br />

qviSisas ar idineTaeo?<br />

WiSvelsa ara gaxeneTaeo,<br />

WiSvel mTiblebi ar Tibdaeo?<br />

celebi ar unaTobdaeo?<br />

simRerebs ar iZaxdesaeo?”<br />

[qxp V:#72].<br />

SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom mTiblurTa repertuarSi swored im xmiT<br />

natirlebma hpova adgili, romlebic TibvaSi daRupulebs eZRvneba:<br />

`oCiaurni Camosetyvnao,<br />

ex daxkra niniais saxlTao;<br />

iwivla gvelma libuCiao,<br />

ez gatyda, keras gaerekao,<br />

orolni gaixvivna Zmanio,<br />

orniv gadasCes ded-mamanio,<br />

totiT mbRunavni beberanio,<br />

celebi Camayarna zvavmao,<br />

qviSas mamClebi namÃrevCiao~<br />

[qxp V:#194].<br />

motirali ixsenebs gardacvlils, rogorc saukeTeso mTibels,<br />

gamoTqvams sinanuls imis gamo, rom is aRar gamoCndeba Tavisi celiT<br />

saTibebSi. “Svilni wavlalen Tibazedao, Cemi sulai kurdRelaio”; “deda<br />

enacvlos Svils gorgisa, erTi mTa erT namxrevad unda, meore _ Tivis<br />

saTrelada”; “namxrevni sisxliT dagasvrivnao, cel dagrCa namxrevT<br />

saTavesao, namxrevT boloSi salesvelio”.<br />

deda mimarTavs gardacvlil Svils, TiTqos is jer kidev mTibelTa<br />

Sorisaa, ecados celis lazaTiani moqneviT qmrebis mowunari qalebi<br />

moxiblos:<br />

`yana mkev, dedis mSveniero, saxeln ar mkian sklatisani:<br />

177

ubniT bubai gamagxenebso, oblis kaloTa _ Sarindaio.<br />

qalni ornivac lamazniao, ornivac qmrebis mwunobarnio~<br />

[qxp X:#463].<br />

SeniSvna. `gamagxenebso~ _ gamogvxedavso. buba da Sarinda _ qalis saxelebia.<br />

`ubani~ da `oblis kalo~ adgili saxelebia SatilSi.<br />

ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos Tibvis leqs-simRerebis repertuars<br />

mxolod da mxolod xmiT natirlebi avsebdes. bunebrivia, rom Tibvas,<br />

rogorc Sromis erT-erT wamyvan saxeobas aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTianeTSi, Tavisi sakuTrivi poeturi gamoxatuleba hqondes. arsebobs<br />

Tibvis leqsebi, romlebSic erTgvarad asaxulia Tibvis procesi,<br />

mTibelis damokidebuleba TibvasTa da, gansakuTrebiT, Sromis iaraRTan<br />

_ celTan. mTibveli TiTqos amxnevebs an anamusebs, an emuqreba,<br />

esiyvaruleba kidec Tavis cels, raTa man ostaturad moaTibinos balaxi<br />

da sircxvili ar aWamos _ mTibvelis naTibi mindori xom Tem-soflis<br />

xelisgulzea, xarvezi aravis gamoepareba.<br />

`celo, gamiWer gzis piria,<br />

jereT mWedelsa dagiwyeven, mere _ mlesavsa, gamgverdavsa,<br />

celo, koWlais nakveravo, usapireo ar iqnebi.<br />

yelRilianis qmaroo, usadilo ar iqnebi~<br />

[qxp X:#614].<br />

`celo, gamoWer, cel oxero, nalevo dolaT qedurisa,<br />

namÃrevT saTaves Samaxdine, Torem wamivlen win mTiblebi...~<br />

[qxp X:#617].<br />

`cel gasWer, Torem gamogamtvrev, Senma mWedelma damibara:<br />

_ ar gasWras, aqve momitane, pirsa mauqcev yuada~.<br />

[qxp X:#618].<br />

zog simReras TiTqos baladis saxe aqvs, sadac rogorc sagmiro<br />

simRereSi Seqebulia moymec da misi iaraRic.<br />

`gamiWer, celo, broliao,<br />

nalevo dolaT qedurisa,<br />

mTiblebi ar gauSva wina,<br />

neTxiCoveli, TaTxeluri.<br />

daikvexneben qalebSia,<br />

gigas vajobeT TibaSia.<br />

gasWra da gasWra broliama,<br />

naTibi darCa did alagi,<br />

giga rom SaÃda namxrevT Tavsa,<br />

sworad xan iyo SuadRisa,<br />

sam namxrevn im dros aitanna,<br />

gigama Coxis kalTaebi<br />

sartyelSi magra Caitana,<br />

celi mxarze gadaidva,<br />

dabrunda vaJi siciliTa,<br />

mTiblebsa gverdze Cauara,<br />

binaSi dajda, daisvena,<br />

178

celi galesa qasuriTa,<br />

meore namxrev aitana,<br />

memr ki dabrunda Siniskeda,<br />

TibiT rom guli maifxana...~<br />

[qxp X:#633].<br />

SeniSvna. mTiblurs, Tumca mas, Cveulebriv, mTibelTa jgufi (jari)<br />

asrulebs, mainc ver CavTvliT pirwmindad koleqtiuri Sesrulebis simRerad,<br />

Tundac iqidan gamomdinare, rom xmiT natirali individualuri warmoSobisaa da<br />

rom misi Sesruleba Tibvis dros aucileblobiT ar moiTxovs mTibelTa gunds.<br />

mTibluri arafers kargavs, piriqiT, swored individualuri Sesrulebis dros<br />

avlens srulyofilad Tavis Zalas. magram verc guTnurs, verc xelxvavs, verc<br />

kalours ver warmovidgenT koleqtivis gareSe individualuri SesrulebiT.<br />

individualuri Sromis leqsebi<br />

mkacrad Tu SevxedavT, Sromis simRera koleqtiuria Tavisi rogorc<br />

warmoSobiT, ise SesrulebiT. igi koleqtivSi ibadeba da koleqtivSive<br />

sruldeba. xom arsebobs individualuri Sromac, magram ver vityviT, rom<br />

am dros ibadeba sagangebod am kerZo Sromis procesis Sesatyvisi<br />

simRera. mTibvels ar Seuqmnia mTibluri, Tumca mas saxeli am saqmianobis<br />

mixedviT ewoda.<br />

individualuri Sromis simRerad iTvleba “urmuli”. magram aris igi<br />

mkacri azriT Sromis simRera? aris meurmis saqmianoba Sroma? ratom ar<br />

uwodeben mas mgzavruls, radgan meurme, pirvel yovlisa, mgzavria.<br />

marTalia, is urems, mis nawilebs mimarTavs simReraSi, magram mas<br />

SeuZlia gaafarTovos da kidec afarTovebs Tavis repertuars sxvadasxva<br />

Janris _ sayofacxovrebo, satrfialo da filosofiur-didaqtikuri _<br />

teqstebiT. misi simRera ar aris aucileblobiT dakavSirebuli urmis<br />

gzasTan. meurmis simRera warmoSva martoobam. is martoa da mas aqvs<br />

simReris moTxovnileba, da is mReris, raTa daZlios martooba. es<br />

simRera dialogia martod darCenil sakuTar TavTan an uremTan. es aris<br />

urmulis funqcia. rogorc mqsovelis (feiqris) simReris funqciaa,<br />

afxizlebdes mas RameebSi.<br />

mqsoveli qalebis Zilis gasafrTxobi simRera:<br />

`Zilo, rasa meZinebi, me sabralosao,<br />

me Zilma ase mibrZana, me sabralosao,<br />

daweq da daiZineo, me sabralosao,<br />

vinc rom guliTa giyvardes, me sabralosao,<br />

isic gverds moiwvineo, me sabralosao,<br />

Zilo, nu dameZinebi, me sabralosao,<br />

daurTav da Seukerav im sabralosao.<br />

. . . . . . . . . .<br />

TiTistaro, kviristavo, me sabralosao,<br />

Cqara dabrundi, dabrundi, me sabralosao.....”<br />

[qxp X:#936].<br />

179

mainc Sromis simRerebs mivaTvliT `urmuls”. uremi tvirTis<br />

gadazidvis saSualebaa, tvirTis zidva ki Sromaa, Tumca aq cxovelebi<br />

(gansakuTrebiT, xar-kameCi) Sromoben. maTac esaWiroebaT gamxneveba, rasac<br />

elian kidec isini: `aqlemebi da xarebi mieCvien, rom maT simReriT<br />

Seuteven xolme da, rac ufro mZimea tvirTi, miT ufro xmamaRalia da<br />

xangrZlivi simRera” [biuxeri 1923:37]. gazeT “iveriaSi” urmiT (uremze)<br />

`Sromis” Tavis droze yvelasTvis cnobili, magram dRes gadavardnili<br />

SromiTi Cveulebaa gadmocemuli: “yvelam kargad icis, rom Cvenma glexkacebma<br />

qaravniT wasvla icodnen erevnisken (yulfSi) marilzed.<br />

Seiyrebodnen erTad, Seabamdnen ass, orass urems da simReriT<br />

gaudgebodnen gzasa...” [oqroSiZe:135]. literaturaSi laparakoben<br />

`urmulze”, mis naRvlian hangze (n. maCabeli, ilia, akaki, S.<br />

aragvispireli, ir. evdoSvili, i. zurabaSvili, g. leoniZe...), magram<br />

romelia es “urmuli”, ucnobi rCeba. ilia leqsad gvixasiaTebs mis<br />

ucnaur Zalas: `RuRuni igi CamrCenia guls, mwuxare aris, viT glovis<br />

zari”, magram ar gveubneba, ra sityvebs mReroda is meurme an Tu axlda<br />

sityvebi am “mwuxare” hangs? an iqneb srulebiT usityvo iyo? ilia<br />

zurabaSvilis cnobiT, urmulis saukeTeso Semsrulebeli sesikaSvili<br />

`araviTar sityvas ar mimarTavda haralo-hari-haralos garda...”<br />

[zurabiSvili:69]. Cveulebriv am TavisTavad brwyinvale leqss miiCneven<br />

`urmulad”, magram ismis kiTxva yvela SemTxvevaSi asruleben mas da ara<br />

mxolod marilze, isic, aRzevanSi siarulisas?<br />

`aRzevans waval marilze, marils movitan brolsao,<br />

jer dedas gadavexvevi, mere Svilsa da colsao”.<br />

[qxp X:#808].<br />

klasikuria es sityvebi, namdvilad gamoxatavs qarTveli kacis eTikur<br />

idealebs, magram saeWvoa, igi urmulis kanonikur teqstad CavTvaloT<br />

(arsebobs ki aseTi ram?) _ yvela meurme xom ar dadis marilze? ufro<br />

adeqvaturi iqneba, Tu kerZod am simReras, marilze siarulis Sromis<br />

simRerad CavTvliT. marilze wasul qaravans uTuod eqneboda Tavisi<br />

repertuari, magram samwuxarod misi Semadgenloba da Sinaarsi CvenTvis<br />

ucnobia. literaturidan cnobilia Sors manZilze `qiraze siarulis”<br />

mTeli SromiTi instituti. SeZlebuli ojaxebi, romelTac hyavdaT sakmao<br />

da Zlieri gamwevi Zala, dadioddnen qalaqidan qalaqSi da gadahqondaT<br />

tvirTi. hqoniaT SeiaraReba, hyoliaT ZaRlebi da mamlebi Ramis<br />

saxmilavTa Sesatyobad. ras mRerodnen isini Rameul gzebze? raime<br />

`kanonikurs”, sagangebod moqiravneTa qaravnis Sesatyviss Tu nebismier<br />

simReras, romelic, SesaZlebelia, kanonikuri gamxdariyo? Cemi fiqriT,<br />

upriani iqneboda urmuli simRerebisTvis martoobis daZlevis,<br />

dausrulebel gzaze mowyenilobis gansaqarvebeli simRerebi gvewodebina.<br />

amaod ar uwodebs i. zurabiSvili urmuls `fiqris simReras”.<br />

urmulSi aerTianeben simRerebs, sadac adamiani mimarTavs Tavad<br />

urems da mis nawilebs. ai zogierTi nimuSi:<br />

`uremo fersomaRalo, ari aralo, daa!<br />

180

xundi gigorams giSrisa, ari aralo, daa!<br />

agebuleba kargi gaqvs, eg erTi ferso giSlisa,<br />

aralo, daa!<br />

Tu kaci TiTon ar ari, ari aralo, daa!<br />

cudia misi cxovreba, ari aralo, daa!”<br />

[qxp X:#835-b].<br />

dasasruli ukve namdvilad “fiqris simReraa”. meurmes sakmarisi<br />

dro aqvs, rom ifiqros qveyanaze, wuTisofelze, adamianze, mis bedsa da<br />

ubedobaze, Rirsebaze... mis repertuars veravin SezRudavs, mas sruli<br />

Tavisufleba aqvs. SesaZloa, saukeTeso <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsebi wuTisofelze<br />

swored meurmeobisas, roca kaci martoa Tavis TavTan, gzaze martoul<br />

svlaSi Seqmniliyo.<br />

literatura<br />

akakis krebuli 1898: akakis krebuli, 1898, X, II.<br />

biuxeri: Бюхер К. Работа и ритм, 1923.<br />

zurabiSvili: zurabiSvili i. xalxis Semoqmedi genia, `xelovneba~, Tb.,<br />

1949.<br />

kaxeli: i. kaxeli (ioseb ciskariSvili), ori kvira mTaSi (mgzavris<br />

SeniSvnebi), Jurn. `moambe~, 1898, #6, gv. 94.<br />

lamberti: arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, federacia, Tb., 1938.<br />

lamberti 1960: Lambert W.G. Babylonian Wisdom Literature, Oxford, 1960.<br />

sargoni 191:: Thureau-Dangin Fr. Une ralation de la hutième campagne de Sargon (714 av. J.-<br />

C.), Paris, 1912.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, `sabW. saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1959.<br />

qxp V: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. V, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1976.<br />

qxp X: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. X, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1983.<br />

d) sagmiro poezia<br />

Tu sagmiro poezias mTeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedebis<br />

fonze ganvixilavT, aSkarad warmoCindeba misi upiratesi wili sxva<br />

poetur JanrebTan SedarebiT. sakmarisia gadavxedoT “<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri<br />

poeziis” Tormetomeuls, sadac sagmiro Janri or sqel tomSia (III, IV)<br />

ganTavsebuli. da Tu am tomebSi dabeWdili leqsebis warmomavlobiT<br />

davinteresdebiT, gairkveva, rom maTi absoluturi umetesoba aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos mTian mxareebs ekuTvnis. irkveva, rom sagmiro poezia,<br />

ZiriTadad, fSav-xevsuruli, TuSuri, mTiuluri da gudamayruli<br />

warmoSobisaa. es aris am kuTxeebis prioritetuli sfero, sadac maT<br />

namdvilad verc erTi sxva kuTxe ver Seecileba. es ganpirobebulia maTi<br />

istoriul-geografiuli anu, rogorc sxvanairad ityvian, geopolitikuri<br />

garemoTi. istoriulma procesma am kuTxeebSi Camoayaliba meomruli<br />

sazogadoebebi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, saymoebi, romlebic jvarTa Tu<br />

RvTisSvilTa patronobis qveS gaerTiandnen. momxdur, gareSe Tu Sinaur,<br />

mterTan brZolebSi xdeboda mosaxleobis konsolidacia saymoebad,<br />

181

omelmac kulminacias XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi miaRwia. es iyo<br />

zurab aragvis erisTavTan brZolebis xana anu, rogorc mexsierebam<br />

Semoinaxa, “sisxlis wvimebis” xana. saymoTa epiuri (sagmiro leqsTa cikli<br />

qmnis “Tavisufal” eposs) xsovna ar scildeba am epoqas; “sisxlis<br />

wvimebis” xana aris is zRurbli, romlis miRma miTologiuri samyaroSi<br />

SevdivarT. brZolebi monawileoben saymoTa genezSi da xels uwyoben<br />

warsulis miTologizacias. RvTisSvilTa brZola devebis winaaRmdeg<br />

saymoTaTvis teritoriis mosapoveblad, rac miTologiuri eposis<br />

dedaazrs Seadgens, Tavis mxriv, “sisxlis wvimebis” eposis arqetipi<br />

xdeba. aqtebi, rac Caidines RvTisSvilebma “mas Jamsa Sina”, meordeba<br />

saymoSi axla da aq, maT Tvalwin. RvTisSvili meomris, “kai ymis” etaloni<br />

xdeba. saymos brZolebi RvTisSvilTa arqetipuli brZolebis<br />

paradigmebia.<br />

simRere anu balada.<br />

sagmiro leqss, rasac misi Sesrulebis wesis mixedviT xevsureTSi<br />

simReres uwodeben, safuZvlad realuri sabrZolo SemTxveva udevs anu<br />

asaxavs realurad momxdar faqts, hyavs mTavar gmirad yovelTvis<br />

realuri piri, romelsac icnobda saymo piradad an gadmocemiT. saymo<br />

agreTve informirebulia momxdari ambis detalebiT. man icis an SeiZleba<br />

icodes imaze meti, ramac leqsSi hpova asaxva. leqsis codnas Tan axlavs<br />

momxdari ambis codna andrezis saxiT, uromlisodac gareSeTaTvis<br />

leqsis Sinaarsi bundovani xdeba da, SeiZleba, simZafresac kargavdes.<br />

sxva kuTxeSi leqsis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba misi<br />

mikrosamyaros codna, leqsis daRupuli gmiri kargavs realurobas da<br />

mis saxelsac xSirad sxva, ufro gasagebi da kargad nacnobi saxeli<br />

enacvleba. aRar vlaparakobT im soflis metyvelebis Taviseburebebze,<br />

sadac Seiqmna leqsi. cxadia, cudad gagebul sityvas mimgvanebuli sityva<br />

cvlis. anu, am SemTxvevaSi mTeli ZaliT aris amoqmedebuli xzlsuri<br />

Semoqmedebis variantulobis gardauvali kanoni.<br />

sagmiro leqsi, romelsac Cven SegviZlia balada vuwodoT, rogorc<br />

wesi, orTabrZolazea agebuli. vin aris misi mTavari gmiri? mTavari<br />

gmiria is, vinc iRupeba orTabrZolaSi. gmiri iRupeba, kargavs<br />

sicocxles, magram ixveWs saxels. misi da sazogadoebis principia “sjobs<br />

saxelisa moxveWa yovelsa mosaxveWelsa”. sikvdili da saxeli _ sikvdili<br />

is zRvaria, romlis iqiT gmiri gadadis saxelis saufloSi. mxolod<br />

sikvdilSi gamarjvebas SeuZlia moutanos mas saxeli. cocxali gmiri<br />

winaaRmdegobrivi cnebaa da swored amitom aris, rom uklebliv yvela<br />

sagmiro simRere-balada mebrZolis sikvdiliT mTavrdeba da es sikvdili<br />

saxeliania.<br />

amrigad, sagmiro baladaSi gadmocemulia gmiris ukanaskneli Jami,<br />

igi Cayenebulia sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze, sazRurblo situaciaSi,<br />

roca unda gadawydes misi bedi, romelsac is qmnis aq da axla, am wamebSi.<br />

am dros, aq gmiri ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs, is batonobs droJamze, marTavs<br />

mas. mas araferi darCenia, garda sakuTari sicocxlisa, romlis marTva<br />

da gawirva mas SeuZlia sxva, ufro maRali (mis da sazogadoebis TvalSi)<br />

RirebulebisTvis. sococxle, romelic mieca, man icis, waerTmeva, magram<br />

182

is, rac man sicocxlis wil moipova, arasodes waerTmeva mas, “romeli<br />

arasada mieRos misgan” (luka 10:42). es is wamebia, roca gmiri srulad<br />

avlens Tavis egzistencias, TiTqos aq jamdeba misi mTeli cxovreba. am<br />

dros gamoricxuli unda iyos SemTxveviToba, rac mas SeuSlida xels<br />

sikvdiliT saxelis mopovebaSi. Cvens winaSea SiSveli adamiani Tavisi<br />

erTaderTiT, rac aris misi sicocxle, da arCevaniT. amitomac simRere<br />

ukiduresad lakonuria da, rac mTavaria, yvelaferi danaxulia ara<br />

gareSe, aramed misi TvaliT.<br />

simRere-baladis agebuleba martivia: eqspozicia _ gmiris Semoyvana<br />

TxrobaSi; Tumca simRere SeiZleba daiwyos mowyvetiT (“fxoveli da<br />

Savaneli”); Sexvedra, SebrZoleba, aRsasruli. SeiZleba mas axldes<br />

“daskvna”, eqstrasiuJeturi monakveTi, sadac gadmocemulia daRupuli<br />

gmiris erTgvari Sefaseba, Seqeba an datireba Tu gamoZaxili mis<br />

sikvdilze. (ix. “ioneuri”). simReres personaJTa minimumi ori piria,<br />

iSviaTad erTi (“baRaTera”), Segvxvdeba samic (“Siola da mTrexeli”).<br />

gavecnoT umokles baladas ara mxolod qarTul, aramed msoflio<br />

baladebs Soris. es aris “fxoveli da Savaneli”, romelsac pirvelad<br />

vxvdebiT Tedo razikaSvilis CanawerebSi (am variantSi igi<br />

Svidstriqoniania):<br />

`erTi vaJkaci fxoveli, Savwyals saomrad dadgao,<br />

adga da Sin wamovida, gzas Savaneli Saxvdao.<br />

CaWres, Cakafes erTurTi, maSveli aRar SaSCao.<br />

ciTa movida yorani, magaT nakvalevs daxyvao.<br />

jera daiTvra sisxliTa, mere leS Wama, gaZRao.<br />

adga da isev wavida, magaT vaglaxi dascao:<br />

„orniv yofilan uWkoni, erTm mainc rad ar dasTmao?!“<br />

[qxp IV: #252]<br />

Canawers axlavs Camweris SeniSvna: “me amaTi vera gavige ra: vin iyo<br />

Savaneli an sadauri...” yvelas, mis wamkiTxvels es sityvebi aRmoxdeba. vin<br />

aris Savaneli? vin aris fxoveli? vis ucdida Savwyalze fxoveli?<br />

Savanels Tu sxva vinmes? risTvis “CaWres-Cakafes erTurTi”? leqsi<br />

bundovania, Tumca bundovaneba ara Tu rames aklebs mas, aramed SeiZleba<br />

aZlierebdes kidec STabeWdilebas. T. razikaSvili sxva rames<br />

gulisxmobs, roca ambobs, “me amaTi vera gavige rao”. Camwers veraviTari<br />

cnoba ver moupovebia simReres personaJebze, andrezi ar SemorCenila im<br />

viTarebis amsaxveli, Tu ra iyo mizezi maTi sabediswero Serkinebisa,<br />

Seurigeblobisa. Cans, imdenad mowyvetila Tavis garemos es simRere, rom<br />

daviwyebas miscemia monawileTa sakuTari saxelebi, maTi vinaobidan<br />

aRmniSvnelad warmomavlobis saxelebiRa SemorCenila (fxoveli<br />

fxovidan, Savaneli Savanidan, qistebis erT-erTi Temidan).<br />

es balada, Tumca is sityvierad Zalze Zunwia, rogorc embrioni,<br />

moicavs sagmiro leqsis yvela elements, rac sxva leqsebSi sxvadasxva<br />

variaciebiT iSleba. es exeba, rogorc mis formalur mxares, ise<br />

arsebiTs, ideur Sinaarss. leqsi gawyobilia erT riTmaze, rogorc<br />

xevsurulad ityvian erT “yuvze”. yovel striqonSi TiTo kadria<br />

183

moqceuli, romlebic erTmaneTs elvis siswrafiT enacvlebian. zogjer<br />

naxevar-naxevari striqonebi gadmogvcems TiTo suraTs: “adga da Sin<br />

wamovida, // gzas Savaneli Saxvdao”. es imitom xdeba, rom dro Wirs,<br />

drois deficits ganicdis gmiri. “adga da Sin wamovida” ara mxolod<br />

erTi kadria, aramed is erT paToss gamoxatavs, imis sruliad<br />

sawinaaRmdegos, rasac gviCvenebs meore kadri: “gzas Savaneli Saxvdao”.<br />

Tu pirvelSi sasowarkveTaa usaxelod (“uerTod”, anu uSedegod, rogorc<br />

kvlav xevsureTSi ityvian) Sin ukuqceulisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, saxlSi<br />

sasikvdilod (“sircxvil as” aseTi aRsasruli!) ganwirulisa, meore<br />

kadrSi mas imedmocemuls, albaT pirquSad gaxalisebuls vxedavT. am<br />

Sexvedris wami, romelmac zRvari unda daudos mis sicocxles, misi<br />

cxovrebis mizania. es aris misi ukanaskneli wami, romelsac TiTqos<br />

xangrZlivoba ara aqvs. erTi ram am bundovanebidan SeiZleba dabejiTebiT<br />

iTqvas, rom es wami namdvilad misi mopovebulia _ “erTi vaJkaci<br />

fxoveli” Tavad marTavs droJams, mis dinebas sakuTar droJamad aqcevs.<br />

es misi monapovaria, misi ganuyofeli sakuTrebaa, is erTaderTi, rac mas<br />

abadia am qveyanaze am wamebSi. yoveli maSvelis gamoCena gaacamtverebda<br />

mis imedebs am sanatreli wamis warTmeviT. am wamisTvis dadga is<br />

“Savwyals” da amis ukvdavsayofad SeiTxza simRerec. am wuTisoflis<br />

momxmarebeli Wkviani yornis gonivruli sityvebic, uneburad, am wamis<br />

gamarTlebas da gandidebas emsaxureba. baladis gmirebi erTmaneTs ar<br />

esityvebian. sityvisgebis Rirsad ar Tvlian erTmaneTs? Tu amis dro ara<br />

aqvT? albaT. erTaderTi, vinc _ es arseba aq namdvilad “vin” kategorias<br />

ganekuTvneba _ sityvas ambobs, es yorania. misi sityvebi savsea cinizmiT,<br />

romelic moymeobis sapirispiro ideologiis gamomxatvelia. magram<br />

simRere yornis, davuSvaT, cinikuri SefasebiT kaiymobis kodeqsis erT<br />

punqts ayalibebs, imas, rac simReres avtors unda Camoeyalibebina. ase<br />

rom, es yorani Tavisda uneburad ganadidebs erTurTis damxocvel<br />

moymeT. fxovel-Savanelis mkicxveli da Wkuismaswavlebeli yorani Rrmad<br />

individualuria, ar hgavs sxvebs, romelTac daRupuli kaiymis mimarT<br />

aRtacebis sityvebi aRmoxdomiaT, rogorc, magaliTad, am striqonebSi:<br />

`yorano, Waris Relesa ar maavlie Tvalia,<br />

velguja ara Rnaxia, xuSaiSvili xaria?<br />

vnaxe da qvec mamewona: did-didn sxdomiyvnes Tvalia...~<br />

[qxp IV #251<br />

Tumca, vikiTxoT, ra moewona yorans velgujas TvalebSi: misi kargi<br />

moymeobis niSani Tu kargi sadili? igi arc im TavianT Tvistomebs hgavs,<br />

vinc maTTvis sadilis gamamzadebels locaven, rogorc am baladismagvar<br />

teqstSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`WimRis kldeT yefda yorani, erTi uZaxebs sxvasao,<br />

velT midis oCiauri, gavxyveT amagis kvalsao,<br />

Cveni misvlisad gaswiravs yoris wyalaze mkvdarsao.<br />

uSiSa ar dagvaklebda saxraod RilRvlis Zvalsao~<br />

[qxp IV:#8]<br />

184

kaimoymeoba, rac Tavad moymisTvis da mTeli sazogadoebisTvis<br />

upirvelesi zneobrivi Rirebulebaa, yornisTvis pragmatulia: igi<br />

sazrdoobs moymeTa Tavganwiruli aqtebiT, maTi ukandauxevlobiT. isini<br />

locaven moymeebs, romlebis karg sadils gaumzadeben maT:<br />

.`..yomastos yorneb aZraxda, dabla dauSvnes mÃarnia,<br />

jer ki CaiTrvnes sisxliTa, memre coma xres Zvalia.<br />

daloces Tofis damkravi, memr _ mzirTa winamZRvaria~<br />

[qxp IV:#119].<br />

“daloces Tofis damkravi” _ (an Tavad Tofis dalocva, Zvalis<br />

gamWreli xmlis qeba da sxva) es sagmiro baladis daskvnaa. ase rom,<br />

yornebis piridan uneburad gamodis uWko moymeTa qeba-dideba.<br />

is, rac “fxovel da SavanelSi” embrionalurad aris mocemuli,<br />

sxvagan meti sicxadiT aris gaSlili, Tumca mainc rCeba erTgvari<br />

bundovaneba, romlis gafantva mxolod ambis prozaul gadmocemas,<br />

andrezs, SeuZlia. aviRoT “ioneuris” situacia. sityvebi, romliTa iwyeba<br />

variantTa absoluturi umravlesoba, “WimRaSi ivaneuri ras-ras Saatyobs<br />

Tavsao” an ufro garkveviT: “ras-ras ufiqrobs Tavsao”, an momdevno:<br />

“fSaoba gaubedavis” (fSavSi wasvla gaubedavs) gvamcnobs mis<br />

gadawyvetilebas, magram ar gveubneba, ram gamoiwvia igi. wina baladaSi<br />

amis miniSnebac ar aris, imdenad cxadia, rom Savwyalze dadgomas win<br />

uZRvis gadawyvetileba, arCevani, magram es xdeba sadRac baladis<br />

farglebs gareT da amas unda grZnobdes msmeneli. “ioneurSi”<br />

gadawyvetilebis gardauvaloba da, SeiZleba iTqvas, tragizmic,<br />

gamoxatulia mis ojaxis wevrTa qmedebebiT, gansakuTrebiT mamisa,<br />

romelic mas, safSaod gamzadebuls, jRanebs ubandavs, mama _ Svils, rac<br />

gamoricxulia ordinarul pirobebSi, yoveldRiur yofaSi. msmeneli<br />

ukomentarodac igrZnobs, rom raRac uCveulo xdeba.<br />

es uCveuloba, aseve ukomentaro, msWvalavs “fxoveli da Savanelis”<br />

msgavsad umokles leqss, romelsac, ar SevcdebiT, Tu baladis JanrSi<br />

ganvixilavT. es aris usaTauro simRere, romelic ramdenime variantad<br />

aris gavrcelebuli fSavSi:<br />

`Cavalis, Caeubneba, tunkiT ivane saRarsa:<br />

cxenav, getyoba, geSinis, guls me Cagideb, magarsa,<br />

Cagavlev terelozeda, Cagatanineb naRarsa,<br />

Senac iq mogklav, tialo, Tavsac iq davdeb, WaRarsa,<br />

cocxal Sin ver davbrundebi, iq ver gavwirav mamasa,<br />

cixes davungrev isriTa, wverze gadavdeb qamandsa~<br />

[qxp IV:#266].<br />

uCveuloba Cans cxenis SiSSi raRac gamoucnobis winaSe _ mxedars<br />

uxdeba misi gamxneveba, Tumca piriqiT ki SeiZleboda yofiliyo: mxedari<br />

gamxnevebuliyo cxenis TanadgomiT. uCveuloa am sasowarkveTil<br />

laSqrobaSi (“cocxal Sin ver davbrundebi”) muqara cixis isriT<br />

dangrevisa. yvela sityva, rasac mxedari warmoTqvams, intonacia, rogorc<br />

am sityvebs warmoTqvams, baladis tragikul dasasrulze metyvelebs.<br />

185

msmenels ar eeWveba, rom mxedari ver daixsnis mamas da Sin cocxalic ar<br />

dabrundeba... axdeba yvelaferi, rasac mxedari uwinaswarmetyvelebs Tavis<br />

Tavs da cxensac.<br />

aRarafers vambobT am baladis formis araordinalurobaze: mTeli<br />

misi Sinaarsi cxenTan gamarTul dialogSia moqceuli. siuJeturi dro<br />

jer ar amowurula, magram ambavi damTavrebulia, igi virtualur drosa<br />

da sivrceSi mTavrdeba. es ar ukargavs baladas eqspresiulobas.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> balada, gamonaklisis gareSe, gmiris sikvdiliT mTavrdeba,<br />

anu es imas niSnavs, rom baladaSi, rogorc wesi, gmiris cxovrebis<br />

ukanaskneli wamebia gadmocemuli. misi cxovreba xom brZolaa, sicocxlis<br />

ukanaskneli wamebi ki _ brZolis kulminacia. am dros gmiris cxovrebis<br />

TiTqos Sejameba xdeba. es iseTi wamebia, roca misi egzistencia mTlianad<br />

ixsneba, ukanasknel sabrZolo aqtSi _ gmirobaSi poulobs gamosavals.<br />

gmirma icis, rom mokvdavia da is Seguebulia amas, magram gmiri arasodes<br />

Seegueba iseT sikvdils, romelic brZolis velze sisxliT ar aris<br />

kurTxeuli. gmiris apoTeozi velze sisxliT ganaTvlaa. sxvagvari<br />

sikvdili `sircxvil as“, rogoric xevsuri kai yma ityvis.<br />

zemoT ganxilul baladaSi (“Cavalis, Caeubneba”) gmiris egzistencia<br />

jer ar gamonaTebula, is elis amas da msmenelic imis molodinSia, rom<br />

es aucileblad moxdeba, magram gmiris gancda win uswrebs realizacias<br />

_ misi egzistencia ukve gamosxivebulia mis warmosaxvaSi. da am<br />

warmosaxvis intensioba msmenels arwmunebs, imaSi, rom tunkiT ivanes ukan<br />

dabruneba ar uweria da rom swored es iqneba misi gamarjveba da<br />

apoTeozi.<br />

gmirebi sxvadasxvagvarad ecemian orTabrZolaSi, magram aRsasruli<br />

erTia: isini bolomde gaiReben sicocxlis sasyidels, safasurs im<br />

erTaderTi qonebisa, romelic maT gankargulebaSia. Tu hanzeli<br />

zRvaosani vaWrebi misdevdnen devizs “zRvaosnoba aucilebelia,<br />

sicocxle ar aris aucilebeli” (Navigare necesse est, vivere non est necesse), kai<br />

ymaT Tavisi sakuTari devizi aqvT, romelsac Tumca arasodes miuRia<br />

verbaluri gamoxatuleba: brZola aucilebeli, sicocxle ar aris<br />

aucilebeli. masasadame, maTTvis arsebula iseTi ram, rasac sicocxleze<br />

upiratesi Rirebuleba aqvs. iseTi ram, raSic cxaddeba Tavad sicocxlis<br />

fasi da Rirebuleba, misi matareblis Rirseba. ras unda hqondes imaze<br />

meti fasi da Rirebuleba, rac aqvs sicocxles, romelic erTaderTia da<br />

ganumeorebeli? aris adamianSi (ara mis gareT) iseTi ram, risTvisac<br />

iwireba sicocxle. es ram gawirvis gadawyvetilebaSi iCens Tavs: es aris<br />

neba, romliTac adamians SeuZlia marTos Tavisi sicocxle, romlis<br />

wyalobiTac adamiani sicocxleze maRla dgeba. marTavs sicocxles da<br />

droJamsac, es kargad Cans baladaSi.<br />

adamiani icocxlebs ramdenime aTeul wels, magram mas, SesaZloa,<br />

arasodes daudges Tavisi egzistenciis gamosxivebis Jami. es Jami wlebs<br />

ar moaqvs, es Jami SeiZleba dadges kai ymis mowifulobisTanave. Wabuki,<br />

sakargymod gamzadebuli, baRaTera jabuSanuri (amave saxelwodebis<br />

baladis gmiri) dedisZmebisgan moiTxovs mamiseul CaCqans, romelic mamis<br />

sikvdilis Semdeg maT hqondaT mibarebuli. biZebma ar misces CaCqani, ar<br />

CaTvales mowifulad, gajavrebuli gamoistumres baRaTera (“qva-rkinas<br />

186

amtvrevs kbiliTa”). magram sul male baRaTeras SesaZlebloba eZleva<br />

daamtkicos, rom is mowifulia CaCqnis satareblad (“CaCqani” aq<br />

sabrZolod mowifulobis metaforaa). baRaTeram moigeria Casafrebuli<br />

mzirebi, sisxlmdinareni gaaqcia isini, magram arc Tavad gadarCenila<br />

uWrilobod, romelic sasikvdilo gamodga. meleqse Zunwia baRaTeras<br />

gmirobis gamoxatvaSi. rasac is gamoxatavs, isev da isev egzistenciis<br />

gamovlenaa _ aqedan vrwmundebiT, rom es wamebi baRaTeras sicocxlis<br />

ukanaskneli wamebia. aseTi yofila baRaTera, misma dedisZmebma ki ar<br />

icodnen. dafaruli gacxadda aseTi tragikuli aRsasruliT. baRaTeras<br />

gza karkuCidan mamis saxlamde arxotSi Tvisobrivad sxva aris, vidre<br />

gza, romelic man mamis saxlidan karkuCamde gaiara. is gzaSi izrdeba da,<br />

sabolood, ukan itovebs Tavis bavSvobas, igi uReltexilze mTvardeba.<br />

balada Tavis kulminacias am or striqonSi aRwevs, romelTac komentari<br />

namdvilad ar esaWiroebaT:<br />

`martuam baRaTerama mTa gardiara gminiTa,<br />

gadauCinda dedasa gacinebulis piriTa...~<br />

[qxp IV:#275]<br />

namdvilad, arc erTs mis dedisZmaTagan, romelTac Selaxes misi Rirseba,<br />

ar eqneboda Sansi sicocxlis fasad daemtkicebina Tavisi Rirseba, am<br />

gziT moepovebina saxeli.<br />

Tu mxolod sikvdiliT moipoveba saxeli da sxva gza misken<br />

mimavali ar arsebobs, arc Selaxuli saxelisa da Rirsebis aRsadgenad<br />

sxva gza, garda sikvdilisa, ar ipoveba. es aris Tema xevsuruli<br />

baladisa, romlis gmiri, saxelad ivaneuri (var. ioneuri), gvarad gaburi,<br />

sofliT WimRioni, mieSureba fSavisken, raTa yvelaze ganTqmul vaJkacTan<br />

SebrZolebaSi sikvdiliT Camoirecxos sircxvili, razec balada ar<br />

laparakobs, mxolod andrezuli gadmocemiT viciT. ivaneurs raRac<br />

saqcieliT (“Tavisi siamayiT”) jvarisTvis uwyeninebia, jvari gaswyromia<br />

da “gauyrevav wveri”. balada, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli poetikisamebr,<br />

moulodnelad iwyeba, fSavSi wasasvlelad mzadebiT, Sinaurebi (ded-mama)<br />

da mTeli sofeli, jvaric ki (“waRm dahyev, WimRis giorgiv, Sens<br />

patimarsa ymasao”), aseve mamidac (“yinCad daswerda jvarsao”), roca<br />

roSkaSi mis saxls Cauvlis, monawileobas iRebs mis saboloo gzaze<br />

gastumrebaSi. baladis intenciaSi devs misi ukan ardabruneba. ivaneurs<br />

sxva danarCen vaJkacTagan, romlebic sofelSi datova, erTi upiratesoba<br />

aqvs da is sityvis uTqmelad igrZnoba simRereSi: is dro, rac mas<br />

WiRidan cabaurTamde misvlaSi da iq gamorCeul ymasTan Sexvedramde<br />

dasWirdeba, mas ekuTvnis, dro savsea misi egzistenciiT, veraviTari<br />

gareSe Zala ver waarTmevs mas am dros, veravin ukan ver daabrunebs<br />

ivaneurs, romlis suliskveTeba am or striqonSia moqceuli: “RmerTo,<br />

juTuas Samyare, an yartaulas, Ãarsao! maklulsa juTuaisas RmerT aRar<br />

dasdebs bralsao”. es misi arCevania. es arCevani erT fragmentSi,<br />

romelic ar ekuTvnis baladas, amgvarad aris gacxadebuli _<br />

`xmals uTxra ivaneurma: xmalo gamiWer, tialo!<br />

187

mteri mamadga karzeda, iq unda gagaprialo!<br />

an movklav, an me movkvdebi, cocxalm ar unda viaro~<br />

[qxp: #97].<br />

amis mTqmels SeeZlo ase eTqva: “Jami Cemia”. am ukanmouqcevel gzaze raime<br />

Seferxeba iseTive damaRonebeli da sasircxvilo iqneboda misTvis misive<br />

Tavis winaSe, rogorc fxovelisTvis SavwyalTan amaod dgoma im<br />

Svidstriqonian baladaSi. es sanatreli Jamis gaSveba da samrcxvino<br />

xelmocarva iqneboda.<br />

`sircxvil as sikvdil“, ambobs kai yma. magram rogori sikvdili?<br />

saxlSi sarecelze sikvdilia sircxvili. es namdvili tragediaa, imdenad<br />

mZime, rom misi Semcveli simRere sanTliT saZebaria. Tuki ipoveba, misi<br />

gamgrZelebelni cdiloben gamarTleba moupovon amgvar aRsasruls.<br />

sanam am tipis, SeiZleba erTaderT, baladas ganvixilavde, erT<br />

damaxasiaTebel ambavs movitan skandinaviel kaiymaTa cxovrebidan: roca<br />

starkidi daberda da TiTqmis dabrmavda, sulmudam imaze fiqri awuxebda,<br />

rom sawolSi ar momkvdariyo. raki mxolod brZolaSi dacemulTa<br />

xvedria valhala, “Calaze sikvdili” ki _ saZraxisi, sxva ra darCenoda<br />

starkids, Tu ara kiserze Camoekida oqroTi savse qisa, mkvlelis<br />

mizidvis mizniT, da gasuliyo gareT. sabolood man Tavi moakvlevina<br />

paters, romlis mama mas hyavda mokluli [gureviCi:23].<br />

verafers vityvi, momxdara Tu ara aseTi SemTxveva kai ymaTa<br />

cxovrebaSi, magram is perspeqtiva, romelic skandinaviel starkids<br />

eloda, “zen bacaligos” simRereSi faqtia. ai, es umoklesi balada:<br />

`zen bacaligos Tovsa Tovs, qven bacaligos Srebisa,<br />

TinibeqaurT cixesa kuTxi marjvena sqdebisa.<br />

Tavsa zis Savi yorani, libuSi gveli Zvrebisa,<br />

Siga wevs Tinibeqai, gulsuwadinod kvdebisa...~<br />

[qxp IV:#375-g]<br />

ras niSnavs aq “gulsuwadinod”? imas xom ara, rom Tinibeqas<br />

saerTod ar surs sikvdili? ra Tqma unda, ara. gulsuwadinod aq<br />

erTaderT rasme unda niSnavdes: cixeSi, Tavis SinaSi, sikvdili ar surs<br />

Tinibeqas. misi wadili velfze sikvdili iqneboda. magram is sarecelze<br />

kvdeba. erT-erTi variantis “uziareblad kvdebao” Sorsmimaval fiqrs da<br />

varauds aRgviZravs, Tu gavixsenebT fragments e.w. sagmiro-samgloviaro<br />

leqsidan: “omSi moklulsa vaJkacsa rad unda ziarebao“? es asea, magram<br />

Tu Tinibeqa uziareblad kvdeba, iqneb amiT is aris naTqvami, rom igi<br />

brZolis velidan sasikvdilod daWrili ar dabrunebula? radgan<br />

brZolaSi sisxlis gaReba ziarebis tolfasia (gavixsenoT sisxliT<br />

naTlisReba). gana SemTxveviTia, rom ivaneuris aRsasruls baladis erT<br />

variantSi msxverplSewirvis saxe aqvs: “mauqnevs xoSurauli, gaagdebinebs<br />

Tavsao, Tavs masWris batkaniviTa, Sahrevs jvar-jvaris karsao”?<br />

ramdeni wlis sicocxles gaiRebda Tinibeqa, rom Suqiauris<br />

gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCeniliyo. am leqsSi xom Suqiauri Tavisi<br />

amgvari aRsasruliT saxelis saufloSi gadadis:<br />

188

`axiels TeTrsa cixesa Cardaxi Camosdisao,<br />

Siga zis Suqiauri, Tavs cecxli gadasdisao,<br />

Suqiauris Ãirimi gulmwuxrad gamodisao...~<br />

[qxp IV:#233]<br />

aq erTaderTi sityva “gulmwuxrad” yvelafers ambobs.<br />

“zen bacaligos” ori gagrZeleba aqvs. erTSi mocemuli cda<br />

Tinibeqais sikvdilis mizezis garkvevisa, radgan autanelia, rogorc<br />

vTqviT, Sin sikvdili, rasac veraferi gamoasworebs. variantSi cixeSi<br />

momakvdavs kvirika qvia saxelad da igi jixvebis devnas Seuwiravs, rac<br />

SeiZleboda brZolaSi dacemis analogiur aRsasrulad mieCnia romelime<br />

mTqmels. “jixvebs nu Casdev, kvirikav,...” ase iwyeba “bacaligos”<br />

gasagrZeleblad gamoyenebuli leqsi, romlis damoukidebeli warmoSoba<br />

udaoa, magram is kontaminaciurad Seezarda “gulsuwadinod” momakvdavi<br />

Tinibeqas leqss. mas, rogorc daRupuli monadiris ciklis damoukidebel<br />

baladas (ix. “jarji”), umjobesia, adgili samonadiro poeziaSi mivuCinoT.<br />

“zen bacaligos” aqvs meore, ufro bunebrivi gagrZeleba, sadac<br />

gardacvalebuls saTiTaod dastirian axloblebi: ded-mama,<br />

`Tinibeqais dedai, sawyal, sanTlebur dnebisa,<br />

Tinibeqais diaci dedaSi aRar jdebisa,<br />

gaoxrebuli lurjai samburSi aRar dgebisa...~<br />

[qxp IV:#375-g]<br />

axla gavecnoT variants, romelic moicavs moymis sikvdilze<br />

damwuxrebulTa maqsimalur Semadgenlobas:<br />

`deda utiris beCavsa, gulze aRara sTbebao,<br />

dai ki kvirikaisa faragiT ixoSebao,<br />

coli ki kvirikaisi sanTleburada dnebao,<br />

lurjai kvirikaisi samburCi aRar dgebao,<br />

mama ki kvirikaisi Tma-wveriT ixoSebao,<br />

franguli kvirikaisi qarqaSSi aRar dgebao~.<br />

[SaniZe 1931:#516-g].<br />

Tumca es stereotipad qceuli datirebani met-naklebi<br />

saxecvlilebebiT SeiZleba nebismieri sagmiro baladis erTgvar daskvnad<br />

gamodges. klasikuria am mxriv xogais mindis dasasruli, romelic mis<br />

TiTqmis yvela variants axlavs:<br />

`cxeni imisi tiali lurja totebze dgeboda,<br />

coli imisi beCavi sul Savad imoseboda,<br />

dedas imisas sabralos tirils aRara hxdeboda,<br />

mama imisi sabralo Tma-wveriT ixoSeboda~.<br />

[qxp IV:#3].<br />

189

niSandoblivia cxenisa da mxedris (patronis) urTierTobis<br />

(gavixsenoT “Cavalis, Caeubnebis”) gaTvaliswinebiT mgloviareTa Soris<br />

cxenis pirvel rigSi dasaxeleba.<br />

aris tendencia, rom am kanonikur sias gamoeyos da damoukidebeli<br />

leqsis saxe miiRos moymisgan daoblebulTa yvelaze, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

mebrZolisTvis intimurma atributebma, romelTagan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />

xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebs maT nawilianobaze, erTi _ cxeni _ ar<br />

CaiTvleba ugunur arsebad,<br />

`Cava, Cahxvivis lurjai, mTibelav, Seni cxenia:<br />

vervin Samamxvda, mTibelav, mxedari Seni feria,<br />

vercvin mamiyvans omSia, verc vin maWmia qeria” _<br />

[qxp IV:#413]<br />

meore ki _ iaraRi _ usulo nivTad. isini Tumca lakoniuri, magram<br />

Tavisi paTosiT epiuri suraTis personaJebi xdebian:<br />

`mTibelav, Seni franguli, itirebs, gadaiqceva:<br />

avahme, Cemo patrono, Senfrad aravin meqceva.<br />

vervin Samitans omSia, Samitans, gamameqceva”<br />

[qxp III:#102]<br />

ukeTesad da ufro amomwuravad, da meti gulistkeniT verc erTi<br />

axlobeli ver daaxasiaTebda daRupul moymes. isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

daoblebulTa Soris yvelaze tragikulni cxeni da franguli Canan.<br />

umxedrod darCenili “lurjas” monologi TiTqos pasuxia tunkiT<br />

ivanes gamamxnevebel sityvebze Tavis Semdrkal “cxenas” mimarT. “guls me<br />

Cagideb magarsa”, ai, aseT, am sityvebis patroni mxedars mistiris cxeni.<br />

`leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa~<br />

Tavdapirveli saxiT es balada, rogorc akaki SaniZem [SaniZe 1931:559]<br />

gamoarkvia adgilobrivi informatorebis gamokiTxvis Sedegad,, aTiode<br />

striqonze meti ar unda yofiliyo. droTa viTarebaSi baladas emateboda<br />

striqonebi, romlebic TiTqos azustebdnen vefxvisa da moymis Sebmis<br />

detalebs da, ase gasinjeT, bunebis suraTsac ki. arada, moymis gmirobis<br />

saCveneblad sruliad sakmarisia is minimumi, romelic aRwers mxolod da<br />

mxolod aucilebels. Sexvedra vefxisa da moymisa, maTi Sebma danaxulia<br />

erT-erTi monawilis, cxadia, moymis TvaliT (“moymem Tqva, pirSiSvelama”),<br />

dinamiuri kadrebi iseTi katastrofuli siswrafiT enacvleba erTmaneTs,<br />

rom statikuri peizaJisTvis dro aRar unda rCebodes. “dro aRar dasCa<br />

moymesa”, naTqvamia leqsSive. drois ukmarisoba, rogorc vnaxeT,<br />

orTabrZolaze agebuli baladis uxilavi fonia, rogorc sasunTqi haeri.<br />

ai, savaraudo Tavdapirveli teqsti:<br />

`moymema pirSiSvelama, Sibn gaiarna kldisani,<br />

jixvsa Tof daxkra, berÃensa, Walas jaxn iqnes rqisani.<br />

190

Sua gzas SamaaRamda, dron iyvnen SuRamisani.<br />

gzas vefxvi Sameeyara, Tvalni arisxna RvTisani,<br />

gaziT gaarTvna kalTani, jaWvisa javSanisani.<br />

moymemac xelSi iyarna vadani Tavis Ãmlisani,<br />

nel-nela gaWra frangulma, dron iyvnes waqcevisani,<br />

vefxvi kldeT gardaekida, CamaawiTlna qviSani,<br />

Taod kldis Tavzed Samowva moyme sulamomdinari.<br />

vin etyvis magis dedasa, kars usxen qadag-misanni,<br />

uerTod ar daixarjnes Cvenis afxazis isarni~.<br />

[SaniZe 1931:#519]<br />

rogorc teqstidan Cans, moyme ar apirebda frangulis moSveliebas<br />

da maSinRa moimarjva igi, roca vefxvma jaWvis perangi SemoafliTa mas.<br />

“maSin gauWra frangulma”, gauWra maSin, roca Tavadac sulamomdinari<br />

iyo. ratom erideboda vefxvis mokvlas moyme? TqmulebiT, vefxvis,<br />

rogorc arwivis, mokvla ikrZaleba. moyme ganwirulia, igi ukanasknel,<br />

zRvrul situaciaSia Cayenebuli, mas sxva gza ara aqvs. arsebobs azri,<br />

rom vefxvi, romelmac “Tvalni arisxna xTisani”, mas damsjelad moevlina<br />

berÃeni jixvis mokvlisaTvis. vefxvi RvTis risxvis gamomxatvelia (g.<br />

jafariZe).<br />

gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase Cans akaki<br />

SaniZis masalebis mixedviT, baladas gauCnda gagrZeleba, romelmac mas<br />

saxeli gauTqva. mis gareSe, saeWvoa, rom “leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa”<br />

esoden popularuli gamxdariyo. Tumca popularoba yovelTvis<br />

aRmatebuli Rirsebis dasturi ar aris da am kerZo SemTxvevaSi igi<br />

erTgvarad sentimentalur da arcTu xalxuri warmoSobis humanistur<br />

talRaze gamoikveba.<br />

gavixsenoT, rogor mTvardeba xalxuri teqsti:<br />

“vin etyvis magis dedasa, kars usxeds qadag-misanni,<br />

uerTod ar daixarjnes Cvenis afxazis isarni” .<br />

dedis motivi aq Zunwad, TavSekavebulad, xevsuruli tradiciis<br />

erTgulebiT aris gamoxatuli. Tavad balada ki Tavdeba iq, sadac moymem<br />

da vefxvma daasrules sicocxle _ kldis Tavze. aq wertili daesva<br />

dros, Camoicala wamebi, qviSis saaTis amwuTisofluri WurWeli<br />

dacarielda. oriod striqonSi ixsenieba Wirisufali ara glovis<br />

momentSi da moymis ganzogadebuli (amas isris xseneba mowmobs) Rirsebis<br />

da ara misi ukanaskneli gmirobis Sefaseba. es epilogia, sadac gmiri ukve<br />

moxveWili didebisa da saxelis rakursSia danaxuli.<br />

dedis xseneba boloswina striqonSi misi imgvari gagrZelebis biZgi<br />

unda yofiliyo, rogoradac gagrZelda igi. vinc ar unda yofiliyo<br />

baladis “meore karis” Semqmneli, giorgi jabuSanuri, arcTu usaxelo<br />

meleqse, Tu sxva vinme, misi poeturi talanti eWvs ar iwvevs. leqsi,<br />

romelic eqvsgzis ametebs ZiriTad teqsts, TavisTavad didebulia, dedis<br />

motivi brwyinvaled aris damuSavebuli, magram Zneli iqneba misTvis<br />

xalxur, gansakuTrebiT xevsuruli simReres tradiciaSi adgilis moZebna.<br />

darRveulia ara mxolod baladis formaluri mxare _ Secvlilia riTma<br />

191

(yuvi, amaze qvemoT) da droisa da adgilis erTianobis, siuJetis<br />

ganuStoeblobis principi, aramed, rac mTavaria, myari eTnografiuli<br />

tradicia. saqme is aris, rom dedas xevsuruli etiketiT ekrZaleba<br />

Svilze (da qmarze) sajarod tirili (amaze qvemoT, ix. xmiT natirlebi).<br />

“iareboda dedai tiriliT, Tvalcremliani” sruliad warmoudgenelia<br />

xevsurul (fSauri ukve itans) tradiciul sinamdvileSi. amitom vfiqrob,<br />

rom es damateba garRvevaa tradiciaSi, rac SeiZleboda axali tradiciis<br />

dasabami yofiliyo, magram ase ar moxda. dRemde xevsureTSi ar moipoveba<br />

dedis xmiT natirlebi, gansxvavebiT fSavisa, sadac am kdemamosil<br />

tradicias didixnis winaT Seudga wyali.<br />

Tu davukvirdebiT, meore kari baladisa xuTi met-naklebad<br />

dasrulebuli monakveTisgan Sedgeba. Segubebulia TiTqos erTmaneTi<br />

Tanamimdevruli zRurblebiT baladis erTiani sunTqva. pirvel<br />

monakveTSi erTurTis daxocvis faqtia aRniSnuli (“imaT daxoces<br />

erTurTi”), momdevno monakveTebSi avtori miubrundeba Serkinebis<br />

peripetiebs da sxvadasxvagvarad gadmocems maT. pirvelad deda<br />

umisamarTod iambobs ambavs: “Cem Svils gzad vefxvi Sahyria...” meoreSi<br />

deda daWril(?) Svils, jerac cocxals, wylulebis uxvevs (es lapsusia<br />

Tu uCveulo metabole?); mesameSi: wina monakveTSi gacveTili xmali aq<br />

bolos uRebs vefxvs: “xmalma dakuwa Zvalia”, orTabrZola mTavrdeba da<br />

dedac amTavrebs tirils: “magis mets aRar gitireb...” da moulodnelad<br />

yovelgvari tradiciis sawinaaRmdegod gaismis: “Sen ar xar satiralia”.<br />

meoTxeSi kvlav Tavidan iwyeba Serkineba dedis sizmarSi: “xan vefxvi, xan<br />

Tavis Svili elandeboda mZinarsa”; mexuTeSi moymis deda midis vefxvis<br />

dedasTan da, unda movlodebodiT, rom deda kvlav wamoiwyebda Setakebis<br />

ambis moyolas.<br />

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, TiToeuli monakveTi Tavis sakuTar<br />

yuvzea gawyobili ise, rom baladis yuvi arc erTSi ar meordeba. es<br />

bunebrivia, ramdenadac damoukidebeli monakveTi Tavis riTmas moiTxovs.<br />

gagrZeleba mTlianad ar aris mowyvetili xalxur tradicias: aq<br />

gvxvdeba SesaniSnavi striqoni, romelic arcTu Soreulad epaeqreba<br />

yornis yofiT-saRazrovan, uaresic, obivatelur daskvnas. Tu yornisTvis<br />

“orniv yofilan uWkoni”, “vefxisa da moymis” meore mgosani dedis piriT<br />

saqveynod acxadebs moymeTa kodeqsis upirveles WeSmaritebas:<br />

“arc vefxvi iyo jabani, arc Cem Svil Saxvda Wkviani”.<br />

Wkviani aq jabanis sinonimia. amdenad, `Wkviani moyme~<br />

winaaRmdegobrivi cnebaa. saxels da didebas mxolod saRi azris<br />

sawinaaRmdegod mavalni ipoveben. Wkvianni iseve ver miswvdebian didebas<br />

da saxels, rogorc “vefxistyaosnis” saRvTo mijnurobas (“Wkvianni ver<br />

mixvdebian”). analogia, oRond mutatis mutandis, aSkaraa. savsebiT platonuri<br />

mantizmis (siSmagis) konteqstSi, roca dionisuri sawyisi adamianis<br />

aqtivobis gansxvavebul sferoebze vrceldeba.<br />

`Siola da mTrexeli~<br />

192

amdenadme gansxvavebulia sxva sagmiro baladebisgan, Tumca ar<br />

SeiZleba darwmunebuli viyoT, rom igi sagmiro xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac<br />

orTabrZola (Tu am Setakebas orTabrZolad CavTvliT) aq mTavari Tema<br />

ar aris. balada mravalmxriv aris saintereso: pirvel, rigSi, is<br />

istoriuli dokumentia, romelic konkretuli, cocxali SemTxveviT<br />

(xdomilebiT) gvisuraTebs saqarTvelos mTaSi Seqmnil situcias zurab<br />

erisTavis xanaSi. Siola, erTi gabudayebuli gvaris warmomadgeneli,<br />

aragvis erisTavis partikularistuli mcdelobebis dasayrdenia xevSi.<br />

hubrisi, rogorc wesi, tragikulad mTavrdeba da Siolas aRsasrulic<br />

amgvaria. tragediis arsi moulodnelobaSic, mowinaaRmdege Zalis<br />

gauTvaliswineblobaSic mdgomareobs. Siola im mxridan nasroli isris<br />

msxverpli xdeba, saidanac naklebad moeloda. ase iRupeba gabudayebuli<br />

TorRva Zaganic. magram, rogorc iTqva, es motivi aq ar aris mTavari.<br />

mTavari Tema TiTqos im samiode striqonSia gamoxatuli, romlebic<br />

daskvnis, erTgvari eqstrabaladuri sivrcidan gamosrolili SeZaxiliT,<br />

agvirgvinebs baladis teqsts:<br />

`amboben Camaqcevasa axalcixuris kldisasa,<br />

Tan Cayolasa amboben qerbeRelais Zisasa,<br />

ver Seinaxa stumari, vai vas dedas mtrisasa!~<br />

[qxp XI:#27]<br />

magram ara, “Siola da mTrexeli” iseTi kompoziciur-ideuri<br />

mTlianobaa, rom saeWvoa, erTi romelime Tema dominirebdes masSi. aq<br />

dgas, ra Tqma unda, Rirsebis problema _ Seuracxyofili vaJkacis<br />

Rirsebisa, romelsac Tavisi moymeobis ukanasknel (cxeni ukve gaiRo)<br />

atributs arTmeven (“ar daiSala, gadaswvda mxarT nadebs mSvildsa<br />

rqisasa”, aq ar SeiZleba ar mogvagondes yivCaRis moZaladuri moZraoba:<br />

`mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa~), Seuracxyofili maspinZlis Rirsebisa,<br />

romelsac stumari moukles (Tema, romelic vaJas geniam poemad aqcia);<br />

tradiciiT Semagrebul-gamarTlebuli Surisgebis dauokebeli Jini<br />

(“ganrisxebas Rgon xTisasa”); mkvlelis, Tundac sakuTari sicocxlis<br />

aradCamgdebis, pirveli reaqcia, Tavi Seafaros tradiciiT kurTxeul<br />

adgilebSi, eklesia iqneba Tu keria Tundac moklulis dis saxlSi (“dao,<br />

ver Saminaxavdi, cxonebas Seni Zmisasa”?); keriis mfarvelobiTi Zala,<br />

Surisgebis grZnobis mZleveli (“wamodo, Sao da bnelo, Tu suls vaameb<br />

mkvdrisasa”)...<br />

da mainc unda vTqvaT, rom am baladaSi TvalSi sacemia is ganaCeni,<br />

rac gamotanilia hubrisis winaaRmdeg: mas aqvs Tavisi mwvervali, apogea,<br />

romlis Semdeg iwyeba SeumCneveli dacema da uecari kraxi. amasve<br />

gadmogvcems TorRva Zaganis cxovreba, romelsac baladaSi aRzevebisa da<br />

dacemis klasikuri saxe aqvs micemuli.<br />

mainc ra aris mTavari? iqneb mTavari moqmedi aq droa, is droJami,<br />

romelic gadis snoSi im sabediswero isris gasrolidan ukanasknel<br />

TavSesaframde, romelmac mainc ver Seifara mkvleli? es dro, avsili<br />

egzistencialuri substanciiT, sadac erTni arian devnili (”daelnebas<br />

193

Rgav cisasa”) da mdevneli (“ganrisxebas Rgon xTisasa”). dros aqac<br />

iseTive elvis siswrafe aqvs, rogorc sxvagan, sadac baladis gmiri<br />

sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvars Suaa moqceuli.<br />

`TorRva Zagani~<br />

TorRvas tragedia, romelic hubriszea agebuli, erTi baladis<br />

sivrciT ar Semoifargleba. is arc epiur JanrSi ar gadazrdila,<br />

ramdenadac eposi <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris.<br />

aq ar vsaubrobT ToRvas istoriulobaze. am problemas sagangebod<br />

ganixilavs t. maxauri [maxauri:182-230] da, vfiqrob, damajerebel<br />

daskvnebamde midis. yovel SemTxvevaSi, istoriuli TorRvas pirovneba,<br />

rogoradac is werilobiT wyaroebsa da zepirsityvier gadmocemebSi Cans,<br />

savsebiT akmayofilebs am tipis baladis moTxovnebs.<br />

TorRvas Sesaxeb ramdenime baladuri teqstia Semonaxuli. erTi Tu<br />

mis warmoSobas gvamcnobs, meore misi hubrisis (gabudayebis) niSnebs da<br />

gamoxatulebas saqcielSi, mesame _ mis aRsasruls. am sami (Tu meti)<br />

teqstis ganlageba qronologiur xazze SeuZlebelia, radgan aq<br />

CamoTvlili epizodebi TiToeul maTgans msWvalavs. TiTqos TiToeuli<br />

maTgani dasrulebuli damoukidebeli baladaa, sxvadasxva kuTxiT rom<br />

gadmogvcems misi arsebobis tragedias. TiToeuli maRgani mTlianobaSi<br />

gvimxels TorRvas saxels mis bediswerasTan erTad.<br />

TorRvas jer Tavisi warmoSobiT da mere SobiT ori iseTi<br />

fundamenturi niSani aqvs, romelTagan erTic ki sakmarisi iqneboda mis<br />

gasabudayeblad. warmoSobiT is bagrationia, amdenad, nawiliani. mis<br />

beWebze “marjvniv mze werebuliyva, marcxniske _ mTvaris nalio”. mesame<br />

niSania nawilianobis mizeziT mopovebuli jaWvis perangi, “Zmobilis<br />

naCuqari” (es Zmobili xan qajebi arian, xan veSapia), raSic misi<br />

nawilianobaa ganivTebuli da, sanam igi mas axlavs, mtris isrisa Tu<br />

tyviisagan saimedod aris daculi.<br />

SeniSvna: italiel misionerTa gadmocemiT, imereTis mefeebs _ aleqsandre III-s,<br />

bagrats dabadebidanve zurgis orive mxares jvari hqoniaT gamosaxuli [judiCi:<br />

131; kasteli:75,76].<br />

TorRva damatebiT begaras uwesebs fSavlebs (“mSavleb, umateT<br />

begarsa”): TiTo cxvars da TiTo nacrian tomaras (zamTarSi sanadiro<br />

gzebis gasamSraleblad), da kidev “sakargymoT” arwivis frTas (isris<br />

kudisTvis). es TiTqos araferia, magram uaznauro fSavlebis moTminebis<br />

fiala ivseba da TorRva misTvis moulodnelad, naavadari ConTas xeliT<br />

ecema.<br />

_ “vinc Sen eg mogces, TorRvao, mama wauwydes mkvdario!<br />

amaiwvada ConTama isari mWvartlianio:<br />

_ samjer mamixve, TorRvao, sami dagikal cxvario,<br />

meoTxed mosuls dagikal TeTri qorai xario.<br />

gizave d’ ver dagizave, bagrationi xario.<br />

gulsa xkra, suksa uwia, daeca Zagnis gvario...”<br />

[SaniZe 1931:44; qxp IV:#222]<br />

194

es misi daRupvis gare mxarea. Temi Surs iZiebs gabudayebulze,<br />

rogorc Cveulebriv xdeba legendebSi da yofaSi. magram mis aseT<br />

aRsasruls “metafizikuri” planic axlavs: gabudayebis kulminaciaSi<br />

TorRvas stovebs nawili. iorSi “amaCqvefisas” ucxom Tvali mohkra (“vin<br />

uga Tvalio”) mis SiSvel beWebze nawilis niSnebs, romelTa arseboba,<br />

dedis garda, aravis ar unda scodnoda, da “Zmobilis naCuqari”<br />

jadosnuri jaWvis perangic stovebs mas.<br />

_ “jaWvi ra uyav, TorRvao, qajebis naCuqario?<br />

_ ielovanze gavwire, gacurda, rogorc wyalio”.<br />

cocxali gmiri<br />

iTqva, rom cocxali gmiri winaaRmdegobis Semcveli cnebaa im<br />

mizeziT, rom saxeli _ gmirobis niSani, ZiriTadad da rogorc wesi,<br />

brZolaSi sikvdils moaqvs. amitom ambobs ivaneuri: `an movklav, an me<br />

movkvdebi, cocxalm ar unda viaro!~ gadarCenil kaiymas saxelis<br />

mopovebis naklebi Sansi aqvs. magram sagmiro poeziam icis sagmiro<br />

baladisgan gansxvavebuli teqstebi, sadac saxeldebiT Seqebulia<br />

konkretuli moyme. qebani ar aris stereotipuli. moymeobis poezias<br />

moymis sikeTis gadmocema-gamoxatvis mravalferovani saSualebebi aqvs.<br />

gavecnoT zogierT maTgans.<br />

“ar vici xando-WarTali, gudamayari sad ari.<br />

mTiuleTs gamigonia Tormeti cixe magari.<br />

samxreTiT wamogveweva veSagurT cxeni saRari,<br />

zeda zis mameswarai, welze artyia xanjali.<br />

aragvis piras SamoCnda, gaminaxevra laSqari,<br />

dabrunda, wyalze garecxa omSi naxmari far-xmali”<br />

[xalxuri poezia 1992:#89].<br />

erTaderTi, rac mameswara veSaguris saxelovan gamarjvebas gvamcnobs, es<br />

orad-ori sityvaa: `gaminaxevra laSqari~, sxva danarCeni mxolod fons<br />

uqmnis mas. ~Tormeti cixe magari~ mis saxels emsaxureba, rogorc misi<br />

gmirobis Tanadi. cxeni, xanjari, far-xmali _ moymis es aqsesuarebi<br />

inkrustaciebiviT aris Casmuli am umoklesi leqsis mcire sivrceSi.<br />

dasaxeleba `veSagurT cxeni~ ukve mowmobs am cxenis saxelze, romelic<br />

isev da isev misi mxedris saxels emsaxureba, rogorc misi moymeobis<br />

Sesatyvisi. xolo brZolis dasasruli apoTeozis nacvlad sruliad<br />

yofiTi saqmianobiT aris gamoxatuli, rac imis mimaniSnebelia, rom<br />

garecxili far-xmali axali brZolis molodinSi iqneba.<br />

ai, kidev leqsi, romelic fragmentis STabeWdilebas stovebs, magram<br />

aramc da aramc fragmenti ar aris _ igi damoukidebeli samstriqonedia:<br />

`meSvela milxauris Ze, niavo gergetisao,<br />

kivkav darbazis gamtexo, momtano sirmaisao,<br />

Tormetis SurismZebnelo, Ãelad momyvano tyvisao~<br />

[Tsufa 24441].<br />

195

meSvelas saxelisTvis, romelic imsaxurebs epiTets `niavi gergetisa~,<br />

sruliad sakmarisia darbazis (sakulto nageboba) gatexva da iqidan<br />

sirmis, rogorc nadavlis, wamoReba, rac mtruli Temis sruli<br />

ganadgurebis badalia, mere Tormetis Surismgebloba (rogorc viciT,<br />

Tormeti damasrulebeli ricxvia) da, bolos, tyvis moyvana sakuTari<br />

xeliT _ Warbic aris, es saqmeni sagmironi mTlianad gadafaravs mis<br />

momavals.<br />

SeniSvna. gergeti RvTisSvilTa samyofelia, `niavi gergetisa~ ki SeiZleba<br />

miviCnioT mxsnelis figuratul sinonimad. meSvelas qmedebani RvTisSvilTa<br />

mxsnel RvawlTan aris Sedarebuli. `sirma~ _ aq: sakulto Tasis saxelia.<br />

zurab erisTavTan brZolebis epopeaSi varskvlaviviT brwyinavs<br />

xevsuri mamuka qalundauri. man sicocxleSive moipova gmiris statusi,<br />

magram usaxelod daasrula sicocxle. rogorc leqsebi, ise prozauli<br />

gadmocema guroel xevsurs nawilianad (jvar-xatTn wilnayarad) Tvlis.<br />

magram nawiliani iyo ara mxolod Tavad mamuka, aramed misi xmalic.<br />

mosalodneli brZolis win xmali qarqaSidan amoiwevda momavali<br />

gamarjvebis niSnad [gabuuri:158]. sadag dReebSi igi sruliad prozaul<br />

cxovrebas misdevda. magaliTad, yoveldRiuri sakvebis mosapoveblad<br />

xifxolas (erTgvari mcenare) Txrida xolme yanaSi. misi nawilianoba anu<br />

xarizma swored krizisis periodSi iCenda Tavs, ebrael<br />

winaswarmetyvelTa da msajulTa darad uflis suli gadmodioda masze,<br />

ris Semdegac igi sruliad saxecvlili Sedioda brZolaSi. es<br />

sxvebisTvisac TvalsaCino iyo. gadmocemiT, salaSqrod mimaval mamukas<br />

win varskvlavi miuZRoda rogorc naTlis sveti. roca mTaze gadmomdgar<br />

zurab erisTavs mTis ZirSi momavali mamuka daunaxavs, Tavisi laSqari<br />

auyria da ukan gabrunebula [gaburi:159]. ramdenime fragmenti mamukas<br />

eposidan amgvarad gvixasiaTebs mis araordinalur pirovnebas.<br />

`Tan maxyves qalundaursa mamukas Suqni mzisani,<br />

bekengorT Camoewiva, yman CaWrna zurabisani,<br />

amandiT amabrunvilma samann Caxyudna qvisani...~<br />

[qxp XI:#47]<br />

brZola aragvis riyeze moxda da gamarjvebis niSnad mamukam erTi<br />

mozrdili lodi bekengoris Tavze aitana da miwaSi CaarWo. misi es<br />

qmedeba apoTeozis erTgvari niSani iyo, Tumca am dRidan daiwyo misma<br />

varskvlavma Casveneba. saqme is iyo, rom man daarRvia sakraluri wesi,<br />

akrZalva: imaze meti mteri mokla ukanasknel brZolaSi, ramdenis atanac<br />

mis nawilian xmals SeeZlo. am sabediswero epizods amgvarad gadmoscems<br />

besarion gaburi:<br />

`... Tormet erTbaSad mauklav. meTormetisad ro Samaukrav<br />

Ãmali mamuka qalundaurs, maSin es meTormete kac mokluli<br />

TaviT feÃ-aRm dayudebulas wyalSi da RmerTs Saswdomiv<br />

imTven xalxis codvai da Caugav Ãmal mamuka qalundaurs.<br />

196

SauZaxnebav xTisad: RmerTo, Sen nu gamiwyrebiv! mets aRar<br />

mavxklavav. maSin Caugav Ãmal qalundaurs, uTqom damrCal<br />

zurabis jarTad: mSvidobiT, Ãel magimarTasT! RmerTm aRar<br />

mamc metis Ãocis nebai, da amabrunvil~<br />

[gabuuri:159].<br />

amis Semdeg Cauyudebia is samani bekengorze. RmerTma metis xocis<br />

nebac ar misca da arc apatia. mamuqa qalundauri, bekengoris gmiri,<br />

usaxelod iRupeba RvTisgan gawiruli TorRvas msgavsad (ix. zemoT).<br />

magram samani, misi gmirobis niSnad misve xeliT aRmarTuli, darCa<br />

bekengorze. bekengori qalundauris kidev erTi saswaulebrivi siCauqis<br />

mowme iyo, romelic amgvarad gamoxata leqsma:<br />

`bekenTgor qalundauri yornis griloebs xyvebisa~<br />

[qxp III:#50],<br />

SeniSvnebi. mamukas, romlis gvari gogoWuri iyo, metsaxeli `qalundauri~ misi<br />

matareblis askezis gamoxatulebaa: `qal-undauri~ unda miuTiTebdes qalebTan<br />

urTierTobisgan TavSekavebis aRTqmaze (xevs. undauri _ moZule), Tumca es Tema<br />

maincdamainc gaSlili ar aris qalundauris eposSi.<br />

bekengori (an begengori) maRali mTaa gudanis maxloblad. misi ferdobi<br />

TiTqmis Sveulad eSveba aragvis riyeze, saidanac mamukam riyis qva iatana<br />

bekengorze.<br />

samani Cveulebriv niSnavs mijnas, romelic gamoyofs erT nakveTs meorisgan,<br />

amrigad is samaxsovro niSania. qalundaurma aRmarTa igi mizniT: Tavisi<br />

gamarjvebis niSnad da kidev imis niSnad, rom amieridan iwyeboda misi cxovrebis<br />

axali etapi, romelic dekadansiT aRiniSna. mamukas xeliT dayudebuli samani<br />

bolo dromde ixilveboda bekengorze. am striqonebis avtors, bacaligoatabedan<br />

gudanisken mimavals, orgzis mouxilavs igi. amboben, viRac xevsur<br />

herostrates amouZirkvavs igi da aragvis riyisTvis daubrunebia. mamukas ki<br />

anderZad hqonda datovebuli: `vinac Cem sikvdiliTges amaze mgzavr aivl-<br />

Caivlis da vinac am samanTan sam yanws arayians ar daRlocavs, am Cemis Ãmlis<br />

codva ekidas, rac Cem Ãmals codva uqnav da kac mauklav~ [gabuuri:159-160].<br />

`yornis griloebs xyvebisa~ anu mfrinavi yornebis dafenil Crdilebs<br />

misdevdao (grilo _ Crdili).<br />

monadire<br />

monadireoba saomari moqmedebaa, igi xSirad orTabrZolis xasiaTs<br />

iRebs, ris magaliTad "leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa" kmara. gareuli mxeci<br />

ucxoa, rogorc mteri, da nadiroba TiTqos omia maT winaaRmdeg. swored<br />

amitom, rom nadiroba Zaladobaa, misi neitralizaciis mizniT garkveul<br />

sazogadoebebSi igi sagangebo ritualebiT aris garemosili. monadire<br />

sanadirod wasvlis win icavs akrZalvebis mTels wyebas, raTa misi<br />

nadiroba ara mxolod warmatebuli, aramed legitimuric iyos.<br />

nadirobasTan dakavSirebulia gansacdeli, ucnobis samyaros xilva,<br />

Cveulebriobis sazRvrebis gadalaxva, an im zRurblis miRweva, saidanac<br />

iwyeba sxva, aqamde ganucdeli samyaro. es garemoeba ki riskis winaSe<br />

ayenebs monadires. amitomac ar aris paradoqsi, rom warmatebuli<br />

197

monadire isev, rogorc davlaTian-nawiliani meomari (TorRva Zagani,<br />

ioneur TeTrauli, mamuka qalundauri da sxvani) mSvidobianad ar<br />

amTavrebs sicocxles. samonadiro <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis arsebiTia daRupuli<br />

monadiris cikli, romelsac sagangebo monografia mieZRvna [virsalaZe<br />

1964].<br />

monadire, rogorc wesi, isjeba zedmeti nadiri daxocvisTvis.<br />

arsebobs wesi: asi jixvis mokvlis Semdeg Tofi miwaSi imarxeba. es is<br />

Tofia, romelmac azari Seasrula da misi gamoyeneba ekrZaleba<br />

monadires. monadire Corla isjeba imisaTvis, rom man as oci jixvi da<br />

arCvi mokla, mxolod erTi koWli Txa gadaurCa [svanuri poezia:291].<br />

gadametebuli nanadirevi monadiris hubrisis gamoxatulebaa. es ar<br />

epatieba monadires, rogorc qalundaurs ar epatia im meTormetis mokvla.<br />

monadire isjeba ara imdenad zedmeti nadiris mokvlisTvis, aramed<br />

hubrisisTvis, imis daviwyebisTvis, rom nadirobaSi warmateba nadirT<br />

patronzea damokidebuli da ara misi monadireobis xelovnebaze an<br />

davlaTze, romlis wyaro nadirT patronia. warmateba davlaTia, romelic<br />

eZleva monadires da, rogorc eZleva, iseve waerTmeva. zedmeti an<br />

niSandebuli nadiris mokvla qurdobis tolfasia: monadire qurdavs<br />

`nadirT patrons~. amisTvis is unda daisajos.<br />

nadirT patronTan urTierToba, romelic aucilebelia nadirobaSi<br />

warmatebisaTvis, satrfialo kavSiris saxes iRebs. am dros<br />

nadirTpatroni dedria. qarTul folklorSi ori tipi gamoikveTa am<br />

urTierTobisa, erTi svanur zepirsityvierebaSia dadasturebuli, meore _<br />

megrulSi. erTgan dalia, meoregan _ `tyaSmafa~ (tyis mefe Tu dedofali).<br />

rCeuli monadireebi dalis an tyaSmafas sayvarlebi arian. am<br />

pirobiT isini aRweven warmatebas. Tumca monadire, Cveulebriv, gaurbis<br />

nadirT mwyemsis siyvaruls. niSandoblivia: Tu arCevani monadirezea, anu<br />

Tu monadires aqvs alternativa, igi oridan _ dalTan wola Tu cxra<br />

jixvi _ am ukanasknels irCevs. ase iqceva dalis bavSvis gadamrCeni<br />

monadire: warmatebas irCevs, magram dali pasuxs mkacrad agebinebs, Tu man<br />

cxras gadaaWarba an am cxraSi swored imas esrola, romlis mokvla<br />

akrZaluli aqvs. es xSirad oqrosrqiani jixvia da misTvis nasroli tyvia<br />

Tavad msrolels miubrundeba.<br />

ufro xSirad monadires ara aqvs alternativa. igi iZulebulia<br />

dahyves dalis nebas: sayvarlad gauxdes mas da warmatebax<br />

uzrunvelyofilia, magram amieridan monadire mudmivi safrTxis winaSea.<br />

am siyvaruls TiTqos kanonieri saxe aqvs, es erTgvari qorwinebaa,<br />

misi niSani mZivia an beWedi, romelsac monadire saidumlod unda<br />

inaxavdes. am mZivSi Tu beWedSia ganivTebuli monadiris bedi. masze unda<br />

Semowmdes misi erTguleba dalisadmi. magram monadires `Sin~ kanonieri<br />

qali hyavs. amieridan misi cxovreba gaorebulia _ cxovreba `Sin~ da<br />

`gareT~.<br />

dalTan qorwineba Tumca efemerulia, magram misi Sedegi<br />

tragikulia. dali Rupavs, dalive daitirebs.<br />

svanuri samonadireo teqstebi epiuria, sinkretizmis niSniT aris<br />

aRbeWdili _ isini ferxulSi sruldeba, ferxulis dinamikam da ritmma<br />

198

TiTqos unda gadmosces ganwiruli monadiris daRupvis gardauvali<br />

procesi.<br />

`bail yvela dailocos aq myofi, bail, ilba bail.<br />

bail, sabralo beTqil, sacodao beTqil, bail....<br />

bail, beTqil, dalis moRalatev, bail....<br />

bail, mulax-muJali ikribeba, bail...<br />

bail, ferxuliT uvlian JamuSis moedans, bail...<br />

bail, gadmomxtara TeTri Suni, bail...<br />

bail, gaZromia beTqils lajebSi, bail...<br />

bail, es beTqilis wera iqneba, bail...<br />

bail, amis mdevari vin iqneba, bail...<br />

bail, amis mdevari beTqili iqneba, bail...~<br />

[xalxuri poezia 1992:#163]<br />

sofeli grZnobs, rom es TeTri Suni, romelic sinamdvileSi arc<br />

aris Suni, beTqilis bedisweraa. beTqili pasuxismgebelia mis gamoCenaze,<br />

amitomac valdebulia gahyves mis kvals. Sunis saxiT movlenilma CaSala<br />

ferxuli, daarRvia sayovelTao mxiaruleba, zeimi. uaresic moxdeba, Tu<br />

damnaSave ar gaica. amas acxadebs sofeli sityvebiT `amis mdevari<br />

beTqili iqneba~, sxva aravin. dali, romelic Sunis saxiT gamoecxada<br />

sofels, sxvas aravis moiTxovs. sofeli grZnobs, rom es beTqilis<br />

ukanaskneli nadiroba iqneba da aravin ecileba Sunis monadirebaSi. `Cemi<br />

mocemuli mZivi ra uyavi?~ _ kiTxva dasmulia miuval kldeze, sadac<br />

gaityua Sunma beTqili da saidanac Camosvla mas ar uweria. mZivi ara<br />

mxolod sasiyvaruli saCuqaria, aramed saidumlos niSanic aris, romlis<br />

siwmide beTqilma ver Seinaxa, `gaarioSa~ (`garioSeba~ _ desakralizacia).<br />

amitomac igi unda daisajos. da dali mTeli sisastikiT sjis mas. sad<br />

unda daisajos monadire, Tu ara isev da isev im sajixveebSi, sadac mas<br />

warmateba hqonda. rogorc ki dali miatovebs mas _ gauCinardeba, beTqili<br />

ufskrulis Tavze dakidebuli aRmoCndeba. mTeli sofeli mis saSvelad<br />

moemarTeba, magram vidre kldis Zirs miaRwevdes, `manamde beTqili<br />

gadmovardnila, mis mZors daTvi Wams, mis Tvalebs yorani kortnis...~<br />

svani beTqilis dramis tipologiuria raWveli ivane qvacixelis<br />

tragikuli ambavi. oRond qvacixelis TqmulebaSi teqstSi ar Cans nadirT<br />

patronis monawileoba. magram sasjeli aSkaraa da is Zalze sastikia:<br />

kldeze SerCenili qvacixels ukidures gasaWirSi mouxdeba Tavisi<br />

monadireobis atributebze uarisTqma Tu maTi SebRalva: klavs erTgul<br />

ZaRls yurSas da cecxls aCaRebs sanadiro iaraRebiT _ isrebiT,<br />

mSvildiT da kaparWiT [virsalaZe:191]. ufskrulSi gadaCexvamde igi<br />

sruliad gacamtverda rogorc monadire.<br />

TiTqos paradoqsuli kanonzomierebaa: rac ufro saxelovania<br />

monadire, miT ufro gardauvalia misi tragikuli aRsasruli. `jixvebis<br />

muqaraze~ mdgomni iqcevian rogorc ukandauxeveli meomrebi, radgan<br />

nadiroba brZolaa, rasac es samonadiro baladac mowmobs. aq jarji<br />

iziarebs beTqilisisa ivane qvacixelis xvedrs, magram mis monadirul<br />

qcevas sxva niuansic axlavs, rac arsebiTia.<br />

199

`jixvebis ganavali klde ro naxo, gagikvirdeba,<br />

imaT nawolsa, nadgomsa Toli ar maekideba.<br />

fex ro mausxltes tialsa, kldeze rqiT daekideba.<br />

imaT mimyolsa vaJkacsa ra kargi waekideba.<br />

jarjo, Cahxedav jixvebsa, ra mSvenierni wvanano,<br />

rqa rqaze gadauxvevav, angelozebsa Rgvanano.<br />

jarjiv, nu misdev jixvebsa, mogineleben tialni!<br />

ar daijera jarjima, sxvac bevr mamcdara Wkviani.<br />

Camauqadla vaJkacma xirimi spilos Zvliani,<br />

win jixvTa, ukan jarjima kldeze gadiRes griali,<br />

arxalos Walas Cacvivdnen, arxalos perangiani.<br />

Cabanos Walas gavarda moyme fexwriapiani.<br />

amaitanes mamkvdari, tiris qali da zalia.<br />

Samaawvines karzeda kldis dafleTili tania,<br />

gadaglejili Tav-piri, yornis daTxrilni Tvalnia,<br />

saxsovrad jarjis saflavze daakrnes jixvis rqania.<br />

erT gverdze Tofi siaTa, meore gverdze xmalia,<br />

zed daaweres werili: jarji jixvTagan mkvdaria~<br />

[qxp IV:#374].<br />

es namdvili orTabrZolaa da igi namdvilad uTanasworoa. magram ar<br />

arsebobs Zala, romelic uars aTqmevinebs monadires, msgavsad omSi<br />

gasuli moymisa, am SebrZolebaze. ukan daxeva marcxis tolfasia. adamiani<br />

uWko unda iyos (rogorc vefxvTan mebrZoli moyme), rom brZola<br />

gaumarTos jixvs missave `moedanze~ _ pitalo kldeebze. jixvs rom fexi<br />

dausxltes, Tavisi bunebrivi iaraRiT _ rqiT daekideba, magram moymes<br />

gadarCenis sxva saSualeba ara aqvs, garda wriapisa, magram esec ver<br />

uSvelis. ai, xevsuri sindiurisZe FCasafrebuli mebrZoloviT gzas<br />

uRobavs jixvebs WiuxebSi:<br />

`ar eSobian Rurbelni maRlis Wiuxis wversao.<br />

Wiuxis kuWulazeda sindaurisZe wevsao,<br />

jixvebis muqarzeda Rames aTenebs bnelsao.<br />

jiÃvTa rai qnes SamdgarTa, an im vefxvs ra iWersao?<br />

jiÃvni Civian WiuxSi: veRar SeudiT kldesao,<br />

Cven gadasaval sartyelSi vefxvi mwkliani wevsao.<br />

jiÃvn SaSCivian WiuxTa, Wiuxni kalmis wversao,<br />

kalami daswers qaRaldsa, miscems aragvi Ãevsao.<br />

SibuT maua pasuxi, wyali samayris persao,<br />

kacs iklebs sindaurisZe, naxocis CamamTvlelsao.<br />

Teqvsmet jiÃvSiiT narCevsa, kldezeiT Camamwvdelsao~<br />

[qxp VII:#656].<br />

SeniSvna. `kacs iklebs sindaurisZe, naxocis CamamTvlelsao~, anu<br />

sindauriZe moisaklisebs daxocili jixvebis damTvlels; amis nacvlad sxva<br />

azris iZleva varianti: `kacs natrobs monadirei, naÃocis CamamTrelsao~ [qxp<br />

VII:#656-g]. anu monadire natrobs mas, vinc Camoataninebs Wiuxebidan daxocil<br />

jixvebs. orive SemTxvevaSi aSkarad gamoxatulia monadiris siamaye _ hubrisi,<br />

rac misi daRupvis mizezi xdeba.<br />

200

Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, beTqilisa da jarjisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

sindaurisZe ar gadaCexila ufskrulebSi: misi sxeuli samudamod SerCa<br />

Wiuxebs, risTvisac am adgils `sindauris marali~ daerqva. es iyo misi<br />

sasjelic da didebac. dRemde SesZaxian mas, rogorc adre, roca<br />

afrTxilebdnen:<br />

`Camoxe, sindiurao, klde nu aavse mZoriTa,<br />

gvayruebs monadireTa yefa mag Savis yornisa...~<br />

[qxp VII:#655].<br />

magram warmatebiT gaTamamebulma (hubrisis niSani) ar dastova Wiuxebi.<br />

moyme kidev imitomac ar daixevs ukan, rom, rogorc Tavad ambobs,<br />

`jixvni miyvardes tialni, mec magaT miyves ziani,<br />

xelSiiT damadebies vintoka pirkvamliani~<br />

[qxp IV:#374-e],<br />

jixvebi uyvars moymes, rogorc mebrZols mteri, romlis arseboba<br />

saxelis moxveWis erTaderTi pirobaa. Tumca siyvarulis mizezi is<br />

sanaxaobac aris, romlis erTaderTi mxilveli monadirea _<br />

`jarjo, Cahxedav jixvebsa, ra mSvenierni wvanano,<br />

rqa rqaze gadauxvevav, angelozebsa Rgvanano~.<br />

rogor SeuZlia mas ukan daixios am angelozuri silamazis winaSe?<br />

magram, rogorc sxva, monaTesave baladidan Cans, jixvebis angelozuroba<br />

moCvenebiTia da macTuri, mis ukan sxva Zala imaleba:<br />

`jiÃvTa nu misdev, kvirikav kurdRelaSvilo, kldisaTa!<br />

Tor Cagityuebs jiÃvebi, fxas Cagaglejen kldisaTa.<br />

gagimaRleben eSmaksa, naqars dagcemen mTisas...~<br />

[SaniZe 1931:#516].<br />

SeniSvna. `gagimaRleben eSmaksa~, anu eSmakis xelSi mogaqceveno,<br />

SemTxveviT ar aris naTqvami. amboben: `nadiri eSmakT saqonia da mwyems-patroni<br />

eSmakio~ [baliauri: 112]. aqvs mkveTri negatiuri mxare nadirobas, romelsac<br />

yofiTi azriTi ar Tvlis Wkvianis saqmed. `nu mixol...~ _ mudam Tansdevs<br />

gafrTxileba monadiris gzas. yofiTi TvalsazrisiT, romelic emTxveva epiurs,<br />

monadiris bolo tragikulia: `arc dRiT (bunebrivi sikvdiliT, z.k.) mokvdeba,<br />

kldeze gadmovardeba an zavi moiyolebso~. epiur JanrSic, romelic heroikulia<br />

da Wkuas gamoricxavs, gakrTeba es gafrTxileba `jiÃvTa nu misdev~. gana aseve<br />

ar fiqrobs yorani, roca fxovelisa da Savanelis Tavganwiruli orTabrZolis<br />

Semswre gaxdeba _ `orniv yofilan uWkoni, erTm mainc rad ar dasTmao~? magram<br />

vefxvTan mebrZolis deda sxagvarad fiqrobs siamayiT _ `arc Cem Svil Saxvda<br />

Wkviani~.<br />

svanuri epiuri samonadiro tradicia icnobs `karg monadireebs~<br />

(xoCa meTxvÁar) _ Corlas da qalas [svanuri poezia: #94-a,b,c], romlebic<br />

beTqilis beds gaiziarebdnen, rom wm. giorgi (jgrag) ar gamosarCleboda<br />

maT. dali RalatisTvis ar Ziobs Surs, aramed zedmeti nadiris<br />

201

daxocvisTvis (`as oci ukve mogiklavs, jixvi da arCvi yvela Sereulad,<br />

erTi koWli Txa dagrCa~). Cans, es kargi monadireebi wm. giorgis rCeulebi<br />

arian da wm. giorgive ajildoebs maT nadirobis davlaTiT:<br />

`axla natvrasac mogcem:<br />

dReSi TiTo jixvi gqondes,<br />

wvrili arCvi uaruTqmelad gqondes.<br />

sanam gindodes, ase iyav,<br />

roca Sen sikvdili gerCios,<br />

manamde es natvra gqondes~<br />

[svanuri poezia: #94-c, str. 93-98].<br />

marTalia, jixvTmebrZolni Corla da qala nadirobis davlaTiT<br />

jildovdebian, magram amis mopoveba maT didi riskis fasad uxdebaT. maT<br />

saqmianobas, rogorc yovel sabrZolo Setakebas, mudmivad Tansdevs<br />

xifaTi. aravin icis, sanamdi gastans maTi warmatebuloba, rasac svanuri<br />

leqsi `natvras~ uwodebs. jgragi piroba mtkicea, magram aseTive mtkicea<br />

mokvdavi?<br />

literatura<br />

baliauri: baliauri m., makalaTia n. masalebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTielTa sameurneo yofis istoriidan, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1989.<br />

gabuuri: besarion gabuuri, xevsuruli masalebi (<strong>qarTuli</strong> saenaTmecniero<br />

sazogadoebis weliwdeuli I-II, 1923-1924, tfilisi).<br />

gureviCi: Гуревич А.Я. «Эдда и сага», «Наука», М., 1979.<br />

virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe e. <strong>qarTuli</strong> samonadiro eposi, daRupuli<br />

monadiris cikli, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1964.<br />

Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli arqivi.<br />

maxauri: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sagmiro balada, `lomisi~, Tb., 2003.<br />

svanuri poezia: svanuri poezia I, simRerebi Sekribes da qarTulad<br />

Targmnes a. SaniZem, v. Tofuria, m. gujejianma, Tb., 1939.<br />

qxp III: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. III, `mecniereba~, Tb.,<br />

qxp IV: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. IV, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1975.<br />

qxp VII: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VII, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1979.<br />

judiCi: don juzepe judiCi milaneli, werilebi saqarTveloze, XVI<br />

saukune, `sabWoTa saarTvelo~, Tb., 1964.<br />

kasteli: qristoforo kasteli, cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,<br />

`mecnierebea~, Tb., 1976.<br />

xalxuri poezia 1992: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia, qrestomaTia Seadgines<br />

zurab kiknaZem da tristan maxaurma, Tsu, 1992.<br />

SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia I, xevsuruli, saxelmwifo<br />

gamomcemloba, tf., [1931].<br />

satrfialo poezia<br />

202

odesac folkloruli Janrebis yofiTobaze, yofaSi maT metnakleb<br />

Cafesvilobaze, vsaubrobT, ra SegviZlia vTqvaT siyvarulis<br />

grZnobze, romelic uSualo kavSirSia pirovnebis problemasTan,<br />

ramdenadac siyvaruli mxolod da mxolod pirovnebis ganzomilebaSi<br />

arsebobs. igi yvela adamianSi Cabudebulia rogorc SesaZlebloba,<br />

romelic met-naklebi intensivobiT iCens Tavs? ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT,<br />

rom es grZnoba, rogorc arc erTi moTxovnileba adamianisa, moicavs<br />

mTel pirovnebas. igi uaRresad adamianuria imdenad, rom adamianis<br />

gansazRvrebis (cnebis) erTi, SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

Semadgenelia. Tu adamiani imdenad aris adamiani, ramdenadac fiqrobs,<br />

azrovnebs, Sromobs, ibrZvis, ocnebobs da sxva, romelTa erTobliobiT<br />

igi fundamenturad gansxvavdeba cxovelisgan, am rigSi gadamwyveti<br />

adgili uWiravs siyvaruls. Tu adamiani iaraRis mkeTebelia, an Tu<br />

adamianze vambobT, rom igi azrovnebs, maSasadame, arsebobs anu rom misi<br />

arsebobis piroba azrovnebaa, aseve SegviZlia vTqvaT: miyvars, maSasadame,<br />

varsebob. Cven vlaparakobT ara instinqtze, romelic maiZulebeli<br />

faqtoria cxovelTa qcevisTvis da mas ar SeuZlia ar daemorCilos mas,<br />

uaryos igi, aramed im grZnobaze, romelic adamians ara mxolod marTavs,<br />

aramed imarTeba kidec adamianis mier; siyvaruli Tu batonobs adamianze,<br />

adamiansac Seswevs Zala, batonobdes masze. cocxal arsebaTa samyaroSi<br />

adamiani erTaderTia, romlis cxovrebaSi siyvaruli problemaa, misi<br />

yofna-aryofnis ganmsazRvrelia, is grZnobaa, romelsac SeuZlia<br />

tragizmiT ganmsWvalos misi arseboba. amitomac, siyvaruli rTuli<br />

fenomenia, Tuki SesaZlebelia igi fenomenad, movlenad, CaiTvalos. Tu<br />

fenomenia, is uTuod metafizikuri raRac realobis gamovlinebaa<br />

adamianur samyaroSi.<br />

folklors mdumared ar auvlia gverdi am grZnobisTvis,<br />

mravalferovnad da mravali kuTxiT moaxdina misi verbalizacia<br />

dawyebuli misi spontanuri gamoxatviT, roca mzera garegnobis aRqmiT<br />

kmayofildeba, damTavrebuli eqspresiis faqiz da rTul niuansebamde,<br />

TviT siyvarulis, rogorc sneulebis, gancdamde. namdvilad, xalxuri<br />

erotikuli lirika amarTlebs `qebaTa qebis~ cnobil sityvebs, rom<br />

siyvaruli sikvdiliviT Zlieria (8:6), swored iseTi, rogorsac<br />

`eTerianSi~ gavecaniT.<br />

im siyvaruls, romelsac satrfialo lirika umReris, araferi aqvs<br />

saerTo saqorwino-sawesCveulebo teqstebTan. qorwili ar aris is arxi,<br />

romelsac SeeZleboda sadinari mieca siyvarulis grZnobisTvis. lirikis<br />

Tema Tavisuflad aRmocenebuli da Tavisuflad gaSvebuli siyvarulia,<br />

romlis mizani masSivea. qal-vaJis saqorwino kavSiri ki ojaxis Seqmnas<br />

da gvaris gagrZelebas emsaxureba. siyvaruli pirovnulia, amdenad<br />

Tavisufali; ojaxi, Tumca is qal-vaJis intimur urTierTobas efuZneba,<br />

sazogadoebrivia, da mas SeuZlia Caklas siyvaruli. tradiciul<br />

sazogadoebaSi colqmruli urTierToba ar aris siyvarulze agebuli,<br />

amitomac satrfialo poeziis Tema arasodes gamxdara colqmruli<br />

urTierToba. saqorwino sawesCveulebo teqstebSi iSviaTi gamonaklisis<br />

siyvarulis xseneba, es poezia ar umReris siyvaruls, aramed Svilianobas,<br />

203

siuxves, bednierebas, simtkices, xangrZliv sicocxles (`RmerTma mag qals<br />

Segaberos, mogces xuTi vaJiSvili, ucvalebeli amyofos, mefeo, Seni<br />

gvirgvini~). es poezia usurvebs mefe-patarZals yovelive amqveyniur<br />

sikeTes, Tanxmobas, yvelafers, rac emsaxureba ojaxis simtkices,<br />

keTildReobas, momavals, magram siyvaruli aravis axsendeba. qorwilSi<br />

mowveuli mestvire amgvarad locavs wyvils:<br />

Cemi stviri gevedrebaT, mismineT damlocvelsao!<br />

batonebo, gaumarjos Tqvens nefe-dedofalsao.<br />

angelozis guli misces ufalman patarZalsao,<br />

eyolos egeTi vaJi, hgavdes natvris Tvalsao.<br />

rom pativiT eqceodes dedamTil-mamamTilsao<br />

da malamod edebodes Tavis qmarsa da Svilsao.<br />

[qxp V:#529].<br />

Tu siyvarulis niSani mainc gamoCndeba saqorwino leqsebSi, igi<br />

Tavs iCens rogorc akrZaluli xili.<br />

karkuCiT wamaiyvanes qali maiko Tmiani,<br />

Svidi mayari gamoyva, Svidive cxenosniani.<br />

wyalT xidTan rom movediT, dadgfa xanjlebis briali.<br />

ar maiSala maikom Savi Tvalebis briali,<br />

zamTris uyvarda buxari, zafxulis grili niavi.<br />

[qxp V:#497].<br />

an es fragmenti<br />

bevri minaxavs Wir-lxini, bevrsac var gadanayari,<br />

es ki ar gamigonia, dedufals xkocnis mayari.<br />

[qxp V:#498].<br />

SesaZloa, paradoqsi iyos, magram faqtia, rom satrfialo poeziis<br />

saukeTeso nimuSebis Tema ganuxorcielebeli siyvarulia, amitomac maT<br />

xSirad ocnebisa da natvris saxe aqvT da msmeneli grZnobs, rom es<br />

ocneba auxdenelia da natvris sagani _ miuRweveli. ormxriv swrafvas<br />

erTurTisadmi raRac uSlis xels, raRac abrkolebs, rogorc is mdinare,<br />

vaJa-fSavelas leqsSi `aqeTken me var, iqiT Sen...~. iSviaTia idiliuri<br />

suraTi, roca siyvarulis Tasi arasodes icleba, sulmudam savsea,<br />

rogorc am leqsSi _<br />

visia mwvane karavi, karvebSi ar ereoda?<br />

visia qali lamazi, qalebSi ar ereoda?<br />

gverds ejda kargi vaJkaci, hkocnis da zed eleoda.<br />

gverds edga saRviniT Rvino, svamda da ar eleoda.<br />

netavi magis dedasa, sxva raRad daeleoda!<br />

[qxp VI:#275]<br />

msmeneli ar moelis, rom am leqsis qal-vaJis erTierToba<br />

saqorwino kavSiriT dasruldeba. aseTi yofa Tavad aris qorwili,<br />

204

omelsac araferi aqvs saerTo yofiT qorwilTan, romelic warmavalia<br />

da mxolod da mxolod gvaris interesebs emsaxureba. arc am vaJis dedas,<br />

romelic aq aris naxsenebi, ara aqvs dedamTilad, uares SemTxvevaSi,<br />

`rZal-dedamTilianis~ personaJad gaxdomis perspeqtiva. aseTi yofa, roca<br />

qali da vaJi mxolod da mxolod erTmaneTs ekuTvnian ganuyoflad da<br />

siyvaruls emsaxurebian, ara ojaxs, realobaSi ganuxorcielebelia. maT<br />

Soris xilulad Tu uxilavad mudam imyofeba `viRac mesame~ `avsuli<br />

bebris~ Tu soflis saxiT. siyvaruli, romelic maradiulobis gancdas<br />

hbadebs, wuTisoflis warmavalobaze imsxvreva. es aris saerTo<br />

mounelebeli naRveli, romelic, miuxedavad, xalisiani striqonebisa,<br />

gamosWvivis am leqsebSi.<br />

amitomac aris, rom siyvaruli dramatizebuli ocnebis JanrSia<br />

gadatanili. siyvarulis gadasarCenad uariyofa saqorwino kavSiri.<br />

didebulia qmris ojaxSi Sesuli qalis ideali, romelic am striqonebSia<br />

gamoxatuli<br />

ase unda patarZali, erxeodes verxviviTa,<br />

mamamTilsa emsaxuros, dedamTilsa RmerTiviTa,<br />

mazl-mulebs moegargaros, Svilebs mihyves RvediviTa.<br />

imas isre Seinaxven, ugunuri trediviTa.<br />

[umikaSvili 1938:185].<br />

magram ojaxSi dabinavebuli da mis artaxebSi moqceuli siyvarulis<br />

wil adamiani irCevs siyvaruls, romelsac veRar miekareba wuTisoflis<br />

yoveldRiurobis xeli, igi iseTive Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric<br />

warmoiSva. am Temas eZRvneba cikli leqsebisa, romlebic xvaramzes<br />

saxeliT aris cnobili. isini arcTu Soreul warsulSia Seqmnili, maTi<br />

avtori, saxelad xvaramze (“samukaT xvaramze”), rogorc Tedo<br />

razikaSvili gvamcnobs, misi dedis “toli da amxanagi” yofila<br />

[razikaSvili:150]. es erTi im iSviaT SemTxvevaTagania, roca xalxuri<br />

leqsebis avtori ar aris daviwyebuli. T. razikaSvilis SeniSvnam,<br />

romelic darTuli aqvs am leqsebs, ixsna maTi avtori anonimurobisgan,<br />

rac folkloruli Semoqmedebis erT-erT fundamentur niSnad iTvleba.<br />

magram es garemoeba ar ukargavs mis leqsebs xalxurobas, Tumca isini<br />

Rrmad pirovnuli gamocdilebis Sedegia iseve, rogorc misi romantikuli<br />

saqcieli, SeniSvnaSive rom aris gacxadebuli: `erT nawvim dReSi, wers T.<br />

razikaSvili, vaJikam cxeniT maT sofelSi gaiara, imaT saxlis gverdze<br />

gzaze. xvaramzem imisi cxenis nafexurebs Robe Turme Semoavlo, rom ar<br />

waiSaloso~. rogorc am ciklis leqsebidan Cans, romelic Tavad<br />

xvaramzes mier aris SeTxzuli, qals uari uTqvams Seyvarebuli<br />

vaJisTvis colobaze. qals gauwbilebia saqmaro vaJika, fSaveli vaJkaci,<br />

nakveTurTa sagvareulodan, SeZlebuli ojaxis Svili. uaris mizezi<br />

TiTqos ar unda arsebuliyo: iyo siyvaruli da iyo momavali<br />

keTildReobis garantiac. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom qalma Segnebulad<br />

airCia siyvarulis rusTveluri gamoxatuleba _ `SoriT bneda, SoriT<br />

kvdoma, SoriT dagva, SoriT alva~. man daTmo siaxlove SorisTvis, raTa<br />

siyvaruli meti simZafriT ganecada. siyvaruli mis gamocdilebaSi axal<br />

205

safexurs aRwevs, gadaizrdeba siSmageSi `ver mixvdomisa wyeniTa~. am<br />

daTmobam poeziis Sedevrs misca dasabami.<br />

xvaramze<br />

_ vina xar, vin iarebi, laRo mag laRis cxeniTa?<br />

Tavs rad ar Samaibruneb, yanas rad mamkev cremliTa?<br />

vaJika<br />

_ is gegonaa, qalao, guSin rom medidebodi!<br />

Sens dedasa da mamasa saklaviT vexvewebodi,<br />

kac-Suakaceb gigzavne, Txa-waleburad xtebodi.<br />

ise gagaxdev survilsa, nemss yunwiT aegebode.<br />

Cahqonde dilis niavsa, usulod CaelRvebode,<br />

pataras naris Citasa TvalSi fxad Caegdebode.<br />

xvaramze<br />

vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, ro RviniT agevsebodi.<br />

daferili mqna wiTlada, Samsvamdi, Sagergebodi.<br />

ana mqna vercxlis saTiTe, ro xelze Cagedebodi.<br />

ana mqna oqros burTvai, kalTaSi CageSlebodi.<br />

an vercxlis fulad maqcia, jibeSi Cageyrebodi.<br />

an Seni namglis yana mqna, ro fxaze SageWrebodi.<br />

ana mqna vardi, yoili, ro pirze dageyrebodi.<br />

ana mqna mois perangi, rom gulze dagadnebodi.<br />

an Seni Zma mqna, mewile, arodis gageyrebodi.<br />

an Seni nandauri mqna, guls javrad CageWrebodi.<br />

Zalian dawuxebuli gzazedamc Sageyrebodi.<br />

[qxp VI:#217}<br />

magram xvaramzes arsebaSi erosi ganusazRvrelad ar batonobs, mas<br />

SeuZlia vaJis TvaliT Seafasos Tavisi mijnurobis siSmage, romelmac<br />

SeiZleba TavzexelaRebuli nabiji gadaadgmvinos. Tumca es virtualur<br />

drosa da sivrceSi xdeba:<br />

wuxel moida siskari, manaTobeli Ramisa,<br />

moida, dadga Cem Tana, mwunebel iyo qmarisa.<br />

mexvewna: gadamiyole, cxeni gyav niavqarisa.<br />

arc gavyev, arc gaviyole, _ anderZi monda mamisa _<br />

ver vende _ ra gaigebis gulgavardnili qalisa.<br />

[xvaramze:22]<br />

SeniSvna. Tu qal-vaJis urTierToba, erTi mxriv, saqorwino kavSiris saxes<br />

iRebs, rac ijaxis Seqmnas, sameuneo-ekonomikur interesebs emsaxureba, meore<br />

mxriv, ori sqesis Tavisufal siyvarulsac aseve aqvs Tavisi gamoxatuleba<br />

instituciis saxiT, romelic sworfrobis saxeliT aris cnobili xevsureTSi,<br />

fSavSi ki mas wawloba ewodeba. marTalia, sworfruli siyvaruli mxolod<br />

wyvils exeba, maTi kerZo intimuri saqmea, masze mainc dawesebulia<br />

206

sazogadoebrivi Cumi kontroli im dauwereli wesebis meSveobiT, romlebic<br />

awesrigebs sworfrebs Soris urTierTobas, raTa igi uwesobaSi ar gadaizrdos.<br />

sworfruli urTierTobis kodeqsi ara mxolod xorciel kavSirs gamoricxavs<br />

Sesworferebul qal-vaJs Soris, aramed erTmaneTTan daqorwinebasac krZalavs.<br />

sworfruli siyvaruli, rogorc wesi, wrfel grZnobebzea damyarebuli, rac<br />

colqmruli urTierTobisTvis aucilebeli ar aris. sworfroba ki amis gareSe<br />

SeuZlebelia. `mere ra, rom ar mogwons, _ eubnebian qals, romelsac ar moswons<br />

misTvis SerCeuli saqmro, _ gana sworferia, rom giyvardes. Tu mowoneba da<br />

siyvaruli ginda, adeqi da sworfer gaTxovdio...~ [sworfroba:33]. ras miugebs<br />

qali am ironiul winadadebaze? qalma icis, rom es SeuZlebelia, rom isini<br />

TiTqos erTi sisxlisani arian, erTmaneTis uxvedrelni, rogorc da-Zmani.<br />

sworfroba Tavisi SemzRudveli wesebiT inaxavs siyvaruls, ifaravs mas sqesis<br />

Zalmomreobisagan. `igi sxvaa, siZva sxva...~ advili SesaZlebelia, aq iyos<br />

abesalomisa da eTeris tragikuli urTierTobis saTave. roca xalxuri<br />

Tqmuleba ambobs, `abesalom da eTeri RmerTma Sehyara erTferio~, iqneb es<br />

erTferoba, Tu mas xevsuruli sworfrobis badlad CavTvliT, maT<br />

uxvedrelobas gulisxmobda da maT Soris wuTisoflis wesiT qorwinebas<br />

krZalavda.<br />

SesaZloa, xvaramzes uari sayvarel vaJikasTan daqorwinebaze am<br />

sworfruli motivebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />

sayovelTaod cnobili balada `Semomeyara yivCaRi”, romlis<br />

variantTa rekorduli simravle (36 varianti) Tavmoyrilia <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

xalxuri poeziis IV tomSi [qxp IV:#197]. sagmirosa da satrfialos<br />

mijnazea. romeli Tematikaa am baladaSi ganmsazRvreli: sagmiro, raki<br />

igi mainc orTabrZoliT mTavrdeba? Tu samijnuro, raki qalia CarTuli<br />

am dramaSi? Tu Selaxuli RirsebisTvis samagieros mizRva? an iqneb<br />

stumar-maspinZlis wesi? arc erTi calke, yvelaferi erTad qmnis mis<br />

substancias. mainc amosavali grZnoba am leqsSi gamijnurebaa, romelmac<br />

sabediswero Sedegi gamoiwvia. mZime da Zneli gamodga akrZaluli<br />

siyvarulis safasuri. meore mxriv, am baladaSi qmars xelaxla uxdeba<br />

erTxel mopovebuli qalis mopoveba. amrigad, baladis ZiriTadi Tema<br />

mainc qalisTvis brZolaa.<br />

es aris tipuri balada, klasikuri ex abrupto dasawyisiT, “Semomeyara<br />

yivCaRi...” vis Semoeyara? vin aris es `me~, muxranis sazRvarTan purad<br />

damjdari? vin aris yivCaRad saxeldebuli es adamiani? ar aris<br />

aucilebeli masSi daviT aRmaSeneblis Camosaxlebuli eTniuri yivCaRi<br />

davinaxoT da amis safuZvelze davaTariRoT balada. yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Zalze gaZneldeba misi daTariReba `yivCaRebis Camosaxlebis pirveli<br />

periodiT~ [Ciqovani 1956:337]. xom aris variantebi, sadac am moZalades<br />

sxva saxeli hqvia? xirCla, xirClas Ze, yibragi, jimSeri, gimSeli, jijibi,<br />

yaCaRi, qoroRli, sameba...<br />

balada gvxiblavs jer imiT, rom misi enobrivi qsovili<br />

warmoadgens saerTo<strong>qarTuli</strong> poeturi enis _ koines brwyinvale<br />

realizacias. kidev dasawyisi striqonebis eTikuri (`mTxova da...~) da<br />

gramatikuli (vaWmie, vasmie) paradigmatulobiT; da kidev moTminebis<br />

zRvarze arcTu msubuqi iumoriT, iqneb sarkazmiTac sakuTari Tavisa Tu<br />

Camovardnili situaciis mimarT _ “coli mTxova da ver mivec, mimyavda<br />

207

sidedrisasa, an ki cols rogor mivcemdi, Svilsa gazrdilsa sxvisasa”.<br />

am sityvebidan gvesmis moymis sicili, misi Savi iumori. skandinaveli<br />

moyme arasodes gaicinebda, magram Tu gaicinebda, misi sicili moTminebis<br />

fialis avsebasaviT iyo. aseTia rogorc Cveni moymec: misi sicili<br />

frangulis gacinebas hgavs. is icinis da misi sicilis sazriss ver<br />

xvdeba yivCaRi. “xeli mohxvia, akoca, mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa” _ Rirs ki<br />

laparaki imaze, rom es adgili misi momdevno striqoniTurT _ “Sestira<br />

sabralo qalma: vai cols cudis ymisasa” _ jer SemTxvevis da mere<br />

baladis kulminaciaa? qalis xma, rogorc kacis sindisis Zaxili, gamodis<br />

scenaze. ra iyo ukanaskneli wveTi, romelmac aavso fiala _ yivCaRis<br />

saqcieli (`xeli moxvia, akoca...~) Tu qalis amoZaxili?<br />

balada namdvilad imsaxurebs, rom mis garSemo didZali<br />

literatura Seqmniliyo, magram yuradReba gansakuTrebiT gamaxvilda mis<br />

daboloebaze. variantebSi baladas sami dasasruli aqvs, imisda mixedviT,<br />

Tu sad midis qali: roca orTabrZolaSi colis patroni (maspinZeli)<br />

imarjvebs: `qali sidedrsa mivgvare, is ki iqa sWams qviSasa~; roca<br />

stumar-maspinZeli Tavs Seaklavs erTmaneTs, `me aqeT movkvdi, iqiT is,<br />

qali wavida Zmisasa~ an `qali wavida sxvisasa~. romelia arqetipuli<br />

dasasruli? sidedrTan miyvana, ZmasTan Tu sxvasTan wasvla?<br />

zepirsityvierebis bunebidan amosvliT, Znelia arqetipze laparaki.<br />

TiToeuli maTgani im tradiciis gamoZaxilia, sadac moxvda es leqsi.<br />

yovel variants TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs: im daboloebasac, sadac<br />

naTqvamia qalis sxvasTan wasvla, rac qarTveli qalisTvis arasakadris<br />

saqcielad CaiTvala, TiTqos am orTabrZolis Semdeg es `wasvla<br />

sxvasTan~ dauyonebliv momxdariyo. magram ramdenad gamarTlebulia<br />

amgvari dasasrulis gatana zneobis samsjavroze da misi gansja im<br />

stereotipiT, romelmac XIX-XX saukuneebSi qarTveli qalis idealuri<br />

saxe daamkvidra, da amis safuZvelze baladis araxalxurobis mtkiceba?<br />

[SatberaSvili:253, 270]. realobaSi rac xdeba, kanonzomieria, maT Soris,<br />

sxvasTan wasvla qvrivi qalisa, romelic mamis saxls ubrundeba, saidanac<br />

man kvlav unda eZebos Tavisi bedi da momavali. kritikas ki mainc da<br />

mainc surs am `sxvaSi~ satrfo, sayvareli dainaxos [SatberaSvili:257].<br />

SeniSvna. `sxvasTan wasvla~ yofiTi metyvelebaSi sxva araferia, Tu ara<br />

sxva qmarTan wasvla da, SesaZloa, terminic meored gaTxovebis gamosaxatavad.<br />

xamurabis kanonebis (Zv. w. XVIII s.) iuridiul enaze `meoris saxlSi Sesvla~<br />

qvrivi qalis meored gaTxovebis badali gamoTqmaa: `ukeTu kaci tyved Cavarda,<br />

saxlSi ki sarCo ar epoveba, mis cols SeuZlia meoris saxlSi Sevides, brali<br />

ar eqneba~ [xamurabi: $134].<br />

qarTul samijnuro poeziaSi baladaTa ricxvi TiTebze<br />

CamosaTvlelia. maT Soris brwyinavs balada Tavfaravneli Wabukisa da<br />

aspaneli qalis siyvarulze. siuJeti martivia: vaJs satrfos sanaxavad<br />

uxdeba tbis (teqstSi: zRvis) meore mxares gadacurva, saidanac qali<br />

sanTliT unaTebs gzas, avsuli beberi ki uqrobs; curvisas qariSxali<br />

movardeba da Zlevs vaJs, romlis wiTel perangs diliT talRa<br />

afrialebs, mis cxedarze ki orbi “xarobs”.<br />

208

dadasturebulia am fabulis uZvelesi damuSaveba jer kidev<br />

antikur xanaSi. igi ipoveba ovidiusis “metamorfozebSi”: leanderi,<br />

abidoseli vaJi, Tavis satrfosTan, afrodites qalqurum herosTan<br />

Sesaxvedrad yoveldRiurad gadalaxavs helespontos abidosidan<br />

festomde; gzis manaTobel CiraRdans qariSxali aqrobs, leanderis<br />

cxedars mebadurebi gamoitanen badiT, hero ki Tavs iklavs (<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

baladis erT iSviaT variantSic asea). igive siuJeti ipoveba virgiliusis<br />

“georgikaSi”, III. arsebobs germanuli xalxuri balada or ufliswulze<br />

(mefis vaJze da mefis asulze), romelTa Sexvedras aseve boroti beberi<br />

uSlis xels sanTlebis CaqrobiT. es siuJeti fr. Silersac aqvs<br />

damuSavebuli.<br />

balada, rogorc wesi, araviTar damatebiT informacias ar iZleva<br />

qal-vaJis Sesaxeb. unda vifiqroT, amas iribad adasturebs abidosuri<br />

legenda, rom maT siyvarulze tabua dadebuli, rogorc festos<br />

qurumqalisa da abidoseli vaJis siyvarulze. vin aris “avsuli beberi”,<br />

romelic win eRobeba maT siyvaruls? koSkSi datyvevebuli qalis<br />

darajia Tu qariSxlis gansaxiereba? avsuli beberi (qalia Tu kaci?)<br />

kicxavs, krulavs qals, “winadac ega gyvarobdao”, magram arc, qals, arc<br />

vaJs, arc meleqses da arc msmenels, ar ainteresebT, ra iyo guSin, saidan<br />

daiwyo maTi siyvaruli. dRes vaJs “zRva” hqonda gadasalaxi da “qali<br />

anTebda sanTelsa”.<br />

baladaSi erTxel momxdari ambavia gadmocemuli, magram<br />

gamoyenebulia ara istoriuli warsuli an awmyo, aramed uwyveteli<br />

warsuli, anu is gramatikuli forma, romelic, Cveulebriv,<br />

dausrulebeli moqmedebis gadmosacemad gamoiyeneba. Tavfaravneli<br />

Wabukis siyvaruli qalisadmi Seuwyveteli xangrZlivobaa, romelic<br />

sxvagvarad arc ki gamoiTqmoda, vidre am zmnuri formiT “hyvarobda”,<br />

magram balada mogviTxrobs mis ukanasknel wiaRsvlas zRvisa da ara<br />

Cveulebriv ganmeorebad qmedebas, rom namyo uwyvetliT gadmoeca ambavi.<br />

“zRva hqonda winad savali, gasvlas Sig ara zarobda”. ara zarobda anu<br />

ar uSindeboda am erTxel, am jerze, Tu yovelTvis, roca ki Seudgeboda<br />

zRvis gadacurvas? cxadia, vaJi mudam mzad iyo am gansacdelisTvis da<br />

ara zarobda swored am mudmiv mzadyofnas gamoxatavs. aseTia am zmnuri<br />

formis azri da mainc mas erTjeradi moqmedebis gamoxatva daekisra.<br />

iqmneba uwyvetelisa da erTjeradi moqmedebis sinTezi, rasac<br />

sxvadasxva zmnur formaTa monacvleoba gviCvenebs. vaJis qmedeba<br />

ganuwyvetelia, mas TiTqos araferi ar unda abrkolebdes Tvis winsvlaSi<br />

meore napirisken. Tu zmnaTa erTi wyeba `hyvarobda~, `ara zarobda~,<br />

`Cqamobda~, `niavqarobda~, `kelaptarobda~, meore wyeba `avsa lamobda~,<br />

`aqrobda~, `abezarobda~, `hgvanobda~, _ aseve ganuwyvetel qmedebaTa<br />

gamomxatveli, mis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. vaJi da stiqia (mis Tanxmob<br />

avsulTan erTad) erTian dialeqtikur proceSi arian Cabmulni. sadRac<br />

unda gatydes vaJis SemarTeba da es xdeba teqstis im adgilas, sadac<br />

uwyvetlis formas wyvetilis forma enacvleba. am dros gardatexa xdeba,<br />

procesis Seyovneba, romlis Semdeg is veRar gagrZeldeba. ai, es<br />

sabediswero adgili: “dahkarga foni, SeSWirda (stiqia ki ganagrZobda<br />

Tavis Seuwyvetel saqmes), morevi boboqarobda”. da bolos, “gaTenda<br />

209

(kvlav wyvetili!), dila lamazi, keklucis Tvalebs hgvanobda. wyalsa<br />

daeRrCo (wyvetili!) Wabuki, Woroxze egdo (statika!), qanobda (uwyveteli<br />

_ is ukve bunebis dinamikis nawilia)” da ase Semdeg dasasrulamde: “leSs<br />

dasjdomoda zed orbi, guls uglejavda, xarobda”.<br />

variantTa umravlesoba aRar interesdeba qalis bediT. es iqneboda<br />

stilistikis darRveva: balada vaJis niSniT aris warmarTuli da vaJis<br />

aRsasruliTve unda dasruldes. yivCaRis leqsSi qali aqtiuria, mas<br />

ekuTvnis gadamwyveti SeZaxili Tu amonakvnesi “vai cols cudis ymisasa”<br />

da sruliadac ar aris sulerTi, rogor gadawydeba misi bedi baladaSi.<br />

aq ki pasiuria _ misma siyvarulma ver sZlia verc stiqias da verc<br />

avsulis wyevlas, an is veRar anTebs Camqral sanTels, romelic<br />

dasawyisSi kelaptariviT anaTebda. balada iwyeba vaJiT, mTavrdeba<br />

vaJiTve, rac sruliad kanonzomieria. im erTaderT variantSi, romelsac<br />

qalis bedi ainteresebs, vaJis gvamic ki saerTod aRar ixilveba samzeoze,<br />

aq arc movis perangi Cans, misi atributi, arc orbi. varianti amgvarad<br />

mTavrdeba: “moyme CaenTqa morevTa, qvesknelTa boboqarobda. qalmac<br />

daicna danani, sikvdils aRara zarobda” [qxp VI: 608-i].<br />

arsebobs cda baladis ganxilvisa miTologiuri skolis meTodiT<br />

anu masSi, rogorc mTlianobaSi da zogierT realiaSi gansakuTrebuli<br />

miTologiuri simboloebis amocnobisa da identifikaciisa. [kotetiSvili<br />

1961: 329-337] kerZod, yuradReba eqceva ara mxolod movis perangis<br />

siwiTles, romelic bevri xalxis da, maT Soris, qarTvelTa<br />

msoflgancdaSi sikvdilis feria da amdenad ar aris gamoricxuli misi<br />

amgvari konotacia, aramed toponim TavfaravanSic da, rac kuriozulia,<br />

dolabSic, romelic am baladaSi mzis simbolod aris miCneuli. magram<br />

pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu saidan aqvs Wabuks mzis niSani da ratom miaqvs igi<br />

satrfosTan, ar Cans. rogorc gairkva, dolabi am leqsSi sruliad<br />

realur sagans, xisgan gamoWril sacurao mowyobilobas niSnavs,<br />

romelic wisqvilis qvas mxolod formiT Camohgavs [maisuraZe:211-214] da<br />

araviTari kavSiri mzesTan ara aqvs.<br />

SeniSvna. baladis javaxuri warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs _ Tavfaravnis<br />

(igive faravnis) tba xom javaxeTis zeganze mdebareobs. magram JamTa svlaSi<br />

miviwyebas mieca im adgilis saxeli, saiTkenac vaJi miiswrafis. romelia qalis<br />

sofeli? aspana, aspinZa, aSkareTi, CaSka, safara? arc erTi amaTgani (`aSkareTi~<br />

saerTod ar arsebobs). Tavfaravnis tbis erT mxares Tu amave saxelwodebis<br />

sofeli _ vaJis samSoblo mdebareobs, meore, Crdilo mxares asfaraa, qalis<br />

samSoblo. ~Tavfarvneli Wabuki asfaras qalsa yvarobda~ _ asea erT naklebad<br />

cnobil CanawerSi [maisuraZe:209] da es aris erTaderTi swori saxelwodeba<br />

soflisa, romelic dResac arsebobs. kuriozulia variantSi vaJis moxsenieba<br />

`amfaravnelad~, `mTafaravnelad~, `zemoqarTlelad~, `TamaraSnelad~ da qalisa<br />

`aspanas qalad~, `gasparas qalad~`faSkunjis qalad~, `erevnel qalad~. asea,<br />

rogorc ki mowydeba teqsti mSobliur ares, masSi naxsenebi toponimebi<br />

nebismieri cvlilebis msxverpli xdeba.<br />

axla ganvixiloT leqsi `manglisi ro aaSenes”, romlis baladad<br />

miCnevas xels araferi uSlis: yvela niSani baladisa axlavs mas _ erTi<br />

yuvi da sworxazovani, ukanmouqceveli siuJeturi xazi.<br />

210

alada mecxvaris siyvarulze mravalmxriv aris saintereso.<br />

gansxvavebiT “Tavfaravneli Wabukisgan”, aq masalaze Zaladautaneblad<br />

SeiZleba gamovavlinoT miTologiuri motivebi, Tumca baladaSi es ar<br />

aris arsebiTi.<br />

leqss mainc baladebis rigSi ganvixilavT, Tumca SeiZleba<br />

mogveCvenos, rom Seucvleli yuvis garda, romelic bolomde gayveba mas,<br />

baladis sxva niSnebs igi moklebulia. Tu davukvirdebiT Sinaarsis<br />

mdinarebas, Cvens winaSe aRmoCndeba imave tipis teqsti, rogoric aris<br />

Cvens mier baladad miCneuli leqsi “Cavalis, Caeubneba”. ra niSniT<br />

vanaTesavebT am or teqsts erTmaneTTan? erTi saerTo mTavari niSani is<br />

aris, rom orivegan ambavi (fSaur leqsSi mTlianad, manglisis leqsSi<br />

nawilobriv) jer ganuxorcielebel, magram ganxorcielebad momavalSia<br />

gadatanili. meore niSania dialoguroba. Tumca fSaur baladaSi cxenis<br />

laparaki ar gvesmis, magram mxedris mTeli nalaparakevi SeiZleba pasuxi<br />

iyos lurjas mier utyvad gamoTqmul SiSze Zneli gzis gamo, romelic<br />

teqstis gareT aris darCenili da Cven mxolod mxedris pasuxs vismenT.<br />

“manglisis” Sinaarsi dialogzea agebuli: iwyeba vaJis (mecxvaris)<br />

mimarTviT _ siyvarulis gamocxadebiT qalisadmi da mTavrdeba misive<br />

sityvebiT, romlebic virtualurad gvamcnoben misgan uaryofili<br />

siyvarulis bednierad daboloebas.<br />

“manglisi ro aaSenes...” _ balada gulisxmobs ara mTlianad<br />

mangliss. qalaqs Tu dabas, arc eklesias, aramed erT, rogorc Cans,<br />

miudgomel koSks, romelic sagangebod qalisaTvis aSenda. ratom<br />

moaTavses qali am miudgomel koSkSi, sadac “wyaro adines miliTa?”<br />

ra SeiZleba iTqvas koSkze? aq koSki Tu cixe, rac aaSenes, cxadia<br />

realuri nagebobaa, magram mas simboluri ganzomilebac aqvs _ qalis<br />

saxesTan, mis pirovnebasTan, mis arsebasTan aris asocirebuli. CvenTvis<br />

cnobilia ramdenime satrfialo leqsi, sadac koSki (cixe) an qalis<br />

samyofelia, an qalis simboluri saxe, an misi miuwvdomlobis<br />

gamomxatveli. erTgan qali ambobs: “Sen ro ggonivarT, vaJao, arca egeTa<br />

qalni varT, koSkni varT, kiriT nagebni, ekaldamais karni varT”. ra surs<br />

amiT Tqvas qalma? albaT is Tavis (da zogadad qalTa sqesis)<br />

miuwvdomlobas. erTi mxriv, koSki Seuvalia, meore mxriv, koSki Tavisi<br />

moxdenili aRnagobiT da siTeTriT lamazi qalis asociacias iwvevs, sxva<br />

leqsSi sxva adamianis xeliT Seqmnil saganTa (isari, wiTeli movis<br />

perangi) Tu bunebis movlenaTa (varskvlaviani ca, mze, ukvdavebis wyaro)<br />

Soris pirvelia koSki: “Sen, Cemo dido imedo, koSko nagebo kiriTa”.<br />

kiriT nagebi simtkicisa da silamazis, damatebiT, zneobrivi sispetakis,<br />

niSania.<br />

SeniSvna. solomonis `qebaTa qebaSi~, romlis xalxuri warmoSoba<br />

eWvgareSea, Tu erTi mxriv, godoli (koSki) qalis silamaze gamoxatavs: `Seni<br />

yeli spilosZvlis godolia~ (7:5), meore mxriv farebiT da isrebiT aRWurvili<br />

godoli albaT qalis miuwvdomlobis niSani unda iyos: `Seni yeli daviTis<br />

godolia, saWurveltaTvis agebuli, aTasi fari hkidia masze...~ (4:4).<br />

aris koSki, romelic sagangebod qalis Sig mosaTavseblad Sendeba.<br />

amisTvis aaSenes “manglisi”, amisTvis aSeneben cixes erT dialogur<br />

satrfialo leqsSi, sadad vaJi hpirdeba qals:<br />

211

“Caval, Cavageb cixesa, brol-margalitis qvisasa,<br />

zeiT davxurav ficarsa abanozisa xisasa.<br />

Sig davdgam Wiqa-WurWlebsa, savsesa survilisasa,<br />

yaW-abreSumebs Cavkideb, saCrdilobelsa mzisasa.<br />

Sig Cagsvam, Cemo lamazo, niavs ar gaxleb mTisasa...”<br />

aseT cixeSi Casmuli mzeTunaxavia anu is, visac mzis Tvals ara<br />

akareben, is daculi iqneba saimedod “mzis saCrdilobeliT da arc mTis<br />

niavi ar miekareba. sasaxle namdvilad zRaprulia, Zvirfasi masaliT<br />

nagebi, swored iseTi, rogorsac gilgameSze Seyvarebuli iSTari<br />

sTavazobda Tavis satrfos. magram mokvdavma uaryo qalRmerTis<br />

siyvarulic da misi aSenebuli sasaxlec, raki masSi cbiereba da<br />

muxanaToba dainaxa [gilgameSiani:66]. aseve, Cvens leqsSi qali<br />

maincdamainc ndobiT (Tu misi sityvebi SefarviT gamoTqmuli Tanxmoba ar<br />

aris) ar ekideba vaJis SeTavazebas:<br />

“vaJao, dediserTao, gazrdilo mindor-velTao,<br />

oqros Sibais naglejo, wamosartymelo welTao,<br />

maskvlavo, Saravandedo, mTvaris naWero xelTao,<br />

nuras cbierob eniTa, yelze nu maxvev gvelTao”.<br />

asea Tu ise, vaJs qalis datyvevebis survili aqvs _ amisTvis aris<br />

mowodebuli es mSvenieri warmtaci cixe, magram mainc cixe, sapyrobile,<br />

sadac qali sxva nivTebTan erTad iqneba gamomwyvdeuli vaJis siyvarulis<br />

amara, romelic “surviliT savse” WurWlebSia gasimbolurebuli. es is<br />

cixea, saidanac misi gamoxsna gaxdeba aucilebeli, rogorc murmanis<br />

aSenebuli brolis cixe, sadac datyvevebuli qali sulmudam elis Tavis<br />

gamomxsnels.<br />

“manglisSic” aseve mzeTunaxavad Casves qali _ vin? leqsi arafers<br />

gveubneba, Tu vin aaSena cixe da saidan moiyvanes qali. amgvari<br />

anonimuroba mxolod imaze migvaniSnebs, rom myaria qalisa da koSkis li<br />

motivi. “Tma SeuRebes iniTa”, SesaZlebelia, qalis patronTa<br />

warmomavlobaze miuTiTebdes: SeiZleba qali TaTrebis motacebulic<br />

iyos, magram aq es ar aris arsebiTi. mTavari is aris, rom qali<br />

mosatacebelia swored iqidan, sadac Casves. momtaceblis rolSi mecxvare<br />

gamodis, sruliad Seuferebeli am aqtisTvis, mecxvaris mSvidobiani<br />

saqmianoba TiTqos gamoricxavs amgvar moqmedebas. amasTanave, qali<br />

mecxvaris tradiciuli damwunebelia: “nu mimcem mecxvaresao, Tu mimcem,<br />

iseT kacs mimec, rom iyos guTnisdedao”, exveweba gasaTxovari qali<br />

dedas. am striqons miTosSi gadavyavarT, gagvaxsenebs Sumereli inanas<br />

Tavdapirvel arCevans, romelic swored guTnisdedaze SeCerda da ara<br />

mwyemsze, Tumca sabolood mainc mwyemsi dumuzi gaxda misi rCeuli<br />

[Suamd:7-11].<br />

Cvens mecxvares, romelic qals Tavis produqts _ yvels miarTmevda<br />

xolme da qalic xalisiT iRebda saCuqars da RviniT (samiwaTmoqmedo<br />

produqtiT) umaspinZldeboda, Seuyvarda qali da gabeda aseTi sityvebiT<br />

212

miemarTa misTvis: “netavi, qalo lamazo, SenTan gamaZRo ZiliTa”, ramac<br />

qalis guliswyroma gamoiwvia “Sewyevla mecxvare Tavis lamazis piriTa”.<br />

qali iwunebs mecxvares, romelic samagierod iseT perspeqtivas saxavs,<br />

rom mas Tavisi Selaxuli Rirsebis reabilitaciis SesaZlebloba mieces.<br />

misi mimarTva qalisadmi SeiZleba ocnebad miviCnioT, Tumca is iqneb<br />

arcTu ise Sors aRmoCndes realobisgan.<br />

“manglisic amovardeba, qva aRar edos ZiriTa,<br />

Sen, qalo, lekebs mihyavde, vai-vaglaxiT WiriTa,<br />

ukan mogdevdes saqmaro Tavisi dambla viriTa,<br />

me mTidan Camoviaro Cemi cxeniT da biniTa,<br />

dagixsna, wamogiyvano qamanCiTa da stviriTa.<br />

erTad vicxovroT bolomde, dro gavataroT lxiniTa”.<br />

rac aq ocnebad aris warmodgenili, sakmaod gavrcelebuli motivia,<br />

romelic SeiZleba damoukidebel Janradac CaiTvalos. es aris<br />

gatacebuli qalis gamoxsna moymis mier. ganvixiloT ori maTgani.<br />

giglia, TuSi, saxelis maZiebeli moymea, `gulWiriania”, rogorc<br />

leqsSia naTqvami. is eZebs mters. saxlSi ar udgeba guli _ `diklos vin<br />

brunav banzeda?” kaxeT-TuSeTobis Wapnis gamwevia. zafxulidan<br />

Semodgomamde igi cxvars atarebs TuSeTsa da kaxeTs Soris.<br />

giglias sagmiro saqmis Txroba originalurad aris agebuli. mTeli<br />

teqsti SeiZleba pirobiTad eqvs monakveTad davyoT. TiToeuli maTgani<br />

giglias sxvadasxva Rirsebebs avlens. pirvel monakveTSi, romelsac<br />

eqspozicias davarqmevT, simbolurad (swored simbolurad!) aris<br />

miniSnebuli momxdari:<br />

`farsmis Tavs maswyda maskvlavi, girevs deeca Tavzeda”.<br />

baladis konteqstidan gamomdinare es amgvarad unda wavikiTxoT:<br />

farsmis gziT girevs qistebi daesxnen da qali moitaces. gamoCndeba vaJi,<br />

magram jer misi saxeli ar viciT. soflis anonimuri xma gaismis, amave<br />

dros aq vaJis erTgvari portretia daxatuli:<br />

_ `vina xar gulWiriani, diklos vin brunav banzeda?<br />

zafxuls Camahlev WiriTa, sTvels kaxeTs waxval cxvarzeda”.<br />

vxvdebiT, mTavari gmiri dikloelia. imasac vigebT, rom misi<br />

saWiroebis dRe dgeba. mesame monakveTSi giglia misdevs gamtacebelTa<br />

kvals. mas informatori esaWiroeba, magram sabuelebi ar aZleven swor<br />

misamarTs:<br />

`_ hkiTxavdi sabuelebsa: mteri sada dis gzazeda?<br />

sabuelebis Svilebma sityva ar giTxres warzeda”.<br />

meoTxe monakveTSi, rogorc Cans, giglias swor gzaze ayeneben.<br />

mteri lopotis xeobas misdevs:<br />

213

`_ Tu gvkiTxav, vaJo, giambobT, lopots Cauje wyalzeda.<br />

qarTliT maudis tyveebi, qali motiris Zalzeda.<br />

_ qalo, nu stiri, qarTlelo, giglia gizis gzazeda.<br />

Tu lekebs wagayvaninos, wverimc nu sxmia ybazeda.<br />

numc miuSveben saxSia, swornimc nu dahsmen jarzeda!<br />

Tu tyvia gauTavdeba, Rili SaiWer tanzeda!”<br />

vin ambobs am sityvebs `qalo, nu stiri”? es gigliaa. magram misi es<br />

gamxnevebis sityvebi, motacebulisadmi mimarTuli, virtualuria. is jer<br />

ar dasxmia gamtaceblebs, rogorRa mimarTavs qals? iqneb amxnevebs<br />

sakuTar Tavs? poeti amrigad xatavs mis moralur saxes, mis moymeobas. am<br />

monakveTis kulminaciaa sityvebi `Rili SaiWer tanzeda!” raki giglia amas<br />

qals eubneba, visi Rirsebac man unda ixsnas, es ukve imas niSnavs, rom<br />

giglias tyvia ar gauTavdeba da qals ar daWirdeba tanze `Rilebis<br />

SeWra”, rac SeiZleba “Rilebis Sexsnis” badali yofiliyo. magram es ar<br />

moxdeba.<br />

mexuTe monakveTi baladis ZiriTadi epizodia _ winamavalni misi<br />

Semzadeba iyo. aq ukve vxedavT giglias fizikurad, Tavisi ocnebis<br />

aRsrulebaSi, Tavis stiqiaSi.<br />

`lekebs daenToT cecxlebi, ro maskvlavebi cazeda.<br />

giglia Sameetia, rogorc ro mgeli cxvarzeda.<br />

Tofi hkra Zmisa mamklavsa, ali dahxvia tanzeda.<br />

axla xmliT gadaufrinda, mkvdari Sayara mkvdarzeda.<br />

giglia daeca gamtacebelTa banaks, romelTa Soris misi Zmis<br />

mkvlelicaa. `rogorc ro mgeli cxvarzeda” _ gavixsenoT, rom giglia<br />

mecxvarea, mwyemsia, romelic mgels unda ugeriebdes cxvrebs. axla<br />

giglia Tavad aris mgeli, gamtaceblebi ki cxvrebi arian. mgeli moymis,<br />

kai ymis, ara mxolod erT-erTi ZiriTadi epiTetia (`mglis muxli”,<br />

`mglisa fera”), kaiyma Tavad unda iyos mgeli, ara ubralod mgeli,<br />

rogorc magari muxlis patroni, aramed cxvris mWameli:<br />

`cixe zen-uban daiqca, kuTxi gamasqda qvisao,<br />

mamkvdaras oCiauri, mgeli mWameli cxvrisao~<br />

[qxp IV:#109].<br />

@<br />

SeniSvna. am xalxuri kaiymuri idealis sapirispirod, gavixsenoT rogori<br />

epiTetiT amkobs `SuSanikis martvilobis~, avtori varsqen pitiaxSs: `da<br />

Semdgomad orisa dRisa movida mgeli igi varsqen...~ `viTarca kravi mgelsa<br />

gamouRo xelTa misTa~. es kravi SuSanikia, mgeli _ igive varsqeni,<br />

qristianobidan gamdgari. sazogadod, cxvrisa da mglis dapirispireba, pirvelis<br />

upiratesobiT, qrestomaTiulia qristianul literaturaSi. kravi qristes saxea,<br />

xolo mgeli _ satanisa, romelic dadarajebulia qristes farexis dasarbevad.<br />

sabolood ki, kravi Zlevs mgels: qriste-kravma `mgeli igi macTuri ganxada da<br />

kaci igi viTarca cxovari mkvdari aRadgina~ [Satberdis kr. 246,23].<br />

`gamocxadebaSi~ kravi-qriste triumfatoria: `da vixile, aha, kravi igi mdgomare<br />

214

mTasa zeda sionsa~ (gam. 14:1), `eseni kravsa mas ebrZolnes da kravman sZlos maT~<br />

(gam. 17:14).<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sagulisxmoa, rom kaiymobis Rirebulebebze<br />

aRzrdili vaJa-fSavela erT leqsSi acxadebs:<br />

`balaxi viyo, saTibi, ara mwadia celoba,<br />

cxvradve mamyofa iseva, oRond amSordes mgeloba~<br />

rogorc Cans, poetis SegnebaSi kaiymis mglobis xalxur ideals Zlevs<br />

qristianuli kravobis ideali.<br />

meeqvse, damasrulebeli epizodi, amxels baladis sazriss. rogorc<br />

yoveli baladis dasasruli, esec uaRresad lakoniuria. arc qeba-dideba,<br />

arc Sesxma gmirisa, vinc qaliSvili gadaurCina mamas. madlobis sityvebi,<br />

romlebsac mamas spontanurad unda aRmoeTqva gulidan? xom ar unda<br />

vifiqroT, rom misi “aq rad mogyvanda” madlobis gamoxatulebaa? an iqneb<br />

gamocdaa, gansacdels miaxloebuli?<br />

gigliam sufTad, usayvedurod gamoarida Tavi am gansacdels.<br />

“qal ukven gamaabruna, mamas mihgvara karzeda.<br />

_ aq rad mogyvanda, gigliav, rad ar igorve mklavzeda?<br />

_ me magas rogor vigoreb, doba davaswar wamzeda!”<br />

[razikaSvili:#109].<br />

iqneb balada swored am bolo striqonebSi gamoTqmuli pasuxisTvis<br />

SeiTxza? an Rirda, Tu am pasuxisTvis Caifiqra gigliam qalis gamoxsna?<br />

sxvanairi pasuxi, sxvanairi moqceva, fass daukargavda mis namoqmedars.<br />

iqneb giglias arc saxeli unda, rogorc “Txistyavians” sxva, analogiuri,<br />

baladidan, romelic sruli gulwrfelobiT eubneba Tavis gamoxsnil<br />

qals: “Cems naqnar saxels nu ityvi, viynodeT da-Zmobazeda”?<br />

literatura<br />

gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, ~ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.<br />

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poezia, `sabWoTa<br />

mwerali~, Tb., 1961.<br />

maisuraZe: ilia maisuraZe, `Tavfaravneli Wabukis~ zogi sityvis<br />

ganmartebisaTvis, `<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>~ III, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1969.<br />

razikaSvili: xalxuri sityviereba III, xalxuri leqsebi Tedo<br />

razikaSvilis mier Cawerili, mix. Ciqovanis redaqciiT, saqarTvelos ssr<br />

mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, Tb., 1953.<br />

sworfroba: baliaSvili n. sworfroba xevsureTSi, Tsu, 1991.<br />

qxp VI: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VI, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1978.<br />

SatberaSvili: SatberaSvili g. WaSniki, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1964.<br />

Suamd: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, `merani~, Tb., 1987.<br />

215

xamurabi: xamurabis kanonebi, aqaduridan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo<br />

zurab kiknaZem, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1988.<br />

xvaramze: xvaramze. vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, Seadgina i. gogolaurma,<br />

“sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tb., 1976.<br />

samgloviaro poezia<br />

samgloviaro poezia, Tu mas funqciuri daniSnulebis mixedviT<br />

ganvixilavT, ori tipisaa: arakanonikuri da saritualo anu<br />

wesCveulebiTi. maTi aRreva da erT rubrikaSi moqceva ar aris<br />

marTebuli.<br />

arakanonikuria, am TvalsazrisiT, cnobili leqsi “xogais mindi<br />

kvdeboda...”, sadac Tumca gmiris sikvdili da masze glovaa aRwerili,<br />

magram is ar aris samgloviaro ritualis nawili, ar aris gamoyenebuli<br />

micvalebulis datirebis teqstad. rac unda Zlieri gancdac ar iyos<br />

masSi gamoxatuli, arc erT damtirebels tradiciul sazogadoebaSi ar<br />

mouva azrad, rom amgvari leqsebi micvalebulis datirebis mizniT<br />

Seasrulos. erTia gancdis gamoxatva, sxvaa am gancdis moqceva ritualSi,<br />

misi qceva datirebis ritualur teqstad. arsebobs ori arxi, romlebic<br />

am mizniT aris gamoyenebuli. Sesabamisad, saritualo samgloviaro<br />

poezia ori tipisaa, romlebic, erTi mxriv, TuSuri “dalais”, meore<br />

mxriv, fSav-xevsuruli (nawilobriv TuSuri) xmiT natirlebis<br />

saxelwodebaSi erTiandebian. maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa.<br />

dalai<br />

`dalai”, romelic mxolod TuSeTSia gavrcelebuli, warmoadgens<br />

kanonikur teqsts Tavisi mkacri, Seucvleli struqturiT. ganvixilavT<br />

mas am struqturisa da Sesrulebis wesis TvalsazrisiT, rac mas<br />

arsebiTad ganasxvavebs xmiT natirlebisgan. es aris erTi teqsti,<br />

romelsac ara hyavs mxedvelobaSi romelime konkretuli micvalebuli.<br />

amaod daviwyebT masSi raime Taviseburis, ganumeoreblis Zebnas. is<br />

Seexeba yvelas, yvela moymes, vinc ki odnavadac mainc uaxlovdeba an<br />

Tvlian, rom uaxlovdeba (an surT, rom uaxlovdebodes) kaiymis ideals.<br />

dalai sruldeba micvalebulis ara dakrZalvis dRes, rogorc xmiT<br />

natirali, aramed wlisTavze, roca mis pativsacemad imarTeba doRi,<br />

romelSic sagangebod Sekazmul-morTuli misi cxenic monawileobs.<br />

dalais struqtura aseTia: igi eqvsi monakveTisgan Sedgeba:<br />

I. SeZaxili anu mowodeba dalais saTqmelad: `dalai TqviT, dalai,<br />

mxedrebo”.<br />

II. im moymis saxelis gamocxadeba, visTvisac imarTeba `dalaoba~ da<br />

imRereba `dalai”. Tu erT CanawerSi boselaiZea (`brali xar,<br />

216

oselaiZev...~), moxsenebuli, meoreSi iCukaisZea, mesamegan sulakauri da a.<br />

S. erTi Canaweris mixedviT, TiTqos es konkretuli `dalai~ mefe<br />

ereklesadmia miZRvnili: `Cven nuvis SevatyobinebT lomis erekles<br />

sikvdilsa, dalaÁ...~ [qxp V:#60].<br />

III. gaxseneba moymis mier Cadenili aqtebisa da sinanuli, rom isini<br />

aRar ganmeordeba. rogori iyo igi: mterTan mebrZoli (`mterTan<br />

xmalamoRebuli”), `sworSi Tavgamodebuli”, mosamarTle da gamrige,<br />

maspinZeli (`stumarTa dReo mziano”, `pirwyalo TuSeTisao”).<br />

IV. vin glovobs moymes: deda, coli, qal-rZalni da ra mosdis mis<br />

naqons: tanisamoss, cxensa da abjars, mis nawol logins, mis wver-ulvaSs.<br />

rogorc viciT, es CamonaTvali, romelic SeiZleba ivsebodes variantidan<br />

variantSi, axlavs zogierT sagmiro baladas an leqss, romelic, rogorc<br />

wesi, gmiris daRupviT mTavrdeba (klasikuri magaliTi `xogais mindi<br />

kvdeboda”, `zen bacaligos” da sxva). zogierTi motivi, rogoric aris,<br />

`ulvaSis mwvaned amosvla” gansakuTrebuli saxis glovis leqsebis<br />

Semadgeneli nawilia.<br />

V. ra saxiT Sedis saiqioSi da rogor egebebian (vercxlis WurWliT<br />

gawyobili sufra, meRvineebi, xuc-diakvnebi). `netav Sen, saiqiosa, Sig<br />

Sexval mtredis ferado” efuZneba micvalebulis sulis mtredis saxiT<br />

warmodgenas, rasac xucobis enaze (`jvarT-enaze”) suliwmida ewodeba.<br />

`netav Sen” xom ar gulisxmobs, rom mtredis ferad anu suliwmidis<br />

saxiT saiqioSi mxolod kai ymebi Sedian. zogadad unda iTqvas, rom<br />

wuTisofelSi `dagrovili” Rirsebebi saiqioSi sagzlad mihyveba adamians<br />

da gansazRvravs mis mdgomareobas.<br />

VI. Sendoba saxeldebiT.<br />

SairiT (Teqvsmetmarcvliani sazomiT) Sesrulebuli yoveli fraza<br />

am eqvsmonakveTiani teqstisa mTavrdeba SeZaxiliT _ dalai!<br />

ras niSnavs dalai? fiqroben, rom igi vainaxuri warmoSobisaa da<br />

niSnavs RmerTs, Tumca Zneli dasaSvebia, rom doRis dros mxedrebi<br />

RmerTs mimarTavdnen (romel RmerTs, romel RvTaebas?). es termini,<br />

SesaZloa, marTlac vainaxuri warmoSobis iyos, glovis semantikas unda<br />

Seicavdes da mxolod fonetikurad emTxveva sityvas dal (RmerTi).<br />

qistebis samgloviaro moZaxili amgvarad JRers: `dalaÁ, dalaÁ, vaÁ<br />

dalaÁ, dalaÁ...~ [kotetiSvili 1961:414]. yovel SemTxvevaSi, TuSuri<br />

dalaoba amJamad mTeli am ceremonialis _ Semamzadebeli ritualiT,<br />

doRiTa da simReriTurT _ saxelwodebaa.<br />

dalaoba mxolod TuSeTis sazogadoebis kuTvnilebaa da igi ar<br />

gascilebia mis farglebs.<br />

xmiT natirali<br />

am tipis samgloviaro teqstebi mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTianeTSia gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT fSav-xevsureTSi. TuSeTSi xmiT<br />

natirlis saxeliT cnobili leqsebi arsebiTad (rogorc formiT, ise<br />

tradiciuli tropizmiT) gansxvavdeba fSav-xevsurulisgan. Tavis mxriv,<br />

ara arsebiTad, magram mainc sxvaoben erTmaneTisgan xevsuruli da<br />

fSauri warmoSobis teqstebi.<br />

217

terminSi xmiT tirili TiTqos sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara<br />

sityviT tirils. TiTqos sityva `xma” aq sityvis sinonimia, rogorc<br />

gamoTqmebSi: `xma gasca~, `xma amoiRo~, anu sagloviaro Janris am<br />

saxeobaSi igulisxmeba ara carieli bgeris gamoReba, aramed sityvis<br />

warmoTqma. radgan arsebobs sityviT tirili da arsebobs usityvo<br />

tirili, rogoric aris svanuri zari da raWuli zruni. SesaZlebelia,<br />

`xma~ xmiT natiralSi melodias niSnavdes, ramdenadac arsebobs sxvagvari<br />

tirilic: ZaxiliT tirili, romelic reCitativiT sruldeba, anu<br />

melodiis gareSe, `ZaxiliT~ warmoiTqmis.<br />

xmiT natirali uriTmo, cxramarcvliani leqsia, romlis yoveli<br />

striqoni, rogorc wesi, sxvaTa sityvis o-Ti bolovdeba. motirali<br />

amgvarad aboloebs striqonebs (ToTo bavSvze natirali):<br />

“gagordi, oqros akavanoo,<br />

me gxedav _ daixare pirqvao,<br />

gafrindi qoris wiwilaoo,<br />

cixeSi SaiWuWken mÃarnio...”<br />

[qxp V:#136].<br />

SeniSvna. sityvebSi akavan-o-o, wiwila-o-o pirveli o wodebiTisaa, meore sxvaTa<br />

sityvis.<br />

am tipis leqsi mTibluris saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. es<br />

saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom erTaderTi adgili, sadac,<br />

micvalebulis cxedris garda, kidev (xelmeored) SeiZleba Sesruldes da<br />

sruldeba xmiT natirali, es saTibia, anu igi Tibvis simRerebis<br />

repertuarSi Sedis, ufro sworad, misi repertuaris erTaderTi<br />

Semadgenelia. sxva warmoSobis Tibvis leqsebs, garda xmiT natirlebisa,<br />

Sromis poezia ar icnobs.<br />

xmiT natirlis avtori da Semsrulebeli erTi da igive piria, da<br />

igi, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, dedakacia. anu mTibluri mTlianad<br />

qalTa Semoqmedebaa. ukve warmoTqmuli xmiT natirlis teqstis ganmeoreba<br />

sxva micvalebulis dasatireblad yovlad warmoudgenelia. Tu moxda da<br />

erTxel warmoTqmuli teqsti sxva micvalebulis datirebis ceremonialze<br />

ganmeorda, es imis niSania, rom tradicias bzari gauCnda, xmiT natirlis<br />

Semoqmedeba Sewyda. es imis niSania, rom sazogadoebaSi axali xmiT<br />

natirali, am konkretuli micvalebulis dasatireblad, veRar iqmneba,<br />

qalTa Soris xmiT motirali aRar moiZebneba.<br />

yovel xmiT natirals Tavisi konkretuli adresati hyavs<br />

gardacvlilis pirovnebis saxiT anu, piruku, yovel gardacvlils Tavisi<br />

sakuTari xmiT natirali aqvs, romelSic sxva gardacvlili ver<br />

Seeziareba. amitomac, dalais teqstisgan gansxvavebiT, xmiT natirali<br />

Rrmad individualuria, mxolod ama da am micvalebulzea Seqmnili. es<br />

teqsti misia samaradJamod, mis ukvdavyofas emsaxureba. anu, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom ramdeni micvalebulic yofila, imdeni xmiT natirali unda<br />

arsebobdes (cxadia, Tu uklebliv yvela iqna datirebuli).<br />

Semoqmedebis xasiaTi. xmiT natirali improvizaciulia. misi<br />

SeTxzvis da warmoTqmis pirobebi sxvagan ver Seiqmneba, Tu ara<br />

218

micvalebulis win. STagonebis wyaro, impulsi, micvalebulis pirovnebaa<br />

_ misi Rirsebebi da adamianuri Tvisebebi da is mwuxarebisa da sinanulis<br />

atmosfero, romelic aq da am adgilas sufevs. micvalebulis garSemo<br />

Sekrebili dedrovani, romelic qviTiniT (ara sityviT: `ihio, hio, hio!~)<br />

exmaureba xmiT motiralis warmoTqmul yovel fraza-striqons, am<br />

Semoqmedebis monawilea. saeWvoa, Sesruldeboda Tu ara xmiT natirali<br />

WirisufalTa da damswreTa gareSe. rogorc yoveli folkloruli<br />

teqsti Sesrulebisas, isic moiTxovs msmenels, am SemTxvevaSi metsac,<br />

gulSematkivars.<br />

motirlis Semoqmedeba dionisuria, eqstaturi, is imave bunebisaa,<br />

razec platoni wers “ionSi”. miuxedavad am Semoqmedebis spontanuri<br />

xasiaTisa, sadac aracnobieri unda Zlevdes cnobiers, Tavad motirali am<br />

garemoebas acnobierebs da arcTu iumoris gareSe Tavad natiralSive<br />

acxadebs:<br />

“ra kan rani-m varT matirlebio,<br />

davsxdebiT, davimwuxavT TvalTao,<br />

daviwyebT tanCi cxroobasao,<br />

ielnaWamsa vRgivarT Txasao...”<br />

[qxp V:#114].<br />

aq motirali laparakobs im SemoqmedebiT siSmageze, romelic eufleba<br />

mTels mis arsebas. Tvalis `dawuxva~ (daxuWva) ar aris SemTxveviTi:<br />

cnobilia, rom berZeni aedebi da rafsodebi usinaTloni iyven da swored<br />

am fizikuri sibrmavis wyalobiT maT gaxsnili hqondaT Sinagani Tvali.<br />

platonis azriT, es aris `RvTiuri siSmage~, romelic WeSmariti poeziis<br />

pirobas warmoadgens: `didi epikosi poetebi sakuTari xelovnebis ki ara,<br />

zeSTagonebisa da RvTiuri siSmagis wyalobiT Txzaven TavianT mSvenier<br />

poemebs. igive iTqmis lirikis poetTa mimarT: RvTiuri siSmagiT<br />

cnobamixdilni...qmnian TavianT momxiblav leqsebs, roca maT euflebaT<br />

harmonia da ritmi... mas [poets] ar ZaluZs raime Seqmnas manam, sanam<br />

zeSTagoneba Tu RvTiuri siSmage cnobas ar mixdis da gons ar dauxSobs~<br />

[platoni: 271-272].<br />

xmiT tirilis SemoqmedebiTi Sinagani mxare ar aris sakmarisad<br />

Seswavlili, magram uSualo mxilvel-msmenelis dakvirvebidanac Cans misi<br />

buneba. Tu berZen mgosanTa STamagonebelni muzebi iyvnen, xmiT motirali<br />

dedakacis STamagonebeli Tavad micvalebulia. `xmiT tirili yvelas ae<br />

SeeZlo. qals rom xmiT tirili daewyo, unda `aetexa~ tirili ise, rom<br />

viTom mas Zalauneburad mkvdarni atirebdnen... visac xmiT tirilis<br />

`atexa~ undoda, daiwyebda caxcax-kankals, Tavs iqiT-aqeT aqnevda, iwyebda<br />

barbacs, xelebis fSvnetas, kbilebis RrWenas; viTom sityvebs ver ambobda,<br />

ar undoda, xan moqanculi miesveneboda roca motirali alebi amas<br />

SeamCndevdnen, yvelani gaCumdebodnen da elodnen, Tu ras aTqmevinebda<br />

motirals micvalebulis suli... [bolos] qali amoiRebda xmas. pirvelad<br />

micvalebulis eniT daiwyebda laparaks. magaliTad: `aZraxdi, Cemo meeneo,<br />

nu damaRone suleTCiao, Camidev wili tirilCiao, me Sen mindixar<br />

meenedao~ [masalebi 1940:39]. @<br />

219

struqtura<br />

miuxedavad spontanurobisa (an iqneb swored am mizeziT), xmiT<br />

natirals ara aqvs mkacri, kanonikuri struqtura. misi arqiteqtonikis<br />

agebaSi xmiT motirali sruliad Tavisufalia. mas SeuZlia daiwyos<br />

micvalebulis pirovnebis dasaxelebiT, misi sikvdilis garemoebis<br />

xsenebiT, sikvdilisadmi (`sikvdilo, Svili gagizarde”) an<br />

micvalebulisadmi mimarTviT (`gorgi, Sen xara TveleqaTio, mTaCi<br />

mxoceli jixvebisao”), dagvianebuli gafrTxilebiT (`geuben, guros nu<br />

mixolao”) an sayveduriT (`xomizurao, Sagenacvleo, me imas raad<br />

matyuebdio: magiol giorgiobasao”), momklavTa wyevla-krulviT da ex<br />

abrupto baladiseburad da sxva. igi arafriT ar aris SezRuduli. zogi<br />

xmiT natirali mTlianad eZRvneba sikvdilis garemoebis Tavisebur<br />

aRweras da SeiZleba baladadac ki miviCnioT. am mxriv, xmiT natirali<br />

Tavisufali Semoqmedebis nayofia. magram es ar niSnavs individualizmis<br />

srul gaqanebas am SemoqmedebiT procesSi.<br />

tradiciuli mxatvruli arsenali.<br />

bunebrivia, xmiT motirali, rogorc xalxuri poeti, iyenebdes<br />

tradiciul gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs _ epiTetebs, Sedarebebs,<br />

alegoriebs, metonimiebs, gapirovnebebs, metaforebs, hiperbolebs,<br />

romlebic mogzauroben maTi wyalobiT xmiT natirlis teqstebidan<br />

teqstebamde da qmnian xmiT natirlis, rogorc Janris, erTian mxatvrul<br />

marags. SeiZleba imazec saubari, rom es maragi inarCunebs avtonomias<br />

saerTo-saxalxo poeziis konteqstSi.<br />

Cven mainc yuradRebas mivaqcevT mxolod natirlebisTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebel tropebs, romelTagan bevri mxatvruli azrovnebis<br />

Seudarebeli nimuSia. sazogadoebas ismenda, Cven ki SegviZlia wavikiTxoT<br />

amgvari tropebi: “xirimis bartyi” (tyvia), “miwis logini” (saflavi), “miwis<br />

samoseli” (saflavi), “cremlis Rilebi”, “cremlis Zafebi” (“samares piri<br />

gaukereT Cemi cremlebis ZafebiTa”). motirali mimarTavs Rames, romelic<br />

masaviT cremls Rvris, oRond misi cremlebi varskvlavebia (“varskvlavni<br />

cremlad dagiRvravis”), mimarTavs gaTenebas, romlis cremlebi cvar-namia<br />

(“cvar-nami cremlad dagiRvravis”)...<br />

datirebis wesi<br />

ras vgulisxmobT wesSi? vgulisxmobT imas, rom mkacrad aris<br />

reglamentirebuli, Tu vin visi xmiT motirali SeiZleba iyos. rogori<br />

wesia am mxriv xevsureTSi? deda ar SeiZleba iyos Svilis xmiT<br />

motirali, arc coli _ qmrisa. `Cveuleba sastikad ukrZalavs col-qmars,<br />

Svilebi anda erTi-erTmaneTi itiron~ [xizaniSvili::80]. ra Tqma unda,<br />

dedas an cols ar ASeiZleba ase kategoriulad aekrZalos Svilze an<br />

qmarze tirili _ es misi kerZo, intimuri saqmea, magram is mainc<br />

moerideba xmiT anu sityvebiT sajarod, yvelas gasagonad uaxloesi<br />

adamianis datirebas. principi aseTia: rac ufro axlobelia<br />

gardacvlili, miT ufro meti TavSekaveba marTebs Wirisufals. RviZli<br />

Svili da intimuri qmari (romlis saxelis xsenebac ki ekrZaleba cols)<br />

220

axloblobis iseTi kategoriaa, romelTa sajarod xmiT datireba<br />

dauSvebelia. Tu moxda da mainc daitires, datirebas wesis<br />

darRvevisTvis win mobodiSeba uZRvis.<br />

`gitireb, damianis mzemao, agre miwas gasarevao,<br />

Sen SamaCvene sruyvelasao, diacma qmari dagitireo~<br />

[qxp V:#190].<br />

aseve bodiSobs qmari, romelic, raRac garemoebaTa gamo, iZulebuli<br />

xdeba, daitiros coli. maS, vin tiris vinmes Svils da vinmes qmars?<br />

yvela naTesavi, garda dedisa da qmrisa, da aranaTesavi profesionali<br />

xmiT motirali? qali tiris Tavis Zmaze da daze, siZeze, mamaze, biZebze,<br />

biZaSvilebze, nebismier naTesavze, oRond aramc da aramc Tavis Svilze<br />

da qmarze? TiTqos es Seuvali wesia xevsureTSi, magram tradicia mainc<br />

aseTi kategoriuli ar aris. Tu qmris datireba iSviaTi gamonaklisia,<br />

fSavSi da xevsureTSic mravlad SevxvdebiT dedisgan Svilis datirebas.<br />

xmiT natirlis saukeTeso nimuSebi swored Svilis datirebebia.<br />

gavecnobiT fSaur da xevsurul nimuSebs (fragmentebs).<br />

fSauri<br />

xevsuruli<br />

`...Cem Svils rad unda samoselnio,<br />

Coxa gaxadeT gadaugdeTo.<br />

miwis samoseli SeukereTo,<br />

sarCulad tiril daudeviTo.<br />

Rilad cremlebi daukereTo,<br />

samares pirio gaukereTo<br />

Cemi cremlebis ZafebiTao...~<br />

[qxp V:#64].<br />

`mzeo, dadeg da dagviandio, mze dgexar ukenobisao,<br />

viyrebiT dedaSvilobiTao, mamSvidobeben berdiasao~<br />

[qxp V:#184].<br />

`deda genacvlos, dedis qalao,<br />

axal talavar Caicvidio,<br />

e Tmani xuTad daiwnidio,<br />

suleT bibiniT iaridio,<br />

oblis oboli gazardidio,<br />

dedo, kalTaCi Caisvidio,<br />

ToxolCaT qal or, ikvexnidio~<br />

[qxp V:#222].<br />

`deda genacvlos, baWyurao, dedis ferao, tuntulao,<br />

uenarao, uTavgziao...<br />

sikvdilo, qrTamsamc aitandio, Tu aitandi, mogcem qrTamsao:<br />

ÃarT mogcem, qora jorelaTao, niSasa Sagikazmav cxensao,<br />

Ãmals mogcem CiqorTaulasao, qalT mogcem Zilasa, naTelasao,<br />

lelasa dagiyeneb winao, diacsa baWyuraisasao,<br />

221

ka mowonebiT moyvanilsao, siskarsa gadabrZanebulsao,<br />

Tu gamauSob baWyurasao...~<br />

[qxp V:#195].<br />

SeniSvnebi. `tuntulas~ ToTo bavSvze ityvian, `uenaras~ _ uTqmelze,<br />

`uTavgzia~ umweos unda niSnavdes [WinWarauli]; Cans, xmiT natirlis obieqti<br />

Cvil bavSvia. Tumca amboben, Cvil bavSvebze ar tiriano. `qora xari~ _ TeTri<br />

xari, `jorela` xaris sakuTari saxelia. `CiqorTaula~ _ xmlis sakuTari<br />

saxeli. Svilmkvdari deda mzad aris yvelaferi saukeTeso gasces qrTamad<br />

Svilis sanacvlod, ara mxolod nivTebi, ojaxis wevrebsac ki ar imetebs, arc<br />

qaliSvilebs _ Zilas da naTelas, arc daqvrivebul rZals _ lelas,<br />

siyvaruliT moyvanils, romelsac dedamtili ciskars adarebs, oRond<br />

Casvenebuls (`gadabrZanebuls~).<br />

Tu qmars ver daitirebs coli, sacoles SeuZlia saqmros datireba<br />

_ mas ar ekrZaleba Tavisi grZnobebis (gardacvlilisadmi sinanulis,<br />

siyvarulis, erTgulebis) sajarod gamoxatva:<br />

`davberdi Sensa malodinsao, qali lamazi beqaurio.<br />

gadamiyole, gadmagyvebio, mamis imedo, wiklauroo.<br />

arada, sxvas vis gadavxyvebio, vaJi bevia gigaurio.<br />

guSinac kaci momilalao \TamariSvilma Tangulamao...~<br />

[qxp V:#161].<br />

sxva daniSnuli sxvagvarad gamoTqvams Tavis sinanuls da<br />

guliswuxils. gardacvlilis sacole ase mimarTavs mis mamas _<br />

samamamTilos _ qals TiTqos saCuqrebi moaqvs, saqmaro ki karSic ar<br />

gamodis sacolis misagebeblad:<br />

`Cemo mamao, mamamTiloo, Cemi aq mosvla rad gewyinao?<br />

Sen Svils miqebdes samefodao, wamovel imis sacnobladao,<br />

eg karCi aRar gamoCindao. aRar ikadra Cem naxvanio...<br />

Coxa movarTvi, orSianio, TaTi, baWiWi yaWisaio,<br />

ar iRebs gajavrebuliao...~<br />

[qxp V:#179].<br />

datirebulis zneobrivi saxe<br />

aris Tu ara gatarebuli samgloviaro poeziaSi laTinTa principi:<br />

`mkvdrebze an kargi, an araferi”? rogorc Cans, es universalur principia<br />

da mas aSkarad misdeven Cveni xmiT motiralni. Tu mkvdari datirebulia,<br />

masze mxolod kargi, saukeTeso, moymeobis optimumi, heroikulia naTqvami<br />

da mis cxedris garSemo SemokrebilTa Soris aravin iqneba iseTi, vinc<br />

eWvs qveS daayenebda natiralSi Tqmulis WeSmaritebas. saiqio sxvagvari<br />

SuqiT anaTebs suliwmidas (mkvdars), misi sikvdili sicocxlis<br />

apoTeozad Cans. maradisobis cecxli adnobs mis yofiTobas, mis yovel<br />

nakls, is araTu kai ymad, aramed moymeobis idealad warmodgeba<br />

cocxalTa TvalSi. msmeneli ismens motirlisgan imas, risi gagonebis<br />

mowadinec aris, rac surs mas gardacvlilSi dainaxos; ismens im<br />

222

Soreuli molodiniT, rom Tavad maszec msgavs sityvebs mosmenen. axlac<br />

ki, roca natirals ismens, axdens Tavis ganyenebas “dRiuri prozidan” da<br />

moymeobis idealiT imoseba Tavis TvalSi.<br />

samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom natirlebSi imaze met Seqebas<br />

ver movismenT, ramdenic baladis gmirs xvdeba wilad. Seqebis, Rvawlis<br />

gadmocemis, adamianis fizikur-sulieri portretis xatvis ena<br />

konvenciuria, masSi aravin gadaWarbebas ar xedavs. yvelaferi, rac maszea<br />

naTqvami, swored ase, am eniT, unda Tqmuliyo. rac unda dacilebuli iyos<br />

obieqtur realobas natiralSi CamoTvlili Rirsebebi, gardacvlili<br />

Tavis simarTleSi sufevs, is natiralis gmiria. `gitireb, agremc<br />

genacvlebio, Rirxar vaSkaci satirladao~ [qxp V:#228], _ aRmoxdeba<br />

motirals. magram mainc natirali ar warmogvidgens glovis iseT<br />

grandiozul, TiTqos qveynis daqcevis, suraTs, rogorsac “xogais mindi<br />

kvdebodaSi” vxedavT. Tu mindis sikvdilze arwivebi frTebs iglejen,<br />

natirlis gmiri Tavad aris arwivi, oRond frTadalewili. is vefxvic<br />

aris, jixvic da iremic _ yovel maTgans ganasaxierebs igi, radgan kai yma<br />

iTavsebs Tavis TavSi yvela arsebisgan saukeTesos, sicocxleSic da<br />

sikvdilSic igi maTi sadarebelia:<br />

“vefxvo, daxyare iaraRio, arwivma daiWuWken mÃarnio,<br />

jixvo, sawoliT gadmoRvardio, iremo, dainayen rqanio”.<br />

[qxp V:#158].<br />

aq ganzogadebulad da xatovnad aris aRniSnuli daRupvis faqti,<br />

araviTari konkretuli garemoeba, risi gadmocemac arcTu iSviaTia<br />

natirlebSi. zogierTi maTgani mTlianad tragikuli SemTxvevis (swored<br />

asea warmodgenili natiralSi gmiris daRupvis viTareba) aRweras<br />

eZRvneba da natirali TiTqos novelad gardaiqmneba. aRwerilia ambavi,<br />

natirlebisaTvis specifikuri sinanulis (dananebis) kiloTi,<br />

TanamimdevrobiT misi dawyebidan dasasrulamde. aseTia erTi sakmaod<br />

vrceli, oraTeulze metstriqoniani xevsuruli teqsti (dis natirali<br />

Zmaze), romelic im SemTxvevis gaxsenebiT iwyeba, rac adreve<br />

gadawyvetili, ramdenadac saqme sisxlis aRebas exeba, kanonieri<br />

mkvlelobis uSualo sababi gaxda:<br />

“fasioraTamc daRlevs RmerTio,<br />

misces dvarbini imedasao,<br />

akuSos ReliT gamaxenao,<br />

Zmis maklav icna axosTavsao...”<br />

[qxp V:#154].<br />

SeniSvnebi: fasiorani _ xevsurTa erT-erTi sagvareulos saxelia; akuSo _<br />

sofeli liqokis xeobaSi; axosTavi _ adgili mis mopirdapired aragvs gaRmiT.<br />

gamaxenao _ gaxedao.<br />

miviCnioT es oTxi striqoni eqspoziciad, romlis Semdeg viTardeba<br />

sisxliani ambavi. sagulisxmo is aris, rom mkvlelobis saqmeSi, romelic<br />

am “dvarbinis” micemas mohyva, misi gadamcemi fasiornic<br />

223

dadanaSaulebulni arian, rogorc monawileni. aseTi iyo sazogadoebrivi<br />

azri, amitomac durbindis gadacemis aqti imTaviTve motirlis fiqrebis<br />

binadari Seiqna da is wyevlas uTvlis maT tirilis dawyebisTanave.<br />

is, rac durbindSi gaxedvas mohyveba, anu Tofis gasrola akuSos<br />

Reledan, rogorc gadmoscems mas motirali diaci, Tavisi Tumca<br />

mTibluris saleqso sazomiT Senelebuli, mdore da, amrigad SinaganSi<br />

gadanacvlebuli eqspresiiTac ki ar CamorCeba, Tu ar Zlevs kidec<br />

baladis aCqarebul temps:<br />

.<br />

`maSin ra xqeni, da genacvalao,<br />

buCaseulm rom Camagxvivlao,<br />

namxrevT saTaves nayudebio,<br />

gaRvardi namxrevT boloSiao,<br />

dagawyvetivna kafianio,<br />

namxrevni sisxliT dagasvrivnao,<br />

cel dagrCa namxrevT saTavesao,<br />

namxrevT boloSi _ salesvelio...”<br />

[masalebi:95]<br />

SeniSvnebi: buCa _ erTgvari Tofia, SesaZloa, Tofis sakuTari saxelic<br />

iyos; namxrevi _ moTibuli nawili saTibSi; kafiani _ mTibluri simRera<br />

(motirali sinanuliT ambobs, rom Tofis gasrolam simRera Segawyvetinao).<br />

motirali ganagrZobs da erTxel kidev gaaxsenebs imas, rac<br />

sazogadoebam kargad icis _ rogor mouRes bolo saTibSi mSvidobian<br />

mosaqmes, mTibels, Tumca yvelam kargad icis, rom Surisgebis<br />

aRsrulebas Sromis procesi ver daabrkolebda:<br />

“axuraT sanaTisZiasao Svilnimc xyon Senis davlaTisnio! _<br />

Senze ÃmliT masvla rad undodao, buCaseulic geyofodao...”<br />

[qxp V:#154].<br />

SeniSvna: motirali wyevlas uTvlis sanaTisZes, romelmac TofiT<br />

daWrils xmliT mouRo bolo: misi xeliT moklulis davlaTs _ beds usurvebs<br />

mis Svilebs anu maTac imgvarsave sikvdilso.<br />

motirali mihyveba movlenaTa ganviTarebas: rogorc Surisgebis<br />

gareSe ar Caivlida es ambavi, isic ar gamotovebda mas Tavis natiralSi:<br />

“aca, ver waxol, guroeloo, aparekai gamagidgao,<br />

buCaseuls qve ras gvakvexebTo, xirimis bartyi Cvenic naxeTo...”<br />

[qxp V:#154].<br />

SeniSvnebi: guroeli _ an Tofis msrolelia an xmliT mimsvleli; apareka<br />

_ romelic Tavs idebs sisxlis aRebis saqmes; xirimis bartyi _ tyviis metafora,<br />

gvxvdeba mxolod am teqstSi, sxvagan arsad. skaldur poeziaSi kenigis saxeliT<br />

cnobili tropis es saxe yovel striqonSi gvxvdeba.<br />

aris natirlebi, sadac adamianis aRsasrulis garemoeba mxolod<br />

dasaxelebulia, motirali ar misdevs brZolis aRweras, is ufro<br />

224

moklulis pirovnebiT aris dakavebuli. aris natirlebi, sadac verc<br />

sikvdilis mizezs vgebulobT (sazogadoebisTvis ki cnobilia), mxolod<br />

pirovnebis daxasiaTebas vismenT. am tipis natiralTa klasikuri nimuSia<br />

erTi Zveli xmiT natirali, romelic zurab erisTavis droindel<br />

gudamayrel vinme mixas sikvdilzea Sesrulebuli dis mier, rogorc<br />

gadmocemiT amboben:<br />

“Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo,<br />

mTibel-mamkalni gixarianRaeo?<br />

mTibel-mamklisa sanayrodao<br />

dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo?<br />

bevrais jiÃvis gamgoresao<br />

Tofsa Ãirimsa zidavRaeo?<br />

mtrisa bevrais gamjavresao<br />

welze frangulsa ibamRaeo?<br />

stumris bevrisa masaxursao<br />

tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo?<br />

bevraisa mtrisa gamrigesao<br />

enasa bWeCi zidavRaeo?<br />

[qxp V:#149].<br />

SeniSvnebi: ziscvari _ rZe; masaxuri _ mosaxurebeli (sabani); qemxa _<br />

`Zvirfasi da magari abreSumis Zafi~ [WinWarauli 2005]. qemxiT gadakerilia<br />

erTmaneTze cxvris tyavebi, rom adamians eyos sabnad. bevrais mtrisa _ aq<br />

mtrebSi Sina moSuRarni, ara gareSe mtrebi igulisxmebian. bWe _ Temis<br />

sasamarTlo.<br />

es iSviaTi nimuSi xmiT natirlisa, sadac mwyobrad da<br />

ganzogadebulad, ara konkretuli saxiT, aris CamoTvlili mamakacis<br />

mravlamxrivi funqciebi sazogadoebaSi, rogorc sazogadoebis, saymos,<br />

wevrisa. teqsti iZleva moymis srulyofil saxes yovelgvari winaswari<br />

Seqebis gareSe. erTaderTi qebis sityvaa _ “Savardeni”, rogorc kai ymis<br />

epiTeti, romelic am kerZo SemTxvevaSi aliteraciulad eTanadeba Tavad<br />

datirebulis saxels Sarmanauls. es SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos: Savardeni<br />

_ amgvari bgerweris sityva _ epiTetad, eWvi ar aris, saxelis<br />

gamoxmobilia (ara arwivi, aramed swored Savardenia Sarmanauli), Tumca<br />

misi moxmoba ar aris moulodneli kai ymis Sesamkobad, rogorc erT<br />

natiralSia: `TeTrisa qoris naSoboo, Savardnisagan naqnaroo...” moymis<br />

funqciebis CamoTvla gvxvdeba sxvaganac, kerZod, dalaiSi, magram ara<br />

aqvs iseTi mwyobri saxe, rogorc Sarmanaulis datirebaSi, Tumca piruku<br />

iyo mosalodneli, ramdenadac `dalai~ kanonikuria da ganzogadebuli.<br />

magram Cven vxedavT, rom Sarmanaulis teqsts ganzogadebis meti xarisxi<br />

aqvs. aq warmodgenilia saqmianobis xuTi sfero, sadac moymes uxdeba<br />

Tavisi sazogadoebrivi saxis gamovlena, Tavisi unarebis da funqciebis<br />

realizacia. sabolood, Cvens winaSea moymeobis srulyofili kodeqsi:<br />

1. Sroma, _ igi yvelas TavSia dayenebuli; Tumca ver vityviT, rom am<br />

sazogadoebaSi RirsebiT sxvebze upiratesad iyos miCneuli.<br />

araSemTxveviT, pirvel rigSi Tibva, mere mka. `mTibelni gixarianRaoe”?<br />

225

mTiblebis danaxva Sens saTibebSi kidev gixariao? ekiTxeba motirali<br />

da am SekiTxviT surs msmenelTa (SekiTxva ufro maT mimarT aris)<br />

warmodgenaSi gaaRviZos cocxali Sarmanauli, `mTibel-mamklis”<br />

xilviT gaxarebuli, maTi Sromis damfasebeli, saukeTeso kerZiT _<br />

rZeSi moxarSuli dumiT rom umaspinZldeba, da aravis daunayrebels<br />

ar gauSvebs. Sromas eTmoba ori striqoni.<br />

2. nadiroba, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da sasaxelo saqmianoba am<br />

sazogadoebaSi, SesaZloa, is ar iyos mainc da mainc Tavis gamosakvebi<br />

saqmianoba, magram is aris moymeTa sporti, uromlisodac moymeobis<br />

kodeqsi nakluli iqneboda. Tu brZolaSi xmalia moymis iaraRi,<br />

sanadiroSi _ Tofi xirimi. Tumca orivegan orive iaraRis xmareba<br />

uwevs moymes: xirimi brZolaSi gasagebia, magram xmalic ar aris<br />

gamousadegari nadirobaSi, Tu iseTi nadiri Sexvdeba mas, rogoric<br />

vefxvia (“maSinRa gaWra frangulma...”). nadirobas erTi taepi eTmoba.<br />

3. brZola. brZola, nadirobasTan Sewyvilebuli, xSiria natirlebSi:<br />

`gorgi, Sen xara TveleqaTio, mTaCi mxoceli jixvebisao, Walas<br />

miTxoelT vaJebisao...” moyme mudam mzadyofnaSia mtris<br />

`gasajavreblad”, erT striqonSi dawnexilad aris gamoxatuli misi<br />

mzaoba erTaderTi JestiT: `welze frangulsa ibamRaeo”? amiT<br />

yvelaferia Tqmuli. motirali ar Tvlis saWirod frangulis<br />

moymurad gamoyenebis magaliTi dausaxelos msmenelebs. yvelam icis,<br />

rom igi amaod, `uerTod” ar Seibamda franguls. `dalaiSi~<br />

mebrZoloba prioritetulia, mas yvelaze pirvelad Seaxseneben<br />

mzegadasuls: `laSqars gikiTxven sworebi, win aRar gauZRvebia, dalai,<br />

mterTan xmalamoRebuli”, mtrisaTvis risxvis mimcemi, dalai...”<br />

4. maspinZloba. Tu raime mSvidobiani saqmianoba fasdeba am<br />

sazogadoebaSi, es stumar-maspinZlobis wesia. igi aucilebeli muxlia<br />

moymeobis dauwerel rjulSi. Rrmad aris amokveTili ara qvis, aramed<br />

gulis ficarze. motiralma miagno erTaderT detals, romliTac<br />

SeZlo cocxlad daexata mravalstumriani maspinZlis saxe. vgrZnobT<br />

siTbos da siyvaruls (ara mxolod movaleobas), romliTac is<br />

stumrebisTvis gudanurebs (erTmaneTze gadabmul cxvris tyavebs)<br />

keravs Tavisi sakuTari xeliT. msmeneli imasac igrZnobs, rom es kaci<br />

mzad aris, Tu saWiro gaxda, Tavi gawiros stumrisTvis, romelsac<br />

RamiT mis saxlSi, misi xeliT gadakerili tyavebi exureba. `dalais~<br />

teqsti ar gamotovebs am tradiciul atributs: `karze gidgenan<br />

stumrebi, Sinam ar SeuZRvebia, dalai...” da aqac motirali erTi<br />

striqoniT kmayofildeba. natiralSi maspinZloba mis dasawyisSivea<br />

naxsenebi, oRond SromasTan dakavSirebiT, mTibelTa da momkelTa<br />

dapurebis konteqstSi: `dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo”? orgzis<br />

stumarTmoyvareobis aRniSvna ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi: xalxuri<br />

yofis zneobriv kodeqsSi stumris rigianad gamaspinZleba omSi<br />

mamacobaze upiratesia, rasac es striqoni mowmobs: `puradi kaci<br />

mamacze samis gafreniT metia”. am upiratesobas analogia SeiZleba<br />

eZebnebodes xatobaSi saRvTo sufris saxiT, sadac maspinZeli jvaria,<br />

stumrebi ki _ mTeli misi saymo. sxvaganac, erT `SemRernebaSi~, aseve<br />

226

dawyvilebulia es ori saqmianoba da maTi harmoniuli SeTavseba<br />

ojaxis farglebSi, da pirvelad aq swored maspinZlobaa xsenebuli:<br />

`es saxli SaCveulia Sasmasa, SamRernebasa,<br />

am saxlis diasaxlisi _ stumarTa maspinZlobasa,<br />

am saxlis mamasaxlisi _ laSqarTa winamZRrobasa”.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom xmiT natiralSi stumarmaspinZlobis nimuSad aRebulia<br />

es komponenti _ stumris mSvidi Zilis uzrunvelyofa _ da ara sufris<br />

gaSla, `Sasma da SamRerneba~.<br />

5. gamrigeoba. gzianoba, sxvisi dajerebis unari ganasrulebs moymeobis<br />

rjuls. `dalaiSi~ mkvidrad, mravalferovani gamoxatulebiT, zis<br />

moymis es aspeqti: `Wkviano, saqcivliano, dalai, gamWrelo<br />

mosamarTleo, dalai, ...gamrigev TuSeTisao, dalai...” rac frangulia<br />

moymisaTvis brZolaSi da xirimi nadirobaSi, is aris misTvis ena<br />

safixvnoze. amitom _ `enasa bWeCi zidavRaeo?” franguli omis iaraRia,<br />

ena _ mSvidobisa. rkina Wabukobis atributia, sityva _ sibrZnisa,<br />

xandazmulobisa. ZvelTaganve orive Tanabrad fasobda sazogadoebaSi:<br />

uruqSi (SumerSi), rogorc gilgameSis eposidan da misi ciklis<br />

Sumeruli simRerebidan Cans [gilgameSiani:], es ori unari, rom<br />

davakonkretoT, Zala da azri, erTmaneTs epaeqreboda mniSvnelovan<br />

gadawyvetilebaTa gamotanisas. iyo krebuli moymeTa (guruS), romelic<br />

sabrZolo Zalas ganasaxierebda, da iyo krebuli uxucesTa (abba),<br />

romelic azris, gonivruli rCevis wyaros warmoadgenda. is, rac<br />

klasikur sazogadoebebSi instituciurad iyo gamijnuli<br />

erTmaneTisgan, Cvens safixvnoze erTi moymis arsebaSia SeerTebuli.<br />

amis dadasturebaa aluda qeTelauris ormxrivi daxasiaTeba:<br />

`safixvnos Tavze dajdebis, sityva maudis gziani, bevr qists maaWra<br />

marjvena, scada franguli fxiani”. fxiani sityva da fxiani franguli<br />

amSvenebes mas da ganasrulebs mis moymeobas. magram mainc asaki,<br />

romelic atarebs sibrZnes, upiratesobs siymeze, romelsac xmali<br />

upyria da mis imedzea. amas ambobs es fragmenti:<br />

`gudan ageben beRelsa, libod udeben sinasa.<br />

hkiTxvides geldiaursa andrezsa wina-winasa,<br />

urCevdis geldiauri jer Wkvasa, memre rkinasa~.<br />

rogorc wesi, laTinuri Tqmis Tanaxmad _ de mortuis aut bene, aut nihil _<br />

xmiT natiralSi dasatirebeli adamianis mxolod saukeTeso Tvisebebia<br />

gaxsenebuli, an, motirali ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas mis sikeTeebze,<br />

mxolod zogadad gamoxatavs guliswuxils, an mxolod misi<br />

gardacvalebis viTarebas axsenebs WirisufalT. magram mainc xmiT<br />

motirali Tavisufalia da, SesaZloa, ar dagidevdeT am mdumare<br />

TanxmobiT miRebul sayovelTao wess. adamians gardacvaleba erTgvari<br />

SaravandiT mosavs, risi ZaliTac sicocxleSi arafriT gamorCeuli,<br />

227

metic, ubiri, yvelas yuradRebis centrSi eqceva da sikvdili TiTqos<br />

misi gamakeTilSobilebeli sigelia.<br />

`kaci mamkvdari gakargdebao: ZmaT ubirasa geZaxdiano,<br />

aStaRuai geqvinisao, sakvmis sateni dusTuraio...<br />

eexla gadaCinebulxaro, kacTan damdgarxar kacuradao,<br />

CoÃa Cagcvam sklatisaio, CoÃa sadidod dakerulio.<br />

wamogixurav maSTagurio, ZmaT uarias, beCavasao~<br />

[qxp V:#227].<br />

SeniSvnebi. `aStaRuai~ _ dacinviT Serqmeuli saxeli; `dusTarai~ _<br />

Serqmeuli saxeli sityvidan `dusTi~ _ Zvelmani samosi, Cvari, riTac boselSi<br />

RriWoebs tenian; `sklati~ _ maudi; `maSTaguri~ _ qurqi; ~ZmaT uaria~ _ Zmebs<br />

Soris uaresi, uvargisi [WinWarauli 2005].<br />

TuSuri xmiT natirali<br />

TuSebSic igive terminologiaa, rac fSav-xevsureTSi: “xmiT<br />

tirili”, “xmiT motirali”. sainteresoa, rom `xma” aq niSnavs melodias<br />

sityvasTan erTad, magram arsebobs `sityvebiT” tirilic, romelsac<br />

melodia ar axlavs [azikuri:8].<br />

TuSuri natirlebic improvizaciulia, isinic, rogorc fSavxevsurulni,<br />

dedakacebis Semoqmedebaa, magram isini sagrZnoblad<br />

gansxvavdebian fSav-xevsuruli natirlebisgan rogorc formiT, ise<br />

SinaarsiT, tropuli sistemiT. es aris uriTmo Tormetmarcvliani leqsi,<br />

striqonSi zogjer 13 an 14 marcvalia, `oRond am SemTxvevaSi motirali<br />

teqsts ise warmoTqvams, rom Tormet marcvalze gaangariSebul<br />

melodiaSi Catios. gvxvdeba aTmarcvliani striqonic, am dros motirali<br />

melodias daqviTinebiT an amooxvriT avsebs” [azikuri:7]. natirlis<br />

teqstebis ganmeoreba arsad ar xdeba, TiTqos akrZalulic aris: `ar Ãam”.<br />

aqac coli ar tiris qmars; Tu itira, natiralSive Tamamad acxadebs:<br />

`qmariav, magramev me aras mcxvenisav”). xevsuruli Cveulebisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, dedas ar ekrZaleba Svilis datireba, mxolod<br />

mcirewlovani Svilis datirebaa saZraxisi. gansakuTrebiT tirian uZeod<br />

gadagebul vaJkacs (visac `Ze-bolo” ar darCa). natiralSi ixseneben<br />

micvalebulis `mgebrebs”, maT, vinc saiqioSi egebebian mas. eseni, rogorc<br />

wesi, misi dedisZmebi arian.<br />

aRsaniSnavia TuSuri natirlebis gamomsaxvelobiTi mxare, is<br />

gansakuTrebiT mdidaria tropuli mravalferovnebiT. mas aqvs sakuTari<br />

leqsika, romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT xevsurul “jvarTenas”, romlis<br />

leqsika mxolod sakulto gamoyenebisaa da arc yoveldRiur saubarSi,<br />

arc saero poeziaSi ar ixmareba. aseve TuSuri natirlebis metaforuli<br />

ena mxolod natirlebis sakuTrebaa. am mxriv, TuSuri natirlebi<br />

mkveTrad gansxvavdeba fSav-xevsuruli natirlebisgan.<br />

tradiciulia da meordeba natirlidan natiralSi tropuli<br />

gamoTqma `mzes velodebiTav, RrubliT (var. `budiT”) momavalsav _ am<br />

sityvebiT motirali deda axsenebs daRupuli vaJis naSiers, romelsac<br />

misi fexmZime coli atarebs. `gvirgvin-daSaulni” ki isini arian,<br />

228

omlebic uqorwineblad gardaicvalnen. `mamis oÃer” an `oÃris saxli”<br />

upatrono, gardacvlilisgan mitovebuli saxlia; `mindvris jeilebi” _<br />

sasaflaoze damarxulni, “`miwis kedeli” damarxulsac niSnavs da Tavad<br />

saflavs; `wilis amoTraÁ” _ wilis amoReba, anu gardacvaleba, sikvdilis<br />

wilxvdoma (`wil amasTareaav”? _ mokvdi?), `aludis stumrebi” _ Wiris<br />

sufraze msxdomni; darTlos sasaflaoze `Zvali RorRad xyriav, ulvaSs<br />

_ mwvaniladav”, `sabnad gadavxurev qvai da qviSaiv”, `qalo, dakargulo,<br />

dilis namsaviTa”, `dedis Tavmoklulo”, `qaris moRebulo fuTulov,<br />

mteris waRebulov”, `saxls gikeTeben kar-usarkmlosa” (anu bnel<br />

saflavs), `soflis galavano, klite dadebulo”, `miwisferdebulni” _<br />

damarxuli micvalebulni...<br />

literatura<br />

azikuri: n. azikuri, mgosanni glovisani, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1986<br />

gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani. Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, `ganaTleba~, Tb.,<br />

1984.<br />

kotetiSvili 1961: v. kotetiSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia, 1961.<br />

masalebi: `masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis III, Tbilisi, 1940.<br />

platoni 1997: platoni, adreuli dialogebi, Zveli berZnulidan Targmna,<br />

winaTqmebi da komentarebi daurTo baCana bregvaZem, `nekeri~, 1997.<br />

WinWarauli 2000: WinWarauli al. xevsuruli leqsikoni, `<strong>qarTuli</strong> ena~,<br />

Tb., 2005.<br />

xizaniSvili: n. xizaniSvili, eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1940.<br />

sibrZnis poezia _ andaza<br />

andaza wmida folkloruli Janria. literaturaSi mas analogi ara<br />

aqvs. Tu kidev SesaZlebelia xalxuri leqsis Seqmnis Tu asparezze<br />

gamoCenis drois dadgena, andazis SemTxvevaSi amas ver SevZlebT, imdenad<br />

Cawnulia igi enis wiaRSi. igi enasTan erTad arsebobs, masTan aris<br />

sisxlxorceulad dakavSirebuli. yvela niSani <strong>folklori</strong>sa, romelic ki<br />

CamovTvaleT, Tavisi wmida saxiT axasiaTebs mas _ absoluturi<br />

koleqtiuroba, romelic araviTar adgils ar utovebs individualurs,<br />

absoluturi anonimuroba, romelic principulad gamoricxavs avtoris<br />

arsebobas, variantuloba, romlis diapazoni scildeba erovnul da,<br />

Sesabamisad, enobriv sazRvrebs... Tumca is enisa da <strong>folklori</strong>s zRvarzea<br />

da, amdenad, mxolod erovnul (eTnikur) niadagze arsebobs. is ibadeba da<br />

cocxlobs yoveldRiur yofaSi enis, rogorc metyvelebis,<br />

aqtualizaciasTan erTad.<br />

ra aris andaza? iqneb misi arsis gansazRvraSi Tavad es sityva<br />

andaza dagvexmaros. mivmarTod, rogorc yovelTvis aseT SemTxvevebSi,<br />

sabas. leqsikografi gvagzavnis sityvasTan magaliTi. E<br />

229

`ese magaliTi ganiyofebian orad: magaliTad da andazad.<br />

magaliTi ars ukve, romlisa saxe genebos, gina qmnuleba<br />

saxlisa da karavTa, xatTa da yvavilTa da egeviTarTa.<br />

xolo andaza samoselTa da sabuxarTa da xamlTa da<br />

raodeni gamoikveTebian egeviTarni”. saba calke<br />

ganmartavs: “saandazo _ andazad dasadebeli, samagaliTo _<br />

saandazo”.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, andazas Tavdapirvelad Targis mniSvneloba hqonia.<br />

xolo ra aris Targi, Tu ara arqetipi, romlis mixedviT iqmneba<br />

yvelaferi, iqneba es materialuri sagani ram Tu swavleba gina saqcieli?<br />

andaza nivTieri Targis mniSvnelobidan adis sityvier-azrobrivi Targis<br />

mniSvnelobamde. andaza, amrigad, misi Zveli semantikidan gamomdinare,<br />

aris arqetipuli Tqma, erT winadadebaSi dawnexili codna (sibrZne).<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom zogjer andaza anderZTan aris gaigivebuli.<br />

magaliTad, akaki `baSi-aCukSi wers~: `aRar gaxsovT Zveli anderZi:<br />

sircxvils sikvdili sjobs da orive erTad ki _ jojoxeTiao?” Uufro<br />

adre arCil mefesTan vxvdebiT am gaigivebas: `asre daxvden orni Zmani,<br />

viT mamisgan eandaza” (nacvlad mosalodneli eanderZa-si). anderZi<br />

akakisTan andazis mniSvnelobiT da andaza arCilTan anderZis<br />

mniSvnelobiT. Amas unda daematos samagaliTo striqoni<br />

`didmouravianidan~:<br />

“Cemi saqme dReis ukan andazad da xidad deviT”.<br />

am striqonis mniSvneloba ufro metia, vidre is konteqsti, sadac<br />

naTqvamia igi. Tavad striqoni gvauwyebs, Tu rogor ibadeba andaza, ufro<br />

sworad, andrezi pirvelsaqcielidan, rogorc xidi, romlis wiaR<br />

erTmaneTSi gadadian Taobebi. “andaza-xidi” mowodebulia warsulsa da<br />

awmyos Soris kavSiris Sesakvrelad.<br />

andaza unda Seicavdes iseT codnas, gamocdilebas, romelic<br />

eRireba Sesanaxad da TaobebSi gadasacemad. aseTi Rirebulia swored<br />

yoveli andazis Sinaarsi, am Rirebulebis ZaliT mimodis igi bagidan<br />

bagemde, Taobidan Taobamde, xalxidan xalxamde, ganfenilia rogorc<br />

qseli mTel kacobriobaSi. andazas narTaulad, Sefarulad,<br />

igavurad moaqvs Cvenamde Tavisi saTqmeli. Tu anderZTan mas<br />

tradiciuloba anaTesavebs, igavi gamoTqmis saSualebaze, xerxze<br />

miuTiTebs. amitomac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom igavebi ewodeba solomonis<br />

mier Sekrebil gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic sxva araferia, Tu ara andazebi<br />

(da asec aris Targmnili sxva enebze. Proverbs of Solomon, Die Sprüche Salomos,<br />

Притчи Соломоновы da sxva).<br />

andazis iseve, rogorc yoveli folkloruli teqstis, Seswavlas<br />

sami mxare aqvs 1) formaluri anu morfologiur-struqturuli, 2)<br />

Sinaarsobrivi da 3) funqciuri. Aamgvarad, andaza SeiZleba ganvixiloT<br />

sam doneze: 1) teqstis doneze, 2) mniSvnelobis doneze, 3) gamoyenebis<br />

doneze.<br />

230

ogorc enaSi arsebobs sinonimebi (Tumca ara absoluturi), aseve<br />

arsebobs sinonimuri andazebi, romlebic erTsa da imave Sinaarss,<br />

mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva saSualebebiT gamoxataven. amrigad, andazis<br />

gulisguli, riTac is Tavis funqcias asrulebs, mis meore doneze anu<br />

mis mniSvnelobaSia saZiebeli. magaliTad, formalurad, teqstis doneze<br />

es ori andaza erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba: 1) “Tu mRvdeli mwyalobs,<br />

diakvani veras damaklebso” da 2) “Tu guli gulobs, qada ori xeliT<br />

iWmevao”, magram maTi mniSvnelobebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, gamoyeneba<br />

gansxvavebulia. Mmeore mxriv, sinonimuria andazebi, Tumca isini yofis<br />

gansxvavebuli sferoebidan aris aRebuli: “umoaxlo qveyanaSi virs<br />

pirmTvarisa daarqveso” da “uZaRlo qveyanaSi katas ayefebeno”.<br />

ras warmoadgens andaza Tavisi formiT, rogorc sityvieri teqsti?<br />

frazeologiuri erTeulisgan (gamoTqmisgan) gansxvavebiT, andaza erTi<br />

dasrulebuli winadadebaa. mTeli misi Sinaarsi erT winadadebaSia<br />

moqceuli. andazis winadadeba SeiZleba iyos rogorc proza, ise leqsi.<br />

magram igi mainc poetur Janrs miekuTvneba, radgan misi Sinagani forma<br />

poeturia. ritmi da riTma, rac arcTu iSviaTad axlavs mas, Sinagani<br />

poeturobis mxolod garegani gamoxatulebaa. ritmisa da riTmis garda,<br />

andazas aqvs kidev sxva arqauli saSualeba misTvis poeturi formis<br />

misacemad, es aris e.w. wevrTa paralelizmi (parallelismus membrorum), rac<br />

safuZvlad udevs andazaTa umravlesobas. es uZvelesi xerxi, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, mTavari struqturuli RerZia andazisa. es struqtura ar aris<br />

mxolod formaluri xasiaTisa _ igi andazis mTavari konceptualuri<br />

momentia.<br />

amrigad, andaza, rogorc wesi, ritmulad mowesrigebuli striqonia,<br />

amiT gansxvavdeba igi Cveulebrivi winadadebisgan. rogorc garkveulia,<br />

TiToeuli andaza calke saleqso striqons warmoadgens da zustad<br />

Seesatyviseba qarTul xalxur poeziaSi gavrcelebul saleqso sazomebs<br />

[bardaveliZe]. upiratesobs Teqvsmetmarcvliani taepi, magram Segvxvdeba 9<br />

da 10 marcvlianic.<br />

Sairis sazomzea gawyobili Semdegi andazebi:<br />

`sxvisTvis uReli nura gSurs, Sen rom yevari gyavdeso”; `aseTma<br />

furma damwixlos, Cemze mets iwvelideso”;<br />

`zogisa bambac Cxrialebs, zogis kakalic arao”.<br />

Teqvsmetmarcvliani Sinagani riTmiT:<br />

`kata ver Seswvda Zexvsao, paraskevia dResao”;<br />

`naadri Svili patronsa, nagvianebi _ batonsa”;<br />

`aafrine alaliao, rac ar ari, ar ario”;<br />

`rac mogiva daviTao, yvela Seni TaviTao” da sxva.<br />

Sairis naxevartaepia: “erTi dro Citsac ki aqvso”; “sxva sxvis omSi<br />

brZeniao”...<br />

aTmarcvliani Sinagani riTmiT: `viri sxvisao, saxre tyisao”.<br />

12-marcvliani aseve Sinagani riTmiT: `iaffasisao _ wveni ZaRlisao”.<br />

andazebis korpusis zerele gadaxedvac gviCvenebs, rom riTma ar<br />

aris andazis arsebiTi da aucilebeli niSani, magram sadac igi Cndeba,<br />

damatebiT eqspresiulobas aniWebs teqsts. igive iTqmis aliteraciaze,<br />

fonetikurad msgavsi sityvebis erTmaneTTan Sepirispirebaze, rac arcTu<br />

231

iSviaTia andazebSi _ `madli matlad iqcao”, `aznauri Wadsac ar Wams,<br />

moSivdeba _ Wirsac momWams”, `kaci kaciTao, Robe qacviTao”, `roca xorci<br />

gavao, gavac dumad gavao” (var. `visic gava gavao, kanWic gavad gavao”),<br />

`rac ar mergeba, ar Semergeba” da sxva mravali.<br />

paralelizmi andazis arsebiTi niSania. andazis sazrisi swored<br />

cnebaTa Tu realiaTa harmoniul an kontrastul paralelizmSi<br />

mdgomareobs. andazaSi `ramac gagaCina, iman dagarCina” gamCenisa da<br />

mfarvelis paralelizmia. `kaci Tu gonieria, sofeli Ronieria”<br />

(kaci_sofeli, goniereba_Roniereba), `kaci zRvas gadaurCa da cvarma<br />

daaRrCoo” (zRva_cvari, gadarCena_daRupva), `mTisa mecxvares hkiTxe,<br />

barisa _ guTnisdedasao”, “momxvdurs damxvduric undao”, `rac ginaxavs,<br />

veRar naxav” (warsuli_momavali), `rkinas mWedeli sWeds, ara uroo”<br />

(iaraRi_mkeTebeli), ~kaci bWobda, RmerTi icinodao” (kaci_RmerTi,<br />

bWoba_sicili) da mravali sxva.<br />

moyvanil magaliTebSi paralelizmi da dapirispirebuli wyvilebi<br />

zedapirze Cans. magram arsebobs mTeli wyeba andazebisa, sadac es<br />

aSkarad ar Cans, Sefarul-SeniRbulia, siRrmisken aris wasuli, andazis<br />

qvemo SreSi Zevs _ iq aris saZiebel-aRmosaCeni. bevri andazis Zala<br />

swored am aRmoCenis efeqtzea damyarebuli. rac ufro Rrmad Zevs da<br />

Sefarulia dapirispireba, miT ufro metia andazis Zala da efeqti.<br />

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom andazis Tviseba da Zala mis<br />

SefarulobaSia, andaza cdilobs Sefarulad gamoTqvas azri. andaza<br />

igavuria, amdenad igi amarTlebs im ganmartebas, sabas leqsikonSi rom<br />

aris mocemuli.<br />

andaza, klasikuri gansazRvrebiT, Seicavs sibrZnes _ bunebaze,<br />

cxovrebaze, samyaroze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul codnas, yvelafers,<br />

rasac adamiani, sazogadoeba gamocdilebis Sedegad ganazogadebs. magram<br />

es ar aris sakmarisi. aucilebelia, magram arasakmarisi. andazaSi mTavari<br />

da gadamwyvetia, Tu rogor aris daculi da miwodebuli es sibrZne.<br />

andaza sibrZnes igavurad, metaforulad, CaSifrulad inaxavs. teqsti,<br />

romelic zedapirulad atarebs codnas da pirdapir, deklaraciulad<br />

gadascems mas, ver iandazebs.<br />

magram codnac aris da codnac. andaziseul codnas safuZvlad<br />

udevs siRrmiseuli, arqetipuli codna. anu andazaSi aSkarad mocemuli<br />

dapirispirebis safuZveli arqetipuli dapirispirebaa. arqetipuli,<br />

fundamenturi opozicia zurgs umagrebs saaSkaraoze gamotanil<br />

fenomenur da yofiT dapirispirebebs [ruseiSvili]. yoveli andaza avlens<br />

romelime fundamentur, safuZvlismier, universalur opozicias. “andazis<br />

Tema aris ara sityva an raime azri an, Tundac adamianis moRvaweobis<br />

romelime sfero, aramed dapirispirebul kategoriaTa invariantuli<br />

(ucvleli) wyvili” [permiakovi:105]. amaSi SegviZlia davrwmundeT<br />

nebismieri andazis magaliTze.<br />

es dapirispirebebia: kargi-cudi, boroti-keTili, zemo-qvemo,<br />

axlobeli-Soreuli, Cveni-sxvisi, sasargeblo-usargeblo, simarTletyuili,<br />

SeCveuli-SeuCveveli, mTeli-nawili, Tavi-bolo, didi-mcire,<br />

maRali-dabali, Zlieri-susti, axali-Zveli, naTeli-bneli, savse-carieli,<br />

swrafi-neli, bevri-cota, sityva(Tqma)-saqme(moqmedeba), cocxali-mkvdari,<br />

232

moyvare-mteri, cxadi-dafaruli, Seneba-ngreva da a.S. nebismieri andaza,<br />

Tu is namdvilad andazaa, Tavis safuZvelSi am wyvilTagan romelimes<br />

usaTuod unda Seicavdes.M<br />

magaliTad, Zlier-sustis dapirispirebazea agebuli andazebi:<br />

`dedakacma gaiwia da cxra uRelma xarma ver Seamagrao”; `marTali<br />

kaci qvaze magariao~;<br />

wyvilze “Cveni-sxvisi” agebuli andazebi:<br />

`sadac mixvide, iqauri qudi daixureo”;<br />

`zogisa bambac Cxrialebs, zogis kakalic arao”. `kargi-cudi”:<br />

`erTi mglisken, meore Txiskeno”;<br />

`sasargeblo-usargeblo (fuWi)”:<br />

`kodalav, Sen sul egre akakuneb, magram Seni gakeTebuli<br />

xaratulebi vera vnaxeo”.<br />

`mosalodneli-moulodneli”:<br />

`mWle Waki lamaz kvics igebso”.<br />

`SesaZlebeli-SeuZlebeli”:<br />

`erTi wixliskvriT cixe ver daingrevao”.<br />

`namdvili-moCvenebiTi”:<br />

`erTi mercxlis WikWiki gazafxuls ver moiyvanso”. M<br />

`mizezi-Sedegi”:<br />

`moxuci imas moimkis, rac siyrmiT dauTesiao”,<br />

`mama naxe, deda naxe, Svili ise gamonaxe”.<br />

`cxadi-dafaruli”:<br />

`mRvdeli WilofSi icnobao”. “xanmokle-xangrZlivi”:<br />

`niorma Tavis simyrale Svid wels Seinaxao”.<br />

`drouli-gviani”:<br />

`sanam pavle movidoda, petres tyavi gaaZvreso”,<br />

`sanam Tone cxelia, lavaSi Caakario”.<br />

`absoluturi-relatiuri”:<br />

`TagvisTvis katac lomiao”.<br />

realuri-ararealuri:<br />

`zecas wero mifrinavda, Zirs Samfursa Tlidneno”,<br />

`bavSvi ar dabadebula da abrams arqmevdeneno” da sxva.<br />

es fundamenturi dapirispirebebi andazaSi xorcSesxmulia<br />

mravalgvarad, Tavad samyaros mravalferovnebis kvalobaze. marTalia,<br />

andazas safuZvlad udevs samyaros Sinagani (siRrmiseuli) zogadi<br />

kanonzomierebani, arqetipuli azrobrivi struqturebi, magram isini<br />

andazebSi xatovnad, adamianuri yofis enazea gadaTargmnili. andaza aris<br />

arqetipul dapirispirebaTa verbaluri gamoxatulebis forma<br />

[ruseiSvili:, an imave avtoris ganmartebiT, `andaza gamoxatavs<br />

siRrmiseul arqetipul sibrZnes, romelic, Tavis mxriv, opoziciuri<br />

azrobrivi struqturis saxiT gamoixateba~. aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom<br />

Tavad samyaroa opoziciuri struqturis, ramac religiur sistemaSic<br />

hpova gamoZaxili (magaliTad, zoroastrizmi keTilisa da borotisa,<br />

kargisa da cudis, fundamentur opoziciaze dafuZnebuli).<br />

andaza, Tundac erTi winanadeba, erTi taepi, mxatvruli nawarmoebia.<br />

rogor arsebobs is, sad aris misi realizaciis sfero? sxvagan arsad, Tu<br />

233

ara ama Tu im Seqmnil situaciaSi, romelic adamianisgan moiTxovs<br />

pasuxs. situacia, raime kolizia, iwvevs andazas, romelic adamianis<br />

mexsierebaSia daculi. igi zustad da logikurad pasuxobs situacias, ar<br />

eqvemdebareba mtkicebas, radgan Tavad aris raRacis mtkiceba. is aqsiomaa,<br />

mza logikuri daskvnaa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daskvna imdenia, ramdeni<br />

situaciis warmodgenac SeiZleba. TiToeul yofiT situacias Tavisi<br />

andaza aqvs momarjvebuli da yoveli andaza potenciurad Tavis<br />

Sesatyvis situacias gulisxmobs. situacias Tavisi Sesatyvisi andazis<br />

molodini aqvs.<br />

roca <strong>folklori</strong>s arsebiT niSnebze vlaparakobdiT, davasaxeleT<br />

yofiToba, rogorc literaturisgan <strong>folklori</strong>s ganmasxvavebeli niSani.<br />

<strong>folklori</strong> yofaSi da yofisTvis Seiqmna. Sromis poezia Seiqmna SromiT<br />

yofaSi da sxvagan arsad sruldeba, Tu ara isev Sromis procesSi. andaza,<br />

romelic atarebs raRac sibrZnes, gamocdilebas, situaciam warmoSva da<br />

mxolod analogiur situaciaSi amotivtivdeba, raTa misi Sefasebis,<br />

verdiqtis dasmis, mxilebis Semdeg kvlav mexsierebis gamoucnob<br />

xveulebSi daibudos. da `sZinavs~ mas, vidre Sesaferi situacia kvlav ar<br />

gamoixmobs.<br />

literatura<br />

bardaveliZe: bardaveliZe j. andazebis ritmuli wyoba (<strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

Teoria da istoria, <strong>qarTuli</strong> foklori VIII, 1979).<br />

permiakovi: Пермяков Г.Л. О смысловой структуре и соответствующей классификации<br />

пословичных изречений (Паремиологический сборник, «Наука», М., 1978).<br />

ruseiSvili: ruseiSvili m. andazis zogadi semantikuri modeli<br />

(saenaTmecniero Ziebani, Tb., 1999).<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stikis istoriidan<br />

Znelia, <strong>folklori</strong>s Semswavleli disciplinis _ <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />

warmoSobis zusti TariRis dadgena. ras davukavSiroT igi? am terminis _<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s Seqmnas (1846 w.)? Tu ufro adreul xanas, roca<br />

Sotlandielma poetma, skolis maswavlebelma jeims makfersonma (1736-<br />

1796), 1765 wels gamoaqveyna leqsebi, romlebic III s-is irlandiel bards<br />

(mgosans) osians miawera? makfersoni irwmuneboda, rom es simRerebi man<br />

geluridan (kelturi jgufis ena, irlandiuris monaTesave) Targmna.<br />

teqstebma, romlebic xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxeliT iyo mowodebuli,<br />

didi STabeWdileba datova inglisurenovan auditoriaze did britaneTsa<br />

da amerikaSi. osianis saxeli xalxuri poeziis simbolo Seiqmna. mas<br />

gatacebiT kiTxulobdnen da Targmnidnen evropul enebze. goeTem imdenad<br />

gaiTavisa osianis simRerebi, rom germanul enaze Targmna isini da<br />

`axalgazrda verTeris vnebanSi~ CarTo. ruseTSi osians Targmnidnen da<br />

mis Temebze originalur leqs-simRerebs qmnidnen karamzini, Jukovski,<br />

234

puSkini. osianis italiuri Targmani napoleonis erT-eri sayvareli wigni<br />

iyo, romelsac igi laSqrobebSi Tan datarebda.<br />

osianis simRerebis gamoCena daemTxva evropaSi romatizmis<br />

aRmocenebis xanas. da Tumca maTi namdviloba makfersonis sicocxleSive<br />

eWvis qveS dadga, momdevno saukuneSi ki mistifikacia sabolood<br />

dadasturda, maT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules xalxuri<br />

Semoqmedebisadmi interesis gaRvivebaSi: swored am mistifikaciam misca<br />

impulsi folkloruli teqstebis Sekrebas mTeli evropis masStabiT,<br />

ramac Tavis mxriv safuZveli daudo axal disciplinas _<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stikas, romelic Tavdapirvelad `xalxur siZveleebad~ (Popular<br />

antiquities) iwodeboda. miCneuli iyo, rom xalxuri leqsebi, Tqmulebebi,<br />

zRaprebi da sxva uxsovar warsulSi Seiqmna da xalxis xsovnam<br />

Tanamedroveobamde Semoinaxa. romantizmma, romelic im epoqaSi fexs<br />

idgamda, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi noyieri sakvebi hpova. warsulis<br />

idealizacia, bunebrivoba, civilizaciisgan Seuxebeli adamianis ideali _<br />

romantizmis am moTxovnebs savsebiT akmayofilebda xalxuri Semoqmedeba,<br />

romelic Tavisufali sulis gamovlinebad iqna aRqmuli. XVIII-XIX<br />

saukuneTa mijnis SemoqmedTa TvalSi zepirsityviereba Tavisi<br />

SeuzRudveli TavisuflebiT samwerlo (literaturul) Semoqmdebas<br />

daupirispirda, ufro metic: zepirsityviereba poeziis etaloni gaxda.<br />

germanel romantikosTa TvalsazrisiT, xalxuri poezia<br />

RvTivSTagonebulia. iakob grimi (1785-1863), <strong>folklori</strong>stikis mamamTavari,<br />

wers: `xalxuri poezia ara mxolod anonimuria, aramed RvTaebrivi<br />

warmoSobis aris, rogorc ena da miTologia~. isini imowmebdnen<br />

homerosis poemebis dasawyis striqonebs, sadac rafsodi (Zveli berZeni<br />

mgosani) STagonebisTvis muzas mimarTavs (`im kacze miambe, muzav...~;<br />

`mimRere, qalRmerTo...~). maTi azriT, xalxuri poezia ibadeba<br />

aracnobierad, riTac igi mistiur gamocxadebas uaxlovdeba; igi aris<br />

RvTaebrivis gamovlena adamianSi. iakob grimi werda romantikos poets<br />

arnims: `Tu Sen gwams CemsaviT, rom religia RvTebrivi gamocxadebis<br />

Sedegia da rom enis warmoSobac iseTive saswaulia da rom igi ar<br />

warmoadgens adamianis gamonagons, isic unda iwamo da igrZno, rom Zvel<br />

poeziac msgavsi warmoSobisaa~ [kokiara:241]. maT TvalSi siZvele xalxuri<br />

poeziis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli da prioritetuli niSania<br />

anonimurobasTan erTad: is, rac anonimuria, mas wyarod RvTiuri<br />

STagoneba aqvs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani iqmneba ara axla,<br />

TanamedroveobaSi, aramed Seiqmna uSores warsulSi, kacobriobis<br />

siWabukeSi; warsulSia srulyofileba, iq aris samoTxe, edemis baRi,<br />

SeubRalavi buneba. germanel romantikos filosofoss iohan herders<br />

(1749-1803) xiblavda yvelaferi, rac iwyeboda prefiqsiT Ur (`winare~).<br />

xalxurSi igi xedavda yvelafers mSveniers da gulwrfels, yvelafers<br />

`qalwulebrivs da WeSmarits~. xalxuri poezia bunebis Svilia;<br />

romantikosebi garbodnen bunebisken da da ewafebodnen xalxur poezias,<br />

rogorc daviwyebul da usamarTlod mitovebul wyarosTTvals. folkis<br />

arseboba warsulSia nagulvebi. herderis rwmeniT, `xalxi (Volk) aris<br />

bunebrivi da Seuryvneli nawili erisa, amitomac igi mowodebulia<br />

235

erovnuli sulis gamosaxatavad~. xalxuri poezia iseve bunebrivad, raime<br />

Zaldatanebis gareSe amoizrdeba xalxis wiaRidan rogorc,<br />

magaliTisTvis, askili, romelic vardisgan gansxvavebiT ar saWiroebs<br />

movla-patronobas, adamianis Carevas. xalxur leqss isini udarebdnen<br />

frinvels, romelic TavisuflebisTvis da ara galiisTvis aris Sobili.<br />

literatura tyvea, xalxuri Semoqmedeba Tavisufalia, yvaviliviT<br />

Tavisuflad ifuCqneba. iakob grimi xalxur simRerebs `Citebis simReras~<br />

adarebs. xalxuri poezia aris bunebis xma da, raki buneba erTia, amiT<br />

aixsneba xalxuri Semoqmedebis principuli erTgvaroba yvela xalxSi.<br />

iakobis Zma vilhelm grimi (1787-1859) werda: `poeziis RvTiuri suli<br />

erTnairia yvela xalxSi da erTi wyaro aqvs yvelgan. amitomac aris, rom<br />

Cven yvelgan vawydebiT msgavsebas... idumali naTesaoba, romlis saerTo<br />

sawyisi dakargulia, gvafiqrebinebs maT saerTo warmomavlobaze...~<br />

germaneli romantikosebi maT TanamedroveobaSi daqucmacebuli<br />

germaniis erTianobas, saerTo germanul suls, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi<br />

eZebdnen da poulobdnen. amitomac xalxuri leqs-simRerebis, Tqmulebebis<br />

(sagebis), miTebisa Tu zRaprebis Segroveba mTeli germaniis masStabiT<br />

erovnul movaleobad iqca. germanelma fokloristebma xalxuri<br />

sityvierebis saxiT aRmoaCines saerTogermanuli `CaZiruli~ kultura,<br />

romelsac fesvebi yvela germanuli tomis saerTo warsulSi hqonda.<br />

germanuli tomebi, garda sakuTriv germanelebisa (die Deutschen), mTel<br />

skandinavias (norvegielebi, danielebi, Svedebi) moicavs. germaneli<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stebis ideam am erTianobis Sesaxeb gamoZaxili pova<br />

skandinavur samyaroSi, sadac mniSvnelovani <strong>folklori</strong>stuli skola<br />

Camoyalibda, romelic gansakuTrebiT zRapris SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli.<br />

am procesSi Caeba fineTic, romelmac aRmoaCina fineli sazogadoebisTvis<br />

eposi `kalevala~. `kalevalam~ fineli xalxi finuri sulisken miaxeda, am<br />

eposis didebulebam win wamoswia finuri ena, romelsac ukiduresi<br />

daknineba emuqreboda; Tu manamde ganaTlebisa da kulturis ena Sveduri<br />

iyo, `kalevalas~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg finurma ena saerTosaxalxo<br />

statusi moipova. amrigad, evropis mTel rig qveynebSi xalxuri<br />

kulturisadmi interesi erovnul interesebs gadaejaWva. ara mxolod<br />

fineli xalxisTvis, romelic man, SeiZleba iTqvas, xalxuri eposi<br />

`kalevala~ ZRvnad miiRo eqim elias lenrotisgan, aramed kulturulad<br />

iseTi dawinaurebuli xalxisTvisac, rogornic germanelebi arian,<br />

xalxuri sityvierebis Zeglebis gamoqveyneba udidesi erovnuli<br />

mniSvnelobis movlena iyo. Zmebma grimebma TavianTi publikaciebiT<br />

magaliTi misces mTels evropas, SesZines ra xalxuri Semoqmedebis<br />

Rirseba, manamde rom ugulebelyofili iyo. ai maTi publikaciebi:<br />

_ sabavSvo da saojaxo zRaprebi (1812);<br />

_ germanuli Tqmulebebi (1816);<br />

_ germanuli sagmiro Tqmulebebi (1829);<br />

_ germanuli miTologiis 2 tomi (1835, 1844).<br />

amave epoqaSi aRmoCnda, rom germanul samyaro monaTesavea induri<br />

samyarosi. indogermanulma Teoriam, romelsac mxedvelobaSi hqonda<br />

germanuli da Zveli induri (sanskriti, vedebis ena) enebis geneturi<br />

naTesaoba, axali horizonti gadaSala fokloristikis winaSe. iseve,<br />

236

ogorc erTi saerTo fuZe-enidan warmoiSvnen da gantotdnen dedamiwis<br />

zurgze indogermanuli (Semdgom indoevropulis saxelwodebiT)<br />

dialeqtebi, aseve erTiani <strong>folklori</strong>dan warmoiSva am enebze molaparake<br />

xalxebis sityviereba. dadgenili iqna bevri saerTo warmomavlobis<br />

siuJeti, motivi Tu miTologema. kerZod, Zmebi grimebi da sxva<br />

romantikosi <strong>folklori</strong>stebi fiqrobdnen, rom sxvadasxva indogermaneli<br />

xalxebis <strong>folklori</strong> _ zRaprebi Tu Tqmulebebi _ erTiani miTosis<br />

daSlis Sedegad warmoiSva. Tumca es Teoria dRes gaziarebuli aRar<br />

aris (zRapari zRaparia, miTosi _ miTosi da, Tumca maT saerTo motivebi<br />

aqvT, maTi warmoSoba da funqcia diametralurad gansxvavebulia). mainc<br />

man stimuli misca zRapris, miTosisa da sxva epiuri Janrebis Seswavlas.<br />

SeniSvna. amomwurav cnobebs evropuli <strong>folklori</strong>stikis istoriidan<br />

mkiTxveli ipovis kokiaras wignSi [kokiara 1960].<br />

mivxedoT saqarTvelos, ra mdgomareoba iyo am mxriv im qveyanaSi,<br />

romelic Zvelis nangrevebze axal kulturas aSenebda: axali ena, axali<br />

literatura da, bolos, axali eri. gansxvavebiT, dasavleT evropisa,<br />

saqarTveloSi xalxuri SemoqmedebiT daintereseba romantizms an<br />

romantikul ganwyobilebebs ar dakavSirebia. verc aleqsandre WasvWavaZis,<br />

verc grigol orbelianis, verc nikoloz baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi ver<br />

aRmovaCenT raime kvals, romelic migvaniSnebda folklorTan kavSirze an<br />

mis interesze. SemkreblobiT saqmianobaze maTi mxriv xom zedmetia<br />

laparaki. arc erovnuli idea yofila stimuli imisaTvis, rom XIX s-is<br />

pirveli naxevris moRvaweebs xalxuri kulturisken gaexedaT, raTa<br />

sazrdo miecaT TavianTi SemoqmedebisTvis. qarTulma romantizmma gverdi<br />

auara xalxur stiqias, veraviTari gemo ver hpova masSi. am anomaliis (Tu<br />

es anomaliaa) axsnas aq ar SevudgebiT _ es Cveni kulturuli `politikis~<br />

Taviseburebaa.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>stikis saTaveebTan dganan ara romantikosebi,<br />

arc poetebi da mwerlebi, rogorc dasavleTSi, aramed iseTi eruditi<br />

(filosofosi, meistorie, RvTismetyveli, eTnografi...), rogoric iyo<br />

platon ioseliani (1809-1875), mravalmxrivi interesebis mecnieri, ruseTis<br />

akademiis wevri Teimuraz batoniSvili (1782-1846), mwerali Tu publicisti<br />

aleqsandre jambakur–orbeliani (1802-1869) _ maTi ricxvi, vinc sagangebod<br />

interesdeboda xalxuri SemoqmedebiT, Zalze SezRudulia., arc maTi<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stuli memkvidreobaa uxvi. Teimuraz bagrationis arqivSi<br />

daculia `imeruli zRapari~ da `saero leqsebi~ (`saero~ aq, rogorc Cans,<br />

xalxurs niSnavs). es aris da es. platon ioselians darCa xelnawerebad<br />

`gamocanebi qarTulni~ da ~andazebi da gamocanebi~. rac Seexeba,<br />

aleqsandre orbelians, mas ekuTvnis pirveli cda xalxuri leqssimRerebis<br />

Janruli klasifikaciisa, rasac sagangebo narkvevi miuZRvna<br />

saTauriT `iverianelebis galoba, simRera, RiRini~, romelic T.<br />

jagodniSvilis TvalsazrisiT `<strong>qarTuli</strong> romantikuli <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani samecniero gamokvlevaa~ [jagodniSvili:326]. es<br />

marTlac asea, Tumca eWvs iwvevs sityva `yvelaze~, ramdenadac<br />

romantikosTa sxva gamokvleva, Tundac masze nakleb mniSvnelovanic ki<br />

CvenTvis ucnobia. magram namdvilad romantikulia al. orbelianis erTi<br />

fraza, romelis dRes gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria: `im uwindels Cvens<br />

237

atonymobas... axlandeli evropiuli sruli ganaTleba zed rom daerTos<br />

da erTs zneobad gakeTdes, maSin ityvian: ai, zeciuri cxovreba qveyanaze<br />

gadmovlenilio~. am sityvebis qveS dRevandel ideologs xelis mowera<br />

ar gauWirdeboda.<br />

momdevno epoqaSi <strong>folklori</strong>sadmi interesi da <strong>folklori</strong>stuli<br />

saqmianobis nayofierebac da tempic sagrZnoblad momatebulia. iwyeba<br />

gaazrebuli intensiuri SemkreblobiTi saqmianoba, Sekrebili masalebi<br />

ibeWdeba periodul gamocemebSi, romelTa saTaveSi dgas Jurnali<br />

`ciskari~ (1852-1853, 1857-1875) da rusulenovani Jurnali «Кавказ» (1846-1918),<br />

sadac, sxvaTa Soris, gamoqveynda amiranis eposis pirveli Canaweri.<br />

fasdaudebeli samsaxuri gauwia <strong>folklori</strong>stikas gazeTebma `iveriam~<br />

(1877-1885), `droebam (1866-1885), `mwyemsma~ (1883-1910), romlebic sistematurad<br />

beWdavdnen mopovebul xalxur teqstebs da propagandasac uwevdnen am<br />

saqmianobas. akaki wereTlis daarsebul `akakis krebulSi~ (1897-1900)<br />

sagangebo rubrika iyo daTmobili zepirsityvieri teqstebisTvis. XIX s-is<br />

TiTqmis yvela Jurnali Tu gazeTi Tavis adgils uTmobda<br />

zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs. arsebobs maTi anotirebuli bibliografia<br />

[virsalaZe 1973]. yvela Janris uxvi folkloruli masala dagrovda<br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi СПОМПК-is («Сборник материалов для описания местностей<br />

и племен Кавказа», Тифлис, 1881-1915) furclebze. Tu raoden mdidar da<br />

unikalur masalas Seicavs es krebulebi, kargad Cans anotirebul<br />

bibliografiaSi [arjevaniZe].<br />

miuxedavad publikaciebis siuxvisa, XIX s-is bolosTvis xalxuri<br />

poeziis erTaderTi krebuli (xizaniSvili 1889) arsebobda. iseT<br />

daucxromel moRvawes da profesionals folkoris sferoSi, rogoric<br />

petre umikaSvili (1838-1804) iyo, arc ki ucdia im zRva masalis calke<br />

wignad gamoqveyneba, romelsac igi krebda mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT,<br />

zogs Tavisi xeliT, zogs korespondentebis meSveobiT (erT-erTi maTgani<br />

Tavad ilia WavWavaZe iyo). umikaSvilis <strong>folklori</strong>stuli memkvidreoba,<br />

isic mxolod poeturi nawili, misi sikvdilidan 35 wlis Semdeg<br />

gamoaqveyna misma umcrosma megobarma filipe gogiCaiSvilma [umikaSvili<br />

1938]. 1964 wels m. Ciqovanma oTx wignad gamosca ukve prozaul teqstebTan<br />

da mis folkoristul nawrebTan erTad [umikaSvili 1964]. rac p.<br />

umikaSvilma Tavis sicocxleSi gamoaqveyna, es aris `eTeriani~, `arsenas<br />

leqsi~ da `andazebi~ (1876). rogorc Tavis adgilze aRiniSna, im xanad p.<br />

umikaSvili erTaderTi iyo, romelic flobda folkloruli masalis<br />

Caweris teqnikas da, amave dros, gaazrebuli hqonda xalxuri sityvierebis<br />

specifika, rac kargad Cans misi am sityvebidan:<br />

`poezia ukvdavia, Tumca imisi nawarmoebi dRes erTi ferisaa, xval<br />

meore feris; dro scvlis am fers da amitom ramdenadac male<br />

moeswreba Sekreba poeziis nawarmoebisa, imdenad Zvirfasi iqneba es<br />

masala mecnierebisa da mwerlobisaTvis, magram moswreba imas ki ara<br />

niSnavs, rom viTomda sul rac xalxSi poeziis nawarmoebia, imisi<br />

erTxel Sekreba SeiZlebodes damTavrebiT da gasaTaveblad, rom<br />

imaze metis Sekreba aRar SeiZlebodes. ara, moswrebas is<br />

238

mniSvneloba aqvs, rom rac dRes xalxSi trialbs, dResve sisruliT<br />

iyos Sekrebili, amitom, rom xval an Seicvleba, an sxva axali<br />

gamoCndeba da Zveli gadavardeba, daviwyebuli iqneba~ [umikaSvili<br />

IV:236].<br />

nayofieri iyo Tedo razikaSvilis SemkreblobiTi aqtivoba, igi<br />

folklorul teqstebs ZiriTadad krebda qarTl-kaxeTSi, TuSeTSi da<br />

fSav-xevsureTSi. mis mier mopovebuli poeturi teqstebis didi nawili<br />

(1306 erTeuli) krebul ~Zvel saqarTveloSi~ (1914) daibeWda, ganmeorebiT<br />

1953 wels [razikaSvili 1953], oRond mxolod fSauri leqsebi, xevsuruli<br />

poeturi masala akaki SaniZem Tavis krebulSi dabeWda [SaniZe 1931].<br />

samwuxarod, mis Canawerebs ar axlavs pasporti (Camweris vinaoba, adgili,<br />

dro), samagierod aRWurvilia metad mniSvnelovani leqsikuri da<br />

eTnografiuli xasiaTis komentarebiT. Tavis sicocxleSi 1909 wels<br />

razikaSvilma zRaprebis ori tomi gamosca, romelic 1951-1952 wlebSi<br />

meored gamoica.<br />

maT Soris, visac XIX s-Si, roca <strong>folklori</strong>stika axalfexadgmuli<br />

iyo, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>s Sesaxeb Teoriuli azri gamouTqvams, iyo<br />

literaturis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari aleqsandre xaxanaSvili,<br />

romelmac Tavis wignSi `<strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvierebis istoria~ [xaxanaSvili<br />

1904] didi adgili dauTmo xalxuri sityvierebis mimoxilvas da analizs.<br />

pirveli, vinc scada Seeqmna xalxuri sityvierebis kursi, vasil<br />

barnovi iyo. 1919 wels man calke wignad gamoaqveyna `<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

sityvierebis istoriis gakveTilebi~, romelic mogvianebiT mis<br />

aTtomeulSi daibeWda [barnovi X:168-278]. mas mkafiod da lakoniurad aqvs<br />

Camoyalibebuli fokloruli Semoqmedebis dedaarsi:<br />

`zepirgadmocemul ubir nawarmoebSi mTeli xalxi iRebs<br />

monawileobas: eris gulisnadebs pirvelad warmoTqvams romelime<br />

niWieri Svili erisa, naTqvami aRibeWdeba msmenelTa mexsierebaSi da<br />

gavrceldeba erTi adgilidan meore adgils, erTi Temidan meore<br />

TemSi, moefineba mTel xalxs da SemdegSi gadadis erTi Taobidan<br />

meore Taobaze. pirvelad naTqvams Semdeg mTqmelTagan TandaTan<br />

emateba axali sityva, axali saxe Tu ambavi, adgilisa da<br />

garemoebaTa mixedviT fers icvlis da ifurCqneba. dedaazri da<br />

umTavresi saxeebi ki winandelebive rCebian. amnairad, saxalxo<br />

nawarmoebi mTeli eris RvawliT aris Seqmnili. pirveli mTqmelis<br />

pirovneba aRara sCans imaSi, is SeerTebulia xalxis pirovnebasTan,<br />

STanTqmulia imaSi~ [barnovi X:169].<br />

XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi vaxtang kotetiSvilis (1893-1938) meoxebiT<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s Semswavleli mecniereba axal doneze adis. Tumca mas ar<br />

dascalda Tavisi Semoqmedebis gaSla am dargSi, mis mier Sedgenilma<br />

masStaburma programam ver miiRo xorcSesxma, magram mis Semdeg<br />

sauniversiteto ganaTlebaSi xalxuri sityviereba myar adgils iWers. v.<br />

kotetiSvilis gamokvlevebi, romlebic misi cxovrebis xanmokle manZilze<br />

Seiqmna, <strong>folklori</strong>s bevr sferos moicavs (poezia, dReobebi, eposi,<br />

Teatraluri sanaxaobebi, mwerloba da <strong>folklori</strong>...). tragikul<br />

239

daRupvamde samiode wliT adre man gamosca xalxuri poeziis krebuli<br />

eqskursebiTa da saZieblebiTurT [kotetiSvili 1934]. iyo imedi, rom es<br />

`eqskursebi~ monografiebSi gadaizrdeboda, magram es ar moxda. misma<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stulma memkvidreobam mzis sinaTle ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg<br />

ixila [kotetiSvili 1967].<br />

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiisa da universitetis sistemaSi<br />

xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna <strong>folklori</strong>stikis Semdgomi<br />

ganviTarebisTvis. SemkreblobiT saqmianobasTan SexamebiT, romelic<br />

tradiciulad prioritetuli iyo CvenSi, mimdinareobda intensiuri<br />

kvleviTi muSaoba fokloristikis sxvadasxva ubanze da sxvadasxva<br />

problemebze, monografiulad Seiswavleboda calkeuli folkloruli<br />

Janrebi. mixeil Ciqovanma (1909-1983), romlis kvleva-ZiebiTi diapazoni<br />

Zalze farTo iyo, mTavar Temad xalxuri epiuri Zeglebi airCia: mas<br />

ekuTvnis `amiranianis~ [Ciqovani 1947], `eTerianis~ [eTeriani 1954],<br />

`tarielianis~ [Ciqovani 1937] CanawerTa korpusis gamocemebi. elene<br />

virsalaZis (1911-1977) mravalwliani kvleva samonadireo <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

sferoSi monografiiT dagvirgvinda [virsalaZe 1964]. qsenia sixaruliZem<br />

(1909-1976) Tavisi folkoristuli kvleva-Ziebis prioritetad sagmiro da<br />

saistorio poezia gaixada [sixaruliZe 1949, sixaruliZe 1961]. Tamar<br />

oqroSiZem (1909-1979) _ Sromis poezia [oqroSiZe 1963]., aleqsandre<br />

Rlontma (1912-1999) _ xalxuri novela [Rlonti 1989].<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stTa am da momdevno Taobis monawileobiT gasuli<br />

saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gamodis Tematuri Jurnali `<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

<strong>folklori</strong>~ (bolo, me-17 tomi, 2002 wels daibeWda). maTive saerTo<br />

ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebeli gaxda gamocemuliyo xalxuri poeziis<br />

Tormettomeuli [qxp], romelmac poeturi folkloruli memkvidreobis<br />

mniSvnelovani nawili moicva.<br />

literatura<br />

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe e. anotirebuli bibliografia `СПОМПК~-Si<br />

gamoqveynebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sityvierebis masalisa, `mecniereba~, Tb.,<br />

1971.<br />

barnovi X: barnovi v. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 10,<br />

`literatura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.<br />

eTeriani 1954: eTeriani, xalxuri sityviereba IV, meore seria, redaqcia,<br />

Sesavali statia da SeniSvnebi m. Ciqovanisa, saqarTvelos ssr mecn.<br />

akademiis gamomc., Tb. 1954.<br />

virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe el. <strong>qarTuli</strong> samonadiro eposi, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1964.<br />

virsalaZe 1973: virsalaZe el., zandukeli f., gogiCaiSvili m. <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s mokled anotirebuli bibliografia (1829-1901), wigni 1,<br />

`mecniereba~, 1973.<br />

240

kokiara 1960: Коккьяра Дж. История фольклористики в Европе,<br />

Издательство иностранной литературы, Москва, 1960.<br />

kotetiSvili 1934: kotetiSvili v. xalxuri poezia, quTaisi, 1934; me-2<br />

gamocema: Tbilisi, 1961.<br />

kotetiSvili 1967: kotetiSvili v. rCeuli nawerebi, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />

Tb., 1967.<br />

oqroSiZe: oqroSiZe T. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri Sromis poezia, saarTvelos sr<br />

mecn. akademiis gamomc., Tb, 1963.<br />

razikaSvili: xalxuri sityviereba III, pirveli seria II, xalxuri leqsebi<br />

Tedo razikaSvilis mier Cawerili, mix. Ciqovanis redaqciiT, saarTvelos<br />

ssr mecn. akademiis gamomc., Tb., 1953.<br />

sixaruliZe 1949: sixaruliZe qs. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sagmiro-saistorio<br />

sityviereba, Tsu, Tb., 1949.<br />

sixaruliZe 1961: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, teqstebis<br />

momzadeba, redaqcia, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaruliZisa, t. I-III,<br />

1961-1964.<br />

umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba, nawili pirveli,<br />

leqsebi, andazebi, gamocanebi, redaqcia, biografia, winasityvaoba da<br />

SeniSvnebi f. gogiCiSvilisa, federacia, 1937.<br />

umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba I-IV, `literatura da<br />

xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.<br />

umikaSvili IV: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba IV, `literatura da<br />

xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.<br />

Rlonti 1989: Rlonti al. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri novela, Tsu, Tb., 1989.<br />

qxp: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, `mecniereba~,<br />

SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia I, xevsuruli, `saxelmwifo<br />

gamomcemloba~, tfilisi [1931].<br />

Ciqovani 1937: Ciqovani m. xalxuri vefxis tyaosani, Tb., 1937.<br />

Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani, Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis gamocema, 1947<br />

jagodniSvili: jagodniSvili T. <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>stikis istoria,<br />

Tsu, Tb., 2004.<br />

xaxanaSvili: xaxanaSvili a. <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvierebis istoria (uZvelesi<br />

droidgan me-XVII saukunis gasvlamde), tfilisi, 1904; ufro vrclad<br />

xalxuri masalis anlizi warmodgenilia am wignis rusul dedanSi:<br />

Хаханов А. Очерки по истории грузинской словестности, вып. 1, Москва, 1895.<br />

xizaniSvili 1889: xizaniSvili d. fSauri leqsebi, `iveriis~ redaqciis<br />

gamocema, 1889.<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s bedi TanamedroveobaSi<br />

rac unda vilaparakoT xalxuri Semoqmedebis calkeul<br />

RirsSesaniSnav nimuSebze, romlebic Cvens droSi Cvens Tvalwin Seqmnila<br />

da iqmneba, es ar gvaZlevs imis uflebas, rom imedianad SevxedoT<br />

xalxuri Semoqmedebis momavals. `calkeuli nimuSebi~ _ ras niSnavs es?<br />

sityvasityviT imas, rasac Tavad es sityva `calkeuli~ niSnavs. misi<br />

Sinaarsi sruliad ewinaRmdegeba folkloruli Semoqmedebis im gagebas,<br />

241

azec zemoT iyo laparaki. poeziis (ara mxolod xalxuris) mkiTxvel da<br />

damfasebel sazogadoebas kargad axsovs, rogori aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia<br />

ivane wiklauris leqsis `ram damaberas~ gamoCenam estradaze da beWdurad.<br />

es leqsi iyo da aris didi niWis dasturi, romelic yovelTvis<br />

arsebobda, arsebobs da iarsebebs xalxSi. magram ramdenad aris igi im<br />

xalxuri, `folkuri~ wiaRidan gamomavali, saidanac yvela epoqaSi<br />

ikvebeboda xalxuri poezia? yvelaferi am leqsTan dakavSirebiT<br />

uflebas gvaZlevs vamtkicoT, rom is individualuri Semoqmedebis<br />

nayofia. is rCeba calkeul nimuSad. magram folkloruli Semoqmedeba ar<br />

Sedgeba calkeul nimuSTagan, is erTiania da mTliani, is mTeli sistemaa.<br />

zemoT vaxseneT zepirsityvierebis niSnebs Soris yofiToba, romelic<br />

gulisxmobs fokloris wiaRad xalxis integralur yofas, saidanac<br />

amoizrdeba yoveli saxe da sfero misi Semoqmedebisa _ saxlis Senebidan<br />

dawyebuli leqsis warmoTqmamde. am yofis Sesusteba da, bevr kuTxeSi,<br />

saerTod ararseboba, eWvis qveS ayenebs folklorul Semoqmedebas, Tumca<br />

calkeuli gamovlinebebi calkeul (am SemTxvevaSi, poeziis) sferoSi<br />

yovelTvis iqneba. leqsi Tu sxva ram, unda trialebdes integralur<br />

yofaSi, sadac Seiqmna. am trials, rogorc wesi, variantebi moyveba.<br />

saeWvoa, iseTi individualobiT aRbeWdil leqss, TiTqmis poemas,<br />

rafsodias, rogoric aris `ram damabera~, variantebi gauCndes da im<br />

zomamde gaxalxurdes, rom misi avtoris saxeli daviwyebas mieces. es<br />

saxeli ukve qaRaldzea saimedod dabeWdili.<br />

ra niSnebia folkloruli Semoqmedebis rRvevis mauwyebeli?<br />

pirvel rigSi, tradiciuli yofis moSla, roca sulieri<br />

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba xdeba ara naturaluri meurneobis<br />

principiT anu adgilze sakuTari SesaZleblobebiT, `soflidan~<br />

gausvlelad, aramed soflis mimarT heterogenuli wyaros meSveobiT<br />

(presa, radio, televizia). sofelSi ara mxolod mWedlis (roca<br />

mWedlobis produqtebi garedan Semodis), aramed mTqmelis arsebobac<br />

zedmeti xdeba. struqturis erTi romelime elementis gauqmebas meoris<br />

gauqmeba mosdevs, radgan xalxur tradiciul yofaSi yvela elementi<br />

erTmaneTTan organul kavSirSia; roca soflis Sesakrebeli adgilebi<br />

(safixvno, sanaxSo) `birJebad~ aris gadaqceuli da aRar xdeba<br />

tradiciuli codnis (sibrZnis lore-is) `lesva~, generireba da gadacema...<br />

roca gauqmebulia Tavad cneba tradiciuli codnisa, romelic Seadgens<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s Sinaarss... roca mTlianoba gafermkrTalebulia, misi<br />

nawilebis sisxlsavseobas aRar unda movelodeT.<br />

tradiciuli <strong>folklori</strong> JanrTa sistemis saxiT arsebobs, romelic<br />

ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo im droisTvis, roca daiwyo misiT daintereseba<br />

da Cawera. da roca folklorze vlaparakobT, swored am sistemur<br />

erTianobas vgulisxmobT. ismis kiTxva: inaxavs Tu ara dRes an SeuZlia<br />

Tu ara Seinaxos koleqtiur mexsierebas tradiciuli <strong>folklori</strong> mTeli<br />

misi Janruli mTlianobiT? <strong>folklori</strong>s funqcionaluri poziciidan<br />

dRevandeli zepirsityvierebis matrica sakmaod gaRaribebuli da, metic,<br />

alag-alag `gadRabnili~ Cans, bevri ujredi (Sromis, saqorwino poezia,<br />

xalxuri sanaxaobebi) carielia da arc aris imis molodini, rom odesme<br />

Seivseba isini, an, axlebi gaCndeba. aris Tu ara amis SemZle xalxis yofa<br />

242

da mentaliteti? <strong>folklori</strong>s arsebobisTvis ar aris sakmarisi xalxis<br />

wiaRidan gamosuli niWieri adamianebi, aucilebelia xalxis iseTi wiaRi<br />

(auditoria), romelsac SeeZleba mosmena, mosmenilis aRqma, misi<br />

ganmeoreba da gadacema Taobidan Taobamde. sxvagvarad, sxva SemTxvevaSi,<br />

rasac `niWieri Svili xalxisa~ (vasil barnovi) gamoTqvams, rogorc<br />

individualur Semoqmedi, es misi eqskluziuri sakuTreba iqneba, es<br />

naTqvami ganuyofeli iqneba misi pirovnebisgan, romelic rCeba mis<br />

samudamo da erTaderT avtorad. avtoroba da avtorobis Segneba ki,<br />

SeuTavsebelia folkloruli Semoqmedebis principebTan.<br />

SeniSvna. niSandoblivia, rom `vaxuSti kotetiSvilis folkloruli<br />

rveulebis~ pirveli krebulis avtori ioseb baiaSvili, romelic xalxis<br />

wiaRidan gamosul araprofesional poetad aris CaTvlili, Tavis Semoqmedebas<br />

swored profesionali individualuri Semoqmedis poziciebidan aRiqvams da<br />

afasebs. ai, ras wers igi Tavis mokle avtobiografiaSi: `gavida dro. mere<br />

TandaTan fanqari da qaRaldi viSove da daviwye sakuTari leqsebis wera, magram<br />

esec CemTvis saxifaTo gamodga. erTxel Zaan magrad mcemes leqsis gamoTqmis<br />

gamo. erTxelac miCivles, leqsiT cili dagvwamao. winaaRmdegoba leqsebis gamo<br />

imTavidan amTavamdis Zalian bevri Semxvedria, magram Cemi erTad-erTi<br />

sisxlxorceuli saqme mainc leqsia~ [baiaSvili:20]. folkloruli teqstis erTerTi<br />

gadamwyveti niSani sayovelTao mowoneba da aRiarebaa, es amonaweri ki<br />

sawinaaRmdegos mowmobs. amas garda, baiaSvili ara mxolod Tavisi xeliT wers<br />

Tavis leqsebs, aramed saguldagulod aTariRebs TiToeul maTgans,<br />

gulmodgined asrulebs ra poetis devizs: `dro, dro aRniSne, moawere leqss, es<br />

weliwadi, dRe da saaTi!~<br />

literatura<br />

baiaSvili: vaxuSti kotetiSvilis folkloruli rveulebi, krebuli I,<br />

ioseb baiaSvili, `marixi~, Tb., 1991.<br />

243

sarCevi<br />

Sesavali<br />

folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifika 7<br />

zepirsityvieri Janrebi 15<br />

miTosi 20<br />

kosmogoniuri miTosi 23<br />

maradiuli gazafxulis miTosi 24<br />

farnavazis sizmari 27<br />

kultis daarsebis miTosi 29<br />

RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebi 30<br />

eposi 31<br />

esqatologiuri eposi _ zRapari 33<br />

cxovelTa eposi 43<br />

tragikuli eposi _ `amiraniani” 50<br />

samijnuro eposi _ `eTeriani” 59<br />

socialur-egzistencialuri eposi _ `arsenas leqsi” 66<br />

poezia 79<br />

sakulto poezia 79<br />

magiuri pozia _ Selocva 87<br />

Sromis poezia 101<br />

sagmiro poezia 114<br />

satrfialo poezia 132<br />

samgloviaro poezia 134<br />

sibrZnis poezia _ andaza 144<br />

244

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