Middle East’s First LEED-Certified BuildingThe Emirates Green Building Council has announced that Wafi City, part of Dubai’s diversified businessconglomerate Wafi Group, has earned the Middle East’s first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED®) certification, with a ‘silver’ rating, for its new District Cooling Chiller Plant (DCCP) One.DCCP One is the first phase of a 20,000-ton central chilled-water plant planned to serve Wafi City – aresidential and commercial development that will include a mall, residences, the Pyramids recreation area and aluxury hotel, Raffles Dubai. The plant will be equipped with Trane’s EarthWise CenTraVac chillers that use R-123, providing savings in operational cost and power consumption. DCCP One was planned, engineered and theconstruction managed by Green Technologies of Dubai. Phase one of the project was built by ETA’s Gulf DistrictCooling division and Khansaheb Civil Engineering.Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, the LEED Green Building Rating System is used in more than10 countries to assess building performance and meeting sustainability goals. To earn a LEED silver rating, aproject must earn 33 to 38 points out of a maximum of 69 points on the LEED rating system. The points areaccumulated from different categories recognizing achievements and promoting expertise in green building.Tabreed Bahrain Signs ContractBahrain District Cooling Company BSC, also known as Tabreed Bahrain – a subsidiary of the United ArabEmirates’ National Central Cooling Company PJSC – has signed its largest-ever contract in the Kingdom toprovide cooling services to Bahrain Financial Harbour. The project, which will be fed by the company’s NorthShore District Cooling Network, will provide about 30,000 tons of refrigeration to the entire $1.3 billion BahrainFinancial Harbour master-planned development. Officials of Bahrain Financial Harbour expect the developmentto become one of the Middle East’s premier destinations for regional financial sector companies. The first phaseof the project is due to be ready in the beginning of 2007.Jordan District Energy FormedTabreed Holding and Abdali Investment and Development PSC announced Aug. 22 the formation of a 50/50partnership to set up a new private shareholding company in Jordan. Called Jordan District Energy PSC andheadquartered in Amman, the new company is the first to introduce district cooling and heating services in bothJordan and the Levant.Sheikh Baha’a Rafic Hariri has been named the chairman and Tabreed CEO Dany Safi the vice chairman ofJordan District Energy, which will invest 80 million Jordan dinars ($113 million) to develop district cooling andheating systems for the Abdali urban regeneration project.Comprising an area of 350,000 sq m (more than 86 acres) of prime land, the Abdali development area is thelargest contiguous, single-owned vacant plot in the center of Amman. It is surrounded by more than 25 banksand financial institutions, 16 public institutions, 12 major hotels and nine hospitals in addition to numerousclinics, medical centers, commercial centers and key civic landmarks. The Abdali redevelopment project isexpected to be completed in 2009.Rehabilitation Project in CroatiaThe World Bank in June approved a loan of 24 million euros ($29.8 million) for a district heating project in theRepublic of Croatia. The project will promote the operational efficiency of HEP Toplinarstvo (HEP T), thesubsidiary of the national energy company Hrvatska Elektroprivreda that provides services in Zagreb andOsijek.As part of the project, the district heating systems in both cities will be rehabilitated. In Zagreb, a dual-pipetrench and transmission and distribution piping will be replaced. In Osijek, new distribution piping will beinstalled, and a combined heat and power plant will be built to replace inefficient heat-only boilers.The project will also involve development of a ‘demand-side management’ program, which aims to lower energyconsumption in apartments and give residents greater control over their heat consumption.Over the past 15 years, due to a lack of funds, Croatian district heating companies were not in a position toproperly maintain and replace their networks in a timely manner. This has led to frequent breakdowns affecting
LUURS DE AANLEG VAN VERHARDE WEGEN, 1825-1925213nog minder vaak voor. De puinwegen, waarvan er maar zeer weinig zijn aangelegd,waren het slechtste vanwege de relatieve broosheid van de baksteenbrokjes. 4De onderzoeksmethode die hier is toegepast, is ontleend aan de studie Transportand Economy. The turnpike roads of eighteenth century Britain van E. Pawson.Pawson brengt hierin het proces van de aanleg van verharde tolwegen in Engelandin kaart aan de hand van de theorie van de diffusie van innovaties. 5 Het proces vandiffusie van een innovatie kan gedefinieerd worden als de verspreiding van deinnovatie in de tijd. Dit proces kent, in het ideale geval, het verloop van een S-vormige curve. Van een klein aantal vernieuwers verspreidt de innovatie zich overde hele bevolking of het hele gebied. De snelheid waarmee de innovatie geaccepteerdwordt, neemt aanvankelijk snel toe vanwege het zogenaamde demonstratieeffect.Nadat de verspreiding van de innovatie haar hoogtepunt bereikt heeft,neemt de acceptatie weer af. 6 De frequentieverdeling van dit proces vertoont hetverloop van een normaal-curve. De grote meerderheid die de innovatie accepteert,tweederde deel, beslaat het midden van de curve. De beiden uiteinden van decurve, elk eenzesde deel, worden gevormd door de kleine groep vernieuwers en hetgroepje laatkomers. Worden de percentages bij elkaar opgeteld, volgens de zogehetencumulatieve methode, dan ontstaat de klassieke S-curve oftewel diffusiecurve.7 Het onderzoek van Pawson heeft aangetoond dat de aanleg van tolwegen inEngeland aan dit diffusiepatroon voldeed. In Engeland was er sprake van eenaanloopperiode van 1690 tot circa 1750 waarin de hoofdroutes aangelegd werden.Tussen 1750 en 1770 werd de meerderheid van alle wegen aangelegd. In totaal werd52% van het netwerk in deze periode aangelegd. Na 1770 nam het tempo vanwegenaanleg weer af. 85 E. Pawson, Transport and Economy. The turnpike roads of eighteenth century Britain(Londen, 1977). Studies waarin deze methode ook is toegepast zijn: M. Clement, Transporten economische ontwikkeling; A. Grübler, The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures. Dynamicsof Evolution and Technological Change in Transport (Heidelberg, 1990); G.A.van der Knaap, A spatial analysis of the evolution of an urban system: the case of theNetherlands (Utrecht, 1978). Zie ook: G.A. van der Knaap, ‘Industrialisatie en de ontwikkelingvan vervoerssystemen’ in: G.A. van der Knaap, Spoorwegen en wegvervoer. Eengeschiedenis en bronnenoverzicht (Amsterdam 1993).6 E.M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York, 1962) 160-163. Zie ook: W. Norton,Historical analysis in geography (Londen en New York, 1984) 21-23 en 150-158. Debruikbaarheid van deze methode is echter volgens Norton afhankelijk van de beschikbaarheidvan een grote hoeveelheid consistente en vergelijkbare gegevens. In dit geval is vooralgebruik gemaakt van het Verslag Openbare Werken aangevuld met ander materiaal voorde reconstructie van de wegennetten.7 E. Pawson, The turnpike trusts of the eighteenth century: a study of innovation anddiffusion (Oxford, 1975) 14-16.8 Zie Pawson, Transport and Economy 115 en Clement, Transport en economische ontwikkeling19.