Ilia Chavchavadze - brainGuide

eZRvneba vardebis revolucias

„TviT warmatebac, ganviTarebac maSin 

aris WeSmariti da nayofieri, roca yvelani 

Tanasworad anawileben uflebas da 

movaleobas“.

RUSUDAN KUTALIA 

LEGAL AND POLITICAL CONCEPTION 

OF ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE 

AND PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 

GEORGIAN MODEL OF DEMOCRACY 

„SAMARTALI“ PUBLISHERS 

TBILISI 2004

usudan kutalia 

ilia WavWavaZis 

samarTlebriv-politikuri 

Sexedulebebi 

da samarTlis filosofia 

demokratiis qarTuli nimuSi 

gamomcemloba „samarTali“ 

Tbilisi 2004

uak (UDC) 340.1+929 WavWavaZe 

k 956 

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll/0001/000212/ 

winamdebare naSromi moicavs ilia WavWavaZis samarTlebriv- 

politikuri Sexedulebebis konceptualur analizs. kvleva 

ZiriTadad agebulia samarTlis filosofiis sakvanZo debulebebTan 

iliaseuli xedvis Sedarebaze da gamohyofs mas rogorc 

qarTuli demokratiuli azrovnebis fundamentur nimuSs. 

gankuTvnilia samarTlis filosofiiT, konstituciuri samarTliTa 

da samarTlis istoriiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelebisTvis. 

redaqtori doc. giorgi gogiaSvili 

© gamomcemloba „samarTali“, 2004 

© rusudan kutalia, 2004 

ISBN 99940-703-5-5

sarCevi 

winaTqma ................................................................................................................................. 11 

Tavi I saxelmwifos warmoSoba .............................................................. 16 

§ 1. „tradiciuli“ moZRvreba .......................................................................... 16 

§ 2. xelSekrulebis Teoria (zogadi aspeqti) ............................... 19 

§ 3. platoni ...................................................................................................................... 22 

§ 4. sokrate. aristotele .................................................................................. 

§ 5. foierbaxi. ruso ................................................................................................ 28 

§ 6. loki .............................................................................................................................. 

§ 7. hobzi ............................................................................................................................. 34 

§ 8.Kkanti .............................................................................................................................. 38 

§ 9. hegeli. foierbaxi ............................................................................................ 41 

§ 10. volteri .................................................................................................................. 44 

§ 11. n. nikolaZe ............................................................................................................ 

§ 12. demografiuli determinizmi .............................................................. 48 

Tavi II demokratiuli saxelmwifos mizani ............................. 50 

§ 1. CveulebiTi samarTali ................................................................................ 50 

§ 2. bunebrivi samarTlianoba. volteri ............................................. 

§ 3. socialuri keTildReoba ........................................................................ 

§ 3. 1. hegeli. n. nikolaZe ................................................................................... 

§ 3. 2. kanti ........................................................................................................................ 56 

§ 4. saerTo nebis uzenaesoba 

(nebisa da interesis erTianobis principi) ...................................... 57 

§ 4. 1. TviTmoqmedeba ................................................................................................. 57 

§ 4. 2. kanti ........................................................................................................................ 58 

§ 4. 3. hegeli. platoni .......................................................................................... 

25 

31 

46 

52 

54 

54 

60 

7

sarCevi 

§ 4. 4. hobzi ....................................................................................................................... 

§ 4. 5. fixte ...................................................................................................................... 

§ 4. 6. ruso ........................................................................................................................ 

§ 4. 7. didro .................................................................................................................... 

$ 4. 8. paskali. volteri ...................................................................................... 

Tavi III demokratiis arsi ............................................................................. 

§ 1. samarTlebrivi Tanasworoba ................................................................ 

§ 1. 1. umravlesobis principi ......................................................................... 

§ 1. 2. aristotele ...................................................................................................... 72 

§ 1. 3. hegeli ..................................................................................................................... 

§ 1. 4. kanti. laibnici ............................................................................................. 76 

§ 1. 5. samarTlebriv-politikuri realizmi .................................... 

§ 2. „uSualo demokratia“ .................................................................................. 79 

Tavi IV demokratiuli mmarTveloba .............................................. 

§ 1. mmarTvelobis tradiciuli ganStoebebi .................................. 86 

§ 1. 1. monarqia ................................................................................................................ 

§ 1. 2. respublikis saTaveebTan .................................................................... 87 

§ 1. 2. 1. sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba ............................................... 

§ 1. 2. 2. orpalatiani parlamenti .............................................................. 

§ 1. 2. 3. sayovelTaoobisa da Tanasworobis 

erTianoba ............................................................................................................................. 91 

§ 2. xelisuflebis danawileba da sajaro 

pasuxismgebloba ........................................................................................................... 92 

§ 2. 1. TviTmmarTveloba ........................................................................................ 92 

§ 2. 2. eqskursi: samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis 

konkretika .......................................................................................................................... 

§ 2. 3. Tanamdebobis pirTa arCeviToba 

da “ierarqiuli” pasuxismgeblobis uaryofa ................................ 

§ 2. 4. centraluri xelisuflebis arCeviToba ............................ 

§ 2. 5. monteskie ............................................................................................................. 98 

8 

62 

64 

65 

66 

69 

71 

71 

71 

74 

78 

86 

86 

87 

89 

94 

95 

97

sarCevi 

§ 2. 6. arCeviTobisa da sajaro pasuxismgeblobis 

zogadi korelacia ..................................................................................................... 100 

reziume qarTul enaze ........................................................................................... 102 

reziume inglisur enaze ...................................................................................... 123 

gamoyenebuli literatura ................................................................................ 138 

9

winaTqma 

Tu ra idealebs ukavSirdeba i. WavWavaZis saxeli qar- 

Tuli sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi, yvelasaTvis kargad cnobilia. 

dRes ukve araviTar mtkicebas ar saWiroebs is, rom 

i. WavWavaZem sxva did qarTvel sazogado moRvaweebTan er- 

Tad mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli dacemuli erovnuli TviT- 

Segnebis amaRlebas, yoveli Rone iRona qarTuli enisa da 

zogadad qarTuli kulturis gaTelil tradiciaTa asa- 

RorZineblad1 da uwinares yovlisa, TavganwirviT ibrZoda 

yovelive amis samarTlebrivi ganmtkicebisaTvis. aseve TvalsaCinoa, 

rom „i. WavWavaZis filosofiuri da sociologiuri 

Sexedulebani udidesi mniSvnelobis movlenas warmoadgens 

XIX saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis 

ganviTarebaSi. am SexedulebaTa sistema Seicavda yovelive 

jansaRs, Zvirfassa da progresuls...“ 2 . 

rogorc cnobilia, i. WavWavaZe, grZnobda ra imJamad arsebul 

socialur-politikur viTarebaSi sruli saxelmwifoebrivi 

damoukideblobis miuwvdomlobas, gadaWriT moi- 

Txovda saqarTvelosTvis farTo avtonomiuri uflebebis 

mikuTvnebas, maT Soris sakuTari parlamentis Seqmnas, 

CrdiloeT irlandiis samarTlebriv sistemaze miTiTebiT. 

„nuTu Cven ar SegviZlian, – SeniSnavda ilia, – Tamamad moviTxovoT 

ubralo, bunebrivi rame, rom qarTvelis miwa 

1 ix. v. gagoiZe, ilia WavWavaZis filosofiuri da socialur-poli- 

tikuri Sexedulebani, Tbilisi, 1957, gv. 36. 

2 g. abzianiZe, narkvevebi qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis is- 

toriidan, Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 82. 

11

winaTqma 

qarTvelisaTvis iyos, nuTu Cven ar SegviZlia moviTxovoT, 

rom kanonebi, romelic axla peterburgSi iwereba, aqve adgilobriv 

iwerebodes, radgan rac rusisaTvis sasargebloa, 

is SeiZleba qarTvelisaTvis mavne iyos“ 3 . es kanonebi 

ki unda iwerebodes „Cvenis qveynis mier arCeul warmomadgenelTa 

krebulisagan“ 4 . 

Ailias samarTlebriv-politikur gamWriaxobas safuZvlad 

Rrma iuridiuli ganaTleba edo. is srulyofilad 

eziara misTvis Tanamedrove samarTlebriv azrs, Zireul 

samarTlebriv mimdinareobebs da dRes Cven uxvadac gvaqvs 

SenarCunebuli misi samarTlebriv-politikuri Sexedulebebi. 

maTi mimoxilva, uwinares yovlisa, naTelyofs, rom 

umarTebuloa i. WavWavaZis koncefciis gaigiveba bunebiTi 

samarTlis skolis an samarTlis istoriuli skolis moZ- 

RvrebasTan, xelSekrulebis Teoriasa Tu sxva samarTlebrivfilosofiur 

mimdinareobebTan, Tumc zogierT problemasTan 

mimarTebaSi uTuod SeiniSneba maT Soris msgavsebac. 

ilias Rrma iuridiul ganswavlulobaze TvalnaTliv 

metyvelebs swored is garemoebac, rom man Rirssacnobad 

gamoikvlia TviTmmarTvelobis problema. „xazgasmiT unda 

aRiniSnos, – wers amasTan dakavSirebiT v. abaSmaZe, – rom 

saxelmwifo wyobilebis tradiciuli moZRvreba i. WavWava- 

Zem srulyo Tavisi drois amocanebis Sesabamisad da masSi 

Seitana sruliad axali momenti, kerZod, saxelmwifo wyobilebis 

forma daukavSira mravalerovan saxelmwifoSi 

mcxovreb erTa politikuri gaerTianebisa da mowyobis amo- 

3 i. WavWavaZe, Txz. sr. krebuli, t. 9, gv. 264. 

4 iqve. 

12

winaTqma 

canebs“ 5 . xolo rogorc ukve aRiniSna, isic xom TvalsaCi- 

noa, Tu riT iyo pirobadebuli pirdapiri samarTlebriv- 

politikuri brZolis avtonomiis mopovebaze koncentrireba: 

„viTarca gamkiTxveli jer im droebis quraSi unda Cajdes 

da mere ganikiTxos TviT droebis Svilnic“ 6 . ukeT 

rom vTqvaT, ver CavwvdeT srulyofilad erovnul aspeqts 

i. WavWavaZis samarTlebriv SexedulebebSi, niSnavs ver ganvsazRvroT 

mTeli misi Semoqmedebis dedaarsi. 

rac mocemuli TvalsazrisiT mTavaria, ilia, winaaRmdegi 

iyo ra ucxoeTisaTvis yovelgvari brma mibaZvisa7 , 

arasodes yofila viwronacionaluri ideebis mqadagebeli, 

aramed aseve cdilobda danarCeni msoflios sulieri 

monapovaric erovnulSi daenerga8 ; is erTmniSvnelovnad 

uTanagrZnobda damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZol sxva erebsac9 

. amasTanave, „programis“ – konstituciur-demokratiuli 

partiisa, romlis Camoyalibebac daisaxa miznad i. Wav- 

WavaZem Tavisi moRvaweobis dasasruls10 , – pirvelsave muxlSi 

is moiTxovs: „gauqmdes kavkasiis mxaris mmarTvelobisaTvis 

SemoRebuli yvela gansakuTrebuli kanoni, brZanebuleba 

da gankarguleba, rac ki mimarTulia, saerTod, adgilobrivi 

da kerZod, qarTveli mosaxleobis kanonieri da 

adamianuri uflebebis SezRudvisaken“ 11 . 

5 v. abaSmaZe, qarTuli inteleqtualuri fenomenebi, Tbilisi 1992, 

gv. 250. 

6 i. WavWavaZe, Txz. sr. krebuli, t. 2. gv. 346. 

7 i. WavWavaZe, Txz. sr. krebuli, 1956, t. 7, gv. 13. 

8 ix. v. donaZe, ilia WavWavaZe da sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali 

istoriis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 5-6. 

9 iqve, gv. 9. 

10 ix. vrclad: v. abaSmaZe, ilia WavWavaZis politikur-samarTlebrivi 

msoflmxedveloba, Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 5-7. 

11 iqve, gv. 13. 

13

winaTqma 

gansaxilveli programis momdevno muxlebSi i. WavWavaZe 

aseve calsaxad moiTxovs „dakanondes sindisis, sityvis, 

beWdviTi sityvis, krebebis, organizaciebis, kavSirebisa da 

gaficvebis Tavisufleba da uzrunvelyofil iqnes igi... uzrunvelyofil 

iqnes pirovnebisa da sacxovrebeli binis 

xelSeuxebloba“ da sxva12 . udavoa, rom adamianis ZiriTadi 

uflebebisa da TavisuflebebisaTvis brZola iliasdroindel 

saqarTveloSi, uwinares yovlisa, swored saxelmwifoebrivi 

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis mniSvnelovan berkets 

warmoadgenda. 

mouTvlelia samarTlebriv-politikuri problema, romelsac 

Seexo didi ilia da am mxriv, misi danatovaris 

jerovani gacnobiereba Cveni TavidaTavi amocanaa: es qar- 

Tuli demokratiuli azrovnebis saganZuria. winamdebare 

naSromi, upirveles yovlisa, imis morigi xazgasmaa, rom 

i. WavWavaZe saukunovani aneqsiis pirobebSi myof saqarTvelos 

ara mxolod rogorc ubadlo mwerali, sworupovari 

sazogado moRvawe ubiZgebda Tavisuflebisaken, aramed agreTve 

da uwinares yovlisa, rogorc Cinebuli samarTalmcodne. 

sxvagvarad is verc iqneboda zemomiTiTebuli „programis“ 

Semoqmedi, verc CveulebiTi samarTlis metad saxelovani 

mimomxilveli da iuridiul praqtikaSi esoden gawafuli 

momrigebeli mosamarTle. es realiebi ki Tanamedrove 

samarTlebriv literaturaSi Tumc ar aris moklebuli 

saTanado aqcents, magram amave dros, TiTqmis miviwyebulia 

i. WavWavaZis zogierTi erTob mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi 

Sexeduleba da Secdoma iqneboda imis mtkiceba, 

TiTqos iliaseuli msoflmxedvelobis samarTlebrivpolitikuri 

elementi sabolood iyos ganvrcobili, mis 

12 iqve. 

14

winaTqma 

samarTlebriv debulebaTa Teoriuli ganviTarebisa da 

uSualod praqtikuli danergvis TvalsazrisiT. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, naSromi miznad 

isaxavs i. WavWavaZis samarTlebriv-politikur warmodgenaTa 

konceptualur gaSuqebas, sakuTriv ki sazogadoebis 

samarTlebrivad organizebis, saxelmwifos miznis, moqalaqeTa 

Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis principisa da 

xelisuflebis danawilebis problemis Sesaxeb. amasTanave, 

mocemul problematikaze sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gamoyofa, 

viwro gagebiT, aramc da aramc ar Seadgens kvlevis 

specialur mizans, romelic Tavis mxriv, imaSi mdgomareobs, 

rom Sedarebul iqnes i. WavWavaZis TvalTaxedva klasikos 

filosofosTa samarTlebriv naazrevTan. 

15

Tavi I 

saxelmwifos warmoSoba 

§ 1. „tradiciuli“ moZRvreba 

saxelmwifos warmoSobis piruTvneli da miukerZoebeli 

gamokvleva imgvari politikuri viTarebis arsebobisas, rodesac 

yoveli saqveynod gamoTqmuli mosazreba gabatonebuli 

marqsistuli ideologiis „Zireul debulebaTa“ Sesatyvisi 

unda yofiliyo, TiToeulisaTvis xelSeuvali iqmneboda. 

amitomac naklebad moxerxda Cven mier gansaxilvelad 

SerCeul problemaze i. WavWavaZis SexedulebaTa safu- 

Zvliani warmoCena, is xom arsebiTad miusadagebeli iyo 

marqsistul doqtrinasTan13 , romelic, Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelosTvis 

garedan Tavsmoxveul ideologias warmoadgenda 

da amdenad, qarTuli azrovnebis tradiciuli moZRvreba, 

rogorc aseTi, is arc arasodes yofila. amis morig magaliTad 

sakmarisia Tundac is, rom dRes ukve Tavisufal saqarTveloSi 

es koncefcia arc aranair „ganviTarebas“ ar 

povebs. 

xolo imisaTvis, rom zemomiTiTebul sxvaobaSi gaverkveT, 

gverdi ver aeqceva imis gaTvaliswinebas, Tu rogor 

esmoda TviT am mimdinareobas politikurad organizebuli 

sazogadoebis aRmoceneba. radganac socialuri urTierTdapirispireba 

mis pirvelwyaros Seadgens, politikuri Za- 

13 ix. o. gamyreliZe, ilia WavWavaZe samarTlebrivi nihilizmis wina- 

aRmdeg, „samarTali“, Tbilisi, 1992, #2, gv. 3-5. 

16

§ 1. „tradiciuli“ moZRvreba 

lauflebis Camoyalibebac warmodgenilia rogorc socialur 

fenaTa „Seurigeblobis“ uSualo nayofi14 . sxvagvarad 

rom vTqvaT, gvarovnuli wyobilebis winarepolitikuri dawesebulebisagan 

gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifo aq materialurad 

ukumrComTa politikuri damorCilebis instrumentia15 . 

14 ix. kritika: r. kutalia, samarTlis ZiriTadi tipebi individualur 

interesTa gamoxatulebis TvalsazrisiT, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 

14 . 

15 40-iani wlebis sabWoTa iuridiul literaturaSi wamoiWra problema, 

romelic xangrZlivi diskusiis sagans Seadgenda, sabolood 

ki gadauWreli darCa. mocemuli problema exeboda Zveli aRmosavleTis 

qveynebs, sadac miuxedavad gabatonebuli klasis ararsebobisa, 

arsebobda saxelmwifo da samarTali. „Zveli aRmosavleTis 

qveynebSi, – aRniSnavs v. abaSmaZe, – saxelmwifoc da sazogadoebac 

arc monaTmflobeluri da arc feodaluri iyo, Tumca 

am qveynebSi arsebobda, rogorc monaTmflobeluri, aseve feodaluri 

ekonomikuri wyobebi, romelTa Soris warmoebda brZola da 

radgan arc erTi gabatonebuli ar iyo, Zveli aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebs 

Tu tipologiuri wesiT ganvixilavT, isini jer kidev 

ar iyvnen amaRlebuli arc monaTmflobeluri da arc feodaluri 

saxelmwifoebis donemde“ (v. abaSmaZe, sazRvargareTis qveynebis 

saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 

1989, gv. 32). araferia gasaocari imaSi, rom am sakiTxis garSemo 

sabWoTa dogmatikaSi kamaTma dausrulebeli xasiaTi miiRo. es 

aixsneba swored imiT, rom marqsizmis Sesabamisad, „saxelmwifo 

klasobrivi dawesebulebaa, igi warmoadgens sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli 

klasis dawesebulebas da gamoxatavs am klasis nebas“ 

(iqve, gv. 33). rogorc advilad misaxvedria, sabWoTa iuristebi Semdegi 

dilemis winaSe aRmoCndnen: an marqsistuli Sexedulebebi saxelmwifosa 

da samarTalze CanasaxSive arasworia, anac istoriuli 

sinamdvile uarsayofi. pirveli Tvalsazrisis dasabuTebis 

ufleba maT ar hqondaT, xolo istoriuli sinamdvilis SeniRbva 

yovelTvis martivi saqme rodi iyo da es araerTi sxva kuTxiTac. 

ase magaliTad, „ ,simdidriT alaRebulni‘, ,simdidresa zeda 

mklavis Tvisa moqadulni‘ arian msxvili feodalni, mTavarni, romlebic 

ebrZvian mefis xelisuflebas“ (iv. surgulaZe, gv. 137, ix. b. 

ezosmoZRvari, cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi, Tbilisi, 1944, gv. 

24), anu sinamdviles warmoadgenda viTarebac, romlis mixedviT saxelmwifo 

xelisuflebas „gabatonebuli klasic“ SeiZelba ebrZodes 

da ebrZvis kidec! amrigad, ver ganvsazRvroT saxelmwifos fenomeni 

ukeT, vidre ekonomikurad gabatonebulTa politikuri batonobis 

meqanizmi, niSnavs yovel nabijze davupirispirdeT ucilobel 

istoriul faqtebs. 

17

Tavi I saxelmwifos warmoSoba 

amis Taobaze g. nadareiSvili SeniSnavs: „pirvelyofili sazogadoebisaTvis 

aucilebeli marTvis organoebi TandaTanobiT, 

sazogadoebriv TanamdebobaTa memkvidreobiT gadacemis 

gamo, rac stiqiurad xdeba, jer sazogadoebisagan 

ase Tu ise umniSvnelo damoukideblobas iZenen, xolo Semdeg, 

droTa viTarebaSi, Zlierdebian da sazogadoebaze batonobasac 

ki aRweven“ 16 . amitomac am mimdinareobis mixedviT, 

saxelmwifosa da samarTals socialuri interaqciis 

uzrunvelyofasTan arsebiTad araferi akavSirebs, aramed 

am fenomenTa arsi aq mxolod iZuleba da daTrgunvaa. 

mocemuli linearulobisagan gansxvavebiT, i. WavWavaZes- 

Tan adamiani, rogorc socialuri arseba, Tavadve iltvis 

samarTlebrivi wesrigisaken. „adamiani, – aRniSnavs ilia, – 

calked erTi susti da uRono danabadia: misi sulieri da 

xorcieli buneba isea agebuli, rom calke yofniT, veranairad 

miaRwevs bednierebasa. amitomac iZulebuli iqna Tavis 

msgavs danabadTan erTad emoqmedna. am mizezma imoqmeda, 

rom bolos adamianTagan Sesdga sazogadoeba da sazogadoebisagan 

saxelmwifo“ 17 . amdenad, i. WavWavaZe odnavac ar 

ukavSirebs gansaxilved process klasobriv gancalkevebas, 

is saxelmwifos warmoSobis qvakuTxeds xedavs ara interesTa 

WidilSi zogadad, aramed maT Tanxvedrasa da erTobaSi. 

ufro zustad ki, aq, saxelmwifos fenomenis amoxsnis 

TvalsazrisiT, „klasobriv diferencirebulobas“ adamianis 

buneba, „ekonomikur batonobas“ saerTo keTildReoba, „umciresobis 

neba-survils“ saerTo neba da „stiqiurobas“ kanonzomiereba 

upirispirdeba. 

16 g. nadareiSvili, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis warmoSobis zogi- 

erTi sakiTxi Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi, „samarTa- 

li“, Tbilisi, 1991, #6, gv. 37. 

17 i. WavWavaZe, Txz. sr. krebuli, t. 9, gv, 217. 

18

§ 2. xelSekrulebis Teoria (zogadi aspeqti) 

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gansxvaveba am or TvalTaxedvas 

Soris swored yovlismomcvelia: Tu istoria arc „dasavluri 

miTia“, rogorc es miaCnda m. fukolts18 , da arc istoriis 

dasasruli warmoadgens „azris triumfs“, rogorc 

amis hegelianelebs swamdaT19 , da ris kritikiTac marqsistebi 

aqtualur konteqstSi Semoifarglebodnen, i. WavWava- 

Zis zemomotanili Sexedulebidan, marqsistuli TvalTaxedvis 

sapirispirod, aseve garkveviT ikveTeba, rom arc samar- 

Tlis istoria SeiZleba warmovidginoT „dasavlur miTad“ 

da arc misi dasasruli „azris triumfad“. 

§ 2. xelSekrulebis Teoria 

(zogadi aspeqti) 

amave dros, i. WavWavaZes mxedvelobaSi aqvs ara „goniTi 

neba“ 20 , aramed gulisxmobs TavisdaTavad erTobil nebas, 

ganpirobebuls obieqturi kanonzomierebiT (am ukanasknels, 

i. WavWavaZis mixedviT, „emorCileba mTeli samyaro, romel- 

Sic ilia gulisxmobs bunebas da sazogadoebriv cxovre- 

18 ix. V. Descombes, Modern French Philosophy, Cambridge, 1986, p. 110. 

19 iqve, gv. 112. 

20 romelic Tavis mxriv, Zireulad gansxvavebulia, magaliTad, de- 

kartiseuli „gonieri sulis“ („l’âme raisonnable“) cnebisagan: Descartes, 

Œuvres choisies, Paris, 1755, p. 391; Sdr. Pascal, Pensées, Paris, 1683, p. 158; ix. 

agreTve malebranSis ganyenebuli „zogadi kanonebis“ cneba: Male- 

branche, Œuvres, Paris, 1842, p. 234-235; Sdr. Fénelon, Œuvres philosophiques, 

Paris, 1863, p. 119-120, 409 et passim. yovel am SemTxvevaSi saubaria ada- 

mianTa qcevis Teologiur gansazRvrulobaze. religiis winaaRm- 

deg, rogorc kargad aris cnobili, arc i. WavWavaZe ilaSqrebs 

(mcdarad amis Sesaxeb v. gagoiZe, ilia WavWavaZis filosofiuri 

da socialur-politikuri Sexedulebani, Tbilisi, 1957, gv. 34-35; 

ix. amasTanave, i. WavWavaZe, Txz. sr. krebuli, 1955, t. 4, gv. 116), mag- 

ram imavdroulad, ilias mixedviT, adamiani Tavisufalia. sxvagva- 

rad rom vTqvaT, is „cxovrebis kanonebs cxovrebaSive eZiebs“ 

(g. abzianiZe, narkvevebi, gv. 74). igive gamomdinareobs n. nikolaZis 

filosofiuri Sexedulebebidan (iqve, gv. 128-129). 

19


bas“ 21 ), rac Tavis mxriv, arsebiTad ganasxvavebs mis Tval- 

Taxedvas xelSekrulebis Teoriisagan, romelic Tavis dasabams 

ukve marsilius paduelTan iRebs22 . 

imave TvalsazrisiT, arc maSin SeimCneva identuroba 

iliaseul xedvasa da xelSekrulebis Teorias Soris, rodesac 

is miwaTmflobelTa da umiwoTa aliansis mniSvnelobaze 

migviTiTebs, razedac v. metreveli Semdeg komentars 

gvTavazobs: „garda imisa, rom saxelmwifos warmoSobis 

obieqtur mizezad ilias adamianTa urTierTdakavSireba 

miaCnia, sxva adgilze akonkretebs saxelmwifos warmo- 

Sobis Tanmimdevrobas, rom saxelmwifo miwianTa da umiwo- 

Ta urTierTdakavSirebis Sedegia. am mosazrebiT igi garkveulad 

uaxlovdeba iurisprudenciaSi kargad cnobil saxelmwfos 

warmoSobis e. w. ,xelSekrulebis Teorias‘, Tumca 

saxelmwifos warmoSobis iliaseuli Teoria ZiriTadad 

gansxvavebulia da originalobiT gamoirCeva“ 23 . es uTuod 

asec aris: ilia, ar ugulebelyofs ra socialur moments, 

miiwevs ufro Rrma, is amoxsnas TviT individSi zogadad, 

TviT adamianuri bunebisaTvis Cveul niSan-TvisebebSi eZiebs. 

ukeT rom vTqvaT, i. WavWavaZis mixedviT, saxelmwifo 

adamianis bunebisagan ganuyofeli, xelSekrulebis Teoriis 

mixedviT ki, socialurobis wminda xelovnuri danamatia24 ; 

pirvel SemTxvevaSi politikuri Zalauflebis warmoqmna imdenadve 

ukavSirdeba socialurobis fenomens, ramdenadac 

21 iqve, gv. 74. 

22 ix. agreTve J.-J. Ruosseau, Du contrat social, Paris, 1971, p. 65 et passim. 

23 v. metreveli, ilia WavWavaZe saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb, 

„samarTali“, Tbilisi, 1988, #6, gv. 61; ix. agreTve uSualod 

xelSekrulebis Teoriis Sesaxeb gansaxilvel WrilSi: G. H. R. Parkinson 

(Gen. Ed.), An Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, Routledge, 1988, p. 698-699. 

24 Tumc ix. agreTve determinizmisa da „socialuri xelSekrulebis“ 

urTierTmimarTebaze: A. Fouillée, La liberté et le déterminisme, 4 e éd., 

Paris, 1895, p. 33-35. 

20

§ 2. xelSekrulebis Teoria (zogadi aspeqti) 

TviT individuums, is erTgvarovnad momdinareobs oriveT- 

gan, rasac mcire ram aqvs saerTo xelSekrulebis Teoriis 

safuZvlebTan, sadac socialuri momenti, rogorc aseTi, 

erTianad Crdilavs adamianis bunebas iliaseuli gagebiT. 

Semdeg asaxvas povebs xelSekrulebis Teoria rusuli 

filsofiuri azris magaliTze: „politikur sazogadoebeb- 

Si gaerTianebisas adamianebs arasodes SeeZloT da arasodes 

undodaT gaesxvisebiaT an SeecvalaT nebismieri TavianTi 

bunebrivi ufleba an uari eTqvaT ama Tu im zomiT am 

uflebaTa ganxocrielebaze...…isini SeerTebuli da dakavSirebuli 

arian sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, raTa ufro 

Tavisuflad da nayofierad iSromon urTierTdaxmarebis 

saSualebiT da ukeT daicvan piradi usafrTxoeba da materialuri 

sakuTreba urTierTSemweobis gziT“ 25 . „bunebrivi 

uflebebis“ an maTi ganxorcielebis uaryofaze arc i. Wav- 

WavaZe migviTiTebs. amasTanave, arc sazogadoebrivi yofis 

srulqmna, ufro xelsayrelad mowyoba „urTierTSemweobis 

gziT“ aris misi koncefciisTvis ucxo momenti. magram aq 

politikurad organizebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, 

upirveles yovlisa, ganixileba rogorc aucilebloba, rogorc 

moTxovnileba da Tumc orive SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos 

aRmoceneba swored saerTo iniciativis safuZvelze 

xdeba, mTavari ki mainc is aris, rom ilias amosavali debulebis 

mixedviT, saxelmwifos dasabami TviT individis 

bunebas ukavSirdeba da ara SiSvel sazogadoebriv nebas. 

konkretulad ki mocemuli sxvaoba, anu i. WavWavaZis 

koncefciis originaloba miT ufro TvalsaCinoa. „bunebam, 

– SeniSnavs ilia, – rac unda simdidriT morTos rome- 

25 Н. М. Муравьёв, Избранныe социально-политические и философские про- 

изведения декабристов, Мoсква, 1950, стр. 339. 

21


lime mxare, anu qveyana, rac unda mrTeli hava misces ada- 

mians sacxovreblad da nayofieri miwa sazrdoebisaTvis, 

mainc da mainc xalxTa keTildReobas sxva mxriTac xelis 

Sewyoba sdomebia. kacs magodenad veras uSvelis Turme sikeTe 

haerisa, verc simsuqne miwisa, verc SeZleba yovelgvari 

warmoebisa, Tu kacTa Soris keTilad dadgenili da 

cxadad gansazRvruli ar aris urTierTSorisi ufleba da 

movaleoba. kacTa kmayofilebisTvis, xalxTa keTildReobisTvis, 

es ukanaskneli ufro aucileblad saWiroa, vidre 

sxva rame qveynierebazed“ 26 . maSasadame, ilia aq, gansxvavebiT 

xelSekrulebis Teoriisagan, gamohyofs ara „warmoebas“, 

anu „ufro nayofier Sromas“, xelSekrulebis Teoriis 

enazeve rom vTqvaT, aramed swored „urTierTSoris uflebasa 

da movaleobas“, e. i. saxelmwifos warmoSobaze ilias 

koncefciaSi politikurad organizebuli sazogadoebis 

wevri moiazreba ara rogorc „sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT“ 

daculi „mewarme“, aramed sakuTriv rogorc samarTlis 

subieqti. umTavresi konkretuli gansxvavebac mocemul 

SemTxvevaSi swored es aris. 

§ 3. platoni 

erTgvarad uaxlovdeba i. WavWavaZis koncefcia saxelmwifos 

warmoSobis Sesaxeb platonis filosofiaSi ganviTarebul 

Sesabamis Tvalsazriss. „saxelmwifos warmoSoba, – 

aRniSnavs platoni, – ganpirobebulia imiT, rom adamiani, 

calke aRebuli, Tavs ar yofnis, aramed mraval damxmares 

saWiroebs...…ase, moiSveliebs erTi meores, TiToeuls saTanado 

moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad da moTxovnile- 


22

§ 3. platoni 

baTa nairferovneba aerTianebs maT erT sacxovrebel adgilas 

anu saerTo dasaxlebaSi, romelsac Cven saxelmwifos 

vuwodebT...…amrigad, saxelmwifos safuZvels swored...…Cveni 

moTxovnileba (xazgasma Cvenia – avtori) Seadgens“ 27 . erTi 

SexedviT, msgavseba Zireulia, magram imavdroulad sakmarisia 

odnav CavuRrmavdeT platonis aqtualur TvalTaxedvas, 

rom TvalnaTliv gamoikveTos iliaseuli koncefciis 

arsebiTi specifiuroba. 

marTalia, platoni, iseve rogorc i. WavWavaZe, erTmniSvnelovnad 

SeniSnavs, rom saxelmwifos warmoqmnas safuZvlad 

Cveni moTxvonileba udevs, magram iliasagan gansxvavebiT, 

is aq materialur moTxovnilebaTa upirates gamoyofamde 

dadis: „pirveli da umTavresi yvela moTxvonilebebisagan 

aris sakvebis mopoveba...…Semdgom ki sacxovrebelisa 

da mesame – tansacmlis“ 28 . aqedan gamomdinare, platoni saxelmwifos 

Camoyalibebis mizezs arsebiTad adamianis „xorcieli 

bunebiT“ Semofarglavs, rac cxadia, Tvisebrivad 

gansxvavdeba i. WavWavaZis debulebisagan. 

amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia platonis zemowarmodgenil SexedulebaSi 

sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Znelad misa- 

Rebi Tvisebrivi Tanafardobac. rodesac platoni Tvlis, 

rom adamianebi nairferovan materialur moTxovnilebaTa 

dasakmayofileblad ganuyofel kavSirSi erTiandebian da 

am kavSirs Cven saxelmwifos vuwodebT, is erTianad aigivebs 

saxelmwifos sazogadeobis cnebasTan anu warxocs so- 

27 ix. A. Schwegler, Geschichte der Philosophie im Umriß, Stuttgart, 1868, in: H. Sei- 

del, Von Thales bis Platon, Berlin, 1989, S. 237; ix. ganvrcobiT: J. Lewis, Intro- 

duction to philosophy, London, 1954, p. 21-22: D. J. Melling, Understanding Plato, 

Oxford, 1987, p. 160-161. 

28 a. Svegleris dasax. naSromi, gv. 237; ix. agreTve uSualod: Platon, 

Der Staat, Stuttgart, 1982, II, 10-IV, 19. 

23


cialursa da politikurs Soris gansaxilveli konteqstisaTvis 

esoden relevantur kategorialur zRvars. platoni 

aq saxelmwifos ganixilavs ara rogorc sazogadoebis Semadgenel 

nawils, ara rogorc misi struqturis gansakuTrebul 

madefininirebel segments, aramed ubralod rogorc 

binadarTa socialur erTobas. 

rac Seexeba i. WavWavaZes, is garkveviT SeniSnavs, rom 

saxelmwifos formirebas win sazogadeobis Camoyalibeba 

uZRvis da es pirveli am ukanasknelisagan warmosdgeba, 

Tumc amave dros, ilias Tanaxmad, rogorc vixileT, sazogadoebisa 

da saxelmwifos warmoSobas erTi da igive mizezi 

ganapirobebs, magram mxolod zagadad, radgan misi Sexeduleba 

saTanado diferencirebis SesaZleblobas odnavac 

ar gamoricxavs. xolo is, rom am ori mizezis urTierTgamijvna, 

iseve, rogorc sazogadeobisa da saxelmwifos cnebaTa 

mkacri diferencireba, gansakuTrebul mtkicebas ar 

saWiroebs, vfiqrobT, isedac TvalsaCinoa. 

gansaxilvel TvalTaxedvaTa ganzogadebis Sedegad ki 

vaskvniT, rom i. WavWavaZec da Zveli berZeni filosofosic 

saxelmwifoebrivad organizebuli sazogadoebis sawyiss ar 

swyvets TviT individis bunebas anu saxelmwifos warmoSobis 

mizezi aq Tanasworad Zevs TiToeuli individis moTxovnilebebSi. 

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ilia, iseve rogorc platoni, 

miiCnevs, rom adamianTa pirveladi, arasaxelmwifoebrivi 

gaerTianeba sabolood ver uzrunvelyofs maT moTxovnilebaTa 

dakmayofilebas, rac Semdgomad maT politikur 

erTobad transformirebas ganapirobebs. Cvenis azriT, saki- 

Txisadmi msgavsi midgoma gamarTlebulia, mxolod moiT- 

24

§ 4. sokrate. aristotele 

xovs Semdgom ganviTarebasac 29 , radgan moTxovnilebebi, ro- 

gorc aseTi anu TavisdaTavad, jer ver iqneboda CvenTvis 

aqtualuri fenomenis uSualo determinanti, imdenad, ramdenadac 

arsebuli cxovrebis wesi anu uSualo sayovelTao 

demokratia TviTonve unda yofiliyo upirvelesi moTxovnileba. 

davuSvaT, rom saqme piriqiT gamoiyureba. aseT SemTxvevaSi 

xom gvarovnuli wyobilebis xangrZlivoba warmoudgenlad 

xanmokle iqneboda, rac ewinaaRmdegeba Cven xelT 

arsebul istoriul masalebsac da dRevandel sinamdvilesac 

(magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikaSi, avstraliasa Tu afrikaSi 

dResac mravlad moipoveba pirvelyofil-Temurad 

organizebuli sazogadoeba, romlis warsuli araerT aTaswleuls 

iTvlis). Sesabamisad, gvaronuli wyobis sazogadoebaSi 

ar SeiniSneba gansakuTrebuli materailuri mizezi, 

romelic gardauvals Seqmnida mis gadazrdas saxelmwifoebrivad 

organizebul sazogadoebaSi; am pirvels, rogorc 

aseTs, niadag SeuZlia ucvaleblad iarsebobs, Tu 

saqme mis struqturul Taviseburebebsa da socialur-ekonomikur 

urTierTobebze midgeba, calke aRebiT. 


platonis zemoganxiluli Sexeduleba zogadad Tavis 

ganviTarebas ufro adrec, kerZod ki sokratesTan povebda, 

ris sawinaaRmdegodac arsitoteles filosofiaSi aq aqtualuri 

platoniseuli xedva ukve mkacri kritikis sagania30 . 

29 ix. Tavi I, § 12. 

30 Tumc aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom saerTo, rac samive filosofo- 

sis koncefcias gansaxilveli TvalsazrisiT axasiaTebs, mdgoma- 

reobs imaSi, rom aq ukve Tavs iCens „bunebiTi samarTlis“ amosa- 

25


uaryofs ra saxelmwifos warmoSobaze platoniseul 

TvalTaxedvas, aristoteles ZiriTadi maxvili sokrates 

SexedulebaTa kritikaze gadaaqvs: „sokrate ambobs, rom saxelmwifo 

oTx umTavres Semadgenel nawils moicavs: is 

asaxelebs mkeravebs, miwaTmoqmedebs, metyaveebsa da durglebs; 

magram radgan es saxelmwifos TviTmyofadobisaTvis 

sakmarisi ar aris, is dasZens mWedlebsa da mwyemsebs...… 

garda amisa, gamohyofs agreTve sacalo da biTum vaWrebs. 

yvelani erTad Seadgenen isini, sokrates azriT, pirvel saxelmwifos, 

TiTqosda yoveli saxelmwifo mxolod sasicocxlo 

moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad iqmnebodes 

da ara amaRlebuli arsebobisaTvis“ 31 . amisda kvalad, naTelia, 

rom aristotele saxelmwifos warmoSobas optimalur 

da ara erTaderT SesaZleblobad Tvlis sazogadoebrivi 

Tanaarsebobis gangrZobisa. misi azriT, socialur-ekonomikuri 

atmosfero aramcTu ar aris saxelmwimfos uSualo 

warmomSobi, aramed naklebad mniSvnelovani, principulad 

meorexarisxovani realiaa. sxva sakiTxia, Tu rogor esmis 

mas materialur urTieTrobaTa mniSvneloba saxelmwifos 

Semdgomi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. 

maS, raSi xedavs aristotele gansaxilveli fenomenis 

saTaves? udavoa, rom TviT adamianis fsiqikaSi, mis saer- 

To mentalitetisaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifiurobaSi. 

g. SerSeneviCis mixedviT, aristoteles uSualo damokidebuleba 

CvenTvis aqtualuri problemisadmi Semdegi saxisaa: 

„saxelmwifoebrivi urTieTrobebis mizezi adamianis 

bunebaSi Zevs. es Tavisi bunebiT komunikabeluri arsebaa. am 

vali debulebebi (ix. z. joxaZe, bunebiTi samarTlis formirebis 

istoriuli aspeqtebi, „samarTali“, Tbilisi, 2001, #6, gv. 93-95). 

31 Аристотель, Сочинения, Москва, 1984, т. 4, стр. 494. 

26


cnebaSi aristotele gulisxmobs, rom adamians instinqturad 

surs saxelmwifoebrivi urTierToba, sulac rom ar 

esmodes urTierTdaxmarebis mniSvneloba. saxelmwifoSi 

adamianebs TviT cxovrebis instinqti mierekeba“ 32 .MmaSasadame, 

sokratesa da platonTan, erTi mxriv, da aristoteles- 

Tan mimarTebaSi, meore mxriv, saqme gvaqvs or ukiduresobasTan, 

im TvalsazrisiT, rom platoni da masTan erTad 

sokratec saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas umTavresad mxolod 

materialur moTxovnilebebs miawers da arsebiTad gamoricxavs 

adamianis fsiqikas, mis „sulier“ moTxovnilebebs, 

aristotele ki piriqiT – cdilobs mTeli aqcenti swored 

fsiqologiur momentze gadaitanos. 

erTi mxriv, aristoteles TvalTaxedvaSi araferia 

alogikuri, magram SevufardebT Tu ara mas praqtikul ganzomilebas, 

ueWvelad wavawydebiT metad sagulisxmo winaaRmdegobebsac. 

jer erTi, Tu saxelmwifos warmoSobis uSualo mizezi 

adamianis fsiqikur bunebaSi, mis fsiqologiur TaviseburebebSi 

vigulisxmeT, unda arsebodes mocemuli procesis, e. 

i. saxelmwifos warmoqmnis procesis, mkacri kanonzomiereba, 

romelic gulisxmobs mis erTdroulobas yvela erTmaneTisagan 

damoukideblad ganviTarebad sazogadoebaSi. es 

ki swored rom ar Seesatyviseba istoriul sinamdviles. 

meorec, SeuZlebelia saxelmwifoebriv organizacias 

moklebuli sazogadoebis gverdiT an, miT ufro, mis irgvliv 

arsebobdes politikuri sazogadoebebi, rameTu aseT 

SemTxvevaSi pivrelis wevrebma uwyian aSkarad am saxelmwi- 

32 Г, Ф. Шершеневич, История Философии права, С.-Петербург, 1907, стр. 98; 

ix. agreTve aqtualuri aristoteleseuli xedvis ganviTarebaze 

Toma akvinelTan: A. Kenny, Thomas Aquin, Oxford, 1980, p. 39; R. Schönber- 

ger, Thomas von Aquin (Zur Einführung), Dresden, 1998, S. 157 ff. 

27


foebrivi organizaciis Sesaxeb, romliskenac maT, aristoteles 

TqmiT, „cxovrebis instinqti“ ubiZgebs. magram esec 

xom Seusabamoa Tundac Tanamedrove realobasTan: rogorc 

ukve SevniSneT, dedamiwis araerT kuTxeSi dResdReobiTac 

inarCunebs TviTmyofadobas mravali Temi, romelsac odnavac 

ar miuwevs guli maT garSemo arsebul politikuri 

konstruqciis sazogadoebaSi integrirebisaken. 

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT ki, ibadeba kiTxva: 

msgavsad platonisa, xom ar aigivebs aristotelec saxelmwifo 

urTierTobas socialur urTerTobasTan, rodesac 

ambobs, rom saxelmwifo urTierTobis mizezi adamianis bunebaSi 

Zevso? vfiqrobT, arsebiTi gansxvavebis danaxva aq 

Znelia. saxelmwifos warmoSobasTan mimarTebaSi adamianis 

bunebis WeSmariti mniSvnelobis garkveva ki, Tavis mxriv, 

swored socialur da saxelmwifoebriv urTierTobaTa Tanmimdevruli 

diferencirebis Sedegad miiRweva, ra drosac 

adamianis bunebaze mocemul SemTxvevaSi mxolod iliaseuli 

gagebiT SesaZloa visaubroT anu rogorc adamianis 

„xorciel“ da „sulier“ bunebaze erTdroulad, rac imavdroulad 

Tanabrad ganasxvavebs i. WavWavaZis TvalTaxedvas, 

rogorc platonisa Tu sokrates, ise aristoteles 

mier warmodgenili Tvalsazrisisagan. 

§ 5. foierbaxi. ruso 

rogorc zemoT garkveviT aRiniSna, moZRvrebebi, romelTa 

mixedviT saxelmwifo individTa fsiqikuri wyobis 

zemoqmedebiT an materialuri aucileblobiT warmoiqmneba, 

srulyofilad jer kidev ver moiyvaneba SesabamisobaSi 

obieqtur sinamdvilesTan. iqneb, adamianTa samarTlebrivad 

28

§ 5. foierbaxi. ruso 

gaerTianeba mxolod maTive nebiT aris pirobadebuli, romelic 

sulac ar aris SeboWili arc „sulieri“ da arc 

„xorcieli“ bunebiT, saerTod, rogorc amas l. foierbaxi 

Tvlis: „arc politika, arc saxelmwifo Tavis-TavisTvis ar 

warmoadgens mizans. saxelmwifo ganiZireba adamianebSi, 

warmoiqmneba da arsebobs mxolod adamianTa nebiT (xazgasma 

Cvenia – avtori)“ 33 . amrigad, foierbaxi saxelmwifos warmoSobis 

mizezad „Tavisufal nebas” asaxelebs. 

aq, uwinares yovlisa, yuradsaRebia is erTob mniSvnelovani 

garemoeba, rom foierbaxi, msgavsad J. J. rusosi, 

adamianTa nebaSi, romelsac saxelmwifos warmoSobamde mivyavarT, 

calkeulTa neba-survilis meqanikur jams ki ar gulisxmobs, 

aramed socialurad „zogad nebas“, romelic Tavis 

mxriv, rusosTan saxelmwifos warmoSobis xelSekrulebiTobas 

daedo safuZvlad34 . sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, „TiToeuli 

CvenTagani aerTianebs Tavis pirovnebasa da mTel Tavis 

Zalas sazogadoSi zogadi nebis uzenaesi mimarTulebis 

qveS da Cvens erTobliv TvisebaSi nawils“ 35 anu „me 

33 Л. Фейeрбах, Избранные философские произведения, Москва, 1955, т. I, стр. 

643. 

34 ukanaskneli TvalsazrisiT, ruso SeniSnavs: „Cemis azriT, adamianebma 

miaRwies im mdgomareobas, sadac dabrkolebaTa Zala, romlebic 

xels uSlida maT myofobas bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, maTive 

winaaRmdegobiT, aRemata Zalebs, romlis gamoyenebis unaric Seswevs 

TiToeul individs am mdgomareobaSi Tavis SesanarCuneblad. 

maSasadame, am primitiul mdgomareobas ukve ar ZaluZs subsistireba; 

da aq adamians emuqreba kidec gaqroba, Tu ar SesZlebs Tavisi 

myofobis maneris Secvlas... magram, rogorc adamianebs ar ZaluZT 

axali Zalebis warmoqmna, aramed mxolod gaerTianeba da 

marTva im Zalebisa, romlebic arsebobs, maT ar rCebaT sxva saSualeba 

Tavis SesanarCuneblad, garda imisa, rom SeTanxmebiT Sekribon 

Zalebi, romelTa meoxebiTac daZleven winaaRmdegobas, gadaitanon 

isini erTi mmarTvelis xelSi da amoqmedon, amgvarad, gawonasworebiT“ 

(Rousseau, Du contrat social, p. 65-66). 

35 E. L. Allen, Guide Book to Western Thought, London, 1957, p. 192. 

29


Tavadve var Cemi movaleobebis Semoqmedi; am movaleobebis 

ganxorcielebiT me efeqturad vemorCilebi sakuTar Tavs; 

da daemorCilo Tavs, vidre gansazRvrul gareSe mmarTvelobas, 

niSnavs iyo Tavisufali“ 36 . 

amasTanave, sulac ar aris Zneli gaverkveT imaSi, Tu 

raoden misaRebia foierbaxis zemowarmodgenili mtkiceba. 

rasakvirvelia, gansaxilveli idea, rogorc aseTi, safuZvels 

moklebuli ar aris. wminda hipoTeturad dasaSvebia, 

rom ruso-foierbaxiseulma saerTo nebam marTlac gansaz- 

Rvra saxelmwifo wyobilebis Sekowiweba. magram amis pirobiToba 

saboloo jamSi eWvSeuvalia. sakiTxavi ki is aris, 

Tu ramdenad xerxdeba am nebis ganxorcieleba im socialur-kulturul 

(cnebis araspecializebuli mniSvnelobiT) 

viTarebaSi, romlis niadagzec sazogadoebis saxelmwifoebrivad 

organizeba mimdinareobs. 

gadavavloT Tvali winaresaxelmwifoebriv xanas da na- 

Teli Seiqmneba, rom aq ar moipoveba saTanado fsiqologiuri 

safuZveli, romelze dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda 

gansaxilveli nebis warmoqmnac ki, vinaidan winaresaxelmwifoebrivi 

xanis adamiani – es aris stereotipuli 

xedvis arseba, romlis SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba veranairad 

gaswvdeba esoden farTo masStabebs. da aq, vfiqrobT, 

gasagebia, rom imis mtkiceba, TiTqos mocemul SemTxvevaSi 

saqme gvqondes „moralurad da ara fsiqologiurad gansazRvrul 

nebasTan“ 37 , arsebiTad arafers cvlis, radgan 

36 G. H. R. Parkinson (Gen. Ed.), An Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, Routledge, 1988, 

p. 699; ix. agreTve uSualod foierbaxiseuli xedva nebaze zoga- 

dad: R. G. Renner (Hrsg.), Klassiker Deutschen Denkens (Schlüsseltexte der deu- 

tschen Geistes- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte), Freiburg i. B., Basel, Wien, 1992, Bd. 

II, S. 92. 

37 ix. e. l. alenis dasax. naSromi, gv. 192. 

30

§ 6. loki 

gansaxilvel konteqstSi es ori sruliad paraleluri sibrtyea. 

§ 6. loki 

analogiur winaaRmdegobriobas vawydebiT j. lokTanac. 

is, erTi mxriv, Tvlis, rom saxelmwifo wesrigi aris adamianTa 

SeTanxmebis, xelSekrulebis Sedegad miRweuli 

mdgomareoba; meore mxriv ki, aseve erTmniSvnelovnad amodis 

debulebidan, rom winaresaxelmwifoebrivi xanis sazogadoeba 

„veluri tomebis“ erTobaa. amave dros, loki arafers 

ambobs sakuTriv imaze, Tu rarigad miiReboda „veluri 

tomebis“ wevrTa Soris gansaxilveli sirTulis xelSekruleba! 

ganviTarebis monakveTi, romelic win uZRvis samarTlebriv 

wyobas, lokis mier ganixileba rogorc „bunebrivi 

mdgomareoba“: „xelyofisagan Tavis dasaRwevad da bunebrivi 

mdgomareobis damrRvevTa asalagmavad, acxadebda loki, 

rom adamianebi…toveben mocemul mdgomareobas, erTiandebian 

TanamegobrobebSi da niSnaven mTavrobas, rogorc saerTo 

mosamarTles maTzed da maTi sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa 

da sakuTrebis uflebaTa damcvels. amdenad, saxelmwifo 

iqmneba xalxis mier Tavisuflad ukve arsebul uflebaTa 

dasacavad. is afuZnebs Tavis Zalauflebas ,qveSevrdomTa 

SeTanxmebaze‘ “ 38 . amisda kvalad, saxelmwifos CamoyalibebiT 

„uzenaesi Zalaufleba xalxsve rCeba“ 39 . sxvagvarad 

rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifos warmoSobis mizezi is 

aris, rom „adamianTa miswrafebebi (survilebi) midrekilia 

38 J. Bronowski, B. Mazlish, The Western Intellectual Tradition (From Leonardo to 

Hegel), New York, 1960, p. 213. 

39 iqve. 

31


urTierTSeuTavseblobisaken; ase rom, umarTveloba niSnavs 

Tavisuflebas ZlierisTvis da ymobas sustisTvis“ 40 . 

udavoa, rom sazogadoeba, romelSic ganusazRvrelia 

mis wevrTa uflebebi da movaleobebi, ver daitevs sasurvel 

socialur Tavisuflebas, aramed es sruli uuflebobis 

mdgomareobaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom loks saxelmwifos 

Camoyalibebis mizani swored „ukve arsebul uflebaTa dacvaSi“ 

warmoudgenia. monteskies sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, „bunebriv 

mdgomareobaSi adamianebi ibadebian Tanasworni; 

magram aseTad rodi rCebian. sazogadoeba maT am Tanasworobas 

akargvinebs da erTaderTi, ris saSualebiTac isini 

kvlav Tanasworni xdebian, kanonebia“ 41 . 

amasTanave, naklebad momsyidveli Cans lokis mier ganviTarebuli 

Sexeduleba sxva mxrivac. bunebrivoba unda 

iTvaliswinebdes adamianTa Tanacxovrebis iseT saxes, romlis 

Sesabamisadac maTi urTierTobebi ar efuZneba aravi- 

Tar xelovnur organizacias anu adamianis inteleqtualuri 

potenciali erTianad gamouyenebelia sazogadoebrivi 

cxovrebis mowyobis saqmeSi, erTi sityviT, rodesac adamianTa 

urTierToba ontologiurad instinqtsa da instinqtur 

orientaciazea damyarebuli, rasac s. S. maTi ojaxebad 

gaerTianeba SeiZleba ganvakuTvnoT. magram gvarovnuli sab- 

Wos saxiT universaluri momwesrigebeli meqanizmis Semoqmedeba 

ukve aris bunebrivi mdgomareobis garRveva da utyuarad 

warmoadgens Sualedur safexurs bunebrivobasa da 

samarTlebriv organizacias Soris. amitomac Znelia dave- 

TanxmoT lokis mosazrebas, TiTqos saxelmwifo bunebrivi 

mdgomareobis uSualo nayofi iyos da amis mizezi ki – (bu- 

40 B. Russell, Sceptical Essays, London, 1948, p. 173. 

41 Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois, Paris, 1977, p. 96. 

32

§ 6. loki 

nebriv) uflebaTa arasakmarisi uzrunvelyofa, maTi xelyofis 

saSiSroeba. 

amave dros, lokis gansaxilveli Sexedulebebi uTuod 

pozitiur gamoyofas moiTxovs im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini 

ZiriTadad agebulia Sesabamisi hobziseuli xedvis kritikaze, 

sadac (anu hobzis filosofiaSi) 42 saxelmwifos warmo- 

Sobis problema arsebiTad avtoritarizmis dasabuTebis mizans 

emsaxureba: „hobzi cdilobda desabuTebia, rom... 

asarCevi mmarTveli mxolod absoluturi SeiZleboda yofiliyo; 

sazogadoebis nebismieri wevris efeqturad SesazRudavad 

mmarTvels unda hqondes absoluturi Zalaufleba 

yvelaze. amis sawinaaRmdegod loki miiCnevs, rom jer 

erTi, mmarTvelis uflebebi, iseve rogorc TiToeuli sxva 

pirisa, SezRudulia ,bunebiTi samarTliT‘; da meorec, nebismier 

SemTxvevaSi misi Zalaufleba mas eniWeba rogorc 

ndoba sazogadoebis wevrTa sasikeTod da amrigad, SesaZloa 

saTanadod kvlav CamoerTvas, Tu ndoba gatexilia“ 43 . 

Tumc mxedvelobidan arc is unda gamogvrCes, rom loki, 

„marTalia, win eRobeboda avtoritarizms, magram, cxadia, 

aranairi gagebiT demokrati ar iyo“ 44 . 

rac Seexeba uSualod CvenTvis aqtualur aspeqts, 

TvalsaCinoa, rom lokisa da i. WavWavaZis Sexedulebebi 

principulad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. ra drosac loki 

saxelmwifos warmoSobas umTavresad mis represiul funqcias 

ukavSierbs („bunebrivi mdgomraeobis damrRvevTa alagmva“, 

„ukve arsebul uflebaTa dacva“ imave 45 gagebiTT da 

42 ix. hobzis SexedulebaTa analizi: Tavi I, § 7. 

43 J. O. Urmson (Ed.), The Concise Encyclopaedia of Western Philosophy and Philo- 

sophers, London, 1960, p. 233. 

44 iqve. 

45 ix. sruli konteqsti: sq. 38. 

33


a. S.), ilias mier warmodgenili TvalTaxedvidan advilad 

amovikiTxavT, rom aq ZiriTadi maxvili upiratesad saxelmwifos 

momwesrigebel funqciaze gadaitaneba, vinaidan mocemul 

SemTxvevaSi saubaria saxelmwifos fenomenis Sesatyvisobaze 

adamianis bunebasTan (da ara „bunebriv uflebebSi“ 

xelyofilTa interesebTan). 

ukeT rom vTqvaT, loki saerTod gamoricxavs socialur 

urTierTobaTa Semoqmedebas rogorc saxelmwifos 

Tandayolil funqcias. 

§ 7. hobzi 

garkveviT gamoirCeva i. WavWavaZis mosazrebebi CvenTvis 

aqtulaur konteqstSi T. hobzis mier ganviTarebuli Sexedulebebisaganac. 

imisaTvis, rom saTanadod gaverkveT hobzis 

TvalTaxedvaSi, uwinares yovlisa, mxedveloabSi unda 

miviRoT mis mier definirebuli saxelmwifos cneba: „saxelmwifo 

erTiani piria, romlis moqmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas, 

urTierTxelSekrulebis gziT, Tavze iRebs adamianTa 

didi raodenoba, raTa mocemul pirs SeeZlos TiToeuli 

maTganis Zalisa da saxsrebis gamoyeneba ise, rogorc 

amas maTi mSvidobisa da saerTo dacvisaTvis aucileblad 

miiCnevs“ 46 . davazustoT, rom hobzi mSvidobis qveS gulisxmobs 

mSvidobas Sinagans, TviT sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris 

da gasagebi gaxdeba, rom is saxelmwifos warmoSobas- 

Tan mimarTebaSi, rogorc mizezs, socialuri aucileblobis 

or saxes gamohyofs: Sinagansa da garedan momdinares. 

hobzis mixedviT, sazogadoebaSi, romelic ar aris saxelmwifoebrivad 

organizebuli, anu „bunebrivi mdgomareo- 

46 Т. Гоббс, Сочинения, Мoсква, 1991, т. II, стр. 133. 

34

§ 7. hobzi 

bisas“, gamefebulia usasrulo urTierTfrTxoba, adamiane- 

bi ganicdian erTmaneTis mimarT dauZlevel SiSs da TiToeulis 

arsebobas erTTavad moelis danarCenTagan winaswaruxilavi 

safrxe. es aris viTareba, rodesac Tavad uZlieresnic 

ver grZnoben Tavs usafrTxod da xSirad ususurTa 

mzakvrobas ewirebian. amitomac, gangvimartavs hobzi, aseT 

pirobebSi yoveli ebrZvis yovels, iZulebiT da ara nebiT, 

radganac es, ubralod, erTaderTi xerxia TviTSenarCunebisa. 

dausrulebeli saSiSroeba, erTmaneTis mimarT ganuwyvetlivi 

undobloba sabolood gardauvals qmnis mxareTa 

Soris stabiluri kompromisis miRwevas. „...adamianTa yovelgvari 

gaerTianeba Tavis dasabams iRebs ara maT urTierTkeTilganwyobaSi, 

aramed urTierTfrTxobaSi. frTxobaSi me 

mesmis momavali borotebis yovelgvari winaTgrZnoba... swored 

SiSi ubiZgebs adamianebs mimarTon sifrTxilis zomebs 

da adamianebi... Cvelubriv mimarTaven iaraRsa Tu dacvis 

sxva msgavs saSualebebs, romlebic agulianebs maT sxvaze 

Tavdasxmisaken, rac Tavis mxriv, SesaZlebels qmnis urTierTzraxvebis 

Secnobas. da swored maSin warmoiSoba saxelmwifo: 

Tu ebmebian brZolaSi – gamarjvebis Sedegad, 

Tu aRweven SeTanxmebas – amis Sedegad“ 47 . maSasadame, hobzi 

saxelmwifos warmomSob Sinagan aucileblobad erTmaneTis 

mimarT SiSis anu samarTlis enaze rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebriv 

urTierTobaTa gausaZlisi mouwesrigeblobis daZlevas 

miiCnevs. 

saxelmwifos warmoSobis atributad hobzi erTpirovnuli 

mmarTvelis arCevas asaxelebs, romelic uzrunvelyofilia 

„absoluturi ZalauflebiT, gansazRvros socialu- 

47 iqve, t. I, gv. 287-288. 

35


ri qcevis wesi“ 48 anu „aseTi mefe flobs absolutur uf- 

lebas, gamosces nebismieri kanoni Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr. 

mas ar ekisreba araviTari pasuxismgebloba individTa 

winaSe, romelTac is airCies, garda mSvidobis SenarCunebisa. 

ar arsebobs aranairi xelSekruleba massa da maT Soris. 

erTaderTi xelSekruleba, romelic moipoveba, aris 

xelSekruleba TviT individTa Soris da es aris ubralod 

SeTanxmeba, daniSnon vinme, visac maT surT rom daemor- 

Cilon“ 49 . amave dros, rogorc lokis SexedulebaTa analizis 

dros aRiniSna, avtoritarizmSi hobzi xedavda ara 

mxolod saexlmwifos warmoSobis, aramed TviT saxelmwifos 

arss zogadad50 . amis gamoc araferia gasaocari imaSi, 

rom hobzis gansaxilvelma koncefciam TviT inglisur 

filosofiaSi sul raRac ramodenime aTwleuls gauZlo, 

rogorc gabatonebulma TvalTaxedvam: „inglisi ar iyo 

hobzistebis eri da erT-erTi yvelaze ufro sanimuSo da 

giganturi pasuxi Tomas hobzisTvis swored jon lokis 

kalams ekuTvnoda“ 51 . 

umTavresi ki aq hobzis zemowarmodgenil mosazrebas- 

Tan mimarTebaSi is aris, rom hobzi ar gvaZlevs araviaTr 

pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu ratom wamoiWreba adamianTa Soris Si- 

Sisa da undoblobis daZlevis problema sazogadoebis 

warmoqmnidan uaRresad xangrZlivi drois ganvliT da ara 

mis sawyis safexurzeve. orTave SemTxvevaSi xom amis saWiroeba 

erTi da imave simwvaviT unda gamoirCeodes. sinamdvileSi 

ki hobzis TvalTaxedvaSi gaparuli Seusabamoba bevrad 

ufro Rrmaa da zedmiwevniT emTxveva lokis mier „bu- 

48 j. bronovskisa da b. macliSis dasax. naSromi, gv. 205. 

49 iqve. 

50 ix. Condillac, Œuvres complètes, Tome XX, Paris, Strasbourg, 1912, p. 502-504. 

51 L. Paul, The English Philosophers, London, 1954, p. 110. 

36

§ 7. hobzi 

nebrivi mdgomareobisa“ da Segnebulad organizebuli so- 

cialurobis kategorialur aRrevas, anu hobzis Tanaxmadac, 

iZulebuli varT davaskvnaT, TiTqos winaresaxelmwifoebriv 

xanaSi, anu gvaronuli wyobilebis pirobebSi, sazogadoeba 

adamianTa yovelgvar Segnebul organizacias 

moklebuli erTobaa, rasac cxadia, araferi SeiZleba hqondes 

saerTo gansaxilvel sinamdvilesTan. da Tu hobzi winaresaxelmwifoebriv 

xanaSi samarTlis principebs eZiebs, 

„is maT bunebriv mdgomareobaSi eZiebs“ 52 . 

rac Seexeba garedan momdinare aucileblobas, is, hobzis 

mixedviT, ucxotomelTa mxridan Tavdasxmis mudmiv safrTxeSi 

mdgomareobs. sazogadoebis wevrebi iZulebuli 

xdebian Tavdacvis mizniT urTierTkavSiris efeqturi forma 

gamonaxon da es mxolod saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis meoxebiT 

Tu moxerxdba. gansaxilveli Tvalsazrisi uSualo 

asaxvas povebs hegelTanac. „adamianebi, – aRniSnavs hegeli, 

– rom saxelmwifos qmnian, imisaTvis aris aucilebeli, rom 

saerTo Tavdacva…Seqmnan“ 53 . 

vamtkicoT, rom saerTo Tavdacva saxelmwifos meorexarisxovvani 

funqciaa, niSnavs Tvali ver gavusworoT istoriul 

sinamdviles. magram aq mniSvnelovani sxva ram aris 

da kerZod ki, hobzis mier warmodgenil postulatTa logikuri 

urTierTmimarTeba: Tu vixelmZRvanelebT hobzis 

pirvel debulebaSi („Sidasocialuri mtrobis daZlevis 

aucilebloba“) warmodgenili logikiT, momdevno debulebis 

(„garedan momdinare safrTxis daZlevis aucilebloba“) 

kvalobaze, individTa politikur sazogadoebaSi gaerTianebas 

uTuod unda mohyoloda saxelmwifoTa erTian korpo- 

52 Condillac, Œuvres complètes, Tome XX, p. 504. 

53 F. W. G. Hegel, Politische Schriften, Berlin, 1970, S. 15. 

37


raciad Serwymac; Tu adamianebi erTmaneTisadmi SiSma da 

agresiulobam saxelmwifoebrivi konstruqciis sazogadoebad 

aqcia, saxelmwifoebic, TavianT mxriv, ukve Soreul istoriul 

warsulSi integrirebuli iqnebodnen msgavs, evoluciurad 

ufro maRal kavSirSi, radgan erTmaneTis mimarT 

frTxoba da agresiuloba am ukanasknelTa urTierTobebSi 

aseve gamudmebiT da didad ufro masStaburad mJRavndeboda, 

vidre hobziseuli „bunebrivi mdgomareobis“ adamianTa 

umartives urTierTobebSi. 

yovelive es ki niSnavs, rom hobzis ukanaskneli postulati 

srulyofilad ver pasuxobs misive TvalTaxedvis zemowarmodgenili 

pirveli nawilis moTxovnebs. xolo zogadad, 

CvenTvis aqtualuri TvalsazrisiT, aseve TvalsaCinoa 

is, rom i. WavWavaZesTan saxelmwifos warmoSoba arc „sayovelTao“ 

mtrobis Sedegia hobziseuli gagebiT, aramed socialur 

urTierTobaTa intensivirebis saSualeba, rogorc 

aseTi. 

§ 8. kanti 

kantis Sexedulebebi saxelmwifos genezisze, uwinares 

yovlisa, ganisazRvreba imiT, rom is, erTi mxriv, hobzis 

mier warmodgenili „socialuri urTierTsaSiSroebis“ 

principiT xelmZRvanelobs, meore mxriv ki, rusoseuli 

„zogadi nebis“ principiT. „amitom kanti samarTlisa da saxelmwifos 

dasabuTebisas Tavis TvalTaxedvas ukve hobzis, 

lokisa da rusosagan cnobil sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis 

ideaze afuZnebs da ambobs, rom samarTali sazogadoebrivi 

xelSekrulebiT dafuZnebuli wesrigia... amasTanave, 

xelSekrulebaSi ar igulisxmeba araviTari istori- 

38

§ 8. kanti 

uli movlena, saerTod araviTari faqti, aramed normatiul-kritikuli 

idea: samarTlisa da saxelmwifos aprioruli 

principi“ 54 . 

sxva mxriv, kanti aq, marTalia, sulac ar uaryofs, hobziseuli 

gagebiT, saerTo nebis uzenaesobas saxelmwifo Zalauflebis 

ganxorcielebisas, magram imavdroulad saerTo 

nebis wminda abstraqtuli uzenaesobiT Semoifargleba, rameTu 

saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sedegad „zogadi nebis“ safuZvelze 

arCeuli mmarTveli erTaderTi piria, vinc sayovelTao 

nebasTan mis mier gamocemul kanonTa Sesabamisobas 

gansazRvravs. sxva sityvebiT, kantTan saxelmwifos sa- 

TaveSi „arCeuli“ Tumc valdebulia kanonebi saerTo nebas 

Seusabamos, magram valdebulia ara sazogadoebis, ara samarTlis, 

aramed mxolod da mxolod sakuTari Tavis 

winaSe! 

„adamians, – gvikonkretebs kanti saxelmwifos warmoSobis 

safuZvlebs, – Tavisuflebis borotad gamoyeneba sCvevia, 

Tanac Tu mas, rogorc gonier arsebas, erTi mxriv, kanoni 

surs, romelic Tavisuflebas…zRudavs, meore mxriv, 

is, sadac ki moaxerxebs, Tavisi mimkerZoebluri…midrekilebis 

gamo, am SezRudulobis garRvevas eswrafvis. amrigad, 

adamiani saWiroebs batons, romelic mas sakuTar nebas gautexs 

da aiZulebs daemorCilos sayovelTaod moqmed nebas, 

ise, rom TiToeuls SeeZlos iyos Tavisufali“ 55 . Sesabamisad, 

saxelmwifo, kantis mixedviT, yalibdeba rogorc sagangebod 

organizebuli Zala, romelic socialur urTier- 

TobebSi Casarevad umTavresad imisaTvis aris saWiro, rom 

individualuri neba saerTo sazogadoebrivi nebis farg- 

54 O. Höffe (Hrsg.), Klassiker der Philosophie, 3. Aufl., München, 1995, Bd. II, S. 27 f. 

55 I. Kant, Rechtslehre, Schriften zur Rechtsphilosophie, Berlin, 1988, S. 202. 

39


lebs ar gascildes 56 . sxva sakiTxia is, rom zemogamoyofi- 

li momentis gaTvaliswinebiT, saerTo nebis uzenaesoba aq 

samarTlebrivad isev da isev wminda wylis formalurobamde 

daiyvaneba. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulTan erTad mcdari iqneboda imis 

mtkiceba, TiTqos kantTan saxelmwifos fenomenis amoxsna 

arsebiTad hobzisa Tu rusos SexedulebaTa ganviTarebiT 

amoiwurebodes. arsebiTi aq swored saxelmwifos problemisadmi 

kantiseuli midgomis sruli specifiurobaa. saxelmwifos 

arsebobas kanti ZiriTadad sazogadoebrivi Sromis 

Taviseburebebs ukavSirebs, romelTa mixedviTac gadamwyveti 

„produqciis gamorCenaze orientirebuli warmoeba da 

aqedan mflobelTa Soris warmomdgari konkurenciaa“ 57 . ufro 

zustad, saxelmwifo, kantis Tanaxmad, „gonier egoist- 

Ta organizaciaa“ 58 . magram, amave dros, „Tu kanti…Tavis sazogadoebrivi 

Sromis modelze dayrdnobiT…saxelmwifoSi 

upirvelesad ara Rirseuli cxovrebis ganviTarebis Suamavals, 

aramed bevrad ufro gonier egoistTa xelovnur nayofs 

xedavs, romelTac iZulebiTi saxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis 

safuZvelze Tanaarseboba surT, is am Sinaarss 

cnebiT-terminologiurad imiT amarTlebs, rom mkacrad ganasxvavebs 

erTmaneTisagan moralurobasa da legalurobas“ 

59 . uSualod saxelmwifos warmoSobis problemasTan 

mimarTebaSi ki aqedan vaskvniT, rom kantTan es ukanaskneli 

am pirveliT dafuZnebul kategorias sulac ar warmoadgens, 

rac Tavis mxriv, iliaseul TvalTaxedvaze, sul mci- 

56 Sdr.: J. Roberts, German Philosophy (An Introduction), Oxford, 1988, p. 52-55. 

57 ix. R. Saage, Eigentum, Staat und Gesellschaft bei Immanuel Kant, 2. Aufl., 

Baden-Baden, 1994, S. 135. 

58 iqve. 

59 iqve. 

40

§ 9. hegeli. foierbaxi 

re, aseve radikalurad ver gveTqmis, miuxedavad imisa, rom 

aqac saxelmwifo da masTan erTad samarTalic yalibdeba, 

rogorc „bednierebis miRwevis“ socialuri instrumenti. 


hegelis filosofia, rogorc cnobilia, vrclad moicavs 

kantis SexedulebaTa kritikas, magram mocemul Sem- 

TxvevaSi upiratesad xazgasmas hobzisa da hegelis SexedulebaTa 

Tanafardoba moiTxovs, kerZod ki im TvalsazrisiT, 

rom Tu hobzTan saxelmwifos warmoSobis problemas- 

Tan mimarTebaSi Teologiuri momentis metad bundovan, 

umeteswilad winaaRmdegobriv aqcentirebas vxvdebiT, hegeli 

mocemul moments garkveviT gamohyofs. ufro metic, es 

saxelmwifos warmoSobaze hegeliseuli koncefciis qvakuTxedia. 

meore mxriv, aq saxelmwifos dasabuTebisas gansakuTrebul 

mniSvnelobas ojaxis fenomeni iZens. „saxelmwifo, – 

SeniSnavs hegeli, – TviTcnobieri zneobrivi substanciaa, – 

ojaxis principisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis principis 

SeerTeba. igive erTianoba, romelic ojaxSi aris siyvarulis 

grZnobis saxiT, saxelmwifos arsebasac warmoadgens, 

magram aq am arsebas, amasTanave, meore principis – mcodne 

da TavisTavidan amosvliT moqmedi survilis – mier eni- 

Weba codnili zogadobis forma, romelSic am zogadobas – 

iseve, rogorc mis gansazRvrulobebs, codnaSi rom iSlebian, 

– zemoxsenebuli mcodne subieqturoba sagnad da absolutur 

miznad aqvT, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, am zogadobas 

TavisTvis es goniTi swads“ 60 . ojaxSi hegeli gu- 

60 g. v. f. hegeli, gonis filosofia, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 307. 

41


lisxmobs zneobriv substancias uSualo anu bunebiTi gonis 

saxiT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi ki – zneobriv substancias 

individTa, rogorc damoukidebel pirTa, relatiuri 

yovladobis (totalobis, mTlianobis) saxiT61 . aqedan 

garkveviT gamomdinareobs, Tu ratom miiCnevs hegeli saxelmwifos 

ojaxis principisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis 

principis SeerTebad da saxelmwifo wyobilebas TviTcnobier 

substanciad, rogorc organul sinamdviled ganviTarebul 

gons. 

amave dros, arc imis danaxvaa Zneli, rom hegelic saxelmwifos 

warmoSobis safuZvlad swored nebas miiCnevs, 

magram ara im saxiT, ra saxiTac zemoganxilul filosofosebTan 

hqonda adgili. hegeli „saSiSadac“ ki racxs (saer- 

To) nebis maT mier warmodgenil konstruqcias, ra drosac 

mas aq nebis cneba sruliad axal, maTTvis ucxo kategoriamde 

ahyavs anu gamoricxavs, saerTod, misi Semadgenlobidan 

individualur nebasa da mis mniSvnelobas. 

amrigad, hegelTan gansaxilveli neba individTa nebisagan 

damoukidebeli, TavisdaTavad arsebuli da TavisdaTavad 

saxecvalebadi mTlianobaa, romelic apirobebs saxelmwifos, 

rogorc ganuyofeli erTobis, warmoqmnas62 . 

hegelis zemomotanili mosazrebebidan aseve garkveviT 

ikveTeba, rom is saxelmwifos warmoSobis mimdinareobas- 

Tan erTad TviT saxelmwifosac aniWebs srul damoukideblobasa 

da individualurobas, axasiaTebs ras mas rogorc 

„TviTcnobier zneobriv substancias“, rac imavdroulad, 

„zneobrivobis“ aqcentirebis mxriv, mniSvnelovnad ganas- 

61 ix. iqve, gv. 298. 

62 ix. agreTve hegeli Tavisufal nebaze: J. Rawls, Lectures on the History 

of Moral Philosophy, London, 2000, Hegel, I, § 3. 

42


xvavebs mis TvalTaxedvas zemowarmodgenili kantiseuli 

xedvisaganac Sesabamis aspeqtSi. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, hegelis Sexedulebebs 

ZiriTadad Semdeg daskvnamde mivyavarT: saxelmwifos 

warmoSobis mizezi ar gamomdinareobs arsebiTad 

arc indvidTa nebisa Tu saerTosazoagdoebrivi aucileblobisagan 

da a.S., aramed daiyvaneba yovlad ganyenebul fenomenamde. 

da aq swored saxelmwifos genezisis „RvTaebriv 

gansazRvrulobasTan“ gvaqvs saqme. ukeT rom vTqvaT, hegeli 

cdilobs daasabuTos, rom „saxelmwifos Sinaarsi ganisaz- 

Rvreba adamianis damokidebulebiT RvTaebrivTan da ara 

mxolod mis moTxovnilebaTa bunebiT, rogorc amas sazogadoebis 

bunebiT TeoriebSi aqvs adgili. misi amocanac amitom 

is aris, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes adamianuri yofis 

warmmarTveli sulier, religiur da zneobriv wesrigTa Sidaqveyniuri 

ganxorcieleba“ 63 . principulad ki amiT hegeli 

saxelmwifos funqcionalur araraobad aqcevs, rameTu amgvarad 

saxelmwifos warmoSobiT ar yalibdeba araviTari 

axali „adamianuri yofis warmmarTveli wesrigi“, aramed 

saxelmwifo sruliad ewireba ukve arsebul socialur 

„wesrigTa“ „ganxorcielebas“. erTi sityviT, hegeli ver gamohyofs 

saxelmwifoSi mTavars: specifiurs, ris gamoc saboloo 

jamSi aq saxelmwifos erTaderT funqcionalur 

„TavSesafars“ Teologiuri momenti ganasaxierebs. 

hegelis gansaxilveli TvalTaxedvis, iseve rogorc zogadad 

misi filosofiis kritikas, pirvelad l. foierbax- 

Tan vxvdebiT64 . uaryofs ra hegelis aqtualur Sexedule- 

63 J. Ritter, Metaphysik und Politik (Studien zu Aristoteles und Hegel), Frankfurt a. M., 

1969, S. 186 f. 

64 ix. J. Aufenauger, Philosophie (Eine Einführung), München, 1990, S. 156 f. 

43


bebs, foierbaxi SeniSnavs: „sadac zneoba Teologiaze, sa- 

marTali RvTaebrivobis gamoyenebaze aris dafuZnebuli, SesaZlebelia 

yvelaze ufro arazneobrivi, arasamarTlebrivi, 

samarcxvino nabijebis gamarTleba da dasabuTeba“ 65 . 

amis Sedegad foierbaxi TviT zneobas warmogvidgens Teologiis 

masStabad66 , riTac saxelmwifos warmoSobis zneobriv 

sawyisze dafuZneba Zireulad sxvagvar, konkretizebad 

elfers iZens. 

§ 10. volteri 

rogorc amas zogadad platonTan da i. WavWavaZesTan 

vxvdebiT, volteris filosofiis mixedviTac „arc erT adamians 

ar Seswevs unari, marto rom sikeTes miaRwios; saWiroa 

daxmareba. amitom sazogadoeba iseve Zvelia, rogorc 

msoflio“ 67 . amasTanave, platonisagan gansxvavebiT, volteri 

aq ZiriTad mizezs materialuri moTxovnilebebiT ar 

Semofarglavs, aramed imave zomiT gamohyofs adamianis sulier 

mxaresac, riTac is, Tavis mxriv, aseve garkveviT cdilobs 

gaemijnos problemis aristoteleseul xedvas, sadac 

maxvili swored mxolod ukanasknel faqtorze modis, da 

rasac imavdroulad i. WavWavaZis TvalTaxedva, romlis 

farglebSic, rogorc zemoT vixileT, orTave momenti Tanabar 

aqcentirebas povebs, arsebiTad esatyviseba. 

rac Seexeba uSualod ukanasknel faqtors, volteri, 

ganixilavs ra adamians socialur arsebad, uwinares yovlisa, 

cdilobs gamohyos „keTilganwyoba“ Tavis msgavs da- 

65 r. g. reneris dasax. naSromi, t. 2, gv. 101. 

66 iqve. 

67 Œuvres complètes de Voltaire, Seconde partie, Œuvres philosophiques, Paris, 1827, 

p. 2532. 

44

§ 10. volteri 

nabadTa mimarT rogorc adamianis sulieri bunebisTvis 

imanenturi Tviseba68 da ara hobziseuli „undobloba“ Tu 

„mtroba“, romelic mxolod iZulebiTi socialurobis wyaroa. 

es ki miT ufro TvalsaCinos qmnis i. WavWavaZisa da 

volteris koncefcias Soris Tvisebriv msgavsebas. 

arsebiTi paralelebi iliasa da frangi filosofosis 

Sexedulebebs Soris wydeba iq, sadac saqme zemoxsenebul 

momentze dayrdnobiT socialurisa da politikuris korelacias 

Seexeba. „keTilganwyoba, – SeniSnavs volteri, – 

jer kidev susti biZgi iqneboda sazogadoebaSi sacxovreblad 

Cvens gasaerTianeblad: is verasodes Seuwyobda xels 

didi imperiebisa da ayvavebuli qalaqebis dafuZnebas, rom 

ara Cveni didi miswrafebebi“ 69 . amas ki volterTan sinamdvileSi 

mxolod „keTilganwyobis“ momentis uaryofamde mivyavarT, 

radgan mocemuli momenti, saerTod, „did miswrafebebTan“ 

Tu nebismier sxva damafuZnebel garemoebasTan 

erTad, ver moiyvaneba „didi imperiebis“ fenomenTan pozitiur 

kavSirSi: yovelgvari imperia adamianTa mimarT yovelgvari 

keTilganwyobis gamoricxvaze aigeba. sxvagvarad rom 

vTqvaT, CvenTvis aqtualuri Tvalsawieridan aq Tanabradaa 

saxeze rogorc mkveTri sxvaoba i. WavWavaZis samarTlebrivpolitikur 

msoflmxedvelobasTan mimarTebaSi, ise winaaRmdegobrioba 

TviT volteris TvalTaxedvaSi. 

amitomac rodesac volteri am orTave moments, „keTilganwyobis“ 

mimarT „miswrafebaTa“ dawinaurebiT, s. S. „ke- 

TildReobisaken swrafvis“ qveS aerTianebs, es upirobod 

rodi emTxveva mocemuli problemis farglebSi keTildRe- 

68 Voltaire, Œuvres complètes, T. XXIV, Philosophie Générale: Métaphysique, Mo- 

rale, et Théologie, Paris, 1818, p. 43. 

69 iqve, gv. 44. 

45


obis iliaseul gagebas. „es miswrafebebi, – ganavrcobs 

volteri gansaxilvel konteqsts, – romelTa borotad gamoyeneba, 

Tavis mxriv, esoden sazianoa, WeSmaritad umTavresi 

mizezia wesrigisa, romelsac Cven dRes dedamiwaze 

vxedavT. dideba aris, uwinares yovlisa, is TavidaTavi xerxi, 

romlis meoxebiTac aSenda es mSvenieri nageboba sazogadoebisa. 

rogorc ki moTxovnilebebma erTad Sekriba ramodenime 

adamiani, yvelaze sazrianebma maT Soris SeniSnes, 

rom es adamianebi iyvnen Sobilni ganusazRvreli didebis 

grZnobiT swored iseve, rogorc dauokebeli midrekilebiT 

keTildReobisaken“ 70 . amdenad, volterTan (politikuri) sazogadoeba, 

Tavisi arsiT, yalibdeba rogorc „didebisa“ da 

„keTildReobis“ momxmarebelTa korporacia, anu konkretulad, 

mas safuZvlad uflebisaken swrafva edeba. „keTildReobisaken 

midrekileba“, rogorc vixileT, saxelmwifos 

warmoSobaze i. WavWavaZis koncefciis sakvanZo momentsac 

Seadgens, Tumc im gansxvavebiT, rom ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi 

mocemuli cnebis farglebSi uflebisa da movaleobis mniSvneloba 

mkacrad eqvivalenturia. 

§ 11. n. nikolaZe 

mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba i. WavWavaZis Sexedulebebs 

saxelmwifos warmoSobaze n. nikolaZis samarTlebrivpolitikuri 

msoflmxedveloba gansaxilveli TvalsazrisiT, 

romelTa Soris sxvaoba mxolod sazogadoebisa da 

saxelmwifos genezisis urTierTmimarTebiT Semoifargleba, 

Tumc imavdroulad ara im gagebiT, ra gagebiTac amas 

adgili hqonda problemis platoniseuli da iliaseuli 

70 iqve. 

46

§ 11. n. nikolaZe 

xedvis Sedarebisas. „niko nikolaZis azriT, saxelmwifo 

warmoiSva sazogadoebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad. amis mizezi 

iyo xalxis swrafva harmoniuli cxovrebis damyarebisaken. 

n. nikolaZis miTiTebiT, saxelmwifos Seqmnis mizani da 

daniSnuleba iyo, daecva is xalxi, romelic am saxelmwifoSi 

cxovrobda“ 71 . amisda kvalad, n. nikolaZesTan sazogadoebisa 

da saxelmwifos cneba sulac ar aris gaigivebuli 

erTmaneTTan, rogorc amas platonis filosofiaSi vxvdebiT, 

aramed gansxvaveba n. nikolaZisa da i. WavWavaZis Sexedulebebs 

Soris aq mxolod saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis 

warmoSobis erTdroulobasa da Sesabamisad, maT diferencirebul 

aRmocenebas ukavSirdeba. amasTanave, n. nikolaZe 

winaaRmdegia uSualo demokratiis absoluturobisa72 , 

riTac is i. WavWavaZesTan erTad, uwinares yovlisa, calsaxad 

upirispirdeba yovelgvar samarTlebriv nihilizmsa da 

mis niadagze warmomdgar filosofiur koncefciebs73 . 

rogorc zemowarmodgenili TvalTaxedvidan Cans, n. nikolaZisa 

da i. WavWavaZis Sexedulebebi aq imavdroulad 

mxolod irib analogiurobamde ver daiyvaneba: orive SemTxvevaSi 

saxelmwifos warmoSobas safuZvlad edeba adamianTa 

swrafva socialuri interaqciis uzrunvelyofisaken, 

ra drosac „xalxis dacva“, rogorc mocemul momentSi gamoxatuli 

saxelmwifos warmoSobis ganmsazRvreli faqtori, 

moklebulia xelSekrulebis TeoriisaTvis damaxasia- 

Tebel negatiurobis aqcents. „saxelmwifo, – aRniSnavs n. 

nikolaZe, – aris kacebis kreba, Semdgari imisaTvis ki ara, 

71 m. gogua, niko nikolaZis politikuri Sexedulebebi, Tbilisi, 

2003, gv. 56. 

72 iqve, gv. 95. 

73 ix. v. metreveli, niko nikolaZis politikuri da iuridiuli Se- 

xedulebani, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 80. 

47


rom mTavrebs miuTvisebiaT zogierTi uflebebi 74 da dau- 

morCilebiaT axlomaxlo mcxovreblebi da xalxebi. ara, am 

krebis safuZveli, simagre da namdvili, bunebiTi mimzidveli 

Zala is sargeblobaa, romelsac hpoveben erTad Seyrili 

pirebi erTmaneTis dacvaSi, daxmarebaSi da erTad 

cxovrebaSi“ 75 . sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas 

aqac mcire ram aqvs saerTo „sayovelTao“ an Tundac 

sxvagvari agresiis daZlevasTan adamianebs Soris, aramed 

is individualuris socialurisaken ltolvas efuZneba. 

§ 12. demografiuli determinizmi 

saxelmwifos genezisis Sesaxeb warsulis gamoCenil moazrovneTa 

SexedulebebTan i. WavWavaZis TvalTaxedvis Sedareba 

naTels hfens mocemuli problemisadmi iliaseuli 

midgomis udavo specifiurobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom aq 

saerToc bevri ram SeimCneva. 

amave dros, zemowarmoebuli analizi TvalnaTliv metyvelebs 

agreTve imaze, rom gansaxilveli sakiTxis damakmayofileblad 

gadaWra verc erT tradiciul TvalTaxedvaze 

dayrdnobiT jer ver miiRweva. rogorc vixileT, am mxriv, 

Tavs iCens winaaRmdegobaTa mTeli rigi. Tumc mkacrad Teoriulad 

dasaSvebia, rom mocemuli Sexedulebebi, zogierTi 

gamonaklisis garda, asaxavdnen sinamdvilesac, magram ara 

tradiciuli gagebiT, anu zogadobaze pretenziis gareSe, 

rac imis daSvebas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifos warmoSobas 

sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad sxvadsxva saxis mizezi 

SeiZleba edos safuZvlad. 

74 aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom institucionaluri momentis gamoyofa, 

saerTod, ukve aris platoniseuli TvalTaxedvisagan ganmasxvave- 

beli kidev erTi ZiriTadi momenti. 

75 n. nikolaZe, Txz., Tbilisi, 1960, t. 2, gv. 568. 

48

§ 12. demografiuli determinizmi 

gansaxilveli hipoTeza, amave dros, Cveni interesis sa- 

gans ar Seadgens, aramed Cvenis azriT, saxelmwifos warmo- 

Sobis TavidaTavi mizezi wminda demografiuli xasiaTis 

fenomenia: sazogadoebis saxelmwifoebrivad organizebas 

mosaxleobis zrda ganapirobebs. 

iq, sadac sazogadeobis wevrTa raodenoba jer kidev 

SesaZlebels qmnis uSualo sayovelTao demokratiis ganxorcielebas, 

am ukanasknelis rRveva warmoudgenelia, iseve 

rogorc uSualo socialuri TviTmmarTveloba mometebulad 

mravalricxovan sazogadoebaSi. da swored uSualo 

TviTmmarTvelobis anu primitiuli xelovnuri (Segnebuli) 

organizaciis wminda obieqturi ganuxorcielebloba mosaxleobis 

zrdis pirobebSi warmoSobs saxelmwifos, rogorc 

socialur urTierTobaTa kvalitaturad ufro maRali Semoqmedebisa 

da regulirebis specifikur meqanizms. 

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis 

politikuriT Secvla aq sazogadoebis TviTSenarCunebis 

anu mis usasrulo daSlis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi 

saSualebaa, rac Tavis mxriv, swored i. WavWavaZis zemoganxiluli 

TvalTaxedvis moSveliebas moiTxovs, romlis mixedviTac 

socialuri erToba adamianis „sulieri da xorcieli 

bunebis“ Zireuli anareklia. 

49

Tavi II 

demokratiuli saxelmwifos mizani 

§ 1. CveulebiTi samarTali 

cxadia, Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi azri mniSvnelov- 

nad gansxvavdeba i. WavWavaZis epoqis iuridiuli warmodgenebisagan, 

magram mocemuli gansxvavebac mxolod SedarebiTia 

da verasodes iqneba absoluturi, radgan yoveli 

droeba unikaluri, mxolod misTvis niSneuli koloritiT 

gamoirCeva, riTac samarTlebrivi azric uwyvet dinamiurobas 

iZens. 

garda amisa, Tu gadavavlebT Tvals Tundac ukanasknel 

ramodenime aswleulSi mimdinare procesebs, arc is unda 

gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan, rom samarTlebrivi azrovnebis 

ganviTareba calsaxobiT, Sinaarsobrivi erTferovnebiT ar 

xasiaTdeba. ase magaliTad, CvenTvis gansaxilvel SemTxveva- 

Si aqtualuri mecxramete saukunis meore naxevari klasikuri 

monarqizmisa da demokratiuli ideologiis mZafri kolidirebis 

xanaa. amasTanave, aq TvalSisacemia is fuZiseuli 

uTanxmoebebic, romelTa mogvareba ver iqna miRweuli 

TviT demokratebs Soris, ris Sedegadac demokratiuli mimdinareoba 

or urTierTdapirispirebul anu e. w. burJuaziul 

da e. w. social-demokratiul mimarTulebad iyofa. 

i. WavWavaZis negatiuri damokidebuleba monarqiisadmi, 

romelic moklebulia saTanado SezRudulobas, TvalnaTliv 

aris mis nawarmoebebSi gamokveTili. amave dros, is 

50

§ 1. CveulebiTi samarTali 

aseve pirdapir rodi gvamcnobs, Tu romel ganStoebas de- 

mokratiuli moZraobisa umTavresad uTanagrZnobs. CvenTvis 

kargad aris cnobili ilias kritikuli SeniSvnebi socialdemokratTa 

misamarTiT, magram arc is unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan, 

rom i. WavWavaZe aseve atarebda kritikis qarcecxlSi 

meore frTis araerT fundamentur warmodgenasac. 

rasakvirvelia, demokratTa orive banakisadmi kritikuli 

ganwyoba i. WavWavaZis mier demokratiul principebSi 

daeWvebas odnavadac ar moaswavebs, aramed piriqiT: ilia 

Tavisi SemoqmedebiT swored WeSmariti demokratiuli idealebis 

sadarajoze dgas, ra drosac is arsebiTad srulyofs 

misTvis Tanamedrove qarTuli demokratiuli azrovnebis 

safuZvlebs76 . saamisod metyvelebs, uwinares yovlisa, 

Tundac is, rom ilia demokratiuli sazogadoebis aRmSeneblobisaTvis 

gansakTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs CveulebiT 

samarTals, rogorc xalxis neba-survilis gamomxatvel 

Zalum wyaros. Cveuleba, i. WavWavaZis mixedviT, „erisa- 

Tvis igive rjulia, igive kanonia, mxolod dauwereli ki. 

Cveulebas igi upiratesoba aqvs dawerilis kanonis winaSe, 

rom yovelTvis cxovrebis WeSmariti saWiroebis danabadia 

da yovelTvis utyuari wamalic aris am saWiroebisa“ 77 . 

Rirssacnobad ganavrcobs zemowarmodgenil Sexedulebas 

m. kekelia: „ilias dakvirvebiT kanoni, romelic angariSs 

ar uwevs xalxis CveulebiT samarTals, pativs ar 

76 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ilia eswrafvis mocemul mimdinareobebs 

Soris Sualeduri, „qarTuli tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis“ Sesa- 

tyvisi da TviT am wesidan gamomdinare koncefciis Camoyalibebas 

(ix. e. batiaSvili, ilia da saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 67, Tumc 

sxvagvari konkretizebiT, kerZod ki konstituciuri monarqiis pro- 

blemasTan mimarTebaSi, vidre es qvemoT demokratiis arsze i. Wav- 

WavaZis SexedulebaTa analizis farglebSi irkveva). 

77 i. WavWavaZe, Txz. sr. krebuli, t. 4, 1987, gv. 329. 

51

Tavi II demokratiuli saxelmwifos mizani 

scems mis Rirsebebs, am xalxisaTvis ,sxvis tanzed Sekerili 

tanisamosia‘ “ 78 ; „rogorc Cans, – ganagrZobs m. kekelia, 

– ilias yuradRebis gareSe ar darCenia erovnuli CveulebiTi 

samarTlis, rogorc sakanonmdeblo wyaros gamoyenebis 

aucilebloba. ufro Sors midis misi msjeloba am mimarTulebiT. 

CveulebiTi samarTali xalxis nebas gamoxatavs 

(xazgasma Cvenia – avtori), amitomac ara marto misi 

dedaazri unda daedos kanons, aramed zogierTi maTgani 

pirdapir unda iqces sakanonmdeblo normad“ 79 . amrigad, 

i. WavWavaZe erTmaniSvnelovnad moiTxovs, rom sadac ki SesaZlebelia, 

sakanonmdeblo aqtebs CveulebiTi samarTlis 

normebi daedos safuZvlad, riTac iuridiuli normebi maqsimalurad 

iqneba misadagebuli xalxis interesebTan80 : 

„CveulebiTi samarTali xalxis nebas gamoxatavs“. da amaSi, 

cxadia, mdgomareobs demokratiuli mmarTvleobis uzenaesi 

daniSnulebac, rameTu „demokratiis politikuri mizani 

isaa, rom saxelmwifos hqondes iseTi organizacia, romelic 

gamoxatavs klasikur debulebas – kanoni is aris, rasac 

xalxi brZanebs da awesebs“ 81 . 

§ 2. bunebrivi samarTlianoba. volteri 

rodesac vecnobiT ilias Semdeg gamonaTqvams: „TiTon 

xalxsac examuSeba formaluri simarTle da pativ-hcems 

78 m. kekelia, ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifoebrivi Sexedulebebisa 

da CveulebiTi samarTlis zogierTi sakiTxi, „sabWoTa samarTa- 

li“, Tbilisi, 1987, #5, gv. 54. 

79 iqve. 

80 ix. sxva mxriv, volteris TvalTaxedvac: Voltaire, Œuvres complètes, 

Politique et Législation, Premier volume, Paris, 1818, T. XXVIII, p. 217. 

81 k. miqelaZe, demokratiuli saxelmwifos konstitucia da parla- 

mentaruli respublika, „samarTali“, Tbilisi, 1991, #3-4, gv. 66. 

52

§ 2 bunebrivi samarTlianoba. volteri 

imisTana simarTles, romelic, misi azriT, namdvili da 

WeSmaritia da romelsac mecnierni bunebriv simarTles 

uwodeben“, 82 gvebadeba kiTxva: xom ar niSnavs es „bunebrivi 

simarTle“ da ilias „bunebrivi samarTlianoba“ 83 , saerTod, 

rom is „bunebiTi samarTlis“ TeoriiT xelmZRvanelobda? 84 

amaze savsebiT araorazrovnad pasuxobs g. soselia: „i. Wav- 

WavaZis bunebriv samarTlianobas araferi aqvs saerTo bunebrivi 

samarTlis TeoriasTan...…,bunebrivi samarTlianoba‘, 

i. WavWavaZis azriT, es aris xalxis samarTlianoba, samarTlebrivi 

Segneba, romelic gamomdinareobs cxovrebis moTxovnilebebidan, 

gamoxatulia xalxis mtkiced damkvidrebuli 

CveulebebiT“ 85 . mokled rom vTqvaT, ilia bunebrivi samarTlianobis 

cnebas sazogadoebis adaT-wess, mis saerTo 

warmodgenebs uqvemdebarebs da ara piriqiT. 

principulad urTierTgansxvavebulia, Sesabamisad, is 

Sedegebic, romelTac aqtualur TvalsazrisTa ganviTarebis 

kvalobaze vRebulobT. abstraqtuli bunebrivi samarTlianobis 

ideas xSirad mxolod Semdegi saxis daskvnebamde 

mivyavarT: „bunebrivobas ewinaaRmdegeba, rom Zlieri sustis 

nebiT ramdenadme SeiboWos, aramed es pirveli unda 

marTavdes, win unda uZRodes am ukanasknels, romelsac Tavis 

mxriv, damorCileba da miyola marTebs“ 86 ; anu „uZlieresis 

mmarTveloba bunebrivi aucileblobaa“ 87 , ra drosac 

iliaseuli bunebrivi samarTlianobis principi swored ase- 


83 iqve. 

84 ix. „bunebiTi samarTlis” Teoriis Sesaxeb: AA. A. Long (Ed.), Problems 

in Stoicism, London, 1971, p. 218-219. 

85 g. soselia, i. WavWavaZis sazogadoebriv-politikuri da samarTlebrivi 

Sexedulebebi, „samarTali“, Tbilisi, 1987, #6, gv. 46. 

86 W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, Cambridge, 1969, v. III, p. 99. 

87 iqve, gv. 100. 

53


Ti mmarTvelobis dauSveblobaze aigeba anu samarTlebrivpolitikuri 

erTobis sawindaria. 

amave dros, TvalsaCinoa bunebrivi samarTlianobis volteriseuli 

da iliaseuli cnebidan gamomdinare SedegTa 

Tanxvedrac. „adamiani, – volteris mixedviT, – ibadeba Tavisufali: 

saukeTeso xelisufleba is aris, romelic unar- 

Cunebs TiToeul mokvdavs bunebis am saCuqars udidesi zomiT, 

rac ki aris SesaZlebeli“ 88 . orive SemTxvevaSi mocemuli 

principis moqmedeba uzrunvelyofilia kanonis uzenaesobiT, 

anu viTarebiT, rodesac „Tu xelisufleba ukanonod 

xelyofs saSualo moqalaqis Tavisuflebas, kanoni 

masze Surs iZiebs“ 89 . magram amis samarTlebriv-politikur 

sinamdviled gardasaxva TviT volteris Tu Semdgom i. Wav- 

WavaZis epoqaSi jerac sagrZnoblad iyo SezRuduli. ase 

magaliTad, Tavad volteri araerTxel gamxdara xsenebuli 

xelyofis msxverpli, rogorc jer kidev „saSualo moqalaqe“, 

ise ukve saqveynod cnobili moazrovne, rasac Tavis 

mxriv, arcerTxel „kanonis SurisZieba“ ar mohyolia90 . 

§ 3. socialuri keTildReoba 

§ 3. 1. hegeli. n. nikolaZe 

rogorc saxelmwifos warmoSobaze iliaseuli koncefciis 

zemowarmodgenili SedarebiTi analizi cxadyofs, is 

ukanasknelad gamoyofil momentebs saerTosazogadoebrivi 

88 Voltaire, Œuvres complètes, T. XXVIII, p. 224. 

89 iqve, gv. 223. 

90 Дaйcи A. B., Ocнoвы гocудaрcтвeннaгo прaвa Aнглiи (Ввeдeнie въ изучeнie 

Aнглiйcкoй кoнcтитуцiи), Изд. втoрoe, Мocквa, 1907, cтр. 215-216; Tumc Sdr. 

inglisis imJamindeli samarTlebriv-politikuri viTa- reba: iqve., 

gv. 238-239. 

54

§ 3. socialuri keTildReoba 

keTildReobis miRwevis samsaxurSi ayenebs. keTildReoba 

warmoadgens „yovelgvari politikis sagans“ volteris mixedviTac91 

. 

amaSive xedavs saxelmwifos mizans hegeli: „xSirad uTqvamT, 

rom saxelmwifos mizani moqalaqeTa bednierebaa; es, 

yovel SemTxvevaSi, asec aris: Tu maT ar ulxinT, Tu maTi 

subieqturi mizani daukmayofilebeli rCeba, isini ar ganicdian, 

rom saxelmwifo, rogorc aseTi, am dakmayofilebis 

saSualebaa, ris gamoc am ukanasknels niadagi eryeva“. 92 

amasTanave, aq aseve TvalnaTliv ikveTeba gansxvavebac problemis 

iliaseul xedvasa da hegelis mocemul Sexedulebas 

Soris: Tu hegelis mixedviT, saxelmwifo iZulebuli 

xdeba, miznad daisaxos socialuri keTildReoba, iliasTan 

aqtualuri mizani saxelmwifos Sinagani mowodebis, misi 

ZiriTadi daniSnulebis uSualo nayofia da am mxriv, zemogavlebuli 

paralelebis gangrZoba, uwinares yovlisa, 

n. nikolaZis samarTlebriv-politikuri msoflmxedvelobis 

magaliTze xdeba SesaZlebeli, romlis mixedviTac „yovelTvis 

da yvelgan saxelmwifos miznad hqonia advilad 

daicvas da advilad acxovros is pirebi, romlisganac 

TviTon Semdgaria“ 93 . 

udavoa, rom Tanamedrove samarTalSic saxelmwifos um- 

Tavres miznad swored socialur keTildReobaze zrunva 

ganisazRvreba. 94 magram samarTlis filosofiis TvalsazrisiT, 

mocemuli debuleba aqsiomatur xasiaTs rodi atarebs, 

rac kantis qvemoT warmodgenili TvalTaxedvis maga- 

91 Voltaire, Œuvres complètes, Seconde partie, p. 2532. 

92 G. F. W. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, Leipzig, 1911, S. 352. 

93 n. nikolaZe, Txz., Tbilisi, 1960, t. 2, gv. 568. 

94 ix.: saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi, 1995; GG (von Bundesrepub- 

lik Deutschland), 38. Aufl., München, 2003. 

55


liTze gansakuTrbiT naTlad ikveTeba. Tumc aqve xazgasmiT 

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom TiToeul gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi 

upiratesad mxolod formalur-logikuri aqcentis gadaxra 

igulisxmeba. 

§ 3. 2. kanti 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis sawinaaRmdegod, kantis filosofiaSi 

saxelmwifos mizans „samarTlis ideis zeimi“ 

Seadgens da ara sakuTriv moqalaqeTa keTildReoba95 , mkacrad 

aRebuli. demokratiuli wyobilebis damyarebiTac ar 

xdeba am miznis saxecvla, radganac amiT ar icvleba TviT 

saxelmwifos, rogorc aseTis, arsi, misi Sinaarsis samarTlebrivi 

sazrisi. aqedan gamomdinare, kantiseuli xedviT, 

mcdaria sawinaaRmdegos mtkiceba mxolod imitom, rom saxelmwifoebriv 

saqmianobaSi (warmomadgenlobaze dafuZnebiT) 

CarTul iqna mTeli sazogadoeba. 

ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifo ar aris trivialuri „sazogadoebrivi“ 

dawesebuleba, aramed yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi 

gansakuTrebuli socialuri Zalis sruliad gansakuTrebuli 

organizaciaa; is gvevlineba funqcionalurad gancalkevebul 

suverenul warmonaqmnad, romelsac sazogadoebasTan 

swored samarTali akavSirebs. ukeT rom vTqvaT, 

samarTali saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis urTierTkavSiris 

erTaderTi instrumentia, erTaderTi SesaZlebloba. 

amitomac saxelmwifo socialur keTildReobas samarTlis 

ideis zeimis gareSe verc verasodes miaRwevs, magram dave- 

TanxmoT kants, i. WavWavaZis an hegelis zemowarmodgenili 

TvalTaxedvis sapirispirod, niSnavs davuSvaT, rom sa- 

95 I. Kant, Rechtslehre, S. 201 ff. 

56

§ 4. saerTo nebis uzenaesoba (nebisa da interesis erTianobis principi) 

marTlebriv saxelmwifoSi mTavari formaa da ara Sinaarsi! 

§ 4. saerTo nebis uzenaesoba 

(nebisa da interesis erTianobis principi) 

§ 4. 1. TviTmoqmedeba 

aranakleb mniSvnelovan yuradRebas ipyrobs gansaxilveli 

kvlevis farglebSi xalxis nebisa da xalxis interesebis 

ekvivalenturobis, maT erTian cnebad Serwymis problema, 

rameTu imaze, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba aqtualur 

WrilSi saxelmwifos mizani, mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli 

misi demokratiulobis xasiaTi da saboloo jamSi ki 

misi demokratiulobac saerTod. 

neba „cnobieri, garkveuli miznis miRwevisaken mimarTuli 

swrafvaa adamianisa“ 96 , interesi ki migviTiTebs im hipo- 

Tetur mdgomareobaze, romlis miRwevac sasurvelia. interesi, 

nebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar aris TviT swrafva, aramed 

is, rac am swrafvis dadebiTobis Sedegad unda miiRebodes 

anu is, rac sasargebloa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, neba Tumc 

interesis dakmayofilebis safuZvelia, magram nebis ganxorcieleba 

interesis dakmayofilebas jer kidev ar udris. 

dadgeba Tu ara sawadi mdgomareoba, damokidebulia mocemul 

SemTxvevaSi nebis ragvarobaze; Tu neba ar emyareba 

realobis grZnobas, Tu masSi gauTvaliswinebelia SesaZlo 

dabrkolebaTa gadlaxvis xerxebi da a. S., interesi daukmayofilebeli 

darCeba. 

96 G. Klaus, M. Buhr (Hrsg.), Philosophisches Wörterbuch, Leipzig, 1971, Bd. 2, S. 

1168. 

57


Sesabamisad, ismis kiTxva: ra aris umTavresi, sazogado- 

ebrivi nebis miyola Tu sazogadoebrivi interesebis dakmayofileba? 

rasakvirvelia, wminda logikurad sazogadoebrivi 

nebis ganxorcieleba TviTmizani ver iqneba da is mxolod 

sazogadoebrivi interesebis dakmayofilebaSi iZens 

saTanado azrs. amave dros, saqmec swored is aris, Tu ramdenad 

miiRweva es ukanaskneli saerTo nebis miyoliT, anu 

uwyis Tu ara Tavad xalxma dabejiTebiT, ama Tu im konkretul 

viTarebaSi Tu ra politikurma gezma SeiZleba iqonios 

misTvis pozitiuri Sedegi da ram uaryofiTi. i. WavWava- 

Ze amaze uyoymanod dadebiT pasuxs iZleva, is wers: „TviTmoqmedeba 

yovlad mxsneli da Zlevamosili Zalia yovelsferSi 

da nametnavad maSin, roca kacs, Tu sazogadoebas 

Tavis-Tavis Svela unda“ 97 . 

§ 4. 2. kanti 

i. WavWavaZisagan gansxvavebiT, kanti, rogorc saxelmwifos 

warmoSobaze mis SexedulebaTa mimoxilvisas vixileT, 

swored sazogadoebrivi nebis abstraqtul uzenaesobamde 

dadis. kanti mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad Tvlis imas, 

romelic umartivesia da amis mixedviT, rogorc SeniSnavda 

SerSeneviCi, demokratia yvelaze uaryofiTad misaCnevi iqneboda, 

radgan is mmarTvelobis urTulesi formaa98 . sxva 

sityvebiT, saerTosazogadoebrivi nebis kantiseuli uzenaesoba 

demokratiis dasasabuTeblad gamousadegaria. 

kantis Tanaxmad, xalxma morCilad unda dauqvemdebaros 

Tavisi moqmedebebi moqmed sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi gamoxa- 

97 i. WavWavaZe, Txz. sr. krebuli, t. 4, 1987, gv. 333. 

98 ix. SerSeneviCis dasax. naSromi, gv. 329. 

58


tul moTxovnebs, miuxedavad sazogadoebriv nebasTan maTi 

Sinaarsis Sesabamisobis „subieqturad“ gansazRvruli xarisxisa, 

anu saxelmwifo, yalibdeba ra saerTo nebis safu- 

Zvelze, Tavadve „azustebs“ SemdgomSi mis Sinaarss99 . amitom 

aq saerTo nebisa da interesis urTierToba, zemomiTi- 

Tebuli gagebiT, saerTod kargavs Tavis aqtualobas100 . 

konkretulad ki, kantis gansaxilveli TvalTaxedvis 

Sesabamisad, faqtobrivad uariyofa xelisuflebis pasuxismgebloba 

sazogadoebis winaSe, misi abstraqtuli gansaz- 

Rvrulobis gamo. xolo aseT viTarebaSi gaurkveveli rCeba, 

Tavis mxriv, isic, Tu ra azrs iZens xelisuflebis Camoyalibebis 

demokratiul sawyisebze dafuZneba, saerTod, vinaidan 

ukanaskneli momentis konkretulobis wyaro verasodes 

iqneba zemoxsenebuli pirveli faqtoris abstraqtuloba. 

amis sapirispirod, mocemul komponentTa erTianoba 

sruli TavisTavadobaa iliaseuli xedvis farglebSi. sxvagvarad 

rom vTqvaT, kanonis winaSe pasuxismgebloba xalxis 

winaSe pasuxismgeblobas niSnavs da es miuxedavad imisa, 

saqme Seexeba TviT xelisuflebas Tu calkeul moqalaqes; 

xalxis pasuxismgebloba kanonis winaSe ki mxolod sakuTari 

Tavis winaSe pasuxismgeblobaa da amis umTavres samarTlebriv-politikur 

safuZvels swored saerTo nebisagan saerTo 

interesis ganuyofloba Seadgens. 

99 ix. kantis dasax. naSromi, gv. 203. 

100 bevrad ufro radikaluria am mimarTebiT sxva germaneli filo- 

sofosis, f. nicSes, TvalTaxedva, romelic lakoniurad gamoxa- 

tavs Tavis damokidebulebas gansaxilveli problemisadmi: „sazo- 

gadoebrivi neba kerZo sizarmaceTa jamia“ (Ф. Ницше, Сочинения, 

Москва, 1990, т. 1, стр. 452). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT TviT adamianis nic- 

Seseul aRqmas (ix. E. M. Cioran, Œuvres, Paris, 1995, p. 1762), naTeli unda 

iyos, rom mocemuli problemis sxvagvari interpretireba mis fi- 

losofiaSi verc miiRweva. 

59


§ 4. 3. hegeli. platoni 

saerTo interesis saerTosazogadoebrivi nebisadmi Se- 

sabamisobas gadaWriT uaryofs hegeli. hegelis mixedviT, 

saxelmwifo, rogorc sazogadoebrivi nebis ganmxorcielebeli 

meqanizmi, warmomadgenlobis principze agebuli sakanonmdeblo 

xelisufleba socialurad sazianoa. 

hegeli miiCnevs, rom xalxis warmomadgenlebma ar ician, 

Tu ra emsaxureba WeSmaritad mis interesebs anu „xalxma 

TviTon ar icis, Tu ra unda mas“ 101 . amrigad, saxalxo warmomadgenlobis 

mizani erTTavad miuRweveli rCeba102 . saxelmwifo 

saqmeebs unda ganagebdnen mxolod „Rrmad kompetenturi“, 

yvela Sesabamisi Tvisebis matarebeli saxelmwifo 

moxeleebi, rac saxelmwifos marTvas gacilebiT ufro 

martivsa da efeqturs Seqmnida103 . magram amasTanave, hegeli 

momxrea saxalxo warmomadgenlobis iseTi formisa, romelic 

dayvanilia orpalatiani parlamentis qveda palataSi 

xalxis nebisa da gasaWiris warmoCenamde104 . amgvarad is, 

rogorc monarqizmis ganuxreli mimdevari, uaryofs saxelmwifos 

warmarTvaSi xalxis gadamwyveti sityvis uflebas. 

magram imiT, rom hegeli utovebs mas SesaZleblobas Tavisi 

neba da misTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebi TviTonve warmoadginos, 

is vardeba winaaRmdegobaSi: ase hegeli Tavdauneburad 

aRiarebs, rom xalxs Turme scodnia, Tu ra unda mas. 

garda amisa, rodesac hegeli wodebrivi niSnis mixedviT 

gansazRvravs zeda palatis Semadgenlobas, is arRvevs mis 

mierve postulirebul princips imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwi- 

101 ix. SerSeneviCis dasax. naSromi, gv. 579. 

102 iqve. 

103 iqve. 

104 ix.GG. F. W. Hegel, Philosophie des Rechts, Werke, Berlin, 1968, Bd. VIII, § 300. 

60


fo unda warimarTebodes mxolod da mxolod uaRresad 

kompetentur pirTa mier, rameTu wodebrivoba kompetenturobas 

jer kidev ar niSnavs da Tu niSnavs, mxolod aSkarad 

„tendenciurs“. 

miuxedavad zemogamoyofili winaaRmdegobebisa, hegelis 

pozicia aq savsebiT garkveviT aris gamokveTili: is cdilobs 

daasabuTos xalxis miuwvdomloba saTanado politikuri 

gezis SerCevisadmi da zRudavs upiratesad demokratias 

monarqizmiT, vidre piriqiT. 

amave dros, hegeli sabolood mxolod aRmasrulebeli 

xelisuflebis Sedgenas moiTxovs „gamocdil“ moxeleTagan, 

rasac magaliTad, ver vityviT platonze, rameTu mis- 

Tvis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis aqtualuri institucionaluri 

dayofa arsebiTad ucxoa. „kacobrioba, – aRniSnavs 

platoni, – veranairad daixsnis Tavs Tavisi gasaWirisagan 

manam, vidre namdvili, WeSmariti filosofosebi ar daeuflon 

saxelmwifo Zalauflebas105 an politikuri mmarTvelebi, 

RvTis wyalobiT, namdvil filosofosebad ar iqcnen“ 

106/107 . amdenad, aSkaraa, rom platoni sruliad gamoricxavs 

politikur saqmianobaSi sazogadoebrivi nebis qmedi- 

Tobasac, vinaidan aqac saerTo neba da inetresi sayovel- 

TaoobisaTvis ucxo politikuri „gamWriaxobis“ principiT 

105 amave Tvalsazriss iziarebs sokratec. a. fuies mixedviT, „pla- 

tonisa da sokrates moZRvreba gonier suverenze sxva araferia, 

Tu ara ideali“, anu „maT aviwydebaT, rom CvenTvis gonieri suve- 

reni arasodes yofila sxva ram, garda ideisa, romlis sinamdvi- 

lec ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes mecnierebis sagans“ (Fouillée, La li- 

berté et le déterminisme, p. 322). ix. helveciusis miT ufro radikaluri 

TvalTaxedvac mocemul konteqstSi: Helvétius, De l’esprit, Paris, 1968, p. 

145, 147. 

106 Platon, Briefe, Leipzig, 1912, 7. Brief, 325E-326B. 

107 ix. agreTve la metris Sedarebebi filosofosebsa da politi- 

kosebs Soris: La Mettrie, Textes choisis, Paris, 1974, p. 54-56. 

61


aris gaSualebuli. Sesabamisad, platonis mixedviT, kano- 

nic „imitom unda iyos morCilebis Rirsi, rom is gonivrulia, 

ara ubralod imis gamo, rom is kanonia“ 108 . 

§ 4. 4. hobzi 

Zireulad gansxvavdeba gansaxilvel konteqstSi i. Wav- 

WavaZis TvalTaxedva hobzis Sexedulebebisaganac. uwinares 

yovlisa, aq mniSvnelovania imis gamoyofa, rom hobzi saxelmwifos 

mxolod sam formas scnobs – monarqias, demokratiasa 

da aristokratias, xolo oligarqiasa da tiranias, 

is, aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT109 , ganmartavs rogorc 

monarqiisa da aristokratiis nairsaxeobas. gamowvlilviT 

ganixilavs ra am samive formas, hobzi upiratesobas 

erTmniSvnelovnad monarqiul wyobilebas aniWebs. 

amasTanave, is, saxelmwifos mowyobis TvalsazrisiT, samarTlianobis 

kriteriumiT ar xelmZRvanelobs, aramed saxelmwifos 

samive formas imisda mixedviT gansazRvravs, Tu 

raoden gamosadegia is „saboloo miznis“ anu mSvidobisa 

da usafrTxoebis misaRwevad da razom amarTlebs is am Tavis 

pirvelad daniSnulebas: „gansxvaveba saxelmwifos am 

sam saxes Soris Zalauflebis gansxvavebaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, 

aramed gamosadegobis gansxvavebaSi anu TiToeuli 

maTganis unarSi, ganaxorcielon is mizani, romlisTvisac 

isini Seqmnilia, saxeldobr ki mSvidobis damyareba da 

xalxis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa“ 110 . erTi SexedviT, aqtualuri 

mizani TavisdavaTad veraferi sabuTia saerTosazogadoebrivi 

nebis prioritetulobisa da masze dafuZ- 

108 ix. D. J. Melling, Understanding Plato, Oxford, 1987, p. 162. 

109 ix. Tavi III, §2. 

110 hobzis dasax. naSromi, t. 2, gv. 145. 

62


nebuli warmomadgenlobiTobis uarsayofad. magram hobzi 

amas sxvagvarad xedavs. TavidaTav mizezad, romelic misi 

azriT, TvalsaCino argumentia demokratiis mimarT monarqiuli 

mmarTvelobis upiratesobisa, mas swored mSvidobasa 

da usafrTxoebaze zrunva esaxeba: „monarqi ver moeqceva 

sakuTar TavTan uTanxmoebaSi Surisa Tu mikerZoebis motiviT, 

kreba ki SeiZleba moeqces, Tanac ise mZafrad, rom saqme 

samoqalaqo omamde midges“ 111/112 . magram amgvarad gauTvaliswinebeli 

rCeba is, rom saerTo nebis damorCileba, monarqis 

nebasTan misi Seusabamobis SemTxvevaSi, bevrad ufro 

rTuli amocanaa mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis „Sesanar- 

Cuneblad“, vidre gaxleCili saerTo nebis gamTlianeba. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, TvalsaCinoa, 

rom hobzTan saerTo interesis dakmayofilebas samarTlebriv-politikurad 

araferi SeiZleba akavSirebdes saerTo 

nebis ganxorcielebasTan. magram SevexoT hobzis mier motanili 

argumentis arsebiT mxares. 

saerTo neba, marTalia, iSviaTad warmoadgens individualur 

nebaTa meqanikur jams, aramed miiReba am ukanasknel- 

Ta Sesabamisi urTierTSezRudvis Sedegad, miuxedavad imisa 

saqme gvaqvs demokratiul mmarTvelobasTan Tu ara, mxolod 

im gansxvavebiT, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs 

individualur nebaTa urTierTSezRudulobis mkacr proporciulobas. 

aqtualuri TvalsazrisiT ki, mxolod imis 

paraleluri konstatireba SeiZleba, rom sajaro interesi 

111 iqve, gv. 197. 

112 anu „inglisis ubedurebebs, romlebsac hobzi demokratias mia- 

werda, ganamtkicebdnen mas am azrSi. mas sjeroda, rom mmarTve- 

lis SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba absoluturad aucilebeli iyo sa- 

xelmwifoSi mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad“ (Condillac, Œuvres complètes, 

Tome XX, p. 503). 

63


individualur anu kerZo interesTa maqsimalurad momcveli 

kategoria ar aris. es pirveli am ukanasknelTa urTierTgadakveTis 

Sedegia. magram rac umTavresia, ra drosac 

individualuri nebis saerTo nebasTan Tu individualuri 

interesis saerTo interesTan disonansuroba udavod wesia, 

saerTo nebisa da saerTo interesis disonansuroba SesaZloa 

Seadgendes davis sagans mxolod rogorc gamonaklisi. 

swored gamonaklisze agebuli debuleba aris is erTaderTi, 

raze dayrdnobiTac hobzi demokratiis winaSe avtokratiuli 

monarqiis upiratesobaSi cdilobs dagvarwmunos. 

§ 4. 5. fixte 

kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs Tavdapirvelad xalxis nebis 

Sesabamisobas missave interesebTan i. g. fixtec. exeba 

ra sazogadoebrivi yofis revoluciur gardaqmnas, is aSkarad 

meryeobs: „revoluciis Sefasebisas…ori sakiTxis gamoyofa 

SeiZleba, erTi – misi marTlzomierebis da meorec – 

misi sibrZnis Sesaxeb. pirvelTan mimarTebaSi sakiTxavia 

zogadad Semdegi: aqvs ki xalxs, saerTod, imis ufleba, 

rom saxelmwifos konstitucia TviTneburad Secvalos? – 

an gansakuTrebiT: aqvs mas ufleba, ganaxorcielos es gansazRvruli 

saxiT, gansazRvruli pirovnebebisa da saSualebebis 

meSveobiT, gansazRvruli principebis Sesabamisad? 

meore ki mxolod amaze migviTiTebs: aris ki dasaxuli miznis 

misaRwevad SerCeuli xerxebi yvelaze ufro saTanado?..“ 

113 es, cxadia, ar unda aRviqvaT ise, TiTqos fixte 

demokratiis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebdes, misi Sexedulebebi sayovelTaod 

cnobilia. magram mocemul SemTxvevaSi sagu- 

113 J. G. Fichte, Ruf zur Tat, Berlin, 1956, S.75. 

64


lisxmoa TviT sakiTxis dayeneba – SeuZlia Tu ara xalxs 

ganWvritos, ra qmedebebs mohyveba misTvis sasurveli cvlileba 

da ras misi interesebisaTvis saziano efeqti? 

fixte Tumc miiCnevs, rom xalxi SesaZloa Secdes ama 

Tu im gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, magram es, misive TqmiT, 

sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis, rom mas aRekveTos Tavisi bedis 

damoukideblad gansazRvra, CamoerTvas sakuTari mermisis 

Semoqmedebis ufleba. amrigad, Tavisuflebis sasargeblod 

arCevanis TvalsazrisiT, fixtes TvalTaxedva arsebiTad 

emTxveva ilias aqtualur naazrevsac. 

amave dros, rodesac fixte aRniSnavs, rom Tu xalxi 

mcdar politikur arCevans akeTebs, es mxolod masve vnebs 

da sxvas araviso, ibadeba kiTxva: xom ar aris aq saxeze demokratiuli 

mmarTvelobis, misi realurad SesaZlo saxis 

garkveulwilad „gadaWarbebuli“ idealizeba? vfiqrobT, es 

ase sulac ar aris, magram imavdroulad mocemuli problema 

dResac moklebulia saTanado yuradRebas, risi gaSuqebac 

momdevno Tavis ZiriTadi mizania. 

§ 4. 6. ruso 

rusos koncefcia gansaxilvel konteqstSi bevrad ufro 

axloa problemis zemoganxilul hegeliseul xedvas- 

Tan, vidre i. WavWavaZis SexedulebebTan, rameTu rusoc, 

msgavsad germaneli filosofosisa, Tumc sxvagvari SeferilobiT 

da cxadia, masze mniSvnelovnad adre, skeptikurad 

uyurebs saerTo nebisa da interesis TviT xalxis mier SesabamisobaSi 

moyvanis SesaZleblobas. „brZnebi, – SeniSnavs 

ruso, – romlebsac surT elaparakon xalxs sakuTari da 

ara maTive eniT, ver miaRweven amaSi mosmenas. magram aTasgvaria 

is ideebi, romelTa gadatanac xalxis enaze SeuZle- 

65


belia. Sexedulebebi erTob zogadi da problemebi erTob 

ganSorebuli Tanabrad aris misTvis xelmiuwvdomeli: Ti- 

Toeuli individi, ar moswons ra xelisuflebis sxvagvari 

gegma, garda imisa, rac missave partikularul interess 

esatyviseba, Znelad Tu Caswvdeba upiratesobebs, romlebi- 

Tac man unda isargeblos misTvis im mudmivi SezRudulobebidan, 

romlebsac kargi kanonebi aweseben“ 114 . 

amasTanave, rusos Tanaxmad, es swored demokratiaa, 

romlis pirobebSic „moqalaqe unda ikrebdes Zalasa da 

mdgradobas da eubnebodes sakuTar Tavs gulis siRrmidan 

Tavisi cxovrebis yovelive dRes...: Malo periculosam libertatem 

quam quietum servitium (Tavisuflebis safrTxe mirCevnia msaxurobis 

simSvides)“ 115 . iseve rogorc i. WavWavaZe, ruso aq 

mainc swored pirvel alternativas aniWebs upiratesobas, 

magram gansxvavebiT iliaseuli msoflmxedvelobisagan, ara 

erTmniSvnelovnad, ufro zustad ki, wminda pirobiTad – 

rusosTan demokratiis mizani ganuxorcielebelia: „rom arsebobdes 

xalxi RvTisagan, is Tavs demokratiulad marTavda. 

xelisufleba esoden srulyofili adamianebs ar esadageba“ 

116 . gamosavals frangi filosofosi monarqizmis mizanTa 

„realurobaSi“ eZiebs117 . 

§ 4. 7. didro 

kerZo neba, didros mixedviT, „saeWvoa“, radgan „is SeiZleba 

iyos keTilismyofeli an TvalTmaqcuri; magram saer- 

To neba mudam keTilismyofelia: is arasodes cruobda da 

114 Rousseau, Du contrat social, p. 99. 

115 iqve, gv. 129. 

116 iqve. 

117 Sdr. rusos Sexedulebebi monarqiaze: iqve, gv. 132-139. 

66


arc arasodes icruebs“ 118 . saerTo nebis uzenaesoba, Tavis 

mxriv, aq ganuyofelia adamianis „bunebriv uflebasTan“ 119 

iyos Tavisufali, rasac erTmniSvnelovnad gaesmis xazi didros 

koncefciaSi politikuri Zalauflebis Sesaxeb: „arc 

erT adamians ar miuRia bunebisagan ufleba mbrZaneblobdes 

sxvebze. Tavisufleba zeciT naboZebia da TiToeul individs 

aqvs ufleba flobdes mas, iseve rogorc flobs 

gonebas. Tu bunebam daawesa gansazRvruli Zalaufleba, es 

mxolod paternaluri avtoritetia... yvela sxva Zalauflebis 

dasabami bunebis farglebs scildeba“ 120 . xolo is, rom 

politikuri Zalaufleba TviT saerTo nebis Semoqmedebis 

nayofia, didros mixedviTac jer sulac ar niSnavs saerTo 

nebisa da interesis upirobo erTianobas, rameTu xalxis 

SeTanxmebidan momdinare Zalaufleba „gulisxmobs uciloblad 

pirobebs, romlebic misi gamoyenebis legitimurobas 

uzrunvelyofs, sazogadoebisaTvis gamosadegs, respublikisaTvis 

xelsayrels, da romelic mas afiqsirebs da zRudavs 

saTanado CarCoebSi“ 121 . 

magram es mocemul SemTxvevaSi mTavari ar aris. Tavida- 

Tav moments aq saerTo nebis abstraqtuloba Seadgens, romelsac 

didro – misda uneburad – politikur sinamdviles 

upirispirebs da es miuxedavad im konteqstisa saerTod, sadac 

saqme respublikas Tu monarqiul mmarTvelobas Seexeba122 

.Aase magaliTad, „lui meTxuTmetes skiptra, – aRniS- 

118 Diderot, Textes choisis, Paris, 1953, Tome deuxième, p. 162. 

119 „bunebrivi uflebis“ didroseuli cnebisadmi zogadad ix. iqve, 

gv. 162-164; Sdr. „bunebriv uflebebze“ volteri: Œuvres complètes de 

Voltaire, Seconde partie, p. 2267-2268. 

120 didros dasax. naSromi, gv. 164. 

121 iqve, gv. 165. 

122 ix. mocemuli TvalsazrisiT evropaSi didrosaTvis Tanamedro- 

ve socialur-politikuri viTarebis Sesaxeb: Le Comte de Chambrun, 

Études politiques et littéraires, Paris, 1889, p. 272. 

67


navs didro, – uTuod gadava mis ufros vaJiSvilze da ar 

arsebobs Zalaufleba, romelic SesZlebda amis Seferxebas: 

arc xalxis, radgan es xelSekrulebis pirobaa, – arc misive 

mamis, imave mizezis gamo“ 123 . amrigad, gansxvaveba aq rusosa 

da didros TvalTaxedvas Soris zogadadac, anu ara 

mxolod iliaseul xedvasTan mimarTebaSi, moklebulia arsebiTobas, 

radgan orTave mxriv saerTo nebaze swored 

xelSekrulebis Teoriis farglebSi warimarTeba msjeloba. 

aqve Zevs saerTo nebisa da interesis urTierTmimarTebis 

qvakuTxedi mocemul SemTxvevaSi: „xelSekruleba“ Tavisi 

arsiT ucvlelia, aseve ucvlelia is saerTo neba da interesi, 

romelic mas safuZvlad daedo, magram neba, interesisagan 

gansxvavebiT, politikuri sinamdvilis gadasaxedidan 

abstraqtificirebis SesaZleblobas mciderac ki ar tovebs, 

rac imis momaswavebelia, rom abstraqciad qceul saerTo 

interesTan xalxis neba yovelTvis SesaZloa moeqces 

winaaRmdegobaSi da xelSekrulebis Teoriis mixedviT, rusoseuli 

Tu didroseuli gagebiT Tanabrad, aq arCevani yovelTvis 

swored pirveli momentis sasargeblod gakeTdeba. 

„sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba“, rogorc politikuri 

Zalauflebis safuZveli, Tumc ar eqvemdebareba cvalebadobas, 

magram imavdroulad is arc maradiulia: „am paqtis 

pirobebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi sxvadasxvagvaria. magram 

yvelgan xalxs xelewifeba, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, Seinar- 

Cunos xelSekruleba, romelic man Seimoqmeda; araviTar Zalauflebas 

ar Seswevs unari misi Secvlisa; da rodesac 

mas ukve ar rCeba adgili, xalxi iyenebs uflebas da srul 

Tavisuflebas miaRwios axal SeTanxmebas, romelic misTvis 

sasurvelia. es aris is, rac SeiZleboda momxdariyo sa- 

123 Diderot, Textes choisis, Tome deuxième, p. 165-166. 

68


frangeTSi, yvelaze didi ubedurebiT rom mTeli mmarTveli 

ojaxi gamqraliyo...; maSin samefo kverTxi da gvirgvini 

xalxs daubrundeboda“ 124 . amisda kvalad, Tu rodis ar rCeba 

xalxis mier sazogadoebis politikurad organizebis 

SeTanxmebas adgili, sulac ar aris damokidebuli TviT 

xalxis nebaze, riTac kidev erTxel gaesmis xazi ukeTes 

SemTxvevaSi abstraqtulad gagebuli interesis uzenaesobas 

nebaze. amiT ki didro arsebiTad imasve ubrundeba, ris 

winaaRmdegac, rogorc zemoT vixileT, Tavadve ilaSqrebda, 

anu amgvarad, rodesac realurad konkretizebadi saerTo 

neba veranair zegavlenas ver axdens ukve moqmedi „xelSekrulebis“ 

Sinaarsze, is, Tu ra gansazRvravs politikuri 

Zalauflebis xasiaTs – buneba Tu TviT am „paqtSi“ gamoxatuli 

„SeTanxmeba“ 125 – sruliad umniSvneloa. ufro metic, 

mocemuli winaaRmdegobriobis farglebSi, didros mixedviT, 

swored is aris „dRegrZeli, rac esatyviseba bunebas, 

romelsac arasodes aviwydeba Tavisi uflebebis Sesaxeb“ 126 . 

§ 4. 8. paskali. volteri 

aseve ganyenebulad gagebul interess eqvemdebareba saerTo 

neba paskalis filosofiuri naazrevis farglebSic, 

romelic Tavis gamovlinebas samarTlianobis problemis 

magaliTze povebs. paskalis Tanaxmad, „saSiSia eubnebode 

xalxs, rom kanonebi ar aris samarTliani; radgan is emor- 

Cileba mxolod imas, ris warmomavlobis samarTlianobis 

124 iqve, gv. 166. 

125 an sulac „RvTaebrivi neba“ paskaliseuli (ix. Pascal, Pensées, 

p. 394-395) Tu kidev ufro Sors mimavali m. Janfroiseuli (ix. 

H. Taine, Les philosophes classiques du XIX e siècle en France, Paris, 1882, p. 216) ga- 

gebiT. 

126 Дидрo, Coчинeния, Мocквa, 1991, т. 2, cтр. 478. 

69


swams. amis gamo aris, rom mas imavdroulad unda mimarTo, 

rom aucilebelia daemorCilos, radgan es kanonebia, rogorc 

unda daemorCilo zemdgomT, ara imitom, rom isini 

samarTlianni arian, aramed imitom, rom arian zemdgomni. es 

aris mTeli is acilebuli mRelvareba, Tu amis gasagebad 

gardaqmna xerxdeba; es aris uTuod samarTlianobis gansazRvrebac“ 

127 . am Tvalsazriss paskali, marTalia, ar mimar- 

Tavs TviT xalxis suverenitetis, rogorc aseTis, winaaRmdeg, 

aramed cdilobs gamonaxos sayovelTao interesisadmi 

saerTo nebis daqvemdebarebis SesaZlebloba, magram swored 

amis gamo, – anu saerTo nebisa da interesis paralelurobis 

uaryofiT, – is mudam mxolod araerTazrovania. 

msgavsi Tvalsazrisia amosavali volterTanac da es 

mis filosofiaSi araerTgan povebs Tavis gamoxatulebas. 

konkretulad ki, volteris mixedviT, saxelmwifo saqmeebis 

warmarTva da amdenad, saerTo nebisa da interesis Tanxvedrac 

araviTar sirTules ar ukavSirdeba iq, sadac xalxs 

„saerTo azri“ („le sens commun“) aqvs, magram rodesac saqme 

gvaqvs „umecrebTan“, „arasocializebad“ qveSevrdomebTan, 

viTareba Zireulad icvleba128 , risgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc 

wemowarmodgenili Sedarebebidan Cans, i. WavWavaZe 

arasodes hyofs xalxs samarTlebriv-politikurad umecar 

da gonier individebad – arc zogadad da arc erTi da imave 

sazogadoebis farglebSi. 

127 Pascal, Pensées sur la religion et sur quelques autres sujets, Paris, 1913, p. 283. 

128 Œuvres complètes de Voltaire, Seconde partie, p. 1548. 

70

Tavi III 

demokratiis arsi 

1. samarTlebrivi Tanasworoba 

§ 1. 1. umravlesobis principi 

erTi SexedviT, demokratiis eTimologiuri mniSvnelo- 

ba sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba misi samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobisagan, 

rodesac saqme mis konkretul funqcionalur 

aspeqts Seexeba, e. i. Tu eTimologiurad demokratia xalxis 

batonobaa, konkretul-samarTlebrivad is mxolod 

xalxis umetesi nawilis neba-survilis ganxorcielebadac 

SesaZloa warmogvidges: saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Camoyalibebis 

demokratiul sawyisebze dafuZneba Tumc iTvaliswinebs 

mTeli sazogadoebis monawileobas am procesSi129 , 

yalibdeba ki is ara mTeli sazogadoebis, aramed misi umravlesobis 

nebaze dayrdnobiT; mxolod im TaviseburebiT, 

rom mocemuli sawyisebi yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi gvevlineba 

winaswar ganusazRvreli, ama Tu im socialuri niSniT 

dauwinaurebeli umravlesobis politikuri nebis dawinaurebis 

garantad umciresobis politikur nebasTan mimar- 

TebaSi. 

amitom, zemomiTiTebuli fixteseuli Sexedulebis konkretizebis 

TvalsazrisiT, Tu amgvarad miRebulma gadawyvetilebam 

dadebiTi nayofi ver gamoiRo, is „vnebs“ ara 

129 cxadia, saTanado gamonaklisebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 

71

Tavi III demokratiis arsi 

mxolod maT, vinc es gadawyvetileba miiRo, aramed imave 

zomiT maTac, vinc mocemuli arCevani uaryo. amave dros, 

ueWvelia, rom demokratiis samarTlebrivi arsis warmosa- 

Cenad mcdari iqneboda mocemuli viwrofunqcionaluri 

TvalsazrisiT Semofarglva anu mocemuli Tvalsazrisis 

gadametebuli aqcentireba. 

marTalia, moqalaqeebi aq Tanasworni arian mxolod politikuri 

nebis gamovlenaSi da Tanasworoba qarvdeba iq, 

sadac saqme am nebis praqtikul xorcSesxmaze unda midges, 

radgan praqtikulad yovelis neba mxedvelobaSi rodi mii- 

Reba, aramed sruldeba sazogadoebis wevrTa mxolod im 

nawilis neba-survili, romelic Seadgens umravlesobas, 

magram umravlesobis nebis dominireba, raoden realuric 

ar unda iyos is Tavis konkretul gamoxatulebaSi, saboloo 

jamSi metad pirobiTi, SeiZleba iTqvas, moCvenebiTi 

dominirebaa, vinaidan TviT umravlesobis principi Tavis 

dasabams saerTo nebaSi iRebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, umravlesobis 

nebis konkretul-samarTlebriv uzenaesobas, 

samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis pirobebSi, xalxis WeSmaritad 

saerTo anu erTiani neba udevs safuZvlad130 . amitomac 

aq umciresobac verc verasodes daiCivlebs Tavisi nebis 

uaryofasa da umravlesobis gadawyvetilebidan ama Tu im 

SemTxvevaSi warmomdgar negatiur Sedegebze. 

§ 1. 2. aristotele 

samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis mniSvnelobisagan mowyvetiT131 

anu martooden umravlesobis principze dayrdnobiT 

130 Sdr. SerSeneviCis dasax. naSromi, gv. 583. 

131 igulisxmeba Tanasworoba TviT samarTlis subieqtebs Soris 

da ara zogadad monaTmflobeluri demokratiisas, romelsac war- 

72

§ 1. samarTlebrivi Tanasworoba 

gangvimartavs demokratias aristotele. ganasxvavebs ra 

erTmaneTisagan demokratiasa da oligarqias, is aRniSnavs: 

„demokratiad misaCnevia iseTi wyobileba, rodesac Tavisuflad 

Sobilni da upovarni, Seadgenen ra umravlesobas, 

floben uzenaes Zalauflebas, oligarqiad ki – iseTi, romlis 

drosac Zalaufleba xelT mdidrebsa da keTilSobiluri 

warmomavlobis adamianebs upyriaT, romlebic umciresobas 

Seadgenen“ 132 . amrigad, gansxvaveba am or samarTlebriv 

sistemas Soris, aristoteles mixedviT, wminda 

kvantitatur xasiaTs atarebs; aristotele ar icnobs maT 

Soris kvalitatur gansxvavebas, radganac mas demokratiis 

arsi umravlesobisadmi umciresobis damorCilebamde dahyavs. 

ukeT rom vTqvaT, aristotelesTan demokratiuli wyobilebac 

da oligarqiac erTi da imave birTvis anu socialur-politikuri 

batonobis garSemo brunavs, mxolod 

sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom aristotele demokratiis arss 

mis zedapirze eZiebs, is saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis yvela 

sxva formasTan SedarebiT swored demokratias aniWebs 

upiratesobas, gamohyofs ra mas saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis 

iseT saxed, romelic tiraniisa da oligarqiisagan gansxvavebiT, 

„yvelaze ufro zomierad ixreba sisworidan“ 133 . 

mizezi ki, romelic aristotelesTan demokratias, saer- 

Tod, „sisworidan xris“, swored samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis 

principTan misi (demokratiis) mimarTebis Seucnoblobaa, 

rameTu aseT SemTxvevaSi uxilavi rCeba, rom demokratiis 

arsi Sors aris umciresobaze umravlesobis poli- 

mogvidgens aristotele, monebTan mimarTebaSi samarTlis subieq- 

tobis uaryofis probelma. 

132 Аристотель, Сочинения, т. 4, стр. 492. 

133 ix. iqve, gv. 489. 

73


tikuri batonobisagan, aramed ZiriTad datvirTvas indivi- 

disa da sazogadoebis urTierToba iZens 134 . 

§ 1. 3. hegeli 

hegelis filosofia zogadad, rogorc cnobilia, Tavis 

dasabams aristoteles SexedulebaTa ganviTarebaSi iRebs 

da gansaxilveli problemac amis erT-eTri TvalsaCino magaliTia. 

yuradRebas aq ZiriTadad Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis 

hegeliseuli korelacia ipyrobs. 

uwinares yovlisa, hegeli CvenTvis aqtualur konteqst- 

Si imis aqcentirebas cdilobs, rom saxelmwifos saqmeebSi 

monawileobis Tanabari SesaZlebloba gamoxatavs moqalaqeTa 

Tanasworobas kanonis winaSe da ara Tanasworobas saerTod. 

TvalnaTliv ikveTeba mocemuli aqcentis hegeliseuli 

Sinaarsi mis Semdeg SexedulebaSi: „Tavisufleba da 

Tanasworoba martivi kategoriebia, romlebSic xSirad SeujamebiaT 

xolme is, rac konstituciis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli, 

misi saboloo mizani da Sedegi unda iyos. ramdenadac 

es marTlac asea, imdenadve xsenebuli gansazRvrulobebi 

xarveziania, upirvelesad, im mxriv, rom savsebiT abstraqtulia; 

Tu am abstraqtulobis formaSi davtoveT, ma- 

Sin eseni swored gveqcevian, ris gamoisobiTac sulac ver 

aRmocendeba an nadgurdeba konkretuli, – saxelmwifos danawevreba, 

anu konstitucia, da marTva. saxelmwifosTan er- 

Tad Cndeba uTanasworobac – mmarTvel xelisufalTa da 

marTulTa gansxvaveba, ufrosTa, moxeleTa, ganmgebel dawesebulebaTa 

da sxva amgvarTa urTierTgarCeva. Tanasworo- 

134 ix. agreTve montenTan „bunebrivi Tanasworobis“ Sesaxeb „for- 

maluri uTanasworobis“ gverdiT: Montaigne, Essais, Paris, 1826, p. 250. 

74


bis Tanmimdevruli principi uaryofs yovelsave gansxvave- 

bas da miT aRkveTs saxelmwifoebrivi mdgomareobis yvela 

saxeobis gaCenas“ 135 . yovelive es ki, aqtualuri TvalsazrisiT, 

niSnavs, rom samarTlebrivi Tanasworoba, e. i. Tanasworoba 

kanonis winaSe, rodesac yvelas Tanabari uflebebi 

aqvs da Tanabari movaleobebi akisria, rodesac yvela 

erTi da imave samarTaldarRvevisaTvis erTi da imave mas- 

Stabis Sesabamisad agebs pasuxs da a. S., mxolod maSin moicavs 

realur socialur-politikur Tanasworobasac, Tu 

umciresobis nebas mieca SesaZlebloba (yovelgvari politikuri 

problemis gadawyvetisas) umravlesobis nebasTan 

paraleluri arsebobisa, ufro zustad ki, paraleluri qmediTobisa, 

Tu warixoca „mmarTvel xelisufalTa da mar- 

TulTa gansxvaveba“ da sxv. xolo es nebismieri saxelmwifos 

farglebSi ganuxorcielebeli ram aris, miuxedavad 

imisa, Tu ra dones aRwevs misi samarTlebrivi ganviTareba. 

amitomac Znelia SevedavoT hegels uSualod imaSi, TiTqos 

samarTlebriv Tanasworobas „Tanasworobis Tanmimdevruli 

principi“ edos safuZvlad. 

rac Seexeba Tavisuflebas, hegelis mixedviT, is „umTavresad 

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvelani monawileobdnen saxelmwifos 

saqmeebSi“ 136 . da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tanasworobis 

principis zemowarmodgenil hegeliseul interpretacias, 

miviRebT, rom amgvarad gagebuli Tavisufleba uTanasworobis 

uSualo safuZvelia, vinaidan Tanasworobis „Tanmimdevruli“ 

ganxorcieleba „saxelmwifoebrivi mdgomareobis“ 

pirobebSi saerTod SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, demokratiis 

arsic, misi ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSanTvise- 

135 hegeli, gonis filosofia, gv. 309. 

136 ix. iqve, gv. 310. 

75


bac aq Tavisuflebaze agebuli „uTanasworobaa“, ra dro- 

sac arademokratiuli wyobilebisas samarTlebriv-politiku- 

ri uTanasworoba – cxadia, kvlavac hegeliseuli gagebiT – 

saxelmwifoebriv TviTnebobas efuZneba. 

raoden rTulic ar unda iyos, erTi SexedviT, amis konstatireba, 

gansaxilvel konteqstSi hegelTan gaparuli Seusabamoba 

swored ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisis saTanado ganviTarebis 

ukmarisobaSi Zevs. iseve rogorc aristoteles- 

Tan umravlesobis principTan damokidebulebaSi samarTlebrivi 

Tanasworobis mniSvneloba gauTvaliswinebeli 

rCeba, hegeli, migviTiTebs ra „mmarTvel xelisufalTa da 

marTulTa gansxvavebaze“, ignorirebs, rom demokratiis 

dros es pirvelni am ukanasknelTa, saxelmwifo xalxis, saxelmwifoebrivi 

neba sazogadoebrivi nebis samsaxurSi dgas 

da ara piriqiT, rac arsebiTad demokratiis Tvisebrivi specifiurobisa 

da amiT samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis WeSmariti 

mniSvnelobis ignorirebas niSnavs. 

§ 1. 4. kanti. laibnici 

miakuTvnebs ra gansaxilveli problemis farglebSi sakanonmdeblo 

Zalauflebas „xalxis gaerTianebul nebas“, 

kanti Semdeg argumentacias gvTavazobs: „radganac sakanonmdeblo 

Zalauflebidan mTeli samarTali unda gamomdinareobdes, 

mas absoluturad ar unda SeeZlos Tavisi kanoniT 

aravis sazianod mopyroba. ase, Tu vinmes sxvis mimarT 

garkveuli ram amoZravebs, yovelTvis SesaZlebelia, rom am 

ukanasknels amis gamo sazianod moeqces, magram arasodes 

imaSi, rasac is Tavad sakuTar Tavze wyvets (vinaidan volenti 

non fit injuria). Sesabamisad, mxolod Tanmxvedri da gaerTiane- 

76


buli neba sazogadoebis yvela wevrisa, romlis fargleb- 

Sic TiToeuli yvelaze da yvelani TiToeulze erTsa da 

imaves adgenen, anu mxolod xalxis sayovelTao gaerTianebuli 

neba SeiZleba iyos sakanonmdeblo“ 137 . kantTan amgvarad 

demokratiuli wyobilebis pirobebSi centralur mniSvnelobas 

Tumc swored individualuri da saerTo nebis 

urTierToba iZens, magram realobisagan mowyvetiT, radgan 

sakanonmdeblo neba im saxiT, ra saxiTac mas kanti warmogvidgens, 

sinamdvileSi mxolod Teoriulad miRwevadi 

mdgomareobaa. ukeT rom vTqvaT, is demokratiis arss Cven- 

Tvis aqtualur WrilSi zogadisa da konkretulis urTierTganusxvaveblobiT, 

maT erTsa da imave sibrtyeze lokalizebiT 

gangvisazRvravs: Tanasworobis principi aq, Tavisi 

zogadobiT, umravlesobis principis, Tavis konkretulobaSi, 

SemzRudveli samarTlebrivi instrumenti ki ar 

aris, aramed am funqcionaluri kavSiris mniSvneloba saer- 

Tod ugulebelyofili rCeba. 

analogiurad gansazRvravs individisa da sazogadoebis 

urTierTmimarTebis problemas g. v. laibnicic: „me ver vxedav 

sazogadoebisa da individis uflebaTa Serigebis sxva 

xerxs: pirveli win unda eRobebodes imas, rac mas augad 

miaCnia, ukanaskneli ki Tavs ver aaridebs movaleobebs, 

romlebic masze sindisiT aris dakisrebuli“ 138 . rogorc 

vixileT, mocemuli Tvalsazrisis abstraqtul, arakonkretizebul 

proecirebas sakanonmdeblo sinamdvileze demokratiis 

arsis wminda ganyenebul aRqmamde mivyavarT, rasac 

Tavis mxriv, mcire ram aqvs saerTo demokratiis dasabuTebasTan. 

da rac umTavresia, laibnicTanac samarTlebrivi 

137 kantis dasax. naSromi, gv. 128. 

138 Г. В. Лейбниц, Сочинения, Москва, 1983, т. 2, стр. 537. 

77


realizmis aqtualuri deficiti iseve aRmoufxvreli rCeba, 

rogorc zogadad kantis filosofiaSi139 . 

§ 1. 5. samarTlebriv-politikuri realizmi 

exeba ra TviTmmarTvelobis problemis magaliTze samarTlebrivi 

Tanasworobis princips, i. WavWvavaZe amgvarad 

gadmogvcems mocemuli principis socialur-politikur azrobrivobas: 

„Cveni azri is aris, rom TviTmmarTvelobis- 

Tvis yvela wodebis kaci erTgvarad unda iyos miCneuli. 

TviTmmarTveloba erTi im ZalTagania, romelic abia warmatebis 

uRelSi da eweva sxvebTan erTad. maSasadame, gamokleba 

visime TviTmmarTvelobidam – dauZlureba Ronisa, 

warmatebisaTvis mimarTulisa. warmatebisaTvis, keTildReobisaTvis 

saWiroa, rom yovelni Zalni erobisani erTad, 

erTgvarad iyvnen midrekilni da miwveulni. TviT warmatebac, 

ganviTarebac maSin aris WeSmariti da nayofieri, roca 

yvelani erTgvarad da erT saxiT swvdebian saerTo sike- 

Tes, erTgvarad da erT saxiT gaWirvebis uRels ewevian da 

Tanasworad anawileben uflebas da movaleobas. saca es ar 

aris, maSin erTis amaRleba, erTis keTildReoba, – meoris 

damdablebazed, meoris gaRaribebazed aris xolme xSirad 

damokidebuli. uswor-masworoba erTmaneT-Soris, sxvaTa 

Soris, ujra-ujrad dayofis Sedegia; visac keTili unda, 

am ujrebs ki ar unda waumatos; rac aris, isic unda da- 

Salos, daarRvios da qars misces“ 140 . amrigad, i. WavWavaZe 

miuReblad scnobs yovelives, rac ramdenadmec ki aferxebs 

139 ix. agreTve laibnicis mier dekartiseuli „universaluri meqa- 

nizmis“ ideis ganviTarebasa da mocemuli ideis kritikaze kant- 

Tan: Fouillée, La liberté et le déterminisme, p. 340. 


78

§ 2. „uSualo demokratia“ 

da zRudavs saxelmwifo saqmeebSi moqalaqeTa paritetul 

monawileobas, rac abrkolebs amis samarTlebriv damkvidrebas; 

yvelani „Tanasworad unda inawilebdnen uflebasa 

da movaleobas“, maT Soris da umTavresad socialur-politikurs, 

radganac swored politikuri Tanabaruflebianoba 

aris sawindari nebismieri sxva saxis socialuri Tanasworobisa, 

anu imis aRkveTis safuZveli, rom „erTis amaRleba 

meoris damdablebazed“, „erTis keTildReoba meoris gaRaribebazed“ 

aigebodes. kantis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, „TiToeuli 

moqalaqe (xazgasma Cvenia – avtori) unda ganixilebodes 

ara ubralod rogorc saSualeba, aramed imavdroulad 

rogorc mizani Tavis TavSi“ 141 . 

sxva mxriv, ilia, kantisagan gansxvavebiT, sulac ar 

cdilobs samarTlebrivi Tanasworobisa da umravlesobis 

principis realisturi kategorialuri korelaciisagan abstrahirebas. 

sakanonmdeblo neba i. WavWavaZesTan umravlesobis 

politikuri nebaa142 , romelic samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis 

anu iuridiul ufleba-movaleobaTa sayovelTao 

identurobis CarCoebSi aris moqceuli. 


sapirispiro saxis gansxvavebasTan, vidre es zemowarmodgenili 

Sedarebidan gamomdinareobs, gvaqvs saqme marqsistuli 

„demokratiisa“ da i. WavWavaZis demokratiul warmodgenaTa 

urTierTmimarTebis magaliTze. amave dros, aqac 

saxezea gansxvaveba, romelsac niuansi veranairad daerqmeva. 

Tu i. WavWavaZe demokratias erTmniSvnelovnad moqala- 

141 ix. P. Gilmour, Philosophers of the Enlightenment, Edinburgh, 1989, p. 97. 

142 vrclad amis Sesaxeb: Tavi IV, § 1. 

79


qeTa Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis samsaxurSi ayenebs, marqsistebs 

am sakiTxis gadaWra bundovnad warmoesaxaT, xSirad 

isini verc ansxvavebdnen, efeqturad, erTmaneTisagan 

gansaxilvel momentebs da iqamdec ki mividnen, rom umravlesobis 

princips sul erTianad Seswires Tanasworobis 

idea. 

amas TvalnaTliv mowmobs is samarTlebrivi eqsperimenti, 

rodesac CvenSi am ideologiaze dafuZnebuli gamgeblobis 

pirveli aTwleulis manZilze moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovani 

nawili, sazogadoebis klasobrivi niSniT dayofis 

Sedegad, moklebuli rCeboda politikur uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa 

mTel rigs, kerZod ki mas (burJuazias) saxelmwifos 

warmomadgenlobiT organoebSi ekrZaleboda Tavisi 

warmomadgenlebis arCeva. ukeT rom vTqvaT, isini saerTod 

moklebuli iyvnen saarCevno uflebas. xolo iq, sadac samarTlebrivi 

Tanasworoba fexqveS gaTelilia umravlesobis 

principis sasargeblod, mocemuli gvaqvs demokratiis 

arsis ukiduresi damaxinjeba. amitomac Tamamad SeiZleba 

iTqvas, rom amis Sedegad warmomdgar proletarul „demokratias“ 

anu ufro zustad, „proletariatis diqtaturas“ 143 

araferi akavSirebs problemis iliaseul xedvasTan144 . 

rasakvirvelia, Cven ver vityviT, TiTqos i. WavWavaZe ar 

aRiarebda sazogadoebis dapirispirebul „klasebad“ dayofis 

faqtsa Tu am socialuri dapirispirebis sirTules, 

magram is, marqsizmisagan gansxvavebiT, „mxareTa Seurigeblobas“ 

rodi gansazRvravs amosaval debulebad, aramed 

143 rogorc amis gamoyofas TviT es ideologia da masze dafuZne- 

buli xelisuflebac ar erideboda. 

144 ufro metic, zemogamoyofili momentis gaTvaliswinebiT, aSka- 

raa, rom marqsistTa proletaruli demokratia samarTlebriv-po- 

litikurad didad arafriT gansxvavdeba platonisa Tu aristote- 

les monaTmflobeluri demokratiisagan. 

80


iRwvis maTi mSvidobiani TanaarsebobisaTvis, cdilobs da- 

saxos erTiani demokratiuli saxelmwifosaken mimavali 

gzebi, sadac „yvelani Tanasworad anawileben uflebasa da 

movaleobas“ 145 . 

miT ufro aRrmavebs CvenTvis aqtualur disonans sxva 

aranakleb sagulisxmo garemoebac. saqme exeba saxelmwifo 

xelisuflebis danawilebis problemas. rogorc qvemoT vixilavT, 

i. WavWavaZem, TviTmmarTvelobis problemis farglebSi, 

SeimuSava metad originaluri proeqti xelisuflebis 

calkeul ganStoebaTa Camoyalibebisa da maTi efeqturi 

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi suverenulobis Sesaxeb, rac 

Tavis mxriv, SesaZlebels qmnis zogadad xelisuflebis danawilebis 

tradiciuli Teoriis srulyofas. xolo rac Seexeba 

marqsistebs, isini ara mxolod ar zrunavdnen mocemuli 

Teoriis ganviTarebisaTvis, aramed miakuTvnebdnen mas 

„aramecnierul“, „reaqciul“ mimdinareobebs da Tvlidnen, 

rom xelisufleba ganuyofelia da ekuTvnis xalxs. es 

mtkiceba ki winaaRmdegobrivia da totalitarizmis aSkara 

gamovlinebasac Seicavs, radgan Tu xelisufleba ganuyofelia, 

is SeuZlebelia „ekuTvnodes xalxs“: msgavs pirobebSi 

saxelmwifo sneuldeba biurokratizmiT, is verc uzrunvelyofs 

moqalaqeTa interesebis dacvas da arc aris amaSi 

dainteresebuli. 

radgan, amasTanave, i. WavWavaZe „sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis 

winsvlisa da warmatebisaTvis universalur mniSvnelobas 

swored samarTals aniWebs“ 146 , aseve Sors aris demokratiis 

iliaseuli modelisagan marqsizmis praqtikulad 

ganuxorcielebeli naxevri, romelic mocemuli do- 

145 ix. sq. 140. 

146 o. gamyreliZis dasax. naSromi, gv. 5. 

81


qtrinis umTavresi mxarea: marqsizmis TavidaTav mizans 

„uSualo“, „sazogadoebrivi“ demokratia anu yovelgvari 

saxelmwifoebriobis da maT Soris, saxelmwifoebrivi demokratiis 

uaryofac Seadgens. mocemuli primitivizmi, uwinares 

yovlisa, obieqturad saerTod ganuxorcielebelia, 

garda im gamonaklisi SemTxvevisa, sadac saqme gvaqvs mikrosocialur 

warmonaqmnebTan, romelTa farglebSic specializebul 

urTierTobaTa speqtri da sirTulis xarisxi 

maqsimalurad martivdeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, marqsizmis 

uSualo „demokratiis“ praqtikuli xorcSesxma arsebiTad 

yovelgvari makrosocialurobis daSlas moaswavebs 

da amiT kacobriobas usasrulo regresis ufskrulisaken 

ubiZgebs. 

konkretuli fundamenturi mizezi, romelic am ideologias 

praqtikulad gamousadegars qmnis, mdgomareobs imaSi, 

rom aq socialuri sinamdvile, Tavis uZiriTades gamovlinebaSi, 

saerTod gaucnobierebeli rCeba: „klasobrivi dapirispirebis“ 

kvleviT es moZRvreba mocemuli sinamdvilis 

mxolod zedapirs ikvlevda, Ziri ki socialuri sinamdvilisa 

individisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobaa, romelic 

„klasobrivi dapirispirebis“ daZleviT ki ar qarvdeba, aramed 

iZens Tavis absoluturobas da moiTxovs samarTlis 

miT ufro intensiur, miT ufro masStabur momwesrigebel 

(da ara marqsistulad damTrgunvel) zegavlenas, rac SeiZleba 

iTqvas, srul TavisTavadobas warmoadgenda jer kidev 

Sua saukuneebis moazrovneTaTvis. ase magaliTad, marsilius 

paduelis mixedviT, „mxolod kanons ZaluZs daSoriSorebisaken 

midrekili tendenciebis erTianobad Serwyma; 

mxolod mis saSualebiT xorcieldeba adamianuri buneba 

(xazgasma Cvenia – avtori). amitomac kanoni WeSmariti suve- 

82


renia“ 147 . Sesabamisad, iq, sadac uariyofa saxelmwifo da 

samarTali, Znelad Tu miiRweva socialuri erToba da amrigad, 

„adamianuri bunebis“ ganxorcielebac; sazogadoeba, 

romelic moklebulia „WeSmarit suverens“ anu socialur 

urTierTobaTa samarTlebriv Semoqmedebas, adamianebs mxolod 

stiqiurobis borkilebs uqadis. 

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, marqsizmi, sul mcire, 

ormagad Seusatyvisia padueliseul Tu iliaseul „adamianur 

bunebasTan“: erTi mxriv, imiT, rom zRudavs adamianis 

SemoqmedebiT swrafvas socialur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis 

sferoSi, meore mxriv ki, warmogvidgens mas rogorc 

„TviTkmayofil“ arsebas, romlis interesebic Cveulebriv 

ar scildeba saerTo interesebis farglebs. 

ukanasknel momentTan mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebul xazgasmas 

moiTxovs is, rom mocemuli doqtrina saerTod uaryofs 

kerZo sakuTrebis institutsac da sakuTrebis erTaderT 

saxed saerTosazogadoebriv sakuTrebas gangvisaz- 

Rvravs. amis gamoc, ilias Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac 

„yvelani erTgvarad da erT saxiT swvdebian saerTo sike- 

Tes, erTgvarad da erT saxiT gaWirvebis uRels ewevian“ 148 , 

Sinaarsobrivad araferi aqvs saerTo marqsistul moZRvrebasTan. 

amasTanave, mcdari iqneboda imis varaudi, TiTqos saerTosazogadoebrivi 

sakuTrebis yovlismomcvelobiT marqsizmi, 

miuxedavad zemowarmodgenili zogadi SeniSvnisa, 

marTlac SesaZlebels qmnides individsa da sazogadoebas 

Soris yovelgvari samarTlebrivad relevanturi urTier- 

147 K. Flasch, Das philosophische Denken im Mittelalter (Von Augustin zu Machia- 

velli), Stuttgart, 1986, S. 476. 

148 ix. sq. 140. 

83


Tobis gaqarwylebas: jer erTi, individi fsiqologiurad 

romc Seeguos kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas, rac TavisTavad 

ukve sruli Seusabamobaa, faqtobrivad amiT aqtualuri 

urTierTobis mxolod wminda nominaluri saxecvla miiRweva, 

ufro zustad ki, misi gamovlinebis sferos yovlad 

uSinaarso transformireba (saxeldobr, qonebrivisa – warmoebiTSi); 

da meorec, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis mxolod 

sakuTrebis problemasTan asocireba anu individisa da sazogadoebis 

urTierTmimarTebis materialur mxareze fokusireba 

aseve TvalnaTliv metyvelebs mocemuli moZRvrebis 

metismet abstraqtulobaze, rac istoriulma sinamdvilem 

garkveviT daadastura kidec149 , anu uwinares yovlisa, am 

doqtrinaze dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba, romelic miznad 

149 AamasTanave, mtkicebas, TiTqos mocemuli msoflmxedvelobis wa- 

rumateblobas, saerTod, mxolod mis ganmxorcielebelTa mier 

„Teoriisa da praqtikis gaxleCa“ edo safuZvlad, rogorc amas 

frangi filosofosi J.-p. sartri Tvlida (ix. J.-P. Sartre, Critique de la 

raison dialectique, Paris, 1960, p. 26), arsebiTad araferi akavSirebs sinam- 

dvilesTan. sartris azriT, marqsizmi praqtikaSi „Tanmimdevru- 

lad“ saerTod ar xorcieldeboda, aramed amis sanacvlod adgi- 

li hqonda srul idealizmSi gadavardnas da amis magaliTad mas 

planifikaciis instituti moaqvs (iqve, gv. 25). magram mocemuli 

institutis argumentad motana mxolod problemis zedapirze Ta- 

vis marTlebaa. aseve zedapirulia mosazreba, TiTqos sxva mxriv, 

ZiriTad sirTuleebs socialistur qveynebs Soris winaaRmdegobe- 

bi qmnida (iqve, gv. 629) – sartrs amis magaliTad „rusuli biuro- 

kratiis agresia“ moaqvs ungreTis „mSromelTa sabWoebis demokra- 

tiis“ winaaRmdeg (iqve., gv. 26); es sirTuleebi TviT yoveli marq- 

sistuli mmarTvelobis wiaRSi ido da biurokratizmic, romelic 

sartrs mocemul ideologiasTan SeuTavseblad miaCnda (iqve., gv. 

629-631), sinamdvileSi marqsizmis xelovnuri sunTqvis wyaro iyo. 

ukeT rom vTqvaT, ungreTis brZola, msgavsad araerTi sxva maga- 

liTisa, mimarTuli iyo gansaxilvel WrilSi ara ubralod „biu- 

rokratiuli agresiisagan“ gasaTavisufleblad, aramed swored 

marqsizmisagan Tavis daRwevas isaxavda miznad. amitomac aris, 

rom dRes centraluri Tu aRmosavleT evropis Tavisufali qvey- 

nebi WeSmarit demokratias ageben da „mSromelTa sabWoebis demo- 

kratiisTvis“ dro ar emetebaT. 

84


isaxavda yovelgvari socialuri „Cagvris“ aRmofxvras, 

franguli filosofiis enaze rom vTqvaT, Tavadve warmoadgenda 

„eqspluataciis gansakuTrebiT efeqtur sistemas“ 150 . 

150 V. Descombes, Modern French Philosophy, p. 191. 

85

Tavi IV 

demokratiuli mmarTveloba 

§ 1. mmarTvelobis tradiciuli ganStoebebi 

§ 1. 1. monarqia 

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, i. WavWavaZis damokidebuleba mo- 

narqizmTan mimarTebaSi araerTgvarovania, imisda mixedviT, 

saqme gvaqvs absolutizmis elementebis Semcvel Tu mkacrad 

konstituciur monarqiasTan. pirvelisadmi misi damokidebuleba 

mkveTrad uaryofiTia, maSin rodesac ukanasknel 

SemTxvevaSi garkveviT SeiniSneba mniSvnelovani keTilganwyoba. 

i. WavWavaZe mocemul SemTxevaSi ZiriTadad dadebiT Sefasebas 

aZlevs iseTi qveynebis mmarTvelobas, rogoric inglisi 

da germania iyo. misi TqmiT, am saxelmwifoebSi, gansakuTrebiT 

ki pirvel maTganSi, moqmedebda sakmaod myari 

samarTlebrivi meqanizmi, romelic SeuZlebels qmnida nebismieri 

normatiuli aqtis, nebismieri samarTlebrivi normis 

Semoqmedebas moqalaqeTa saerTo nebis uxeSi angariS- 

151 gauwevlobiTT . 

amave dros, ilias Cinebulad gaegeba, rom aq TviT moqalaqeTa 

monawileoba sazogadoebis politikur cxovreba- 

Si jerac SesagrZnobad SezRudulia152 ; sakanonmdeblo, aR- 

151 Sdr. Дaйcи A. B., Ocнoвы гocудaрcтвeннaгo прaвa Aнглiи, cтр. 409. 

152 Tumc, amasTanave, uSualod monarqis arCeviTobaze, rogorc 

amas, magaliTad, wm. romis imperiaSi hqonda adgili, ilia arafers 

86


masrulebel da sasamarTlo organoTa qmediTi urTierTganStoebisa 

da Sesabamisad, maTi WeSmariti funqcionaluri 

damoukideblobis mxolod qaoturi konturebi ikveTeba; 

Tanac bolomde mougvarebelia nacionaluri mowyobis problemac 

(CrdiloeT irlandiis magaliTi). amrigad, i. WavWavaZis 

dadebiTi damokidebuleba konstituciuri monarqiis 

mimarT metwilad relatiuria da odnavac ar Seicavs mis 

ramegvarad etalonizebul Sefasebas153 . 

§ 1. 2. respublikis saTaveebTan 

§ 1. 2. 1. sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba 

respublikur mmarTvelobaze i. WavWavaZis SexedulebaTa 

analizidan irkveva, rom is umTavresad ara monarqiuli, 

aramed swored respublikuri demokratiis momxrea, ris 

TvalsaCino sabuTsac warmoadgens is, rom evropul saxelmwifoTa 

Soris i. WavWavaZesTan swored safrangeTi gamoiyofoda 

rogorc demokratiis ganviTarebis nimuSi154 . magram 

imavdroulad xazgasmas moiTxovs isic, rom ilia Rrmad 

aris darwmunebuli misTvis Tanamedrove respublikuri 

mmarTvelobis arasrulyofilebaSi da am mxriv, arc mwvave 

kritikas iSurebs155 . 

respublika, rogorc saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma, 

upirveles yovlisa, imTaviTve gamoirCeoda imiT, rom moqa- 

ambobs. sxva mxriv, arCeviTi monarqia dResac mxolod gamonakliss 

warmoadgens (magaliTad, malaizia). 

153 rogorc amas miiCnevs, magaliTad, e. batiaSvili, ilia da saqar- 

Tvelo, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 69. 

154 ix. v. donaZe, ilia WavWavaZe da sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali 

istoriis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, gv. 27. 

155 ix. mesame respublikis iliaseul kritikaze: iqve, gv. 30-31. 

87

Tavi IV demokratiuli mmarTveloba. xelisuflebis danawileba 

laqeTa politikuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sfero 

arsebiTad gafarTovda da sazogadoebamac gacilebiT aqtiuri 

politikuri cxovrebiT iwyo ganviTareba. respublikur 

mmarTvelobas ukavSirdeba sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis 

praqtikuli aRmoceneba da misi saniadago damkvidreba. sayovelTao 

saarCevno uflebis idea jer kidev XVIII saukunis 

pirvel naxevarSi Caisaxa da Semdgom aqtiuri ganviTareba 

hpova araerTi saxelovani filosofosisa Tu mecnieriuristis 

naSromebSi, magram mxolod mmarTvelobis respublikurma 

formam gaxada SesaZlebeli praqtikulad misi samarTlebriv-politikuri 

danergva. i. WavWavaZis erT-erTi 

umTavresi mizanic amaSive mdgomareobda, ris gamoc is respublikas 

mmarTvelobis erTaderT marTebul da gansakuTrebiT 

perspeqtiul saxed warmogvidgens. 

amasTanave, i. WavWavaZisTvis savsebiT rodi iyo misaRebi 

is saxe, romelic miiRo sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis institutma 

respublikis arsebobis sawyis safexurebze. „respublikis 

daarsebis dRidam dRevandelamde, – aRniSnavda 

i. WavWavaZe, – arc erTi arCevani parlamentis deputatebisa 

ise ar gaTavebula, rom ufros-erToba burJuazias ar dar- 

Cenoda parlamentsa da senatSi. radganac parlamentis ufros-erTobisdagvarad 

Sesdgeba xomle Cveulebisamebr saministro, 

– advilad misaxvedria, rad moxdeba xolme ise, 

rom mmarTvelobas safrangeTisas yovelTvis burJuaziis 

momxreoba etyoba da ekonomiuri cvlileba muSakacTa sasargeblod 

brkoldeba“ 156 . uwinares yovlisa, sakiTxavia is, 

Tu rogor unda aRviqvaT ilias kritikuli SeniSvna safrangeTis 

umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos SemadgenlobasTan 

mimarTebaSi: rogorc zogadad misTvis Tanamedrove 


88


respublikuri parlamentis Tu mxolod orpalatiani respublikuri 

parlamentis kritika? 

§ 1. 2. 2. orpalatiani parlamenti 

aRsaniSnavia, rom imJamindel iuridiul wreebSi mravlad 

gamoiyofodnen orpalatiani parlamentisadmi uaryofiTad 

ganwyobili moazrovneebi. amave dros, mocemuli saparlamento 

sistema Tanamedrove samarTalSic Seadgens 

gansazRvruli kritikis sagans: „xalxis warmomadgenlobis 

sakanonmdeblo Zala, – SeniSnavs k. miqelaZe, – romelic uflebaSemoqmedebas 

ufardebs xalxis saerTo nebas da survils, 

ar unda izRudebodes meore palatiT, ra principebzedac 

ar unda iqnes es ukanaskneli agebuli, miT umetes, 

Tu meore palata aRmocenebulia iseT niadagze, romelic 

ewinaaRmdegeba Tanasworuflebianobis princips. Tu am ori 

palatis organizacia erT da imave principebze aris aSenebuli, 

maSin sakiTxavia, Tu riT unda gansxvavdebodes meore 

palata, raTa man pirveli palatis moqmedeba erTgvarad 

cxrilSi gaataros“ 157 . magram ilia respublikuri mmarTvelobis 

nimuSad miiCnevda amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, 

romlis parlamentic struqturulad orad iyofa, senatad 

da warmomadgenelTa palatad da aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom 

mocemul orpalatianobas araferi akavSirebs Tanasworuflebianobis 

principis xelyofasTan, aramed Sevsebulia federaciuli 

Tanasworobis principiT158 , rac aseve demokratiulobis 

uSualo gamovlinebaa159 . garda amisa, monarqiz- 

157 k. miqelaZe, demokratiuli saxelmwifos konstitucia da parla- 

mentaruli respublika, gv. 67-68. 

158 ix. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, Tbilisi, 1994. 

159 CvenSi ki daJinebiT ignorirebda mocemul princips Tavis dro- 

89


mis mimoxilvis drosac, rogorc vixileT, i. WavWavaZe swo- 

red orpalatiani parlamentis mqone saxelmwifoebs gamohyofs 

pozitiurad (didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis 

gaerTianebuli samefo, germania). 

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, aSkaraa, rom ilias 

SeniSvna Seexeba safrangeTis parlamentis models ara im 

kuTxiT, ra kuTxiTac principul mniSnelobas iZens am parlamentis 

orpalatianoba160 . miuRebeli ki misTvis aq swored 

mxolod sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis Camoyalibebis 

is wesia, romelic warmoadgens garants am sferoSi erTi 

romelime socialuri fenis dominirebisa da ara mxolod 

am sferoSi: radgan umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis 

Semadgenlobas parlamenti ayalibebs, is (aRmasrulebeli 

xelisuflebis Semadgenloba) pirdapir aris damokidebuli 

parlamentis Semadgenlobaze, masSi warmodgenil 

politikur ZalTa Tanafardobaze. amitomac mocemul Sem- 

TxvevaSi faqtobrivi Zalaufali mxolod burJuaziaa. ilia 

ki moiTxovs, rom es viTareba piriqiT gamoiyurebodes. misi 

azriT, parlamentis umravlesobas swored sazogadoebis 

umravlesobis warmomadgenlebi unda Seadgendnen (misive 

TqmiT, amgvarad SesaZlebeli iqneboda socialuri realobis 

politikur realobad „gardasaxva“) da es uSualo safuZvelia 

saerTosazogadoebrivi nebis optimaluri ganxorcielebisa. 

Tu ras gulisxmobs i. WavWavaZe mocemul debulebaSi 

konkretulad, TvalnaTliv ikveTeba saarCevno uflebis 

cnebaSi mis mier sayovelTaoobisa da Tanasworobis 

principTa kombinirebiT. 

ze centraluri sabWoTa xelisufleba (sxvagvarad amis Sesaxeb: 

W. Krauss, Literaturtheorie, Philosophie und Politik, Berlin, 1984, S. 495 f). 

160 vrclad amis Sesaxeb: sazRvargareTis qveynebis saparlamento 

praqtikis mimoxilva, Tbilisi, 1991. 

90


§ 1. 2. 3. sayovelTaoobisa da Tanasworobis erTianoba 

aq umTavresad yuradsaRebia is SemkavSirebeli rgoli, 

uromlisodac, saerTod, SeuZlebelia parlamentis Semadgenlobis 

misaRebobaze saubari. aqtualur komponentad 

gvevlineba TviT parlamentis momavali namoRvawari, e. i. 

mis mier SesamuSavebel kanonTa xarisxi, Sinaarsobrivi Rirebulebebi. 

amaze sruliad araorazrovnad migvaniSnebs 

Tavad iliac: „samarTlis urigod mowyobileba svavia – 

romelic STanTqavs xalxis simdidresa, maxvilia – romelic 

hkveTs frTebs xalxis xelTmoqmedebas da ekonomikur 

warmoebas“ 161 . amrigad, i. WavWavaZe sagangebod miuTi- 

Tebs „samarTlis rigiani mowyobilebis“ saWiroebaze da 

mas SesaniSnavad esmis, rom saamisod aucilebelia uzenaesi 

sakanonmdeblo organos maRalorganizebuli funqcionireba, 

saerTosazogadoebrivi nebis samarTlebrivad SorsmWvreteluri 

gansaxiereba. xolo yovelive amis realizeba 

odnavac rodi moiTxovs, rom siocialuri fena, romelic 

sazogadoebis umcires nawils Seadgens, euflebodes politikur 

umravlesobas. amis mtkiceba mxolod sruli uSinaarsoba 

iqneboda. ilias damsaxurebac aq swored mocemuli 

Seusabamobis xazgasmaa, ris kvalobazec is sruliad samarTlianad 

cdilobs dagvarwmunos, rom umravlesobis ke- 

TildReoba erTmniSvnelovnad moiTxovs, rom misi interesebi 

samarTlebriv-politikurad srulyofilad iqnes warmodgenili162 

. imavdroulad amas araferi aqvs saerTo soci- 


162 amasTan erTad „programis“ me-12 muxlSi aRiniSneba: „gaumjo- 

besdes safabriko, saqarxno da samrewvelo muSebis yofa-cxovreba 

safabriko kanonmdeblobis gafarToebis, muSaTa savaldebulo sa- 

xelmwifo dazRvevis SemoRebis, gaficvebis, organizaciebis, krebe- 

bis Tavisuflebis dadgenis, rvasaaTiani samuSao dRis SemoRebiT, 

91


alur fenebze marqsistul xedvasTan da arc „mSromelTa 

demokratia“ aqvs ilias aq mxedvelobaSi imave gagebiT163 . 

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ilia momxrea sayovelTao saar- 

Cevno uflebis iseTi modelisa, romelsac safuZvlad moqalaqeTa 

socialur-politikuri Tanasworoba udevs. sayovelTaoobisa 

da Tanasworobis principTa kombinirebiT, 

rac ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi xmaTa diferencirebuli „valenturobis“ 

164 uaryofas niSnavs, i. WavWavaZe saarCevno 

uflebis instituts, nacvlad demokratiis moCvenebiTobisa, 

WeSmariti demokratiulobis samsaxurSi ayenebs165 . 

§ 2. xelisuflebis danawileba da sajaro 

pasuxismgebloba 

§ 2. 1. TviTmmarTveloba 

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia morigi fundamenturi 

siaxle, romlis SemoRebasac cdilobda didi ilia 

tradiciul demokratiul warmodgenebSi. Cvenis azriT, mocemuli 

Tvalsazrisis ganviTareba uTuod unda Seadgendes 

xelfasis minimumis dawesebis, mewarmeTa mogebaSi monawileobis 

da a. S. gziT“ ( ix. v. abaSmaZe, ilia WavWavaZis politikur-samarT- 

lebrivi msoflmxedveloba, gv. 13). 

163 Sdr. o. gamyreliZis dasax. naSromi, gv. 3-4. 

164 magaliTad, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mixedviT. 

165 uSualod ukanaskneli TvalsazrisiT, anu rogorc WeSmariti 

demokratiulobis gamovlineba, sagulisxmoa, upirveles yovlisa, 

„programis“ me-8 muxlis d punqti, romelic Seexeba saeklesio ga- 

dasaxadebis gauqmebas: „daubrundes iveriis eklesias yvela saek- 

lesio mamuli, romelic gadasulia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi, 

im mizniT, rom mosaxleoba ganTavisufldes samRvdeloebisa da 

sasuliero uwyebis yvela dawesebulebis Senaxvis tvirTisagan“ 

(ix. v. abaSmaZe, ilia WavWavaZis politikur-samarTlebrivi msofl- 

mxedveloba, gv. 12). imave muxlSi ilia qarTuli eklesiisTvis av- 

tokefaliis dabrunebasac moiTxovs. 

92

§ 2. xelisuflebis danawileba da sajaro pasuxismgebloba 

Tanamedrvoe qarTuli samarTlis prioritetul amocanas. 

saqme ki is aris, rom saxelmwifo aparatis struqturul 

erTeulTa Camoyalibebis, maTi funqcionirebisa da maTze 

kontrolis Sesaxeb i. WavWavaZe gvTavazobs sruliad originalur 

koncefcias, romelsac demokratiuli msoflmxedvelobis 

Tvisebrivad axlebur ganvrcobamde mivyavarT. 

gansaxilveli TvalTaxedva gansakuTrebiT cxadad ikveTeba 

i. WavWavaZis mier TviTmmarTvelobis problemis mimoxilvisas, 

romlis ZiriTad Sedegebsac v. abaSmaZe Semdeggvarad 

warmogvidgens: „i. WavWavaZis azriT, TviTmmarTvelobis um- 

Tavresi safuZvlebia: 1. saarCevno ufleba da xmis ufleba 

unda gaaCndes yvela srulwlovan adgilobriv mcxovrebs; 

2. TviTmmarTvelobiTi organoebis xelisufleba erTnairad 

unda gavrceldes yvela wodebaze, romlebic mocemuli 

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebisadmi daqvemdebarebul teritoriaze 

cxovroben anu, sxvanairad, mosaxleobis wodebrivi 

gancalkeveba da barierebi TviTmmarTvelobis bunebas 

ewinaaRmdegeba; 3. TviTmmarvelobis Tanamdebobis pirni (mosamarTleni, 

moxeleni) arCeul unda iqnen adgilobrivi 

mcxovreblebis mier; 4. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis 

yvela Tanamdebobis piri pasuxs agebs ara sakuTari ufrosebis, 

aramed ,sazogado samarTlisa da samsjavros‘ wina- 

Se“ 166 . vfiqrobT, sakuTriv amosavali debulebis iliaseuli 

samarTlebriv-politikuri Sinaarsi zemoT ukve garkveviT 

iqna warmoCenili167 . amasTanave, vidre uSualod mocemul 

SemTxvevaSi aqtualur debulebebs anu zemowarmodgenil 

or ukanasknel moments SevexebodeT, gansazRvrul ganvrco- 

166 v. abaSmaZe, qarTuli inteleqtualuri fenomenebi, gv. 273-274. 

167 Sdr. amasTanave, TviTmmarTvelobis iliaseul koncefciasTan 

n. nikolaZis TvalTaxedva: m. gogua, niko nikolaZis politikuri 

Sexedulebebi, gv. 94-96. 

93


bas moiTxovs konkretulad wodebrivi privilegiebis problemac, 

– anu mocemuli problemis zogadsamarTlebrivi aspeqti, 

– romelic zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, i. Wav- 

WavaZesTan aseve centraluri yuradRebis sagania. 

§ 2. 2. eqskursi: samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis 

konkretika 

rodesac i. WavWavaZe SeniSnavs, rom TviTmmarTvelobis 

organoebis xelisufleba erTnairad unda gavrceldes yvela 

wodebaze, mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs ara yvela wodebis 

warmomadgenelTaTvis samarTlebriv normaTa savaldebulobis 

identuroba, – Tumc Tavis mxriv, cxadia, arc es 

gamomdinareobs i. WavWavaZis mixedviT, TavisdaTavad iuridiul 

normaTa moqmedebis litoni sayovelTaoobidan168 , – 

aramed kvlavac is, rom yvelani gaTanasworebul iqnen TavianT 

ufleba-movaleobebSi. sxva sityvebiT, ilia moiTxovs 

aq ara ubralod imis uzrunvelyofas, rom samarTlebriv 

normebSi gamoxatuli moTxovnebi erTnairad iqnes daculi 

yvela socialuri wodebis mier, aramed imas, rom erTnairi 

iyos yvelasaTvis TviT es moTxovnebi da maTSi asaxuli 

iuridiuli movaleobebi. 

Tu ras niSnavs es, advilad misaxvedria: amiT i. WavWavaZe 

gadaWriT uaryofs mosaxleobis wodebrivi diferencirebulobis 

yovelgvar samarTlebriv mniSvnelobas; ase magaliTad, 

„programis“ me-5 muxlSi naTqvamia: „Camoyalibdes 

168 ase magaliTad, „proeqtSi qarTuli konstituciur-demokrati- 

uli partiis Seqmnisa“ iliasTan swored imas gaesmis xazi, rom 

mTavari aris ara uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa gamocxadeba, ara- 

med maTi realizebis meqanizmis uzrunvelyofa (ix. v. abaSmaZe, 

ilia WavWavaZis politikur-samarTlebrivi msoflmxedveloba, gv. 8). 

94


eroba 169 da Seicvalos saqalaqo debuleba sruliad wodeb- 

riv TviTmmarTvelobaze dayrdnobiT“ 170 , ra drosac sxva 

mxriv, is aseve moiTxovs, rom „SemoRebul iqnes saerobo 

da saqalaqo mmarTvelobis yvela organoSi qarTuli ena“ 171 . 

garda amisa, i. WavWavaZis TvalTaxedvidan aseve mkafiod 

ikveTeba, rom misTvis aranakleb miuRebelia qonebirvi niSniT 

moqalaqeTa samarTlebrivi diferencireba Tu sxva analogiuri 

barieris arseboba, rac isev da isev imaze migvi- 

TiTebs, rom i. WavWavaZis samarTlebriv-politikur SexedulebebTan 

mimarTebaSi saqme gvaqvs samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis 

principis maqsimalurad Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis 

mcdelobasTan. marTalia, Tanamedroveobam gansaxilvel 

Tvalsazriss bunebrivi elferi SesZina da ukve arc aravin 

qmnis sacilos mis TavisTavadobas, magram imJamad demokratiuli 

azrovneba jer kidev Sors iyo siRrmiseuli damkvidrebisagan 

da mravalgan awydeboda uaryofasa Tu winaaRmdegobebs, 

rameTu dawinaurebul saxelmwifoTa umravlesobac, 

rogorc ukve vixileT, metad Tu naklebad konservatiulobis 

marwuxebSi iyo moqceuli. 

§ 2. 3. Tanamdebobis pirTa arCeviToba da “ierarqiuli” 

pasuxismgeblobis uaryofa 

amave dros, rac gansaxilvel konteqstSi umTavresia, 

i. WavWavaZe mniSvnelovnad uswrebs Tavis SexedulebebSi 

CvenSi damkvidrebul Tanamedrove demokratiis miRwevebsac, 

rodesac is sruliad eqspliciturad imis saWiroebaze 

169 ix. agreTve n. nikolaZe erobebis Sesaxeb: g. abzianiZe, narkve- 

vebi, gv. 118; m. gogua, niko nikolaZis politikuri Sexedulebebi, 

gv. 88-89 da passim. 

170 v. abaSmaZe, ilia WavWavaZis politikur-samarTlebrivi msofl- 

mxedveloba, gv. 11. 

171 iqve. 

95


migviTiTebs, rom erTi mxriv, TviTmmarTvelobis Tanamdebobis 

pirni (mosamarTleni, moxeleni) arCeul iqnen adgilobrivi 

mcxovreblebis mier da meore mxriv, adgilobrivi 

TviTmmarTvelobis yvela Tanamdebobis piri pasuxs agebdes 

ara ierarqiulobis principze dayrdnobiT, aramed „sazogado 

samarTlisa da samsjavros“ winaSe172 . amave konteqstis 

gagrZelebaa „programis“ me-6 muxli, sadac i. Wav- 

WavaZe saqarTveloSi nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos Seqmnas 

moiTxovs173 ; igive muxli gamohyofs agreTve sasamarTlos 

damoukideblobis mniSvnelobasa da Seicavs miTiTebas ar- 

CeviT momrigebel mosamarTleTa institutis Camoyalibebaze174 

. 

zemoxsenebuli TvalTaxedvis gansakuTrebul relevanturobas 

ki umTavresad afuZnebs is, rom amgvarad, jer 

erTi, mniSvnelovnad maRldeba Tanamdebobis pirTa Segneba 

imis Taobaze, rom TavianTi mdgomareobiT isini moqalaqeTa 

interesebis samsaxurSi dganan da rom saxelmwifo saqmeTa 

ganxorcieleba xalxis nebis ganxorcielebaa; meorec, saxelmwifo 

organoTa funqcionireba iZens WeSmarit gamWvirvalebas, 

rameTu Tanamdebobis piri aq pasuxs agebs ara sakuTari 

ufrosis, aramed uSualod „sazogado samarTlisa 

da samsjavros“ winaSe; mesamec, SesaZlebeli xdeba aRmasrulebel 

da sasamarTlo organoTa saTanado funqcionaluri 

damoukidebloba anu xelisuflebis danawilebis 

172 kanonis uzenaesoba, tradiciuli gagebiT, gansaxilvel WrilSi 

Tavis ganviTarebas povebs „programis“ me-4 muxlSi, romlis mixed- 

viTac i. WavWavaZe calsaxad moiTxovs „dadgindes yvela dawesebu- 

lebisa da Tanamdebobis piris, rogorc umaRlesis, ise umdable- 

sis, pasuxismgebloba sasamarTlos winaSe, saerTo samarTalwar- 

moebis wesis mixedviT“ (iqve). 

173 iqve. 

174 iqve. 

96


srulyofilad Tanmimdevruli realizeba gansaxilvel sibrtyeze; 

dabolos, yovlad gamoiricxeba gadaWarbebuli 

centralizmis safrTxe anu iqmneba saerTo nebis racionaluri 

dabalansebis saimedo samarTlebrivi meqanizmi. 

§ 2. 4. centraluri xelisuflebis arCeviToba 

gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi Cvens umTavres amocanas „TviTmmarTvelobis 

safuZvlebidan“ rezultirebuli xelisuflebis 

danawilebis iliaseuli modelis ganviTareba Seadgens, 

ufro zustad ki, mocemuli modelis ganzogadeba xelisuflebis 

danawilebis tradiciuli Teoriis fargleb- 

Si, rac Tavis mxriv, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, am ukanasknelis 

srulyofis safuZvelicaa. 

i. WavWavaZis aqtualuri koncefcia, centraluri xelisuflebis 

sistemaze misi proecirebis TvalsazrisiT, niSnavs, 

rom zogadad xelisuflebis TiToeuli ganStoebis 

funqcionaluri damoukidebloba ukve misive formirebis 

specifikiT ganisazRvreba. rogorc wesi, samarTlebrivad 

maRalorganizebul saxelmwifoebSi dResac moqalaqeebi 

mxolod sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis Semadgenlobas ayalibeben, 

centraluri aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis 

formireba ki xdeba ara uSualod xalxis 

mier, aramed mxolod xalxis saxeliT da warmoadgens 

mkacrad „Sidasaxelmwifoebriv“ proceduras175 . amasTanave, 

175 saprezidento mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi Cveulebriv TviT pre- 

zidentis gamoklebiT, romelic rogorc zogadad saxelmwifos me- 

Tauri, uSualod aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas udgas saTaveSi. 

xolo is, rom saparlamento respublikis dros mTavrobis Semad- 

genloba, rogorc wesi, TviT parlamentSi arCeul deputatTa ri- 

gebidan yalibdeba, aq principulad jer kidev arafers cvlis, vi- 

naidan amiT, pasuxismgeblobis TvalsazrisiT, romelic mocemul 

97


imiT, rom saxelmwifo TviTonve avtonomiurad ayalibebs 

aRmasrulbelel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, uwinares 

yovlisa, saxezea ama Tu im saxiT sakanonmdeblo organos 

misTvis arabunebrivi, misi arsebiTi daniSnulebisaTvis 

sruliad ucxo kompetenciiT datvirTva, rameTu legislativis 

organoTa arsebiTi daniSnuleba, maTi institucionaluri 

bunebis ganmsazRvreli saqmianoba kanonmdeblobaa, 

samarTalSemoqmedebaa da amas araferi SeiZleba hqondes 

saerTo iseT principulad specifikur fenomenTan, rogoric 

aRmasrulebeli Tu sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Semadgenlobis 

gansazRvraa, ra formiTac ar unda warmoebdes 

es srulyofil demokratiulobaze pretenziis mqone saxelmwifoSi. 

§ 2. 5. monteskie 

dumiliT uvlis gverds gansaxilvel Seusabamobas TviT 

xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoriis fuZemdebelic, S. monteskie176 

. mis yuradRebas aqtualur konteqstSi swored 

mxolod sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ipyrobs: „imis gamo, 

rom Tavisufal saxelmwifoSi nebismieri adamiani, romelic 

suliT Tavisufalia, Tavadve unda marTavdes sakuTar 

Tavs, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba unda ekuTvnodes mTels 

xalxs. magram radgan es did saxelmwifoebSi SeuZlebelia, 

mcireSi ki – Znelad mosaxerxebeli, aucilebelia, rom 

xalxi Tavis warmomadgenelTa meSveobiT akeTebdes yoveli- 

SemTxvevaSi mTavaria, manZili amomrCevelsa da aRmasrulebel xe- 

lisuflebas Soris ar mcirdeba. 

176 xelisuflebis danawilebis ideas frangul filosofiaSi, gar- 

da TviT monteskiesi, uwinares yovlisa, aviTarebda rusoc, Tumc 

am pirvelis koncefciis ZiriTad debulebaTagan damoukideblad 

(ix. Rousseau, Du contrat social, p. 127). 

98


ves, risi gakeTebac mas Tavad ar ZaluZs“ 177 . maT Soris, aR- 

masrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Camoyalibebac! 

amasTanave, monteskie arsad moixseniebs, Tu ra SeiZleba 

aferxebdes imas, rom xelisuflebis ukanasknel ganStoebaTa 

Camoyalibebac analogiuradve warmoebdes. magram yovelive 

es gasagebic aris, monteskies ideali xom sinamdvileSi 

monarqiul-warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba iyo178 da 

saxelmwifos esoden Tanmimdevruli demokratizeba misTvis 

verc iqneboda ramenairad aqtualuri amocana179 . 

zemoaRniSnulis logikuri Sedegia is, rom imgvarad, 

ragvaradac monteskie saxelmwifos sam calkeul suverenad 

hyofs, SeuZlebeli xdeba saboloo jamSi erTian suverenad 

maTi Tanazomieri rekonstruireba. is ar asaxelebs meqanizms, 

romlis amoqmedebiT moxerxdeboda saxelmwifos gansaxilvel 

segmentTa Soris SemkavSirebeli rgolis warmoqmna 

da ase saxelmwifos, rogorc funqcionalurad damoukidebeli 

mTlianobis, SenarCuneba, ris nacvlad frangi 

Teoretikosis azrebma abstraqciaSi gadainacvla: „es sami 

xelisufleba sabolood simSvidisa da umoqmedobis mdgomareobaSi 

unda aRmoCndes. magram radgan saganTa aucilebeli 

moZraoba aiZulebs maT imoZraon, isini urTierTgawonasworebulad 

imoZraveben“ 180 . amasTanave, cxadia, rom 

monteskies mier TviT xelisuflebis danawilebis princi- 

177 monteskies dasax. naSromi, gv. 159. 

178 iqve, gv. 63-64. 

179 rac, bunebrivia, monteskies damsaxurebas TviT Tavdapirvel as- 

peqtSi odnavac ar Crdilavs. Aase magaliTad, avlebs ra parale- 

lebs dekartisa da monteskies Semoqmedebas Soris, g. besi sxar- 

tad SeniSnavs: „Tavisi racionaluri meTodiT dekartma moaxdina 

fizikis emansipireba Teologiisagan, es igive miRwevaa, rac mon- 

teskies kanonmdeblobis sferoSi ekuTvnis“ (Helvétius, De l’esprit, Intro- 

duction (Par G. Besse), p. 11; rac Seexeba Tavad helveciuss, is montes- 

kies mwvave kritikosi iyo). 

180 monteskies dasax. naSromi, gv. 165. 

99


pis aRmoCena, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor esaxeba mas mocemuli 

principis moqmedeba, samarTlebrivi azrovnebis erTerTi 

umniSvnelovanesi miRwevaa. 

§ 2. 6. arCeviTobisa da sajaro pasuxismgeblobis 

zogadi korelacia 

i. WavWavaZis Sesabamisi TvalTaxedvis ganviTarebiT anu 

misi funqcionaluri ganvrcobiT vRebulobT, rom TiToeuli 

maTgani aqac pasuxs unda agebdes „sazogado samar- 

Tlisa da samsjavros“ anu xalxis da ara erTmaneTis winaSe. 

amgvarad, metastruqturuli sistemuri kontrolis saxiT 

iqmneba is qmediTi samarTlebrivi meqanizmi, romelic 

apirobebs samive ganStoebis erTobliv, realurad gawonasworebul 

ganviTarebasa da maT integrirebas saxelmwifo 

organizmSi, rogorc kvalitaturad ufro maRal suverenul 

erTobaSi. ufro zustad, sadac amosavali momenti xelisuflebis 

qmediToba, misi gansakuTrebuli nayofierebaa 

da ara ubralod konstruqtivizmi, gansaxilveli faqtori 

gadamwyvetia. amaSive mdgomareobs demokratiuli mmarTvelobis 

Tandayolili upiratesobac, saerTod. 

xolo es, Tavis mxriv, odnavac ar zRudavs arc erTi 

ganStoebis pasuxismgeblobas kanonis winaSe TviT restriqciuli 

gagebiTac, magram amiT, erTi mxriv, sruliad gamoiricxeba 

is, rom legislativis warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen 

angariSvaldebuli amomrCevelTa winaSe, meore mxriv ki, 

uariyofa aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis angariSvaldebuleba 

sakanonmdeblo organos winaSe181 , ris ganuxorcieleb- 

181 ix. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis „saparlamento“ da „iuridiu- 

li“ pasuxismgeblobis diferencirebis saTaveebi: daisis dasax. na- 

Sromi, gv. 369-372, 408 da passim. 

100


loba Tanamedrove samarTalSi Tanabrad ewinaaRmdegeba 

rogorc xelisuflebis danawilebis arss, ise sakanonmdeblo 

xelisuflebis bunebas. 

ukanasknel momentTa gaTvaliswinebiT, advilad misaxvedria 

isic, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTloc, xelisuflebis 

danawilebis principis efeqturi ganxorcielebis 

TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa warmoadgendes mxolod damatebiT 

samarTlebriv meqanizms, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi 

saqme gveqneboda martooden SiSvel instrumentalizmTan 

imdenad, ramdenadac aq sulac ar icvleba TviT zemowarmodgenili 

urTierTobis Sinaarsi da amiT gansaxilveli 

problemis arsic. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sakonstitucio 

sasamarTlo ar cvlis xelisuflebis calkeul ganStoebaTa 

Soris „urTierTkontrolis“ tradiciulad damkvidrebul 

zedapirulobas. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, xelisuflebis 

danawilebis principi mxolod da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi 

iZens sasurvel praqtikul Rirebulebas, sadac xelisuflebis 

TiToeuli ganStoebis Camoyalibebis wesic da 

maTze funqcionaluri kontrolis meqanizmic erTi da igivea, 

kerZod ki demokratiulobis xarisxis TvalsazrisiT. 

xolo amis optimaluri saxiT ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, 

rogorc vixileT, i. WavWavaZis samarTlebriv-politikur 

SexedulebaTa ganviTarebaSi Zevs. 

101

eziume 

I. saxelmwifos warmoSoba. gansaxilvel problemasTan 

mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagans, uwinares 

yovlisa, i. WavWavaZis Sesabamis SexedulebebTan CvenSi aTeuli 

wlebis manZilze gabatonebuli ideologiis principuli 

SeuTavsebloba Seadgens. gansxvavebiT am moZRvrebisagan, 

i. WavWavaZe odnavac ar ukavSirebs saxelmwifos warmo- 

Sobis process socialur dapirispirebas; is mocemuli fenomenis 

aRmocenebis qvakuTxeds xedavs ara interesTa WidilSi 

zogadad, aramed maT Tanxvedrasa da erTobaSi. ufro 

zustad ki, aq, saxelmwifos fenomenis amoxsnis TvalsazrisiT, 

„klasobriv diferencirebulobas“ adamianis buneba, 

„ekonomikur batonobas“ saerTo keTildReoba, „umciresobis 

neba-survils“ saerTo neba da „stiqiurobas“ kanonzomiereba 

upirispirdeba. 

amave dros, i. WavWavaZes mxedvelobaSi aqvs ara „goniTi 

neba“, aramed gulisxmobs mxolod TavisdaTavad erTobil 

nebas, ganpirobebuls obieqturi kanonzomierebiT, rac Tavis 

mxriv, arsebiTad ganasxvavebs mis koncefcias xelSekrulebis 

Teoriisagan. Tumc orive SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos 

aRmoceneba swored saerTo iniciativis safuZvelze 

xdeba, mTavari ki gansaxilvel konteqstSi mainc is aris, 

rom i. WavWavaZis amosavali debulebis mixedviT, saxelmwifos 

dasabami TviT individs, mis „xorciel“ da „sulier“ 

bunebas ukavSirdeba da ara SiSvel sazogadoebriv nebas, 

xelovnuri ukuqcevadobis TvalsazrisiT. 

102

I. saxelmwifos warmoSoba 

konkretulad ki mocemuli sxvaoba, anu i. WavWavaZis 

koncefciis originaloba, miT ufro TvalsaCinoa. ilia aq, 

gansxvavebiT xelSekrulebis Teoriisagan, gamohyofs ara 

„warmoebas“, anu „ufro nayofier Sromas“, xelSekrulebis 

Teoriis enazeve rom vTqvaT, aramed swored „urTierTSoris 

uflebasa da movaleobas“, e. i. saxelmwifos warmoSobaze 

ilias koncefciaSi politikuri konstruqciis sazogadoebis 

wevri moiazreba ara rogorc „sazogadoebrivi xel- 

SekrulebiT“ daculi „mewarme“, aramed sakuTriv rogorc 

samarTlis subieqti. 

arsebiTad sxva saxis gansxvavebasTan gvaqvs saqme platonisa 

da ilias SexedulebaTa urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT. 

marTalia, platoni, iseve rogorc i. WavWavaZe, 

erTmniSvnelovnad SeniSnavs, rom saxelmwifos warmoqmnas 

safuZvlad Cveni moTxovnileba udevs, magram iliasagan 

gansxvavebiT, is aq materialur moTxovnilebaTa upirates 

gamoyofamde dadis, anu platoni saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis 

mizezs arsebiTad adamianis „xorcieli bunebiT“ Semofarglavs. 

platonis zemomotanili Sexeduleba zogadad Tavis ganviTarebas 

ufro adrec, kerZod ki sokratesTan, povebda, 

ris sawinaaRmdegod aristoteles filosofiaSi aqtualuri 

xedva ukve mkacri kritikis sagania. amasTanave, aristotele 

mxolod sapirispiro ukiduresobaSi vardeba, is saxelmwifos 

fenomenis saTaves adamianis mxolod „sulier 

bunebaSi“ anu adamianis fsiqikaSi, mis saerTo mentalitetisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebel specifiurobaSi xedavs. misi azriT, 

socialur-ekonomikuri atmosfero aramcTu ar aris 

saxelmwifos uSualo warmomSobi, aramed naklebad mniSvnelovani, 

principulad meorexarisxovani realiaa. 

103

eziume 

erTi SexedviT, aristoteles TvalTaxedvaSi araferia 

alogikuri, magram SevufardebT Tu ara mas praqtikul ganzomilebas, 

ueWvelad wavawydebiT metad sagulisxmo winaaRmdegobebsac. 

jer erTi, Tu saxelmwifos warmoSobis 

uSualo mizezi adamianis mxolod fsiqikur bunebaSi, mis 

fsiqologiur TaviseburebebSi vigulisxmeT, unda arsebobdes 

mocemuli procesis, e. i. saxelmwifos warmoqmnis procesis, 

mkacri kanonzomiereba, romelic gulisxmobs mis 

erTdroulobas yvela erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ganviTarebad 

sazogadoebaSi. es ki swored rom ar Seesatyviseba 

istoriul sinamdviles. meorec, SeuZlebelia saxelmwifoebriv 

organizacias moklebuli sazogadoebis gverdiT 

an, miT ufro, mis irgvliv arsebobdes politikuri sazogadoebebi, 

rameTu aseT SemTxvevaSi pirvelis wevrebma 

uwyian aSkarad am saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis Sesaxeb, 

romliskenac maT, aristoteles TqmiT, „cxovrebis instinqti“ 

ubiZgebs. magram esec xom Seusabamoa Tundac Tanamedrove 

realobasTan: dedamiwis araerT kuTxeSi dResdReobiTac 

inarCunebs TviTmyofobas mravali Temi, romelsac 

odnavac ar miuwevs guli maT garSemo arsebul politikur 

sazogadoebaSi integrirebisaken. umTavresi ki gansaxilvel 

SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom aristoteles TvalTaxedvac Tvisebrivad 

iseve gansxvavdeba iliaseuli koncefciisagan, rogorc 

sokratesa da platonis Sexedulebebi, mxolod kategorialuri 

aqcentis SebrunebiT. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis sawinaaRmdegod, l. foierbaxis 

mixedviT, adamianTa saxelmwifoebrivad gaerTianeba 

mxolod maTive „Tavisufali nebiT“ aris pirobadebuli, 

romelic sulac ar aris SeboWili arc „sulieri“ da arc 

„xorcieli“ bunebiT. amave dros, saboloo jamSi foierbaxi 

104


aq J. J. rusoseul socialurad „zogad nebas“ gulisxmobs, 

romelic Tavis mxriv, am ukanasknelTan saxelmwifos warmoSobis 

xelSekrulebiTobas daedo safuZvlad. sakiTxavi 

ki is aris, Tu ramdenad xerxdeba am nebis realizeba im 

socialur-kulturul (cnebis araspecializebuli mniSvnelobiT) 

viTarebaSi, romlis niadagzec saxelmwifo yalibdeba. 

gadavavloT Tvali winaresaxelmwifoebriv xanas da 

naTeli Seiqmneba, rom aq ar moipoveba saTanado fsiqologiuri 

safuZveli, romelze dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda 

gansaxilveli nebis warmoqmnac ki, vinaidan winaresaxelmwifoebrivi 

xanis adamiani – es aris stereotipuli 

xedvis arseba, romlis SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba veranairad 

gaswvdeba esoden farTo masStabebs. 

analogiur winaaRmdegobriobas vawydebiT j. lokTanac. 

is, erTi mxriv, Tvlis, rom saxelmwifo wesrigi aris 

adamianTa SeTanxmebis, xelSekrulebis Sedegad miRebuli 

mdgomareoba; meore mxriv ki, aseve calsaxad amodis debulebidan, 

rom winaresaxelmwifoebrivi xanis anu „bunebrivi 

mdgomareobis“ sazogadoeba „veluri tomebis“ erTobaa. amave 

dros, loki arafers ambobs sakuTriv imaze, Tu rarigad 

miiReboda „veluri tomebis“ wevrTa Soris gansaxilveli 

sirTulis xelSekruleba! 

rac Seexeba uSualod CvenTvis aqtualur aspeqts, TvalsaCinoa, 

rom lokisa da i. WavWavaZis Sexedulebebi principulad 

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. ra drosac loki saxelmwifos 

warmoSobas umTavresad mis represiul funqcias 

ukavSirebs („bunebrivi mdgomareobis damrRvevTa alagmva“, 

„ukve arsebul uflebaTa dacva“ imave gagebiT da a. S.), 

ilias mier warmodgenili TvalTaxedvidan advilad amovikiTxavT, 

rom aq ZiriTadi maxvili upiratesad saxelmwifos 

105

eziume 

momwesrigebel funqciaze gadaitaneba, vinaidan mocemul Se- 

mTxvevaSi saubaria saxelmwifos fenomenis Sesatyvisobaze 

adamianis bunebasTan (da ara „bunebriv uflebebSi“ xelyofilTa 

interesebTan). ukeT rom vTqvaT, loki saerTod 

gamoricxavs socialur urTierTobaTa Semoqmedebas rogorc 

saxelmwifos Tandayolil funqcias. 

lokis winamorbedi, T. hobzi, saxelmwifos warmoSobis 

mizezad socialuri aucileblobis or saxes gamohyofs: 

Sinagansa da garedan momdinares. hobzis mixedviT, 

iseve rogorc amas mogvianebiT lokTanac vxvdebiT (Tumc 

lokTan hobzis Sexedulebebi zogadad mZafri kritikis saganicaa), 

sazogadoebaSi, romelic ar aris saxelmwifoebrivad 

organizebuli, anu „bunebrivi mdgomareobisas“ gamefebulia 

usasrulo urTierTfrTxoba, adamianebi ganicdian 

erTmaneTis mimarT dauZlevel SiSs da TiToeulis 

arsebobas erTTavad moelis danarCenTagan winaswar uxilavi 

safrTxe. es aris viTareba, rodesac Tavad uZlieresnic 

ver grZnoben Tavs usafrTxod da xSirad ususurTa 

mzakvrobas ewirebian. amitomac, gangvimartavs hobzi, aseT 

pirobebSi yoveli ebrZvis yovels, iZulebiT da ara nebiT, 

radganac es erTaderTi xerxia TviTSenarCunebisa. dausrulebeli 

saSiSroeba, erTmaneTis mimarT ganuwyvetlivi undobloba 

sabolood gardauvals qmnis mxareTa Soris stabiluri 

kompromisis miRwevas anu saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas. 

amrigad, hobzi saxelmwifos warmomSob Sinagan mizezad 

sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa gausaZlisi mouwesrigeblobis 

daZlevas miiCnevs. 

garedan momdinare aucilebloba, rogorc saxelmwifos 

warmoSobis mizezi, hobzis Tanaxmad, iseve rogorc Semdgom 

hegelTanac, ucxotomelTa mxridan Tavdasxmis mudmiv saf- 

106


rTxeSi mdgomareobs. adamianebi iZulebuli xdebian Tavda- 

cvis mizniT urTierTkavSiris efeqturi forma gamonaxon 

da es mxolod saxelmwifos CamoyalibebiT miiRweva. 

hobzis gansaxilveli TvalTaxedva winaaRmdegobrivia: 

Tu vixelmZRvanelebT mis pirvel debulebaSi („Sidasoci- 

aluri mtrobis daZlevis aucilebloba“) warmodgenili 

logikiT, momdevno debulebis („garedan momdinare safrTxis 

daZlevis aucilebloba“) kvalobaze, individTa politikur 

sazogadoebaSi gaerTianebas uTuod unda mohyoloda 

saxelmwifoTa erTian korporaciad Serwymac; Tu adamianebi 

erTmaneTisadmi SiSma da agresiulobam saxelmwifoebrivi 

konstruqciis sazogadoebad aqcia, saxelmwifoebic, 

TavianT mxriv, ukve Soreul istoriul warsulSi integrirebuli 

iqnebodnen msgavs, evoluciurad ufro maRal 

kavSirSi, radgan erTmaneTis mimarT frTxoba da agresiuloba 

am ukanasknelTa urTierTobebSi aseve gamudmebiT da 

didad ufro masStaburad mJRavndeboda, vidre hobziseuli 

„bunebrivi mdgomareobis“ adamianTa umartives urTier- 

TobebSi. 

xolo zogadad, CvenTvis aqtualuri TvalsazrisiT, 

aseve TvalsaCinoa is, rom i. WavWavaZesTan saxelmwifos 

warmoSoba arc „sayovelTao“ mtrobis Sedegia hobziseuli 

gagebiT, aramed socialur urTierTobaTa intensivirebis 

saSualeba, rogorc aseTi. 

kantis Sexedulebebi saxelmwifos genezisze, uwinares 

yovlisa, ganisazRvreba imiT, rom is, erTi mxriv, hobzis 

mier warmodgenili „socialuri urTierTsaSiSroebis“ principiT 

xelmZRvanelobs, meore mxriv ki, rusoseuli „zogadi 

nebis“ principiT. amasTanave, mcdari iqneboda imis 

mtkiceba, TiTqos kantTan saxelmwifos fenomenis amoxsna 

107

eziume 

arsebiTad hobzisa Tu rusos SexedulebaTa ganviTarebiT 

amoiwurebodes. arsebiTi aq swored saxelmwifos problemisadmi 

kantiseuli midgomis sruli specifiurobaa. saxelmwifos 

arsebobas kanti ZiriTadad sazogadoebrivi Sromis 

Taviseburebebs ukavSirebs, romelTa mixedviTac gadamwyveti 

„produqciis gamorCenaze orientirebuli warmoeba da 

aqedan mflobelTa Soris warmomdgari konkurenciaa“. ufro 

zustad, saxelmwifo, kantis mixedviT, „gonier egoist- 

Ta organizaciaa“. amave dros, is mocemul Sinaarss „cnebiT-terminologiurad 

imiT amarTlebs, rom mkacrad ganasxvavebs 

erTmaneTisagan moralurobasa da legalurobas“. 

uSualod saxelmwifos warmoSobis problemasTan mimarTebaSi 

ki aqedan vaskvniT, rom kantTan es ukanaskneli am pirveliT 

dafuZnebul kategorias sulac ar warmoadgens, rac 

Tavis mxriv, iliaseul TvalTaxedvaze, sul mcire, aseve 

radikalurad ver gveTqmis, miuxedavad imisa, rom aqac saxelmwifo 

da masTan erTad samarTalic yalibdeba rogorc 

„bednierebis miRwevis“ socialuri instrumenti. 

Tu, erTi mxriv, hobzTan saxelmwifos warmoSobis problemasTan 

mimarTebaSi Teologiuri momentis metad bundovan, 

umeteswilad winaaRmdegobriv aqcentirebas vxvdebiT, 

hegeli mocemul moments garkveviT gamohyofs. ufro metic, 

es saxelmwifos warmoSobaze hegeliseuli koncefciis qvakuTxedia. 

meore mxriv, saxelmwifo, rogorc „TviTcnobieri 

zneobrivi substancia“, hegelTan ojaxis principisa da samoqalaqo 

sazogadoebis principis SeerTebaa. ojaxSi hegeli 

gulisxmobs zneobriv substancias uSualo anu bunebiTi 

gonis saxiT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi ki – zneobriv 

substancias individTa, rogorc damoukidebel pirTa, relatiuri 

yovladobis (totalobis, mTlianobis) saxiT. imav- 

108


droulad hegelis Sexedulebebs ZiriTadad Semdeg dask- 

vnamde mivyavarT: saxelmwifos warmoSobis mizezi ar momdinareobs 

arsebiTad arc individTa nebisa Tu saerTosazogadoebrivi 

aucileblobidan da a. S., aramed daiyvaneba 

yovlad ganyenebul fenomenamde da aq swored saxelmwifos 

genezisis „RvTaebriv gansazRvrulobasTan“ gvaqvs saqme. 

ukeT rom vTqvaT, hegeli imis dasabuTebas cdilobs, rom 

„saxelmwifos Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba adamianis damokidebulebiT 

RvTaebrivTan da ara mxolod mis moTxovnilebaTa 

bunebiT, rogorc amas sazogadoebis bunebiT TeoriebSi aqvs 

adgili“. magram amiT hegeli saxelmwifos saboloo jamSi 

mxolod funqcionalur araraobad aqcevs, rameTu masTan 

saxelmwifos warmoSobiT ar yalibdeba araviTari axali 

„adamianuri yofis warmmarTveli wesrigi“, aramed saxelmwifo 

sruliad ewireba ukve arsebul socialur „wesrigTa“ 

„ganxorcielebas“. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aq saxelmwifos 

erTaderT funqcionalur „TavSesafars“ mxolod sakuTriv 

Teologiuri momenti ganasaxierebs. 

uaryofs ra hegelis aqtualur TvalTaxedvas, l. foierbaxi 

miiCnevs, rom „sadac zneoba Teologiaze, samar- 

Tali RvTaebrivobis gamoyenebaze aris dafuZnebuli, SesaZlebelia 

yvelaze ufro arazneobrivi, arasamrTlebrivi, samarcxvino 

nabijebis gamarTleba da dasabuTeba“. amis Sedegad 

foierbaxi TviT zneobas warmogvidgens Teologiis 

masStabad, riTac saxelmwifos warmoSobis zneobriv sawyisze 

dafuZneba Zireulad sxvagvar, konkretizebad elfers 

iZens. 

volterTan saxelmwifoebrivad organizebuli sazogadoeba, 

Tavisi arsiT, yalibdeba rogorc „didebisa“ da „ke- 

TildReobis“ momxmarebelTa korporacia, anu konkretu- 

109

eziume 

lad, mas safuZvlad uflebisaken swrafva edeba. „keTildReobisaken 

midrekileba“, rogorc vixileT, saxelmwifos 

warmoSobaze i. WavWavaZis koncefciis sakvanZo momentsac 

Seadgens, Tumc im gansxvavebiT, rom ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi 

mocemuli cnebis farglebSi uflebisa da movaleobis mniSvneloba 

mkacrad eqvivalenturia. 

mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba i. WavWavaZis Sexedulebebs 

saxelmwifos warmoSobaze n. nikolaZis samarTlebrivpolitikuri 

msoflmxedveloba gansaxilveli TvalsazrisiT: 

orive SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos warmoSobas safuZvlad 

edeba adamianTa swrafva socialuri interaqciis uzrunvelyofisaken, 

ra drosac „xalxis dacva“, rogorc mocemul 

momentSi gamoxatuli saxelmwifos warmoSobis ganmsazRvreli 

faqtori, moklebulia xelSekrulebis TeoriisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebel negatiurobis aqcents. gansxvaveba 

n. nikolaZisa da i. WavWavaZis Sexedulebebs Soris aq saxelmwifosa 

da sazogadoebis warmoSobis erTdroulobasa 

da Sesabamisad, maT diferencirebul aRmocenebas ukav- 

Sirdeba. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos 

warmoSobis problemisadmi iliaseuli midgoma udavo specifiurobiT 

gamoirCeva, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierT 

koncefciasTan mimarTebaSi aq saerToc bevri ram SeimCneva. 

amave dros, zemowarmoebuli analizi TvalnaTliv metyvelebs 

agerTve imaze, rom gansaxilveli sakiTxis damakmayofileblad 

gadaWra verc erT tradiciul TvalTaxedvaze 

dayrdnobiT jer ver miiRweva. rogorc vixileT, am mxriv, 

Tavs iCens winaaRmdegobaTa mTeli rigi. 

naSromSi ganviTarebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos 

warmoSobis TavidaTavi mizezi wminda demografiuli 

110

II. demokratiuli saxelmwifos mizani 

xasiaTis fenomenia: sazogadoebis saxelmwifoebrivad orga- 

nizebas mosaxleobis zrda ganapirobebs. swored uSualo 

TviTmmarTvelobis anu primitiuli xelovnuri (Segnebuli) 

organizaciis wminda obieqturi ganuxorcielebloba mosaxleobis 

zrdis pirobebSi warmoSobs saxelmwifos, rogorc 

socialur urTierTobaTa kvalitaturad ufro maRali Semoqmedebisa 

da regulirebis specifikur meqanizms. sxva 

sityvebiT, sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis saxelmwifoebriviT 

Secvla aq sazogadoebis TviTSenarCunebis anu misi 

usasrulo daSlis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi saSualebaa, 

rac Tavis mxriv, swored i. WavWavaZis zemoganxiluli 

TvalTaxedvis moSveliebas moiTxovs, romlis mixedviTac 

socialuri erToba adamianis „sulieri da xorcieli bunebis“ 

Zireuli anareklia. 

II. demokratiuli saxelmwifos mizani. demokratiuli 

sazogadoebis aRmSeneblobisaTvis ilia, uwinares yovlisa, 

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs CveulebiT samarTals, 

rogorc xalxis neba-survilis gamomxatvel Zalum wyaros. 

Cveuleba, i. WavWavaZis mixedviT, „erisaTvis igive rjulia, 

igive kanonia“, romelic „yovelTvis cxovrebis WeSmariti 

saWiroebis danabadia da yovelTvis utyuari wamalic aris 

am saWiroebisa“. amisda kvalad, ilia erTmniSvnelovnad moiTxovs, 

rom sadac ki SesaZlebelia, sakanonmdeblo aqtebs 

CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi daedos safuZvlad, riTac 

iuridiuli normebi maqsimalurad iqneboda misadagebuli 

xalxis interesebTan da amaSi, cxadia, mdgomareobs demokratiuli 

mmarTvelobis umTavresi daniSnulebac. 

mniSvnelovan yuradRebas ipyrobs gansaxilvel konteqstSi 

bunebrivi samarTlianobis problemac, romlis iliaseul 

gagebas „araferi aqvs saerTo bunebrivi samarTlis 

111

eziume 

TeoriasTan“, ufro zustad ki, es ori urTierTgamomricxavi 

Tvalsazrisia: ilia bunebrivi samarTlianobis cnebas 

sazogadoebis adaT-wess, mis saerTo warmodgenebs uqvemdebarebs 

da ara piriqiT. naSromSi xazi gaesmis aqedan gamomdinare 

SedegTa sxvaobasac, Tumc gamoiyofa agreTve bunebrivi 

samarTlianobis volteriseuli da iliaseuli cnebidan 

gamomdinare SedegTa Tanxvedra. 

rogorc saxelmwifos warmoSobaze iliaseuli koncefciis 

zemowarmodgenili SedarebiTi analizi cxadyofs, is 

ukanasknelad gamoyofil momentebs saerTosazogadoebrivi 

keTildReobis miRwevis samsaxurSi ayenebs. amaSive xedavs 

saxelmwifos mizans hegelic. amasTanave, aq aseve TvalnaTliv 

ikveTeba gansxvavebac: Tu hegelis mixedviT, saxelmwifo 

iZulebuli xdeba, miznad daisaxos socialuri ke- 

TildReoba, iliasTan aqtualuri mizani saxelmwifos Sinagani 

mowodebis, misi ZiriTadi daniSnulebis uSualo nayofia 

da am mxriv, zemogavlebuli paralelebis gangrZoba, 

uwinares yovlisa, n. nikolaZis samarTlebriv-politikuri 

msoflmxedvelobis magaliTze xdeba SesaZlebeli. 

zemoaRniSnulis sawinaaRmdegod, kantis filosofiaSi 

saxelmwifos mizans „samarTlis ideis zeimi“ Seadgens da 

ara sakuTriv moqalaqeTa keTildReoba, mkacrad aRebuli. 

demokratiuli wyobilebis damyarebiTac ar xdeba am miznis 

saxecvla, radgan amiT ar icvleba TviT saxelmwifos, rogorc 

aseTis, arsi, misi Sinaarsis samarTlebrivi sazrisi. 

cxadia, saxelmwifo socialur keTildReobas samarTlis 

ideis zeimis gareSe verc verasodes miaRwevs, magram dave- 

TanxmoT kants, i. WavWavaZis an hegelis zemowarmodgenili 

TvalTaxedvis sapirispirod, niSnavs davuSvaT, rom samar- 

Tlebriv saxelmwifoSi mTavari formaa da ara Sinaarsi! 

112


aranakleb mniSvnelovan yuradRebas ipyrobs gansaxil- 

veli kvlevis farglebSi xalxis nebisa da xalxis interesebis 

ekvivalenturobis, maT erTian cnebad Serwymis problema, 

rameTu imaze, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba aqtualur 

WrilSi saxelmwifos mizani, mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli 

misi demokratiulobis xasiaTi da saboloo jamSi ki 

misi demokratiulobac saerTod. saqme ki is aris, Tu ramdenad 

miiRweva saerTosazogadoebrivi interesebis dakmayofileba 

TviT saerTo nebis miyoliT anu uwyis Tu ara Tavad 

xalxma dabejiTebiT, ama Tu im konkretul viTarebaSi 

Tu ra politikurma gezma SeiZleba iqonios misTvis pozitiuri 

Sedegi da ram uaryofiTi. i. WavWavaZe amaze uyoymanod 

dadebiT pasuxs iZleva, is Tvlis, rom „TviTmoqmedeba 

yovlad mxsneli da Zlevamosili Zalia yovelsferSi da 

nametnavad maSin, roca kacs, Tu sazogadoebas Tavis-Tavis 

Svela unda“. 

i. WavWavaZisagan gansxvavebiT, kanti swored sazogadoebrivi 

nebis abstraqtul uzenaesobamde dadis anu saxelmwifo, 

yalibdeba ra saerTo nebis safuZvelze, Tavadve 

„azustebs“ SemdgomSi mis Sinaarss. amitom aq saerTo nebisa 

da interesis urTierToba, zemomiTiTebuli gagebiT, 

saerTod kargavs Tavis aqtualobas. 

saerTo interesis saerTosazogadoebrivi nebisadmi Sesabamisobas 

gadaWriT uaryofs hegeli. hegelis mixedviT, 

saxelmwifo, rogorc sazogadoebrivi nebis ganmxorcielebeli 

meqanizmi, warmomadgenlobis principze agebuli sakanonmdeblo 

xelisufleba, socialurad sazianoa. hegeli 

miiCnevs, rom xalxis warmomadgenlebma ar ician, Tu ra emsaxureba 

WeSmaritad mis interesebs, anu hegelis mixedviT, 

„xalxma TviTon ar icis, Tu ra unda mas“; saxelmwifo saq- 

113

eziume 

meebs unda ganagebdnen mxolod „Rrmad kompetenturi“, 

yvela Sesabamisi Tvisebis matarebeli saxelmwifo moxeleebi. 

amasTanave, hegeli, gansazRvravs ra Tavisi orpalatiani 

parlamentis modelis zeda palatis Semadgenlobas wodebrivi 

niSnis mixedviT, uTuod xelyofs mis mier postulirebul 

kompetenturobis princips, radgan wodebrivoba 

kompetenturobas jer kidev ar niSanvs da Tu niSnavs, mxolod 

aSkarad „tendenciurs“. mokled rom vTqvaT, hegeli 

sinamdvileSi cdilobs upiratesad demokratiis monarqizmiT 

SezRudvas, vidre piriqiT. 

amave dros, is sabolood mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis 

Sedgenas moiTxovs „gamocdil“ moxeleTagan, 

rasac magaliTad, ver vityviT platonze, vinaidan misTvis 

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis aqtualuri institucionaluri 

dayofa arsebiTad ucxoa. platonis Tanaxmad, iseve rogorc 

sokratesTan, saxelmwifo Zalaufleba xelT „WeSmarit 

filosofosebs“ unda epyraT, riTac sruliad gamoiricxeba 

politikur saqmianobaSi sazogadoebrivi nebis qmediToba, 

radgan aqac saerTo neba da interesi sayovelTaoobisaTvis 

ucxo politikuri „gamWriaxobis“ principiT aris 

gaSualebuli. 

Zireulad gansxvavdeba gansaxilvel konteqstSi i. Wav- 

WavaZis TvalTaxedva hobzis Sexedulebebisaganac. uaryofs 

ra saerTosazogadoebrivi nebis prioritetulobasa da masze 

dafuZnebul warmomadgenlobiTobas, hobzi demokratiis 

mimarT monarqiuli mmarTvelobis upiratesobis dasabuTebas 

mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis 

Tvalsazrisze dayrdnobiT cdilobs. monarqi, hobzis mixedviT, 

„ver moeqceva sakuTar TavTan uTanxmoebaSi Surisa 

Tu mikerZoebis motiviT, kreba ki SeiZleba moeqces, Tanac 

114


ise mZafrad, rom saqme samoqalaqo omamde midges“. amrigad, 

TvalsaCinoa, rom hobzTan saerTo interesis dakmayofilebas 

samarTlebriv-politikurad araferi SeiZleba akavSirebdes 

saerTo nebis ganxoricielebasTan. amave dros, aseve 

ueWvelia isic, rom saerTo nebisa da saerTo interesis disonansuroba 

SesaZloa Seadgendes davis sagans mxolod 

rogorc gamonaklisi da swored gamonaklisze agebuli debuleba 

aris is erTaderTi, rac hobzis TvalTaxedvaSi 

demokratiis winaSe avtokratiuli monarqiis „upiratesobaze“ 

metyvelebs. 

kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs xalxis nebis Sesabamisobas 

missave interesebTan i. g. fixtec. magram sabolood is Tumc 

miiCnevs, rom xalxi SesaZloa Secdes ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis 

miRebisas, es, misive TqmiT, sakmarisi ar aris imisa- 

Tvis, rom mas aRekveTos Tavisi bedis damoukideblad gansazRvra, 

CamoerTvas sakuTari mermisis Semoqmedebis ufleba, 

radgan Tu xalxi mcdar politikur arCevans akeTebs, es 

mxolod masve vnebs da sxvas aravis. amrigad, Tavisuflebis 

sasargeblod arCevanis TvalsazrisiT, fixtes TvalTaxedva 

arsebiTad emTxveva ilias aqtualur naazrevsac. 

iseve rogorc i. WavWavaZe, ruso swored Tavisuflebas 

aniWebs upiratesobas, magram gansxvavebiT iliaseuli 

msoflmxedvelobisagan, ara erTmniSvnelovnad, ufro zustad 

ki, wminda pirobiTad – rusosTan demokratiis mizani 

ganuxorcielebelia: is skeptikurad uyurebs saerTo nebisa 

da interesis TviT xalxis mier SesabamisobaSi moyvanis 

SesaZleblobas. 

kerZo neba, didros mixedviT, „saeWvoa“, radgan is SeiZleba 

iyos „keTilismyofeli an TvalTmaqcuri“, magram saerTo 

neba mudam „keTilismyofelia“. amave dros, saerTo 

115

eziume 

interesTan mimarTebaSi es ukanaskneli aq metwilad ab- 

straqtulad aris gagebuli; realurad konkretizebadi sa- 

erTo neba veranair zegavlenas ver axdens ukve moqmedi 

„xelSekrulebis“ Sinaarsze. aseve ganyenebulad gagebul 

interess eqvemdebareba saerTo neba paskalis filosofiuri 

naazrevis farglebSic. mocemul Tvalsazriss, marTalia, 

arc paskali mimarTavs TviT xalxis suverenitetis, rogorc 

aseTis, winaaRmdeg, aramed cdilobs gamonaxos sayovelTao 

interesisadmi saerTo nebis daqvemdebarebis SesaZlebloba, 

magram swored amis gamo, – anu saerTo nebisa 

da interesis paralelurobis uaryofiT, – is mudam mxolod 

araerTazrovania. volteris mixedviT ki, saxelmwifo 

saqmeebis warmarTva da amdenad, saerTo nebisa da interesis 

Tanxvedrac araviTar sirTules ar ukavSirdeba iq, 

sadac xalxs „saerTo azri“ aqvs, magram rodesac saqme 

gvaqvs „umecrebTan“, „arasocializebad” qveSevrdomebTan, 

viTareba Zireulad icvleba, risgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc 

wemowarmodgenili Sedarebebidan Cans, i. WavWavaZe arasodes 

hyofs xalxs samarTlebriv-politikurad umecar da gonier 

individebad – arc zogadad da arc erTi da imave sazogadoebis 

farglebSi. 

III. demokratiis arsi. demokratiuli wyobilebis pirobebSi 

moqalaqeebi, marTalia, Tanasworni arian mxolod politikuri 

nebis gamovlenaSi da Tanasworoba qarvdeba iq, 

sadac saqme am nebis praqtikul xorcSesxmaze unda midges, 

radgan praqtikulad yovelis neba mxedvelobaSi rodi miiReba, 

aramed sruldeba sazogadoebis wevrTa mxolod im 

nawilis neba-survili, romelic Seadgens umravlesobas, 

magram umravlesobis nebis dominireba, raoden realuric 

ar unda iyos is Tavis konkretul gamoxatulebaSi, sabo- 

116

III. demokratiis arsi 

loo jamSi metad pirobiTi, SeiZleba iTqvas, moCvenebiTi 

dominirebaa, vinaidan TviT umravlesobis principi Tavis 

dasabams saerTo nebaSi iRebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, um- 

ravlesobis nebis konkretul-samarTlebriv uzenaesobas, sa- 

marTlebrivi Tanasworobis pirobebSi, xalxis WeSmaritad 

saerTo anu erTiani neba udevs safuZvlad. 

samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis mniSvnelobisagan mowyve- 

tiT, anu martooden umravlesobis principze dayrdnobiT, 

gangvimartavs demokratias aristotele, ris kvalobazec 

mas demokratiis arsi umravlesobisadmi umciresobis damorCilebamde 

dahyavs. iseve rogorc aristotelesTan, umravlesobis 

principTan damokidebulebaSi samarTlebrivi 

Tanasworobis mniSvneloba gauTvaliswinebeli rCeba hegel- 

Tan. migviTiTebs ra „mmarTvel xelisufalTa da marTulTa 

gansxvavebaze“, is ignorirebs, rom demokratiis dros es 

pirvelni am ukanasknelTa, saxelmwifo xalxis, saxelmwifoebrivi 

neba sazogadoebrivi nebis samsaxurSi dgas da 

ara piriqiT, rac arsebiTad demokratiis Tvisebrivi specifiurobisa 

da amiT samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis WeSmariti 

mniSvnelobis ignorirebas niSnavs. 

kantTan demokratiuli wyobilebisas centralur mniSvnelobas 

ukve ara umravlesobisa da umciresobis, aramed 

swored individualuri da saerTo nebis urTierToba iZens, 

magram realobisagan mowyvetiT, radgan sakanonmdeblo neba 

im saxiT, ra saxiTac mas kanti warmogvidgens (anu rogorc 

„xalxis gaerTianebuli neba“), sinamdvileSi mxolod Teoriulad 

miRwevadi mdgomareobaa. ukeT rom vTqvaT, is demokratiis 

arss CvenTvis aqtualur WrilSi zogadisa da konkretulis 

urTierTganusxvaveblobiT gangvisazRvravs: Tanasworobis 

principi aq, Tavisi zogadobiT, umravlesobis 

117

eziume 

principis, Tavis konkretulobaSi, SemzRudveli samarTlebrivi 

instrumenti ki ar aris, aramed am funqcionaluri kavSiris 

mniSvneloba saerTod ugulebelyofili rCeba. analogiurad 

gansazRvravs individisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis 

problemas g. v. laibnicic da mocemuli 

Tvalsazrisis abstraqtul, arakonkretizebul proecirebas 

sakanonmdeblo sinamdvileze demokratiis arsis wminda ganyenebul 

aRqmamde mivyavarT, rasac Tavis mxriv, mcire ram 

aqvs saerTo demokratiis dasabuTebasTan. 

i. WavWavaZesTan samarTlebriv-politikuri realizmis 

aqtualuri deficiti sruliad daZleulia. sakanonmdeblo 

neba aq umravlesobis politikuri nebaa, romelic samarTlebrivi 

Tanasworobis anu iuridiul ufleba-movaleobaTa 

sayovelTao identurobis CarCoebSi aris moqceuli. 

aseve Soris aris demokratiis iliaseuli modelisagan 

marqsistuli moZRvreba: marqsizmis TavidaTav mizans „uSualo“, 

„sazogadoebrivi“ demokratia anu yovelgvari saxelmwifoebriobis 

da maT Soris, saxelmwifoebrivi demokratiis 

uaryofac Seadgens. mocemuli primitivizmi, uwinares 

yovlisa, obieqturad saerTod ganuxorcielebelia, garda 

im gamonaklisi SemTxvevisa, sadac saqme gvaqvs mikrosocialur 

warmonaqmnebTan, romelTa farglebSic specializebul 

urTierTobaTa speqtri da sirTulis xarisxi maqsimalurad 

martivdeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, marqsizmis uSualo 

„demokratiis“ praqtikuli xorcSesxma arsebiTad yovelgvari 

makrosocialurobis daSlas moaswavebs da amiT 

kacobriobas usasrulo regresis ufskrulisaken ubiZgebs. 

IV. demokratiuli mmarTveloba. monarqizmis problemis 

mimoxilvisas i. WavWavaZe ZiriTadad dadebiTad gamohyofs 

iseTi qveynebis konstituciur-monarqiul mmarTvelo- 

118

IV. demokratiuli mmarTveloba 

bas, rogoric inglisi da germania iyo. misi TqmiT, am sa- 

xelmwifoebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki pirvel maTganSi, moqmedeb- 

da sakmaod myari samarTlebrivi meqanizmi, romelic SeuZlebels 

qmnida xelisufalTa mxridan saerTo nebis uxeS 

angariSgauwevlobas. amave dros, i. WavWavaZis dadebiTi damokidebuleba 

konstituciuri monarqiis mimarT metwilad 

relatiuria da odnavac ar Seicavs mis ramegvarad etalonizebul 

Sefasebas. 

respublikur mmarTvelobaze i. WavWavaZis SexedulebaTa 

analizidan irkveva, rom is umTavresad ara monarqiuli, 

aramed swored respublikuri demokratiis momxrea, magram 

gamoyofas moiTxovs isic, rom ilia Rrmad aris darwmunebuli 

misTvis Tanamedrove respublikuri mmarTvelobis 

arasrulyofilebaSi da am mxriv, arc mwvave kritikas iSurebs: 

i. WavWavaZisTvis savsebiT rodi iyo misaRebi is saxe, 

romliTac Camoyalibda sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis instituti 

respublikis arsebobis sawyis safexurebze, aramed 

is momxrea sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis iseTi modelisa, 

romelsac safuZvlad moqalaqeTa socialur-politikuri 

Tanasworoba udevs. sayovelTaoobisa da Tanasworobis 

principTa kombinirebiT ilia saarCevno uflebis instituts, 

nacvlad demokratiis moCvenebiTobisa, WeSmariti demokratiulobis 

samsaxurSi ayenebs. 

mmarTvelobis aqtualuri formis mimoxilvisas i. Wav- 

WavaZe gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, uwinares yovlisa, cxadia, 

respublikis frangul models uTmobs. amasTanave, respublikuri 

mmarTvelobis optimaluri ganviTarebis safuZvlebs 

is amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze eZiebs. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, xazgasmas 

moiTxovs ara mxolod is, rom i. WavWavaZe kvlavac sruli- 

119

eziume 

ad araorazrovnad ewinaaRmdegeba moqalaqeTa wodebrivi, 

qonebrivi Tu nebismieri sxva niSniT samarTlebriv-politikur 

dawinaurebas, aramed gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia 

isic, rom ilia aq, TviTmmarTvelobis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebisas, 

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetisa da 

Tanamdebobis pirTa sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb 

Semdeg koncefcias gvTavazobs: erTi mxriv, „TviTmmarTvelobis 

Tanamdebobis pirni (mosamarTleni, moxeleni) 

arCeul unda iqnen adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis mier“, xolo 

meore mxriv, „adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis yvela 

Tanamdebobis piri pasuxs agebs ara sakuTari ufrosebis, 

aramed ,sazogado samarTlisa da samsjavros‘ winaSe“. mocemuli 

TvalTaxedvis gansakuTrebul relevanturobas umTavresad 

afuZnebs is, rom amgvarad, jer erTi, mniSvnelovnad 

maRldeba Tanamdebobis pirTa Segneba imis Taobaze, rom 

TavianTi mdgomareobiT isini moqalaqeTa interesebis samsaxurSi 

dganan da rom saxelmwifo saqmeTa ganxorcieleba 

xalxis nebis ganxorcielebaa; meorec, saxelmwifo organoTa 

funqcionireba iZens WeSmarit gamWvirvalebas, rameTu 

Tanamdebobis piri aq pasuxs agebs ara ierarqiulobis principze 

dayrdnobiT, aramed uSualod „sazogado samarTlisa 

da samsjavros“ winaSe; mesamec, SesaZlebeli xdeba aRmasrulebel 

da sasamarTlo organoTa saTanado funqcionaluri 

damoukidebloba anu xelisuflebis danawilebis 

srulyofilad Tanmimdevruli realizeba gansaxilvel sibrtyeze; 

dabolos, yovlad gamoiricxeba gadaWarbebuli 

centralizmis safrTxe anu iqmneba saerTo nebis racionaluri 

dabalansebis saimedo samarTlebrivi meqanizmi. 

naSromSi mniSvnelovani interesis sagans Seadgens „TviTmmarTvelobis 

safuZvlebidan“ rezultirebuli xelisuf- 

120

IV. demokratiuli mmarTveloba 

lebis danawilebis iliaseuli modelis ganviTareba, ufro 

zustad ki, mocemuli modelis ganzogadeba xelisuflebis 

danawilebis tradiciuli Teoriis farglebSi, rac Tavis 

mxriv, am ukanasknelis srulyofis safuZvelicaa. i. Wav- 

WavaZis aqtualuri koncefcia, centraluri xelisuflebis 

sistemaze misi proecirebis TvalsazrisiT, niSnavs, rom 

zogadad xelisuflebis TiToeuli ganStoebis funqcionaluri 

damoukidebloba ukve misive formirebis specifikiT 

ganisazRvreba. rogorc wesi, samarTlebrivad maRalorganizebul 

saxelmwifoebSi dResac moqalaqeebi mxolod sakanonmdeblo 

xelisuflebis Semadgenlobas ayalibeben, centraluri 

aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis 

formireba ki xdeba ara uSualod xalxis mier, aramed mxolod 

xalxis saxeliT da warmoadgens mkacrad „Sidasaxelmwifoebriv“ 

proceduras. amasTanave, imiT, rom saxelmwifo 

TviTonve avtonomiurad ayalibebs aRmasrulebel da 

sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, uwinares yovlisa, saxezea ama 

Tu im saxiT sakanonmdeblo organos misTvis arabunebrivi, 

misi arsebiTi daniSnulebisaTvis sruliad ucxo kompetenciiT 

datvirTva. 

dumiliT uvlis gverds gansaxilvel Seusabamobas TviT 

xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoriis fuZemdebelic, S. monteskie, 

ris logikuri Sedegia is, rom imgvarad, ragvaradac 

monteskie saxelmwifos sam calkeul suverenad hyofs, 

SeuZlebeli xdeba sabolood erTian suverenad maTi Tanazomieri 

rekonstruireba. xolo i. WavWavaZis Sesabamisi 

TvalTaxedvis ganviTarebiT vRebulobT, rom xelisuflebis 

TiToeuli ganStoeba aqac pasuxs unda agebdes „sazogado 

samarTlisa da samsjavros“ anu xalxis da ara erTmaneTis 

winaSe. amgvarad, metastruqturuli sistemuri kon- 

121

eziume 

trolis saxiT iqmneba is qmediTi samarTlebrivi meqanizmi, 

romelic apirobebs samive aqtualuri elementis erTobliv, 

realurad gawonasworebul ganviTarebasa da maT integrirebas 

saxelmwifo organizmSi, rogorc kvalitaturad ufro 

maRal suverenul erTobaSi. ufro zustad, sadac amosavali 

momenti xelisuflebis qmediToba, misi gansakuTrebuli 

nayofierebaa da ara ubralod konstruqtivizmi, gansaxilveli 

faqtori gadamwyvetia. xolo es, Tavis mxriv, 

odnavac ar zRudavs arc erTi ganStoebis pasuxismgeblobas 

kanonis winaSe TviT restriqciuli gagebiTac, magram 

amiT, erTi mxriv, sruliad gamoiricxeba is, rom legislativis 

warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen angariSvaldebuli amomrCevelTa 

winaSe, xolo meore mxriv, uariyofa aRmasrulebeli 

xelisuflebis angariSvaldebuleba sakanonmdeblo 

organos winaSe, ris ganuxorcielebloba Tanamedrove samarTalSi 

Tanabrad ewinaaRmdegeba rogorc xelisuflebis 

danawilebis arss, ise sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis 

bunebas. 

zemoaRniSnulis Sesabamisad, xelisuflebis danawilebis 

principi mxolod da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iZens sasurvel 

praqtikul Rirebulebas, sadac xelisuflebis Ti- 

Toeuli ganStoebis Camoyalibebis wesic da maTze funqcionaluri 

kontrolis meqanizmic erTi da igivea, kerZod ki 

demokratiulobis xarisxis TvalsazrisiT. xolo amis optimaluri 

saxiT ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, rogorc 

vixileT, i. WavWavaZis samarTlebriv-politikur SexedulebaTa 

ganviTarebaSi Zevs. 

122

SUMMARY 

I. The origin of the state. With regard to the problem concerned the 

object of a special interest, first of all, composes the principle difference 

of „traditional“ ideology, which dominated over us for decades, to the 

conception of I. Chavchavadze; differently from it, he does not connect 

the discussing process to social confrontation of any kind, he sees the 

cause of the origin of the state not in separation of interests, but in their 

unity. To say precisely, by the explaining the nature of state, to the „class 

contradictions“ is opposed here the nature of individual, to the „economic 

dominance“ – the common prosperity, to the „will of minority“ – the 

common will and to the „spontaneity“ – the regularity. 

At the same time, I. Chavchavadze points out not „mental will“, but 

the naturally united one as such, through which, on the other hand, his 

views essentially differ from the theory of agreement. Although in both 

cases the origin of the politically organized society is caused by a 

common initiative, the main thing is that, according to I. Chavchavadze’s 

tenets, the origin of the state is connected to the nature of individual and 

not to the naked social will, in the course of which he pays equal attention 

to the man’s „corporal“ and „spiritual“ nature. The originality of his 

point of view in this respect is even more obvious: As opposed to the 

theory of agreement, he points out not the „production“ resp. the „more 

effective work“, but „mutual rigths and duties“, i. e. in the conception of 

I. Chavchavadze the member of politically organized society is regarded 

not as a „producer“ protected by the „social contract“, but as a legal 

subject. 

In general, we have another kind of difference concerning the correlation 

between the tenets of Plato and I. Chavchavadze. Though both of 

123

Summary 

them suppose that the origin of the state is based on our need, but differently 

from I. Chavchavadze, Plato means here mainly material needs, 

i. e. he explains the reason for the emergence of the politically organized 

society chiefly by man’s „corporal nature“. This point of view found its 

development even earlier, namely with Socrates, opposite to which in 

Aristoteles’ philosophy it is already subjected to criticism. At the same 

time, Aristoteles inclines to the opposite extreme: The phenomenon concerned 

takes here its rise only from man’s „spiritual nature“ resp. from 

psyche of man, from the specificity of common mentality. From his point 

of view, the objective side of the problem is a less relevant, principally 

secondary reality. 

At first sight, there is nothing unacceptable in Aristoteles’ supposition, 

but if we confront it with the practical dimension, we come across 

some important contradictions. First of all, if the primary cause for the 

origin of the state consists in the man’s psychic nature, in his psychological 

characteristic, there must be given a strict regularity of this process, 

which means its simultaneousness in all independently from one 

another developed societies. And this does not correspond to the historical 

reality. Secondly, it were not possible for the societies without any political 

system to coexist in the long run with politically organized societies, 

since in such a case the members of the first ones are even direct witnesses 

of a state organization, to which them, as Aristoteles says, pushes 

„the instinct of life“. But even nowadays, in many parts of the world, lots 

of politically unorganized communities keep existing, which have no 

wish to integrate in the surrounded society with political construction. 

The main thing in discussing case is the fact that Aristoteles’ point of 

view is as different from I. Chavchavadze’s conception, as Socrates’ and 

Plato’s views, only by the reversion of categorical accent. 

According to Feuerbach, uniting people as a politically organized 

society is conditioned by their „free will“, which is constrained neither by 

„spiritual“ nor „corporal“ nature of individual. At the same time, this con- 

124

I. The origin of the state 

cept is substantially based on Rousseau’s model of socially „general 

will“, which became the basis of agreement on the origin of the state with 

the last. The question is, how could the realization of the given will be 

achievable under those social-cultural circumstances (with no specialized 

meaning of the concept), on the ground of which proceeds the construction 

of politically organized society. If we look through the prestate 

epoch, it is evident that there is not any psychological basis, by which it 

could be possible to fulfill the discussing will. More than that, in actual 

case it takes place the lack of proper psychological basis even for its formation, 

since man of before-state era – this is an individual of stereotypic 

view, whose creative mentality cannot spread over such wide scales. 

The similar discordance manifests itself with Locke. On the one hand, 

he considers that the state order is the condition taken by the people’s 

agreement; on the other hand, he points out that the society of prepolitical 

„natural state“ represents a unity of „wild tribes“. But he says nothing 

about that, how the „wild tribes“ come to an agreement of such complexity! 

What about the aspect actual for us, it is obvious that Locke’s and 

I. Chavchavadze’s points of view basically differ from one another. While 

Locke explains the origin of the state essentially by its repressive nature 

(„restraining of violators of natural state“, „protection of already existing 

rights“ by the same meaning etc.), in the conception of I. Chavchavadze 

the main accent is laid on the regulative function of the state: The starting 

point is the conformity of the phenomenon of state with the nature of individual 

(and not, restrictively, the interests of the victims of encroachment 

upon „natural rights“). To say better, Locke excludes the creation of 

social relations as state’s innate function. 

The predecessor of Locke, Hobbes, dealing with the origin of the 

state, points out the inner and the outer public necessity. According to 

Hobbes, as we see it later with Locke too (though, in general, Locke subjects 

Hobbes’ philosophy to sharp criticism), in the society, which is not 

stately organized is settled everlasting scare, people feel invincible threat 

125

Summary 

with one another and each of them fears the unforeseen danger from the 

others. This is the condition, when even the strongests cannot feel safe 

and they often are victims of treachery of the weaks. That is why, accor- 

ding to Hobbes, in this „natural state“ each one fights against another, 

being forced and not by his own will, for it is the only way to survive. 

The permanent threat and the continuous distrust make it inevitable to 

reach a stable compromise with the sides resp. to form a political system. 

In other words, Hobbes regards the necessity to overcome the unbearable 

disorder of social relations as the „inner“ reason for the origin of the 

state. The „outer coming“ necessity, as a cause for the origin of the state, 

according to Hobbes, then as to Hegel, is the rule of a constant danger of 

foreign tribes attack. The members of the society become compelled to 

find an effective form of united relations with the reason of self-defense 

and this can be achieved once more only by formation of the politically 

organized society. 

Hobbes’ discussing point of view is regarded in the work as contradictory. 

If we use in his first postulate presented logic („the necessity to 

overcome inner social hostility“), according to the next one („the necessity 

to overcome the outer-coming danger“), uniting of individuals in political 

societies had to be followed by uniting of states: If threat and aggression 

transformed the „natural state“ into a society of political construction, 

the states on their part would be in the distant historical past 

integrated in the same way in a evolutionally higher union, because the 

threat and the aggression in their relations appeared also constantly and 

with a larger scale than in the simplest relations between the individuals 

of „natural state“. In general, from the here actual point of view, it is also 

obvious that according to I. Chavchavadze the origin of the state is the 

result neither of inner nor of outer „all-embracing“ enmity, but the means 

to intensify the social relations as such. 

Kant’s views about the genesis of the state are based, on the one part, 

on the principles of Hobbes’ „public danger“ and on the other part, on 

126

I. The origin of the state 

Rousseau’s „general will“. However it would be wrong to assume, as if 

the explanation of the phenomenon of state with Kant were exhausted by 

the development of Hobbes’ or Rousseau’s tenets. The essential is exactly 

the specificity of Kant’s view regarding the nature of state. He explains 

the existence of the state mainly by characteristic of social labour, by 

which the decisive is the „industry, which is oriented on the profit of production 

and the competition between owners“. More exactly, according to 

Kant, the state is „the organization of clever egoists“. He justifies the 

given content „conceptual-terminologically“ through the strict differentiation 

between „morality and legality“. With regard to the problem of origin 

of the state we can make a conclusion that with Kant the latter does 

not represent the category based on the first, what cannot be said about 

I. Chavchavadze’s point of view in the same way in spite of the fact that 

here state and law also are considered a social instrument for prosperity. 

If, on the one part, with Hobbes, as to the problem concerned we 

meet contradictory accentuation of theological motive, Hegel points it 

plainly out; more than that, it is the basis of his conception in this regard. 

On the other part, the state, as „self-conscious moral substance“, results 

according to Hegel from the combination of family’s principle and of 

principle of civil society. By the family he means the moral substance 

with a face of direct or natural mind, by the civil society – the moral substance 

of relative wholeness (totality, integrity) of individuals as independent 

persons. At the same time, Hegel’s point of view leads to the following 

conclusion: The origin of the state is not the result of the will of 

individuals or of the social necessity etc., but seen as an essentially abstract 

phenomenon and here we have to do with its divine nature. In other 

words, Hegel tries to declare that the „content of state is determined by 

man’s relation to the divine and not merely by its needs, as it takes place 

in the naturalist theories of the society“. But herewith Hegel converts the 

concept of state finally only into a functional nonentity, because according 

to his conception the origin of the state does not mean the emergence 

127

Summary 

of any new „order determining the human life“, its nature is restricted to 

the „realization” of already existing social „orders“. To say it differently, 

the theological moment itself forms the only functional „shelter“ of the 

state. Refusing Hegel’s actual point of view, Feuerbach asserts that 

„where morality is based on theology, law – on using of divinity, it is possible 

to justify and to give reasons for the most immoral, illegal, shameful 

steps“. Owing to this, he defines the morality itself as a measure of theology, 

by what the connecting of origin of the state with moral principles 

takes basically different, concretizable face. 

According to Voltaire the stately organized society in its essence is 

created as a corporation of consumers of „pride“ and „welfare“, i. e. in 

terms of fact it is based on the aspiration to the right. The „striving for 

well-being“, as we have seen, is also a key factor in I. Chavchavadze’s 

conception about the genesis of the state, though with the difference that 

in the latter case rights and duties are strictly equivalent in their significance 

by the explaining of nature of the given phenomenon. 

There is emphasized in the work a major analogy of N. Nicoladze’s 

legal and political world-outlook in this respect to the views of I. Chavchavadze: 

In both cases the origin of the state is determined by aiming of 

individuals to the ensuring of social interaction, where „the protection of 

the people“, as central condition expressed in this factor, is free of negative 

accent characteristic of the theory of agreement. The difference consists 

in the correlation between the origin of the society and the origin of 

the state. 

Due to all aforesaid, it is manifest that I. Chavchavadze’s views about 

the problem concerned result in an original conception and have much in 

common with some other above-analyzed ideas as well. At the same time, 

it is equally evident that the definitive explanation of the given phenomenon 

requires, first of all, the overcoming of the contradictions indicated in 

the work with regard to the traditional tenets. According to the here presented 

point of view, the origin of the state embodies above all a pheno- 

128

II. The aim of democratic state 

menon of demographic nature: The organizing of society as a political 

construction is caused by the increase of population. The purely objec- 

tive unrealizability of direct social self-government resp. primitive artifi- 

cial (conscious) organization in a society with the increased population 

gives rise to the state, as to the specific mechanism of qualitatively higher 

creating and regulating of social relations. In other words, the replacement 

of the initial social power by the political one is here the only way to 

ensure the self-preservation of society resp. to avoid its infinite decomposition, 

which on its part demands the recourse to the above-discussed conception 

of I. Chavchavadze, where the social unity is regarded as a basic 

reflection of „corporal and spiritual nature“ of man. 

II. The aim of democratic state. For building democratic society, 

I. Chavchavadze, first of all, pays great attention to customary law, as to 

the expressive source of people’s will. The custom, as he says, is the 

„same faith, same law for people“, which „always is the true result of 

life’s need and always is the steady medicine of this need“. According to 

this, I. Chavchavadze clearly demands that where it would be possible the 

legal norms must be based on the customary law, by which the legislation 

would be maximally adapted to the interests of people; and it is naturally 

the highest purpose of each democratic system. 

A special attention is paid in the work to the problem of natural justice, 

I. Chavchavadze’s understanding of which, first of all, „has nothing 

in common with the theory of natural law“, or rather we have here to do 

with two contrary points of view: I. Chavchavadze submits the notion of 

natural justice to people’s customs, common traditions and not vice 

versa. In the work is also pointed out the difference of consequences resulting 

from it; at the same time, there is accentuated in the latter regard 

the conformity between the views of Voltaire and I. Chavchavadze. 

As the above-presented analysis of the origin of the state demonstrates, 

I. Chavchavadze places the given factors in the service of achieving 

of social prosperity. Hegel sees the aim of the state in the same fact, 

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Summary 

though with the following difference: If Hegel claims that the state be- 

comes compelled to care for the social prosperity, according to I. Chav- 

chavadze this aim is a result of inner appeal, of essential destination and 

on that score especially the views of N. Nicoladze offer the possibility of 

extension of the above-drawn parallel. Contrary to this, in Kant’s philoso- 

phy the aim of the state consists in „the triumph of the idea of law“ and 

not in the well-being of citizens in the strict sense. The establishment of 

democratic system does not change this object, since the state as such 

does not lose its essence, the legal characteristic of its content. In the light 

of the here actual context it is indisputable that the state can never achieve 

well-being of citizens without the triupmh of the idea of law, but to agree 

with Kant, opposite to I. Cavchavadze’s or Hegel’s above point of view, 

means to admit that in the constitutional state the most important point is 

its form resp. not its content! 

The problem of equivalence of people’s will and interest, uniting 

them as the same concept, claims not less attention, for on how the aim of 

the state is going to be determined in this respect, depends considerably 

the nature of its democracy and at the end, its democratism in general. 

The matter is, to what extent the satisfaction of common interests can be 

achieved by following the common will itself, i. e. if the people know 

convincingly, which political strategy can show desired results in a concrete 

situation. I. Chavchavadze gives a firmly positive answer for it; 

according to him, „independent action is always a saving and victorious 

power, especially then, when man and society want to help themselves“. 

Opposite to this, Kant inclines to an abstract supremacy of the public 

will, i. e. the state, being formed on the basis of common will, has consequently 

to „concretize“ its content autonomously. Therefore the correlation 

between the common will and the common interest, after the aforesaid 

comprehension, loses here its actuality. 

The conformity of the given components with one another is refused 

with Hegel. As he says, the state as a mechanism of realizing of public 

130

II. The aim of democratic state 

will, the legislative power based on the principle of representation are so- 

cially harmful. According to him, the representatives of people do not 

know, what really serves its interests, i. e. „people do not know, what its 

own real will is“; only „the most competent“, the most qualified states- 

men should be in charge of political affaires. At this, Hegel, determining 

the membership for the Upper Chamber of his model of parliament of 

two houses on the basis of class representation, is clearly at variance with 

the principle of competence, since a class affiliation does not mean the 

competence yet; if does, only obviously „tendentious“. To say in a short 

way, Hegel tries to restrict democracy by monarchism more than conversely. 

At the same time, Hegel finally demands to compose only executive 

from „experienced“ officials, what we cannot f. i. say of Plato, because 

with him the actual institutional division of political power is still unknown. 

As Plato – or Socrates as well – says, only „veritable philosophers“ 

should be in power, he completely excludes the effectiveness of 

public will in political activities, since the common will and interest are 

here also separated by the political „sagacity“ strange for general public. 

In discussing context, I. Chavchavadze’s point of view is evidently 

different from Hobbes’s too. Hobbes, refusing the priority of public will 

and representation based on it, tries to substantiate the preference of monarchism 

to democracy in the light of maintenance of piece and security. 

As Hobbes says, „the monarch cannot come into conflict with himself out 

of envy or partiality, but the assembly may, even so severe that it may 

come to a civil war“. Accordingly, it is plain that, with Hobbes, the realization 

of general interest – legal-politically – has nothing in common with 

fulfilness of general will. At the same time, it is also clear that the discord 

between public will and public interest may compose the subject of discussion 

just as an exception, and the thesis, based on the exception, is the 

only factor, which in Hobbes’ point of view speaks for „preference“ of 

autocratic monarchy to democratic system. 

131

Summary 

Fichte calls in question the accordance of people’s will to its inte- 

rests as well, but not with the same consequences: According to him, 

although people may make mistakes when taking political decisions, but 

it is not enough to deprive it of the opportunity to determine its destiny 

freely, to create its own future, because if people makes a wrong choice, it 

harms only itself and not anyone other. Hence, concerning the choice in 

favour of freedom, the views of Fichte and I. Chavchavadze clearly cross. 

As I. Chavchavadze, Rousseau also gives priority to the freedom, but 

as distinct from his conception not unequivocally, to be precise, purely relatively 

– according to Rousseau the aim of democracy is unrealizable: 

He is sceptical about the possibility of bringing in correspondence of 

common will with the common interest by the people itself. 

Private will is according to Diderot „suspicious“, since it can be „benevolent 

or deceitful“, but the common will is always „benevolent“. At 

the same time, with reference to the public interest the latter is understood 

here predominantly abstractly; the actually concretizable common will 

has no influence on the content of already existing „agreement“. From the 

in the similar abstract manner defined interest proceeds Pascal. Though 

this point of view is not directed with him (or with Diderot) against the 

sovereignty of people as such, – he tries to find a way of submitting of 

common will to the common interest, but exactly because of it resp. by 

negating of parallelism between them it is always only ambiguous. The 

conformity of public interest with public will raises, according to Voltaire, 

no difficulties where the people has a „common sens“, but the situation 

changes essentially, as he says, when we have to do with „unwise“, 

„sauvage“ subjects, in contrast to what I. Chavchavadze, as analysis presented 

in the work shows, never divides the people legal-politically into 

„sauvage“ and „wise“ citizens – neither generally nor concerning the 

same society. 

III. The essence of democracy. Although the citizens of democratic 

system are equal only in expressing of their political will and the equality 

132

III. The essence of democracy 

seems to disappear when it comes to realization of it, – because not the 

will of each citizen can be taken into consideration, but only the will of 

that part of society which makes up the majority, – but the domination of 

the will of majority, how real it may seem in its concrete manifestation, is 

in the final analysis only a relative domination, even just a seeming one, 

since the principle of majority itself originates from the common will. In 

other words, a concrete legal supremacy of the will of majority under 

conditions of legal equality is based on people’s truly common resp. 

united will. 

Separately from the significance of legal equality resp. just on the 

basis of principle of majority explains Aristoteles the democracy, i. e. the 

essence of democracy is reduced here to the subordinating of minority to 

the majority. With a view to the principle of majority Hegel leaves the 

phenomenon of legal equality unconsidered too. Referring to the „distinction 

between the rulers and the ruleds“, he neglects that in a democratic 

society the formers are in the service of the latters, the state – in the service 

of people, the state will – in the service of common will and not vice 

versa, which on its part essentially means the ignorance of qualitative specificity 

of democracy and with it of the actual sense of legal equality. 

In contrast to the aforesaid in Kants philosophy the subject of central 

interest is not the correlation between the majority and the minority, but 

between the individual and the public will; however his views in this regard 

cannot be brought fully in conformity with reality, for the legislative 

will in that way, in which it is presented with Kant (resp. as an „unanimous 

will of people“), is in fact just a theoretically achievable condition. 

Or rather, he determines the essence of democracy without differentiating 

between the in the given context decisive general and concrete elements: 

The equality principle, in its generaliy, does not represent here a legal 

instrument for restricting of principle of majority, in its concreteness, but 

the significance of this functional connection remains in essence disregarded. 

Similarily determines Leibniz the problem of correlation between the 

133

Summary 

individual and the society and the abstarct, non-concretized projection of 

this point of view on the legislative reality leads to a purely abstruse per- 

ception of essence of democracy, which has not much in common with 

substantiating of this phenomenon. 

With I. Chavchavadze, the deficit concerned of legal-political realism 

is absolutely overcome. The legislative will represents here the political 

will of majority that is limited by the legal equality resp. the universal 

identity of legal rights and duties. 

In the work is also accentuated the incompatibility of Marxists’ doctrine 

with I. Chavchavadze’s model of democracy: The starting point of 

the former theory is a „direct“, „social“ democracy resp. the negation of 

any kind of political system, inclusive of democratic one. The given primitivism, 

first of all, is objectively altogether unrealizable, except of that 

case where we have to do with microsocial formations, in which the spectrum 

and the degree of complexity of social relations are maximally simplified. 

In other words, the realization of direct „democracy“ of this doctrine 

means a disintegration of each macrosociality and herewith an infinite 

regress for the mankind. 

IV. The democratic form of government. Discussing the problem 

of monarchism, I. Chavchavadze mainly points out positively the constitutional-monarchical 

systems of such countries, as England and Germany 

at that time. As he says, in these states, especially in England, was functioning 

quite a stable mechanism which made it impossible for the government 

to ignore roughly the public will. At the same time, I. Chavchavadze’s 

positive attitude towards the constitutional monarchy is mainly 

relative and does not at all contain any overestimation of it. 

From the analysis of I. Chavchavadze’s views about the republican 

government results clearly that he chiefly supports not the monarchical, 

but the republican democracy. However it must be also emphasized that 

I. Chavchavadze is deeply convinced of imperfection of republican system 

of his epoch and on this part, he does not abstain from sharp criti- 

134

IV. The democratic form of government 

cism: For I. Chavchavadze was not acceptable the form that took the 

universal suffrage originally; he was supporter of such model of it which 

is based on the social-political equality of all citizens. By the combination 

of principles of universality and equality I. Chavchavadze places the phenomenon 

of universal suffrage at the service of true democracy, instead of 

simulation of democratism. 

Within the framework of analysis of the given form of government 

I. Chavchavadze pays special attention, first of all, to the French model of 

republic. At the same time, he seeks for the bases of optimal development 

of republican government on the example of the USA. 

Taking into account the aforesaid, it must be pointed out not only that 

I. Chavchavadze refuses once more distinctly the legal and political discrimination 

of citizens according to class, property or any other criterion, 

but in the work is also devoted special attention to the fact that he, with 

regard to the closely-related problem, namely the forming of bases of 

self-government, presents the following conception of inner-state sovereignty 

and public responsibility of officials: On the one part, „the officials 

of self-government (judges, functionaries of executive authority) 

must be elected by the local inhabitants“; on the other part, „each official 

of self-government is responsible not to his superiors, but to the ,public 

law and justice‘ “. The special relevance of this point of view is based on 

the fact that first of all, it raises considerably officials’ sense of duty as 

regards to the point, that by their position they are in the service of citizens’ 

interests and that the exercising of political power is the exercising 

of people’s will; secondly, the functioning of state authorities gains a veritable 

transparency, since the official’s responsibility is based here not 

on the principle of hierarchy, but he is directly responsible to „public law 

and justice“; thirdly, it becomes possible to ensure the adequate functional 

independence of executive and judicial authorities at the given level 

resp. the maximally consequent division of power within the self-government; 

and finally, it is completely excluded the danger of exaggerated 

135

Summary 

centralism, i. e. it is created a reliable legal mechanism of rational balan- 

cing of public will. 

The development of I. Chavchavadze’s model of division of power 

resulting from the „bases of self-government“ is instrumental in the work, 

resp. the generalization of the given model in respect of the traditional 

theory of division of power, which on its part is also the basis of further 

development of the latter. I. Chavchavadze’s conception, projecting it on 

the system of central power, means that the functional sovereignty of each 

branch of power is already determined by the specificity of its formation. 

As a rule, in legally high organized countries even nowadays the citizens 

form just the legislative power; the formation of central executive and judicial 

power takes place not by the direct participation of people, but just 

in the name of people and represents a strictly „inner-state“ procedure. At 

this, with regard to the fact that the state itself autonomously forms the 

executive and judicial power, first of all, we have to do with burdening of 

legislative power with an unnatural for it competence in one or another 

way that does not at all answer its purpose. 

Montesquieu, as founder of the theory of division of power, passes 

this inconsistency over in silence, a logical consequence of which is the 

reality where in that manner, in which Montesquieu divides the state into 

three separate sovereigns, cannot be finally achieved their harmonious 

reconstruction as a united sovereign. As distinct from it, by development 

of I. Chavchavadze’s conception we come to the result that each branch 

of power here too must be responsible to „public law and justice“ resp. to 

the people and not to one another; thus, in form of metastructural systematic 

control there is an effective legal mechanism that determines a united, 

really balanced development of all branches of power and their integration 

into the state organism as into the higher sovereign unity. To be 

precise, where the focal question is the effectivness, the maximal productivity 

of state power and not constructivism, the given factor is crucial. At 

the same time, this does not limit the responsibility of each of them to the 

136

IV. The democratic form of government 

law in the restrictive sense as well, but first of all, as a result of it, on the 

one part, it is excluded that the representatives of legislative power were 

not accountable to the voters and on the other part, the accountability of 

the executive to the legislative power is negated, the non-realization of 

which in modern law equally contradicts both the essence of division of 

power and the nature of legislative power. 

According to the aforesaid, the principle of division of power gets the 

appropriate practical value only in such a case, when the system of formation 

of each branch of power and the mechanism of their functional control 

are the same, namely with regard to the degree of democratism. The 

basis of the possibility to realize this optimally, as demonstrated, consists 

in the development of legal and political views of I. Chavchavadze. 

137

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