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132 M. SKUHRAVÁ, V. SKUHRAVÝ, J. BLASCO-ZUMETA y J. PUJADE-VILLAR was found at 7 localities, both in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula (Fig. 36); Janetiella oenephila causing galls on leaves of Vitis vinifera was found at 6 localities (Fig. 81); Contarinia scoparii causing galls on tips of young shoots of Cytisus scoparius was found at 5 localities (Fig. 27), and Contarinia ilicis causing small galls on the leaves of Quercus ilex was found at 8 localities (Fig. 22). Eighteen species (7%) occur frequently. Each of them has been found at 9, 10, 11 or 12 localities. Of them, the most interesting are four species causing galls on various species of Erica, viz. Dasineura ericaescopariae (Fig. 40), D. zimmermanni (Fig. 64), Wachtliella ericina (Fig. 125) and Myricomyia mediterranea (Fig. 95); Asphondylia ulicis causing galls on swollen flower buds of Ulex europaeus (Fig. 14). Braueriella phillyreae causing pustule galls on leaves of Phillyrea latifolia (Fig. 19); Dasineura tubicoloides causing tubular galls on buds of Cytisus (Sarothamnus) scoparius (Fig. 5 9); Dasineura crataegi inducing rosette leaf galls on Crataegus monogyna (Fig. 38), and finally Iteomyia capreae and I. major causing galls on the leaves of Salix caprea and related Salix-species (Figs. 72 and 73) are other interesting and widely distributed species. Five species (2%) occur very frequently. Each of them has been found at 13, 14 or 15 localities. Two species are associated with oaks, viz. Contarinia luteola causing small galls on branches of Quercus ilex (Fig. 23) and Dryomyia cocciferae inducing galls on leaves of Quercus coccifera (Fig. 65). The other species of this group are Dasineura plicatrix inducing unregularly twisted leaves on various Rubus species (Fig. 50); Rabdophaga salicis causing swellings on twigs of various Salix species (Fig. 108), and Dasineura rosae causing folded leaflet galls on various Rosa species (Fig. 53). Two species (1%), Phyllodiplosis cocciferae and Dryomyia lichtensteinii, occur most frequently. Both are the typical representatives of the Mediterranean fauna. Phyllodiplosis cocciferae causes cone-shaped galls on buds of Quercus coccifera and its galls were found at 20 localities (Fig. 100). Dryomyia lichtensteinii induces ovoid galls on leaves of Quercus ilex and Q. suber. Its galls were found at 24 localities (Fig. 66). Zoogeography The gall midge species occurring in the Iberian Peninsula may be divided, according to their overall distribution, into seven zoogeographic groups: European, Euro-Siberian, Euro-Asian, Mediterranean including sub- Mediterranean, Palaearctic, Holarctic and Nearctic. About 90 species (35%) belong to European zoogeographic group, which species have centres of distribution in Central Europe and penetrate Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent., 30 (1-2): 93-159, 2006
GALL MIDGES (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA 133 southwards up to Iberian Peninsula where usually run the southern boundary of their distribution area. Typical representatives of European species are Hartigiola annulipes and Mikiola fagi causing galls on leaves of Fagus sylvatica, and Macrodiplosis pustularis and M. roboris causing galls on leaves of Quercus robur and Q. petraea. Five species associated with Cytisus (Sarothamnus) scoparius, viz. Asphondylia sarothamni, Contarinia scoparii, Dasineura tubicoloides, Jaapiella sarothamni and Janetiella tuberculi, are European and sub-Atlantic species occurring abundantly along the seaside, penetrate inland and reach with its host plant eastwards up to the Czech Republic. Kochiomyia kochiae is the Pontic-Pannonian species causing galls on Bassia prostrata (= Kochia prostrata). It occurs abundantly along the seaside of the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus) and in the Pannonian lowlands in Hungary (SKUHRAVÁ & SKUHRAVÝ, 1999). The galls were found also in southern France and in north-eastern Spain where this species reaches the most western limits of its remarkable distribution area. Forty five species (17%) may be regarded as Euro-Siberian. They occur abundantly in Europe, extending at least to Western Siberia and few species reach up to the eastern part of Palaearctic Region, to the Far East, China and Japan. Typical representatives are Harmandiola cavernosa and H. globuli associated with Populus tremula, Lasioptera rubi on various species of Rubus, Iteomyia capreae on Salix caprea and, S. aurita and Contarinia tiliarum causing galls on young shoots of Tilia cordata and T. platyphyllos. Most of Euro-Siberian species reach the southern limits of distribution area in Iberian Peninsula. Two species, viz. Etsuhoa sabinae and Xerephedromyia ustjurtensis, have disjuncted Euro-Asian areas of distribution. Galls of Etsuhoa sabinae on Juniperus sabina occur rarely in mountains of Europe and were also found in mountains of eastern Kazakhstan. Galls of Xerephedromyia ustjurtensis on Ephedra distachya were discovered in western Kazakhstan near the Caspian Sea, in northern Spain and southern France. Such type of distribution may be denominated as Mediterraneo-Turanian. Two other species, viz. Peromyia truncata and Polyardis bispinosa, belonging to the subfamily Lestremiinae, have Palaearctic distribution. Adults were caught rarely in Europe and in Asia (Far East, Japan). Mediterrenean and sub-Mediterranean species are the largest group including about 110 species (43%). They occur abundantly in the Mediterranean, some of them penetrate with their host plants northwards and few species reach even up to Central Europe. These are usually called sub-Mediterranean species. Phyllodiplosis cocciferae and Dryomyia cocciferae causing galls on Quercus coccifera, four species associated with Quercus ilex, viz. Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent., 30 (1-2): 93-159, 2006
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