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Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale“SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo”Working Paper of Public Healthnr. 7/2012radiology, etc.), the implementation in some countries of screening programs havefinancial barriers associated to cultural resistance and should be important a highereducational efforts to reduce these effects of friction. In fact, Mittra (2011) argues thatscreening program can be successfully implemented in developing countries if, a priori,there is a high level of compliance based on a high level of awareness. Developingcountries have several socio-economic problems and it is difficult to select, consideringthe available resources, the apt examination for detection of breast cancer. Hence,although the importance of early detection, breast cancer management in some countrieswith low economic resource countries is affected by several factors. The lack of regionalpathology services, medical oncologists and surgeons play a vital role for detecting breastcancer and applying apt anticancer treatments (Saghir et al., 2011). In general, countrieshave different results in terms of incidence also due to early detection and screeningprograms associated to socio-economic-cultural factors.Although the incidence of breast cancer in women tends to be higher in richer countries, asshowed by empirical evidence, the higher R&D investment fosters vital scientific advances inthe research fields of genomics and cell biology that have been spurring more effective andless toxic treatments for breast and other cancers based on targeted therapies for patients (cf.Coccia, 2012). These new scientific and technological trajectories have been generating arevolution in clinical practice across countries to treat and we hope to cure this and othertypologies of cancer in not-to-distant future.ReferencesAgarwal G., Pradeep P.V., Aggarwal V., Yip C.H., Cheung P.S. (2007) “Spectrum of breastcancer in Asian women”, World J Surg., vol. 31, n. 5, pp. 1031-1040.Antonova L., Aronson K., Mueller C. R. (2011) “Stress and breast cancer: fromepidemiology to molecular biology” Breast Cancer Research, vol. 13:208Barnes B., Steindorf K., Hein R., Flesch-Janys D., Chang-Claude J. (2011), “Populationattributable risk of invasive postmenopausal breast cancer and breast cancer subtypes formodifiable and non-modifiable risk factors” , Cancer Epidemiology, vol. 35, n. 4, pp. 345–352.Botha JL, Bray F, Sanilac R, Parkin DM. (2003) “Breast cancer incidence and mortalitytrends in 16 European countries”, Eur J Cancer, vol. 39, n. 12, pp. 1718-1729.18
Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale“SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo”Working Paper of Public Healthnr. 7/2012Brinton L.A., Gammon M.D., Malone KE, Schoenberg JB, Daling JR, Coates RJ. (1997)“Modification of oral contraceptive relationships on breast cancer risk by selected factorsamong younger women”, Contraception, vol. 55, n. 4, pp. 197-203.Coccia M. (2012) “Path breaking innovation for lung cancer: a revolution in clinicalpractice”, Working Paper Ceris-CNR, n.1, anno XIV, Torino (Italia), ISSN (Print): 1591-0709Cogliano V., Grosse Y., Baan R., Straif K., Secretan B., El Ghissassi F. (2005),“Carcinogenicity of combined oestrogen-progestagen contraceptives and menopausaltreatment”, Lancet Oncology, vol.6, n. 8, pp.552-553.Coldman A., Phillips N. “Population studies of the effectiveness of mammographicscreening” (2011), Preventive Medicine, vol. 53, n. 3, pp. 115-117.Conlon M. S.C., Johnson K. C., Bewick M. A., Lafrenie R. M., Donner A. (2010) “Smoking(active and passive), N-acetyltransferase 2, and risk of breast cancer”, Cancer Epidemiology,vol. 34, n. 2, pp. 142-149.DeRoo L. A., Vlastos T.A., Mock P., Vlastos G., Morabia A. (2010) “Comparison ofwomen's breast cancer risk factors in Geneva, Switzerland and Shanghai, China” , PreventiveMedicine vol. 51, n.6. pp. 497–501.Dimitrakakis C. and Bondy C. (2009) “Androgens and the breast” in Breast cancer research,vol. 11, n. 5: 212.El Saghir N. S., Adebamowo C. A., Anderson B. O., Carlson R. W., Bird P. A., Corbex M.,Badwe R. A., Bushnaq M. A., Eniu A., Gralow J. R., Harness J. K., Masetti R., Perry F.,Samiei M., Thomas D. B., Wiafe-Addai B., Cazap E. (2011) “Breast cancer management inlow resource countries (LRCs): Consensus statement from the Breast Health GlobalInitiative”, The Breast, vol. 20, Supplement 2, pp. S3-S11.Evans D. G. R., Howell A. (2007) “Review Breast cancer risk-assessment models” BreastCancer Research vol. 9, n. 213 (doi:10.1186/bcr1750)Gaffield M. E., Culwell K. R., Ravi A. (2009) “Oral contraceptives and family history ofbreast cancer”, Contraception, vol. 80, n. 4, pp. 372-380.Gammon M. D., Eng S. M., Teitelbaum S. L., Britton J. A., Kabat G. C., Hatch M., PaykinA. B., Neugut A. I., Santella R. M. (2004) “Environmental tobacco smoke and breast cancerincidence” , Environmental Research, vol. 96, n. 2, pp. 176-185.19
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