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Aves da Pátria da Leari - Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia

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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

2ª Edição Pedro C. Lima<br />

Apoio:


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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

_____________________________________________<br />

L71a<br />

LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> pátria <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong>/Pedro Lima Cerqueira -<br />

. 1.ed. - Salvador: AO, 2004.<br />

271p.:<br />

ISBN<br />

1. <strong>Ornitologia</strong>. 2. <strong>Aves</strong>. 3. Caatinga<br />

CDU - 598.2<br />

_____________________________________________<br />

ATUALIDADES ORNITOLÓGICAS N.128 – NOVEMBRO/DEZEMBRO DE 2005 – P. 29


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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Este livro é <strong>de</strong>dicado a Helmut Sick, não só o <strong>de</strong>scobridor <strong>da</strong><br />

pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari, como também o pioneiro no<br />

levantamento <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.


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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

AGRADECIMENTOS<br />

A Charles A. Munn, Carlos Eugênio Bezerra <strong>de</strong> Meneses (Cetrel), Minnesota Zoo, Dave<br />

Cruz, World Parrot Trust, Heinz Lambert and Walter Schulz, pelo apoio financeiro. A<br />

Otavio Nolasco <strong>de</strong> Farias (Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca) pelo apoio logístico. Cid Marcos<br />

Simões <strong>de</strong> Menezes e Paola Segura Diaz pela logística <strong>da</strong> Fun<strong>da</strong>ção BioBrasil. A Adson<br />

Lima do Nascimento, Antônio José <strong>de</strong> Jesus Pimentel, Eliane Ribeiro <strong>da</strong> Silva,<br />

Elizangela Silva Souza, José Carlos Silva Ribeiro, José Raimundo Silva Araújo, Luiz<br />

Eduardo Souza Silva, Luiz Marcio Oliveira <strong>da</strong> Silva, Manoel Alves Sobrinho, Moacir <strong>de</strong><br />

Jesus, Rosivane Ribeiro <strong>da</strong> Silva, Thyers Novaes <strong>de</strong> Cerqueira Lima Neto,Jozil<strong>da</strong><br />

Monteiro <strong>da</strong> Silva, Zezito <strong>de</strong> Jesus, Zildomar Souza Souza Magalhães pela participação<br />

direta nas campanhas <strong>de</strong> campo. Jaelson <strong>de</strong> Oliveira Castro pelo apóio <strong>da</strong>do no inicio do<br />

projeto. Agra<strong>de</strong>ço também a Luiz Claudio Marigo, Haroldo Palo Jr. pelas fotos cedi<strong>da</strong>s,<br />

Rolf Grantsau, Sidnei Sampaio dos Santos, Rita <strong>de</strong> Cassia Ferreira <strong>da</strong> Rocha Lima pelo<br />

apoio nas pesquisas <strong>de</strong> campo. Agre<strong>de</strong>cimento a Disney Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, Ao CEMAVE pelo<br />

apoio e a José Fernando Pacheco pela correção do texto (<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga). A Silvano<br />

Abreu Farias, pelo apoio técnico, na editoração eletrônica <strong>de</strong>ste livro,<br />

a Keith Spalding Brown Jr pela i<strong>de</strong>ntificação <strong>da</strong>s espécies <strong>de</strong> borboletas.,<br />

e a Josph DiCostanzo pela revisão dos textos em inglês.<br />

TRADUÇÃO: RICHARD GORDON HARTLEY<br />

FOTOS: PEDRO LIMA


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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

ÍNDICE<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga 006<br />

Birds of Caatinga 011<br />

O Status Ecológico <strong>da</strong> Arara-Azul-<strong>de</strong>-Lear 015<br />

The Ecological Status of the Lears Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari) 018<br />

Levantamento e Anilhamento <strong>da</strong> Ornitofauna na <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> A. <strong>Leari</strong> 021<br />

Survey and Banding of the Ornito-fauna in the range of the Lears Macaw 025<br />

Uma Pequena Contribuição: Combate ao Tráfico Ilegal <strong>de</strong> Animais 029<br />

A Small Contribution: The Combat Against the Illegal Traffic of Animals 031<br />

Coccyzus americanus Linné, 1758 na <strong>Pátria</strong>* <strong>da</strong> Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear 033<br />

Coccyzus americanus Linné, 1758 in the home range of the Lears Amacaw 034<br />

Descrição <strong>da</strong>s espécies 035<br />

Familias<br />

Tinami<strong>da</strong>e 150<br />

Rhei<strong>da</strong>e 151<br />

Podicipedi<strong>da</strong>e 152<br />

Phalacrocoraci<strong>da</strong>e 152<br />

Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e 152<br />

Ciconii<strong>da</strong>e 155<br />

Catharti<strong>da</strong>e 155<br />

Anati<strong>da</strong>e 157<br />

Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e 158<br />

Falconi<strong>da</strong>e 162<br />

Craci<strong>da</strong>e 166<br />

Arami<strong>da</strong>e 166<br />

Ralli<strong>da</strong>e 167<br />

Cariami<strong>da</strong>e 169<br />

Jacani<strong>da</strong>e 170<br />

Charadrii<strong>da</strong>e 170<br />

Scolopaci<strong>da</strong>e 171<br />

Recurvirostri<strong>da</strong>e 171<br />

Columbi<strong>da</strong>e 172<br />

Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e 174<br />

Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e 177<br />

Tytoni<strong>da</strong>e 179


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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Strigi<strong>da</strong>e 180<br />

Nyctibi<strong>da</strong>e 182<br />

Caprimulgi<strong>da</strong>e 183<br />

Trochili<strong>da</strong>e 184<br />

Trogoni<strong>da</strong>e 188<br />

Alcedini<strong>da</strong>e 189<br />

Galbuli<strong>da</strong>e 189<br />

Bucconi<strong>da</strong>e 190<br />

Pici<strong>da</strong>e 190<br />

Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e 193<br />

Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e 195<br />

Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e 197<br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e 199<br />

Pipri<strong>da</strong>e 210<br />

Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e 210<br />

Corvi<strong>da</strong>e 212<br />

Troglodyti<strong>da</strong>e 212<br />

Sylvinae 213<br />

Turdinae 213<br />

Mimi<strong>da</strong>e 214<br />

Vireoni<strong>da</strong>e 215<br />

Parulinae 215<br />

Coerebinae 216<br />

Thraupinae 216<br />

Emberezinae 220<br />

Cardinalinae 224<br />

Icterinae 225<br />

Fringili<strong>da</strong>e 227<br />

Passeri<strong>da</strong>e 227<br />

Outros animais 228<br />

O Povo 235<br />

A Pecuária 236<br />

Serra Branca 237<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong> 239<br />

Lista <strong>de</strong> Chiroptera (Morcegos) - Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina 247<br />

Listagem <strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> Bahia – Bioma Caatinga 248<br />

Referências Bibliográficas 256


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AVES DA CAATINGA<br />

O bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga foi e continua sendo um dos biomas menos estu<strong>da</strong>dos, quer seja por falta <strong>de</strong><br />

interesse, ou falta <strong>de</strong> recursos para serem aplicados em pesquisas ou ain<strong>da</strong>, pelas dificul<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s apresenta<strong>da</strong>s<br />

pelo ambiente. Pacheco & Bauer (2000) realizaram um amplo levantamento bibliográfico sobre o censo <strong>da</strong><br />

avifauna do bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> a época do <strong>de</strong>scobrimento, até o final <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 90. Antes <strong>da</strong> abertura<br />

dos portos em 1808, os trabalhos mais relevantes eram provenientes <strong>da</strong> colonização holan<strong>de</strong>sa no Nor<strong>de</strong>ste,<br />

<strong>de</strong>stacando-se a gran<strong>de</strong> contribuição do astrônomo Georg Macgrave (1610-1644).<br />

Macgrave chegou ao Brasil a convite do príncipe <strong>de</strong> Nassau em 1638, e permaneceu no Brasil até 1644;<br />

<strong>da</strong>s 113 <strong>de</strong>scrições <strong>de</strong> aves realiza<strong>da</strong>s por Macgrave no Brasil, apenas quatro pertenciam ao bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga:<br />

(Rhea americana, Cariama cristata, Compsothraupis loricata e Crypturellus noctivagus zabele).<br />

No século XVIII, <strong>de</strong>stacamos somente o médico português radicado na<br />

Bahia, Francisco Antônio <strong>de</strong> Sampaio que, no entanto, relata apenas três espécies<br />

do bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga em sua obra: Cyanocorax cyanopogon, Icterus jamacaii<br />

e Paroaria dominicana. Outro fato importante ocorrido no século XVIII foi a<br />

fun<strong>da</strong>ção <strong>da</strong> Casa <strong>de</strong> História Natural, cria<strong>da</strong> em 1784 na ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> do Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro,<br />

atualmente o Museu Nacional do Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro.<br />

O século XIX ficou conhecido como o século <strong>da</strong>s gran<strong>de</strong>s expedições<br />

científicas estrangeiras, com a vin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> família real para o Brasil em 1808, que<br />

abriu os portos para as nações amigas e possibilitou uma corri<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> naturalistas<br />

do Velho Mundo para <strong>de</strong>sven<strong>da</strong>r os segredos <strong>de</strong> um país <strong>de</strong>sconhecido, on<strong>de</strong> certamente<br />

encontrariam muitas novi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s.<br />

O príncipe Maximiliano <strong>de</strong> Wied-Neuwied foi o primeiro naturalista do<br />

século XIX a entrar em contato direto com a avifauna <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Apesar <strong>de</strong> ter<br />

percorrido somente uma área pequena <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, antecipou e <strong>de</strong>screveu diversas<br />

espécies típicas <strong>da</strong> área tais como: Aratinga cactorum, Cyanocorax cyanopo-<br />

William Swainson<br />

Acervo <strong>de</strong> University<br />

Museum of<br />

Zoology, Cambridge<br />

Wied-Neuwied<br />

Acervo <strong>da</strong> coleção Robert<br />

Bosch, Stuttgart, Alemanha.<br />

gon e Coryphospingus pileatus, além <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>screver espécies pouco conheci<strong>da</strong>s como:<br />

Sakesphorus cristatus e Hylopezus ochroleucus. Outro fato notável é a <strong>de</strong>scrição <strong>de</strong><br />

uma espécie endêmica <strong>da</strong> Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, o gravatazeiro Rhopornis ar<strong>de</strong>siaca,<br />

cuja área <strong>de</strong> ocorrência situa-se em Boa Nova, Ituaçú (Pinto, 1978). Wied registrou<br />

73 espécies para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, sendo esse um recor<strong>de</strong> para a época.<br />

Em fins <strong>de</strong> 1816, chegou a Pernambuco, o naturalista inglês William Swainson<br />

que pretendia realizar expedições pelo interior e fazer coleta <strong>de</strong> espécimes. No entanto,<br />

isso não ocorreu <strong>de</strong>vido a um movimento revolucionário que lá se iniciou.<br />

Depois <strong>de</strong> termina<strong>da</strong> a revolução, Swainson conseguiu realizar uma expedição pelo<br />

interior em direção ao Rio São Francisco e ao cabo <strong>de</strong> dois meses chegou à ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong><br />

alagoana <strong>de</strong> Penedo. Apesar <strong>de</strong> ter sido um dos mais ativos e <strong>de</strong>stacados zoólogos<br />

<strong>da</strong> época, Swainson contribuiu muito pouco para as aves <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, se compararmos<br />

com as informações <strong>de</strong>ixa<strong>da</strong>s por Wied e Spix. Entretanto, Swainson registrou<br />

cerca <strong>de</strong> 40 espécies para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e <strong>de</strong>ntre essas espécies, duas foram<br />

<strong>de</strong>scritas por ele, além <strong>de</strong> três subespécies.


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Dois renomados naturalistas do século XIX <strong>de</strong>ixaram suas contribuições<br />

para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga: Johann Baptist von Spix e Karl Friedrich Phillipp von<br />

Martius. Spix era zoólogo e Martius, botânico. O tempo que os dois naturalistas<br />

gastaram no bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga foi <strong>de</strong> seis meses e meio, equivalente a 18% <strong>de</strong><br />

to<strong>da</strong> a expedição pelo Brasil; o resto do tempo foi <strong>de</strong>dicado a outros biomas.<br />

Apesar do longo tempo <strong>de</strong>stinado ao bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, a contribuição <strong>de</strong> Spix e<br />

<strong>de</strong> Martius foi pequena: <strong>de</strong>screveram apenas 32 espécies. Apesar <strong>de</strong> ter registrado<br />

poucas espécies para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, Spix <strong>de</strong>screveu nove espécies e 12<br />

subespécies do bioma.<br />

Afora as iniciativas estrangeiras, po<strong>de</strong>mos citar como iniciativa exclusivamente<br />

brasileira, a “Comissão Científica <strong>de</strong> Exploração” que teve como objetivo,<br />

explorar as riquezas naturais do Brasil. Realiza<strong>da</strong> entre 1859 e 1861, esta<br />

expedição coletou cerca <strong>de</strong> 4.000 peles, to<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong>posita<strong>da</strong>s no Museu Nacional<br />

do Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro. Apesar <strong>da</strong> quanti<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> total <strong>de</strong> aves coleta<strong>da</strong>s, a única forma<br />

<strong>de</strong>scrita foi a <strong>da</strong> subespécie Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis.<br />

Ain<strong>da</strong> no século XIX, po<strong>de</strong>mos <strong>de</strong>stacar a contribuição <strong>de</strong> Emilie Gounelle que coletou diversos beijaflores,<br />

sendo que um <strong>de</strong>les leva o seu nome: Phaethornis gounellei, <strong>de</strong>scrito por Boucard em 1891.<br />

No inicio do século XX (1903), a expedição austríaca li<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> pelo ictiologista Franz Stein<strong>da</strong>chner,<br />

acompanhado do ornitólogo Otmar Reiser <strong>de</strong>dicou 45 dias ao bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Ernst Garbe naturalista do<br />

Museu Paulista coletou diversas aves <strong>da</strong> Caatinga no ano <strong>de</strong> 1907. Como resultado <strong>de</strong>ssa expedição, foram<br />

<strong>de</strong>scritas varias subespécies e uma nova espécie endêmica <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, Formicivara<br />

iheringi (Hellmayr, 1909).<br />

Emilie Snethlage<br />

Biblioteca <strong>de</strong><br />

Herbert Franzoni Berla<br />

Hellmayr<br />

Arquivo do Field Museum<br />

Natural History,<br />

Chicago<br />

Uma expedição li<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> por Adolpho Lutz em 1912 percorreu diversas regiões<br />

do bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, sendo que a observação mais importante <strong>de</strong>ssa expedição<br />

foi a <strong>da</strong> ararinha-azul Cyanopsitta spixii, uma em cativeiro e um bando <strong>de</strong>las<br />

voando em Santo Sé. Lima percorreu essa região em 1995, à procura <strong>da</strong> C. spixii,<br />

no entanto só encontrou a Anodorhynchus leari. Provavelmente essa espécie foi<br />

confundi<strong>da</strong> pela equipe <strong>de</strong> Lutz com C. spixii. A <strong>de</strong>scoberta <strong>de</strong> A. leari entre os<br />

municípios <strong>de</strong> Campo formoso e Santo Sé, contribuiu para o aumento <strong>da</strong> distribuição<br />

geográfica <strong>da</strong> espécie (Munn, 1995).<br />

Robert H. Becker visitou diversos biomas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga no Ceará e na Bahia<br />

em 1913; as aves coleta<strong>da</strong>s por Becker serviram para a <strong>de</strong>scrição <strong>de</strong> diversas<br />

subespécies. Cabe-nos ain<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>stacar a contribuição do alemão Emil Kaempfer e<br />

<strong>de</strong> sua esposa que, juntos, coletaram aves em 11 estados brasileiros, entre 1926 e<br />

1931. O material coletado pelos Kaempfer serviu para <strong>de</strong>screver três subespécies,<br />

to<strong>da</strong>s do Nor<strong>de</strong>ste. Além disso, foram os primeiros a coletarem Rhopornis ar<strong>de</strong>siaca<br />

e Megaxenops parnaguae, após a <strong>de</strong>scrição <strong>de</strong>ssas espécies.<br />

Ain<strong>da</strong> na déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 20, <strong>de</strong>stacamos a contribuição <strong>da</strong> naturalista Emilie Snethlage. Como realizações<br />

<strong>da</strong>s expedições empreendi<strong>da</strong>s por Snethlage, po<strong>de</strong>mos citar a <strong>de</strong>scrição <strong>de</strong> três taxons: Xiphocolaptes franciscanus,<br />

Phylloscartes roquettei e Knipolegus aterrimus franciscanus. Essas três formas permanecem como<br />

endêmicas no bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.


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Na déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 30, Olivério Pinto <strong>de</strong>staca-se por realizar duas expedições ao Nor<strong>de</strong>ste Brasileiro. No entanto,<br />

seus esforços foram direcionados para as espécies <strong>da</strong> Mata Atlântica. As informações sobre as espécies<br />

do bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga foram obti<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> terceiros.<br />

Johann Baptist von Spix<br />

Acervo do ZSM – Zoologische<br />

Sammlung <strong>de</strong>s Bayerischen<br />

Staates – Munich - Alemanha<br />

Nos anos 40, <strong>de</strong>stacou-se a expedição conjunta do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz<br />

em parceria com a fun<strong>da</strong>ção Rockefeller que, na época, realizava pesquisas<br />

sobre a febre amarela. Nessa expedição, além <strong>da</strong>s coletas, o <strong>de</strong>staque<br />

foi a <strong>de</strong>scrição <strong>da</strong> subespécie Xiphorhynchus guttatus gracilirostris, que<br />

foi assim <strong>de</strong>nomina<strong>da</strong> a partir do material coletado naquela expedição.<br />

Nos anos 50, foram duas as expedições mais importantes, conheci<strong>da</strong>s<br />

como “Viagens Científicas ao Estado <strong>de</strong> Alagoas” e organiza<strong>da</strong>s pelo Departamento<br />

<strong>de</strong> Zoologia <strong>da</strong> Secretaria <strong>de</strong> Agricultura <strong>de</strong> São Paulo. Essas<br />

expedições foram coor<strong>de</strong>na<strong>da</strong>s por Olivério Pinto. A primeira expedição<br />

foi no ano <strong>de</strong> 1951 e a segun<strong>da</strong> no ano <strong>de</strong> 1952. Estas expedições foram<br />

importantes, porque Alagoas era um dos estados brasileiros menos explorados<br />

no campo <strong>da</strong> ornitologia.<br />

numa lista <strong>de</strong> 143 espécies. Dizem que essa expedição foi realiza<strong>da</strong><br />

com o objetivo <strong>de</strong> verificar a existência <strong>da</strong>s araras Cyanopsitta spixii e<br />

Anodorhynchus leari, no entanto, esta meta não foi alcança<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Grantsau para estu<strong>da</strong>r os beija-flores do Brasil, passou pela<br />

região <strong>da</strong> Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina quatro vezes: 1965, 1974, 1975 e 2003.<br />

Nessas campanhas coletou 12 espécies <strong>de</strong> beija-flores.<br />

De 1970 a 2000, <strong>de</strong>stacamos o trabalho <strong>de</strong> Sick et al. (1987).<br />

Quando a pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari foi <strong>de</strong>scoberta, Sick e seus colaboradores<br />

aproveitaram para fazer um inventário <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna existente nos<br />

municípios <strong>de</strong> Canudos e Jeremoabo e registraram 132 espécies.<br />

No final <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 50 (57/58), Olivério Pinto li<strong>de</strong>rou novas expedições<br />

ao Nor<strong>de</strong>ste. Fizeram parte <strong>de</strong>ssas expedições, Camargo Andra<strong>de</strong><br />

e Emílio Dente. Uma <strong>de</strong>ssas expedições foi realiza<strong>da</strong> em 1958 na região<br />

noroeste <strong>da</strong> Bahia e resultou<br />

Rolf Grantsau<br />

Museu <strong>de</strong> História Natural <strong>da</strong> Cetrel<br />

Olmos (1992) registrou 208 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves no Parque Nacional<br />

<strong>da</strong> Serra <strong>da</strong> Capivara, sendo essa a principal publicação sobre as aves do sertão do Piauí.<br />

Souto e Hazin (1995) relacionaram 338 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.<br />

Parrini et al (1999) apresentou uma lista com 359 espécies na região <strong>da</strong> Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina <strong>da</strong> Bahia.<br />

É importante frisar que na Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina existem diversos ecossistemas, tais como: Cerrado, campo<br />

rupestre, mata estacional e caatinga.<br />

Em 1997, Grantsau e Lima percorrem a Caatinga do município <strong>de</strong> Teofilândia, em busca <strong>de</strong> beija-flores<br />

e representantes <strong>da</strong> família Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e.


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Neves et al (1999) apresentou uma lista <strong>de</strong> 146 espécies<br />

para a Fazen<strong>da</strong> Tamanduá, município <strong>de</strong> Santa Terezinha, no<br />

sertão paraibano <strong>de</strong> Piranhas.<br />

Fiúza (1999), através <strong>de</strong> um apanhado histórico e <strong>de</strong> levantamentos<br />

bibliográficos, registrou 283 espécies para o bioma<br />

<strong>da</strong> Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia. Muitas <strong>da</strong>s espécies incluí<strong>da</strong>s pertencem<br />

a outros biomas <strong>de</strong> transição ecológica ou áreas <strong>de</strong> enclave. Foram<br />

relaciona<strong>da</strong>s 37 espécies consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong>s como pertencentes<br />

a áreas <strong>de</strong> enclaves. Dez espécies típicas do cerrado foram registra<strong>da</strong>s<br />

em áreas <strong>de</strong> transição ecológica; 30 estão relaciona<strong>da</strong>s<br />

a enclaves <strong>de</strong> florestas <strong>de</strong> ombrófila <strong>de</strong>nsa, nove espécies foram<br />

lista<strong>da</strong>s como espécies visitantes não aquáticas; sete espécies foram<br />

relaciona<strong>da</strong>s nos enclaves <strong>de</strong> campo rupestres. Fiúza (1999),<br />

ain<strong>da</strong> relacionou 57 espécies <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong> ambientes aquáticos.<br />

Nascimento (2000) apresentou um inventário <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna <strong>de</strong> Aiuaba, Ceará e Seridó, Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do<br />

Norte. Estão lista<strong>da</strong>s 154 espécies para a primeira e 116 para a segun<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Casteleti (2000) fez um apanhado sobre os principais pontos do bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga on<strong>de</strong> já foram<br />

efetuados estudos sobre a ornitofauna: foram levantados 347 pontos, sendo que muitos dos levantamentos<br />

realizados eram muito incipientes. A metodologia utiliza<strong>da</strong> neste levantamento foi basea<strong>da</strong> nas amostragens<br />

dos representantes <strong>de</strong> quatro famílias: Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e, Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e, Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e e Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e. As quatro<br />

famílias representam 36% do total <strong>de</strong> aves lista<strong>da</strong>s no Brasil. Assim sendo, representam uma amostragem<br />

significativa.<br />

Helmut Sick<br />

Cortesia <strong>de</strong> Bret M. Whitney<br />

Olivério Pinto<br />

Acervo do Museu <strong>de</strong> Zoologia <strong>da</strong> USP<br />

O número total <strong>de</strong> espécies <strong>de</strong>ssas quatro famílias na Caatinga<br />

é <strong>de</strong> 144 espécies. A maior diversi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> pontual <strong>de</strong>sses grupos foi encontra<strong>da</strong><br />

na locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>da</strong>s fazen<strong>da</strong>s Lagoa Bonita e Grama na Chapa<strong>da</strong><br />

Diamantina <strong>da</strong> Bahia, com 56 espécies. O levantamento realizado por<br />

Casteleti apresentou quatro pontos <strong>de</strong> amostragens, <strong>de</strong> acordo com o<br />

grau <strong>de</strong> pesquisa realizado em ca<strong>da</strong> um: A - (zero) nenhuma espécie <strong>da</strong>s<br />

famílias analisa<strong>da</strong>s foi encontra<strong>da</strong> nesta locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>; B - (1 - 14), <strong>de</strong> uma<br />

a 14 espécies foram encontra<strong>da</strong>s nesta locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>; C - (15 - 28), <strong>de</strong> 15 a<br />

28 espécies foram encontra<strong>da</strong>s nesta locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>; D - (29 - 56), categoria<br />

consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> bem amostra<strong>da</strong>. Foram encontra<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> 29 a 56 espécies por<br />

locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>.<br />

Lima et al (2003 a, 2003 b, 2004 a, 2004b e 2005) levantaram<br />

233 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves para a pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari. Este trabalho foi realizado<br />

em dois pontos do município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo e em um ponto do município<br />

<strong>de</strong> Canudos. De acordo com a metodologia adota<strong>da</strong> por Casteleti (2000),<br />

o local on<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong> observar a maior amostragem realiza<strong>da</strong> no bioma <strong>da</strong><br />

Caatinga até o presente momento, foi nas fazen<strong>da</strong>s Lagoa Bonita e Grama,<br />

na Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina <strong>da</strong> Bahia, on<strong>de</strong> foram registra<strong>da</strong>s 56 espécies,<br />

representantes <strong>da</strong>s famílias: Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e, Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e, Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e e


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Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e. Aplicando o mesmo tipo <strong>de</strong> análise para o levantamento realizado por Lima et al na pátria <strong>da</strong><br />

A. leari, foram observa<strong>da</strong>s 59 espécies representantes <strong>da</strong>s quatro famílias. Assim, po<strong>de</strong>mos consi<strong>de</strong>rar a área<br />

em questão como bem estu<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>.<br />

Grantsau a convite <strong>de</strong> Lima, visitou a pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari pôr duas vezes em 2003.<br />

Lima (2004) levantou 826 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia; <strong>de</strong>sse total 34,1% (282) foram registra<strong>da</strong>s<br />

no bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Nessa relação não foram incluí<strong>da</strong>s muitas espécies <strong>de</strong> ambientes costeiros que<br />

já tinham sido cita<strong>da</strong>s por outros autores, Fiúza (1999) e Silva et al (2004), tais como: Sterna hirundo, Actitis<br />

macularia Numenius phaeopus, Arenaria interpres, Charadrius semipalmatus e Charadrius wilsonia. Apesar<br />

<strong>de</strong> to<strong>da</strong>s essas espécies ocorrerem na Bahia e a <strong>de</strong>speito <strong>de</strong> termos <strong>de</strong>senvolvido pesquisas sobre to<strong>da</strong>s elas no<br />

litoral baiano, nunca pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar nenhuma <strong>de</strong>las nos ambientes <strong>de</strong> Caatinga on<strong>de</strong> realizamos as pesquisas.<br />

Um fato que merece <strong>de</strong>staque foi o resgate <strong>de</strong> uma Fregata magnificens pelo IBAMA, no município <strong>de</strong><br />

Bom Jesus <strong>da</strong> Lapa, às margens do Rio São Francisco, a cerca <strong>de</strong> 400km do litoral. A ave nos foi entregue e<br />

<strong>de</strong>pois recupera<strong>da</strong> e anilha<strong>da</strong> e posteriormente libera<strong>da</strong>. Apesar <strong>de</strong>sse registro, não incluímos essa espécie na<br />

lista <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, por enten<strong>de</strong>rmos que esse registro foi aci<strong>de</strong>ntal.<br />

Silva et al. (2004) fez um apanhado sobre as aves <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, tendo adotado o levantamento <strong>de</strong> Pacheco<br />

& Bauer (2000) como ponto <strong>de</strong> parti<strong>da</strong>. Pacheco & Bauer excluem as aves que ocorrem em outros tipos<br />

<strong>de</strong> vegetação isola<strong>da</strong>s na área do ecossistema, tais como os brejos florestados e os campos rupestres, aceitando<br />

apenas 347 espécies como registra<strong>da</strong>s para o bioma stricto sensu. Silva et al. apresentaram uma lista com 510<br />

espécies para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga tendo incluído to<strong>da</strong>s as espécies, in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> seu hábitat.<br />

Baseando-se no levantamento histórico realizado por Pacheco & Bauer (2000) que compilou 347 espécies<br />

no bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, Fiúza (1999), relacionou 283 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves para a Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, Lima<br />

(2004) relacionou 282 espécies para a Bahia e Silva et al. relacionou 510 espécies para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.<br />

Se compararmos os resultados obtidos na pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari com os alcançados por estes autores, po<strong>de</strong>mos<br />

obter o seguinte resultado em percentual: 66,6 %, 81,6 %, 81,9 % e 45,3 % , respectivamente.<br />

Os trabalhos contínuos <strong>de</strong> levantamento e anilhamento que estamos realizando no bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga<br />

vêm <strong>de</strong>monstrando a gran<strong>de</strong> importância <strong>da</strong> preservação <strong>de</strong>sse bioma, até aqui tão pouco estu<strong>da</strong>do.


11<br />

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AVES DA CAATINGA<br />

Birds of the Caatinga Biome<br />

The Caatinga biome has historically been and continues to be one of the least studied ecosystems, either due<br />

to lack of interest, a lack of resources for research or for the difficult physical conditions of the environment<br />

itself. Pacheco & Bauer (2000) carried out a comprehensive bibliographic overview of avi-fauna censuses of<br />

the Caatinga, from the <strong>da</strong>te of Discovery to the end of the 1990s. Before the opening of the ports in 1808, the<br />

most relevant work came from the Dutch colonizers in the northeast, in particular the distinguished contributions<br />

from the astronomer Georg Macgrave (1610-1644).<br />

Macgrave arrived in Brazil through an invitation from the prince of Nassau in 1638, and stayed in the<br />

country until 1644; of the 113 <strong>de</strong>scriptions of Brazilian birds ma<strong>de</strong> by Macgrave, only four were from the<br />

Caatinga biome: (Rhea americana,<br />

Cariama cristata, Compsothraupis loricata e Crypturellus noctivagus zabele).In the 18th century, the<br />

only records of Caatinga species were reported by the Portuguese doctor who lived in Bahia, Francisco Antônio<br />

<strong>de</strong> Sampaio who reports three species in his works: Cyanocorax cyanopogon, Icterus jamacaii e Paroaria dominicana.<br />

Another important occurrence in the 18th century was the foun<strong>da</strong>tion of the “House of History” in Rio<br />

<strong>de</strong> Janeiro in 1784 which to<strong>da</strong>y is known as the National Museum of Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro.<br />

The 19th century was marked by the important scientific expeditions un<strong>de</strong>rtaken by Europeans. In<br />

1808, the arrival of the Portuguese Royal familiy in Brazil opened the countries doors to friendly nations. This<br />

created a race by naturalists from the old world to unravel the secrets of an unknown country where they were<br />

certain to find many novelties.<br />

Prince Maxmilian <strong>de</strong> Wied-Neuwied was the first 19th century naturalist to come into contact with the<br />

avi-fauna of the Caatinga biome. Even though he covered very little ground in the biome, he discovered and<br />

<strong>de</strong>scribed a diverse number of species typical of the region such as Aratinga cactorum,(Cactus paraqueet) Cyanocorax<br />

cyanopogon (white napped jay) and Coryphospingus pileatus, (pileated finch). He also <strong>de</strong>scribed less<br />

known species such as: Sakesphorus cristatus (silvery-cheeked antshrike)e Hylopezus ochroleucus.(specklebreasted<br />

antpitta) Another notable <strong>de</strong>scription is that of a species of antbird en<strong>de</strong>mic to the Caatinga of Bahia<br />

Rhopornis ar<strong>de</strong>siaca, (slen<strong>de</strong>r antbird) whic hoccurs around Boa Nova, Ituaçú (Pinto, 1978). The 73 species<br />

that Wied registered were a record for the biome at that time.<br />

At the end of 1816, the English naturalist William Swainson arrived in Pernambuco. He wanted to<br />

un<strong>de</strong>rtake expeditions into the interior to collect specimens. His plans were thwarted by a revolutionary movement<br />

that started in the place he inten<strong>de</strong>d to go. But after the end of this “revolution”, Swainson managed to<br />

mount an expedition through the interior toward the São Francisco river and after two months arrived in the<br />

city of Penedo in Alagoas state. Even though he was one of the most distinguished and active zoologists of the<br />

era, Swainson contributed very little concerning the birds of the Caatinga when compared with information<br />

left by Wied and Spix. Still, Swainson registered around 40 species for the Caatinga biome. Among these were<br />

two species and three subspecies <strong>de</strong>scribed by him.<br />

Two 19th century naturalists of great renown left their contributions to the Caatinga biome: Johann<br />

Baptist von Spix e Karl Friedrich Phillipp von Martius. Spix was a zoologist and Martius a botanist. The two


12<br />

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naturalists spent around six and a half months in the Caatinga biome which ma<strong>de</strong> up 18% of their total expedition<br />

time in Brazil. The rest of the time was passed in other biomes. But <strong>de</strong>spite their long stay in the Caatinga<br />

biome, their contribution was small; they <strong>de</strong>scribed just 32 species. But out of this small number, Spix<br />

<strong>de</strong>scribed nine new species and 12 new subspecies in the biome.<br />

Besi<strong>de</strong>s the foreign research initiatives, we can cite an exclusively Brazilian effort called the Scientific<br />

Commission for Exploration which had the objective of discovering Brazil’s natural wealth. Acting between<br />

1859 and 1861, this expedition collected around 4000 skins which were all <strong>de</strong>posited in the National Museum<br />

in Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro. But <strong>de</strong>spite the large quantity of birds collected, only one subspecies, Cyclarhis gujanensis<br />

cearensis (Rufous-browed Pepper Shrike) was <strong>de</strong>scribed.<br />

Still in the 19th century, we can point to the contribution ma<strong>de</strong> by Emilie Gounelle, who collected a<br />

variety of humming birds, one of which was named after him, Phaethornis gounellei, (Broad-tipped hermit)<br />

<strong>de</strong>scribed by Boucard in 1891.<br />

At the beginning of the 20th century, (1903), an Austrian expedition led by the ichthyologist Franz<br />

Stein<strong>da</strong>chner, accompanied by the ornithologist Otmar Reiser <strong>de</strong>dicated 45 <strong>da</strong>ys to the Caatinga biome. Ernst<br />

Garbe, a naturalist from the São Paulo Musuem, collected a variety of birds from the Caatinga in 1907. The<br />

result of this expedition was the <strong>de</strong>scription of various subspecies and a new en<strong>de</strong>mic Caatinga species,<br />

Formicivora iheringi (Narrow-billed antwren) (Hellmayr, 1909).<br />

An expedition led by Adolpho Lutz in 1912 covered diverse regions of the Caatinga. The expeditions<br />

most important observation was the Spix macaw, Cyanopsitta spixii, one in captivity and a flock flying around<br />

Santo Sé. Lima traveled through this region in 1995 looking for the C. spixii, but in this case found only the<br />

Anodorhynchus leari. (Lears macaw) This species was probably confused by Lutz’s team with the C. spixii.<br />

The discovery of the A. leari between the municipalities of Campo Formoso and Santo Sé, contributed to the<br />

expansion of the geographic distribution of the species. (Munn, 1995).<br />

Robert H. Becker visited numerous Caatinga biomes in Ceará and Bahia in 1913; the birds Becker collected<br />

were used in the <strong>de</strong>scription of various subspecies. It is incumbent on us to acknowledge the contribution<br />

of the German naturalist Emil Kaempfer and his wife who, together, collected birds in 11 Brazilian states<br />

between 1926 and 1931. The material collected by the Kaempfers was used to <strong>de</strong>scribe three subspecies, all<br />

from the northeast of the country. Besi<strong>de</strong>s this, they were the first people to collect the Rhopornis ar<strong>de</strong>siaca<br />

(Slen<strong>de</strong>r antbird) and Megaxenops parnaguae, (Great Xenops) after the <strong>de</strong>scription of the species.<br />

Still in the 20th century, of note is the contribution of the naturalist Emilie Snethlage. From his expeditions<br />

we can cite the <strong>de</strong>scription of three taxi<strong>de</strong>rmic categories: Xiphocolaptes franciscanus, Phylloscartes<br />

roquettei (Minas Gerais tyrannulet) and the Knipolegus aterrimus franciscanus (White-winged black tyrant).<br />

These three continue to be consi<strong>de</strong>red en<strong>de</strong>mic to the Caatinga biome.<br />

In the 1930s, Olivério Pinto distinguished himself on account of the two expeditions he led to the Brazilian<br />

northeast. However, most of his efforts were funneled towards the Atlantic Rainforest and the information<br />

he generated about Caatinga species<br />

came from third parties.<br />

In the 1940s, of particular importance was the joint expedition carried out by the Oswaldo Cruz Institute and<br />

the Rockefeller Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, which at the time were conducting research on yellow fever. During this


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expedition, besi<strong>de</strong>s the specimens collected, the highlight of the work was the <strong>de</strong>scription of the subspecies<br />

Xiphorhynchus guttatus gracilirostris,(Buff throated woodpecker).<br />

In the 1950s, the two most important scientific expeditions were known as “The scientific expedition<br />

to the State of Alagoas,” and another organized by the Zoology Department of São Paulo’s Secretariat of Agriculture.<br />

These expeditions were organized by Olivério Pinto. The first expedition was in 1951 and the second<br />

in 1952. These expeditions were important because Alagoas up until that point was one of the least explored<br />

Brazilian states in ornithological terms.<br />

At the end of the 1950s (57/58), Olivério Pinto led new expeditions to the northeast. Camargo Andra<strong>de</strong><br />

and Emílio Dente were part of this expedition. One of these took place in the northeast region of Bahia in 1958<br />

and resulted in a list of 143 species. It was said the purpose of the expedition was to verify the existence of the<br />

Cyanopsitta spixii e Anodorhynchus leari macaws, something that did not occur.<br />

In his study of Brazilian humming birds, Grantsau passed through the Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina region four<br />

times: 1965, 1974, 1975 and 2003. During these campaigns, he collected 12 species of humming birds.<br />

From 1970 to 2000, of particular distinction is the work of Sick et al. (1987). When the A. leari breeding<br />

grounds were discovered, Sick and his collaborators ma<strong>de</strong> an inventory of the ornitho-fauna presence in<br />

the municipalities of Canudos and Jeremoabo and registered 132 species.<br />

Olmos (1992) registered 208 bird species in the Serra <strong>de</strong> Capivara National Park, and this was the most<br />

important publication about the birds of the Piauí backlands.<br />

Souto e Hazin (1995) reported 338 bird species for the Caatinga biome.<br />

Parrini et al (1999) presented a list of 359 species in the Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina region of Bahia. It’s<br />

important to note that there are various ecosystems within the Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina. such as savanna, rocky<br />

terrain, rainforest and caatinga.<br />

In 1997, Grantsau and Lima explored the Caatinga in the municipality of Teofilândia in search of humming<br />

birds and representatives of the Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e family.<br />

Neves et al (1999) compiled a list of 146 species on the Tamanduá farm in the municipality of Santa<br />

Terezinha, in Piranhas located in the backlands of Paraiba state.<br />

Fiúza (1999), using historical summaries and bibliographical sources, registered 283 species for the<br />

Caatinga biome in Bahia. Many of the species inclu<strong>de</strong>d in these registers belonged to other biomes, areas of<br />

transition and enclaves. 37 species were reported that are consi<strong>de</strong>red as being from enclave areas. Tem species<br />

typically found in savanna areas were found in transition zones. 30 are reported in <strong>de</strong>nse Forest enclaves,<br />

nine species were listed as non-aquatic visiting species; seven species were reported in rocky enclaves. Fiúza<br />

(1999), even listed 57 species <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt on aquatic environments.<br />

Nascimento (2000) presented an inventory of the ornitho-fauna of Aiuaba in the state of Ceará and<br />

Seridó in Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Norte. 154 species are reported in the first inventory, 116 for the second.<br />

Casteleti (2000) summarized the principal locales of the Caatinga biome where studies of the


14<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

ornitho-fauna had been conducted, which totaled 347 points. The method used for this study was based on<br />

samples of representatives from four families: Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e, Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e, Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e e Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e.<br />

These four families compose 36% of the total of birds listed in Brazil and thus represent a significant sample.<br />

The total number of species from these four families in the Caatinga was 144 species. The greatest<br />

diversity of these groups, with 56 species, was found on the farms of Lagoa Bonita and Grama in the Chapa<strong>da</strong><br />

Diamantina of Bahia. The survey un<strong>de</strong>rtaken by Casteleti inclu<strong>de</strong>d four sample points based on the <strong>de</strong>gree of<br />

research done on each one: A - (zero) no species of the families that were analyzed were found in this locale; B<br />

- (1 - 14), from one to 14 species were found in this locale; C - (15 - 28), from 15 to 28 species were found in<br />

this locale; D - (29 - 56), a category consi<strong>de</strong>red well sampled. Between 29-56 species per locale were found.<br />

Lima et al (2003 a, 2003 b and 2004a, 2004b e 2005) surveyed 233 bird species in the home-range of<br />

the A. leari. The work was done in two points of the municipality of Jeremoabo and one point in the municipality<br />

of Canudos. According to the methodology used by Casteleti (2000), until to<strong>da</strong>y the locale where the<br />

largest sample of birds for the Caatinga biome were the Lagoa Bonita and Grama farms in the Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina<br />

in Bahia. There, 56 species representing the families of Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e, Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e, Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e<br />

and Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e were found. Applying the same type of analysis for the survey carried out by Lima et al<br />

in the home range of the A. leari, 59 species representing the four families were observed. We can therefore<br />

consi<strong>de</strong>r this area well-studied.<br />

At Lima’s request, Grantsau visited the home range of the A. leari two times in 2003. Lima (2004) has<br />

registered 826 species of bird in the state of Bahia; of this total, 34,1% (282) were reported from the Caatinga<br />

biome. In this study of the Caatinga, many coastal birds, that had been cited by other sources Fiúza (1999) e<br />

Silva et al (2004) were not inclu<strong>de</strong>d These inclu<strong>de</strong>: Sterna hirundo, (Common tern) Actitis macularia (Spotted<br />

sandpiper) Numenius phaeopus, (Whimbrel) Arenaria interpres, (Ruddy turnstone) Charadrius semipalmatus<br />

(Semipalmated plover) Charadrius wilsonia. (Thick-billed plover) Even though all these species occur in Bahia<br />

and besi<strong>de</strong>s the fact that we have researched all of them on the coast of Bahia, we never observed any of<br />

them in the areas of Caatinga where our studies were carried out. Something that <strong>de</strong>serves mention was the<br />

rescue by IBAMA of the Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens in the municipality of Bom Jesus <strong>da</strong><br />

Lapa on the banks of the São Francisco river, some 600 kilometers from the coast. The bird was han<strong>de</strong>d over to<br />

us and was recuperated, then ban<strong>de</strong>d and then set free. Despite this register, it was un<strong>de</strong>rstood that this register<br />

was acci<strong>de</strong>ntal and we did not inclu<strong>de</strong> the species on the Caatinga bird list of Bahia.<br />

Silva et al. (2004) summarized the birds of the Caatinga based on the survey done by Pacheco & Bauer<br />

(2000). Pacheco & Bauer exclu<strong>de</strong>d birds that occurred in other types of vegetation isolated in within the ecosystem<br />

area, such as forested wetlands and rocky terrain, and accepted only 347 as registered for the biome in<br />

a strict sense. Silva et al.Presented a list with 510 species for the Caatinga biome having inclu<strong>de</strong>d all species,<br />

regardless of their habitat.<br />

Based on the historic survey carried out by Pacheco & Bauer (2000) which compiled 347 species for<br />

the whole Caatinga biome, Fiúza (1999), reported 283 bird species for the Caatinga of Bahia, Lima (2004)<br />

reported 282 species for Bahian Caatinga and Silva et al. reported 510 species for the whole Caatinga biome.<br />

If we were to compare the results obtained in the home range of the A. leari with those reached by these other<br />

authors, we obtain the following percentage results: 66,6%, 81,6%, 81,9% e 45,3%, respectively.<br />

The continuing survey and banding work we are doing in the Caatinga biome <strong>de</strong>monstrates the great<br />

importance of conservation of this biome which has up to this point been studied so sparingly.


15<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

O STATUS ECOLÓGICO DA ARARA-AZUL-DE-LEAR<br />

(Anodorhynchus leari )<br />

A arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear (Anodorhynchus leari) foi <strong>de</strong>scrita em 1856 pelo naturalista francês Bonaparte,<br />

a partir <strong>de</strong> um exemplar taxi<strong>de</strong>rmizado (empalhado) <strong>de</strong>positado no Museu <strong>de</strong> Paris e <strong>de</strong> outro que vivia no<br />

jardim zoológico <strong>de</strong> Anvers, na Bélgica. (Sick et al., 1987). Durante mais <strong>de</strong> um século, os exemplares que<br />

chegavam aos museus e zoológicos do mundo tinham origem pouco clara. Uma informação colhi<strong>da</strong> em<br />

Pernambuco por Olivério Pinto que encontrou um <strong>de</strong>sses exemplares numa fazen<strong>da</strong> proce<strong>de</strong>nte provavelmente<br />

<strong>de</strong> Juazeiro, sugeria que a pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari estaria localiza<strong>da</strong> no baixo Rio São Francisco<br />

(Bahia). Em fins <strong>de</strong> 1978, o naturalista alemão Helmut Sick e seus discípulos Luiz Gonzaga e Dante Teixeira<br />

<strong>de</strong>scobriram a ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira área <strong>da</strong> A. lear, na região conheci<strong>da</strong> como Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (no sertão baiano).<br />

Pesquisas posteriores revelaram que a distribuição geográfica <strong>da</strong> espécie abrangia também os municípios <strong>de</strong><br />

Eucli<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Cunha, Paulo Afonso, Campo Formoso, Curaça e Santo Sé.<br />

O primeiro e maior grupo <strong>de</strong> A. leari documentado na natureza foi na Serra Branca – Jeremoabo, em<br />

1978/1979, que reunia 21 indivíduos; em 1980 Luís Cláudio Marigo observou 36 araras às margens <strong>da</strong> rodovia<br />

Cocorobó/Jeremoabo; em 1983, Carlos Yamashita encontrou na Toca Velha, um grupo que variava <strong>de</strong><br />

19 a 33 aves e no mesmo local; Gonzaga e Yamashita em 1985 registraram 20 indivíduos (Sick et al.,1987).<br />

Estudos realizados por Brandt e Machado em 1988 estimaram a população em cerca <strong>de</strong> 60 indivíduos (Brandt<br />

e Machado, 1990). Após a violenta seca que assolou a região em 1993, alguns pesquisadores temeram que<br />

tivesse ocorrido uma redução ain<strong>da</strong> maior na população <strong>de</strong>ssas araras em <strong>de</strong>corrência <strong>da</strong>s ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> caça.<br />

De 1856, quando a espécie foi <strong>de</strong>scrita, até 1978, quando a “pátria” <strong>da</strong> arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear foi <strong>de</strong>scoberta por<br />

Helmut Sick e sua equipe houve um longo período, exatamente 122 anos, em que informações sobre essa<br />

espécie eram inexistentes. Apenas uma informação foi divulga<strong>da</strong>, a partir <strong>de</strong> um exemplar cativo encontrado<br />

em Juazeiro, proce<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>da</strong> região sul do Rio São Francisco (Pinto, 1950). Muitas perguntas intrigavam os<br />

pesquisadores: Qual seria a população <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie? Qual sua distribuição geográfica? Com a <strong>de</strong>scoberta <strong>da</strong><br />

ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira área <strong>de</strong> ocorrência <strong>da</strong> espécie por Sick, era previsível uma ação qualquer com o objetivo <strong>de</strong> estu<strong>da</strong>r<br />

e consequentemente aplicar medi<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> manejo para a preservação <strong>da</strong> espécie no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />

Embora o período <strong>de</strong> tempo transcorrido <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> a <strong>de</strong>scoberta por Sick (26 anos), muitas perguntas<br />

permanecem sem resposta, como por exemplo: Qual o efetivo <strong>da</strong> população <strong>da</strong> arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear?<br />

Esforços têm sido feitos na tentativa <strong>de</strong> respon<strong>de</strong>r a essas e outras perguntas, mas ain<strong>da</strong> há muito a ser<br />

feito. Para maximizar os esforços até hoje empregados, seria necessário realizar censos simultâneos<br />

em todos os pontos <strong>de</strong> alimentação conhecidos e investir na procura <strong>de</strong> novas áreas <strong>de</strong> alimento e reprodução,<br />

o que incluiria o uso <strong>de</strong> radio-transmissores do tipo satélite e foto-censos. Outra falha na história<br />

natural <strong>da</strong> espécie está relaciona<strong>da</strong> à reprodução. Até o presente momento, existem <strong>da</strong>dos controversos sobre<br />

as ninha<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> um a três filhotes, no entanto, na<strong>da</strong> se sabe sobre o efetivo populacional para reprodução,<br />

período <strong>de</strong> incubação, tempo <strong>de</strong> permanência dos filhotes nos ninhos etc., <strong>da</strong>dos esses que só po<strong>de</strong>m ser fornecidos<br />

através <strong>de</strong> pesquisas efetua<strong>da</strong>s no interior dos ninhos. Como po<strong>de</strong>remos enten<strong>de</strong>r a biologia reprodutiva<br />

<strong>da</strong> espécie sem realizarmos pesquisas sobre a incubação, número <strong>de</strong> ovos, tempo <strong>de</strong> permanência dos<br />

filhotes no interior do ninho, crescimento dos filhotes, índice <strong>de</strong> mortali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> dos filhotes, <strong>de</strong>ficiência alimentar<br />

etc. O que sabemos sobre as araras brasileiras através <strong>de</strong> nossa experiência ou <strong>de</strong> experiências no estudo do<br />

comportamento reprodutivo <strong>de</strong> diversas espécies <strong>de</strong> araras no Peru e Bolívia (Munn, 1995), é que essas aves<br />

não abandonam o ninho quando estão com os filhotes. Precisamos estu<strong>da</strong>r mais minuciosamente os ninhos <strong>da</strong><br />

arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear para então po<strong>de</strong>rmos confirmar este comportamento <strong>da</strong> espécie, o que será extremamente<br />

importante para propostas futuras <strong>de</strong> manejo em cativeiro e na natureza.


16<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Em 1997, investigando potenciais áreas <strong>de</strong> alimentação, <strong>de</strong>scobrimos um novo local visitado pelas<br />

araras que nunca tinha sido visitado por nenhum pesquisador <strong>de</strong> ornitologia: a reserva dos índios Pankarares.<br />

Na época, conseguimos o apoio <strong>de</strong> dois índios e durante quatro dias percorremos a reserva indígena, seguindo<br />

as pistas sobre os locais <strong>de</strong> reprodução e as áreas <strong>de</strong> alimentação. Conseguimos observar um bando <strong>de</strong> 14 araras<br />

numa fazen<strong>da</strong> que faz limite com as terras indígenas. As aves eram muito ariscas, com o comportamento<br />

diferente <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> população conheci<strong>da</strong> que permitem que as pessoas se aproximem <strong>de</strong>las. A uma certa<br />

distância, cerca <strong>de</strong> 100 metros, as aves <strong>de</strong>monstraram nervosismo e <strong>de</strong>ban<strong>da</strong>ram, não tendo permitido uma<br />

aproximação a menos <strong>de</strong> 300 metros. Por ocasião <strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>scoberta, o vaqueiro <strong>da</strong> fazen<strong>da</strong> nos disse que se ele<br />

tivesse uma espingar<strong>da</strong> naquele momento, mataria certamente <strong>de</strong> uma a duas <strong>da</strong>quelas aves. Foi assim que<br />

ficamos sabendo que é muito comum as pessoas <strong>da</strong> região abaterem araras. No local on<strong>de</strong> observamos as aves,<br />

fizemos uma vistoria sob os licuris (Syagrus coronata), e pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar uma gran<strong>de</strong> quanti<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> frutos<br />

ao redor, cortados pelas aves. Geralmente as araras abrem os frutos <strong>de</strong> licuri com cortes transversais perfeitos<br />

(Yamashita, 1987). Conforme já verificado por Brandt e Machado (1990) <strong>de</strong>scobrimos também frutos <strong>de</strong> licuri<br />

abertos com perfeitos cortes longitudinais, junto <strong>de</strong> frutos com cortes transversais quando realizamos a expedição<br />

à reserva dos Pankarares. Entrevistando os índios Pankarares sobre a existência <strong>de</strong> araras na região e<br />

contando com o apoio do cacique Afonso, <strong>de</strong>scobrimos que no passado, <strong>de</strong> 20 a 40 anos atrás (relatos <strong>de</strong> índios<br />

mais velhos), a população <strong>da</strong>s araras era estima<strong>da</strong> em centenas <strong>de</strong> aves. Relataram também que os meninos indígenas<br />

tinham que ficar espantando as araras, para que elas não comessem os frutos dos licuris que, na época,<br />

faziam parte do seu cardápio alimentar. Os índios mais velhos (acima <strong>de</strong> 80 anos) relataram a existência <strong>de</strong><br />

ninhos <strong>de</strong> araras nas serras, localizados <strong>de</strong>ntro dos limites <strong>da</strong> atual reserva indígena, e também contaram que<br />

a partir <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 80, a população <strong>de</strong> araras tinha diminuído significativamente, embora possa ain<strong>da</strong> ser<br />

encontra<strong>da</strong> em pequenos grupos <strong>de</strong>, no máximo, 20 aves. É possível que o processo <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>clínio <strong>da</strong>s araras já<br />

estivesse começando quando Sik <strong>de</strong>scobriu a “pátria” <strong>da</strong>s araras <strong>da</strong> espécie azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear e relatou que estimava<br />

a população em cerca <strong>de</strong> 60 aves (Sick et al., 1987). Po<strong>de</strong>m ter contribuído para o <strong>de</strong>clínio <strong>da</strong> população <strong>da</strong><br />

araraazul-<strong>de</strong>-lear, a expansão <strong>da</strong>s fazen<strong>da</strong>s (eliminação <strong>de</strong> áreas <strong>de</strong> alimentação), a caça (tanto <strong>de</strong> índios, como<br />

<strong>de</strong> sertanejos) e mais recentemente, o tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais silvestres. Antes <strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>scoberta <strong>de</strong> Sick, a arara era<br />

apenas mais um animal <strong>de</strong> caça na região. Segundo os índios Pankarares e <strong>de</strong> acordo com as mais recentes informações<br />

obti<strong>da</strong>s com nossas pesquisas <strong>de</strong> campo, ain<strong>da</strong> perdura o abate <strong>de</strong> araras na região. A influência <strong>da</strong><br />

caça na região, tanto no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, como na Reserva Indígena ain<strong>da</strong> é muito gran<strong>de</strong>, sendo responsável<br />

pela redução <strong>da</strong> população <strong>de</strong> várias espécies animais, como veados, pacas, caititus, tatus, avoantes, queixa<strong>da</strong>,<br />

teiú, jabutis, jibóias, jacutingas e emas (hoje extremamente raras na região, beirando a extinção). Outra influência<br />

na região é a extração clan<strong>de</strong>stina <strong>de</strong> ma<strong>de</strong>ira. Os índios têm relatado que, semanalmente, carros <strong>de</strong><br />

tração entram na região do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, para caçar ou para extrair ma<strong>de</strong>ira.<br />

Durante a pesquisa com os índios Pankarares, o cacique Afonso nos mostrou algumas fotos <strong>de</strong> seus<br />

rituais e <strong>de</strong>ntre elas uma chamou a nossa atenção: um índio com seus trajes típicos, usando um cocar <strong>de</strong> penas<br />

azuis <strong>da</strong> arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear. Conseguimos localizar o índio que era o autor <strong>de</strong>ssa façanha. Ele nos contou que<br />

tinha abatido a arara porque tinha tido um sonho e nesse sonho ele teria que fazer um cocar com as penas<br />

<strong>da</strong>quela ave. No dia seguinte, quando estava na roça, avistou um bando <strong>de</strong> araras e usando sua espingar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

conseguiu matar uma <strong>da</strong>s aves. Este é um relato recente <strong>de</strong> abate <strong>de</strong> arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear pelos índios, para fins<br />

<strong>de</strong> ornamentação e <strong>de</strong> ritual. Os índios afirmam que não faz parte <strong>de</strong> sua tradição perseguir animais <strong>de</strong> penas<br />

para estas finali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. Índios mais antigos relatam o abate <strong>de</strong> araras para alimento e para espantá-las <strong>da</strong>s plantações<br />

<strong>de</strong> milho. Outra informação interessante levanta<strong>da</strong> junto aos índios Pankararés está relaciona<strong>da</strong> ao <strong>de</strong>clínio<br />

dos pés <strong>de</strong> licuris. Os índios Pankarares relatam que antigamente, no tempo do cangaço (jagunços fora<br />

<strong>da</strong> lei perseguidos pelos policiais), eles ficavam em uma situação muito <strong>de</strong>lica<strong>da</strong>. Os policiais espancavam os<br />

índios para que lhes ensinassem a rota dos jagunços; caso o fizessem, era a vez dos jagunços os perseguir para<br />

matar. Assim, os índios sofriam uma dupla perseguição, tanto dos jagunços, como <strong>da</strong> policia. Nesse período,<br />

os índios tinham dificul<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> para obter alimento e o licuri passou a ser a sua principal fonte <strong>de</strong> alimento. Além


17<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong> comer os frutos, eles cortavam os pés <strong>de</strong> licuris, retiravam a casca e moíam o tronco, <strong>de</strong>ixando-o secar.<br />

Após alguns dias <strong>de</strong> secagem, batiam o tronco moído e ressecado até se tornar um pó <strong>de</strong> cor avermelha<strong>da</strong><br />

(boré), que era utilizado como alimento. Eles até comentam que as<br />

araras competiam com eles pelo licuri.<br />

A “falta <strong>de</strong> alimento” (no caso, do fruto dos licuris) fez com que as araras buscassem fontes alternativas<br />

<strong>de</strong> alimento, sendo a principal <strong>de</strong>las, o milho (Zea mays). Bandos <strong>de</strong> araras são capazes <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>struir totalmente<br />

as pequenas roças <strong>de</strong> milho, trazendo um enorme prejuízo para os pequenos produtores rurais. O ataque <strong>da</strong>s<br />

araras nas roças <strong>de</strong> milho não agra<strong>da</strong> na<strong>da</strong> aos pequenos produtores, que as consi<strong>de</strong>ram, <strong>de</strong> modo geral, uma<br />

ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira praga, porque <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>de</strong> um ataque, per<strong>de</strong>m sua lavoura e ninguém se responsabiliza pelos <strong>da</strong>nos.<br />

Na área <strong>da</strong> população conheci<strong>da</strong>, os produtores toleram as araras, com medo <strong>da</strong> repressão do IBAMA e temem<br />

a prisão. Apesar disso, já foram <strong>de</strong>scritos vários relatos <strong>de</strong> morte <strong>de</strong> araras pelos pequenos produtores rurais.<br />

Nas áreas on<strong>de</strong> não há fiscalização por parte do IBAMA, os produtores não toleram que as araras <strong>de</strong>struam<br />

suas plantações <strong>de</strong> milho e assim as aves estão correndo sérios riscos. Quando se trata <strong>de</strong> “falta <strong>de</strong> alimento”,<br />

é importante que se esclareça que na reali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, existe uma quanti<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> enorme <strong>de</strong> pés <strong>de</strong> licuri; o que está acontecendo<br />

é que as araras só freqüentam os licuris <strong>da</strong>s áreas abertas (pastos) por uma questão <strong>de</strong> segurança.<br />

Existe uma infini<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> pés <strong>de</strong> licuris embrenhados na caatinga e não freqüentados pelas araras. A Fun<strong>da</strong>ção<br />

BioBrasil, através <strong>de</strong> convênio com o proprietário <strong>da</strong> Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, principal local <strong>de</strong> nidificação <strong>da</strong>s<br />

araras, realizou a limpeza em redor dos pés <strong>de</strong> licuris, para aumentar a oferta <strong>de</strong> alimento perto do ponto <strong>de</strong><br />

nidificação. Esta sugestão nos foi proposta pelo proprietário <strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, o Sr. Otávio Nolasco.


18<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

THE ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE LEARS MACAW<br />

(Anodorhynchus leari)<br />

The Lears macaw was first <strong>de</strong>scribed in 1856 by the French naturalist Bonaparte from a stuffed taxi<strong>de</strong>rmic<br />

specimen stored in the Paris Museum and from another specimen that lived in the Anvers (Belgium)<br />

zoo. (Sick et al., 1987) For more than a century, there was little i<strong>de</strong>a about the origin of the specimens that<br />

arrived in museums and zoos throughout the world. Information discovered in Pernanmbuco by Oliverio<br />

Pinto, who came across a Lears on a farm there that was said to have come from Juazeiro, suggested that the<br />

bird probably originated from the San Francisco river lowlands in the state of Bahia. At the end of 1978, the<br />

German naturalist Helmut Sick, ai<strong>de</strong>d by his assistants Luiz Gonzaga and Dante Teixeira discovered the real<br />

breeding grounds for the A. leari in a region known as the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina in the back lands of Bahia. Later<br />

study <strong>de</strong>termined that the geographic distribution of the bird covered the municipalities of Eucli<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Cunha,<br />

Paulo Afonso, Campo Formoso and Santo Se.<br />

The first and largest documented group in the wild of A. leari was at Serra Branca in the municipality<br />

of Jeremoabo in 1978/79 and consisted of 21 individuals; in 1980 Luis Claudio Marigo observed 36 macaws<br />

along the Cocorobo/Jeremoabo highway; in 1983, Carlos Yamashita found a group that varied between 19 to<br />

33 individuals at Toca Velha and in the same location, Gonzaga and Yamashita registered 20 individuals in<br />

1985. (Sick et al., 1987) Studies carried out by Brandt and Machado in 1988 pointed to an estimate of the total<br />

population as being 60 individuals. (Brandt and Machado, 1990). After the violent drought that ravaged the<br />

region in 1993, some researchers feared hunting activity had caused an even greater reduction in the macaw<br />

population’s numbers. From 1856, when the species was <strong>de</strong>scribed, until 1978 when the nesting grounds of<br />

the Lears were discovered by Helmut Sick and his team, a period of 122 years, information about this species<br />

was practically non-existent. Only one piece of information was divulged, that of a captive specimen found in<br />

Juazeiro, which came from the San Francisco river region. (Pinto, 1950)<br />

There were many questions that intrigued researchers. What was the total population of the species?<br />

What was its geographic distribution? With the discovery by Sick of the real area of occurrence of the species,<br />

studies that would investigate the species and implement conservation strategies for it in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina,<br />

were unleashed.<br />

Even though it has been 24 years since the discovery of the species by Sick, many unanswered questions<br />

remain such as: What in fact is the total population of the Lears? Efforts have been un<strong>de</strong>rtaken to try<br />

and respond to this and other questions, but much remains to be done. In or<strong>de</strong>r to take advantage of this past<br />

research, it will be necessary to carry out simultaneous censuses in all known feeding spots and also fund<br />

searches for other unknown feeding and reproduction locales. The use of radio transmitters and photographic<br />

censuses should also take place. Another shortcoming in the natural history of the species relates to reproduction.<br />

Up until now there is controversial <strong>da</strong>ta about reproduction; though it is known that one to three chicks<br />

are born, nothing is known about the amount of fertile pairs in the population, the incubation period, how<br />

long the chicks stay in the nest etc.. Such <strong>da</strong>ta can only be <strong>de</strong>termined through research done from within<br />

the nests. How will we ever un<strong>de</strong>rstand the reproductive biology of the species without un<strong>de</strong>rtaking research<br />

about incubation, the number of eggs, the amount of time the chicks spend in the nest, the growth rate of the<br />

chicks, their mortality rate, problems with alimentation etc.? What we know about Brazilian macaws through<br />

our experience and that of others studying the reproductive habits of a diverse range of species of macaws in<br />

Peru and Bolivia (Munn, 1995) is that these birds do not abandon the nest when they are with their chicks. We<br />

need to study with much more <strong>de</strong>tail the Lears macaw nests to confirm the behavior of the species, a necessity<br />

that will be extremely important for future management proposals for the birds in captivity or the wild.


19<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

In 1997, while investigating potential feeding areas, we discovered a new area frequented by the macaws<br />

that had never been visited by any ornithological researchers. It was in the Indian reserve of Pankarares.<br />

At the time, we managed to get the help of two Indians and over a period of four <strong>da</strong>ys we explored the reserve,<br />

following leads about reproduction and feeding areas. We managed to come across a flock of 14 macaws on<br />

a farm on the edge of the Indigenous reserve. The birds were extremely skittish, in contrast to the macaws of<br />

the different known population that allow people to approach them. The birds did not let us get to within 300<br />

meters of them. During this discovery, the farm manager said that if he had had a rifle with him, he would<br />

have certainly picked off one or two of the birds. In this way, we got to know that it is very common for people<br />

from the region to shoot at the macaws. In the area where we observed the birds, we inspected around the base<br />

of the Syagrus coronata palms where large quantities of the nuts (licuri in local parlance) were spread around<br />

their base. Generally the macaws open the palm nuts with a perfect transversal cut. (Yamashita, 1987). As had<br />

already been verified by Brandt and Machado (1990), we discovered during the expedition to the Pankarares<br />

reserve opened palm nuts with perfect longitudinal cuts as well as palm nuts with transversal cuts. In interviews<br />

with the Pankarares Indians about the occurrence of the birds in the region and with the help of their<br />

chief Afonso, we discovered from ol<strong>de</strong>r members of the tribe that in the past, perhaps some 20-40 years ago,<br />

that population of macaws ran into the hundreds. They also related that the Indian children had to scare off<br />

the birds so as to prevent them from eating the licuri fruit, a part of the Indian’s diet. The ol<strong>de</strong>st Indians (those<br />

over 80) said there used to be nests in the cliffs within the limits of the present <strong>da</strong>y reserve. But from the 80s<br />

on, the macaw population had diminished significantly, although they could still be found in small groups of<br />

no larger than 20 birds.<br />

It could be that the process of population reduction had already started occurring when Sick discovered<br />

the macaw’s nesting grounds and projected the total population to be around 60 birds (Sick et al., 1987). One<br />

of the factors that could have contributed to the Lears macaw <strong>de</strong>cline was the expansion of local farms (and<br />

elimination through that of feeding areas), hunting, (by Indians and locals) and more recently, the wildlife traffic.<br />

Before Sick’s discovery, the macaw was just another of the animals hunted in the region. According to the<br />

Pankarares Indians, and corroborated by the information we obtained from our field research, the practice of<br />

shooting Lears macaws continues. The influence of hunting, both in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina and the Indigenous<br />

reserve, is still extremely heavy and is responsible for the reduction of various fauna species such as <strong>de</strong>er,<br />

agoutis, armadillos, squirrels, white-lipped peccaries, peccaries, iguanas, tortoises, boa constrictors, guans,<br />

and Greater rheas (to<strong>da</strong>y very rare and almost extinct). Another regional influence is the clan<strong>de</strong>stine extraction<br />

of wood. Indians say that every week, four-wheel- drive trucks enter the region of Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina to hunt<br />

and pull out wood.<br />

During the research with the Pankarares Indians, chief Afonso showed us a few pictures of their rituals,<br />

and inclu<strong>de</strong>d among them was one that featured an Indian in traditional attire and a headdress with the<br />

blue feathers of the Lears macaw. We managed to locate the Indian who had ma<strong>de</strong> this. He told us he had shot<br />

the macaw because of a dream he’d had in which he’d been told to make a headdress with the feathers of that<br />

bird. The next <strong>da</strong>y, when he was on his farm, he noticed a band of macaws and using his rifle, managed to kill<br />

one of the birds. This is a recent account of the killing of a Lears macaw by Indians for the use of ritual and<br />

ornamentation. The Indians affirm that nowa<strong>da</strong>ys this type hunting the birds for their feathers is not part of<br />

their tradition for these sartorial purposes. Ol<strong>de</strong>r Indians said that they used to shoot the macaws for food and<br />

to scare them away from the corn plantations.<br />

Another interesting piece of information related by the Pankarares Indinas concerns the <strong>de</strong>cline in the<br />

number of Syagrus palms. The Indians said that in the times of banditry (when hired assassins were being<br />

roun<strong>de</strong>d up by police), they found themselves in a <strong>de</strong>licate situation. The police would beat the Indians in


20<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

or<strong>de</strong>r that they furnish information about the routes taken by these hired assassins. If they ce<strong>de</strong>d this information,<br />

they would incur the wrath of the hired assassins. In this way, the Indians suffered from double persecution<br />

from both the police and the hired thugs. During this period, it was difficult for the Indians to get food<br />

and so the Syagrus palm nut became their principal food source. Besi<strong>de</strong>s eating the palm nut, they would cut<br />

down the actual palms, scrape off the bark, crush the trunk and leave it to dry. After a few <strong>da</strong>ys of drying, they<br />

beat the crushed trunk and turned it into a reddish dust (bore) which was used as food. The Indians said that<br />

the macaws were competition for the Syagrus palms.<br />

The lack of food (in this case, the licuri palm nuts) forced the macaws to seek other food sources and<br />

they settled principally on corn (Zea mays). Flocks of macaws are capable of totally <strong>de</strong>stroying corn plantations<br />

on small farms, which obviously has enormous negative economic consequence for small rural producers.<br />

These plantation raids by the macaws regar<strong>de</strong>d with alarm by these small farmers who consi<strong>de</strong>r the birds,<br />

in a general way, as a <strong>da</strong>ngerous pest. Such an attack can result in the loss of all their production and nobody<br />

compensates them for this loss. In the areas of known macaw populations, the small farmers, fearful of reprisals<br />

from IBAMA and possible prison, tolerate the macaws. Despite this, inci<strong>de</strong>nts of small farmers killing<br />

macaws have been reported. In areas unsupervised by IBAMA, the small farmers do not tolerate the macaws<br />

<strong>de</strong>stroying their corn plantations and so the birds in these areas are in serious risk. When <strong>de</strong>aling with the issue<br />

of lack of food, it’s important to clarify that in reality, there are a huge number of Syagrus palm trees in<br />

the region; what is happening is that the macaws, for questions of safety, only feed off the palm trees in open<br />

areas. There are an infinite number of licuri trees entangled with other caatinga vegetation that are not used<br />

by the macaws. BioBrasil, through an agreement with Serra Branca Farm, the principal nesting ground for the<br />

macaws, is carrying out extensive clearing efforts around the base of these licuri palms, in or<strong>de</strong>r to augment<br />

the availability of the licuri fruits close to these nesting areas. This suggestion was ma<strong>de</strong> by Serra Branca’s<br />

owner, Otavio Nolasco.


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LEVANTAMENTO E ANILHAMENTO DA ORNITOFAUNA NA<br />

PÁTRIA DA ARARA-AZUL-DE-LEAR (Anodorhynchus leari,<br />

Bonaparte, 1856): um complemento ao Levantamento realizado por<br />

H. Sick, L. P. Gonzaga e D. M. Teixeira, 1987.<br />

Sumário: O presente trabalho apresenta <strong>da</strong>dos do inventário e anilhamento <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna em duas áreas do<br />

Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (pátria <strong>da</strong> espécie A. leari, em ambientes <strong>de</strong> caatinga arbustiva e floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidua. Em<br />

2002 e 2003, realizamos seis campanhas <strong>de</strong> inventário, empregando métodos <strong>de</strong> observação direta, registro<br />

sonográfico e captura em re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> neblina, e até agora foi possível i<strong>de</strong>ntificar 191 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves distribui<strong>da</strong>s<br />

em 17 or<strong>de</strong>ns e 38 famílias. Desse total, 115 espécies (60,2%) foram anilha<strong>da</strong>s e 185 (96,8%) fotografa<strong>da</strong>s. O<br />

trabalho incluiu ain<strong>da</strong> a coleta <strong>de</strong> <strong>da</strong>dos morfométricos e campanhas <strong>de</strong> educação ambiental junto às comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />

locais. O resultado <strong>de</strong>ssas iniciativas é que foram acrescenta<strong>da</strong>s 59 espécies à lista elabora<strong>da</strong> por Sick e<br />

colaboradores (Sick et al., 1987), fruto do programa <strong>de</strong> Estudos e Conservação na região do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina<br />

promovido pela Fun<strong>da</strong>ção BioBrasil com o apoio <strong>da</strong> Cetrel.<br />

Palavras Chave<br />

Anodorhynchus leari; avifauna <strong>de</strong> caatinga; Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, anilhamento, fotografia.<br />

Introdução<br />

Durante muito tempo, não se sabia qual era ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira pátria <strong>da</strong> espécie Anodorhynchus leari. Bonaparte,<br />

em 1856, <strong>de</strong>screveu a espécie baseando-se em um exemplar taxi<strong>de</strong>rmizado <strong>de</strong>positado no Museu <strong>de</strong><br />

Paris e em um outro indivíduo que vivia no Jardim Zoológico <strong>de</strong> Anvers. Em 1978, 122 anos <strong>de</strong>pois, Helmut<br />

Sick e seus discípulos, Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga e Dante Martins Teixeira, <strong>de</strong>scobriram a ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira pátria <strong>da</strong><br />

A. leari, situa<strong>da</strong> no sertão <strong>da</strong> Bahia entre os municípios <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, Canudos e Eucli<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Cunha, e, especificamente,<br />

dois pontos <strong>de</strong> dormi<strong>da</strong> e reprodução: Toca Velha, no município <strong>de</strong> Canudos e Serra Branca,<br />

no município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo. Em 1994, Lima incentivou um “mateiro” <strong>da</strong> região a procurar novas populações<br />

<strong>de</strong> A. leari e em 1995, fruto <strong>de</strong>sta iniciativa, foi <strong>de</strong>scoberta uma nova população localiza<strong>da</strong> no município <strong>de</strong><br />

Campo Formoso, que foi confirma<strong>da</strong> por Lima (Munn, 1995). Apesar <strong>de</strong> transcorridos 25 anos <strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>scoberta<br />

<strong>da</strong> pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari, não são disponíveis muitas informações sobre a reprodução <strong>da</strong> espécie. Munn (1995)<br />

e Reynolds (1998) alertaram sobre a necessi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> realizar estudos sobre o comportamento reprodutivo <strong>da</strong><br />

espécie. Des<strong>de</strong> a <strong>de</strong>scoberta <strong>da</strong> pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari, a região do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina tem sido alvo <strong>da</strong> atenção <strong>de</strong><br />

ornitólogos pesquisadores e conservacionistas <strong>de</strong> todo mundo, porém essas ações estiveram sempre volta<strong>da</strong>s<br />

para as araras, relegando para um segundo plano as ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s com as outras espécies <strong>da</strong> região. Sick e seus<br />

colaboradores foram os primeiros a divulgar <strong>da</strong>dos sobre o levantamento <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna <strong>da</strong> pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari,<br />

quando relataram a presença <strong>de</strong> 132 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves (Sick et al., 1987). Este trabalho <strong>de</strong> inventário permanece<br />

como o mais consistente já divulgado sobre a região.<br />

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram os seguintes: (1) o inventário <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina;<br />

(2) estabelecer um amplo programa <strong>de</strong> monitoramento <strong>da</strong> avifauna na região, utilizando a técnica do anilhamento;<br />

(3) implementar um banco <strong>de</strong> imagens <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> Bahia, neste caso específico, as aves <strong>da</strong> caatinga;<br />

(4) e, implantar um programa <strong>de</strong> educação ambiental eficiente nas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> região.


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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Iniciamos nossos trabalhos em março <strong>de</strong> 2002, quando a Fun<strong>da</strong>ção BioBrasil adquiriu o direito <strong>de</strong><br />

explorar uma área <strong>de</strong> 20.000 ha no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, local on<strong>de</strong> se concentra mais <strong>de</strong> 90% do efetivo reprodutivo<br />

<strong>da</strong> A. leari. A BioBrasil, com o apoio <strong>da</strong> Cetrel e em parceria com outras instituições, vem <strong>de</strong>senvolvendo<br />

pesquisas sobre a referi<strong>da</strong> espécie, ampliando as ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s do Programa <strong>de</strong> Estudo e Conservação<br />

na região.<br />

ÁREAS DE ESTUDOS E METODOLOGIAS<br />

Os trabalhos foram <strong>de</strong>senvolvidos em duas áreas distintas: a primeira, na Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, cuja<br />

vegetação se caracteriza por uma caatinga arbustiva <strong>de</strong>nsa ou ralea<strong>da</strong>, com altura máxima <strong>de</strong> cinco metros,<br />

e que, em alguns trechos, forma um aglomerado compacto <strong>de</strong> difícil acesso, principalmente por causa <strong>da</strong><br />

vegetação espinhosa. Nesta área, encontramos formações <strong>de</strong> arenito que formam “canyons” que po<strong>de</strong>m alcançar<br />

até 100m nos pontos mais altos e que são utilizados pelas A. leari para reprodução. A segun<strong>da</strong> área,<br />

situa<strong>da</strong> nas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s do município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, dista do centro cerca <strong>de</strong> 15km e sua vegetação po<strong>de</strong> ser<br />

caracteriza<strong>da</strong> como floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidua, cerca<strong>da</strong> por vegetação <strong>de</strong> caatinga ralea<strong>da</strong> (provavelmente a característica<br />

<strong>de</strong> ralea<strong>da</strong> surgiu a partir <strong>da</strong> recomposição natural, <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>rruba<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> floresta para plantações).<br />

Nessa floresta, as árvores chegam a ultrapassar 20 metros <strong>de</strong> altura sendo que parte <strong>de</strong>las per<strong>de</strong> suas folhas no<br />

período mais seco, ao contrário <strong>da</strong> vegetação <strong>da</strong> área <strong>da</strong> Serra Branca que per<strong>de</strong>m totalmente as folhas.<br />

Para nossas observações diretas, utilizamos binóculos Zeiss e Bushnell 10 x 40, além <strong>de</strong> uma luneta<br />

Kawa TSN2 60x. Para a captura <strong>da</strong>s aves utilizamos 45 re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> névoa (12m X 2,5m, malha <strong>de</strong> 10mX10m).<br />

O esforço <strong>de</strong> captura foi <strong>de</strong> 14 dias com 20 re<strong>de</strong>s, 15 dias com 45 e seis dias com 49. As re<strong>de</strong>s ficaram abertas<br />

durante 12horas/dia. Consi<strong>de</strong>ramos um esforço total <strong>de</strong> 384 horas <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong>, porque subtraímos 36 horas dispensa<strong>da</strong>s<br />

para relocação <strong>de</strong> pontos <strong>de</strong> captura durante alguns dias. As campanhas foram realiza<strong>da</strong>s em março,<br />

abril, maio e agosto na Serra Branca e novembro <strong>de</strong> 2002 e fevereiro <strong>de</strong> 2003 na floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidua. Os<br />

<strong>da</strong>dos biométricos foram aferidos, usandose régua milimetra<strong>da</strong> e paquímetros, e o peso foi calculado com dinamômetros<br />

(0,5Kg, 1Kg e 5kg) e pesolas <strong>de</strong> 10g, 30g, 100g e 300g. As fotografias foram feitas com câmara<br />

fotográfica Nikon F3, com o auxílio <strong>de</strong> lentes <strong>de</strong> 200mm, 300mm, 600mm e 1200mm sendo utilizados filmes<br />

Fuji, 36 exposições, asa 100. To<strong>da</strong>s as aves captura<strong>da</strong>s estão sendo marca<strong>da</strong>s com anilhas <strong>de</strong> metal forneci<strong>da</strong>s<br />

pelo CEMAVE/Ibama. Para os registros sonográficos, utilizamos um gravador Sony TCM 5000EV e um microfone<br />

direcional Sennheiser k6. A metodologia inicial utiliza<strong>da</strong> no programa <strong>de</strong> educação ambiental contou<br />

com a confecção <strong>de</strong> cartazes com diversas fotos <strong>da</strong> espécie A. leari e <strong>de</strong>mais espécies ameaça<strong>da</strong>s e endêmicas<br />

<strong>da</strong> região, sendo que esses cartazes foram distribuídos em diversas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. Foram distribuídos ain<strong>da</strong><br />

dois lotes <strong>de</strong> transparências, um para a Secretaria <strong>de</strong> Educação <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo e outro para a comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

Água Branca (comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> mais próxima do habitat <strong>da</strong> espécie A. leari) com 100 fotografias <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> região,<br />

além <strong>de</strong> outras espécies animais. As transparências estão sendo utiliza<strong>da</strong>s pelos professores <strong>da</strong>s comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />

com o objetivo <strong>de</strong> instruir os alunos sobre a fauna local. Outra estratégia utiliza<strong>da</strong> foi o envolvimento dos<br />

membros <strong>da</strong>s comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s, principalmente professores nas ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> anilhamento, para que adquirissem<br />

conhecimentos sobre a fauna local e assim participassem mais diretamente <strong>da</strong> conservação do habitat como<br />

um todo. Também foram realiza<strong>da</strong>s palestras em várias locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s.<br />

RESULTADOS<br />

Nas campanhas realiza<strong>da</strong>s em março, abril, maio e agosto <strong>de</strong> 2002 em Serra Branca e em novembro <strong>de</strong><br />

2002 e fevereiro <strong>de</strong> 2003 na floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidua, registramos, até agora, 191 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves distribui<strong>da</strong>s em<br />

17 or<strong>de</strong>ns e 38 famílias (ver tabela). Entre as espécies i<strong>de</strong>ntifica<strong>da</strong>s, sete são consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong>s como ameaça<strong>da</strong>s<br />

globalmente ou quase ameaça<strong>da</strong>s, e 11 são consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong>s endêmicas ao bioma Caatinga (Ibama , 1989 e 1992;<br />

Benck & Maurício, 2002) (ver tabela). Capturamos e anilhamos 2102 aves <strong>de</strong> 115 diferentes espécies


23<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

(60,2% <strong>da</strong>s espécies registra<strong>da</strong>s na região, até o momento). Consi<strong>de</strong>rando a lista <strong>de</strong> Sick et al., 1987, 55<br />

espécies figuram como novos registros para a região. Colaço et al., 2002, em 130 horas <strong>de</strong> esforço <strong>de</strong> campo<br />

empregados em março, abril, maio e junho <strong>de</strong> 2002, com registros feitos a partir <strong>de</strong> conttos visuais, auditivos<br />

e pistas, registraram 106 espécies para a Reserva Indigena Pankarare, 84 espécies a menos que o nosso<br />

trabalho.<br />

As aves com maior freqüência <strong>de</strong> captura foram: Elaenia albiceps (N=232, 11%), Scar<strong>da</strong>fela squammata<br />

(N=123, 5,85%), Coryphospingus pileatus (N=122, 5,8%), Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer (N=109,<br />

5,1%) e Coereba flaveola (N=96, 4,5%).<br />

Entre as espécies consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong>s ameaça<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> extinção, encontramos Megaxenops parnaguae, que<br />

não consta na lista <strong>de</strong> Sick et al. 1987, e é uma espécie que foi registra<strong>da</strong> tanto no ecossistema <strong>de</strong> caatinga<br />

como no <strong>de</strong> floresta.<br />

A espécie Herpisilochmus pectoralis foi encontra<strong>da</strong> tanto na caatinga como no interior <strong>de</strong> floresta,<br />

sempre utilizando o estrato inferior e superior <strong>da</strong>s árvores. A espécie Herpisilochmus sellowi foi registra<strong>da</strong>,<br />

tanto <strong>de</strong>ntro, como nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> mata, mas até hoje não foi registra<strong>da</strong> no habitat <strong>da</strong> caatinga arbustiva <strong>da</strong><br />

Serra Branca. A espécie Penelope jacucaca, apesar <strong>de</strong> não ter sido captura<strong>da</strong> em re<strong>de</strong>, é muito freqüente na<br />

caatinga <strong>de</strong> Serra Branca. A Fun<strong>da</strong>ção BioBrasil, em cooperação com várias instituições, vem realizando<br />

o senso anual <strong>da</strong> população <strong>de</strong> A. leari, e, a partir <strong>de</strong> janeiro <strong>de</strong> 2003 passou realizar um senso mensal nos<br />

paredões <strong>de</strong> dormi<strong>da</strong> e <strong>de</strong> reprodução <strong>da</strong> Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca. O último senso em fevereiro <strong>de</strong> 2003 registrou<br />

a presença <strong>de</strong> 303 aves em Serra Branca.<br />

Dentre as espécies endêmicas, <strong>de</strong>stacamos a Phaethornis gounellei, que têm uma característica especial:<br />

no mês <strong>de</strong> maio as aves adultas apresentam uma coloração amarela bem viva no bico que contrasta com<br />

a ponta que é <strong>de</strong> cor preta. Esta é uma característica do período <strong>de</strong> reprodução <strong>da</strong> espécie (Rolf Grantsau),<br />

embora não tenhamos encontrado nenhum ninho. A espécie Gyalophylax hellmayri foi registra<strong>da</strong> nos dois<br />

habitats, porém só freqüenta as bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> área <strong>da</strong> mata. A Sakesphorus cristatus só foi captura<strong>da</strong> em Serra<br />

Branca. A espécie Paroaria dominicana foi introduzi<strong>da</strong> pelo IBAMA na área <strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, não habitando<br />

o interior <strong>da</strong> caatinga <strong>de</strong>nsa arbustiva. É freqüentemente encontra<strong>da</strong> em áreas abertas ou à beira <strong>de</strong> corpos<br />

d’água. A espécie Phaethornis pretrei pretrei foi encontra<strong>da</strong> apenas na floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidua, ao passo que a<br />

Phaethornis pretrei minor somente na caatinga <strong>de</strong>nsa ou ralea<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Serra Branca. Nenhuma <strong>da</strong>s formas foram<br />

arrola<strong>da</strong>s por Sick et al., em 1987.<br />

A Phaethornis pretrei minor foi <strong>de</strong>scrita por Grantsau (1989) no norte <strong>de</strong> Goiás e Maranhão. Lima<br />

capturou esta subespécie através <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong> no Sul do Piauí em 2002. Um espécime foi coletado por Grantsau<br />

na Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, documentando assim a distribuição geográfica, e encontra-se <strong>de</strong>positado na coleção<br />

<strong>de</strong> Grantsau (RG 10238). Nós registramos a presença <strong>de</strong> muitas espécies ocorrentes na Mata Atlântica mais<br />

úmi<strong>da</strong> do leste brasileiro, na área <strong>de</strong> floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidual <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, <strong>de</strong>stacando-se: Micrastur ruficollis,<br />

Neopelma pallescens, Phethornis pretrei, Xenops rutilans, Arremon taciturnus e Hemithraupis flavicollis.<br />

Nenhuma <strong>de</strong>ssas espécies foi relata<strong>da</strong> por Sick et al. 1987 em seu levantamento. A maioria <strong>da</strong>s espécies captura<strong>da</strong>s<br />

na floresta no mês <strong>de</strong> fevereiro possuía a placa <strong>de</strong> incubação evi<strong>de</strong>nte, indicando que nesse período se<br />

intensifica a reprodução na região. Outro fato adicional representativo do período <strong>de</strong> reprodução é a presença<br />

<strong>de</strong> muitas aves jovens, recém saí<strong>da</strong>s do ninho, muitas vezes com pequena capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> vôo.<br />

Outra espécie que merece <strong>de</strong>staque é Elaenia albiceps, migrante austral que viaja do cone sul até os<br />

An<strong>de</strong>s colombianos e Região Amazônica (Sick, 1997). Está espécie não foi registra<strong>da</strong> por Sick e


24<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

colaboradores em seu levantamento. Nossos <strong>da</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> captura e observação <strong>da</strong> espécie na região entre os<br />

meses <strong>de</strong> abril, maio e junho <strong>de</strong> 2002 apontam para o pico <strong>de</strong> migração <strong>da</strong> espécie na região. Depois <strong>de</strong>sse<br />

período, as aves abandonaram por completo a área. Nas campanhas <strong>de</strong> anilhamento realiza<strong>da</strong>s no mês <strong>de</strong><br />

fevereiro <strong>de</strong> 2003, capturamos quatro aves <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie na floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidual, sugerindo que alguns indivíduos<br />

chegam a rigião em meados <strong>de</strong> fevereiro. Nas campanhas <strong>de</strong> anilhamento realiza<strong>da</strong>s no ano <strong>de</strong> 2002 na<br />

Serra Branca <strong>de</strong> abril a junho, foram captura<strong>da</strong>s e anilha<strong>da</strong>s 228 aves <strong>de</strong>sta espécie. Nossos <strong>da</strong>dos preliminares<br />

apontam uma extensão temporal <strong>da</strong> espécie durante a migração para a região nor<strong>de</strong>ste, que segundo Marini<br />

e Cavalcanti (1990) seria entre maio e julho. A intensificação <strong>de</strong> nossas ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s e outros esforços <strong>de</strong> captura<br />

em mais pontos <strong>de</strong> ocorrência <strong>da</strong> espécie permitirão preencher uma gran<strong>de</strong> lacuna no conhecimento dos<br />

mivimentos migratórios <strong>de</strong>ste Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e. A Sarcoramphus papa, apesar <strong>de</strong> não ser uma espécie ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

extinção é consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> rara em diversas regiões do Estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia. Na Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, um grupo <strong>de</strong><br />

86 aves é freqüentemente visto em um paredão <strong>de</strong> arenito para pernoitar. Este local não é freqüentado pelas<br />

A. leari. A espécie Bubulcus ibis, que não consta <strong>da</strong> lista <strong>de</strong> Sick, foi por nós <strong>de</strong>tecta<strong>da</strong> pela primeira vez na<br />

Bahia, no ano <strong>de</strong> 1988, justamente no município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo e <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> aquela <strong>da</strong>ta até o presente momento,<br />

a espécie colonizou todo o estado. O bioma Caatinga é um dos biomas brasileiros menos estu<strong>da</strong>dos, por isso<br />

as pesquisas realiza<strong>da</strong>s na pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari são <strong>de</strong> fun<strong>da</strong>mental importância para as ações <strong>de</strong> conservação e<br />

manejo na região.<br />

A participação <strong>da</strong>s comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s nos trabalhos <strong>de</strong> pesquisa contribui <strong>de</strong>cisivamente para as iniciativas<br />

<strong>de</strong> conservação, pois uma vez instruí<strong>da</strong> e conhecendo melhor o habitat on<strong>de</strong> vive, a comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> passa a participar<br />

<strong>de</strong> forma efetiva na conservação dos ambientes e <strong>da</strong>s espécies ali presentes.


25<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

SURVEY AND BANDING OF THE ORNITO-FAUNA IN THE<br />

RANGE OF THE LEARS MACAW (Anodorhynchus leari),<br />

Bonaparte, 1856; a complement to the survey caried out by H. Sick,<br />

L.P. Ognzaga and D.M. Teixeira, 1987.<br />

Summary: The following work presents <strong>da</strong>ta from the inventory and banding of the ornitho-fauna in two areas<br />

of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (home range for the A. leari and characterized by the scrub bush caatinga and semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous<br />

forest) In 2002 and 2003 we carried out six inventory campaigns, using methods of direct observation,<br />

sonic register and the capture of birds in mist nets. We managed to i<strong>de</strong>ntify 191 bird species distributed in 17<br />

or<strong>de</strong>rs and 38 families. Of this total, 115 species (60.2%) were ban<strong>de</strong>d and 185 (98.8%) were photographed.<br />

The work inclu<strong>de</strong>d the collection of morphological <strong>da</strong>ta as well as environmental education campaigns with<br />

the local population. The result of these initiatives that are part of the CETREL supported Conservation and<br />

Study Program of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina promoted by BioBrasil Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, was the addition of 59 species to<br />

the list compiled by Sick and his collaborators (Sick et al., 1987).<br />

Key Words: Anodorhynchus leari; avi-fauna <strong>de</strong> caatinga; Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina; banding; photography.<br />

Introduction<br />

For many years, the true home range of the Anodorhynchus leari was unknown. The Lears macaw was<br />

first <strong>de</strong>scribed in 1856 by the French naturalist Bonaparte from a stuffed taxi<strong>de</strong>rmic specimen stored in the<br />

Paris Museum and from another specimen that lived in the Anvers (Belgium) zoo. (Sick et al., 1987) In 1978,<br />

122 years later, Helmut Sick and his assistants, Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga and Dante Martins Teixeira, discovered<br />

the true home range of the A. <strong>Leari</strong>. It was located in the backlands of Bahia state between the municipalities<br />

of Jeremoabo, Canudos and Eucli<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Cunha, with two specific points where roosting and nesting took<br />

place: Toca Velha in the municipality of Canudos and Serra Branca in the municipality of Jeremoabo. In 1994,<br />

Lima encouraged a local woodsman of the region to look for new populations of A. leari which resulted in the<br />

discovery of a new population located in the municipality of Campo Formoso in 1995. This was subsequently<br />

confirmed by Lima.<br />

Despite the 25 years since the discovery of the home range of the A. leari, little information about<br />

the reproduction of the species is available. Munn (1995) and Reynolds (1998) warned of the necessity of<br />

conducting studies about the reproductive behavior of the species. Since the discovery of the home range of<br />

the A. leari, the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina region has been the target of attention from ornithologists, researchers, and<br />

conservationists from all over the world. This attention, however, has always been focused on the macaws.<br />

The other species of the region were consi<strong>de</strong>red of secon<strong>da</strong>ry importance. Sick and his collaborators were the<br />

first to produce <strong>da</strong>ta from a survey of the ornitho-fauna of the A. leari range. They noted the presence 132<br />

bird species (Sick et al., 1987). This inventory remains the most comprehensive register available about the<br />

region.<br />

The objectives of the current study were the following: 1. To inventory the ornitho-fauna of the Raso<br />

<strong>da</strong> Catarina; 2. To establish an extensive monitoring program of the region’s avi-fauna; 3. To compile a <strong>da</strong>tabase<br />

of photographic images of the birds of Bahia and in this specific case the birds of the caatinga; 4. To<br />

implement an effective program of environmental education in the region’s communities.


26<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

We started our work in March of 2002 when BioBrasil Foun<strong>da</strong>tion acquired the right to use an area<br />

of 20,000 hectares in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, a locale where 90% of the total A.leari population is found. With<br />

CETREL’s support and the collaboration of other institutions, BioBrasil has been <strong>de</strong>veloping research about<br />

the above-mentioned species, and amplifying the Conservation and Study program in the region.<br />

Study Areas and Methodologies<br />

The work was <strong>de</strong>veloped in two separate areas. The first was Serra Branca farm, where vegetation<br />

is characterized by the <strong>de</strong>nse scrub bush of the caatinga. This reaches a maximum height of five meters, can<br />

become a compact mesh that is difficult to penetrate due to the extensive thorns. In this area, we find sandstone<br />

cliffs that form canyons that can reach heights of up to 100 meters and which are used by A. leari for<br />

reproduction. The second area is in municipality of Jeremoabo and around 15 kilometers from the town of the<br />

same name. The vegetation could be characterized as semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest surroun<strong>de</strong>d by disturbed caatinga<br />

vegetation (it is probably disturbed because of the natural re-composition that took place after the forests were<br />

felled for plantations). In this forest, the trees can be taller than 20 meters and only a few of them lose their<br />

leaves in the more dry periods. This is contrast to the vegetation in the area around Serra Branca that loses all<br />

its leaves.<br />

For our direct observations, we used Zeis and Bushnell binoculars, as well as a monocle Kawa TSN2.<br />

To catch the birds, we used 45 mist nets (12 m. x 2.5 m. with 10mm x 10mm gaps) We divi<strong>de</strong>d the work with<br />

nets in the following proportions: for 14 <strong>da</strong>ys, 20 nets were used, for 15 <strong>da</strong>ys, 45 nets were used, and for 6<br />

<strong>da</strong>ys, 49 nets were used. The nets were open 12 hours a <strong>da</strong>y. We calculate that the total open net time was<br />

348 hours. We subtracted the 36 hours which were used for moving the nets between capture points for a few<br />

<strong>da</strong>ys. The campaigns took place in March, April, May and August in Serra Branca and November 2002 and<br />

February 2003 in the semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest. The biometric <strong>da</strong>ta was compiled using a millimeter ruler and<br />

paquemeters and the weight calculated with dinamometers (0.5 kg, 1 kg and 5 kg) and pesolas of 10 g, 30g,<br />

100g, 300g. The photographs were taken with a Nikon F3 fitted with 200mm, 300mm, 600mm and 1200mm<br />

lenses, and Fuji Film with 36 exposures and ASA100. All the captured birds are being ban<strong>de</strong>d with bands provi<strong>de</strong>d<br />

by CEMAVE/IBAMA. For the sonic registers, we used a Sony TCM 5000EV recor<strong>de</strong>r and a directional<br />

microphone Sennheiser k6.<br />

The initial environmental education methodology used was to produce several different posters with<br />

pictures of the Lears Macaw and other en<strong>de</strong>mic and threatened regional species. These posters were distributed<br />

among several different communities. Two sets of transparencies were also distributed in the region, one<br />

for the Secretary of Education in Jeremoabo, and the other for the Aguia Branca community (the significant<br />

population center closest to the Lears Macaw habitat) with 100 photos of birds of the region as well as other<br />

animal species. The transparencies are being used by the community teachers in or<strong>de</strong>r to teach the stu<strong>de</strong>nts<br />

about the local fauna. Another strategy employed was the involvement of members of the local community,<br />

principally the teachers, in the process of banding so that they could acquire knowledge about the local fauna<br />

and in this way participate directly in the conservation of the habitat as a whole. Several lectures also were<br />

given in different localities.<br />

Results<br />

In the campaigns that took place in Serra Branca in March, April, May and August 2002 and in November<br />

2002 and February 2003 in the semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest, we registered, up until now, 191 bird species<br />

distributed in 17 or<strong>de</strong>rs and 38 families (see table). Among the i<strong>de</strong>ntified species, seven are consi<strong>de</strong>red glo-


27<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

bally threatened or partially threatened, and 11 are consi<strong>de</strong>red en<strong>de</strong>mic to the caatinga biome. (IBAMA, 1989<br />

and 1992; Benck and Mauricio, 2002) (see table). We caught and ban<strong>de</strong>d 2,102 birds of 115 different species<br />

(60.2% of the species registered in the region up until now) Consi<strong>de</strong>ring the Sick et al list, 1987, 55 species appear<br />

as new registers for the region. Colaco et al., 2002, in 130 hours of field work carried out in March, April,<br />

May and June of 2002, using visual, audio and traces of evi<strong>de</strong>nce, registered 106 in the Pankarare reserve, 84<br />

species less that were found in our work.<br />

The birds caught most frequently were: the white-crested Elaenia (Eleania albiceps) (N=232, 11%); the<br />

scaled dove (Scar<strong>da</strong>fela squammata) (N=123, 5.85%); the pileated finch (Coryphospingus pileatus) (N=122,<br />

5.8%); the pearly-throated Tody Tyrant (Memitriccus margaritaceiventer) (N=109, 5.1%) and the banana quit<br />

(Coereba flaveola) (N=96, 4.5%).<br />

Among the species consi<strong>de</strong>red in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction, we found the Great xenops (Megaxenops parnaguae),<br />

which is not on Sick et al., 1987 list and it is a species found both in the caatinga and the forest.<br />

The species Herpisilochumus (pectoral antwren) was also found both in the caatinga as well as the forest,<br />

and always using all levels of the tree. The species Herpilochmus sellowi was registered both insi<strong>de</strong> and<br />

on the margins of the forest but until now has never been found in the scrub bush caatinga vegetation of Serra<br />

Branca. The species Penelope jacucacu (Spix’s guan), even though it was not caught in the nets, is very common<br />

in the caatinga of Sera Branca. BioBrasil Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, in cooperation with various other entities, has been<br />

performing annual censuses of the A. leari population and, from January 2003 has been carrying out monthly<br />

censuses around the cliff faces of Serra Branca used by the macaws for roosting and nesting. The last census of<br />

February 2003 registered the presence of 303 birds in Serra Branca. Among the en<strong>de</strong>mic species, of particular<br />

importance is the broad-tipped hermit (Phaethornis gounellei) which has a special characteristic: in the month<br />

of May the beak coloration of the adult birds was an intense yellow, contrasting with that of the black point.<br />

This coloring is noted in the birds during their reproduction cycle (Rolf Grantsau), though we found no nest.<br />

The red-shoul<strong>de</strong>red spine-tail (Gyalophylax hellmayri) was registered in the two habitats, though only at the<br />

edge of the forest. The silvery-cheeked ant-shrike (Sakesphorus cristatus) was only caught in Serra Branca.<br />

The red-cowled cardinal (Paroaria dominicana) was released into Serra Branca by IBAMA and normally does<br />

not inhabit the scrub bush caatinga there. It is frequently seen in open areas or at the edge of bodies of water.<br />

The Planalto Hermit (Phaethornis preterei preterei) was only found in the semi<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest whereas<br />

the lesser Planalto Hermit (Phaethornis preterei minor) was only found in the scrub bush caatinga of Serra<br />

Branca. Neither of the species was registered by Sick et al., in 1987.<br />

The lesser Planalto Hermit (Phaethornis preterei minor) was <strong>de</strong>scribed by Grantsau (1992) in the<br />

north of Goias and Maranhão states. Lima caught this subspecies in a mist net in Piaui in 2002. This specimen<br />

was collected by Grantsau in the Serra Branca farm to document its geographic distribution and was ad<strong>de</strong>d to<br />

Grantsau’s collection. We found many species that occur in the more humid eastern Atlantic Rainforest in the<br />

semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forests of Jeremoabo, which inclu<strong>de</strong>d: barred forest falcon (Micrastur ruficollis), pale-bellied<br />

manakin (Neopelma pallescens), the planalto hermit (Phaethornis preterei), streaked xenops (Xenops rutilans),<br />

pectoral sparrow (Arremon taciturnus) and the yellow-backed tanager (Hemithraupis flavicollis). None<br />

of these species was reported by Sick et al. 1987 in his survey. The majority of the species caught in the forest<br />

had an obvious incubation plate, indicating this to likely be the reproduction period in the region. Another additional<br />

sign of this being a reproductive period was the presence of many juvenile birds, recently fledged, and<br />

often with un<strong>de</strong>veloped flying skills.<br />

Another species that <strong>de</strong>serves mention is the white-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps), a southern


28<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

migrant that goes from the southern cone to the Colombian An<strong>de</strong>s and Amazon Region (Sick, 1997). This<br />

species was not registered by Sick and his team in their survey. Our <strong>da</strong>ta compiled from the capture and the<br />

observation of the species in the region between the months of April, May and June of 2002 shows these to be<br />

the peak migration months in the region. After this period, the birds completely abandon the area. In the banding<br />

campaigns of February 2003, we captured four individuals of that species in the semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest,<br />

an occurrence that suggests that some specimens arrived in the middle of February. In the banding campaigns<br />

of 2002 in Serra Branca of April and June, 228 birds of that species were caught and ban<strong>de</strong>d. Our initial <strong>da</strong>ta<br />

indicates an extension in the period of migration in the northeast region which, according to Marini and Cavalcanti<br />

(1990) occurs between May and July. The intensification of our activities and other efforts at capture<br />

in more occurrence points of the species allowed the large gap in the migratory movement knowledge of this<br />

Tyranni<strong>de</strong> to be filled. The King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa), even though it is not a species in <strong>da</strong>nger of<br />

extinction, is consi<strong>de</strong>red rare in many regions of Bahia. In the Serra Branca farm, a group of 86 King Vultures<br />

is frequently seen on a sandstone cliff getting ready to sleep. This particular cliff area is not used by the A.<br />

leari. The cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), which is not on Sick’s list, was observed by us for the first time in Bahia<br />

in 1988 in the municipality of Jeremoabo, and from that time until now the species has colonized the whole<br />

state. The caatinga biome is one of the least studied Brazilian ecosystems which makes the research conducted<br />

in the home range of the Lears macaw of vital importance to the conservation management of the region.<br />

The participation of the local communities in the research work contributes <strong>de</strong>cisively to conservation<br />

initiatives. Once the members are informed about and learn more about the habitat where they live, the community<br />

can effectively participate in an effective form in the conservation of their natural environment and the<br />

species that live there.


29<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

UMA PEQUENA CONTRIBUIÇÃO: COMBATE AO<br />

TRÁFICO ILEGAL DE ANIMAIS<br />

O tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais é uma questão crônica, não somente no Brasil como também nos <strong>de</strong>mais países<br />

pobres do mundo. Os fatores que mais contribuem para a existência <strong>de</strong>ssa ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> criminosa em nosso país<br />

encontram-se interligados: o <strong>de</strong>semprego, principalmente nas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s rurais, o analfabetismo ou a baixa<br />

escolari<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, a fome relaciona<strong>da</strong> aos fatores anteriores, o elevado índice <strong>da</strong> natali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> infantil, on<strong>de</strong> um casal<br />

pobre e <strong>de</strong>sempregado muitas <strong>da</strong>s vezes possui mais <strong>de</strong> 7 filhos – esses fatores são, sem sobra <strong>de</strong> dúvi<strong>da</strong>, o<br />

sustentáculo do tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais, que alimenta ca<strong>de</strong>ias intermediarias, passando dos atravessadores que encomen<strong>da</strong>m<br />

os animais às pessoas pobres que, muita, <strong>da</strong>s vezes pela sua ignorância, não sabem os <strong>da</strong>nos que<br />

estão causando nem qual a soma <strong>de</strong> dinheiro que envolve esse comércio. No final <strong>de</strong>ssa ca<strong>de</strong>ia encontram-se<br />

os colecionadores que, por uma questão <strong>de</strong> egoísmo, pouco se importam que uma espécie possa ser extinta<br />

<strong>da</strong> natureza - o que importa é possuir o maior número possível <strong>de</strong> animais nas suas coleções. Portanto, para<br />

que possamos equacionar essas questões, é preciso resolvê-las caso a caso. Sabemos que resolver to<strong>da</strong>s essas<br />

questões <strong>de</strong>man<strong>da</strong> tempo. No entanto, muito po<strong>de</strong> ser feito <strong>de</strong> imediato.<br />

1) Todos afirmam que o tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais é uma questão nacional. Discordo <strong>de</strong>ssa afirmativa, pois a questão<br />

do tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais é uma questão municipal. Se ca<strong>da</strong> prefeito resolver impedir a ven<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> animais nas feiras<br />

livres dos seus municípios, estará contribuindo <strong>de</strong> forma <strong>de</strong>cisiva para erradicar esse mal. As pessoas ven<strong>de</strong>m<br />

animais nas feiras livres por vários motivos. Primeiro, nesse local existe uma gran<strong>de</strong> concentração <strong>de</strong> pessoas<br />

e, consequentemente, potenciais compradores. Segundo, ven<strong>de</strong>r animais nas feiras livres muitas vezes é uma<br />

ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> segura, pois o gran<strong>de</strong> aglomerado <strong>de</strong> pessoas facilita a fuga dos contraventores durante as operações<br />

dos órgãos fiscalizadores. Se ca<strong>da</strong> prefeito fiscalizar as suas feiras, proibindo a ven<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> animais silvestres<br />

nessas áreas, estará sendo <strong>da</strong>do um gran<strong>de</strong> passo para resolver o problema. No que diz respeito a essa questão<br />

<strong>da</strong> ven<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> animais silvestres em feiras livres, seria necessário ca<strong>da</strong>strar todos os ven<strong>de</strong>dores. Digo ca<strong>da</strong>strar<br />

porque os órgãos fiscalizados, quando atuam nas feiras livres, preocupam-se mais com a apreensão dos animais<br />

e, <strong>de</strong>ssa maneira, facilitam a fuga dos ven<strong>de</strong>dores. É preciso estu<strong>da</strong>r as ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iras raízes do tráfico <strong>de</strong><br />

aves em feiras e para isso torna-se necessário ca<strong>da</strong>strar todos os ven<strong>de</strong>dores, no intuito <strong>de</strong> possibilitar a coleta<br />

<strong>de</strong> informações sobre como essas pessoas vivem, qual o ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro grau <strong>de</strong> pobreza <strong>de</strong>las, como se dá o seu<br />

<strong>de</strong>slocamento por diversas feiras livres, seja <strong>de</strong>ntro do seu próprio estado ou em outros estados <strong>da</strong> fe<strong>de</strong>ração.<br />

2) Educação Ambiental: Fala-se muito em educação ambiental, no entanto estamos acostumados a ver pessoas<br />

realizando palestras nas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s como se isso fosse educação ambiental. A Educação Ambiental significa<br />

mu<strong>da</strong>nça <strong>de</strong> hábitos, portanto tem que ser algo conciso e <strong>de</strong> longa duração. Qualquer programa <strong>de</strong> Educação<br />

Ambiental que <strong>de</strong>seje obter sucesso tem que contar com a participação <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>.<br />

Só como exemplo, cito a forma como estamos trabalhando no intuito <strong>de</strong> preservar a arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear (<br />

Anodorhynchus leari), espécie brasileira ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção: produzimos cartazes com diversas fotos <strong>da</strong><br />

espécie e, nesses cartazes colocamos a seguinte frase: “Conservação <strong>da</strong> arara-azaul-<strong>de</strong>-lear Depen<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> você!<br />

Comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, participe”. Em diversas palestras que realizamos no Brasil e fora do país, sempre afirmamos que<br />

nenhum pesquisador salva na<strong>da</strong>, quem tem o po<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong> salvar é a própria comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, <strong>de</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>mente informa<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Descobrimos que são poucas as pessoas na comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> do entorno do habitat <strong>da</strong> arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear que já<br />

viram esta ave. Para preservar, é preciso conhecer.Estamos realizando trabalhos educativos com professores,<br />

alunos e membros <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> e também levando as pessoas para conhecer as araras no seu habitat. Como<br />

exemplo dos bons resultados, gostaríamos <strong>de</strong> relatar as falas <strong>de</strong> algumas pessoas que participaram <strong>de</strong>sse<br />

programa: (1)”Eu não me preocupava com as araras, porque não conhecia, não sabia <strong>da</strong> sua rari<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> e para


30<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

nós <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, que estamos acostumados a matar animais para comer e pren<strong>de</strong>r animais na gaiola, tanto<br />

fazia ser azul ou ver<strong>de</strong>”; (2) “Agora, que adquiri conhecimentos sobre essa espécie, a minha concepção mudou.<br />

Agora, eu passo a ser um <strong>de</strong>fensor não somente <strong>da</strong>s araras como <strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong>mais espécies”. Outra estratégia<br />

que estamos utilizando é a seguinte: Utilizar as fotos <strong>da</strong>s espécies <strong>de</strong> aves existentes no habitat <strong>da</strong> arara-azul,<br />

produzindo lotes <strong>de</strong> transparências, que doamos à Secretária <strong>de</strong> Educação do município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, assim<br />

como ao povoado <strong>de</strong> Água Branca, no intuito <strong>de</strong> que os professores ensinem aos seus alunos e membros <strong>da</strong><br />

comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> sobre as espécies animais que vivem no seu entorno, pois não é somente a arara-azul que corre<br />

risco <strong>de</strong> extinção: existem outras espécies que não repercutem na mídia e por isso estão esqueci<strong>da</strong>s, tais como:<br />

Herpsilochmus pectoralis (Chorozinho-distinto), Megaxenops parnaguae ( bico-virado-gran<strong>de</strong>), Herpsilochmus<br />

sellowi uma espécie nova <strong>de</strong>scrita em 2000.<br />

3) Outro fato relevante e <strong>de</strong> fun<strong>da</strong>mental importância em trabalhos <strong>de</strong> conservação <strong>de</strong> espécies ameaça<strong>da</strong>s<br />

- tal como a espécie anteriormente menciona<strong>da</strong> (Anodorhynchus leari) - é que todos os projetos estão sempre<br />

preocupados em salvar <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong> espécie. Isso é um gran<strong>de</strong> erro. Esses projetos esquecem <strong>da</strong>s comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />

que, na sua gran<strong>de</strong> maioria, são pobres ou mesmo miseráveis. Uma arara ou qualquer outra espécie animal não<br />

po<strong>de</strong> valer mais que as vi<strong>da</strong>s dos seres humanos que passam fome, enquanto um monte <strong>de</strong> dinheiro é gasto<br />

para salvar uma espécie. Em nosso pensamento não vemos diferença entre um Sporophila nigricollis (papacapim)<br />

e uma Anodorhynchus leari ( arara-azul<strong>de</strong>-lear). Como sugestão, gostaríamos <strong>de</strong> propor que fossem<br />

realiza<strong>da</strong>s melhorias nas condições <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>s comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s on<strong>de</strong> existem espécies ameaça<strong>da</strong>s, pois, <strong>de</strong>ssa<br />

maneira, será possível não apenas salvar as espécies ameaça<strong>da</strong>s como também as <strong>de</strong>mais espécies animais<br />

e vegetais que ocorrem nesse <strong>de</strong>terminado habitat. É preciso investir em educação, aparelhando as escolas,<br />

capacitando os professores; investir na saú<strong>de</strong>; investir em saneamento básico etc. Através <strong>de</strong>ssa estratégia, as<br />

comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s ganham consciência <strong>da</strong> importância <strong>da</strong> preservação e do fato <strong>de</strong> que os seres humanos também<br />

são ferramentas importantes nesse contexto. É preciso incluir as universi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s públicas nessa estratégia – através<br />

<strong>de</strong> instituições como as escolas <strong>de</strong> Medicina, Medicina Veterinária, Agronomia etc., pois os professores<br />

e alunos po<strong>de</strong>m contribuir em muito para a melhoria <strong>de</strong> quali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>ssas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s com tão pouco<br />

conhecimento.<br />

4) Outro fato que consi<strong>de</strong>ramos <strong>de</strong> importância fun<strong>da</strong>mental é que as pessoas liga<strong>da</strong>s à área ambiental e que<br />

sejam entrevista<strong>da</strong>s pelos meios <strong>de</strong> comunicação não falem sobre os preços dos animais no mercado clan<strong>de</strong>stino.<br />

Isso é muito perigoso. Exemplo: pessoas que estão passando fome no sertão on<strong>de</strong> ocorre a arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>lear,<br />

pela ganância <strong>de</strong> ganhar dinheiro fácil, po<strong>de</strong>m exterminar a população <strong>de</strong> aves em pouco tempo.<br />

5) Centros <strong>de</strong> Triagem <strong>de</strong> Animais Silvestres: Os Centros <strong>de</strong> Triagem do Estado são, na maioria <strong>da</strong>s vezes,<br />

bastante precários, não possuindo mão <strong>de</strong> obra qualifica<strong>da</strong>, recursos etc. Os criadores conservacionistas ou<br />

comercias só têm interesse em aves e animais que possuam valor econômico e, durante déca<strong>da</strong>s, os órgãos<br />

ambientais vem soltando animais em qualquer local sem respeitar a distribuição geográfica <strong>da</strong>s espécies, suas<br />

doenças etc. (veja: “Illegal Trafic in Brazil’s Wildlife”; “O Tráfico <strong>de</strong> Animais na Bahia”; “A Introdução <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>Aves</strong> em Habitats Diferentes Po<strong>de</strong>rá Levar Espécies Nativas à Extinção”). É preciso que o Estado realize<br />

parceria com organizações não governamentais para construir e operar Centros <strong>de</strong> Triagens que visem reintroduzir<br />

to<strong>da</strong>s as espécies que foram apreendi<strong>da</strong>s no tráfico ilegal <strong>de</strong> animais. Isso é perfeitamente viável,<br />

como po<strong>de</strong> ser comprovado pelos trabalhos cuja leitura recomen<strong>da</strong>mos , como “Reintroduction of captivebred<br />

Gold-capped Conoures in Bahia”. Nenhum centro <strong>de</strong> triagem vai querer investir em recuperação <strong>de</strong><br />

animais para entregar as espécies raras ou ameaça<strong>da</strong>s a criadores particulares, pois o governo não se preocupa<br />

com as milhares <strong>de</strong> espécies não ameaça<strong>da</strong>s. Como já dissemos anteriormente, tanto faz ser um Sporophila<br />

nigricollis como uma Anodorhynchus leari, todos são seres vivos e têm o mesmo valor.


31<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

A SMALL CONTRIBUTION: THE COMBAT AGAINST THE<br />

ILLEGAL TRAFFIC OF ANIMALS<br />

The trafficking in animals is a chronic issue, not only in Brazil but also in other impoverished countries<br />

throughout the world. The factors that most contribute to the existence of this criminal activity are inter-connected:<br />

unemployment, principally in the rural regions; illiteracy or lack of formal schooling; general hunger;<br />

and high infant mortality rates where in many cases a poor and unemployed couple has more than 7 kids.<br />

These factors are the sustenance for the illegal animal tra<strong>de</strong> and feed the networks of intermediaries that or<strong>de</strong>r<br />

the animals from poor people. Due to ignorance, these poor people have little i<strong>de</strong>a of the <strong>da</strong>mage they are<br />

causing nor the amount of money for which the animals will be sold. At the top end of this chain are the collectors<br />

who, for selfish reasons, are unconcerned about whether an animal could become extinct in the wild.<br />

Their aim is to have the largest amount of animals possible for their collections. In or<strong>de</strong>r to balance these issues,<br />

therefore, it is necessary to resolve these questions one by one. We know that much time will be nee<strong>de</strong>d<br />

to resolve these questions but in the meantime there is much we can do immediately.<br />

1. Everyone says that the illicit tra<strong>de</strong> in animals is a national question. I disagree since I believe that this tra<strong>de</strong><br />

is a municipal level issue. If every mayor was <strong>de</strong>termined to prevent the sale of animals in open-air markets in<br />

their municipalities, they would be contributing in a forceful manner to eradicate this evil. In the first place, a<br />

large concentration of people conglomerate in these places and represent potential buyers. Secondly, the sale<br />

of animals in these open-air markets is safe. The large gathering of people allows the offen<strong>de</strong>rs cover to flee<br />

during official raids of these premises. If each mayor regulated these open-air markets and prohibited the sale<br />

of animals, they would be contributing in a significant way to wipe out this activity. On the same question<br />

of selling animals in open-air markets, it will be necessary to register all the sellers of wild animals in these<br />

markets. I say register them because when the official organs raid these venues, they are more concerned with<br />

apprehending the animals, a priority that facilitates the escape of the vendors. It is necessary to study the true<br />

roots of the traffic of birds in these types of markets and also have a register of all the vendors. In this way it<br />

will be possible to collect information about how these people live, how poor they actually are and whether<br />

they move around between markets in other states.<br />

2. Environmental Education. Though it is much talked about, we are used to seeing people giving lectures in<br />

local communities and this is what passes for environmental education. But environmental education means a<br />

change in behavioral habits, and therefore has to be something concise and lasting. For any program of environmental<br />

education to be successful, the involvement of the local community is a necessity.<br />

Just as an example, I would like to illustrate how we are working to preserve the Lears macaw (Anodorhynchus<br />

leari). We have produced posters with different photos of the bird below with the caption: “Conservation<br />

of the Lears Macaw. It <strong>de</strong>pends on you. Community, participate.” In many lectures I have ma<strong>de</strong> throughout<br />

Brazil and overseas I always have affirmed that researchers alone save nothing and who in fact has the real<br />

power to do make a difference is an informed community. Through these lectures we discovered that few<br />

members of the community who live in Lears macaw habitat have actually seen the bird. To preserve you must<br />

have knowledge. We are conducting educational campaigns with teachers, stu<strong>de</strong>nts, and members of the community<br />

in addition to taking people to observe the macaws in their habitat. To exemplify the positive results, I<br />

would like to relate some of the comments of those who participated in the program.<br />

“I was never worried about the macaws because I didn’t know them, had no i<strong>de</strong>a of their rarity and for us<br />

in this community, used as we are to killing animals to eat or capturing them to put in a cage, it didn’t mat-


32<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

ter whether the birds were blue or green. Now that I have a little knowledge about this species, my outlook<br />

changed and I have become a <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>r not only of the macaws but of other animal species as well.”<br />

Another strategy we are pursuing is the following: We photograph all of the existing bird species in the habitat<br />

of the Lears macaw and transfer them onto transparencies. These are given to the Secretary of Education of<br />

Jeremoabo and Aguia Branca so that the teachers instruct their pupils and members of the community about<br />

the species of animals that live around them. It is not only the Lears macaw that is in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction but<br />

also other less showy species that for that reason are forgotten.<br />

3. Another relevant factor that I consi<strong>de</strong>r of fun<strong>da</strong>mental importance in conservation work that involves threatened<br />

species such as the Lears macaw (Anodorhynchus leari) is that these projects are exclusively geared to<br />

saving the en<strong>da</strong>ngered species. They forget the communities which are, for the most part poor, and <strong>de</strong>sperate.<br />

A macaw or any other animal species cannot be more valuable than the lives of human beings who are<br />

stricken by hunger, while piles of money is spent to save the species. In my way of thinking and as a professional<br />

veterinarian that takes an oath to save lives, I don’t see the difference between a white-bellied seed eater<br />

(Sporophila nigricollis) or a Lears macaw. As a suggestion, I would like to propose that improvements in the<br />

life conditions of local communities where threatened species exist be implemented. This will be much more<br />

effective in saving the threatened species and other fauna and flora species that occur in that particular habitat.<br />

We must invest in education, equip schools, train teachers, invest in health, and invest in basic sanitation etc.<br />

Through such a strategy, the communities become aware of the importance of preservation and that humans<br />

are important tools in such a context. It is also necessary to inclu<strong>de</strong> public universities and their schools of<br />

medicine, veterinary school, agronomy etc. in this struggle. Teachers and stu<strong>de</strong>nts can contribute significantly<br />

to better the quality of life in these communities beset by such a lack of knowledge.<br />

4. Another fact I consi<strong>de</strong>r of utmost importance is that people who are interviewed by the media should not<br />

talk about the price of animals. This is very <strong>da</strong>ngerous. Here’s an example: people who are hungry in the backlands<br />

where the macaws are, through the greed to make easy money, can exterminate a population in a small<br />

amount of time when they know the amounts of money involved.<br />

5. CETAS: Center for Treatment of Wild Animals: Treatment centers for animals are, for the most part, in<br />

precarious conditions without qualified handlers and lack basic resources. Bree<strong>de</strong>rs only have an interest in<br />

fauna of commercial value which means that for <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>s IBAMA has been releasing birds without commercial<br />

value anywhere. It does not consi<strong>de</strong>r their geographic distribution or the <strong>da</strong>ngers of diseases etc. (see the<br />

article entitled Illegal Traffic in Brazil’s Wildlife: The Traffic of Animals in Bahia). The reintroduction of birds<br />

in different habitats can lead species to extinction. It is necessary for the state to effect terms of agreement with<br />

NGOs to construct and operate treatment centers that seek to reintroduce all the species that are apprehen<strong>de</strong>d<br />

in the illicit animal tra<strong>de</strong>. This is perfectly viable as is shown by the work I have done such as the reintroduction<br />

of captive-bred Gold Capped Conure in Bahia. Much can also be learnt from works about reintroduction<br />

sent from other countries. No treatment center is going to want to invest in the recuperation of en<strong>da</strong>ngered or<br />

rare animals that are then turned over to unscrupulous bree<strong>de</strong>rs. Clearly the government is not worried about<br />

the thousands of nonthreatened species. As I said before, it doesn’t matter whether it is a yellow-bellied see<strong>de</strong>ater<br />

or a Lears macaw, both have the same value as live beings.<br />

6. As a last suggestion, I propose that a commission be formed ma<strong>de</strong> up of Brazilian and foreign specialists to<br />

discuss and construct an efficient management plan for the animals apprehen<strong>de</strong>d in the tra<strong>de</strong>.


33<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Coccyzus americanus Linné, 1758 na <strong>Pátria</strong>* <strong>da</strong> Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>lear<br />

(Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856): primeiro registro<br />

para a Caatinga na Bahia, Brasil.<br />

Coccyzus a. americanus é uma espécie resi<strong>de</strong>nte na porção oriental <strong>da</strong> América do Norte (do Canadá<br />

ao Sul dos Estados Unidos) que migra para o Sul durante o inverno do hemisfério norte, visitando a América<br />

Central e América do Sul, incluindo o Brasil, no Pará, norte do Maranhão, com ocorrências aci<strong>de</strong>ntais nos<br />

estados centrais, Norte <strong>de</strong> Minas e Sul do Mato Grosso (Pinto, 1978). Sick (1997) relaciona sua ocorrência<br />

para os estados do Piauí (<strong>de</strong>zembro), Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro (janeiro, março), Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do<br />

Sul (fevereiro). Fiuza (1999) em seu trabalho bibliográfico sobre as aves <strong>da</strong> Caatinga no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia não<br />

relaciona C. a. americanus. Revisões recentes sobre avifauna <strong>da</strong> Caatinga (Pacheco e Bauer, 2000; Silva et al.,<br />

2004) relacionam Coccyzus americanus apenas para Quixeramobim, Ceará, a partir <strong>de</strong> informações <strong>de</strong> Teixeira<br />

et al., 1993. Lima (2004), compilando informações <strong>de</strong> seus levantamentos <strong>de</strong> campo no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia,<br />

relaciona 280 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves para a Caatinga, sem contudo mencionar encontro <strong>de</strong> C. a. americanus.<br />

Ao revisar o banco <strong>de</strong> imagens <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> Bahia, foi possível <strong>de</strong>scobrir que C. a. americanus havia<br />

sido fotografado na Serra Branca, município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, em <strong>de</strong>zembro <strong>de</strong> 2003, sendo confundido anteriormente<br />

com C. melacoryphus, espécie mais comum na região. Segundo Sick (1997) C. a. americanus distingui-se<br />

<strong>de</strong> C. melacoryphus por possuir abdome <strong>de</strong> cor cinza claro e mandíbula amarela. Hilty e Brown (1986)<br />

mencionam como diferenças entre C. americanus e C. euleri a coloração <strong>da</strong>s penas <strong>da</strong>s rêmiges (rufous, em C.<br />

americanus) e região perioftálmica, que é sempre cinza em C. euleri, diferente <strong>de</strong> C. americanus que po<strong>de</strong> ser<br />

amarelo. Esse é o primeiro registro <strong>de</strong> C. a. americanus para a Caatinga no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia.<br />

Outro acréscimo para a lista <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari é Tyrannus savana, observado entre os dias<br />

24 e 25 <strong>de</strong> julho <strong>de</strong> 2004.<br />

Essas informações trazem novos <strong>da</strong>dos acerca dos <strong>de</strong>slocamentos <strong>da</strong>s duas espécies no nor<strong>de</strong>ste brasileiro.<br />

A lista <strong>de</strong> espécies registra<strong>da</strong>s para o região do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina passa <strong>de</strong> 210 para 212, o que eqüivale<br />

a 74,9% <strong>de</strong> to<strong>da</strong>s as aves já relaciona<strong>da</strong>s para o bioma Caatinga no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia (Fiuza, 1999).<br />

* Para uma <strong>de</strong>scrição sobre a área <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear ver Sick et al., 1987.


34<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Coccyzus americanus Linné,(yellow-billed cuckoo) 1758 in the<br />

home range of the Lears Amacaw (Anodorhynchus leari<br />

Bonaparte, 1856): the first register in the Caatinga biome of<br />

Bahia, Brazil.<br />

Coccyzus a. americanus is a resi<strong>de</strong>nt species in the eastern portion of North America (from Cana<strong>da</strong><br />

to the southern US). The bird migrates south during the northern hemisphere winter when it stops in Central<br />

America and South America. This inclu<strong>de</strong>s Brazil, where it has been registered in the states of Pará, the north<br />

of Maranhão and random occurrences in the central states, the north of Minas Gerais and the south of Mato<br />

Groso. (Pinto, 1978). Sick (1997) cites its occurrence for the states of Piauí (December), Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro (January<br />

and March), Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Sul (February). In his bibliographical work of birds<br />

of the Caatinga biome in the state of Bahia, Fiuza (1999) does not record the presence of the C. a. americanus.<br />

The recent revisions in the avi-fauna of the Caatinga biome (Pacheco e Bauer, 2000; Silva et al., 2004) only<br />

have records for the Coccyzus americanus in the municipality of Quixeramobim, Ceará, from the information<br />

of Teixeira et al., 1993. Lima (2004), in compiling his field survey information in the state of Bahia, recor<strong>de</strong>d<br />

280 bird species for the Caatinga biome without mentioning any sighting of the C. a. americanus.<br />

However, in a revision of the stock of images of the birds of Bahia, it was discovered that C. a. americanus<br />

had been photographed in Serra Branca, in the municipality of Jeremoabo, in December of 2003. It was<br />

previously confused before with C. melacoryphus, a more common species in the region. According to Sick<br />

(1997) C. a. americanus can be distinguished from C. melacoryphus by its clear gray abdomen and yellow<br />

mandible. Hilty and Brown (1986) mention the difference between C. americanus and C. euleri being the<br />

coloring of the rêmiges feathers (rufous, in C. americanus) and the perioftálmic a region, which is always gray<br />

in C. euleri, and differs from C. americanus which can be yellow. This is the first register of the C. a. americanus<br />

for the Caatinga biome in the state of Bahia.<br />

Another addition to the list of birds in the home range of the Lears Macaw (A. leari) is the Tyrannus<br />

savana, observed between 24-25 of July, 2004.<br />

zil.<br />

This information brings in new <strong>da</strong>ta concerning the movement of two species in the northeast of Bra-<br />

The list of registered species for the region of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina goes up from 210 to 212, the<br />

equivalent to 74.9% of all birds cited for the Caatinga biome in the state of Bahia. (Fiuza, 1999).<br />

* For a <strong>de</strong>scription of the home range of the Lears Macaw, see Sick et al., 1987.


35<br />

ORDEM DAS TINAMIFORMES<br />

Família Tinami<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827)<br />

Inhambu chororó (Smal-billed Tinamou)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Esta espécie tem o porte pequeno e o bico curto, com menos <strong>de</strong> 20 mm. Ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas, nos<br />

campos sujos e nos cerrados, on<strong>de</strong> busca o seu alimento e se reproduz. É uma ave arisca, que é dificilmente<br />

avista<strong>da</strong>. É mais comumente i<strong>de</strong>ntifica<strong>da</strong> pela sua vocalização, que é mais freqüente ao amanhecer e ao entar<strong>de</strong>cer.<br />

Sua coloração vermelha páli<strong>da</strong> contribui para que não seja percebi<strong>da</strong> em seu ambiente e, muitas vezes,<br />

po<strong>de</strong> até nos assustar se a encontramos <strong>de</strong>spercebi<strong>da</strong>, porque voa para nossos pés fazendo um gran<strong>de</strong> alarido.<br />

Normalmente, quando pressente um possível pre<strong>da</strong>dor, o inhambu chororó agacha-se e levanta as penas <strong>da</strong><br />

cau<strong>da</strong>, tomando a aparência <strong>de</strong> uma flor <strong>de</strong>sabrocha<strong>da</strong>. É uma ave muito persegui<strong>da</strong> pelos caçadores locais.<br />

Crypturellus tatuapa lepidotus (Swainson, 1837)<br />

Inhambu-chitã (Tatuapa Tinamou)<br />

Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a anterior, esta espécie é, no entanto, <strong>de</strong> porte um pouco maior. O bico é vermelho -carmim<br />

nas fêmeas e os machos têm a ponta do bico escura. É uma ave muito arisca, que, quando percebe um<br />

possível pre<strong>da</strong>dor, agacha-se e levanta as penas <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong>, como se fosse uma flor <strong>de</strong>sabrocha<strong>da</strong>. Po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer<br />

tanto no interior <strong>da</strong> caatinga fecha<strong>da</strong>, como nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas.<br />

Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus (Wied, 1820)<br />

Jaó-do-litoral (Yellow-legged Tinamou)<br />

Esta espécie po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer tanto no interior <strong>da</strong> floresta, como nos campos abertos. É uma espécie muito mais<br />

robusta do que a anterior, po<strong>de</strong>ndo pesar mais <strong>de</strong> 800g. Emite um canto melancólico <strong>de</strong> duas notas baixas. O<br />

tarso <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie é <strong>de</strong> coloração amarela e a sua plumagem é marrom acinzenta<strong>da</strong>. Tem o dorso brilhante e<br />

possui uma mancha superciliar <strong>de</strong> cor amarela. O jaó do litoral é arisco e vive no solo e a sua coloração lhe<br />

proporciona uma perfeita camuflagem. Hoje, a espécie é lista<strong>da</strong> como ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção, sendo a caça<br />

e a <strong>de</strong>struição do habitat, os maiores riscos que vem correndo. Já observamos um lobo-guará, (Chrysocyon<br />

brachyurus) numa região <strong>de</strong> cerrado, pre<strong>da</strong>r uma ave <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie que estava incubando durante a noite<br />

Nothura boraquira (Spix, 1825)<br />

Codorna (White -bellied Nothura)<br />

É uma espécie típica do Nor<strong>de</strong>ste brasileiro e tanto po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer na Caatinga, como no cerrado. O seu topete<br />

é negro e os seus pés são na cor amarelo forte. O seu canto consiste <strong>de</strong> pequenos pios agudos. Medindo 25 cm<br />

e pesando cerca <strong>de</strong>...g, esta espécie vive junto à espécie Rhynchotus rufescens. O seu ninho é uma pequena<br />

cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> no solo e os seus ovos têm a cor <strong>de</strong> chocolate claro. Como as <strong>de</strong>mais espécies <strong>de</strong>ssa família, são<br />

muito difíceis <strong>de</strong> serem observa<strong>da</strong>s. A caça é um dos fatores que vem contribuindo para a diminuição populacional<br />

<strong>de</strong>ssa espécie.


36<br />

Nothura maculosa major (Spix, 1825)<br />

Codorna (Spotted Nothura)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

A codorna ocorre em campos abertos <strong>de</strong> baixa vegetação. Uma <strong>de</strong> suas características é esticar o pescoço<br />

quando está em movimento ou em estado <strong>de</strong> alerta, para observar ao seu redor. Pesa cerca <strong>de</strong>...g e me<strong>de</strong> cerca<br />

<strong>de</strong>...mm. Sua coloração amarronza<strong>da</strong> é muitas vezes altera<strong>da</strong> por causa <strong>da</strong> terra que se infiltra na sua plumagem.<br />

Os seus ovos são <strong>da</strong> cor do chocolate e o seu canto é fino e po<strong>de</strong> ser confundido com o som emitido pelos<br />

grilos. Muitas <strong>de</strong>ssas aves são atropela<strong>da</strong>s quando tentam atravessar as estra<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> um lado para o outro.<br />

Rhynchotus rufescens catingae (Reiser, 1905)<br />

Perdigão (Red-winged Tinamou)<br />

É uma espécie que vive no solo e nas áreas abertas. É uma ave robusta que po<strong>de</strong> pesar mais <strong>de</strong> 800 g., sendo<br />

muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a Nothura maculosa, embora maior e mais forte. O seu canto é ouvido nas manhãs e ao<br />

entar<strong>de</strong>cer. Canta para <strong>de</strong>limitar o território, e, às vezes, po<strong>de</strong>mos ouvir um indivíduo respon<strong>de</strong>r ao outro. O<br />

ninho é uma cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> no solo, forra<strong>da</strong> com pouca vegetação e os seus ovos são cor <strong>de</strong> chocolate com brilho<br />

metálico. É uma <strong>da</strong>s aves mais persegui<strong>da</strong>s pelos caçadores e já tivemos ocasião <strong>de</strong> presenciar um caçador,<br />

aju<strong>da</strong>do por um cachorro <strong>de</strong> caça, matar mais <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>z aves <strong>de</strong>ssas, em apenas uma tar<strong>de</strong>.<br />

Família Rhei<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Rhea americana americana (Linné, 1758)<br />

Ema (Greater Rhea)<br />

É a maior ave do continente. O macho é maior e seu pescoço é <strong>de</strong> cor preta. Vive em grupo e várias fêmeas<br />

realizam a postura no mesmo ninho, sendo que o macho é o responsável pela incubação dos ovos. Os filhotes,<br />

quando pequenos, <strong>de</strong>monstram gran<strong>de</strong> agili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> para capturar moscas. São aves muito velozes, po<strong>de</strong>ndo alcançar<br />

cerca <strong>de</strong> 60 km por hora. Essas aves estão quase extintas na região do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina e já foram e<br />

continuam a ser muito persegui<strong>da</strong>s pelos caçadores. O único local em que pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar essa espécie, foi<br />

na reserva dos índios Pankarares em Paulo Afonso.<br />

ORDEM DOS PODICIPEDIFORMES<br />

Família Podicipedi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus (Linné, 1766)<br />

Mergulhão-pequeno (Least Grebe)<br />

É o menor mergulhão do estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia e tem os olhos amarelos. Quando levanta vôo, po<strong>de</strong>mos ver uma<br />

gran<strong>de</strong> área branca nas suas asas. Essa espécie po<strong>de</strong> habitar qualquer lâmina <strong>de</strong> água rasa com vegetação, e<br />

já foi observa<strong>da</strong> numa estação <strong>de</strong> tratamento <strong>de</strong> esgoto. O seu ninho é feito <strong>de</strong> capim e po<strong>de</strong> flutuar na lâmina<br />

<strong>de</strong> água ao sabor do vento. Os ovos são <strong>de</strong> coloração esbranquiça<strong>da</strong> e a sua postura po<strong>de</strong> constar <strong>de</strong> até três<br />

ovos. Quando percebem um possível pre<strong>da</strong>dor, essas aves abandonam o ninho e cobrem os ovos com capim.<br />

Os filhotes nascem com uma coloração cinza raja<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> branco, e assim que nascem, abandonam o ninho, e<br />

durante um <strong>de</strong>terminado período <strong>de</strong> tempo, se abrigam <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s asas dos pais.


37<br />

Podilymbus podiceps antarticus (Lesson, 1842)<br />

Mergulhão (Pied-billed Grebe)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Esta espécie é muito maior do que a prece<strong>de</strong>nte, tem cor amarronza<strong>da</strong> e o bico forte riscado com uma lista<br />

esbranquiça<strong>da</strong>. É comum observamos tais aves junto às aves <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior. Semelhante ao mergulhão<br />

pequeno com relação aos hábitos reprodutivos, essa espécie está constantemente mergulhando para buscar<br />

alimento ou para <strong>de</strong>spistar possíveis pre<strong>da</strong>dores. Difere <strong>da</strong> anterior por viver solitariamente ou em casais, enquanto<br />

que a T. dominicus po<strong>de</strong> viver em grupo que, às vezes, contam com mais <strong>de</strong> 20 indivíduos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento total 210mm, asa 84mm, tarso 30mm, bico 17mm, peso 104/144g.<br />

PHALACROCORACIDAE<br />

Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Biguá (Neotropic Cormorant)<br />

O biguá vive tanto na água doce, como no mar, ou nas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s dos manguezais. Busca o seu alimento<br />

mergulhando, e <strong>de</strong>pois ergue a cabeça para fora <strong>da</strong> água, para observar ao seu redor. Os biguás po<strong>de</strong>m ser<br />

observados em gran<strong>de</strong>s bandos, como também em pequenos grupos. Costumam se empoleirar nas árvores ao<br />

redor do seu habitat, ou se aproveitar <strong>de</strong> artefatos utilizados por pescadores como locais <strong>de</strong> pouso. Po<strong>de</strong>m se<br />

reproduzir em colônias mistas <strong>de</strong> garças.<br />

ORDEM DAS CICONIFORMES<br />

Família Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Egretta albus egretta (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Garça-branca-gran<strong>de</strong> (Great Egret)<br />

É uma espécie muito comum, que ocorre nos manguezais e terrenos alagadiços e po<strong>de</strong> ser observa<strong>da</strong> em<br />

gran<strong>de</strong>s grupos ou isola<strong>da</strong> em <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong>s áreas alagadiças. Costuma partilhar <strong>de</strong> dormitórios coletivos com<br />

outras espécies <strong>de</strong> garças. Reproduzem-se em colônias mistas <strong>de</strong> garças, tais como a B. ibis, E. thula e a N.<br />

nycticorax. No período reprodutivo, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar uma gran<strong>de</strong> mancha azula<strong>da</strong> ao redor dos olhos. Alimenta-se<br />

<strong>de</strong> peixes e anfíbios e aproveita-se <strong>de</strong> pesqueiros produzidos pelo homem, para capturar os peixes<br />

que os pescadores pescam.<br />

Egretta thula thula (Molina, 1782)<br />

Garça-branca-pequena (Snowy Egret)<br />

Uma <strong>da</strong>s características que a distingue <strong>da</strong> espécie Egretta albus,é que tem porte menor, o bico preto e os <strong>de</strong>dos<br />

amarelados. Vive tanto na água doce, como na salga<strong>da</strong>, e alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> peixes e anfíbios. Reproduz-se em<br />

colônia, juntamente com outras espécies <strong>de</strong> garças. O ninho é confeccionado <strong>de</strong> gravetos e tem a forma <strong>de</strong><br />

tigela rasa. A postura po<strong>de</strong> incluir <strong>de</strong> dois a quatro ovos <strong>de</strong> cor azula<strong>da</strong>. Os filhotes mais novos são, às vezes,<br />

jogados para fora do ninho pelos irmãos mais velhos, e assim eles po<strong>de</strong>m morrer por falta <strong>de</strong> alimento, levando<br />

<strong>de</strong>svantagem com relação aos irmãos mais velhos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 266g.


38<br />

Bubulcus ibis ibis (Linné, 1758)<br />

Garça-vaqueira (Cattle Egret)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

A garça-vaqueira é originária do continente africano, tendo chegado ao Brasil no final <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 50. Na<br />

Bahia, essa espécie só foi observa<strong>da</strong> no ano <strong>de</strong> 1988, no município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, mas logo <strong>de</strong>pois se expandiu<br />

por quase todo o estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia. É uma espécie fortemente associa<strong>da</strong> à criação <strong>de</strong> gado, do qual se aproveita<br />

para buscar alimento, que po<strong>de</strong> incluir gafanhotos, cobras e ratos. Costuma se reproduzir em gran<strong>de</strong>s colônias<br />

que po<strong>de</strong>m ter até mais <strong>de</strong> 10.000 indivíduos. No período reprodutivo, as penas do alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça e do peito<br />

adquirem um tom alaranjado. A sua postura po<strong>de</strong> incluir <strong>de</strong> dois a cinco ovos <strong>de</strong> cor azula<strong>da</strong>. Ninhais <strong>de</strong> B.<br />

isbis são freqüentados pelas <strong>de</strong>mais espécies <strong>de</strong> garças para reprodução e formam uma gran<strong>de</strong> colônia. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Peso 264g.<br />

Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus striatus (Linné, 1758)<br />

Socozinho (Green (Striated) Heron)<br />

Esta espécie ocorre em ambientes alagadiços, lagoas, rios e pântanos. A sua coloração lhe proporciona uma<br />

perfeita camuflagem e assim sendo, a ave po<strong>de</strong> ficar estática durante um longo tempo, esperando o momento<br />

exato <strong>de</strong> arpoar a sua presa. Os filhotes imaturos exibem uma coloração amarronza<strong>da</strong>. Os ninhos são confeccionados<br />

<strong>de</strong> gravetos e os filhotes são cobertos por uma plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor cinza. Po<strong>de</strong>m viver solitários ou em<br />

casais.<br />

Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Savacu (Black-crowned Night Heron)<br />

São aves <strong>de</strong> hábitos noturnos que ocorrem nas áreas alagadiças e à beira dos rios, on<strong>de</strong> a vegetação é <strong>de</strong>nsa.<br />

Alimentam-se <strong>de</strong> peixes, rãs e anfíbios. O seu ninho é construído <strong>de</strong> gravetos e a sua postura inclui <strong>de</strong> dois a<br />

quatro ovos <strong>de</strong> cor azula<strong>da</strong>. Costumam se reproduzir em colônias, juntamente com outras espécies <strong>de</strong> garças.<br />

Os filhotes nascem com uma plumagem amarronza<strong>da</strong>. Os jovens possuem uma coloração marrom, risca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

listas brancas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 610g.<br />

Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Socó-boi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Rufescent Tiger-Heron)<br />

É uma garça <strong>de</strong> pescoço longo, que vive em banhados ro<strong>de</strong>ados <strong>de</strong> vegetação. Apesar do seu porte que é<br />

gran<strong>de</strong>, é difícilmente avista<strong>da</strong> porque vive isola<strong>da</strong> em meio à vegetação. Muitas vezes nós po<strong>de</strong>mos vê-las<br />

quando levantam vôo, assusta<strong>da</strong>s com a nossa presença. Alimentam-se <strong>de</strong> peixes e anfíbios. Os adultos possuem<br />

o manto pardo-acinzentado e o pescoço castanho. Os imaturos possuem coloração amarela risca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

várias faixas <strong>de</strong> cor negra.


39<br />

Família Ciconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein, 1819)<br />

Tuiuiú (Jabiru)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Essa espécie foi observa<strong>da</strong> por membros <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, freqüentando um açu<strong>de</strong> localizado<br />

nessa ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>. Sua presença na região é aci<strong>de</strong>ntal.<br />

Mycteria americana (Linné, 1758)<br />

Cabeça-seca (Wood Stork)<br />

Todos os anos, grupos que po<strong>de</strong>m incluir até 10 aves, visitam, no período <strong>da</strong> seca, um açu<strong>de</strong> na ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

Jeremoabo. Durante a seca, o volume <strong>da</strong> lagoa diminui e muitos peixes tornam-se presas fáceis <strong>de</strong>sta espécie.<br />

Os adultos têm o bico preto e os jovens têm o bico na tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> rosa.<br />

Família Catharti<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Sarcoramphus papa (Linné 1758)<br />

Urubu-rei (King Vulture)<br />

É o maior <strong>de</strong> nossos abutres e inconfundível pela sua coloração branca e preta. A cabeça e o pescoço são vermelho-voláceos.<br />

Este abutre possui uma carúncula carnosa <strong>de</strong> cor amarelo-alaranja<strong>da</strong>. Os jovens têm a cor<br />

negra, mas com o passar dos anos, ficam rajados <strong>de</strong> branco. Na Bahia, o local <strong>de</strong> maior concentração <strong>de</strong>ssa<br />

espécie está localizado em um paredão no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (Jeremoabo), on<strong>de</strong> já foram computados cerca <strong>de</strong><br />

80 indivíduos em um só dormitório.<br />

Coragyps atratus brasiliensis (Bonaparte, 1793)<br />

Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-preta (Black Vulture)<br />

É o urubu mais comum e abun<strong>da</strong>nte e freqüenta todos os habitats, exceto as florestas <strong>de</strong>nsas. A maior concentração<br />

<strong>de</strong>ssa espécie está localiza<strong>da</strong> em gran<strong>de</strong>s lixões e aterros sanitários distribuídos pelos municípios<br />

<strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Põem <strong>de</strong> um a dois ovos esver<strong>de</strong>ados, salpicados <strong>de</strong> manchas marrons. Os urubus possuem um<br />

mecanismo <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>fesa muito eficiente e tanto os adultos, como os jovens, regurgitam quando são apanhados. O<br />

cheiro que exalam é tão forte que induz ao vômito a pessoa que os apreen<strong>de</strong>. Muitas vezes, grupos <strong>de</strong> urubus<br />

comem os representantes <strong>da</strong> sua própria espécie quando os encontram mortos nas estra<strong>da</strong>s, <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>de</strong> atropelados<br />

pelos carros.<br />

Cathartes aura ruficollis (Spix, 1824)<br />

Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-vermelha (Turkey Vulture)<br />

Esta ave é muitas vezes confundi<strong>da</strong>, pelos leigos, com o gavião, por causa <strong>de</strong> sua aerodinâmica e <strong>de</strong> seu vôo<br />

rápido e planado. Costuma viver em grupos não muito gran<strong>de</strong>s, ou então prefere viver isola<strong>da</strong>. Po<strong>de</strong> perceber,<br />

pelo olfato, até uma pequena carniça (rã) escondi<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s árvores. O urubu <strong>de</strong> cabeça vermelha procura


40<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

animais atropelados nas estra<strong>da</strong>s, principalmente ao amanhecer. Os adultos têm a pele do pescoço e <strong>da</strong> cabeça<br />

<strong>de</strong> cor vermelha, mas a cor dos jovens é negra.<br />

Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga (Pelzeln, 1861)<br />

Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-amarela (Lesser Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Vulture)<br />

Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie anterior, difere, no entanto, pela coloração amarela<strong>da</strong> do pescoço e do alto <strong>da</strong><br />

cabeça. Quando está voando alto, a uma distância em que não po<strong>de</strong>mos perceber o colorido do pescoço e <strong>da</strong><br />

cabeça, esta espécie po<strong>de</strong> ser confundi<strong>da</strong> com a anterior. É muito menos freqüente do que a C. aurea, e seu<br />

método <strong>de</strong> caçar é muito semelhante ao <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior.<br />

ORDEM DOS ANSERIFORMES<br />

Família Anati<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Dendrocygna viduata (Linné, 1766)<br />

Irerê (White-faced Whistling-Duck)<br />

É uma espécie migratória que visita a Caatinga no período <strong>de</strong> inverno. Chega no final <strong>de</strong> março e permanece<br />

até o final <strong>de</strong> setembro. Pequenos bandos po<strong>de</strong>m chegar antes mesmo do inverno, bastando para isso que existam<br />

áreas alagadiças. Reproduz-se na região e já encontramos ninha<strong>da</strong>s com mais <strong>de</strong> 12 filhotes. Muitas vezes,<br />

a cor branca <strong>da</strong> face, do queixo e <strong>da</strong> garganta po<strong>de</strong> ficar suja <strong>de</strong> lama e adquirir uma tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> amarronza<strong>da</strong>.<br />

São aves muito ariscas, <strong>de</strong>vido à gran<strong>de</strong> pressão que sofrem com a caça. Reproduzem-se entre os meses <strong>de</strong><br />

abril/julho e os filhotes são muito parecidos com os <strong>da</strong> espécie seguinte, embora o colar que passa pela nuca,<br />

não chegue até o pescoço. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso700g.<br />

Anas bahamensis bahamensis (Linné, 1758)<br />

Marreca-toicinho (White-cheeked Pintail)<br />

Diversos bandos estão espalhados nas áreas alagadiças <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Reproduzem-se nas regiões on<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>m<br />

construir seus ninhos longe <strong>da</strong> água. O macho é maior e possui uma mancha vermelha mais compri<strong>da</strong> no bico.<br />

Uma ave <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie anilha<strong>da</strong> na Cetrel, foi morta por caçadores em Jequié, no sertão <strong>da</strong> Bahia.<br />

Amazonetta brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Marreca-pé-vermelho (Brazilian Duck)<br />

Espécie <strong>de</strong> porte pequeno, o macho tem o bico e o tarso <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha e a fêmea tem o bico azulado. Quando<br />

estão voando, po<strong>de</strong>mos notar uma mancha branca sobre as asas, tanto no macho, como na fêmea. É comum<br />

em áreas alagadiças <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Vivem em casais ou em pequenos grupos que não exce<strong>de</strong>m 10 indivíduos.<br />

Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento tota390mm, asa 190mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 78mm, tarso 37mm, bico 35mm, peso 390g.


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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Sarkdionis melanotos sylvicola (Ihering & Ihering, 1907).<br />

Pato-<strong>de</strong>-crista (Comb Duck)<br />

O pato-<strong>de</strong>-crista não é comum na Caatinga, sendo avistado, às vezes, em pequenos grupos. O macho é bem<br />

maior do que a fêmea, e possui uma gran<strong>de</strong> tuberosi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> sobre o bico, que aumenta <strong>de</strong> tamanho no período<br />

reprodutivo. É inconfundível pelo seu porte e pela sua coloração branca e preta. Voa em fila indiana, sendo que<br />

po<strong>de</strong>mos encontrar, às vezes, na frente <strong>de</strong> todos, um macho adulto com a tuberosi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> sobre o bico.<br />

Cairina moschata (Linné, 1758)<br />

Pato-do-mato (Muscovy Duck)<br />

Esta espécie vem diminuindo bastante no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia, principalmente por causa <strong>da</strong> caça intensiva que vem<br />

sofrendo. Outro fato preocupante é o acasalamento <strong>de</strong> populações selvagens, com populações domésticas.<br />

Sick relata que os filhotes <strong>de</strong> patos <strong>de</strong> origem selvagem são totalmente negros, enquanto que os oriundos <strong>de</strong><br />

populações domésticas são manchados <strong>de</strong> amarelo. Os ninhos são construídos nas cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s árvores, nos<br />

barrancos etc. Os ovos são <strong>de</strong> cor branca e pesam, em média, 55.0 g, e me<strong>de</strong>m 57 mm x 44 mm.<br />

ORDEM DOS FALCONIFORMES<br />

Família Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818)<br />

Gavião-peneira (White-tailed Kite)<br />

É um dos gaviões mais comuns, embora essa espécie não seja abun<strong>da</strong>nte. Po<strong>de</strong> ser visto sózinho ou em casais<br />

que caçam juntos. O gavião-peneira paira no ar como se estivesse pendurado por um fio e fica observando a<br />

sua possível presa: rato, calango ou lagartixa e quando a localiza, fica pairando sobre a presa, subindo e <strong>de</strong>scendo<br />

várias vezes, até chegar o momento oportuno <strong>de</strong> se lançar sobre ela. Freqüenta os campos abertos e<br />

po<strong>de</strong> ser visto na ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, caçando em terrenos baldios.<br />

Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii (Vigors, 1825)<br />

Gaviãozinho (Pearl Kite)<br />

O menor gavião do Brasil, essa espécie é menor do que o Falco sparverius e po<strong>de</strong> ser observa<strong>da</strong> em diversas<br />

regiões <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> pequenos pássaros, lagartixas e calangos. Costuma planar muito alto,<br />

voando em círculos e a essa distância, po<strong>de</strong> ser confundido com uma andorinha. Não é uma espécie abun<strong>da</strong>nte<br />

e o seu ninho tem a forma <strong>de</strong> uma tigela rasa. Desajeitado, o casal toma conta <strong>da</strong> prole e ataca qualquer intruso<br />

que se aproxime do ninho.<br />

Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Águia-chilena (Laughing Falcon)<br />

A águia-chilena ocorre nas regiões montanhosas do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. A fêmea é maior do que o macho. Constróe<br />

seu ninho <strong>de</strong> gravetos e nas fen<strong>da</strong>s dos penhascos <strong>de</strong> difícil acesso. Sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong>


42<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

cor branca. O filhote mais velho costuma matar o filhote mais novo, ou então, empurra-o para fora do ninho.<br />

Assim, somente um filhote sobrevive. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> pequenos macacos, tatus, aves, cobras. Também captura<br />

filhotes <strong>de</strong> cabras e <strong>de</strong> ovelhas.<br />

Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus (Vieillot, 1816)<br />

Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco (White-tailed Hawk)<br />

Vive em áreas abertas, em territórios <strong>de</strong>marcados pelo casal. A fêmea é bem maior do que o macho. Duas<br />

outras características diferenciam ambos os sexos: a fêmea, quando em vôo planado, exibe o formato <strong>da</strong>s asas<br />

arredon<strong>da</strong>do, enquanto que o macho tem as asas mais estreitas. Além disso, o macho emite um som agudo,<br />

enquanto a fêmea emite um som grave. Esta espécie caça a presa no solo, como: tatu, ,calango, cobras, mas<br />

também po<strong>de</strong> caçá-la em árvores, como o mico, ou em pleno vôo, ou ain<strong>da</strong> em que<strong>da</strong> livre. Inicia o período<br />

reprodutivo em abril, com a construção <strong>de</strong> seu ninho ou a limpeza do ninho anterior, e o filhote sai do ninho<br />

em agosto. Sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos. O filhote mais velho mata o filhote mais novo.<br />

Buteo brachyurus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1816)<br />

Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-curto (Short-tailed Hawk).<br />

Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie B. albicau<strong>da</strong>tus, po<strong>de</strong> ser confundi<strong>da</strong> com ela, embora o seu porte seja menor<br />

e a sua cau<strong>da</strong> seja curta e barra<strong>da</strong>. Não é comum na Caatinga. As observações <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie são raras. Esta<br />

espécie passa por uma fase em que é <strong>de</strong> cor negra, o que ocorre também com o gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco.<br />

Rupornis magnirostris nattareri (Sclater & Salvin, 1869)<br />

Gavião-carijó (Roadsi<strong>de</strong> Hawk)<br />

É o gavião mais comum e conhecido como gavião-pega-pinto. Essa espécie está bem a<strong>da</strong>pta<strong>da</strong> à Caatinga,<br />

mas habita também as áreas urbanas <strong>da</strong> ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo. Sua plumagem é bastante varia<strong>da</strong>, sendo que<br />

alguns indivíduos exibem uma tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> marrom clara que vai até o cinza escuro. A coloração do olho também<br />

varia, po<strong>de</strong>ndo ser amarelo claro ou laranja. O ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e construído <strong>de</strong> gravetos. O<br />

filhote nasce com penugem <strong>de</strong> cor creme. É uma espécie que vem causando um gran<strong>de</strong> transtorno no perímetro<br />

urbano <strong>da</strong> ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Salvador, porque ataca as pessoas que passam pelas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s do seu ninho. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento total 34mm, asa 158mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 144mm, tarso 61mm, bico 27mm, peso 250g.<br />

Buteogallus meridionalis meridionalis (Latham, 1790)<br />

Gavião-caboclo (Savanna Hawk)<br />

É um gavião <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong> porte que vive em áreas abertas on<strong>de</strong> busca o seu alimento: insetos, cobras, lagartixas,<br />

iguanas etc.. É muito comum ser observado no solo, procurando alimento. A coloração do peito e do abdômen<br />

dos imaturos é amarela, risca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> faixas negras. Quando levanta vôo, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar suas longas e largas<br />

asas e seu vôo pesado.


43<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis (Temminick, 1821)<br />

Gavião-pernilongo (Crane Hawk).<br />

É um gavião <strong>de</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> longa na cor cinza azula<strong>da</strong> e <strong>de</strong> pernas compri<strong>da</strong>s que se constituem na ferramenta<br />

perfeita para apanhar alimentos <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s e no interior <strong>de</strong> bromélias. Já observamos o Mivalgo chimachima<br />

roubar uma rã que tinha acabado ser captura<strong>da</strong> por um G. caerulescens. Freqüenta diversos locais <strong>da</strong><br />

Caatinga, no entanto não é abun<strong>da</strong>nte.<br />

Família Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus (Bangs & Penard, 1919).<br />

Acauã (Laughing Falcon)<br />

Esta é uma espécie <strong>de</strong> falcão muito conheci<strong>da</strong> pelo seu canto, que é prolongado e seguido <strong>de</strong> um som que soa<br />

como se pronunciasse seu próprio nome. Esse canto é ouvido com mais freqüência ao entar<strong>de</strong>cer e ao amanhecer.<br />

Costuma cantar em dueto, quando então um respon<strong>de</strong> ao som do outro. É facilmente reconhecido por<br />

possuir uma máscara negra no rosto que se une ao “boné” negro <strong>da</strong> cabeça. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> cobras e, muitas<br />

vezes, po<strong>de</strong> ser visto voando com uma cobra presa nas garras. Já observamos um casal reproduzindo na fen<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong> um penhasco.<br />

Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Gavião-relógio (Collared Florest-Falcon)<br />

Essa espécie foi avista<strong>da</strong> na Caatinga alta, nas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo. A cau<strong>da</strong> e as pernas são<br />

longas e a cau<strong>da</strong> possui três barras brancas. A plumagem do peito e do abdômen, tanto po<strong>de</strong> ser branca, como<br />

amarela<strong>da</strong>. No interior <strong>da</strong> floresta, po<strong>de</strong>mos observá-la pulando <strong>de</strong> galho em galho, com muita agili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>.<br />

Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Gavião-caburé (Barred Florest-Falcon)<br />

Espécie que ocorre em florestas e na maioria <strong>da</strong>s vezes é percebi<strong>da</strong> pelo seu canto. Dificilmente é observa<strong>da</strong> no<br />

interior <strong>da</strong> floresta. A sua coloração é amarronza<strong>da</strong>. Canta ao amanhecer e se tentamos nos aproximar, <strong>de</strong>slocase<br />

para um outro ponto, sem ser vista.<br />

Milvago chimachima chimachima (Vieillot, 1816).<br />

Carrapateiro (Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Caracara)<br />

É o falcão mais conhecido. Vive nas áreas abertas associa<strong>da</strong>s à criação <strong>de</strong> gado, do qual retira carrapatos e<br />

bernes para se alimentar. Certa vez, um falcão carrapateiro se viciou em tirar carrapatos <strong>de</strong> uma capivara,<br />

chegando a causar um gran<strong>de</strong> ferimento no dorso do animal. Durante muito tempo, voltou ao ferimento <strong>da</strong><br />

capivara, para retirar gran<strong>de</strong>s pe<strong>da</strong>ços <strong>de</strong> carne. É comum observar essa espécie em busca <strong>de</strong> cadáveres nas estra<strong>da</strong>s,<br />

juntamente com o C. plancus e os urubus. Po<strong>de</strong> ser visto com as <strong>de</strong>mais espécies anteriormente cita<strong>da</strong>s<br />

e freqüenta as praias em busca <strong>de</strong> cadáveres. Aproveita-se <strong>de</strong> pesqueiros produzidos pelo homem para capturar


44<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

os peixes apreendidos e também apanham os restos <strong>de</strong> peixes jogados à beira <strong>da</strong> praia pelos pescadores. Os<br />

imaturos têm coloração escura, fortemente barra<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> amarelo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 278g.<br />

Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777)<br />

Caracará (Crested Caracara)<br />

É um dos falcões mais comuns nas áreas abertas e costuma freqüentar as estra<strong>da</strong>s em busca <strong>de</strong> animais atropelados.<br />

Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> minhocas e costuma também ciscar em fezes <strong>de</strong> gado bovino, em busca <strong>de</strong> algum organismo.<br />

Já observamos várias vezes o C. plancus cercando o Falco peregrinus, quando esse último está pegando<br />

alimento no solo, para tentar roubar-lhe a presa. Consegue fazê-lo muitas vezes, mas quando não é bem sucedido,<br />

aproveita as sobras. Os jovens são <strong>de</strong> tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> mais escura. O ninho é como uma tigela gran<strong>de</strong> feita <strong>de</strong><br />

gravetos. Já observamos a postura <strong>de</strong> três ovos <strong>de</strong> cor marrom clara, salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> manchas escuras. Os filhotes<br />

têm coloração preta e amarela. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 460mm, peso 780g.<br />

Falco femoralis femoralis (Temminck, 1822)<br />

Falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira (Aplomado Falcon)<br />

O falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira ocorre em áreas abertas e normalmente em casais que <strong>de</strong>limitam seu território. Alimentase<br />

<strong>de</strong> diversas espécies <strong>de</strong> aves, tais como: Colaptes melanochloros, Guira guira,Leptotila verreauxi e inclusive<br />

<strong>de</strong> pombos domésticos. Aproveita-se dos ninhos <strong>de</strong> outras aves, on<strong>de</strong> realiza a sua postura. Os filhotes<br />

possuem a plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor cinza escuro. Os falcões <strong>de</strong> coleira po<strong>de</strong>m caçar sozinhos ou em duplas. Certa<br />

vez, já observamos um bando <strong>de</strong> pássaros que se encontrava no solo catando alimento e quando perceberam<br />

a sombra <strong>de</strong> um F. femoralis, voaram todos, <strong>de</strong> uma só vez, para um local seguro na copa <strong>de</strong> uma árvore. No<br />

entanto, um Guira guira que <strong>de</strong>colou atrasado, foi pre<strong>da</strong>do em pleno ar. Uma <strong>da</strong>s cenas mais espetaculares<br />

que observamos foi a <strong>de</strong> um casal <strong>de</strong> F. femoralis atacando um bando <strong>de</strong> pombos domésticos: o casal atacou o<br />

bando <strong>de</strong> maneira a separar uma <strong>da</strong>s aves do bando, e <strong>de</strong>pois, separou apenas um pombo. O macho perseguiu<br />

o pombo em alta veloci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, enquanto a fêmea seguia a presa, voando mais baixo, e esperando que o pombo<br />

se cansasse. No primeiro vacilo, o pombo recebeu o golpe fatal.<br />

Falco sparverius cearae (Cory, 1915)<br />

Quiriquiri (American Kestrel)<br />

É um falcão pequeno que vive em ambientes abertos na Caatinga. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> lagartixas, calangos, gafanhotos<br />

e pequenos pássaros. Utiliza-se <strong>de</strong> cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> árvores, cupinzeiros, barrancos, hastes <strong>de</strong> palmeira,<br />

ninhos abandonados <strong>de</strong> Pseudoseisura cristata, fen<strong>da</strong>s nos aparelhos <strong>de</strong> ar condicionado e fen<strong>da</strong>s em edifícios,<br />

como locais <strong>de</strong> reprodução. A sua postura é <strong>de</strong> dois a cinco ovos e o período <strong>de</strong> incubação é <strong>de</strong> 29 dias. Os<br />

filhotes nascem cobertos <strong>de</strong> plumagem branca. Seu dimorfismo sexual é bem acentuado. O macho possui uma<br />

corôa <strong>de</strong> cor cinza no alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça; o espelho <strong>da</strong>s asas é <strong>de</strong> cor cinza e a cau<strong>da</strong> possui, na sua parte final,<br />

uma barra negra <strong>de</strong> cerca <strong>de</strong> 10 mm <strong>de</strong> largura. A fêmea exibe uma tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> ferrugínea e a cau<strong>da</strong> apresenta<br />

diversas listas negras. Tais diferenças po<strong>de</strong>m ser observa<strong>da</strong>s quando os filhotes já possuem uma cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

cerca <strong>de</strong> 10 mm, porque só então será possível observar a barra negra na ponta <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> dos machos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento total 260mm, asa 175mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 125mm, tarso 34mm, bico 13mm, peso 90g. ♂


45<br />

Falco rufigularis ophryophanes (Salvadori, 1895)<br />

Cauré (Bat Falcon)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

O cauré ocorre nas regiões montanhosas do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina e se reproduz nas fen<strong>da</strong>s dos paredões rochosos.<br />

Costuma utilizar um poleiro para observar sua possível presa e caça morcegos ao crepúsculo. O macho é bem<br />

menor do que a fêmea, e são aves relativamente mansas, não <strong>de</strong>monstrando medo na presença do homem.<br />

Po<strong>de</strong>mos nos aproximar bem perto <strong>de</strong>ssas aves, porque elas não se assustam. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

260mm, asa 215mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 210mm bico 14mm, peso 200g♀<br />

ORDEM DAS GALLIFORMES<br />

Família Craci<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Ortalis guttata aracuan (Spix, 1825).<br />

Aracuã (Speckled or Variable Chachalaca)<br />

Costuma cantar ao amanhecer, quando então diversos indivíduos cantam ao mesmo tempo. Essas aves habitualmente<br />

dormem em grupo e várias se empoleiram no mesmo galho. O ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e os ovos<br />

têm a coloração branca. São aves muito persegui<strong>da</strong>s por caçadores.<br />

Penelope jacucaca (Spix,1825)<br />

Jacucaca (White-Browed)<br />

É uma espécie ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção, no entanto, é muito abun<strong>da</strong>nte na Serra Branca on<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong> ser facilmente<br />

avista<strong>da</strong>, muitas vezes atravessando as estra<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> barro no meio <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Constróe o seu ninho <strong>de</strong> gravetos<br />

e a aproxima<strong>da</strong>mente <strong>de</strong> três a quatro metros do solo. Gosta muito dos frutos do juazeiro.<br />

ORDEM DOS GRUIFORMES<br />

Família Arami<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Aramus guarauna guarauna (Linné, 1766)<br />

Carão (Limpkin)<br />

Ocorre ocasionalmente nas áreas alagadiças, no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Vista <strong>de</strong> longe, a ave parece ser to<strong>da</strong><br />

escura, entretanto, a sua garganta é branca e o pescoço e a cabeça são riscados <strong>de</strong> branco. No período <strong>da</strong>s<br />

chuvas, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar muitas <strong>de</strong>ssas aves nas áreas alagadiças e quando secam, as aves <strong>de</strong>saparecem.<br />

Costuma cantar durante a noite e ao amanhecer. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> gastrópo<strong>de</strong>s aquáticos, alimento esse também<br />

consumido pelo gavião-caramujeiro.


46<br />

Família Ralli<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle (Spix, 1825)<br />

Saracura-<strong>da</strong>-praia (Little Wood-Rail)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

A presença <strong>da</strong> saracura-do-mangue (A. mangle) é relata<strong>da</strong> em praias lodosas, mangues e matas adjacentes<br />

(Sick, 1997). Pinto (1964) coletou um exemplar macho <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie na Caatinga, no município <strong>de</strong> Bonfim<br />

(Bahia). Segundo relatos <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, a A. mangle é uma espécie que não emite qualquer tipo <strong>de</strong> som, sendo<br />

consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> sur<strong>da</strong>. Ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, em ambientes secos e distantes <strong>da</strong> água e agrupa-se em<br />

bandos que contam, às vezes, com mais <strong>de</strong> 15 aves. O seu ninho é bastante semelhante ao ninho <strong>da</strong> Arami<strong>de</strong>s<br />

cajanea, em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e confeccionado <strong>de</strong> gravetos. O ninho foi localizado no dia 13 <strong>de</strong> maio <strong>de</strong> 2005<br />

e estava <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s folhagens <strong>de</strong> um pequeno arbusto, distante cerca <strong>de</strong> três metros do solo. A sua postura<br />

consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos que me<strong>de</strong>m 39 mm X 31 mm e pesam, em média, 23,5g, sendo <strong>de</strong> cor branca salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

pintas vermelhas. Detectamos a presença <strong>de</strong> outros dois ninhos nas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s, no entanto, ambos já tinham<br />

sido abandonados. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 320 mm, asa 155 mm, retrizes 65 mm, cabeça 71 mm, cúlmen<br />

40 mm, tarso 54 mm e peso 230 g.<br />

Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea (Müller, 1776)<br />

Três-potes (Gray-necked Wood-Rail)<br />

É a saracura mais comum e o seu canto, muitas vezes é em dueto, quando então uma saracura canta e a outra<br />

respon<strong>de</strong> ao longe. Este canto consiste <strong>de</strong> várias repetições e tem a duração <strong>de</strong> vários minutos, sendo mais<br />

pronunciado ao amanhecer e no final <strong>da</strong> tar<strong>de</strong>. Esta espécie habita locais próximos às fontes <strong>de</strong> água, mas po<strong>de</strong><br />

colonizar em locais distantes <strong>da</strong> água. O seu ninho tem a forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e já presenciamos a postura <strong>de</strong> três<br />

ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca com pintas <strong>de</strong> cor marrom. Os filhotes nascem cobertos <strong>de</strong> uma plumagem negra.<br />

Porzana albicollis albicollis (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Sanã-carijó (Ash-throated Crake)<br />

É uma espécie muito comum nas regiões alagadiças <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>nsa vegetação, preferencialmente em locais on<strong>de</strong><br />

ocorre a vegetação <strong>de</strong> juncos. Vive escondi<strong>da</strong> no interior <strong>da</strong> vegetação e é comum encontrarmos tais aves atropela<strong>da</strong>s<br />

nas estra<strong>da</strong>s quando tentam atravessá-las <strong>de</strong> um lado para o outro.<br />

Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Pinto -d’ água-comum (Rufous-si<strong>de</strong> Crake)<br />

Ocorre em áreas alaga<strong>da</strong>s on<strong>de</strong> a vegetação é <strong>de</strong>nsa. Arisca, é muito difícil <strong>de</strong> ser vista. Ouvimos o seu canto,<br />

no entanto não conseguimos avistá-la. Constróe o seu ninho <strong>de</strong> folhas <strong>de</strong> junco, na parte superior <strong>da</strong> folhagem<br />

do junco. Os seus ovos, em número <strong>de</strong> três, são brancos com pintas castanhas quando estão no período reprodutivo.<br />

Quando nos aproximamos <strong>de</strong> seu ninho, ficam inquietos e saem para <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>da</strong> vegetação, sempre<br />

sonorizando.<br />

.


47<br />

Pardirallus nigricans nigricans (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Saracura-sanã (Blackish Rail)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ocorre nos brejos <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>nsa vegetação e são aves bastante ariscas que vivem escondi<strong>da</strong>s no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação.<br />

São muito difíceis <strong>de</strong> serem vistas, mas são facilmente <strong>de</strong>tecta<strong>da</strong>s através <strong>da</strong> sua vocalização. Além <strong>da</strong> vocalização<br />

tradicional, essas aves também emitem um som muito parecido com o som emitido pelos sapos o que<br />

po<strong>de</strong> confundir o observador e a ave então passa <strong>de</strong>spercebi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Gallinula chloropus galeata (Lichtenstein, 1758)<br />

Frango-d’ água (Common Gallinule)<br />

É o ralí<strong>de</strong>o mais comum e mais freqüente nos ambientes alagadiços, rios e lagoas. Constróe seu ninho no meio<br />

<strong>da</strong> vegetação, feito <strong>de</strong> gramíneas e folhas <strong>de</strong> junco. Sua postura po<strong>de</strong> constar <strong>de</strong> até oito ovos. Quando estão incubando<br />

e percebem a presença <strong>de</strong> um possível pre<strong>da</strong>dor, saem vagarosamente do ninho e na<strong>da</strong>m balançando a<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> e a cabeça, emitindo sons contínuos e quando se acham distantes do ninho, voam <strong>de</strong>sajeita<strong>da</strong>mente. Os<br />

filhotes nascem com uma plumagem negra e exibem uma mancha azula<strong>da</strong> ao redor dos olhos O alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça<br />

é vermelho e a base do bico também. É uma espécie com hábito migratório, que <strong>de</strong>saparece quando secam as<br />

lagoas on<strong>de</strong> habitam e retornam novamente no período <strong>da</strong>s chuvas. Certa vez encontramos uma fêmea caí<strong>da</strong><br />

no solo, feri<strong>da</strong> por um caçador. A seu lado estava um macho que só saiu <strong>de</strong> perto <strong>de</strong>la, quando percebeu a nossa<br />

presença. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 350mm, asa 123mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 64mm, tarso 52mm, peso 400g.<br />

Porphyrula martinica (Linné, 1776)<br />

Frango -d’ água-azul (Purple Gallinule)<br />

Adulto, <strong>de</strong> azul intenso e brilhante, vive escondido <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>da</strong> vegetação, on<strong>de</strong> se reproduz. Difere <strong>da</strong> espécie<br />

anterior, por não se acostumar a ser avistado nas áreas abertas, preferindo sempre a segurança <strong>da</strong> vegetação<br />

<strong>de</strong>nsa. Possui uma coloração azula<strong>da</strong> no escudo acima do bico e as pernas são amarela<strong>da</strong>s. Po<strong>de</strong> ser visto<br />

empoleirado nos ramos e folhagens dos juncos. É uma espécie migratória e muito menos abun<strong>da</strong>nte do que a<br />

anterior.<br />

Família Cariami<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Cariama cristata (Linné, 1766)<br />

Seriema (Red-Legged Seriema.)<br />

Ave pernalta e bastante conheci<strong>da</strong> pelas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga,alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos, roedores, lagartos e<br />

cobras. O seu ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> uma gran<strong>de</strong> tigela feita <strong>de</strong> gravetos e posiciona<strong>da</strong> a cerca <strong>de</strong> dois a quatro<br />

metros do solo. A sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos. Muitas vezes, encontramos essas aves nas estra<strong>da</strong>s e ao<br />

serem persegui<strong>da</strong>s pelo nosso carro, correm por um bom tempo à frente do carro, e em segui<strong>da</strong> penetram no<br />

interior <strong>da</strong> caatinga. Seu canto po<strong>de</strong> ser ouvido à distância. São aves muito territoriais e <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>m seu território<br />

<strong>da</strong> presença <strong>de</strong> grupos vizinhos.


48<br />

ORDEM DOS CHARADRIIFORMES<br />

Família Jacani<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Jacana jacana jacana (Linné, 1758)<br />

Jaçanã (Wattled Jacana)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

É uma espécie bastante comum e abun<strong>da</strong>nte, na qual o macho é bem menor do que a fêmea, sendo ele o<br />

responsável pela incubação dos ovos. Os ovos têm uma coloração castanha com manchas amarela<strong>da</strong>s. Já<br />

presenciamos a postura <strong>de</strong> até cinco ovos. Na cópula, o macho tenta se apoiar nas costas <strong>da</strong> fêmea, utilizandose<br />

<strong>de</strong> seus longos <strong>de</strong>dos. Esta espécie encontra-se distribuí<strong>da</strong> em rios, lagos e áreas alagadiças <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.<br />

Quando as lagoas freqüenta<strong>da</strong>s pela jaçanã secam, as aves migram para outras fontes <strong>de</strong> água. Os jovens têm<br />

uma coloração amarela<strong>da</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 230mm, asa 120mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 36mm, tarso 59mm, bico<br />

27mm, peso 98/120g.<br />

Família Charadrii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Vanellus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler, 1827)<br />

Quero-quero (Southern Lapwing)<br />

É a representante mais comum <strong>da</strong> família, ocorrendo sempre em áreas abertas. O seu ninho é uma cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong><br />

contendo pouco material e a postura po<strong>de</strong> ser <strong>de</strong> três a quatro ovos, no entanto, já <strong>de</strong>scobrimos um ninho com<br />

sete ovos. Assim que nascem, os filhotes são bastante ativos e quando alertados pelos pais, se escon<strong>de</strong>m no<br />

meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação, ficando imóveis durante longo tempo. Os pais fingem estar com as asas quebra<strong>da</strong>s e se<br />

arrastam pelo solo como se estivessem feridos com o intuito <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>spistar possíveis pre<strong>da</strong>dores <strong>de</strong> chegarem<br />

ao local do ninho ou se aproximar <strong>de</strong> seus pequenos filhotes. São aves barulhentas que estão sempre sonorizando,<br />

quer seja durante o dia ou à noite, principalmente se um intruso entrar no seu território. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento total 340mm, asa 220mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 85mm, tarso 75mm, bico 29mm, peso 260g.<br />

Família Scolopaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Tringa solitaria solitaria (Wilson, 1813)<br />

Maçarico-solitário (Solitary Sandpiper)<br />

São aves migratórias <strong>da</strong> América do Norte, e como diz o nome, são solitárias. No entanto, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar<br />

pequenos grupos contendo até 10 indivíduos. Ocorrem nos rios e nas áreas alagadiças, inclusive nas centrais<br />

<strong>de</strong> tratamento <strong>de</strong> esgoto. São aves nervosas, que estão sempre levantando e baixando a cau<strong>da</strong> e levantando e<br />

baixando a cabeça e muitas vezes introduzem-se no substrato (lama), em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento


49<br />

Família Recurvirostri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Himantopus himantopus mexicanus (Müller, 1776)<br />

Pernilongo (Black-necked Stilt)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Os pernilongos vivem em ambientes alagadiços, lagoas e pântanos <strong>de</strong> água rasa, em pequenos grupos ou em<br />

bandos, que po<strong>de</strong>m conter até mais <strong>de</strong> 100 indivíduos. Alimentam-se <strong>de</strong> pequenos insetos (dípteros), larvas<br />

e vermes. Buscam alimento na superfície <strong>da</strong> água ou no lodo, on<strong>de</strong> enfiam o bico. Na Bahia, na região do<br />

Litoral Norte, o H. himantopus inicia a fase <strong>da</strong> reprodução em meados do mês <strong>de</strong> maio, prolongando-se até<br />

o inverno (setembro), com casos <strong>de</strong> reprodução até meados <strong>de</strong> novembro e <strong>de</strong>zembro. Quando as lagoas<br />

na região secam, a espécie <strong>de</strong>saparece, realizando <strong>de</strong>slocamentos ain<strong>da</strong> pouco estu<strong>da</strong>dos. O ninho po<strong>de</strong> ser<br />

construído nas lagoas, em pequenas ilhas, escondidos no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação (gramíneas) ou em pontos sem<br />

nenhuma vegetação. Embora menos freqüentemente, po<strong>de</strong> ser construído às margens <strong>da</strong>s lagoas. Geralmente,<br />

a forma do ninho se assemelha a <strong>de</strong> um “vulcão”, com a base arredon<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>, altura <strong>de</strong> cinco a <strong>de</strong>z centímetros<br />

e uma <strong>de</strong>pressão no centro. O ninho po<strong>de</strong> ser construído somente <strong>de</strong> lama ou <strong>de</strong> lama e material vegetal<br />

(gramíneas). Esta espécie põe <strong>de</strong> três a cinco ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong>, com diversas manchas <strong>de</strong> cor marron<br />

escura espalha<strong>da</strong>s pelo ovo e mais concentra<strong>da</strong>s no pólo rombudo. Com o passar do tempo, os ovos po<strong>de</strong>m<br />

adquirir a cor marrom, o que <strong>de</strong>ve estar associado ao contato com o substrato (lama). Durante a troca <strong>de</strong> turno<br />

no período <strong>de</strong> incubação, um dos membros do casal chega próximo ao ninho, fingindo que está buscando alimento,<br />

e assim a troca se efetua. Os filhotes <strong>de</strong>ixam cedo o ninho e buscam alimento ao redor do ninho e logo<br />

retornam mas isso somente nos primeiros dias <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong>. Todos do grupo se reúnem para <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>r o território<br />

dos ninhos e simulam ter uma asa ou perna quebra<strong>da</strong>, ou ain<strong>da</strong> estarem muito <strong>de</strong>bilitados e emitem, ao mesmo<br />

tempo, sons estri<strong>de</strong>ntes, provocando uma gran<strong>de</strong> confusão ao redor dos ninhos e dos filhotes para confundir os<br />

possíveis pre<strong>da</strong>dores. Os filhotes, ao primeiro sinal <strong>de</strong> alerta <strong>de</strong> um dos membros do bando, escon<strong>de</strong>m-se na<br />

vegetação ou no lodo, e dificilmente são encontrados. Po<strong>de</strong>m também utilizar suas longas pernas para aju<strong>da</strong>r<br />

na natação.<br />

ORDEM DAS COLUMBIFORMES<br />

Família Columbi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Columba livia domestica (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Pombo-doméstico (Rock Dove)<br />

Esta espécie é doméstica e <strong>de</strong> diversas raças, sendo a mais conheci<strong>da</strong>, a raça belga ou o pombo correio. Os<br />

pombos foram introduzidos aqui e hoje se encontram espalhados em todo o litoral norte. A gran<strong>de</strong> maioria<br />

<strong>de</strong>sses pombos é cria<strong>da</strong> livre e com o passar do tempo vai se a<strong>da</strong>ptando às ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s e torna-se uma ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira<br />

praga, po<strong>de</strong>ndo transmitir uma infini<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> doenças para o ser humano e para outras espécies <strong>de</strong> aves silvestres,<br />

tais como a Columbina talpacoti, uma <strong>de</strong> suas parentes. Já observamos várias <strong>de</strong>ssas pequenas pombas<br />

com tricomoniose adquiri<strong>da</strong>, porque comeram junto com os pombos <strong>de</strong> rua. Os pombos <strong>da</strong> raça belga são<br />

criados com gran<strong>de</strong> cui<strong>da</strong>do pelos apaixonados pela raça e dificilmente transmitem qualquer tipo <strong>de</strong> doença<br />

para o homem.


50<br />

Columba picazuro marginalis (Naumburg, 1932)<br />

Asa-branca (Picazuro Pigeon)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Espécie <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong> porte, como o pombo doméstico, é comum nas regiões <strong>de</strong> caatinga e cerrado a oeste <strong>da</strong><br />

Bahia, aon<strong>de</strong> vem se tornando uma praga por causa do excesso <strong>de</strong> alimento (soja). Quando voa, po<strong>de</strong>mos<br />

perceber uma gran<strong>de</strong> faixa branca em ca<strong>da</strong> lado <strong>da</strong>s asas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 320g.<br />

Zenai<strong>da</strong> auriculata virgata (Bertoni, 1901)<br />

Avoante (Eared Dove)<br />

É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> hábito migratório que aparece em gran<strong>de</strong>s grupos e em <strong>de</strong>terminados períodos do ano,<br />

para reproduzir. Reproduz-se em gran<strong>de</strong>s colônias chama<strong>da</strong>s pombais, on<strong>de</strong> é realiza<strong>da</strong> a postura. Durante o<br />

período <strong>de</strong> reprodução <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie, o povo <strong>da</strong> caatinga costuma invadir os pombais para coletar seus ovos.<br />

Caçam centenas <strong>de</strong>ssas aves, quando elas saem para procurar os bebedouros. Essa caça<strong>da</strong> indiscrimina<strong>da</strong>, frequentemente<br />

reduz localmente essas populações. Também, muitas vezes, as aves batem em fios <strong>de</strong> alta tensão<br />

e morrem. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 210mm, asa 125mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 86mm, bico 15mm, peso 115g.<br />

Columbina minuta (Linné, 1766)<br />

Rolinha-<strong>de</strong>-asa-canela (Plain-breasted Ground-Dove)<br />

A rolinha <strong>de</strong> asa canela é muito comum na Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia e uma <strong>da</strong>s aves mais abun<strong>da</strong>ntes nessa região.<br />

Constróe o seu ninho no solo como a espécie anterior, mas também po<strong>de</strong> construí-lo em ramagens em meio<br />

à vegetação e a uma pequena altura do solo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 70mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm,<br />

tarso 15mm, bico 10mm, peso 30g.<br />

Columbina picui strepitans (Spix, 1825)<br />

Rolinha-branca (Picui Ground-Dove)<br />

É uma espécie comum na Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia; constróe o seu ninho tanto nas árvores, como nos telhados <strong>da</strong>s<br />

residências. É uma <strong>da</strong>s aves mais abun<strong>da</strong>ntes <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 185mm, asa 88mm,<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm, tarso 32mm, bico12mm, peso 44g.<br />

Columbina talpacoti talpacoti (Temminck, 1811)<br />

Rolinha-roxa (Ruddy Ground-Dove)<br />

É uma <strong>da</strong>s rolinhas mais comuns e conheci<strong>da</strong>s. Habita os centros <strong>da</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s e os jardins. O seu ninho é em<br />

forma <strong>de</strong> tigela, on<strong>de</strong> põe dois ovos brancos. Po<strong>de</strong> construir o ninho em menos <strong>de</strong> uma semana. Semelhante<br />

às <strong>de</strong>mais espécies <strong>de</strong>ssa família, <strong>de</strong>posita os filhotes na bor<strong>da</strong> do ninho, que funciona como uma barreira<br />

protetora dos filhotes. Muitas pessoas se acostumam a <strong>da</strong>r alimento a essas aves e assim sendo, a população<br />

<strong>de</strong>ssa espécie nas ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s só faz crescer. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 172mm, asa 90mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 78mm, tarso<br />

17mm, bico 12mm, peso 50g.


51<br />

Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata squammata (Lesson, 1831)<br />

Fogo-apagou (Scaled Dove)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Esta espécie é bem característica por que possui uma plumagem to<strong>da</strong> barra<strong>da</strong> (escama<strong>da</strong>). O seu canto é<br />

bastante conhecido e é do tipo “fogo-apagou”. Quando voa, emite um som característico como o do chocalho<br />

<strong>de</strong> uma cascavél. É uma espécie muito comum e abun<strong>da</strong>nte na Caatinga. O seu ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e<br />

semelhante ao <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior e a sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />

total 223mm, asa 98mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 92mm, tarso 17mm, bico 12mm, peso 56g<br />

Leptotila verreauxi approximans (Cory, 1917)<br />

Juriti-pupu (White-tipped Dove)<br />

Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie <strong>da</strong> L. rufaxilla, difere <strong>de</strong>la por possuir uma cor mais acinzenta<strong>da</strong> no alto <strong>da</strong><br />

cabeça, um anel alaranjado ao redor do olho e pés menos avermelhados do que a L. rufaxilla. Ocorre em ambientes<br />

secos na Caatinga e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas. Quando está voando, po<strong>de</strong>mos ver uma ponta branca no final<br />

<strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong>. Essas aves costumam se juntar aos outros representantes <strong>da</strong> família, para beber água em pequenos<br />

poços <strong>de</strong> água no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 265mm, asa 134mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 103mm, tarso<br />

24mm, bico 18mm, peso 135g.<br />

Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez, 1886)<br />

Pomba-<strong>de</strong>-espelho (Blue Ground-Dove)<br />

É uma ave que não é abun<strong>da</strong>nte e freqüenta o interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. O macho é cinza-azulado e a fêmea é amarronza<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Ambos possuem manchas nas asas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 220mm, asa 118mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 80mm,<br />

tarso 18mm, bico 14mm, peso 70g.<br />

Família Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Anodorhynchus leari (Bonaparte, 1856)<br />

Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear (Lear Macaw)<br />

Esta espécie está criticamente ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção e ocorre nos municípios <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, Canudos, Eucli<strong>de</strong>s<br />

<strong>da</strong> Cunha, Paulo Afonso e Curaçá. Descobrimos uma nova população entre Campo Formoso e Santo<br />

Sé. Durante muitos anos, a população <strong>de</strong>ssas aves era estima<strong>da</strong> em 170 indivíduos, mas com os trabalhos <strong>de</strong><br />

parceria entre a Fun<strong>da</strong>ção Bio-Brasil, Cetrel e o CEMAVE e através <strong>da</strong> utilização <strong>de</strong> informações <strong>da</strong>s pessoas<br />

<strong>de</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s locais, foi-nos possível <strong>de</strong>scobrir os novos locais <strong>de</strong> dormi<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>ssas aves e hoje a população<br />

está estima<strong>da</strong> em torno <strong>de</strong> 500 aves. Veja o status <strong>da</strong> A. leari.


52<br />

Forpus crassirotris flavissemos (Taczanowski, 1883)<br />

Tuim (Blue-winged Parrotlet)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

É o menor psitací<strong>de</strong>o brasileiro e comum em quase todos os habitats do Litoral Norte, com dimorfismo sexual<br />

bastante acentuado. O macho possui uma gran<strong>de</strong> mancha azul na asa e no uropígio e a fêmea é <strong>de</strong> coloração<br />

ver<strong>de</strong> clara, com um tom amarelado na cabeça e nos flancos. Reproduz-se em pequenos ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores<br />

produzidos pelos pica-paus, e aproveita-se <strong>de</strong> ninhos abandonados do joão-<strong>de</strong>-barro (F. rufus). Na época <strong>da</strong><br />

reprodução, vive em casal e após esse período formam grupos que po<strong>de</strong>m incluir <strong>de</strong>zenas <strong>de</strong> indivíduos. Já<br />

observamos, em mais <strong>de</strong> uma ocasião, indivíduos <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie, totalmente amarelos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />

total 130mm, asa 80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 40mm, tarso 11mm, bico 12mm, peso 28g.<br />

Porhyrrhura maracana (Vieillot, 1816)<br />

Maracanã-do-buriti (Blue-winged Macaw)<br />

Esta ave não é comum no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Raramente avistamos pequenos bandos que não passam <strong>de</strong> 10<br />

aves. A ave tem a fronte e a barriga <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha, um anel branco ao redor dos olhos e o bico negro. Desloca-se<br />

em pequenos bandos em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento na Caatinga e costuma freqüentar paredões rochosos on<strong>de</strong><br />

pernoita, juntamente com outros representantes <strong>da</strong> família.<br />

Aratinga acuticau<strong>da</strong>ta haemorrhous (Spix, 1824)<br />

Periquitão (Blue-Croowned Parakeet)<br />

Possui a testa azul e a cau<strong>da</strong> vermelha. É um dos periquitos mais abun<strong>da</strong>ntes no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, juntamente<br />

com a espécie que se segue. Po<strong>de</strong>mos avistar grupos com mais <strong>de</strong> 50 aves cruzando a caatinga, em busca <strong>de</strong><br />

alimento. Costuma dormir nos paredões rochosos, on<strong>de</strong>, muitas vezes, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar mais <strong>de</strong> 300 aves<br />

voando em círculo, ao entar<strong>de</strong>cer, ao redor dos paredões rochosos locais que utilizam como dormitórios. Durante<br />

a revoa<strong>da</strong> ao redor dos dormitórios, essas aves fazem um gran<strong>de</strong> alarido.<br />

Aratinga cactorum cactorum (Kuhl, 1820)<br />

Periquito-<strong>da</strong>-Caatinga (Caatinga Parakeet)<br />

É um dos periquitos mais abun<strong>da</strong>ntes no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. É ver<strong>de</strong>, <strong>de</strong> peito amarelado e abdômen mais alaranjado.<br />

Reproduz-se em cupinzeiros.Esses periquitos, muitas vezes, atacam as plantações <strong>de</strong> milho, causando<br />

gran<strong>de</strong> prejuízo aos pequenos produtores.<br />

Amazona aestiva aestiva (Linné, 1758)<br />

Papagaio-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Turquoise-fronted Parrot)<br />

É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> papagaio que ocorre nas caatingas <strong>da</strong> Bahia e é especialmente abun<strong>da</strong>nte no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />

Reproduz-se em fen<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> penhascos e em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores. Certa ocasião, encontramos um filhote que<br />

tinha acabado <strong>de</strong> cair do ninho. Esse filhote já estava totalmente emplumado, no entanto, tinha uma anomalia<br />

na asa esquer<strong>da</strong> que o impedia <strong>de</strong> voar. Apesar <strong>de</strong> não estar lista<strong>da</strong> como ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção, em muitas<br />

locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s do estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia, esta espécie está extinta. O tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais é a sua principal ameaça. No<br />

Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, centenas <strong>de</strong> filhotes são coleta<strong>da</strong>s por traficantes <strong>de</strong> aves, todos os anos.


53<br />

ORDEM DAS CUCULIFORMES<br />

Família Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Coccyzus melacoryphus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Papa-lagarta (Dark-billed Cuckoo)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Difere <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior pelo bico <strong>de</strong> cor negra, pela garganta amarela<strong>da</strong> e pelo rabo longo com três faixas<br />

brancas no lado inferior <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong>, não apresentando, portanto, vermelho na asa, como a espécie anterior. Vive<br />

no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação, e às vezes explora o substrato <strong>da</strong> caatinga. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />

total 270mm, asa 128mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 140mm, tarso 50mm, bico 30mm, peso 46g.<br />

Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linné, 1758)<br />

Papa-lagarta-norte-americano (Yellow-billed Cuckoo)<br />

Coccyzus a. americus é uma espécie resi<strong>de</strong>nte na porção oriental <strong>da</strong> América do Norte (do Canadá ao sul dos<br />

Estados Unidos). Segundo Pinto (1978). Essa espécie migra para o sul durante o inverno do hemisfério norte,<br />

quando visita a América Central e o norte <strong>da</strong> América do Sul, inclusive o norte do Brasil (Pará, norte do Maranhão),<br />

com ocorrências aci<strong>de</strong>ntais nos estados centrais, norte <strong>de</strong> Minas e sul <strong>de</strong> Mato Grosso, e no extremo<br />

sul do país (Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Sul) (Belton, 1973). Sick, 1978, relata a espécie para o Piauí, Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro, Minas<br />

Gerais, São Paulo e Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Sul. Fiúza, 1999, através <strong>de</strong> um apanhado bibliográfico sobre as aves <strong>da</strong><br />

Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, relaciona 283 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves para esse bioma, sendo que a C. a. americanus, não está incluí<strong>da</strong><br />

nesse levantamento. Pacheco & Bauer, 2000, realizou um inventário sobre as espécies <strong>de</strong> aves do bioma<br />

Caatinga do Brasil, e relacionou a C. a. americanus apenas para o estado do Ceará. Lima, 2004, através <strong>de</strong><br />

levantamento <strong>de</strong> campo em vários biomas do estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia, relacionou 280 espécies para o bioma Caatinga<br />

em seus levantamentos, e como nunca tinha registrado a C. a.americanus, este passou a ser o primeiro registro.<br />

A espécie em questão possuía o abdômen <strong>de</strong> cor cinza claro e a mandíbula amarela, características exclusivas<br />

<strong>da</strong> C. a. americanus. Este é o segundo registro <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie para o bioma Caatinga e o primeiro registro para<br />

o bioma Caatinga no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia.<br />

Piaya cayana pallescens (Cabanis & Heine, 1862)<br />

Alma-<strong>de</strong>-gato (Squirrel Cuckoo)<br />

Vive solitária ou em casal e possui uma cau<strong>da</strong> muito longa que chama atenção quando se <strong>de</strong>sloca numa área<br />

aberta. Pula freqüentemente <strong>de</strong> um galho para outro e <strong>de</strong> longe, às vezes, po<strong>de</strong>mos confundi-la com um esquilo<br />

ou mesmo um mico, por causa <strong>da</strong> longa cau<strong>da</strong>. O seu ninho é forrado <strong>de</strong> folhas secas e já encontramos<br />

um ninho <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie construído no topo <strong>de</strong> uma árvore. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento tota 410mm, asa 150mm,<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> 235mm, tarso 38mm, bico 37 mm, peso 104g<br />

Crotophaga ani (Linné, 1758)<br />

Anu-preto (Smooth-billed Ani)<br />

O anu-preto é uma ave bastante conheci<strong>da</strong> pela comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> e vive em áreas abertas ou <strong>de</strong> rala vegetação.<br />

Vive em bandos e já contamos 16 indivíduos num único bando. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos, lagartixas e pequenos<br />

animais e costuma acompanhar o gado como faz a garça-vaqueira, para apanhar o seu alimento quando o gado


54<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

está pastando. Constróe o seu ninho <strong>de</strong> gravetos e embrenhado no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação. Nós já encontramos<br />

ninhos numa altura <strong>de</strong> um metro do solo e seus ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> me<strong>de</strong>m:... Já encontramos uma postura<br />

contendo 40 ovos empilhados. Encontramos também um indivíduo vivendo sozinho durante mais <strong>de</strong> um ano<br />

no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, pátria <strong>da</strong> Anodorhynchus leari. Este indivíduo, que inclusive foi anilhado, vivia perto <strong>de</strong><br />

uma fonte <strong>de</strong> água e quando a fonte secou, ele passou a visitar o nosso acampamento, em busca <strong>da</strong> água <strong>de</strong><br />

nosso suprimento. Peso 96g.<br />

Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788)<br />

Anu-branco (Guira Cuckoo)<br />

É uma ave comum nas áreas abertas, alimentando-se <strong>de</strong> invertebrados, anfíbios e répteis. O seu ninho é em<br />

forma <strong>de</strong> tigela, confeccionado <strong>de</strong> gravetos e forrado <strong>de</strong> folhas. O anu-branco reutiliza o mesmo ninho durante<br />

vários anos, como já observamos. Os filhotes, no primeiro dia <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong>, recebem pequenas porções <strong>de</strong> alimento<br />

que são coloca<strong>da</strong>s no interior <strong>de</strong> seus bicos; do terceiro dia em diante, recebem porções maiores que tanto<br />

po<strong>de</strong>m ser entregues no bico, como também po<strong>de</strong>m ser regurgita<strong>da</strong>s para o interior do bico. Do quinto dia em<br />

diante, os filhotes já se tornam muito competitivos e ao primeiro sinal <strong>da</strong> presença dos adultos, avançam em<br />

sua direção, no intuito <strong>de</strong> conseguir o alimento. A competitivi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> dos filhotes aumenta a ca<strong>da</strong> dia, e os que<br />

conseguem sucesso na apanha <strong>de</strong> alimento, levam vantagem e <strong>de</strong>senvolvem-se mais rapi<strong>da</strong>mente. Do 10° dia<br />

em diante, os filhotes mais <strong>de</strong>senvolvidos usam uma estratégia mais elabora<strong>da</strong> na busca do alimento: posicionam-se<br />

nos galhos acima do ninho, para confiscarem o alimento antes mesmo <strong>de</strong> os pais chegarem ao interior<br />

do ninho; os filhotes menores (menos nutridos), utilizam uma estratégia diferente e ficam no interior do ninho<br />

com a intenção <strong>de</strong> serem alimentados por algum membro do grupo. Essa estratégia não obteve bons resultados<br />

em uma hora e meia <strong>de</strong> observação e pu<strong>de</strong>mos constatar que os adultos trouxeram alimento 10 vezes para os<br />

filhotes que se encontravam fora do ninho, e apenas uma vez para os dois filhotes que estavam no interior do<br />

ninho, sendo que esse alimento foi roubado pelos filhotes maiores que avançaram nele, no interior do ninho.<br />

Do total <strong>de</strong> seis filhotes, um morreu no 8° dia por não conseguir competir por alimento, quatro se <strong>de</strong>senvolveram<br />

bem e dois se encontravam em péssimo estado nutricional. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 96g.<br />

Tapera naevia chochi (Viellot, 1817)<br />

Saci (Stripe Cukoo)<br />

O saci é uma ave “fantasma” que é dificilmente observa<strong>da</strong>. Ouvimos seu canto distante e quando nos aproximamos,<br />

a ave vai se distanciando, embora continuando a vocalizar. Costuma cantar ao amanhecer e também<br />

durante a noite. Certa ocasião, encontramos um indivíduo que cantava durante todo o dia em uma <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong><br />

área. Nós gravamos o som <strong>de</strong>ssa ave e o repetmos num gravador e a ave respon<strong>de</strong>u e voou em direção à fonte<br />

do som. Assim, conseguimos atrai-la para campo aberto. São aves parasitas que colocam seus ovos nos ninhos<br />

<strong>de</strong> outras aves.<br />

Dromococcyx pavoninus (Pelzeln, 1870)<br />

Peixe-frito (Pavonine Cuckoo)<br />

É uma ave difícil <strong>de</strong> ser vista. É mais fácil ouvirmos seu canto que é emitido ao entar<strong>de</strong>cer e amanhecer. O<br />

som se parece muito com o <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior. São aves parasitas que realizam a sua postura nos ninhos <strong>de</strong><br />

outras aves.


55<br />

ORDEM DOS STRIGIFORMES<br />

Família Tytoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra (Gray, 1769)<br />

Coruja-<strong>da</strong>-igreja (Barn Owl)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

É a coruja mais comum e conheci<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> todo o Brasil. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> roedores (ratos), morcegos e pássaros<br />

(nós já observamos diversas espécies <strong>de</strong> pássaros tais como o Turdus, e já <strong>de</strong>tectamos inclusive, esqueletos<br />

<strong>de</strong> Gallinula chloropus). Reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores, torres <strong>de</strong> igrejas, prédios velhos, <strong>de</strong>baixo do telhado<br />

<strong>da</strong>s residências etc. A sua postura po<strong>de</strong> conter <strong>de</strong> dois a cinco ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca. São aves consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong>s<br />

<strong>de</strong> mau agouro no Nor<strong>de</strong>ste brasileiro e muitas pessoas não as suportam, chegando a matar casais e filhotes<br />

quando os encontram. Costumam caçar em terrenos baldios e na boca <strong>de</strong> esgotos lançados nas praias etc.<br />

Existem dois tipos <strong>de</strong> plumagens: uma to<strong>da</strong> amarela e a outra amarela <strong>de</strong> peito branco, mas isso não significa<br />

dimorfismo sexual.<br />

Família Strigi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />

Corujinha-do-mato (Tropical Screech Owl)<br />

É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> coruja pequena. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos e <strong>de</strong> pequenos pássaros; reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong><br />

árvores e a sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca, no entanto, já encontramos várias posturas contendo<br />

três ovos e todos eclodiram e foram criados. Existem duas varie<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> plumagem, uma cinza e uma<br />

avermelha<strong>da</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 233mm, asa 165mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 90mm, tarso 30mm, bico 20mm, peso<br />

120g.<br />

Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788)<br />

Caburé (Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl)<br />

Reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores e já encontramos uma postura <strong>de</strong> quatro ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca pura. No interior<br />

do ninho já pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar penas <strong>de</strong> diversas espécies <strong>de</strong> pássaros que são servi<strong>da</strong>s aos filhotes como<br />

alimento, tais como as <strong>da</strong> Volatinia jacarina e Sicalis flaveola, e também já observamos um rato <strong>de</strong> esgoto que<br />

pesava o equivalente à coruja. Esta espécie caça <strong>de</strong> dia e à noite e apresenta duas varie<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> plumagem:<br />

uma cinza e a outra <strong>da</strong> cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem. Muitas vezes, quando bandos <strong>de</strong> pássaros encontram essa coruja no<br />

seu poleiro durante o dia, reúnem-se num bando composto <strong>de</strong> diversas espécies, para afugentá-la do poleiro.<br />

Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 180mm, asa 100mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 20mm, bico 11mm, peso 68/95g.<br />

Speotyto cunicularia grallaria (Temminck, 1822)<br />

Coruja-do-campo (Burrowing Owl)<br />

É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> coruja muito comum que ocorre nas áreas abertas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, on<strong>de</strong> pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar<br />

gran<strong>de</strong>s tocas escava<strong>da</strong>s na areia, on<strong>de</strong> se reproduz. Pu<strong>de</strong>mos também observar no período reprodutivo, várias<br />

carapaças <strong>de</strong> besouros na entra<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> toca. São ativas durante o dia e, ao que parece, durante a noite caçam<br />

ativamente. Temos observado que, quando escurece, essas aves se empoleiram em cercas e no alto dos postes


56<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

para caçar. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 205mm, asa 170mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 68/85mm tarso 49mm, bico 21mm, peso<br />

150/160g.<br />

ORDEM DOS CAPRIMULGIFORMES<br />

Família Nyctibii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Nyctibius griseus griseus (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Urutau (Common Potoo)<br />

O urutau é uma ave muito comum e conheci<strong>da</strong>. A comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> o conhece pelo nome <strong>de</strong> mãe-<strong>da</strong>-lua. De hábitos<br />

noturnos, esta ave se alimenta <strong>de</strong> insetos capturados em pleno vôo, com a sua “boca” gran<strong>de</strong>. O macho<br />

é bem maior e mais pesado do que a fêmea e costuma ser visto, empoleirado e ereto, na ponta <strong>da</strong>s estacas ou<br />

nos galhos <strong>de</strong> árvores secas. A sua camuflagem é uma <strong>da</strong>s mais perfeitas imitações <strong>de</strong> galho seco já vistas e<br />

dificilmente o urutau é percebido. Põe um único ovo <strong>de</strong> cor branca em cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s na ponta <strong>de</strong> galhos ou <strong>de</strong><br />

estacas. O filhote nasce recoberto <strong>de</strong> uma plumagem branca que, no <strong>de</strong>correr do tempo, vai adquirindo uma<br />

tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> cinza clara com manchas brancas. Os filhotes, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> o nascimento até o abandono do ninho, têm<br />

a capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> se pren<strong>de</strong>r firmemente no galho on<strong>de</strong> nasceram. Os pais recobrem o filhote com seu próprio<br />

corpo para protegê-lo do sol ou <strong>da</strong> chuva e também <strong>de</strong> possíveis pre<strong>da</strong>dores. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

340mm, asa 240mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 160mm, bico 16mm.<br />

Família Caprimulgi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Chor<strong>de</strong>iles pusillus xerophilus (Dickerman, 1988)<br />

Bacurauzinho (Least Nighthawk)<br />

É o menor bacurau <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e é facilmente reconhecido pelo seu pequeno porte e por ser um dos poucos<br />

que voa um pouco antes do pôr-do-sol, em movimentos errantes, subindo e <strong>de</strong>scendo, e muitas vezes, voando<br />

em círculo. No princípio pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar apenas um ou dois indivíduos, mas logo em segui<strong>da</strong>, outras aves<br />

foram chegando até formarem um grupo. Ambos os sexos possuem uma mancha branca na asa e o macho possui<br />

a ponta <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor branca. Durante o dia, estas aves dormem em pequenas moitas nas áreas abertas.<br />

Põem seus ovos no solo, próximos à sombra.<br />

Chor<strong>de</strong>iles acutipennis acutipennis (Hermann, 1783)<br />

Bacurau-<strong>de</strong>-asa-fina (Lesser Nighthawk)<br />

Possui asas longas e estreitas com uma faixa branca em forma <strong>de</strong> V . As fêmeas têm a garganta branca. O macho<br />

possui uma mancha branca na parte terminal <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> e costuma voar bem alto no crepúsculo. Aproveitase<br />

<strong>da</strong> revoa<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> formigas e cupins para se alimentar.<br />

Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Bacurau (Pauraque)<br />

É um dos bacuraus mais conhecidos na Caatinga e ocorre em áreas abertas no meio <strong>da</strong>s florestas. Muitas vezes


57<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

são observados durante a noite em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento no meio <strong>da</strong>s estra<strong>da</strong>s, principalmente <strong>da</strong>s estra<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong><br />

barro. O macho apresenta uma faixa branca na asa e as penas externas <strong>da</strong>s retrizes também <strong>da</strong> mesma cor são<br />

visíveis somente quando a ave levanta vôo. A sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> um ovo colocado em meio à folhas secas<br />

e o filhote nasce coberto <strong>de</strong> uma plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor marrom. Realizamos um experimento para comprovar se<br />

os pais carregam os filhotes do ninho e os transportam para outro local, caso alguém os <strong>de</strong>scubra. Colocamos<br />

um cercado <strong>de</strong> ma<strong>de</strong>ira com 15 cm <strong>de</strong> altura ao redor <strong>de</strong> um filhote ain<strong>da</strong> pequeno no ninho, e o acompanhamos<br />

durante duas semanas. Os pais continuaram a alimentar o filhote <strong>de</strong>ntro do cercado, até ele ter condições<br />

<strong>de</strong> levantar vôo. Constatamos então, que os pais não têm capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> carregar o filhote e o que realmente<br />

acontece é que se alguém <strong>de</strong>scobre o ninho com um filhote, os pais emitem sons específicos chamando o filhote<br />

para outro local. Como a coloração do filhote oferece uma perfeita camuflagem, dificilmente po<strong>de</strong>rá ser<br />

percebido no seu novo escon<strong>de</strong>rijo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 275mm, asa 160mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 144mm, tarso<br />

29mm, bico 11mm, peso 56/63g.<br />

Caprimulgus rufus rufus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />

João-corta-pau (Rufous Nightjar)<br />

Esta espécie tem o porte gran<strong>de</strong> e vive na orla <strong>da</strong> mata on<strong>de</strong> costuma pousar em troncos e galhos <strong>de</strong> árvores.<br />

Não é uma espécie muito comum nas campanhas <strong>de</strong> anilhamentos. O bacurau que mais cai na re<strong>de</strong> é <strong>da</strong> espécie<br />

N. albicollis e raramente cai um C. rufus, apesar <strong>de</strong> ouvirmos sua vocalização.<br />

Hydropsalis torquata torquata (Gmelin, 1798)<br />

Bacurau-tesoura (Long-trai<strong>de</strong>n Nightjar)<br />

É uma espécie bastante comum, ocorrendo inclusive, <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>da</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. O macho tem a cau<strong>da</strong> muito longa e<br />

bifurca<strong>da</strong>, característica que é importante para sua i<strong>de</strong>ntificação. A fêmea e os jovens possuem cau<strong>da</strong> curta e<br />

bifurca<strong>da</strong>. Durante o dia esta ave vive escondi<strong>da</strong> no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação, em locais sombreados.<br />

Caprimulgus parvulus parvulus (Gould, 1837)<br />

Bacurau-pequeno (Little Nightjar)<br />

Essa espécie foi acrescenta<strong>da</strong> à lista <strong>da</strong>s aves do Litoral Norte há pouco tempo (2003) e nunca foi captura<strong>da</strong><br />

por re<strong>de</strong> nas nossas campanhas <strong>de</strong> anilhamento. Em menos <strong>de</strong> uma semana recebemos três exemplares <strong>de</strong>ssa<br />

espécie vindos <strong>de</strong> locais diferentes: um capturado em Sauípe, um em Camaçari e o outro veio <strong>de</strong> Salvador.<br />

Costuma pousar em galhos ao anoitecer, para <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>de</strong>slocar-se em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento (insetos). Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento total 219mm, asa 150mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 98mm, tarso 13mm, bico 14mm, peso 40g.<br />

Capraimulgus longirostris (Bonaparte, 1825)<br />

Bacurau-<strong>da</strong>-telha (Band-winged Nightjar)<br />

O macho exibe uma larga faixa branca na asa e na cau<strong>da</strong>, e na fêmea a coloração <strong>da</strong> asa é amarela<strong>da</strong>. São aves<br />

relativamente comuns no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. O seu canto é um assobio fino que po<strong>de</strong> ser ouvido à distância, ao<br />

entar<strong>de</strong>cer. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 230mm, asa 140mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 110mm, tarso 15mm, bico 12mm, peso<br />

49g.


58<br />

Família Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Phaethornis pretrei pretrei (Lesson & Delattre, 1839)<br />

Rabo-branco-sobre-amarelo (Planalto Hermit)<br />

É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> beija-flor que vive na orla <strong>da</strong>s florestas e também visita jardins. Tem uma cau<strong>da</strong> longa on<strong>de</strong><br />

po<strong>de</strong>mos observar o branco na sua parte terminal; sua garganta é cor <strong>de</strong> canela. Costuma entrar rapi<strong>da</strong>mente<br />

nas residências e <strong>de</strong>pois fugir. Em alguns lugares é conhecido como beija-flor-limpa-casa. Os ninhos po<strong>de</strong>m<br />

ser feitos em barrancos ou até mesmo <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> casa ou nas varan<strong>da</strong>s e po<strong>de</strong>m ain<strong>da</strong> ser fixados aos arames<br />

pendurados nos telhados, fios <strong>de</strong> luminária e/ou fios <strong>da</strong> piaçaba utiliza<strong>da</strong> em quiosques. Des<strong>de</strong> o primeiro<br />

dia <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong>, os filhotes, como nas <strong>de</strong>mais espécies <strong>de</strong> beija-flor, agarram-se firmemente ao interior do ninho<br />

e quando tentamos removê-los, abandonam o ninho com 20 dias. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 170mm, asa<br />

59mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm, bico 32mm, peso 6g.<br />

Phaethornis pretrei minor (Grantsau, 1966)<br />

Descrito por Rolf Grantsau através <strong>de</strong> exemplares coletados em Goiás, um exemplar <strong>de</strong>ssa subespécie foi<br />

coletado por ele no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 140mm, asa 54mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 64mm, bico<br />

29mm, peso 3g.<br />

Phaethornis gounellei (Boucard, 1891)<br />

Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-larga (Broad-Tipped Hermit)<br />

É uma espécie muito comum no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, sendo que seu ninho nunca foi encontrado, embora o tenhamos<br />

procurado em diversos locais sem sucesso. Possui o dorso e as coberteiras <strong>da</strong>s asas em ver<strong>de</strong>-bronze,<br />

o supercílio é largo e branco e a garganta é <strong>de</strong> cor ferrugínea com uma mancha negra no centro. As retrizes<br />

apresentam uma larga faixa branca e a mandíbula é <strong>de</strong> cor amarela-esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong>. Em <strong>de</strong>terminados períodos do<br />

ano, a mandíbula adquire uma cor amarela intensa que se esten<strong>de</strong> até a meta<strong>de</strong> do bico, e po<strong>de</strong> ser indicativa<br />

<strong>de</strong> seu período reprodutivo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 120mm, asa 47mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 45mm, bico 26mm, peso<br />

4g.<br />

Eupetomena macroura simoni (Hellmayr, 1929)<br />

Beija-flor-tesoura (Swallow-tailed Hummingbird)<br />

De gran<strong>de</strong> porte, é o mais conhecido dos beija-flores. Ocorre na Caatinga e nos jardins nas ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. De plumagem<br />

azul metálica e com a cau<strong>da</strong> bifurca<strong>da</strong>, esse beija-flor é bastante agressivo, atacando qualquer outro beijaflor<br />

que queira invadir o seu território. O seu ninho é colocado em troncos, <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>de</strong> folhagens e em forma<br />

<strong>de</strong> tigela confecciona<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> teia <strong>de</strong> aranha, líquens e palhas que o beija-flor rouba dos ninhos <strong>de</strong> outros pássaros<br />

(Todirostrum cinereum). Os ninhos se localizam a uma altura que varia <strong>de</strong> 1,5m a 5 m do solo. Durante a<br />

madruga<strong>da</strong>, (05:00 h) costumam cantar em poleiros específicos. Seu canto parece <strong>de</strong> um Tersina viri<strong>de</strong>s e é<br />

respondido por outra ave que se encontra em outro poleiro. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 180mm, asa 70mm,<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> 95mm, bico 23mm, peso 7g.


59<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-veste-preta (White-vented Violetear)<br />

É uma espécie relativamente rara. Temos observado poucos <strong>de</strong>sses indivíduos entre os meses <strong>de</strong> novembro a<br />

março. Com dimorfismo sexual bastante acentuado, o macho, visto <strong>de</strong> longe, parece ser todo escuro, enquanto<br />

a fêmea possui duas faixas brancas <strong>de</strong> ca<strong>da</strong> lado do corpo e o centro escuro. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento tota<br />

64mm, asa 35mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 35mm, bico 23mm, peso 6g.<br />

Chrysolampis mosquitus (Linné, 1758)<br />

Beija-flor-vemelho (Ruby-topaz Hummingbird)<br />

É um dos beija-flores em que o macho é o pássaro mais cintilante, no entanto, a <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>r <strong>da</strong> incidência <strong>da</strong> luz,<br />

po<strong>de</strong> ser percebido como se fosse negro e <strong>de</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> cintilante. A fêmea tem o dorso ver<strong>de</strong> e o mento, o peito<br />

e a barriga <strong>de</strong> cor branca. É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> hábito migratório. O ninho é semelhante ao <strong>de</strong> um E. macroura,<br />

no entanto, é menor. Certa ocasião, Rolf Grantsau estava fotografando essa espécie que estava visitando a<br />

inflorescência <strong>da</strong> Lantana camera, quando um exemplar macho adulto se bateu contra a porta do carro, vindo<br />

a falecer. Isto ocorreu porque tais aves são muito brigonas e sempre uma <strong>de</strong>las está afugentando a outra para<br />

longe <strong>da</strong>s flores, e aí então ocorrem as perseguições em alta veloci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> que as expõem a muitos perigos.. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento tota 100mm, asa 50mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 30mm, bico 18mm, peso 4g.<br />

Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848)<br />

Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho (Glittering-billied Emerald)<br />

É um dos beija-flores mais comuns <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e costuma visitar jardins. Gosta <strong>de</strong> flores bem pequenas. O<br />

macho é <strong>de</strong> cor ver<strong>de</strong> brilhante, a base do bico é vermelha e o bico tem uma crista branca. A fêmea possui o<br />

dorso ver<strong>de</strong>, mento, barriga e ventre <strong>de</strong> cor branca suja. Na Caatinga, costuma construir seu ninho em pés <strong>de</strong><br />

cansanção. Esse local é bem protegido dos pre<strong>da</strong>dores. Já encontramos um ninho com quatro ovos, tendo o<br />

beija-flor reutilizado o ninho e feito uma nova postura sobre outros dois ovos que não eclodiram. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento total 90mm, asa 45mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 25mm, bico 16mm, peso 3g.<br />

Amazilia nigricau<strong>da</strong> (fimbriata) (Elliot, 1878)<br />

Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-ver<strong>de</strong> (Glittering-throated Emerald)<br />

Ver<strong>de</strong> brilhante com infractuais na cor branca pura, mandíbula vermelha e cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor quase negra. Ocorre<br />

na restinga e às vezes visita os jardins. Aparece em certos períodos do ano.<br />

Amazilia versicolor versicolor (Vieillot, 1818)<br />

Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-ban<strong>da</strong>-branca (Versicolored Emerald)<br />

Espécie que ocorre em áreas abertas e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas, possui a barriga ver<strong>de</strong> com uma faixa branca<br />

que se alarga no ventre; o maxilar é cor <strong>de</strong> carne com a ponta escura e o branco <strong>da</strong> garganta é manchado <strong>de</strong><br />

ver<strong>de</strong>.


60<br />

Heliomaster squamosus (Temminck, 1826)<br />

Bico-reto-ver<strong>de</strong> (Long-breasted Starthroat)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

O macho possui a garganta vermelho-violeta-brilhante-intenso, e também possui uma mancha pós-ocular e<br />

uma estria branca no malar. É uma espécie comum no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 128mm,<br />

asa 55mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 36mm, bico 27mm, peso 6g.<br />

Calliphlox amethystina (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />

Besourinho-ametistina (Amethyst Woodstar)<br />

O macho tem a garganta <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha e a cau<strong>da</strong> bifurca<strong>da</strong>; a fêmea é bem menor e possui a garganta branca<br />

com manchas em marrom. É um beija-flor bem pequeno que emite um forte zumbido quando se aproxima <strong>de</strong><br />

uma flor, semelhante ao <strong>de</strong> uma abelha solitária (Mangangá). Muito raro no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />

ORDEM DOS TROGONIFORMES<br />

Família Trogoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Trogon curucui curucui (Linné, 1766)<br />

Surucuá-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-vermelha (Blue-crowned Trogon)<br />

Ocorre na caatinga <strong>de</strong>nsa. O macho tem o peito vermelho, a pálpebra amarela e o alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça em azul<br />

cintilante. A fêmea tem a barriga cinzenta. Reproduz-se em cupinzeiros e tanto po<strong>de</strong>m ocorrer no topo <strong>da</strong>s<br />

florestas, como nas partes baixas, principalmente na caatinga <strong>de</strong> baixa altura. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

245mm, asa 120mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 130mm, tarso 13mm, bico 15mm, peso 52g<br />

ORDEM DOS CORACIFORMES<br />

Família Alcedini<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Ceryle torquata torquata (Linné, 1766)<br />

Martim-pescador-gran<strong>de</strong> (Ringed Kingfisher)<br />

É o maior martim-pescador e ocorre nos lagos, rios e áreas alagadiças. Po<strong>de</strong>mos observá-lo pousado sobre<br />

os fios <strong>de</strong> eletrici<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> que passam por cima <strong>de</strong> lãminas <strong>de</strong> água. Utiliza tais locais como pontos <strong>de</strong> pesca. A<br />

fêmea possui a parte inferior e as coberteiras <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor castanha. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> peixes e muitas vezes,<br />

freqüenta criatórios <strong>de</strong> peixes (tilápias). Reproduz-se em barrancos, muitas vezes longe <strong>da</strong> água. É uma ave<br />

muito barulhenta quando está voando e se <strong>de</strong>slocando <strong>de</strong> um local para outro; sonoriza constantemente.<br />

Chloroceryle americana americana (Gmelin, 1788)<br />

Martim-pescador-pequeno (Green Kingfisher)<br />

É muito comum ser observado no interior <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong>s florestas <strong>de</strong>nsas e sombrea<strong>da</strong>s e habitando córregos e<br />

pequenos rios que cortam as florestas. Também é observado nas margens dos gran<strong>de</strong>s rios.


61<br />

ORDEM DOS PICIFORMES<br />

Família Galbuli<strong>da</strong>e<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Galbula ruficau<strong>da</strong> rufoviridis (Cabanis, 1851)<br />

Bico-<strong>de</strong>-agulha-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-vermelho (Rufous-tailed jacamar)<br />

Habita locais nas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> água ou em ambientes secos. O macho tem a garganta branca e a fêmea<br />

tem a garganta ferrugínea. Costuma pousar num poleiro <strong>de</strong> on<strong>de</strong> fica observando sua possível presa. É capaz<br />

<strong>de</strong> ficar imóvel durante muito tempo. Nós já o observamos capturando uma mariposa <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong> porte. Reproduz-se<br />

em barrancos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 230mm, asa 80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 85mm, tarso 12mm, bico<br />

51mm, peso 24g.<br />

Família Bucconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Bucco maculatus maculatus (Gmelin, 1788)<br />

Rapazinho-dos-velhos (Spot-backed Puffbird)<br />

Seu nome <strong>de</strong>riva <strong>de</strong> sua “mansidão”, pois é capaz <strong>de</strong> ficar imóvel no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação, observando tudo<br />

que se passa ao seu redor. Sua coloração e forma lhe fornecem uma perfeita camuflagem e, muitas vezes,<br />

passa <strong>de</strong>spercebido. Utiliza os fios <strong>da</strong> re<strong>de</strong> elétrica nas estra<strong>da</strong>s como pontos <strong>de</strong> observação. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong><br />

insetos, lagartixas e calangos que apanha no solo. Reproduz-se em buracos que escava em barrancos e a sua<br />

postura consiste <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 200mm, asa 74mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm,<br />

tarso 18mm, bico25/33mm, peso 45g.<br />

Família Pici<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Colaptes melanochloros nattereri (Malherbe, 1848)<br />

Pica-pau-ver<strong>de</strong>-barrado (Green-barred Woodpecker)<br />

Habita áreas abertas e bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. O macho tem uma mancha vermelha na mandíbula.<br />

Reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores que perfura, mas também utiliza ninhos artificiais. É comum vê-lo em copas<br />

<strong>de</strong> coqueiros ou no solo buscando alimento. Temos observado a postura <strong>de</strong> três ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca pura.<br />

Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 300mm, asa 170mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 90mm, tarso 25mm, bico 43mm, peso 200g.<br />

Picumnus pygmaeus distinctus (Pinto & Camargo, 1961)<br />

Pica-pau-anão-pintalgado (Spotted Piculet)<br />

É o menor pica-pau <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e tem o dimorfismo sexual muito acentuado: o macho exibe a cor vermelha<br />

na testa e a fêmea tem a cabeça to<strong>da</strong> negra com pintas brancas. Vive normalmente em casal e costuma fazer<br />

seu ninho em troncos podres on<strong>de</strong> perfura uma entra<strong>da</strong>, larga o suficiente para possibilitar sua entra<strong>da</strong> no<br />

interior do ninho. Já observamos um casal usar o mesmo tronco várias vezes, sempre escavando um novo<br />

ninho. Ocorre no cerrado, na Mata Atlântica e na restinga. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 104mm, asa 53mm,<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> 30mm, tarso13mm, bico 10mm, peso 10/13g.


62<br />

Piculus chryrochloros chryrochloros (Vieillot, 1818)<br />

Pica-pau-<strong>da</strong>-copa (Gol<strong>de</strong>n-green Woodpecker)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ocorre tanto na Caatinga, como na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria. O macho possui um “boné” <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha e uma faixa<br />

amarela que sai <strong>da</strong> base do bico até o pescoço <strong>de</strong> cor amarela e a mandíbula <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha. A fêmea possui<br />

o “boné” e uma mancha na mandíbula <strong>de</strong> cor ver<strong>de</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 210mm, asa 114mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />

74mm, tarso 16mm, bico 20mm, peso 50g.<br />

Celeus flavescens interce<strong>de</strong>ns (Hellmayr, 1908)<br />

Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-amarela (Blond-creted Woodpecker)<br />

Ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s ou no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, é uma ave solitária e não abun<strong>da</strong>nte como as duas espécies anteriores.<br />

Os machos possuem uma mancha vermelha na mandíbula. Não admitem a invasão do seu território por<br />

outro indivíduo <strong>da</strong> própria espécie. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 245mm, asa 140mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 140mm, tarso<br />

23mm, bico 25, peso 95g.<br />

Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus (Reichenbach, 1854)<br />

Pica-pauzinho-anão (Little Woodpecker)<br />

Possui as coberteiras superiores <strong>da</strong>s asas salpica<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> amarelo. O topo <strong>da</strong> cabeça dos machos é <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha.<br />

Ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total150mm, asa<br />

76//80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 52/57mm, tarso 17mm, bico 15mm, peso 20/26g<br />

Campephilus melanoleucos cearae (Cory, 1915)<br />

Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-topete-vermelho (Crimson-crested Woodpecker)<br />

Essa espécie é rara e dificilmente vista. Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a Dryocopus lineatus, po<strong>de</strong> ser confundi<strong>da</strong> com<br />

ela. Difere porque possui o mento negro e não branco como a D. lineatus. O topete <strong>da</strong> fêmea é <strong>de</strong> cor negra e<br />

o do macho é todo vermelho. Costuma escavar buracos em troncos <strong>de</strong> Craibeira, on<strong>de</strong> faz o seu ninho. Esses<br />

ocos são utilizados por outras aves tais como: Otus choliba, Glaucidium brasilianum, Falco sparverius e Amazonas<br />

amazonas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 270mm, asa 122mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 95mm, tarso 24mm, bico 23mm,<br />

peso 73g.<br />

Família Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Taraba major stagura (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />

Choró-boi (Great Antshrike)<br />

Espécie <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong> porte, apresenta dimorfismo sexual bem acentuado: os machos têm a parte superior <strong>de</strong> cor<br />

negra e a parte inferior <strong>de</strong> cor branca, e as fêmeas têm a parte superior <strong>de</strong> cor ferrugínea e a parte inferior <strong>de</strong><br />

cor branca suja, sendo que ambos os sexos possuem olhos vermelhos. Na Caatinga, ocorre longe <strong>da</strong> água.


63<br />

Sakesphorus cristatus (Wied, 1831)<br />

Choca-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste (Silvery-cheeked Antshrike)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

O macho tem o dorso pardo e o topete negro, enquanto que a fêmea tem o topete cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem. A garganta<br />

e o pescoço anterior do macho são negros. Ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, sendo um pássaro comum na Caatinga<br />

do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 150mm, asa 60mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 24mm, bico<br />

15mm, peso 16/18g.<br />

Thamnophilus pelzeni (Hellmayr, 1924)<br />

Choca-bate-cabo (Planalto Slaty-antshrike)<br />

Ocorre nas restingas altas do Litoral Norte, <strong>de</strong> Sauípe a Mangue Seco. O macho é <strong>de</strong> cor cinza com “boné”<br />

preto e a fêmea é marrom claro com “boné” <strong>de</strong> cor castanha. Ocorre também na Caatinga do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />

Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 153, asa 65mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 58mm, tarso 23mm, bico 16mm, peso 18g.<br />

Thaminophilus doliatus capistratus (Lesson, 1840)<br />

Choca-listra<strong>da</strong> (Barred Antshrike)<br />

O macho tem o corpo negro barrado <strong>de</strong> branco e o corpo <strong>da</strong> fêmea é <strong>de</strong> cor par<strong>da</strong>. É um pássaro bastante comum<br />

na Caatinga, on<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>mos observá-lo sempre em casal, <strong>de</strong>slocando-se no interior <strong>da</strong> caatinga. Macho e<br />

fêmea estão sempre se comunicando através <strong>de</strong> chamados específicos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 183mm,<br />

asa 80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 73mm, tarso 24mm, bico 16mm, peso 30g.<br />

Myrmochilus strigilatus strigilatus (Wied, 1831)<br />

Piu-piu (Striped-backed Antibird)<br />

É uma ave típica <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, on<strong>de</strong> o seu canto é um dos mais conhecidos pelos caboclos. É conhecido pelo<br />

nome vulgar <strong>de</strong> “tem-farinha-ai?”. O macho tem a garganta negra e a fêmea tem o peito estriado. Procuram o<br />

seu alimento no solo <strong>da</strong> caatinga. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 164mm, asa 63mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 30mm,<br />

bico 16mm, peso 19g.<br />

Herpsilochomus pectoralis (Sclater, 1857)<br />

Chorozinho-<strong>de</strong>-papo-preto (Pectoral Antwren)<br />

É uma espécie endêmica na Caatinga e está lista<strong>da</strong> como ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção. O macho tem uma mancha<br />

negra no papo. Esta espécie ocorre tanto na caatinga baixa, como nas matas <strong>de</strong> galeria. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />

total 135mm, asa 51mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm, tarso 20mm, bico 13mm, peso 10/12g.<br />

Herpsilochomus sellowi (Whitney & Pacheco, 2000)<br />

Consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> como ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção, essa espécie foi registra<strong>da</strong> tanto na Caatinga, como nas matas <strong>de</strong><br />

galeria.


64<br />

Formicivora melanogaster bahiae (Hellmayr, 1909)<br />

Formigueiro-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-preta (Black-billed Antwren)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Espécie muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a F. grisea, no entanto, a sua cor negra é mais intensa que a <strong>da</strong> fêmea que é facilmente<br />

reconheci<strong>da</strong> porque tem a barriga branca. Difere portanto <strong>da</strong> F. grisea que tem a barriga par<strong>da</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento total 135mm, asa 50mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm, tarso 20mm, bico 11mm, peso 10g.<br />

Família <strong>da</strong>s Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Furnarius leucopus assimilis (Cabanis & Heine, 1859)<br />

Casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro-amarelo (Pale-legeed Hornero)<br />

Esta espécie vive próxima <strong>da</strong> água em córregos e lagos, e possui uma gran<strong>de</strong> faixa branca que sai do loro e<br />

passa pelo olho indo até a nuca. A ponta <strong>da</strong> sua cau<strong>da</strong> é negra. O seu ninho po<strong>de</strong> ser semelhante ao <strong>da</strong> F. rufus,<br />

mas também po<strong>de</strong> ocupar ninhos abandonados <strong>da</strong> Pseudoseisura cristata.<br />

Synallaxis frontalis frontalis (Pelzeln, 1859)<br />

Petrim (Sooty-fronted Spinatail)<br />

Aparece na Caatinga e na capoeira, possuindo “boné”, asa e cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor castanha. Po<strong>de</strong> ser observa<strong>da</strong> sozinha<br />

ou em casal, buscando alimento no substrato inferior <strong>da</strong> mata. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 155mm, asa<br />

72mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 20mm, tarso 20mm, bico 10mm, peso 12g.<br />

Synallaxis albescens albescens (Temminck, 1823)<br />

Ui-pi (Pale-breasted Spinetal)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga, embora não seja muito comum. Tanto po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer em áreas secas, como na proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong> fontes <strong>de</strong> água. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 170mm, asa 56mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 93mm, tarso 20mm, bico 12mm,<br />

peso 14g.<br />

Synallaxis strigilatus strigilatus (Temminck, 1823)<br />

Uipí (Pale-breasted Spinetail)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga, próximo às áreas alagadiças. Uma característica <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie é uma pequena mancha<br />

preta na garganta, visível somente quando a ave está cantando.<br />

Synallaxis scutatus scutatus (Sclater, 1859)<br />

Estrelinha-preta (Ocher-cheeked Spinetail)<br />

Habita o estrato inferior <strong>da</strong> floresta e o seu canto imita o canto <strong>de</strong> um indivíduo <strong>da</strong> espécie S. frontalis. Possui<br />

uma mancha negra na garganta branca e possui uma faixa superciliar <strong>de</strong> cor branca. O seu ninho é construído<br />

<strong>de</strong> gravetos e bem próximo ao solo, tendo a forma <strong>de</strong> um gran<strong>de</strong> cesto, com uma entra<strong>da</strong> na parte superior.


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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

É muito semelhante ao ninho <strong>da</strong> espécie C. cinnamomea. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 130mm, asa 50mm,<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> 55mm, peso 10g.<br />

Gyalophylax hellmayri (Reiser, 1905)<br />

João-chique-chique (Red-shoul<strong>de</strong>red Spinetail)<br />

Espécie ameaça<strong>da</strong>, endêmica do Nor<strong>de</strong>ste, possui a cau<strong>da</strong> longa e gradua<strong>da</strong> e possui uma faixa <strong>de</strong> cor castanha<br />

sobre a asa. A garganta apresenta uma nódoa negra. O seu ninho é uma gran<strong>de</strong> aglomeração <strong>de</strong> espinhos e<br />

habita no solo <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, on<strong>de</strong> busca alimento.<br />

Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis (Cory, 1916)<br />

Curutié (Yellow-chinned Spinetail)<br />

Vive sempre perto <strong>da</strong> água, dos lagos, <strong>da</strong> beira dos rios e <strong>da</strong>s áreas alagadiças. Vive em casal e costuma cantar<br />

em dueto. O curutié possui uma mancha amarela na garganta que é difícil <strong>de</strong> ser vista. O seu ninho é um<br />

amontoado <strong>de</strong> gravetos, po<strong>de</strong>ndo a entra<strong>da</strong> estar situa<strong>da</strong> na parte inferior. Essa entra<strong>da</strong> é em forma <strong>de</strong> tubo.<br />

Costuma remover as fezes dos filhotes do interior do ninho, e levá-las para longe.<br />

Phacellodomus rufifrons rufifrons (Wied, 1821)<br />

João-<strong>de</strong>-pau (Common Thornbird)<br />

Esse pássaro é reconhecido pelo ninho que constrói com gravetos pendurados e que po<strong>de</strong> variar bastante <strong>de</strong><br />

tamanho. O casal constrói o novo ninho sobre o ninho anterior, <strong>da</strong>í os ninhos serem gran<strong>de</strong>s e volumosos.<br />

Costuma ter um ninho reserva na parte superior, que serve como local <strong>de</strong> dormi<strong>da</strong>. O ninho é confeccionado <strong>de</strong><br />

gravetos cheios <strong>de</strong> espinhos. Apesar dos ninhos serem construídos muitas vezes em locais altos, os pássaros<br />

vivem no solo em casais, e buscam alimento <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s folhagens secas. Costumam remover as fezes dos<br />

filhotes do interior do ninho, levando-as para longe.<br />

Pseudoseisura cristata (Spix, 1824)<br />

Casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro (Rufous Cacholote)<br />

Semelhantes aos <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior, os ninhos <strong>de</strong>ssa ave chamam a atenção. Po<strong>de</strong>mos encontrar vários ninhos<br />

numa mesma árvore, constantemente visitados por diversos indivíduos. O ninho é construído <strong>de</strong> gravetos, às<br />

vezes tão gran<strong>de</strong>s, que a ave tem dificul<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> em carregá-los para o ninho. Em certa ocasião, presenciamos um<br />

individuo <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie tentando carregar uma gran<strong>de</strong> pena primária <strong>de</strong> um urubu e sempre que voava, era<br />

impulsionado para trás pela força do vento. Os filhotes, antes <strong>de</strong> abandonarem o ninho, possuem a testa <strong>de</strong><br />

cor acinzenta<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Xenops rutilans rutilans (Temminck, 1821)<br />

Bico-virado-carijó (Streaked Xenops )<br />

Semelhante ao X. minutus, po<strong>de</strong> às vezes ocorrer juntos na mesma mata. Difere <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior por ser


66<br />

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maior e porque a parte inferior do corpo é estria<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> branco. O comportamento <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie assemelha-se<br />

ao <strong>da</strong> anterior. Peso 11g.<br />

Megaxenops parnaguae (Reiser, 1905)<br />

Bico-virado-<strong>da</strong>-Caatinga (Great Xenops)<br />

Uma <strong>da</strong>s características mais marcantes <strong>de</strong>sse pássaro, é a forma do seu bico. É forte e arrebitado, assemelhando-se<br />

aos bicos do gênero Xenops. Possui a plumagem cor-<strong>de</strong>-canela e a garganta <strong>de</strong> cor branca. Anteriormente,<br />

essa espécie estava lista<strong>da</strong> como ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção por falta <strong>de</strong> informações sobre seu status, mas<br />

não é rara na Caatinga do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 165mm, tarso 18mm, bico 15mm,<br />

peso 26g.<br />

Família <strong>da</strong>s Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri (Helmayr, 1917)<br />

Arapaçu-ver<strong>de</strong> (Olivaceous Woodcreeper)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga e na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria. É uma espécie muito comum, po<strong>de</strong>ndo ser observa<strong>da</strong> pousa<strong>da</strong> verticalmente<br />

nos troncos <strong>da</strong>s árvores ou se locomovendo <strong>de</strong> uma árvore para a outra. Possui o dorso ver<strong>de</strong> e uma<br />

mancha negra nas asas, que é bem visível quando a ave voa. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 67mm,<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> 65mm, tarso 15mm, bico 11mm, peso 12/14g.<br />

Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae (Bangs & Pernard)<br />

Arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-branco (Straight-billed Woodcreeper)<br />

É uma espécie comum na Caatinga. Reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores e em ninhos artificiais <strong>de</strong> PVC. Esta ave<br />

coloca várias cascas <strong>de</strong> árvore secas no interior do ninho. Os ovos são dois, geralmente <strong>de</strong> cor branca, pesando<br />

5,6g e medindo 26 X 19 mm. O período <strong>de</strong> incubação é <strong>de</strong> 18 dias. Os filhotes nascem com uma plumagem<br />

negra cobrindo o dorso e o alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça. O bico e o interior do bico são <strong>de</strong> cor amarelo forte, mas, com o<br />

passar do tempo, são tingidos <strong>de</strong> vermelho. Os filhotes, antes <strong>de</strong> abandonarem o ninho, se comunicam com os<br />

pais emitindo sons muito característicos.<br />

Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae (Hellmayr, 1903)<br />

Arapaçu-do-cerrado (Norrow-billed Woodcreeper)<br />

Esta espécie ocorre no cerrado e na restinga do Litoral Norte, sempre ocupando locais on<strong>de</strong> as árvores são<br />

esparsas. Possui uma gran<strong>de</strong> faixa supra-ocular e a parte inferior é <strong>de</strong> cor branca pura. Esta ave é observa<strong>da</strong>,<br />

muitas vezes, <strong>de</strong>slocando-se <strong>de</strong> uma árvore para outra em campo aberto. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 220mm,<br />

asa 95mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 82mm, tarso 20mm, bico 34mm, peso 30g.


67<br />

Lepidocolaptes fuscus brevirostris (Pinto, 1938)<br />

Arapaçu-rajado (Lesser Woodcreeper)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ocorre na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria <strong>da</strong> Caatinga alta e possui uma gran<strong>de</strong> mancha superciliar amarela<strong>da</strong>. Ocorre associa<strong>da</strong><br />

a bandos mistos, em diversos estratos <strong>da</strong> floresta. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 225mm, asa 90mm,<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> 74mm, tarso 20mm, bico 33mm, peso 32g.<br />

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris omissus (Pinto, 1933)<br />

Arapaçu-beija-flor (Curve-billed Scythebill)<br />

Possui o bico gran<strong>de</strong>, curvado e <strong>de</strong> cor avermelha<strong>da</strong>. Ocorre na Caatinga <strong>de</strong>nsa do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina e vive<br />

solitária ou em casal, buscando o seu alimento nos troncos <strong>da</strong>s árvores. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 250mm,<br />

asa 98mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 80mm, tarso 20mm, bico 55mm, peso 38g.<br />

Família <strong>da</strong>s Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Camptostoma obsoletum cinerascens (Wied, 1831)<br />

Risadinha (Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga e na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria, nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas e nos jardins. Um dos seus cantos é muito característico<br />

e assemelha-se a uma “risa<strong>da</strong>”, e o outro se parece com o canto <strong>da</strong> Euphonia chlorotica. Vive sempre<br />

em casal e po<strong>de</strong> freqüentar os mais diversos estratos <strong>da</strong> floresta, vivendo quase ao nível do solo na Caatinga.<br />

Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 110mm, asa 48mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 37mm, tarso 13mm, bico 8mm, peso 7g.<br />

Phaeomyias murina murina (Spix, 1825)<br />

Bagageiro (Mouse-colored Tyrannulet)<br />

É uma espécie muito difícil <strong>de</strong> ser observa<strong>da</strong>, porque vive junto à espécie Elaenia cristata na Caatinga e nas<br />

bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas e não é abun<strong>da</strong>nte. Po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer inclusive nos jardins. Possue duas faixas <strong>de</strong> cor marrom nas<br />

coberteiras <strong>da</strong>s asas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 140mm, asa 64mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 32mm, bico 10mm, peso 11g.<br />

Sublegatus mo<strong>de</strong>stus mo<strong>de</strong>stus (Wied, 1831)<br />

Sertanejo (Southern Scrub-Flycatcher)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga rala, sendo rara. Parece uma pequena Elaenia, no entanto, não possui topete, e tem uma<br />

pequena mancha branca atrás do olho, o mento é cinza e a barriga amarela. Possui duas faixas brancas na asa.<br />

Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 130mm, asa 55mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 55mm, tarso 18mm, bico 9mm, peso 9g.<br />

Myiopagis viridicata viridicata (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

(Greenish Elaenia)<br />

Tem o ventre amarelado e um penacho amarelo no alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça. Na Caatinga, essa espécie é migratória,


68<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

ocorrendo em gran<strong>de</strong>s grupos que se juntam à espécie Elaenia albiceps, também migratória. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />

total 130mm, asa 61mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 55mm, bico 7mm, peso 14g.<br />

Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822)<br />

Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-amarela (Yellow-belli<strong>de</strong>d Elaenia)<br />

É uma espécie muito comum e ocorre em diversos ecossistemas. Possui um topete branco que, muitas vezes, é<br />

tão diminuto que só é visto quando o pássaro está nas nossas mãos. O seu canto é bem característico e ocorre<br />

com outras espécies do gênero, como a Elaenia cristata. Possui duas faixas brancas nas asas. O seu ninho é em<br />

forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e po<strong>de</strong> assemelhar-se aos ninhos <strong>de</strong> beija-flores confeccionados <strong>de</strong> teias <strong>de</strong> aranha e líquens. A<br />

sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos brancos com diversas manchas <strong>de</strong> cor marrom nos pólos, pesando em média<br />

2.9 g e medindo 21mm X 16mm. O filhote nasce coberto por uma plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor cinza. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />

total 173mm, asa 82mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 67mm, tarso 20mm, bico 11mm, peso 23g.<br />

Elaenia cristata cristata (Pelzeln, 1868)<br />

Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-topete-uniforme (Plain-crested Elaenia)<br />

Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie anterior, inclusive convivendo com ela no mesmo habitat, difere pelo seu canto<br />

e por não possuir o penacho na cor branca, e sim, na cor escura. O seu ninho é construído em forquilhas e é<br />

menos elaborado que o <strong>de</strong> E. flavogaster. É a espécie mais comum e abun<strong>da</strong>nte na restinga e alimenta-se <strong>de</strong><br />

vários frutos ali existentes. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 155mm, asa 65mm, cau<strong>da</strong> , tarso 18mm, bico 10mm,<br />

peso 17g.<br />

Elaenia albiceps chilensis (Hellmayr, 1927)<br />

Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-crista-branca (White-crested Elaenia)<br />

Elaenia albiceps é um migrante austral que viaja do Cone Sul até os An<strong>de</strong>s colombianos e Região Amazônica<br />

(Sick, 1997). Os nossos <strong>da</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> captura e <strong>de</strong> observação <strong>da</strong> espécie na Caatinga do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (Jeremoabo)<br />

<strong>de</strong>tectaram essa espécie entre os meses <strong>de</strong> abril, maio e junho <strong>de</strong> 2002, o que indica o pico <strong>de</strong> migração<br />

<strong>da</strong> espécie na região. Depois <strong>de</strong>sse período, as aves abandonaram a área por completo. Nas campanhas <strong>de</strong><br />

anilhamento realiza<strong>da</strong>s no mês <strong>de</strong> fevereiro <strong>de</strong> 2003, capturamos quatro aves <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie na floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidual,<br />

sugerindo que alguns indivíduos chegam à região em meados <strong>de</strong> fevereiro. Nas campanhas <strong>de</strong> anilhamento<br />

realiza<strong>da</strong>s no ano <strong>de</strong> 2002 na Serra Branca, <strong>de</strong> abril a junho foram captura<strong>da</strong>s e anilha<strong>da</strong>s 228 aves<br />

<strong>de</strong>sta espécie. Nossos <strong>da</strong>dos preliminares apontam para uma extensão temporal <strong>da</strong> espécie durante a migração<br />

para a região Nor<strong>de</strong>ste, que, segundo Marini e Cavalcanti (1990), são entre maio e julho. É bem característica<br />

por causa <strong>da</strong> gran<strong>de</strong> quanti<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> branco no topete, no entanto, os jovens, muitas vezes, po<strong>de</strong>m não possui-lo.<br />

Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 72mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 18mm, bico 9mm, peso 17g.<br />

Elaenia spectabillis espectabilis (Pelzeln, 1868)<br />

Guaracava-gran<strong>de</strong> (Large Elaenia)<br />

Pássaro <strong>de</strong> porte gran<strong>de</strong>, topete pequeno e raramente branco, possui no entanto, três faixas esbranquiça<strong>da</strong>s na<br />

asa. Ocorre tanto na Caatinga, como na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria.


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Stigmatura napensis (Chpman, 1926)<br />

Papa-mosca-do-sertão<br />

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É uma espécie muito comum no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer tanto na Caatinga rala, como na Caatinga<br />

fecha<strong>da</strong>. Possui pernas altas e finas, cau<strong>da</strong> longa e gradua<strong>da</strong>, o peito é amarelado. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

135mm, asa. 62mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 16mm, bico 10mm, peso 11g.<br />

Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)<br />

Sebinho-<strong>de</strong>-olho-<strong>de</strong>-ouro (Pearly-vented tody-Tyrant)<br />

Habita a Caatinga do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. A coloração do olho po<strong>de</strong> ser bastante varia<strong>da</strong>: os jovens possuem<br />

os olhos escuros e já observamos adultos, no período reprodutivo, com olhos <strong>de</strong> cor amarelo-laranja. O seu<br />

ninho é pendurado, semelhante ao do Todirostrum, no entanto, é construído bem próximo ao solo. Em certa<br />

ocasião, pu<strong>de</strong>mos acompanhar um casal <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> a construção do seu ninho até perto <strong>da</strong> eclosão<br />

dos ovos. Esse casal mostrou-se bastante atípico: o ninho foi fixado num pé <strong>de</strong> cactus, distante cerca <strong>de</strong> 10<br />

cm do solo, em uma área aberta e muito ensolara<strong>da</strong>. Observamos que o casal só realizava o choco durante os<br />

horários em que o sol tinha baixado e a temperatura caído, <strong>de</strong> 16:00 h <strong>de</strong> um dia até 08:300 do dia seguinte.<br />

Medimos a temperatura <strong>da</strong> areia (o ninho em questão foi construído em uma duna) durante o horário do sol<br />

quente e observamos que a temperatura do solo estava em torno <strong>de</strong> 60 C e a temperatura no interior do ninho<br />

estava em <strong>de</strong> 38º C. Acompanhamos a incubação por cerca <strong>de</strong> 20 dias e <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>de</strong>sse período <strong>de</strong> tempo, o casal<br />

abandonou o ninho. Quando abrimos os ovos, os filhotes já estavam próximos <strong>de</strong> eclodir. É preciso estu<strong>da</strong>r<br />

mais esse fenômeno em condições semelhantes, para chegarmos a uma conclusão se este foi um fato isolado<br />

ou se realmente essas aves se utilizam <strong>da</strong> temperatura do sol para economizar energia. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />

total 110mm, asa 45mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 35mm, tarso 20mm, bico 11mm, peso 7g.<br />

Todirostrum cinereum cearae (Cory, 1916)<br />

Relógio (Commom Tody-Flycatcher)<br />

Durante o período <strong>de</strong> estudo, <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>zembro a março, foi-nos possível localizar 23 ninhos <strong>da</strong> espécie T. cinereum<br />

e colher <strong>da</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> 22. Um dos ninhos que estava a 8m do solo, fixado e colocado em um dos ramos <strong>de</strong><br />

Pitecelobium sp, e foi o único que não foi sistematicamente acompanhado, nem manipulado para aferição dos<br />

<strong>da</strong>dos morfométricos dos ovos ou dos filhotes. Cherie (1890) apresentou <strong>da</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> ninhos acompanhados entre<br />

abril a maio na Costa Rica. Skutch (1930) encontrou ninhos entre março e junho no Panamá, Haverschimidt<br />

(1978) acompanhou ninhos <strong>de</strong> julho a agosto no Suriname. Richmond apud Skutch (1930) relata ninhos com<br />

ovos em março na Nicarágua e Carriker apud Skutch (1930) registrou ninhos entre abril a julho na Costa Rica.<br />

Cruz & Andrews registraram a ocorrência <strong>de</strong> 52 ninhos na Venezuela <strong>de</strong> maio a outubro, com picos <strong>de</strong> junho<br />

(N=26) a agosto (N=15).<br />

Como relatado por Skutch, (1960), a construção <strong>de</strong> ninhos na área <strong>da</strong> Cetrel para 20 casais, foi realiza<strong>da</strong> por<br />

dois indivíduos. A ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> construção <strong>de</strong> ca<strong>da</strong> membro do casal se realizava quando o macho estava<br />

presente e a a fêmea ausente ou vice versa, ou ain<strong>da</strong> simultâneamente, quando ambos estavam presentes no<br />

ninho, realizando a manipulação <strong>de</strong> materiais (Fotos 7, 8, 9, 10 e 11). Outro caso era os dois estarem sobre o<br />

ninho, mas apenas um <strong>de</strong>les trabalhando na construção.<br />

O período <strong>de</strong> construção <strong>da</strong> parte externa do ninho <strong>de</strong> um casal que teve seu ninho pre<strong>da</strong>do, levou 28 dias. A


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partir <strong>de</strong> então, o casal iniciou a conclusão <strong>da</strong> câmara interna. Skutch (1930), apresentando <strong>da</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> ninhos do<br />

Panamá, relatou que a câmara interna tinha sido a parte <strong>de</strong> construção que havia tomado mais tempo.<br />

A construção <strong>de</strong> um outro ninho completo na área <strong>da</strong> Cetrel, levou 32 dias. Nesse mesmo período, uma Columbina<br />

talpacoti construiu seu ninho, incubou e criou seus filhotes. A T. cinereum <strong>de</strong>spen<strong>de</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>rável tempo<br />

durante a reprodução, principalmente com relação à construção do ninho. Segundo Skutch (1960), a média<br />

<strong>de</strong> construção <strong>de</strong> ninhos na América Central é <strong>de</strong> quatro a cinco semanas, embora alguns casais possam levar<br />

menos tempo, principalmente quando a construção se realiza <strong>de</strong>pois do abandono <strong>de</strong> um ninho pre<strong>da</strong>do.<br />

Dos 23 ninhos localizados, 15 estavam totalmente expostos à incidência do sol durante todo o dia e oito eram<br />

protegidos pela vegetação. Com relação à proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> água no raio <strong>de</strong> até 100m, sete foram encontrados<br />

nessa faixa e 16 fora <strong>de</strong>la e apenas três estavam parcialmente sobre uma lâmina <strong>de</strong> água.<br />

Do total <strong>de</strong> ninhos encontrados, 20 foram acompanhados até a pre<strong>da</strong>ção ou vôo dos filhotes. Desses, em 2<br />

<strong>de</strong>les (10%), os adultos obtiveram sucesso, 12 (60%) foram pre<strong>da</strong>dos, cinco (20%) foram abandonados e um<br />

foi encontrado no solo. Do total <strong>de</strong> ninhos consi<strong>de</strong>rados pre<strong>da</strong>dos, em seis <strong>de</strong>les (50%) os ovos sumiram, cinco<br />

(41,7%) já estavam concluídos e sem ovos, e um (01) estava em construção. À exceção <strong>de</strong> um (01) ninho,<br />

todos os outros consi<strong>de</strong>rados pre<strong>da</strong>dos apresentaram modificações na estrutura e na forma, principalmente na<br />

parte externa, sugerindo a manipulação por mamíferos. Entre os mamíferos, os potenciais pre<strong>da</strong>dores nessa<br />

área <strong>de</strong> estudo são: Callithrix jacchus, Di<strong>de</strong>lphis albiventer e possivelmente outros marsupiais menores (Marmosa<br />

sp), além <strong>de</strong> pequenos roedores. Suspeitamos que a Piaya cayana seja também um pre<strong>da</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> ovos<br />

<strong>da</strong> espécie T. cinereum. Outra possibili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> para os agentes modificadores dos ninhos é a presença <strong>de</strong> aves<br />

pilhadoras, como, por exemplo, a Pitangus sulphuratus. É possível que o único ninho com ovos e sem sinais<br />

<strong>de</strong> manipulação, tenha sido pre<strong>da</strong>do por uma serpente.<br />

Mais cinco ninhos concluídos foram abandonados, mas sem nenhum sinal <strong>de</strong> manipulação por pre<strong>da</strong>dor e por<br />

isso não foram consi<strong>de</strong>rados pre<strong>da</strong>dos. Desses ninhos, três estavam vazios, um tinha dois ovos e um filhote e<br />

o terceiro tinha três ovos. Desse ninho, foi encontrado um ovo no solo, mas os adultos permaneceram incubando.<br />

Após quatro dias <strong>de</strong>ste achado, o ninho foi abandonado. Como não havia nenhum vestígio no ninho que<br />

pu<strong>de</strong>sse sugerir a sua remoção por um pre<strong>da</strong>dor, po<strong>de</strong>mos supor que tenham sido removidos pelos adultos. Os<br />

ninhos que foram abandonados sem sinais <strong>de</strong> manipulação por pre<strong>da</strong>dores, é possível que a causa <strong>de</strong> abandono<br />

tenha sido a nossa intervenção <strong>de</strong> inspeção.<br />

Dados morfométricos<br />

De 1991 a 2005, capturou-se e anilhou-se 32 T. cinereum, 10 na área <strong>de</strong> estudo e 22 na área <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, em<br />

Jeremoabo, na Bahia. Abaixo, especificamos <strong>da</strong>dos sobre tais indivíduos. Haverschimidt (1952) encontrou<br />

machos e fêmeas <strong>de</strong> 6.9g a 6.6g, respectivamente, no Suriname.<br />

Tabela 1. Variação média e <strong>de</strong>svio padrão dos <strong>da</strong>dos morfométricos <strong>de</strong> T. cinereum adultos, capturados em<br />

Camaçari e Jeremoabo, na Bahia. Peso em gramas e comprimento em mm.<br />

Peso (N=16)<br />

Asa (N=9)<br />

Retriz (N=7)<br />

Bico (N=9)


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Tarso (N=9)<br />

5,6 ± 0,95<br />

38 ±3<br />

31,5 ± 0,5<br />

12,15 ± 0,25<br />

18,3± 0,2<br />

Ninhos<br />

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A altura média dos ninhos com relação ao solo é <strong>de</strong> 2,6m (± 1,4, N=21). A média dos <strong>da</strong>dos morfométricos<br />

dos ninhos (N=5) é a seguinte: altura <strong>de</strong> 290 mm (±36,05); largura frontal <strong>de</strong> 67,6mm (± 2,5); largura lateral<br />

<strong>de</strong> 85 mm (± 16,86); altura <strong>da</strong> parte superior à entra<strong>da</strong> 105 mm (± 47,1); altura <strong>da</strong> parte abaixo <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong> 189<br />

mm (± 35,07); largura <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong> 27,6mm (± 2,88); altura <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong> 26,6mm (± 4,21). A média <strong>de</strong> peso dos<br />

cinco ninhos é igual a 14,17g (± 1,95).<br />

Os ninhos eram fixados aos ramos secos ou ver<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> 13 espécies botânicas (Tabela 2).<br />

O diâmetro médio <strong>da</strong>s hastes (N=17) é <strong>de</strong> 2,85cm (±1,46). Do total, três ninhos foram fixados à hastes secas e<br />

14 aos ramos ver<strong>de</strong>s. O diâmetro médio <strong>da</strong>s hastes secas é igual a 2,58cm (± 1,24) e dos ramos ver<strong>de</strong>s é igual<br />

a 2,68cm (± 1,29).<br />

A menor distância entre os ninhos ativos é <strong>de</strong> 30m, sendo um dos ninhos com ovo e o outro em construção.<br />

As peças que compõem os ninhos <strong>da</strong> espécie T. cinereum são muito diversas, tanto em tamanho, como em<br />

tipo, e são influencia<strong>da</strong>s pelo ambiente ao redor. Encontramos folhas secas e talos <strong>de</strong> gramíneas, fragmentos e<br />

folhas inteiras <strong>de</strong> Melastomataceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Compositae, fibras <strong>de</strong> Elaeis guineensis L., gavinhas<br />

<strong>de</strong> Passiflora sp, e diversas sementes secas. Raramente registramos material vegetal ver<strong>de</strong> nos ninhos,<br />

mesmo nos recém construídos. Material antrópico foi adicionado para a confecção <strong>de</strong> alguns ninhos, como<br />

algodão, papel e linha <strong>de</strong> nylon.<br />

A câmara interna po<strong>de</strong> ser forra<strong>da</strong> por penas <strong>de</strong> Thraupis sayaca, Anas bahamensis, Columbina talpacoti, Sicalis<br />

flaveola e Fluvicola nengeta. Dois ninhos tiveram suas câmaras internas forra<strong>da</strong>s por um material macio<br />

que reveste as sementes <strong>de</strong> uma planta exótica. A maior peça encontra<strong>da</strong> no ninho <strong>de</strong> T. cinereum foi uma folha<br />

fina <strong>de</strong> gramínea com 59 cm, porém há peças que po<strong>de</strong>m ter menos <strong>de</strong> 1 cm, como, por exemplo, sementes<br />

quase imperceptíveis à observação quando os adultos estão construindo o ninho. Foram encontra<strong>da</strong>s folhas<br />

secas <strong>de</strong> até 35 mm x 25 mm.<br />

Registrou-se a direção <strong>de</strong> entra<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 20 ninhos, dos quais sete (07) apresentaram a orientação <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong><br />

volta<strong>da</strong> para o quadrante I, cinco (05) para o quadrante II e IV e três (03) para o quadrante III.<br />

Ovos, incubação e saí<strong>da</strong> do ninho.<br />

Foram registrados ninhos com três ovos (N=5), dois (N=4) e com um ovo (N=2).<br />

Os <strong>da</strong>dos sobre os ninhos <strong>da</strong> América Central indicam a existência <strong>de</strong> ninhos com três ou dois ovos, sendo o<br />

<strong>de</strong> três o mais comum (Cherie, 1890; Skutch, 1930, 1945, 1960; Haverschimidt, 1978). É possível que os nin-


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hos com um ovo, encontrados na área <strong>da</strong> Cetrel, tenham sido abandonados. A média <strong>de</strong> peso dos ovos (N=26)<br />

era <strong>de</strong> 1,08g (±0,15) e a média <strong>de</strong> comprimento e largura era <strong>de</strong> 16,2mm (±0,95) e 11,5mm (±0,5), respectivamente.<br />

Foi selecionado o ovo <strong>de</strong> um ninho abandonado, para verificar a relação <strong>de</strong> peso entre o ovo completo<br />

e a casca seca, tendo sido obtidos os valores <strong>de</strong> 0,975g e 0,142, respectivamente. Os ovos encontrados eram<br />

brancos, porém, quatro <strong>de</strong>les apresentavam algumas manchas marrons em to<strong>da</strong> a sua superfície.<br />

O período <strong>de</strong> incubação <strong>de</strong> dois ninhos foi <strong>de</strong> 17 dias. Dados <strong>da</strong> América Central registraram 17 e 18 dias<br />

(Skutch, 1930, 1945; Haverschimidt, 1978). O intervalo entre as posturas foi <strong>de</strong> um a dois dias. Os adultos foram<br />

observados durante a incubação no interior do ninho, tanto no período <strong>da</strong> manhã como <strong>da</strong> tar<strong>de</strong> (Foto 27).<br />

Um dos adultos passou a noite no interior do ninho durante a incubação e também quando os filhotes estavam<br />

nos primeiros <strong>de</strong>z dias <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong>. Skutch (1930) relatou que uma fêmea começou a dormir no ninho a partir <strong>da</strong><br />

noite do dia em que colocou o primeiro ovo.<br />

Os filhotes <strong>de</strong> um ninho voaram com 18 dias. Haverschimidt (1978) encontrou o mesmo período, relatando<br />

ain<strong>da</strong> que, com 27 dias os filhotes já estavam se alimentando sozinhos.<br />

Interações interespecíficas<br />

Eupetomena macroura (Foto 33), Chorostilbon aureoventris e Phaethornis pretei pilharam material vegetal <strong>de</strong><br />

dois ninhos em construção.<br />

Foram observa<strong>da</strong>s interações agonísticas <strong>de</strong> T. cinereum contra Thraupis sayaca, Tangara cayana, Eupetomena<br />

macroura e Coereba flaveola, quando estavam na área ao redor do ninho em construção.<br />

T. cinereum pilhou material <strong>de</strong> um ninho abandonado <strong>de</strong> Fluvicola nengeta.<br />

Um ninho em construção foi ocupado por uma Hyla sp. Essa ocupação foi segui<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> abandono <strong>de</strong> ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />

pelo casal.<br />

Manutenção<br />

A T. cinereum tomou um “banho” nas gotas <strong>de</strong> água <strong>de</strong> orvalho que se <strong>de</strong>positaram na parte superior <strong>da</strong>s folhas<br />

<strong>de</strong> uma Byrsonima sp., tendo voado ao encontro <strong>da</strong>s folhas para “molhar” as penas do corpo.<br />

Alimento<br />

A Todirostrum cinereum foi observa<strong>da</strong> ofertando dípteros, Lepidoptera (Hesperii<strong>da</strong>e – Urbanus sp.)<br />

Visitação ao ninho<br />

Para entrar ou sair do ninho, a T. cinereum po<strong>de</strong> fazê-lo diretamente, sem pousar no ninho. No ninho, quando<br />

os filhotes tinham seis dias <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong>, os adultos entraram totalmente no seu interior, para alimentá-los. A partir<br />

disso, a alimentação passou a ser ofereci<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong> do ninho, mas a cabeça e o peito do filhote permaneciam<br />

no interior <strong>da</strong> câmara. Quando os filhotes estavam perto <strong>de</strong> abandonar o ninho (cerca <strong>de</strong> 20 a 18 dias), os<br />

adultos fixaram-se à parte externa do ninho, oferecendo alimento <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Confecção do ninho<br />

Ao construir o ninho, a espécie T. cinereum realiza diversos movimentos acrobáticos ao redor do ramo <strong>de</strong>


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sustentação, ou sobre o ninho, para construir a parte <strong>de</strong> fixação; po<strong>de</strong> também pairar no ar, arrumando ou<br />

colocando mais peças nas partes externas laterais ou inferiores. Para forrar a câmara oológica, a T. cinereum<br />

utiliza-se <strong>de</strong> penas <strong>de</strong> Fluvicola nengeta, Anas bahamensis, Dendrocygna viduata, entre outras. Além disso,<br />

em alguns ninhos, foi encontrado material vegetal que reveste as sementes <strong>de</strong> uma planta introduzi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Um adulto trabalhando na câmara oológica, sem sair do ninho, recebeu material do outro indivíduo que saiu<br />

rapi<strong>da</strong>mente, após a entrega.<br />

Cinco casais que tiveram seus ninhos pre<strong>da</strong>dos entre novembro <strong>de</strong> 2004 e março <strong>de</strong> 2005, iniciaram imediatamente<br />

a construção <strong>de</strong> novos ninhos. Até março, nenhuma <strong>de</strong>ssas tentativas tinha sido bem sucedi<strong>da</strong>. Três casais<br />

iniciaram a nova construção, um dia após a pre<strong>da</strong>ção <strong>de</strong> seus ninhos. Os cinco casais utilizaram a mesma<br />

árvore do ninho anteriormente pre<strong>da</strong>do.<br />

Manifestações sonoras<br />

Ao chegar ao ninho, a T. cinereum po<strong>de</strong> emitir sons ou ficar em silêncio. Há diferenças entre a vocalização <strong>de</strong><br />

um casal. Há ain<strong>da</strong> um outro som que é emitido durante o período <strong>da</strong> visita ao ninho, principalmente quando<br />

os dois indivíduos estão na árvore do ninho.<br />

Filhotes com 14 dias <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong> emitiram sonorização espontaneamente ou quando os adultos estavam próximos<br />

ao ninho. Filhotes com 17 dias, ao serem manipulados, emitiram sons.<br />

A T. cinereum emitiu um terceiro tipo <strong>de</strong> som, quando investiu sobre uma Coereba flaveola, algo parecido com<br />

o som <strong>de</strong> estalo <strong>da</strong>s asas <strong>de</strong> algumas borboletas do gênero Hamadryas.<br />

Filhotes<br />

Um filhote, ao nascer, pesou 0,829g. Apresentou plumas visíveis apenas na região orbital com os olhos<br />

fechados, pele cor <strong>de</strong> laranja clara, bico amarelado, com a parte interna amarela mais escura do que o bico,<br />

órbita gran<strong>de</strong> e proporcional ao tamanho do bico <strong>de</strong> cor cinza escuro. As unhas eram brancas e o tarso e <strong>de</strong>dos<br />

tinham a cor do corpo. Foi –nos possível observar parte <strong>da</strong> re<strong>de</strong> <strong>da</strong> circulação periférica. Os filhotes com 17<br />

dias exibiram a cabeça fora do ninho. Com <strong>de</strong>zoito dias, o filhote já apresentava a plumagem completa do<br />

adulto e a íris escura, tendo apenas alguns canos na região nasal.<br />

De um dos ninhos que obteve sucesso, <strong>de</strong>z dias antes do abandono do primeiro filhote, outro animal retirou<br />

material <strong>da</strong> parte posterior do ninho, tendo contribuído para a que<strong>da</strong> dos três filhotes. Um <strong>de</strong>sses filhotes morreu,<br />

provavelmente em função <strong>da</strong> exposição ao sol; o segundo caiu com 18 dias <strong>de</strong> nascido e já emplumado,<br />

mas sem capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> vôo, tendo sido alimentado por adultos no solo. O terceiro filhote, o mais novo, caiu<br />

com 18 dias, tendo sido também alimentado por adultos no solo. Um dia <strong>de</strong>pois não foi encontrado ao redor<br />

do ninho nenhum dos filhotes. Dois dias <strong>de</strong>pois, observamos o casal construindo um novo ninho na mesma<br />

espécie botânica, o que sugere que seus filhotes tenham sido pre<strong>da</strong>dos fora do ninho.<br />

Parte <strong>da</strong> ontogenia dos três filhotes <strong>de</strong> um ninho é apresenta<strong>da</strong> na seqüência <strong>de</strong> fotos <strong>de</strong> 60 a 65. O <strong>de</strong>senvolvimento<br />

dos três filhotes <strong>de</strong> uma mesma ninha<strong>da</strong>, foi acompanhado até a saí<strong>da</strong> do primeiro filhote. (Figura 1).<br />

Dimorfismo<br />

Um dos membros do casal (N=6) possui uma mancha superciliar amarela, que po<strong>de</strong> começar na parte pos-


74<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

terior acima do olho e esten<strong>de</strong>r-se até o bico ou então unir-se até formar uma única mancha. Essa faixa po<strong>de</strong><br />

ser evi<strong>de</strong>nte ou não. Um indivíduo que apresentou uma mancha evi<strong>de</strong>nte, também possuía o píleo amarelo. O<br />

outro membro do casal não apresentou manchas amarelas É possível que esse aspecto seja distintivo entre o<br />

macho e a fêmea.<br />

Longevi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong><br />

Um indivíduo T. cinereum capturado na área do CETAS em 04/10/2001, foi fotografado na mesma área em<br />

<strong>de</strong>zembro <strong>de</strong> 2004.<br />

Cópula<br />

Foi -nos possível observar duas tentativas <strong>de</strong> cópula no mesmo dia, <strong>de</strong> um casal que estava com o ninho ativo<br />

com um ovo. Os adultos movimentaram-se no interior <strong>de</strong> uma Byrsonima sp, emitindo trinados, quando, a<br />

uma altura <strong>de</strong> 1,50m, num ramo <strong>de</strong> 2cm, o macho subiu na fêmea, vocalizando, a uma distância <strong>de</strong> 2,5m do<br />

ninho. Vinte minutos <strong>de</strong>pois, observamos mais uma cópula, na mesma árvore.<br />

Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus (Wied, 1831)<br />

Barulhento (Pygmy-Tyrant)<br />

É um tiraní<strong>de</strong>o bem pequeno e pardo, com a cor vermelha bem visível no adulto. O jovem não possui a cor<br />

vermelha na cabeça. Ocorre tanto no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, como nos campos sujos e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.<br />

Muitas vezes <strong>de</strong>sce ao solo, em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 100mm, asa 43mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />

38mm, tarso 14mm, bico 7mm, peso 6g.<br />

Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris (Wied, 1831)<br />

Bico-chato-amarelo (Yellow-breasted Flycatcer)<br />

De cor amarela forte, lembrando o canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra, po<strong>de</strong> ser encontrado tanto no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, como<br />

nas suas bor<strong>da</strong>s. Na Caatinga, o seu ninho costuma ser uma bola <strong>de</strong> cor negra. No Litoral Norte <strong>da</strong> Bahia, os<br />

ninhos não são <strong>de</strong> cor negra, mas têm a forma <strong>de</strong> balsa com entra<strong>da</strong> na parte inferior e são na cor marrom por<br />

causa do material disponível na região. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 130mm, asa 58mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm., tarso<br />

16mm, bico 9mm, peso 13g.<br />

Myiobius barbatus mastacalis (Wied, 1821)<br />

Assanhadinho (Sulphur-rumped Flycatcer)<br />

Ocorre na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria e é uma espécie fácil <strong>de</strong> ser reconheci<strong>da</strong> pelo amarelo intenso do seu uropígio que é<br />

visível quando a ave se encontra para<strong>da</strong> ou em movimento. São aves muito ariscas, que estão sempre se movendo.<br />

Ocorrem no estrato inferior <strong>da</strong> floresta. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 138mm, asa 64mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm,<br />

tarso 16mm, bico 10mm, peso 10g.


75<br />

Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />

Verão (Vermilion Flycatcher)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Essa espécie foi registra<strong>da</strong> uma única vez, um indivíduo junto a outro indivíduo <strong>de</strong> T. savana nas dunas do<br />

STIEP, no ano <strong>de</strong> 1988. O segundo registro para o estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia ocorreu no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (Jeremoabo)<br />

em 1989. O macho tem cabeça e o ventre <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha intensa e uma máscara negra cobre os olhos. Fêmea<br />

e jovens são pardos e apresentam traços <strong>de</strong> vermelho ou <strong>de</strong> amarelo nas coberteiras inferiores <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Xolmis irupero nivea (Spix, 1825)<br />

Maria-branca (White Monjita)<br />

Pássaro muito característico, branco com asa e cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor negra. Costuma planar próximo ao solo, para<br />

capturar pequenos insetos. Pousa em postes e na fiação à beira <strong>da</strong> estra<strong>da</strong>. Constróe o seu ninho no interior dos<br />

ocos <strong>da</strong>s árvores.<br />

Knipolegus nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818)<br />

Maria-preta-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-vermelha (Velvety Black-Tyrant)<br />

O macho é todo negro, sem topete e tem uma faixa branca escondi<strong>da</strong> na asa. A fêmea é negra com a garganta<br />

estria<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor castanha. Esta espécie é registra<strong>da</strong> em regiões montanhosas acima <strong>de</strong> 1800 m, po<strong>de</strong>ndo <strong>de</strong>scer à<br />

altitu<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> 100 m, no entanto, no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, freqüenta altitu<strong>de</strong>s inferiores a 300 m. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />

total 170mm, asa 88mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 78mm, tarso 21mm, bico 14mm, peso 18g.<br />

Fluvicola albiventer (Spix, 1825)<br />

Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-<strong>de</strong>-cara-branca (Pied Water -Tyrant)<br />

É uma espécie que se encontra muita a<strong>da</strong>pta<strong>da</strong> à água, ocorrendo na beira <strong>de</strong> rios e nas áreas alagadiças do<br />

Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. O seu ninho é construído em arbustos, mas sempre perto <strong>da</strong> água.<br />

Fluvicola nengeta nengeta (Vieillot, 1824)<br />

Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-mascara<strong>da</strong> (Masked Water-tyrant)<br />

Po<strong>de</strong> viver tanto próximo à água, como longe <strong>de</strong>la. Vive em casal ou em pequenos grupos familiares. O ninho<br />

é uma bola, com entra<strong>da</strong> lateral. A postura consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca com pintas castanhas pesando em<br />

média 2. 2 g, e medindo 19,7 mm X 14,5mm. O ninho po<strong>de</strong> ser parasitado pela espécie Molotrus bonariensis<br />

que é muito maior e mais colori<strong>da</strong> e pesa 3,7 g e me<strong>de</strong> 24 mm X 17 mm. Essa espécie vem colonizando jardins<br />

on<strong>de</strong> há piscinas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 72mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 24mm, bico 14mm,<br />

peso 20g.


76<br />

Fluvicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764.)<br />

Freirinha (White-hea<strong>de</strong>d-Tyrant)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Essa espécie vive exclusivamente perto <strong>da</strong> água, diferindo <strong>da</strong> F. nengeta que também po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer e nidificar<br />

longe <strong>da</strong> água. O macho é todo preto com a cabeça branca e a fêmea e os filhotes são acinzentados. O seu<br />

ninho assemelha-se aos ninhos <strong>da</strong> espécie F. nengeta, e é forrado com penas <strong>de</strong> outros pássaros e sempre<br />

colocado sobre algum suporte na água. A postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca com pequenas pintas<br />

vermelhas. Os filhotes nascem cobertos por uma plumagem longa <strong>de</strong> cor amarela clara, imitando uma lagarta<br />

tóxica. O bico é <strong>de</strong> cor amarela. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 135mm, asa 64mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 44mm, tarso 17mm,<br />

bico 13mm, peso 12g.<br />

Satrapa icterophrys icterophrys (Vieillot, 1818)<br />

Suiriri-pequeno (Yellow-browed Tyrant)<br />

Espécie migratória registra<strong>da</strong> pela primeira vez no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina nas margens do Rio Vasa Barris, no povoado<br />

<strong>de</strong> Água Branca. São pássaros solitários que estão sempre associados à presença <strong>da</strong> água. Apresentam<br />

a cor amarela intensa no supercílio e na parte ventral. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 82mm, tarso<br />

17mm, bico 14mm, peso 18g.<br />

Hirundinea belicosa (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Gibão-<strong>de</strong>-couro (Cliff Flycather)<br />

É uma espécie que vive em regiões <strong>de</strong> escarpas e áreas pedregosas. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos que apanha em<br />

pleno ar e seu ninho é <strong>de</strong>marcado por algumas pedras que a própria ave carrega. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

180mm, asa 100mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 70mm, tarso 12mm, bico 15mm, peso 23g.<br />

Casiornis fusca (Sclater & Salvin, 1873.)<br />

Caneleiro (Ash-throated Casiornis)<br />

Muito parecido com a C. rufa, possui o lado inferior cor <strong>de</strong> enxôfre, e as costas na cor par<strong>da</strong>. Ocorre no interior<br />

<strong>da</strong> Caatinga, não sendo muito comum. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 170mm, asa 81mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 80mm, tarso<br />

19mm, bico 16mm, peso 20g.<br />

Machetornis rixosus (Vieillot, 1808)<br />

Bem-te-vi-do-gado (Cattle Tyrant)<br />

Ocorre em áreas abertas, sendo visto comumente pousado no lombo <strong>de</strong> bois ou <strong>de</strong> cavalos ou ain<strong>da</strong> junto às<br />

patas <strong>de</strong>sses animais, para aproveitar-se dos insetos que os acompanham. Po<strong>de</strong> freqüentar gramados em busca<br />

<strong>de</strong> insetos e acompanhar os cortadores <strong>de</strong> grama, para se aproveitar dos insetos que são afugentados. Constróe<br />

o seu ninho na haste <strong>de</strong> palmeiras.


77<br />

Myiarchus swaisoni pelzelni (Berlepsch, 1883)<br />

Irrê (Swainson’s Flyctcher)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Espécie <strong>de</strong> hábito migratório que ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, vive solitária, constróe seu ninho no interior<br />

<strong>de</strong> ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores.<br />

Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae (Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890)<br />

Maria-cavaleira-<strong>de</strong>-rabo enferrujado (Brown-crested Flycatcher)<br />

Ocorre no interior e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, diferindo <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior por possuir as retrizes, exceto as<br />

centrais, na cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem, coloração essa que também é visível nas primárias. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

210mm, asa 95mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 85mm, tarso 20mm, bico 18mm, peso 26g.<br />

Cnemotriccus fuscataus (Wied, 1831)<br />

Guaracavuçu<br />

Ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, possui uma faixa superciliar esbranquiçados. Posui duas faixas nas asas amaronza<strong>da</strong>s.<br />

É uma espécie relativamente comum no raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total.150mm,<br />

peso 12g.<br />

Pitangus sulphuratus maximillian (Cabanis & Heine, 1859)<br />

Bem-te-vi (Great Kiska<strong>de</strong>e)<br />

É a espécie <strong>de</strong> pássaro mais conheci<strong>da</strong>. Ocorre em todos os habitats do litoral norte, inclusive à beira <strong>da</strong> praia<br />

e nos manguezais. Os adultos possuem o píleo <strong>de</strong> cor amarelo intenso que, às vezes, os jovens possuem. Já<br />

encontramos dois indivíduos adultos, sem nenhuma mancha amarela na cabeça. A sua alimentação é <strong>da</strong>s mais<br />

varia<strong>da</strong>s, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> pequenos peixes capturados nos manguezais até insetos, répteis etc.. O bem-te-vi habita no<br />

centro <strong>da</strong>s gran<strong>de</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s (Salvador) e, muitas vezes, freqüenta os restaurantes dos hotéis espalhados pelo<br />

litoral, eventualmente pilhando a comi<strong>da</strong> dos hóspe<strong>de</strong>s. O seu ninho po<strong>de</strong> ser construído nos mais diversos<br />

locais porque é uma bola confecciona<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> capim. A sua postura po<strong>de</strong> conter <strong>de</strong> dois a quatro ovos <strong>de</strong> cor<br />

branca com pintas <strong>de</strong> cor preta. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 230mm, asa 100mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm, tarso 24mm,<br />

bico 23mm, peso 60g.<br />

Megarhynchus pitangua pitangua (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />

Bem-te-vi-<strong>de</strong>-bico-chato (Boat-billed Flycatcher)<br />

Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie anterior, esta espécie só difere <strong>de</strong>la porque possui um bico gran<strong>de</strong> e largo.<br />

Ocorre em diversos ecossistemas do Litoral Norte: restinga, cerrado e bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas. Po<strong>de</strong> freqüentar<br />

jardins arborizados e seu canto é muito característico. Em certa ocasião, observamos um casal <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie<br />

apanhando gravetos para confeccionar o seu ninho. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 245mm, asa 115mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />

82mm, tarso 19mm, bico 30mm, peso 50g.


78<br />

Myiozetetes similis similis (Spix, 1825)<br />

Bem-te-vizinho (Social Flycatcher)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a P. sulphuratus, porém menor e o seu píleo é avermelhado e não amarelo. Ocorre na<br />

bor<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e próximo à fontes <strong>de</strong> água. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 173mm, asa 86mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 70mm,<br />

tarso 19mm, bico 14mm, peso 26g.<br />

Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Bem-te-vi-rajado (Streaked Flycatcher)<br />

Ocorre, tanto no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, como nas suas bor<strong>da</strong>s. O seu porte é gran<strong>de</strong> e a sua barriga é estria<strong>da</strong>. O<br />

uropígio e as retrizes são na cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem. Em ambientes <strong>de</strong> Caatinga, essa espécie é muito comum (Raso<br />

<strong>da</strong> Catarina). Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 225mm, asa 100mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 84mm, tarso 20mm, bico 22mmm,<br />

peso 54g.<br />

Tyrannus savana savana (Vieillot, 1807)<br />

Tesoura (Fork-tailed Flycatcher)<br />

É uma espécie migratória muito característica, <strong>de</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> longa e bifurca<strong>da</strong>. Chega em novembro à região do<br />

cerrado em Camaçari e lá permanece até meados <strong>de</strong> abril, quando então <strong>de</strong>saparece. Ocorre inclusive em<br />

Salvador (dunas do STIEP). Essa espécie chega à região para reproduzir, registro esse que nunca foi anteriormente<br />

mencionado. O ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e construído sobre um galho grosso. A sua postura consta<br />

<strong>de</strong> três ovos na cor branca, com várias manchas <strong>de</strong> cor marrom. Observamos que grupos contendo até 50 indivíduos<br />

utilizam dormitórios coletivos.<br />

Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Suiriri (Tropical Kingbird)<br />

É uma <strong>da</strong>s espécies mais comuns e abun<strong>da</strong>ntes e ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas, no cerrado e na restinga do<br />

Litoral Norte. O seu ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela que po<strong>de</strong> ser construído distante <strong>de</strong> diversas alturas do solo, <strong>de</strong><br />

dois a <strong>de</strong>z metros. A postura consiste <strong>de</strong> dois ovos brancos com diversas manchas <strong>de</strong> cor castanha. Os filhotes<br />

nascem cobertos por uma plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor amarela clara e o seu bico é amarelo. Muito semelhante à espécie<br />

a seguir, difere <strong>de</strong>sta apenas porque não possui a garganta branca. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 210mm, asa<br />

90mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm, tarso 20mm, bico 20mm, peso 25g.<br />

Empidonomus varius rufinus (Spix, 1825)<br />

Poitica (Variegated Flycatcher)<br />

É uma espécie muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com o bem-te-vi-pirata (Legatus leucophaius), no entanto, é maior e vive tanto<br />

no interior, como nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. É muito comum no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

180mm, peso 25g.


79<br />

Suiriri suiriri bahiae (Berlepsch, 1893)<br />

Suiriri-cinzento (Chaco Suiriri)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tem a garganta e o peito esbranquiçados, o ventre é amarelo e possui uma faixa escura que sai do bico e se<br />

prolonga até trás dos olhos. A cau<strong>da</strong> é ligeiramente bifurca<strong>da</strong> e asa possui duas faixas <strong>de</strong> cor amarela<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus (Thunerg, 1905)<br />

Piolhinho (Planalto Tyrannulet)<br />

De porte pequeno, tem a garganta e o peito <strong>de</strong> cor cinza claro e uma faixa negra por trás dos olhos. O ventre<br />

é amarelado e a cabeça po<strong>de</strong> ser <strong>de</strong> cor cinza escuro, contrastando com o resto do corpo. Costuma planar <strong>de</strong>baixo<br />

<strong>de</strong> pequenos frutos <strong>de</strong> on<strong>de</strong> retira seu alimento; freqüenta as bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.<br />

Pachyramphus viridis viridis (Vieillot, 1816)<br />

Caneleiro-ver<strong>de</strong> (Gree-backed Becard)<br />

O bico largo e o dimorfismo sexual acentuado são características <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie: o macho tem a nuca cinzenta,<br />

a garganta branca, o peito amarelo e o encontro na cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem. A fêmea tem píleo ver<strong>de</strong>, costas e coberteiras<br />

superiores <strong>da</strong>s asas em castanha. Ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> mata e nas capoeiras. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

150mm, asa 70mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 18mm, peso 18g.<br />

Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus (Vieiillot, 1818)<br />

Caneleiro-preto (White-winged Becard)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga alta. O macho tem a coloração preta metálica, enquanto a fêmea possue o píleo na cor <strong>de</strong><br />

ferrugem, as pontas <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> também na cor ferrugem e as partes inferiores em amarelo. O bico é chato e esta<br />

espécie po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer também no estrato baixo <strong>da</strong>s florestas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 75mm,<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> 55mm, tarso 18mm, bico 12mm, peso 20g.<br />

Família Pipri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Neopelma pallescens (Lafresnaye, 1853)<br />

Fruxu-do-cerradão (Pale-bellied Tyrant-manakin)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga alta e tem o píleo e a íris amarelados. Costuma emitir um som semelhante a uma rã e gosta<br />

<strong>de</strong> pousar isola<strong>da</strong> no poleiro. Ocorre no estrato médio <strong>da</strong> floresta. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 150mm, asa<br />

73mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 63mm, peso 16g.


80<br />

ORDEM DOS PASSERIFORMES<br />

Subor<strong>de</strong>m Oscines<br />

Família Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Tachycineta albiventer (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />

Andorinha-do-rio (White-winged Swallow)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

É uma espécie típica <strong>da</strong> beira dos rios, lagoas e áreas alagadiças e sobrevoa a lâmina <strong>de</strong> água em busca <strong>de</strong><br />

alimento (insetos), diferindo <strong>da</strong> espécie posterior por causa do uropígio e <strong>de</strong> uma larga faixa branca nas asas.<br />

Po<strong>de</strong> ser encontra<strong>da</strong> junto a várias espécies <strong>de</strong>ssa família, inclusive a posterior. Os jovens têm cores páli<strong>da</strong>s.<br />

Costuma pousar em galhos ou outros artefatos próximos à água. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento tota 140, asa 96mm,<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> 38mm, tarso 11mm, bico 11mm, peso 20g.<br />

Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Andorinha-<strong>de</strong>-sobre- branco (White-rumped Swallow)<br />

Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie anterior, difere no entanto por não possuir branco nas asas e nem no uropígio.<br />

Apresenta um <strong>de</strong>senho branco sobre o loro. É uma espécie migratória que aparece em <strong>de</strong>terminado período do<br />

ano e logo <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>de</strong>saparece. Costuma pousar em galhos secos, em pequenos grupos.<br />

Phaeoprogne tapera tapera (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />

Andorinha-do-campo (Brown-chested Martin)<br />

Espécie resi<strong>de</strong>nte que difere <strong>da</strong> anterior por não possuir pintas <strong>de</strong> cor negra no peito. Veja a subespécie a seguir.<br />

Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 166mm, asa 120mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 56mm, tarso 13mm, bico 11mm, peso 30g.<br />

Phaeoprogne tapera fusca (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Andorinha-do-campo (Brown-chested Martin)<br />

Em maio <strong>de</strong> 1999, uma concentração forma<strong>da</strong> por Phaeoprogne t. tapera, P. t. fusca, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis<br />

e Progne chalybea domestica começou a formar-se, com aproxima<strong>da</strong>mente 100.000 indivíduos, para pernoitar<br />

em árvores localiza<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> um quadrado formado por prédios, na área <strong>da</strong> Caraíba Metais. As ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />

si<strong>de</strong>rurgicas <strong>de</strong>senvolvi<strong>da</strong>s pela empresa, com fornos operando a altas temperaturas, condicionaram um microclima<br />

local com temperaturas <strong>de</strong> 4 a 12° C, superiores à média <strong>da</strong> região. Os prédios que circun<strong>da</strong>m as<br />

árvores, funcionam como uma barreira contra o vento, que, por sua vez, diminui a dissipação do calor local,<br />

permitindo maior capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> acumulativa <strong>da</strong> temperatura, <strong>de</strong>vido à estrutura em concreto dos prédios. O conjunto<br />

<strong>de</strong>ssas condições fornece uma zona <strong>de</strong> conforto térmico para o pernoite <strong>da</strong>s andorinhas. Em agosto <strong>de</strong><br />

1999, a área <strong>de</strong>ixou <strong>de</strong> ser utiliza<strong>da</strong> para pernoite. De maio a agosto <strong>de</strong> 1999, anilharam-se 2. 954 aves, sendo<br />

1. 555 <strong>da</strong> espécie P. t. tapera e 974 <strong>da</strong> espécie P. t. fusca. Em 2000 e 2001, o evento repetiu-se no mesmo<br />

período, com a participação <strong>da</strong>s espécies anteriores e acréscimo <strong>da</strong> espécie Hirundo rustica. Durante maio e<br />

agosto <strong>de</strong> 2001, foram anilha<strong>da</strong>s 8 474 aves, sendo 6 220 <strong>de</strong> P. t. tapera e 2 220 <strong>de</strong> P. t. fusca. Já em 2002, o<br />

evento ocorreu entre janeiro e fevereiro em concentrações menores, ao contrário dos anos anteriores. Entre<br />

maio e agosto <strong>de</strong> 2001, 57 indivíduos anilhados em 1999, foram recapturados no mesmo local.<br />

De acordo com os trabalhos <strong>de</strong> anilhamento realizados pela equipe <strong>da</strong> Cetrel em Camaçari ao longo <strong>de</strong> qua-


81<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

tro anos, as P. tapera iniciaram sua chega<strong>da</strong> nessa área no mês <strong>de</strong> maio e abandonaram o local em agosto. A<br />

recaptura <strong>de</strong> 57 indivíduos anilhados em 1999 durante as campanhas <strong>de</strong> 2001, sugerem que há participação<br />

repetitiva <strong>de</strong> indivíduos no evento dos anos posteriores. Na Caatinga, a sua presença é muito comum.<br />

.<br />

Progne chalybea domesticus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Andorinha-doméstica-gran<strong>de</strong> (Gray-breasted Martin)<br />

Ocorre em diversos locais <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, inclusive nas ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. É uma espécie migratória que po<strong>de</strong> pernoitar<br />

junto com as duas subespécies anteriores. Reproduz-se em telhados <strong>de</strong> casarões antigos e nos semáforos nas<br />

ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. Costumam voar rente à água para beber. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 50g.<br />

Notiochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Andorinha-pequena-<strong>de</strong>-casa (Blue-and-white Swallow)<br />

Espécie pequena que costuma freqüentar locais <strong>de</strong>nsamente povoados on<strong>de</strong> se reproduz <strong>de</strong>baixo dos telhados.<br />

Po<strong>de</strong> freqüentar os mesmos locais <strong>da</strong>s três espécies anteriores e po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer em áreas alagadiças em busca <strong>de</strong><br />

insetos. Juntamente com a Tachycineta leucorrhoa, tem hábito migratório.<br />

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Andorinha-serrador (Southern Rough-winged Swallow)<br />

Andorinha pequena que possui o mento cor <strong>de</strong> canela e as coberteiras inferiores <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor amarela.<br />

Ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer próximo à água ou longe <strong>de</strong>la; voa bem rente ao solo em busca<br />

<strong>de</strong> alimento (insetos) e costuma pousar em cercas e galhos secos e até no solo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento tota<br />

120mm, asa 100mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm, tarso 15mm, bico 7mm, peso 16g.<br />

Família Corvi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821)<br />

Cancã (White-naped Lay)<br />

É uma espécie típica dos biomas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e do Cerrado. Vive em pequenos bandos no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e<br />

são aves muito ariscas: quando percebem um intruso, começam a emitir sons <strong>de</strong> advertência e logo <strong>de</strong>pois todo<br />

o grupo <strong>de</strong>saparece. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 333mm, asa 140mm, tarso 43mm, bico 27mm, peso 120g.<br />

Família Troglodyti<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Troglodytes musculus musculus (Nuamann, 1823)<br />

Curruíra (House Wren)<br />

É uma <strong>da</strong>s aves mais comuns e conheci<strong>da</strong>s porque visita casas e jardins. Já encontramos ninhos nos mais variados<br />

locais, tais como: caixas <strong>de</strong> sapato, sapatos, botas, <strong>de</strong>baixo dos telhados, caixas <strong>de</strong> disjuntores, luminári-


82<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

as, tubulações, etc. Na maioria dos ninhos que encontramos, sempre observamos peles <strong>de</strong> cobras que foram<br />

provavelmente coloca<strong>da</strong>s no interior do ninho, no intuito <strong>de</strong> assustar possíveis pre<strong>da</strong>dores. A sua postura po<strong>de</strong><br />

ser <strong>de</strong> até cinco ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca, intensamente tingi<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> manchas na cor castanha. Os ovos pesam em média,<br />

1.6 g e me<strong>de</strong>m 18 mm X 14 mm; Os filhotes nascem com uma pele avermelha<strong>da</strong> e tufos <strong>de</strong> plumagem negra<br />

no alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça e no dorso. O ninho mais arrojado encontrado até o momento, foi um que foi construído<br />

<strong>de</strong>ntro do suporte <strong>de</strong> um ventilador <strong>de</strong> teto on<strong>de</strong> o casal fazia o maior malabarismo para conseguir alimentar<br />

o filhote, sem ser <strong>de</strong>golado pelas lâminas do ventilador. Dentre seus alimentos, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar larvas <strong>de</strong><br />

besouros, pequenas mariposas, lagartas, lagartixas, vespas etc. Os filhotes, quando estão perto <strong>de</strong> abandonar o<br />

ninho, recebem aju<strong>da</strong> dos pais que entram várias vezes no interior do ninho sem levar comi<strong>da</strong> e logo em segui<strong>da</strong><br />

os filhotes saem do ninho. Observamos que os filhotes, ao sair do ninho, já têm uma gran<strong>de</strong> habili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> em<br />

pousar em galhos e se locomover com rapi<strong>de</strong>z. Já observamos por várias vezes o casal alimentando os filhotes<br />

durante a noite, em locais on<strong>de</strong> a luz é intensa durante to<strong>da</strong> a noite. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 125mm, asa<br />

50mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 40mm, tarso 18mm, bico 12mm, peso 12g.<br />

Thryotorus longirostris bahiae (Hellmayr, 1903)<br />

Garrinchão-<strong>de</strong>-bico-gran<strong>de</strong> (Long-billed Wren)<br />

Espécie muito comum na Caatinga, costuma viver em casal e está sempre sonorizando para <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>r seu território,<br />

não permitindo a presença <strong>de</strong> outro indivíduo <strong>da</strong> mesma espécie no seu território. Se um intruso tentar<br />

penetrar em seu território, será expulso pelo casal. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 170, asa 65mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 56mm,<br />

tarso 24mm, bico 24mm, peso 20g.<br />

Família Muscicapi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Subfamília Sylviinae<br />

Polioptila plumbea atricapilla (Swainson, 1823)<br />

Balança-rabo-e-chapéu-preto (Tropical Ganatcher)<br />

Ocorre tanto na bor<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, como no seu interior. O macho possui um “boné” preto. É uma espécie<br />

muito comum que freqüenta tanto o estrato inferior <strong>da</strong> mata, como o médio. O seu ninho é muito parecido<br />

com o ninho do beija-flor E. macroura, com abertura <strong>de</strong> 40 mm X 36 mm, altura externa <strong>de</strong> 42 mm e 37 mm<br />

<strong>de</strong> profundi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>. O ninho pesa em média 3,4g. Encontramos um ninho que era forrado no seu interior com lã<br />

<strong>de</strong> vidro que foi tira<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> uma gela<strong>de</strong>ira velha.<br />

Subfamília Turdinae<br />

Turdus rufiventris juensis (Cory,1916)<br />

Sabiá-laranjeira (Rufus-bellied Thrush)<br />

Ocorre em quase to<strong>da</strong> a Caatinga, inclusive nas ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. É uma espécie bastante abun<strong>da</strong>nte, per<strong>de</strong>ndo apenas<br />

para a espécie seguinte. Costuma construir o seu ninho em árvores, a uma <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong> altura do solo e a sua<br />

postura consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos, sendo que seu período <strong>de</strong> reprodução po<strong>de</strong> começar em outubro e se esten<strong>de</strong>r até<br />

abril. Busca alimento nas árvores (frutos) ou no solo <strong>de</strong> on<strong>de</strong> captura alguns insetos e minhócas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento total 260mm, asa 107mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 98mm, tarso 34mm, bico 20mm, peso 67g.


83<br />

Turdus leucomelas albiventer (Spix, 1824)<br />

Sabiá-branco (Pale-breasted Thrush)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

É o sabiá mais comum e abun<strong>da</strong>nte na Caatinga, inclusive nas ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. Essa espécie se a<strong>da</strong>ptou bem aos ambientes<br />

urbanos, on<strong>de</strong> constróe seus ninhos em telhados, em luminárias etc., <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> que não seja incomo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>.<br />

O seu ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e confeccionado com raízes mistura<strong>da</strong>s à lama, que lhe proporciona boa<br />

resistência. A sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> com várias pintas na cor castanha. Pesa em<br />

média 6.8 g e me<strong>de</strong> 28 mm X 22 mm. Os filhotes abandonam o ninho com 14 dias. Esse sabiá po<strong>de</strong> reutilizar o<br />

mesmo ninho várias vezes. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> uma gran<strong>de</strong> varie<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> frutos, insetos (formigas), lagartixas etc.<br />

Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 250mm, asa120mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 100mm, tarso 32mm, bico 20mm, peso 65g.<br />

Turdus amaurochalinus (Cabanis, 1851)<br />

Sabiá-poca (Creamy-billed Thrush)<br />

Juntamente com a espécie a seguir, é o sabiá menos abun<strong>da</strong>nte na Caatinga, Constróe o seu ninho nas árvores e<br />

a sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos. No período reprodutivo, o macho tem o bico tingido <strong>de</strong> amarelo puro. Busca<br />

o seu alimento tanto no solo, como nas árvores. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 240mm, asa 115mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />

90mm, tarso 31mm, bico 20mm, peso 60g.<br />

Família Mimi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Mimus saturninus arenaceus (Chapman, 1890)<br />

Sabiá-<strong>da</strong>-praia (Tropical Mockingbird)<br />

Ocorre na bor<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos e pequenos frutos. Regurgita sementes e atua como<br />

dispersor <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong>s plantas. O ninho e os ovos são muito parecidos com os <strong>de</strong> M. gilvus. A sua postura<br />

consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos pesando em média 6.8g e medindo 30mm X 21mm. Vive em grupos familiares que po<strong>de</strong>m<br />

ter até oito indivíduos. Peso 70g.<br />

Família Vireoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis (Baird, 1866)<br />

Pitiguari (Rufous-browed Peppershrike)<br />

O seu canto é bem característico e o casal canta em dueto.São aves muito agressivas que não permitem que<br />

outra ave <strong>da</strong> sua espécie penetre em seu território. Perto <strong>da</strong> hora <strong>de</strong> sairem do ninho, os filhotes têm a cor marrom-ferrugem<br />

exceto nas sobrancelhas, mas sim próximo aos olhos que são <strong>de</strong> cor escura e não laranja. O seu<br />

ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> uma pequena tigela construí<strong>da</strong> sobre uma forquilha. Já observamos um casal coletando<br />

papel higiênico no solo, para forrar o interior do ninho. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 72mm,<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> 65mm, tarso 23mm, bico 16mm, peso 26g.


84<br />

Vireo chivi agillis<br />

Juruviara (Red-Yed Vireo)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Diferente do V. olivaceus, essa espécie tem os ohos escuros e não vermelhos, e ocorre tanto no interior <strong>da</strong><br />

Caatinga, como na bor<strong>da</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 135mm, asa 65mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 48mm, tarso 17mm, bico<br />

12mm, peso 15g.<br />

Hylophilus amaurocephalus (Nordmann, 1835)<br />

Vite-vitae-<strong>de</strong>-olho-cinza (Gray-eyed Greenlet)<br />

Ocorre no interior e na bor<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, sendo muito comum no ecossistema <strong>da</strong> restinga. No período <strong>de</strong><br />

reprodução, cantam intensamente durante todo dia para <strong>de</strong>marcar o seu território. São aves bastante agressivas<br />

que não permitem que outro indivíduo <strong>da</strong> mesma espécie inva<strong>da</strong> o seu território. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

125mm, asa 50mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 17mm, bico 9mm, peso 9g.<br />

Família Emberizi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Subfamília Parulinae<br />

Parula pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Mariquita (Tropical Parula)<br />

Ocorre na copa <strong>da</strong>s árvores <strong>da</strong>s florestas do Litoral Norte, e também no cerrado. Apresenta um gran<strong>de</strong> contraste<br />

entre o azulado do lado superior e o amarelo do lado inferior e possui duas faixas brancas na asa. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento total 115mm, asa 50mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 42mm, tarso 16mm, bico 10mm, peso 8g.<br />

Geothlypis aequinoctialis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Pia-cobra (Masked Yellowthroat)<br />

É uma espécie que vive em áreas alagadiças distribuí<strong>da</strong>s pela Caatinga, embrenha<strong>da</strong> no meio <strong>de</strong> juncos, locais<br />

também preferidos pelo Japacamim (D. atricapilla). A fêmea não possui a máscara negra ao redor dos olhos.<br />

Basileuterus flaveolus (Baird, 1865)<br />

Canário do-mato (Flavescent Warbler)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga alta e vive no estrato inferior <strong>da</strong> floresta e no solo on<strong>de</strong> busca alimento. O seu canto é<br />

bem característico e <strong>de</strong>nuncia a presença <strong>da</strong> espécie. Possui o tarso comprido e <strong>de</strong> cor amarela forte. São aves<br />

bastante territoriais, não admitindo a presença <strong>de</strong> outros indivíduos <strong>da</strong> mesma espécie em seu território. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento total 164mm, asa 70mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 65mm, tarso 22mm, bico 11mm, peso 16g.


85<br />

Subfamília Coerebinae<br />

Coereba flaveola chloropyga (Cabanis, 1851)<br />

Cambacica (Bananaquit)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ocorre na Caatinga, po<strong>de</strong>ndo ocorrer também <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>da</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s (Jeremoabo). Cerca <strong>de</strong> 70% <strong>da</strong> sua dieta é<br />

basea<strong>da</strong> em néctar e o restante são insetos. Costuma freqüentar os bebedouros dos beija-flores. Os ninhos são<br />

em forma <strong>de</strong> uma bola, com entra<strong>da</strong> lateral. Costumam construir seus ninhos em diversos locais, inclusive em<br />

suportes <strong>de</strong> lâmpa<strong>da</strong>. Conhecemos um casal que faz todos os anos o seu ninho em uma árvore <strong>de</strong> Natal, <strong>de</strong>ntro<br />

do laboratório <strong>da</strong> Cetrel. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 110mm, asa 110mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 16mm, bico<br />

12mm, peso 10g.<br />

Subfamília Thraupinae<br />

Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus (Wied, 1821)<br />

Bico-<strong>de</strong>-veludo (Cinamon Tanager)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga e possui uma máscara negra em torno dos olhos que contrasta muito com a sua plumagem.<br />

Nos jovens, a máscara é menos pronuncia<strong>da</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 175mm, asa 80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 78mm,<br />

tarso 20mm, bico 15mm, peso 36g.<br />

Sericossypha loricata (Lichtenstein, 1819)<br />

Carretão (Scarlet-Throated Tanager)<br />

É um pássaro comum na caatinga. Costuma cantar durante a madruga<strong>da</strong> e por causa disso é chamado, em algumas<br />

regiões, <strong>de</strong> “acor<strong>da</strong> vaqueiro”. O macho tem uma placa vermelha no meio <strong>da</strong> garganta e quando jovem,<br />

po<strong>de</strong>mos, muitas vezes, observar algumas pintas vermelhas no pescoço.<br />

Thlypopsis sordi<strong>da</strong> sordi<strong>da</strong> (Lafresnaye & d’Orbigny, 1825)<br />

Canário-sapé (Orange-hea<strong>de</strong>d Tanager)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga e nos campos sujos, inclusive <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>da</strong>s gran<strong>de</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s (Jeremoabo). É muito parecido<br />

com o canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra (Sicalis flaveola). Costuma buscar o seu alimento, tanto na copa <strong>da</strong>s árvores, como no<br />

solo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 145mm, asa 63mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 18mm, bico 11mm, peso 14g.<br />

Nemosia pileata pileata (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />

Saíra-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto (Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Tanager)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga e costuma freqüentar a copa <strong>da</strong>s árvores nas florestas, mas também po<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scer para o<br />

solo em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento ou para tomar banho em pequenas poças <strong>de</strong> água. O macho possui o píleo negro e<br />

ambos os sexos possuem o olho amarelo contrastando com a íris negra. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 135mm,<br />

asa 68mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 45mm, tarso 18mm, bico 12mm, peso 15g.


86<br />

Tachyphonus rufus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />

Pipira-preta (White-lined Tanager)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ocorre na Caatinga. O macho é <strong>de</strong> cor negra brilhante que contrasta com a dragona branca e com as coberteiras<br />

inferiores <strong>da</strong> asa e axilares na cor branca que são bem visíveis quando a ave voa. A fêmea e o jovem são<br />

pardos. Na restinga, costuma construir o seu ninho quase ao nível do solo. O ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela que<br />

po<strong>de</strong> ser construído <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> bromélias, nas folhagens <strong>de</strong> pequenas palmeiras ou em arbustos. Essas aves costumam<br />

freqüentar comedouros. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 195mm, asa 80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm, tarso 22mm,<br />

bico 20mm, peso 30g.<br />

Piranga flava saira (Spix, 1825)<br />

Sanhaço-<strong>de</strong>-fogo (Hepatic Tanager)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga e em campos abertos, on<strong>de</strong> não é muito comum, nem abun<strong>da</strong>nte. Apresentam dimorfismo<br />

sexual bem acentuado, sendo que o macho exibe uma cor avermelha<strong>da</strong> uniforme e a fêmea tem o lado inferior<br />

em amarelo vivo. Freqüenta a copa <strong>da</strong>s árvores, mas também po<strong>de</strong> freqüentar as partes mais baixas <strong>da</strong> floresta.<br />

Costuma freqüentar comedouros, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> que ali sejam coloca<strong>da</strong>s cascas <strong>de</strong> ovos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

195mm, asa 95mm, peso 36g.<br />

Thraupis sayaca sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />

Sanhaço-cinzento (Sayaca Tanager)<br />

É um dos pássaros mais comuns e abun<strong>da</strong>ntes na Caatinga, mas também aparece no interior <strong>da</strong>s gran<strong>de</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />

(Jeremoabo). O seu ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> cesto e po<strong>de</strong> ser construído em diversas alturas, inclusive bem<br />

próximo ao solo. Também po<strong>de</strong> construir seu ninho em luminárias e <strong>de</strong>baixo dos telhados nas residências.<br />

A sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> diversas pintas <strong>de</strong> cor marrom. Costuma<br />

freqüentar comedouros. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 185mm, asa 90mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 65mm, tarso 20mm, bico<br />

15mm, peso 38g.<br />

Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1776)<br />

Fi-fi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Purple-Throated Euphonia)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga e na orla <strong>da</strong>s matas. O macho possui a testa amarela, a garganta em negro-azulado e possui<br />

nódoas brancas nas duas retrizes externas <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong>. A fêmea é esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> e tem uma faixa amarela forte acima<br />

do bico. O seu ninho é uma bola, com entra<strong>da</strong> lateral. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 110mm, asa 55mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />

33mm, tarso 15mm, bico 7mm, peso 12g.<br />

Tangara cayana flava (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />

Saíra-amarelo (Burnished-buff Tanager)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga e na orla <strong>da</strong>s matas. O macho exibe uma máscara negra que se esten<strong>de</strong> pela garganta e<br />

atravessa todo o ventre. A <strong>da</strong> fêmea é mais páli<strong>da</strong> e não é negra. Costuma freqüentar comedouros. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />

Comprimento total 145mm, asa 70mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 18mm, bico 11mm, peso 20g.


87<br />

Dacnis cayana paraguaiensis (Chubb, 1910)<br />

Saí-azul (Blue Dacnis)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ocorre na Caatinga e na bor<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mata, mas também po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer nas gran<strong>de</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. O macho é azulado,<br />

com mento e dorso negros e pernas <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha clara. A fêmea é esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong>, com cabeça e coberteiras<br />

superiores <strong>da</strong>s asas em azul. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 135mm, asa 64mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 42mm, tarso 16mm, bico<br />

12mm, peso 12g.<br />

Conirostrum speciosum speciosum (Temminck, 1824)<br />

Figuinha-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-castanha (Chestnut-vented Conebill)<br />

É uma espécie pequena, na qual o macho possui o dorso azulado e o ventre cinza claro e o crisso é castanho. A<br />

fêmea e os jovens apresentam uma coloração mais clara. Estão sempre se movimentando na copa <strong>da</strong>s árvores.<br />

Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 105mm, asa 55mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 37mm, tarso 15mm, bico 9mm, peso 8g.<br />

Subfamília Emberizinae<br />

Zonotrichia capensis matutina (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />

Tico-tico (Rufous-collared)<br />

Ocorre em algumas regiões <strong>da</strong> restinga e do cerrado no Litoral Norte, e costuma catar alimento no solo on<strong>de</strong><br />

fica se movimentando e <strong>da</strong>ndo pequenos pulos. O seu ninho é um pequeno cesto, que po<strong>de</strong> ser construído nos<br />

arbustos e a uma pequena distância do solo. Sua coloração lhe proporciona uma perfeita camuflagem quando<br />

está incubando. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 140mm, asa 60mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm, tarso 20mm, bico 10mm, peso<br />

18g.<br />

Myospiza humeralis humeralis (Bosc, 1792)<br />

Tico-tico-do-campo-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Grassland Sparrow)<br />

Ocorre em regiões abertas, on<strong>de</strong> existem gran<strong>de</strong>s campos <strong>de</strong> gramíneas: vive no solo, mas embrenhado no<br />

meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação. Costuma pousar em pequenos arbustos no meio <strong>da</strong>s gramíneas para cantar e possui uma<br />

mancha amarela acima do olho e outra mancha <strong>da</strong> mesma cor no encontro. Parece-se muito com a espécie<br />

Sicalis flaveola jovem.<br />

Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Saffron Finch)<br />

É um dos pássaros mais conhecidos e porisso é perseguido para ser aprisionado em gaiolas. Tanto po<strong>de</strong> viver<br />

em gran<strong>de</strong>s bandos, como também em casais isolados em <strong>de</strong>terminados territórios. Reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong><br />

árvores, <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s telhas dos telhados e também se utilizam <strong>de</strong> ninhos artificiais, tais como: caixas <strong>de</strong> ma<strong>de</strong>ira<br />

e tubos <strong>de</strong> PVC. É muito comum o povo <strong>de</strong> o interior colocar uma caveira <strong>de</strong> boi no cercado <strong>da</strong> roça, para<br />

que esses pássaros se reproduzam. O ninho é um pequeno cesto colocado em uma cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> e a sua postura<br />

po<strong>de</strong> constar <strong>de</strong> dois a cinco ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> várias pintas na cor marrom.


88<br />

Sicalis luteola luteola (Sparrman, 1789)<br />

Tipio (Grassland Yellow-Finch)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie anterior, embora não tenha o píleo amarelo e o manto seja todo riscado <strong>de</strong> preto.<br />

Vive geralmente em bando e busca seu alimento no solo. Costuma cantar quando está voando. É uma espécie<br />

migratória. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: peso 12g.<br />

Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />

Tiziu (Blue-Black Grassquit)<br />

Ocorre em áreas abertas, on<strong>de</strong> o capinzal é alto. O macho, no período reprodutivo, possui uma plumagem<br />

negra brilhante e a fêmea e os jovens têm uma coloração par<strong>da</strong> com riscas no peito. É um pássaro bem característico,<br />

que costuma cantar na ponta <strong>de</strong> estacas on<strong>de</strong> pula verticalmente e pousa no mesmo local. O ninho<br />

é construído próximo ao solo em meio à vegetação. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 116mm, asa 47mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />

43mm, tarso 16mm, bico 9mm, peso 10g.<br />

Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />

Bigodinho (Lined See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />

Essa espécie foi incluí<strong>da</strong> através <strong>de</strong> relatos dos membros <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, que afirma que esses<br />

pássaros ocorrem na região durante o período <strong>de</strong> inverno (maio/junho). Algumas pessoas possuem pássaros<br />

<strong>de</strong>ssa espécie que foram capturados na região e aprisionados em gaiolas.<br />

Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil (P.L.S. Müller, 1776)<br />

Caboclinho-fra<strong>de</strong> (Capped See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />

A presença <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie é semelhante a <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior. É uma espécie migratória que freqüenta a região<br />

no inverno (maio/junho).<br />

Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot, 1823)<br />

Papa-capim (Yellow-Billied See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />

Ocorre em áreas abertas na Caatinga on<strong>de</strong> há concentração <strong>de</strong> gramíneas. A fêmea é par<strong>da</strong>. O seu ninho é um<br />

pequeno cesto, a sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> com várias pintas e, tanto o macho,<br />

como a fêmea, aju<strong>da</strong>m na alimentação dos filhotes. Já observamos o mesmo casal (anilhado) fazer o seu<br />

ninho no mesmo arbusto durante mais <strong>de</strong> três anos consecutivos. Apesar <strong>de</strong> não ser uma espécie ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

extinção, o tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais vem causando um gran<strong>de</strong> prejuízo às populações <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie. É uma <strong>da</strong>s aves<br />

mais freqüentes no tráfico e, atualmente, é mo<strong>da</strong> possuir uma ave <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

120mm, asa 53mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 42mm, tarso 14mm, bico 8mm, peso 12g.


89<br />

Sporophila albogularis (Spix, 1825)<br />

Brejal (White-Throated See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

É uma espécie endêmica do Nor<strong>de</strong>ste e ocorre em campos <strong>de</strong> gramíneas e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> mata. O seu ninho é<br />

um pequeno cesto construído nos arbustos. A sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

pintas cor <strong>de</strong> chocolate. O macho possui um colar negro no pescoço, a garganta é branca e o bico amarelo. A<br />

fêmea é par<strong>da</strong>, <strong>de</strong> bico escuro. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 14g.<br />

Arremon taciturnus taciturnus (Hermann, 1783)<br />

Tico-atico-do-mato-<strong>de</strong>-bico-breto (Pectoral sparrow)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga alta e lembra um tico-tico. O macho possui um colar negro que na fêmea é interrompido.<br />

Ocorre no estrato inferior <strong>da</strong> floresta, po<strong>de</strong>ndo buscar alimento no solo, on<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong> ser observado saltitando.<br />

Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 165mm, asa 71mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 25mm, bico 14mm, peso 26g.<br />

Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus (Wied, 1821)<br />

Galinho-<strong>da</strong>-serra (Gray Pileated-finch)<br />

È uma espécie típica do bioma Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, sendo consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> uma <strong>da</strong>s espécies mais abun<strong>da</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong>ste.<br />

É uma espécie muito freqüente no tráfico e, muitas vezes, a soltura in<strong>de</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie em outros biomas,<br />

po<strong>de</strong> ocasionar gran<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong>nos ao ambiente on<strong>de</strong> foi introduzido. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 140mm, asa<br />

60mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 57mm, tarso 17mm, bico 12mm, peso 15g.<br />

Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />

Galo-<strong>de</strong>-campina (Red-cowled Cardinal)<br />

É uma espécie típica do bioma Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, no entanto, hoje se encontra espalha<strong>da</strong> em diversas regiões<br />

do estado. No litoral norte se distribue <strong>de</strong> Salvador até Mangue Seco, em restingas, cerrados, campos abertos e<br />

inclusive nos manguezais. É uma <strong>da</strong>s espécies mais comercializa<strong>da</strong>s no âmbito do tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais. A cobiça<br />

dos criadores <strong>de</strong> pássaros <strong>de</strong> gaiola vem causando um gran<strong>de</strong> impacto na população <strong>de</strong>sses pássaros. O seu<br />

ninho é um pequeno cesto e a sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> várias pintas<br />

marrons. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 185mm, asa 85mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 70mm, tarso 23mm, bico 15mm, peso 42g.<br />

Subfamília Cardinalinae<br />

Saltator similis similis (Lafresnaye & d’Orbigny, 1837)<br />

Trinca-ferro-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Green-winged Saltator)<br />

Essa espécie ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e é muito aprecia<strong>da</strong> pelos criadores <strong>de</strong> pássaros, por causa do seu<br />

canto. Traficantes <strong>de</strong> aves capturam centenas <strong>de</strong>ssas aves para ven<strong>de</strong>r no comércio ilegal. Assim, a espécie<br />

vem <strong>de</strong>saparecendo em muitas regiões. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 220mm, asa 95mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 90mm, tarso<br />

24mm, bico 18mm, peso 40g.


90<br />

Saltator atricollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Bico-<strong>de</strong>-pimenta (Black-bellied Saltator)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Possui uma máscara negra em volta dos olhos que se prolonga até o pescoço. O bico é laranja-avermelhado.<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga e muitas vezes às margens <strong>da</strong>s estra<strong>da</strong>s. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 220mm, asa 94mm,<br />

cau<strong>da</strong> 80mm, tarso 25mm, bico 19mm, peso 45g.<br />

Passerina brissonii brissonii (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />

Azulão-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Ultramarine Grosbeak)<br />

Ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. O macho é <strong>de</strong> cor azul intenso as fêmeas e jovens são pardos. São aves muito<br />

cobiça<strong>da</strong>s pelos traficantes que, muitas vezes, capturam até o último indivíduo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />

175mm, asa 70mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 65mm, tarso 20mm, bico 16mm, peso 24g.<br />

Subfamília Icterinae<br />

Gnorimopsar chopi (Spix, 1824)<br />

Pássaro-preto (Chopi Blackbird)<br />

Esta espécie ocorre em <strong>de</strong>scampados com árvores espaça<strong>da</strong>s na caatinga e constróe o seu ninho em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores<br />

ou então utiliza o ninho <strong>de</strong> outras aves. Também po<strong>de</strong> utilizar ninhos artificiais <strong>de</strong> PVC. São aves muito<br />

aprecia<strong>da</strong>s pelos criadores <strong>de</strong> pássaros e muitas <strong>de</strong>las são vendi<strong>da</strong>s em feiras livres no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia, on<strong>de</strong><br />

o tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais vem causando um gran<strong>de</strong> impacto nessa espécie. São aves muito sensíveis e muitas <strong>de</strong>las<br />

morrem por causa <strong>de</strong> maus tratos. Já observamos dois casos <strong>de</strong> albinismo nessa espécie.<br />

Icterus cayanensis tibialis (Swainson, 1837)<br />

Encontro (Epaulet Oriole)<br />

Esta espécie ocorre nas áreas abertas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Tem a capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> imitar várias espécies <strong>de</strong> pássaros,<br />

inclusive o gavião. O seu ninho é uma pequena cesta fixa<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s folhas <strong>da</strong>s palmeiras e <strong>de</strong> outras espécies<br />

<strong>de</strong> plantas. Os filhotes são alimentados com insetos que, muitas vezes, são difíceis <strong>de</strong> serem engolidos.<br />

Peso 33g.<br />

Icterus jamacaii (Gmelin, 1788)<br />

Sofrê (Troupial)<br />

Esta espécie ocorre nas áreas abertas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e a sua coloração, amarela e preta ou amarela e laranja, lhe<br />

confere uma beleza rara entre as aves brasileiras. Os indivíduos <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie costumam imitar várias outras<br />

espécies <strong>de</strong> aves e quando são criados em cativeiro, po<strong>de</strong>m até apren<strong>de</strong>r a cantar o nosso hino nacional. Não<br />

constróe o seu ninho e costuma ocupar ninhos <strong>de</strong> outras aves, tais como <strong>da</strong> Pseudoseisura cristata, Pitangus<br />

sulphuratus e até ninhos <strong>de</strong> Passer dometicus nas luminárias <strong>de</strong> postes. O tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais vem causando<br />

um impacto significante nessa espécie, já que é uma <strong>da</strong>s aves mais freqüentes no tráfico e que o seu índice<br />

<strong>de</strong> mortan<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> é consi<strong>de</strong>rado o mais elevado entre as <strong>de</strong>mais espécies comercializa<strong>da</strong>s. Poucos exemplares


91<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

sobrevivem e os outros adoecem e morrem rapi<strong>da</strong>mente.<br />

Leistes superciliaris (Bonaparte, 1850)<br />

Polícia-inglesa (White-browed Blackbird)<br />

Ocorre nas regiões alagadiças <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e também po<strong>de</strong> ocupar gramados e pastagens. Costuma levantar<br />

vôo <strong>de</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> aberta emitindo um zumbido e <strong>de</strong>pois pousa no solo ou sobre alguma vegetação. A fêmea é<br />

par<strong>da</strong>, <strong>de</strong> peito riscado e tingido <strong>de</strong> vermelho.<br />

Molothrus badius fringillarius (Spix, 1824)<br />

Asa-<strong>de</strong>-telha (Bay-Winged Cowbird)<br />

Ocorre em áreas abertas com árvores espaça<strong>da</strong>s, e em pequenos bandos. Os sexos são semelhantes. São pardos,<br />

com uma mancha escura que parte do bico e vai até os olhos. As asas possuem na bor<strong>da</strong>, a cor castanha.<br />

Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Chopim (Shiny Cowbird)<br />

Ocorre na Caatinga, muitas vezes em bandos numerosos. O macho tem a plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor azul-violeta<br />

que, <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ndo <strong>da</strong> iluminação, brilha intensamente. A fêmea é menor e <strong>de</strong> cor marrom-fuligem. Costuma<br />

freqüentar os currais em busca <strong>da</strong> ração ofereci<strong>da</strong> ao gado. Essa espécie não constrói seu ninho, nem tão pouco<br />

incuba, mas parasita os ninhos <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>zenas <strong>de</strong> espécies <strong>de</strong> pássaros. Já observamos ovos <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie em ninhos<br />

<strong>de</strong> Fluvilcola nengeta, Thraupis sayaca e Ramphocelus bresilius. Os ovos do M. bonariensis <strong>de</strong> coloração<br />

esbranquiça<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> várias pintas na cor marrom, contrastam muito com os ovos <strong>de</strong> R. bresilius que<br />

possui uma coloração esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> com pintas pretas.<br />

Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Garibaldi (Chestnut-capped Blackbird)<br />

Ocorre preferencialmente em regiões alagadiças, po<strong>de</strong>ndo freqüentar também as áreas secas. Costuma alimentar-se<br />

<strong>da</strong> ração que é coloca<strong>da</strong> para o gado, juntamente com a Molothrus bonariensis. Também freqüenta<br />

comedouros <strong>de</strong> aves, vive em bandos numerosos que po<strong>de</strong>m contar com mais <strong>de</strong> uma centena <strong>de</strong> indivíduos.<br />

Apresenta dimorfismo sexual bem acentuado e o macho é negro com um “boné” na cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem, que<br />

também é a cor observa<strong>da</strong> na garganta e no peito. Já a fêmea é pardo-olivácea com a barriga e o lado superior<br />

estriados <strong>de</strong> preto.<br />

Família <strong>da</strong>s Fringilli<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Carduelis magellanicus ictericus (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />

Pintassilgo (Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Siskin)<br />

Difere <strong>da</strong> espécie C. yarrellii porque tem a cabeça to<strong>da</strong> negra. É uma espécie migratória que aparece em


92<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

pequenos grupos e em <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong>s épocas do ano e em segui<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>saparece. Essa espécie também é muito<br />

cobiça<strong>da</strong> pelos criadores <strong>de</strong> pássaros, que também efetuam o seu acasalamento com canário belga para<br />

produzir o pintagol. Peso 12g.<br />

Família <strong>da</strong>s Passeri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />

Par<strong>da</strong>l (House Sparrow)<br />

É uma espécie que foi introduzi<strong>da</strong> no Brasi. Na Bahia, observamos essa espécie no inicio <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 70,<br />

freqüentando a ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Salvador. Hoje, se encontra espalha<strong>da</strong> por todo o estado, sempre perto <strong>de</strong> residências.<br />

Em <strong>de</strong>terminados locais, vem causando um gran<strong>de</strong> prejuízo porque freqüenta os restaurantes dos hotéis<br />

on<strong>de</strong> pilha a comi<strong>da</strong> dos hóspe<strong>de</strong>s, po<strong>de</strong>ndo transmitir muitas doenças. O par<strong>da</strong>l é um exemplo clássico do que<br />

não é aconselhável na introdução <strong>de</strong> animais em <strong>de</strong>terminados locais. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 27g.


93<br />

INAMIFORMES ORDER<br />

Família Tinami<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827)<br />

Small-billed Tinamou<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This is a small species with a short beak that measures less than 20 centimeters. The bird occurs at forest<br />

edges, disturbed fields and in savannas, where it seeks its food and reproduces. It’s a skittish bird that is difficult<br />

to see. More commonly the species is i<strong>de</strong>ntified through vocalization and its song is more likely to be<br />

heard at <strong>da</strong>ybreak or dusk. Its pale red coloring also makes it difficult to sight in its habitat. Often it has the<br />

effect of startling someone if unexpectedly come upon as it flies off noisily at ground level. When it feels the<br />

presence of a potential pre<strong>da</strong>tor, the small-billed tinamou crouches and raises its tail feathers, which gives it<br />

the appearance of a flower in bloom. It is a bird much coveted by local hunters.<br />

Crypturellus tatuapa lepidotus (Swainson, 1837)<br />

Tatuapa Tinamou<br />

Very similar in appearance to the small-billed tinamou, the species is nonetheless slightly bigger. The beak is<br />

bright red in the females and the males have a <strong>da</strong>rk spot on the end of their beaks. It’s an extremely skittish<br />

bird and when it perceives a possible pre<strong>da</strong>tor, it raises its tail feathers to give the appearance of a flower in<br />

bloom. The species can occur within <strong>de</strong>nse caatinga or at the edge of forests.<br />

Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus (Wied, 1820)<br />

Yellow-legged Tinamou<br />

This species can occur both insi<strong>de</strong> forests or open fields. It is a more robust species than the previous one<br />

<strong>de</strong>scribed and can weigh more than 800 grams. Its song is melancholic and consists of two low notes. The<br />

torso of the species is yellow and the plumage grayish-brown. The back is shiny and has a superciliar yellow<br />

streak. The yellow-legged tinamou is a skittish, ground bird whose coloration makes it perfectly camouflaged.<br />

Due to habitat loss and relentless hunting, the species is currently listed as in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction. In an area<br />

of savanna, we have witnessed a maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) stalk a bird of this species that was<br />

nesting during the night.<br />

Nothura boraquira (Spix, 1825)<br />

White -bellied Nothura<br />

This is a species typical of northeastern Brazil and occurs both in Caatinga (brushwood forests) and savanna<br />

habitats. Its forelock is black and its feet an intense yellow color. The species’ song consists of small sharp<br />

chirps. It measures some 25 centimeters. The bird roosts in close proximity to the red-winged tinamou. Its<br />

nest is a small cavity in the soil and its eggs are the color of clear chocolate. As with other members of this<br />

family, they are extremely difficult to see. Excessive hunting is one of the principal factors contributing to the<br />

shrinking of the population.


94<br />

Nothura maculosa major (Spix, 1825)<br />

Spotted Nothura<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

The spotted nothura occurs in open fields with low vegetation. One of its distinguishing characteristics, in<br />

or<strong>de</strong>r to scan the area around it, is to stretch out its neck when in motion or in a state of alert. Its brownish<br />

coloring is often dyed by the dirt or soil that gets into its plumage. The spotted nothura’s eggs are chocolate<br />

colored and its call is sharp and can be confused with the noise crickets make. Many of these birds are run over<br />

by cars when they try to cross highways.<br />

Rhynchotus rufescens catingae (Reiser, 1905)<br />

Perdigão (Red-winged Tinamou)<br />

This is a ground species that is found in open areas. The bird is robust, can weigh more than 800 grams and,<br />

although larger and stronger, is very similar in appearance to the spotted nothura (Nothura maculosa). Its calls<br />

can be heard at dusk and <strong>da</strong>wn and they are used to mark the species’ territory and sometimes calls and responses<br />

can be heard. The nest consists of a cavity in the ground, covered with bits of vegetation and the eggs<br />

are again chocolate colored but with a more metallic shine. It is one of the most sought after birds by hunters<br />

and in only one afternoon we witnessed a hunter with dogs kill more than ten of these birds.<br />

Rhei<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Rhea americana americana (Linné, 1758)<br />

Greater Rhea<br />

It is the continent’s largest bird. The male is bigger and its neck is black. The bird lives in groups, and a<br />

number of females use the same nest while the male is responsible for the eggs’ incubation. When the chicks<br />

are young, they show a great agility in catching flies. These are very quick birds and can reach speeds of up<br />

to 60 km/hr. They are almost extinct in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina and historically have been and continue to be<br />

prized by hunters. The only place where we could watch this species was in the Indian reserve of Pankarares<br />

near Paulo Alfonso.<br />

PODICIPEDIFORMES ORDER<br />

Podicipedi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus (Linné, 1766)<br />

Least Grebe<br />

It is the smallest grebe in the state of Bahia and has yellow eyes. When in flight, it’s possible to see a large<br />

white area on its wings. This species can roost in any floo<strong>de</strong>d area with vegetation and has been observed at a<br />

sewage treatment plant. Its nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of sedge and can float on the water wherever the wind takes it. There<br />

can be up to three eggs, which are whitish, in a nest. When they sense a possible pre<strong>da</strong>tor, these birds abandon<br />

their nests, and leave the eggs covered with sedge. The chicks are born a grayish color with wisps of white<br />

and abandon the nests upon birth. Instead they shelter themselves un<strong>de</strong>r the wings of their parents for a certain<br />

amount of time.


95<br />

Podilymbus podiceps antarticus (Lesson, 1842)<br />

Pied-billed Grebe<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This species is much bigger than the Least Grebe, is brownish and its beak has a White stripe on it. It is very<br />

common to see this bird in the company of the Least Grebe. The bird’s reproductive habits are similar to the<br />

Least Grebe, and it is constantly diving to search for food or thwart the pursuit of possible pre<strong>da</strong>tors. It differs<br />

from the Least Grebe in that it lives alone or in pairs, whereas the T. dominicus can live in groups of up to 20<br />

individuals. Measurements: Total length 210mm, wing 84, tarsus 30mm, beak 17mm, weight 104g/144g<br />

PHALACROCORACIDAE<br />

Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Neotropical Cormorant<br />

The neotropical cormorant can live in both fresh and salt water or around mangroves. It dives for food and then<br />

raises its head out of the water to scan its surroundings. These cormorants can be observed in large or small<br />

groups. They normally perch on trees around their habitat or on traps ma<strong>de</strong> by fishermen. It has been known<br />

to reproduce in heron colonies.<br />

CICONIFORMES ORDER<br />

Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Egretta albus egretta (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Great Egret<br />

This is a very common species which occurs in mangroves, floo<strong>de</strong>d areas or wetlands, and can either be in<br />

large groups or isolated in certain marshy spots of land. It sleeps in collective dormitories often shared with<br />

other species of heron. It also reproduces in mixed heron colonies, with other species such as the B. ibis, E.<br />

thula and the N. nycticorax. During the reproductive epoch, a large bluish streak forms around its eyes. It feeds<br />

on fish and amphibians and takes advantage of schools of fish that gather around fishermen.<br />

Egretta thula thula (Molina, 1782)<br />

Snowy Egret<br />

A distinctive characteristic of the snowy egret is its smaller size, black beak and yellowed toes. It lives in either<br />

fresh or salt water and feeds on fish and amphibians. Reproduction takes place in colonies shared with other<br />

species of herons. The nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and is shaped like a shallow bowl. It lays between two and four<br />

bluish eggs. Younger chicks are sometimes expelled from the nest by their ol<strong>de</strong>r siblings and die from lack of<br />

food. This is an obvious disadvantage to being born later. Measurements: weight 266g


96<br />

Bubulcus ibis ibis (Linné, 1758)<br />

Cattle Egret<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

The cattle egret is native to Africa and arrived in Brazil at the end of the 1950s. This species was only registered<br />

in Bahia in 1988, in the municipality of Jeremoabo, but quickly established itself throughout the state.<br />

It’s a species strongly associated with cattle rearing, since it can use the cattle to seek food that inclu<strong>de</strong>s grasshoppers,<br />

snakes and rats. It reproduces in large colonies of up to 10,000 individuals. During reproduction, the<br />

feathers on the top of its head and on its breast have an orange tone. It lays between two and five bluish colored<br />

eggs. Nesting areas of this species are visited by other heron species for reproductive purposes. Measurements:<br />

weight 264g.<br />

Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus striatus (Linné, 1758)<br />

Green (Striated) Heron)<br />

This species occurs in inun<strong>da</strong>ted areas, lakes and rivers. Its coloring is perfect for camouflage which enables<br />

the bird to stay perfectly still for long periods of time and wait for the perfect moment to swoon in for its prey.<br />

Immature chicks are brownish in color and later <strong>de</strong>velop a grayish plumage. The nests are ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs.<br />

Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Black-crowned Night Heron<br />

These birds are nocturnal and occur in inun<strong>da</strong>ted areas and at the si<strong>de</strong> of rivers where the vegetation is <strong>de</strong>nse.<br />

They feed on fish, frogs and other amphibians. Their nest is ma<strong>de</strong> with twigs and they lay from two to four<br />

bluish eggs. They normally reproduce in colonies together with other species of herons. Chicks are born with<br />

a brownish plumage. Young birds are brown interspersed with wisps of white. Measurements: weight 610g<br />

Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Rufescent Tiger-Heron<br />

This heron has a long neck and lives in floo<strong>de</strong>d areas surroun<strong>de</strong>d by vegetation. Despite its large size, the bird<br />

is difficult to see because it lives alone in the <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation. The best time to see them is when they fly,<br />

after being spooked by the presence of humans. They feed on fish and amphibians. The backs of adult birds<br />

are brownish-gray and juveniles are yellow interspersed with black stripes.<br />

Ciconi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein, 1819)<br />

Jabiru Stork<br />

This species was observed in a <strong>da</strong>mmed area used for leisure by members of the community of Jeremoabo.<br />

The bird’s regional presence was acci<strong>de</strong>ntal.


97<br />

Mycteria americana (Linné, 1758)<br />

Wood Stork<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Every year during the dry season, groups of up to 10 birds of this species visit a <strong>da</strong>mmed area in the city of<br />

Jeremoabo. During this dry period, the volume of water in the lake shrinks and creates a situation where fish<br />

are stuck and therefore easy prey for the wood storks. Adults have a black beak while that of juveniles has a<br />

pink tone.<br />

Catharti<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Sarcoramphus papa (Linné 1758)<br />

King Vulture<br />

It is the largest of the country’s scavengers and unmistakable due to its white and black coloration. The head<br />

and neck are orangey red. This scavenger has a robust fleshy concetration on its head that is an orangey yellow.<br />

Juveniles are black but as they mature become inun<strong>da</strong>ted with white. In Bahia, the largest single area of<br />

concentration of the species is on a cliff in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (Jeremoabo) where around 80 individuals<br />

have been observed in one sleeping area.<br />

Coragyps atratus brasiliensis (Bonaparte, 1793)<br />

Black Vulture<br />

This is the most common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt vulture and frequents all types of habitats except <strong>de</strong>nse forests. The<br />

largest concentration of this species is located around garbage dumps and sanitary burial sites throughout<br />

the municipalities of the brushwood habitat. It lays one to two greenish eggs that are dotted with brown dots.<br />

Adult as well as juvenile vultures have a very efficient <strong>de</strong>fense mechanism: when they are caught, they regurgitate<br />

the contents of their stomach when they are caught. The stink this vomit produces is so strong that<br />

the person who apprehen<strong>de</strong>d the bird is himself driven to nausea. Often, groups of vultures eat members of<br />

their own species when they find them on the highway after being run over by a vehicle.<br />

Cathartes aura ruficollis (Spix, 1824)<br />

Turkey Vulture<br />

This bird is often confused by non-experts with a hawk due to its aerodynamic patterns, and fast and gliding<br />

flight. The bird’s sense of smell is so refined that it can discover a small carcass (such as that of a frog) hid<strong>de</strong>n<br />

beneath the trees. The Turkey Vulture goes after animals that have been run over on highways, principally<br />

in the early hours of the morning. The heads and necks of adult individuals are red, whereas these parts in<br />

juveniles are black.<br />

Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga (Pelzeln, 1861)<br />

Lesser Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Vulture<br />

Although it looks very similar to the Turkey Vulture, it can be differentiated by the yellow coloring of the


98<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

neck and the height of its head. When it flies to a height beyond one’s view when the coloring of its head and<br />

neck cannot be distinguished, it can easily be confused with the Turkey Vulture. Though occurs much less<br />

frequently than the C. aurea, its feeding habits are very similar.<br />

ANSERIFORMES ORDER<br />

Anati<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Dendrocygna viduata (Linné, 1766)<br />

White-faced Whistling-Duck<br />

This is a migrating species that visits the brushwood habitat during the winter season. It arrives at the end of<br />

March and stays until the end of September. Small groups may arrive before winter as long as floo<strong>de</strong>d marshy<br />

areas can be found. They reproduce in the region and we’ve discovered nests with more than 12 chicks. Often<br />

the white on the face, chin and throat becomes dirty with mud making them seem brown. Due to heavy hunting<br />

pressure, they are extremely skittish. They reproduce between the months of April and June and the chicks are<br />

very similar to the White-cheeked pintail asi<strong>de</strong> from the collar around its nape does not reach its neck. Weight<br />

700g<br />

Anas bahamensis bahamensis (Linné, 1758)<br />

White-cheeked Pintail<br />

A diverse number of groups are spread around marshy areas of the Caatinga habitat. They reproduce in regions<br />

where they can construct their nests far from the water. The male is bigger and has a longer red stripe on its<br />

beak. A male of this species which was ban<strong>de</strong>d at CETREL, was killed by hunters in Jequié.<br />

Amazonetta brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Brazilian Duck<br />

The male of this small duck has a red beak and tarsus whereas the female has a bluish beak. When in flight, a<br />

white strip on the wing is noticeable in both the male and the female. The species is common in marshy areas<br />

throughout the Caatinga. They live in pairs or small groups of less than 10 individuals. Measurements: Total<br />

length 390mm, wing 190mm, tail 78mm, tarsus 37mm, beak. 35mm, weight 390g.<br />

Sarkdionis melanotos sylvicola (Ihering & Ihering, 1907).*<br />

Comb Duck<br />

Though sometimes seen in small groups, the comb duck is not common in the Caatinga. The male is markedly<br />

larger than the female and has a pronounced tuberosity on its beak, which enlarges during the reproductive<br />

period. Its size and black and white coloring make it unmistakable. It flies in an “Indian line” led by a male<br />

with a pronounced tuberosity on its beak. We have never found a comb duck nest.


99<br />

Cairina moschata (Linné, 1758).*<br />

Muscovy Duck<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

The numbers for this species have been lowering in Bahia, the result of heavy hunting pressure. Another<br />

alarming <strong>de</strong>velopment is the coupling of wild and domestic populations. According to Sick the offspring of<br />

wild ducks are completely black whereas those of domesticated ones are streaked with yellow. Nests are constructed<br />

in tree cavities and in cliff faces. The eggs are white and generally weigh around, 55.0g, and measure<br />

57mm x 44mm.<br />

FALCONIFORMES ORDER<br />

Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818).<br />

White-tailed Kite<br />

Though not abun<strong>da</strong>nt, its one of the more common raptors in the region. It can be observed alone or in pairs<br />

that hunt together. When on the look out for prey, the white tailed kite hovers in the sky as if attached to it by<br />

a string. When it spots rats, lizards, or small reptiles, it will hover, and swoop up and down until the opportune<br />

moment to strike presents itself. It is frequently seen in open fields or grasslands, and can be seen in Jeremoabo<br />

hunting in barren land.<br />

Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii (Vigors, 1825)<br />

Pearl Kite<br />

Even smaller than the Falco Sparverius this, the country’s smallest raptor, can be seen in a diverse area of the<br />

Caatinga. It feeds on small birds, lizards and small reptiles. It gli<strong>de</strong>s at impressive heights and its circular flight<br />

pattern means it is sometimes mistaken for a swallow. It is not a common species and its nest is shaped like a<br />

shallow bowl. The bird is clumsy and therefore its nest must be protected by both parents who attack anything<br />

that approaches.<br />

Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Black-Chested Buzzard Eagle<br />

This eagle occurs in the mountainous regions of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. The female is larger than the male. Its<br />

nests are ma<strong>de</strong> with brushwood in remote cliff fissures. It lays two white eggs and when they hatch fratrici<strong>de</strong><br />

occurs between the ol<strong>de</strong>r and younger chick, so only one offspring survives. It feeds on small primates, armadillos,<br />

birds, snakes. It will also snatch up lambs and kids.<br />

Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus (Vieillot, 1816)<br />

White-tailed Hawk<br />

Found in open areas where a pair <strong>de</strong>marcates its territory. The female is markedly bigger than the male. Two<br />

other features help to distinguish the sexes. When the birds gli<strong>de</strong>, the female wings are more round and robust


100<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

than the narrower male wings. And the male call is a much higher tone than the more base tone of the female.<br />

Though this species primarily hunts for prey, which inclu<strong>de</strong>s armadillo, lizards, snakes on the ground, it also<br />

hunts in trees for animals like marmosets. These it captures in free fall flight or straight flight. Their reproductive<br />

period starts in April with the cleaning and construction of the nest and the chicks hatch in August. Two<br />

eggs, and the ol<strong>de</strong>r chick kills its younger sibling.<br />

Buteo brachyurus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1816)<br />

Short-tailed Hawk<br />

Similar enough as to sometimes be mistaken for B. albicau<strong>da</strong>tus, it can be differentiated by its smaller size and<br />

short, barred tail. The bird is not common in the Caatinga and sightings of it are rare. Also like the white-tailed<br />

hawk, it passes periods of being black.<br />

Rupornis magnirostris nattareri (Sclater & Salvin, 1869)<br />

Roadsi<strong>de</strong> Hawk<br />

This is the most common hawk species in Bahia and is well a<strong>da</strong>pted to the Caatinga though it also a<strong>da</strong>pts well<br />

to suburban and urban environments such as Jeremoabo. It has a wi<strong>de</strong> color variation of plumage that goes<br />

from light brown to <strong>da</strong>rk gray. Eye coloring also varies from being yellow or orange. The nest is in the form<br />

of a bowl and ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs. The chick’s first feathering is cream colored. The species is causing problems in<br />

outlying parts of Salvador because the birds attack people who pass too close to their nests. Measurements:<br />

Total length 340mm, wing.158mm, tail 144mm, tarsus 61mm, beak 27mm, weight 250g<br />

Buteogallus meridionalis meridionalis (Latham, 1790)<br />

Savanna Hawk<br />

This large hawk lives in open areas where it hunts for prey that consists of insects, snakes, lizards, iguanas,<br />

etc.. It is commonly seen hunting at ground level. The breast and abdomens of juveniles are yellow cut by<br />

black stripes. When flying, its long wings and bur<strong>de</strong>ned flight are characteristics by which to i<strong>de</strong>ntify the species.<br />

Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis (Temminick, 1821)<br />

Crane Hawk<br />

This hawk has a long, bluish-gray tail and long legs which are the perfect tool to seek out food in the cavities of<br />

bromeliads. We have seen the Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d caracara (Milvalgo chimachima) steel a frog that had just been<br />

caught by a G. caerulescens. It occurs in diverse places within the Caatinga but is not abun<strong>da</strong>nt.


101<br />

Família Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus (Bangs & Penard, 1919).<br />

Laughing Falcon<br />

This species of hawk is most known for its call which is prolonged and ends with what sounds like its name<br />

in Portuguese, acua. It calls in the early mornings and early evenings, and usually calls in a duet with its mate,<br />

with one calling and the other responding. It’s easily recognizable by its black mask and black cap on its head.<br />

The species feeds on snakes and often can be seen flying clasping a serpent in its claws. We have seen a pair<br />

reproducing in the crevice of a cliff.<br />

Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Collared Forest-Falcon<br />

This species has been observed in the high country of the Caatinga near the city of Jeremoabo. The tail and<br />

feathers are long and the tail has three white bars. The breast and abdomen plumage can be either white or<br />

yellowish. Insi<strong>de</strong> the forest, the bird can be observed jumping from branch to branch with great agility.<br />

Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Barred Forest-Falcon<br />

This species occurs within forests and most of the time the bird is i<strong>de</strong>ntified from its call being very difficult<br />

to actually see. It calls at <strong>da</strong>wn and if someone approaches, it rapidly moves unnoticed to another spot.<br />

Milvago chimachima chimachima (Vieillot, 1816).<br />

Carrapateiro (Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Caracara)<br />

This hawk is more common. It lives in open areas where there is cattle, from which it extracts ticks and flee<br />

larva to feed on. In one instance, the yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d caracara became fixated with catching ticks embed<strong>de</strong>d in a<br />

capybara, on which it left a large dorsal wound. It returned repeatedly to the wound and extracted large pieces<br />

of flesh. It’s common to see this species, together with the C. plancus and vultures, looking for run-over animals<br />

on roads, highways or on beaches. It takes advantage of fishermen’s catch and will swoop down to steal<br />

fish already caught in nets or fish remains thrown out at the edge of the water. Juveniles have <strong>da</strong>rk coloration<br />

intertwined with strong yellow bars. Measurements: weight 278g.<br />

Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777)<br />

Crested Caracara<br />

It is one of the most common hawks in open areas and can be seen around roads and highways looking for<br />

road-kill. It feeds on worms and is known to sift through cattle feces in search of some organism. Several times<br />

we have witnessed the crested caracara, in an attempt to steal its caught prey, following the Falco peregrinus<br />

as the latter hunts for food on the ground. It is quite successful in doing this but when it fails, it contents itself<br />

with the leftovers. The juveniles are <strong>da</strong>rker than adult. The nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and shaped like a large bowl.


102<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

We have seen up to three eggs being laid which are a clear brown color sprinkled with <strong>da</strong>rk streaks. Chicks are<br />

black and yellow. Measurements: Total length 460mm, weight 780g.<br />

Falco femoralis femoralis (Temminck, 1822)<br />

Aplomado Falcon<br />

The aplamado falcon occurs in open areas and normally it’s the pairs that mark their territory. It feeds on various<br />

species of birds such as: Colaptes melanochloros, Guira guira, Leptotila verreauxi and domestic pigeons.<br />

The bird lays its eggs in nests already ma<strong>de</strong> by other species. The chick’s plumage is <strong>da</strong>rk gray. The aplamado<br />

falcon hunts alone or in pairs. We once saw a group of birds on the ground looking for food and when they<br />

perceived the presence of a F. femoralis, they all flew to the safety of a tree canopy near by. A Guira guira that<br />

was late in taking off was caught by the falcon. One of the most spectacular scenes we’ve witnessed was that<br />

of a pair of F. femoralis attacking a flock of domestic pigeons. Their strategy was to seperate one of the birds<br />

from the general flock and the male would fly above it while the female remained below to wait for the pigeon<br />

to tire. At the first sign of fatigue, the unfortunate pigeon was easy prey.<br />

Falco sparverius cearae (Cory, 1915)<br />

American Kestrel<br />

This is a small falcon that lives in open areas of the Caatinga. É um falcão pequeno que vive em ambientes<br />

abertos na Caatinga. It feeds on lizards, grasshoppers and small birds. As locales for reproduction, it uses trees<br />

cavities, termite mounds, river banks, palm trees snags, nests abandoned by the rufous cacholote (Pseudoseisura<br />

cristata), slots in air-conditioners or office buildings. It lays from two to five eggs and the incubation<br />

period is 29 <strong>da</strong>ys. Chicks are born with completely white plumage. Their sexual dimorphism is very evi<strong>de</strong>nt.<br />

The male has a gray crown at the top of its head and the speculum of its wings is gray and the end of its tail has<br />

a black bar around 10 mm wi<strong>de</strong>. The female is rust colored and its tail has several black stripes. These differences<br />

can be observed when the chick’s tail is more than 10 mm since only then is it possible to distinguish the<br />

black bar at the end of the males’ tails. Measurements: Total length 260mm,wing175mm, tail 125mm, tarsus<br />

34mm, beak 13mm, weight 90g.<br />

Falco rufigularis ophryophanes (Salvadori, 1895)<br />

Bat Falcon<br />

The bat falcon occurs in the mountainous regions of the Caatinga and reproduces in crevices of the rocky cliff<br />

faces. It uses a perch to scan for possible prey and it hunts bats at dusk. The male is markedly smaller than the<br />

female and these are relatively tame birds that show little concern about the presence of man. We can therefore<br />

get very close to the birds without spooking them. Measurements: Total length 260mm, wing 215mm, tail<br />

210mm, beak 14mm, weight. 200g


103<br />

GALLIFORMES ORDER<br />

Craci<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Ortalis guttata aracuan (Spix, 1825).<br />

Speckled or Variable Chachalaca<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Usually at dusk, numerous individuals call together. These birds sleep together in groups and some perch on<br />

the same branch. The nest is shaped like a bowl and the eggs are white. These birds are extremely coveted by<br />

hunters.<br />

Penelope jacucaca (Spix,1825)<br />

White-Browed Guan<br />

Even though abun<strong>da</strong>nt and easily observed at Serra Branca and crossing dirt roads in the middle of the Caatinga,<br />

this species is, in fact, in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction. Its nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and some three to four meters<br />

above the ground. It is particularly fond of the “juazeiro” fruit.<br />

GRUIFORMES ORDER<br />

Arami<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Aramus guarauna guarauna (Linné, 1766)<br />

Limpkin<br />

The species occurs in floo<strong>de</strong>d areas in the interior of the Caatinga. From a distance, though the bird looks to be<br />

all <strong>da</strong>rk it has a white throat and wisps of white on its head and neck. In the rainy season, many of these birds<br />

can be seen in wet areas, but when they dry, it disappears. The birds normally call at night and at dusk. They<br />

eat aquatic snails, the same diet as the snail kite.<br />

Ralli<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle (Spix, 1825).<br />

Little Wood-Rail<br />

The presence of the little wood rail has been noted on beaches, in mangroves and their adjacent forests. (Sick,<br />

1997). Pinto (1964) collected a male sample of the species in the Caatinga in the municipality of Bonfim, Bahia<br />

state. According to communities where the bird occurs, it does not make any type of sound or call, and is<br />

therefore consi<strong>de</strong>red to be <strong>de</strong>af. It occurs in dry and far removed environments in the interior of the Caatinga.<br />

It can be seen in flocks of more than 15 members. The nest is very similar to that of Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea, and is<br />

shaped like of bowl and ma<strong>de</strong> of twig. One such nest was found on May 13, 2005 located un<strong>de</strong>r the leaves of a<br />

bush about three meters from the ground. It lays two white eggs speckled with red dots, which measure 39mm<br />

X 31mm with an average weight of 23,5g. We found two other abandoned nests in the vicinity.


104<br />

Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea (Müller, 1776)<br />

Gray-necked Wood-Rail<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

It is the most common wood rail and its call is often sung in a duet; one calls and the other responds. The<br />

calls, most common at dusk and <strong>da</strong>wn, consist of various repetitions and can last a few minutes. This species<br />

lives near water sources but also has been known to colonize areas far from water. The species’ nests are bowl<br />

shaped and in one we have seen three white eggs speckled with brown. The chicks are born with black plumage.<br />

Porzana albicollis albicollis (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Ash-throated Crake<br />

This species is very common in floo<strong>de</strong>d regions with <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation, preferably where there is an abun<strong>da</strong>nce<br />

of rush vegetation. It lives hid<strong>de</strong>n in the midst of this vegetation and are often run over when attempting to<br />

cross highways.<br />

Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Rufus-si<strong>de</strong> Crake<br />

It occurs in floo<strong>de</strong>d areas with <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation. Skittish, it is very difficult to observe and though we have<br />

heard its call, we were unable locate the individual. Nest are constructed with leaves from the rush plants in the<br />

upper strictures of that vegetation. The three eggs it lays are white with chestnut brown spots. When the nests<br />

are approached, the birds become agitated and make a noisy exit to hi<strong>de</strong> in the <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation.<br />

.<br />

Pardirallus nigricans nigricans (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Blackish Rail<br />

It occurs in marshes with <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation and due to its skittishness hi<strong>de</strong>s in this same vegetation. They are<br />

very difficult to see but easily <strong>de</strong>tectable because of their distinct vocalization. Besi<strong>de</strong>s their traditional call,<br />

they can emit a sound remarkably similar to that of a toad. This can have the effect of confusing any bird<br />

watcher and the bird can fly off unnoticed.<br />

Gallinula chloropus galeata (Lichtenstein, 1758)<br />

Common Gallinule<br />

It’s the most common gallinule and can be observed in floo<strong>de</strong>d marsh areas, rivers and lakes. It builds its nest<br />

out of rush leaves and grasses in the middle of the vegetation. It can lay up to eight eggs. When they are incubating<br />

and sense the presence of a pre<strong>da</strong>tor, they slowly leave the nest and, while continuously calling, swim<br />

swishing their tail and head. When far enough away from the nest, they start to fly clumsily. The chicks are<br />

born with black plumage and with a blue marking around the eyes. The top of its head and base of the beak<br />

are red. It’s a species with migratory habits that disappears in the dry season and returns when the rain starts.<br />

We once found a fallen female that had been woun<strong>de</strong>d by a hunter. A male at its si<strong>de</strong> flew off only when it<br />

perceived our presence. Measurements: Total length 350mm, wing 123mm, tail 64mm, tarsus 52mm, weight


105<br />

400g<br />

Porphyrula martinica (Linné, 1776)<br />

Purple Gallinule<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

The intensely bright blue adult lives hid<strong>de</strong>n within vegetation where it reproduces. It differs from the common<br />

gallinule because it is rarely seen in open areas, preferring the safety insi<strong>de</strong> the <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation. It has a bluish<br />

coloring on the shield above its beak and the legs are yellow. It can be seen perched on rush branches. The<br />

species is migratory and much less abun<strong>da</strong>nt than the common gallinule.<br />

Família Cariami<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Cariama cristata (Linné, 1766)<br />

Red-Legged Seriema<br />

This long-legged bird is well known in local Caatinga communities and feeds on insects, ro<strong>de</strong>nts, lizards and<br />

snakes. Its large bowl-shaped nest ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs is usually located two or three meters above ground. Two<br />

eggs are laid. These birds are often encountered on country roads and run for a long time in front of the oncoming<br />

car before leaping off into the vegetation lining the road. Its call can be heard from far off and the birds are<br />

very territorial and <strong>de</strong>fend fiercely against the incursions of neighboring groups.<br />

CHARADRIIFORMES ORDER<br />

Jacani<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Jacana jacana jacana (Linné, 1758)<br />

Wattled Jacana<br />

This is a common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt species of which the male is markedly smaller than the female. The male is responsible<br />

for incubating the eggs. The eggs are chestnut Brown colored with yellow streaks. We have seen up<br />

to five eggs being laid. During copulation, the male uses its long toes to support himself on the female’s back.<br />

The species is distributed around rivers, lakes and marshy areas in the Caatinga. When floo<strong>de</strong>d areas used by<br />

the wattled jacana dry up, they migrate to other more humid areas.The juveniles have a yellowish coloring.<br />

Measurements: Total length 230mm, wing 120mm, tail 36mm, tarsus 59mm, beak 27mm, weight 98g/120g.<br />

Charadrii<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Vanellus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler, 1827)<br />

Southern Lapwing<br />

This is the most common representative of this family and always occurs in open areas. The nest is a cavity<br />

which contains little material and the birds generally lay three to four eggs although we have come upon a<br />

nest with seven eggs. As soon as they hatch, the chicks are quite active but when warned by their parents of a<br />

possible pre<strong>da</strong>tor, they remain motionless for long periods of time. To throw off possible nest pre<strong>da</strong>tors nests,


106<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

the parents pretend to have a broken wing and drag themselves along the ground. These are noisy birds which<br />

are always voluble, principally when an intru<strong>de</strong>r enters its territory, whether it be night or <strong>da</strong>y. Measurements:<br />

Total length 340mm, wing 220mm, tail 85mm, tarsus 75mm, beak 29mm, weight 260g.<br />

Scolopaci<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Tringa solitaria solitaria (Wilson, 1813)<br />

Solitary Sandpiper<br />

These are migratory birds from North America and as the name would indicate, are solitary. We have, however,<br />

observed groups of up to ten individuals. They occur around rivers and marshy areas, including sewage<br />

treatment plants. They are nervous birds always raising and lowering their head and tail and often bury their<br />

heads to look for food in the mud.<br />

Recurvirostri<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Himantopus himantopus mexicanus (Müller, 1776)<br />

Black-necked Stilt<br />

.<br />

Stilts live in small groups or flocks that can consist of 100 individuals in shallow floo<strong>de</strong>d areas, marshes and<br />

lakes. They feed on small insects, worms and larvae. They search for food on the surface of the water or by<br />

sticking their beaks into the slush. In the north coastal region of Bahia, the black necked stilt starts its reproductive<br />

phase in the middle of May and it goes until the winter in September. In rare cases, this phase can be<br />

prolonged to November or even December. When the floo<strong>de</strong>d areas dry up, the species disappears and little is<br />

known about where they move to. The nests can be built on the lakes, on little islands or hid<strong>de</strong>n in the middle<br />

of grassy vegetation. Though much less often, the nests can be constructed on the banks of a lake. The shape<br />

of the nest generally looks like a volcano, with a round bottom, a height of five to ten centimeters and hollow<br />

at the center. The nest can be either entirely ma<strong>de</strong> of mud or mud mixed with grass. The species lays three to<br />

five yellowish eggs covered with various <strong>da</strong>rk brown spots spread around the egg but concentrated on the tip.<br />

As time elapses, the eggs can become brown which is probably a result of direct contact with the mud. When<br />

the parents change positions incubating the nest, one of the pair will approach the nest, and pretend that it is<br />

looking for food before assuming its position on the eggs. The birds leave the nest quickly, although in the<br />

first few <strong>da</strong>ys of their lives, after hunting for food close to the nest, they come back to it. All the groups unite<br />

to <strong>de</strong>fend their territory and pretend to have a broken leg or wing or be handicapped in some way, while at the<br />

same time emitting stri<strong>de</strong>nt calls, the combination of which serves to confuse potential pre<strong>da</strong>tors. At the first<br />

signal of alarm, the chicks hi<strong>de</strong> in the vegetation or bury themselves in the mud and are only found with great<br />

difficulty. They can use their long legs to help them swim.


107<br />

COLUMBIFORMES ORDER<br />

Columbi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Columba livia domestica (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Rock Dove<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This is a domesticated species and the most well known group is the Belgium pigeon or “messenger” pigeon.<br />

Pigeons were introduced here and to<strong>da</strong>y can be found spread along the whole north coast. The great majority<br />

of this species is wild and with time has been able to a<strong>da</strong>pt to urban life and become a great pest .It can transit<br />

an infinite number of diseases to humans and other wild bird species such as Columbina talpacoti, a bird<br />

related to it. We have observed small pigeons with tricomoniose, the result of feeding together with the street<br />

pigeons. The captive Belgium pigeons are treated with great care by their bree<strong>de</strong>rs and are unlikely to transmit<br />

any type of disease to humans.<br />

Columba picazuro marginalis (Naumburg, 1932)<br />

Picazuro Pigeon<br />

Like the domestic pigeon, this large species is common in the Caatinga and savanna regions in the west of<br />

Bahia. There it is becoming a pest because of the large soy cultivations, an abun<strong>da</strong>nt and available food source<br />

for them. When thy fly, a large white stripe can be seen on both its wings. Measurements: weight 320g.<br />

Zenai<strong>da</strong> auriculata virgata (Bertoni, 1901)<br />

Eared Dove<br />

This is a migratory species that appears in large groups at certain times of the year to reproduce. Reproduction<br />

takes place in large colonies called “pombais” where the eggs are laid. During the reproduction period, local<br />

inhabitants customarily raid these “pombais” to pilfer the eggs when the parents, on the lookout for drinking<br />

areas, leave the nest unatten<strong>de</strong>d. The indiscriminant nature of this pre<strong>da</strong>tion can result in a marked reduction<br />

of the species in localized areas. The birds often bump into electric wires and are electrocuted. Measurements:<br />

Total length 210mm, wing 125mm, tail 86mm, beak 15mm, weight 115g.<br />

Columbina minuta (Linné, 1766)<br />

Plain-breasted Ground-Dove<br />

The plain-breasted ground dove is very common in the Caatinga of Bahia and one of the most abun<strong>da</strong>nt birds<br />

in the region. It generally assembles its nest on the ground but can also make the nests on branches within<br />

the vegetation slightly above the ground. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing70mm, tail 50mm, tarsus<br />

15mm, beak 10mm, weight 30g.<br />

Columbina picui strepitans (Spix, 1825)<br />

Picui Ground-Dove<br />

This is a common Caatinga species and builds its nests both in trees and in the roofs of houses. It is one of the


108<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

most abun<strong>da</strong>nt birds of the ecosystem. Measurements: Total length 185mm, wing 88mm, tail 75mm, tarsus<br />

32mm, beak 12mm, weight.44g.<br />

Columbina talpacoti talpacoti (Temminck, 1811)<br />

Ruddy Ground-Dove<br />

This is one of the most common and well-known doves. It lives in city centers and urban gar<strong>de</strong>ns. It lays two<br />

white eggs in its bowl shaped nest. It can construct its nest in less than one week. Similar to other species in<br />

this family, it places its chicks at the si<strong>de</strong> of the nest which serves as a protective barrier. Many people hand<br />

feed these birds which has resulted in heightened population within urban centers. Measurements: Total length<br />

172mm, wing 90mm, tail 78mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 12mm, weight 50g.<br />

Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata squammata (Lesson, 1831)<br />

Scaled Dove<br />

This is very distinct bird due to its completely barred plumage. Its call is also well known and sounds like<br />

“fogo-apagou”. When it flies, it makes a sound like the rattle of a rattle snake. The scaled dove is very common<br />

and abun<strong>da</strong>nt in the Caatinga. It lays two white eggs in a bowl shaped nest very similar to that of the<br />

ruddy-ground dove. Measurements: Total length 223mm, wing 98mm, tail 92mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 12mm,<br />

weight 56g.<br />

Leptotila verreauxi approximans (Cory, 1917)<br />

White-tipped Dove<br />

Very similar in appearance to the L. rufaxilla, the white-tipped dove can be differentiated by its grayer coloring<br />

on the top of its head, an orange colored ring around its eye and feet that are less starkly red. It occurs in dry<br />

environments of the Caatinga and at forest edges. When in flight, a white mark on the tip of its tail becomes<br />

visible. These birds tend to congregate with other members of the species to drink water out of small pools<br />

of water. Measurements: Total length 265mm, wing 134mm, tail 103mm, tarsus 24mm, beak 18mm, weight<br />

135g.<br />

Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez, 1886)<br />

Blue Ground-Dove<br />

This bird is not abun<strong>da</strong>nt and lives in the interior of the Caatinga. The male is bluish-gray and the female is<br />

brownish. Both have striped wings. Measurements: Total length 220mm, wing 118mm, tail 80mm, tarsus<br />

18mm, beak 14mm, weight 70g.


109<br />

Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Anodorhynchus leari (Bonaparte, 1856)<br />

Lears Macaw<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This species is critically en<strong>da</strong>ngered and occurs in the municipalities of Jeremoabo, Canudos, Eucli<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong><br />

Cunha, Paulo Afonso and Curaçá. We discovered a new population in Campo Formoso and Santo Sé. For<br />

many years the population of these birds was estimated at 170 individuals. With the work accomplished<br />

through a partnership between BioBrasil, Cetrel and CEMAVE coupled with information gathered from the<br />

local community, new feeding sites were discovered and to<strong>da</strong>y the population is estimated to be around 500<br />

birds. (See the Status of A. leari.)<br />

Forpus crassirotris flavissemos (Taczanowski, 1883)<br />

Blue-winged Parrotlet<br />

This is the smallest Brazilian psittace<strong>de</strong> and common in almost all the northern coast habitats. The sexual dimorphism<br />

is very accentuated. The male has a large blue swath on its wings and rump while the female is clear<br />

green with a yellowish tone on its head. It reproduces in small tree cavities previously dug out by woodpeckers<br />

and also takes over abandoned rufous hornero nests. During the reproductive period, they live in pairs but<br />

at other times go around in large flocks that can number in the dozens. On more than one occasion, we have<br />

observed completely yellow members of this species. Measurements: Total length 130mm, wing 80mm, tail<br />

40mm, tarsus 11mm, beak 12mm, weight 28g.<br />

Porhyrrhura maracana (Vieillot, 1816)<br />

Blue-winged Macaw<br />

This is not a common bird in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. On occasion, we have seen flocks of no more than 10 birds.<br />

The bird’s front and abdomen are red, its eyes have a white ring around them and the beak is black. It moves<br />

around in small groups looking for food and roosts in cliff faces together with other representatives of the<br />

parrot family.<br />

Aratinga acuticau<strong>da</strong>ta haemorrhous (Spix, 1824)<br />

Blue-Crowned Parakeet<br />

This bird has a blue forehead and red tail. Together with the cactus parakeet, it is one of the most abun<strong>da</strong>nt<br />

parakeets in the Raso d Catarina. It can be seen in groups of more than 50 individuals flying around the Caatinga<br />

on the lookout for food. It roosts in cliff faces where at dusk one can observe up to 300 birds noisily<br />

circling around before turning in for the night.


110<br />

Aratinga cactorum cactorum (Kuhl, 1820)<br />

Cactus Parakeet<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

It is one of the most abun<strong>da</strong>nt parakeets in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. The bird is green, with a yellow breast and<br />

a more orangey abdomen. It reproduces in termite mounds. These birds will often raid cornfields, an act that<br />

results in significant losses.<br />

Amazona aestiva aestiva (Linné, 1758)<br />

Turquoise-fronted Parrot<br />

This is a parrot species that occurs in the Caatinga of Bahia and is especially abun<strong>da</strong>nt in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />

It reproduces in the crevices of cliffs and tree cavities. One time we found a chick that had just fallen out of the<br />

nest. The chick already had full plumage but an anomaly on its left wing prevented it from flying. Even though<br />

it is not listed as en<strong>da</strong>ngered, there are many places in Bahia where the bird has been extirpated. Trafficking<br />

is the principal threat to the species. In the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, every year hundreds of chicks are collected by<br />

animal traffickers.<br />

CUCULIFORMES ORDER<br />

Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Coccyzus melacoryphus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Dark-billed Cuckoo<br />

This species has a black beak and yellow throat and three white stripes along the un<strong>de</strong>rsi<strong>de</strong> of its extensive<br />

tail. It lives in the middle of vegetation and sometimes burrows in the substact of the Caatinga, looking for<br />

insects, its main food source. Measurements: Total length 270mm, wing 128mm tail 140mm, tarsus 50mm,<br />

beak 30mm, weight 46g.<br />

Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linné, 1758)<br />

Yellow-billed Cuckoo<br />

Coccyzus a. americus is a species that lives in the eastern portion of North America from Cana<strong>da</strong> to the south<br />

of the US, according to Pinto (1978). The species migrates south during the northern hemisphere winter when<br />

it will stop in Central America and northern South America. (Pará and north of Maranhão), with acci<strong>de</strong>ntal<br />

occurrences in the central states, the north of Minas Gerais, south of Mato Grosso and the extreme south of<br />

the country (Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Sul) (Belton, 1973). Sick, 1978, reports the presence of the bird in Piauí, Rio <strong>de</strong><br />

Janeiro, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Sul. Fiúza, (1999), using a summary bibliography of<br />

birds of the Caatinga, reports 283 species for the biome but the C. a. americanus is not inclu<strong>de</strong>d in this survey.<br />

Pacheco & Bauer, 2000, put together an inventory for the bird species of the Caatinga biome and reported the<br />

C. a. americanus only in Ceará. Lima, (2004), from his surveys of various biomes within the state of Bahia,<br />

related 280 for the Caatinga ecosystem and since the C. a.americanus had never been seen before, his was the<br />

first confirmed sighting in the state. The abdomen of the bird is clear gray and its mandible yellow, characteristics<br />

exclusive to the species. This was the second register for the species in the larger Caatinga biome, and<br />

the first in that biome in Bahia.


111<br />

Piaya cayana pallescens (Cabanis & Heine, 1862)<br />

Squirrel Cuckoo<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

It lives alone or in a pair and has a long tail that is evi<strong>de</strong>nt when it moves around an open area. It often jumps<br />

from one branch to another and from a distance, because of its long trail, the bird can be confused for a squirrel<br />

or marmoset. Its nest is lined with dry leaves and we have found one of these nests at thr top of a tree. Measurements:<br />

Total length 410mm wing 150mm, tail 235mm, tarsus 38mm, beak 27mm, weight 104g<br />

Crotophaga ani (Linné, 1758)<br />

Smooth-billed Ani<br />

The smooth-billed ani is a well-known bird in the local community and lives in open areas or where vegetation<br />

is low. It lives in flocks and we have counted up to 16 individuals in one flock. This ani feeds on insects,<br />

lizards and small animals. In the same manner as the cattle egret, the bird can be seen alongsi<strong>de</strong> grazing cattle<br />

foraging for food. Its nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and hid<strong>de</strong>n within the vegetation. We have found nests at a height<br />

of around one and a half meters off the ground and their greenish eggs. We have also found nests with 40 eggs<br />

piled up against each other. We also came across an individual that lived alone for over a year in the Raso <strong>da</strong><br />

Catarina, the home range of the Lears Macaw. This individual, which was ban<strong>de</strong>d, lived near a source of water<br />

and when that dried up, he showed up at our camp looking for supplemental water. Measurements: weight<br />

96g.<br />

Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788)<br />

Guira Cuckoo<br />

This is a common bird in open areas and feeds on invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles. Its bowl-shaped nest<br />

is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and lined with dry leaves. We have observed that the guira cuckoo uses the same nest for<br />

several years. On the first <strong>da</strong>y after they hatch, the chicks are given small portions of food that are put insi<strong>de</strong><br />

their beaks; after the third <strong>da</strong>y, they receive larger portions that are put either at the opening of the beak or<br />

regurgitated <strong>de</strong>ep insi<strong>de</strong> the beak. After the fifth <strong>da</strong>y, the chicks become competitive and at the first sign of<br />

their parent’s arrival, they advance in their direction to quickly receive the food. The competition between the<br />

chicks increases every <strong>da</strong>y and the one who has more success in grabbing the food obviously has an advantage<br />

and <strong>de</strong>velops more rapidly. From the tenth <strong>da</strong>y and until they fledge, the more <strong>de</strong>veloped chicks use a more<br />

elaborate strategy to obtain food: they position themselves on branches above the nest and intercept food<br />

from the parents before they get to the nest. The smaller less <strong>de</strong>veloped chicks use a different strategy, that of<br />

waiting insi<strong>de</strong> the nest in the hope that they’ll receive food from one member of the group. This was a highly<br />

flawed strategy as we observed that the parent birds <strong>de</strong>livered food 10 times to the chicks that were outsi<strong>de</strong><br />

the nest and only once to the two chicks that stayed in the nest. Even then, this food was stolen by other larger<br />

group members. Out of a total of six chicks, one who was unable to compete for food died after the eighth <strong>da</strong>y,<br />

three <strong>de</strong>veloped well and two were in very bad state. Measurements: Total length 410mm, wing 173mm, tail<br />

230mm, tarsus 39mm, beak 31mm, weight 70g.


112<br />

Tapera naevia chochi (Viellot, 1817)<br />

Striped Cuckoo<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

The stripe cuckoo is known as a ‘”ghost” bird based on the difficulty to spot it. When its call is heard and a<br />

person approaches, it moves away but continues to call. It usually calls at <strong>da</strong>wn and during the night. On one<br />

occasion, we found an individual that called throughout the <strong>da</strong>y in a certain area. We taped the call and played<br />

it back; the bird respon<strong>de</strong>d and flew in the direction of the taped call. This was the only way we could attract<br />

it to an open area. These are parasitic birds and they use other specie’s nest to lay their eggs.<br />

Dromococcyx pavoninus (Pelzeln, 1870)<br />

Pavonine Cuckoo<br />

This is a difficult bird to see though its call can be heard in the early morning and late afternoon. The call is<br />

very similar to that of the striped cuckoo and they are also parasitic birds that use other specie’s nest to lay<br />

their eggs.<br />

TRIGIFORMES ORDER<br />

Tytoni<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra (Gray, 1769)<br />

Barn Owl<br />

This is the most common owl species and is known throughout Brazil. It feeds on rats, bats, and birds (we have<br />

seen them feeding on species such as the thrush (Turdus), and we’ve also found the skeletal remains of the<br />

commom gallinule (Gallinula chloropus). They reproduce in hollow tree cavities, church towers, abandoned<br />

buildings and in the roofs of houses. They lay from two to five white eggs. In the Brazilian northeast, these<br />

owls are associated with bad luck which leads to people killing adults and chicks when they come across them.<br />

Theses owls usually hunt in barren land or at the opening of sewage ducts in beaches etc.. There are two types<br />

of plumages: one that is all yellow and the other yellow but with a white breast. This is not related to sexual<br />

dimorphism. Measurements: weight 350g.<br />

Strigi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />

Tropical Screech Owl<br />

This is a small owl species which feeds on insects and small birds. It normally lays two white eggs in hollow<br />

tree cavities. However, we have found nests with three eggs all of which hatched and the chicks survived.<br />

There are two types of plumage: one grayish, the other with a reddish tint. Measurements: Total length 233mm,<br />

wing 165mm, tail 90mm, tarsus 30mm, beak 20mm, weight 120g.


113<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788)<br />

Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl<br />

It reproduces in hollow tree cavities and we have found up to four white eggs. Insi<strong>de</strong> the nest we have seen<br />

feathers of various other bird species that have been fed to the chicks such as the blue-black grass quit (Volatinia<br />

jacarina) and the saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola). We also once found the remains of a sewage rat that<br />

weighed as much as the owl. The bird hunts during the <strong>da</strong>y and night and has various plumage colors: one is<br />

gray and the other rust-colored. When flocks of a certain species come across one of these owls perching on a<br />

coveted branch, they team up with other species to scare off the owl from the perch spot. Measurements: Total<br />

length 180mm, wing 10mm, tail 60mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 11mm, weight 68g/95g.<br />

Speotyto cunicularia grallaria (Temminck, 1822)<br />

Burrowing Owl<br />

This is a very common owl species that occurs in open areas of the Caatinga where one can come across large<br />

burrows dug out of the sand where the bird reproduces. During the reproductive period, we have found beetle<br />

shells at the mouth of the burrows. They are active during the <strong>da</strong>y but they seem to hunt mostly at night. We<br />

have observed that at dusk, these owls perch on fences or posts poised top hunt Measurements: Total length<br />

205mm, wing 170mm, tail 68mm/85mm, tarsus 49mm, beak 21mm, weight 150g/160g.<br />

CAPRIMULGIFORMES ORDER<br />

Nyctibii<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Nyctibius griseus griseus (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Common Potoo<br />

The potoo is a common and well-known bird. The local community refers to it as the “mother of the moon.”<br />

This nocturnal bird feeds from insects it captures in full flight with its large mouth. The male is much bigger<br />

and heavier than the female and is normally seen perched in an erect stance on fence posts or on branches in<br />

dry trees. The bird is difficult to spot due to its incredible camouflage that makes it blend into the tree perfectly.<br />

It lays a solitary white egg in hollow cavities at the end of branches or posts. The chick’s plumage at birth is<br />

white but as time passes it becomes a light gray tone with wisps of white. From the time they hatch until they<br />

abandon the nest, the chicks are capable of clinging onto the branch on which they are born. The parents cover<br />

the chicks with their own bodies to protect them from the sun, rain or potential pre<strong>da</strong>tors. Measurements: Total<br />

length 340mm, wing 240mm, tail 160mm, beak 16mm.<br />

Caprimulgi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Chor<strong>de</strong>iles pusillus xerophilus (Dickerman, 1988)<br />

Least Nighthawk<br />

This is the smallest nighthawk in the Caatinga and easily recognizable because of its miniscule size. It is also<br />

one of the few nightjars that flies a little before sunset in erratic patterns, ascending and <strong>de</strong>scending and sometimes<br />

flying in a circle. Initially, it seems there are only one or two individuals but as the evening progresses,<br />

more birds turn up and form a larger group. Both sexes have a white stripe on their wings and the male has a


114<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

white tip at the end of its tail. During the <strong>da</strong>y, the birds sleep in little shrubs in open areas. They lay their eggs<br />

on the ground in the sha<strong>de</strong>.<br />

Chor<strong>de</strong>iles acutipennis acutipennis (Hermann, 1783)<br />

Lesser Nighthawk<br />

This bird has long, narrow wings with a V-shaped white stripe. The females are white-throated. The male has<br />

a stripe at the end of its tail and usually flies at very high altitu<strong>de</strong>s at dusk. It feeds on termites and ants.<br />

Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Pauraque<br />

It’s one of the best known nightjars in the Caatinga and occurs in open areas or within forests. They can often<br />

be seen at night looking for food on roads, especially dirt tracks. The male has a white stripe on its wing and<br />

the external tail feathers are also white but only visible when the bird is flying. They lay one eggs amid dry<br />

leaves on the ground and the chick is born with a brown plumage. We <strong>de</strong>signed an experiment to see whether<br />

the parents were capable of carrying the chick to some other location were it to be discovered pre<strong>da</strong>tors. We<br />

put a small woo<strong>de</strong>n fence about 15 centimeters high around a very immature chick still in its nest and observed<br />

it for two weeks. The parents continued to feed the chick within the fence until it was able to fly. This proved<br />

that the parents were incapable of transporting their chick. What in fact happens is that if a person or animal<br />

discovers the nest, the parents will flee and then call in attempts to try and lure the chick to safety. But since<br />

the chick’s coloration is a perfect camouflage, it is rare that their hiding place is discovered. Measurements:<br />

Total length 275mm, wing 160mm, tail 144mm, tarsus 29mm, beak 11mm, weight 56g/63g.<br />

Caprimulgus rufus rufus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />

Rufous Nightjar<br />

This is a large species and lives on forest edges and perches on the trunks and branches of trees. This has<br />

not been a very common species during our banding campaigns. Despite the frequency of hearing the rufous<br />

nightjar call, the species jar that most often gets caught in the mist nets is the pauraque (N. albicollis).<br />

Hydropsalis torquata torquata (Gmelin, 1798)<br />

Long-trained Nightjar)<br />

This is a fairly common species that even can occur in cities. The male has a long, scissor tail, a characteristic<br />

important for correct i<strong>de</strong>ntification. The females and juveniles’ tails are also forked but much shorter. During<br />

the <strong>da</strong>y the bird lives hid<strong>de</strong>n in the middle of the vegetation and in sha<strong>de</strong>d areas.<br />

Caprimulgus parvulus parvulus (Gould, 1837)


115<br />

Bacurau-pequeno (Little Nightjar)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This species was only recently ad<strong>de</strong>d to the list of birds on Bahia’s north coast (2003) and was never caught<br />

in our nets during the banding campaigns. But in less than a week we received three specimens caught in different<br />

areas; one from Sauipe, another from Camaçari and the third from Salvador. As night falls, they perch<br />

on branches before taking off to look for food. Measurements: Total length 219mm, wing 150mm, tail 98mm<br />

. tarsus 13mm, beak. 14mm, weight 40g.<br />

Capraimulgus longirostris (Bonaparte, 1825)<br />

Band-winged Nightjar<br />

The male has a large white stripe on its wing and tail. The coloring of the females’ wing is more yellow. These<br />

are relatively common birds in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Their call consists of a sharp whistle which can be heard<br />

from far away in the late afternoon. Measurements: Total length 230mm, wing 140mm, tail 110mm, tarsus<br />

15mm, beak 12mm, weight 49g.<br />

Trochili<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Phaethornis pretrei pretrei (Lesson & Delattre, 1839)<br />

Planalto Hermit<br />

This humming bird species lives on forest edges and also visits domestic gar<strong>de</strong>ns. It has a long tail with a white<br />

spot on the end and its throat is cinnamon colored. It usually enters houses very quickly and then leaves at utmost<br />

speed as well. In some places it is known as the “house-cleaning humming bird”. Nests are assembled in<br />

rock gorges, balconies, on roof wires, power lines or the palm fiber used to make kiosks. From the first <strong>da</strong>y of<br />

life, the chicks cling to the insi<strong>de</strong> of the nest if we try and remove them. They abandon the nest after 20 <strong>da</strong>ys.<br />

Measurements: Total length 170mm, wing 59mm, tail 75mm, beak 32mm, weight 6g<br />

Phaethornis pretrei minor (Grantsau, 1966)<br />

Described by Rolf Grantsau from samples collected in the state of Goías, a sample of this species was also<br />

collected in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: Total length 140mm, wing 54mm, tail 64 mm, beak 29mm,<br />

weight 3g.<br />

Phaethornis gounellei (Boucard, 1891)<br />

Broad-Tipped Hermit<br />

This is a very common species in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina yet <strong>de</strong>spite numerous attempts to locate a nest, we have<br />

never found one. Its back and wing coverts are a bronze-green color, the eyebrow wi<strong>de</strong> and white, the throat a<br />

rusty color with a black streak in the center. There is a large white band on the tail feathers and the mandible<br />

is a greenish-yellow. At certain times of the year, the mandible changes to an intense yellow which extends<br />

all the way to the beak. This could have something to do with the bird’s reproductive period. Measurements:<br />

Total length 120mm, wing 47mm, tail 45mm, beak 26mm, weight 4g.


116<br />

Eupetomena macroura simoni (Hellmayr, 1929)<br />

Swallow-tailed Hummingbird<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This is a large and most well-known of the hummingbirds. It occurs in the Caatinga and in urban gar<strong>de</strong>ns.<br />

Its plumage is a metallic blue and its tail is forked. The species is very aggressive and will attack any other<br />

hummingbird that tries to inva<strong>de</strong> its territory. The bowl-shaped nest ma<strong>de</strong> with spi<strong>de</strong>r webs, lichens and straw<br />

stolen from other birds’ nests (Todirostrum cinereum) is placed in tree trunks and un<strong>de</strong>r leaf piles. The nests<br />

are about 1.5 to 5 meters off the ground. At dusk, around 5:00 a.m. they call from the posts on which they<br />

customarily perch. Their call is similar to that of the swallow tanager (Tersina viri<strong>de</strong>s) and is respon<strong>de</strong>d to by<br />

another bird from a post near by. Measurements: Total length 180mm, wing 70mm, tail 95mm, beak 23mm,<br />

weight 7g.<br />

Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

White-vented Violetear<br />

This is a relatively rare species. We have seen only few individuals between the months of November and<br />

March. It has very accentuated sexual dimorphism; seen from far, the male appears all black while the female<br />

has two white streaks on the flanks of her body while the middle is black. . Measurements: wing 64mm, tail<br />

35mm, beak 23mm, weight 6g<br />

Chrysolampis mosquitus (Linné, 1758)<br />

Ruby-topaz Hummingbird<br />

It is one of those hummingbirds where the male is much more <strong>da</strong>zzling. Depending on the intensity of light,<br />

the bird appears black with a sparkling tail. The female has a green back and a white chin, breast and abdomen.<br />

It is a migratory bird. Though smaller, the nest is similar to that of the swallow-tailed hummingbird (E.<br />

macroura. On one occasion, Rolf Grantsau was photographing this species which was feeding on a flowering<br />

Lantana camera, when a adult male specimen had a fatal collision with a car door. This is likely a result of the<br />

combative nature of the birds, which fight one another for access to flowers, and one is always chasing another<br />

possible competitor, at high speed. This obviously exposes them to lots of <strong>da</strong>ngerous situations. Measurements:<br />

Total length 100mm, wing 50mm, tail 30mm, beak 18mm, weight 4g.<br />

Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848)<br />

Glittering-billied Emerald<br />

This is one of the most common hummingbird species in the Caatinga and also visits urban gar<strong>de</strong>ns. It likes<br />

very small flowers. The male is a brilliant green color, the base of its beak is red and the beak itself has a white<br />

ridge. The female’s back is green, its chin and abdomen are dirty white. In the Caatinga, it builds its nest at<br />

the foot of a perilous plant called cansanção which <strong>de</strong>livers a mighty sting and itchy rash for any creature that<br />

brushes up against it. Obviously this helps <strong>de</strong>ter pre<strong>da</strong>tors. We have come across nests with four eggs, and<br />

also a case of reuse of an old nest where the new batch of eggs was laid on two old ones that had not hatched.<br />

Measurements: Total length 90mm, wing 45mm, tail 25mm, beak 16mm, weight 3g.


117<br />

Amazilia nigricau<strong>da</strong> (fimbriata) (Elliot, 1878)<br />

Glittering-throated Emerald<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

The bird is a brilliant green with a pure white abdomen, red mandible and a tail that is almost all black. It occurs<br />

on the restinga sandy-soiled coastal forests and sometimes visits urban gar<strong>de</strong>ns. It appears only at certain<br />

times of the year.<br />

Amazilia versicolor versicolor (Vieillot, 1818)<br />

Versicolored Emerald<br />

The species occurs in open areas and forest edges, and its abdomen is green with a white stripe that gets wi<strong>de</strong>r<br />

at the lower abdomen; its upper beak is meat colored with a <strong>da</strong>rk point and the white of the throat is streaked<br />

with green.<br />

Heliomaster squamosus (Temminck, 1826)<br />

Long-breasted Starthroat<br />

The male’s throat is an intense and brilliant violet red, and there is also a streak above its eye and white channel<br />

on malar stripe. It is a common species in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: Total length 128mm, wing<br />

55mm, tail 36mm, beak 27mm, weight 6g.<br />

Calliphlox amethystina (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />

Amethyst Woodstar<br />

The male has a red throat and forked tail; the female is markedly smaller e has a white throat with brown<br />

streaks. Though it’s a small hummingbird, is emits a strong buzzing sound as it approaches a flower, similar<br />

to that of a solitary bee. It is very rare in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />

TROGONIFORMES ORDER<br />

Trogoni<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Trogon curucui curucui (Linné, 1766)<br />

Blue-crowned Trogon<br />

This trogon occurs in <strong>de</strong>nse Caatinga. The male has a red breast, a yellow eyelid and at the top of its head a<br />

scintillating blue color. The female has a grayish abdomen. It reproduces in termite mounds and can occur at<br />

high and low strata of the forest, but principally in low caatinga. Measurements: Total length 245mm, wing<br />

120mm, tail 130, tarsus 13mm, beak 15mm, weight 52g.<br />

CORACIFORMES ORDER


118<br />

Alcedini<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Ceryle torquata torquata (Linné, 1766)<br />

Ringed Kingfisher<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Its the largest kingfisher and occurs around lakes, rivers and floo<strong>de</strong>d areas. It is often seen on power lines that<br />

pass over bodies of water. It fishes in these areas. The females’ lower abdomen and tail feathers are chestnut<br />

covered. It feeds on fish and can often be seen around commercial fish farms. It reproduces in crevices, often a<br />

fair distance from any water. When flying from one spot to another, it makes a lot of noise and are constantly<br />

sonorous.<br />

Chloroceryle americana americana (Gmelin, 1788)<br />

Green Kingfisher<br />

This king-fisher is very common insi<strong>de</strong> large, <strong>de</strong>nse and sha<strong>de</strong>d forest and it lives by the creeks and streams<br />

that run through the forest. It can also be seen on the banks of large rivers.<br />

PICIFORMES ORDER<br />

Galbuli<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Galbula ruficau<strong>da</strong> rufoviridis (Cabanis, 1851)<br />

Rufous-tailed jacamar<br />

It lives in places either near water or in dry environments. The male has a white throat and the female’s throat<br />

is rusty-colored. It usually perches on a branch and scans for possible prey. It can be perfectly still for long periods<br />

of time. We have seen one of these species catch a very large moth. Measurements: Total length 230mm,<br />

wing 80mm, tail 85mm, tarsus 12mm., beak 51mm, weight 24g.<br />

Bucconi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Bucco maculatus maculatus (Gmelin, 1788)<br />

Spot-backed Puffbird<br />

Its name in Portuguese <strong>de</strong>rives from its “tameness” because it is capable of staying motionless in the middle<br />

of vegetation observing everything that passes around it. The birds coloring and shape are perfect camouflage<br />

and often it will stay unnoticed. The species uses electrical wires on roads as observation posts. It feeds on<br />

insects and lizards that it picks from the ground. It reproduces in holes it burrows out of gulleys and lays two<br />

white eggs. Measurements: Total length 200mm, wing 74mm, tail 75mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 25mm/33mm,<br />

weight 45g.<br />

Pici<strong>da</strong>e Family


119<br />

Colaptes melanochloros nattereri (Malherbe, 1848)<br />

Green-barred Woodpecker<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

It lives in open areas and on forest edges in the Caatinga. The male has a red stripe on its mandible. It reproduces<br />

in hollow tree cavities, but will also use artificial nests. They are commonly seen in the tops of coconut<br />

trees or on the ground looking for food. We have seen three white eggs. Measurements: Total length 300mm,<br />

wing 170mm, tail 90mm, tarsus 25mm, beak 43mm, weight 200g.<br />

Picumnus pygmaeus distinctus (Pinto & Camargo, 1961)<br />

Spotted Piculet<br />

This is the smallest woodpecker in the Caatinga and has very accentuated sexual dimorphism: the male has<br />

a red forehead and the female’s head is black with white spots. It usually lives in pairs and makes its nest in<br />

snags where is perforates an entrance wi<strong>de</strong> enough to enable it to get insi<strong>de</strong>. We have observed a pair that uses<br />

the same snag annually but each time carves out a new hole for another nest. It occurs in the woo<strong>de</strong>d savanna<br />

and Atlantic Rainforest and sandy coastal forest biomes. Measurements: Total length 104mm, wing 53mm, tail<br />

30mm, tarsus 13mm, beak 10mm, weight 10g/13g.<br />

Piculus chryrochloros chryrochloros (Vieillot, 1818)<br />

Gol<strong>de</strong>n-green Woodpecker<br />

This species occurs in both the Caatinga and gallery forests. The male has a red cap and a white stripe that<br />

stretches from the base of the beak until the yellow neck. The mandible is red. The female also has a red cap<br />

and a green streak on her mandible. Measurements: Total length 210mm, wing 114mm, tail 74mm, tarsus<br />

16mm, beak 20mm, weight 50g.<br />

Celeus flavescens interce<strong>de</strong>ns (Hellmayr, 1908)<br />

Blond-crested Woodpecker<br />

Occurs at the edge or interior of the Caatinga. It’s a solitary bird and not as abun<strong>da</strong>nt as the previous two<br />

species. The males have a red streak on their mandibles. It does not permit the entrance of another individual<br />

of the same species into its territory. Measurements: Total length 245mm, wing 140mm, tail 140mm, tarsus<br />

23mm, beak 25mm, weight 95g.<br />

Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus (Reichenbach, 1854)<br />

Little Woodpecker<br />

The greater wing coverts are sprinkled with yellow. The top of the males’ head is read. It occurs in the interior<br />

of the Caatinga and on forest edges. Measurements: Total length 150mm/160mm, wing 76mm/80mm, tail<br />

52mm/57mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 15mm, weight 20g/26g.<br />

Campephilus melanoleucos cearae (Cory, 1915)


120<br />

Crimson-crested Woodpecker<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This is a rare bird that is difficult to see. In appearance it’s very similar to and often confused with the Dryocopus<br />

lineatus. It differs because of its black chin as opposed to the white one of the D. lineatus. The females<br />

chin is black and the male’s all red. It usually pierces holes in the trunks of the Craibeira tree where it constructs<br />

its nests. These cavities are used by other birds such as the: Otus choliba, Glaucidium brasilianum,<br />

Falco sparverius e Amazonas amazonas. Mensurements: Total lenfht 270mm, Wing 122mm, tail 95mm, tarsus<br />

24mm, beak 23mm, weight 73g.<br />

Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e family<br />

Taraba major stagura (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />

Great Antshrike<br />

This large species has accented sexual dimorphism: the upper part of the males is black and the lower part<br />

white whereas in the females the upper body is rust colored and the lower part dirty white. Both sexes have<br />

red eyes. In the Caatinga, it occurs long distances from water.<br />

Sakesphorus cristatus (Wied, 1831)<br />

Silvery-cheeked Antshrike<br />

The male has a brown back and black feather tuft, while the female’s feather tuft is rusty colored. The throat<br />

and interscapulary region of the male are black. It occurs in the interior of the Caatinga and is a common bird<br />

in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: Total length 150mm, wing 60mm, tail 53mm, tarsus 24mm, beak<br />

15mm, weight 16g/18g.<br />

Thamnophilus pelzeni (Hellmayr, 1924)<br />

Planalto Slaty-antshrike<br />

It occurs in the high sandy forest along the northern coast from Sauípe to Mangue Seco. The male is gray with<br />

a chestnut colored cap. This species also occurs in the Caatinga of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: Total<br />

length 153mm, wing 65mm, tail 58mm, tarsus 23mm, beak 16mm, weight 18g.<br />

Thaminophilus doliatus capistratus (Lesson, 1840)<br />

Barred Antshrike<br />

The male’s body is black with white bars whereas the female is light brown. It’s a common bird in the Caatinga<br />

where it can be seen always in a pair moving about in the interior of the caatinga. The male and female are<br />

always communicating with distinct calls. Measurements: Total length 183mm, wing 80mm, tail 73mm, tarsus<br />

24mm, beak 16mm, weight 30g.<br />

Myrmochilus strigilatus strigilatus (Wied, 1831)


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Striped-backed Antibird<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

IA typical Caatinga bird, its call is one of the best known among local. It’s known by its vulgar name “tem<br />

farinha-ai” (is there any flower there?) The male has a black throat and the female a striated breast. It looks<br />

for food on the ground of the Caatinga. Measurements: Total length 164mm, wing 63mm, tail 60mm, tarsus<br />

30mm, beak 16mm, weight 19g.<br />

Herpsilochomus pectoralis (Sclater, 1857)<br />

Pectoral Antwren<br />

This is an en<strong>de</strong>mic Caatinga species and is listed as highly en<strong>da</strong>ngered. The male has a black spot on its stomach.<br />

This occurs in low Caatinga and in gallery forests. Measurements: Total length 135mm, wing 51mm, tail<br />

50mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 13mm, weight 10g/12g.<br />

Herpsilochomus sellowi (Whitney & Pacheco, 2000)<br />

This species is consi<strong>de</strong>red in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction and has been registered in the Caatinga as well as gallery<br />

forests.<br />

Formicivora melanogaster bahiae (Hellmayr, 1909)<br />

Black-billed Antwren<br />

This species looks very like the white-fringed antwren but the male’s black coloring is more intense than the<br />

female, which is easily recognizable because of its white abdomen. Measurements: Total length 135mm, wing<br />

50mm, tail 50mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 11mm, weight 10g.<br />

Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Furnarius leucopus assimilis (Cabanis & Heine, 1859)<br />

Pale-legged Hornero<br />

This species lives near bodies of water such as streams and lakes and has a large white stripe which stretches<br />

from its lores and passes its eye to reach the nape. The end of its tail is black. This hornero can look similar<br />

to that of the rufous hornero (F. rufus) but it is also known to use the abandoned nests of the rufous cacholote<br />

(Pseudoseisura cristata).<br />

Synallaxis frontalis frontalis (Pelzeln, 1859)<br />

Sooty-fronted Spinetail<br />

It appears in the Caatinga and re-growth forests and has a cap and chestnut colored wings and tail. It can be<br />

observed alone or in a couple, looking for food in the in the lower levels of the forest. Measurements: Total<br />

length 155mm, wing 53mm, tail 72mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 10mm, weight 12g.


122<br />

Synallaxis albescens albescens (Temminck, 1823)<br />

Pale-breasted Spinetail<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Though not very common, this species does occur in the Caatinga. It can be seen in dry areas as well as close<br />

to water sources. Measurements: Total length 170mm, wing 56mm, tail 93mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 12mm,<br />

weight 14g.<br />

Synallaxis strigilatus strigilatus (Temminck, 1823)<br />

Pale-breasted Spinetail<br />

This occurs in the Caatinga near floo<strong>de</strong>d areas or wetlands. A characteristic of this species is the small black<br />

streak on its throat, which is visible only when the bird is singing.<br />

Synallaxis scutatus scutatus (Sclater, 1859)<br />

Ocher-cheeked Spinetail<br />

This species lives on the lower stratum of the forest and its call imitates the call of a Sooty-fronted Spinetail<br />

(S. frontalis). It has a black spot on its throat and a white streak above the eyes. Its nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and<br />

looks like a big basket with the entrance at the top. The nest is very similar to that of the C. cinnamomea.<br />

Measurements: Total length 130mm, wing 50mm, tail 55mm, weight 10g.<br />

Gyalophylax hellmayri (Reiser, 1905)<br />

Red-shoul<strong>de</strong>red Spinetail<br />

This is an en<strong>da</strong>ngered species that is en<strong>de</strong>mic to the Brazilian northeast and has a long and scaled tail and a<br />

white stripe above its wings. There is a black fleck on its throat. The specie’s nest is a large agglomeration of<br />

thorny shrub and it lives on the ground where it seeks out food.<br />

Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis (Cory, 1916)<br />

Yellow-chinned Spinetail<br />

This bird always lives near water, whether by lakes, on the si<strong>de</strong> of rivers or marshes. The yellow-chinned<br />

spinetail lives in pairs and calls in a duet. It has a yellow streak on its throat that is difficult to see. Its nest is a<br />

pile of twigs and the entrance is in the lower part mass in the form of a tube. It removes the chick’s feces from<br />

the nest and takes them far away.<br />

Phacellodomus rufifrons rufifrons (Wied, 1821)


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Common Thornbird<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This bird is recognized by its hanging twig nest which can be of various sizes. The pair builds new nests on<br />

top of old ones, hence the nests become bigger and bigger. It often has a “reserve” nest in the upper part of the<br />

old nest where the pair sleeps. The nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of very prickly twigs. Even though the nests are constructed<br />

in high places, the birds live on the ground in pairs and look for food un<strong>de</strong>r dry leaves. It removes its chick’s<br />

feces and takes them far away. Measurements: weight 24g.<br />

Pseudoseisura cristata (Spix, 1824)<br />

Rufous Cacholote<br />

In a similar manner to the common thornbird, it’s the nest of the species that make it distinct. Several nests can<br />

be found on the same tree and are constantly visited by various individuals. The nest is constructed with twigs<br />

that are sometimes so big that the bird has trouble carrying them. Once we saw an individual of the species<br />

trying to carry the primary feather of a vulture; as it was flying, the wind retar<strong>de</strong>d its forward progress. The<br />

chicks, before abandoning the nest, have a grayish crown.<br />

Xenops rutilans rutilans (Temminck, 1821)<br />

Streaked Xenops<br />

Similar to the plain xenops, both these species can occur in the same forest patch. It distinguishes itself from<br />

the plain xenops by being bigger and the lower part of its body is streaked with white. Measurements: weight<br />

11g.<br />

Megaxenops parnaguae (Reiser, 1905)<br />

Great Xenops<br />

One of the most distinguishing features of this bird is the shape of its beak. It is strong and turned up in the<br />

same way the xenop’s beaks are. Its plumage is cinnamon, and its throat white. Due to the <strong>de</strong>arth of information<br />

about its status, it was listed as in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction, but it is not at all rare in the Caatinga of the Raso<br />

<strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: Total length 165mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 15mm, weight 26g.<br />

Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri (Helmayr, 1917)<br />

Olivaceous Woodcreeper<br />

It occurs in gallery forests in the Caatinga. It is a common species and can be observed perched vertically<br />

on tree trunks or moving from one tree to another. Its back is green and there is a black streak on its wings<br />

which is easily visible when the bird flies. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing 67mm, tail 65mm, tarsus<br />

15mm, beak 11mm, weight 12/14g.<br />

Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae (Bangs & Pernard)


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Straight-billed Woodcreeper<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This is a common Caatinga species. It reproduces in tree cavities and in artificial nests ma<strong>de</strong> of PVC. This<br />

woodcreeper puts some pieces of dry bark in the interior of the nests. There are two white eggs, that way<br />

around 5,6g and measure 26 X 19 mm. The incubation period is 18 <strong>da</strong>ys. The chicks are born with a black<br />

plumage covering the back and the top of its head. The beak and its interior are a strong yellow color but as<br />

they mature, they become tinged with red. Before they abandon the nest, the chicks communicate with their<br />

parents with very distinct calls.<br />

Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae (Hellmayr, 1903)<br />

Norrow-billed Woodcreeper<br />

This species occurs in the woo<strong>de</strong>d savanna habitat (cerrado) and the sandy soiled forests of the northern Bahia<br />

coast, always occupying spaces where the trees are sparse. It has a large superciliary stripe and the lower part<br />

of the bird is white. This species is often seen moving from one tree to another in open countrysi<strong>de</strong>. Measurements:<br />

Total length 220mm, wing 95mm, tail 82mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 34mm, weight 30g.<br />

Lepidocolaptes fuscus brevirostris (Pinto, 1938)<br />

Lesser Woodcreeper<br />

It occurs in gallery forests of the high Caatinga and has a yellowish superciliary stripe. It often travels in mixed<br />

flocks in a variety of stratums in the forest. Measurements: Total length 225mm, wing 90mm, tail 74mm, tarsus<br />

20mm, beak 33mm, weight 32g.<br />

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris omissus (Pinto, 1933)<br />

Curve-billed Scythebill<br />

It has a large, curved and red beak. It occurs in the <strong>de</strong>nse caatinga of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina and lives alone or in<br />

a pair and forages for food in the trunks of trees. Measurements: Total length 250mm, wing 98mm, tail 80mm,<br />

tarsus 20mm, beak 55mm, weight 38g.<br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Camptostoma obsoletum cinerascens (Wied, 1831)<br />

Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet<br />

This species occurs in the caatinga and gallery forests, on forest edges and also domestic gar<strong>de</strong>ns. One of its<br />

calls is very distinct, and sounds like a “little laugh;” another call is very similar to that of the purple-throated<br />

euphonia (Euphonia chlorotica). It always lives in a pair and will move about at all levels of the forest though<br />

in the Caatinga it normally can be found very close to the ground. Measurements: Total length 110mm, wing<br />

48mm, tai 37mm, tarsus 13mm, beak 8mm, weight 7g.<br />

Phaeomyias murina murina (Spix, 1825)


125<br />

Mouse-colored Tyrannulet<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This is an extremely difficult species to see because it lives alongsi<strong>de</strong> the plain-crested elaenia (Elaenia cristata)<br />

in the Caatinga and on forest edges and it is not abun<strong>da</strong>nt. It can occur in domestic gar<strong>de</strong>ns. It has two<br />

brown streaks on its wing coverts. Measurements: Total length 140mm, wing 64mm., tail 32mm, beak 10mm,<br />

weight 11g.<br />

Sublegatus mo<strong>de</strong>stus mo<strong>de</strong>stus (Wied, 1831)<br />

Southern Scrub-Flycatcher<br />

It occurs in Caatinga and is very rare. It looks like a small eleania though it does not have a forelock and it<br />

has a small white stripe behind its eye, a gray chin and yellow abdomen. It has two white stripes on its wings.<br />

Measurements: Total length 130mm, wing 55mm, tail 55mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 9mm, weight 9g.<br />

Myiopagis viridicata viridicata (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Greenish Elaenia<br />

It has a yellowish abdomen and a yellow crest on the top of its head. In the caatinga, this is a migratory species<br />

and occurs in large groups next to the white-crested eleania (Elaenia albiceps), which is also a migratory<br />

species. Measurements: Total length 130mm, wing 61mm, tail 55, beak 7mm, weight 14g.<br />

Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822)<br />

Yellow-bellied Elaenia<br />

It’s a very common species and occurs in a wi<strong>de</strong> range of ecosystems. It has a white crest that nonetheless is<br />

so small that it only becomes apparent when the bird is in our hands. It has a very distinct call and occurs with<br />

other members of its genus such as the plain-crested eleania (Elaenia cristata). It has two white stripes on its<br />

wings. Its nest is bowl shaped and can look like hummingbird nests ma<strong>de</strong> of spi<strong>de</strong>r’s webs and lichens. Two<br />

white eggs with brown spots on the points are laid and weigh, on average, 2.9 g e measure 21 mm X 16 mm.<br />

The chick is born with a gray plumage. Measurements: Total length 173mm, wing 82mm, tail 67mm, tarsus<br />

20mm, beak 11mm, weight 23g.<br />

Elaenia cristata cristata (Pelzeln, 1868)<br />

Plain-crested Elaenia<br />

Very similar in appearance to the yellow-bellied elaenia, with which it shares the same habitat, the bird can be<br />

distinguished by its call and the fact that it doesn’t have a white crest but rather a much <strong>da</strong>rker one. Its nest is<br />

constructed in a crotched shape and much less elaborate than that of the yellow-bellied eleania. It is the most<br />

common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt species in the sandy restinga forests and feeds on the fruits available there. Measurements:<br />

Total length 155mm, wing 65mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 10mm, weight 17g.<br />

Elaenia albiceps chilensis (Hellmayr, 1927)


126<br />

White-crested Elaenia<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

The Elaenia albiceps is a southern migrant which travels between the southern cone countries until the Colombian<br />

An<strong>de</strong>s and Amazon region. (Sick, 1997). From our <strong>da</strong>ta gathered by the capture and observation of the<br />

species in the Caatinga of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (Jeremoabo), we registered this species between the months of<br />

April, May and June in 2002, which are the peak migratory months for this species. After this period, the birds<br />

totally abandon the region. In our banding campaigns un<strong>de</strong>rtaken in February 2003, we caught four individuals<br />

from this species in semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest, suggesting that some individuals of the species arrive early in<br />

February. In the banding campaigns that took place in Serra Branca between April and June of the same year,<br />

228 members of this species were caught and ban<strong>de</strong>d during their migration to the northeast region, which<br />

according to Marini and Cavalcanti (1990), is between May and July. It is strongly distinguished by the large<br />

quantity of white in its crest, though juveniles may not posses such a characteristic. Measurements: Total<br />

length 160mm, wing 72mm, tail 60mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 9mm, weight 17g.<br />

Elaenia spectabillis espectabilis (Pelzeln, 1868)<br />

Large Elaenia<br />

This is a large bird with a small crest that is seldom white but it does have three whitish stripes on its wings.<br />

It occurs both in the Caatinga and in gallery forests. Measurements: Total length 178mm, wing 82mm, tail<br />

82mm, beak 11mm, weight 21g.<br />

Stigmatura napensis (Chpamn, 1926)<br />

Lesser Wagtail-Tyrant<br />

This is a common species in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, and can occur in open and closed Caatinga. It has tall<br />

and thin feathers, a long and divi<strong>de</strong>d tail and a yellowish breast. Measurements: total length, 135 mm; wing,<br />

62mm; tail, 60mm, tarsus, 16mm, beak, 10mm; weight, 11g<br />

Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)<br />

Pearly-vented tody-Tyrant<br />

It lives in the Caatinga of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. The eye coloring can vary greatly; juveniles have <strong>da</strong>rk eyes<br />

and we’ve observed adults with yellow-orange eyes during the reproductive period. Its nest is hanging, similar<br />

to the Todirostrum, though constructed much closer to the ground. Once we had the opportunity to observe<br />

a pair of this species from the building of its nest until the eggs hatched. This pair was atypical: the nest was<br />

attached to the foot of a cactus about 10 cms off the ground in an open and very sunny area. We observed that<br />

the pair only sat on the eggs after the sun had gone down and the temperature <strong>de</strong>creased, between 16:00 at 8:30<br />

the next morning. We measured the temperature of the area (the nest in question was constructed on a sand<br />

dune) during the hottest period of the <strong>da</strong>y and the ground temperature was around 60 <strong>de</strong>grees centigra<strong>de</strong> and<br />

insi<strong>de</strong> the nest around 38 <strong>de</strong>grees centigra<strong>de</strong>. We observed the incubation period for around 20 <strong>da</strong>ys but after<br />

this period the pair abandoned the nest. When we opened the eggs, the chicks were very close to hatching.<br />

This phenomena in similar circumstances should be studied is or<strong>de</strong>r to be able to conclu<strong>de</strong> whether this was an<br />

isolated inci<strong>de</strong>nt or in fact these birds use the ground temperature to save energy. Measurements: Total length<br />

110mm, wing 45mm, tail 35mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 11mm, weight 7g.


127<br />

Todirostrum cinereum cearae (Cory, 1916)<br />

Commom Tody-Flycatcher<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

During the study period between December and March, we managed to locate 23 nests of this species and<br />

collect <strong>da</strong>ta from 22 of them. One of the nests was 8 cms from the ground and attached to a branch of the<br />

Pitecelobium sp tree and was the only one that was not systematically accompanied nor manipulated to gauge<br />

the morpho-metric <strong>da</strong>ta fr the eggs or chicks. Cherie (1890) presented <strong>da</strong>ta about nests that she accompanied<br />

in Costa Rica. Skutch (1930) found nests between the months of March and June in Panama. Haverschimidt<br />

(1978) accompanied nests from July to August in Suriname. Richmond and Skutch (1930) report of nests with<br />

eggs in March in Nicaragua, and Carriker apud Skutch (1930) registered nests between April and July in Costa<br />

Rica. Cruz & Andrews registered the occurrence of 52 nests in Venezuela from May to October, with a peak<br />

in June (N=26) and August (N=15).<br />

As Skutch, (1960) relates, the construction of nests in the area of Cetrel by 20 pairs was un<strong>de</strong>rtaken by two<br />

individuals, the building activity of each member of the pair happened when the male was present and the<br />

female absent or vice-versa and sometimes simultaneously when both were present in the nest, manipulating<br />

material (see photos 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11). Another scene we witnessed was of both the pair on top of the nest<br />

but only one working on the building part.<br />

The building period for the outer part of the nest of a pair who had had its nest inva<strong>de</strong>d by a pre<strong>da</strong>tor was 28<br />

<strong>da</strong>ys. After that the pair started to finish the inner chamber of the nest. Skutch (1930), in his presentation of<br />

nest <strong>da</strong>ta collected in Panama, said that the construction of the inner chamber had taken the most time.<br />

The building of another complete nest in the grounds of Cetrel took 32 <strong>da</strong>ys. During this period, a ruddy<br />

ground dove (Columbina talpacoti) constructed its nest, incubated and then looked after five chicks. The T.<br />

cinereum expends a consi<strong>de</strong>rable amount of time during reproduction principally consumed in the construction<br />

of its nest. According to Skutch (1960), the average time it takes to construct this specie’s nest in Central<br />

America is between four or five weeks, although some pairs can take less time, often when the building takes<br />

place in an abandoned nest that has been a victimized by pre<strong>da</strong>tors.<br />

Of the 23 nests that were found, 15 were completely exposed to the sun during the entire <strong>da</strong>y and eight nests<br />

were protected by the vegetation. In terms of proximity to water within a 100-meter radius, seven were within<br />

this band (three actually on a surface of water) while 16 were outsi<strong>de</strong> this radius.<br />

Of all the nests found, 20 were accompanied until a pre<strong>da</strong>tor targeted them or until the chicks fledged. Of<br />

these in two of them (10%) the adults attained success, 12 (60%) were victims of pre<strong>da</strong>tors, five nests were<br />

abandoned and one was found on the ground. Among all the nests that were victims of pre<strong>da</strong>tors, in six of<br />

them (50%), the eggs disappeared, in five (41.7%) the nests had been completed but no eggs laid, and one<br />

was still un<strong>de</strong>r construction. With the exception of this one, all the nests consi<strong>de</strong>red to have been victims of<br />

pre<strong>da</strong>tors showed signs of modification in their shape, principally the external part. This suggest some sort<br />

of manipulation by mammals. The mammals who are potential pre<strong>da</strong>tors in this region inclu<strong>de</strong>: the tufte<strong>de</strong>ar<br />

marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), the common opossum (Di<strong>de</strong>lphis albiventer) and other smaller marsupials<br />

from the Marmosa sp, in addition to other small ro<strong>de</strong>nts. We suspect that the squirrel cuckoo (Piaya cayana) is<br />

also a pre<strong>da</strong>tor of eggs from the species. Another possibility for agents of nest modification is the presence of<br />

piling birds, such as the greater kiska<strong>de</strong>e (Pitangus sulphuratus) It’s possible that the only nest with eggs but


128<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

with no sign of pre<strong>da</strong>tor activity was inva<strong>de</strong>d by a snake.<br />

Another five completed nests were abandoned, but with no sign of pre<strong>da</strong>tor manipulation and so we did not<br />

consi<strong>de</strong>r them to be pre<strong>da</strong>tor victims. Of these nests, three were empty, one had two eggs and a chick, and the<br />

third had three eggs. From this nest, one egg was on the ground but was still being incubated by the parent<br />

birds. Four <strong>da</strong>ys after this case was found, the nest was abandoned. As there were no signs that the nest was<br />

removed by a pre<strong>da</strong>tor, we can postulate that it was taken away by the adults. The nests that were abandoned<br />

without any sign of pre<strong>da</strong>tor manipulation could have been a result of our intervention and inspection.<br />

Morphometric Data:<br />

From 1991-2005 we caught and ban<strong>de</strong>d 32 T. cinereum, 10 from our study area and 22 from a region of the<br />

Caatinga in Jeremoabo in Bahia. Below we present specific <strong>da</strong>ta about these individuals. In Suriname, Haverschimidt<br />

(1952) found males and females that weighed 6.9g to 6.6g, respectively.<br />

Table 1. Average variation e stan<strong>da</strong>rd <strong>de</strong>viation of the morphometric <strong>da</strong>ta of the adult T. cinereum caught in<br />

Camaçari and Jeremoabo, in Bahia. The weight is in grams and the length mm.<br />

Weight (N=16)<br />

Wing (N=9)<br />

Tail FeathersRetriz (N=7)<br />

Beak (N=9)<br />

Tarsus (N=9)<br />

5.6 ± 0,95<br />

38 ±3<br />

31.5 ± 0.5<br />

12.15 ± 0.25<br />

18.3± 0.2<br />

Nests<br />

The average height of the nests from ground level is 2,6m (± 1,4, N=21). The average morpho-metric <strong>da</strong>ta<br />

from the nest (N=5) is the following: height: 290 mm (±36.05); frontal width 67.6mm (± 2.5); lateral width:<br />

85 mm (± 16.86); the height of the upper part of the entrance 105 mm (± 47.1); height of the lower part of the<br />

entrance: 189 mm (± 35.07); width of the entrance: 27.6mm (± 2.88); height of the entrance: 26.6mm (± 4.21).<br />

Average weight of the five nests is 14.17g (± 1.95).<br />

The nests were attached to dry or live branches of the following 13 botanical species (Table 2).<br />

The average diameter of the trunks were (N=17) is 2.85cm (±1.46). Of the total, three nests were affixed to<br />

dry trunks and 14 on green branches. The average diameter of dry trunks is 2.58cm (± 1.24) and of the green<br />

branches is equal to 2.68cm (± 1.29).<br />

The smallest distance between the active nests was 30 meters. One of the nests had an egg, the other was being<br />

built.


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The components of the T. cinereum nest are very diverse both in size as well as type of material, and <strong>de</strong>pend<br />

of the environment around them. We found dry leaves, grass stalks, and fragments and entire leaves of Melastomataceae,<br />

Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Compositae, fibers of Elaeis guineensis L., stems of the Passiflora sp, and<br />

a variety of dry seeds. Rarely did we find live vegetation in the nests, even in the recently constructed ones.<br />

Man ma<strong>de</strong> material, such as cotton, paper and nylon was ad<strong>de</strong>d to the nests.<br />

The internal chamber was at times lined with feathers from the following species: Sayaca tanager (Thraupis<br />

sayaca), white-cheeked pintail (Anas bahamensis), Ruddy ground dove (Columbina talpacoti), Saffron finch<br />

(Sicalis flaveola) and the masked water tyrant (Fluvicola nengeta). Two nests’ internal chambers were lined<br />

with a smooth material encased with seeds from an exotic plant. The largest piece we encountered in the T.<br />

cinereum nest was a 59 cm grass stalk; this in contrast to material that can be less than 1 cm, such as the almost<br />

invisible seeds used by adults birds constructing the nest. Leaves in some of the nests measured up to 35 mm<br />

x 25 mm.<br />

The direction of the 20 nests’ opening was registered: seven (07) faced toward quadrant 1; five (05) faced<br />

quadrant II and IV and three (03) faced toward quadrant III.<br />

Eggs, Incubation and Leaving the Nest.<br />

Nests with three eggs (N=5), two eggs (N=4) and one egg (N=2) were registered.<br />

Nest <strong>da</strong>ta collected from Central America indicates the existence of nests with three or two eggs, the more<br />

common being nests with three eggs. (Cherie, 1890; Skutch, 1930, 1945, 1960; Haverschimidt, 1978). It’s<br />

possible that the nests around Cetrel found with one egg had been abandoned. The average weight of the eggs<br />

(N = 26) was 1.08g (±0.15) and the average length and width of the eggs was 16.2mm (±0.95) and 11.5mm<br />

(±0.5), respectively. An egg was taken from an abandoned nest to see the relationship between its weight and<br />

a completed egg. It weighed 0.975g. The eggs that were found were white although four of them had brown<br />

streaks scattered across their surfaces.<br />

The incubation period for two of the nests was 17 <strong>da</strong>ys. Data from Central America registered 17 and 18 <strong>da</strong>ys.<br />

(Skutch, 1930, 1945; Haverschimidt, 1978). The interval between the laying of eggs was one to two <strong>da</strong>ys. The<br />

adult birds were observed during the incubation period insi<strong>de</strong> the nest in the mornings and afternoons. (Photo<br />

27). One of the adult birds spent the night insi<strong>de</strong> the nest during the incubation period and for the first ten <strong>da</strong>ys<br />

of the chick’s lives. Skutch (1930) related that one of the females started to sleep in the nest the evening of the<br />

first <strong>da</strong>y the first egg was laid.<br />

Chicks fledged after 18 <strong>da</strong>ys. Haverschimidt (1978) found this same phenomena and relates that after 27 <strong>da</strong>ys<br />

the chicks were feeding on their own.<br />

Inter-specific interactions<br />

Eupetomena macroura (Photo 33), Chorostilbon aureoventris e Phaethornis pretei piled plant material for two<br />

nests un<strong>de</strong>r construction.<br />

Antagonistic intereacitons were noted between the T. cinereum and Thraupis sayaca, Tangara cayana, Eupetomena<br />

macroura e Coereba flaveola, when these were around the area where the nests were being con-


130<br />

structed.<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

T. cinereum piled the material from an abandoned nest of the Fluvicola nengeta.<br />

A nest being built was occupied by a Hyla sp. This occupation forced the abandonment of the nest by the<br />

pair.<br />

Maintenance<br />

A T. cinereum bathed in the <strong>de</strong>w droplets that were on the upper surface of the leaves in a Byrsonima sp., having<br />

flown to these moist leaves to wet its feathers.<br />

Feeding<br />

The Todirostrum cinereum was observed proffering dipterans, Lepidoptera (Hesperii<strong>da</strong>e – Urbanus sp.)<br />

Nest Visitation<br />

To enter or leave the nest, the T. cinereum can do it directly without having to land on the nest. When the<br />

chicks had been alive for six <strong>da</strong>ys, the adult birds entered totally into the interior of the nest to feed hem. After<br />

that, food was offered only at the entrance to the nest, although the head and breast of the chick stayed in<br />

the nest’s interior chamber. When the chicks were close to abandoning the nest (after around 18-20 <strong>da</strong>ys), the<br />

adults perched on the external part of the nest and offered them food at the entrance.<br />

Building of the nest<br />

To build the nest, the species T. cinereum performs various acrobatic movements around the branch supporting<br />

the nest or on the nest itself to construct the part that fixes it to the tree; it can also hover in the air, arranging<br />

or putting on more components on the external laterals or base of the nest. To line the oological chamber, the<br />

T. cinereum uses feathers from the following species: white-cheeked pintail (Anas bahamensis), masked water<br />

tyrant (Fluvicola nengeta) and the Dendrocygna viduata, among others. In addition, in some nests material<br />

from the seeds of an exotic introduced plant were found.<br />

Without leaving the nest, an adult bird worked on the oological chamber and received material from another<br />

individual who quickly left after <strong>de</strong>livery.<br />

Five pairs had their nests inva<strong>de</strong>d by pre<strong>da</strong>tors between November 2004 and March 2005 and immediately<br />

started to construct new nests. Up until Mach, none of these attempts had been successful. Three pairs initiated<br />

construction a <strong>da</strong>y after the pre<strong>da</strong>tor had inva<strong>de</strong>d. All the five pairs used the same tree to construct another nest<br />

after being driven out by the pre<strong>da</strong>tor.<br />

Sound Manifestations<br />

Arriving at the nest, the T. cinereum either emits sounds or remains silent. There are differences between the<br />

vocalization of one pair. There is still another sound that is emitted during the period when the bird visits the<br />

nest, principally when both the individuals are in the tree where the nest is.


131<br />

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14 <strong>da</strong>y –old chicks emit a spontaneous sound or when the adults are near the nest. Chicks who are 17 <strong>da</strong>ys old<br />

emit sound when they are manipulated or moved.<br />

Translation of what is in the Box:<br />

Chick Develppment of T. cinereum (from the same nest)<br />

Weight (grams)<br />

Chick 1<br />

Chick 2<br />

Chick 3<br />

Figure 1.<br />

The T. cinereum emits a third type of sound, when coming into conflict with a Coereba flaveola, which sounds<br />

something the sounds the wings of the butterfly genus Hamadryas make.<br />

Chicks<br />

At birth a chick weighed 0.829g. The only visible feathers were in the eye socket region. Its eyes were closed,<br />

the color of its skin was a clear orange color, the beak a yellowish color though the internal part was a much<br />

<strong>da</strong>rker yellow than that of the beak. The eye socket size was proportional to the beak size and was gray. It was<br />

possible for us to observe a part of the circulation of the peripheral network. The claws were white and the<br />

tarsus and toes were the same color as the body. Chicks who were 17 <strong>da</strong>ys old poked their heads out of the<br />

nest. When they were 18 <strong>da</strong>ys old, they had a complete adult plumage and a <strong>da</strong>rk iris, and only a few pipes in<br />

the nasal region.<br />

In one of the successful nests, ten <strong>da</strong>ys before the first chick fledged, another animal removed some of the<br />

material at the back of the nest which ma<strong>de</strong> the three chicks fall to the ground. One of the chicks died immediately<br />

probably from exposure to the sun; the second one that fell was 18 <strong>da</strong>ys old and had full plumage but<br />

was unable to fly. The parent birds gave it food on the ground. The third and youngest chick, fell when it was<br />

18 <strong>da</strong>ys old and was also fed by its parents on the ground. A <strong>da</strong>y after this observation, not one of the fallen<br />

chicks was found. Two <strong>da</strong>ys later, we observed the parent birds constructing a nest on the same species of tree<br />

which suggests that the chicks were victims of pre<strong>da</strong>tors when they were outsi<strong>de</strong> of the nest.<br />

Part of the ontogeny (<strong>de</strong>velopment) of the three chicks of a nest is shown in the sequence of photographs from<br />

60 to 65. The <strong>de</strong>velopment of three chicks was accompanied until the fledging of the first chick. (Figure 1).<br />

Dimorphism<br />

One member of the pair (N=6) had a yellow superciliary stripe which starts at the back part above the eye and<br />

extends all the way to the beak or come together and form a single stripe. This stripe is sometimes visible,<br />

sometimes not. An individual whose stripe is visible also had a yellow pileum. The other member of the pair<br />

didn’t have these yellow stripes. This could be a distinguishing characteristic between female and male.<br />

Longevity


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An individual of the T. cinereum that was caught in the area of CETAS 04/10/2001, was photographed in the<br />

same area in December 2004.<br />

Copulation<br />

It was possible for us to observe two copulation attempts on the same <strong>da</strong>y of a pair that was in an active nest<br />

with one egg. The adults were moving around the insi<strong>de</strong> of a Byrsonima sp, and emitting chirps, when at a<br />

height of 1.5 meters off the ground and on a 2 cm branch, the vocalizing male mounted the female at a distance<br />

of 2.5 meters from the nest. Twenty minutes later we saw another copulation act on the same tree.<br />

Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus (Wied, 1831)<br />

Pygmy-Tyrant<br />

This is a small, brown tyrant with a red coloring that’s visible in adult birds. The juvenile has no red coloring<br />

on its head. It occurs in the interior of the Caatinga, as well as abandoned cultivated fields and at the Caatinga<br />

edge. It often comes to the ground to look for food. Measurements: Total length100mm, wing 43mm, tail<br />

38mm, tarsus 14mm, beak 7mm, weight 6g.<br />

Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris (Wied, 1831)<br />

Yellow-breasted Flycatcher<br />

Its strong yellow color is reminiscent of the saffron finch and can be found both at the edge and interior of the<br />

Caatinga. In the Caatinga, its nest is ball shaped and black. Along the northern Bahia coast, the nests are like<br />

husks and are not black but brown because of the available material in the region. The entrance is at the bottom<br />

part of the nest. Measurements: Total length 130mm, wing 58mm, tail 50mm, tarsus 16mm, beak 9mm,<br />

weight 13g.<br />

Myiobius barbatus mastacalis (Wied, 1821)<br />

Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher<br />

It occurs in gallery forests and is a easy species to recognize because of the intense yellow on its rump which is<br />

visible whether the bird is in flight or motionless. These are very skittish birds which are constantly moving. It<br />

occurs in the lower stratum of the forest. Measurements: Total length 138mm, wing 64mm, tail 53mm, tarsus<br />

16mm, beak 10mm, weight 10g.<br />

Cenemotriccus fuscatus (Wied, 1831)<br />

Fuscous flycatcher<br />

This species occurs in the interior of the Caatinga, and has a whitish superciliary stripe and two brownish<br />

stripes on its wings. It is relatively common in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: total length, 150mm;<br />

weight 12g.<br />

Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)


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Vermilion Flycatcher<br />

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This species was registered only once, an individual that was close to a fork-tailed fly catcher (T. savanna)<br />

on the dunes at STIEP in 1988. The second register for the state of Bahia occurred in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina in<br />

1989. The female and juveniles are brown and have traces of red or yellow on the lower tail coverts.<br />

Xolmis irupero nivea (Spix, 1825)<br />

White Monjita<br />

This is a very distinct white bird with black wings and tail. It gli<strong>de</strong>s very close to the ground to capture small<br />

insects. The bird perches on energy pillars and wiring at the si<strong>de</strong> of roads. It constructs its nests in hollow tree<br />

cavities.<br />

Knipolegus nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818)<br />

Velvety Black-Tyrant<br />

The male is all black, without a crest and a hid<strong>de</strong>n white stripe on the wings. The female is black and the throat<br />

has brown stripes. This species is registered in mountainous regions above 1,800 meters but can come down to<br />

altitu<strong>de</strong>s of 100 meters. In the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, it is usually found at altitu<strong>de</strong>s of less than 300 meters. Total<br />

length 170mm, wing 88, tail 78mm, tarsus 21mm, beak 14mm, weight 18g.<br />

Fluvicola albiventer (Spix, 1825)<br />

Pied Water -Tyrant<br />

It’s a species well a<strong>da</strong>pted to water and occurs on river banks and marsh areas of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. The<br />

nest is constructed in bushes and always near to water. Measurements:<br />

Fluvicola nengeta nengeta (Vieillot, 1824)<br />

Masked Water-tyrant<br />

It can live both close and at some distance from water. It lives as a pair or in small familial groups. The nest<br />

is ball shaped with a lateral entrance. Three white eggs with chestnut colored specks are laid and weigh on<br />

average 2. 2 grams and measure 19.7 mm X 14.5mm. The nest can be victim of the parasite species Molotrus<br />

bonariensis which is much larger and colored and weighs 3,7 g and measures 24 mm X 17 mm. This species<br />

colonizes gar<strong>de</strong>ns that have swimming pools. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing 72mm, tail 60mm,<br />

tarsus 24mm, beak 14mm, weight 20g.<br />

Fluvicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764.)<br />

White-hea<strong>de</strong>d-Tyrant<br />

This species lives exclusively close to water and in this sense differs from F. Nengeta that can be found to roost<br />

and nest far from water. The male is all black with a white head and the female and the chicks are gray tinged.


134<br />

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The nest is similar to that of the masked water tyrant and is lined with feathers from other birds and is always<br />

placed on some support in the water. It lays two white eggs with small red dots. The chicks are born with a<br />

clear yellow plumage which imitate a toxic lizard. The beak is yellow. Measurements: Total length 135mm,<br />

wing 64mm, tail 44mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 13mm, weight 12g.<br />

Satrapa icterophrys icterophrys (Vieillot, 1818)<br />

Yellow-browed Tyrant<br />

This is a migratory species that was registered for the first time in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina on the banks of the<br />

Vasa Barris River. These are solitary birds which are always associated with the presence of water. They have<br />

an intensely yellow superciliary stripe and abdomen. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing 82mm, tail<br />

65mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 14mm, weight 18g.<br />

Hirundinea belicosa (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Cliff Flycatcher<br />

This species lives in regions that are steep and rocky. It feeds on insects that it catches in the air. Its nest is<br />

<strong>de</strong>marcated by some rocks that the bird itself carries to the spot. Measurements: Total length 180mm, wing<br />

100, tail 70mm, tarsus 12mm, beak 15mm, weight 23g.<br />

Casiornis fusca (Sclater & Salvin, 1873.)<br />

Ash-throated Casiornis<br />

Very similar in appearance to the rufous casiornis (C. rufa), its lower part is brimstone colored and its shoul<strong>de</strong>rs<br />

brown. It occurs in the interior of the Caatinga and is not very common. Measurements: Total length<br />

170mm, wing 81mm, tail 80mm, tarsus 19mm, beak 16mm, weight 20g.<br />

Machetornis rixosus (Vieillot, 1808)<br />

Cattle Tyrant<br />

It occurs in open areas and is often seen perching on the back of cattle or horses or near their feet to take advantage<br />

of the insects that accompany these animals. It can also be seen in grasslands or where lawns are being<br />

cut to catch the insects that are displaced by this process. It builds its nests on the trunks of palm trees.<br />

Myiarchus swaisoni pelzelni (Berlepsch, 1883)<br />

Swainson’s Flycatcher<br />

This is a migratory bird which occurs on the edge of the Caatinga, lives alone and builds its nest in the hollow<br />

of trees. Measurements: weight 25g.<br />

Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae (Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890)


135<br />

Brown-crested Flycatcher<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

It occurs insi<strong>de</strong> and on the edge of the Caatinga, and it differs from the Swainson’s flycatcher by having rustycolored<br />

tail feathers (except for central ones) and rusty-colored primaries. Total length 210mm, wing 95, tail<br />

85mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 18mm, weight 26g.<br />

Pitangus sulphuratus maximillian (Cabanis & Heine, 1859)<br />

Great Kiska<strong>de</strong>e<br />

This is an extremely well-known species. It occurs in all the habitats of the north coast, including on beach<br />

shores and in the mangroves. The adults have an intensely yellow pileum which juveniles also sometimes<br />

have. But we have also fond two adult birds with no yellow coloring on their heads. It feeds on a wi<strong>de</strong> range<br />

of elements, from little fish caught in the mangroves to insects and small reptiles. The great kiska<strong>de</strong>e is present<br />

in the center of large cities and is often present in restaurants and hotels along the coast and has been known to<br />

steal food from guests. It constructs its nest in a variety of places because it is a little ball ma<strong>de</strong> from a ball of<br />

grasses. It lays from two to four white eggs with back spots. Measurements: Total length 230mm, wing 10mm,<br />

tail.75mm, tarsus 24mm, beak 23mm, weight 60g.<br />

Megarhynchus pitangua pitangua (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />

Boat-billed Flycatcher<br />

Very similar to the previous species, this bird differentiates itself primarily through its large and long beak. It<br />

occurs in various ecosystems of the north coast such as restinga, woo<strong>de</strong>d savanna, and on forest edges. It can<br />

be seen in arborized gar<strong>de</strong>ns and its call is very distinct. We once saw a pair of this species collecting twigs<br />

to build its nest. Measurements: Total length 245mm, wing 115mm, tail 82mm, tarsus 19mm, beak 30mm,<br />

weight 50g.<br />

Myiozetetes similis similis (Spix, 1825)<br />

Social Flycatcher<br />

Also very similar in appearance to the great kiska<strong>de</strong>e, although the bird is smaller and with a reddish rather<br />

than yellow pileum. Occurs on the edge of the Caatinga and near to water sources. Measurements: Total length<br />

173mm, wing 86mm, tail 70mm, tarsus 19mm, beak 14mm, weight 26g.<br />

Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Streaked Flycatcher<br />

Occurs both within the Caatinga as well as on its edge. It is a big bird and its belly is striped. Its rump and tail<br />

feathers are rusty colored. In the Caatinga biome, this is a very common species (Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina). Measurements:<br />

Total length 225mm, wing 100mm, tail 84mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 22mm, weight 54g.<br />

Tyrannus savana savana (Vieillot, 1807)


136<br />

Fork-tailed Flycatcher<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This is a very distinct migratory species with a long, forked tail. It arrives around November in the savanna<br />

region of Cetrel and stays there until the middle of April when it disappears form the area. It even occurs in<br />

Salvador (the sand dunes of STIEP). This species comes to the region to reproduce and never before has a<br />

register for the species in the region been mentioned. Its nest is bowl-shaped and built on thick branches. It<br />

lays three white eggs that have small streaks of brown. We have seen groups of up to 50 which use the same<br />

area as a rossting site.<br />

Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Tropical Kingbird<br />

This is one of the most common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt species and occurs on forest edges, in the savanna and the restinga<br />

on the northern coast. Its nest is bowl-shaped and can be constructed at various heights from the ground<br />

from two to ten meters. It lays two eggs with various chestnut colored specks. The chicks are born with clear<br />

yellow plumage and their beaks are yellow. It’s very similar to the variegated flycatcher but can be differentiated<br />

by its white throat. Measurements: Total length 210mm, wing 90mm, tail 75mm, tarsus 20mm, beak<br />

20mm, weight 25g.<br />

Empidonomus varius rufinus (Spix, 1825)<br />

Variegated Flycatcher<br />

This species is very similar in appearance to the piratic flycatcher (Legatus leucophaius) though it is bigger<br />

and lives in the interior as well as edge of the Caatinga. It is very common in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements:<br />

Total length 180mm, weight 25g.<br />

Suiriri suiriri bahiae (Berlepsch, 1893)<br />

Chaco Suiriri<br />

It has a whitish throat and breast, a yellow abdomen and a <strong>da</strong>rk stripe that extends from its beak to behind<br />

its eyes. Its tail is slightly forked and the wings have two yellow stripes. This is not common in the Raso <strong>da</strong><br />

Catarina.<br />

Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus (Thunerg, 1905)<br />

Planalto Tyrannulet<br />

This is a small bird with a clear gray breast and a black stripe behind its eyes. The abdomen is yellowish and<br />

the head can be a <strong>da</strong>rk gray color which contrasts with the rest of the body. It usually gli<strong>de</strong>s below small fruits<br />

which it feeds from. It can be found at the edge of the Caatinga<br />

Pachyramphus viridis viridis (Vieillot, 1816)


137<br />

Green-backed Becard<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

The specie’s beak is long and an accentuated dimorphism is characteristic of the species: the male has a grayish<br />

nape, a white throat, a yellow breast and its bend of wing is rusty colored. The female has a green pileum<br />

shoul<strong>de</strong>rs and chestnut colored upper tail coverts. It occurs at forest edges and regrowth forests. Measurements:<br />

Total length 150mm, wing 70mm, tail 53mm, tarsus 18mm, weight 18g.<br />

Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus (Vieiillot, 1818)<br />

White-winged Becard<br />

This species occurs in the high Caatinga. The male has a black, metallic coloring while the female has a rusty<br />

colored pileum, the end of the tail has rusty colored spots and the un<strong>de</strong>r parts are yellow. The beak is flat and<br />

this species can also occur in the base stratum of the forest. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing 75mm,<br />

tail 55mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 12mm, weight 20g.<br />

Pipri<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Neopelma pallescens (Lafresnaye, 1853)<br />

Pale-bellied Tyrant-manakin<br />

This occurs in the high Caatinga and has a yellow pileum and iris. Its call is similar to that of a frog and it<br />

perches alone on poles and posts. It occurs in the middle stratum of the forest. Measurements: Total length<br />

150mm, wing 73mm, tail 63mm, weight 16g.<br />

PASSERIFORMES ORDER<br />

Oscines Subor<strong>de</strong>r<br />

Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Tachycineta albiventer (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />

White-winged Swallow<br />

This is a species typically found around rivers banks, lakes and marshy areas and flies just above the water’s<br />

surface looking for insects. It’s different from from the white-rumped swallow (Tachycineta leucorrhoa) because<br />

of its rump and a wi<strong>de</strong> white stripe on its wings. It can be seen in the company of other members of<br />

the species including the white-rumped swallow. The juveniles have very pale coloring. It usually perches on<br />

branches near water. Measurements: Total length 140mm, wing 96mm, tail 38mm, tarsus11mm, beak 11mm,<br />

weight 20g.<br />

Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

White-rumped Swallow<br />

Very similar is appearance to the previous species, it can be differentiated from it by having no white on its<br />

wings or rump. There is a white <strong>de</strong>sign on its lores. This is a migratory species which appears at <strong>de</strong>termined


138<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

times of the year and then disappears again. It perches on <strong>de</strong>ad branches and in small groups.<br />

Phaeoprogne tapera tapera (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />

Brown-chested Martin<br />

This resi<strong>de</strong>nt species differs from the previous species by not having black spots on its breast. See the subspecies<br />

that follows. Measurements: Total length166mm, wing120mm, tail 56mm, tarsus 13mm, beak 11mm,<br />

weight 30g.<br />

Phaeoprogne tapera fusca (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Brown-chested Martin<br />

In May of 1999, a concentration of this species (Phaeoprogne t. tapera), the previously <strong>de</strong>scribed species (P. t.<br />

fusca), the rough-winged swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis) and the gray-breasted Martin (Progne chalybea<br />

domestica) began to form and consisted of around 100,000 individuals to sleep in trees of a quadrant located<br />

between various buildings on the grounds of Caraíba Metais. The smelting operations of the plant, where<br />

ovens are operating at searing temperatures and create a micro-climate where the temperatures are 4 to 12°<br />

C above the average regional temperatures. The buildings that surround the trees act and a barrier against the<br />

wind which would normally dissipation of the place’s heat. The concrete buildings ensure that the temperature<br />

rises. The conjunction of these elements produce comfortable thermal conditions where the swallows can<br />

roost. In August 1999, the area stopped being used as a roosting site for the species, but between May and<br />

August of 1999, 2,954 individuals were ban<strong>de</strong>d: 1,555 were P. t. tapera and 974 P. t. fusca. In 2000 and 2001,<br />

the event was repeated in the same area, where the two species of the previous census were joined by barn<br />

swallows, Hirundo rustica. Between May and August, 8,474 birds were ban<strong>de</strong>d and inclu<strong>de</strong>d 6,220 from the<br />

P. t. tapera species and 2,220 of the P. t. fusca species. And in 2002, the banding was done between January<br />

and February but there were small numbers of birds. Between Amy and August 2001, 57 individuals that had<br />

been ban<strong>de</strong>d in 1999 were caught again in the same area. Based on the banding work performed by Cetrel’s<br />

team over four years in Camaçari, it is known that the P. tapera starts to arrive in the area in May and leave<br />

in August. The recapture of 57 individuals ban<strong>de</strong>d in 1999 during the 2001 campaign, shows the same birds<br />

return annually. In the Caatinga, this bird is very common.<br />

Progne chalybea domesticus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Gray-breasted Martin<br />

It occurs in diverse areas of the Caatinga including in cities. It is a migratory bird which can roost with members<br />

of the two subspecies <strong>de</strong>scribed above. It reproduces in the roofs of old, big houses and the city’s street<br />

lights. It flies short distances to get water. Measurements: weight 50g.<br />

Notiochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Blue-and-white Swallow<br />

This is a small species that can be found in <strong>de</strong>nsely populated towns where it reproduces in roofs. It can be<br />

found in the same areas as the three previously <strong>de</strong>scribed species, and can also be fond looking for insects in


139<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

floo<strong>de</strong>d areas. As is the case with the white-rumped swallow, this is a migratory bird.<br />

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Southern Rough-winged Swallow<br />

This is small swallow whose chin is cinnamon colored and their un<strong>de</strong>r-tail coverts are yellow. It occurs on the<br />

Caatinga edge and can be found near or far away from water. It flies very near to the ground hunting for insects<br />

and perches on <strong>de</strong>ad branches or even on the ground. Total length 120mm, wing 100mm, tail 50mm, tarsus<br />

15mm, beak 7mm, weight 16g.<br />

Corvi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821)<br />

White-naped Jay<br />

This is a typical bird from the Caatinga and savanna habitats. They roost in small groups in the interior of the<br />

Caatinga and are extremely skittish. When they sense the intrusion of another bird, they start emitting warning<br />

signals and quickly the whole group flies off. Measurements: Total length 333mm, wing 130mm, tail 140mm,<br />

tarsus 43mm, beak 27mm, weight 120g.<br />

Troglodyti<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Troglodytes musculus musculus (Nuamann, 1823)<br />

House Wren<br />

It’s one of the commonest and well-known birds because of visits to houses and gar<strong>de</strong>ns. We have found nests<br />

in a wi<strong>de</strong> variety of places such as: shoe boxers, shoes, boots, un<strong>de</strong>r roof tops, circuit breakers, street lamps,<br />

in pipe works, etc… In the majority of nests, we found snake skins which were probably put there to startle<br />

possible pre<strong>da</strong>tors. It lays up to five white eggs, tinged with chestnut colored strips. The eggs weigh, on average,<br />

1.6 g and measure 18 mm X 14 mm; The chicks are born with reddish skin and tufts of black plumage<br />

on their head and back. The most enterprising nest we encountered was one built within the support of ceiling<br />

fan. The pair had to take utmost care when feeding the chick not to be behea<strong>de</strong>d by the fan. Its menu of food<br />

inclu<strong>de</strong>s beetle larva, small moths, lizards, and wasps. When they are close to fledging, the chicks receive<br />

their parent’s help. The parent bird enters the nest several times without food, and then the chicks abandon<br />

the nest. Presumably these visits were to teach flying skills since we noticed that recently fledged chicks have<br />

exceptional flying ability and can get from branch to branch very quickly. At various different occasions, we<br />

observed chicks being fed at night in places where the light is still intense all through the night. Measurements:<br />

Total length 125mm, wing 50mm, tail 40mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 12mm, weight 12g.<br />

Thryotorus longirostris bahiae (Hellmayr, 1903)


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Long-billed Wren<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This is a very common species in the Caatinga and normally roosts in pairs and is always calling to <strong>de</strong>fend its<br />

territory against members of the same species entering. The couple will expel any intru<strong>de</strong>rs. Measurements:<br />

Total length 170mm, wing 65mm, tail. 56mm, tarsus 24mm, beak 24mm, weight 20g.<br />

Muscicapi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Sylviinae Sub-family<br />

Polioptila plumbea atricapilla (Swainson, 1823)<br />

Tropical Gnatcatcher<br />

This species occurs both within and on the edge of the Caatinga. The male has a black “cap”. It’s a common<br />

species that is found on the middle and lower stratums of the forest. The nest is very similar in appearance to<br />

that of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, (E. macroura), with an opening that measures 40mm X 36mm, external<br />

height of 42mm and <strong>de</strong>pth of 37mm. The nest weighs an average of 3.4 g. We found a nest that was lined<br />

with steel wool that was taken out of an old refrigerator.<br />

Turdinae Sub-family<br />

Turdus rufiventris juensis (Cory,1916)<br />

Rufus-bellied Thrush<br />

This occurs in almost all the Caatinga, including in the towns. It’s an abun<strong>da</strong>nt species, only slightly less numerous<br />

than the species that follows. It constructs its nest in trees at a certain distance from the ground. It lays<br />

three eggs and its reproductive period can begin in October and extend until April. It looks for food in trees<br />

(fruits) or on the ground in the form of insects and worms. Measurements: Total length 260mm, wing 107mm,<br />

tail 98mm, tarsus 34mm, beak 20mm, weight 67g.<br />

Turdus leucomelas albiventer (Spix, 1824)<br />

Pale-breasted Thrush<br />

This is the most common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt thrush in the Caatinga and can occur in towns as well. This species<br />

a<strong>da</strong>pted itself well to urban environments and constructs its nest in roofs, street lights, etc.. as long as it is<br />

not disturbed. The nest is bowl-shaped and ma<strong>de</strong> of roots mixed with mud, which gives it sound resistance. It<br />

lays three greenish eggs with chestnut colored spots. It weighs 6.8 grams and measures 28 mm X 22 mm. Its<br />

incubation period is 15 <strong>da</strong>ys. And the chicks abandon the nest after 14 <strong>da</strong>ys. It feeds on a wi<strong>de</strong> array of fruits,<br />

insects and small lizards. Measurements: Total length 250mm, wing 120mm, tail 100mm, tarsus 32mm, beak<br />

20mm, weight 65g.<br />

Turdus amaurochalinus (Cabanis, 1851)


141<br />

Creamy-billed Thrush<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Together with the species whose <strong>de</strong>scription follows, it is the least common thrush in the Caatinga. It constructs<br />

its nest in trees and lays three eggs. In its reproductive period, the male’s beak is tinged with pure yellow.<br />

It looks for food both in trees and on the ground. Measurements: Total length 240mm, wing 115mm, tail<br />

90mm, tarsus 31mm, beak 20mm, weight 60g.<br />

Mimi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Mimus saturninus arenaceus (Chapman, 1890)<br />

Chalk-browed Mockingbird<br />

It occurs on the edge of the Caatinga and feeds on insects and small fruits. It regurgitates seeds and in this<br />

way fills a role as a seed disperser of certain plants. The nest and eggs are very similar to those of the tropical<br />

mockingbird (Mimus gilvus). It lays three eggs which weigh an average 6.8 g and measure 30 mm X 21 mm.<br />

It lives in family groups that can number up to eight individuals. Measurements: weight 70g.<br />

Vireoni<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis (Baird, 1866)<br />

Rufous-browed Peppershrike<br />

It has a very distinct song and sings in a duet. These are very aggressive birds that do not permit the entrance<br />

of other birds into their territory. Near to the time they fledge, the chicks are rusty-brown colored except on<br />

the eyebrows. However, the color near their eyes is a <strong>da</strong>rk color and not orange. The nest is shaped like a small<br />

bowl and built on a pitch fork. We have observed a pair collecting toilet paper from the ground to line their<br />

nest. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing 72mm, tail 65mm, tarsus 23mm, beak 16mm, weight 26g.<br />

Vireo chivi agillis<br />

Red-eyed Vireo<br />

Different from the V. olivaceus, this species has <strong>da</strong>rk rather than red eyes and occurs insi<strong>de</strong> as well as at the<br />

edge of the Caatinga. Measurements: Total length 135mm, wing 65mm, tail 48mm, tarsus17mm, beak 12mm,<br />

weight 15g.<br />

Hylophilus amaurocephalus (Nordmann, 1835)<br />

Gray-eyed Greenlet<br />

This occurs both insi<strong>de</strong> and at the edge of the Caatinga and is very common in the sand forest restinga ecosystem.<br />

During its reproductive period, it calls intensely to mark its territory. These are aggressive birds that<br />

don’t permit individuals of the same species inva<strong>de</strong> their territory. Measurements: Total length 125mm, wing<br />

50mm, tail 53mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 9mm, weight 9g.<br />

Emberizi<strong>da</strong>e Family


142<br />

Parulinae Sub-family<br />

Parula pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Tropical Parula<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

It occurs in the top canopy of the forests on the north coast and also in the woo<strong>de</strong>d savanna cerrado. There is<br />

an intense contrast between the blue of its upper part and yellow of its lower part. It has two white stripes on its<br />

wings. Measurements: Total length 115mm, wing 50mm, tail 42mm, tarsus 16mm, beak 10mm, weight 8g.<br />

Geothlypis aequinoctialis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Masked Yellowthroat<br />

This is a species that lives in inun<strong>da</strong>ted areas distributed throughout the Caatinga and hi<strong>de</strong>s within the rush<br />

plants, in the same way as the black-capped donacobius (D. atricapilla). The female has no black mark around<br />

its eyes. Measurements: weight 14g.<br />

Basileuterus flaveolus (Baird, 1865)<br />

Flavescent Warbler<br />

It occurs in the high Caatinga and lives in the lower stratum of the forest and looks for food on the ground. Its<br />

call is very distinct and signals the presence of the species. It has a long, yellow tarsus. These are very territorial<br />

birds, and don’t permit the entrance of other members of the same species into its territory. Measurements:<br />

Total length 164mm, wing 70mm, tail 65mm, tarsus 22mm, beak 11mm, weight 16g.<br />

Coerebinae Sub-family<br />

Coereba flaveola chloropyga (Cabanis, 1851)<br />

Bananaquit<br />

It occurs in the Caatinga and towns such as Jeremoabo. Around 70% of its diet consists of nectar and the rest<br />

of insects. It is known to drink at hummingbird fee<strong>de</strong>rs. The nests are ball-shaped with a si<strong>de</strong> entrance. It<br />

builds its nests in various locales including streetlights. We know of a pair that every year makes its nest in<br />

the Christmas tree in Cetrel’s laboratory. Measurements: Total length 110mm, wing 53mm, tail 30mm, tarsus<br />

16mm, beak 12mm, weight 10g.<br />

Thraupinae Sub-family<br />

Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus (Wied, 1821)<br />

Cinnamon Tanager<br />

It occurs in the Caatinga and has a black mask around its eyes that contrasts with its plumage. In juveniles,<br />

the mask is less pronounced. Measurements: Total length 175mm, wing 80mm, tail 78mm, tarsus 20mm, beak<br />

15mm, weight 36g.


143<br />

Sericossypha loricata (Lichtenstein, 1819)<br />

Scarlet-Throated Tanager<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Its a common bird in the Caatinga. It sings at dusk and for this characteristic in some regions is called “wakeup<br />

cowboy.” The male has a red plate in the middle of its throat and when young we can sometimes observe<br />

some red spots on its neck. The female is entirely black.<br />

Thlypopsis sordi<strong>da</strong> sordi<strong>da</strong> (Lafresnaye & d’Orbigny, 1825)<br />

Orange-hea<strong>de</strong>d Tanager<br />

Occurs in the Caatinga and abandoned fields and in the larger cities such as Jeremoabo. Its very similar in<br />

appearance to the saffron finch. It looks for food both in the canopy and on the ground. Measurements: Total<br />

length 145mm, wing 63mm, tail 53mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 11mm, weight 14g.<br />

Nemosia pileata pileata (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />

Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Tanager<br />

It occurs in the Caatinga and spends most of its time in the canopy of forest trees although it will come to the<br />

ground to look for food or bathe in small puddles of water. The male has a black pileum and both the sexes<br />

have a yellow eye that contrasts with the black iris. Measurements: Total length 135mm, wing 68mm, tail<br />

45mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 12mm, weight 15g.<br />

Tachyphonus rufus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />

White-lined Tanager<br />

This species occurs in the Caatinga. The male is shiny black which contrasts with the white epaulet and white<br />

axillaries and un<strong>de</strong>r-tail coverts which are clearly visible when the bird flies. The female and juvenile are<br />

brown. In the sandy forest of the restinga, the species builds its nest almost at ground level. The nest is bowlshaped<br />

and can be constructed within bromeliads, in the fronds of small palm trees or in bushes. These birds<br />

will come to fee<strong>de</strong>rs. Measurements: Total length 195mm, wing 80mm, tail 75mm, tarsus 22mm, beak 20mm,<br />

weight 30g.<br />

Piranga flava saira (Spix, 1825)<br />

Hepatic Tanager<br />

It occurs in the Caatinga and open fields and is neither common or abun<strong>da</strong>nt. It has accentuated sexual dimorphism.<br />

The male is uniformly red whereas the female has a bright yellow un<strong>de</strong>rbelly. It spends its time in the<br />

forest canopy but can also be seen in lower parts of the forest. It will visit fee<strong>de</strong>rs as long as the fee<strong>de</strong>rs contain<br />

egg shells. Measurements: Total length 195mm, wing 95mm, weight 36g.<br />

Thraupis sayaca sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766)


144<br />

Sayaca Tanager<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

It is one of the most common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt birds in the Caatinga and can also appear in big towns such as<br />

Jeremoabo. The nest is shaped like a basket and can be built at various heights, including very close to the<br />

ground. The nest can also be built in street lamps or in the roofs of houses. It lays two greenish eggs speckled<br />

with brown spots. Total length 185mm, wing 90mm, tail 65mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 15mm, weight 38g.<br />

Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1776)<br />

Purple-Throated Euphonia<br />

It occurs in the Caatinga and at forest edges. The male has a yellow forehead and bluish-black throat and white<br />

flecks on the external retrices. The female is greenish with a yellow stripe above its beak. Its nest is ball-shaped<br />

with a lateral entrance. Measurements: Total length110mm, wing 55mm, tail 33mm, tarsus 15mm, beak 7mm,<br />

weight 12g.<br />

Tangara cayana flava (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />

Burnished-buff Tanager<br />

It occurs in the Caatinga and forest edges. The male has a black mask that extends from its throat and all across<br />

its abdomen. The female’s mask is paler . It comes to fee<strong>de</strong>rs. Measurements: Total length 145mm, wing<br />

70mm, tail 53mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 11mm, weight 20g.<br />

Dacnis cayana paraguaiensis (Chubb, 1910)<br />

Blue Dacnis<br />

It occurs in the Caatinga and forest edges, but can also occur in large cities. The male is blue-colored with a<br />

black chin and back and feathers that are clear red. The female is greenish with a blue head and blue greater<br />

wing coverts. Measurements: Total length 135mm, wing 64mm, tail 42mm, tarsus 16mm, beak 12mm, weight<br />

12g.<br />

Conirostrum speciosum speciosum (Temminck, 1824)<br />

Chestnut-vented Conebill<br />

This is a small species and the male has a bluish back and clear gray abdomen and chestnut-colored crissum.<br />

The female and juveniles have clearer coloring. They are always moving about in the tree canopy. Measurements:<br />

Total length 105mm, wing 55mm, tail 37mm, tarsus 15mm, beak 9mm, weight 8g.<br />

Emberizinae Sub-family


145<br />

Zonotrichia capensis matutina (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />

Rufous-collared sparrow<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

It occurs in some regions of the restinga and savanna of the northern coast and usually forages for food on<br />

the ground where it moves about in little jumps. Its nest is a little basket which is built in bushes close to<br />

the ground. Its coloring makes for perfect camouflage when it is sitting on the nest. Measurements: Total<br />

length140mm, wing 60mm, tai 50mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 10mm, weight 18g.<br />

Myospiza humeralis humeralis (Bosc, 1792)<br />

Grassland Sparrow<br />

It occurs in open regions where there are extensive grasslands. It lives on the soil but hid<strong>de</strong>n in the middle of<br />

the vegetation. It perches on small bushes in the middle of the grasslands to sing. It has a small yellow stripe<br />

above the eye and another similar marking at the bend of the wing. It looks very much like a young saffron<br />

finch.<br />

Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />

Saffron Finch<br />

It is one of the most known birds and for that reason is sought after by people to put in cages. It can roost in<br />

large flocks or in isolated pairs in certain regions. It reproduces in hollow tree cavities, in the roofs of houses<br />

and also uses artificial nests such as woo<strong>de</strong>n boxes and PVC pipes. It very common for local farmers to put<br />

a cattle skull on a fence post so that the birds will reproduce in them. The nest is a small basket put insi<strong>de</strong> a<br />

cavity and it can lay up to five greenish eggs speckled with brown dots.<br />

Sicalis luteola luteola (Sparrman, 1789)<br />

Grassland Yellow-Finch<br />

This is very similar to the saffron finch although it doesn’t have a yellow pileum and the mantle is streaked<br />

with black. It roosts in flocks and looks for its food on the ground. It usually sings when in flight and is a migratory<br />

species. Measurements: weight 12g.<br />

Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />

Blue-Black Grassquit<br />

It occurs in open areas where the grass is high. During the reproductive period, the male has a brilliantly black<br />

plumage and the female and juveniles are brown with streaks on their breasts. It is a very distinct bird and<br />

calls from fence posts and jumps vertically up to land at the same place. The nest is built close to the ground<br />

in the middle of the vegetation. Measurements: Total length 116mm, wing 47mm, tail 43mm, tarsus 16mm,<br />

beak 9mm, weight 10g.<br />

Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus, 1758)


146<br />

Lined See<strong>de</strong>ater<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This species was inclu<strong>de</strong>d based on reports from locals in the Jeremoabo community who affirmed that this<br />

bird occurs in the winter months of May and June. Some people have these birds they caught in the region in<br />

cages.<br />

Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil (P.L.S. Müller, 1776)<br />

Capped See<strong>de</strong>ater<br />

The presence of this bird in the region is similar to the previous species. It’s a migratory species that’s present<br />

in the region in the winter months of May and June.<br />

Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot, 1823)<br />

Yellow-Bellied See<strong>de</strong>ater<br />

It occurs in open areas in the Caatinga where there are concentrations of grasslands. The female is brown<br />

and its nest is a little basket where two greenish eggs streaked with dots are laid. The male helps to feed the<br />

chicks. We observed the same ban<strong>de</strong>d pair construct its nest in the same bush for three consecutive years. Even<br />

though the species is not en<strong>da</strong>ngered, the animal trafficking has caused it real <strong>da</strong>mage as it is one of the birds<br />

most encountered in the traffic and it is currently the fashion to have a caged one. Measurements: Total length<br />

120mm, wing 53mm, tail 42mm, tarsus 14mm, beak 8mm, weight 12g.<br />

Sporophila albogularis (Spix, 1825)<br />

White-Throated See<strong>de</strong>ater<br />

It’s a species en<strong>de</strong>mic to the northeast and occurs in grasslands and forest edges. The nest is a small basket<br />

built in bushes. It lays three greenish eggs speckled with chocolate colored spots. The male has a black collar<br />

on its neck, a white throat and yellow beak. The female is brown and has a <strong>da</strong>rk beak. Measurements: Weight<br />

12g.<br />

Arremon taciturnus taciturnus (Hermann, 1783)<br />

Pectoral sparrow<br />

This species occurs in the Caatinga and is reminiscent of a grassland sparrow. The male has a black collar<br />

which in the female is interrupted. It occurs in the lower stratum of the forest and forages for food on the<br />

ground where it can be observed skipping around. Measurements: Total length 165mm, wing 71mm, tail<br />

60mm, tarsus 25mm, beak 14mm, weight 26g.<br />

Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus (Wied, 1821)


147<br />

Gray Pileated-finch<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This is a typical species of the Caatinga biome in Bahia and is consi<strong>de</strong>red one of the most abun<strong>da</strong>nt species<br />

there. It’s also a victim of the illicit bird traffic and is also wrongly released in other biomes where it can cause<br />

large amounts of <strong>da</strong>mage if it is introduced. Measurements: Total length 140mm, wing 60mm, tail 57mm,<br />

tarsus 17mm, beak 12mm, weight 15g.<br />

Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />

Red-cowled Cardinal<br />

This is also a typical species of the Caatinga biome in Bahia although it can be found in diverse regions of<br />

the state. On the northern coast, its distribution goes from Salvador to Mangue Seco and can be observed in<br />

restingas, savannas, open fields and the mangroves. It’s one of the most commercialized species in the animal<br />

traffic and the greed of bree<strong>de</strong>rs has had a <strong>da</strong>maging impact on this species’ population. The nest is a small<br />

basket and it lays two greenish eggs, streaked with brown spots. Total length 185mm, wing 85mm, tail 70mm,<br />

tarsus 23mm, beak 15mm, weight 42g.<br />

Cardinalinae Sub-family<br />

Saltator similis similis (Lafresnaye & d’Orbigny, 1837)<br />

Green-winged Saltator<br />

This species occurs in the interior of the Caatinga and is also much coveted by bree<strong>de</strong>rs because of its song.<br />

Bird traffickers capture hundreds of this species to sell in the illicit tra<strong>de</strong>. It is due to this that the bird is starting<br />

to disappear in many regions. Measurements: Total length 220mm, wing 95mm, tail 90mm, tarsus 24mm,<br />

beak 18mm, weight 40g.<br />

Saltator atricollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />

Black-bellied Saltator<br />

This bird has a black mask around its eyes that extends down to its neck. The beak is orange-yellow. It occurs<br />

in the Caatinga and can often be seen at the si<strong>de</strong> of roads. Measurements: Total length 220mm, wing 94mm,<br />

tail 80mm, tarsus 25mm, beak 19mm, weight 45g.<br />

Passerina brissonii brissonii (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />

Ultramarine Grosbeak<br />

It occurs in the interior of the Caatinga. The male is an intense blue color and the females and juveniles are<br />

brown. These are also much coveted by traffickers which often capture the last individual in a given region.<br />

Measurements: Total length 175mm, wing 70mm, tail 65mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 16mm, weight 24g.<br />

Icterinae Family


148<br />

Gnorimopsar chopi (Spix, 1824)<br />

Chopi Blackbird<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

This species occurs in cut areas with a sparse number of trees in the Caatinga and the bird either builds its<br />

nest in hollow tree cavities or takes over the nests of other species. It also uses artificial nests of PVC. It is a<br />

favorite of bree<strong>de</strong>rs and is sold in open markets in Bahia, where the trafficking of the bird is causing a heavy<br />

impact on the species. They are sensitive birds and many die due to inappropriate treatment. We have seen two<br />

cases of albinism in the species.<br />

Icterus cayanensis tibialis (Swainson, 1837)<br />

Epaulet Oriole<br />

This species occurs in open areas of the Caatinga. It has the ability to imitate certain species of birds, including<br />

a hawk. The nest is a small basket affixed to the bottom of palm fronds and other plant species. The chicks are<br />

fed insects which often are difficult to swallow. Weight 33g.<br />

Icterus jamacaii (Gmelin, 1788)<br />

Troupial<br />

This species occurs in open areas of the Caatinga and its coloring, yellow, black and yellow or orange makes<br />

it an especially pretty bird among those in Brazil. Individuals from this species are known to imitate other<br />

bird species and when they are raised in captivity, they can even learn to sing the national anthem. It doesn’t<br />

construct its own nest but rather occupies the abandoned nests of rufous cacholote (Pseudoseisura cristata),<br />

the great kiska<strong>de</strong>e (Pitangus sulphuratus) and even the house sparrow (Passer dometicus) in street lamp-posts.<br />

The animal traffic is causing a significant impact on the species since it is one of the most frequent bird species<br />

targeted and its mortality rate among commercialized birds is consi<strong>de</strong>red the highest. Few caught birds survive<br />

and those that do become sick and quickly die.<br />

Leistes superciliaris (Bonaparte, 1850)<br />

White-browed Blackbird<br />

This occurs in floo<strong>de</strong>d areas of the Caatinga and can also be found in lawns and pastures. When it flies, its tail<br />

is open and it emits a buzz and then lands either on the ground or some other vegetation. The female is brown<br />

and the breast is tinged with red.<br />

Molothrus badius fringillarius (Spix, 1824)<br />

Bay-Winged Cowbird<br />

This occurs in open areas scattered with trees and travels in small flocks. The sexes are very similar in appearance.<br />

They are brown and have a <strong>da</strong>rk streak that goes from its beak to its eyes. The wing tips are chestnut<br />

colored.<br />

Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789)


149<br />

Shiny Cowbird<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

It occurs in the Caatinga and often in large flocks. The male plumage is violet-blue, and <strong>de</strong>pending on the<br />

lighting can be very shiny. The female is smaller and a sooty brown color. It is often seen in craals where it<br />

feeds on the food given to cattle. It neither builds nor incubates its nests but rather sponges off other bird’s<br />

nests. We have seen shiny cowbird eggs in the nests of: masked water tyrant (Fluvilcola nengeta); sayaca<br />

tanager (Thraupis sayaca) and the Brazilian tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius). The eggs of this species and<br />

whitish colored streaked with various brown spots which are very different from those of the Brazilian tanager,<br />

whose eggs are greenish with black dots.<br />

Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis (Vieillot, 1819)<br />

Chestnut-capped Blackbird<br />

This usually occurs in marshy areas but can also be found in dry regions. It often feeds on food put out for<br />

cattle together with the shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis). It also comes to bird fee<strong>de</strong>rs and lives in large<br />

flocks that can number more than one hundred. It has marked sexual dimorphism and the male is black with<br />

a rusty-colored throat, breast and “cap”. The female, on the other hand, is an olivaceous brown color with its<br />

abdomen and upper parts striped with black.<br />

Fringilli<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Carduelis magellanicus ictericus (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />

Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Siskin<br />

It differs from the yellow-faced siskin (C. yarrellii) by its black head. It’s a migratory species that appears in<br />

small groups at certain times of the year and then disappears again. This is much targeted by bree<strong>de</strong>rs that<br />

cross it with the Belgium canary to produce the Pintagol. Measurements: Weight 12g.<br />

Passeri<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />

Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />

House Sparrow<br />

It is a species that was introduced into Brazil. This species could first be observed in Bahia in the beginning of<br />

the 1970s in Salvador. To<strong>da</strong>y it is spread throughout the entire state, always close to houses. In certain places<br />

it causes havoc because it steels food from people’s plates in restaurants and can transmit different diseases.<br />

The house sparrow is a classic example of why it’s wrong to introduce some species in certain places. Measurements:<br />

Weight 27g.


150<br />

Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus<br />

(Zabelê / Yellow-legged Tinamou)<br />

Crypturellus parvirostris<br />

(Inhambu-xororó / Smal-billed Tinamou)<br />

Nothura boraquira<br />

(Codorna / White-bellied Nothura)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tinami<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Crypturellus tatuapa lepidotus<br />

(Inhambu-chintã / Tataupa Tinamou)<br />

Nothura maculosa major<br />

(Codorna / Spotted Nothura)<br />

Nothura maculosa major<br />

(Codorna / Spotted Nothura)


151<br />

Rhynchotus rufescens catingae<br />

(Perdigão / Red-winged Tinamou)<br />

Rhynchotus rufescens catingae<br />

(Perdigão / Red-winged Tinamou)<br />

Rhynchotus rufescens catingae<br />

(Perdigão / Red-winged Tinamou)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tinami<strong>da</strong>e Rhei<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Rhea americana americana<br />

(Ema / Greater Rhea)<br />

Rhea americana americana<br />

(Ema / Greater Rhea)


152<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Podicipedi<strong>da</strong>e Phalacrocoraci<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus<br />

(Mergulhão-pequeno / Least Grebe)<br />

Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus<br />

(Mergulhão-pequeno / Least Grebe)<br />

Podilymbus podiceps antarticus<br />

(Mergulhão / Pied-billed Grebe)<br />

Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus<br />

(Biguá / Neotropic Cormorant)<br />

Egretta albus egretta<br />

(Garça-branca-gran<strong>de</strong> / Great Egret)


153<br />

Egretta albus egretta<br />

(Garça-branca-gran<strong>de</strong> / Great Egret)<br />

Egretta thula thula<br />

(Garça-branca-pequena / Snowy Egret)<br />

Egretta thula thula<br />

(Garça-branca-pequena / Snowy Egret)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Bubulcus ibis ibis<br />

(Garça-vaqueira / Cattle Egret)<br />

Bubulcus ibis ibis<br />

(Garça-vaqueira / Cattle Egret)<br />

Bubulcus ibis ibis<br />

(Garça-vaqueira / Cattle Egret)


154<br />

Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus striatus<br />

(Socozinho / Green Striated Heron)<br />

Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus striatus<br />

(Socozinho / Green Striated Heron)<br />

Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli<br />

(Savacu / Black-crowned Night-Heron)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli<br />

(Savacu / Black-crowned Night-Heron)<br />

Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum<br />

(Socó-boi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Rufescent Tiger-Heron)


155<br />

Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum<br />

(Socó-boi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Rufescent Tiger-Heron)<br />

Jabiru mycteria<br />

(Tuiuiú / Jabiru)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ciconi<strong>da</strong>e Catharti<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Mycteria americana<br />

(Cabeça-seca / Wood Stork)<br />

Sarcoramphus papa<br />

(Urubu-rei / King Vulture)


156<br />

Sarcoramphus papa<br />

(Urubu-rei / King Vulture)<br />

Coragyps atratus brasiliensis<br />

(Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-preta / Black Vulture)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Catharti<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Coragyps atratus brasiliensis<br />

(Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-preta / Black Vulture)<br />

Cathartes aura ruficollis<br />

(Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-vermelha / Turkey Vulture)<br />

Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga<br />

(Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-amarela / Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Vulture)


157<br />

Dendrocygna viduata<br />

(Irerê / White-faced Whistling-Duck)<br />

Dendrocygna viduata<br />

(Irerê / White-faced Whistling-Duck)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Anati<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Anas bahamensis bahamensis<br />

(Marreca-toicinho / White-cheeked Pintail)<br />

Anas bahamensis bahamensis<br />

(Marreca-toicinho / White-cheeked Pintail)<br />

Amazonetta brasiliensis ♂<br />

(Marreca-pé-vermelho / Brazilian Duck)


158<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Anati<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Amazonetta brasiliensis ♀<br />

(Marreca-pé-vermelho / Brazilian Duck)<br />

Sarkdionis melanotos sylvicola ♂<br />

(Pato-<strong>de</strong>-crista / Comb Duck)<br />

Cairina moschata ♂<br />

(Pato-do-mato / Muscovy Duck)<br />

Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Cairina moschata ♀<br />

(Pato-do-mato / Muscovy Duck)<br />

Elanus leucurus<br />

(Gavião-peneira / White-tailed Kite)


159<br />

Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus<br />

(Águia-chilena / Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle)<br />

Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus<br />

(Águia-chilena / Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus<br />

(Águia-chilena / Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle)<br />

Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii<br />

(Gaviãozinho / Pearl Kite)


160<br />

Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii<br />

(Gaviãozinho / Pearl Kite)<br />

Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus<br />

(Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco / White-tailed Hawk)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus<br />

(Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco / White-tailed Hawk)<br />

Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus<br />

(Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco / White-tailed Hawk)<br />

Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus<br />

(Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco / White-tailed Hawk)


161<br />

Rupornis magnirostris nattareri<br />

(Gavião-carijó / Roadsi<strong>de</strong> Hawk)<br />

Rupornis magnirostris nattareri<br />

(Gavião-carijó / Roadsi<strong>de</strong> Hawk)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Buteogallus meridionalis meridionalis<br />

(Gavião-caboclo / Savanna Hawk)<br />

Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis<br />

(Gavião-pernilongo / Crane Hawk)


162<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Buteo brachyurus brachyurus<br />

(Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-curto / Short-tailed Hawk)<br />

Herpetotheres cachinnans<br />

(Acauã / Laughing Falcon)<br />

Foto: Rolf Grantsau<br />

Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus<br />

(Gavião-relógio / Collared Florest-Falcon)<br />

Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus<br />

(Gavião-relógio / Collared Florest-Falcon)


163<br />

Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis<br />

(Gavião-caburé / Barred Forest-Falcon)<br />

Milvago chimachima chimachima<br />

(Carrapateiro / Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Caracara)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Caracara plancus<br />

(Caracará / Crested Caracara)<br />

Caracara plancus<br />

(Caracará / Crested Caracara)


164<br />

Caracara plancus<br />

(Caracará / Crested Caracara)<br />

Falco femoralis femoralis<br />

(Falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira / Aplomado Falcon)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Falco femoralis femoralis<br />

(Falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira / Aplomado Falcon)<br />

Falco femoralis femoralis<br />

(Falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira / Aplomado Falcon)<br />

Falco sparverius cearae<br />

(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)


165<br />

Falco sparverius cearae<br />

(Quiriquiri / American Kestrel)<br />

Falco sparverius cearae<br />

(Quiriquiri / American Kestrel)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Falco rufigularis ophryophanes ♂<br />

(Cauré / Bat Falcon)<br />

Falco rufigularis ophryophanes<br />

(Cauré / Bat Falcon)


166<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Craci<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Ortalis guttata aracuan<br />

(Aracuã / Speckled Chachalaca)<br />

Ortalis guttata aracuan<br />

(Aracuã / Speckled Chachalaca)<br />

Falco sparverius cearae<br />

(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)<br />

Ortalis guttata aracuan<br />

(Aracuã / Speckled Chachalaca)<br />

Arami<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Penelope jacucaca<br />

(Jacucaca / White-Browed Guan)<br />

Penelope jacucaca<br />

(Jacucaca / White-Browed Guan)<br />

Aramus guarauna guarauna<br />

(Carão / Limpkin)


167<br />

Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle<br />

(Saracura-<strong>da</strong>-praia / Little Wood-Rail)<br />

Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle<br />

(Saracura-<strong>da</strong>-praia / Little Wood-Rail)<br />

Falco sparverius cearae<br />

(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)<br />

Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea<br />

(Três-potes / Gray-necked Wood-Rail)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ralli<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea<br />

(Três-potes / Gray-necked Wood-Rail)<br />

Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea<br />

(Três-potes / Gray-necked Wood-Rail)<br />

Porzana albicollis albicollis<br />

(Sanã-carijó / Ash-throated Crake)


168<br />

Porzana albicollis albicollis<br />

(Sanã-carijó / Ash-throated Crake)<br />

Pardirallus nigricans<br />

(Saracura-sanã / Blackish Rail)<br />

Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius<br />

(Pinto-d’ água-comum / Rufous-si<strong>de</strong> Crake)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ralli<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Foto: Haroldo<br />

Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius<br />

(Pinto-d’ água-comum / Rufous-si<strong>de</strong> Crake)<br />

Gallinula chloropus galeata<br />

(Frango-d’ água / Common Gallinule)<br />

Gallinula chloropus galeata<br />

(Frango-d’ água / Common Gallinule)


169<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Ralli<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Gallinula chloropus galeata<br />

(Frango-d’ água / Common Gallinule)<br />

Porphyrula martinica<br />

(Frango-d’ água-azul / Purple Gallinule)<br />

Cariami<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Cariama cristata<br />

(Seriema / Red-legged Seriema)<br />

Cariama cristata<br />

(Seriema / Red-legged Seriema)


170<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Jacani<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Jacana jacana jacana<br />

(Jaçanã / Wattled Jacana)<br />

Jacana jacana jacana<br />

(Jaçanã / Wattled Jacana)<br />

Falco sparverius cearae<br />

(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)<br />

Jacana jacana jacana<br />

(Jaçanã / Wattled Jacana)<br />

Charadrii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Vanellus chilensis lampronotus<br />

(Quero-quero / Southern Lapwing)<br />

Vanellus chilensis lampronotus<br />

(Quero-quero / Southern Lapwing)


171<br />

Charadrii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Vanellus chilensis lampronotus<br />

(Quero-quero / Southern Lapwing)<br />

Tringa solitaria solitaria<br />

(Maçarico-solitário / Solitary Sandpiper)<br />

Himantopus himantopus mexicanus<br />

(Pernilongo / Black-necked Stilt)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Scolopaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Recurvirostri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Himantopus himantopus mexicanus<br />

(Pernilongo / Black-necked Stilt)<br />

Himantopus himantopus mexicanus<br />

(Pernilongo / Black-necked Stilt)<br />

Himantopus himantopus mexicanus<br />

(Pernilongo / Black-necked Stilt)


172<br />

Columba livia domestica<br />

(Pombo-doméstico / Rock Dove)<br />

Columba picazuro marginalis<br />

(Asa-branca / Picazuro Pigeon)<br />

Falco sparverius cearae<br />

(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)<br />

Zenai<strong>da</strong> auriculata virgata<br />

(Avoante / Eared Dove)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Columbi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Columbina minuta ♂<br />

(Rolinha-<strong>de</strong>-asa-canela / Plain-breasted Ground-Dove)<br />

Columbina minuta ♀<br />

(Rolinha-<strong>de</strong>-asa-canela / Plain-breasted Ground-Dove)<br />

Columbina picui strepitans<br />

(Rolinha-branca / Picui Ground-Dove)


173<br />

Columbina picui strepitans<br />

(Rolinha-branca / Picui Ground-Dove)<br />

Columbina talpacoti talpacoti ♂<br />

(Rolinha-roxa / Ruddy Ground-Dove)<br />

Falco sparverius cearae<br />

(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)<br />

Columbina talpacoti talpacoti ♀<br />

(Rolinha-roxa / Ruddy Ground-Dove)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Columbi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Columbina talpacoti talpacoti<br />

(Rolinha-roxa / Ruddy Ground-Dove)<br />

Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata squammata<br />

(Fogo-apagou / Scaled Dove)<br />

Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata squammata<br />

(Fogo-apagou / Scaled Dove)


174<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Columbi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Leptotila verreauxi approximans<br />

(Juriti-pupu / White-tipped Dove)<br />

Claravis pretiosa ♀<br />

(Pomba-<strong>de</strong>-espelho / Blue Ground-Dove)<br />

Claravis pretiosa ♂<br />

(Pomba-<strong>de</strong>-espelho / Blue Ground-Dove)<br />

Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Anodorhynchus leari<br />

(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />

Anodorhynchus leari<br />

(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)


175<br />

Anodorhynchus leari<br />

(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />

Anodorhynchus leari<br />

(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />

Anodorhynchus leari<br />

(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Anodorhynchus leari<br />

(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />

Anodorhynchus leari<br />

(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />

Anodorhynchus leari<br />

(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)


176<br />

Forpus crassirotris flavissemos ♂<br />

(Tuim / Blue-winged Parrotlet)<br />

Forpus crassirotris flavissemos ♀<br />

(Tuim / Blue-winged Parrotlet)<br />

Forpus crassirotris flavissemos<br />

(Tuim / Blue-winged Parrotlet)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Aratinga acuticau<strong>da</strong>ta haemorrhous<br />

(Periquitão / Blue-Crowned Parakeet)<br />

Porhyrrhura maracanã<br />

(Maracanã-do-buriti / Blue-winged Macaw)


177<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Aratinga cactorum cactorum<br />

(Periquito-<strong>da</strong>-Caatinga / Caatinga-Parakeet)<br />

Amazona aestiva aestiva<br />

(Papagaio-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Blue-fronted Parrot)<br />

Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Coccyzus americanus americanus<br />

(Papa-lagarta-norte-americano / Yellow-billed Cuckoo)<br />

Coccyzus melacoryphus<br />

(Papa-lagarta / Dark-billed Cuckoo)


178<br />

Piaya cayana pallescens<br />

(Alma-<strong>de</strong>-gato / Squirrel Cuckoo)<br />

Piaya cayana pallescens<br />

(Alma-<strong>de</strong>-gato / Squirrel Cuckoo)<br />

Crotophaga ani<br />

(Anu-preto / Smooth-billed Ani)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Guira guira<br />

(Anu-branco / Guira Cuckoo)<br />

Guira guira<br />

(Anu-branco / Guira Cuckoo)<br />

Guira guira<br />

(Anu-branco / Guira Cuckoo)


179<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Tapera naevia chochi<br />

(Saci / Striped Cukoo)<br />

Dromococcyx pavoninus<br />

(Peixe-frito / Pavonine Cuckoo)<br />

Ilustração: Rolf Grantsau<br />

Tytoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra<br />

(Coruja-<strong>da</strong>-igreja / Barn Owl)<br />

Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra<br />

(Coruja-<strong>da</strong>-igreja / Barn Owl)<br />

Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra<br />

(Coruja-<strong>da</strong>-igreja / Barn Owl)


180<br />

Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />

(Corujinha-do-mato / Tropical Screech-Owl)<br />

Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />

(Corujinha-do-mato / Tropical Screech-Owl)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Strigi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />

(Corujinha-do-mato / Tropical Screech-Owl)<br />

Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />

(Corujinha-do-mato / Tropical Screech-Owl)<br />

Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />

(Corujinha-do-mato / Tropical Screech-Owl)


181<br />

Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum<br />

(Caburé / Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl)<br />

Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum<br />

(Caburé / Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl)<br />

Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum<br />

(Caburé / Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Strigi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum<br />

(Caburé / Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl)<br />

Speotyto cunicularia grallaria<br />

(Coruja-do-campo / Burrowing Owl)


182<br />

Nyctibius griseus griseus<br />

(Urutau / Common Potoo)<br />

Nyctibius griseus griseus<br />

(Urutau / Common Potoo)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Nyctibii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Nyctibius griseus griseus<br />

(Urutau / Common Potoo)<br />

Nyctibius griseus griseus<br />

(Urutau / Common Potoo)


183<br />

Chor<strong>de</strong>iles pusillus xerophilus<br />

(Bacurauzinho / Least Nighthawk)<br />

Foto Arte: Rolf Grantsau<br />

Chor<strong>de</strong>iles acutipennis acutipennis<br />

(Bacurau-<strong>de</strong>-asa-fina / Lesser Nighthawk)<br />

Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis<br />

(Bacurau / Pauraque)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Caprimulgi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis<br />

(Bacurau / Pauraque)<br />

Caprimulgus rufus rufus<br />

(João-corta-pau / Rufous Nightjar)<br />

Hydropsalis torquata torquata ♂<br />

(Bacurau-tesoura / Scissor-tailed Nightjar)


184<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Caprimulgi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Caprimulgus parvulus parvulus<br />

(Bacurau-pequeno / Little Nightjar)<br />

Caprimulgus longirostris<br />

(Bacurau-<strong>da</strong>-telha /Band-winged nightjar)<br />

Eupetomena macroura simoni<br />

(Beija-flor-tesoura / Swallow-tailed Hummingbird)<br />

Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Eupetomena macroura simoni<br />

(Beija-flor-tesoura / Swallow-tailed Hummingbird)<br />

Eupetomena macroura simoni<br />

(Beija-flor-tesoura / Swallow-tailed Hummingbird)<br />

Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis<br />

(Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-veste-preta / Black-throated Emerald)


185<br />

Phaethornis pretrei pretrei<br />

(Rabo-branco-<strong>de</strong>-sobre-amarelo / Planalto Hermit)<br />

Phaethornis pretrei pretrei<br />

(Rabo-branco-<strong>de</strong>-sobre-amarelo / Planalto Hermit)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Phaethornis pretrei pretrei<br />

(Rabo-branco-<strong>de</strong>-sobre-amarelo / Planalto Hermit)<br />

Phaethornis pretrei minor<br />

(Rabo-branco-<strong>de</strong>-sobre-amarelo / Planalto Hermit)<br />

Phaethornis gounellei<br />

(Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-larga / Broad-tipped Hermit)


186<br />

Chrysolampis mosquitus ♀<br />

(Beija-flor-vemelho / Ruby-topaz Hummingbird)<br />

Chrysolampis mosquitus ♂<br />

(Beija-flor-vemelho / Ruby-topaz Hummingbird)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Foto Arte: Rolf Grantsau<br />

Chrysolampis mosquitus ♀<br />

(Beija-flor-vemelho / Ruby-topaz Hummingbird)<br />

Chrysolampis mosquitus<br />

(Beija-flor-vemelho / Ruby-topaza Hummingbird)<br />

Amazilia versicolor versicolor<br />

(Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-ban<strong>da</strong>-branca / Versicolored Emerald)


187<br />

Amazilia nigricau<strong>da</strong> (fimbriata)<br />

(Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-ver<strong>de</strong> Glittering-throated Emerald)<br />

Heliomaster squamosus<br />

(Estrela-ver<strong>de</strong>-azulado / Stripe-breasted Starthroat)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Heliomaster squamosus ♂<br />

(Estrela-ver<strong>de</strong>-azulado / Stripe-breasted Starthroat)<br />

Foto Arte: Rolf Grantsau<br />

Calliphlox amethystina ♂<br />

(Besourinho-ametistina / Amethyst Woodstar)<br />

Foto Arte: Rolf Grantsau<br />

Calliphlox amethystina ♀<br />

(Besourinho-ametistina / Amethyst Woodstar)


188<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani ♂<br />

(Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho / Glittering-billied Emerald)<br />

Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani<br />

(Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho / Glittering-billied Emerald)<br />

Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani<br />

(Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho / Glittering-billied Emerald)<br />

Trogoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani ♀<br />

(Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho / Glittering-billied Emer-<br />

Trogon curucui curucui ♂<br />

(Surucuá-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-vermelha / Blue-crowned Trogon)


189<br />

Trogoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Trogon curucui curucui ♀<br />

(Surucuá-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-vermelha / Blue-crowned Trogon)<br />

Ceryle torquata torquata<br />

(Martim-pescador-gran<strong>de</strong> / Ringed Kingfisher)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Alcedini<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Galbuli<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Chloroceryle americana americana ♀<br />

(Martim-pescador-pequeno / Green Kingfisher)<br />

Chloroceryle americana americana ♂<br />

(Martim-pescador-pequeno / Green Kingfisher)<br />

Galbula ruficau<strong>da</strong> rufoviridis<br />

(Rapazinho-dos-velhos / Rufous-tailed Jacamar)


190<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Bucconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Bucco maculatus maculatus<br />

(Rapazinho-dos-velhos /Spot-backed Puffbird)<br />

Bucco maculatus maculatus<br />

(Rapazinho-dos-velhos /Spot-backed Puffbird)<br />

Pici<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Colaptes melanochloros nattereri<br />

(Pica-pau-ver<strong>de</strong>-barrado / Green-barred Woodpecker)<br />

Colaptes melanochloros nattereri<br />

(Pica-pau-ver<strong>de</strong>-barrado / Green-barred Woodpecker)<br />

Picumnus pygmaeus distinctus ♂<br />

(Pica-pau-anão-pintalgado / Spotted Piculet)


191<br />

Picumnus pygmaeus distinctus ♀<br />

(Pica-pau-anão-pintalgado / Spotted Piculet)<br />

Piculus chryrochloros chryrochloros ♀<br />

(Pica-pau-<strong>da</strong>-copa / Gol<strong>de</strong>n-green Woodpecker)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Pici<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Piculus chryrochloros chryrochloros ♂<br />

(Pica-pau-<strong>da</strong>-copa / Gol<strong>de</strong>n-green Woodpecker)<br />

Celeus flavescens interce<strong>de</strong>ns ♂<br />

Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-amarela Blond-crested Woodpecker


192<br />

Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus ♂<br />

(Pica-pauzinho-anão / Little Woodpecker)<br />

Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus ♀<br />

(Pica-pauzinho-anão / Little Woodpecker)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Pici<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Campephilus melanoleucos cearae ♀<br />

(Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-topete-vermelho / Crimson-crested Woodpecker)<br />

Campephilus melanoleucos cearae ♂<br />

(Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-topete-vermelho / Crimson-crested Woodpecker)<br />

Campephilus melanoleucos cearae<br />

(Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-topete-vermelho / Crimson-crested Woodpecker)


193<br />

Taraba major stagura ♂<br />

(Choró-boi / Great Antshrike)<br />

Taraba major stagura ♀<br />

(Choró-boi / Great Antshrike)<br />

Sakesphorus cristatus ♀<br />

(Choca-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste / Silvery-cheeked Antshrike)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Sakesphorus cristatus ♂<br />

(Choca-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste / Silvery-cheeked Antshrike)<br />

Thamnophilus pelzeni ♂<br />

(Choca-bate-cabo / Planalto Slaty-Antshrike)<br />

Thamnophilus pelzeni ♀<br />

(Choca-bate-cabo / Planalto Slaty-Antshrike)


194<br />

Thamnophilus doliatus callistratus ♂<br />

(Choca-lisatra<strong>da</strong> / Barred Antshrike)<br />

Thamnophilus doliatus callistratus ♀<br />

(Choca-lisatra<strong>da</strong> / Barred Antshrike)<br />

Myrmochilus strigilatus strigilatus<br />

(Piu-piu / Stripe-backed Antbird)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Herpsilochmus pectoralis ♂<br />

(Chorozinho-<strong>de</strong>-papo-preto / Pectoral Antwren)<br />

Herpsilochmus pectoralis ♀<br />

(Chorozinho-<strong>de</strong>-papo-preto / Pectoral Antwren)<br />

Herpsilochmus sellowi ♂<br />

(Chorozinho-<strong>da</strong>-caatinga / Caatinga Antwren)


195<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Herpsilochmus sellowi ♀<br />

(Chorozinho-<strong>da</strong>-caatinga / Caatinga Antwren)<br />

Formicivora melanogaster bahiae ♂<br />

(Formigueiro-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-preta / Black-bellied Antwren)<br />

Formicivora melanogaster bahiae ♀<br />

(Formigueiro-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-preta / Black-bellied Antwren)<br />

Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Furnarius leucopus assimilis<br />

(Casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro-amarelo / Pale-legeed Hornero)<br />

Synallaxis frontalis frontalis<br />

(Petrim / Sooty-fronted Spinatail)<br />

Synallaxis frontalis frontalis<br />

(Petrim / Sooty-fronted Spinatail)


196<br />

Synallaxis scutatus scutatus<br />

(Estrelinha-preta / Ocher-cheeked Spinetail)<br />

Gyalophylax hellmayri<br />

(João-chique-chique / Red-shoul<strong>de</strong>red Spinetail)<br />

Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis<br />

(Curutié / Yellow-chnned Spinetail)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis<br />

(Curutié / Yellow-chnned Spinetail)<br />

Phacellodomus rufifrons rufifrons<br />

(João-<strong>de</strong>-pau / Common Thornbird)<br />

Synallaxis albescens<br />

(Uipí / Pale-breasted Spinetail)


197<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Pseudoseisura cristata<br />

(Casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro / Caatinga Cacholote)<br />

Pseudoseisura cristata<br />

(Casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro / Caatinga Cacholote)<br />

Megaxenops parnaguae<br />

(Bico-virado-<strong>da</strong>-caatinga / Great Xenops)<br />

Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Xenops rutilans rutilans<br />

(Bico-virado-carijó / Streaked Xenops)<br />

Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri<br />

(Arapaçu-ver<strong>de</strong> / Olivaceous Woodcreeper)


198<br />

Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae<br />

(Arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-branco / Straight-billed Woodcreeper)<br />

Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae<br />

(Arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-branco / Straight-billed Woodcreeper)<br />

Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae<br />

(Arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-branco / Straight-billed Woodcreeper)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae<br />

(Arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-branco / Straight-billed Woodcreeper)<br />

Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae<br />

(Arapaçu-do-cerrado / Narrow-billed Woodcreeper)


199<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Lepidocolaptes fuscus brevirostris<br />

(Arapaçu-rajado / Lesser Woodcreeper)<br />

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris omissus<br />

(Arapaçu-beija-flor / Red-billed Scythebill)<br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Camptostoma obsoletum cinerascens<br />

(Risadinha / Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet)<br />

Phaeomyias murina murina<br />

(Bagageiro / Mouse-colored Tyrannulet)<br />

Sublegatus mo<strong>de</strong>stus mo<strong>de</strong>stus<br />

(Sertanejo / Southern Scrub-Flycatcher)


200<br />

Myiopagis viridicata viridicata<br />

(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-crista-alaranja<strong>da</strong> / Greenish Elaenia)<br />

Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster<br />

(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-amarela Yellow-belli<strong>de</strong>d Elaenia)<br />

Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster<br />

(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-amarela Yellow-belli<strong>de</strong>d Elaenia)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster<br />

(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-amarela Yellow-belli<strong>de</strong>d Elaenia)<br />

Elaenia cristata cristata<br />

(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-topete-uniforme / Plain-crested Elaenia)<br />

Elaenia cristata cristata<br />

(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-topete-uniforme / Plain-crested Elaenia)


201<br />

Elaenia albiceps chilensis<br />

(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-crista-branca / White-crested Elaenia)<br />

Elaenia albiceps chilensis<br />

(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-crista-branca / White-crested Elaenia)<br />

Elaenia spectabilis spectabilis<br />

(Guaracava-gran<strong>de</strong> / Large Elaenia)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Elaenia spectabilis spectabilis<br />

(Guaracava-gran<strong>de</strong> / Large Elaenia)<br />

Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer<br />

(Sebinho-<strong>de</strong>-olho-<strong>de</strong>-ouro / Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant)


202<br />

Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer<br />

(Sebinho-<strong>de</strong>-olho-<strong>de</strong>-ouro / Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant)<br />

Todirostrum cinereum cearae<br />

(Relógio / Commom Tody-Flycatcher)<br />

Todirostrum cinereum cearae<br />

(Relógio / Commom Tody-Flycatcher)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus<br />

(Barulhento / Tawny-crowned Pygmy-Tyrant)<br />

Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus<br />

(Barulhento / Tawny-crowned Pygmy-Tyrant)<br />

Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris<br />

(Bico-chato-amarelo / Yellow-breasted Flycatcer)


203<br />

Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris<br />

(Bico-chato-amarelo / Yellow-breasted Flycatcer)<br />

Myiobius barbatus mastacalis<br />

(Assanhadinho / Yellow-rumped Flycatcer)<br />

Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus<br />

(Verão / Vermilion Flycatcher)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Xolmis irupero nivea<br />

(Maria-branca / White Monjita)<br />

Xolmis irupero nivea<br />

(Maria-branca / White Monjita)<br />

Knipolegus nigerrimus ♂<br />

(Maria-preta-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-vermelha / Velvety Black-Tyrant


204<br />

Knipolegus nigerrimus ♀<br />

(Maria-preta-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-vermelha / Velvety Black-Tyrant<br />

Fluvicola albiventer<br />

(Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-<strong>de</strong>-cara-branca / Pied Water -Tyrant)<br />

Fluvicola nengeta nengeta<br />

(Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-mascara<strong>da</strong> / Masked Water-Tyrant)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Fluvicola nengeta nengeta<br />

(Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-mascara<strong>da</strong> / Masked Water-Tyrant)<br />

Fluvicola nengeta nengeta<br />

(Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-mascara<strong>da</strong> / Masked Water-Tyrant)<br />

Fluvicola leucocephala ♂<br />

(Freirinha / White-hea<strong>de</strong>d Marsh-Tyrant)


205<br />

Fluvicola leucocephala ♀<br />

(Freirinha / White-hea<strong>de</strong>d Marsh-Tyrant)<br />

Fluvicola leucocephala<br />

(Freirinha / White-hea<strong>de</strong>d Marsh-Tyrant)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Fluvicola leucocephala<br />

(Freirinha / White-hea<strong>de</strong>d Marsh-Tyrant)<br />

Fluvicola leucocephala<br />

(Freirinha / White-hea<strong>de</strong>d Marsh-Tyrant)<br />

Satrapa icterophrys icterophrys<br />

(Suiriri-pequeno / Yellow-browed Tyrant)


206<br />

Hirundinea belicosa<br />

(Gibão-<strong>de</strong>-couro / Cliff Flycather)<br />

Casiornis fusca<br />

(Caneleiro / Ash-throated Casiornis)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Machetornis rixosus<br />

(Bentevi-do-gado / Cattle Tyrant)<br />

Myiarchus swainsoni pelzeln<br />

(Maria-cavaleira / Pelzeln’s Flycatcher)<br />

Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae<br />

(Maria-cavaleira-<strong>de</strong>-rabo enferrujado Brown-crested


207<br />

Pitangus sulphuratus maximillian<br />

(Bem-te-vi / Great Kiska<strong>de</strong>e)<br />

Pitangus sulphuratus maximillian<br />

(Bem-te-vi / Great Kiska<strong>de</strong>e)<br />

Megarhynchus pitangua pitangua<br />

(Bem-te-vi-<strong>de</strong>-bico-chato / Boat-billed Flycatcher)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Myiozetetes similis similis<br />

(Bem-te-vizinho / Social Flycatcher)<br />

Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius<br />

(Bem-te-vi-rajado / Streaked Flycatcher)


208<br />

Tyrannus savana savana<br />

(Tesoura / Fork-tailed Flycatcher)<br />

Tyrannus savana savana<br />

(Tesoura / Fork-tailed Flycatcher)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus<br />

(Suiriri / Tropical Kingbird)<br />

Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus<br />

(Suiriri / Tropical Kingbird)<br />

Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus<br />

(Suiriri / Tropical Kingbird)


209<br />

Empidonomus varius rufinus<br />

(Peitica / Variegated Flycatcher)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Foto Arte: Rolf Grantsau<br />

Suiriri suiriri bahiae<br />

(Suiriri-cinzento / Chaco Suiriri)<br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus<br />

(Piolhinho / Planalto Tyrannulet)<br />

Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus<br />

(Piolhinho / Planalto Tyrannulet)<br />

Pachyramphus viridis viridis ♂<br />

(Caneleiro-ver<strong>de</strong> / Green-backed Becard)


210<br />

Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus ♀<br />

(Caneleiro-preto / White-winged Becard)<br />

Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus ♂<br />

(Caneleiro-preto / White-winged Becard)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Pipri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Neopelma pallescens<br />

(Fruxu-do-cerradão /Pale-bellied Tyrant-Manakin)<br />

Tachycineta albiventer<br />

(Andorinha-do-rio / White-winged Swallow)<br />

Tachycineta albiventer<br />

(Andorinha-do-rio / White-winged Swallow)


211<br />

Tachycineta leucorrhoa<br />

(Andorinha-<strong>de</strong>-sobre-branco / White-rumped Swallow)<br />

Phaeoprogne tapera tapera<br />

(Andorinha-do-campo / Brown-chested Martin)<br />

Phaeoprogne tapera fusca<br />

(Andorinha-do-campo / Brown-chested Martin)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Progne chalybea domesticus<br />

(Andorinha-doméstica-gran<strong>de</strong> / Gray-breasted Martin)<br />

Progne chalybea domesticus<br />

(Andorinha-doméstica-gran<strong>de</strong> / Gray-breasted Martin)<br />

Notiochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleuca<br />

(Andorinha-pequena-<strong>de</strong>-casa / Blue-and-white Swallow)


212<br />

Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis<br />

(Andorinha-serrador / Southern Rough-winged Swallow)<br />

Cyanocorax cyanopogon<br />

(Cancã / White-naped Jay)<br />

Cyanocorax cyanopogon<br />

(Cancã / White-naped Jay)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Corvi<strong>da</strong>e Troglodyti<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Troglodytes musculus musculus<br />

(Curruíra / House Wren)<br />

Troglodytes musculus musculus<br />

(Curruíra / House Wren)<br />

Troglodytes musculus musculus<br />

(Curruíra / House Wren)


213<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Troglodyti<strong>da</strong>e Sylviinae<br />

Thryothorus longirostris bahiae<br />

(Garrinchão-<strong>de</strong>-bico-gran<strong>de</strong> / Long-billed Wren)<br />

Polioptila plumbea atricapilla ♂<br />

(Balança-rabo-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto / Tropical Gnatcatcher)<br />

Polioptila plumbea atricapilla ♀<br />

(Balança-rabo-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto / Tropical Gnatcatcher)<br />

Turdinae<br />

Polioptila plumbea atricapilla<br />

(Balança-rabo-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto / Tropical Gnatcatcher)<br />

Turdus rufiventris juensis<br />

(Sabiá-laranjeira / Rufous-bellied Thrush)<br />

Turdus rufiventris juensis<br />

(Sabiá-laranjeira / Rufous-bellied Thrush)


214<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Turdinae<br />

Turdus leucomelas albiventer<br />

(Sabiá-branco / Pale-breasted Thrush)<br />

Turdus leucomelas albiventer<br />

(Sabiá-branco / Pale-breasted Thrush)<br />

Turdus leucomelas albiventer<br />

(Sabiá-branco / Pale-breasted Thrush)<br />

Mimi<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Turdus amaurochalinus<br />

(Sabiá-poca / Creamy-bellied Thrush)<br />

Mimus saturninus arenaceus<br />

(Sabiá-<strong>da</strong>-praia / Tropical Mockingbird)<br />

Mimus saturninus arenaceus<br />

(Sabiá-<strong>da</strong>-praia / Tropical Mockingbird)


215<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Vireoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Vireo chivi agillis<br />

(Juruviara / Red-eyed Vireo)<br />

Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis<br />

(Pitiguari / Rufous-browed Peppershrike)<br />

Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis<br />

(Pitiguari / Rufous-browed Peppershrike)<br />

Parulinae<br />

Hylophilus amaurocephalus<br />

(Vite-vitae-<strong>de</strong>-olho-cinza / Grey-eyed Greenlet)<br />

Parula pitiayumi pitiayumi<br />

(Mariquita / Tropical Parula)<br />

Geothlypis aequinoctialis ♂<br />

(Pia-cobra / Masked Yellowthroat)


216<br />

Parulinae<br />

Basileuterus flaveolus<br />

(Canário-do-mato / Flavescent Warbler)<br />

Coereba flaveola chloropyga<br />

(Cambacica / Bananaquit)<br />

Coereba flaveola chloropyga<br />

(Cambacica / Bananaquit)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Coerebinae<br />

Thraupinae<br />

Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus<br />

(Bico-<strong>de</strong>-veludo / Cinamon Tanager)<br />

Sericossypha loricata ♂<br />

(Carretão / Scarlet-throated Tanager)


217<br />

Thlypopsis sordi<strong>da</strong> sordi<strong>da</strong><br />

(Canário-sapé / Orange-hea<strong>de</strong>d Tanager)<br />

Nemosia pileata pileata ♂<br />

(Saíra-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto / Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Tanager)<br />

Nemosia pileata pileata ♀<br />

(Saíra-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto / Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Tanager)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Thraupinae<br />

Tachyphonus rufus ♂<br />

(Pipira-preta / White-lined Tanager)<br />

Tachyphonus rufus ♀<br />

(Pipira-preta / White-lined Tanager)<br />

Tachyphonus rufus<br />

(Pipira-preta / White-lined Tanager)


218<br />

Piranga flava saira ♀<br />

(Sanhaço-<strong>de</strong>-fogo / Hepatic Tanager)<br />

Piranga flava saira ♂<br />

(Sanhaço-<strong>de</strong>-fogo / Hepatic Tanager)<br />

Thraupis sayaca sayaca<br />

(Sanhaço-cinzento / Sayaca Tanager)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Thraupinae<br />

Thraupis sayaca sayaca<br />

(Sanhaço-cinzento / Sayaca Tanager)<br />

Thraupis sayaca sayaca<br />

(Sanhaço-cinzento / Sayaca Tanager)<br />

Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica ♂<br />

(Fi-fi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Purple-throated Euphonia)


219<br />

Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica ♀<br />

(Fi-fi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Purple-throated Euphonia)<br />

Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica<br />

(Fi-fi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Purple-throated Euphonia)<br />

Tangara cayana flava ♂<br />

(Saíra-amarelo / Burnished-buff Tanager)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Thraupinae<br />

Tangara cayana flava ♀<br />

(Saíra-amarelo / Burnished-buff Tanager)<br />

Dacnis cayana paraguaiensis ♂<br />

(Saí-azul / Blue Dacnis)<br />

Dacnis cayana paraguaiensis ♀<br />

(Saí-azul / Blue Dacnis)


220<br />

Conirostrum speciosum speciosum ♂<br />

(Figuinha-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-castanho / Chestnut-vented Conebill)<br />

Zonotrichia capensis matutina<br />

(Tico-tico / Rufous-collared)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Thraupinae<br />

Conirostrum speciosum speciosum ♀<br />

(Figuinha-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-castanho / Chestnut-vented Conebill)<br />

Emberizinae<br />

Myospiza humeralis humeralis<br />

(Tico-tico-do-campo-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Grassland Sparrow)<br />

Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis ♂<br />

(Canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Saffron Finch)<br />

Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis<br />

(Canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Saffron Finch)


221<br />

Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis ♀<br />

(Canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Saffron Finch)<br />

Sicalis luteola luteola<br />

(Tipio / Grassland Yellow-Finch)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Emberizinae<br />

Volatinia jacarina ♂<br />

(Tiziu / Blue-black Grassquit)<br />

Volatinia jacarina ♂<br />

(Tiziu / Blue-black Grassquit)<br />

Sporophila lineola<br />

(Bigodinho / Lined See<strong>de</strong>ater)


222<br />

Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil<br />

(Caboclinho-fra<strong>de</strong> / Capped See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />

Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis ♂<br />

(Papa-capim / Yellow-billied See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />

Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis ♀<br />

(Papa-capim / Yellow-billied See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Emberizinae<br />

Sporophila albogularis ♂<br />

(Brejal / White-throated See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />

Sporophila albogularis ♀<br />

(Brejal / White-throated See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />

Sporophila albogularis<br />

(Brejal / White-throated See<strong>de</strong>ater)


223<br />

Arremon taciturnus taciturnus<br />

(Tico-atico-do-mato-<strong>de</strong>-bico-breto /Pectoral Sparrow)<br />

Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus ♂<br />

(Galinho-<strong>da</strong>-serra / Gray Pileated-Finch)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Emberizinae<br />

Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus ♀<br />

(Galinho-<strong>da</strong>-serra / Gray Pileated-Finch)<br />

Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus<br />

(Galinho-<strong>da</strong>-serra / Gray Pileated-Finch)<br />

Paroaria dominicana<br />

(Galo-<strong>de</strong>-campina / Red-cowled Cardinal)


224<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Emberizinae<br />

Paroaria dominicana<br />

(Galo-<strong>de</strong>-campina / Red-cowled Cardinal)<br />

Paroaria dominicana<br />

(Galo-<strong>de</strong>-campina / Red-cowled Cardinal)<br />

Paroaria dominicana<br />

(Galo-<strong>de</strong>-campina / Red-cowled Cardinal)<br />

Cardinalinae<br />

Saltator similis similis<br />

(Trinca-ferro-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Green-winged Saltator)<br />

Saltator atricollis<br />

(Bico-<strong>de</strong>-pimenta / Black-throated Saltator)<br />

Passerina brissonii brissonii ♂<br />

(Azulão-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Ultramarine Grosbeak)


225<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Cardinalinae<br />

Passerina brissonii brissonii ♀<br />

(Azulão-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Ultramarine Grosbeak)<br />

Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris<br />

(Pássaro-preto / Chopi Blackbird)<br />

Icterus cayanensis tibialis<br />

(Encontro / Epaulet Oriole)<br />

Icterinae<br />

Icterus cayanensis tibialis<br />

(Encontro / Epaulet Oriole)<br />

Icterus jamacaii<br />

(Sofrê / Troupial)<br />

Icterus jamacaii<br />

(Sofrê / Troupial)


226<br />

Leistes superciliaris ♂<br />

(Polícia-inglesa / White-browed Blackbird)<br />

Leistes superciliaris<br />

(Polícia-inglesa / White-browed Blackbird)<br />

Molothrus badius fringillarius<br />

(Asa-<strong>de</strong>-telha / Bay-winged Cowbird)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Icterinae<br />

Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis ♂<br />

(Chopim / Shiny Cowbird)<br />

Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis ♀<br />

(Chopim / Shiny Cowbird)<br />

Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis<br />

(Ovos <strong>de</strong> cor ver<strong>de</strong> são <strong>de</strong> Ramphocelus bresilius)


227<br />

Icterinae<br />

Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis ♂<br />

(Garibaldi / Chestnut-capped Blackbird)<br />

Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis ♀<br />

(Garibaldi / Chestnut-capped Blackbird)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Fringilli<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Passeri<strong>da</strong>e<br />

Carduelis magellanicus ictericus ♂<br />

(Pintassilgo / Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Siskin)<br />

Carduelis magellanicus ictericus ♀<br />

(Pintassilgo / Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Siskin)<br />

Passer domesticus domesticus ♀ ♂<br />

(Par<strong>da</strong>l / House Sparrow)


228<br />

Boa constrictor<br />

(Jibóia / Redtail boa)<br />

Crotalus durissus<br />

(Cascavel / Rattlesnakes)<br />

Geochelone carbonaria<br />

(Jabuti-piranga / Red-footed Tortoise)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Outros Animais<br />

Iguana iguana<br />

(Iguana / Iguana)<br />

Iguana iguana<br />

(Iguana / Iguana)<br />

Tupinambis teguxin<br />

(Teiú / Black & white tegu)


229<br />

Silvilagus brasiliensis<br />

(Tapeti / Brazilian rabbit)<br />

Silvilagus brasiliensis<br />

(Tapeti / Brazilian rabbit)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Outros Animais<br />

Di<strong>de</strong>lphis albiventriss<br />

(Gambá / White-eared opossum)<br />

Tamandua tetra<strong>da</strong>ctyla<br />

(Tamanduá mirim / Southern tamandua)


230<br />

Tayassu tajacu<br />

(Catitu / Collared peccary)<br />

Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris<br />

(Capivara / Capybara)<br />

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Outros Animais<br />

Callithrix jacchus<br />

(Mico-estrela / Tufted-ear marmoset)<br />

Cerdocyon thous<br />

(Raposa / Crab-eating Zorro)<br />

Tolypeutes tricinctus<br />

( Tatu-bola / Three-ban<strong>de</strong>d armadillo)


231<br />

Dasypus novemcinctus<br />

(Tatu-galinha / Nine-ban<strong>de</strong>d armadillo)<br />

Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos<br />

(Rato-bico-<strong>de</strong>-lacre / Red-nosed mouse)<br />

Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos<br />

(Rato-bico-<strong>de</strong>-lacre / Red-nosed mouse)<br />

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Outros Animais<br />

Lionycteris spurelli<br />

(Morcego / Long-tongued bat)<br />

Cynomps planirostris<br />

(Morcego / White-bellied dog-like bat)


232<br />

Micronycteris m. megalotis<br />

(Morcego / Little big-eared bat)<br />

Glossophaga soricina<br />

(Morcego / Pallas’ long-tongued nectar bats)<br />

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Outros Animais<br />

Vampyrops lineatus<br />

(Morcego / White-lined bat)<br />

Carollia p. perspicillata<br />

(Morcego / Seba’s short-tailed bat)


233<br />

Artibeus p. planirostris<br />

(Morcego / Flat-faced fruit-eating bat)<br />

Noctilio leporinus<br />

(Morcego pescador / Fishing Bats)<br />

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Outros Animais<br />

Melanis aegates<br />

Mechanitis lysimnia nesaea


234<br />

Lepricornis atricolor<br />

Anartia jatrophae<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

Outros Animais<br />

Junonia evarete<br />

Hemiargus hanno


235<br />

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O Povo


236<br />

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A Pecuária


237<br />

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Serra Branca<br />

Fotos: Luiz C. Marigo


238<br />

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Serra Branca<br />

Fotos: Luiz C. Marigo


239<br />

TINAMIFORMES<br />

TINAMIDAE<br />

1. Crypturellus parvirostris<br />

2. Crypturellus tatuapa lepidotus<br />

3. Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus<br />

4. Nothura boraquira<br />

5. Nothura maculosa major<br />

6. Rhynchotus rufescens catingae<br />

RHEIDAE<br />

7. Rhea americana americana<br />

PODICIPEDIDAE<br />

8. Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus<br />

9. Podilymbus podiceps antarticus<br />

PHALACROCORACIDAE<br />

10. Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus<br />

CICONIIFORMES<br />

ARDEIDAE<br />

11. Egretta albus egretta<br />

12. Egretta thula thula<br />

13. Bubulcus ibis ibis<br />

14. Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus striatus<br />

15. Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli<br />

16. Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum<br />

CICONIIDAE<br />

17. Jabiru mycteria<br />

18. Mycteria americana<br />

CATHARTIDAE<br />

19. Sarcoramphus papa<br />

20. Coragyps atratus brasiliensis<br />

21. Cathartes aura ruficollis<br />

22. Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga<br />

ANSERIFORMES<br />

ANATIDAE<br />

23. Dendrocygna viduata<br />

24. Anas bahamensis bahamensis<br />

25. Amazonetta brasiliensis<br />

26. Sarkdionis melanotos sylvicola<br />

27. Cairina moschata<br />

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AVES DA PÁTRIA DA LEARI


240<br />

FALCONIFORMES<br />

ACCIPITRIDAE<br />

28. Elanus leucurus<br />

29. Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii<br />

30. Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus<br />

31. Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus<br />

32. Buteo brachyurus brachyurus<br />

33. Rupornis magnirostris nattareri<br />

34. Buteogallus meridionalis meridionalis<br />

35. Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis<br />

FALCONIDAE<br />

36. Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus<br />

37. Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus<br />

38. Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis<br />

39. Milvago chimachima chimachima<br />

40. Caracara plancus<br />

41. Falco femoralis femoralis<br />

42. Falco sparverius cearae<br />

43. Falco rufigularis ophryophanes<br />

GALLIFORMES<br />

CRACIDAE<br />

44. Ortalis guttata aracuan<br />

45. Penelope jacucaca<br />

ARAMIDAE<br />

46. Aramus guarauna guarauna<br />

GRUIFORMES<br />

RALLIDAE<br />

47. Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle<br />

48. Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea<br />

49. Porzana albicollis albicollis<br />

50. Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius<br />

51. Pardirallus nigricans nigricans<br />

52. Gallinula chloropus galeata<br />

53. Porphyrula martinica<br />

CARIAMIDAE<br />

54. Cariama cristata<br />

CHARADRIIFORMES<br />

JACANIDAE<br />

55. Jacana jacana jacana<br />

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241<br />

CHARADRIIDAE<br />

56. Vanellus chilensis lampronotus<br />

SCOLOPACIDAE<br />

57. Tringa solitaria solitaria<br />

RECURVIROSTRIDAE<br />

58. Himantopus himantopus mexicanus<br />

COLUMBIFORMES<br />

COLUMBIDAE<br />

59. Columba livia domestica<br />

60. Columba picazuro marginalis<br />

61. Zenai<strong>da</strong> auriculata virgata<br />

62. Columbina minuta<br />

63. Columbina picui strepitans<br />

64. Columbina talpacoti talpacoti<br />

65. Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata squammata<br />

66. Leptotila verreauxi approximans<br />

67. Claravis pretiosa<br />

PSITTACIFORMES<br />

PSITTACIDAE<br />

68. Anodorhynchus leari<br />

69. Forpus crassirotris flavissemos<br />

70. Porhyrrhura maracana<br />

71. Aratinga acuticau<strong>da</strong>ta haemorrhous<br />

72. Aratinga cactorum cactorum<br />

73. Amazona aestiva aestiva<br />

CUCULIFORMES<br />

CUCULIDAE<br />

74. Coccyzus melacoryphus<br />

75. Coccyzus americanus americanus<br />

76. Piaya cayana pallescens<br />

77. Crotophaga ani<br />

78. Guira guira<br />

79. Tapera naevia chochi<br />

80. Dromococcyx pavoninus<br />

STRIGIFORMES<br />

TYTONIDAE<br />

81. Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra<br />

STRIGIDAE<br />

82. Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />

83. Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum<br />

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242<br />

84. Speotyto cunicularia grallaria<br />

CAPRIMULGIFORMES<br />

NYCTIBIDAE<br />

85. Nyctibius griseus griseus<br />

CAPRIMULGIDAE<br />

86. Chor<strong>de</strong>iles pusillus xerophilus<br />

87. Chor<strong>de</strong>iles acutipennis acutipennis<br />

88. Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis<br />

89. Caprimulgus rufus rufus<br />

90. Hydropsalis torquata torquata<br />

91. Caprimulgus parvulus parvulus<br />

92. Capraimulgus longirostris<br />

APODIFORMES<br />

TROCHILIDAE<br />

93. Phaethornis pretrei pretrei<br />

94. Phaethornis pretrei minor<br />

95. Phaethornis gounellei<br />

96. Eupetomena macroura simoni<br />

97. Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis<br />

98. Chrysolampis mosquitus<br />

99. Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani<br />

100. Amazilia nigricau<strong>da</strong> (fimbriata)<br />

101. Amazilia versicolor versicolor<br />

102. Heliomaster squamosus<br />

103. Calliphlox amethystina<br />

TROGONIFORMES<br />

TROGONIDAE<br />

104. Trogon curucui curucui<br />

CORACIIFORMES<br />

ALCEDINIDAE<br />

105. Ceryle torquata torquata<br />

106. Chloroceryle americana americana<br />

PICIFORMES<br />

GALBULIDAE<br />

107. Galbula ruficau<strong>da</strong> rufoviridis<br />

BUCCONIDAE<br />

108. Bucco maculatus maculatus<br />

PICIDAE<br />

109. Colaptes melanochloros nattereri<br />

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243<br />

110. Picumnus pygmaeus distinctus<br />

111. Piculus chryrochloros chryrochloros<br />

112. Celeus flavescens interce<strong>de</strong>ns<br />

113. Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus<br />

114. Campephilus melanoleucos cearae<br />

PASSERIFORMES<br />

FORMICARIIDADE<br />

115. Taraba major stagura<br />

116. Sakesphorus cristatus<br />

117. Thamnophilus pelzeni<br />

118. Thaminophilus doliatus capistratus<br />

119. Myrmochilus strigilatus strigilatus<br />

120. Herpsilochomus pectoralis<br />

121. Herpsilochomus sellowi<br />

122. Formicivora melanogaster bahiae<br />

FURNARIIDAE<br />

123. Furnarius leucopus assimilis<br />

124. Synallaxis frontalis frontalis<br />

125. Synallaxis albescens albescens<br />

126. Synallaxis strigilatus strigilatus<br />

127. Synallaxis scutatus scutatus<br />

128. Gyalophylax hellmayri<br />

129. Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis<br />

130. Phacellodomus rufifrons rufifrons<br />

131. Pseudoseisura cristata<br />

132. Xenops rutilans rutilans<br />

133. Megaxenops parnaguae<br />

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE<br />

134. Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri<br />

135. Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae<br />

136. Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae<br />

137. Lepidocolaptes fuscus brevirostris<br />

138. Campylorhamphus trochilirostris omissus<br />

TYRANNIDAE<br />

139. Camptostoma obsoletum cinerascens<br />

140. Phaeomyias murina murina<br />

141. Sublegatus mo<strong>de</strong>stus mo<strong>de</strong>stus<br />

142. Myiopagis viridicata viridicata<br />

143. Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster<br />

144. Elaenia cristata cristata<br />

145. Elaenia albiceps chilensis<br />

146. Elaenia spectabillis espectabilis<br />

147. Stigmatura napensis<br />

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148. Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer<br />

149. Todirostrum cinereum cearae<br />

150. Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus<br />

151. Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris<br />

152. Myiobius barbatus mastacalis<br />

153. Cenemotriccus fuscatus<br />

154. Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus<br />

155. Xolmis irupero nivea<br />

156. Knipolegus nigerrimus<br />

157. Fluvicola albiventer<br />

158. Fluvicola nengeta nengeta<br />

159. Fluvicola leucocephala<br />

160. Satrapa icterophrys icterophrys<br />

161. Hirundinea belicosa<br />

162. Casiornis fusca<br />

163. Machetornis rixosus<br />

164. Myiarchus swaisoni pelzelni<br />

165. Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae<br />

166. Pitangus sulphuratus maximillian<br />

167. Megarhynchus pitangua pitangua<br />

168. Myiozetetes similis similis<br />

169. Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius<br />

170. Tyrannus savana savana<br />

171. Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus<br />

172. Empidonomus varius rufinus<br />

173. Suiriri suiriri bahiae<br />

174. Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus<br />

175. Pachyramphus viridis viridis<br />

176. Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus<br />

PIPRIDAE<br />

177. Neopelma pallescens<br />

HIRUNDINIDAE<br />

178. Tachycineta albiventer<br />

179. Tachycineta leucorrhoa<br />

180. Phaeoprogne tapera tapera<br />

181. Phaeoprogne tapera fusca<br />

182. Notiochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleuca<br />

183. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis<br />

CORVIDAE<br />

184. Cyanocorax cyanopogon<br />

TROGLODYTIDAE<br />

185. Troglodytes musculus musculus<br />

186. Thryotorus longirostris bahiae


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MUSCICAPIDAE<br />

SYLVIDAE<br />

187. Polioptila plumbea atricapilla<br />

TURDINAE<br />

188. Turdus rufiventris juensis<br />

189. Turdus leucomelas albiventer<br />

190. Turdus amaurochalinus<br />

MIMIDAE<br />

191. Mimus saturninus arenaceus<br />

VIREONIDAE<br />

192. Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis<br />

193. Vireo chivi agillis<br />

194. Hylophilus amaurocephalus<br />

EMBEREZIDAE<br />

PARULINAE<br />

195. Parula pitiayumi pitiayumi<br />

196. Geothlypis aequinoctialis<br />

197. Basileuterus flaveolus<br />

COEREBINAE<br />

198. Coereba flaveola chloropyga<br />

THRAUPINAE<br />

199. Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus<br />

200. Sericossypha loricata<br />

201. Thlypopsis sordi<strong>da</strong> sordi<strong>da</strong><br />

202. Nemosia pileata pileata<br />

203. Tachyphonus rufus<br />

204. Piranga flava saira<br />

205. Thraupis sayaca sayaca<br />

206. Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica<br />

207. Tangara cayana flava<br />

208. Dacnis cayana paraguaiensis<br />

209. Conirostrum speciosum speciosum<br />

EMBEREZINAE<br />

210. Zonotrichia capensis matutina<br />

211. Myospiza humeralis humeralis<br />

212. Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis<br />

213. Sicalis luteola luteola<br />

214. Volatinia jacarina<br />

215. Sporophila lineola<br />

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246<br />

216. Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil<br />

217. Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis<br />

218. Sporophila albogularis<br />

219. Arremon taciturnus taciturnus<br />

220. Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus<br />

221. Paroaria dominicana<br />

CARDINALINAE<br />

222. Saltator similis similis<br />

223. Saltator atricollis<br />

224. Passerina brissonii brissonii<br />

ICTERINAE<br />

225. Gnorimopsar chopi<br />

226. Icterus cayanensis tibialis<br />

227. Icterus jamacaii<br />

228. Leistes superciliaris<br />

229. Molothrus badius fringillarius<br />

230. Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis<br />

231. Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis<br />

FRINGILIDAE<br />

232. Carduelis magellanicus ictericus<br />

PASSERIDAE<br />

233. Passer domesticus domesticus<br />

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Lista <strong>de</strong> Chiroptera (Morcegos) - Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina<br />

1 Micronycteris m. megalotis<br />

2 Glossophaga soricina<br />

3 Lionycteris spurrelli<br />

4 Anoura caudifer ecau<strong>da</strong>ta<br />

5 Carollia p. perspicillata<br />

6 Vampyrops lineatus<br />

7 Artibeus p. planirostris<br />

8 Myotis n. nigricans<br />

9 Cynomops p. planirostris


248<br />

Elabora<strong>da</strong> por Pedro Cerqueira Lima<br />

Revisa<strong>da</strong> por Rolf Grantsau em 13-06-2003<br />

(or<strong>de</strong>m alfabética, por nome científico)<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

LISTA DE AVES DA BAHIA<br />

BIOMA CAATINGA<br />

Nome Científico Nome Popular<br />

A<br />

1. Agelaius ruficapillus garibaldi<br />

2. Ajaia ajaja colhereiro-americano<br />

3. Amazilia nigricau<strong>da</strong> (fimbriata) beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-ver<strong>de</strong><br />

4. Amazilia versicolor beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-ban<strong>da</strong>-branca<br />

5. Amazona aestiva papagaio-curau<br />

6. Amazonetta brasilensis ananaí<br />

7. Anas bahamensis marreca-toicinho<br />

8. Anhima cornuta anhuma<br />

9. Anhinga anhinga biguatinga<br />

10. Anodorhynchus leari *** arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear<br />

11. Anthracothorax nigricollis beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-veste-preta<br />

12. Anthus lutescens caminheiro-zumbidor<br />

13. Ara ararauna arara-canindé<br />

14. Ara chloroptera arara-vermelha<br />

15. Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea saracura-três-potes<br />

16. Arami<strong>de</strong>s ypecaha saracuraçu<br />

17. Aramus guarauna carão<br />

18. Aratinga acuticau<strong>da</strong>ta aratinga-<strong>de</strong>-testa-azul<br />

19. Aratinga aurea aratinga-estrela<br />

20. Aratinga cactorum<br />

21. Ar<strong>de</strong>a cocoi garça-moura<br />

22. Arremon taciturnus tico-tico-<strong>da</strong>-mata<br />

23. Asio clamator coruja-orelhu<strong>da</strong><br />

24. Athene cunicularia coruja-buraqueira<br />

B<br />

25. Basileuterus flaveolus pula-pula-amarelo<br />

26. Bubulcus ibis garça-vaqueira<br />

27. Bucco maculatus chilu-chilu<br />

28. Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus gavião-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-branca<br />

29. Buteo brachyurus gavião-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-curta<br />

30. Buteo magnirostris gavião-carijó<br />

31. Buteogallus meridionalis gavião-caboclo<br />

32. Buteogallus urubitinga gavião-preto<br />

33. Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus socozinhoC


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C<br />

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34. Cairina moschata pato-do-mato<br />

35. Calliphlox amethystina estrelinha-ametista<br />

36. Campephilus melanoleucos<br />

37. Camptostoma obsoletum risadinha<br />

38. Campylorhamphus trochilirostris<br />

39. Caprimulgus hirundinaceus cearae<br />

40. Caprimulgus longirostris bacurau-rupestre<br />

41. Caprimulgus parvulus bacurau-chintã<br />

42. Caprimulgus rufus joão-corta-pau<br />

43. Caracara plancus caracara-comum<br />

44. Carduelis yarrellii coroinha<br />

45. Carduellis magellanica pintassilgo-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-preta<br />

46. Cariama cristata seriema-<strong>de</strong>-pé-vermelho<br />

47. Casiornis fusca maria-enxofre<br />

48. Cathartes aura urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-vermelha<br />

49. Cathartes burrovianus urubutinga<br />

50. Celeus flavescens picapau-velho<br />

51. Certhiaxis cinnamomea<br />

52. Ceryle torquata martim-pescador-gran<strong>de</strong><br />

53. Chlorestes notatus safira-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-azul<br />

54. Chloroceryle amazona martim-pescador-ver<strong>de</strong><br />

55. Chloroceryle americana martim-pescador-pequeno<br />

56. Chlorostilbon aureoventris esmeral<strong>da</strong>-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho<br />

57. Chor<strong>de</strong>iles pusillus<br />

58. Chrysolampis mosquitus beija-flor-vermelho<br />

59. Ciconia maguari maguari<br />

60. Claravis pretiosa pararu-azul<br />

61. Cnemotriccus fuscatus guaracavuçu-quieto<br />

62. Coccyzus americanus<br />

63. Coccyzus melacoryphus papa-lagarta-acanelado<br />

64. Cochlearius cochlearius<br />

65. Coereba flaveola cambacica<br />

66. Colaptes campestris picapau-do-campo<br />

67. Colaptes melanochloros<br />

68. Columba picazuro pomba-asa-branca<br />

69. Columbina picui rolinha-picuí<br />

70. Columbina talpacoti rolinha-roxa<br />

71. Columbina minuta<br />

72. Conirostrum speciosum figuinha-bicu<strong>da</strong><br />

73. Conopophaga lineata<br />

74. Contopus cinereus piui-cinza<br />

75. Coragyps atratus urubu-preto<br />

76. Coryphospingus tico-tico-rei-cinza<br />

77. Cranileuca semicinerea<br />

78. Cranileuca vulpina


250<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

79. Crotophaga ani anu-preto<br />

80. Crypturellus noctivagus<br />

81. Crypturellus parvirostris inhambu-chororó<br />

82. Crypturellus tataupa inhambu-chintã<br />

83. Cyanocorax cyanopogon gralha-cancã<br />

84. Cyanopsitta spixii *** ararinha-azul<br />

85. Cyclarhis gujanensis pitiguari<br />

D<br />

86. Dendrocolaptes platyrostris<br />

87. Dendrocygna bicolor marreca-peba<br />

88. Dendrocygna viduata irerê<br />

89. Donacobius atricapillus japacanim<br />

90. Dromococcyz phasianellus<br />

E<br />

91. Egretta alba<br />

92. Egretta thula garcinha-branca<br />

93. Elaenia albiceps guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-crista-branca<br />

94. Elaenia cristata cristata guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-topete<br />

95. Elaenia flavogaster maria-é-dia<br />

96. Elanoi<strong>de</strong>s forficatus<br />

97. Elaenia spectabilis guaracava-gran<strong>de</strong><br />

98. Elanus leucurus gavião-peneira<br />

99. Empidonomus varius bentevi-peitica<br />

100. Eupetomena macroura beija-flor-tesoura<br />

101. Euphonia chlorotica gaturamo-fifi<br />

102. Euscarthmus meloryphus maria-barulhenta<br />

F<br />

103. Falco femoralis falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira<br />

104. Falco rufigularis cauré<br />

105. Falco sparverius quiriquiri<br />

106. Fluvicola albiventer<br />

107. Fluvicola leucocephala maria-velhinha<br />

108. Fluvicola nengeta lava<strong>de</strong>ira-mascara<strong>da</strong><br />

109. Formicivora iheringi formigueiro-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste<br />

110. Formicivora melanogaster<br />

111. Forpus crassirostris tuim-<strong>de</strong>-asa-azul<br />

112. Furnarius figulus joão-nor<strong>de</strong>stino<br />

113. Furnarius leucopus amassa-barro<br />

114. Furnarius rufus joão-<strong>de</strong>-barro


251<br />

G<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

115. Galbula ruficau<strong>da</strong> ariramba-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-ruiva<br />

116. Gallinago paraguayae narceja-comum<br />

117. Gallinula chloropus galinha-d’água<br />

118. Gampsonyx swainsonii gaviãozinho<br />

119. Geothlypis aequinoctialis pia-cobra-do-sul<br />

120. Geranoaetus melanoleucus águia-chilena<br />

121. Geranospiza caerulescens gavião-pernilongo<br />

122. Glaucidium brasilianum cabure-ferrugem<br />

123. Gnorimopsar chopi<br />

124. Guira guira anu-branco<br />

125. Gyalophylax hellmayri ***<br />

H<br />

126. Heliomaster squamosus bico-reto-ver<strong>de</strong><br />

127. Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer maria-olho-<strong>de</strong>-ouro<br />

128. Herpetotheres cachinnans acauã<br />

129. Herpsilochmus pectoralis *** chorozinho-distinto<br />

130. Herpsilochmus sellowi<br />

131. Himantopus himantopus pernalonga-comum<br />

132. Hirundinea bellicosa gibão-<strong>de</strong>-couro<br />

133. Hydropsalis torquata curiango-tesoura<br />

134. Hylopezus ochroleucus torom-malhado<br />

135. Hylophilus amaurocephalus<br />

I<br />

136. Icterus cayanensis encontro<br />

137. Icterus jamacai sofrê<br />

J<br />

138. Jabiru mycteria jaburu<br />

139. Jacana jacana jaçanã-preta<br />

K<br />

140. Knipolegus nigerrimus maria-preta-rupestre<br />

L<br />

141. Laterallus melanophaius sanã-par<strong>da</strong><br />

142. Legatus leucophaius bentevi-pirata<br />

143. Leistes superciliaris


252<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

144. Lepidocolaptes angustirostris arapaçu-do-cerrado<br />

145. Lepidocolaptes fuscus * arapaçu-rajado<br />

146. Leptotila rufaxilla juriti-geme<strong>de</strong>ira<br />

147. Leptotila verreauxi juriti-pupu<br />

M<br />

148. Machetornis rixosus suiriri-cavaleiro<br />

149. Megarhynchus pitangua neinei<br />

150. Megaxenops parnaguae *** bico-virado-gran<strong>de</strong><br />

151. Micrastur ruficollis falcão-caburé<br />

152. Milvago chimachima carrapateiro<br />

153. Mimus saturninus tejo-do-campo<br />

154. Molothrus badius asa-<strong>de</strong>-telha<br />

155. Molothrus bonariensis chopim-gaudério<br />

156. Mycteria americana cabeça-seca<br />

157. Myiarchus swainsoni maria-irré<br />

158. Myiarchus tyrannulus maria-<strong>de</strong>-asa-ferrugem<br />

159. Myiobus barbatus<br />

160. Myiodynastes maculatus bentevi-rajado<br />

161. Myiopagis viridicata maria-ver<strong>de</strong><br />

162. Myiophobus fasciatus felipe-<strong>de</strong>-peito-riscado<br />

163. Myiozetetes similis<br />

164. Myiospiza humeralis tico-tico-do-campo<br />

165. Myrmorchilus strigilatus piu-piu<br />

N<br />

166. Nemosia pileata<br />

167. Neopelma pallescens fruchu-do-cerradão<br />

168. Netta erythrophthalma negrinha<br />

169. Nothura boraquira codorna-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-preta<br />

170. Nothura maculosa codorna-amarela<br />

171. Notiochelidon cyanoleuca andorinha-azul-e-branca<br />

172. Nyctibius griseus griseus mãe-<strong>da</strong>-lua<br />

173. Nycticorax nycticorax garça-dorminhoca<br />

174. Nyctidromus albicollis curiango-comum<br />

O<br />

175. Odontophorus capueira uru-capoeira<br />

176. Ortalis guttata<br />

177. Oryzoborus angolensis curió<br />

178. Otus choliba corujinha-<strong>de</strong>-orelha


253<br />

P<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

179. Pachyramphus polychopterus caneleiro-preto<br />

180. Pachyramphus validus caneleiro-<strong>de</strong>-crista<br />

181. Pachyramppus viridis caneleiro-ver<strong>de</strong><br />

182. Parabuteo unicinctus gavião-asa-<strong>de</strong>-telha<br />

183. Pardirallus nigricans saracura-preta<br />

184. Paroaria dominicana *** galo-<strong>da</strong>-campina<br />

185. Parula pitiayumi mariquita-do-sul<br />

186. Passer domesticus par<strong>da</strong>l-doméstico<br />

187. Passerina brissoni azulão-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro<br />

188. Penelope jacucaca *** jacucaca<br />

189. Penelope superciliaris jacupeba<br />

190. Phacellodomus rufifrons joão-graveto<br />

191. Phaeomyias murina bagageiro<br />

192. Phaeoprogne tapera andorinha-do-campo<br />

193. Phaethornis gounellei *** rabo-branco-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-larga<br />

194. Phaethornis pretrei minor<br />

195. Phaethornis pretrei pretrei rabo-branco-acanelado<br />

196. Phaethornis ruber rabo-branco-rubro<br />

197. Phalacrocorax brasilianus biguá-uma<br />

198. Phimosus infuscatus tapicuru<br />

199. Phyllomyias fasciatus poaieiro-triste<br />

200. Piculus chrysochloros picapau-<strong>da</strong>-copa<br />

201. Picumnus pygmaeus<br />

202. Piranga flava sanhaço-<strong>de</strong>-fogo<br />

203. Pitangus sulphuratus bentevi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro<br />

204. Piaya cayana alma-<strong>de</strong>-gato<br />

205. Po<strong>da</strong>ger nacun<strong>da</strong> tabaco-bom<br />

206. Podilymbus podiceps mergulhão-caçador<br />

207. Poecilurus scutatus<br />

208. Polioptila plumbea balança-rabo-<strong>de</strong>-chapeú-preto<br />

209. Polytmus guainumbi beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-bico-curvo<br />

210. Porphyrula martinica frango-d’água-azul<br />

211. Primolius maracana maracanã-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira<br />

212. Progne chalybea andorinha-gran<strong>de</strong><br />

213. Pseudoseisura cristata *** casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro<br />

214. Pyrocephalus rubinus príncipe<br />

R<br />

215. Rhea americana americana ema<br />

216. Rhopornis ar<strong>de</strong>siaca gravatazeiro<br />

217. Rhynchotus rufescens catingae perdigão


254<br />

S<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

218. Sakesphorus cristatus *** choca-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste<br />

219. Saltator atricollis batuqueiro<br />

220. Saltator coerulescens gonga<br />

221. Saltator similis trinca-ferro-<strong>de</strong>-asa-ver<strong>de</strong><br />

222. Sarcoramphus urubu-rei<br />

223. Sarkidiornis melanotos pato-<strong>de</strong>-crista<br />

224. Satrapa icterophrys suiriri-pequeno<br />

225. Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata<br />

226. Schistochlamys ruficapillus tiê-veludo<br />

227. Sclerurus scansor cearensis* vira-folha-vermelho<br />

228. Serphopaga sp.<br />

229. Sericossypha loricata tiê-caburé<br />

230. Sicalis luteola canário-rasteiro<br />

231. Sicalis flaveola canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra<br />

232. Sittasomus griseicapillus<br />

233. Sporophila albogularis brejal<br />

234. Sporophila bouvreuill caboclinho-fra<strong>de</strong><br />

235. Sporophila lineola bigodinho<br />

236. Sporophila nigricollis papa-capim-capuchinho<br />

237. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis andorinha-serradora-do-sul<br />

238. Stigmatura napensis alegrinho-do-sertão<br />

239. Sublegatus mo<strong>de</strong>stus sertanejo<br />

240. Suiriri suiriri bahiae suiriri-do-cerrado<br />

241. Synallaxis albescens uipi<br />

242. Synallaxis frontalis tifli<br />

T<br />

243. Tachybaptus dominicus mergulhão-pompom<br />

244. Tachycineta albiventer andorinha-do-rio<br />

245. Tangara cayana saíra-cabocla<br />

246. Tapera naevia saci-do-campo<br />

247. Taraba major choró-boi<br />

248. Thamnophilus caerulescens choca-<strong>da</strong>-mata<br />

249. Thamnophilus doliatus choca-barra<strong>da</strong><br />

250. Thamnophilus pelzelni<br />

251. Thamnophilus torquatus choca-<strong>de</strong>-asa-ruiva<br />

252. Theristicus cau<strong>da</strong>tus curicaca-comum<br />

253. Thlypopsis sordi<strong>da</strong> saíra-canária<br />

254. Thraupis sayaca sanhaço-cinza<br />

255. Thryothorus genibarbis garrincha-<strong>de</strong>-bigo<strong>de</strong><br />

256. Thryothorus longirostris garrincha-açu<br />

257. Tigrisoma lineatum socó-boi-ferrugem<br />

258. Todirostrum cinereum ferreirinho-relógio<br />

259. Tolmomyas flaviventris bico-chato-amarelo


255<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

260. Tringa flavipes<br />

261. Tringa solitaria maçarico-solitário<br />

262. Troglodytes musculus corruira-<strong>de</strong>-casa<br />

263. Trogon curucui surucuá-<strong>de</strong>-coroa-azul<br />

264. Turdus amaurochalinus sabiá-poca<br />

265. Turdus leucomelas sabiá-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-cinza<br />

266. Turdus rufiventris sabiá-laranjeira<br />

267. Tyrannus savana<br />

268. Tyrannus melancholicus suiriri-tropical<br />

269. Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra suin<strong>da</strong>ra<br />

V<br />

270. Vanellus chilensis quero-quero<br />

271. Veniliornis passerinus picapau-pequeno<br />

272. Vireo olivaceus juruviara-oliva<br />

273. Volatinia jacarina tiziu<br />

X<br />

274. Xenops rutilans bico-virado-carijó<br />

275. Xiphocolaptes albicollis<br />

276. Xiphocolaptes falcirostris cochi-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste<br />

277. Xiphorhynchus picus arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-reto<br />

278. Xolmis cinerea primavera<br />

279. Xolmis irupero nivea noivinha-branca<br />

280. Xolmis velata pombinha-<strong>da</strong>s-almas<br />

Z<br />

281. Zenai<strong>da</strong> auriculata avoante<br />

282. Zonotrichia capensis tico-tico-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro<br />

* Espécie endêmica <strong>de</strong> Mata Atlântica<br />

** Espécie endêmica <strong>de</strong> Cerrado<br />

*** Espécie endêmica <strong>de</strong> Caatinga<br />

Ameaçado<br />

Quase ameaçado<br />

Endêmico (Fonte: BirdLife International)


256<br />

<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />

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Nova Fronteira.<br />

Bencke, G. A. & G. N. Maurício 2002. Programa <strong>de</strong> IBAs no Brasil. Fase I. Relatório Final.<br />

(Goerck, J.M., D. Wege & A. Estra<strong>da</strong>, coords) BirdLife International.<br />

Colaço, M., T. A. Moreira, C. S. Santana & C. G. Machado 2002. As espécies <strong>de</strong> aves registra<strong>da</strong>s<br />

na Reserva Indígena Pankararé, no município <strong>de</strong> Glória, Estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia. In: Resumos do<br />

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sumo 025, pgs. 47-48, Fortaleza, CE.<br />

Fiuza, A. C. (1999) A avifauna <strong>da</strong> Caatinga do estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia – composição e distribuição.<br />

Texto e notas adicionais <strong>de</strong> Deo<strong>da</strong>to Souza. Feira <strong>de</strong> Santana: Anor, Articulação Nor<strong>de</strong>stina<br />

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Grantsau, R. 1989. Os beija-flores do Brasil. Editora Expressão e Cultura, RJ. Hilty S. L. e W. L.<br />

Brown. 1986. Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey.<br />

Lima, P. C., S. S. Santos e R. F. C. R. Lima 2003 . Levantamento e Anilhamento <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna na<br />

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L. P. Gonzaga e D. M. Teixeira, 1987. Atuali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s Ornitológicas 112: 11. (disponível online www.<br />

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Lima, P. C., S. S. Santos e R. F. C. R. Lima 2003. Novas informações sobre o Levantamento e<br />

Anilhamento <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna na <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear (Anodorhynchus leari,<br />

Bonaparte, 1856), Bahia, Brasil. Atuali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s Ornitológicas115:3-4<br />

Lima, P. C., S. S. Santos, R. F. C. R. Lima, O. C. Nunes e M. R. Torres 2004. Novos registros<br />

<strong>da</strong> ornitofauna na <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear (Anodorhynchus leari, Bonaparte, 1856)..<br />

Destacando-se a presença <strong>de</strong> <strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> A. <strong>Leari</strong> 277 Cabeça-seca (Mycteria<br />

americana, Linné, 1758). Atuali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s Ornitológicas 118:6.<br />

Lima, P. C., R. F. C. R. Lima e S. S. Santos 2004. Coccyzus americanus Linné, 1758 na <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear (Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856): primeiro registro para a Caatinga<br />

na Bahia, Brasil. Atuali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s Ornitológicas 120:5-6.<br />

Lima, P. C., T. N. C. L. Neto, R. F. C. R. Lima, & B. G. Pita, 2005. Novos registros <strong>da</strong> ornito<br />

fauna na <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear (Anodorhynchus leari, Bonaparte, 1856). Bahia-Brasil.<br />

Destacando-se a presença <strong>da</strong> Saracura-<strong>da</strong>-praia, Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle (Spix,1825). Atuali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />

Ornitológicas 125.


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Marini, A. M. & R.B. Cavalcanti 1990. Migrações <strong>de</strong> Elaenia albiceps chilensis e Elaenia chiriquen<br />

sis albivertex (AVES: TYRANNIDAE). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio<br />

Goeldi, série Zoologia 6(1): 55-64.<br />

Munn, C. A. 1995. Lears macaw: A second Population Confirmed. Psitta Scene, Vol 7 N. 4. Pp. 1-3.<br />

Pacheco, J. F. e C. Bauer 2000. As aves <strong>da</strong> Caatinga – Apreciação histórica do processo <strong>de</strong> conheci<br />

mento. In: Workshop Avaliação e i<strong>de</strong>ntificação <strong>de</strong> ações prioritárias para a conservação, uti<br />

lização sustentável e repartição <strong>de</strong> benefícios <strong>da</strong> biodiversi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> do bioma Caatinga.<br />

Documento Temático, Seminário Biodiversi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, Petrolina.<br />

Pinto, O. M. O. (1978). Novo Catálogo <strong>da</strong>s aves do Brasil. Primeira Parte. São Paulo: Empr. Gráf.<br />

Revistados Tribunais.<br />

Reynolds, M. 1998. Lears Macaw, some history, the current situation, and proposals for its preserva<br />

tion. Psitta Scene Vol. 10, N. 4. Pp. 2-4.<br />

Sick, H., L. P. Gonzaga & D. M. Teixeira 1987. A arara-azul-<strong>de</strong> lear, Anodorhynchus leari Bona<br />

parte, 1856. Revista <strong>Brasileira</strong> <strong>de</strong> Zoologia 3(7):441-463.<br />

Sick, H. 1997. <strong>Ornitologia</strong> <strong>Brasileira</strong>. Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro: Editora Nova Fronteira.Silva,<br />

J. M. C. Silva, M. A. Souza, A. G. D. Bieber e C. J. Carlos 2003. <strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga:<br />

status, uso do habitat e sen sitivi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>. In: Ecologia e Conservação <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Leal,I. R., M.<br />

Tabarelli e J. M. C. Silva (Orgs.)Recife. Editora Universitária <strong>da</strong> UFPE. 822 p. <strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> A. <strong>Leari</strong> 278<br />

Teixeira, D. M., R. Otoch, G. Luigi, M. A. Raposo & A. C. C. Almei<strong>da</strong> 1993. Notes on some birds<br />

of northeastern Brazil (5). Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 113(1):48-52.<br />

ATUALIDADES ORNITOLÓGICAS N.128 – NOVEMBRO/DEZEMBRO DE 2005 – P. 29


Foto: Luiz C. Marigo

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