Aves da Pátria da Leari - Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia
Aves da Pátria da Leari - Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia
Aves da Pátria da Leari - Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
2ª Edição Pedro C. Lima<br />
Apoio:
1<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
_____________________________________________<br />
L71a<br />
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> pátria <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong>/Pedro Lima Cerqueira -<br />
. 1.ed. - Salvador: AO, 2004.<br />
271p.:<br />
ISBN<br />
1. <strong>Ornitologia</strong>. 2. <strong>Aves</strong>. 3. Caatinga<br />
CDU - 598.2<br />
_____________________________________________<br />
ATUALIDADES ORNITOLÓGICAS N.128 – NOVEMBRO/DEZEMBRO DE 2005 – P. 29
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Este livro é <strong>de</strong>dicado a Helmut Sick, não só o <strong>de</strong>scobridor <strong>da</strong><br />
pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari, como também o pioneiro no<br />
levantamento <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.
3<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
AGRADECIMENTOS<br />
A Charles A. Munn, Carlos Eugênio Bezerra <strong>de</strong> Meneses (Cetrel), Minnesota Zoo, Dave<br />
Cruz, World Parrot Trust, Heinz Lambert and Walter Schulz, pelo apoio financeiro. A<br />
Otavio Nolasco <strong>de</strong> Farias (Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca) pelo apoio logístico. Cid Marcos<br />
Simões <strong>de</strong> Menezes e Paola Segura Diaz pela logística <strong>da</strong> Fun<strong>da</strong>ção BioBrasil. A Adson<br />
Lima do Nascimento, Antônio José <strong>de</strong> Jesus Pimentel, Eliane Ribeiro <strong>da</strong> Silva,<br />
Elizangela Silva Souza, José Carlos Silva Ribeiro, José Raimundo Silva Araújo, Luiz<br />
Eduardo Souza Silva, Luiz Marcio Oliveira <strong>da</strong> Silva, Manoel Alves Sobrinho, Moacir <strong>de</strong><br />
Jesus, Rosivane Ribeiro <strong>da</strong> Silva, Thyers Novaes <strong>de</strong> Cerqueira Lima Neto,Jozil<strong>da</strong><br />
Monteiro <strong>da</strong> Silva, Zezito <strong>de</strong> Jesus, Zildomar Souza Souza Magalhães pela participação<br />
direta nas campanhas <strong>de</strong> campo. Jaelson <strong>de</strong> Oliveira Castro pelo apóio <strong>da</strong>do no inicio do<br />
projeto. Agra<strong>de</strong>ço também a Luiz Claudio Marigo, Haroldo Palo Jr. pelas fotos cedi<strong>da</strong>s,<br />
Rolf Grantsau, Sidnei Sampaio dos Santos, Rita <strong>de</strong> Cassia Ferreira <strong>da</strong> Rocha Lima pelo<br />
apoio nas pesquisas <strong>de</strong> campo. Agre<strong>de</strong>cimento a Disney Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, Ao CEMAVE pelo<br />
apoio e a José Fernando Pacheco pela correção do texto (<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga). A Silvano<br />
Abreu Farias, pelo apoio técnico, na editoração eletrônica <strong>de</strong>ste livro,<br />
a Keith Spalding Brown Jr pela i<strong>de</strong>ntificação <strong>da</strong>s espécies <strong>de</strong> borboletas.,<br />
e a Josph DiCostanzo pela revisão dos textos em inglês.<br />
TRADUÇÃO: RICHARD GORDON HARTLEY<br />
FOTOS: PEDRO LIMA
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
ÍNDICE<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga 006<br />
Birds of Caatinga 011<br />
O Status Ecológico <strong>da</strong> Arara-Azul-<strong>de</strong>-Lear 015<br />
The Ecological Status of the Lears Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari) 018<br />
Levantamento e Anilhamento <strong>da</strong> Ornitofauna na <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> A. <strong>Leari</strong> 021<br />
Survey and Banding of the Ornito-fauna in the range of the Lears Macaw 025<br />
Uma Pequena Contribuição: Combate ao Tráfico Ilegal <strong>de</strong> Animais 029<br />
A Small Contribution: The Combat Against the Illegal Traffic of Animals 031<br />
Coccyzus americanus Linné, 1758 na <strong>Pátria</strong>* <strong>da</strong> Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear 033<br />
Coccyzus americanus Linné, 1758 in the home range of the Lears Amacaw 034<br />
Descrição <strong>da</strong>s espécies 035<br />
Familias<br />
Tinami<strong>da</strong>e 150<br />
Rhei<strong>da</strong>e 151<br />
Podicipedi<strong>da</strong>e 152<br />
Phalacrocoraci<strong>da</strong>e 152<br />
Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e 152<br />
Ciconii<strong>da</strong>e 155<br />
Catharti<strong>da</strong>e 155<br />
Anati<strong>da</strong>e 157<br />
Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e 158<br />
Falconi<strong>da</strong>e 162<br />
Craci<strong>da</strong>e 166<br />
Arami<strong>da</strong>e 166<br />
Ralli<strong>da</strong>e 167<br />
Cariami<strong>da</strong>e 169<br />
Jacani<strong>da</strong>e 170<br />
Charadrii<strong>da</strong>e 170<br />
Scolopaci<strong>da</strong>e 171<br />
Recurvirostri<strong>da</strong>e 171<br />
Columbi<strong>da</strong>e 172<br />
Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e 174<br />
Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e 177<br />
Tytoni<strong>da</strong>e 179
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Strigi<strong>da</strong>e 180<br />
Nyctibi<strong>da</strong>e 182<br />
Caprimulgi<strong>da</strong>e 183<br />
Trochili<strong>da</strong>e 184<br />
Trogoni<strong>da</strong>e 188<br />
Alcedini<strong>da</strong>e 189<br />
Galbuli<strong>da</strong>e 189<br />
Bucconi<strong>da</strong>e 190<br />
Pici<strong>da</strong>e 190<br />
Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e 193<br />
Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e 195<br />
Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e 197<br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e 199<br />
Pipri<strong>da</strong>e 210<br />
Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e 210<br />
Corvi<strong>da</strong>e 212<br />
Troglodyti<strong>da</strong>e 212<br />
Sylvinae 213<br />
Turdinae 213<br />
Mimi<strong>da</strong>e 214<br />
Vireoni<strong>da</strong>e 215<br />
Parulinae 215<br />
Coerebinae 216<br />
Thraupinae 216<br />
Emberezinae 220<br />
Cardinalinae 224<br />
Icterinae 225<br />
Fringili<strong>da</strong>e 227<br />
Passeri<strong>da</strong>e 227<br />
Outros animais 228<br />
O Povo 235<br />
A Pecuária 236<br />
Serra Branca 237<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong> 239<br />
Lista <strong>de</strong> Chiroptera (Morcegos) - Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina 247<br />
Listagem <strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> Bahia – Bioma Caatinga 248<br />
Referências Bibliográficas 256
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
AVES DA CAATINGA<br />
O bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga foi e continua sendo um dos biomas menos estu<strong>da</strong>dos, quer seja por falta <strong>de</strong><br />
interesse, ou falta <strong>de</strong> recursos para serem aplicados em pesquisas ou ain<strong>da</strong>, pelas dificul<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s apresenta<strong>da</strong>s<br />
pelo ambiente. Pacheco & Bauer (2000) realizaram um amplo levantamento bibliográfico sobre o censo <strong>da</strong><br />
avifauna do bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> a época do <strong>de</strong>scobrimento, até o final <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 90. Antes <strong>da</strong> abertura<br />
dos portos em 1808, os trabalhos mais relevantes eram provenientes <strong>da</strong> colonização holan<strong>de</strong>sa no Nor<strong>de</strong>ste,<br />
<strong>de</strong>stacando-se a gran<strong>de</strong> contribuição do astrônomo Georg Macgrave (1610-1644).<br />
Macgrave chegou ao Brasil a convite do príncipe <strong>de</strong> Nassau em 1638, e permaneceu no Brasil até 1644;<br />
<strong>da</strong>s 113 <strong>de</strong>scrições <strong>de</strong> aves realiza<strong>da</strong>s por Macgrave no Brasil, apenas quatro pertenciam ao bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga:<br />
(Rhea americana, Cariama cristata, Compsothraupis loricata e Crypturellus noctivagus zabele).<br />
No século XVIII, <strong>de</strong>stacamos somente o médico português radicado na<br />
Bahia, Francisco Antônio <strong>de</strong> Sampaio que, no entanto, relata apenas três espécies<br />
do bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga em sua obra: Cyanocorax cyanopogon, Icterus jamacaii<br />
e Paroaria dominicana. Outro fato importante ocorrido no século XVIII foi a<br />
fun<strong>da</strong>ção <strong>da</strong> Casa <strong>de</strong> História Natural, cria<strong>da</strong> em 1784 na ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> do Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro,<br />
atualmente o Museu Nacional do Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro.<br />
O século XIX ficou conhecido como o século <strong>da</strong>s gran<strong>de</strong>s expedições<br />
científicas estrangeiras, com a vin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> família real para o Brasil em 1808, que<br />
abriu os portos para as nações amigas e possibilitou uma corri<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> naturalistas<br />
do Velho Mundo para <strong>de</strong>sven<strong>da</strong>r os segredos <strong>de</strong> um país <strong>de</strong>sconhecido, on<strong>de</strong> certamente<br />
encontrariam muitas novi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s.<br />
O príncipe Maximiliano <strong>de</strong> Wied-Neuwied foi o primeiro naturalista do<br />
século XIX a entrar em contato direto com a avifauna <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Apesar <strong>de</strong> ter<br />
percorrido somente uma área pequena <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, antecipou e <strong>de</strong>screveu diversas<br />
espécies típicas <strong>da</strong> área tais como: Aratinga cactorum, Cyanocorax cyanopo-<br />
William Swainson<br />
Acervo <strong>de</strong> University<br />
Museum of<br />
Zoology, Cambridge<br />
Wied-Neuwied<br />
Acervo <strong>da</strong> coleção Robert<br />
Bosch, Stuttgart, Alemanha.<br />
gon e Coryphospingus pileatus, além <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>screver espécies pouco conheci<strong>da</strong>s como:<br />
Sakesphorus cristatus e Hylopezus ochroleucus. Outro fato notável é a <strong>de</strong>scrição <strong>de</strong><br />
uma espécie endêmica <strong>da</strong> Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, o gravatazeiro Rhopornis ar<strong>de</strong>siaca,<br />
cuja área <strong>de</strong> ocorrência situa-se em Boa Nova, Ituaçú (Pinto, 1978). Wied registrou<br />
73 espécies para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, sendo esse um recor<strong>de</strong> para a época.<br />
Em fins <strong>de</strong> 1816, chegou a Pernambuco, o naturalista inglês William Swainson<br />
que pretendia realizar expedições pelo interior e fazer coleta <strong>de</strong> espécimes. No entanto,<br />
isso não ocorreu <strong>de</strong>vido a um movimento revolucionário que lá se iniciou.<br />
Depois <strong>de</strong> termina<strong>da</strong> a revolução, Swainson conseguiu realizar uma expedição pelo<br />
interior em direção ao Rio São Francisco e ao cabo <strong>de</strong> dois meses chegou à ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong><br />
alagoana <strong>de</strong> Penedo. Apesar <strong>de</strong> ter sido um dos mais ativos e <strong>de</strong>stacados zoólogos<br />
<strong>da</strong> época, Swainson contribuiu muito pouco para as aves <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, se compararmos<br />
com as informações <strong>de</strong>ixa<strong>da</strong>s por Wied e Spix. Entretanto, Swainson registrou<br />
cerca <strong>de</strong> 40 espécies para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e <strong>de</strong>ntre essas espécies, duas foram<br />
<strong>de</strong>scritas por ele, além <strong>de</strong> três subespécies.
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Dois renomados naturalistas do século XIX <strong>de</strong>ixaram suas contribuições<br />
para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga: Johann Baptist von Spix e Karl Friedrich Phillipp von<br />
Martius. Spix era zoólogo e Martius, botânico. O tempo que os dois naturalistas<br />
gastaram no bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga foi <strong>de</strong> seis meses e meio, equivalente a 18% <strong>de</strong><br />
to<strong>da</strong> a expedição pelo Brasil; o resto do tempo foi <strong>de</strong>dicado a outros biomas.<br />
Apesar do longo tempo <strong>de</strong>stinado ao bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, a contribuição <strong>de</strong> Spix e<br />
<strong>de</strong> Martius foi pequena: <strong>de</strong>screveram apenas 32 espécies. Apesar <strong>de</strong> ter registrado<br />
poucas espécies para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, Spix <strong>de</strong>screveu nove espécies e 12<br />
subespécies do bioma.<br />
Afora as iniciativas estrangeiras, po<strong>de</strong>mos citar como iniciativa exclusivamente<br />
brasileira, a “Comissão Científica <strong>de</strong> Exploração” que teve como objetivo,<br />
explorar as riquezas naturais do Brasil. Realiza<strong>da</strong> entre 1859 e 1861, esta<br />
expedição coletou cerca <strong>de</strong> 4.000 peles, to<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong>posita<strong>da</strong>s no Museu Nacional<br />
do Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro. Apesar <strong>da</strong> quanti<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> total <strong>de</strong> aves coleta<strong>da</strong>s, a única forma<br />
<strong>de</strong>scrita foi a <strong>da</strong> subespécie Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis.<br />
Ain<strong>da</strong> no século XIX, po<strong>de</strong>mos <strong>de</strong>stacar a contribuição <strong>de</strong> Emilie Gounelle que coletou diversos beijaflores,<br />
sendo que um <strong>de</strong>les leva o seu nome: Phaethornis gounellei, <strong>de</strong>scrito por Boucard em 1891.<br />
No inicio do século XX (1903), a expedição austríaca li<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> pelo ictiologista Franz Stein<strong>da</strong>chner,<br />
acompanhado do ornitólogo Otmar Reiser <strong>de</strong>dicou 45 dias ao bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Ernst Garbe naturalista do<br />
Museu Paulista coletou diversas aves <strong>da</strong> Caatinga no ano <strong>de</strong> 1907. Como resultado <strong>de</strong>ssa expedição, foram<br />
<strong>de</strong>scritas varias subespécies e uma nova espécie endêmica <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, Formicivara<br />
iheringi (Hellmayr, 1909).<br />
Emilie Snethlage<br />
Biblioteca <strong>de</strong><br />
Herbert Franzoni Berla<br />
Hellmayr<br />
Arquivo do Field Museum<br />
Natural History,<br />
Chicago<br />
Uma expedição li<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> por Adolpho Lutz em 1912 percorreu diversas regiões<br />
do bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, sendo que a observação mais importante <strong>de</strong>ssa expedição<br />
foi a <strong>da</strong> ararinha-azul Cyanopsitta spixii, uma em cativeiro e um bando <strong>de</strong>las<br />
voando em Santo Sé. Lima percorreu essa região em 1995, à procura <strong>da</strong> C. spixii,<br />
no entanto só encontrou a Anodorhynchus leari. Provavelmente essa espécie foi<br />
confundi<strong>da</strong> pela equipe <strong>de</strong> Lutz com C. spixii. A <strong>de</strong>scoberta <strong>de</strong> A. leari entre os<br />
municípios <strong>de</strong> Campo formoso e Santo Sé, contribuiu para o aumento <strong>da</strong> distribuição<br />
geográfica <strong>da</strong> espécie (Munn, 1995).<br />
Robert H. Becker visitou diversos biomas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga no Ceará e na Bahia<br />
em 1913; as aves coleta<strong>da</strong>s por Becker serviram para a <strong>de</strong>scrição <strong>de</strong> diversas<br />
subespécies. Cabe-nos ain<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>stacar a contribuição do alemão Emil Kaempfer e<br />
<strong>de</strong> sua esposa que, juntos, coletaram aves em 11 estados brasileiros, entre 1926 e<br />
1931. O material coletado pelos Kaempfer serviu para <strong>de</strong>screver três subespécies,<br />
to<strong>da</strong>s do Nor<strong>de</strong>ste. Além disso, foram os primeiros a coletarem Rhopornis ar<strong>de</strong>siaca<br />
e Megaxenops parnaguae, após a <strong>de</strong>scrição <strong>de</strong>ssas espécies.<br />
Ain<strong>da</strong> na déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 20, <strong>de</strong>stacamos a contribuição <strong>da</strong> naturalista Emilie Snethlage. Como realizações<br />
<strong>da</strong>s expedições empreendi<strong>da</strong>s por Snethlage, po<strong>de</strong>mos citar a <strong>de</strong>scrição <strong>de</strong> três taxons: Xiphocolaptes franciscanus,<br />
Phylloscartes roquettei e Knipolegus aterrimus franciscanus. Essas três formas permanecem como<br />
endêmicas no bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Na déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 30, Olivério Pinto <strong>de</strong>staca-se por realizar duas expedições ao Nor<strong>de</strong>ste Brasileiro. No entanto,<br />
seus esforços foram direcionados para as espécies <strong>da</strong> Mata Atlântica. As informações sobre as espécies<br />
do bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga foram obti<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> terceiros.<br />
Johann Baptist von Spix<br />
Acervo do ZSM – Zoologische<br />
Sammlung <strong>de</strong>s Bayerischen<br />
Staates – Munich - Alemanha<br />
Nos anos 40, <strong>de</strong>stacou-se a expedição conjunta do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz<br />
em parceria com a fun<strong>da</strong>ção Rockefeller que, na época, realizava pesquisas<br />
sobre a febre amarela. Nessa expedição, além <strong>da</strong>s coletas, o <strong>de</strong>staque<br />
foi a <strong>de</strong>scrição <strong>da</strong> subespécie Xiphorhynchus guttatus gracilirostris, que<br />
foi assim <strong>de</strong>nomina<strong>da</strong> a partir do material coletado naquela expedição.<br />
Nos anos 50, foram duas as expedições mais importantes, conheci<strong>da</strong>s<br />
como “Viagens Científicas ao Estado <strong>de</strong> Alagoas” e organiza<strong>da</strong>s pelo Departamento<br />
<strong>de</strong> Zoologia <strong>da</strong> Secretaria <strong>de</strong> Agricultura <strong>de</strong> São Paulo. Essas<br />
expedições foram coor<strong>de</strong>na<strong>da</strong>s por Olivério Pinto. A primeira expedição<br />
foi no ano <strong>de</strong> 1951 e a segun<strong>da</strong> no ano <strong>de</strong> 1952. Estas expedições foram<br />
importantes, porque Alagoas era um dos estados brasileiros menos explorados<br />
no campo <strong>da</strong> ornitologia.<br />
numa lista <strong>de</strong> 143 espécies. Dizem que essa expedição foi realiza<strong>da</strong><br />
com o objetivo <strong>de</strong> verificar a existência <strong>da</strong>s araras Cyanopsitta spixii e<br />
Anodorhynchus leari, no entanto, esta meta não foi alcança<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Grantsau para estu<strong>da</strong>r os beija-flores do Brasil, passou pela<br />
região <strong>da</strong> Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina quatro vezes: 1965, 1974, 1975 e 2003.<br />
Nessas campanhas coletou 12 espécies <strong>de</strong> beija-flores.<br />
De 1970 a 2000, <strong>de</strong>stacamos o trabalho <strong>de</strong> Sick et al. (1987).<br />
Quando a pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari foi <strong>de</strong>scoberta, Sick e seus colaboradores<br />
aproveitaram para fazer um inventário <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna existente nos<br />
municípios <strong>de</strong> Canudos e Jeremoabo e registraram 132 espécies.<br />
No final <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 50 (57/58), Olivério Pinto li<strong>de</strong>rou novas expedições<br />
ao Nor<strong>de</strong>ste. Fizeram parte <strong>de</strong>ssas expedições, Camargo Andra<strong>de</strong><br />
e Emílio Dente. Uma <strong>de</strong>ssas expedições foi realiza<strong>da</strong> em 1958 na região<br />
noroeste <strong>da</strong> Bahia e resultou<br />
Rolf Grantsau<br />
Museu <strong>de</strong> História Natural <strong>da</strong> Cetrel<br />
Olmos (1992) registrou 208 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves no Parque Nacional<br />
<strong>da</strong> Serra <strong>da</strong> Capivara, sendo essa a principal publicação sobre as aves do sertão do Piauí.<br />
Souto e Hazin (1995) relacionaram 338 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.<br />
Parrini et al (1999) apresentou uma lista com 359 espécies na região <strong>da</strong> Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina <strong>da</strong> Bahia.<br />
É importante frisar que na Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina existem diversos ecossistemas, tais como: Cerrado, campo<br />
rupestre, mata estacional e caatinga.<br />
Em 1997, Grantsau e Lima percorrem a Caatinga do município <strong>de</strong> Teofilândia, em busca <strong>de</strong> beija-flores<br />
e representantes <strong>da</strong> família Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e.
9<br />
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Neves et al (1999) apresentou uma lista <strong>de</strong> 146 espécies<br />
para a Fazen<strong>da</strong> Tamanduá, município <strong>de</strong> Santa Terezinha, no<br />
sertão paraibano <strong>de</strong> Piranhas.<br />
Fiúza (1999), através <strong>de</strong> um apanhado histórico e <strong>de</strong> levantamentos<br />
bibliográficos, registrou 283 espécies para o bioma<br />
<strong>da</strong> Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia. Muitas <strong>da</strong>s espécies incluí<strong>da</strong>s pertencem<br />
a outros biomas <strong>de</strong> transição ecológica ou áreas <strong>de</strong> enclave. Foram<br />
relaciona<strong>da</strong>s 37 espécies consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong>s como pertencentes<br />
a áreas <strong>de</strong> enclaves. Dez espécies típicas do cerrado foram registra<strong>da</strong>s<br />
em áreas <strong>de</strong> transição ecológica; 30 estão relaciona<strong>da</strong>s<br />
a enclaves <strong>de</strong> florestas <strong>de</strong> ombrófila <strong>de</strong>nsa, nove espécies foram<br />
lista<strong>da</strong>s como espécies visitantes não aquáticas; sete espécies foram<br />
relaciona<strong>da</strong>s nos enclaves <strong>de</strong> campo rupestres. Fiúza (1999),<br />
ain<strong>da</strong> relacionou 57 espécies <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong> ambientes aquáticos.<br />
Nascimento (2000) apresentou um inventário <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna <strong>de</strong> Aiuaba, Ceará e Seridó, Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do<br />
Norte. Estão lista<strong>da</strong>s 154 espécies para a primeira e 116 para a segun<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Casteleti (2000) fez um apanhado sobre os principais pontos do bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga on<strong>de</strong> já foram<br />
efetuados estudos sobre a ornitofauna: foram levantados 347 pontos, sendo que muitos dos levantamentos<br />
realizados eram muito incipientes. A metodologia utiliza<strong>da</strong> neste levantamento foi basea<strong>da</strong> nas amostragens<br />
dos representantes <strong>de</strong> quatro famílias: Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e, Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e, Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e e Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e. As quatro<br />
famílias representam 36% do total <strong>de</strong> aves lista<strong>da</strong>s no Brasil. Assim sendo, representam uma amostragem<br />
significativa.<br />
Helmut Sick<br />
Cortesia <strong>de</strong> Bret M. Whitney<br />
Olivério Pinto<br />
Acervo do Museu <strong>de</strong> Zoologia <strong>da</strong> USP<br />
O número total <strong>de</strong> espécies <strong>de</strong>ssas quatro famílias na Caatinga<br />
é <strong>de</strong> 144 espécies. A maior diversi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> pontual <strong>de</strong>sses grupos foi encontra<strong>da</strong><br />
na locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>da</strong>s fazen<strong>da</strong>s Lagoa Bonita e Grama na Chapa<strong>da</strong><br />
Diamantina <strong>da</strong> Bahia, com 56 espécies. O levantamento realizado por<br />
Casteleti apresentou quatro pontos <strong>de</strong> amostragens, <strong>de</strong> acordo com o<br />
grau <strong>de</strong> pesquisa realizado em ca<strong>da</strong> um: A - (zero) nenhuma espécie <strong>da</strong>s<br />
famílias analisa<strong>da</strong>s foi encontra<strong>da</strong> nesta locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>; B - (1 - 14), <strong>de</strong> uma<br />
a 14 espécies foram encontra<strong>da</strong>s nesta locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>; C - (15 - 28), <strong>de</strong> 15 a<br />
28 espécies foram encontra<strong>da</strong>s nesta locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>; D - (29 - 56), categoria<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> bem amostra<strong>da</strong>. Foram encontra<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> 29 a 56 espécies por<br />
locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>.<br />
Lima et al (2003 a, 2003 b, 2004 a, 2004b e 2005) levantaram<br />
233 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves para a pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari. Este trabalho foi realizado<br />
em dois pontos do município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo e em um ponto do município<br />
<strong>de</strong> Canudos. De acordo com a metodologia adota<strong>da</strong> por Casteleti (2000),<br />
o local on<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong> observar a maior amostragem realiza<strong>da</strong> no bioma <strong>da</strong><br />
Caatinga até o presente momento, foi nas fazen<strong>da</strong>s Lagoa Bonita e Grama,<br />
na Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina <strong>da</strong> Bahia, on<strong>de</strong> foram registra<strong>da</strong>s 56 espécies,<br />
representantes <strong>da</strong>s famílias: Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e, Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e, Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e e
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Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e. Aplicando o mesmo tipo <strong>de</strong> análise para o levantamento realizado por Lima et al na pátria <strong>da</strong><br />
A. leari, foram observa<strong>da</strong>s 59 espécies representantes <strong>da</strong>s quatro famílias. Assim, po<strong>de</strong>mos consi<strong>de</strong>rar a área<br />
em questão como bem estu<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>.<br />
Grantsau a convite <strong>de</strong> Lima, visitou a pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari pôr duas vezes em 2003.<br />
Lima (2004) levantou 826 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia; <strong>de</strong>sse total 34,1% (282) foram registra<strong>da</strong>s<br />
no bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Nessa relação não foram incluí<strong>da</strong>s muitas espécies <strong>de</strong> ambientes costeiros que<br />
já tinham sido cita<strong>da</strong>s por outros autores, Fiúza (1999) e Silva et al (2004), tais como: Sterna hirundo, Actitis<br />
macularia Numenius phaeopus, Arenaria interpres, Charadrius semipalmatus e Charadrius wilsonia. Apesar<br />
<strong>de</strong> to<strong>da</strong>s essas espécies ocorrerem na Bahia e a <strong>de</strong>speito <strong>de</strong> termos <strong>de</strong>senvolvido pesquisas sobre to<strong>da</strong>s elas no<br />
litoral baiano, nunca pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar nenhuma <strong>de</strong>las nos ambientes <strong>de</strong> Caatinga on<strong>de</strong> realizamos as pesquisas.<br />
Um fato que merece <strong>de</strong>staque foi o resgate <strong>de</strong> uma Fregata magnificens pelo IBAMA, no município <strong>de</strong><br />
Bom Jesus <strong>da</strong> Lapa, às margens do Rio São Francisco, a cerca <strong>de</strong> 400km do litoral. A ave nos foi entregue e<br />
<strong>de</strong>pois recupera<strong>da</strong> e anilha<strong>da</strong> e posteriormente libera<strong>da</strong>. Apesar <strong>de</strong>sse registro, não incluímos essa espécie na<br />
lista <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, por enten<strong>de</strong>rmos que esse registro foi aci<strong>de</strong>ntal.<br />
Silva et al. (2004) fez um apanhado sobre as aves <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, tendo adotado o levantamento <strong>de</strong> Pacheco<br />
& Bauer (2000) como ponto <strong>de</strong> parti<strong>da</strong>. Pacheco & Bauer excluem as aves que ocorrem em outros tipos<br />
<strong>de</strong> vegetação isola<strong>da</strong>s na área do ecossistema, tais como os brejos florestados e os campos rupestres, aceitando<br />
apenas 347 espécies como registra<strong>da</strong>s para o bioma stricto sensu. Silva et al. apresentaram uma lista com 510<br />
espécies para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga tendo incluído to<strong>da</strong>s as espécies, in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> seu hábitat.<br />
Baseando-se no levantamento histórico realizado por Pacheco & Bauer (2000) que compilou 347 espécies<br />
no bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, Fiúza (1999), relacionou 283 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves para a Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, Lima<br />
(2004) relacionou 282 espécies para a Bahia e Silva et al. relacionou 510 espécies para o bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.<br />
Se compararmos os resultados obtidos na pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari com os alcançados por estes autores, po<strong>de</strong>mos<br />
obter o seguinte resultado em percentual: 66,6 %, 81,6 %, 81,9 % e 45,3 % , respectivamente.<br />
Os trabalhos contínuos <strong>de</strong> levantamento e anilhamento que estamos realizando no bioma <strong>da</strong> Caatinga<br />
vêm <strong>de</strong>monstrando a gran<strong>de</strong> importância <strong>da</strong> preservação <strong>de</strong>sse bioma, até aqui tão pouco estu<strong>da</strong>do.
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AVES DA CAATINGA<br />
Birds of the Caatinga Biome<br />
The Caatinga biome has historically been and continues to be one of the least studied ecosystems, either due<br />
to lack of interest, a lack of resources for research or for the difficult physical conditions of the environment<br />
itself. Pacheco & Bauer (2000) carried out a comprehensive bibliographic overview of avi-fauna censuses of<br />
the Caatinga, from the <strong>da</strong>te of Discovery to the end of the 1990s. Before the opening of the ports in 1808, the<br />
most relevant work came from the Dutch colonizers in the northeast, in particular the distinguished contributions<br />
from the astronomer Georg Macgrave (1610-1644).<br />
Macgrave arrived in Brazil through an invitation from the prince of Nassau in 1638, and stayed in the<br />
country until 1644; of the 113 <strong>de</strong>scriptions of Brazilian birds ma<strong>de</strong> by Macgrave, only four were from the<br />
Caatinga biome: (Rhea americana,<br />
Cariama cristata, Compsothraupis loricata e Crypturellus noctivagus zabele).In the 18th century, the<br />
only records of Caatinga species were reported by the Portuguese doctor who lived in Bahia, Francisco Antônio<br />
<strong>de</strong> Sampaio who reports three species in his works: Cyanocorax cyanopogon, Icterus jamacaii e Paroaria dominicana.<br />
Another important occurrence in the 18th century was the foun<strong>da</strong>tion of the “House of History” in Rio<br />
<strong>de</strong> Janeiro in 1784 which to<strong>da</strong>y is known as the National Museum of Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro.<br />
The 19th century was marked by the important scientific expeditions un<strong>de</strong>rtaken by Europeans. In<br />
1808, the arrival of the Portuguese Royal familiy in Brazil opened the countries doors to friendly nations. This<br />
created a race by naturalists from the old world to unravel the secrets of an unknown country where they were<br />
certain to find many novelties.<br />
Prince Maxmilian <strong>de</strong> Wied-Neuwied was the first 19th century naturalist to come into contact with the<br />
avi-fauna of the Caatinga biome. Even though he covered very little ground in the biome, he discovered and<br />
<strong>de</strong>scribed a diverse number of species typical of the region such as Aratinga cactorum,(Cactus paraqueet) Cyanocorax<br />
cyanopogon (white napped jay) and Coryphospingus pileatus, (pileated finch). He also <strong>de</strong>scribed less<br />
known species such as: Sakesphorus cristatus (silvery-cheeked antshrike)e Hylopezus ochroleucus.(specklebreasted<br />
antpitta) Another notable <strong>de</strong>scription is that of a species of antbird en<strong>de</strong>mic to the Caatinga of Bahia<br />
Rhopornis ar<strong>de</strong>siaca, (slen<strong>de</strong>r antbird) whic hoccurs around Boa Nova, Ituaçú (Pinto, 1978). The 73 species<br />
that Wied registered were a record for the biome at that time.<br />
At the end of 1816, the English naturalist William Swainson arrived in Pernambuco. He wanted to<br />
un<strong>de</strong>rtake expeditions into the interior to collect specimens. His plans were thwarted by a revolutionary movement<br />
that started in the place he inten<strong>de</strong>d to go. But after the end of this “revolution”, Swainson managed to<br />
mount an expedition through the interior toward the São Francisco river and after two months arrived in the<br />
city of Penedo in Alagoas state. Even though he was one of the most distinguished and active zoologists of the<br />
era, Swainson contributed very little concerning the birds of the Caatinga when compared with information<br />
left by Wied and Spix. Still, Swainson registered around 40 species for the Caatinga biome. Among these were<br />
two species and three subspecies <strong>de</strong>scribed by him.<br />
Two 19th century naturalists of great renown left their contributions to the Caatinga biome: Johann<br />
Baptist von Spix e Karl Friedrich Phillipp von Martius. Spix was a zoologist and Martius a botanist. The two
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naturalists spent around six and a half months in the Caatinga biome which ma<strong>de</strong> up 18% of their total expedition<br />
time in Brazil. The rest of the time was passed in other biomes. But <strong>de</strong>spite their long stay in the Caatinga<br />
biome, their contribution was small; they <strong>de</strong>scribed just 32 species. But out of this small number, Spix<br />
<strong>de</strong>scribed nine new species and 12 new subspecies in the biome.<br />
Besi<strong>de</strong>s the foreign research initiatives, we can cite an exclusively Brazilian effort called the Scientific<br />
Commission for Exploration which had the objective of discovering Brazil’s natural wealth. Acting between<br />
1859 and 1861, this expedition collected around 4000 skins which were all <strong>de</strong>posited in the National Museum<br />
in Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro. But <strong>de</strong>spite the large quantity of birds collected, only one subspecies, Cyclarhis gujanensis<br />
cearensis (Rufous-browed Pepper Shrike) was <strong>de</strong>scribed.<br />
Still in the 19th century, we can point to the contribution ma<strong>de</strong> by Emilie Gounelle, who collected a<br />
variety of humming birds, one of which was named after him, Phaethornis gounellei, (Broad-tipped hermit)<br />
<strong>de</strong>scribed by Boucard in 1891.<br />
At the beginning of the 20th century, (1903), an Austrian expedition led by the ichthyologist Franz<br />
Stein<strong>da</strong>chner, accompanied by the ornithologist Otmar Reiser <strong>de</strong>dicated 45 <strong>da</strong>ys to the Caatinga biome. Ernst<br />
Garbe, a naturalist from the São Paulo Musuem, collected a variety of birds from the Caatinga in 1907. The<br />
result of this expedition was the <strong>de</strong>scription of various subspecies and a new en<strong>de</strong>mic Caatinga species,<br />
Formicivora iheringi (Narrow-billed antwren) (Hellmayr, 1909).<br />
An expedition led by Adolpho Lutz in 1912 covered diverse regions of the Caatinga. The expeditions<br />
most important observation was the Spix macaw, Cyanopsitta spixii, one in captivity and a flock flying around<br />
Santo Sé. Lima traveled through this region in 1995 looking for the C. spixii, but in this case found only the<br />
Anodorhynchus leari. (Lears macaw) This species was probably confused by Lutz’s team with the C. spixii.<br />
The discovery of the A. leari between the municipalities of Campo Formoso and Santo Sé, contributed to the<br />
expansion of the geographic distribution of the species. (Munn, 1995).<br />
Robert H. Becker visited numerous Caatinga biomes in Ceará and Bahia in 1913; the birds Becker collected<br />
were used in the <strong>de</strong>scription of various subspecies. It is incumbent on us to acknowledge the contribution<br />
of the German naturalist Emil Kaempfer and his wife who, together, collected birds in 11 Brazilian states<br />
between 1926 and 1931. The material collected by the Kaempfers was used to <strong>de</strong>scribe three subspecies, all<br />
from the northeast of the country. Besi<strong>de</strong>s this, they were the first people to collect the Rhopornis ar<strong>de</strong>siaca<br />
(Slen<strong>de</strong>r antbird) and Megaxenops parnaguae, (Great Xenops) after the <strong>de</strong>scription of the species.<br />
Still in the 20th century, of note is the contribution of the naturalist Emilie Snethlage. From his expeditions<br />
we can cite the <strong>de</strong>scription of three taxi<strong>de</strong>rmic categories: Xiphocolaptes franciscanus, Phylloscartes<br />
roquettei (Minas Gerais tyrannulet) and the Knipolegus aterrimus franciscanus (White-winged black tyrant).<br />
These three continue to be consi<strong>de</strong>red en<strong>de</strong>mic to the Caatinga biome.<br />
In the 1930s, Olivério Pinto distinguished himself on account of the two expeditions he led to the Brazilian<br />
northeast. However, most of his efforts were funneled towards the Atlantic Rainforest and the information<br />
he generated about Caatinga species<br />
came from third parties.<br />
In the 1940s, of particular importance was the joint expedition carried out by the Oswaldo Cruz Institute and<br />
the Rockefeller Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, which at the time were conducting research on yellow fever. During this
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expedition, besi<strong>de</strong>s the specimens collected, the highlight of the work was the <strong>de</strong>scription of the subspecies<br />
Xiphorhynchus guttatus gracilirostris,(Buff throated woodpecker).<br />
In the 1950s, the two most important scientific expeditions were known as “The scientific expedition<br />
to the State of Alagoas,” and another organized by the Zoology Department of São Paulo’s Secretariat of Agriculture.<br />
These expeditions were organized by Olivério Pinto. The first expedition was in 1951 and the second<br />
in 1952. These expeditions were important because Alagoas up until that point was one of the least explored<br />
Brazilian states in ornithological terms.<br />
At the end of the 1950s (57/58), Olivério Pinto led new expeditions to the northeast. Camargo Andra<strong>de</strong><br />
and Emílio Dente were part of this expedition. One of these took place in the northeast region of Bahia in 1958<br />
and resulted in a list of 143 species. It was said the purpose of the expedition was to verify the existence of the<br />
Cyanopsitta spixii e Anodorhynchus leari macaws, something that did not occur.<br />
In his study of Brazilian humming birds, Grantsau passed through the Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina region four<br />
times: 1965, 1974, 1975 and 2003. During these campaigns, he collected 12 species of humming birds.<br />
From 1970 to 2000, of particular distinction is the work of Sick et al. (1987). When the A. leari breeding<br />
grounds were discovered, Sick and his collaborators ma<strong>de</strong> an inventory of the ornitho-fauna presence in<br />
the municipalities of Canudos and Jeremoabo and registered 132 species.<br />
Olmos (1992) registered 208 bird species in the Serra <strong>de</strong> Capivara National Park, and this was the most<br />
important publication about the birds of the Piauí backlands.<br />
Souto e Hazin (1995) reported 338 bird species for the Caatinga biome.<br />
Parrini et al (1999) presented a list of 359 species in the Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina region of Bahia. It’s<br />
important to note that there are various ecosystems within the Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina. such as savanna, rocky<br />
terrain, rainforest and caatinga.<br />
In 1997, Grantsau and Lima explored the Caatinga in the municipality of Teofilândia in search of humming<br />
birds and representatives of the Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e family.<br />
Neves et al (1999) compiled a list of 146 species on the Tamanduá farm in the municipality of Santa<br />
Terezinha, in Piranhas located in the backlands of Paraiba state.<br />
Fiúza (1999), using historical summaries and bibliographical sources, registered 283 species for the<br />
Caatinga biome in Bahia. Many of the species inclu<strong>de</strong>d in these registers belonged to other biomes, areas of<br />
transition and enclaves. 37 species were reported that are consi<strong>de</strong>red as being from enclave areas. Tem species<br />
typically found in savanna areas were found in transition zones. 30 are reported in <strong>de</strong>nse Forest enclaves,<br />
nine species were listed as non-aquatic visiting species; seven species were reported in rocky enclaves. Fiúza<br />
(1999), even listed 57 species <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt on aquatic environments.<br />
Nascimento (2000) presented an inventory of the ornitho-fauna of Aiuaba in the state of Ceará and<br />
Seridó in Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Norte. 154 species are reported in the first inventory, 116 for the second.<br />
Casteleti (2000) summarized the principal locales of the Caatinga biome where studies of the
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ornitho-fauna had been conducted, which totaled 347 points. The method used for this study was based on<br />
samples of representatives from four families: Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e, Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e, Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e e Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e.<br />
These four families compose 36% of the total of birds listed in Brazil and thus represent a significant sample.<br />
The total number of species from these four families in the Caatinga was 144 species. The greatest<br />
diversity of these groups, with 56 species, was found on the farms of Lagoa Bonita and Grama in the Chapa<strong>da</strong><br />
Diamantina of Bahia. The survey un<strong>de</strong>rtaken by Casteleti inclu<strong>de</strong>d four sample points based on the <strong>de</strong>gree of<br />
research done on each one: A - (zero) no species of the families that were analyzed were found in this locale; B<br />
- (1 - 14), from one to 14 species were found in this locale; C - (15 - 28), from 15 to 28 species were found in<br />
this locale; D - (29 - 56), a category consi<strong>de</strong>red well sampled. Between 29-56 species per locale were found.<br />
Lima et al (2003 a, 2003 b and 2004a, 2004b e 2005) surveyed 233 bird species in the home-range of<br />
the A. leari. The work was done in two points of the municipality of Jeremoabo and one point in the municipality<br />
of Canudos. According to the methodology used by Casteleti (2000), until to<strong>da</strong>y the locale where the<br />
largest sample of birds for the Caatinga biome were the Lagoa Bonita and Grama farms in the Chapa<strong>da</strong> Diamantina<br />
in Bahia. There, 56 species representing the families of Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e, Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e, Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e<br />
and Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e were found. Applying the same type of analysis for the survey carried out by Lima et al<br />
in the home range of the A. leari, 59 species representing the four families were observed. We can therefore<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>r this area well-studied.<br />
At Lima’s request, Grantsau visited the home range of the A. leari two times in 2003. Lima (2004) has<br />
registered 826 species of bird in the state of Bahia; of this total, 34,1% (282) were reported from the Caatinga<br />
biome. In this study of the Caatinga, many coastal birds, that had been cited by other sources Fiúza (1999) e<br />
Silva et al (2004) were not inclu<strong>de</strong>d These inclu<strong>de</strong>: Sterna hirundo, (Common tern) Actitis macularia (Spotted<br />
sandpiper) Numenius phaeopus, (Whimbrel) Arenaria interpres, (Ruddy turnstone) Charadrius semipalmatus<br />
(Semipalmated plover) Charadrius wilsonia. (Thick-billed plover) Even though all these species occur in Bahia<br />
and besi<strong>de</strong>s the fact that we have researched all of them on the coast of Bahia, we never observed any of<br />
them in the areas of Caatinga where our studies were carried out. Something that <strong>de</strong>serves mention was the<br />
rescue by IBAMA of the Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens in the municipality of Bom Jesus <strong>da</strong><br />
Lapa on the banks of the São Francisco river, some 600 kilometers from the coast. The bird was han<strong>de</strong>d over to<br />
us and was recuperated, then ban<strong>de</strong>d and then set free. Despite this register, it was un<strong>de</strong>rstood that this register<br />
was acci<strong>de</strong>ntal and we did not inclu<strong>de</strong> the species on the Caatinga bird list of Bahia.<br />
Silva et al. (2004) summarized the birds of the Caatinga based on the survey done by Pacheco & Bauer<br />
(2000). Pacheco & Bauer exclu<strong>de</strong>d birds that occurred in other types of vegetation isolated in within the ecosystem<br />
area, such as forested wetlands and rocky terrain, and accepted only 347 as registered for the biome in<br />
a strict sense. Silva et al.Presented a list with 510 species for the Caatinga biome having inclu<strong>de</strong>d all species,<br />
regardless of their habitat.<br />
Based on the historic survey carried out by Pacheco & Bauer (2000) which compiled 347 species for<br />
the whole Caatinga biome, Fiúza (1999), reported 283 bird species for the Caatinga of Bahia, Lima (2004)<br />
reported 282 species for Bahian Caatinga and Silva et al. reported 510 species for the whole Caatinga biome.<br />
If we were to compare the results obtained in the home range of the A. leari with those reached by these other<br />
authors, we obtain the following percentage results: 66,6%, 81,6%, 81,9% e 45,3%, respectively.<br />
The continuing survey and banding work we are doing in the Caatinga biome <strong>de</strong>monstrates the great<br />
importance of conservation of this biome which has up to this point been studied so sparingly.
15<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
O STATUS ECOLÓGICO DA ARARA-AZUL-DE-LEAR<br />
(Anodorhynchus leari )<br />
A arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear (Anodorhynchus leari) foi <strong>de</strong>scrita em 1856 pelo naturalista francês Bonaparte,<br />
a partir <strong>de</strong> um exemplar taxi<strong>de</strong>rmizado (empalhado) <strong>de</strong>positado no Museu <strong>de</strong> Paris e <strong>de</strong> outro que vivia no<br />
jardim zoológico <strong>de</strong> Anvers, na Bélgica. (Sick et al., 1987). Durante mais <strong>de</strong> um século, os exemplares que<br />
chegavam aos museus e zoológicos do mundo tinham origem pouco clara. Uma informação colhi<strong>da</strong> em<br />
Pernambuco por Olivério Pinto que encontrou um <strong>de</strong>sses exemplares numa fazen<strong>da</strong> proce<strong>de</strong>nte provavelmente<br />
<strong>de</strong> Juazeiro, sugeria que a pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari estaria localiza<strong>da</strong> no baixo Rio São Francisco<br />
(Bahia). Em fins <strong>de</strong> 1978, o naturalista alemão Helmut Sick e seus discípulos Luiz Gonzaga e Dante Teixeira<br />
<strong>de</strong>scobriram a ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira área <strong>da</strong> A. lear, na região conheci<strong>da</strong> como Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (no sertão baiano).<br />
Pesquisas posteriores revelaram que a distribuição geográfica <strong>da</strong> espécie abrangia também os municípios <strong>de</strong><br />
Eucli<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Cunha, Paulo Afonso, Campo Formoso, Curaça e Santo Sé.<br />
O primeiro e maior grupo <strong>de</strong> A. leari documentado na natureza foi na Serra Branca – Jeremoabo, em<br />
1978/1979, que reunia 21 indivíduos; em 1980 Luís Cláudio Marigo observou 36 araras às margens <strong>da</strong> rodovia<br />
Cocorobó/Jeremoabo; em 1983, Carlos Yamashita encontrou na Toca Velha, um grupo que variava <strong>de</strong><br />
19 a 33 aves e no mesmo local; Gonzaga e Yamashita em 1985 registraram 20 indivíduos (Sick et al.,1987).<br />
Estudos realizados por Brandt e Machado em 1988 estimaram a população em cerca <strong>de</strong> 60 indivíduos (Brandt<br />
e Machado, 1990). Após a violenta seca que assolou a região em 1993, alguns pesquisadores temeram que<br />
tivesse ocorrido uma redução ain<strong>da</strong> maior na população <strong>de</strong>ssas araras em <strong>de</strong>corrência <strong>da</strong>s ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> caça.<br />
De 1856, quando a espécie foi <strong>de</strong>scrita, até 1978, quando a “pátria” <strong>da</strong> arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear foi <strong>de</strong>scoberta por<br />
Helmut Sick e sua equipe houve um longo período, exatamente 122 anos, em que informações sobre essa<br />
espécie eram inexistentes. Apenas uma informação foi divulga<strong>da</strong>, a partir <strong>de</strong> um exemplar cativo encontrado<br />
em Juazeiro, proce<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>da</strong> região sul do Rio São Francisco (Pinto, 1950). Muitas perguntas intrigavam os<br />
pesquisadores: Qual seria a população <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie? Qual sua distribuição geográfica? Com a <strong>de</strong>scoberta <strong>da</strong><br />
ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira área <strong>de</strong> ocorrência <strong>da</strong> espécie por Sick, era previsível uma ação qualquer com o objetivo <strong>de</strong> estu<strong>da</strong>r<br />
e consequentemente aplicar medi<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> manejo para a preservação <strong>da</strong> espécie no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />
Embora o período <strong>de</strong> tempo transcorrido <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> a <strong>de</strong>scoberta por Sick (26 anos), muitas perguntas<br />
permanecem sem resposta, como por exemplo: Qual o efetivo <strong>da</strong> população <strong>da</strong> arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear?<br />
Esforços têm sido feitos na tentativa <strong>de</strong> respon<strong>de</strong>r a essas e outras perguntas, mas ain<strong>da</strong> há muito a ser<br />
feito. Para maximizar os esforços até hoje empregados, seria necessário realizar censos simultâneos<br />
em todos os pontos <strong>de</strong> alimentação conhecidos e investir na procura <strong>de</strong> novas áreas <strong>de</strong> alimento e reprodução,<br />
o que incluiria o uso <strong>de</strong> radio-transmissores do tipo satélite e foto-censos. Outra falha na história<br />
natural <strong>da</strong> espécie está relaciona<strong>da</strong> à reprodução. Até o presente momento, existem <strong>da</strong>dos controversos sobre<br />
as ninha<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> um a três filhotes, no entanto, na<strong>da</strong> se sabe sobre o efetivo populacional para reprodução,<br />
período <strong>de</strong> incubação, tempo <strong>de</strong> permanência dos filhotes nos ninhos etc., <strong>da</strong>dos esses que só po<strong>de</strong>m ser fornecidos<br />
através <strong>de</strong> pesquisas efetua<strong>da</strong>s no interior dos ninhos. Como po<strong>de</strong>remos enten<strong>de</strong>r a biologia reprodutiva<br />
<strong>da</strong> espécie sem realizarmos pesquisas sobre a incubação, número <strong>de</strong> ovos, tempo <strong>de</strong> permanência dos<br />
filhotes no interior do ninho, crescimento dos filhotes, índice <strong>de</strong> mortali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> dos filhotes, <strong>de</strong>ficiência alimentar<br />
etc. O que sabemos sobre as araras brasileiras através <strong>de</strong> nossa experiência ou <strong>de</strong> experiências no estudo do<br />
comportamento reprodutivo <strong>de</strong> diversas espécies <strong>de</strong> araras no Peru e Bolívia (Munn, 1995), é que essas aves<br />
não abandonam o ninho quando estão com os filhotes. Precisamos estu<strong>da</strong>r mais minuciosamente os ninhos <strong>da</strong><br />
arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear para então po<strong>de</strong>rmos confirmar este comportamento <strong>da</strong> espécie, o que será extremamente<br />
importante para propostas futuras <strong>de</strong> manejo em cativeiro e na natureza.
16<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Em 1997, investigando potenciais áreas <strong>de</strong> alimentação, <strong>de</strong>scobrimos um novo local visitado pelas<br />
araras que nunca tinha sido visitado por nenhum pesquisador <strong>de</strong> ornitologia: a reserva dos índios Pankarares.<br />
Na época, conseguimos o apoio <strong>de</strong> dois índios e durante quatro dias percorremos a reserva indígena, seguindo<br />
as pistas sobre os locais <strong>de</strong> reprodução e as áreas <strong>de</strong> alimentação. Conseguimos observar um bando <strong>de</strong> 14 araras<br />
numa fazen<strong>da</strong> que faz limite com as terras indígenas. As aves eram muito ariscas, com o comportamento<br />
diferente <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> população conheci<strong>da</strong> que permitem que as pessoas se aproximem <strong>de</strong>las. A uma certa<br />
distância, cerca <strong>de</strong> 100 metros, as aves <strong>de</strong>monstraram nervosismo e <strong>de</strong>ban<strong>da</strong>ram, não tendo permitido uma<br />
aproximação a menos <strong>de</strong> 300 metros. Por ocasião <strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>scoberta, o vaqueiro <strong>da</strong> fazen<strong>da</strong> nos disse que se ele<br />
tivesse uma espingar<strong>da</strong> naquele momento, mataria certamente <strong>de</strong> uma a duas <strong>da</strong>quelas aves. Foi assim que<br />
ficamos sabendo que é muito comum as pessoas <strong>da</strong> região abaterem araras. No local on<strong>de</strong> observamos as aves,<br />
fizemos uma vistoria sob os licuris (Syagrus coronata), e pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar uma gran<strong>de</strong> quanti<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> frutos<br />
ao redor, cortados pelas aves. Geralmente as araras abrem os frutos <strong>de</strong> licuri com cortes transversais perfeitos<br />
(Yamashita, 1987). Conforme já verificado por Brandt e Machado (1990) <strong>de</strong>scobrimos também frutos <strong>de</strong> licuri<br />
abertos com perfeitos cortes longitudinais, junto <strong>de</strong> frutos com cortes transversais quando realizamos a expedição<br />
à reserva dos Pankarares. Entrevistando os índios Pankarares sobre a existência <strong>de</strong> araras na região e<br />
contando com o apoio do cacique Afonso, <strong>de</strong>scobrimos que no passado, <strong>de</strong> 20 a 40 anos atrás (relatos <strong>de</strong> índios<br />
mais velhos), a população <strong>da</strong>s araras era estima<strong>da</strong> em centenas <strong>de</strong> aves. Relataram também que os meninos indígenas<br />
tinham que ficar espantando as araras, para que elas não comessem os frutos dos licuris que, na época,<br />
faziam parte do seu cardápio alimentar. Os índios mais velhos (acima <strong>de</strong> 80 anos) relataram a existência <strong>de</strong><br />
ninhos <strong>de</strong> araras nas serras, localizados <strong>de</strong>ntro dos limites <strong>da</strong> atual reserva indígena, e também contaram que<br />
a partir <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 80, a população <strong>de</strong> araras tinha diminuído significativamente, embora possa ain<strong>da</strong> ser<br />
encontra<strong>da</strong> em pequenos grupos <strong>de</strong>, no máximo, 20 aves. É possível que o processo <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>clínio <strong>da</strong>s araras já<br />
estivesse começando quando Sik <strong>de</strong>scobriu a “pátria” <strong>da</strong>s araras <strong>da</strong> espécie azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear e relatou que estimava<br />
a população em cerca <strong>de</strong> 60 aves (Sick et al., 1987). Po<strong>de</strong>m ter contribuído para o <strong>de</strong>clínio <strong>da</strong> população <strong>da</strong><br />
araraazul-<strong>de</strong>-lear, a expansão <strong>da</strong>s fazen<strong>da</strong>s (eliminação <strong>de</strong> áreas <strong>de</strong> alimentação), a caça (tanto <strong>de</strong> índios, como<br />
<strong>de</strong> sertanejos) e mais recentemente, o tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais silvestres. Antes <strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>scoberta <strong>de</strong> Sick, a arara era<br />
apenas mais um animal <strong>de</strong> caça na região. Segundo os índios Pankarares e <strong>de</strong> acordo com as mais recentes informações<br />
obti<strong>da</strong>s com nossas pesquisas <strong>de</strong> campo, ain<strong>da</strong> perdura o abate <strong>de</strong> araras na região. A influência <strong>da</strong><br />
caça na região, tanto no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, como na Reserva Indígena ain<strong>da</strong> é muito gran<strong>de</strong>, sendo responsável<br />
pela redução <strong>da</strong> população <strong>de</strong> várias espécies animais, como veados, pacas, caititus, tatus, avoantes, queixa<strong>da</strong>,<br />
teiú, jabutis, jibóias, jacutingas e emas (hoje extremamente raras na região, beirando a extinção). Outra influência<br />
na região é a extração clan<strong>de</strong>stina <strong>de</strong> ma<strong>de</strong>ira. Os índios têm relatado que, semanalmente, carros <strong>de</strong><br />
tração entram na região do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, para caçar ou para extrair ma<strong>de</strong>ira.<br />
Durante a pesquisa com os índios Pankarares, o cacique Afonso nos mostrou algumas fotos <strong>de</strong> seus<br />
rituais e <strong>de</strong>ntre elas uma chamou a nossa atenção: um índio com seus trajes típicos, usando um cocar <strong>de</strong> penas<br />
azuis <strong>da</strong> arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear. Conseguimos localizar o índio que era o autor <strong>de</strong>ssa façanha. Ele nos contou que<br />
tinha abatido a arara porque tinha tido um sonho e nesse sonho ele teria que fazer um cocar com as penas<br />
<strong>da</strong>quela ave. No dia seguinte, quando estava na roça, avistou um bando <strong>de</strong> araras e usando sua espingar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
conseguiu matar uma <strong>da</strong>s aves. Este é um relato recente <strong>de</strong> abate <strong>de</strong> arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear pelos índios, para fins<br />
<strong>de</strong> ornamentação e <strong>de</strong> ritual. Os índios afirmam que não faz parte <strong>de</strong> sua tradição perseguir animais <strong>de</strong> penas<br />
para estas finali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. Índios mais antigos relatam o abate <strong>de</strong> araras para alimento e para espantá-las <strong>da</strong>s plantações<br />
<strong>de</strong> milho. Outra informação interessante levanta<strong>da</strong> junto aos índios Pankararés está relaciona<strong>da</strong> ao <strong>de</strong>clínio<br />
dos pés <strong>de</strong> licuris. Os índios Pankarares relatam que antigamente, no tempo do cangaço (jagunços fora<br />
<strong>da</strong> lei perseguidos pelos policiais), eles ficavam em uma situação muito <strong>de</strong>lica<strong>da</strong>. Os policiais espancavam os<br />
índios para que lhes ensinassem a rota dos jagunços; caso o fizessem, era a vez dos jagunços os perseguir para<br />
matar. Assim, os índios sofriam uma dupla perseguição, tanto dos jagunços, como <strong>da</strong> policia. Nesse período,<br />
os índios tinham dificul<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> para obter alimento e o licuri passou a ser a sua principal fonte <strong>de</strong> alimento. Além
17<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong> comer os frutos, eles cortavam os pés <strong>de</strong> licuris, retiravam a casca e moíam o tronco, <strong>de</strong>ixando-o secar.<br />
Após alguns dias <strong>de</strong> secagem, batiam o tronco moído e ressecado até se tornar um pó <strong>de</strong> cor avermelha<strong>da</strong><br />
(boré), que era utilizado como alimento. Eles até comentam que as<br />
araras competiam com eles pelo licuri.<br />
A “falta <strong>de</strong> alimento” (no caso, do fruto dos licuris) fez com que as araras buscassem fontes alternativas<br />
<strong>de</strong> alimento, sendo a principal <strong>de</strong>las, o milho (Zea mays). Bandos <strong>de</strong> araras são capazes <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>struir totalmente<br />
as pequenas roças <strong>de</strong> milho, trazendo um enorme prejuízo para os pequenos produtores rurais. O ataque <strong>da</strong>s<br />
araras nas roças <strong>de</strong> milho não agra<strong>da</strong> na<strong>da</strong> aos pequenos produtores, que as consi<strong>de</strong>ram, <strong>de</strong> modo geral, uma<br />
ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira praga, porque <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>de</strong> um ataque, per<strong>de</strong>m sua lavoura e ninguém se responsabiliza pelos <strong>da</strong>nos.<br />
Na área <strong>da</strong> população conheci<strong>da</strong>, os produtores toleram as araras, com medo <strong>da</strong> repressão do IBAMA e temem<br />
a prisão. Apesar disso, já foram <strong>de</strong>scritos vários relatos <strong>de</strong> morte <strong>de</strong> araras pelos pequenos produtores rurais.<br />
Nas áreas on<strong>de</strong> não há fiscalização por parte do IBAMA, os produtores não toleram que as araras <strong>de</strong>struam<br />
suas plantações <strong>de</strong> milho e assim as aves estão correndo sérios riscos. Quando se trata <strong>de</strong> “falta <strong>de</strong> alimento”,<br />
é importante que se esclareça que na reali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, existe uma quanti<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> enorme <strong>de</strong> pés <strong>de</strong> licuri; o que está acontecendo<br />
é que as araras só freqüentam os licuris <strong>da</strong>s áreas abertas (pastos) por uma questão <strong>de</strong> segurança.<br />
Existe uma infini<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> pés <strong>de</strong> licuris embrenhados na caatinga e não freqüentados pelas araras. A Fun<strong>da</strong>ção<br />
BioBrasil, através <strong>de</strong> convênio com o proprietário <strong>da</strong> Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, principal local <strong>de</strong> nidificação <strong>da</strong>s<br />
araras, realizou a limpeza em redor dos pés <strong>de</strong> licuris, para aumentar a oferta <strong>de</strong> alimento perto do ponto <strong>de</strong><br />
nidificação. Esta sugestão nos foi proposta pelo proprietário <strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, o Sr. Otávio Nolasco.
18<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
THE ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE LEARS MACAW<br />
(Anodorhynchus leari)<br />
The Lears macaw was first <strong>de</strong>scribed in 1856 by the French naturalist Bonaparte from a stuffed taxi<strong>de</strong>rmic<br />
specimen stored in the Paris Museum and from another specimen that lived in the Anvers (Belgium)<br />
zoo. (Sick et al., 1987) For more than a century, there was little i<strong>de</strong>a about the origin of the specimens that<br />
arrived in museums and zoos throughout the world. Information discovered in Pernanmbuco by Oliverio<br />
Pinto, who came across a Lears on a farm there that was said to have come from Juazeiro, suggested that the<br />
bird probably originated from the San Francisco river lowlands in the state of Bahia. At the end of 1978, the<br />
German naturalist Helmut Sick, ai<strong>de</strong>d by his assistants Luiz Gonzaga and Dante Teixeira discovered the real<br />
breeding grounds for the A. leari in a region known as the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina in the back lands of Bahia. Later<br />
study <strong>de</strong>termined that the geographic distribution of the bird covered the municipalities of Eucli<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Cunha,<br />
Paulo Afonso, Campo Formoso and Santo Se.<br />
The first and largest documented group in the wild of A. leari was at Serra Branca in the municipality<br />
of Jeremoabo in 1978/79 and consisted of 21 individuals; in 1980 Luis Claudio Marigo observed 36 macaws<br />
along the Cocorobo/Jeremoabo highway; in 1983, Carlos Yamashita found a group that varied between 19 to<br />
33 individuals at Toca Velha and in the same location, Gonzaga and Yamashita registered 20 individuals in<br />
1985. (Sick et al., 1987) Studies carried out by Brandt and Machado in 1988 pointed to an estimate of the total<br />
population as being 60 individuals. (Brandt and Machado, 1990). After the violent drought that ravaged the<br />
region in 1993, some researchers feared hunting activity had caused an even greater reduction in the macaw<br />
population’s numbers. From 1856, when the species was <strong>de</strong>scribed, until 1978 when the nesting grounds of<br />
the Lears were discovered by Helmut Sick and his team, a period of 122 years, information about this species<br />
was practically non-existent. Only one piece of information was divulged, that of a captive specimen found in<br />
Juazeiro, which came from the San Francisco river region. (Pinto, 1950)<br />
There were many questions that intrigued researchers. What was the total population of the species?<br />
What was its geographic distribution? With the discovery by Sick of the real area of occurrence of the species,<br />
studies that would investigate the species and implement conservation strategies for it in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina,<br />
were unleashed.<br />
Even though it has been 24 years since the discovery of the species by Sick, many unanswered questions<br />
remain such as: What in fact is the total population of the Lears? Efforts have been un<strong>de</strong>rtaken to try<br />
and respond to this and other questions, but much remains to be done. In or<strong>de</strong>r to take advantage of this past<br />
research, it will be necessary to carry out simultaneous censuses in all known feeding spots and also fund<br />
searches for other unknown feeding and reproduction locales. The use of radio transmitters and photographic<br />
censuses should also take place. Another shortcoming in the natural history of the species relates to reproduction.<br />
Up until now there is controversial <strong>da</strong>ta about reproduction; though it is known that one to three chicks<br />
are born, nothing is known about the amount of fertile pairs in the population, the incubation period, how<br />
long the chicks stay in the nest etc.. Such <strong>da</strong>ta can only be <strong>de</strong>termined through research done from within<br />
the nests. How will we ever un<strong>de</strong>rstand the reproductive biology of the species without un<strong>de</strong>rtaking research<br />
about incubation, the number of eggs, the amount of time the chicks spend in the nest, the growth rate of the<br />
chicks, their mortality rate, problems with alimentation etc.? What we know about Brazilian macaws through<br />
our experience and that of others studying the reproductive habits of a diverse range of species of macaws in<br />
Peru and Bolivia (Munn, 1995) is that these birds do not abandon the nest when they are with their chicks. We<br />
need to study with much more <strong>de</strong>tail the Lears macaw nests to confirm the behavior of the species, a necessity<br />
that will be extremely important for future management proposals for the birds in captivity or the wild.
19<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
In 1997, while investigating potential feeding areas, we discovered a new area frequented by the macaws<br />
that had never been visited by any ornithological researchers. It was in the Indian reserve of Pankarares.<br />
At the time, we managed to get the help of two Indians and over a period of four <strong>da</strong>ys we explored the reserve,<br />
following leads about reproduction and feeding areas. We managed to come across a flock of 14 macaws on<br />
a farm on the edge of the Indigenous reserve. The birds were extremely skittish, in contrast to the macaws of<br />
the different known population that allow people to approach them. The birds did not let us get to within 300<br />
meters of them. During this discovery, the farm manager said that if he had had a rifle with him, he would<br />
have certainly picked off one or two of the birds. In this way, we got to know that it is very common for people<br />
from the region to shoot at the macaws. In the area where we observed the birds, we inspected around the base<br />
of the Syagrus coronata palms where large quantities of the nuts (licuri in local parlance) were spread around<br />
their base. Generally the macaws open the palm nuts with a perfect transversal cut. (Yamashita, 1987). As had<br />
already been verified by Brandt and Machado (1990), we discovered during the expedition to the Pankarares<br />
reserve opened palm nuts with perfect longitudinal cuts as well as palm nuts with transversal cuts. In interviews<br />
with the Pankarares Indians about the occurrence of the birds in the region and with the help of their<br />
chief Afonso, we discovered from ol<strong>de</strong>r members of the tribe that in the past, perhaps some 20-40 years ago,<br />
that population of macaws ran into the hundreds. They also related that the Indian children had to scare off<br />
the birds so as to prevent them from eating the licuri fruit, a part of the Indian’s diet. The ol<strong>de</strong>st Indians (those<br />
over 80) said there used to be nests in the cliffs within the limits of the present <strong>da</strong>y reserve. But from the 80s<br />
on, the macaw population had diminished significantly, although they could still be found in small groups of<br />
no larger than 20 birds.<br />
It could be that the process of population reduction had already started occurring when Sick discovered<br />
the macaw’s nesting grounds and projected the total population to be around 60 birds (Sick et al., 1987). One<br />
of the factors that could have contributed to the Lears macaw <strong>de</strong>cline was the expansion of local farms (and<br />
elimination through that of feeding areas), hunting, (by Indians and locals) and more recently, the wildlife traffic.<br />
Before Sick’s discovery, the macaw was just another of the animals hunted in the region. According to the<br />
Pankarares Indians, and corroborated by the information we obtained from our field research, the practice of<br />
shooting Lears macaws continues. The influence of hunting, both in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina and the Indigenous<br />
reserve, is still extremely heavy and is responsible for the reduction of various fauna species such as <strong>de</strong>er,<br />
agoutis, armadillos, squirrels, white-lipped peccaries, peccaries, iguanas, tortoises, boa constrictors, guans,<br />
and Greater rheas (to<strong>da</strong>y very rare and almost extinct). Another regional influence is the clan<strong>de</strong>stine extraction<br />
of wood. Indians say that every week, four-wheel- drive trucks enter the region of Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina to hunt<br />
and pull out wood.<br />
During the research with the Pankarares Indians, chief Afonso showed us a few pictures of their rituals,<br />
and inclu<strong>de</strong>d among them was one that featured an Indian in traditional attire and a headdress with the<br />
blue feathers of the Lears macaw. We managed to locate the Indian who had ma<strong>de</strong> this. He told us he had shot<br />
the macaw because of a dream he’d had in which he’d been told to make a headdress with the feathers of that<br />
bird. The next <strong>da</strong>y, when he was on his farm, he noticed a band of macaws and using his rifle, managed to kill<br />
one of the birds. This is a recent account of the killing of a Lears macaw by Indians for the use of ritual and<br />
ornamentation. The Indians affirm that nowa<strong>da</strong>ys this type hunting the birds for their feathers is not part of<br />
their tradition for these sartorial purposes. Ol<strong>de</strong>r Indians said that they used to shoot the macaws for food and<br />
to scare them away from the corn plantations.<br />
Another interesting piece of information related by the Pankarares Indinas concerns the <strong>de</strong>cline in the<br />
number of Syagrus palms. The Indians said that in the times of banditry (when hired assassins were being<br />
roun<strong>de</strong>d up by police), they found themselves in a <strong>de</strong>licate situation. The police would beat the Indians in
20<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
or<strong>de</strong>r that they furnish information about the routes taken by these hired assassins. If they ce<strong>de</strong>d this information,<br />
they would incur the wrath of the hired assassins. In this way, the Indians suffered from double persecution<br />
from both the police and the hired thugs. During this period, it was difficult for the Indians to get food<br />
and so the Syagrus palm nut became their principal food source. Besi<strong>de</strong>s eating the palm nut, they would cut<br />
down the actual palms, scrape off the bark, crush the trunk and leave it to dry. After a few <strong>da</strong>ys of drying, they<br />
beat the crushed trunk and turned it into a reddish dust (bore) which was used as food. The Indians said that<br />
the macaws were competition for the Syagrus palms.<br />
The lack of food (in this case, the licuri palm nuts) forced the macaws to seek other food sources and<br />
they settled principally on corn (Zea mays). Flocks of macaws are capable of totally <strong>de</strong>stroying corn plantations<br />
on small farms, which obviously has enormous negative economic consequence for small rural producers.<br />
These plantation raids by the macaws regar<strong>de</strong>d with alarm by these small farmers who consi<strong>de</strong>r the birds,<br />
in a general way, as a <strong>da</strong>ngerous pest. Such an attack can result in the loss of all their production and nobody<br />
compensates them for this loss. In the areas of known macaw populations, the small farmers, fearful of reprisals<br />
from IBAMA and possible prison, tolerate the macaws. Despite this, inci<strong>de</strong>nts of small farmers killing<br />
macaws have been reported. In areas unsupervised by IBAMA, the small farmers do not tolerate the macaws<br />
<strong>de</strong>stroying their corn plantations and so the birds in these areas are in serious risk. When <strong>de</strong>aling with the issue<br />
of lack of food, it’s important to clarify that in reality, there are a huge number of Syagrus palm trees in<br />
the region; what is happening is that the macaws, for questions of safety, only feed off the palm trees in open<br />
areas. There are an infinite number of licuri trees entangled with other caatinga vegetation that are not used<br />
by the macaws. BioBrasil, through an agreement with Serra Branca Farm, the principal nesting ground for the<br />
macaws, is carrying out extensive clearing efforts around the base of these licuri palms, in or<strong>de</strong>r to augment<br />
the availability of the licuri fruits close to these nesting areas. This suggestion was ma<strong>de</strong> by Serra Branca’s<br />
owner, Otavio Nolasco.
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
LEVANTAMENTO E ANILHAMENTO DA ORNITOFAUNA NA<br />
PÁTRIA DA ARARA-AZUL-DE-LEAR (Anodorhynchus leari,<br />
Bonaparte, 1856): um complemento ao Levantamento realizado por<br />
H. Sick, L. P. Gonzaga e D. M. Teixeira, 1987.<br />
Sumário: O presente trabalho apresenta <strong>da</strong>dos do inventário e anilhamento <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna em duas áreas do<br />
Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (pátria <strong>da</strong> espécie A. leari, em ambientes <strong>de</strong> caatinga arbustiva e floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidua. Em<br />
2002 e 2003, realizamos seis campanhas <strong>de</strong> inventário, empregando métodos <strong>de</strong> observação direta, registro<br />
sonográfico e captura em re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> neblina, e até agora foi possível i<strong>de</strong>ntificar 191 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves distribui<strong>da</strong>s<br />
em 17 or<strong>de</strong>ns e 38 famílias. Desse total, 115 espécies (60,2%) foram anilha<strong>da</strong>s e 185 (96,8%) fotografa<strong>da</strong>s. O<br />
trabalho incluiu ain<strong>da</strong> a coleta <strong>de</strong> <strong>da</strong>dos morfométricos e campanhas <strong>de</strong> educação ambiental junto às comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />
locais. O resultado <strong>de</strong>ssas iniciativas é que foram acrescenta<strong>da</strong>s 59 espécies à lista elabora<strong>da</strong> por Sick e<br />
colaboradores (Sick et al., 1987), fruto do programa <strong>de</strong> Estudos e Conservação na região do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina<br />
promovido pela Fun<strong>da</strong>ção BioBrasil com o apoio <strong>da</strong> Cetrel.<br />
Palavras Chave<br />
Anodorhynchus leari; avifauna <strong>de</strong> caatinga; Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, anilhamento, fotografia.<br />
Introdução<br />
Durante muito tempo, não se sabia qual era ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira pátria <strong>da</strong> espécie Anodorhynchus leari. Bonaparte,<br />
em 1856, <strong>de</strong>screveu a espécie baseando-se em um exemplar taxi<strong>de</strong>rmizado <strong>de</strong>positado no Museu <strong>de</strong><br />
Paris e em um outro indivíduo que vivia no Jardim Zoológico <strong>de</strong> Anvers. Em 1978, 122 anos <strong>de</strong>pois, Helmut<br />
Sick e seus discípulos, Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga e Dante Martins Teixeira, <strong>de</strong>scobriram a ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira pátria <strong>da</strong><br />
A. leari, situa<strong>da</strong> no sertão <strong>da</strong> Bahia entre os municípios <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, Canudos e Eucli<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Cunha, e, especificamente,<br />
dois pontos <strong>de</strong> dormi<strong>da</strong> e reprodução: Toca Velha, no município <strong>de</strong> Canudos e Serra Branca,<br />
no município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo. Em 1994, Lima incentivou um “mateiro” <strong>da</strong> região a procurar novas populações<br />
<strong>de</strong> A. leari e em 1995, fruto <strong>de</strong>sta iniciativa, foi <strong>de</strong>scoberta uma nova população localiza<strong>da</strong> no município <strong>de</strong><br />
Campo Formoso, que foi confirma<strong>da</strong> por Lima (Munn, 1995). Apesar <strong>de</strong> transcorridos 25 anos <strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>scoberta<br />
<strong>da</strong> pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari, não são disponíveis muitas informações sobre a reprodução <strong>da</strong> espécie. Munn (1995)<br />
e Reynolds (1998) alertaram sobre a necessi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> realizar estudos sobre o comportamento reprodutivo <strong>da</strong><br />
espécie. Des<strong>de</strong> a <strong>de</strong>scoberta <strong>da</strong> pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari, a região do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina tem sido alvo <strong>da</strong> atenção <strong>de</strong><br />
ornitólogos pesquisadores e conservacionistas <strong>de</strong> todo mundo, porém essas ações estiveram sempre volta<strong>da</strong>s<br />
para as araras, relegando para um segundo plano as ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s com as outras espécies <strong>da</strong> região. Sick e seus<br />
colaboradores foram os primeiros a divulgar <strong>da</strong>dos sobre o levantamento <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna <strong>da</strong> pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari,<br />
quando relataram a presença <strong>de</strong> 132 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves (Sick et al., 1987). Este trabalho <strong>de</strong> inventário permanece<br />
como o mais consistente já divulgado sobre a região.<br />
Os objetivos do presente estudo foram os seguintes: (1) o inventário <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina;<br />
(2) estabelecer um amplo programa <strong>de</strong> monitoramento <strong>da</strong> avifauna na região, utilizando a técnica do anilhamento;<br />
(3) implementar um banco <strong>de</strong> imagens <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> Bahia, neste caso específico, as aves <strong>da</strong> caatinga;<br />
(4) e, implantar um programa <strong>de</strong> educação ambiental eficiente nas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> região.
22<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Iniciamos nossos trabalhos em março <strong>de</strong> 2002, quando a Fun<strong>da</strong>ção BioBrasil adquiriu o direito <strong>de</strong><br />
explorar uma área <strong>de</strong> 20.000 ha no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, local on<strong>de</strong> se concentra mais <strong>de</strong> 90% do efetivo reprodutivo<br />
<strong>da</strong> A. leari. A BioBrasil, com o apoio <strong>da</strong> Cetrel e em parceria com outras instituições, vem <strong>de</strong>senvolvendo<br />
pesquisas sobre a referi<strong>da</strong> espécie, ampliando as ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s do Programa <strong>de</strong> Estudo e Conservação<br />
na região.<br />
ÁREAS DE ESTUDOS E METODOLOGIAS<br />
Os trabalhos foram <strong>de</strong>senvolvidos em duas áreas distintas: a primeira, na Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, cuja<br />
vegetação se caracteriza por uma caatinga arbustiva <strong>de</strong>nsa ou ralea<strong>da</strong>, com altura máxima <strong>de</strong> cinco metros,<br />
e que, em alguns trechos, forma um aglomerado compacto <strong>de</strong> difícil acesso, principalmente por causa <strong>da</strong><br />
vegetação espinhosa. Nesta área, encontramos formações <strong>de</strong> arenito que formam “canyons” que po<strong>de</strong>m alcançar<br />
até 100m nos pontos mais altos e que são utilizados pelas A. leari para reprodução. A segun<strong>da</strong> área,<br />
situa<strong>da</strong> nas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s do município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, dista do centro cerca <strong>de</strong> 15km e sua vegetação po<strong>de</strong> ser<br />
caracteriza<strong>da</strong> como floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidua, cerca<strong>da</strong> por vegetação <strong>de</strong> caatinga ralea<strong>da</strong> (provavelmente a característica<br />
<strong>de</strong> ralea<strong>da</strong> surgiu a partir <strong>da</strong> recomposição natural, <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>rruba<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> floresta para plantações).<br />
Nessa floresta, as árvores chegam a ultrapassar 20 metros <strong>de</strong> altura sendo que parte <strong>de</strong>las per<strong>de</strong> suas folhas no<br />
período mais seco, ao contrário <strong>da</strong> vegetação <strong>da</strong> área <strong>da</strong> Serra Branca que per<strong>de</strong>m totalmente as folhas.<br />
Para nossas observações diretas, utilizamos binóculos Zeiss e Bushnell 10 x 40, além <strong>de</strong> uma luneta<br />
Kawa TSN2 60x. Para a captura <strong>da</strong>s aves utilizamos 45 re<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> névoa (12m X 2,5m, malha <strong>de</strong> 10mX10m).<br />
O esforço <strong>de</strong> captura foi <strong>de</strong> 14 dias com 20 re<strong>de</strong>s, 15 dias com 45 e seis dias com 49. As re<strong>de</strong>s ficaram abertas<br />
durante 12horas/dia. Consi<strong>de</strong>ramos um esforço total <strong>de</strong> 384 horas <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong>, porque subtraímos 36 horas dispensa<strong>da</strong>s<br />
para relocação <strong>de</strong> pontos <strong>de</strong> captura durante alguns dias. As campanhas foram realiza<strong>da</strong>s em março,<br />
abril, maio e agosto na Serra Branca e novembro <strong>de</strong> 2002 e fevereiro <strong>de</strong> 2003 na floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidua. Os<br />
<strong>da</strong>dos biométricos foram aferidos, usandose régua milimetra<strong>da</strong> e paquímetros, e o peso foi calculado com dinamômetros<br />
(0,5Kg, 1Kg e 5kg) e pesolas <strong>de</strong> 10g, 30g, 100g e 300g. As fotografias foram feitas com câmara<br />
fotográfica Nikon F3, com o auxílio <strong>de</strong> lentes <strong>de</strong> 200mm, 300mm, 600mm e 1200mm sendo utilizados filmes<br />
Fuji, 36 exposições, asa 100. To<strong>da</strong>s as aves captura<strong>da</strong>s estão sendo marca<strong>da</strong>s com anilhas <strong>de</strong> metal forneci<strong>da</strong>s<br />
pelo CEMAVE/Ibama. Para os registros sonográficos, utilizamos um gravador Sony TCM 5000EV e um microfone<br />
direcional Sennheiser k6. A metodologia inicial utiliza<strong>da</strong> no programa <strong>de</strong> educação ambiental contou<br />
com a confecção <strong>de</strong> cartazes com diversas fotos <strong>da</strong> espécie A. leari e <strong>de</strong>mais espécies ameaça<strong>da</strong>s e endêmicas<br />
<strong>da</strong> região, sendo que esses cartazes foram distribuídos em diversas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. Foram distribuídos ain<strong>da</strong><br />
dois lotes <strong>de</strong> transparências, um para a Secretaria <strong>de</strong> Educação <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo e outro para a comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
Água Branca (comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> mais próxima do habitat <strong>da</strong> espécie A. leari) com 100 fotografias <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> região,<br />
além <strong>de</strong> outras espécies animais. As transparências estão sendo utiliza<strong>da</strong>s pelos professores <strong>da</strong>s comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />
com o objetivo <strong>de</strong> instruir os alunos sobre a fauna local. Outra estratégia utiliza<strong>da</strong> foi o envolvimento dos<br />
membros <strong>da</strong>s comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s, principalmente professores nas ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> anilhamento, para que adquirissem<br />
conhecimentos sobre a fauna local e assim participassem mais diretamente <strong>da</strong> conservação do habitat como<br />
um todo. Também foram realiza<strong>da</strong>s palestras em várias locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s.<br />
RESULTADOS<br />
Nas campanhas realiza<strong>da</strong>s em março, abril, maio e agosto <strong>de</strong> 2002 em Serra Branca e em novembro <strong>de</strong><br />
2002 e fevereiro <strong>de</strong> 2003 na floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidua, registramos, até agora, 191 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves distribui<strong>da</strong>s em<br />
17 or<strong>de</strong>ns e 38 famílias (ver tabela). Entre as espécies i<strong>de</strong>ntifica<strong>da</strong>s, sete são consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong>s como ameaça<strong>da</strong>s<br />
globalmente ou quase ameaça<strong>da</strong>s, e 11 são consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong>s endêmicas ao bioma Caatinga (Ibama , 1989 e 1992;<br />
Benck & Maurício, 2002) (ver tabela). Capturamos e anilhamos 2102 aves <strong>de</strong> 115 diferentes espécies
23<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
(60,2% <strong>da</strong>s espécies registra<strong>da</strong>s na região, até o momento). Consi<strong>de</strong>rando a lista <strong>de</strong> Sick et al., 1987, 55<br />
espécies figuram como novos registros para a região. Colaço et al., 2002, em 130 horas <strong>de</strong> esforço <strong>de</strong> campo<br />
empregados em março, abril, maio e junho <strong>de</strong> 2002, com registros feitos a partir <strong>de</strong> conttos visuais, auditivos<br />
e pistas, registraram 106 espécies para a Reserva Indigena Pankarare, 84 espécies a menos que o nosso<br />
trabalho.<br />
As aves com maior freqüência <strong>de</strong> captura foram: Elaenia albiceps (N=232, 11%), Scar<strong>da</strong>fela squammata<br />
(N=123, 5,85%), Coryphospingus pileatus (N=122, 5,8%), Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer (N=109,<br />
5,1%) e Coereba flaveola (N=96, 4,5%).<br />
Entre as espécies consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong>s ameaça<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> extinção, encontramos Megaxenops parnaguae, que<br />
não consta na lista <strong>de</strong> Sick et al. 1987, e é uma espécie que foi registra<strong>da</strong> tanto no ecossistema <strong>de</strong> caatinga<br />
como no <strong>de</strong> floresta.<br />
A espécie Herpisilochmus pectoralis foi encontra<strong>da</strong> tanto na caatinga como no interior <strong>de</strong> floresta,<br />
sempre utilizando o estrato inferior e superior <strong>da</strong>s árvores. A espécie Herpisilochmus sellowi foi registra<strong>da</strong>,<br />
tanto <strong>de</strong>ntro, como nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> mata, mas até hoje não foi registra<strong>da</strong> no habitat <strong>da</strong> caatinga arbustiva <strong>da</strong><br />
Serra Branca. A espécie Penelope jacucaca, apesar <strong>de</strong> não ter sido captura<strong>da</strong> em re<strong>de</strong>, é muito freqüente na<br />
caatinga <strong>de</strong> Serra Branca. A Fun<strong>da</strong>ção BioBrasil, em cooperação com várias instituições, vem realizando<br />
o senso anual <strong>da</strong> população <strong>de</strong> A. leari, e, a partir <strong>de</strong> janeiro <strong>de</strong> 2003 passou realizar um senso mensal nos<br />
paredões <strong>de</strong> dormi<strong>da</strong> e <strong>de</strong> reprodução <strong>da</strong> Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca. O último senso em fevereiro <strong>de</strong> 2003 registrou<br />
a presença <strong>de</strong> 303 aves em Serra Branca.<br />
Dentre as espécies endêmicas, <strong>de</strong>stacamos a Phaethornis gounellei, que têm uma característica especial:<br />
no mês <strong>de</strong> maio as aves adultas apresentam uma coloração amarela bem viva no bico que contrasta com<br />
a ponta que é <strong>de</strong> cor preta. Esta é uma característica do período <strong>de</strong> reprodução <strong>da</strong> espécie (Rolf Grantsau),<br />
embora não tenhamos encontrado nenhum ninho. A espécie Gyalophylax hellmayri foi registra<strong>da</strong> nos dois<br />
habitats, porém só freqüenta as bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> área <strong>da</strong> mata. A Sakesphorus cristatus só foi captura<strong>da</strong> em Serra<br />
Branca. A espécie Paroaria dominicana foi introduzi<strong>da</strong> pelo IBAMA na área <strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, não habitando<br />
o interior <strong>da</strong> caatinga <strong>de</strong>nsa arbustiva. É freqüentemente encontra<strong>da</strong> em áreas abertas ou à beira <strong>de</strong> corpos<br />
d’água. A espécie Phaethornis pretrei pretrei foi encontra<strong>da</strong> apenas na floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidua, ao passo que a<br />
Phaethornis pretrei minor somente na caatinga <strong>de</strong>nsa ou ralea<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Serra Branca. Nenhuma <strong>da</strong>s formas foram<br />
arrola<strong>da</strong>s por Sick et al., em 1987.<br />
A Phaethornis pretrei minor foi <strong>de</strong>scrita por Grantsau (1989) no norte <strong>de</strong> Goiás e Maranhão. Lima<br />
capturou esta subespécie através <strong>de</strong> re<strong>de</strong> no Sul do Piauí em 2002. Um espécime foi coletado por Grantsau<br />
na Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, documentando assim a distribuição geográfica, e encontra-se <strong>de</strong>positado na coleção<br />
<strong>de</strong> Grantsau (RG 10238). Nós registramos a presença <strong>de</strong> muitas espécies ocorrentes na Mata Atlântica mais<br />
úmi<strong>da</strong> do leste brasileiro, na área <strong>de</strong> floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidual <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, <strong>de</strong>stacando-se: Micrastur ruficollis,<br />
Neopelma pallescens, Phethornis pretrei, Xenops rutilans, Arremon taciturnus e Hemithraupis flavicollis.<br />
Nenhuma <strong>de</strong>ssas espécies foi relata<strong>da</strong> por Sick et al. 1987 em seu levantamento. A maioria <strong>da</strong>s espécies captura<strong>da</strong>s<br />
na floresta no mês <strong>de</strong> fevereiro possuía a placa <strong>de</strong> incubação evi<strong>de</strong>nte, indicando que nesse período se<br />
intensifica a reprodução na região. Outro fato adicional representativo do período <strong>de</strong> reprodução é a presença<br />
<strong>de</strong> muitas aves jovens, recém saí<strong>da</strong>s do ninho, muitas vezes com pequena capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> vôo.<br />
Outra espécie que merece <strong>de</strong>staque é Elaenia albiceps, migrante austral que viaja do cone sul até os<br />
An<strong>de</strong>s colombianos e Região Amazônica (Sick, 1997). Está espécie não foi registra<strong>da</strong> por Sick e
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
colaboradores em seu levantamento. Nossos <strong>da</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> captura e observação <strong>da</strong> espécie na região entre os<br />
meses <strong>de</strong> abril, maio e junho <strong>de</strong> 2002 apontam para o pico <strong>de</strong> migração <strong>da</strong> espécie na região. Depois <strong>de</strong>sse<br />
período, as aves abandonaram por completo a área. Nas campanhas <strong>de</strong> anilhamento realiza<strong>da</strong>s no mês <strong>de</strong><br />
fevereiro <strong>de</strong> 2003, capturamos quatro aves <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie na floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidual, sugerindo que alguns indivíduos<br />
chegam a rigião em meados <strong>de</strong> fevereiro. Nas campanhas <strong>de</strong> anilhamento realiza<strong>da</strong>s no ano <strong>de</strong> 2002 na<br />
Serra Branca <strong>de</strong> abril a junho, foram captura<strong>da</strong>s e anilha<strong>da</strong>s 228 aves <strong>de</strong>sta espécie. Nossos <strong>da</strong>dos preliminares<br />
apontam uma extensão temporal <strong>da</strong> espécie durante a migração para a região nor<strong>de</strong>ste, que segundo Marini<br />
e Cavalcanti (1990) seria entre maio e julho. A intensificação <strong>de</strong> nossas ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s e outros esforços <strong>de</strong> captura<br />
em mais pontos <strong>de</strong> ocorrência <strong>da</strong> espécie permitirão preencher uma gran<strong>de</strong> lacuna no conhecimento dos<br />
mivimentos migratórios <strong>de</strong>ste Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e. A Sarcoramphus papa, apesar <strong>de</strong> não ser uma espécie ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
extinção é consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> rara em diversas regiões do Estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia. Na Fazen<strong>da</strong> Serra Branca, um grupo <strong>de</strong><br />
86 aves é freqüentemente visto em um paredão <strong>de</strong> arenito para pernoitar. Este local não é freqüentado pelas<br />
A. leari. A espécie Bubulcus ibis, que não consta <strong>da</strong> lista <strong>de</strong> Sick, foi por nós <strong>de</strong>tecta<strong>da</strong> pela primeira vez na<br />
Bahia, no ano <strong>de</strong> 1988, justamente no município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo e <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> aquela <strong>da</strong>ta até o presente momento,<br />
a espécie colonizou todo o estado. O bioma Caatinga é um dos biomas brasileiros menos estu<strong>da</strong>dos, por isso<br />
as pesquisas realiza<strong>da</strong>s na pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari são <strong>de</strong> fun<strong>da</strong>mental importância para as ações <strong>de</strong> conservação e<br />
manejo na região.<br />
A participação <strong>da</strong>s comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s nos trabalhos <strong>de</strong> pesquisa contribui <strong>de</strong>cisivamente para as iniciativas<br />
<strong>de</strong> conservação, pois uma vez instruí<strong>da</strong> e conhecendo melhor o habitat on<strong>de</strong> vive, a comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> passa a participar<br />
<strong>de</strong> forma efetiva na conservação dos ambientes e <strong>da</strong>s espécies ali presentes.
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SURVEY AND BANDING OF THE ORNITO-FAUNA IN THE<br />
RANGE OF THE LEARS MACAW (Anodorhynchus leari),<br />
Bonaparte, 1856; a complement to the survey caried out by H. Sick,<br />
L.P. Ognzaga and D.M. Teixeira, 1987.<br />
Summary: The following work presents <strong>da</strong>ta from the inventory and banding of the ornitho-fauna in two areas<br />
of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (home range for the A. leari and characterized by the scrub bush caatinga and semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous<br />
forest) In 2002 and 2003 we carried out six inventory campaigns, using methods of direct observation,<br />
sonic register and the capture of birds in mist nets. We managed to i<strong>de</strong>ntify 191 bird species distributed in 17<br />
or<strong>de</strong>rs and 38 families. Of this total, 115 species (60.2%) were ban<strong>de</strong>d and 185 (98.8%) were photographed.<br />
The work inclu<strong>de</strong>d the collection of morphological <strong>da</strong>ta as well as environmental education campaigns with<br />
the local population. The result of these initiatives that are part of the CETREL supported Conservation and<br />
Study Program of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina promoted by BioBrasil Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, was the addition of 59 species to<br />
the list compiled by Sick and his collaborators (Sick et al., 1987).<br />
Key Words: Anodorhynchus leari; avi-fauna <strong>de</strong> caatinga; Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina; banding; photography.<br />
Introduction<br />
For many years, the true home range of the Anodorhynchus leari was unknown. The Lears macaw was<br />
first <strong>de</strong>scribed in 1856 by the French naturalist Bonaparte from a stuffed taxi<strong>de</strong>rmic specimen stored in the<br />
Paris Museum and from another specimen that lived in the Anvers (Belgium) zoo. (Sick et al., 1987) In 1978,<br />
122 years later, Helmut Sick and his assistants, Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga and Dante Martins Teixeira, discovered<br />
the true home range of the A. <strong>Leari</strong>. It was located in the backlands of Bahia state between the municipalities<br />
of Jeremoabo, Canudos and Eucli<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Cunha, with two specific points where roosting and nesting took<br />
place: Toca Velha in the municipality of Canudos and Serra Branca in the municipality of Jeremoabo. In 1994,<br />
Lima encouraged a local woodsman of the region to look for new populations of A. leari which resulted in the<br />
discovery of a new population located in the municipality of Campo Formoso in 1995. This was subsequently<br />
confirmed by Lima.<br />
Despite the 25 years since the discovery of the home range of the A. leari, little information about<br />
the reproduction of the species is available. Munn (1995) and Reynolds (1998) warned of the necessity of<br />
conducting studies about the reproductive behavior of the species. Since the discovery of the home range of<br />
the A. leari, the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina region has been the target of attention from ornithologists, researchers, and<br />
conservationists from all over the world. This attention, however, has always been focused on the macaws.<br />
The other species of the region were consi<strong>de</strong>red of secon<strong>da</strong>ry importance. Sick and his collaborators were the<br />
first to produce <strong>da</strong>ta from a survey of the ornitho-fauna of the A. leari range. They noted the presence 132<br />
bird species (Sick et al., 1987). This inventory remains the most comprehensive register available about the<br />
region.<br />
The objectives of the current study were the following: 1. To inventory the ornitho-fauna of the Raso<br />
<strong>da</strong> Catarina; 2. To establish an extensive monitoring program of the region’s avi-fauna; 3. To compile a <strong>da</strong>tabase<br />
of photographic images of the birds of Bahia and in this specific case the birds of the caatinga; 4. To<br />
implement an effective program of environmental education in the region’s communities.
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We started our work in March of 2002 when BioBrasil Foun<strong>da</strong>tion acquired the right to use an area<br />
of 20,000 hectares in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, a locale where 90% of the total A.leari population is found. With<br />
CETREL’s support and the collaboration of other institutions, BioBrasil has been <strong>de</strong>veloping research about<br />
the above-mentioned species, and amplifying the Conservation and Study program in the region.<br />
Study Areas and Methodologies<br />
The work was <strong>de</strong>veloped in two separate areas. The first was Serra Branca farm, where vegetation<br />
is characterized by the <strong>de</strong>nse scrub bush of the caatinga. This reaches a maximum height of five meters, can<br />
become a compact mesh that is difficult to penetrate due to the extensive thorns. In this area, we find sandstone<br />
cliffs that form canyons that can reach heights of up to 100 meters and which are used by A. leari for<br />
reproduction. The second area is in municipality of Jeremoabo and around 15 kilometers from the town of the<br />
same name. The vegetation could be characterized as semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest surroun<strong>de</strong>d by disturbed caatinga<br />
vegetation (it is probably disturbed because of the natural re-composition that took place after the forests were<br />
felled for plantations). In this forest, the trees can be taller than 20 meters and only a few of them lose their<br />
leaves in the more dry periods. This is contrast to the vegetation in the area around Serra Branca that loses all<br />
its leaves.<br />
For our direct observations, we used Zeis and Bushnell binoculars, as well as a monocle Kawa TSN2.<br />
To catch the birds, we used 45 mist nets (12 m. x 2.5 m. with 10mm x 10mm gaps) We divi<strong>de</strong>d the work with<br />
nets in the following proportions: for 14 <strong>da</strong>ys, 20 nets were used, for 15 <strong>da</strong>ys, 45 nets were used, and for 6<br />
<strong>da</strong>ys, 49 nets were used. The nets were open 12 hours a <strong>da</strong>y. We calculate that the total open net time was<br />
348 hours. We subtracted the 36 hours which were used for moving the nets between capture points for a few<br />
<strong>da</strong>ys. The campaigns took place in March, April, May and August in Serra Branca and November 2002 and<br />
February 2003 in the semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest. The biometric <strong>da</strong>ta was compiled using a millimeter ruler and<br />
paquemeters and the weight calculated with dinamometers (0.5 kg, 1 kg and 5 kg) and pesolas of 10 g, 30g,<br />
100g, 300g. The photographs were taken with a Nikon F3 fitted with 200mm, 300mm, 600mm and 1200mm<br />
lenses, and Fuji Film with 36 exposures and ASA100. All the captured birds are being ban<strong>de</strong>d with bands provi<strong>de</strong>d<br />
by CEMAVE/IBAMA. For the sonic registers, we used a Sony TCM 5000EV recor<strong>de</strong>r and a directional<br />
microphone Sennheiser k6.<br />
The initial environmental education methodology used was to produce several different posters with<br />
pictures of the Lears Macaw and other en<strong>de</strong>mic and threatened regional species. These posters were distributed<br />
among several different communities. Two sets of transparencies were also distributed in the region, one<br />
for the Secretary of Education in Jeremoabo, and the other for the Aguia Branca community (the significant<br />
population center closest to the Lears Macaw habitat) with 100 photos of birds of the region as well as other<br />
animal species. The transparencies are being used by the community teachers in or<strong>de</strong>r to teach the stu<strong>de</strong>nts<br />
about the local fauna. Another strategy employed was the involvement of members of the local community,<br />
principally the teachers, in the process of banding so that they could acquire knowledge about the local fauna<br />
and in this way participate directly in the conservation of the habitat as a whole. Several lectures also were<br />
given in different localities.<br />
Results<br />
In the campaigns that took place in Serra Branca in March, April, May and August 2002 and in November<br />
2002 and February 2003 in the semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest, we registered, up until now, 191 bird species<br />
distributed in 17 or<strong>de</strong>rs and 38 families (see table). Among the i<strong>de</strong>ntified species, seven are consi<strong>de</strong>red glo-
27<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
bally threatened or partially threatened, and 11 are consi<strong>de</strong>red en<strong>de</strong>mic to the caatinga biome. (IBAMA, 1989<br />
and 1992; Benck and Mauricio, 2002) (see table). We caught and ban<strong>de</strong>d 2,102 birds of 115 different species<br />
(60.2% of the species registered in the region up until now) Consi<strong>de</strong>ring the Sick et al list, 1987, 55 species appear<br />
as new registers for the region. Colaco et al., 2002, in 130 hours of field work carried out in March, April,<br />
May and June of 2002, using visual, audio and traces of evi<strong>de</strong>nce, registered 106 in the Pankarare reserve, 84<br />
species less that were found in our work.<br />
The birds caught most frequently were: the white-crested Elaenia (Eleania albiceps) (N=232, 11%); the<br />
scaled dove (Scar<strong>da</strong>fela squammata) (N=123, 5.85%); the pileated finch (Coryphospingus pileatus) (N=122,<br />
5.8%); the pearly-throated Tody Tyrant (Memitriccus margaritaceiventer) (N=109, 5.1%) and the banana quit<br />
(Coereba flaveola) (N=96, 4.5%).<br />
Among the species consi<strong>de</strong>red in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction, we found the Great xenops (Megaxenops parnaguae),<br />
which is not on Sick et al., 1987 list and it is a species found both in the caatinga and the forest.<br />
The species Herpisilochumus (pectoral antwren) was also found both in the caatinga as well as the forest,<br />
and always using all levels of the tree. The species Herpilochmus sellowi was registered both insi<strong>de</strong> and<br />
on the margins of the forest but until now has never been found in the scrub bush caatinga vegetation of Serra<br />
Branca. The species Penelope jacucacu (Spix’s guan), even though it was not caught in the nets, is very common<br />
in the caatinga of Sera Branca. BioBrasil Foun<strong>da</strong>tion, in cooperation with various other entities, has been<br />
performing annual censuses of the A. leari population and, from January 2003 has been carrying out monthly<br />
censuses around the cliff faces of Serra Branca used by the macaws for roosting and nesting. The last census of<br />
February 2003 registered the presence of 303 birds in Serra Branca. Among the en<strong>de</strong>mic species, of particular<br />
importance is the broad-tipped hermit (Phaethornis gounellei) which has a special characteristic: in the month<br />
of May the beak coloration of the adult birds was an intense yellow, contrasting with that of the black point.<br />
This coloring is noted in the birds during their reproduction cycle (Rolf Grantsau), though we found no nest.<br />
The red-shoul<strong>de</strong>red spine-tail (Gyalophylax hellmayri) was registered in the two habitats, though only at the<br />
edge of the forest. The silvery-cheeked ant-shrike (Sakesphorus cristatus) was only caught in Serra Branca.<br />
The red-cowled cardinal (Paroaria dominicana) was released into Serra Branca by IBAMA and normally does<br />
not inhabit the scrub bush caatinga there. It is frequently seen in open areas or at the edge of bodies of water.<br />
The Planalto Hermit (Phaethornis preterei preterei) was only found in the semi<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest whereas<br />
the lesser Planalto Hermit (Phaethornis preterei minor) was only found in the scrub bush caatinga of Serra<br />
Branca. Neither of the species was registered by Sick et al., in 1987.<br />
The lesser Planalto Hermit (Phaethornis preterei minor) was <strong>de</strong>scribed by Grantsau (1992) in the<br />
north of Goias and Maranhão states. Lima caught this subspecies in a mist net in Piaui in 2002. This specimen<br />
was collected by Grantsau in the Serra Branca farm to document its geographic distribution and was ad<strong>de</strong>d to<br />
Grantsau’s collection. We found many species that occur in the more humid eastern Atlantic Rainforest in the<br />
semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forests of Jeremoabo, which inclu<strong>de</strong>d: barred forest falcon (Micrastur ruficollis), pale-bellied<br />
manakin (Neopelma pallescens), the planalto hermit (Phaethornis preterei), streaked xenops (Xenops rutilans),<br />
pectoral sparrow (Arremon taciturnus) and the yellow-backed tanager (Hemithraupis flavicollis). None<br />
of these species was reported by Sick et al. 1987 in his survey. The majority of the species caught in the forest<br />
had an obvious incubation plate, indicating this to likely be the reproduction period in the region. Another additional<br />
sign of this being a reproductive period was the presence of many juvenile birds, recently fledged, and<br />
often with un<strong>de</strong>veloped flying skills.<br />
Another species that <strong>de</strong>serves mention is the white-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps), a southern
28<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
migrant that goes from the southern cone to the Colombian An<strong>de</strong>s and Amazon Region (Sick, 1997). This<br />
species was not registered by Sick and his team in their survey. Our <strong>da</strong>ta compiled from the capture and the<br />
observation of the species in the region between the months of April, May and June of 2002 shows these to be<br />
the peak migration months in the region. After this period, the birds completely abandon the area. In the banding<br />
campaigns of February 2003, we captured four individuals of that species in the semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest,<br />
an occurrence that suggests that some specimens arrived in the middle of February. In the banding campaigns<br />
of 2002 in Serra Branca of April and June, 228 birds of that species were caught and ban<strong>de</strong>d. Our initial <strong>da</strong>ta<br />
indicates an extension in the period of migration in the northeast region which, according to Marini and Cavalcanti<br />
(1990) occurs between May and July. The intensification of our activities and other efforts at capture<br />
in more occurrence points of the species allowed the large gap in the migratory movement knowledge of this<br />
Tyranni<strong>de</strong> to be filled. The King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa), even though it is not a species in <strong>da</strong>nger of<br />
extinction, is consi<strong>de</strong>red rare in many regions of Bahia. In the Serra Branca farm, a group of 86 King Vultures<br />
is frequently seen on a sandstone cliff getting ready to sleep. This particular cliff area is not used by the A.<br />
leari. The cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), which is not on Sick’s list, was observed by us for the first time in Bahia<br />
in 1988 in the municipality of Jeremoabo, and from that time until now the species has colonized the whole<br />
state. The caatinga biome is one of the least studied Brazilian ecosystems which makes the research conducted<br />
in the home range of the Lears macaw of vital importance to the conservation management of the region.<br />
The participation of the local communities in the research work contributes <strong>de</strong>cisively to conservation<br />
initiatives. Once the members are informed about and learn more about the habitat where they live, the community<br />
can effectively participate in an effective form in the conservation of their natural environment and the<br />
species that live there.
29<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
UMA PEQUENA CONTRIBUIÇÃO: COMBATE AO<br />
TRÁFICO ILEGAL DE ANIMAIS<br />
O tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais é uma questão crônica, não somente no Brasil como também nos <strong>de</strong>mais países<br />
pobres do mundo. Os fatores que mais contribuem para a existência <strong>de</strong>ssa ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> criminosa em nosso país<br />
encontram-se interligados: o <strong>de</strong>semprego, principalmente nas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s rurais, o analfabetismo ou a baixa<br />
escolari<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, a fome relaciona<strong>da</strong> aos fatores anteriores, o elevado índice <strong>da</strong> natali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> infantil, on<strong>de</strong> um casal<br />
pobre e <strong>de</strong>sempregado muitas <strong>da</strong>s vezes possui mais <strong>de</strong> 7 filhos – esses fatores são, sem sobra <strong>de</strong> dúvi<strong>da</strong>, o<br />
sustentáculo do tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais, que alimenta ca<strong>de</strong>ias intermediarias, passando dos atravessadores que encomen<strong>da</strong>m<br />
os animais às pessoas pobres que, muita, <strong>da</strong>s vezes pela sua ignorância, não sabem os <strong>da</strong>nos que<br />
estão causando nem qual a soma <strong>de</strong> dinheiro que envolve esse comércio. No final <strong>de</strong>ssa ca<strong>de</strong>ia encontram-se<br />
os colecionadores que, por uma questão <strong>de</strong> egoísmo, pouco se importam que uma espécie possa ser extinta<br />
<strong>da</strong> natureza - o que importa é possuir o maior número possível <strong>de</strong> animais nas suas coleções. Portanto, para<br />
que possamos equacionar essas questões, é preciso resolvê-las caso a caso. Sabemos que resolver to<strong>da</strong>s essas<br />
questões <strong>de</strong>man<strong>da</strong> tempo. No entanto, muito po<strong>de</strong> ser feito <strong>de</strong> imediato.<br />
1) Todos afirmam que o tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais é uma questão nacional. Discordo <strong>de</strong>ssa afirmativa, pois a questão<br />
do tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais é uma questão municipal. Se ca<strong>da</strong> prefeito resolver impedir a ven<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> animais nas feiras<br />
livres dos seus municípios, estará contribuindo <strong>de</strong> forma <strong>de</strong>cisiva para erradicar esse mal. As pessoas ven<strong>de</strong>m<br />
animais nas feiras livres por vários motivos. Primeiro, nesse local existe uma gran<strong>de</strong> concentração <strong>de</strong> pessoas<br />
e, consequentemente, potenciais compradores. Segundo, ven<strong>de</strong>r animais nas feiras livres muitas vezes é uma<br />
ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> segura, pois o gran<strong>de</strong> aglomerado <strong>de</strong> pessoas facilita a fuga dos contraventores durante as operações<br />
dos órgãos fiscalizadores. Se ca<strong>da</strong> prefeito fiscalizar as suas feiras, proibindo a ven<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> animais silvestres<br />
nessas áreas, estará sendo <strong>da</strong>do um gran<strong>de</strong> passo para resolver o problema. No que diz respeito a essa questão<br />
<strong>da</strong> ven<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> animais silvestres em feiras livres, seria necessário ca<strong>da</strong>strar todos os ven<strong>de</strong>dores. Digo ca<strong>da</strong>strar<br />
porque os órgãos fiscalizados, quando atuam nas feiras livres, preocupam-se mais com a apreensão dos animais<br />
e, <strong>de</strong>ssa maneira, facilitam a fuga dos ven<strong>de</strong>dores. É preciso estu<strong>da</strong>r as ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iras raízes do tráfico <strong>de</strong><br />
aves em feiras e para isso torna-se necessário ca<strong>da</strong>strar todos os ven<strong>de</strong>dores, no intuito <strong>de</strong> possibilitar a coleta<br />
<strong>de</strong> informações sobre como essas pessoas vivem, qual o ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro grau <strong>de</strong> pobreza <strong>de</strong>las, como se dá o seu<br />
<strong>de</strong>slocamento por diversas feiras livres, seja <strong>de</strong>ntro do seu próprio estado ou em outros estados <strong>da</strong> fe<strong>de</strong>ração.<br />
2) Educação Ambiental: Fala-se muito em educação ambiental, no entanto estamos acostumados a ver pessoas<br />
realizando palestras nas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s como se isso fosse educação ambiental. A Educação Ambiental significa<br />
mu<strong>da</strong>nça <strong>de</strong> hábitos, portanto tem que ser algo conciso e <strong>de</strong> longa duração. Qualquer programa <strong>de</strong> Educação<br />
Ambiental que <strong>de</strong>seje obter sucesso tem que contar com a participação <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>.<br />
Só como exemplo, cito a forma como estamos trabalhando no intuito <strong>de</strong> preservar a arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear (<br />
Anodorhynchus leari), espécie brasileira ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção: produzimos cartazes com diversas fotos <strong>da</strong><br />
espécie e, nesses cartazes colocamos a seguinte frase: “Conservação <strong>da</strong> arara-azaul-<strong>de</strong>-lear Depen<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> você!<br />
Comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, participe”. Em diversas palestras que realizamos no Brasil e fora do país, sempre afirmamos que<br />
nenhum pesquisador salva na<strong>da</strong>, quem tem o po<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong> salvar é a própria comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, <strong>de</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>mente informa<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Descobrimos que são poucas as pessoas na comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> do entorno do habitat <strong>da</strong> arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear que já<br />
viram esta ave. Para preservar, é preciso conhecer.Estamos realizando trabalhos educativos com professores,<br />
alunos e membros <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> e também levando as pessoas para conhecer as araras no seu habitat. Como<br />
exemplo dos bons resultados, gostaríamos <strong>de</strong> relatar as falas <strong>de</strong> algumas pessoas que participaram <strong>de</strong>sse<br />
programa: (1)”Eu não me preocupava com as araras, porque não conhecia, não sabia <strong>da</strong> sua rari<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> e para
30<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
nós <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, que estamos acostumados a matar animais para comer e pren<strong>de</strong>r animais na gaiola, tanto<br />
fazia ser azul ou ver<strong>de</strong>”; (2) “Agora, que adquiri conhecimentos sobre essa espécie, a minha concepção mudou.<br />
Agora, eu passo a ser um <strong>de</strong>fensor não somente <strong>da</strong>s araras como <strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong>mais espécies”. Outra estratégia<br />
que estamos utilizando é a seguinte: Utilizar as fotos <strong>da</strong>s espécies <strong>de</strong> aves existentes no habitat <strong>da</strong> arara-azul,<br />
produzindo lotes <strong>de</strong> transparências, que doamos à Secretária <strong>de</strong> Educação do município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, assim<br />
como ao povoado <strong>de</strong> Água Branca, no intuito <strong>de</strong> que os professores ensinem aos seus alunos e membros <strong>da</strong><br />
comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> sobre as espécies animais que vivem no seu entorno, pois não é somente a arara-azul que corre<br />
risco <strong>de</strong> extinção: existem outras espécies que não repercutem na mídia e por isso estão esqueci<strong>da</strong>s, tais como:<br />
Herpsilochmus pectoralis (Chorozinho-distinto), Megaxenops parnaguae ( bico-virado-gran<strong>de</strong>), Herpsilochmus<br />
sellowi uma espécie nova <strong>de</strong>scrita em 2000.<br />
3) Outro fato relevante e <strong>de</strong> fun<strong>da</strong>mental importância em trabalhos <strong>de</strong> conservação <strong>de</strong> espécies ameaça<strong>da</strong>s<br />
- tal como a espécie anteriormente menciona<strong>da</strong> (Anodorhynchus leari) - é que todos os projetos estão sempre<br />
preocupados em salvar <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong> espécie. Isso é um gran<strong>de</strong> erro. Esses projetos esquecem <strong>da</strong>s comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />
que, na sua gran<strong>de</strong> maioria, são pobres ou mesmo miseráveis. Uma arara ou qualquer outra espécie animal não<br />
po<strong>de</strong> valer mais que as vi<strong>da</strong>s dos seres humanos que passam fome, enquanto um monte <strong>de</strong> dinheiro é gasto<br />
para salvar uma espécie. Em nosso pensamento não vemos diferença entre um Sporophila nigricollis (papacapim)<br />
e uma Anodorhynchus leari ( arara-azul<strong>de</strong>-lear). Como sugestão, gostaríamos <strong>de</strong> propor que fossem<br />
realiza<strong>da</strong>s melhorias nas condições <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>s comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s on<strong>de</strong> existem espécies ameaça<strong>da</strong>s, pois, <strong>de</strong>ssa<br />
maneira, será possível não apenas salvar as espécies ameaça<strong>da</strong>s como também as <strong>de</strong>mais espécies animais<br />
e vegetais que ocorrem nesse <strong>de</strong>terminado habitat. É preciso investir em educação, aparelhando as escolas,<br />
capacitando os professores; investir na saú<strong>de</strong>; investir em saneamento básico etc. Através <strong>de</strong>ssa estratégia, as<br />
comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s ganham consciência <strong>da</strong> importância <strong>da</strong> preservação e do fato <strong>de</strong> que os seres humanos também<br />
são ferramentas importantes nesse contexto. É preciso incluir as universi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s públicas nessa estratégia – através<br />
<strong>de</strong> instituições como as escolas <strong>de</strong> Medicina, Medicina Veterinária, Agronomia etc., pois os professores<br />
e alunos po<strong>de</strong>m contribuir em muito para a melhoria <strong>de</strong> quali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>ssas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s com tão pouco<br />
conhecimento.<br />
4) Outro fato que consi<strong>de</strong>ramos <strong>de</strong> importância fun<strong>da</strong>mental é que as pessoas liga<strong>da</strong>s à área ambiental e que<br />
sejam entrevista<strong>da</strong>s pelos meios <strong>de</strong> comunicação não falem sobre os preços dos animais no mercado clan<strong>de</strong>stino.<br />
Isso é muito perigoso. Exemplo: pessoas que estão passando fome no sertão on<strong>de</strong> ocorre a arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>lear,<br />
pela ganância <strong>de</strong> ganhar dinheiro fácil, po<strong>de</strong>m exterminar a população <strong>de</strong> aves em pouco tempo.<br />
5) Centros <strong>de</strong> Triagem <strong>de</strong> Animais Silvestres: Os Centros <strong>de</strong> Triagem do Estado são, na maioria <strong>da</strong>s vezes,<br />
bastante precários, não possuindo mão <strong>de</strong> obra qualifica<strong>da</strong>, recursos etc. Os criadores conservacionistas ou<br />
comercias só têm interesse em aves e animais que possuam valor econômico e, durante déca<strong>da</strong>s, os órgãos<br />
ambientais vem soltando animais em qualquer local sem respeitar a distribuição geográfica <strong>da</strong>s espécies, suas<br />
doenças etc. (veja: “Illegal Trafic in Brazil’s Wildlife”; “O Tráfico <strong>de</strong> Animais na Bahia”; “A Introdução <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>Aves</strong> em Habitats Diferentes Po<strong>de</strong>rá Levar Espécies Nativas à Extinção”). É preciso que o Estado realize<br />
parceria com organizações não governamentais para construir e operar Centros <strong>de</strong> Triagens que visem reintroduzir<br />
to<strong>da</strong>s as espécies que foram apreendi<strong>da</strong>s no tráfico ilegal <strong>de</strong> animais. Isso é perfeitamente viável,<br />
como po<strong>de</strong> ser comprovado pelos trabalhos cuja leitura recomen<strong>da</strong>mos , como “Reintroduction of captivebred<br />
Gold-capped Conoures in Bahia”. Nenhum centro <strong>de</strong> triagem vai querer investir em recuperação <strong>de</strong><br />
animais para entregar as espécies raras ou ameaça<strong>da</strong>s a criadores particulares, pois o governo não se preocupa<br />
com as milhares <strong>de</strong> espécies não ameaça<strong>da</strong>s. Como já dissemos anteriormente, tanto faz ser um Sporophila<br />
nigricollis como uma Anodorhynchus leari, todos são seres vivos e têm o mesmo valor.
31<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
A SMALL CONTRIBUTION: THE COMBAT AGAINST THE<br />
ILLEGAL TRAFFIC OF ANIMALS<br />
The trafficking in animals is a chronic issue, not only in Brazil but also in other impoverished countries<br />
throughout the world. The factors that most contribute to the existence of this criminal activity are inter-connected:<br />
unemployment, principally in the rural regions; illiteracy or lack of formal schooling; general hunger;<br />
and high infant mortality rates where in many cases a poor and unemployed couple has more than 7 kids.<br />
These factors are the sustenance for the illegal animal tra<strong>de</strong> and feed the networks of intermediaries that or<strong>de</strong>r<br />
the animals from poor people. Due to ignorance, these poor people have little i<strong>de</strong>a of the <strong>da</strong>mage they are<br />
causing nor the amount of money for which the animals will be sold. At the top end of this chain are the collectors<br />
who, for selfish reasons, are unconcerned about whether an animal could become extinct in the wild.<br />
Their aim is to have the largest amount of animals possible for their collections. In or<strong>de</strong>r to balance these issues,<br />
therefore, it is necessary to resolve these questions one by one. We know that much time will be nee<strong>de</strong>d<br />
to resolve these questions but in the meantime there is much we can do immediately.<br />
1. Everyone says that the illicit tra<strong>de</strong> in animals is a national question. I disagree since I believe that this tra<strong>de</strong><br />
is a municipal level issue. If every mayor was <strong>de</strong>termined to prevent the sale of animals in open-air markets in<br />
their municipalities, they would be contributing in a forceful manner to eradicate this evil. In the first place, a<br />
large concentration of people conglomerate in these places and represent potential buyers. Secondly, the sale<br />
of animals in these open-air markets is safe. The large gathering of people allows the offen<strong>de</strong>rs cover to flee<br />
during official raids of these premises. If each mayor regulated these open-air markets and prohibited the sale<br />
of animals, they would be contributing in a significant way to wipe out this activity. On the same question<br />
of selling animals in open-air markets, it will be necessary to register all the sellers of wild animals in these<br />
markets. I say register them because when the official organs raid these venues, they are more concerned with<br />
apprehending the animals, a priority that facilitates the escape of the vendors. It is necessary to study the true<br />
roots of the traffic of birds in these types of markets and also have a register of all the vendors. In this way it<br />
will be possible to collect information about how these people live, how poor they actually are and whether<br />
they move around between markets in other states.<br />
2. Environmental Education. Though it is much talked about, we are used to seeing people giving lectures in<br />
local communities and this is what passes for environmental education. But environmental education means a<br />
change in behavioral habits, and therefore has to be something concise and lasting. For any program of environmental<br />
education to be successful, the involvement of the local community is a necessity.<br />
Just as an example, I would like to illustrate how we are working to preserve the Lears macaw (Anodorhynchus<br />
leari). We have produced posters with different photos of the bird below with the caption: “Conservation<br />
of the Lears Macaw. It <strong>de</strong>pends on you. Community, participate.” In many lectures I have ma<strong>de</strong> throughout<br />
Brazil and overseas I always have affirmed that researchers alone save nothing and who in fact has the real<br />
power to do make a difference is an informed community. Through these lectures we discovered that few<br />
members of the community who live in Lears macaw habitat have actually seen the bird. To preserve you must<br />
have knowledge. We are conducting educational campaigns with teachers, stu<strong>de</strong>nts, and members of the community<br />
in addition to taking people to observe the macaws in their habitat. To exemplify the positive results, I<br />
would like to relate some of the comments of those who participated in the program.<br />
“I was never worried about the macaws because I didn’t know them, had no i<strong>de</strong>a of their rarity and for us<br />
in this community, used as we are to killing animals to eat or capturing them to put in a cage, it didn’t mat-
32<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
ter whether the birds were blue or green. Now that I have a little knowledge about this species, my outlook<br />
changed and I have become a <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>r not only of the macaws but of other animal species as well.”<br />
Another strategy we are pursuing is the following: We photograph all of the existing bird species in the habitat<br />
of the Lears macaw and transfer them onto transparencies. These are given to the Secretary of Education of<br />
Jeremoabo and Aguia Branca so that the teachers instruct their pupils and members of the community about<br />
the species of animals that live around them. It is not only the Lears macaw that is in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction but<br />
also other less showy species that for that reason are forgotten.<br />
3. Another relevant factor that I consi<strong>de</strong>r of fun<strong>da</strong>mental importance in conservation work that involves threatened<br />
species such as the Lears macaw (Anodorhynchus leari) is that these projects are exclusively geared to<br />
saving the en<strong>da</strong>ngered species. They forget the communities which are, for the most part poor, and <strong>de</strong>sperate.<br />
A macaw or any other animal species cannot be more valuable than the lives of human beings who are<br />
stricken by hunger, while piles of money is spent to save the species. In my way of thinking and as a professional<br />
veterinarian that takes an oath to save lives, I don’t see the difference between a white-bellied seed eater<br />
(Sporophila nigricollis) or a Lears macaw. As a suggestion, I would like to propose that improvements in the<br />
life conditions of local communities where threatened species exist be implemented. This will be much more<br />
effective in saving the threatened species and other fauna and flora species that occur in that particular habitat.<br />
We must invest in education, equip schools, train teachers, invest in health, and invest in basic sanitation etc.<br />
Through such a strategy, the communities become aware of the importance of preservation and that humans<br />
are important tools in such a context. It is also necessary to inclu<strong>de</strong> public universities and their schools of<br />
medicine, veterinary school, agronomy etc. in this struggle. Teachers and stu<strong>de</strong>nts can contribute significantly<br />
to better the quality of life in these communities beset by such a lack of knowledge.<br />
4. Another fact I consi<strong>de</strong>r of utmost importance is that people who are interviewed by the media should not<br />
talk about the price of animals. This is very <strong>da</strong>ngerous. Here’s an example: people who are hungry in the backlands<br />
where the macaws are, through the greed to make easy money, can exterminate a population in a small<br />
amount of time when they know the amounts of money involved.<br />
5. CETAS: Center for Treatment of Wild Animals: Treatment centers for animals are, for the most part, in<br />
precarious conditions without qualified handlers and lack basic resources. Bree<strong>de</strong>rs only have an interest in<br />
fauna of commercial value which means that for <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>s IBAMA has been releasing birds without commercial<br />
value anywhere. It does not consi<strong>de</strong>r their geographic distribution or the <strong>da</strong>ngers of diseases etc. (see the<br />
article entitled Illegal Traffic in Brazil’s Wildlife: The Traffic of Animals in Bahia). The reintroduction of birds<br />
in different habitats can lead species to extinction. It is necessary for the state to effect terms of agreement with<br />
NGOs to construct and operate treatment centers that seek to reintroduce all the species that are apprehen<strong>de</strong>d<br />
in the illicit animal tra<strong>de</strong>. This is perfectly viable as is shown by the work I have done such as the reintroduction<br />
of captive-bred Gold Capped Conure in Bahia. Much can also be learnt from works about reintroduction<br />
sent from other countries. No treatment center is going to want to invest in the recuperation of en<strong>da</strong>ngered or<br />
rare animals that are then turned over to unscrupulous bree<strong>de</strong>rs. Clearly the government is not worried about<br />
the thousands of nonthreatened species. As I said before, it doesn’t matter whether it is a yellow-bellied see<strong>de</strong>ater<br />
or a Lears macaw, both have the same value as live beings.<br />
6. As a last suggestion, I propose that a commission be formed ma<strong>de</strong> up of Brazilian and foreign specialists to<br />
discuss and construct an efficient management plan for the animals apprehen<strong>de</strong>d in the tra<strong>de</strong>.
33<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Coccyzus americanus Linné, 1758 na <strong>Pátria</strong>* <strong>da</strong> Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>lear<br />
(Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856): primeiro registro<br />
para a Caatinga na Bahia, Brasil.<br />
Coccyzus a. americanus é uma espécie resi<strong>de</strong>nte na porção oriental <strong>da</strong> América do Norte (do Canadá<br />
ao Sul dos Estados Unidos) que migra para o Sul durante o inverno do hemisfério norte, visitando a América<br />
Central e América do Sul, incluindo o Brasil, no Pará, norte do Maranhão, com ocorrências aci<strong>de</strong>ntais nos<br />
estados centrais, Norte <strong>de</strong> Minas e Sul do Mato Grosso (Pinto, 1978). Sick (1997) relaciona sua ocorrência<br />
para os estados do Piauí (<strong>de</strong>zembro), Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro (janeiro, março), Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do<br />
Sul (fevereiro). Fiuza (1999) em seu trabalho bibliográfico sobre as aves <strong>da</strong> Caatinga no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia não<br />
relaciona C. a. americanus. Revisões recentes sobre avifauna <strong>da</strong> Caatinga (Pacheco e Bauer, 2000; Silva et al.,<br />
2004) relacionam Coccyzus americanus apenas para Quixeramobim, Ceará, a partir <strong>de</strong> informações <strong>de</strong> Teixeira<br />
et al., 1993. Lima (2004), compilando informações <strong>de</strong> seus levantamentos <strong>de</strong> campo no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia,<br />
relaciona 280 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves para a Caatinga, sem contudo mencionar encontro <strong>de</strong> C. a. americanus.<br />
Ao revisar o banco <strong>de</strong> imagens <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> Bahia, foi possível <strong>de</strong>scobrir que C. a. americanus havia<br />
sido fotografado na Serra Branca, município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, em <strong>de</strong>zembro <strong>de</strong> 2003, sendo confundido anteriormente<br />
com C. melacoryphus, espécie mais comum na região. Segundo Sick (1997) C. a. americanus distingui-se<br />
<strong>de</strong> C. melacoryphus por possuir abdome <strong>de</strong> cor cinza claro e mandíbula amarela. Hilty e Brown (1986)<br />
mencionam como diferenças entre C. americanus e C. euleri a coloração <strong>da</strong>s penas <strong>da</strong>s rêmiges (rufous, em C.<br />
americanus) e região perioftálmica, que é sempre cinza em C. euleri, diferente <strong>de</strong> C. americanus que po<strong>de</strong> ser<br />
amarelo. Esse é o primeiro registro <strong>de</strong> C. a. americanus para a Caatinga no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia.<br />
Outro acréscimo para a lista <strong>da</strong>s aves <strong>da</strong> pátria <strong>da</strong> A. leari é Tyrannus savana, observado entre os dias<br />
24 e 25 <strong>de</strong> julho <strong>de</strong> 2004.<br />
Essas informações trazem novos <strong>da</strong>dos acerca dos <strong>de</strong>slocamentos <strong>da</strong>s duas espécies no nor<strong>de</strong>ste brasileiro.<br />
A lista <strong>de</strong> espécies registra<strong>da</strong>s para o região do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina passa <strong>de</strong> 210 para 212, o que eqüivale<br />
a 74,9% <strong>de</strong> to<strong>da</strong>s as aves já relaciona<strong>da</strong>s para o bioma Caatinga no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia (Fiuza, 1999).<br />
* Para uma <strong>de</strong>scrição sobre a área <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear ver Sick et al., 1987.
34<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Coccyzus americanus Linné,(yellow-billed cuckoo) 1758 in the<br />
home range of the Lears Amacaw (Anodorhynchus leari<br />
Bonaparte, 1856): the first register in the Caatinga biome of<br />
Bahia, Brazil.<br />
Coccyzus a. americanus is a resi<strong>de</strong>nt species in the eastern portion of North America (from Cana<strong>da</strong><br />
to the southern US). The bird migrates south during the northern hemisphere winter when it stops in Central<br />
America and South America. This inclu<strong>de</strong>s Brazil, where it has been registered in the states of Pará, the north<br />
of Maranhão and random occurrences in the central states, the north of Minas Gerais and the south of Mato<br />
Groso. (Pinto, 1978). Sick (1997) cites its occurrence for the states of Piauí (December), Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro (January<br />
and March), Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Sul (February). In his bibliographical work of birds<br />
of the Caatinga biome in the state of Bahia, Fiuza (1999) does not record the presence of the C. a. americanus.<br />
The recent revisions in the avi-fauna of the Caatinga biome (Pacheco e Bauer, 2000; Silva et al., 2004) only<br />
have records for the Coccyzus americanus in the municipality of Quixeramobim, Ceará, from the information<br />
of Teixeira et al., 1993. Lima (2004), in compiling his field survey information in the state of Bahia, recor<strong>de</strong>d<br />
280 bird species for the Caatinga biome without mentioning any sighting of the C. a. americanus.<br />
However, in a revision of the stock of images of the birds of Bahia, it was discovered that C. a. americanus<br />
had been photographed in Serra Branca, in the municipality of Jeremoabo, in December of 2003. It was<br />
previously confused before with C. melacoryphus, a more common species in the region. According to Sick<br />
(1997) C. a. americanus can be distinguished from C. melacoryphus by its clear gray abdomen and yellow<br />
mandible. Hilty and Brown (1986) mention the difference between C. americanus and C. euleri being the<br />
coloring of the rêmiges feathers (rufous, in C. americanus) and the perioftálmic a region, which is always gray<br />
in C. euleri, and differs from C. americanus which can be yellow. This is the first register of the C. a. americanus<br />
for the Caatinga biome in the state of Bahia.<br />
Another addition to the list of birds in the home range of the Lears Macaw (A. leari) is the Tyrannus<br />
savana, observed between 24-25 of July, 2004.<br />
zil.<br />
This information brings in new <strong>da</strong>ta concerning the movement of two species in the northeast of Bra-<br />
The list of registered species for the region of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina goes up from 210 to 212, the<br />
equivalent to 74.9% of all birds cited for the Caatinga biome in the state of Bahia. (Fiuza, 1999).<br />
* For a <strong>de</strong>scription of the home range of the Lears Macaw, see Sick et al., 1987.
35<br />
ORDEM DAS TINAMIFORMES<br />
Família Tinami<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827)<br />
Inhambu chororó (Smal-billed Tinamou)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Esta espécie tem o porte pequeno e o bico curto, com menos <strong>de</strong> 20 mm. Ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas, nos<br />
campos sujos e nos cerrados, on<strong>de</strong> busca o seu alimento e se reproduz. É uma ave arisca, que é dificilmente<br />
avista<strong>da</strong>. É mais comumente i<strong>de</strong>ntifica<strong>da</strong> pela sua vocalização, que é mais freqüente ao amanhecer e ao entar<strong>de</strong>cer.<br />
Sua coloração vermelha páli<strong>da</strong> contribui para que não seja percebi<strong>da</strong> em seu ambiente e, muitas vezes,<br />
po<strong>de</strong> até nos assustar se a encontramos <strong>de</strong>spercebi<strong>da</strong>, porque voa para nossos pés fazendo um gran<strong>de</strong> alarido.<br />
Normalmente, quando pressente um possível pre<strong>da</strong>dor, o inhambu chororó agacha-se e levanta as penas <strong>da</strong><br />
cau<strong>da</strong>, tomando a aparência <strong>de</strong> uma flor <strong>de</strong>sabrocha<strong>da</strong>. É uma ave muito persegui<strong>da</strong> pelos caçadores locais.<br />
Crypturellus tatuapa lepidotus (Swainson, 1837)<br />
Inhambu-chitã (Tatuapa Tinamou)<br />
Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a anterior, esta espécie é, no entanto, <strong>de</strong> porte um pouco maior. O bico é vermelho -carmim<br />
nas fêmeas e os machos têm a ponta do bico escura. É uma ave muito arisca, que, quando percebe um<br />
possível pre<strong>da</strong>dor, agacha-se e levanta as penas <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong>, como se fosse uma flor <strong>de</strong>sabrocha<strong>da</strong>. Po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer<br />
tanto no interior <strong>da</strong> caatinga fecha<strong>da</strong>, como nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas.<br />
Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus (Wied, 1820)<br />
Jaó-do-litoral (Yellow-legged Tinamou)<br />
Esta espécie po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer tanto no interior <strong>da</strong> floresta, como nos campos abertos. É uma espécie muito mais<br />
robusta do que a anterior, po<strong>de</strong>ndo pesar mais <strong>de</strong> 800g. Emite um canto melancólico <strong>de</strong> duas notas baixas. O<br />
tarso <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie é <strong>de</strong> coloração amarela e a sua plumagem é marrom acinzenta<strong>da</strong>. Tem o dorso brilhante e<br />
possui uma mancha superciliar <strong>de</strong> cor amarela. O jaó do litoral é arisco e vive no solo e a sua coloração lhe<br />
proporciona uma perfeita camuflagem. Hoje, a espécie é lista<strong>da</strong> como ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção, sendo a caça<br />
e a <strong>de</strong>struição do habitat, os maiores riscos que vem correndo. Já observamos um lobo-guará, (Chrysocyon<br />
brachyurus) numa região <strong>de</strong> cerrado, pre<strong>da</strong>r uma ave <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie que estava incubando durante a noite<br />
Nothura boraquira (Spix, 1825)<br />
Codorna (White -bellied Nothura)<br />
É uma espécie típica do Nor<strong>de</strong>ste brasileiro e tanto po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer na Caatinga, como no cerrado. O seu topete<br />
é negro e os seus pés são na cor amarelo forte. O seu canto consiste <strong>de</strong> pequenos pios agudos. Medindo 25 cm<br />
e pesando cerca <strong>de</strong>...g, esta espécie vive junto à espécie Rhynchotus rufescens. O seu ninho é uma pequena<br />
cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> no solo e os seus ovos têm a cor <strong>de</strong> chocolate claro. Como as <strong>de</strong>mais espécies <strong>de</strong>ssa família, são<br />
muito difíceis <strong>de</strong> serem observa<strong>da</strong>s. A caça é um dos fatores que vem contribuindo para a diminuição populacional<br />
<strong>de</strong>ssa espécie.
36<br />
Nothura maculosa major (Spix, 1825)<br />
Codorna (Spotted Nothura)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
A codorna ocorre em campos abertos <strong>de</strong> baixa vegetação. Uma <strong>de</strong> suas características é esticar o pescoço<br />
quando está em movimento ou em estado <strong>de</strong> alerta, para observar ao seu redor. Pesa cerca <strong>de</strong>...g e me<strong>de</strong> cerca<br />
<strong>de</strong>...mm. Sua coloração amarronza<strong>da</strong> é muitas vezes altera<strong>da</strong> por causa <strong>da</strong> terra que se infiltra na sua plumagem.<br />
Os seus ovos são <strong>da</strong> cor do chocolate e o seu canto é fino e po<strong>de</strong> ser confundido com o som emitido pelos<br />
grilos. Muitas <strong>de</strong>ssas aves são atropela<strong>da</strong>s quando tentam atravessar as estra<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> um lado para o outro.<br />
Rhynchotus rufescens catingae (Reiser, 1905)<br />
Perdigão (Red-winged Tinamou)<br />
É uma espécie que vive no solo e nas áreas abertas. É uma ave robusta que po<strong>de</strong> pesar mais <strong>de</strong> 800 g., sendo<br />
muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a Nothura maculosa, embora maior e mais forte. O seu canto é ouvido nas manhãs e ao<br />
entar<strong>de</strong>cer. Canta para <strong>de</strong>limitar o território, e, às vezes, po<strong>de</strong>mos ouvir um indivíduo respon<strong>de</strong>r ao outro. O<br />
ninho é uma cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> no solo, forra<strong>da</strong> com pouca vegetação e os seus ovos são cor <strong>de</strong> chocolate com brilho<br />
metálico. É uma <strong>da</strong>s aves mais persegui<strong>da</strong>s pelos caçadores e já tivemos ocasião <strong>de</strong> presenciar um caçador,<br />
aju<strong>da</strong>do por um cachorro <strong>de</strong> caça, matar mais <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>z aves <strong>de</strong>ssas, em apenas uma tar<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Família Rhei<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Rhea americana americana (Linné, 1758)<br />
Ema (Greater Rhea)<br />
É a maior ave do continente. O macho é maior e seu pescoço é <strong>de</strong> cor preta. Vive em grupo e várias fêmeas<br />
realizam a postura no mesmo ninho, sendo que o macho é o responsável pela incubação dos ovos. Os filhotes,<br />
quando pequenos, <strong>de</strong>monstram gran<strong>de</strong> agili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> para capturar moscas. São aves muito velozes, po<strong>de</strong>ndo alcançar<br />
cerca <strong>de</strong> 60 km por hora. Essas aves estão quase extintas na região do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina e já foram e<br />
continuam a ser muito persegui<strong>da</strong>s pelos caçadores. O único local em que pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar essa espécie, foi<br />
na reserva dos índios Pankarares em Paulo Afonso.<br />
ORDEM DOS PODICIPEDIFORMES<br />
Família Podicipedi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus (Linné, 1766)<br />
Mergulhão-pequeno (Least Grebe)<br />
É o menor mergulhão do estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia e tem os olhos amarelos. Quando levanta vôo, po<strong>de</strong>mos ver uma<br />
gran<strong>de</strong> área branca nas suas asas. Essa espécie po<strong>de</strong> habitar qualquer lâmina <strong>de</strong> água rasa com vegetação, e<br />
já foi observa<strong>da</strong> numa estação <strong>de</strong> tratamento <strong>de</strong> esgoto. O seu ninho é feito <strong>de</strong> capim e po<strong>de</strong> flutuar na lâmina<br />
<strong>de</strong> água ao sabor do vento. Os ovos são <strong>de</strong> coloração esbranquiça<strong>da</strong> e a sua postura po<strong>de</strong> constar <strong>de</strong> até três<br />
ovos. Quando percebem um possível pre<strong>da</strong>dor, essas aves abandonam o ninho e cobrem os ovos com capim.<br />
Os filhotes nascem com uma coloração cinza raja<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> branco, e assim que nascem, abandonam o ninho, e<br />
durante um <strong>de</strong>terminado período <strong>de</strong> tempo, se abrigam <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s asas dos pais.
37<br />
Podilymbus podiceps antarticus (Lesson, 1842)<br />
Mergulhão (Pied-billed Grebe)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Esta espécie é muito maior do que a prece<strong>de</strong>nte, tem cor amarronza<strong>da</strong> e o bico forte riscado com uma lista<br />
esbranquiça<strong>da</strong>. É comum observamos tais aves junto às aves <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior. Semelhante ao mergulhão<br />
pequeno com relação aos hábitos reprodutivos, essa espécie está constantemente mergulhando para buscar<br />
alimento ou para <strong>de</strong>spistar possíveis pre<strong>da</strong>dores. Difere <strong>da</strong> anterior por viver solitariamente ou em casais, enquanto<br />
que a T. dominicus po<strong>de</strong> viver em grupo que, às vezes, contam com mais <strong>de</strong> 20 indivíduos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento total 210mm, asa 84mm, tarso 30mm, bico 17mm, peso 104/144g.<br />
PHALACROCORACIDAE<br />
Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Biguá (Neotropic Cormorant)<br />
O biguá vive tanto na água doce, como no mar, ou nas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s dos manguezais. Busca o seu alimento<br />
mergulhando, e <strong>de</strong>pois ergue a cabeça para fora <strong>da</strong> água, para observar ao seu redor. Os biguás po<strong>de</strong>m ser<br />
observados em gran<strong>de</strong>s bandos, como também em pequenos grupos. Costumam se empoleirar nas árvores ao<br />
redor do seu habitat, ou se aproveitar <strong>de</strong> artefatos utilizados por pescadores como locais <strong>de</strong> pouso. Po<strong>de</strong>m se<br />
reproduzir em colônias mistas <strong>de</strong> garças.<br />
ORDEM DAS CICONIFORMES<br />
Família Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Egretta albus egretta (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Garça-branca-gran<strong>de</strong> (Great Egret)<br />
É uma espécie muito comum, que ocorre nos manguezais e terrenos alagadiços e po<strong>de</strong> ser observa<strong>da</strong> em<br />
gran<strong>de</strong>s grupos ou isola<strong>da</strong> em <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong>s áreas alagadiças. Costuma partilhar <strong>de</strong> dormitórios coletivos com<br />
outras espécies <strong>de</strong> garças. Reproduzem-se em colônias mistas <strong>de</strong> garças, tais como a B. ibis, E. thula e a N.<br />
nycticorax. No período reprodutivo, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar uma gran<strong>de</strong> mancha azula<strong>da</strong> ao redor dos olhos. Alimenta-se<br />
<strong>de</strong> peixes e anfíbios e aproveita-se <strong>de</strong> pesqueiros produzidos pelo homem, para capturar os peixes<br />
que os pescadores pescam.<br />
Egretta thula thula (Molina, 1782)<br />
Garça-branca-pequena (Snowy Egret)<br />
Uma <strong>da</strong>s características que a distingue <strong>da</strong> espécie Egretta albus,é que tem porte menor, o bico preto e os <strong>de</strong>dos<br />
amarelados. Vive tanto na água doce, como na salga<strong>da</strong>, e alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> peixes e anfíbios. Reproduz-se em<br />
colônia, juntamente com outras espécies <strong>de</strong> garças. O ninho é confeccionado <strong>de</strong> gravetos e tem a forma <strong>de</strong><br />
tigela rasa. A postura po<strong>de</strong> incluir <strong>de</strong> dois a quatro ovos <strong>de</strong> cor azula<strong>da</strong>. Os filhotes mais novos são, às vezes,<br />
jogados para fora do ninho pelos irmãos mais velhos, e assim eles po<strong>de</strong>m morrer por falta <strong>de</strong> alimento, levando<br />
<strong>de</strong>svantagem com relação aos irmãos mais velhos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 266g.
38<br />
Bubulcus ibis ibis (Linné, 1758)<br />
Garça-vaqueira (Cattle Egret)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
A garça-vaqueira é originária do continente africano, tendo chegado ao Brasil no final <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 50. Na<br />
Bahia, essa espécie só foi observa<strong>da</strong> no ano <strong>de</strong> 1988, no município <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, mas logo <strong>de</strong>pois se expandiu<br />
por quase todo o estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia. É uma espécie fortemente associa<strong>da</strong> à criação <strong>de</strong> gado, do qual se aproveita<br />
para buscar alimento, que po<strong>de</strong> incluir gafanhotos, cobras e ratos. Costuma se reproduzir em gran<strong>de</strong>s colônias<br />
que po<strong>de</strong>m ter até mais <strong>de</strong> 10.000 indivíduos. No período reprodutivo, as penas do alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça e do peito<br />
adquirem um tom alaranjado. A sua postura po<strong>de</strong> incluir <strong>de</strong> dois a cinco ovos <strong>de</strong> cor azula<strong>da</strong>. Ninhais <strong>de</strong> B.<br />
isbis são freqüentados pelas <strong>de</strong>mais espécies <strong>de</strong> garças para reprodução e formam uma gran<strong>de</strong> colônia. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Peso 264g.<br />
Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus striatus (Linné, 1758)<br />
Socozinho (Green (Striated) Heron)<br />
Esta espécie ocorre em ambientes alagadiços, lagoas, rios e pântanos. A sua coloração lhe proporciona uma<br />
perfeita camuflagem e assim sendo, a ave po<strong>de</strong> ficar estática durante um longo tempo, esperando o momento<br />
exato <strong>de</strong> arpoar a sua presa. Os filhotes imaturos exibem uma coloração amarronza<strong>da</strong>. Os ninhos são confeccionados<br />
<strong>de</strong> gravetos e os filhotes são cobertos por uma plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor cinza. Po<strong>de</strong>m viver solitários ou em<br />
casais.<br />
Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Savacu (Black-crowned Night Heron)<br />
São aves <strong>de</strong> hábitos noturnos que ocorrem nas áreas alagadiças e à beira dos rios, on<strong>de</strong> a vegetação é <strong>de</strong>nsa.<br />
Alimentam-se <strong>de</strong> peixes, rãs e anfíbios. O seu ninho é construído <strong>de</strong> gravetos e a sua postura inclui <strong>de</strong> dois a<br />
quatro ovos <strong>de</strong> cor azula<strong>da</strong>. Costumam se reproduzir em colônias, juntamente com outras espécies <strong>de</strong> garças.<br />
Os filhotes nascem com uma plumagem amarronza<strong>da</strong>. Os jovens possuem uma coloração marrom, risca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
listas brancas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 610g.<br />
Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Socó-boi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Rufescent Tiger-Heron)<br />
É uma garça <strong>de</strong> pescoço longo, que vive em banhados ro<strong>de</strong>ados <strong>de</strong> vegetação. Apesar do seu porte que é<br />
gran<strong>de</strong>, é difícilmente avista<strong>da</strong> porque vive isola<strong>da</strong> em meio à vegetação. Muitas vezes nós po<strong>de</strong>mos vê-las<br />
quando levantam vôo, assusta<strong>da</strong>s com a nossa presença. Alimentam-se <strong>de</strong> peixes e anfíbios. Os adultos possuem<br />
o manto pardo-acinzentado e o pescoço castanho. Os imaturos possuem coloração amarela risca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
várias faixas <strong>de</strong> cor negra.
39<br />
Família Ciconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein, 1819)<br />
Tuiuiú (Jabiru)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Essa espécie foi observa<strong>da</strong> por membros <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, freqüentando um açu<strong>de</strong> localizado<br />
nessa ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>. Sua presença na região é aci<strong>de</strong>ntal.<br />
Mycteria americana (Linné, 1758)<br />
Cabeça-seca (Wood Stork)<br />
Todos os anos, grupos que po<strong>de</strong>m incluir até 10 aves, visitam, no período <strong>da</strong> seca, um açu<strong>de</strong> na ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
Jeremoabo. Durante a seca, o volume <strong>da</strong> lagoa diminui e muitos peixes tornam-se presas fáceis <strong>de</strong>sta espécie.<br />
Os adultos têm o bico preto e os jovens têm o bico na tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> rosa.<br />
Família Catharti<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Sarcoramphus papa (Linné 1758)<br />
Urubu-rei (King Vulture)<br />
É o maior <strong>de</strong> nossos abutres e inconfundível pela sua coloração branca e preta. A cabeça e o pescoço são vermelho-voláceos.<br />
Este abutre possui uma carúncula carnosa <strong>de</strong> cor amarelo-alaranja<strong>da</strong>. Os jovens têm a cor<br />
negra, mas com o passar dos anos, ficam rajados <strong>de</strong> branco. Na Bahia, o local <strong>de</strong> maior concentração <strong>de</strong>ssa<br />
espécie está localizado em um paredão no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (Jeremoabo), on<strong>de</strong> já foram computados cerca <strong>de</strong><br />
80 indivíduos em um só dormitório.<br />
Coragyps atratus brasiliensis (Bonaparte, 1793)<br />
Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-preta (Black Vulture)<br />
É o urubu mais comum e abun<strong>da</strong>nte e freqüenta todos os habitats, exceto as florestas <strong>de</strong>nsas. A maior concentração<br />
<strong>de</strong>ssa espécie está localiza<strong>da</strong> em gran<strong>de</strong>s lixões e aterros sanitários distribuídos pelos municípios<br />
<strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Põem <strong>de</strong> um a dois ovos esver<strong>de</strong>ados, salpicados <strong>de</strong> manchas marrons. Os urubus possuem um<br />
mecanismo <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>fesa muito eficiente e tanto os adultos, como os jovens, regurgitam quando são apanhados. O<br />
cheiro que exalam é tão forte que induz ao vômito a pessoa que os apreen<strong>de</strong>. Muitas vezes, grupos <strong>de</strong> urubus<br />
comem os representantes <strong>da</strong> sua própria espécie quando os encontram mortos nas estra<strong>da</strong>s, <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>de</strong> atropelados<br />
pelos carros.<br />
Cathartes aura ruficollis (Spix, 1824)<br />
Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-vermelha (Turkey Vulture)<br />
Esta ave é muitas vezes confundi<strong>da</strong>, pelos leigos, com o gavião, por causa <strong>de</strong> sua aerodinâmica e <strong>de</strong> seu vôo<br />
rápido e planado. Costuma viver em grupos não muito gran<strong>de</strong>s, ou então prefere viver isola<strong>da</strong>. Po<strong>de</strong> perceber,<br />
pelo olfato, até uma pequena carniça (rã) escondi<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s árvores. O urubu <strong>de</strong> cabeça vermelha procura
40<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
animais atropelados nas estra<strong>da</strong>s, principalmente ao amanhecer. Os adultos têm a pele do pescoço e <strong>da</strong> cabeça<br />
<strong>de</strong> cor vermelha, mas a cor dos jovens é negra.<br />
Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga (Pelzeln, 1861)<br />
Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-amarela (Lesser Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Vulture)<br />
Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie anterior, difere, no entanto, pela coloração amarela<strong>da</strong> do pescoço e do alto <strong>da</strong><br />
cabeça. Quando está voando alto, a uma distância em que não po<strong>de</strong>mos perceber o colorido do pescoço e <strong>da</strong><br />
cabeça, esta espécie po<strong>de</strong> ser confundi<strong>da</strong> com a anterior. É muito menos freqüente do que a C. aurea, e seu<br />
método <strong>de</strong> caçar é muito semelhante ao <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior.<br />
ORDEM DOS ANSERIFORMES<br />
Família Anati<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Dendrocygna viduata (Linné, 1766)<br />
Irerê (White-faced Whistling-Duck)<br />
É uma espécie migratória que visita a Caatinga no período <strong>de</strong> inverno. Chega no final <strong>de</strong> março e permanece<br />
até o final <strong>de</strong> setembro. Pequenos bandos po<strong>de</strong>m chegar antes mesmo do inverno, bastando para isso que existam<br />
áreas alagadiças. Reproduz-se na região e já encontramos ninha<strong>da</strong>s com mais <strong>de</strong> 12 filhotes. Muitas vezes,<br />
a cor branca <strong>da</strong> face, do queixo e <strong>da</strong> garganta po<strong>de</strong> ficar suja <strong>de</strong> lama e adquirir uma tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> amarronza<strong>da</strong>.<br />
São aves muito ariscas, <strong>de</strong>vido à gran<strong>de</strong> pressão que sofrem com a caça. Reproduzem-se entre os meses <strong>de</strong><br />
abril/julho e os filhotes são muito parecidos com os <strong>da</strong> espécie seguinte, embora o colar que passa pela nuca,<br />
não chegue até o pescoço. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso700g.<br />
Anas bahamensis bahamensis (Linné, 1758)<br />
Marreca-toicinho (White-cheeked Pintail)<br />
Diversos bandos estão espalhados nas áreas alagadiças <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Reproduzem-se nas regiões on<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>m<br />
construir seus ninhos longe <strong>da</strong> água. O macho é maior e possui uma mancha vermelha mais compri<strong>da</strong> no bico.<br />
Uma ave <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie anilha<strong>da</strong> na Cetrel, foi morta por caçadores em Jequié, no sertão <strong>da</strong> Bahia.<br />
Amazonetta brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Marreca-pé-vermelho (Brazilian Duck)<br />
Espécie <strong>de</strong> porte pequeno, o macho tem o bico e o tarso <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha e a fêmea tem o bico azulado. Quando<br />
estão voando, po<strong>de</strong>mos notar uma mancha branca sobre as asas, tanto no macho, como na fêmea. É comum<br />
em áreas alagadiças <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Vivem em casais ou em pequenos grupos que não exce<strong>de</strong>m 10 indivíduos.<br />
Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento tota390mm, asa 190mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 78mm, tarso 37mm, bico 35mm, peso 390g.
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Sarkdionis melanotos sylvicola (Ihering & Ihering, 1907).<br />
Pato-<strong>de</strong>-crista (Comb Duck)<br />
O pato-<strong>de</strong>-crista não é comum na Caatinga, sendo avistado, às vezes, em pequenos grupos. O macho é bem<br />
maior do que a fêmea, e possui uma gran<strong>de</strong> tuberosi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> sobre o bico, que aumenta <strong>de</strong> tamanho no período<br />
reprodutivo. É inconfundível pelo seu porte e pela sua coloração branca e preta. Voa em fila indiana, sendo que<br />
po<strong>de</strong>mos encontrar, às vezes, na frente <strong>de</strong> todos, um macho adulto com a tuberosi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> sobre o bico.<br />
Cairina moschata (Linné, 1758)<br />
Pato-do-mato (Muscovy Duck)<br />
Esta espécie vem diminuindo bastante no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia, principalmente por causa <strong>da</strong> caça intensiva que vem<br />
sofrendo. Outro fato preocupante é o acasalamento <strong>de</strong> populações selvagens, com populações domésticas.<br />
Sick relata que os filhotes <strong>de</strong> patos <strong>de</strong> origem selvagem são totalmente negros, enquanto que os oriundos <strong>de</strong><br />
populações domésticas são manchados <strong>de</strong> amarelo. Os ninhos são construídos nas cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s árvores, nos<br />
barrancos etc. Os ovos são <strong>de</strong> cor branca e pesam, em média, 55.0 g, e me<strong>de</strong>m 57 mm x 44 mm.<br />
ORDEM DOS FALCONIFORMES<br />
Família Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818)<br />
Gavião-peneira (White-tailed Kite)<br />
É um dos gaviões mais comuns, embora essa espécie não seja abun<strong>da</strong>nte. Po<strong>de</strong> ser visto sózinho ou em casais<br />
que caçam juntos. O gavião-peneira paira no ar como se estivesse pendurado por um fio e fica observando a<br />
sua possível presa: rato, calango ou lagartixa e quando a localiza, fica pairando sobre a presa, subindo e <strong>de</strong>scendo<br />
várias vezes, até chegar o momento oportuno <strong>de</strong> se lançar sobre ela. Freqüenta os campos abertos e<br />
po<strong>de</strong> ser visto na ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, caçando em terrenos baldios.<br />
Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii (Vigors, 1825)<br />
Gaviãozinho (Pearl Kite)<br />
O menor gavião do Brasil, essa espécie é menor do que o Falco sparverius e po<strong>de</strong> ser observa<strong>da</strong> em diversas<br />
regiões <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> pequenos pássaros, lagartixas e calangos. Costuma planar muito alto,<br />
voando em círculos e a essa distância, po<strong>de</strong> ser confundido com uma andorinha. Não é uma espécie abun<strong>da</strong>nte<br />
e o seu ninho tem a forma <strong>de</strong> uma tigela rasa. Desajeitado, o casal toma conta <strong>da</strong> prole e ataca qualquer intruso<br />
que se aproxime do ninho.<br />
Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Águia-chilena (Laughing Falcon)<br />
A águia-chilena ocorre nas regiões montanhosas do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. A fêmea é maior do que o macho. Constróe<br />
seu ninho <strong>de</strong> gravetos e nas fen<strong>da</strong>s dos penhascos <strong>de</strong> difícil acesso. Sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong>
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
cor branca. O filhote mais velho costuma matar o filhote mais novo, ou então, empurra-o para fora do ninho.<br />
Assim, somente um filhote sobrevive. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> pequenos macacos, tatus, aves, cobras. Também captura<br />
filhotes <strong>de</strong> cabras e <strong>de</strong> ovelhas.<br />
Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus (Vieillot, 1816)<br />
Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco (White-tailed Hawk)<br />
Vive em áreas abertas, em territórios <strong>de</strong>marcados pelo casal. A fêmea é bem maior do que o macho. Duas<br />
outras características diferenciam ambos os sexos: a fêmea, quando em vôo planado, exibe o formato <strong>da</strong>s asas<br />
arredon<strong>da</strong>do, enquanto que o macho tem as asas mais estreitas. Além disso, o macho emite um som agudo,<br />
enquanto a fêmea emite um som grave. Esta espécie caça a presa no solo, como: tatu, ,calango, cobras, mas<br />
também po<strong>de</strong> caçá-la em árvores, como o mico, ou em pleno vôo, ou ain<strong>da</strong> em que<strong>da</strong> livre. Inicia o período<br />
reprodutivo em abril, com a construção <strong>de</strong> seu ninho ou a limpeza do ninho anterior, e o filhote sai do ninho<br />
em agosto. Sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos. O filhote mais velho mata o filhote mais novo.<br />
Buteo brachyurus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1816)<br />
Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-curto (Short-tailed Hawk).<br />
Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie B. albicau<strong>da</strong>tus, po<strong>de</strong> ser confundi<strong>da</strong> com ela, embora o seu porte seja menor<br />
e a sua cau<strong>da</strong> seja curta e barra<strong>da</strong>. Não é comum na Caatinga. As observações <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie são raras. Esta<br />
espécie passa por uma fase em que é <strong>de</strong> cor negra, o que ocorre também com o gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco.<br />
Rupornis magnirostris nattareri (Sclater & Salvin, 1869)<br />
Gavião-carijó (Roadsi<strong>de</strong> Hawk)<br />
É o gavião mais comum e conhecido como gavião-pega-pinto. Essa espécie está bem a<strong>da</strong>pta<strong>da</strong> à Caatinga,<br />
mas habita também as áreas urbanas <strong>da</strong> ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo. Sua plumagem é bastante varia<strong>da</strong>, sendo que<br />
alguns indivíduos exibem uma tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> marrom clara que vai até o cinza escuro. A coloração do olho também<br />
varia, po<strong>de</strong>ndo ser amarelo claro ou laranja. O ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e construído <strong>de</strong> gravetos. O<br />
filhote nasce com penugem <strong>de</strong> cor creme. É uma espécie que vem causando um gran<strong>de</strong> transtorno no perímetro<br />
urbano <strong>da</strong> ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Salvador, porque ataca as pessoas que passam pelas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s do seu ninho. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento total 34mm, asa 158mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 144mm, tarso 61mm, bico 27mm, peso 250g.<br />
Buteogallus meridionalis meridionalis (Latham, 1790)<br />
Gavião-caboclo (Savanna Hawk)<br />
É um gavião <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong> porte que vive em áreas abertas on<strong>de</strong> busca o seu alimento: insetos, cobras, lagartixas,<br />
iguanas etc.. É muito comum ser observado no solo, procurando alimento. A coloração do peito e do abdômen<br />
dos imaturos é amarela, risca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> faixas negras. Quando levanta vôo, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar suas longas e largas<br />
asas e seu vôo pesado.
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis (Temminick, 1821)<br />
Gavião-pernilongo (Crane Hawk).<br />
É um gavião <strong>de</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> longa na cor cinza azula<strong>da</strong> e <strong>de</strong> pernas compri<strong>da</strong>s que se constituem na ferramenta<br />
perfeita para apanhar alimentos <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s e no interior <strong>de</strong> bromélias. Já observamos o Mivalgo chimachima<br />
roubar uma rã que tinha acabado ser captura<strong>da</strong> por um G. caerulescens. Freqüenta diversos locais <strong>da</strong><br />
Caatinga, no entanto não é abun<strong>da</strong>nte.<br />
Família Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus (Bangs & Penard, 1919).<br />
Acauã (Laughing Falcon)<br />
Esta é uma espécie <strong>de</strong> falcão muito conheci<strong>da</strong> pelo seu canto, que é prolongado e seguido <strong>de</strong> um som que soa<br />
como se pronunciasse seu próprio nome. Esse canto é ouvido com mais freqüência ao entar<strong>de</strong>cer e ao amanhecer.<br />
Costuma cantar em dueto, quando então um respon<strong>de</strong> ao som do outro. É facilmente reconhecido por<br />
possuir uma máscara negra no rosto que se une ao “boné” negro <strong>da</strong> cabeça. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> cobras e, muitas<br />
vezes, po<strong>de</strong> ser visto voando com uma cobra presa nas garras. Já observamos um casal reproduzindo na fen<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong> um penhasco.<br />
Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Gavião-relógio (Collared Florest-Falcon)<br />
Essa espécie foi avista<strong>da</strong> na Caatinga alta, nas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo. A cau<strong>da</strong> e as pernas são<br />
longas e a cau<strong>da</strong> possui três barras brancas. A plumagem do peito e do abdômen, tanto po<strong>de</strong> ser branca, como<br />
amarela<strong>da</strong>. No interior <strong>da</strong> floresta, po<strong>de</strong>mos observá-la pulando <strong>de</strong> galho em galho, com muita agili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>.<br />
Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Gavião-caburé (Barred Florest-Falcon)<br />
Espécie que ocorre em florestas e na maioria <strong>da</strong>s vezes é percebi<strong>da</strong> pelo seu canto. Dificilmente é observa<strong>da</strong> no<br />
interior <strong>da</strong> floresta. A sua coloração é amarronza<strong>da</strong>. Canta ao amanhecer e se tentamos nos aproximar, <strong>de</strong>slocase<br />
para um outro ponto, sem ser vista.<br />
Milvago chimachima chimachima (Vieillot, 1816).<br />
Carrapateiro (Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Caracara)<br />
É o falcão mais conhecido. Vive nas áreas abertas associa<strong>da</strong>s à criação <strong>de</strong> gado, do qual retira carrapatos e<br />
bernes para se alimentar. Certa vez, um falcão carrapateiro se viciou em tirar carrapatos <strong>de</strong> uma capivara,<br />
chegando a causar um gran<strong>de</strong> ferimento no dorso do animal. Durante muito tempo, voltou ao ferimento <strong>da</strong><br />
capivara, para retirar gran<strong>de</strong>s pe<strong>da</strong>ços <strong>de</strong> carne. É comum observar essa espécie em busca <strong>de</strong> cadáveres nas estra<strong>da</strong>s,<br />
juntamente com o C. plancus e os urubus. Po<strong>de</strong> ser visto com as <strong>de</strong>mais espécies anteriormente cita<strong>da</strong>s<br />
e freqüenta as praias em busca <strong>de</strong> cadáveres. Aproveita-se <strong>de</strong> pesqueiros produzidos pelo homem para capturar
44<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
os peixes apreendidos e também apanham os restos <strong>de</strong> peixes jogados à beira <strong>da</strong> praia pelos pescadores. Os<br />
imaturos têm coloração escura, fortemente barra<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> amarelo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 278g.<br />
Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777)<br />
Caracará (Crested Caracara)<br />
É um dos falcões mais comuns nas áreas abertas e costuma freqüentar as estra<strong>da</strong>s em busca <strong>de</strong> animais atropelados.<br />
Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> minhocas e costuma também ciscar em fezes <strong>de</strong> gado bovino, em busca <strong>de</strong> algum organismo.<br />
Já observamos várias vezes o C. plancus cercando o Falco peregrinus, quando esse último está pegando<br />
alimento no solo, para tentar roubar-lhe a presa. Consegue fazê-lo muitas vezes, mas quando não é bem sucedido,<br />
aproveita as sobras. Os jovens são <strong>de</strong> tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> mais escura. O ninho é como uma tigela gran<strong>de</strong> feita <strong>de</strong><br />
gravetos. Já observamos a postura <strong>de</strong> três ovos <strong>de</strong> cor marrom clara, salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> manchas escuras. Os filhotes<br />
têm coloração preta e amarela. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 460mm, peso 780g.<br />
Falco femoralis femoralis (Temminck, 1822)<br />
Falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira (Aplomado Falcon)<br />
O falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira ocorre em áreas abertas e normalmente em casais que <strong>de</strong>limitam seu território. Alimentase<br />
<strong>de</strong> diversas espécies <strong>de</strong> aves, tais como: Colaptes melanochloros, Guira guira,Leptotila verreauxi e inclusive<br />
<strong>de</strong> pombos domésticos. Aproveita-se dos ninhos <strong>de</strong> outras aves, on<strong>de</strong> realiza a sua postura. Os filhotes<br />
possuem a plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor cinza escuro. Os falcões <strong>de</strong> coleira po<strong>de</strong>m caçar sozinhos ou em duplas. Certa<br />
vez, já observamos um bando <strong>de</strong> pássaros que se encontrava no solo catando alimento e quando perceberam<br />
a sombra <strong>de</strong> um F. femoralis, voaram todos, <strong>de</strong> uma só vez, para um local seguro na copa <strong>de</strong> uma árvore. No<br />
entanto, um Guira guira que <strong>de</strong>colou atrasado, foi pre<strong>da</strong>do em pleno ar. Uma <strong>da</strong>s cenas mais espetaculares<br />
que observamos foi a <strong>de</strong> um casal <strong>de</strong> F. femoralis atacando um bando <strong>de</strong> pombos domésticos: o casal atacou o<br />
bando <strong>de</strong> maneira a separar uma <strong>da</strong>s aves do bando, e <strong>de</strong>pois, separou apenas um pombo. O macho perseguiu<br />
o pombo em alta veloci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, enquanto a fêmea seguia a presa, voando mais baixo, e esperando que o pombo<br />
se cansasse. No primeiro vacilo, o pombo recebeu o golpe fatal.<br />
Falco sparverius cearae (Cory, 1915)<br />
Quiriquiri (American Kestrel)<br />
É um falcão pequeno que vive em ambientes abertos na Caatinga. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> lagartixas, calangos, gafanhotos<br />
e pequenos pássaros. Utiliza-se <strong>de</strong> cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> árvores, cupinzeiros, barrancos, hastes <strong>de</strong> palmeira,<br />
ninhos abandonados <strong>de</strong> Pseudoseisura cristata, fen<strong>da</strong>s nos aparelhos <strong>de</strong> ar condicionado e fen<strong>da</strong>s em edifícios,<br />
como locais <strong>de</strong> reprodução. A sua postura é <strong>de</strong> dois a cinco ovos e o período <strong>de</strong> incubação é <strong>de</strong> 29 dias. Os<br />
filhotes nascem cobertos <strong>de</strong> plumagem branca. Seu dimorfismo sexual é bem acentuado. O macho possui uma<br />
corôa <strong>de</strong> cor cinza no alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça; o espelho <strong>da</strong>s asas é <strong>de</strong> cor cinza e a cau<strong>da</strong> possui, na sua parte final,<br />
uma barra negra <strong>de</strong> cerca <strong>de</strong> 10 mm <strong>de</strong> largura. A fêmea exibe uma tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> ferrugínea e a cau<strong>da</strong> apresenta<br />
diversas listas negras. Tais diferenças po<strong>de</strong>m ser observa<strong>da</strong>s quando os filhotes já possuem uma cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
cerca <strong>de</strong> 10 mm, porque só então será possível observar a barra negra na ponta <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> dos machos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento total 260mm, asa 175mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 125mm, tarso 34mm, bico 13mm, peso 90g. ♂
45<br />
Falco rufigularis ophryophanes (Salvadori, 1895)<br />
Cauré (Bat Falcon)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
O cauré ocorre nas regiões montanhosas do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina e se reproduz nas fen<strong>da</strong>s dos paredões rochosos.<br />
Costuma utilizar um poleiro para observar sua possível presa e caça morcegos ao crepúsculo. O macho é bem<br />
menor do que a fêmea, e são aves relativamente mansas, não <strong>de</strong>monstrando medo na presença do homem.<br />
Po<strong>de</strong>mos nos aproximar bem perto <strong>de</strong>ssas aves, porque elas não se assustam. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
260mm, asa 215mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 210mm bico 14mm, peso 200g♀<br />
ORDEM DAS GALLIFORMES<br />
Família Craci<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Ortalis guttata aracuan (Spix, 1825).<br />
Aracuã (Speckled or Variable Chachalaca)<br />
Costuma cantar ao amanhecer, quando então diversos indivíduos cantam ao mesmo tempo. Essas aves habitualmente<br />
dormem em grupo e várias se empoleiram no mesmo galho. O ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e os ovos<br />
têm a coloração branca. São aves muito persegui<strong>da</strong>s por caçadores.<br />
Penelope jacucaca (Spix,1825)<br />
Jacucaca (White-Browed)<br />
É uma espécie ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção, no entanto, é muito abun<strong>da</strong>nte na Serra Branca on<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong> ser facilmente<br />
avista<strong>da</strong>, muitas vezes atravessando as estra<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> barro no meio <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Constróe o seu ninho <strong>de</strong> gravetos<br />
e a aproxima<strong>da</strong>mente <strong>de</strong> três a quatro metros do solo. Gosta muito dos frutos do juazeiro.<br />
ORDEM DOS GRUIFORMES<br />
Família Arami<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Aramus guarauna guarauna (Linné, 1766)<br />
Carão (Limpkin)<br />
Ocorre ocasionalmente nas áreas alagadiças, no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Vista <strong>de</strong> longe, a ave parece ser to<strong>da</strong><br />
escura, entretanto, a sua garganta é branca e o pescoço e a cabeça são riscados <strong>de</strong> branco. No período <strong>da</strong>s<br />
chuvas, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar muitas <strong>de</strong>ssas aves nas áreas alagadiças e quando secam, as aves <strong>de</strong>saparecem.<br />
Costuma cantar durante a noite e ao amanhecer. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> gastrópo<strong>de</strong>s aquáticos, alimento esse também<br />
consumido pelo gavião-caramujeiro.
46<br />
Família Ralli<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle (Spix, 1825)<br />
Saracura-<strong>da</strong>-praia (Little Wood-Rail)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
A presença <strong>da</strong> saracura-do-mangue (A. mangle) é relata<strong>da</strong> em praias lodosas, mangues e matas adjacentes<br />
(Sick, 1997). Pinto (1964) coletou um exemplar macho <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie na Caatinga, no município <strong>de</strong> Bonfim<br />
(Bahia). Segundo relatos <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>, a A. mangle é uma espécie que não emite qualquer tipo <strong>de</strong> som, sendo<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> sur<strong>da</strong>. Ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, em ambientes secos e distantes <strong>da</strong> água e agrupa-se em<br />
bandos que contam, às vezes, com mais <strong>de</strong> 15 aves. O seu ninho é bastante semelhante ao ninho <strong>da</strong> Arami<strong>de</strong>s<br />
cajanea, em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e confeccionado <strong>de</strong> gravetos. O ninho foi localizado no dia 13 <strong>de</strong> maio <strong>de</strong> 2005<br />
e estava <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s folhagens <strong>de</strong> um pequeno arbusto, distante cerca <strong>de</strong> três metros do solo. A sua postura<br />
consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos que me<strong>de</strong>m 39 mm X 31 mm e pesam, em média, 23,5g, sendo <strong>de</strong> cor branca salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
pintas vermelhas. Detectamos a presença <strong>de</strong> outros dois ninhos nas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s, no entanto, ambos já tinham<br />
sido abandonados. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 320 mm, asa 155 mm, retrizes 65 mm, cabeça 71 mm, cúlmen<br />
40 mm, tarso 54 mm e peso 230 g.<br />
Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea (Müller, 1776)<br />
Três-potes (Gray-necked Wood-Rail)<br />
É a saracura mais comum e o seu canto, muitas vezes é em dueto, quando então uma saracura canta e a outra<br />
respon<strong>de</strong> ao longe. Este canto consiste <strong>de</strong> várias repetições e tem a duração <strong>de</strong> vários minutos, sendo mais<br />
pronunciado ao amanhecer e no final <strong>da</strong> tar<strong>de</strong>. Esta espécie habita locais próximos às fontes <strong>de</strong> água, mas po<strong>de</strong><br />
colonizar em locais distantes <strong>da</strong> água. O seu ninho tem a forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e já presenciamos a postura <strong>de</strong> três<br />
ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca com pintas <strong>de</strong> cor marrom. Os filhotes nascem cobertos <strong>de</strong> uma plumagem negra.<br />
Porzana albicollis albicollis (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Sanã-carijó (Ash-throated Crake)<br />
É uma espécie muito comum nas regiões alagadiças <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>nsa vegetação, preferencialmente em locais on<strong>de</strong><br />
ocorre a vegetação <strong>de</strong> juncos. Vive escondi<strong>da</strong> no interior <strong>da</strong> vegetação e é comum encontrarmos tais aves atropela<strong>da</strong>s<br />
nas estra<strong>da</strong>s quando tentam atravessá-las <strong>de</strong> um lado para o outro.<br />
Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Pinto -d’ água-comum (Rufous-si<strong>de</strong> Crake)<br />
Ocorre em áreas alaga<strong>da</strong>s on<strong>de</strong> a vegetação é <strong>de</strong>nsa. Arisca, é muito difícil <strong>de</strong> ser vista. Ouvimos o seu canto,<br />
no entanto não conseguimos avistá-la. Constróe o seu ninho <strong>de</strong> folhas <strong>de</strong> junco, na parte superior <strong>da</strong> folhagem<br />
do junco. Os seus ovos, em número <strong>de</strong> três, são brancos com pintas castanhas quando estão no período reprodutivo.<br />
Quando nos aproximamos <strong>de</strong> seu ninho, ficam inquietos e saem para <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>da</strong> vegetação, sempre<br />
sonorizando.<br />
.
47<br />
Pardirallus nigricans nigricans (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Saracura-sanã (Blackish Rail)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ocorre nos brejos <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>nsa vegetação e são aves bastante ariscas que vivem escondi<strong>da</strong>s no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação.<br />
São muito difíceis <strong>de</strong> serem vistas, mas são facilmente <strong>de</strong>tecta<strong>da</strong>s através <strong>da</strong> sua vocalização. Além <strong>da</strong> vocalização<br />
tradicional, essas aves também emitem um som muito parecido com o som emitido pelos sapos o que<br />
po<strong>de</strong> confundir o observador e a ave então passa <strong>de</strong>spercebi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Gallinula chloropus galeata (Lichtenstein, 1758)<br />
Frango-d’ água (Common Gallinule)<br />
É o ralí<strong>de</strong>o mais comum e mais freqüente nos ambientes alagadiços, rios e lagoas. Constróe seu ninho no meio<br />
<strong>da</strong> vegetação, feito <strong>de</strong> gramíneas e folhas <strong>de</strong> junco. Sua postura po<strong>de</strong> constar <strong>de</strong> até oito ovos. Quando estão incubando<br />
e percebem a presença <strong>de</strong> um possível pre<strong>da</strong>dor, saem vagarosamente do ninho e na<strong>da</strong>m balançando a<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> e a cabeça, emitindo sons contínuos e quando se acham distantes do ninho, voam <strong>de</strong>sajeita<strong>da</strong>mente. Os<br />
filhotes nascem com uma plumagem negra e exibem uma mancha azula<strong>da</strong> ao redor dos olhos O alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça<br />
é vermelho e a base do bico também. É uma espécie com hábito migratório, que <strong>de</strong>saparece quando secam as<br />
lagoas on<strong>de</strong> habitam e retornam novamente no período <strong>da</strong>s chuvas. Certa vez encontramos uma fêmea caí<strong>da</strong><br />
no solo, feri<strong>da</strong> por um caçador. A seu lado estava um macho que só saiu <strong>de</strong> perto <strong>de</strong>la, quando percebeu a nossa<br />
presença. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 350mm, asa 123mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 64mm, tarso 52mm, peso 400g.<br />
Porphyrula martinica (Linné, 1776)<br />
Frango -d’ água-azul (Purple Gallinule)<br />
Adulto, <strong>de</strong> azul intenso e brilhante, vive escondido <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>da</strong> vegetação, on<strong>de</strong> se reproduz. Difere <strong>da</strong> espécie<br />
anterior, por não se acostumar a ser avistado nas áreas abertas, preferindo sempre a segurança <strong>da</strong> vegetação<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsa. Possui uma coloração azula<strong>da</strong> no escudo acima do bico e as pernas são amarela<strong>da</strong>s. Po<strong>de</strong> ser visto<br />
empoleirado nos ramos e folhagens dos juncos. É uma espécie migratória e muito menos abun<strong>da</strong>nte do que a<br />
anterior.<br />
Família Cariami<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Cariama cristata (Linné, 1766)<br />
Seriema (Red-Legged Seriema.)<br />
Ave pernalta e bastante conheci<strong>da</strong> pelas comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga,alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos, roedores, lagartos e<br />
cobras. O seu ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> uma gran<strong>de</strong> tigela feita <strong>de</strong> gravetos e posiciona<strong>da</strong> a cerca <strong>de</strong> dois a quatro<br />
metros do solo. A sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos. Muitas vezes, encontramos essas aves nas estra<strong>da</strong>s e ao<br />
serem persegui<strong>da</strong>s pelo nosso carro, correm por um bom tempo à frente do carro, e em segui<strong>da</strong> penetram no<br />
interior <strong>da</strong> caatinga. Seu canto po<strong>de</strong> ser ouvido à distância. São aves muito territoriais e <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>m seu território<br />
<strong>da</strong> presença <strong>de</strong> grupos vizinhos.
48<br />
ORDEM DOS CHARADRIIFORMES<br />
Família Jacani<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Jacana jacana jacana (Linné, 1758)<br />
Jaçanã (Wattled Jacana)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
É uma espécie bastante comum e abun<strong>da</strong>nte, na qual o macho é bem menor do que a fêmea, sendo ele o<br />
responsável pela incubação dos ovos. Os ovos têm uma coloração castanha com manchas amarela<strong>da</strong>s. Já<br />
presenciamos a postura <strong>de</strong> até cinco ovos. Na cópula, o macho tenta se apoiar nas costas <strong>da</strong> fêmea, utilizandose<br />
<strong>de</strong> seus longos <strong>de</strong>dos. Esta espécie encontra-se distribuí<strong>da</strong> em rios, lagos e áreas alagadiças <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.<br />
Quando as lagoas freqüenta<strong>da</strong>s pela jaçanã secam, as aves migram para outras fontes <strong>de</strong> água. Os jovens têm<br />
uma coloração amarela<strong>da</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 230mm, asa 120mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 36mm, tarso 59mm, bico<br />
27mm, peso 98/120g.<br />
Família Charadrii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Vanellus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler, 1827)<br />
Quero-quero (Southern Lapwing)<br />
É a representante mais comum <strong>da</strong> família, ocorrendo sempre em áreas abertas. O seu ninho é uma cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong><br />
contendo pouco material e a postura po<strong>de</strong> ser <strong>de</strong> três a quatro ovos, no entanto, já <strong>de</strong>scobrimos um ninho com<br />
sete ovos. Assim que nascem, os filhotes são bastante ativos e quando alertados pelos pais, se escon<strong>de</strong>m no<br />
meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação, ficando imóveis durante longo tempo. Os pais fingem estar com as asas quebra<strong>da</strong>s e se<br />
arrastam pelo solo como se estivessem feridos com o intuito <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>spistar possíveis pre<strong>da</strong>dores <strong>de</strong> chegarem<br />
ao local do ninho ou se aproximar <strong>de</strong> seus pequenos filhotes. São aves barulhentas que estão sempre sonorizando,<br />
quer seja durante o dia ou à noite, principalmente se um intruso entrar no seu território. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento total 340mm, asa 220mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 85mm, tarso 75mm, bico 29mm, peso 260g.<br />
Família Scolopaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Tringa solitaria solitaria (Wilson, 1813)<br />
Maçarico-solitário (Solitary Sandpiper)<br />
São aves migratórias <strong>da</strong> América do Norte, e como diz o nome, são solitárias. No entanto, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar<br />
pequenos grupos contendo até 10 indivíduos. Ocorrem nos rios e nas áreas alagadiças, inclusive nas centrais<br />
<strong>de</strong> tratamento <strong>de</strong> esgoto. São aves nervosas, que estão sempre levantando e baixando a cau<strong>da</strong> e levantando e<br />
baixando a cabeça e muitas vezes introduzem-se no substrato (lama), em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento
49<br />
Família Recurvirostri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Himantopus himantopus mexicanus (Müller, 1776)<br />
Pernilongo (Black-necked Stilt)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Os pernilongos vivem em ambientes alagadiços, lagoas e pântanos <strong>de</strong> água rasa, em pequenos grupos ou em<br />
bandos, que po<strong>de</strong>m conter até mais <strong>de</strong> 100 indivíduos. Alimentam-se <strong>de</strong> pequenos insetos (dípteros), larvas<br />
e vermes. Buscam alimento na superfície <strong>da</strong> água ou no lodo, on<strong>de</strong> enfiam o bico. Na Bahia, na região do<br />
Litoral Norte, o H. himantopus inicia a fase <strong>da</strong> reprodução em meados do mês <strong>de</strong> maio, prolongando-se até<br />
o inverno (setembro), com casos <strong>de</strong> reprodução até meados <strong>de</strong> novembro e <strong>de</strong>zembro. Quando as lagoas<br />
na região secam, a espécie <strong>de</strong>saparece, realizando <strong>de</strong>slocamentos ain<strong>da</strong> pouco estu<strong>da</strong>dos. O ninho po<strong>de</strong> ser<br />
construído nas lagoas, em pequenas ilhas, escondidos no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação (gramíneas) ou em pontos sem<br />
nenhuma vegetação. Embora menos freqüentemente, po<strong>de</strong> ser construído às margens <strong>da</strong>s lagoas. Geralmente,<br />
a forma do ninho se assemelha a <strong>de</strong> um “vulcão”, com a base arredon<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>, altura <strong>de</strong> cinco a <strong>de</strong>z centímetros<br />
e uma <strong>de</strong>pressão no centro. O ninho po<strong>de</strong> ser construído somente <strong>de</strong> lama ou <strong>de</strong> lama e material vegetal<br />
(gramíneas). Esta espécie põe <strong>de</strong> três a cinco ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong>, com diversas manchas <strong>de</strong> cor marron<br />
escura espalha<strong>da</strong>s pelo ovo e mais concentra<strong>da</strong>s no pólo rombudo. Com o passar do tempo, os ovos po<strong>de</strong>m<br />
adquirir a cor marrom, o que <strong>de</strong>ve estar associado ao contato com o substrato (lama). Durante a troca <strong>de</strong> turno<br />
no período <strong>de</strong> incubação, um dos membros do casal chega próximo ao ninho, fingindo que está buscando alimento,<br />
e assim a troca se efetua. Os filhotes <strong>de</strong>ixam cedo o ninho e buscam alimento ao redor do ninho e logo<br />
retornam mas isso somente nos primeiros dias <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong>. Todos do grupo se reúnem para <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>r o território<br />
dos ninhos e simulam ter uma asa ou perna quebra<strong>da</strong>, ou ain<strong>da</strong> estarem muito <strong>de</strong>bilitados e emitem, ao mesmo<br />
tempo, sons estri<strong>de</strong>ntes, provocando uma gran<strong>de</strong> confusão ao redor dos ninhos e dos filhotes para confundir os<br />
possíveis pre<strong>da</strong>dores. Os filhotes, ao primeiro sinal <strong>de</strong> alerta <strong>de</strong> um dos membros do bando, escon<strong>de</strong>m-se na<br />
vegetação ou no lodo, e dificilmente são encontrados. Po<strong>de</strong>m também utilizar suas longas pernas para aju<strong>da</strong>r<br />
na natação.<br />
ORDEM DAS COLUMBIFORMES<br />
Família Columbi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Columba livia domestica (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Pombo-doméstico (Rock Dove)<br />
Esta espécie é doméstica e <strong>de</strong> diversas raças, sendo a mais conheci<strong>da</strong>, a raça belga ou o pombo correio. Os<br />
pombos foram introduzidos aqui e hoje se encontram espalhados em todo o litoral norte. A gran<strong>de</strong> maioria<br />
<strong>de</strong>sses pombos é cria<strong>da</strong> livre e com o passar do tempo vai se a<strong>da</strong>ptando às ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s e torna-se uma ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira<br />
praga, po<strong>de</strong>ndo transmitir uma infini<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> doenças para o ser humano e para outras espécies <strong>de</strong> aves silvestres,<br />
tais como a Columbina talpacoti, uma <strong>de</strong> suas parentes. Já observamos várias <strong>de</strong>ssas pequenas pombas<br />
com tricomoniose adquiri<strong>da</strong>, porque comeram junto com os pombos <strong>de</strong> rua. Os pombos <strong>da</strong> raça belga são<br />
criados com gran<strong>de</strong> cui<strong>da</strong>do pelos apaixonados pela raça e dificilmente transmitem qualquer tipo <strong>de</strong> doença<br />
para o homem.
50<br />
Columba picazuro marginalis (Naumburg, 1932)<br />
Asa-branca (Picazuro Pigeon)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Espécie <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong> porte, como o pombo doméstico, é comum nas regiões <strong>de</strong> caatinga e cerrado a oeste <strong>da</strong><br />
Bahia, aon<strong>de</strong> vem se tornando uma praga por causa do excesso <strong>de</strong> alimento (soja). Quando voa, po<strong>de</strong>mos<br />
perceber uma gran<strong>de</strong> faixa branca em ca<strong>da</strong> lado <strong>da</strong>s asas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 320g.<br />
Zenai<strong>da</strong> auriculata virgata (Bertoni, 1901)<br />
Avoante (Eared Dove)<br />
É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> hábito migratório que aparece em gran<strong>de</strong>s grupos e em <strong>de</strong>terminados períodos do ano,<br />
para reproduzir. Reproduz-se em gran<strong>de</strong>s colônias chama<strong>da</strong>s pombais, on<strong>de</strong> é realiza<strong>da</strong> a postura. Durante o<br />
período <strong>de</strong> reprodução <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie, o povo <strong>da</strong> caatinga costuma invadir os pombais para coletar seus ovos.<br />
Caçam centenas <strong>de</strong>ssas aves, quando elas saem para procurar os bebedouros. Essa caça<strong>da</strong> indiscrimina<strong>da</strong>, frequentemente<br />
reduz localmente essas populações. Também, muitas vezes, as aves batem em fios <strong>de</strong> alta tensão<br />
e morrem. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 210mm, asa 125mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 86mm, bico 15mm, peso 115g.<br />
Columbina minuta (Linné, 1766)<br />
Rolinha-<strong>de</strong>-asa-canela (Plain-breasted Ground-Dove)<br />
A rolinha <strong>de</strong> asa canela é muito comum na Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia e uma <strong>da</strong>s aves mais abun<strong>da</strong>ntes nessa região.<br />
Constróe o seu ninho no solo como a espécie anterior, mas também po<strong>de</strong> construí-lo em ramagens em meio<br />
à vegetação e a uma pequena altura do solo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 70mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm,<br />
tarso 15mm, bico 10mm, peso 30g.<br />
Columbina picui strepitans (Spix, 1825)<br />
Rolinha-branca (Picui Ground-Dove)<br />
É uma espécie comum na Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia; constróe o seu ninho tanto nas árvores, como nos telhados <strong>da</strong>s<br />
residências. É uma <strong>da</strong>s aves mais abun<strong>da</strong>ntes <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 185mm, asa 88mm,<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm, tarso 32mm, bico12mm, peso 44g.<br />
Columbina talpacoti talpacoti (Temminck, 1811)<br />
Rolinha-roxa (Ruddy Ground-Dove)<br />
É uma <strong>da</strong>s rolinhas mais comuns e conheci<strong>da</strong>s. Habita os centros <strong>da</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s e os jardins. O seu ninho é em<br />
forma <strong>de</strong> tigela, on<strong>de</strong> põe dois ovos brancos. Po<strong>de</strong> construir o ninho em menos <strong>de</strong> uma semana. Semelhante<br />
às <strong>de</strong>mais espécies <strong>de</strong>ssa família, <strong>de</strong>posita os filhotes na bor<strong>da</strong> do ninho, que funciona como uma barreira<br />
protetora dos filhotes. Muitas pessoas se acostumam a <strong>da</strong>r alimento a essas aves e assim sendo, a população<br />
<strong>de</strong>ssa espécie nas ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s só faz crescer. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 172mm, asa 90mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 78mm, tarso<br />
17mm, bico 12mm, peso 50g.
51<br />
Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata squammata (Lesson, 1831)<br />
Fogo-apagou (Scaled Dove)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Esta espécie é bem característica por que possui uma plumagem to<strong>da</strong> barra<strong>da</strong> (escama<strong>da</strong>). O seu canto é<br />
bastante conhecido e é do tipo “fogo-apagou”. Quando voa, emite um som característico como o do chocalho<br />
<strong>de</strong> uma cascavél. É uma espécie muito comum e abun<strong>da</strong>nte na Caatinga. O seu ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e<br />
semelhante ao <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior e a sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />
total 223mm, asa 98mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 92mm, tarso 17mm, bico 12mm, peso 56g<br />
Leptotila verreauxi approximans (Cory, 1917)<br />
Juriti-pupu (White-tipped Dove)<br />
Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie <strong>da</strong> L. rufaxilla, difere <strong>de</strong>la por possuir uma cor mais acinzenta<strong>da</strong> no alto <strong>da</strong><br />
cabeça, um anel alaranjado ao redor do olho e pés menos avermelhados do que a L. rufaxilla. Ocorre em ambientes<br />
secos na Caatinga e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas. Quando está voando, po<strong>de</strong>mos ver uma ponta branca no final<br />
<strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong>. Essas aves costumam se juntar aos outros representantes <strong>da</strong> família, para beber água em pequenos<br />
poços <strong>de</strong> água no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 265mm, asa 134mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 103mm, tarso<br />
24mm, bico 18mm, peso 135g.<br />
Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez, 1886)<br />
Pomba-<strong>de</strong>-espelho (Blue Ground-Dove)<br />
É uma ave que não é abun<strong>da</strong>nte e freqüenta o interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. O macho é cinza-azulado e a fêmea é amarronza<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Ambos possuem manchas nas asas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 220mm, asa 118mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 80mm,<br />
tarso 18mm, bico 14mm, peso 70g.<br />
Família Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Anodorhynchus leari (Bonaparte, 1856)<br />
Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear (Lear Macaw)<br />
Esta espécie está criticamente ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção e ocorre nos municípios <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, Canudos, Eucli<strong>de</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong> Cunha, Paulo Afonso e Curaçá. Descobrimos uma nova população entre Campo Formoso e Santo<br />
Sé. Durante muitos anos, a população <strong>de</strong>ssas aves era estima<strong>da</strong> em 170 indivíduos, mas com os trabalhos <strong>de</strong><br />
parceria entre a Fun<strong>da</strong>ção Bio-Brasil, Cetrel e o CEMAVE e através <strong>da</strong> utilização <strong>de</strong> informações <strong>da</strong>s pessoas<br />
<strong>de</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s locais, foi-nos possível <strong>de</strong>scobrir os novos locais <strong>de</strong> dormi<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>ssas aves e hoje a população<br />
está estima<strong>da</strong> em torno <strong>de</strong> 500 aves. Veja o status <strong>da</strong> A. leari.
52<br />
Forpus crassirotris flavissemos (Taczanowski, 1883)<br />
Tuim (Blue-winged Parrotlet)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
É o menor psitací<strong>de</strong>o brasileiro e comum em quase todos os habitats do Litoral Norte, com dimorfismo sexual<br />
bastante acentuado. O macho possui uma gran<strong>de</strong> mancha azul na asa e no uropígio e a fêmea é <strong>de</strong> coloração<br />
ver<strong>de</strong> clara, com um tom amarelado na cabeça e nos flancos. Reproduz-se em pequenos ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores<br />
produzidos pelos pica-paus, e aproveita-se <strong>de</strong> ninhos abandonados do joão-<strong>de</strong>-barro (F. rufus). Na época <strong>da</strong><br />
reprodução, vive em casal e após esse período formam grupos que po<strong>de</strong>m incluir <strong>de</strong>zenas <strong>de</strong> indivíduos. Já<br />
observamos, em mais <strong>de</strong> uma ocasião, indivíduos <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie, totalmente amarelos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />
total 130mm, asa 80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 40mm, tarso 11mm, bico 12mm, peso 28g.<br />
Porhyrrhura maracana (Vieillot, 1816)<br />
Maracanã-do-buriti (Blue-winged Macaw)<br />
Esta ave não é comum no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Raramente avistamos pequenos bandos que não passam <strong>de</strong> 10<br />
aves. A ave tem a fronte e a barriga <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha, um anel branco ao redor dos olhos e o bico negro. Desloca-se<br />
em pequenos bandos em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento na Caatinga e costuma freqüentar paredões rochosos on<strong>de</strong><br />
pernoita, juntamente com outros representantes <strong>da</strong> família.<br />
Aratinga acuticau<strong>da</strong>ta haemorrhous (Spix, 1824)<br />
Periquitão (Blue-Croowned Parakeet)<br />
Possui a testa azul e a cau<strong>da</strong> vermelha. É um dos periquitos mais abun<strong>da</strong>ntes no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, juntamente<br />
com a espécie que se segue. Po<strong>de</strong>mos avistar grupos com mais <strong>de</strong> 50 aves cruzando a caatinga, em busca <strong>de</strong><br />
alimento. Costuma dormir nos paredões rochosos, on<strong>de</strong>, muitas vezes, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar mais <strong>de</strong> 300 aves<br />
voando em círculo, ao entar<strong>de</strong>cer, ao redor dos paredões rochosos locais que utilizam como dormitórios. Durante<br />
a revoa<strong>da</strong> ao redor dos dormitórios, essas aves fazem um gran<strong>de</strong> alarido.<br />
Aratinga cactorum cactorum (Kuhl, 1820)<br />
Periquito-<strong>da</strong>-Caatinga (Caatinga Parakeet)<br />
É um dos periquitos mais abun<strong>da</strong>ntes no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. É ver<strong>de</strong>, <strong>de</strong> peito amarelado e abdômen mais alaranjado.<br />
Reproduz-se em cupinzeiros.Esses periquitos, muitas vezes, atacam as plantações <strong>de</strong> milho, causando<br />
gran<strong>de</strong> prejuízo aos pequenos produtores.<br />
Amazona aestiva aestiva (Linné, 1758)<br />
Papagaio-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Turquoise-fronted Parrot)<br />
É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> papagaio que ocorre nas caatingas <strong>da</strong> Bahia e é especialmente abun<strong>da</strong>nte no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />
Reproduz-se em fen<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> penhascos e em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores. Certa ocasião, encontramos um filhote que<br />
tinha acabado <strong>de</strong> cair do ninho. Esse filhote já estava totalmente emplumado, no entanto, tinha uma anomalia<br />
na asa esquer<strong>da</strong> que o impedia <strong>de</strong> voar. Apesar <strong>de</strong> não estar lista<strong>da</strong> como ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção, em muitas<br />
locali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s do estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia, esta espécie está extinta. O tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais é a sua principal ameaça. No<br />
Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, centenas <strong>de</strong> filhotes são coleta<strong>da</strong>s por traficantes <strong>de</strong> aves, todos os anos.
53<br />
ORDEM DAS CUCULIFORMES<br />
Família Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Coccyzus melacoryphus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Papa-lagarta (Dark-billed Cuckoo)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Difere <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior pelo bico <strong>de</strong> cor negra, pela garganta amarela<strong>da</strong> e pelo rabo longo com três faixas<br />
brancas no lado inferior <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong>, não apresentando, portanto, vermelho na asa, como a espécie anterior. Vive<br />
no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação, e às vezes explora o substrato <strong>da</strong> caatinga. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />
total 270mm, asa 128mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 140mm, tarso 50mm, bico 30mm, peso 46g.<br />
Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linné, 1758)<br />
Papa-lagarta-norte-americano (Yellow-billed Cuckoo)<br />
Coccyzus a. americus é uma espécie resi<strong>de</strong>nte na porção oriental <strong>da</strong> América do Norte (do Canadá ao sul dos<br />
Estados Unidos). Segundo Pinto (1978). Essa espécie migra para o sul durante o inverno do hemisfério norte,<br />
quando visita a América Central e o norte <strong>da</strong> América do Sul, inclusive o norte do Brasil (Pará, norte do Maranhão),<br />
com ocorrências aci<strong>de</strong>ntais nos estados centrais, norte <strong>de</strong> Minas e sul <strong>de</strong> Mato Grosso, e no extremo<br />
sul do país (Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Sul) (Belton, 1973). Sick, 1978, relata a espécie para o Piauí, Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro, Minas<br />
Gerais, São Paulo e Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Sul. Fiúza, 1999, através <strong>de</strong> um apanhado bibliográfico sobre as aves <strong>da</strong><br />
Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, relaciona 283 espécies <strong>de</strong> aves para esse bioma, sendo que a C. a. americanus, não está incluí<strong>da</strong><br />
nesse levantamento. Pacheco & Bauer, 2000, realizou um inventário sobre as espécies <strong>de</strong> aves do bioma<br />
Caatinga do Brasil, e relacionou a C. a. americanus apenas para o estado do Ceará. Lima, 2004, através <strong>de</strong><br />
levantamento <strong>de</strong> campo em vários biomas do estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia, relacionou 280 espécies para o bioma Caatinga<br />
em seus levantamentos, e como nunca tinha registrado a C. a.americanus, este passou a ser o primeiro registro.<br />
A espécie em questão possuía o abdômen <strong>de</strong> cor cinza claro e a mandíbula amarela, características exclusivas<br />
<strong>da</strong> C. a. americanus. Este é o segundo registro <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie para o bioma Caatinga e o primeiro registro para<br />
o bioma Caatinga no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia.<br />
Piaya cayana pallescens (Cabanis & Heine, 1862)<br />
Alma-<strong>de</strong>-gato (Squirrel Cuckoo)<br />
Vive solitária ou em casal e possui uma cau<strong>da</strong> muito longa que chama atenção quando se <strong>de</strong>sloca numa área<br />
aberta. Pula freqüentemente <strong>de</strong> um galho para outro e <strong>de</strong> longe, às vezes, po<strong>de</strong>mos confundi-la com um esquilo<br />
ou mesmo um mico, por causa <strong>da</strong> longa cau<strong>da</strong>. O seu ninho é forrado <strong>de</strong> folhas secas e já encontramos<br />
um ninho <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie construído no topo <strong>de</strong> uma árvore. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento tota 410mm, asa 150mm,<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> 235mm, tarso 38mm, bico 37 mm, peso 104g<br />
Crotophaga ani (Linné, 1758)<br />
Anu-preto (Smooth-billed Ani)<br />
O anu-preto é uma ave bastante conheci<strong>da</strong> pela comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> e vive em áreas abertas ou <strong>de</strong> rala vegetação.<br />
Vive em bandos e já contamos 16 indivíduos num único bando. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos, lagartixas e pequenos<br />
animais e costuma acompanhar o gado como faz a garça-vaqueira, para apanhar o seu alimento quando o gado
54<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
está pastando. Constróe o seu ninho <strong>de</strong> gravetos e embrenhado no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação. Nós já encontramos<br />
ninhos numa altura <strong>de</strong> um metro do solo e seus ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> me<strong>de</strong>m:... Já encontramos uma postura<br />
contendo 40 ovos empilhados. Encontramos também um indivíduo vivendo sozinho durante mais <strong>de</strong> um ano<br />
no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, pátria <strong>da</strong> Anodorhynchus leari. Este indivíduo, que inclusive foi anilhado, vivia perto <strong>de</strong><br />
uma fonte <strong>de</strong> água e quando a fonte secou, ele passou a visitar o nosso acampamento, em busca <strong>da</strong> água <strong>de</strong><br />
nosso suprimento. Peso 96g.<br />
Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788)<br />
Anu-branco (Guira Cuckoo)<br />
É uma ave comum nas áreas abertas, alimentando-se <strong>de</strong> invertebrados, anfíbios e répteis. O seu ninho é em<br />
forma <strong>de</strong> tigela, confeccionado <strong>de</strong> gravetos e forrado <strong>de</strong> folhas. O anu-branco reutiliza o mesmo ninho durante<br />
vários anos, como já observamos. Os filhotes, no primeiro dia <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong>, recebem pequenas porções <strong>de</strong> alimento<br />
que são coloca<strong>da</strong>s no interior <strong>de</strong> seus bicos; do terceiro dia em diante, recebem porções maiores que tanto<br />
po<strong>de</strong>m ser entregues no bico, como também po<strong>de</strong>m ser regurgita<strong>da</strong>s para o interior do bico. Do quinto dia em<br />
diante, os filhotes já se tornam muito competitivos e ao primeiro sinal <strong>da</strong> presença dos adultos, avançam em<br />
sua direção, no intuito <strong>de</strong> conseguir o alimento. A competitivi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> dos filhotes aumenta a ca<strong>da</strong> dia, e os que<br />
conseguem sucesso na apanha <strong>de</strong> alimento, levam vantagem e <strong>de</strong>senvolvem-se mais rapi<strong>da</strong>mente. Do 10° dia<br />
em diante, os filhotes mais <strong>de</strong>senvolvidos usam uma estratégia mais elabora<strong>da</strong> na busca do alimento: posicionam-se<br />
nos galhos acima do ninho, para confiscarem o alimento antes mesmo <strong>de</strong> os pais chegarem ao interior<br />
do ninho; os filhotes menores (menos nutridos), utilizam uma estratégia diferente e ficam no interior do ninho<br />
com a intenção <strong>de</strong> serem alimentados por algum membro do grupo. Essa estratégia não obteve bons resultados<br />
em uma hora e meia <strong>de</strong> observação e pu<strong>de</strong>mos constatar que os adultos trouxeram alimento 10 vezes para os<br />
filhotes que se encontravam fora do ninho, e apenas uma vez para os dois filhotes que estavam no interior do<br />
ninho, sendo que esse alimento foi roubado pelos filhotes maiores que avançaram nele, no interior do ninho.<br />
Do total <strong>de</strong> seis filhotes, um morreu no 8° dia por não conseguir competir por alimento, quatro se <strong>de</strong>senvolveram<br />
bem e dois se encontravam em péssimo estado nutricional. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 96g.<br />
Tapera naevia chochi (Viellot, 1817)<br />
Saci (Stripe Cukoo)<br />
O saci é uma ave “fantasma” que é dificilmente observa<strong>da</strong>. Ouvimos seu canto distante e quando nos aproximamos,<br />
a ave vai se distanciando, embora continuando a vocalizar. Costuma cantar ao amanhecer e também<br />
durante a noite. Certa ocasião, encontramos um indivíduo que cantava durante todo o dia em uma <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong><br />
área. Nós gravamos o som <strong>de</strong>ssa ave e o repetmos num gravador e a ave respon<strong>de</strong>u e voou em direção à fonte<br />
do som. Assim, conseguimos atrai-la para campo aberto. São aves parasitas que colocam seus ovos nos ninhos<br />
<strong>de</strong> outras aves.<br />
Dromococcyx pavoninus (Pelzeln, 1870)<br />
Peixe-frito (Pavonine Cuckoo)<br />
É uma ave difícil <strong>de</strong> ser vista. É mais fácil ouvirmos seu canto que é emitido ao entar<strong>de</strong>cer e amanhecer. O<br />
som se parece muito com o <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior. São aves parasitas que realizam a sua postura nos ninhos <strong>de</strong><br />
outras aves.
55<br />
ORDEM DOS STRIGIFORMES<br />
Família Tytoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra (Gray, 1769)<br />
Coruja-<strong>da</strong>-igreja (Barn Owl)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
É a coruja mais comum e conheci<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> todo o Brasil. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> roedores (ratos), morcegos e pássaros<br />
(nós já observamos diversas espécies <strong>de</strong> pássaros tais como o Turdus, e já <strong>de</strong>tectamos inclusive, esqueletos<br />
<strong>de</strong> Gallinula chloropus). Reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores, torres <strong>de</strong> igrejas, prédios velhos, <strong>de</strong>baixo do telhado<br />
<strong>da</strong>s residências etc. A sua postura po<strong>de</strong> conter <strong>de</strong> dois a cinco ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca. São aves consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong>s<br />
<strong>de</strong> mau agouro no Nor<strong>de</strong>ste brasileiro e muitas pessoas não as suportam, chegando a matar casais e filhotes<br />
quando os encontram. Costumam caçar em terrenos baldios e na boca <strong>de</strong> esgotos lançados nas praias etc.<br />
Existem dois tipos <strong>de</strong> plumagens: uma to<strong>da</strong> amarela e a outra amarela <strong>de</strong> peito branco, mas isso não significa<br />
dimorfismo sexual.<br />
Família Strigi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />
Corujinha-do-mato (Tropical Screech Owl)<br />
É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> coruja pequena. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos e <strong>de</strong> pequenos pássaros; reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong><br />
árvores e a sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca, no entanto, já encontramos várias posturas contendo<br />
três ovos e todos eclodiram e foram criados. Existem duas varie<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> plumagem, uma cinza e uma<br />
avermelha<strong>da</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 233mm, asa 165mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 90mm, tarso 30mm, bico 20mm, peso<br />
120g.<br />
Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788)<br />
Caburé (Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl)<br />
Reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores e já encontramos uma postura <strong>de</strong> quatro ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca pura. No interior<br />
do ninho já pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar penas <strong>de</strong> diversas espécies <strong>de</strong> pássaros que são servi<strong>da</strong>s aos filhotes como<br />
alimento, tais como as <strong>da</strong> Volatinia jacarina e Sicalis flaveola, e também já observamos um rato <strong>de</strong> esgoto que<br />
pesava o equivalente à coruja. Esta espécie caça <strong>de</strong> dia e à noite e apresenta duas varie<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> plumagem:<br />
uma cinza e a outra <strong>da</strong> cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem. Muitas vezes, quando bandos <strong>de</strong> pássaros encontram essa coruja no<br />
seu poleiro durante o dia, reúnem-se num bando composto <strong>de</strong> diversas espécies, para afugentá-la do poleiro.<br />
Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 180mm, asa 100mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 20mm, bico 11mm, peso 68/95g.<br />
Speotyto cunicularia grallaria (Temminck, 1822)<br />
Coruja-do-campo (Burrowing Owl)<br />
É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> coruja muito comum que ocorre nas áreas abertas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, on<strong>de</strong> pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar<br />
gran<strong>de</strong>s tocas escava<strong>da</strong>s na areia, on<strong>de</strong> se reproduz. Pu<strong>de</strong>mos também observar no período reprodutivo, várias<br />
carapaças <strong>de</strong> besouros na entra<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> toca. São ativas durante o dia e, ao que parece, durante a noite caçam<br />
ativamente. Temos observado que, quando escurece, essas aves se empoleiram em cercas e no alto dos postes
56<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
para caçar. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 205mm, asa 170mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 68/85mm tarso 49mm, bico 21mm, peso<br />
150/160g.<br />
ORDEM DOS CAPRIMULGIFORMES<br />
Família Nyctibii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Nyctibius griseus griseus (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Urutau (Common Potoo)<br />
O urutau é uma ave muito comum e conheci<strong>da</strong>. A comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> o conhece pelo nome <strong>de</strong> mãe-<strong>da</strong>-lua. De hábitos<br />
noturnos, esta ave se alimenta <strong>de</strong> insetos capturados em pleno vôo, com a sua “boca” gran<strong>de</strong>. O macho<br />
é bem maior e mais pesado do que a fêmea e costuma ser visto, empoleirado e ereto, na ponta <strong>da</strong>s estacas ou<br />
nos galhos <strong>de</strong> árvores secas. A sua camuflagem é uma <strong>da</strong>s mais perfeitas imitações <strong>de</strong> galho seco já vistas e<br />
dificilmente o urutau é percebido. Põe um único ovo <strong>de</strong> cor branca em cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s na ponta <strong>de</strong> galhos ou <strong>de</strong><br />
estacas. O filhote nasce recoberto <strong>de</strong> uma plumagem branca que, no <strong>de</strong>correr do tempo, vai adquirindo uma<br />
tonali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> cinza clara com manchas brancas. Os filhotes, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> o nascimento até o abandono do ninho, têm<br />
a capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> se pren<strong>de</strong>r firmemente no galho on<strong>de</strong> nasceram. Os pais recobrem o filhote com seu próprio<br />
corpo para protegê-lo do sol ou <strong>da</strong> chuva e também <strong>de</strong> possíveis pre<strong>da</strong>dores. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
340mm, asa 240mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 160mm, bico 16mm.<br />
Família Caprimulgi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Chor<strong>de</strong>iles pusillus xerophilus (Dickerman, 1988)<br />
Bacurauzinho (Least Nighthawk)<br />
É o menor bacurau <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e é facilmente reconhecido pelo seu pequeno porte e por ser um dos poucos<br />
que voa um pouco antes do pôr-do-sol, em movimentos errantes, subindo e <strong>de</strong>scendo, e muitas vezes, voando<br />
em círculo. No princípio pu<strong>de</strong>mos observar apenas um ou dois indivíduos, mas logo em segui<strong>da</strong>, outras aves<br />
foram chegando até formarem um grupo. Ambos os sexos possuem uma mancha branca na asa e o macho possui<br />
a ponta <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor branca. Durante o dia, estas aves dormem em pequenas moitas nas áreas abertas.<br />
Põem seus ovos no solo, próximos à sombra.<br />
Chor<strong>de</strong>iles acutipennis acutipennis (Hermann, 1783)<br />
Bacurau-<strong>de</strong>-asa-fina (Lesser Nighthawk)<br />
Possui asas longas e estreitas com uma faixa branca em forma <strong>de</strong> V . As fêmeas têm a garganta branca. O macho<br />
possui uma mancha branca na parte terminal <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> e costuma voar bem alto no crepúsculo. Aproveitase<br />
<strong>da</strong> revoa<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> formigas e cupins para se alimentar.<br />
Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Bacurau (Pauraque)<br />
É um dos bacuraus mais conhecidos na Caatinga e ocorre em áreas abertas no meio <strong>da</strong>s florestas. Muitas vezes
57<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
são observados durante a noite em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento no meio <strong>da</strong>s estra<strong>da</strong>s, principalmente <strong>da</strong>s estra<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong><br />
barro. O macho apresenta uma faixa branca na asa e as penas externas <strong>da</strong>s retrizes também <strong>da</strong> mesma cor são<br />
visíveis somente quando a ave levanta vôo. A sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> um ovo colocado em meio à folhas secas<br />
e o filhote nasce coberto <strong>de</strong> uma plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor marrom. Realizamos um experimento para comprovar se<br />
os pais carregam os filhotes do ninho e os transportam para outro local, caso alguém os <strong>de</strong>scubra. Colocamos<br />
um cercado <strong>de</strong> ma<strong>de</strong>ira com 15 cm <strong>de</strong> altura ao redor <strong>de</strong> um filhote ain<strong>da</strong> pequeno no ninho, e o acompanhamos<br />
durante duas semanas. Os pais continuaram a alimentar o filhote <strong>de</strong>ntro do cercado, até ele ter condições<br />
<strong>de</strong> levantar vôo. Constatamos então, que os pais não têm capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> carregar o filhote e o que realmente<br />
acontece é que se alguém <strong>de</strong>scobre o ninho com um filhote, os pais emitem sons específicos chamando o filhote<br />
para outro local. Como a coloração do filhote oferece uma perfeita camuflagem, dificilmente po<strong>de</strong>rá ser<br />
percebido no seu novo escon<strong>de</strong>rijo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 275mm, asa 160mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 144mm, tarso<br />
29mm, bico 11mm, peso 56/63g.<br />
Caprimulgus rufus rufus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />
João-corta-pau (Rufous Nightjar)<br />
Esta espécie tem o porte gran<strong>de</strong> e vive na orla <strong>da</strong> mata on<strong>de</strong> costuma pousar em troncos e galhos <strong>de</strong> árvores.<br />
Não é uma espécie muito comum nas campanhas <strong>de</strong> anilhamentos. O bacurau que mais cai na re<strong>de</strong> é <strong>da</strong> espécie<br />
N. albicollis e raramente cai um C. rufus, apesar <strong>de</strong> ouvirmos sua vocalização.<br />
Hydropsalis torquata torquata (Gmelin, 1798)<br />
Bacurau-tesoura (Long-trai<strong>de</strong>n Nightjar)<br />
É uma espécie bastante comum, ocorrendo inclusive, <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>da</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. O macho tem a cau<strong>da</strong> muito longa e<br />
bifurca<strong>da</strong>, característica que é importante para sua i<strong>de</strong>ntificação. A fêmea e os jovens possuem cau<strong>da</strong> curta e<br />
bifurca<strong>da</strong>. Durante o dia esta ave vive escondi<strong>da</strong> no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação, em locais sombreados.<br />
Caprimulgus parvulus parvulus (Gould, 1837)<br />
Bacurau-pequeno (Little Nightjar)<br />
Essa espécie foi acrescenta<strong>da</strong> à lista <strong>da</strong>s aves do Litoral Norte há pouco tempo (2003) e nunca foi captura<strong>da</strong><br />
por re<strong>de</strong> nas nossas campanhas <strong>de</strong> anilhamento. Em menos <strong>de</strong> uma semana recebemos três exemplares <strong>de</strong>ssa<br />
espécie vindos <strong>de</strong> locais diferentes: um capturado em Sauípe, um em Camaçari e o outro veio <strong>de</strong> Salvador.<br />
Costuma pousar em galhos ao anoitecer, para <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>de</strong>slocar-se em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento (insetos). Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento total 219mm, asa 150mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 98mm, tarso 13mm, bico 14mm, peso 40g.<br />
Capraimulgus longirostris (Bonaparte, 1825)<br />
Bacurau-<strong>da</strong>-telha (Band-winged Nightjar)<br />
O macho exibe uma larga faixa branca na asa e na cau<strong>da</strong>, e na fêmea a coloração <strong>da</strong> asa é amarela<strong>da</strong>. São aves<br />
relativamente comuns no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. O seu canto é um assobio fino que po<strong>de</strong> ser ouvido à distância, ao<br />
entar<strong>de</strong>cer. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 230mm, asa 140mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 110mm, tarso 15mm, bico 12mm, peso<br />
49g.
58<br />
Família Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Phaethornis pretrei pretrei (Lesson & Delattre, 1839)<br />
Rabo-branco-sobre-amarelo (Planalto Hermit)<br />
É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> beija-flor que vive na orla <strong>da</strong>s florestas e também visita jardins. Tem uma cau<strong>da</strong> longa on<strong>de</strong><br />
po<strong>de</strong>mos observar o branco na sua parte terminal; sua garganta é cor <strong>de</strong> canela. Costuma entrar rapi<strong>da</strong>mente<br />
nas residências e <strong>de</strong>pois fugir. Em alguns lugares é conhecido como beija-flor-limpa-casa. Os ninhos po<strong>de</strong>m<br />
ser feitos em barrancos ou até mesmo <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> casa ou nas varan<strong>da</strong>s e po<strong>de</strong>m ain<strong>da</strong> ser fixados aos arames<br />
pendurados nos telhados, fios <strong>de</strong> luminária e/ou fios <strong>da</strong> piaçaba utiliza<strong>da</strong> em quiosques. Des<strong>de</strong> o primeiro<br />
dia <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong>, os filhotes, como nas <strong>de</strong>mais espécies <strong>de</strong> beija-flor, agarram-se firmemente ao interior do ninho<br />
e quando tentamos removê-los, abandonam o ninho com 20 dias. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 170mm, asa<br />
59mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm, bico 32mm, peso 6g.<br />
Phaethornis pretrei minor (Grantsau, 1966)<br />
Descrito por Rolf Grantsau através <strong>de</strong> exemplares coletados em Goiás, um exemplar <strong>de</strong>ssa subespécie foi<br />
coletado por ele no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 140mm, asa 54mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 64mm, bico<br />
29mm, peso 3g.<br />
Phaethornis gounellei (Boucard, 1891)<br />
Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-larga (Broad-Tipped Hermit)<br />
É uma espécie muito comum no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, sendo que seu ninho nunca foi encontrado, embora o tenhamos<br />
procurado em diversos locais sem sucesso. Possui o dorso e as coberteiras <strong>da</strong>s asas em ver<strong>de</strong>-bronze,<br />
o supercílio é largo e branco e a garganta é <strong>de</strong> cor ferrugínea com uma mancha negra no centro. As retrizes<br />
apresentam uma larga faixa branca e a mandíbula é <strong>de</strong> cor amarela-esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong>. Em <strong>de</strong>terminados períodos do<br />
ano, a mandíbula adquire uma cor amarela intensa que se esten<strong>de</strong> até a meta<strong>de</strong> do bico, e po<strong>de</strong> ser indicativa<br />
<strong>de</strong> seu período reprodutivo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 120mm, asa 47mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 45mm, bico 26mm, peso<br />
4g.<br />
Eupetomena macroura simoni (Hellmayr, 1929)<br />
Beija-flor-tesoura (Swallow-tailed Hummingbird)<br />
De gran<strong>de</strong> porte, é o mais conhecido dos beija-flores. Ocorre na Caatinga e nos jardins nas ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. De plumagem<br />
azul metálica e com a cau<strong>da</strong> bifurca<strong>da</strong>, esse beija-flor é bastante agressivo, atacando qualquer outro beijaflor<br />
que queira invadir o seu território. O seu ninho é colocado em troncos, <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>de</strong> folhagens e em forma<br />
<strong>de</strong> tigela confecciona<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> teia <strong>de</strong> aranha, líquens e palhas que o beija-flor rouba dos ninhos <strong>de</strong> outros pássaros<br />
(Todirostrum cinereum). Os ninhos se localizam a uma altura que varia <strong>de</strong> 1,5m a 5 m do solo. Durante a<br />
madruga<strong>da</strong>, (05:00 h) costumam cantar em poleiros específicos. Seu canto parece <strong>de</strong> um Tersina viri<strong>de</strong>s e é<br />
respondido por outra ave que se encontra em outro poleiro. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 180mm, asa 70mm,<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> 95mm, bico 23mm, peso 7g.
59<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-veste-preta (White-vented Violetear)<br />
É uma espécie relativamente rara. Temos observado poucos <strong>de</strong>sses indivíduos entre os meses <strong>de</strong> novembro a<br />
março. Com dimorfismo sexual bastante acentuado, o macho, visto <strong>de</strong> longe, parece ser todo escuro, enquanto<br />
a fêmea possui duas faixas brancas <strong>de</strong> ca<strong>da</strong> lado do corpo e o centro escuro. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento tota<br />
64mm, asa 35mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 35mm, bico 23mm, peso 6g.<br />
Chrysolampis mosquitus (Linné, 1758)<br />
Beija-flor-vemelho (Ruby-topaz Hummingbird)<br />
É um dos beija-flores em que o macho é o pássaro mais cintilante, no entanto, a <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>r <strong>da</strong> incidência <strong>da</strong> luz,<br />
po<strong>de</strong> ser percebido como se fosse negro e <strong>de</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> cintilante. A fêmea tem o dorso ver<strong>de</strong> e o mento, o peito<br />
e a barriga <strong>de</strong> cor branca. É uma espécie <strong>de</strong> hábito migratório. O ninho é semelhante ao <strong>de</strong> um E. macroura,<br />
no entanto, é menor. Certa ocasião, Rolf Grantsau estava fotografando essa espécie que estava visitando a<br />
inflorescência <strong>da</strong> Lantana camera, quando um exemplar macho adulto se bateu contra a porta do carro, vindo<br />
a falecer. Isto ocorreu porque tais aves são muito brigonas e sempre uma <strong>de</strong>las está afugentando a outra para<br />
longe <strong>da</strong>s flores, e aí então ocorrem as perseguições em alta veloci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> que as expõem a muitos perigos.. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento tota 100mm, asa 50mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 30mm, bico 18mm, peso 4g.<br />
Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848)<br />
Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho (Glittering-billied Emerald)<br />
É um dos beija-flores mais comuns <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e costuma visitar jardins. Gosta <strong>de</strong> flores bem pequenas. O<br />
macho é <strong>de</strong> cor ver<strong>de</strong> brilhante, a base do bico é vermelha e o bico tem uma crista branca. A fêmea possui o<br />
dorso ver<strong>de</strong>, mento, barriga e ventre <strong>de</strong> cor branca suja. Na Caatinga, costuma construir seu ninho em pés <strong>de</strong><br />
cansanção. Esse local é bem protegido dos pre<strong>da</strong>dores. Já encontramos um ninho com quatro ovos, tendo o<br />
beija-flor reutilizado o ninho e feito uma nova postura sobre outros dois ovos que não eclodiram. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento total 90mm, asa 45mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 25mm, bico 16mm, peso 3g.<br />
Amazilia nigricau<strong>da</strong> (fimbriata) (Elliot, 1878)<br />
Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-ver<strong>de</strong> (Glittering-throated Emerald)<br />
Ver<strong>de</strong> brilhante com infractuais na cor branca pura, mandíbula vermelha e cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor quase negra. Ocorre<br />
na restinga e às vezes visita os jardins. Aparece em certos períodos do ano.<br />
Amazilia versicolor versicolor (Vieillot, 1818)<br />
Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-ban<strong>da</strong>-branca (Versicolored Emerald)<br />
Espécie que ocorre em áreas abertas e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas, possui a barriga ver<strong>de</strong> com uma faixa branca<br />
que se alarga no ventre; o maxilar é cor <strong>de</strong> carne com a ponta escura e o branco <strong>da</strong> garganta é manchado <strong>de</strong><br />
ver<strong>de</strong>.
60<br />
Heliomaster squamosus (Temminck, 1826)<br />
Bico-reto-ver<strong>de</strong> (Long-breasted Starthroat)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
O macho possui a garganta vermelho-violeta-brilhante-intenso, e também possui uma mancha pós-ocular e<br />
uma estria branca no malar. É uma espécie comum no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 128mm,<br />
asa 55mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 36mm, bico 27mm, peso 6g.<br />
Calliphlox amethystina (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />
Besourinho-ametistina (Amethyst Woodstar)<br />
O macho tem a garganta <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha e a cau<strong>da</strong> bifurca<strong>da</strong>; a fêmea é bem menor e possui a garganta branca<br />
com manchas em marrom. É um beija-flor bem pequeno que emite um forte zumbido quando se aproxima <strong>de</strong><br />
uma flor, semelhante ao <strong>de</strong> uma abelha solitária (Mangangá). Muito raro no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />
ORDEM DOS TROGONIFORMES<br />
Família Trogoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Trogon curucui curucui (Linné, 1766)<br />
Surucuá-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-vermelha (Blue-crowned Trogon)<br />
Ocorre na caatinga <strong>de</strong>nsa. O macho tem o peito vermelho, a pálpebra amarela e o alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça em azul<br />
cintilante. A fêmea tem a barriga cinzenta. Reproduz-se em cupinzeiros e tanto po<strong>de</strong>m ocorrer no topo <strong>da</strong>s<br />
florestas, como nas partes baixas, principalmente na caatinga <strong>de</strong> baixa altura. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
245mm, asa 120mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 130mm, tarso 13mm, bico 15mm, peso 52g<br />
ORDEM DOS CORACIFORMES<br />
Família Alcedini<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Ceryle torquata torquata (Linné, 1766)<br />
Martim-pescador-gran<strong>de</strong> (Ringed Kingfisher)<br />
É o maior martim-pescador e ocorre nos lagos, rios e áreas alagadiças. Po<strong>de</strong>mos observá-lo pousado sobre<br />
os fios <strong>de</strong> eletrici<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> que passam por cima <strong>de</strong> lãminas <strong>de</strong> água. Utiliza tais locais como pontos <strong>de</strong> pesca. A<br />
fêmea possui a parte inferior e as coberteiras <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor castanha. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> peixes e muitas vezes,<br />
freqüenta criatórios <strong>de</strong> peixes (tilápias). Reproduz-se em barrancos, muitas vezes longe <strong>da</strong> água. É uma ave<br />
muito barulhenta quando está voando e se <strong>de</strong>slocando <strong>de</strong> um local para outro; sonoriza constantemente.<br />
Chloroceryle americana americana (Gmelin, 1788)<br />
Martim-pescador-pequeno (Green Kingfisher)<br />
É muito comum ser observado no interior <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong>s florestas <strong>de</strong>nsas e sombrea<strong>da</strong>s e habitando córregos e<br />
pequenos rios que cortam as florestas. Também é observado nas margens dos gran<strong>de</strong>s rios.
61<br />
ORDEM DOS PICIFORMES<br />
Família Galbuli<strong>da</strong>e<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Galbula ruficau<strong>da</strong> rufoviridis (Cabanis, 1851)<br />
Bico-<strong>de</strong>-agulha-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-vermelho (Rufous-tailed jacamar)<br />
Habita locais nas proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong> água ou em ambientes secos. O macho tem a garganta branca e a fêmea<br />
tem a garganta ferrugínea. Costuma pousar num poleiro <strong>de</strong> on<strong>de</strong> fica observando sua possível presa. É capaz<br />
<strong>de</strong> ficar imóvel durante muito tempo. Nós já o observamos capturando uma mariposa <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong> porte. Reproduz-se<br />
em barrancos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 230mm, asa 80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 85mm, tarso 12mm, bico<br />
51mm, peso 24g.<br />
Família Bucconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Bucco maculatus maculatus (Gmelin, 1788)<br />
Rapazinho-dos-velhos (Spot-backed Puffbird)<br />
Seu nome <strong>de</strong>riva <strong>de</strong> sua “mansidão”, pois é capaz <strong>de</strong> ficar imóvel no meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação, observando tudo<br />
que se passa ao seu redor. Sua coloração e forma lhe fornecem uma perfeita camuflagem e, muitas vezes,<br />
passa <strong>de</strong>spercebido. Utiliza os fios <strong>da</strong> re<strong>de</strong> elétrica nas estra<strong>da</strong>s como pontos <strong>de</strong> observação. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong><br />
insetos, lagartixas e calangos que apanha no solo. Reproduz-se em buracos que escava em barrancos e a sua<br />
postura consiste <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 200mm, asa 74mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm,<br />
tarso 18mm, bico25/33mm, peso 45g.<br />
Família Pici<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Colaptes melanochloros nattereri (Malherbe, 1848)<br />
Pica-pau-ver<strong>de</strong>-barrado (Green-barred Woodpecker)<br />
Habita áreas abertas e bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. O macho tem uma mancha vermelha na mandíbula.<br />
Reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores que perfura, mas também utiliza ninhos artificiais. É comum vê-lo em copas<br />
<strong>de</strong> coqueiros ou no solo buscando alimento. Temos observado a postura <strong>de</strong> três ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca pura.<br />
Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 300mm, asa 170mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 90mm, tarso 25mm, bico 43mm, peso 200g.<br />
Picumnus pygmaeus distinctus (Pinto & Camargo, 1961)<br />
Pica-pau-anão-pintalgado (Spotted Piculet)<br />
É o menor pica-pau <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e tem o dimorfismo sexual muito acentuado: o macho exibe a cor vermelha<br />
na testa e a fêmea tem a cabeça to<strong>da</strong> negra com pintas brancas. Vive normalmente em casal e costuma fazer<br />
seu ninho em troncos podres on<strong>de</strong> perfura uma entra<strong>da</strong>, larga o suficiente para possibilitar sua entra<strong>da</strong> no<br />
interior do ninho. Já observamos um casal usar o mesmo tronco várias vezes, sempre escavando um novo<br />
ninho. Ocorre no cerrado, na Mata Atlântica e na restinga. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 104mm, asa 53mm,<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> 30mm, tarso13mm, bico 10mm, peso 10/13g.
62<br />
Piculus chryrochloros chryrochloros (Vieillot, 1818)<br />
Pica-pau-<strong>da</strong>-copa (Gol<strong>de</strong>n-green Woodpecker)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ocorre tanto na Caatinga, como na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria. O macho possui um “boné” <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha e uma faixa<br />
amarela que sai <strong>da</strong> base do bico até o pescoço <strong>de</strong> cor amarela e a mandíbula <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha. A fêmea possui<br />
o “boné” e uma mancha na mandíbula <strong>de</strong> cor ver<strong>de</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 210mm, asa 114mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />
74mm, tarso 16mm, bico 20mm, peso 50g.<br />
Celeus flavescens interce<strong>de</strong>ns (Hellmayr, 1908)<br />
Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-amarela (Blond-creted Woodpecker)<br />
Ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s ou no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, é uma ave solitária e não abun<strong>da</strong>nte como as duas espécies anteriores.<br />
Os machos possuem uma mancha vermelha na mandíbula. Não admitem a invasão do seu território por<br />
outro indivíduo <strong>da</strong> própria espécie. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 245mm, asa 140mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 140mm, tarso<br />
23mm, bico 25, peso 95g.<br />
Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus (Reichenbach, 1854)<br />
Pica-pauzinho-anão (Little Woodpecker)<br />
Possui as coberteiras superiores <strong>da</strong>s asas salpica<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong> amarelo. O topo <strong>da</strong> cabeça dos machos é <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha.<br />
Ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total150mm, asa<br />
76//80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 52/57mm, tarso 17mm, bico 15mm, peso 20/26g<br />
Campephilus melanoleucos cearae (Cory, 1915)<br />
Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-topete-vermelho (Crimson-crested Woodpecker)<br />
Essa espécie é rara e dificilmente vista. Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a Dryocopus lineatus, po<strong>de</strong> ser confundi<strong>da</strong> com<br />
ela. Difere porque possui o mento negro e não branco como a D. lineatus. O topete <strong>da</strong> fêmea é <strong>de</strong> cor negra e<br />
o do macho é todo vermelho. Costuma escavar buracos em troncos <strong>de</strong> Craibeira, on<strong>de</strong> faz o seu ninho. Esses<br />
ocos são utilizados por outras aves tais como: Otus choliba, Glaucidium brasilianum, Falco sparverius e Amazonas<br />
amazonas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 270mm, asa 122mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 95mm, tarso 24mm, bico 23mm,<br />
peso 73g.<br />
Família Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Taraba major stagura (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />
Choró-boi (Great Antshrike)<br />
Espécie <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong> porte, apresenta dimorfismo sexual bem acentuado: os machos têm a parte superior <strong>de</strong> cor<br />
negra e a parte inferior <strong>de</strong> cor branca, e as fêmeas têm a parte superior <strong>de</strong> cor ferrugínea e a parte inferior <strong>de</strong><br />
cor branca suja, sendo que ambos os sexos possuem olhos vermelhos. Na Caatinga, ocorre longe <strong>da</strong> água.
63<br />
Sakesphorus cristatus (Wied, 1831)<br />
Choca-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste (Silvery-cheeked Antshrike)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
O macho tem o dorso pardo e o topete negro, enquanto que a fêmea tem o topete cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem. A garganta<br />
e o pescoço anterior do macho são negros. Ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, sendo um pássaro comum na Caatinga<br />
do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 150mm, asa 60mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 24mm, bico<br />
15mm, peso 16/18g.<br />
Thamnophilus pelzeni (Hellmayr, 1924)<br />
Choca-bate-cabo (Planalto Slaty-antshrike)<br />
Ocorre nas restingas altas do Litoral Norte, <strong>de</strong> Sauípe a Mangue Seco. O macho é <strong>de</strong> cor cinza com “boné”<br />
preto e a fêmea é marrom claro com “boné” <strong>de</strong> cor castanha. Ocorre também na Caatinga do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />
Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 153, asa 65mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 58mm, tarso 23mm, bico 16mm, peso 18g.<br />
Thaminophilus doliatus capistratus (Lesson, 1840)<br />
Choca-listra<strong>da</strong> (Barred Antshrike)<br />
O macho tem o corpo negro barrado <strong>de</strong> branco e o corpo <strong>da</strong> fêmea é <strong>de</strong> cor par<strong>da</strong>. É um pássaro bastante comum<br />
na Caatinga, on<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>mos observá-lo sempre em casal, <strong>de</strong>slocando-se no interior <strong>da</strong> caatinga. Macho e<br />
fêmea estão sempre se comunicando através <strong>de</strong> chamados específicos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 183mm,<br />
asa 80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 73mm, tarso 24mm, bico 16mm, peso 30g.<br />
Myrmochilus strigilatus strigilatus (Wied, 1831)<br />
Piu-piu (Striped-backed Antibird)<br />
É uma ave típica <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, on<strong>de</strong> o seu canto é um dos mais conhecidos pelos caboclos. É conhecido pelo<br />
nome vulgar <strong>de</strong> “tem-farinha-ai?”. O macho tem a garganta negra e a fêmea tem o peito estriado. Procuram o<br />
seu alimento no solo <strong>da</strong> caatinga. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 164mm, asa 63mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 30mm,<br />
bico 16mm, peso 19g.<br />
Herpsilochomus pectoralis (Sclater, 1857)<br />
Chorozinho-<strong>de</strong>-papo-preto (Pectoral Antwren)<br />
É uma espécie endêmica na Caatinga e está lista<strong>da</strong> como ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção. O macho tem uma mancha<br />
negra no papo. Esta espécie ocorre tanto na caatinga baixa, como nas matas <strong>de</strong> galeria. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />
total 135mm, asa 51mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm, tarso 20mm, bico 13mm, peso 10/12g.<br />
Herpsilochomus sellowi (Whitney & Pacheco, 2000)<br />
Consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> como ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção, essa espécie foi registra<strong>da</strong> tanto na Caatinga, como nas matas <strong>de</strong><br />
galeria.
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Formicivora melanogaster bahiae (Hellmayr, 1909)<br />
Formigueiro-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-preta (Black-billed Antwren)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Espécie muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a F. grisea, no entanto, a sua cor negra é mais intensa que a <strong>da</strong> fêmea que é facilmente<br />
reconheci<strong>da</strong> porque tem a barriga branca. Difere portanto <strong>da</strong> F. grisea que tem a barriga par<strong>da</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento total 135mm, asa 50mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm, tarso 20mm, bico 11mm, peso 10g.<br />
Família <strong>da</strong>s Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Furnarius leucopus assimilis (Cabanis & Heine, 1859)<br />
Casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro-amarelo (Pale-legeed Hornero)<br />
Esta espécie vive próxima <strong>da</strong> água em córregos e lagos, e possui uma gran<strong>de</strong> faixa branca que sai do loro e<br />
passa pelo olho indo até a nuca. A ponta <strong>da</strong> sua cau<strong>da</strong> é negra. O seu ninho po<strong>de</strong> ser semelhante ao <strong>da</strong> F. rufus,<br />
mas também po<strong>de</strong> ocupar ninhos abandonados <strong>da</strong> Pseudoseisura cristata.<br />
Synallaxis frontalis frontalis (Pelzeln, 1859)<br />
Petrim (Sooty-fronted Spinatail)<br />
Aparece na Caatinga e na capoeira, possuindo “boné”, asa e cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor castanha. Po<strong>de</strong> ser observa<strong>da</strong> sozinha<br />
ou em casal, buscando alimento no substrato inferior <strong>da</strong> mata. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 155mm, asa<br />
72mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 20mm, tarso 20mm, bico 10mm, peso 12g.<br />
Synallaxis albescens albescens (Temminck, 1823)<br />
Ui-pi (Pale-breasted Spinetal)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga, embora não seja muito comum. Tanto po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer em áreas secas, como na proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong> fontes <strong>de</strong> água. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 170mm, asa 56mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 93mm, tarso 20mm, bico 12mm,<br />
peso 14g.<br />
Synallaxis strigilatus strigilatus (Temminck, 1823)<br />
Uipí (Pale-breasted Spinetail)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga, próximo às áreas alagadiças. Uma característica <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie é uma pequena mancha<br />
preta na garganta, visível somente quando a ave está cantando.<br />
Synallaxis scutatus scutatus (Sclater, 1859)<br />
Estrelinha-preta (Ocher-cheeked Spinetail)<br />
Habita o estrato inferior <strong>da</strong> floresta e o seu canto imita o canto <strong>de</strong> um indivíduo <strong>da</strong> espécie S. frontalis. Possui<br />
uma mancha negra na garganta branca e possui uma faixa superciliar <strong>de</strong> cor branca. O seu ninho é construído<br />
<strong>de</strong> gravetos e bem próximo ao solo, tendo a forma <strong>de</strong> um gran<strong>de</strong> cesto, com uma entra<strong>da</strong> na parte superior.
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É muito semelhante ao ninho <strong>da</strong> espécie C. cinnamomea. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 130mm, asa 50mm,<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> 55mm, peso 10g.<br />
Gyalophylax hellmayri (Reiser, 1905)<br />
João-chique-chique (Red-shoul<strong>de</strong>red Spinetail)<br />
Espécie ameaça<strong>da</strong>, endêmica do Nor<strong>de</strong>ste, possui a cau<strong>da</strong> longa e gradua<strong>da</strong> e possui uma faixa <strong>de</strong> cor castanha<br />
sobre a asa. A garganta apresenta uma nódoa negra. O seu ninho é uma gran<strong>de</strong> aglomeração <strong>de</strong> espinhos e<br />
habita no solo <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, on<strong>de</strong> busca alimento.<br />
Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis (Cory, 1916)<br />
Curutié (Yellow-chinned Spinetail)<br />
Vive sempre perto <strong>da</strong> água, dos lagos, <strong>da</strong> beira dos rios e <strong>da</strong>s áreas alagadiças. Vive em casal e costuma cantar<br />
em dueto. O curutié possui uma mancha amarela na garganta que é difícil <strong>de</strong> ser vista. O seu ninho é um<br />
amontoado <strong>de</strong> gravetos, po<strong>de</strong>ndo a entra<strong>da</strong> estar situa<strong>da</strong> na parte inferior. Essa entra<strong>da</strong> é em forma <strong>de</strong> tubo.<br />
Costuma remover as fezes dos filhotes do interior do ninho, e levá-las para longe.<br />
Phacellodomus rufifrons rufifrons (Wied, 1821)<br />
João-<strong>de</strong>-pau (Common Thornbird)<br />
Esse pássaro é reconhecido pelo ninho que constrói com gravetos pendurados e que po<strong>de</strong> variar bastante <strong>de</strong><br />
tamanho. O casal constrói o novo ninho sobre o ninho anterior, <strong>da</strong>í os ninhos serem gran<strong>de</strong>s e volumosos.<br />
Costuma ter um ninho reserva na parte superior, que serve como local <strong>de</strong> dormi<strong>da</strong>. O ninho é confeccionado <strong>de</strong><br />
gravetos cheios <strong>de</strong> espinhos. Apesar dos ninhos serem construídos muitas vezes em locais altos, os pássaros<br />
vivem no solo em casais, e buscam alimento <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s folhagens secas. Costumam remover as fezes dos<br />
filhotes do interior do ninho, levando-as para longe.<br />
Pseudoseisura cristata (Spix, 1824)<br />
Casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro (Rufous Cacholote)<br />
Semelhantes aos <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior, os ninhos <strong>de</strong>ssa ave chamam a atenção. Po<strong>de</strong>mos encontrar vários ninhos<br />
numa mesma árvore, constantemente visitados por diversos indivíduos. O ninho é construído <strong>de</strong> gravetos, às<br />
vezes tão gran<strong>de</strong>s, que a ave tem dificul<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> em carregá-los para o ninho. Em certa ocasião, presenciamos um<br />
individuo <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie tentando carregar uma gran<strong>de</strong> pena primária <strong>de</strong> um urubu e sempre que voava, era<br />
impulsionado para trás pela força do vento. Os filhotes, antes <strong>de</strong> abandonarem o ninho, possuem a testa <strong>de</strong><br />
cor acinzenta<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Xenops rutilans rutilans (Temminck, 1821)<br />
Bico-virado-carijó (Streaked Xenops )<br />
Semelhante ao X. minutus, po<strong>de</strong> às vezes ocorrer juntos na mesma mata. Difere <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior por ser
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maior e porque a parte inferior do corpo é estria<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> branco. O comportamento <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie assemelha-se<br />
ao <strong>da</strong> anterior. Peso 11g.<br />
Megaxenops parnaguae (Reiser, 1905)<br />
Bico-virado-<strong>da</strong>-Caatinga (Great Xenops)<br />
Uma <strong>da</strong>s características mais marcantes <strong>de</strong>sse pássaro, é a forma do seu bico. É forte e arrebitado, assemelhando-se<br />
aos bicos do gênero Xenops. Possui a plumagem cor-<strong>de</strong>-canela e a garganta <strong>de</strong> cor branca. Anteriormente,<br />
essa espécie estava lista<strong>da</strong> como ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> extinção por falta <strong>de</strong> informações sobre seu status, mas<br />
não é rara na Caatinga do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 165mm, tarso 18mm, bico 15mm,<br />
peso 26g.<br />
Família <strong>da</strong>s Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri (Helmayr, 1917)<br />
Arapaçu-ver<strong>de</strong> (Olivaceous Woodcreeper)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga e na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria. É uma espécie muito comum, po<strong>de</strong>ndo ser observa<strong>da</strong> pousa<strong>da</strong> verticalmente<br />
nos troncos <strong>da</strong>s árvores ou se locomovendo <strong>de</strong> uma árvore para a outra. Possui o dorso ver<strong>de</strong> e uma<br />
mancha negra nas asas, que é bem visível quando a ave voa. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 67mm,<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> 65mm, tarso 15mm, bico 11mm, peso 12/14g.<br />
Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae (Bangs & Pernard)<br />
Arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-branco (Straight-billed Woodcreeper)<br />
É uma espécie comum na Caatinga. Reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores e em ninhos artificiais <strong>de</strong> PVC. Esta ave<br />
coloca várias cascas <strong>de</strong> árvore secas no interior do ninho. Os ovos são dois, geralmente <strong>de</strong> cor branca, pesando<br />
5,6g e medindo 26 X 19 mm. O período <strong>de</strong> incubação é <strong>de</strong> 18 dias. Os filhotes nascem com uma plumagem<br />
negra cobrindo o dorso e o alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça. O bico e o interior do bico são <strong>de</strong> cor amarelo forte, mas, com o<br />
passar do tempo, são tingidos <strong>de</strong> vermelho. Os filhotes, antes <strong>de</strong> abandonarem o ninho, se comunicam com os<br />
pais emitindo sons muito característicos.<br />
Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae (Hellmayr, 1903)<br />
Arapaçu-do-cerrado (Norrow-billed Woodcreeper)<br />
Esta espécie ocorre no cerrado e na restinga do Litoral Norte, sempre ocupando locais on<strong>de</strong> as árvores são<br />
esparsas. Possui uma gran<strong>de</strong> faixa supra-ocular e a parte inferior é <strong>de</strong> cor branca pura. Esta ave é observa<strong>da</strong>,<br />
muitas vezes, <strong>de</strong>slocando-se <strong>de</strong> uma árvore para outra em campo aberto. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 220mm,<br />
asa 95mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 82mm, tarso 20mm, bico 34mm, peso 30g.
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Lepidocolaptes fuscus brevirostris (Pinto, 1938)<br />
Arapaçu-rajado (Lesser Woodcreeper)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ocorre na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria <strong>da</strong> Caatinga alta e possui uma gran<strong>de</strong> mancha superciliar amarela<strong>da</strong>. Ocorre associa<strong>da</strong><br />
a bandos mistos, em diversos estratos <strong>da</strong> floresta. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 225mm, asa 90mm,<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> 74mm, tarso 20mm, bico 33mm, peso 32g.<br />
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris omissus (Pinto, 1933)<br />
Arapaçu-beija-flor (Curve-billed Scythebill)<br />
Possui o bico gran<strong>de</strong>, curvado e <strong>de</strong> cor avermelha<strong>da</strong>. Ocorre na Caatinga <strong>de</strong>nsa do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina e vive<br />
solitária ou em casal, buscando o seu alimento nos troncos <strong>da</strong>s árvores. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 250mm,<br />
asa 98mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 80mm, tarso 20mm, bico 55mm, peso 38g.<br />
Família <strong>da</strong>s Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Camptostoma obsoletum cinerascens (Wied, 1831)<br />
Risadinha (Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga e na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria, nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas e nos jardins. Um dos seus cantos é muito característico<br />
e assemelha-se a uma “risa<strong>da</strong>”, e o outro se parece com o canto <strong>da</strong> Euphonia chlorotica. Vive sempre<br />
em casal e po<strong>de</strong> freqüentar os mais diversos estratos <strong>da</strong> floresta, vivendo quase ao nível do solo na Caatinga.<br />
Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 110mm, asa 48mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 37mm, tarso 13mm, bico 8mm, peso 7g.<br />
Phaeomyias murina murina (Spix, 1825)<br />
Bagageiro (Mouse-colored Tyrannulet)<br />
É uma espécie muito difícil <strong>de</strong> ser observa<strong>da</strong>, porque vive junto à espécie Elaenia cristata na Caatinga e nas<br />
bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas e não é abun<strong>da</strong>nte. Po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer inclusive nos jardins. Possue duas faixas <strong>de</strong> cor marrom nas<br />
coberteiras <strong>da</strong>s asas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 140mm, asa 64mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 32mm, bico 10mm, peso 11g.<br />
Sublegatus mo<strong>de</strong>stus mo<strong>de</strong>stus (Wied, 1831)<br />
Sertanejo (Southern Scrub-Flycatcher)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga rala, sendo rara. Parece uma pequena Elaenia, no entanto, não possui topete, e tem uma<br />
pequena mancha branca atrás do olho, o mento é cinza e a barriga amarela. Possui duas faixas brancas na asa.<br />
Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 130mm, asa 55mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 55mm, tarso 18mm, bico 9mm, peso 9g.<br />
Myiopagis viridicata viridicata (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
(Greenish Elaenia)<br />
Tem o ventre amarelado e um penacho amarelo no alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça. Na Caatinga, essa espécie é migratória,
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ocorrendo em gran<strong>de</strong>s grupos que se juntam à espécie Elaenia albiceps, também migratória. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />
total 130mm, asa 61mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 55mm, bico 7mm, peso 14g.<br />
Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822)<br />
Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-amarela (Yellow-belli<strong>de</strong>d Elaenia)<br />
É uma espécie muito comum e ocorre em diversos ecossistemas. Possui um topete branco que, muitas vezes, é<br />
tão diminuto que só é visto quando o pássaro está nas nossas mãos. O seu canto é bem característico e ocorre<br />
com outras espécies do gênero, como a Elaenia cristata. Possui duas faixas brancas nas asas. O seu ninho é em<br />
forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e po<strong>de</strong> assemelhar-se aos ninhos <strong>de</strong> beija-flores confeccionados <strong>de</strong> teias <strong>de</strong> aranha e líquens. A<br />
sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos brancos com diversas manchas <strong>de</strong> cor marrom nos pólos, pesando em média<br />
2.9 g e medindo 21mm X 16mm. O filhote nasce coberto por uma plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor cinza. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />
total 173mm, asa 82mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 67mm, tarso 20mm, bico 11mm, peso 23g.<br />
Elaenia cristata cristata (Pelzeln, 1868)<br />
Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-topete-uniforme (Plain-crested Elaenia)<br />
Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie anterior, inclusive convivendo com ela no mesmo habitat, difere pelo seu canto<br />
e por não possuir o penacho na cor branca, e sim, na cor escura. O seu ninho é construído em forquilhas e é<br />
menos elaborado que o <strong>de</strong> E. flavogaster. É a espécie mais comum e abun<strong>da</strong>nte na restinga e alimenta-se <strong>de</strong><br />
vários frutos ali existentes. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 155mm, asa 65mm, cau<strong>da</strong> , tarso 18mm, bico 10mm,<br />
peso 17g.<br />
Elaenia albiceps chilensis (Hellmayr, 1927)<br />
Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-crista-branca (White-crested Elaenia)<br />
Elaenia albiceps é um migrante austral que viaja do Cone Sul até os An<strong>de</strong>s colombianos e Região Amazônica<br />
(Sick, 1997). Os nossos <strong>da</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> captura e <strong>de</strong> observação <strong>da</strong> espécie na Caatinga do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (Jeremoabo)<br />
<strong>de</strong>tectaram essa espécie entre os meses <strong>de</strong> abril, maio e junho <strong>de</strong> 2002, o que indica o pico <strong>de</strong> migração<br />
<strong>da</strong> espécie na região. Depois <strong>de</strong>sse período, as aves abandonaram a área por completo. Nas campanhas <strong>de</strong><br />
anilhamento realiza<strong>da</strong>s no mês <strong>de</strong> fevereiro <strong>de</strong> 2003, capturamos quatro aves <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie na floresta semi<strong>de</strong>cidual,<br />
sugerindo que alguns indivíduos chegam à região em meados <strong>de</strong> fevereiro. Nas campanhas <strong>de</strong> anilhamento<br />
realiza<strong>da</strong>s no ano <strong>de</strong> 2002 na Serra Branca, <strong>de</strong> abril a junho foram captura<strong>da</strong>s e anilha<strong>da</strong>s 228 aves<br />
<strong>de</strong>sta espécie. Nossos <strong>da</strong>dos preliminares apontam para uma extensão temporal <strong>da</strong> espécie durante a migração<br />
para a região Nor<strong>de</strong>ste, que, segundo Marini e Cavalcanti (1990), são entre maio e julho. É bem característica<br />
por causa <strong>da</strong> gran<strong>de</strong> quanti<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> branco no topete, no entanto, os jovens, muitas vezes, po<strong>de</strong>m não possui-lo.<br />
Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 72mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 18mm, bico 9mm, peso 17g.<br />
Elaenia spectabillis espectabilis (Pelzeln, 1868)<br />
Guaracava-gran<strong>de</strong> (Large Elaenia)<br />
Pássaro <strong>de</strong> porte gran<strong>de</strong>, topete pequeno e raramente branco, possui no entanto, três faixas esbranquiça<strong>da</strong>s na<br />
asa. Ocorre tanto na Caatinga, como na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria.
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Stigmatura napensis (Chpman, 1926)<br />
Papa-mosca-do-sertão<br />
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É uma espécie muito comum no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer tanto na Caatinga rala, como na Caatinga<br />
fecha<strong>da</strong>. Possui pernas altas e finas, cau<strong>da</strong> longa e gradua<strong>da</strong>, o peito é amarelado. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
135mm, asa. 62mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 16mm, bico 10mm, peso 11g.<br />
Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)<br />
Sebinho-<strong>de</strong>-olho-<strong>de</strong>-ouro (Pearly-vented tody-Tyrant)<br />
Habita a Caatinga do Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. A coloração do olho po<strong>de</strong> ser bastante varia<strong>da</strong>: os jovens possuem<br />
os olhos escuros e já observamos adultos, no período reprodutivo, com olhos <strong>de</strong> cor amarelo-laranja. O seu<br />
ninho é pendurado, semelhante ao do Todirostrum, no entanto, é construído bem próximo ao solo. Em certa<br />
ocasião, pu<strong>de</strong>mos acompanhar um casal <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> a construção do seu ninho até perto <strong>da</strong> eclosão<br />
dos ovos. Esse casal mostrou-se bastante atípico: o ninho foi fixado num pé <strong>de</strong> cactus, distante cerca <strong>de</strong> 10<br />
cm do solo, em uma área aberta e muito ensolara<strong>da</strong>. Observamos que o casal só realizava o choco durante os<br />
horários em que o sol tinha baixado e a temperatura caído, <strong>de</strong> 16:00 h <strong>de</strong> um dia até 08:300 do dia seguinte.<br />
Medimos a temperatura <strong>da</strong> areia (o ninho em questão foi construído em uma duna) durante o horário do sol<br />
quente e observamos que a temperatura do solo estava em torno <strong>de</strong> 60 C e a temperatura no interior do ninho<br />
estava em <strong>de</strong> 38º C. Acompanhamos a incubação por cerca <strong>de</strong> 20 dias e <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>de</strong>sse período <strong>de</strong> tempo, o casal<br />
abandonou o ninho. Quando abrimos os ovos, os filhotes já estavam próximos <strong>de</strong> eclodir. É preciso estu<strong>da</strong>r<br />
mais esse fenômeno em condições semelhantes, para chegarmos a uma conclusão se este foi um fato isolado<br />
ou se realmente essas aves se utilizam <strong>da</strong> temperatura do sol para economizar energia. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />
total 110mm, asa 45mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 35mm, tarso 20mm, bico 11mm, peso 7g.<br />
Todirostrum cinereum cearae (Cory, 1916)<br />
Relógio (Commom Tody-Flycatcher)<br />
Durante o período <strong>de</strong> estudo, <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>zembro a março, foi-nos possível localizar 23 ninhos <strong>da</strong> espécie T. cinereum<br />
e colher <strong>da</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> 22. Um dos ninhos que estava a 8m do solo, fixado e colocado em um dos ramos <strong>de</strong><br />
Pitecelobium sp, e foi o único que não foi sistematicamente acompanhado, nem manipulado para aferição dos<br />
<strong>da</strong>dos morfométricos dos ovos ou dos filhotes. Cherie (1890) apresentou <strong>da</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> ninhos acompanhados entre<br />
abril a maio na Costa Rica. Skutch (1930) encontrou ninhos entre março e junho no Panamá, Haverschimidt<br />
(1978) acompanhou ninhos <strong>de</strong> julho a agosto no Suriname. Richmond apud Skutch (1930) relata ninhos com<br />
ovos em março na Nicarágua e Carriker apud Skutch (1930) registrou ninhos entre abril a julho na Costa Rica.<br />
Cruz & Andrews registraram a ocorrência <strong>de</strong> 52 ninhos na Venezuela <strong>de</strong> maio a outubro, com picos <strong>de</strong> junho<br />
(N=26) a agosto (N=15).<br />
Como relatado por Skutch, (1960), a construção <strong>de</strong> ninhos na área <strong>da</strong> Cetrel para 20 casais, foi realiza<strong>da</strong> por<br />
dois indivíduos. A ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> construção <strong>de</strong> ca<strong>da</strong> membro do casal se realizava quando o macho estava<br />
presente e a a fêmea ausente ou vice versa, ou ain<strong>da</strong> simultâneamente, quando ambos estavam presentes no<br />
ninho, realizando a manipulação <strong>de</strong> materiais (Fotos 7, 8, 9, 10 e 11). Outro caso era os dois estarem sobre o<br />
ninho, mas apenas um <strong>de</strong>les trabalhando na construção.<br />
O período <strong>de</strong> construção <strong>da</strong> parte externa do ninho <strong>de</strong> um casal que teve seu ninho pre<strong>da</strong>do, levou 28 dias. A
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partir <strong>de</strong> então, o casal iniciou a conclusão <strong>da</strong> câmara interna. Skutch (1930), apresentando <strong>da</strong>dos <strong>de</strong> ninhos do<br />
Panamá, relatou que a câmara interna tinha sido a parte <strong>de</strong> construção que havia tomado mais tempo.<br />
A construção <strong>de</strong> um outro ninho completo na área <strong>da</strong> Cetrel, levou 32 dias. Nesse mesmo período, uma Columbina<br />
talpacoti construiu seu ninho, incubou e criou seus filhotes. A T. cinereum <strong>de</strong>spen<strong>de</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>rável tempo<br />
durante a reprodução, principalmente com relação à construção do ninho. Segundo Skutch (1960), a média<br />
<strong>de</strong> construção <strong>de</strong> ninhos na América Central é <strong>de</strong> quatro a cinco semanas, embora alguns casais possam levar<br />
menos tempo, principalmente quando a construção se realiza <strong>de</strong>pois do abandono <strong>de</strong> um ninho pre<strong>da</strong>do.<br />
Dos 23 ninhos localizados, 15 estavam totalmente expostos à incidência do sol durante todo o dia e oito eram<br />
protegidos pela vegetação. Com relação à proximi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> água no raio <strong>de</strong> até 100m, sete foram encontrados<br />
nessa faixa e 16 fora <strong>de</strong>la e apenas três estavam parcialmente sobre uma lâmina <strong>de</strong> água.<br />
Do total <strong>de</strong> ninhos encontrados, 20 foram acompanhados até a pre<strong>da</strong>ção ou vôo dos filhotes. Desses, em 2<br />
<strong>de</strong>les (10%), os adultos obtiveram sucesso, 12 (60%) foram pre<strong>da</strong>dos, cinco (20%) foram abandonados e um<br />
foi encontrado no solo. Do total <strong>de</strong> ninhos consi<strong>de</strong>rados pre<strong>da</strong>dos, em seis <strong>de</strong>les (50%) os ovos sumiram, cinco<br />
(41,7%) já estavam concluídos e sem ovos, e um (01) estava em construção. À exceção <strong>de</strong> um (01) ninho,<br />
todos os outros consi<strong>de</strong>rados pre<strong>da</strong>dos apresentaram modificações na estrutura e na forma, principalmente na<br />
parte externa, sugerindo a manipulação por mamíferos. Entre os mamíferos, os potenciais pre<strong>da</strong>dores nessa<br />
área <strong>de</strong> estudo são: Callithrix jacchus, Di<strong>de</strong>lphis albiventer e possivelmente outros marsupiais menores (Marmosa<br />
sp), além <strong>de</strong> pequenos roedores. Suspeitamos que a Piaya cayana seja também um pre<strong>da</strong>dor <strong>de</strong> ovos<br />
<strong>da</strong> espécie T. cinereum. Outra possibili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> para os agentes modificadores dos ninhos é a presença <strong>de</strong> aves<br />
pilhadoras, como, por exemplo, a Pitangus sulphuratus. É possível que o único ninho com ovos e sem sinais<br />
<strong>de</strong> manipulação, tenha sido pre<strong>da</strong>do por uma serpente.<br />
Mais cinco ninhos concluídos foram abandonados, mas sem nenhum sinal <strong>de</strong> manipulação por pre<strong>da</strong>dor e por<br />
isso não foram consi<strong>de</strong>rados pre<strong>da</strong>dos. Desses ninhos, três estavam vazios, um tinha dois ovos e um filhote e<br />
o terceiro tinha três ovos. Desse ninho, foi encontrado um ovo no solo, mas os adultos permaneceram incubando.<br />
Após quatro dias <strong>de</strong>ste achado, o ninho foi abandonado. Como não havia nenhum vestígio no ninho que<br />
pu<strong>de</strong>sse sugerir a sua remoção por um pre<strong>da</strong>dor, po<strong>de</strong>mos supor que tenham sido removidos pelos adultos. Os<br />
ninhos que foram abandonados sem sinais <strong>de</strong> manipulação por pre<strong>da</strong>dores, é possível que a causa <strong>de</strong> abandono<br />
tenha sido a nossa intervenção <strong>de</strong> inspeção.<br />
Dados morfométricos<br />
De 1991 a 2005, capturou-se e anilhou-se 32 T. cinereum, 10 na área <strong>de</strong> estudo e 22 na área <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, em<br />
Jeremoabo, na Bahia. Abaixo, especificamos <strong>da</strong>dos sobre tais indivíduos. Haverschimidt (1952) encontrou<br />
machos e fêmeas <strong>de</strong> 6.9g a 6.6g, respectivamente, no Suriname.<br />
Tabela 1. Variação média e <strong>de</strong>svio padrão dos <strong>da</strong>dos morfométricos <strong>de</strong> T. cinereum adultos, capturados em<br />
Camaçari e Jeremoabo, na Bahia. Peso em gramas e comprimento em mm.<br />
Peso (N=16)<br />
Asa (N=9)<br />
Retriz (N=7)<br />
Bico (N=9)
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Tarso (N=9)<br />
5,6 ± 0,95<br />
38 ±3<br />
31,5 ± 0,5<br />
12,15 ± 0,25<br />
18,3± 0,2<br />
Ninhos<br />
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A altura média dos ninhos com relação ao solo é <strong>de</strong> 2,6m (± 1,4, N=21). A média dos <strong>da</strong>dos morfométricos<br />
dos ninhos (N=5) é a seguinte: altura <strong>de</strong> 290 mm (±36,05); largura frontal <strong>de</strong> 67,6mm (± 2,5); largura lateral<br />
<strong>de</strong> 85 mm (± 16,86); altura <strong>da</strong> parte superior à entra<strong>da</strong> 105 mm (± 47,1); altura <strong>da</strong> parte abaixo <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong> 189<br />
mm (± 35,07); largura <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong> 27,6mm (± 2,88); altura <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong> 26,6mm (± 4,21). A média <strong>de</strong> peso dos<br />
cinco ninhos é igual a 14,17g (± 1,95).<br />
Os ninhos eram fixados aos ramos secos ou ver<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> 13 espécies botânicas (Tabela 2).<br />
O diâmetro médio <strong>da</strong>s hastes (N=17) é <strong>de</strong> 2,85cm (±1,46). Do total, três ninhos foram fixados à hastes secas e<br />
14 aos ramos ver<strong>de</strong>s. O diâmetro médio <strong>da</strong>s hastes secas é igual a 2,58cm (± 1,24) e dos ramos ver<strong>de</strong>s é igual<br />
a 2,68cm (± 1,29).<br />
A menor distância entre os ninhos ativos é <strong>de</strong> 30m, sendo um dos ninhos com ovo e o outro em construção.<br />
As peças que compõem os ninhos <strong>da</strong> espécie T. cinereum são muito diversas, tanto em tamanho, como em<br />
tipo, e são influencia<strong>da</strong>s pelo ambiente ao redor. Encontramos folhas secas e talos <strong>de</strong> gramíneas, fragmentos e<br />
folhas inteiras <strong>de</strong> Melastomataceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Compositae, fibras <strong>de</strong> Elaeis guineensis L., gavinhas<br />
<strong>de</strong> Passiflora sp, e diversas sementes secas. Raramente registramos material vegetal ver<strong>de</strong> nos ninhos,<br />
mesmo nos recém construídos. Material antrópico foi adicionado para a confecção <strong>de</strong> alguns ninhos, como<br />
algodão, papel e linha <strong>de</strong> nylon.<br />
A câmara interna po<strong>de</strong> ser forra<strong>da</strong> por penas <strong>de</strong> Thraupis sayaca, Anas bahamensis, Columbina talpacoti, Sicalis<br />
flaveola e Fluvicola nengeta. Dois ninhos tiveram suas câmaras internas forra<strong>da</strong>s por um material macio<br />
que reveste as sementes <strong>de</strong> uma planta exótica. A maior peça encontra<strong>da</strong> no ninho <strong>de</strong> T. cinereum foi uma folha<br />
fina <strong>de</strong> gramínea com 59 cm, porém há peças que po<strong>de</strong>m ter menos <strong>de</strong> 1 cm, como, por exemplo, sementes<br />
quase imperceptíveis à observação quando os adultos estão construindo o ninho. Foram encontra<strong>da</strong>s folhas<br />
secas <strong>de</strong> até 35 mm x 25 mm.<br />
Registrou-se a direção <strong>de</strong> entra<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 20 ninhos, dos quais sete (07) apresentaram a orientação <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong><br />
volta<strong>da</strong> para o quadrante I, cinco (05) para o quadrante II e IV e três (03) para o quadrante III.<br />
Ovos, incubação e saí<strong>da</strong> do ninho.<br />
Foram registrados ninhos com três ovos (N=5), dois (N=4) e com um ovo (N=2).<br />
Os <strong>da</strong>dos sobre os ninhos <strong>da</strong> América Central indicam a existência <strong>de</strong> ninhos com três ou dois ovos, sendo o<br />
<strong>de</strong> três o mais comum (Cherie, 1890; Skutch, 1930, 1945, 1960; Haverschimidt, 1978). É possível que os nin-
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hos com um ovo, encontrados na área <strong>da</strong> Cetrel, tenham sido abandonados. A média <strong>de</strong> peso dos ovos (N=26)<br />
era <strong>de</strong> 1,08g (±0,15) e a média <strong>de</strong> comprimento e largura era <strong>de</strong> 16,2mm (±0,95) e 11,5mm (±0,5), respectivamente.<br />
Foi selecionado o ovo <strong>de</strong> um ninho abandonado, para verificar a relação <strong>de</strong> peso entre o ovo completo<br />
e a casca seca, tendo sido obtidos os valores <strong>de</strong> 0,975g e 0,142, respectivamente. Os ovos encontrados eram<br />
brancos, porém, quatro <strong>de</strong>les apresentavam algumas manchas marrons em to<strong>da</strong> a sua superfície.<br />
O período <strong>de</strong> incubação <strong>de</strong> dois ninhos foi <strong>de</strong> 17 dias. Dados <strong>da</strong> América Central registraram 17 e 18 dias<br />
(Skutch, 1930, 1945; Haverschimidt, 1978). O intervalo entre as posturas foi <strong>de</strong> um a dois dias. Os adultos foram<br />
observados durante a incubação no interior do ninho, tanto no período <strong>da</strong> manhã como <strong>da</strong> tar<strong>de</strong> (Foto 27).<br />
Um dos adultos passou a noite no interior do ninho durante a incubação e também quando os filhotes estavam<br />
nos primeiros <strong>de</strong>z dias <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong>. Skutch (1930) relatou que uma fêmea começou a dormir no ninho a partir <strong>da</strong><br />
noite do dia em que colocou o primeiro ovo.<br />
Os filhotes <strong>de</strong> um ninho voaram com 18 dias. Haverschimidt (1978) encontrou o mesmo período, relatando<br />
ain<strong>da</strong> que, com 27 dias os filhotes já estavam se alimentando sozinhos.<br />
Interações interespecíficas<br />
Eupetomena macroura (Foto 33), Chorostilbon aureoventris e Phaethornis pretei pilharam material vegetal <strong>de</strong><br />
dois ninhos em construção.<br />
Foram observa<strong>da</strong>s interações agonísticas <strong>de</strong> T. cinereum contra Thraupis sayaca, Tangara cayana, Eupetomena<br />
macroura e Coereba flaveola, quando estavam na área ao redor do ninho em construção.<br />
T. cinereum pilhou material <strong>de</strong> um ninho abandonado <strong>de</strong> Fluvicola nengeta.<br />
Um ninho em construção foi ocupado por uma Hyla sp. Essa ocupação foi segui<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> abandono <strong>de</strong> ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />
pelo casal.<br />
Manutenção<br />
A T. cinereum tomou um “banho” nas gotas <strong>de</strong> água <strong>de</strong> orvalho que se <strong>de</strong>positaram na parte superior <strong>da</strong>s folhas<br />
<strong>de</strong> uma Byrsonima sp., tendo voado ao encontro <strong>da</strong>s folhas para “molhar” as penas do corpo.<br />
Alimento<br />
A Todirostrum cinereum foi observa<strong>da</strong> ofertando dípteros, Lepidoptera (Hesperii<strong>da</strong>e – Urbanus sp.)<br />
Visitação ao ninho<br />
Para entrar ou sair do ninho, a T. cinereum po<strong>de</strong> fazê-lo diretamente, sem pousar no ninho. No ninho, quando<br />
os filhotes tinham seis dias <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong>, os adultos entraram totalmente no seu interior, para alimentá-los. A partir<br />
disso, a alimentação passou a ser ofereci<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong> do ninho, mas a cabeça e o peito do filhote permaneciam<br />
no interior <strong>da</strong> câmara. Quando os filhotes estavam perto <strong>de</strong> abandonar o ninho (cerca <strong>de</strong> 20 a 18 dias), os<br />
adultos fixaram-se à parte externa do ninho, oferecendo alimento <strong>da</strong> entra<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Confecção do ninho<br />
Ao construir o ninho, a espécie T. cinereum realiza diversos movimentos acrobáticos ao redor do ramo <strong>de</strong>
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sustentação, ou sobre o ninho, para construir a parte <strong>de</strong> fixação; po<strong>de</strong> também pairar no ar, arrumando ou<br />
colocando mais peças nas partes externas laterais ou inferiores. Para forrar a câmara oológica, a T. cinereum<br />
utiliza-se <strong>de</strong> penas <strong>de</strong> Fluvicola nengeta, Anas bahamensis, Dendrocygna viduata, entre outras. Além disso,<br />
em alguns ninhos, foi encontrado material vegetal que reveste as sementes <strong>de</strong> uma planta introduzi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Um adulto trabalhando na câmara oológica, sem sair do ninho, recebeu material do outro indivíduo que saiu<br />
rapi<strong>da</strong>mente, após a entrega.<br />
Cinco casais que tiveram seus ninhos pre<strong>da</strong>dos entre novembro <strong>de</strong> 2004 e março <strong>de</strong> 2005, iniciaram imediatamente<br />
a construção <strong>de</strong> novos ninhos. Até março, nenhuma <strong>de</strong>ssas tentativas tinha sido bem sucedi<strong>da</strong>. Três casais<br />
iniciaram a nova construção, um dia após a pre<strong>da</strong>ção <strong>de</strong> seus ninhos. Os cinco casais utilizaram a mesma<br />
árvore do ninho anteriormente pre<strong>da</strong>do.<br />
Manifestações sonoras<br />
Ao chegar ao ninho, a T. cinereum po<strong>de</strong> emitir sons ou ficar em silêncio. Há diferenças entre a vocalização <strong>de</strong><br />
um casal. Há ain<strong>da</strong> um outro som que é emitido durante o período <strong>da</strong> visita ao ninho, principalmente quando<br />
os dois indivíduos estão na árvore do ninho.<br />
Filhotes com 14 dias <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>da</strong> emitiram sonorização espontaneamente ou quando os adultos estavam próximos<br />
ao ninho. Filhotes com 17 dias, ao serem manipulados, emitiram sons.<br />
A T. cinereum emitiu um terceiro tipo <strong>de</strong> som, quando investiu sobre uma Coereba flaveola, algo parecido com<br />
o som <strong>de</strong> estalo <strong>da</strong>s asas <strong>de</strong> algumas borboletas do gênero Hamadryas.<br />
Filhotes<br />
Um filhote, ao nascer, pesou 0,829g. Apresentou plumas visíveis apenas na região orbital com os olhos<br />
fechados, pele cor <strong>de</strong> laranja clara, bico amarelado, com a parte interna amarela mais escura do que o bico,<br />
órbita gran<strong>de</strong> e proporcional ao tamanho do bico <strong>de</strong> cor cinza escuro. As unhas eram brancas e o tarso e <strong>de</strong>dos<br />
tinham a cor do corpo. Foi –nos possível observar parte <strong>da</strong> re<strong>de</strong> <strong>da</strong> circulação periférica. Os filhotes com 17<br />
dias exibiram a cabeça fora do ninho. Com <strong>de</strong>zoito dias, o filhote já apresentava a plumagem completa do<br />
adulto e a íris escura, tendo apenas alguns canos na região nasal.<br />
De um dos ninhos que obteve sucesso, <strong>de</strong>z dias antes do abandono do primeiro filhote, outro animal retirou<br />
material <strong>da</strong> parte posterior do ninho, tendo contribuído para a que<strong>da</strong> dos três filhotes. Um <strong>de</strong>sses filhotes morreu,<br />
provavelmente em função <strong>da</strong> exposição ao sol; o segundo caiu com 18 dias <strong>de</strong> nascido e já emplumado,<br />
mas sem capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> vôo, tendo sido alimentado por adultos no solo. O terceiro filhote, o mais novo, caiu<br />
com 18 dias, tendo sido também alimentado por adultos no solo. Um dia <strong>de</strong>pois não foi encontrado ao redor<br />
do ninho nenhum dos filhotes. Dois dias <strong>de</strong>pois, observamos o casal construindo um novo ninho na mesma<br />
espécie botânica, o que sugere que seus filhotes tenham sido pre<strong>da</strong>dos fora do ninho.<br />
Parte <strong>da</strong> ontogenia dos três filhotes <strong>de</strong> um ninho é apresenta<strong>da</strong> na seqüência <strong>de</strong> fotos <strong>de</strong> 60 a 65. O <strong>de</strong>senvolvimento<br />
dos três filhotes <strong>de</strong> uma mesma ninha<strong>da</strong>, foi acompanhado até a saí<strong>da</strong> do primeiro filhote. (Figura 1).<br />
Dimorfismo<br />
Um dos membros do casal (N=6) possui uma mancha superciliar amarela, que po<strong>de</strong> começar na parte pos-
74<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
terior acima do olho e esten<strong>de</strong>r-se até o bico ou então unir-se até formar uma única mancha. Essa faixa po<strong>de</strong><br />
ser evi<strong>de</strong>nte ou não. Um indivíduo que apresentou uma mancha evi<strong>de</strong>nte, também possuía o píleo amarelo. O<br />
outro membro do casal não apresentou manchas amarelas É possível que esse aspecto seja distintivo entre o<br />
macho e a fêmea.<br />
Longevi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong><br />
Um indivíduo T. cinereum capturado na área do CETAS em 04/10/2001, foi fotografado na mesma área em<br />
<strong>de</strong>zembro <strong>de</strong> 2004.<br />
Cópula<br />
Foi -nos possível observar duas tentativas <strong>de</strong> cópula no mesmo dia, <strong>de</strong> um casal que estava com o ninho ativo<br />
com um ovo. Os adultos movimentaram-se no interior <strong>de</strong> uma Byrsonima sp, emitindo trinados, quando, a<br />
uma altura <strong>de</strong> 1,50m, num ramo <strong>de</strong> 2cm, o macho subiu na fêmea, vocalizando, a uma distância <strong>de</strong> 2,5m do<br />
ninho. Vinte minutos <strong>de</strong>pois, observamos mais uma cópula, na mesma árvore.<br />
Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus (Wied, 1831)<br />
Barulhento (Pygmy-Tyrant)<br />
É um tiraní<strong>de</strong>o bem pequeno e pardo, com a cor vermelha bem visível no adulto. O jovem não possui a cor<br />
vermelha na cabeça. Ocorre tanto no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, como nos campos sujos e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.<br />
Muitas vezes <strong>de</strong>sce ao solo, em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 100mm, asa 43mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />
38mm, tarso 14mm, bico 7mm, peso 6g.<br />
Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris (Wied, 1831)<br />
Bico-chato-amarelo (Yellow-breasted Flycatcer)<br />
De cor amarela forte, lembrando o canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra, po<strong>de</strong> ser encontrado tanto no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, como<br />
nas suas bor<strong>da</strong>s. Na Caatinga, o seu ninho costuma ser uma bola <strong>de</strong> cor negra. No Litoral Norte <strong>da</strong> Bahia, os<br />
ninhos não são <strong>de</strong> cor negra, mas têm a forma <strong>de</strong> balsa com entra<strong>da</strong> na parte inferior e são na cor marrom por<br />
causa do material disponível na região. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 130mm, asa 58mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm., tarso<br />
16mm, bico 9mm, peso 13g.<br />
Myiobius barbatus mastacalis (Wied, 1821)<br />
Assanhadinho (Sulphur-rumped Flycatcer)<br />
Ocorre na mata <strong>de</strong> galeria e é uma espécie fácil <strong>de</strong> ser reconheci<strong>da</strong> pelo amarelo intenso do seu uropígio que é<br />
visível quando a ave se encontra para<strong>da</strong> ou em movimento. São aves muito ariscas, que estão sempre se movendo.<br />
Ocorrem no estrato inferior <strong>da</strong> floresta. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 138mm, asa 64mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm,<br />
tarso 16mm, bico 10mm, peso 10g.
75<br />
Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />
Verão (Vermilion Flycatcher)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Essa espécie foi registra<strong>da</strong> uma única vez, um indivíduo junto a outro indivíduo <strong>de</strong> T. savana nas dunas do<br />
STIEP, no ano <strong>de</strong> 1988. O segundo registro para o estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia ocorreu no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (Jeremoabo)<br />
em 1989. O macho tem cabeça e o ventre <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha intensa e uma máscara negra cobre os olhos. Fêmea<br />
e jovens são pardos e apresentam traços <strong>de</strong> vermelho ou <strong>de</strong> amarelo nas coberteiras inferiores <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Xolmis irupero nivea (Spix, 1825)<br />
Maria-branca (White Monjita)<br />
Pássaro muito característico, branco com asa e cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor negra. Costuma planar próximo ao solo, para<br />
capturar pequenos insetos. Pousa em postes e na fiação à beira <strong>da</strong> estra<strong>da</strong>. Constróe o seu ninho no interior dos<br />
ocos <strong>da</strong>s árvores.<br />
Knipolegus nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818)<br />
Maria-preta-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-vermelha (Velvety Black-Tyrant)<br />
O macho é todo negro, sem topete e tem uma faixa branca escondi<strong>da</strong> na asa. A fêmea é negra com a garganta<br />
estria<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor castanha. Esta espécie é registra<strong>da</strong> em regiões montanhosas acima <strong>de</strong> 1800 m, po<strong>de</strong>ndo <strong>de</strong>scer à<br />
altitu<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> 100 m, no entanto, no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, freqüenta altitu<strong>de</strong>s inferiores a 300 m. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento<br />
total 170mm, asa 88mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 78mm, tarso 21mm, bico 14mm, peso 18g.<br />
Fluvicola albiventer (Spix, 1825)<br />
Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-<strong>de</strong>-cara-branca (Pied Water -Tyrant)<br />
É uma espécie que se encontra muita a<strong>da</strong>pta<strong>da</strong> à água, ocorrendo na beira <strong>de</strong> rios e nas áreas alagadiças do<br />
Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. O seu ninho é construído em arbustos, mas sempre perto <strong>da</strong> água.<br />
Fluvicola nengeta nengeta (Vieillot, 1824)<br />
Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-mascara<strong>da</strong> (Masked Water-tyrant)<br />
Po<strong>de</strong> viver tanto próximo à água, como longe <strong>de</strong>la. Vive em casal ou em pequenos grupos familiares. O ninho<br />
é uma bola, com entra<strong>da</strong> lateral. A postura consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca com pintas castanhas pesando em<br />
média 2. 2 g, e medindo 19,7 mm X 14,5mm. O ninho po<strong>de</strong> ser parasitado pela espécie Molotrus bonariensis<br />
que é muito maior e mais colori<strong>da</strong> e pesa 3,7 g e me<strong>de</strong> 24 mm X 17 mm. Essa espécie vem colonizando jardins<br />
on<strong>de</strong> há piscinas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 72mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 24mm, bico 14mm,<br />
peso 20g.
76<br />
Fluvicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764.)<br />
Freirinha (White-hea<strong>de</strong>d-Tyrant)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Essa espécie vive exclusivamente perto <strong>da</strong> água, diferindo <strong>da</strong> F. nengeta que também po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer e nidificar<br />
longe <strong>da</strong> água. O macho é todo preto com a cabeça branca e a fêmea e os filhotes são acinzentados. O seu<br />
ninho assemelha-se aos ninhos <strong>da</strong> espécie F. nengeta, e é forrado com penas <strong>de</strong> outros pássaros e sempre<br />
colocado sobre algum suporte na água. A postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca com pequenas pintas<br />
vermelhas. Os filhotes nascem cobertos por uma plumagem longa <strong>de</strong> cor amarela clara, imitando uma lagarta<br />
tóxica. O bico é <strong>de</strong> cor amarela. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 135mm, asa 64mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 44mm, tarso 17mm,<br />
bico 13mm, peso 12g.<br />
Satrapa icterophrys icterophrys (Vieillot, 1818)<br />
Suiriri-pequeno (Yellow-browed Tyrant)<br />
Espécie migratória registra<strong>da</strong> pela primeira vez no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina nas margens do Rio Vasa Barris, no povoado<br />
<strong>de</strong> Água Branca. São pássaros solitários que estão sempre associados à presença <strong>da</strong> água. Apresentam<br />
a cor amarela intensa no supercílio e na parte ventral. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 82mm, tarso<br />
17mm, bico 14mm, peso 18g.<br />
Hirundinea belicosa (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Gibão-<strong>de</strong>-couro (Cliff Flycather)<br />
É uma espécie que vive em regiões <strong>de</strong> escarpas e áreas pedregosas. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos que apanha em<br />
pleno ar e seu ninho é <strong>de</strong>marcado por algumas pedras que a própria ave carrega. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
180mm, asa 100mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 70mm, tarso 12mm, bico 15mm, peso 23g.<br />
Casiornis fusca (Sclater & Salvin, 1873.)<br />
Caneleiro (Ash-throated Casiornis)<br />
Muito parecido com a C. rufa, possui o lado inferior cor <strong>de</strong> enxôfre, e as costas na cor par<strong>da</strong>. Ocorre no interior<br />
<strong>da</strong> Caatinga, não sendo muito comum. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 170mm, asa 81mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 80mm, tarso<br />
19mm, bico 16mm, peso 20g.<br />
Machetornis rixosus (Vieillot, 1808)<br />
Bem-te-vi-do-gado (Cattle Tyrant)<br />
Ocorre em áreas abertas, sendo visto comumente pousado no lombo <strong>de</strong> bois ou <strong>de</strong> cavalos ou ain<strong>da</strong> junto às<br />
patas <strong>de</strong>sses animais, para aproveitar-se dos insetos que os acompanham. Po<strong>de</strong> freqüentar gramados em busca<br />
<strong>de</strong> insetos e acompanhar os cortadores <strong>de</strong> grama, para se aproveitar dos insetos que são afugentados. Constróe<br />
o seu ninho na haste <strong>de</strong> palmeiras.
77<br />
Myiarchus swaisoni pelzelni (Berlepsch, 1883)<br />
Irrê (Swainson’s Flyctcher)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Espécie <strong>de</strong> hábito migratório que ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, vive solitária, constróe seu ninho no interior<br />
<strong>de</strong> ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores.<br />
Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae (Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890)<br />
Maria-cavaleira-<strong>de</strong>-rabo enferrujado (Brown-crested Flycatcher)<br />
Ocorre no interior e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, diferindo <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior por possuir as retrizes, exceto as<br />
centrais, na cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem, coloração essa que também é visível nas primárias. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
210mm, asa 95mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 85mm, tarso 20mm, bico 18mm, peso 26g.<br />
Cnemotriccus fuscataus (Wied, 1831)<br />
Guaracavuçu<br />
Ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, possui uma faixa superciliar esbranquiçados. Posui duas faixas nas asas amaronza<strong>da</strong>s.<br />
É uma espécie relativamente comum no raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total.150mm,<br />
peso 12g.<br />
Pitangus sulphuratus maximillian (Cabanis & Heine, 1859)<br />
Bem-te-vi (Great Kiska<strong>de</strong>e)<br />
É a espécie <strong>de</strong> pássaro mais conheci<strong>da</strong>. Ocorre em todos os habitats do litoral norte, inclusive à beira <strong>da</strong> praia<br />
e nos manguezais. Os adultos possuem o píleo <strong>de</strong> cor amarelo intenso que, às vezes, os jovens possuem. Já<br />
encontramos dois indivíduos adultos, sem nenhuma mancha amarela na cabeça. A sua alimentação é <strong>da</strong>s mais<br />
varia<strong>da</strong>s, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> pequenos peixes capturados nos manguezais até insetos, répteis etc.. O bem-te-vi habita no<br />
centro <strong>da</strong>s gran<strong>de</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s (Salvador) e, muitas vezes, freqüenta os restaurantes dos hotéis espalhados pelo<br />
litoral, eventualmente pilhando a comi<strong>da</strong> dos hóspe<strong>de</strong>s. O seu ninho po<strong>de</strong> ser construído nos mais diversos<br />
locais porque é uma bola confecciona<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> capim. A sua postura po<strong>de</strong> conter <strong>de</strong> dois a quatro ovos <strong>de</strong> cor<br />
branca com pintas <strong>de</strong> cor preta. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 230mm, asa 100mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm, tarso 24mm,<br />
bico 23mm, peso 60g.<br />
Megarhynchus pitangua pitangua (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />
Bem-te-vi-<strong>de</strong>-bico-chato (Boat-billed Flycatcher)<br />
Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie anterior, esta espécie só difere <strong>de</strong>la porque possui um bico gran<strong>de</strong> e largo.<br />
Ocorre em diversos ecossistemas do Litoral Norte: restinga, cerrado e bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas. Po<strong>de</strong> freqüentar<br />
jardins arborizados e seu canto é muito característico. Em certa ocasião, observamos um casal <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie<br />
apanhando gravetos para confeccionar o seu ninho. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 245mm, asa 115mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />
82mm, tarso 19mm, bico 30mm, peso 50g.
78<br />
Myiozetetes similis similis (Spix, 1825)<br />
Bem-te-vizinho (Social Flycatcher)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a P. sulphuratus, porém menor e o seu píleo é avermelhado e não amarelo. Ocorre na<br />
bor<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e próximo à fontes <strong>de</strong> água. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 173mm, asa 86mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 70mm,<br />
tarso 19mm, bico 14mm, peso 26g.<br />
Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Bem-te-vi-rajado (Streaked Flycatcher)<br />
Ocorre, tanto no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, como nas suas bor<strong>da</strong>s. O seu porte é gran<strong>de</strong> e a sua barriga é estria<strong>da</strong>. O<br />
uropígio e as retrizes são na cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem. Em ambientes <strong>de</strong> Caatinga, essa espécie é muito comum (Raso<br />
<strong>da</strong> Catarina). Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 225mm, asa 100mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 84mm, tarso 20mm, bico 22mmm,<br />
peso 54g.<br />
Tyrannus savana savana (Vieillot, 1807)<br />
Tesoura (Fork-tailed Flycatcher)<br />
É uma espécie migratória muito característica, <strong>de</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> longa e bifurca<strong>da</strong>. Chega em novembro à região do<br />
cerrado em Camaçari e lá permanece até meados <strong>de</strong> abril, quando então <strong>de</strong>saparece. Ocorre inclusive em<br />
Salvador (dunas do STIEP). Essa espécie chega à região para reproduzir, registro esse que nunca foi anteriormente<br />
mencionado. O ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e construído sobre um galho grosso. A sua postura consta<br />
<strong>de</strong> três ovos na cor branca, com várias manchas <strong>de</strong> cor marrom. Observamos que grupos contendo até 50 indivíduos<br />
utilizam dormitórios coletivos.<br />
Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Suiriri (Tropical Kingbird)<br />
É uma <strong>da</strong>s espécies mais comuns e abun<strong>da</strong>ntes e ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong>s matas, no cerrado e na restinga do<br />
Litoral Norte. O seu ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela que po<strong>de</strong> ser construído distante <strong>de</strong> diversas alturas do solo, <strong>de</strong><br />
dois a <strong>de</strong>z metros. A postura consiste <strong>de</strong> dois ovos brancos com diversas manchas <strong>de</strong> cor castanha. Os filhotes<br />
nascem cobertos por uma plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor amarela clara e o seu bico é amarelo. Muito semelhante à espécie<br />
a seguir, difere <strong>de</strong>sta apenas porque não possui a garganta branca. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 210mm, asa<br />
90mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm, tarso 20mm, bico 20mm, peso 25g.<br />
Empidonomus varius rufinus (Spix, 1825)<br />
Poitica (Variegated Flycatcher)<br />
É uma espécie muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com o bem-te-vi-pirata (Legatus leucophaius), no entanto, é maior e vive tanto<br />
no interior, como nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. É muito comum no Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
180mm, peso 25g.
79<br />
Suiriri suiriri bahiae (Berlepsch, 1893)<br />
Suiriri-cinzento (Chaco Suiriri)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tem a garganta e o peito esbranquiçados, o ventre é amarelo e possui uma faixa escura que sai do bico e se<br />
prolonga até trás dos olhos. A cau<strong>da</strong> é ligeiramente bifurca<strong>da</strong> e asa possui duas faixas <strong>de</strong> cor amarela<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus (Thunerg, 1905)<br />
Piolhinho (Planalto Tyrannulet)<br />
De porte pequeno, tem a garganta e o peito <strong>de</strong> cor cinza claro e uma faixa negra por trás dos olhos. O ventre<br />
é amarelado e a cabeça po<strong>de</strong> ser <strong>de</strong> cor cinza escuro, contrastando com o resto do corpo. Costuma planar <strong>de</strong>baixo<br />
<strong>de</strong> pequenos frutos <strong>de</strong> on<strong>de</strong> retira seu alimento; freqüenta as bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga.<br />
Pachyramphus viridis viridis (Vieillot, 1816)<br />
Caneleiro-ver<strong>de</strong> (Gree-backed Becard)<br />
O bico largo e o dimorfismo sexual acentuado são características <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie: o macho tem a nuca cinzenta,<br />
a garganta branca, o peito amarelo e o encontro na cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem. A fêmea tem píleo ver<strong>de</strong>, costas e coberteiras<br />
superiores <strong>da</strong>s asas em castanha. Ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> mata e nas capoeiras. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
150mm, asa 70mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 18mm, peso 18g.<br />
Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus (Vieiillot, 1818)<br />
Caneleiro-preto (White-winged Becard)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga alta. O macho tem a coloração preta metálica, enquanto a fêmea possue o píleo na cor <strong>de</strong><br />
ferrugem, as pontas <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> também na cor ferrugem e as partes inferiores em amarelo. O bico é chato e esta<br />
espécie po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer também no estrato baixo <strong>da</strong>s florestas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 75mm,<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> 55mm, tarso 18mm, bico 12mm, peso 20g.<br />
Família Pipri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Neopelma pallescens (Lafresnaye, 1853)<br />
Fruxu-do-cerradão (Pale-bellied Tyrant-manakin)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga alta e tem o píleo e a íris amarelados. Costuma emitir um som semelhante a uma rã e gosta<br />
<strong>de</strong> pousar isola<strong>da</strong> no poleiro. Ocorre no estrato médio <strong>da</strong> floresta. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 150mm, asa<br />
73mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 63mm, peso 16g.
80<br />
ORDEM DOS PASSERIFORMES<br />
Subor<strong>de</strong>m Oscines<br />
Família Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Tachycineta albiventer (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />
Andorinha-do-rio (White-winged Swallow)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
É uma espécie típica <strong>da</strong> beira dos rios, lagoas e áreas alagadiças e sobrevoa a lâmina <strong>de</strong> água em busca <strong>de</strong><br />
alimento (insetos), diferindo <strong>da</strong> espécie posterior por causa do uropígio e <strong>de</strong> uma larga faixa branca nas asas.<br />
Po<strong>de</strong> ser encontra<strong>da</strong> junto a várias espécies <strong>de</strong>ssa família, inclusive a posterior. Os jovens têm cores páli<strong>da</strong>s.<br />
Costuma pousar em galhos ou outros artefatos próximos à água. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento tota 140, asa 96mm,<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> 38mm, tarso 11mm, bico 11mm, peso 20g.<br />
Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Andorinha-<strong>de</strong>-sobre- branco (White-rumped Swallow)<br />
Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie anterior, difere no entanto por não possuir branco nas asas e nem no uropígio.<br />
Apresenta um <strong>de</strong>senho branco sobre o loro. É uma espécie migratória que aparece em <strong>de</strong>terminado período do<br />
ano e logo <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>de</strong>saparece. Costuma pousar em galhos secos, em pequenos grupos.<br />
Phaeoprogne tapera tapera (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />
Andorinha-do-campo (Brown-chested Martin)<br />
Espécie resi<strong>de</strong>nte que difere <strong>da</strong> anterior por não possuir pintas <strong>de</strong> cor negra no peito. Veja a subespécie a seguir.<br />
Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 166mm, asa 120mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 56mm, tarso 13mm, bico 11mm, peso 30g.<br />
Phaeoprogne tapera fusca (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Andorinha-do-campo (Brown-chested Martin)<br />
Em maio <strong>de</strong> 1999, uma concentração forma<strong>da</strong> por Phaeoprogne t. tapera, P. t. fusca, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis<br />
e Progne chalybea domestica começou a formar-se, com aproxima<strong>da</strong>mente 100.000 indivíduos, para pernoitar<br />
em árvores localiza<strong>da</strong>s <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> um quadrado formado por prédios, na área <strong>da</strong> Caraíba Metais. As ativi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />
si<strong>de</strong>rurgicas <strong>de</strong>senvolvi<strong>da</strong>s pela empresa, com fornos operando a altas temperaturas, condicionaram um microclima<br />
local com temperaturas <strong>de</strong> 4 a 12° C, superiores à média <strong>da</strong> região. Os prédios que circun<strong>da</strong>m as<br />
árvores, funcionam como uma barreira contra o vento, que, por sua vez, diminui a dissipação do calor local,<br />
permitindo maior capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> acumulativa <strong>da</strong> temperatura, <strong>de</strong>vido à estrutura em concreto dos prédios. O conjunto<br />
<strong>de</strong>ssas condições fornece uma zona <strong>de</strong> conforto térmico para o pernoite <strong>da</strong>s andorinhas. Em agosto <strong>de</strong><br />
1999, a área <strong>de</strong>ixou <strong>de</strong> ser utiliza<strong>da</strong> para pernoite. De maio a agosto <strong>de</strong> 1999, anilharam-se 2. 954 aves, sendo<br />
1. 555 <strong>da</strong> espécie P. t. tapera e 974 <strong>da</strong> espécie P. t. fusca. Em 2000 e 2001, o evento repetiu-se no mesmo<br />
período, com a participação <strong>da</strong>s espécies anteriores e acréscimo <strong>da</strong> espécie Hirundo rustica. Durante maio e<br />
agosto <strong>de</strong> 2001, foram anilha<strong>da</strong>s 8 474 aves, sendo 6 220 <strong>de</strong> P. t. tapera e 2 220 <strong>de</strong> P. t. fusca. Já em 2002, o<br />
evento ocorreu entre janeiro e fevereiro em concentrações menores, ao contrário dos anos anteriores. Entre<br />
maio e agosto <strong>de</strong> 2001, 57 indivíduos anilhados em 1999, foram recapturados no mesmo local.<br />
De acordo com os trabalhos <strong>de</strong> anilhamento realizados pela equipe <strong>da</strong> Cetrel em Camaçari ao longo <strong>de</strong> qua-
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
tro anos, as P. tapera iniciaram sua chega<strong>da</strong> nessa área no mês <strong>de</strong> maio e abandonaram o local em agosto. A<br />
recaptura <strong>de</strong> 57 indivíduos anilhados em 1999 durante as campanhas <strong>de</strong> 2001, sugerem que há participação<br />
repetitiva <strong>de</strong> indivíduos no evento dos anos posteriores. Na Caatinga, a sua presença é muito comum.<br />
.<br />
Progne chalybea domesticus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Andorinha-doméstica-gran<strong>de</strong> (Gray-breasted Martin)<br />
Ocorre em diversos locais <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, inclusive nas ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. É uma espécie migratória que po<strong>de</strong> pernoitar<br />
junto com as duas subespécies anteriores. Reproduz-se em telhados <strong>de</strong> casarões antigos e nos semáforos nas<br />
ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. Costumam voar rente à água para beber. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 50g.<br />
Notiochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Andorinha-pequena-<strong>de</strong>-casa (Blue-and-white Swallow)<br />
Espécie pequena que costuma freqüentar locais <strong>de</strong>nsamente povoados on<strong>de</strong> se reproduz <strong>de</strong>baixo dos telhados.<br />
Po<strong>de</strong> freqüentar os mesmos locais <strong>da</strong>s três espécies anteriores e po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer em áreas alagadiças em busca <strong>de</strong><br />
insetos. Juntamente com a Tachycineta leucorrhoa, tem hábito migratório.<br />
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Andorinha-serrador (Southern Rough-winged Swallow)<br />
Andorinha pequena que possui o mento cor <strong>de</strong> canela e as coberteiras inferiores <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> cor amarela.<br />
Ocorre nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer próximo à água ou longe <strong>de</strong>la; voa bem rente ao solo em busca<br />
<strong>de</strong> alimento (insetos) e costuma pousar em cercas e galhos secos e até no solo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento tota<br />
120mm, asa 100mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm, tarso 15mm, bico 7mm, peso 16g.<br />
Família Corvi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821)<br />
Cancã (White-naped Lay)<br />
É uma espécie típica dos biomas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e do Cerrado. Vive em pequenos bandos no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e<br />
são aves muito ariscas: quando percebem um intruso, começam a emitir sons <strong>de</strong> advertência e logo <strong>de</strong>pois todo<br />
o grupo <strong>de</strong>saparece. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 333mm, asa 140mm, tarso 43mm, bico 27mm, peso 120g.<br />
Família Troglodyti<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Troglodytes musculus musculus (Nuamann, 1823)<br />
Curruíra (House Wren)<br />
É uma <strong>da</strong>s aves mais comuns e conheci<strong>da</strong>s porque visita casas e jardins. Já encontramos ninhos nos mais variados<br />
locais, tais como: caixas <strong>de</strong> sapato, sapatos, botas, <strong>de</strong>baixo dos telhados, caixas <strong>de</strong> disjuntores, luminári-
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
as, tubulações, etc. Na maioria dos ninhos que encontramos, sempre observamos peles <strong>de</strong> cobras que foram<br />
provavelmente coloca<strong>da</strong>s no interior do ninho, no intuito <strong>de</strong> assustar possíveis pre<strong>da</strong>dores. A sua postura po<strong>de</strong><br />
ser <strong>de</strong> até cinco ovos <strong>de</strong> cor branca, intensamente tingi<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> manchas na cor castanha. Os ovos pesam em média,<br />
1.6 g e me<strong>de</strong>m 18 mm X 14 mm; Os filhotes nascem com uma pele avermelha<strong>da</strong> e tufos <strong>de</strong> plumagem negra<br />
no alto <strong>da</strong> cabeça e no dorso. O ninho mais arrojado encontrado até o momento, foi um que foi construído<br />
<strong>de</strong>ntro do suporte <strong>de</strong> um ventilador <strong>de</strong> teto on<strong>de</strong> o casal fazia o maior malabarismo para conseguir alimentar<br />
o filhote, sem ser <strong>de</strong>golado pelas lâminas do ventilador. Dentre seus alimentos, po<strong>de</strong>mos observar larvas <strong>de</strong><br />
besouros, pequenas mariposas, lagartas, lagartixas, vespas etc. Os filhotes, quando estão perto <strong>de</strong> abandonar o<br />
ninho, recebem aju<strong>da</strong> dos pais que entram várias vezes no interior do ninho sem levar comi<strong>da</strong> e logo em segui<strong>da</strong><br />
os filhotes saem do ninho. Observamos que os filhotes, ao sair do ninho, já têm uma gran<strong>de</strong> habili<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> em<br />
pousar em galhos e se locomover com rapi<strong>de</strong>z. Já observamos por várias vezes o casal alimentando os filhotes<br />
durante a noite, em locais on<strong>de</strong> a luz é intensa durante to<strong>da</strong> a noite. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 125mm, asa<br />
50mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 40mm, tarso 18mm, bico 12mm, peso 12g.<br />
Thryotorus longirostris bahiae (Hellmayr, 1903)<br />
Garrinchão-<strong>de</strong>-bico-gran<strong>de</strong> (Long-billed Wren)<br />
Espécie muito comum na Caatinga, costuma viver em casal e está sempre sonorizando para <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>r seu território,<br />
não permitindo a presença <strong>de</strong> outro indivíduo <strong>da</strong> mesma espécie no seu território. Se um intruso tentar<br />
penetrar em seu território, será expulso pelo casal. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 170, asa 65mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 56mm,<br />
tarso 24mm, bico 24mm, peso 20g.<br />
Família Muscicapi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Subfamília Sylviinae<br />
Polioptila plumbea atricapilla (Swainson, 1823)<br />
Balança-rabo-e-chapéu-preto (Tropical Ganatcher)<br />
Ocorre tanto na bor<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, como no seu interior. O macho possui um “boné” preto. É uma espécie<br />
muito comum que freqüenta tanto o estrato inferior <strong>da</strong> mata, como o médio. O seu ninho é muito parecido<br />
com o ninho do beija-flor E. macroura, com abertura <strong>de</strong> 40 mm X 36 mm, altura externa <strong>de</strong> 42 mm e 37 mm<br />
<strong>de</strong> profundi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>. O ninho pesa em média 3,4g. Encontramos um ninho que era forrado no seu interior com lã<br />
<strong>de</strong> vidro que foi tira<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> uma gela<strong>de</strong>ira velha.<br />
Subfamília Turdinae<br />
Turdus rufiventris juensis (Cory,1916)<br />
Sabiá-laranjeira (Rufus-bellied Thrush)<br />
Ocorre em quase to<strong>da</strong> a Caatinga, inclusive nas ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. É uma espécie bastante abun<strong>da</strong>nte, per<strong>de</strong>ndo apenas<br />
para a espécie seguinte. Costuma construir o seu ninho em árvores, a uma <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong> altura do solo e a sua<br />
postura consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos, sendo que seu período <strong>de</strong> reprodução po<strong>de</strong> começar em outubro e se esten<strong>de</strong>r até<br />
abril. Busca alimento nas árvores (frutos) ou no solo <strong>de</strong> on<strong>de</strong> captura alguns insetos e minhócas. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento total 260mm, asa 107mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 98mm, tarso 34mm, bico 20mm, peso 67g.
83<br />
Turdus leucomelas albiventer (Spix, 1824)<br />
Sabiá-branco (Pale-breasted Thrush)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
É o sabiá mais comum e abun<strong>da</strong>nte na Caatinga, inclusive nas ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. Essa espécie se a<strong>da</strong>ptou bem aos ambientes<br />
urbanos, on<strong>de</strong> constróe seus ninhos em telhados, em luminárias etc., <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> que não seja incomo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>.<br />
O seu ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela e confeccionado com raízes mistura<strong>da</strong>s à lama, que lhe proporciona boa<br />
resistência. A sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> com várias pintas na cor castanha. Pesa em<br />
média 6.8 g e me<strong>de</strong> 28 mm X 22 mm. Os filhotes abandonam o ninho com 14 dias. Esse sabiá po<strong>de</strong> reutilizar o<br />
mesmo ninho várias vezes. Alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> uma gran<strong>de</strong> varie<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> frutos, insetos (formigas), lagartixas etc.<br />
Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 250mm, asa120mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 100mm, tarso 32mm, bico 20mm, peso 65g.<br />
Turdus amaurochalinus (Cabanis, 1851)<br />
Sabiá-poca (Creamy-billed Thrush)<br />
Juntamente com a espécie a seguir, é o sabiá menos abun<strong>da</strong>nte na Caatinga, Constróe o seu ninho nas árvores e<br />
a sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos. No período reprodutivo, o macho tem o bico tingido <strong>de</strong> amarelo puro. Busca<br />
o seu alimento tanto no solo, como nas árvores. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 240mm, asa 115mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />
90mm, tarso 31mm, bico 20mm, peso 60g.<br />
Família Mimi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Mimus saturninus arenaceus (Chapman, 1890)<br />
Sabiá-<strong>da</strong>-praia (Tropical Mockingbird)<br />
Ocorre na bor<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e alimenta-se <strong>de</strong> insetos e pequenos frutos. Regurgita sementes e atua como<br />
dispersor <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong>s plantas. O ninho e os ovos são muito parecidos com os <strong>de</strong> M. gilvus. A sua postura<br />
consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos pesando em média 6.8g e medindo 30mm X 21mm. Vive em grupos familiares que po<strong>de</strong>m<br />
ter até oito indivíduos. Peso 70g.<br />
Família Vireoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis (Baird, 1866)<br />
Pitiguari (Rufous-browed Peppershrike)<br />
O seu canto é bem característico e o casal canta em dueto.São aves muito agressivas que não permitem que<br />
outra ave <strong>da</strong> sua espécie penetre em seu território. Perto <strong>da</strong> hora <strong>de</strong> sairem do ninho, os filhotes têm a cor marrom-ferrugem<br />
exceto nas sobrancelhas, mas sim próximo aos olhos que são <strong>de</strong> cor escura e não laranja. O seu<br />
ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> uma pequena tigela construí<strong>da</strong> sobre uma forquilha. Já observamos um casal coletando<br />
papel higiênico no solo, para forrar o interior do ninho. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 160mm, asa 72mm,<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> 65mm, tarso 23mm, bico 16mm, peso 26g.
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Vireo chivi agillis<br />
Juruviara (Red-Yed Vireo)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Diferente do V. olivaceus, essa espécie tem os ohos escuros e não vermelhos, e ocorre tanto no interior <strong>da</strong><br />
Caatinga, como na bor<strong>da</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 135mm, asa 65mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 48mm, tarso 17mm, bico<br />
12mm, peso 15g.<br />
Hylophilus amaurocephalus (Nordmann, 1835)<br />
Vite-vitae-<strong>de</strong>-olho-cinza (Gray-eyed Greenlet)<br />
Ocorre no interior e na bor<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, sendo muito comum no ecossistema <strong>da</strong> restinga. No período <strong>de</strong><br />
reprodução, cantam intensamente durante todo dia para <strong>de</strong>marcar o seu território. São aves bastante agressivas<br />
que não permitem que outro indivíduo <strong>da</strong> mesma espécie inva<strong>da</strong> o seu território. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
125mm, asa 50mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 17mm, bico 9mm, peso 9g.<br />
Família Emberizi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Subfamília Parulinae<br />
Parula pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Mariquita (Tropical Parula)<br />
Ocorre na copa <strong>da</strong>s árvores <strong>da</strong>s florestas do Litoral Norte, e também no cerrado. Apresenta um gran<strong>de</strong> contraste<br />
entre o azulado do lado superior e o amarelo do lado inferior e possui duas faixas brancas na asa. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento total 115mm, asa 50mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 42mm, tarso 16mm, bico 10mm, peso 8g.<br />
Geothlypis aequinoctialis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Pia-cobra (Masked Yellowthroat)<br />
É uma espécie que vive em áreas alagadiças distribuí<strong>da</strong>s pela Caatinga, embrenha<strong>da</strong> no meio <strong>de</strong> juncos, locais<br />
também preferidos pelo Japacamim (D. atricapilla). A fêmea não possui a máscara negra ao redor dos olhos.<br />
Basileuterus flaveolus (Baird, 1865)<br />
Canário do-mato (Flavescent Warbler)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga alta e vive no estrato inferior <strong>da</strong> floresta e no solo on<strong>de</strong> busca alimento. O seu canto é<br />
bem característico e <strong>de</strong>nuncia a presença <strong>da</strong> espécie. Possui o tarso comprido e <strong>de</strong> cor amarela forte. São aves<br />
bastante territoriais, não admitindo a presença <strong>de</strong> outros indivíduos <strong>da</strong> mesma espécie em seu território. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento total 164mm, asa 70mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 65mm, tarso 22mm, bico 11mm, peso 16g.
85<br />
Subfamília Coerebinae<br />
Coereba flaveola chloropyga (Cabanis, 1851)<br />
Cambacica (Bananaquit)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ocorre na Caatinga, po<strong>de</strong>ndo ocorrer também <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>da</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s (Jeremoabo). Cerca <strong>de</strong> 70% <strong>da</strong> sua dieta é<br />
basea<strong>da</strong> em néctar e o restante são insetos. Costuma freqüentar os bebedouros dos beija-flores. Os ninhos são<br />
em forma <strong>de</strong> uma bola, com entra<strong>da</strong> lateral. Costumam construir seus ninhos em diversos locais, inclusive em<br />
suportes <strong>de</strong> lâmpa<strong>da</strong>. Conhecemos um casal que faz todos os anos o seu ninho em uma árvore <strong>de</strong> Natal, <strong>de</strong>ntro<br />
do laboratório <strong>da</strong> Cetrel. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 110mm, asa 110mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 16mm, bico<br />
12mm, peso 10g.<br />
Subfamília Thraupinae<br />
Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus (Wied, 1821)<br />
Bico-<strong>de</strong>-veludo (Cinamon Tanager)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga e possui uma máscara negra em torno dos olhos que contrasta muito com a sua plumagem.<br />
Nos jovens, a máscara é menos pronuncia<strong>da</strong>. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 175mm, asa 80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 78mm,<br />
tarso 20mm, bico 15mm, peso 36g.<br />
Sericossypha loricata (Lichtenstein, 1819)<br />
Carretão (Scarlet-Throated Tanager)<br />
É um pássaro comum na caatinga. Costuma cantar durante a madruga<strong>da</strong> e por causa disso é chamado, em algumas<br />
regiões, <strong>de</strong> “acor<strong>da</strong> vaqueiro”. O macho tem uma placa vermelha no meio <strong>da</strong> garganta e quando jovem,<br />
po<strong>de</strong>mos, muitas vezes, observar algumas pintas vermelhas no pescoço.<br />
Thlypopsis sordi<strong>da</strong> sordi<strong>da</strong> (Lafresnaye & d’Orbigny, 1825)<br />
Canário-sapé (Orange-hea<strong>de</strong>d Tanager)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga e nos campos sujos, inclusive <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>da</strong>s gran<strong>de</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s (Jeremoabo). É muito parecido<br />
com o canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra (Sicalis flaveola). Costuma buscar o seu alimento, tanto na copa <strong>da</strong>s árvores, como no<br />
solo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 145mm, asa 63mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 18mm, bico 11mm, peso 14g.<br />
Nemosia pileata pileata (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />
Saíra-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto (Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Tanager)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga e costuma freqüentar a copa <strong>da</strong>s árvores nas florestas, mas também po<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>scer para o<br />
solo em busca <strong>de</strong> alimento ou para tomar banho em pequenas poças <strong>de</strong> água. O macho possui o píleo negro e<br />
ambos os sexos possuem o olho amarelo contrastando com a íris negra. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 135mm,<br />
asa 68mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 45mm, tarso 18mm, bico 12mm, peso 15g.
86<br />
Tachyphonus rufus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />
Pipira-preta (White-lined Tanager)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ocorre na Caatinga. O macho é <strong>de</strong> cor negra brilhante que contrasta com a dragona branca e com as coberteiras<br />
inferiores <strong>da</strong> asa e axilares na cor branca que são bem visíveis quando a ave voa. A fêmea e o jovem são<br />
pardos. Na restinga, costuma construir o seu ninho quase ao nível do solo. O ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> tigela que<br />
po<strong>de</strong> ser construído <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> bromélias, nas folhagens <strong>de</strong> pequenas palmeiras ou em arbustos. Essas aves costumam<br />
freqüentar comedouros. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 195mm, asa 80mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 75mm, tarso 22mm,<br />
bico 20mm, peso 30g.<br />
Piranga flava saira (Spix, 1825)<br />
Sanhaço-<strong>de</strong>-fogo (Hepatic Tanager)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga e em campos abertos, on<strong>de</strong> não é muito comum, nem abun<strong>da</strong>nte. Apresentam dimorfismo<br />
sexual bem acentuado, sendo que o macho exibe uma cor avermelha<strong>da</strong> uniforme e a fêmea tem o lado inferior<br />
em amarelo vivo. Freqüenta a copa <strong>da</strong>s árvores, mas também po<strong>de</strong> freqüentar as partes mais baixas <strong>da</strong> floresta.<br />
Costuma freqüentar comedouros, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> que ali sejam coloca<strong>da</strong>s cascas <strong>de</strong> ovos. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
195mm, asa 95mm, peso 36g.<br />
Thraupis sayaca sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />
Sanhaço-cinzento (Sayaca Tanager)<br />
É um dos pássaros mais comuns e abun<strong>da</strong>ntes na Caatinga, mas também aparece no interior <strong>da</strong>s gran<strong>de</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />
(Jeremoabo). O seu ninho é em forma <strong>de</strong> cesto e po<strong>de</strong> ser construído em diversas alturas, inclusive bem<br />
próximo ao solo. Também po<strong>de</strong> construir seu ninho em luminárias e <strong>de</strong>baixo dos telhados nas residências.<br />
A sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> diversas pintas <strong>de</strong> cor marrom. Costuma<br />
freqüentar comedouros. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 185mm, asa 90mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 65mm, tarso 20mm, bico<br />
15mm, peso 38g.<br />
Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1776)<br />
Fi-fi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Purple-Throated Euphonia)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga e na orla <strong>da</strong>s matas. O macho possui a testa amarela, a garganta em negro-azulado e possui<br />
nódoas brancas nas duas retrizes externas <strong>da</strong> cau<strong>da</strong>. A fêmea é esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> e tem uma faixa amarela forte acima<br />
do bico. O seu ninho é uma bola, com entra<strong>da</strong> lateral. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 110mm, asa 55mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />
33mm, tarso 15mm, bico 7mm, peso 12g.<br />
Tangara cayana flava (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />
Saíra-amarelo (Burnished-buff Tanager)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga e na orla <strong>da</strong>s matas. O macho exibe uma máscara negra que se esten<strong>de</strong> pela garganta e<br />
atravessa todo o ventre. A <strong>da</strong> fêmea é mais páli<strong>da</strong> e não é negra. Costuma freqüentar comedouros. Medi<strong>da</strong>s:<br />
Comprimento total 145mm, asa 70mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 53mm, tarso 18mm, bico 11mm, peso 20g.
87<br />
Dacnis cayana paraguaiensis (Chubb, 1910)<br />
Saí-azul (Blue Dacnis)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ocorre na Caatinga e na bor<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mata, mas também po<strong>de</strong> ocorrer nas gran<strong>de</strong>s ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s. O macho é azulado,<br />
com mento e dorso negros e pernas <strong>de</strong> cor vermelha clara. A fêmea é esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong>, com cabeça e coberteiras<br />
superiores <strong>da</strong>s asas em azul. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 135mm, asa 64mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 42mm, tarso 16mm, bico<br />
12mm, peso 12g.<br />
Conirostrum speciosum speciosum (Temminck, 1824)<br />
Figuinha-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-castanha (Chestnut-vented Conebill)<br />
É uma espécie pequena, na qual o macho possui o dorso azulado e o ventre cinza claro e o crisso é castanho. A<br />
fêmea e os jovens apresentam uma coloração mais clara. Estão sempre se movimentando na copa <strong>da</strong>s árvores.<br />
Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 105mm, asa 55mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 37mm, tarso 15mm, bico 9mm, peso 8g.<br />
Subfamília Emberizinae<br />
Zonotrichia capensis matutina (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />
Tico-tico (Rufous-collared)<br />
Ocorre em algumas regiões <strong>da</strong> restinga e do cerrado no Litoral Norte, e costuma catar alimento no solo on<strong>de</strong><br />
fica se movimentando e <strong>da</strong>ndo pequenos pulos. O seu ninho é um pequeno cesto, que po<strong>de</strong> ser construído nos<br />
arbustos e a uma pequena distância do solo. Sua coloração lhe proporciona uma perfeita camuflagem quando<br />
está incubando. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 140mm, asa 60mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 50mm, tarso 20mm, bico 10mm, peso<br />
18g.<br />
Myospiza humeralis humeralis (Bosc, 1792)<br />
Tico-tico-do-campo-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Grassland Sparrow)<br />
Ocorre em regiões abertas, on<strong>de</strong> existem gran<strong>de</strong>s campos <strong>de</strong> gramíneas: vive no solo, mas embrenhado no<br />
meio <strong>da</strong> vegetação. Costuma pousar em pequenos arbustos no meio <strong>da</strong>s gramíneas para cantar e possui uma<br />
mancha amarela acima do olho e outra mancha <strong>da</strong> mesma cor no encontro. Parece-se muito com a espécie<br />
Sicalis flaveola jovem.<br />
Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Saffron Finch)<br />
É um dos pássaros mais conhecidos e porisso é perseguido para ser aprisionado em gaiolas. Tanto po<strong>de</strong> viver<br />
em gran<strong>de</strong>s bandos, como também em casais isolados em <strong>de</strong>terminados territórios. Reproduz-se em ocos <strong>de</strong><br />
árvores, <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s telhas dos telhados e também se utilizam <strong>de</strong> ninhos artificiais, tais como: caixas <strong>de</strong> ma<strong>de</strong>ira<br />
e tubos <strong>de</strong> PVC. É muito comum o povo <strong>de</strong> o interior colocar uma caveira <strong>de</strong> boi no cercado <strong>da</strong> roça, para<br />
que esses pássaros se reproduzam. O ninho é um pequeno cesto colocado em uma cavi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> e a sua postura<br />
po<strong>de</strong> constar <strong>de</strong> dois a cinco ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> várias pintas na cor marrom.
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Sicalis luteola luteola (Sparrman, 1789)<br />
Tipio (Grassland Yellow-Finch)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Muito pareci<strong>da</strong> com a espécie anterior, embora não tenha o píleo amarelo e o manto seja todo riscado <strong>de</strong> preto.<br />
Vive geralmente em bando e busca seu alimento no solo. Costuma cantar quando está voando. É uma espécie<br />
migratória. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: peso 12g.<br />
Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />
Tiziu (Blue-Black Grassquit)<br />
Ocorre em áreas abertas, on<strong>de</strong> o capinzal é alto. O macho, no período reprodutivo, possui uma plumagem<br />
negra brilhante e a fêmea e os jovens têm uma coloração par<strong>da</strong> com riscas no peito. É um pássaro bem característico,<br />
que costuma cantar na ponta <strong>de</strong> estacas on<strong>de</strong> pula verticalmente e pousa no mesmo local. O ninho<br />
é construído próximo ao solo em meio à vegetação. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 116mm, asa 47mm, cau<strong>da</strong><br />
43mm, tarso 16mm, bico 9mm, peso 10g.<br />
Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Bigodinho (Lined See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />
Essa espécie foi incluí<strong>da</strong> através <strong>de</strong> relatos dos membros <strong>da</strong> comuni<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Jeremoabo, que afirma que esses<br />
pássaros ocorrem na região durante o período <strong>de</strong> inverno (maio/junho). Algumas pessoas possuem pássaros<br />
<strong>de</strong>ssa espécie que foram capturados na região e aprisionados em gaiolas.<br />
Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil (P.L.S. Müller, 1776)<br />
Caboclinho-fra<strong>de</strong> (Capped See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />
A presença <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie é semelhante a <strong>da</strong> espécie anterior. É uma espécie migratória que freqüenta a região<br />
no inverno (maio/junho).<br />
Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot, 1823)<br />
Papa-capim (Yellow-Billied See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />
Ocorre em áreas abertas na Caatinga on<strong>de</strong> há concentração <strong>de</strong> gramíneas. A fêmea é par<strong>da</strong>. O seu ninho é um<br />
pequeno cesto, a sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> com várias pintas e, tanto o macho,<br />
como a fêmea, aju<strong>da</strong>m na alimentação dos filhotes. Já observamos o mesmo casal (anilhado) fazer o seu<br />
ninho no mesmo arbusto durante mais <strong>de</strong> três anos consecutivos. Apesar <strong>de</strong> não ser uma espécie ameaça<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
extinção, o tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais vem causando um gran<strong>de</strong> prejuízo às populações <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie. É uma <strong>da</strong>s aves<br />
mais freqüentes no tráfico e, atualmente, é mo<strong>da</strong> possuir uma ave <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
120mm, asa 53mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 42mm, tarso 14mm, bico 8mm, peso 12g.
89<br />
Sporophila albogularis (Spix, 1825)<br />
Brejal (White-Throated See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
É uma espécie endêmica do Nor<strong>de</strong>ste e ocorre em campos <strong>de</strong> gramíneas e nas bor<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> mata. O seu ninho é<br />
um pequeno cesto construído nos arbustos. A sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> três ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
pintas cor <strong>de</strong> chocolate. O macho possui um colar negro no pescoço, a garganta é branca e o bico amarelo. A<br />
fêmea é par<strong>da</strong>, <strong>de</strong> bico escuro. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 14g.<br />
Arremon taciturnus taciturnus (Hermann, 1783)<br />
Tico-atico-do-mato-<strong>de</strong>-bico-breto (Pectoral sparrow)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga alta e lembra um tico-tico. O macho possui um colar negro que na fêmea é interrompido.<br />
Ocorre no estrato inferior <strong>da</strong> floresta, po<strong>de</strong>ndo buscar alimento no solo, on<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong> ser observado saltitando.<br />
Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 165mm, asa 71mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 60mm, tarso 25mm, bico 14mm, peso 26g.<br />
Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus (Wied, 1821)<br />
Galinho-<strong>da</strong>-serra (Gray Pileated-finch)<br />
È uma espécie típica do bioma Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, sendo consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>da</strong> uma <strong>da</strong>s espécies mais abun<strong>da</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong>ste.<br />
É uma espécie muito freqüente no tráfico e, muitas vezes, a soltura in<strong>de</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie em outros biomas,<br />
po<strong>de</strong> ocasionar gran<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong>nos ao ambiente on<strong>de</strong> foi introduzido. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 140mm, asa<br />
60mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 57mm, tarso 17mm, bico 12mm, peso 15g.<br />
Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Galo-<strong>de</strong>-campina (Red-cowled Cardinal)<br />
É uma espécie típica do bioma Caatinga <strong>da</strong> Bahia, no entanto, hoje se encontra espalha<strong>da</strong> em diversas regiões<br />
do estado. No litoral norte se distribue <strong>de</strong> Salvador até Mangue Seco, em restingas, cerrados, campos abertos e<br />
inclusive nos manguezais. É uma <strong>da</strong>s espécies mais comercializa<strong>da</strong>s no âmbito do tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais. A cobiça<br />
dos criadores <strong>de</strong> pássaros <strong>de</strong> gaiola vem causando um gran<strong>de</strong> impacto na população <strong>de</strong>sses pássaros. O seu<br />
ninho é um pequeno cesto e a sua postura consta <strong>de</strong> dois ovos <strong>de</strong> cor esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> várias pintas<br />
marrons. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 185mm, asa 85mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 70mm, tarso 23mm, bico 15mm, peso 42g.<br />
Subfamília Cardinalinae<br />
Saltator similis similis (Lafresnaye & d’Orbigny, 1837)<br />
Trinca-ferro-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Green-winged Saltator)<br />
Essa espécie ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e é muito aprecia<strong>da</strong> pelos criadores <strong>de</strong> pássaros, por causa do seu<br />
canto. Traficantes <strong>de</strong> aves capturam centenas <strong>de</strong>ssas aves para ven<strong>de</strong>r no comércio ilegal. Assim, a espécie<br />
vem <strong>de</strong>saparecendo em muitas regiões. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 220mm, asa 95mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 90mm, tarso<br />
24mm, bico 18mm, peso 40g.
90<br />
Saltator atricollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Bico-<strong>de</strong>-pimenta (Black-bellied Saltator)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Possui uma máscara negra em volta dos olhos que se prolonga até o pescoço. O bico é laranja-avermelhado.<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga e muitas vezes às margens <strong>da</strong>s estra<strong>da</strong>s. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total 220mm, asa 94mm,<br />
cau<strong>da</strong> 80mm, tarso 25mm, bico 19mm, peso 45g.<br />
Passerina brissonii brissonii (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Azulão-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro (Ultramarine Grosbeak)<br />
Ocorre no interior <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. O macho é <strong>de</strong> cor azul intenso as fêmeas e jovens são pardos. São aves muito<br />
cobiça<strong>da</strong>s pelos traficantes que, muitas vezes, capturam até o último indivíduo. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Comprimento total<br />
175mm, asa 70mm, cau<strong>da</strong> 65mm, tarso 20mm, bico 16mm, peso 24g.<br />
Subfamília Icterinae<br />
Gnorimopsar chopi (Spix, 1824)<br />
Pássaro-preto (Chopi Blackbird)<br />
Esta espécie ocorre em <strong>de</strong>scampados com árvores espaça<strong>da</strong>s na caatinga e constróe o seu ninho em ocos <strong>de</strong> árvores<br />
ou então utiliza o ninho <strong>de</strong> outras aves. Também po<strong>de</strong> utilizar ninhos artificiais <strong>de</strong> PVC. São aves muito<br />
aprecia<strong>da</strong>s pelos criadores <strong>de</strong> pássaros e muitas <strong>de</strong>las são vendi<strong>da</strong>s em feiras livres no estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia, on<strong>de</strong><br />
o tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais vem causando um gran<strong>de</strong> impacto nessa espécie. São aves muito sensíveis e muitas <strong>de</strong>las<br />
morrem por causa <strong>de</strong> maus tratos. Já observamos dois casos <strong>de</strong> albinismo nessa espécie.<br />
Icterus cayanensis tibialis (Swainson, 1837)<br />
Encontro (Epaulet Oriole)<br />
Esta espécie ocorre nas áreas abertas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga. Tem a capaci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> imitar várias espécies <strong>de</strong> pássaros,<br />
inclusive o gavião. O seu ninho é uma pequena cesta fixa<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>baixo <strong>da</strong>s folhas <strong>da</strong>s palmeiras e <strong>de</strong> outras espécies<br />
<strong>de</strong> plantas. Os filhotes são alimentados com insetos que, muitas vezes, são difíceis <strong>de</strong> serem engolidos.<br />
Peso 33g.<br />
Icterus jamacaii (Gmelin, 1788)<br />
Sofrê (Troupial)<br />
Esta espécie ocorre nas áreas abertas <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e a sua coloração, amarela e preta ou amarela e laranja, lhe<br />
confere uma beleza rara entre as aves brasileiras. Os indivíduos <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie costumam imitar várias outras<br />
espécies <strong>de</strong> aves e quando são criados em cativeiro, po<strong>de</strong>m até apren<strong>de</strong>r a cantar o nosso hino nacional. Não<br />
constróe o seu ninho e costuma ocupar ninhos <strong>de</strong> outras aves, tais como <strong>da</strong> Pseudoseisura cristata, Pitangus<br />
sulphuratus e até ninhos <strong>de</strong> Passer dometicus nas luminárias <strong>de</strong> postes. O tráfico <strong>de</strong> animais vem causando<br />
um impacto significante nessa espécie, já que é uma <strong>da</strong>s aves mais freqüentes no tráfico e que o seu índice<br />
<strong>de</strong> mortan<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> é consi<strong>de</strong>rado o mais elevado entre as <strong>de</strong>mais espécies comercializa<strong>da</strong>s. Poucos exemplares
91<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
sobrevivem e os outros adoecem e morrem rapi<strong>da</strong>mente.<br />
Leistes superciliaris (Bonaparte, 1850)<br />
Polícia-inglesa (White-browed Blackbird)<br />
Ocorre nas regiões alagadiças <strong>da</strong> Caatinga e também po<strong>de</strong> ocupar gramados e pastagens. Costuma levantar<br />
vôo <strong>de</strong> cau<strong>da</strong> aberta emitindo um zumbido e <strong>de</strong>pois pousa no solo ou sobre alguma vegetação. A fêmea é<br />
par<strong>da</strong>, <strong>de</strong> peito riscado e tingido <strong>de</strong> vermelho.<br />
Molothrus badius fringillarius (Spix, 1824)<br />
Asa-<strong>de</strong>-telha (Bay-Winged Cowbird)<br />
Ocorre em áreas abertas com árvores espaça<strong>da</strong>s, e em pequenos bandos. Os sexos são semelhantes. São pardos,<br />
com uma mancha escura que parte do bico e vai até os olhos. As asas possuem na bor<strong>da</strong>, a cor castanha.<br />
Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Chopim (Shiny Cowbird)<br />
Ocorre na Caatinga, muitas vezes em bandos numerosos. O macho tem a plumagem <strong>de</strong> cor azul-violeta<br />
que, <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ndo <strong>da</strong> iluminação, brilha intensamente. A fêmea é menor e <strong>de</strong> cor marrom-fuligem. Costuma<br />
freqüentar os currais em busca <strong>da</strong> ração ofereci<strong>da</strong> ao gado. Essa espécie não constrói seu ninho, nem tão pouco<br />
incuba, mas parasita os ninhos <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>zenas <strong>de</strong> espécies <strong>de</strong> pássaros. Já observamos ovos <strong>de</strong>ssa espécie em ninhos<br />
<strong>de</strong> Fluvilcola nengeta, Thraupis sayaca e Ramphocelus bresilius. Os ovos do M. bonariensis <strong>de</strong> coloração<br />
esbranquiça<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> várias pintas na cor marrom, contrastam muito com os ovos <strong>de</strong> R. bresilius que<br />
possui uma coloração esver<strong>de</strong>a<strong>da</strong> salpica<strong>da</strong> com pintas pretas.<br />
Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Garibaldi (Chestnut-capped Blackbird)<br />
Ocorre preferencialmente em regiões alagadiças, po<strong>de</strong>ndo freqüentar também as áreas secas. Costuma alimentar-se<br />
<strong>da</strong> ração que é coloca<strong>da</strong> para o gado, juntamente com a Molothrus bonariensis. Também freqüenta<br />
comedouros <strong>de</strong> aves, vive em bandos numerosos que po<strong>de</strong>m contar com mais <strong>de</strong> uma centena <strong>de</strong> indivíduos.<br />
Apresenta dimorfismo sexual bem acentuado e o macho é negro com um “boné” na cor <strong>de</strong> ferrugem, que<br />
também é a cor observa<strong>da</strong> na garganta e no peito. Já a fêmea é pardo-olivácea com a barriga e o lado superior<br />
estriados <strong>de</strong> preto.<br />
Família <strong>da</strong>s Fringilli<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Carduelis magellanicus ictericus (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />
Pintassilgo (Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Siskin)<br />
Difere <strong>da</strong> espécie C. yarrellii porque tem a cabeça to<strong>da</strong> negra. É uma espécie migratória que aparece em
92<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
pequenos grupos e em <strong>de</strong>termina<strong>da</strong>s épocas do ano e em segui<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong>saparece. Essa espécie também é muito<br />
cobiça<strong>da</strong> pelos criadores <strong>de</strong> pássaros, que também efetuam o seu acasalamento com canário belga para<br />
produzir o pintagol. Peso 12g.<br />
Família <strong>da</strong>s Passeri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Par<strong>da</strong>l (House Sparrow)<br />
É uma espécie que foi introduzi<strong>da</strong> no Brasi. Na Bahia, observamos essa espécie no inicio <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> <strong>de</strong> 70,<br />
freqüentando a ci<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Salvador. Hoje, se encontra espalha<strong>da</strong> por todo o estado, sempre perto <strong>de</strong> residências.<br />
Em <strong>de</strong>terminados locais, vem causando um gran<strong>de</strong> prejuízo porque freqüenta os restaurantes dos hotéis<br />
on<strong>de</strong> pilha a comi<strong>da</strong> dos hóspe<strong>de</strong>s, po<strong>de</strong>ndo transmitir muitas doenças. O par<strong>da</strong>l é um exemplo clássico do que<br />
não é aconselhável na introdução <strong>de</strong> animais em <strong>de</strong>terminados locais. Medi<strong>da</strong>s: Peso 27g.
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INAMIFORMES ORDER<br />
Família Tinami<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827)<br />
Small-billed Tinamou<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This is a small species with a short beak that measures less than 20 centimeters. The bird occurs at forest<br />
edges, disturbed fields and in savannas, where it seeks its food and reproduces. It’s a skittish bird that is difficult<br />
to see. More commonly the species is i<strong>de</strong>ntified through vocalization and its song is more likely to be<br />
heard at <strong>da</strong>ybreak or dusk. Its pale red coloring also makes it difficult to sight in its habitat. Often it has the<br />
effect of startling someone if unexpectedly come upon as it flies off noisily at ground level. When it feels the<br />
presence of a potential pre<strong>da</strong>tor, the small-billed tinamou crouches and raises its tail feathers, which gives it<br />
the appearance of a flower in bloom. It is a bird much coveted by local hunters.<br />
Crypturellus tatuapa lepidotus (Swainson, 1837)<br />
Tatuapa Tinamou<br />
Very similar in appearance to the small-billed tinamou, the species is nonetheless slightly bigger. The beak is<br />
bright red in the females and the males have a <strong>da</strong>rk spot on the end of their beaks. It’s an extremely skittish<br />
bird and when it perceives a possible pre<strong>da</strong>tor, it raises its tail feathers to give the appearance of a flower in<br />
bloom. The species can occur within <strong>de</strong>nse caatinga or at the edge of forests.<br />
Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus (Wied, 1820)<br />
Yellow-legged Tinamou<br />
This species can occur both insi<strong>de</strong> forests or open fields. It is a more robust species than the previous one<br />
<strong>de</strong>scribed and can weigh more than 800 grams. Its song is melancholic and consists of two low notes. The<br />
torso of the species is yellow and the plumage grayish-brown. The back is shiny and has a superciliar yellow<br />
streak. The yellow-legged tinamou is a skittish, ground bird whose coloration makes it perfectly camouflaged.<br />
Due to habitat loss and relentless hunting, the species is currently listed as in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction. In an area<br />
of savanna, we have witnessed a maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) stalk a bird of this species that was<br />
nesting during the night.<br />
Nothura boraquira (Spix, 1825)<br />
White -bellied Nothura<br />
This is a species typical of northeastern Brazil and occurs both in Caatinga (brushwood forests) and savanna<br />
habitats. Its forelock is black and its feet an intense yellow color. The species’ song consists of small sharp<br />
chirps. It measures some 25 centimeters. The bird roosts in close proximity to the red-winged tinamou. Its<br />
nest is a small cavity in the soil and its eggs are the color of clear chocolate. As with other members of this<br />
family, they are extremely difficult to see. Excessive hunting is one of the principal factors contributing to the<br />
shrinking of the population.
94<br />
Nothura maculosa major (Spix, 1825)<br />
Spotted Nothura<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
The spotted nothura occurs in open fields with low vegetation. One of its distinguishing characteristics, in<br />
or<strong>de</strong>r to scan the area around it, is to stretch out its neck when in motion or in a state of alert. Its brownish<br />
coloring is often dyed by the dirt or soil that gets into its plumage. The spotted nothura’s eggs are chocolate<br />
colored and its call is sharp and can be confused with the noise crickets make. Many of these birds are run over<br />
by cars when they try to cross highways.<br />
Rhynchotus rufescens catingae (Reiser, 1905)<br />
Perdigão (Red-winged Tinamou)<br />
This is a ground species that is found in open areas. The bird is robust, can weigh more than 800 grams and,<br />
although larger and stronger, is very similar in appearance to the spotted nothura (Nothura maculosa). Its calls<br />
can be heard at dusk and <strong>da</strong>wn and they are used to mark the species’ territory and sometimes calls and responses<br />
can be heard. The nest consists of a cavity in the ground, covered with bits of vegetation and the eggs<br />
are again chocolate colored but with a more metallic shine. It is one of the most sought after birds by hunters<br />
and in only one afternoon we witnessed a hunter with dogs kill more than ten of these birds.<br />
Rhei<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Rhea americana americana (Linné, 1758)<br />
Greater Rhea<br />
It is the continent’s largest bird. The male is bigger and its neck is black. The bird lives in groups, and a<br />
number of females use the same nest while the male is responsible for the eggs’ incubation. When the chicks<br />
are young, they show a great agility in catching flies. These are very quick birds and can reach speeds of up<br />
to 60 km/hr. They are almost extinct in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina and historically have been and continue to be<br />
prized by hunters. The only place where we could watch this species was in the Indian reserve of Pankarares<br />
near Paulo Alfonso.<br />
PODICIPEDIFORMES ORDER<br />
Podicipedi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus (Linné, 1766)<br />
Least Grebe<br />
It is the smallest grebe in the state of Bahia and has yellow eyes. When in flight, it’s possible to see a large<br />
white area on its wings. This species can roost in any floo<strong>de</strong>d area with vegetation and has been observed at a<br />
sewage treatment plant. Its nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of sedge and can float on the water wherever the wind takes it. There<br />
can be up to three eggs, which are whitish, in a nest. When they sense a possible pre<strong>da</strong>tor, these birds abandon<br />
their nests, and leave the eggs covered with sedge. The chicks are born a grayish color with wisps of white<br />
and abandon the nests upon birth. Instead they shelter themselves un<strong>de</strong>r the wings of their parents for a certain<br />
amount of time.
95<br />
Podilymbus podiceps antarticus (Lesson, 1842)<br />
Pied-billed Grebe<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This species is much bigger than the Least Grebe, is brownish and its beak has a White stripe on it. It is very<br />
common to see this bird in the company of the Least Grebe. The bird’s reproductive habits are similar to the<br />
Least Grebe, and it is constantly diving to search for food or thwart the pursuit of possible pre<strong>da</strong>tors. It differs<br />
from the Least Grebe in that it lives alone or in pairs, whereas the T. dominicus can live in groups of up to 20<br />
individuals. Measurements: Total length 210mm, wing 84, tarsus 30mm, beak 17mm, weight 104g/144g<br />
PHALACROCORACIDAE<br />
Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Neotropical Cormorant<br />
The neotropical cormorant can live in both fresh and salt water or around mangroves. It dives for food and then<br />
raises its head out of the water to scan its surroundings. These cormorants can be observed in large or small<br />
groups. They normally perch on trees around their habitat or on traps ma<strong>de</strong> by fishermen. It has been known<br />
to reproduce in heron colonies.<br />
CICONIFORMES ORDER<br />
Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Egretta albus egretta (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Great Egret<br />
This is a very common species which occurs in mangroves, floo<strong>de</strong>d areas or wetlands, and can either be in<br />
large groups or isolated in certain marshy spots of land. It sleeps in collective dormitories often shared with<br />
other species of heron. It also reproduces in mixed heron colonies, with other species such as the B. ibis, E.<br />
thula and the N. nycticorax. During the reproductive epoch, a large bluish streak forms around its eyes. It feeds<br />
on fish and amphibians and takes advantage of schools of fish that gather around fishermen.<br />
Egretta thula thula (Molina, 1782)<br />
Snowy Egret<br />
A distinctive characteristic of the snowy egret is its smaller size, black beak and yellowed toes. It lives in either<br />
fresh or salt water and feeds on fish and amphibians. Reproduction takes place in colonies shared with other<br />
species of herons. The nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and is shaped like a shallow bowl. It lays between two and four<br />
bluish eggs. Younger chicks are sometimes expelled from the nest by their ol<strong>de</strong>r siblings and die from lack of<br />
food. This is an obvious disadvantage to being born later. Measurements: weight 266g
96<br />
Bubulcus ibis ibis (Linné, 1758)<br />
Cattle Egret<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
The cattle egret is native to Africa and arrived in Brazil at the end of the 1950s. This species was only registered<br />
in Bahia in 1988, in the municipality of Jeremoabo, but quickly established itself throughout the state.<br />
It’s a species strongly associated with cattle rearing, since it can use the cattle to seek food that inclu<strong>de</strong>s grasshoppers,<br />
snakes and rats. It reproduces in large colonies of up to 10,000 individuals. During reproduction, the<br />
feathers on the top of its head and on its breast have an orange tone. It lays between two and five bluish colored<br />
eggs. Nesting areas of this species are visited by other heron species for reproductive purposes. Measurements:<br />
weight 264g.<br />
Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus striatus (Linné, 1758)<br />
Green (Striated) Heron)<br />
This species occurs in inun<strong>da</strong>ted areas, lakes and rivers. Its coloring is perfect for camouflage which enables<br />
the bird to stay perfectly still for long periods of time and wait for the perfect moment to swoon in for its prey.<br />
Immature chicks are brownish in color and later <strong>de</strong>velop a grayish plumage. The nests are ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs.<br />
Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Black-crowned Night Heron<br />
These birds are nocturnal and occur in inun<strong>da</strong>ted areas and at the si<strong>de</strong> of rivers where the vegetation is <strong>de</strong>nse.<br />
They feed on fish, frogs and other amphibians. Their nest is ma<strong>de</strong> with twigs and they lay from two to four<br />
bluish eggs. They normally reproduce in colonies together with other species of herons. Chicks are born with<br />
a brownish plumage. Young birds are brown interspersed with wisps of white. Measurements: weight 610g<br />
Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Rufescent Tiger-Heron<br />
This heron has a long neck and lives in floo<strong>de</strong>d areas surroun<strong>de</strong>d by vegetation. Despite its large size, the bird<br />
is difficult to see because it lives alone in the <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation. The best time to see them is when they fly,<br />
after being spooked by the presence of humans. They feed on fish and amphibians. The backs of adult birds<br />
are brownish-gray and juveniles are yellow interspersed with black stripes.<br />
Ciconi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein, 1819)<br />
Jabiru Stork<br />
This species was observed in a <strong>da</strong>mmed area used for leisure by members of the community of Jeremoabo.<br />
The bird’s regional presence was acci<strong>de</strong>ntal.
97<br />
Mycteria americana (Linné, 1758)<br />
Wood Stork<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Every year during the dry season, groups of up to 10 birds of this species visit a <strong>da</strong>mmed area in the city of<br />
Jeremoabo. During this dry period, the volume of water in the lake shrinks and creates a situation where fish<br />
are stuck and therefore easy prey for the wood storks. Adults have a black beak while that of juveniles has a<br />
pink tone.<br />
Catharti<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Sarcoramphus papa (Linné 1758)<br />
King Vulture<br />
It is the largest of the country’s scavengers and unmistakable due to its white and black coloration. The head<br />
and neck are orangey red. This scavenger has a robust fleshy concetration on its head that is an orangey yellow.<br />
Juveniles are black but as they mature become inun<strong>da</strong>ted with white. In Bahia, the largest single area of<br />
concentration of the species is on a cliff in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (Jeremoabo) where around 80 individuals<br />
have been observed in one sleeping area.<br />
Coragyps atratus brasiliensis (Bonaparte, 1793)<br />
Black Vulture<br />
This is the most common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt vulture and frequents all types of habitats except <strong>de</strong>nse forests. The<br />
largest concentration of this species is located around garbage dumps and sanitary burial sites throughout<br />
the municipalities of the brushwood habitat. It lays one to two greenish eggs that are dotted with brown dots.<br />
Adult as well as juvenile vultures have a very efficient <strong>de</strong>fense mechanism: when they are caught, they regurgitate<br />
the contents of their stomach when they are caught. The stink this vomit produces is so strong that<br />
the person who apprehen<strong>de</strong>d the bird is himself driven to nausea. Often, groups of vultures eat members of<br />
their own species when they find them on the highway after being run over by a vehicle.<br />
Cathartes aura ruficollis (Spix, 1824)<br />
Turkey Vulture<br />
This bird is often confused by non-experts with a hawk due to its aerodynamic patterns, and fast and gliding<br />
flight. The bird’s sense of smell is so refined that it can discover a small carcass (such as that of a frog) hid<strong>de</strong>n<br />
beneath the trees. The Turkey Vulture goes after animals that have been run over on highways, principally<br />
in the early hours of the morning. The heads and necks of adult individuals are red, whereas these parts in<br />
juveniles are black.<br />
Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga (Pelzeln, 1861)<br />
Lesser Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Vulture<br />
Although it looks very similar to the Turkey Vulture, it can be differentiated by the yellow coloring of the
98<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
neck and the height of its head. When it flies to a height beyond one’s view when the coloring of its head and<br />
neck cannot be distinguished, it can easily be confused with the Turkey Vulture. Though occurs much less<br />
frequently than the C. aurea, its feeding habits are very similar.<br />
ANSERIFORMES ORDER<br />
Anati<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Dendrocygna viduata (Linné, 1766)<br />
White-faced Whistling-Duck<br />
This is a migrating species that visits the brushwood habitat during the winter season. It arrives at the end of<br />
March and stays until the end of September. Small groups may arrive before winter as long as floo<strong>de</strong>d marshy<br />
areas can be found. They reproduce in the region and we’ve discovered nests with more than 12 chicks. Often<br />
the white on the face, chin and throat becomes dirty with mud making them seem brown. Due to heavy hunting<br />
pressure, they are extremely skittish. They reproduce between the months of April and June and the chicks are<br />
very similar to the White-cheeked pintail asi<strong>de</strong> from the collar around its nape does not reach its neck. Weight<br />
700g<br />
Anas bahamensis bahamensis (Linné, 1758)<br />
White-cheeked Pintail<br />
A diverse number of groups are spread around marshy areas of the Caatinga habitat. They reproduce in regions<br />
where they can construct their nests far from the water. The male is bigger and has a longer red stripe on its<br />
beak. A male of this species which was ban<strong>de</strong>d at CETREL, was killed by hunters in Jequié.<br />
Amazonetta brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Brazilian Duck<br />
The male of this small duck has a red beak and tarsus whereas the female has a bluish beak. When in flight, a<br />
white strip on the wing is noticeable in both the male and the female. The species is common in marshy areas<br />
throughout the Caatinga. They live in pairs or small groups of less than 10 individuals. Measurements: Total<br />
length 390mm, wing 190mm, tail 78mm, tarsus 37mm, beak. 35mm, weight 390g.<br />
Sarkdionis melanotos sylvicola (Ihering & Ihering, 1907).*<br />
Comb Duck<br />
Though sometimes seen in small groups, the comb duck is not common in the Caatinga. The male is markedly<br />
larger than the female and has a pronounced tuberosity on its beak, which enlarges during the reproductive<br />
period. Its size and black and white coloring make it unmistakable. It flies in an “Indian line” led by a male<br />
with a pronounced tuberosity on its beak. We have never found a comb duck nest.
99<br />
Cairina moschata (Linné, 1758).*<br />
Muscovy Duck<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
The numbers for this species have been lowering in Bahia, the result of heavy hunting pressure. Another<br />
alarming <strong>de</strong>velopment is the coupling of wild and domestic populations. According to Sick the offspring of<br />
wild ducks are completely black whereas those of domesticated ones are streaked with yellow. Nests are constructed<br />
in tree cavities and in cliff faces. The eggs are white and generally weigh around, 55.0g, and measure<br />
57mm x 44mm.<br />
FALCONIFORMES ORDER<br />
Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818).<br />
White-tailed Kite<br />
Though not abun<strong>da</strong>nt, its one of the more common raptors in the region. It can be observed alone or in pairs<br />
that hunt together. When on the look out for prey, the white tailed kite hovers in the sky as if attached to it by<br />
a string. When it spots rats, lizards, or small reptiles, it will hover, and swoop up and down until the opportune<br />
moment to strike presents itself. It is frequently seen in open fields or grasslands, and can be seen in Jeremoabo<br />
hunting in barren land.<br />
Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii (Vigors, 1825)<br />
Pearl Kite<br />
Even smaller than the Falco Sparverius this, the country’s smallest raptor, can be seen in a diverse area of the<br />
Caatinga. It feeds on small birds, lizards and small reptiles. It gli<strong>de</strong>s at impressive heights and its circular flight<br />
pattern means it is sometimes mistaken for a swallow. It is not a common species and its nest is shaped like a<br />
shallow bowl. The bird is clumsy and therefore its nest must be protected by both parents who attack anything<br />
that approaches.<br />
Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Black-Chested Buzzard Eagle<br />
This eagle occurs in the mountainous regions of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. The female is larger than the male. Its<br />
nests are ma<strong>de</strong> with brushwood in remote cliff fissures. It lays two white eggs and when they hatch fratrici<strong>de</strong><br />
occurs between the ol<strong>de</strong>r and younger chick, so only one offspring survives. It feeds on small primates, armadillos,<br />
birds, snakes. It will also snatch up lambs and kids.<br />
Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus (Vieillot, 1816)<br />
White-tailed Hawk<br />
Found in open areas where a pair <strong>de</strong>marcates its territory. The female is markedly bigger than the male. Two<br />
other features help to distinguish the sexes. When the birds gli<strong>de</strong>, the female wings are more round and robust
100<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
than the narrower male wings. And the male call is a much higher tone than the more base tone of the female.<br />
Though this species primarily hunts for prey, which inclu<strong>de</strong>s armadillo, lizards, snakes on the ground, it also<br />
hunts in trees for animals like marmosets. These it captures in free fall flight or straight flight. Their reproductive<br />
period starts in April with the cleaning and construction of the nest and the chicks hatch in August. Two<br />
eggs, and the ol<strong>de</strong>r chick kills its younger sibling.<br />
Buteo brachyurus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1816)<br />
Short-tailed Hawk<br />
Similar enough as to sometimes be mistaken for B. albicau<strong>da</strong>tus, it can be differentiated by its smaller size and<br />
short, barred tail. The bird is not common in the Caatinga and sightings of it are rare. Also like the white-tailed<br />
hawk, it passes periods of being black.<br />
Rupornis magnirostris nattareri (Sclater & Salvin, 1869)<br />
Roadsi<strong>de</strong> Hawk<br />
This is the most common hawk species in Bahia and is well a<strong>da</strong>pted to the Caatinga though it also a<strong>da</strong>pts well<br />
to suburban and urban environments such as Jeremoabo. It has a wi<strong>de</strong> color variation of plumage that goes<br />
from light brown to <strong>da</strong>rk gray. Eye coloring also varies from being yellow or orange. The nest is in the form<br />
of a bowl and ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs. The chick’s first feathering is cream colored. The species is causing problems in<br />
outlying parts of Salvador because the birds attack people who pass too close to their nests. Measurements:<br />
Total length 340mm, wing.158mm, tail 144mm, tarsus 61mm, beak 27mm, weight 250g<br />
Buteogallus meridionalis meridionalis (Latham, 1790)<br />
Savanna Hawk<br />
This large hawk lives in open areas where it hunts for prey that consists of insects, snakes, lizards, iguanas,<br />
etc.. It is commonly seen hunting at ground level. The breast and abdomens of juveniles are yellow cut by<br />
black stripes. When flying, its long wings and bur<strong>de</strong>ned flight are characteristics by which to i<strong>de</strong>ntify the species.<br />
Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis (Temminick, 1821)<br />
Crane Hawk<br />
This hawk has a long, bluish-gray tail and long legs which are the perfect tool to seek out food in the cavities of<br />
bromeliads. We have seen the Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d caracara (Milvalgo chimachima) steel a frog that had just been<br />
caught by a G. caerulescens. It occurs in diverse places within the Caatinga but is not abun<strong>da</strong>nt.
101<br />
Família Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus (Bangs & Penard, 1919).<br />
Laughing Falcon<br />
This species of hawk is most known for its call which is prolonged and ends with what sounds like its name<br />
in Portuguese, acua. It calls in the early mornings and early evenings, and usually calls in a duet with its mate,<br />
with one calling and the other responding. It’s easily recognizable by its black mask and black cap on its head.<br />
The species feeds on snakes and often can be seen flying clasping a serpent in its claws. We have seen a pair<br />
reproducing in the crevice of a cliff.<br />
Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Collared Forest-Falcon<br />
This species has been observed in the high country of the Caatinga near the city of Jeremoabo. The tail and<br />
feathers are long and the tail has three white bars. The breast and abdomen plumage can be either white or<br />
yellowish. Insi<strong>de</strong> the forest, the bird can be observed jumping from branch to branch with great agility.<br />
Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Barred Forest-Falcon<br />
This species occurs within forests and most of the time the bird is i<strong>de</strong>ntified from its call being very difficult<br />
to actually see. It calls at <strong>da</strong>wn and if someone approaches, it rapidly moves unnoticed to another spot.<br />
Milvago chimachima chimachima (Vieillot, 1816).<br />
Carrapateiro (Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Caracara)<br />
This hawk is more common. It lives in open areas where there is cattle, from which it extracts ticks and flee<br />
larva to feed on. In one instance, the yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d caracara became fixated with catching ticks embed<strong>de</strong>d in a<br />
capybara, on which it left a large dorsal wound. It returned repeatedly to the wound and extracted large pieces<br />
of flesh. It’s common to see this species, together with the C. plancus and vultures, looking for run-over animals<br />
on roads, highways or on beaches. It takes advantage of fishermen’s catch and will swoop down to steal<br />
fish already caught in nets or fish remains thrown out at the edge of the water. Juveniles have <strong>da</strong>rk coloration<br />
intertwined with strong yellow bars. Measurements: weight 278g.<br />
Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777)<br />
Crested Caracara<br />
It is one of the most common hawks in open areas and can be seen around roads and highways looking for<br />
road-kill. It feeds on worms and is known to sift through cattle feces in search of some organism. Several times<br />
we have witnessed the crested caracara, in an attempt to steal its caught prey, following the Falco peregrinus<br />
as the latter hunts for food on the ground. It is quite successful in doing this but when it fails, it contents itself<br />
with the leftovers. The juveniles are <strong>da</strong>rker than adult. The nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and shaped like a large bowl.
102<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
We have seen up to three eggs being laid which are a clear brown color sprinkled with <strong>da</strong>rk streaks. Chicks are<br />
black and yellow. Measurements: Total length 460mm, weight 780g.<br />
Falco femoralis femoralis (Temminck, 1822)<br />
Aplomado Falcon<br />
The aplamado falcon occurs in open areas and normally it’s the pairs that mark their territory. It feeds on various<br />
species of birds such as: Colaptes melanochloros, Guira guira, Leptotila verreauxi and domestic pigeons.<br />
The bird lays its eggs in nests already ma<strong>de</strong> by other species. The chick’s plumage is <strong>da</strong>rk gray. The aplamado<br />
falcon hunts alone or in pairs. We once saw a group of birds on the ground looking for food and when they<br />
perceived the presence of a F. femoralis, they all flew to the safety of a tree canopy near by. A Guira guira that<br />
was late in taking off was caught by the falcon. One of the most spectacular scenes we’ve witnessed was that<br />
of a pair of F. femoralis attacking a flock of domestic pigeons. Their strategy was to seperate one of the birds<br />
from the general flock and the male would fly above it while the female remained below to wait for the pigeon<br />
to tire. At the first sign of fatigue, the unfortunate pigeon was easy prey.<br />
Falco sparverius cearae (Cory, 1915)<br />
American Kestrel<br />
This is a small falcon that lives in open areas of the Caatinga. É um falcão pequeno que vive em ambientes<br />
abertos na Caatinga. It feeds on lizards, grasshoppers and small birds. As locales for reproduction, it uses trees<br />
cavities, termite mounds, river banks, palm trees snags, nests abandoned by the rufous cacholote (Pseudoseisura<br />
cristata), slots in air-conditioners or office buildings. It lays from two to five eggs and the incubation<br />
period is 29 <strong>da</strong>ys. Chicks are born with completely white plumage. Their sexual dimorphism is very evi<strong>de</strong>nt.<br />
The male has a gray crown at the top of its head and the speculum of its wings is gray and the end of its tail has<br />
a black bar around 10 mm wi<strong>de</strong>. The female is rust colored and its tail has several black stripes. These differences<br />
can be observed when the chick’s tail is more than 10 mm since only then is it possible to distinguish the<br />
black bar at the end of the males’ tails. Measurements: Total length 260mm,wing175mm, tail 125mm, tarsus<br />
34mm, beak 13mm, weight 90g.<br />
Falco rufigularis ophryophanes (Salvadori, 1895)<br />
Bat Falcon<br />
The bat falcon occurs in the mountainous regions of the Caatinga and reproduces in crevices of the rocky cliff<br />
faces. It uses a perch to scan for possible prey and it hunts bats at dusk. The male is markedly smaller than the<br />
female and these are relatively tame birds that show little concern about the presence of man. We can therefore<br />
get very close to the birds without spooking them. Measurements: Total length 260mm, wing 215mm, tail<br />
210mm, beak 14mm, weight. 200g
103<br />
GALLIFORMES ORDER<br />
Craci<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Ortalis guttata aracuan (Spix, 1825).<br />
Speckled or Variable Chachalaca<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Usually at dusk, numerous individuals call together. These birds sleep together in groups and some perch on<br />
the same branch. The nest is shaped like a bowl and the eggs are white. These birds are extremely coveted by<br />
hunters.<br />
Penelope jacucaca (Spix,1825)<br />
White-Browed Guan<br />
Even though abun<strong>da</strong>nt and easily observed at Serra Branca and crossing dirt roads in the middle of the Caatinga,<br />
this species is, in fact, in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction. Its nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and some three to four meters<br />
above the ground. It is particularly fond of the “juazeiro” fruit.<br />
GRUIFORMES ORDER<br />
Arami<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Aramus guarauna guarauna (Linné, 1766)<br />
Limpkin<br />
The species occurs in floo<strong>de</strong>d areas in the interior of the Caatinga. From a distance, though the bird looks to be<br />
all <strong>da</strong>rk it has a white throat and wisps of white on its head and neck. In the rainy season, many of these birds<br />
can be seen in wet areas, but when they dry, it disappears. The birds normally call at night and at dusk. They<br />
eat aquatic snails, the same diet as the snail kite.<br />
Ralli<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle (Spix, 1825).<br />
Little Wood-Rail<br />
The presence of the little wood rail has been noted on beaches, in mangroves and their adjacent forests. (Sick,<br />
1997). Pinto (1964) collected a male sample of the species in the Caatinga in the municipality of Bonfim, Bahia<br />
state. According to communities where the bird occurs, it does not make any type of sound or call, and is<br />
therefore consi<strong>de</strong>red to be <strong>de</strong>af. It occurs in dry and far removed environments in the interior of the Caatinga.<br />
It can be seen in flocks of more than 15 members. The nest is very similar to that of Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea, and is<br />
shaped like of bowl and ma<strong>de</strong> of twig. One such nest was found on May 13, 2005 located un<strong>de</strong>r the leaves of a<br />
bush about three meters from the ground. It lays two white eggs speckled with red dots, which measure 39mm<br />
X 31mm with an average weight of 23,5g. We found two other abandoned nests in the vicinity.
104<br />
Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea (Müller, 1776)<br />
Gray-necked Wood-Rail<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
It is the most common wood rail and its call is often sung in a duet; one calls and the other responds. The<br />
calls, most common at dusk and <strong>da</strong>wn, consist of various repetitions and can last a few minutes. This species<br />
lives near water sources but also has been known to colonize areas far from water. The species’ nests are bowl<br />
shaped and in one we have seen three white eggs speckled with brown. The chicks are born with black plumage.<br />
Porzana albicollis albicollis (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Ash-throated Crake<br />
This species is very common in floo<strong>de</strong>d regions with <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation, preferably where there is an abun<strong>da</strong>nce<br />
of rush vegetation. It lives hid<strong>de</strong>n in the midst of this vegetation and are often run over when attempting to<br />
cross highways.<br />
Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Rufus-si<strong>de</strong> Crake<br />
It occurs in floo<strong>de</strong>d areas with <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation. Skittish, it is very difficult to observe and though we have<br />
heard its call, we were unable locate the individual. Nest are constructed with leaves from the rush plants in the<br />
upper strictures of that vegetation. The three eggs it lays are white with chestnut brown spots. When the nests<br />
are approached, the birds become agitated and make a noisy exit to hi<strong>de</strong> in the <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation.<br />
.<br />
Pardirallus nigricans nigricans (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Blackish Rail<br />
It occurs in marshes with <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation and due to its skittishness hi<strong>de</strong>s in this same vegetation. They are<br />
very difficult to see but easily <strong>de</strong>tectable because of their distinct vocalization. Besi<strong>de</strong>s their traditional call,<br />
they can emit a sound remarkably similar to that of a toad. This can have the effect of confusing any bird<br />
watcher and the bird can fly off unnoticed.<br />
Gallinula chloropus galeata (Lichtenstein, 1758)<br />
Common Gallinule<br />
It’s the most common gallinule and can be observed in floo<strong>de</strong>d marsh areas, rivers and lakes. It builds its nest<br />
out of rush leaves and grasses in the middle of the vegetation. It can lay up to eight eggs. When they are incubating<br />
and sense the presence of a pre<strong>da</strong>tor, they slowly leave the nest and, while continuously calling, swim<br />
swishing their tail and head. When far enough away from the nest, they start to fly clumsily. The chicks are<br />
born with black plumage and with a blue marking around the eyes. The top of its head and base of the beak<br />
are red. It’s a species with migratory habits that disappears in the dry season and returns when the rain starts.<br />
We once found a fallen female that had been woun<strong>de</strong>d by a hunter. A male at its si<strong>de</strong> flew off only when it<br />
perceived our presence. Measurements: Total length 350mm, wing 123mm, tail 64mm, tarsus 52mm, weight
105<br />
400g<br />
Porphyrula martinica (Linné, 1776)<br />
Purple Gallinule<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
The intensely bright blue adult lives hid<strong>de</strong>n within vegetation where it reproduces. It differs from the common<br />
gallinule because it is rarely seen in open areas, preferring the safety insi<strong>de</strong> the <strong>de</strong>nse vegetation. It has a bluish<br />
coloring on the shield above its beak and the legs are yellow. It can be seen perched on rush branches. The<br />
species is migratory and much less abun<strong>da</strong>nt than the common gallinule.<br />
Família Cariami<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Cariama cristata (Linné, 1766)<br />
Red-Legged Seriema<br />
This long-legged bird is well known in local Caatinga communities and feeds on insects, ro<strong>de</strong>nts, lizards and<br />
snakes. Its large bowl-shaped nest ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs is usually located two or three meters above ground. Two<br />
eggs are laid. These birds are often encountered on country roads and run for a long time in front of the oncoming<br />
car before leaping off into the vegetation lining the road. Its call can be heard from far off and the birds are<br />
very territorial and <strong>de</strong>fend fiercely against the incursions of neighboring groups.<br />
CHARADRIIFORMES ORDER<br />
Jacani<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Jacana jacana jacana (Linné, 1758)<br />
Wattled Jacana<br />
This is a common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt species of which the male is markedly smaller than the female. The male is responsible<br />
for incubating the eggs. The eggs are chestnut Brown colored with yellow streaks. We have seen up<br />
to five eggs being laid. During copulation, the male uses its long toes to support himself on the female’s back.<br />
The species is distributed around rivers, lakes and marshy areas in the Caatinga. When floo<strong>de</strong>d areas used by<br />
the wattled jacana dry up, they migrate to other more humid areas.The juveniles have a yellowish coloring.<br />
Measurements: Total length 230mm, wing 120mm, tail 36mm, tarsus 59mm, beak 27mm, weight 98g/120g.<br />
Charadrii<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Vanellus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler, 1827)<br />
Southern Lapwing<br />
This is the most common representative of this family and always occurs in open areas. The nest is a cavity<br />
which contains little material and the birds generally lay three to four eggs although we have come upon a<br />
nest with seven eggs. As soon as they hatch, the chicks are quite active but when warned by their parents of a<br />
possible pre<strong>da</strong>tor, they remain motionless for long periods of time. To throw off possible nest pre<strong>da</strong>tors nests,
106<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
the parents pretend to have a broken wing and drag themselves along the ground. These are noisy birds which<br />
are always voluble, principally when an intru<strong>de</strong>r enters its territory, whether it be night or <strong>da</strong>y. Measurements:<br />
Total length 340mm, wing 220mm, tail 85mm, tarsus 75mm, beak 29mm, weight 260g.<br />
Scolopaci<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Tringa solitaria solitaria (Wilson, 1813)<br />
Solitary Sandpiper<br />
These are migratory birds from North America and as the name would indicate, are solitary. We have, however,<br />
observed groups of up to ten individuals. They occur around rivers and marshy areas, including sewage<br />
treatment plants. They are nervous birds always raising and lowering their head and tail and often bury their<br />
heads to look for food in the mud.<br />
Recurvirostri<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Himantopus himantopus mexicanus (Müller, 1776)<br />
Black-necked Stilt<br />
.<br />
Stilts live in small groups or flocks that can consist of 100 individuals in shallow floo<strong>de</strong>d areas, marshes and<br />
lakes. They feed on small insects, worms and larvae. They search for food on the surface of the water or by<br />
sticking their beaks into the slush. In the north coastal region of Bahia, the black necked stilt starts its reproductive<br />
phase in the middle of May and it goes until the winter in September. In rare cases, this phase can be<br />
prolonged to November or even December. When the floo<strong>de</strong>d areas dry up, the species disappears and little is<br />
known about where they move to. The nests can be built on the lakes, on little islands or hid<strong>de</strong>n in the middle<br />
of grassy vegetation. Though much less often, the nests can be constructed on the banks of a lake. The shape<br />
of the nest generally looks like a volcano, with a round bottom, a height of five to ten centimeters and hollow<br />
at the center. The nest can be either entirely ma<strong>de</strong> of mud or mud mixed with grass. The species lays three to<br />
five yellowish eggs covered with various <strong>da</strong>rk brown spots spread around the egg but concentrated on the tip.<br />
As time elapses, the eggs can become brown which is probably a result of direct contact with the mud. When<br />
the parents change positions incubating the nest, one of the pair will approach the nest, and pretend that it is<br />
looking for food before assuming its position on the eggs. The birds leave the nest quickly, although in the<br />
first few <strong>da</strong>ys of their lives, after hunting for food close to the nest, they come back to it. All the groups unite<br />
to <strong>de</strong>fend their territory and pretend to have a broken leg or wing or be handicapped in some way, while at the<br />
same time emitting stri<strong>de</strong>nt calls, the combination of which serves to confuse potential pre<strong>da</strong>tors. At the first<br />
signal of alarm, the chicks hi<strong>de</strong> in the vegetation or bury themselves in the mud and are only found with great<br />
difficulty. They can use their long legs to help them swim.
107<br />
COLUMBIFORMES ORDER<br />
Columbi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Columba livia domestica (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Rock Dove<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This is a domesticated species and the most well known group is the Belgium pigeon or “messenger” pigeon.<br />
Pigeons were introduced here and to<strong>da</strong>y can be found spread along the whole north coast. The great majority<br />
of this species is wild and with time has been able to a<strong>da</strong>pt to urban life and become a great pest .It can transit<br />
an infinite number of diseases to humans and other wild bird species such as Columbina talpacoti, a bird<br />
related to it. We have observed small pigeons with tricomoniose, the result of feeding together with the street<br />
pigeons. The captive Belgium pigeons are treated with great care by their bree<strong>de</strong>rs and are unlikely to transmit<br />
any type of disease to humans.<br />
Columba picazuro marginalis (Naumburg, 1932)<br />
Picazuro Pigeon<br />
Like the domestic pigeon, this large species is common in the Caatinga and savanna regions in the west of<br />
Bahia. There it is becoming a pest because of the large soy cultivations, an abun<strong>da</strong>nt and available food source<br />
for them. When thy fly, a large white stripe can be seen on both its wings. Measurements: weight 320g.<br />
Zenai<strong>da</strong> auriculata virgata (Bertoni, 1901)<br />
Eared Dove<br />
This is a migratory species that appears in large groups at certain times of the year to reproduce. Reproduction<br />
takes place in large colonies called “pombais” where the eggs are laid. During the reproduction period, local<br />
inhabitants customarily raid these “pombais” to pilfer the eggs when the parents, on the lookout for drinking<br />
areas, leave the nest unatten<strong>de</strong>d. The indiscriminant nature of this pre<strong>da</strong>tion can result in a marked reduction<br />
of the species in localized areas. The birds often bump into electric wires and are electrocuted. Measurements:<br />
Total length 210mm, wing 125mm, tail 86mm, beak 15mm, weight 115g.<br />
Columbina minuta (Linné, 1766)<br />
Plain-breasted Ground-Dove<br />
The plain-breasted ground dove is very common in the Caatinga of Bahia and one of the most abun<strong>da</strong>nt birds<br />
in the region. It generally assembles its nest on the ground but can also make the nests on branches within<br />
the vegetation slightly above the ground. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing70mm, tail 50mm, tarsus<br />
15mm, beak 10mm, weight 30g.<br />
Columbina picui strepitans (Spix, 1825)<br />
Picui Ground-Dove<br />
This is a common Caatinga species and builds its nests both in trees and in the roofs of houses. It is one of the
108<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
most abun<strong>da</strong>nt birds of the ecosystem. Measurements: Total length 185mm, wing 88mm, tail 75mm, tarsus<br />
32mm, beak 12mm, weight.44g.<br />
Columbina talpacoti talpacoti (Temminck, 1811)<br />
Ruddy Ground-Dove<br />
This is one of the most common and well-known doves. It lives in city centers and urban gar<strong>de</strong>ns. It lays two<br />
white eggs in its bowl shaped nest. It can construct its nest in less than one week. Similar to other species in<br />
this family, it places its chicks at the si<strong>de</strong> of the nest which serves as a protective barrier. Many people hand<br />
feed these birds which has resulted in heightened population within urban centers. Measurements: Total length<br />
172mm, wing 90mm, tail 78mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 12mm, weight 50g.<br />
Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata squammata (Lesson, 1831)<br />
Scaled Dove<br />
This is very distinct bird due to its completely barred plumage. Its call is also well known and sounds like<br />
“fogo-apagou”. When it flies, it makes a sound like the rattle of a rattle snake. The scaled dove is very common<br />
and abun<strong>da</strong>nt in the Caatinga. It lays two white eggs in a bowl shaped nest very similar to that of the<br />
ruddy-ground dove. Measurements: Total length 223mm, wing 98mm, tail 92mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 12mm,<br />
weight 56g.<br />
Leptotila verreauxi approximans (Cory, 1917)<br />
White-tipped Dove<br />
Very similar in appearance to the L. rufaxilla, the white-tipped dove can be differentiated by its grayer coloring<br />
on the top of its head, an orange colored ring around its eye and feet that are less starkly red. It occurs in dry<br />
environments of the Caatinga and at forest edges. When in flight, a white mark on the tip of its tail becomes<br />
visible. These birds tend to congregate with other members of the species to drink water out of small pools<br />
of water. Measurements: Total length 265mm, wing 134mm, tail 103mm, tarsus 24mm, beak 18mm, weight<br />
135g.<br />
Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez, 1886)<br />
Blue Ground-Dove<br />
This bird is not abun<strong>da</strong>nt and lives in the interior of the Caatinga. The male is bluish-gray and the female is<br />
brownish. Both have striped wings. Measurements: Total length 220mm, wing 118mm, tail 80mm, tarsus<br />
18mm, beak 14mm, weight 70g.
109<br />
Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Anodorhynchus leari (Bonaparte, 1856)<br />
Lears Macaw<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This species is critically en<strong>da</strong>ngered and occurs in the municipalities of Jeremoabo, Canudos, Eucli<strong>de</strong>s <strong>da</strong><br />
Cunha, Paulo Afonso and Curaçá. We discovered a new population in Campo Formoso and Santo Sé. For<br />
many years the population of these birds was estimated at 170 individuals. With the work accomplished<br />
through a partnership between BioBrasil, Cetrel and CEMAVE coupled with information gathered from the<br />
local community, new feeding sites were discovered and to<strong>da</strong>y the population is estimated to be around 500<br />
birds. (See the Status of A. leari.)<br />
Forpus crassirotris flavissemos (Taczanowski, 1883)<br />
Blue-winged Parrotlet<br />
This is the smallest Brazilian psittace<strong>de</strong> and common in almost all the northern coast habitats. The sexual dimorphism<br />
is very accentuated. The male has a large blue swath on its wings and rump while the female is clear<br />
green with a yellowish tone on its head. It reproduces in small tree cavities previously dug out by woodpeckers<br />
and also takes over abandoned rufous hornero nests. During the reproductive period, they live in pairs but<br />
at other times go around in large flocks that can number in the dozens. On more than one occasion, we have<br />
observed completely yellow members of this species. Measurements: Total length 130mm, wing 80mm, tail<br />
40mm, tarsus 11mm, beak 12mm, weight 28g.<br />
Porhyrrhura maracana (Vieillot, 1816)<br />
Blue-winged Macaw<br />
This is not a common bird in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. On occasion, we have seen flocks of no more than 10 birds.<br />
The bird’s front and abdomen are red, its eyes have a white ring around them and the beak is black. It moves<br />
around in small groups looking for food and roosts in cliff faces together with other representatives of the<br />
parrot family.<br />
Aratinga acuticau<strong>da</strong>ta haemorrhous (Spix, 1824)<br />
Blue-Crowned Parakeet<br />
This bird has a blue forehead and red tail. Together with the cactus parakeet, it is one of the most abun<strong>da</strong>nt<br />
parakeets in the Raso d Catarina. It can be seen in groups of more than 50 individuals flying around the Caatinga<br />
on the lookout for food. It roosts in cliff faces where at dusk one can observe up to 300 birds noisily<br />
circling around before turning in for the night.
110<br />
Aratinga cactorum cactorum (Kuhl, 1820)<br />
Cactus Parakeet<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
It is one of the most abun<strong>da</strong>nt parakeets in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. The bird is green, with a yellow breast and<br />
a more orangey abdomen. It reproduces in termite mounds. These birds will often raid cornfields, an act that<br />
results in significant losses.<br />
Amazona aestiva aestiva (Linné, 1758)<br />
Turquoise-fronted Parrot<br />
This is a parrot species that occurs in the Caatinga of Bahia and is especially abun<strong>da</strong>nt in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />
It reproduces in the crevices of cliffs and tree cavities. One time we found a chick that had just fallen out of the<br />
nest. The chick already had full plumage but an anomaly on its left wing prevented it from flying. Even though<br />
it is not listed as en<strong>da</strong>ngered, there are many places in Bahia where the bird has been extirpated. Trafficking<br />
is the principal threat to the species. In the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, every year hundreds of chicks are collected by<br />
animal traffickers.<br />
CUCULIFORMES ORDER<br />
Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Coccyzus melacoryphus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Dark-billed Cuckoo<br />
This species has a black beak and yellow throat and three white stripes along the un<strong>de</strong>rsi<strong>de</strong> of its extensive<br />
tail. It lives in the middle of vegetation and sometimes burrows in the substact of the Caatinga, looking for<br />
insects, its main food source. Measurements: Total length 270mm, wing 128mm tail 140mm, tarsus 50mm,<br />
beak 30mm, weight 46g.<br />
Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linné, 1758)<br />
Yellow-billed Cuckoo<br />
Coccyzus a. americus is a species that lives in the eastern portion of North America from Cana<strong>da</strong> to the south<br />
of the US, according to Pinto (1978). The species migrates south during the northern hemisphere winter when<br />
it will stop in Central America and northern South America. (Pará and north of Maranhão), with acci<strong>de</strong>ntal<br />
occurrences in the central states, the north of Minas Gerais, south of Mato Grosso and the extreme south of<br />
the country (Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Sul) (Belton, 1973). Sick, 1978, reports the presence of the bird in Piauí, Rio <strong>de</strong><br />
Janeiro, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio Gran<strong>de</strong> do Sul. Fiúza, (1999), using a summary bibliography of<br />
birds of the Caatinga, reports 283 species for the biome but the C. a. americanus is not inclu<strong>de</strong>d in this survey.<br />
Pacheco & Bauer, 2000, put together an inventory for the bird species of the Caatinga biome and reported the<br />
C. a. americanus only in Ceará. Lima, (2004), from his surveys of various biomes within the state of Bahia,<br />
related 280 for the Caatinga ecosystem and since the C. a.americanus had never been seen before, his was the<br />
first confirmed sighting in the state. The abdomen of the bird is clear gray and its mandible yellow, characteristics<br />
exclusive to the species. This was the second register for the species in the larger Caatinga biome, and<br />
the first in that biome in Bahia.
111<br />
Piaya cayana pallescens (Cabanis & Heine, 1862)<br />
Squirrel Cuckoo<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
It lives alone or in a pair and has a long tail that is evi<strong>de</strong>nt when it moves around an open area. It often jumps<br />
from one branch to another and from a distance, because of its long trail, the bird can be confused for a squirrel<br />
or marmoset. Its nest is lined with dry leaves and we have found one of these nests at thr top of a tree. Measurements:<br />
Total length 410mm wing 150mm, tail 235mm, tarsus 38mm, beak 27mm, weight 104g<br />
Crotophaga ani (Linné, 1758)<br />
Smooth-billed Ani<br />
The smooth-billed ani is a well-known bird in the local community and lives in open areas or where vegetation<br />
is low. It lives in flocks and we have counted up to 16 individuals in one flock. This ani feeds on insects,<br />
lizards and small animals. In the same manner as the cattle egret, the bird can be seen alongsi<strong>de</strong> grazing cattle<br />
foraging for food. Its nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and hid<strong>de</strong>n within the vegetation. We have found nests at a height<br />
of around one and a half meters off the ground and their greenish eggs. We have also found nests with 40 eggs<br />
piled up against each other. We also came across an individual that lived alone for over a year in the Raso <strong>da</strong><br />
Catarina, the home range of the Lears Macaw. This individual, which was ban<strong>de</strong>d, lived near a source of water<br />
and when that dried up, he showed up at our camp looking for supplemental water. Measurements: weight<br />
96g.<br />
Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788)<br />
Guira Cuckoo<br />
This is a common bird in open areas and feeds on invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles. Its bowl-shaped nest<br />
is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and lined with dry leaves. We have observed that the guira cuckoo uses the same nest for<br />
several years. On the first <strong>da</strong>y after they hatch, the chicks are given small portions of food that are put insi<strong>de</strong><br />
their beaks; after the third <strong>da</strong>y, they receive larger portions that are put either at the opening of the beak or<br />
regurgitated <strong>de</strong>ep insi<strong>de</strong> the beak. After the fifth <strong>da</strong>y, the chicks become competitive and at the first sign of<br />
their parent’s arrival, they advance in their direction to quickly receive the food. The competition between the<br />
chicks increases every <strong>da</strong>y and the one who has more success in grabbing the food obviously has an advantage<br />
and <strong>de</strong>velops more rapidly. From the tenth <strong>da</strong>y and until they fledge, the more <strong>de</strong>veloped chicks use a more<br />
elaborate strategy to obtain food: they position themselves on branches above the nest and intercept food<br />
from the parents before they get to the nest. The smaller less <strong>de</strong>veloped chicks use a different strategy, that of<br />
waiting insi<strong>de</strong> the nest in the hope that they’ll receive food from one member of the group. This was a highly<br />
flawed strategy as we observed that the parent birds <strong>de</strong>livered food 10 times to the chicks that were outsi<strong>de</strong><br />
the nest and only once to the two chicks that stayed in the nest. Even then, this food was stolen by other larger<br />
group members. Out of a total of six chicks, one who was unable to compete for food died after the eighth <strong>da</strong>y,<br />
three <strong>de</strong>veloped well and two were in very bad state. Measurements: Total length 410mm, wing 173mm, tail<br />
230mm, tarsus 39mm, beak 31mm, weight 70g.
112<br />
Tapera naevia chochi (Viellot, 1817)<br />
Striped Cuckoo<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
The stripe cuckoo is known as a ‘”ghost” bird based on the difficulty to spot it. When its call is heard and a<br />
person approaches, it moves away but continues to call. It usually calls at <strong>da</strong>wn and during the night. On one<br />
occasion, we found an individual that called throughout the <strong>da</strong>y in a certain area. We taped the call and played<br />
it back; the bird respon<strong>de</strong>d and flew in the direction of the taped call. This was the only way we could attract<br />
it to an open area. These are parasitic birds and they use other specie’s nest to lay their eggs.<br />
Dromococcyx pavoninus (Pelzeln, 1870)<br />
Pavonine Cuckoo<br />
This is a difficult bird to see though its call can be heard in the early morning and late afternoon. The call is<br />
very similar to that of the striped cuckoo and they are also parasitic birds that use other specie’s nest to lay<br />
their eggs.<br />
TRIGIFORMES ORDER<br />
Tytoni<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra (Gray, 1769)<br />
Barn Owl<br />
This is the most common owl species and is known throughout Brazil. It feeds on rats, bats, and birds (we have<br />
seen them feeding on species such as the thrush (Turdus), and we’ve also found the skeletal remains of the<br />
commom gallinule (Gallinula chloropus). They reproduce in hollow tree cavities, church towers, abandoned<br />
buildings and in the roofs of houses. They lay from two to five white eggs. In the Brazilian northeast, these<br />
owls are associated with bad luck which leads to people killing adults and chicks when they come across them.<br />
Theses owls usually hunt in barren land or at the opening of sewage ducts in beaches etc.. There are two types<br />
of plumages: one that is all yellow and the other yellow but with a white breast. This is not related to sexual<br />
dimorphism. Measurements: weight 350g.<br />
Strigi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />
Tropical Screech Owl<br />
This is a small owl species which feeds on insects and small birds. It normally lays two white eggs in hollow<br />
tree cavities. However, we have found nests with three eggs all of which hatched and the chicks survived.<br />
There are two types of plumage: one grayish, the other with a reddish tint. Measurements: Total length 233mm,<br />
wing 165mm, tail 90mm, tarsus 30mm, beak 20mm, weight 120g.
113<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788)<br />
Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl<br />
It reproduces in hollow tree cavities and we have found up to four white eggs. Insi<strong>de</strong> the nest we have seen<br />
feathers of various other bird species that have been fed to the chicks such as the blue-black grass quit (Volatinia<br />
jacarina) and the saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola). We also once found the remains of a sewage rat that<br />
weighed as much as the owl. The bird hunts during the <strong>da</strong>y and night and has various plumage colors: one is<br />
gray and the other rust-colored. When flocks of a certain species come across one of these owls perching on a<br />
coveted branch, they team up with other species to scare off the owl from the perch spot. Measurements: Total<br />
length 180mm, wing 10mm, tail 60mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 11mm, weight 68g/95g.<br />
Speotyto cunicularia grallaria (Temminck, 1822)<br />
Burrowing Owl<br />
This is a very common owl species that occurs in open areas of the Caatinga where one can come across large<br />
burrows dug out of the sand where the bird reproduces. During the reproductive period, we have found beetle<br />
shells at the mouth of the burrows. They are active during the <strong>da</strong>y but they seem to hunt mostly at night. We<br />
have observed that at dusk, these owls perch on fences or posts poised top hunt Measurements: Total length<br />
205mm, wing 170mm, tail 68mm/85mm, tarsus 49mm, beak 21mm, weight 150g/160g.<br />
CAPRIMULGIFORMES ORDER<br />
Nyctibii<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Nyctibius griseus griseus (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Common Potoo<br />
The potoo is a common and well-known bird. The local community refers to it as the “mother of the moon.”<br />
This nocturnal bird feeds from insects it captures in full flight with its large mouth. The male is much bigger<br />
and heavier than the female and is normally seen perched in an erect stance on fence posts or on branches in<br />
dry trees. The bird is difficult to spot due to its incredible camouflage that makes it blend into the tree perfectly.<br />
It lays a solitary white egg in hollow cavities at the end of branches or posts. The chick’s plumage at birth is<br />
white but as time passes it becomes a light gray tone with wisps of white. From the time they hatch until they<br />
abandon the nest, the chicks are capable of clinging onto the branch on which they are born. The parents cover<br />
the chicks with their own bodies to protect them from the sun, rain or potential pre<strong>da</strong>tors. Measurements: Total<br />
length 340mm, wing 240mm, tail 160mm, beak 16mm.<br />
Caprimulgi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Chor<strong>de</strong>iles pusillus xerophilus (Dickerman, 1988)<br />
Least Nighthawk<br />
This is the smallest nighthawk in the Caatinga and easily recognizable because of its miniscule size. It is also<br />
one of the few nightjars that flies a little before sunset in erratic patterns, ascending and <strong>de</strong>scending and sometimes<br />
flying in a circle. Initially, it seems there are only one or two individuals but as the evening progresses,<br />
more birds turn up and form a larger group. Both sexes have a white stripe on their wings and the male has a
114<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
white tip at the end of its tail. During the <strong>da</strong>y, the birds sleep in little shrubs in open areas. They lay their eggs<br />
on the ground in the sha<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Chor<strong>de</strong>iles acutipennis acutipennis (Hermann, 1783)<br />
Lesser Nighthawk<br />
This bird has long, narrow wings with a V-shaped white stripe. The females are white-throated. The male has<br />
a stripe at the end of its tail and usually flies at very high altitu<strong>de</strong>s at dusk. It feeds on termites and ants.<br />
Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Pauraque<br />
It’s one of the best known nightjars in the Caatinga and occurs in open areas or within forests. They can often<br />
be seen at night looking for food on roads, especially dirt tracks. The male has a white stripe on its wing and<br />
the external tail feathers are also white but only visible when the bird is flying. They lay one eggs amid dry<br />
leaves on the ground and the chick is born with a brown plumage. We <strong>de</strong>signed an experiment to see whether<br />
the parents were capable of carrying the chick to some other location were it to be discovered pre<strong>da</strong>tors. We<br />
put a small woo<strong>de</strong>n fence about 15 centimeters high around a very immature chick still in its nest and observed<br />
it for two weeks. The parents continued to feed the chick within the fence until it was able to fly. This proved<br />
that the parents were incapable of transporting their chick. What in fact happens is that if a person or animal<br />
discovers the nest, the parents will flee and then call in attempts to try and lure the chick to safety. But since<br />
the chick’s coloration is a perfect camouflage, it is rare that their hiding place is discovered. Measurements:<br />
Total length 275mm, wing 160mm, tail 144mm, tarsus 29mm, beak 11mm, weight 56g/63g.<br />
Caprimulgus rufus rufus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />
Rufous Nightjar<br />
This is a large species and lives on forest edges and perches on the trunks and branches of trees. This has<br />
not been a very common species during our banding campaigns. Despite the frequency of hearing the rufous<br />
nightjar call, the species jar that most often gets caught in the mist nets is the pauraque (N. albicollis).<br />
Hydropsalis torquata torquata (Gmelin, 1798)<br />
Long-trained Nightjar)<br />
This is a fairly common species that even can occur in cities. The male has a long, scissor tail, a characteristic<br />
important for correct i<strong>de</strong>ntification. The females and juveniles’ tails are also forked but much shorter. During<br />
the <strong>da</strong>y the bird lives hid<strong>de</strong>n in the middle of the vegetation and in sha<strong>de</strong>d areas.<br />
Caprimulgus parvulus parvulus (Gould, 1837)
115<br />
Bacurau-pequeno (Little Nightjar)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This species was only recently ad<strong>de</strong>d to the list of birds on Bahia’s north coast (2003) and was never caught<br />
in our nets during the banding campaigns. But in less than a week we received three specimens caught in different<br />
areas; one from Sauipe, another from Camaçari and the third from Salvador. As night falls, they perch<br />
on branches before taking off to look for food. Measurements: Total length 219mm, wing 150mm, tail 98mm<br />
. tarsus 13mm, beak. 14mm, weight 40g.<br />
Capraimulgus longirostris (Bonaparte, 1825)<br />
Band-winged Nightjar<br />
The male has a large white stripe on its wing and tail. The coloring of the females’ wing is more yellow. These<br />
are relatively common birds in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Their call consists of a sharp whistle which can be heard<br />
from far away in the late afternoon. Measurements: Total length 230mm, wing 140mm, tail 110mm, tarsus<br />
15mm, beak 12mm, weight 49g.<br />
Trochili<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Phaethornis pretrei pretrei (Lesson & Delattre, 1839)<br />
Planalto Hermit<br />
This humming bird species lives on forest edges and also visits domestic gar<strong>de</strong>ns. It has a long tail with a white<br />
spot on the end and its throat is cinnamon colored. It usually enters houses very quickly and then leaves at utmost<br />
speed as well. In some places it is known as the “house-cleaning humming bird”. Nests are assembled in<br />
rock gorges, balconies, on roof wires, power lines or the palm fiber used to make kiosks. From the first <strong>da</strong>y of<br />
life, the chicks cling to the insi<strong>de</strong> of the nest if we try and remove them. They abandon the nest after 20 <strong>da</strong>ys.<br />
Measurements: Total length 170mm, wing 59mm, tail 75mm, beak 32mm, weight 6g<br />
Phaethornis pretrei minor (Grantsau, 1966)<br />
Described by Rolf Grantsau from samples collected in the state of Goías, a sample of this species was also<br />
collected in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: Total length 140mm, wing 54mm, tail 64 mm, beak 29mm,<br />
weight 3g.<br />
Phaethornis gounellei (Boucard, 1891)<br />
Broad-Tipped Hermit<br />
This is a very common species in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina yet <strong>de</strong>spite numerous attempts to locate a nest, we have<br />
never found one. Its back and wing coverts are a bronze-green color, the eyebrow wi<strong>de</strong> and white, the throat a<br />
rusty color with a black streak in the center. There is a large white band on the tail feathers and the mandible<br />
is a greenish-yellow. At certain times of the year, the mandible changes to an intense yellow which extends<br />
all the way to the beak. This could have something to do with the bird’s reproductive period. Measurements:<br />
Total length 120mm, wing 47mm, tail 45mm, beak 26mm, weight 4g.
116<br />
Eupetomena macroura simoni (Hellmayr, 1929)<br />
Swallow-tailed Hummingbird<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This is a large and most well-known of the hummingbirds. It occurs in the Caatinga and in urban gar<strong>de</strong>ns.<br />
Its plumage is a metallic blue and its tail is forked. The species is very aggressive and will attack any other<br />
hummingbird that tries to inva<strong>de</strong> its territory. The bowl-shaped nest ma<strong>de</strong> with spi<strong>de</strong>r webs, lichens and straw<br />
stolen from other birds’ nests (Todirostrum cinereum) is placed in tree trunks and un<strong>de</strong>r leaf piles. The nests<br />
are about 1.5 to 5 meters off the ground. At dusk, around 5:00 a.m. they call from the posts on which they<br />
customarily perch. Their call is similar to that of the swallow tanager (Tersina viri<strong>de</strong>s) and is respon<strong>de</strong>d to by<br />
another bird from a post near by. Measurements: Total length 180mm, wing 70mm, tail 95mm, beak 23mm,<br />
weight 7g.<br />
Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
White-vented Violetear<br />
This is a relatively rare species. We have seen only few individuals between the months of November and<br />
March. It has very accentuated sexual dimorphism; seen from far, the male appears all black while the female<br />
has two white streaks on the flanks of her body while the middle is black. . Measurements: wing 64mm, tail<br />
35mm, beak 23mm, weight 6g<br />
Chrysolampis mosquitus (Linné, 1758)<br />
Ruby-topaz Hummingbird<br />
It is one of those hummingbirds where the male is much more <strong>da</strong>zzling. Depending on the intensity of light,<br />
the bird appears black with a sparkling tail. The female has a green back and a white chin, breast and abdomen.<br />
It is a migratory bird. Though smaller, the nest is similar to that of the swallow-tailed hummingbird (E.<br />
macroura. On one occasion, Rolf Grantsau was photographing this species which was feeding on a flowering<br />
Lantana camera, when a adult male specimen had a fatal collision with a car door. This is likely a result of the<br />
combative nature of the birds, which fight one another for access to flowers, and one is always chasing another<br />
possible competitor, at high speed. This obviously exposes them to lots of <strong>da</strong>ngerous situations. Measurements:<br />
Total length 100mm, wing 50mm, tail 30mm, beak 18mm, weight 4g.<br />
Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani (Bourcier & Mulsant, 1848)<br />
Glittering-billied Emerald<br />
This is one of the most common hummingbird species in the Caatinga and also visits urban gar<strong>de</strong>ns. It likes<br />
very small flowers. The male is a brilliant green color, the base of its beak is red and the beak itself has a white<br />
ridge. The female’s back is green, its chin and abdomen are dirty white. In the Caatinga, it builds its nest at<br />
the foot of a perilous plant called cansanção which <strong>de</strong>livers a mighty sting and itchy rash for any creature that<br />
brushes up against it. Obviously this helps <strong>de</strong>ter pre<strong>da</strong>tors. We have come across nests with four eggs, and<br />
also a case of reuse of an old nest where the new batch of eggs was laid on two old ones that had not hatched.<br />
Measurements: Total length 90mm, wing 45mm, tail 25mm, beak 16mm, weight 3g.
117<br />
Amazilia nigricau<strong>da</strong> (fimbriata) (Elliot, 1878)<br />
Glittering-throated Emerald<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
The bird is a brilliant green with a pure white abdomen, red mandible and a tail that is almost all black. It occurs<br />
on the restinga sandy-soiled coastal forests and sometimes visits urban gar<strong>de</strong>ns. It appears only at certain<br />
times of the year.<br />
Amazilia versicolor versicolor (Vieillot, 1818)<br />
Versicolored Emerald<br />
The species occurs in open areas and forest edges, and its abdomen is green with a white stripe that gets wi<strong>de</strong>r<br />
at the lower abdomen; its upper beak is meat colored with a <strong>da</strong>rk point and the white of the throat is streaked<br />
with green.<br />
Heliomaster squamosus (Temminck, 1826)<br />
Long-breasted Starthroat<br />
The male’s throat is an intense and brilliant violet red, and there is also a streak above its eye and white channel<br />
on malar stripe. It is a common species in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: Total length 128mm, wing<br />
55mm, tail 36mm, beak 27mm, weight 6g.<br />
Calliphlox amethystina (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />
Amethyst Woodstar<br />
The male has a red throat and forked tail; the female is markedly smaller e has a white throat with brown<br />
streaks. Though it’s a small hummingbird, is emits a strong buzzing sound as it approaches a flower, similar<br />
to that of a solitary bee. It is very rare in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina.<br />
TROGONIFORMES ORDER<br />
Trogoni<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Trogon curucui curucui (Linné, 1766)<br />
Blue-crowned Trogon<br />
This trogon occurs in <strong>de</strong>nse Caatinga. The male has a red breast, a yellow eyelid and at the top of its head a<br />
scintillating blue color. The female has a grayish abdomen. It reproduces in termite mounds and can occur at<br />
high and low strata of the forest, but principally in low caatinga. Measurements: Total length 245mm, wing<br />
120mm, tail 130, tarsus 13mm, beak 15mm, weight 52g.<br />
CORACIFORMES ORDER
118<br />
Alcedini<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Ceryle torquata torquata (Linné, 1766)<br />
Ringed Kingfisher<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Its the largest kingfisher and occurs around lakes, rivers and floo<strong>de</strong>d areas. It is often seen on power lines that<br />
pass over bodies of water. It fishes in these areas. The females’ lower abdomen and tail feathers are chestnut<br />
covered. It feeds on fish and can often be seen around commercial fish farms. It reproduces in crevices, often a<br />
fair distance from any water. When flying from one spot to another, it makes a lot of noise and are constantly<br />
sonorous.<br />
Chloroceryle americana americana (Gmelin, 1788)<br />
Green Kingfisher<br />
This king-fisher is very common insi<strong>de</strong> large, <strong>de</strong>nse and sha<strong>de</strong>d forest and it lives by the creeks and streams<br />
that run through the forest. It can also be seen on the banks of large rivers.<br />
PICIFORMES ORDER<br />
Galbuli<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Galbula ruficau<strong>da</strong> rufoviridis (Cabanis, 1851)<br />
Rufous-tailed jacamar<br />
It lives in places either near water or in dry environments. The male has a white throat and the female’s throat<br />
is rusty-colored. It usually perches on a branch and scans for possible prey. It can be perfectly still for long periods<br />
of time. We have seen one of these species catch a very large moth. Measurements: Total length 230mm,<br />
wing 80mm, tail 85mm, tarsus 12mm., beak 51mm, weight 24g.<br />
Bucconi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Bucco maculatus maculatus (Gmelin, 1788)<br />
Spot-backed Puffbird<br />
Its name in Portuguese <strong>de</strong>rives from its “tameness” because it is capable of staying motionless in the middle<br />
of vegetation observing everything that passes around it. The birds coloring and shape are perfect camouflage<br />
and often it will stay unnoticed. The species uses electrical wires on roads as observation posts. It feeds on<br />
insects and lizards that it picks from the ground. It reproduces in holes it burrows out of gulleys and lays two<br />
white eggs. Measurements: Total length 200mm, wing 74mm, tail 75mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 25mm/33mm,<br />
weight 45g.<br />
Pici<strong>da</strong>e Family
119<br />
Colaptes melanochloros nattereri (Malherbe, 1848)<br />
Green-barred Woodpecker<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
It lives in open areas and on forest edges in the Caatinga. The male has a red stripe on its mandible. It reproduces<br />
in hollow tree cavities, but will also use artificial nests. They are commonly seen in the tops of coconut<br />
trees or on the ground looking for food. We have seen three white eggs. Measurements: Total length 300mm,<br />
wing 170mm, tail 90mm, tarsus 25mm, beak 43mm, weight 200g.<br />
Picumnus pygmaeus distinctus (Pinto & Camargo, 1961)<br />
Spotted Piculet<br />
This is the smallest woodpecker in the Caatinga and has very accentuated sexual dimorphism: the male has<br />
a red forehead and the female’s head is black with white spots. It usually lives in pairs and makes its nest in<br />
snags where is perforates an entrance wi<strong>de</strong> enough to enable it to get insi<strong>de</strong>. We have observed a pair that uses<br />
the same snag annually but each time carves out a new hole for another nest. It occurs in the woo<strong>de</strong>d savanna<br />
and Atlantic Rainforest and sandy coastal forest biomes. Measurements: Total length 104mm, wing 53mm, tail<br />
30mm, tarsus 13mm, beak 10mm, weight 10g/13g.<br />
Piculus chryrochloros chryrochloros (Vieillot, 1818)<br />
Gol<strong>de</strong>n-green Woodpecker<br />
This species occurs in both the Caatinga and gallery forests. The male has a red cap and a white stripe that<br />
stretches from the base of the beak until the yellow neck. The mandible is red. The female also has a red cap<br />
and a green streak on her mandible. Measurements: Total length 210mm, wing 114mm, tail 74mm, tarsus<br />
16mm, beak 20mm, weight 50g.<br />
Celeus flavescens interce<strong>de</strong>ns (Hellmayr, 1908)<br />
Blond-crested Woodpecker<br />
Occurs at the edge or interior of the Caatinga. It’s a solitary bird and not as abun<strong>da</strong>nt as the previous two<br />
species. The males have a red streak on their mandibles. It does not permit the entrance of another individual<br />
of the same species into its territory. Measurements: Total length 245mm, wing 140mm, tail 140mm, tarsus<br />
23mm, beak 25mm, weight 95g.<br />
Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus (Reichenbach, 1854)<br />
Little Woodpecker<br />
The greater wing coverts are sprinkled with yellow. The top of the males’ head is read. It occurs in the interior<br />
of the Caatinga and on forest edges. Measurements: Total length 150mm/160mm, wing 76mm/80mm, tail<br />
52mm/57mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 15mm, weight 20g/26g.<br />
Campephilus melanoleucos cearae (Cory, 1915)
120<br />
Crimson-crested Woodpecker<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This is a rare bird that is difficult to see. In appearance it’s very similar to and often confused with the Dryocopus<br />
lineatus. It differs because of its black chin as opposed to the white one of the D. lineatus. The females<br />
chin is black and the male’s all red. It usually pierces holes in the trunks of the Craibeira tree where it constructs<br />
its nests. These cavities are used by other birds such as the: Otus choliba, Glaucidium brasilianum,<br />
Falco sparverius e Amazonas amazonas. Mensurements: Total lenfht 270mm, Wing 122mm, tail 95mm, tarsus<br />
24mm, beak 23mm, weight 73g.<br />
Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e family<br />
Taraba major stagura (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />
Great Antshrike<br />
This large species has accented sexual dimorphism: the upper part of the males is black and the lower part<br />
white whereas in the females the upper body is rust colored and the lower part dirty white. Both sexes have<br />
red eyes. In the Caatinga, it occurs long distances from water.<br />
Sakesphorus cristatus (Wied, 1831)<br />
Silvery-cheeked Antshrike<br />
The male has a brown back and black feather tuft, while the female’s feather tuft is rusty colored. The throat<br />
and interscapulary region of the male are black. It occurs in the interior of the Caatinga and is a common bird<br />
in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: Total length 150mm, wing 60mm, tail 53mm, tarsus 24mm, beak<br />
15mm, weight 16g/18g.<br />
Thamnophilus pelzeni (Hellmayr, 1924)<br />
Planalto Slaty-antshrike<br />
It occurs in the high sandy forest along the northern coast from Sauípe to Mangue Seco. The male is gray with<br />
a chestnut colored cap. This species also occurs in the Caatinga of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: Total<br />
length 153mm, wing 65mm, tail 58mm, tarsus 23mm, beak 16mm, weight 18g.<br />
Thaminophilus doliatus capistratus (Lesson, 1840)<br />
Barred Antshrike<br />
The male’s body is black with white bars whereas the female is light brown. It’s a common bird in the Caatinga<br />
where it can be seen always in a pair moving about in the interior of the caatinga. The male and female are<br />
always communicating with distinct calls. Measurements: Total length 183mm, wing 80mm, tail 73mm, tarsus<br />
24mm, beak 16mm, weight 30g.<br />
Myrmochilus strigilatus strigilatus (Wied, 1831)
121<br />
Striped-backed Antibird<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
IA typical Caatinga bird, its call is one of the best known among local. It’s known by its vulgar name “tem<br />
farinha-ai” (is there any flower there?) The male has a black throat and the female a striated breast. It looks<br />
for food on the ground of the Caatinga. Measurements: Total length 164mm, wing 63mm, tail 60mm, tarsus<br />
30mm, beak 16mm, weight 19g.<br />
Herpsilochomus pectoralis (Sclater, 1857)<br />
Pectoral Antwren<br />
This is an en<strong>de</strong>mic Caatinga species and is listed as highly en<strong>da</strong>ngered. The male has a black spot on its stomach.<br />
This occurs in low Caatinga and in gallery forests. Measurements: Total length 135mm, wing 51mm, tail<br />
50mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 13mm, weight 10g/12g.<br />
Herpsilochomus sellowi (Whitney & Pacheco, 2000)<br />
This species is consi<strong>de</strong>red in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction and has been registered in the Caatinga as well as gallery<br />
forests.<br />
Formicivora melanogaster bahiae (Hellmayr, 1909)<br />
Black-billed Antwren<br />
This species looks very like the white-fringed antwren but the male’s black coloring is more intense than the<br />
female, which is easily recognizable because of its white abdomen. Measurements: Total length 135mm, wing<br />
50mm, tail 50mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 11mm, weight 10g.<br />
Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Furnarius leucopus assimilis (Cabanis & Heine, 1859)<br />
Pale-legged Hornero<br />
This species lives near bodies of water such as streams and lakes and has a large white stripe which stretches<br />
from its lores and passes its eye to reach the nape. The end of its tail is black. This hornero can look similar<br />
to that of the rufous hornero (F. rufus) but it is also known to use the abandoned nests of the rufous cacholote<br />
(Pseudoseisura cristata).<br />
Synallaxis frontalis frontalis (Pelzeln, 1859)<br />
Sooty-fronted Spinetail<br />
It appears in the Caatinga and re-growth forests and has a cap and chestnut colored wings and tail. It can be<br />
observed alone or in a couple, looking for food in the in the lower levels of the forest. Measurements: Total<br />
length 155mm, wing 53mm, tail 72mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 10mm, weight 12g.
122<br />
Synallaxis albescens albescens (Temminck, 1823)<br />
Pale-breasted Spinetail<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Though not very common, this species does occur in the Caatinga. It can be seen in dry areas as well as close<br />
to water sources. Measurements: Total length 170mm, wing 56mm, tail 93mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 12mm,<br />
weight 14g.<br />
Synallaxis strigilatus strigilatus (Temminck, 1823)<br />
Pale-breasted Spinetail<br />
This occurs in the Caatinga near floo<strong>de</strong>d areas or wetlands. A characteristic of this species is the small black<br />
streak on its throat, which is visible only when the bird is singing.<br />
Synallaxis scutatus scutatus (Sclater, 1859)<br />
Ocher-cheeked Spinetail<br />
This species lives on the lower stratum of the forest and its call imitates the call of a Sooty-fronted Spinetail<br />
(S. frontalis). It has a black spot on its throat and a white streak above the eyes. Its nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of twigs and<br />
looks like a big basket with the entrance at the top. The nest is very similar to that of the C. cinnamomea.<br />
Measurements: Total length 130mm, wing 50mm, tail 55mm, weight 10g.<br />
Gyalophylax hellmayri (Reiser, 1905)<br />
Red-shoul<strong>de</strong>red Spinetail<br />
This is an en<strong>da</strong>ngered species that is en<strong>de</strong>mic to the Brazilian northeast and has a long and scaled tail and a<br />
white stripe above its wings. There is a black fleck on its throat. The specie’s nest is a large agglomeration of<br />
thorny shrub and it lives on the ground where it seeks out food.<br />
Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis (Cory, 1916)<br />
Yellow-chinned Spinetail<br />
This bird always lives near water, whether by lakes, on the si<strong>de</strong> of rivers or marshes. The yellow-chinned<br />
spinetail lives in pairs and calls in a duet. It has a yellow streak on its throat that is difficult to see. Its nest is a<br />
pile of twigs and the entrance is in the lower part mass in the form of a tube. It removes the chick’s feces from<br />
the nest and takes them far away.<br />
Phacellodomus rufifrons rufifrons (Wied, 1821)
123<br />
Common Thornbird<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This bird is recognized by its hanging twig nest which can be of various sizes. The pair builds new nests on<br />
top of old ones, hence the nests become bigger and bigger. It often has a “reserve” nest in the upper part of the<br />
old nest where the pair sleeps. The nest is ma<strong>de</strong> of very prickly twigs. Even though the nests are constructed<br />
in high places, the birds live on the ground in pairs and look for food un<strong>de</strong>r dry leaves. It removes its chick’s<br />
feces and takes them far away. Measurements: weight 24g.<br />
Pseudoseisura cristata (Spix, 1824)<br />
Rufous Cacholote<br />
In a similar manner to the common thornbird, it’s the nest of the species that make it distinct. Several nests can<br />
be found on the same tree and are constantly visited by various individuals. The nest is constructed with twigs<br />
that are sometimes so big that the bird has trouble carrying them. Once we saw an individual of the species<br />
trying to carry the primary feather of a vulture; as it was flying, the wind retar<strong>de</strong>d its forward progress. The<br />
chicks, before abandoning the nest, have a grayish crown.<br />
Xenops rutilans rutilans (Temminck, 1821)<br />
Streaked Xenops<br />
Similar to the plain xenops, both these species can occur in the same forest patch. It distinguishes itself from<br />
the plain xenops by being bigger and the lower part of its body is streaked with white. Measurements: weight<br />
11g.<br />
Megaxenops parnaguae (Reiser, 1905)<br />
Great Xenops<br />
One of the most distinguishing features of this bird is the shape of its beak. It is strong and turned up in the<br />
same way the xenop’s beaks are. Its plumage is cinnamon, and its throat white. Due to the <strong>de</strong>arth of information<br />
about its status, it was listed as in <strong>da</strong>nger of extinction, but it is not at all rare in the Caatinga of the Raso<br />
<strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: Total length 165mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 15mm, weight 26g.<br />
Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri (Helmayr, 1917)<br />
Olivaceous Woodcreeper<br />
It occurs in gallery forests in the Caatinga. It is a common species and can be observed perched vertically<br />
on tree trunks or moving from one tree to another. Its back is green and there is a black streak on its wings<br />
which is easily visible when the bird flies. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing 67mm, tail 65mm, tarsus<br />
15mm, beak 11mm, weight 12/14g.<br />
Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae (Bangs & Pernard)
124<br />
Straight-billed Woodcreeper<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This is a common Caatinga species. It reproduces in tree cavities and in artificial nests ma<strong>de</strong> of PVC. This<br />
woodcreeper puts some pieces of dry bark in the interior of the nests. There are two white eggs, that way<br />
around 5,6g and measure 26 X 19 mm. The incubation period is 18 <strong>da</strong>ys. The chicks are born with a black<br />
plumage covering the back and the top of its head. The beak and its interior are a strong yellow color but as<br />
they mature, they become tinged with red. Before they abandon the nest, the chicks communicate with their<br />
parents with very distinct calls.<br />
Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae (Hellmayr, 1903)<br />
Norrow-billed Woodcreeper<br />
This species occurs in the woo<strong>de</strong>d savanna habitat (cerrado) and the sandy soiled forests of the northern Bahia<br />
coast, always occupying spaces where the trees are sparse. It has a large superciliary stripe and the lower part<br />
of the bird is white. This species is often seen moving from one tree to another in open countrysi<strong>de</strong>. Measurements:<br />
Total length 220mm, wing 95mm, tail 82mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 34mm, weight 30g.<br />
Lepidocolaptes fuscus brevirostris (Pinto, 1938)<br />
Lesser Woodcreeper<br />
It occurs in gallery forests of the high Caatinga and has a yellowish superciliary stripe. It often travels in mixed<br />
flocks in a variety of stratums in the forest. Measurements: Total length 225mm, wing 90mm, tail 74mm, tarsus<br />
20mm, beak 33mm, weight 32g.<br />
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris omissus (Pinto, 1933)<br />
Curve-billed Scythebill<br />
It has a large, curved and red beak. It occurs in the <strong>de</strong>nse caatinga of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina and lives alone or in<br />
a pair and forages for food in the trunks of trees. Measurements: Total length 250mm, wing 98mm, tail 80mm,<br />
tarsus 20mm, beak 55mm, weight 38g.<br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Camptostoma obsoletum cinerascens (Wied, 1831)<br />
Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet<br />
This species occurs in the caatinga and gallery forests, on forest edges and also domestic gar<strong>de</strong>ns. One of its<br />
calls is very distinct, and sounds like a “little laugh;” another call is very similar to that of the purple-throated<br />
euphonia (Euphonia chlorotica). It always lives in a pair and will move about at all levels of the forest though<br />
in the Caatinga it normally can be found very close to the ground. Measurements: Total length 110mm, wing<br />
48mm, tai 37mm, tarsus 13mm, beak 8mm, weight 7g.<br />
Phaeomyias murina murina (Spix, 1825)
125<br />
Mouse-colored Tyrannulet<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This is an extremely difficult species to see because it lives alongsi<strong>de</strong> the plain-crested elaenia (Elaenia cristata)<br />
in the Caatinga and on forest edges and it is not abun<strong>da</strong>nt. It can occur in domestic gar<strong>de</strong>ns. It has two<br />
brown streaks on its wing coverts. Measurements: Total length 140mm, wing 64mm., tail 32mm, beak 10mm,<br />
weight 11g.<br />
Sublegatus mo<strong>de</strong>stus mo<strong>de</strong>stus (Wied, 1831)<br />
Southern Scrub-Flycatcher<br />
It occurs in Caatinga and is very rare. It looks like a small eleania though it does not have a forelock and it<br />
has a small white stripe behind its eye, a gray chin and yellow abdomen. It has two white stripes on its wings.<br />
Measurements: Total length 130mm, wing 55mm, tail 55mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 9mm, weight 9g.<br />
Myiopagis viridicata viridicata (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Greenish Elaenia<br />
It has a yellowish abdomen and a yellow crest on the top of its head. In the caatinga, this is a migratory species<br />
and occurs in large groups next to the white-crested eleania (Elaenia albiceps), which is also a migratory<br />
species. Measurements: Total length 130mm, wing 61mm, tail 55, beak 7mm, weight 14g.<br />
Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822)<br />
Yellow-bellied Elaenia<br />
It’s a very common species and occurs in a wi<strong>de</strong> range of ecosystems. It has a white crest that nonetheless is<br />
so small that it only becomes apparent when the bird is in our hands. It has a very distinct call and occurs with<br />
other members of its genus such as the plain-crested eleania (Elaenia cristata). It has two white stripes on its<br />
wings. Its nest is bowl shaped and can look like hummingbird nests ma<strong>de</strong> of spi<strong>de</strong>r’s webs and lichens. Two<br />
white eggs with brown spots on the points are laid and weigh, on average, 2.9 g e measure 21 mm X 16 mm.<br />
The chick is born with a gray plumage. Measurements: Total length 173mm, wing 82mm, tail 67mm, tarsus<br />
20mm, beak 11mm, weight 23g.<br />
Elaenia cristata cristata (Pelzeln, 1868)<br />
Plain-crested Elaenia<br />
Very similar in appearance to the yellow-bellied elaenia, with which it shares the same habitat, the bird can be<br />
distinguished by its call and the fact that it doesn’t have a white crest but rather a much <strong>da</strong>rker one. Its nest is<br />
constructed in a crotched shape and much less elaborate than that of the yellow-bellied eleania. It is the most<br />
common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt species in the sandy restinga forests and feeds on the fruits available there. Measurements:<br />
Total length 155mm, wing 65mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 10mm, weight 17g.<br />
Elaenia albiceps chilensis (Hellmayr, 1927)
126<br />
White-crested Elaenia<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
The Elaenia albiceps is a southern migrant which travels between the southern cone countries until the Colombian<br />
An<strong>de</strong>s and Amazon region. (Sick, 1997). From our <strong>da</strong>ta gathered by the capture and observation of the<br />
species in the Caatinga of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina (Jeremoabo), we registered this species between the months of<br />
April, May and June in 2002, which are the peak migratory months for this species. After this period, the birds<br />
totally abandon the region. In our banding campaigns un<strong>de</strong>rtaken in February 2003, we caught four individuals<br />
from this species in semi-<strong>de</strong>ciduous forest, suggesting that some individuals of the species arrive early in<br />
February. In the banding campaigns that took place in Serra Branca between April and June of the same year,<br />
228 members of this species were caught and ban<strong>de</strong>d during their migration to the northeast region, which<br />
according to Marini and Cavalcanti (1990), is between May and July. It is strongly distinguished by the large<br />
quantity of white in its crest, though juveniles may not posses such a characteristic. Measurements: Total<br />
length 160mm, wing 72mm, tail 60mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 9mm, weight 17g.<br />
Elaenia spectabillis espectabilis (Pelzeln, 1868)<br />
Large Elaenia<br />
This is a large bird with a small crest that is seldom white but it does have three whitish stripes on its wings.<br />
It occurs both in the Caatinga and in gallery forests. Measurements: Total length 178mm, wing 82mm, tail<br />
82mm, beak 11mm, weight 21g.<br />
Stigmatura napensis (Chpamn, 1926)<br />
Lesser Wagtail-Tyrant<br />
This is a common species in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, and can occur in open and closed Caatinga. It has tall<br />
and thin feathers, a long and divi<strong>de</strong>d tail and a yellowish breast. Measurements: total length, 135 mm; wing,<br />
62mm; tail, 60mm, tarsus, 16mm, beak, 10mm; weight, 11g<br />
Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)<br />
Pearly-vented tody-Tyrant<br />
It lives in the Caatinga of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. The eye coloring can vary greatly; juveniles have <strong>da</strong>rk eyes<br />
and we’ve observed adults with yellow-orange eyes during the reproductive period. Its nest is hanging, similar<br />
to the Todirostrum, though constructed much closer to the ground. Once we had the opportunity to observe<br />
a pair of this species from the building of its nest until the eggs hatched. This pair was atypical: the nest was<br />
attached to the foot of a cactus about 10 cms off the ground in an open and very sunny area. We observed that<br />
the pair only sat on the eggs after the sun had gone down and the temperature <strong>de</strong>creased, between 16:00 at 8:30<br />
the next morning. We measured the temperature of the area (the nest in question was constructed on a sand<br />
dune) during the hottest period of the <strong>da</strong>y and the ground temperature was around 60 <strong>de</strong>grees centigra<strong>de</strong> and<br />
insi<strong>de</strong> the nest around 38 <strong>de</strong>grees centigra<strong>de</strong>. We observed the incubation period for around 20 <strong>da</strong>ys but after<br />
this period the pair abandoned the nest. When we opened the eggs, the chicks were very close to hatching.<br />
This phenomena in similar circumstances should be studied is or<strong>de</strong>r to be able to conclu<strong>de</strong> whether this was an<br />
isolated inci<strong>de</strong>nt or in fact these birds use the ground temperature to save energy. Measurements: Total length<br />
110mm, wing 45mm, tail 35mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 11mm, weight 7g.
127<br />
Todirostrum cinereum cearae (Cory, 1916)<br />
Commom Tody-Flycatcher<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
During the study period between December and March, we managed to locate 23 nests of this species and<br />
collect <strong>da</strong>ta from 22 of them. One of the nests was 8 cms from the ground and attached to a branch of the<br />
Pitecelobium sp tree and was the only one that was not systematically accompanied nor manipulated to gauge<br />
the morpho-metric <strong>da</strong>ta fr the eggs or chicks. Cherie (1890) presented <strong>da</strong>ta about nests that she accompanied<br />
in Costa Rica. Skutch (1930) found nests between the months of March and June in Panama. Haverschimidt<br />
(1978) accompanied nests from July to August in Suriname. Richmond and Skutch (1930) report of nests with<br />
eggs in March in Nicaragua, and Carriker apud Skutch (1930) registered nests between April and July in Costa<br />
Rica. Cruz & Andrews registered the occurrence of 52 nests in Venezuela from May to October, with a peak<br />
in June (N=26) and August (N=15).<br />
As Skutch, (1960) relates, the construction of nests in the area of Cetrel by 20 pairs was un<strong>de</strong>rtaken by two<br />
individuals, the building activity of each member of the pair happened when the male was present and the<br />
female absent or vice-versa and sometimes simultaneously when both were present in the nest, manipulating<br />
material (see photos 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11). Another scene we witnessed was of both the pair on top of the nest<br />
but only one working on the building part.<br />
The building period for the outer part of the nest of a pair who had had its nest inva<strong>de</strong>d by a pre<strong>da</strong>tor was 28<br />
<strong>da</strong>ys. After that the pair started to finish the inner chamber of the nest. Skutch (1930), in his presentation of<br />
nest <strong>da</strong>ta collected in Panama, said that the construction of the inner chamber had taken the most time.<br />
The building of another complete nest in the grounds of Cetrel took 32 <strong>da</strong>ys. During this period, a ruddy<br />
ground dove (Columbina talpacoti) constructed its nest, incubated and then looked after five chicks. The T.<br />
cinereum expends a consi<strong>de</strong>rable amount of time during reproduction principally consumed in the construction<br />
of its nest. According to Skutch (1960), the average time it takes to construct this specie’s nest in Central<br />
America is between four or five weeks, although some pairs can take less time, often when the building takes<br />
place in an abandoned nest that has been a victimized by pre<strong>da</strong>tors.<br />
Of the 23 nests that were found, 15 were completely exposed to the sun during the entire <strong>da</strong>y and eight nests<br />
were protected by the vegetation. In terms of proximity to water within a 100-meter radius, seven were within<br />
this band (three actually on a surface of water) while 16 were outsi<strong>de</strong> this radius.<br />
Of all the nests found, 20 were accompanied until a pre<strong>da</strong>tor targeted them or until the chicks fledged. Of<br />
these in two of them (10%) the adults attained success, 12 (60%) were victims of pre<strong>da</strong>tors, five nests were<br />
abandoned and one was found on the ground. Among all the nests that were victims of pre<strong>da</strong>tors, in six of<br />
them (50%), the eggs disappeared, in five (41.7%) the nests had been completed but no eggs laid, and one<br />
was still un<strong>de</strong>r construction. With the exception of this one, all the nests consi<strong>de</strong>red to have been victims of<br />
pre<strong>da</strong>tors showed signs of modification in their shape, principally the external part. This suggest some sort<br />
of manipulation by mammals. The mammals who are potential pre<strong>da</strong>tors in this region inclu<strong>de</strong>: the tufte<strong>de</strong>ar<br />
marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), the common opossum (Di<strong>de</strong>lphis albiventer) and other smaller marsupials<br />
from the Marmosa sp, in addition to other small ro<strong>de</strong>nts. We suspect that the squirrel cuckoo (Piaya cayana) is<br />
also a pre<strong>da</strong>tor of eggs from the species. Another possibility for agents of nest modification is the presence of<br />
piling birds, such as the greater kiska<strong>de</strong>e (Pitangus sulphuratus) It’s possible that the only nest with eggs but
128<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
with no sign of pre<strong>da</strong>tor activity was inva<strong>de</strong>d by a snake.<br />
Another five completed nests were abandoned, but with no sign of pre<strong>da</strong>tor manipulation and so we did not<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>r them to be pre<strong>da</strong>tor victims. Of these nests, three were empty, one had two eggs and a chick, and the<br />
third had three eggs. From this nest, one egg was on the ground but was still being incubated by the parent<br />
birds. Four <strong>da</strong>ys after this case was found, the nest was abandoned. As there were no signs that the nest was<br />
removed by a pre<strong>da</strong>tor, we can postulate that it was taken away by the adults. The nests that were abandoned<br />
without any sign of pre<strong>da</strong>tor manipulation could have been a result of our intervention and inspection.<br />
Morphometric Data:<br />
From 1991-2005 we caught and ban<strong>de</strong>d 32 T. cinereum, 10 from our study area and 22 from a region of the<br />
Caatinga in Jeremoabo in Bahia. Below we present specific <strong>da</strong>ta about these individuals. In Suriname, Haverschimidt<br />
(1952) found males and females that weighed 6.9g to 6.6g, respectively.<br />
Table 1. Average variation e stan<strong>da</strong>rd <strong>de</strong>viation of the morphometric <strong>da</strong>ta of the adult T. cinereum caught in<br />
Camaçari and Jeremoabo, in Bahia. The weight is in grams and the length mm.<br />
Weight (N=16)<br />
Wing (N=9)<br />
Tail FeathersRetriz (N=7)<br />
Beak (N=9)<br />
Tarsus (N=9)<br />
5.6 ± 0,95<br />
38 ±3<br />
31.5 ± 0.5<br />
12.15 ± 0.25<br />
18.3± 0.2<br />
Nests<br />
The average height of the nests from ground level is 2,6m (± 1,4, N=21). The average morpho-metric <strong>da</strong>ta<br />
from the nest (N=5) is the following: height: 290 mm (±36.05); frontal width 67.6mm (± 2.5); lateral width:<br />
85 mm (± 16.86); the height of the upper part of the entrance 105 mm (± 47.1); height of the lower part of the<br />
entrance: 189 mm (± 35.07); width of the entrance: 27.6mm (± 2.88); height of the entrance: 26.6mm (± 4.21).<br />
Average weight of the five nests is 14.17g (± 1.95).<br />
The nests were attached to dry or live branches of the following 13 botanical species (Table 2).<br />
The average diameter of the trunks were (N=17) is 2.85cm (±1.46). Of the total, three nests were affixed to<br />
dry trunks and 14 on green branches. The average diameter of dry trunks is 2.58cm (± 1.24) and of the green<br />
branches is equal to 2.68cm (± 1.29).<br />
The smallest distance between the active nests was 30 meters. One of the nests had an egg, the other was being<br />
built.
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The components of the T. cinereum nest are very diverse both in size as well as type of material, and <strong>de</strong>pend<br />
of the environment around them. We found dry leaves, grass stalks, and fragments and entire leaves of Melastomataceae,<br />
Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Compositae, fibers of Elaeis guineensis L., stems of the Passiflora sp, and<br />
a variety of dry seeds. Rarely did we find live vegetation in the nests, even in the recently constructed ones.<br />
Man ma<strong>de</strong> material, such as cotton, paper and nylon was ad<strong>de</strong>d to the nests.<br />
The internal chamber was at times lined with feathers from the following species: Sayaca tanager (Thraupis<br />
sayaca), white-cheeked pintail (Anas bahamensis), Ruddy ground dove (Columbina talpacoti), Saffron finch<br />
(Sicalis flaveola) and the masked water tyrant (Fluvicola nengeta). Two nests’ internal chambers were lined<br />
with a smooth material encased with seeds from an exotic plant. The largest piece we encountered in the T.<br />
cinereum nest was a 59 cm grass stalk; this in contrast to material that can be less than 1 cm, such as the almost<br />
invisible seeds used by adults birds constructing the nest. Leaves in some of the nests measured up to 35 mm<br />
x 25 mm.<br />
The direction of the 20 nests’ opening was registered: seven (07) faced toward quadrant 1; five (05) faced<br />
quadrant II and IV and three (03) faced toward quadrant III.<br />
Eggs, Incubation and Leaving the Nest.<br />
Nests with three eggs (N=5), two eggs (N=4) and one egg (N=2) were registered.<br />
Nest <strong>da</strong>ta collected from Central America indicates the existence of nests with three or two eggs, the more<br />
common being nests with three eggs. (Cherie, 1890; Skutch, 1930, 1945, 1960; Haverschimidt, 1978). It’s<br />
possible that the nests around Cetrel found with one egg had been abandoned. The average weight of the eggs<br />
(N = 26) was 1.08g (±0.15) and the average length and width of the eggs was 16.2mm (±0.95) and 11.5mm<br />
(±0.5), respectively. An egg was taken from an abandoned nest to see the relationship between its weight and<br />
a completed egg. It weighed 0.975g. The eggs that were found were white although four of them had brown<br />
streaks scattered across their surfaces.<br />
The incubation period for two of the nests was 17 <strong>da</strong>ys. Data from Central America registered 17 and 18 <strong>da</strong>ys.<br />
(Skutch, 1930, 1945; Haverschimidt, 1978). The interval between the laying of eggs was one to two <strong>da</strong>ys. The<br />
adult birds were observed during the incubation period insi<strong>de</strong> the nest in the mornings and afternoons. (Photo<br />
27). One of the adult birds spent the night insi<strong>de</strong> the nest during the incubation period and for the first ten <strong>da</strong>ys<br />
of the chick’s lives. Skutch (1930) related that one of the females started to sleep in the nest the evening of the<br />
first <strong>da</strong>y the first egg was laid.<br />
Chicks fledged after 18 <strong>da</strong>ys. Haverschimidt (1978) found this same phenomena and relates that after 27 <strong>da</strong>ys<br />
the chicks were feeding on their own.<br />
Inter-specific interactions<br />
Eupetomena macroura (Photo 33), Chorostilbon aureoventris e Phaethornis pretei piled plant material for two<br />
nests un<strong>de</strong>r construction.<br />
Antagonistic intereacitons were noted between the T. cinereum and Thraupis sayaca, Tangara cayana, Eupetomena<br />
macroura e Coereba flaveola, when these were around the area where the nests were being con-
130<br />
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T. cinereum piled the material from an abandoned nest of the Fluvicola nengeta.<br />
A nest being built was occupied by a Hyla sp. This occupation forced the abandonment of the nest by the<br />
pair.<br />
Maintenance<br />
A T. cinereum bathed in the <strong>de</strong>w droplets that were on the upper surface of the leaves in a Byrsonima sp., having<br />
flown to these moist leaves to wet its feathers.<br />
Feeding<br />
The Todirostrum cinereum was observed proffering dipterans, Lepidoptera (Hesperii<strong>da</strong>e – Urbanus sp.)<br />
Nest Visitation<br />
To enter or leave the nest, the T. cinereum can do it directly without having to land on the nest. When the<br />
chicks had been alive for six <strong>da</strong>ys, the adult birds entered totally into the interior of the nest to feed hem. After<br />
that, food was offered only at the entrance to the nest, although the head and breast of the chick stayed in<br />
the nest’s interior chamber. When the chicks were close to abandoning the nest (after around 18-20 <strong>da</strong>ys), the<br />
adults perched on the external part of the nest and offered them food at the entrance.<br />
Building of the nest<br />
To build the nest, the species T. cinereum performs various acrobatic movements around the branch supporting<br />
the nest or on the nest itself to construct the part that fixes it to the tree; it can also hover in the air, arranging<br />
or putting on more components on the external laterals or base of the nest. To line the oological chamber, the<br />
T. cinereum uses feathers from the following species: white-cheeked pintail (Anas bahamensis), masked water<br />
tyrant (Fluvicola nengeta) and the Dendrocygna viduata, among others. In addition, in some nests material<br />
from the seeds of an exotic introduced plant were found.<br />
Without leaving the nest, an adult bird worked on the oological chamber and received material from another<br />
individual who quickly left after <strong>de</strong>livery.<br />
Five pairs had their nests inva<strong>de</strong>d by pre<strong>da</strong>tors between November 2004 and March 2005 and immediately<br />
started to construct new nests. Up until Mach, none of these attempts had been successful. Three pairs initiated<br />
construction a <strong>da</strong>y after the pre<strong>da</strong>tor had inva<strong>de</strong>d. All the five pairs used the same tree to construct another nest<br />
after being driven out by the pre<strong>da</strong>tor.<br />
Sound Manifestations<br />
Arriving at the nest, the T. cinereum either emits sounds or remains silent. There are differences between the<br />
vocalization of one pair. There is still another sound that is emitted during the period when the bird visits the<br />
nest, principally when both the individuals are in the tree where the nest is.
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14 <strong>da</strong>y –old chicks emit a spontaneous sound or when the adults are near the nest. Chicks who are 17 <strong>da</strong>ys old<br />
emit sound when they are manipulated or moved.<br />
Translation of what is in the Box:<br />
Chick Develppment of T. cinereum (from the same nest)<br />
Weight (grams)<br />
Chick 1<br />
Chick 2<br />
Chick 3<br />
Figure 1.<br />
The T. cinereum emits a third type of sound, when coming into conflict with a Coereba flaveola, which sounds<br />
something the sounds the wings of the butterfly genus Hamadryas make.<br />
Chicks<br />
At birth a chick weighed 0.829g. The only visible feathers were in the eye socket region. Its eyes were closed,<br />
the color of its skin was a clear orange color, the beak a yellowish color though the internal part was a much<br />
<strong>da</strong>rker yellow than that of the beak. The eye socket size was proportional to the beak size and was gray. It was<br />
possible for us to observe a part of the circulation of the peripheral network. The claws were white and the<br />
tarsus and toes were the same color as the body. Chicks who were 17 <strong>da</strong>ys old poked their heads out of the<br />
nest. When they were 18 <strong>da</strong>ys old, they had a complete adult plumage and a <strong>da</strong>rk iris, and only a few pipes in<br />
the nasal region.<br />
In one of the successful nests, ten <strong>da</strong>ys before the first chick fledged, another animal removed some of the<br />
material at the back of the nest which ma<strong>de</strong> the three chicks fall to the ground. One of the chicks died immediately<br />
probably from exposure to the sun; the second one that fell was 18 <strong>da</strong>ys old and had full plumage but<br />
was unable to fly. The parent birds gave it food on the ground. The third and youngest chick, fell when it was<br />
18 <strong>da</strong>ys old and was also fed by its parents on the ground. A <strong>da</strong>y after this observation, not one of the fallen<br />
chicks was found. Two <strong>da</strong>ys later, we observed the parent birds constructing a nest on the same species of tree<br />
which suggests that the chicks were victims of pre<strong>da</strong>tors when they were outsi<strong>de</strong> of the nest.<br />
Part of the ontogeny (<strong>de</strong>velopment) of the three chicks of a nest is shown in the sequence of photographs from<br />
60 to 65. The <strong>de</strong>velopment of three chicks was accompanied until the fledging of the first chick. (Figure 1).<br />
Dimorphism<br />
One member of the pair (N=6) had a yellow superciliary stripe which starts at the back part above the eye and<br />
extends all the way to the beak or come together and form a single stripe. This stripe is sometimes visible,<br />
sometimes not. An individual whose stripe is visible also had a yellow pileum. The other member of the pair<br />
didn’t have these yellow stripes. This could be a distinguishing characteristic between female and male.<br />
Longevity
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An individual of the T. cinereum that was caught in the area of CETAS 04/10/2001, was photographed in the<br />
same area in December 2004.<br />
Copulation<br />
It was possible for us to observe two copulation attempts on the same <strong>da</strong>y of a pair that was in an active nest<br />
with one egg. The adults were moving around the insi<strong>de</strong> of a Byrsonima sp, and emitting chirps, when at a<br />
height of 1.5 meters off the ground and on a 2 cm branch, the vocalizing male mounted the female at a distance<br />
of 2.5 meters from the nest. Twenty minutes later we saw another copulation act on the same tree.<br />
Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus (Wied, 1831)<br />
Pygmy-Tyrant<br />
This is a small, brown tyrant with a red coloring that’s visible in adult birds. The juvenile has no red coloring<br />
on its head. It occurs in the interior of the Caatinga, as well as abandoned cultivated fields and at the Caatinga<br />
edge. It often comes to the ground to look for food. Measurements: Total length100mm, wing 43mm, tail<br />
38mm, tarsus 14mm, beak 7mm, weight 6g.<br />
Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris (Wied, 1831)<br />
Yellow-breasted Flycatcher<br />
Its strong yellow color is reminiscent of the saffron finch and can be found both at the edge and interior of the<br />
Caatinga. In the Caatinga, its nest is ball shaped and black. Along the northern Bahia coast, the nests are like<br />
husks and are not black but brown because of the available material in the region. The entrance is at the bottom<br />
part of the nest. Measurements: Total length 130mm, wing 58mm, tail 50mm, tarsus 16mm, beak 9mm,<br />
weight 13g.<br />
Myiobius barbatus mastacalis (Wied, 1821)<br />
Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher<br />
It occurs in gallery forests and is a easy species to recognize because of the intense yellow on its rump which is<br />
visible whether the bird is in flight or motionless. These are very skittish birds which are constantly moving. It<br />
occurs in the lower stratum of the forest. Measurements: Total length 138mm, wing 64mm, tail 53mm, tarsus<br />
16mm, beak 10mm, weight 10g.<br />
Cenemotriccus fuscatus (Wied, 1831)<br />
Fuscous flycatcher<br />
This species occurs in the interior of the Caatinga, and has a whitish superciliary stripe and two brownish<br />
stripes on its wings. It is relatively common in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements: total length, 150mm;<br />
weight 12g.<br />
Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)
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Vermilion Flycatcher<br />
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This species was registered only once, an individual that was close to a fork-tailed fly catcher (T. savanna)<br />
on the dunes at STIEP in 1988. The second register for the state of Bahia occurred in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina in<br />
1989. The female and juveniles are brown and have traces of red or yellow on the lower tail coverts.<br />
Xolmis irupero nivea (Spix, 1825)<br />
White Monjita<br />
This is a very distinct white bird with black wings and tail. It gli<strong>de</strong>s very close to the ground to capture small<br />
insects. The bird perches on energy pillars and wiring at the si<strong>de</strong> of roads. It constructs its nests in hollow tree<br />
cavities.<br />
Knipolegus nigerrimus (Vieillot, 1818)<br />
Velvety Black-Tyrant<br />
The male is all black, without a crest and a hid<strong>de</strong>n white stripe on the wings. The female is black and the throat<br />
has brown stripes. This species is registered in mountainous regions above 1,800 meters but can come down to<br />
altitu<strong>de</strong>s of 100 meters. In the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina, it is usually found at altitu<strong>de</strong>s of less than 300 meters. Total<br />
length 170mm, wing 88, tail 78mm, tarsus 21mm, beak 14mm, weight 18g.<br />
Fluvicola albiventer (Spix, 1825)<br />
Pied Water -Tyrant<br />
It’s a species well a<strong>da</strong>pted to water and occurs on river banks and marsh areas of the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. The<br />
nest is constructed in bushes and always near to water. Measurements:<br />
Fluvicola nengeta nengeta (Vieillot, 1824)<br />
Masked Water-tyrant<br />
It can live both close and at some distance from water. It lives as a pair or in small familial groups. The nest<br />
is ball shaped with a lateral entrance. Three white eggs with chestnut colored specks are laid and weigh on<br />
average 2. 2 grams and measure 19.7 mm X 14.5mm. The nest can be victim of the parasite species Molotrus<br />
bonariensis which is much larger and colored and weighs 3,7 g and measures 24 mm X 17 mm. This species<br />
colonizes gar<strong>de</strong>ns that have swimming pools. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing 72mm, tail 60mm,<br />
tarsus 24mm, beak 14mm, weight 20g.<br />
Fluvicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764.)<br />
White-hea<strong>de</strong>d-Tyrant<br />
This species lives exclusively close to water and in this sense differs from F. Nengeta that can be found to roost<br />
and nest far from water. The male is all black with a white head and the female and the chicks are gray tinged.
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The nest is similar to that of the masked water tyrant and is lined with feathers from other birds and is always<br />
placed on some support in the water. It lays two white eggs with small red dots. The chicks are born with a<br />
clear yellow plumage which imitate a toxic lizard. The beak is yellow. Measurements: Total length 135mm,<br />
wing 64mm, tail 44mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 13mm, weight 12g.<br />
Satrapa icterophrys icterophrys (Vieillot, 1818)<br />
Yellow-browed Tyrant<br />
This is a migratory species that was registered for the first time in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina on the banks of the<br />
Vasa Barris River. These are solitary birds which are always associated with the presence of water. They have<br />
an intensely yellow superciliary stripe and abdomen. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing 82mm, tail<br />
65mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 14mm, weight 18g.<br />
Hirundinea belicosa (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Cliff Flycatcher<br />
This species lives in regions that are steep and rocky. It feeds on insects that it catches in the air. Its nest is<br />
<strong>de</strong>marcated by some rocks that the bird itself carries to the spot. Measurements: Total length 180mm, wing<br />
100, tail 70mm, tarsus 12mm, beak 15mm, weight 23g.<br />
Casiornis fusca (Sclater & Salvin, 1873.)<br />
Ash-throated Casiornis<br />
Very similar in appearance to the rufous casiornis (C. rufa), its lower part is brimstone colored and its shoul<strong>de</strong>rs<br />
brown. It occurs in the interior of the Caatinga and is not very common. Measurements: Total length<br />
170mm, wing 81mm, tail 80mm, tarsus 19mm, beak 16mm, weight 20g.<br />
Machetornis rixosus (Vieillot, 1808)<br />
Cattle Tyrant<br />
It occurs in open areas and is often seen perching on the back of cattle or horses or near their feet to take advantage<br />
of the insects that accompany these animals. It can also be seen in grasslands or where lawns are being<br />
cut to catch the insects that are displaced by this process. It builds its nests on the trunks of palm trees.<br />
Myiarchus swaisoni pelzelni (Berlepsch, 1883)<br />
Swainson’s Flycatcher<br />
This is a migratory bird which occurs on the edge of the Caatinga, lives alone and builds its nest in the hollow<br />
of trees. Measurements: weight 25g.<br />
Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae (Berlepsch & Leverkühn, 1890)
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Brown-crested Flycatcher<br />
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It occurs insi<strong>de</strong> and on the edge of the Caatinga, and it differs from the Swainson’s flycatcher by having rustycolored<br />
tail feathers (except for central ones) and rusty-colored primaries. Total length 210mm, wing 95, tail<br />
85mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 18mm, weight 26g.<br />
Pitangus sulphuratus maximillian (Cabanis & Heine, 1859)<br />
Great Kiska<strong>de</strong>e<br />
This is an extremely well-known species. It occurs in all the habitats of the north coast, including on beach<br />
shores and in the mangroves. The adults have an intensely yellow pileum which juveniles also sometimes<br />
have. But we have also fond two adult birds with no yellow coloring on their heads. It feeds on a wi<strong>de</strong> range<br />
of elements, from little fish caught in the mangroves to insects and small reptiles. The great kiska<strong>de</strong>e is present<br />
in the center of large cities and is often present in restaurants and hotels along the coast and has been known to<br />
steal food from guests. It constructs its nest in a variety of places because it is a little ball ma<strong>de</strong> from a ball of<br />
grasses. It lays from two to four white eggs with back spots. Measurements: Total length 230mm, wing 10mm,<br />
tail.75mm, tarsus 24mm, beak 23mm, weight 60g.<br />
Megarhynchus pitangua pitangua (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />
Boat-billed Flycatcher<br />
Very similar to the previous species, this bird differentiates itself primarily through its large and long beak. It<br />
occurs in various ecosystems of the north coast such as restinga, woo<strong>de</strong>d savanna, and on forest edges. It can<br />
be seen in arborized gar<strong>de</strong>ns and its call is very distinct. We once saw a pair of this species collecting twigs<br />
to build its nest. Measurements: Total length 245mm, wing 115mm, tail 82mm, tarsus 19mm, beak 30mm,<br />
weight 50g.<br />
Myiozetetes similis similis (Spix, 1825)<br />
Social Flycatcher<br />
Also very similar in appearance to the great kiska<strong>de</strong>e, although the bird is smaller and with a reddish rather<br />
than yellow pileum. Occurs on the edge of the Caatinga and near to water sources. Measurements: Total length<br />
173mm, wing 86mm, tail 70mm, tarsus 19mm, beak 14mm, weight 26g.<br />
Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Streaked Flycatcher<br />
Occurs both within the Caatinga as well as on its edge. It is a big bird and its belly is striped. Its rump and tail<br />
feathers are rusty colored. In the Caatinga biome, this is a very common species (Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina). Measurements:<br />
Total length 225mm, wing 100mm, tail 84mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 22mm, weight 54g.<br />
Tyrannus savana savana (Vieillot, 1807)
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Fork-tailed Flycatcher<br />
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This is a very distinct migratory species with a long, forked tail. It arrives around November in the savanna<br />
region of Cetrel and stays there until the middle of April when it disappears form the area. It even occurs in<br />
Salvador (the sand dunes of STIEP). This species comes to the region to reproduce and never before has a<br />
register for the species in the region been mentioned. Its nest is bowl-shaped and built on thick branches. It<br />
lays three white eggs that have small streaks of brown. We have seen groups of up to 50 which use the same<br />
area as a rossting site.<br />
Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Tropical Kingbird<br />
This is one of the most common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt species and occurs on forest edges, in the savanna and the restinga<br />
on the northern coast. Its nest is bowl-shaped and can be constructed at various heights from the ground<br />
from two to ten meters. It lays two eggs with various chestnut colored specks. The chicks are born with clear<br />
yellow plumage and their beaks are yellow. It’s very similar to the variegated flycatcher but can be differentiated<br />
by its white throat. Measurements: Total length 210mm, wing 90mm, tail 75mm, tarsus 20mm, beak<br />
20mm, weight 25g.<br />
Empidonomus varius rufinus (Spix, 1825)<br />
Variegated Flycatcher<br />
This species is very similar in appearance to the piratic flycatcher (Legatus leucophaius) though it is bigger<br />
and lives in the interior as well as edge of the Caatinga. It is very common in the Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina. Measurements:<br />
Total length 180mm, weight 25g.<br />
Suiriri suiriri bahiae (Berlepsch, 1893)<br />
Chaco Suiriri<br />
It has a whitish throat and breast, a yellow abdomen and a <strong>da</strong>rk stripe that extends from its beak to behind<br />
its eyes. Its tail is slightly forked and the wings have two yellow stripes. This is not common in the Raso <strong>da</strong><br />
Catarina.<br />
Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus (Thunerg, 1905)<br />
Planalto Tyrannulet<br />
This is a small bird with a clear gray breast and a black stripe behind its eyes. The abdomen is yellowish and<br />
the head can be a <strong>da</strong>rk gray color which contrasts with the rest of the body. It usually gli<strong>de</strong>s below small fruits<br />
which it feeds from. It can be found at the edge of the Caatinga<br />
Pachyramphus viridis viridis (Vieillot, 1816)
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Green-backed Becard<br />
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The specie’s beak is long and an accentuated dimorphism is characteristic of the species: the male has a grayish<br />
nape, a white throat, a yellow breast and its bend of wing is rusty colored. The female has a green pileum<br />
shoul<strong>de</strong>rs and chestnut colored upper tail coverts. It occurs at forest edges and regrowth forests. Measurements:<br />
Total length 150mm, wing 70mm, tail 53mm, tarsus 18mm, weight 18g.<br />
Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus (Vieiillot, 1818)<br />
White-winged Becard<br />
This species occurs in the high Caatinga. The male has a black, metallic coloring while the female has a rusty<br />
colored pileum, the end of the tail has rusty colored spots and the un<strong>de</strong>r parts are yellow. The beak is flat and<br />
this species can also occur in the base stratum of the forest. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing 75mm,<br />
tail 55mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 12mm, weight 20g.<br />
Pipri<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Neopelma pallescens (Lafresnaye, 1853)<br />
Pale-bellied Tyrant-manakin<br />
This occurs in the high Caatinga and has a yellow pileum and iris. Its call is similar to that of a frog and it<br />
perches alone on poles and posts. It occurs in the middle stratum of the forest. Measurements: Total length<br />
150mm, wing 73mm, tail 63mm, weight 16g.<br />
PASSERIFORMES ORDER<br />
Oscines Subor<strong>de</strong>r<br />
Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Tachycineta albiventer (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />
White-winged Swallow<br />
This is a species typically found around rivers banks, lakes and marshy areas and flies just above the water’s<br />
surface looking for insects. It’s different from from the white-rumped swallow (Tachycineta leucorrhoa) because<br />
of its rump and a wi<strong>de</strong> white stripe on its wings. It can be seen in the company of other members of<br />
the species including the white-rumped swallow. The juveniles have very pale coloring. It usually perches on<br />
branches near water. Measurements: Total length 140mm, wing 96mm, tail 38mm, tarsus11mm, beak 11mm,<br />
weight 20g.<br />
Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
White-rumped Swallow<br />
Very similar is appearance to the previous species, it can be differentiated from it by having no white on its<br />
wings or rump. There is a white <strong>de</strong>sign on its lores. This is a migratory species which appears at <strong>de</strong>termined
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
times of the year and then disappears again. It perches on <strong>de</strong>ad branches and in small groups.<br />
Phaeoprogne tapera tapera (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />
Brown-chested Martin<br />
This resi<strong>de</strong>nt species differs from the previous species by not having black spots on its breast. See the subspecies<br />
that follows. Measurements: Total length166mm, wing120mm, tail 56mm, tarsus 13mm, beak 11mm,<br />
weight 30g.<br />
Phaeoprogne tapera fusca (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Brown-chested Martin<br />
In May of 1999, a concentration of this species (Phaeoprogne t. tapera), the previously <strong>de</strong>scribed species (P. t.<br />
fusca), the rough-winged swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis) and the gray-breasted Martin (Progne chalybea<br />
domestica) began to form and consisted of around 100,000 individuals to sleep in trees of a quadrant located<br />
between various buildings on the grounds of Caraíba Metais. The smelting operations of the plant, where<br />
ovens are operating at searing temperatures and create a micro-climate where the temperatures are 4 to 12°<br />
C above the average regional temperatures. The buildings that surround the trees act and a barrier against the<br />
wind which would normally dissipation of the place’s heat. The concrete buildings ensure that the temperature<br />
rises. The conjunction of these elements produce comfortable thermal conditions where the swallows can<br />
roost. In August 1999, the area stopped being used as a roosting site for the species, but between May and<br />
August of 1999, 2,954 individuals were ban<strong>de</strong>d: 1,555 were P. t. tapera and 974 P. t. fusca. In 2000 and 2001,<br />
the event was repeated in the same area, where the two species of the previous census were joined by barn<br />
swallows, Hirundo rustica. Between May and August, 8,474 birds were ban<strong>de</strong>d and inclu<strong>de</strong>d 6,220 from the<br />
P. t. tapera species and 2,220 of the P. t. fusca species. And in 2002, the banding was done between January<br />
and February but there were small numbers of birds. Between Amy and August 2001, 57 individuals that had<br />
been ban<strong>de</strong>d in 1999 were caught again in the same area. Based on the banding work performed by Cetrel’s<br />
team over four years in Camaçari, it is known that the P. tapera starts to arrive in the area in May and leave<br />
in August. The recapture of 57 individuals ban<strong>de</strong>d in 1999 during the 2001 campaign, shows the same birds<br />
return annually. In the Caatinga, this bird is very common.<br />
Progne chalybea domesticus (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Gray-breasted Martin<br />
It occurs in diverse areas of the Caatinga including in cities. It is a migratory bird which can roost with members<br />
of the two subspecies <strong>de</strong>scribed above. It reproduces in the roofs of old, big houses and the city’s street<br />
lights. It flies short distances to get water. Measurements: weight 50g.<br />
Notiochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Blue-and-white Swallow<br />
This is a small species that can be found in <strong>de</strong>nsely populated towns where it reproduces in roofs. It can be<br />
found in the same areas as the three previously <strong>de</strong>scribed species, and can also be fond looking for insects in
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<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
floo<strong>de</strong>d areas. As is the case with the white-rumped swallow, this is a migratory bird.<br />
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Southern Rough-winged Swallow<br />
This is small swallow whose chin is cinnamon colored and their un<strong>de</strong>r-tail coverts are yellow. It occurs on the<br />
Caatinga edge and can be found near or far away from water. It flies very near to the ground hunting for insects<br />
and perches on <strong>de</strong>ad branches or even on the ground. Total length 120mm, wing 100mm, tail 50mm, tarsus<br />
15mm, beak 7mm, weight 16g.<br />
Corvi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821)<br />
White-naped Jay<br />
This is a typical bird from the Caatinga and savanna habitats. They roost in small groups in the interior of the<br />
Caatinga and are extremely skittish. When they sense the intrusion of another bird, they start emitting warning<br />
signals and quickly the whole group flies off. Measurements: Total length 333mm, wing 130mm, tail 140mm,<br />
tarsus 43mm, beak 27mm, weight 120g.<br />
Troglodyti<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Troglodytes musculus musculus (Nuamann, 1823)<br />
House Wren<br />
It’s one of the commonest and well-known birds because of visits to houses and gar<strong>de</strong>ns. We have found nests<br />
in a wi<strong>de</strong> variety of places such as: shoe boxers, shoes, boots, un<strong>de</strong>r roof tops, circuit breakers, street lamps,<br />
in pipe works, etc… In the majority of nests, we found snake skins which were probably put there to startle<br />
possible pre<strong>da</strong>tors. It lays up to five white eggs, tinged with chestnut colored strips. The eggs weigh, on average,<br />
1.6 g and measure 18 mm X 14 mm; The chicks are born with reddish skin and tufts of black plumage<br />
on their head and back. The most enterprising nest we encountered was one built within the support of ceiling<br />
fan. The pair had to take utmost care when feeding the chick not to be behea<strong>de</strong>d by the fan. Its menu of food<br />
inclu<strong>de</strong>s beetle larva, small moths, lizards, and wasps. When they are close to fledging, the chicks receive<br />
their parent’s help. The parent bird enters the nest several times without food, and then the chicks abandon<br />
the nest. Presumably these visits were to teach flying skills since we noticed that recently fledged chicks have<br />
exceptional flying ability and can get from branch to branch very quickly. At various different occasions, we<br />
observed chicks being fed at night in places where the light is still intense all through the night. Measurements:<br />
Total length 125mm, wing 50mm, tail 40mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 12mm, weight 12g.<br />
Thryotorus longirostris bahiae (Hellmayr, 1903)
140<br />
Long-billed Wren<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This is a very common species in the Caatinga and normally roosts in pairs and is always calling to <strong>de</strong>fend its<br />
territory against members of the same species entering. The couple will expel any intru<strong>de</strong>rs. Measurements:<br />
Total length 170mm, wing 65mm, tail. 56mm, tarsus 24mm, beak 24mm, weight 20g.<br />
Muscicapi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Sylviinae Sub-family<br />
Polioptila plumbea atricapilla (Swainson, 1823)<br />
Tropical Gnatcatcher<br />
This species occurs both within and on the edge of the Caatinga. The male has a black “cap”. It’s a common<br />
species that is found on the middle and lower stratums of the forest. The nest is very similar in appearance to<br />
that of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, (E. macroura), with an opening that measures 40mm X 36mm, external<br />
height of 42mm and <strong>de</strong>pth of 37mm. The nest weighs an average of 3.4 g. We found a nest that was lined<br />
with steel wool that was taken out of an old refrigerator.<br />
Turdinae Sub-family<br />
Turdus rufiventris juensis (Cory,1916)<br />
Rufus-bellied Thrush<br />
This occurs in almost all the Caatinga, including in the towns. It’s an abun<strong>da</strong>nt species, only slightly less numerous<br />
than the species that follows. It constructs its nest in trees at a certain distance from the ground. It lays<br />
three eggs and its reproductive period can begin in October and extend until April. It looks for food in trees<br />
(fruits) or on the ground in the form of insects and worms. Measurements: Total length 260mm, wing 107mm,<br />
tail 98mm, tarsus 34mm, beak 20mm, weight 67g.<br />
Turdus leucomelas albiventer (Spix, 1824)<br />
Pale-breasted Thrush<br />
This is the most common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt thrush in the Caatinga and can occur in towns as well. This species<br />
a<strong>da</strong>pted itself well to urban environments and constructs its nest in roofs, street lights, etc.. as long as it is<br />
not disturbed. The nest is bowl-shaped and ma<strong>de</strong> of roots mixed with mud, which gives it sound resistance. It<br />
lays three greenish eggs with chestnut colored spots. It weighs 6.8 grams and measures 28 mm X 22 mm. Its<br />
incubation period is 15 <strong>da</strong>ys. And the chicks abandon the nest after 14 <strong>da</strong>ys. It feeds on a wi<strong>de</strong> array of fruits,<br />
insects and small lizards. Measurements: Total length 250mm, wing 120mm, tail 100mm, tarsus 32mm, beak<br />
20mm, weight 65g.<br />
Turdus amaurochalinus (Cabanis, 1851)
141<br />
Creamy-billed Thrush<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Together with the species whose <strong>de</strong>scription follows, it is the least common thrush in the Caatinga. It constructs<br />
its nest in trees and lays three eggs. In its reproductive period, the male’s beak is tinged with pure yellow.<br />
It looks for food both in trees and on the ground. Measurements: Total length 240mm, wing 115mm, tail<br />
90mm, tarsus 31mm, beak 20mm, weight 60g.<br />
Mimi<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Mimus saturninus arenaceus (Chapman, 1890)<br />
Chalk-browed Mockingbird<br />
It occurs on the edge of the Caatinga and feeds on insects and small fruits. It regurgitates seeds and in this<br />
way fills a role as a seed disperser of certain plants. The nest and eggs are very similar to those of the tropical<br />
mockingbird (Mimus gilvus). It lays three eggs which weigh an average 6.8 g and measure 30 mm X 21 mm.<br />
It lives in family groups that can number up to eight individuals. Measurements: weight 70g.<br />
Vireoni<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis (Baird, 1866)<br />
Rufous-browed Peppershrike<br />
It has a very distinct song and sings in a duet. These are very aggressive birds that do not permit the entrance<br />
of other birds into their territory. Near to the time they fledge, the chicks are rusty-brown colored except on<br />
the eyebrows. However, the color near their eyes is a <strong>da</strong>rk color and not orange. The nest is shaped like a small<br />
bowl and built on a pitch fork. We have observed a pair collecting toilet paper from the ground to line their<br />
nest. Measurements: Total length 160mm, wing 72mm, tail 65mm, tarsus 23mm, beak 16mm, weight 26g.<br />
Vireo chivi agillis<br />
Red-eyed Vireo<br />
Different from the V. olivaceus, this species has <strong>da</strong>rk rather than red eyes and occurs insi<strong>de</strong> as well as at the<br />
edge of the Caatinga. Measurements: Total length 135mm, wing 65mm, tail 48mm, tarsus17mm, beak 12mm,<br />
weight 15g.<br />
Hylophilus amaurocephalus (Nordmann, 1835)<br />
Gray-eyed Greenlet<br />
This occurs both insi<strong>de</strong> and at the edge of the Caatinga and is very common in the sand forest restinga ecosystem.<br />
During its reproductive period, it calls intensely to mark its territory. These are aggressive birds that<br />
don’t permit individuals of the same species inva<strong>de</strong> their territory. Measurements: Total length 125mm, wing<br />
50mm, tail 53mm, tarsus 17mm, beak 9mm, weight 9g.<br />
Emberizi<strong>da</strong>e Family
142<br />
Parulinae Sub-family<br />
Parula pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Tropical Parula<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
It occurs in the top canopy of the forests on the north coast and also in the woo<strong>de</strong>d savanna cerrado. There is<br />
an intense contrast between the blue of its upper part and yellow of its lower part. It has two white stripes on its<br />
wings. Measurements: Total length 115mm, wing 50mm, tail 42mm, tarsus 16mm, beak 10mm, weight 8g.<br />
Geothlypis aequinoctialis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Masked Yellowthroat<br />
This is a species that lives in inun<strong>da</strong>ted areas distributed throughout the Caatinga and hi<strong>de</strong>s within the rush<br />
plants, in the same way as the black-capped donacobius (D. atricapilla). The female has no black mark around<br />
its eyes. Measurements: weight 14g.<br />
Basileuterus flaveolus (Baird, 1865)<br />
Flavescent Warbler<br />
It occurs in the high Caatinga and lives in the lower stratum of the forest and looks for food on the ground. Its<br />
call is very distinct and signals the presence of the species. It has a long, yellow tarsus. These are very territorial<br />
birds, and don’t permit the entrance of other members of the same species into its territory. Measurements:<br />
Total length 164mm, wing 70mm, tail 65mm, tarsus 22mm, beak 11mm, weight 16g.<br />
Coerebinae Sub-family<br />
Coereba flaveola chloropyga (Cabanis, 1851)<br />
Bananaquit<br />
It occurs in the Caatinga and towns such as Jeremoabo. Around 70% of its diet consists of nectar and the rest<br />
of insects. It is known to drink at hummingbird fee<strong>de</strong>rs. The nests are ball-shaped with a si<strong>de</strong> entrance. It<br />
builds its nests in various locales including streetlights. We know of a pair that every year makes its nest in<br />
the Christmas tree in Cetrel’s laboratory. Measurements: Total length 110mm, wing 53mm, tail 30mm, tarsus<br />
16mm, beak 12mm, weight 10g.<br />
Thraupinae Sub-family<br />
Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus (Wied, 1821)<br />
Cinnamon Tanager<br />
It occurs in the Caatinga and has a black mask around its eyes that contrasts with its plumage. In juveniles,<br />
the mask is less pronounced. Measurements: Total length 175mm, wing 80mm, tail 78mm, tarsus 20mm, beak<br />
15mm, weight 36g.
143<br />
Sericossypha loricata (Lichtenstein, 1819)<br />
Scarlet-Throated Tanager<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Its a common bird in the Caatinga. It sings at dusk and for this characteristic in some regions is called “wakeup<br />
cowboy.” The male has a red plate in the middle of its throat and when young we can sometimes observe<br />
some red spots on its neck. The female is entirely black.<br />
Thlypopsis sordi<strong>da</strong> sordi<strong>da</strong> (Lafresnaye & d’Orbigny, 1825)<br />
Orange-hea<strong>de</strong>d Tanager<br />
Occurs in the Caatinga and abandoned fields and in the larger cities such as Jeremoabo. Its very similar in<br />
appearance to the saffron finch. It looks for food both in the canopy and on the ground. Measurements: Total<br />
length 145mm, wing 63mm, tail 53mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 11mm, weight 14g.<br />
Nemosia pileata pileata (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />
Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Tanager<br />
It occurs in the Caatinga and spends most of its time in the canopy of forest trees although it will come to the<br />
ground to look for food or bathe in small puddles of water. The male has a black pileum and both the sexes<br />
have a yellow eye that contrasts with the black iris. Measurements: Total length 135mm, wing 68mm, tail<br />
45mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 12mm, weight 15g.<br />
Tachyphonus rufus (Bod<strong>da</strong>ert, 1783)<br />
White-lined Tanager<br />
This species occurs in the Caatinga. The male is shiny black which contrasts with the white epaulet and white<br />
axillaries and un<strong>de</strong>r-tail coverts which are clearly visible when the bird flies. The female and juvenile are<br />
brown. In the sandy forest of the restinga, the species builds its nest almost at ground level. The nest is bowlshaped<br />
and can be constructed within bromeliads, in the fronds of small palm trees or in bushes. These birds<br />
will come to fee<strong>de</strong>rs. Measurements: Total length 195mm, wing 80mm, tail 75mm, tarsus 22mm, beak 20mm,<br />
weight 30g.<br />
Piranga flava saira (Spix, 1825)<br />
Hepatic Tanager<br />
It occurs in the Caatinga and open fields and is neither common or abun<strong>da</strong>nt. It has accentuated sexual dimorphism.<br />
The male is uniformly red whereas the female has a bright yellow un<strong>de</strong>rbelly. It spends its time in the<br />
forest canopy but can also be seen in lower parts of the forest. It will visit fee<strong>de</strong>rs as long as the fee<strong>de</strong>rs contain<br />
egg shells. Measurements: Total length 195mm, wing 95mm, weight 36g.<br />
Thraupis sayaca sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766)
144<br />
Sayaca Tanager<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
It is one of the most common and abun<strong>da</strong>nt birds in the Caatinga and can also appear in big towns such as<br />
Jeremoabo. The nest is shaped like a basket and can be built at various heights, including very close to the<br />
ground. The nest can also be built in street lamps or in the roofs of houses. It lays two greenish eggs speckled<br />
with brown spots. Total length 185mm, wing 90mm, tail 65mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 15mm, weight 38g.<br />
Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1776)<br />
Purple-Throated Euphonia<br />
It occurs in the Caatinga and at forest edges. The male has a yellow forehead and bluish-black throat and white<br />
flecks on the external retrices. The female is greenish with a yellow stripe above its beak. Its nest is ball-shaped<br />
with a lateral entrance. Measurements: Total length110mm, wing 55mm, tail 33mm, tarsus 15mm, beak 7mm,<br />
weight 12g.<br />
Tangara cayana flava (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />
Burnished-buff Tanager<br />
It occurs in the Caatinga and forest edges. The male has a black mask that extends from its throat and all across<br />
its abdomen. The female’s mask is paler . It comes to fee<strong>de</strong>rs. Measurements: Total length 145mm, wing<br />
70mm, tail 53mm, tarsus 18mm, beak 11mm, weight 20g.<br />
Dacnis cayana paraguaiensis (Chubb, 1910)<br />
Blue Dacnis<br />
It occurs in the Caatinga and forest edges, but can also occur in large cities. The male is blue-colored with a<br />
black chin and back and feathers that are clear red. The female is greenish with a blue head and blue greater<br />
wing coverts. Measurements: Total length 135mm, wing 64mm, tail 42mm, tarsus 16mm, beak 12mm, weight<br />
12g.<br />
Conirostrum speciosum speciosum (Temminck, 1824)<br />
Chestnut-vented Conebill<br />
This is a small species and the male has a bluish back and clear gray abdomen and chestnut-colored crissum.<br />
The female and juveniles have clearer coloring. They are always moving about in the tree canopy. Measurements:<br />
Total length 105mm, wing 55mm, tail 37mm, tarsus 15mm, beak 9mm, weight 8g.<br />
Emberizinae Sub-family
145<br />
Zonotrichia capensis matutina (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />
Rufous-collared sparrow<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
It occurs in some regions of the restinga and savanna of the northern coast and usually forages for food on<br />
the ground where it moves about in little jumps. Its nest is a little basket which is built in bushes close to<br />
the ground. Its coloring makes for perfect camouflage when it is sitting on the nest. Measurements: Total<br />
length140mm, wing 60mm, tai 50mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 10mm, weight 18g.<br />
Myospiza humeralis humeralis (Bosc, 1792)<br />
Grassland Sparrow<br />
It occurs in open regions where there are extensive grasslands. It lives on the soil but hid<strong>de</strong>n in the middle of<br />
the vegetation. It perches on small bushes in the middle of the grasslands to sing. It has a small yellow stripe<br />
above the eye and another similar marking at the bend of the wing. It looks very much like a young saffron<br />
finch.<br />
Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)<br />
Saffron Finch<br />
It is one of the most known birds and for that reason is sought after by people to put in cages. It can roost in<br />
large flocks or in isolated pairs in certain regions. It reproduces in hollow tree cavities, in the roofs of houses<br />
and also uses artificial nests such as woo<strong>de</strong>n boxes and PVC pipes. It very common for local farmers to put<br />
a cattle skull on a fence post so that the birds will reproduce in them. The nest is a small basket put insi<strong>de</strong> a<br />
cavity and it can lay up to five greenish eggs speckled with brown dots.<br />
Sicalis luteola luteola (Sparrman, 1789)<br />
Grassland Yellow-Finch<br />
This is very similar to the saffron finch although it doesn’t have a yellow pileum and the mantle is streaked<br />
with black. It roosts in flocks and looks for its food on the ground. It usually sings when in flight and is a migratory<br />
species. Measurements: weight 12g.<br />
Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766)<br />
Blue-Black Grassquit<br />
It occurs in open areas where the grass is high. During the reproductive period, the male has a brilliantly black<br />
plumage and the female and juveniles are brown with streaks on their breasts. It is a very distinct bird and<br />
calls from fence posts and jumps vertically up to land at the same place. The nest is built close to the ground<br />
in the middle of the vegetation. Measurements: Total length 116mm, wing 47mm, tail 43mm, tarsus 16mm,<br />
beak 9mm, weight 10g.<br />
Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus, 1758)
146<br />
Lined See<strong>de</strong>ater<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This species was inclu<strong>de</strong>d based on reports from locals in the Jeremoabo community who affirmed that this<br />
bird occurs in the winter months of May and June. Some people have these birds they caught in the region in<br />
cages.<br />
Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil (P.L.S. Müller, 1776)<br />
Capped See<strong>de</strong>ater<br />
The presence of this bird in the region is similar to the previous species. It’s a migratory species that’s present<br />
in the region in the winter months of May and June.<br />
Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot, 1823)<br />
Yellow-Bellied See<strong>de</strong>ater<br />
It occurs in open areas in the Caatinga where there are concentrations of grasslands. The female is brown<br />
and its nest is a little basket where two greenish eggs streaked with dots are laid. The male helps to feed the<br />
chicks. We observed the same ban<strong>de</strong>d pair construct its nest in the same bush for three consecutive years. Even<br />
though the species is not en<strong>da</strong>ngered, the animal trafficking has caused it real <strong>da</strong>mage as it is one of the birds<br />
most encountered in the traffic and it is currently the fashion to have a caged one. Measurements: Total length<br />
120mm, wing 53mm, tail 42mm, tarsus 14mm, beak 8mm, weight 12g.<br />
Sporophila albogularis (Spix, 1825)<br />
White-Throated See<strong>de</strong>ater<br />
It’s a species en<strong>de</strong>mic to the northeast and occurs in grasslands and forest edges. The nest is a small basket<br />
built in bushes. It lays three greenish eggs speckled with chocolate colored spots. The male has a black collar<br />
on its neck, a white throat and yellow beak. The female is brown and has a <strong>da</strong>rk beak. Measurements: Weight<br />
12g.<br />
Arremon taciturnus taciturnus (Hermann, 1783)<br />
Pectoral sparrow<br />
This species occurs in the Caatinga and is reminiscent of a grassland sparrow. The male has a black collar<br />
which in the female is interrupted. It occurs in the lower stratum of the forest and forages for food on the<br />
ground where it can be observed skipping around. Measurements: Total length 165mm, wing 71mm, tail<br />
60mm, tarsus 25mm, beak 14mm, weight 26g.<br />
Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus (Wied, 1821)
147<br />
Gray Pileated-finch<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This is a typical species of the Caatinga biome in Bahia and is consi<strong>de</strong>red one of the most abun<strong>da</strong>nt species<br />
there. It’s also a victim of the illicit bird traffic and is also wrongly released in other biomes where it can cause<br />
large amounts of <strong>da</strong>mage if it is introduced. Measurements: Total length 140mm, wing 60mm, tail 57mm,<br />
tarsus 17mm, beak 12mm, weight 15g.<br />
Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Red-cowled Cardinal<br />
This is also a typical species of the Caatinga biome in Bahia although it can be found in diverse regions of<br />
the state. On the northern coast, its distribution goes from Salvador to Mangue Seco and can be observed in<br />
restingas, savannas, open fields and the mangroves. It’s one of the most commercialized species in the animal<br />
traffic and the greed of bree<strong>de</strong>rs has had a <strong>da</strong>maging impact on this species’ population. The nest is a small<br />
basket and it lays two greenish eggs, streaked with brown spots. Total length 185mm, wing 85mm, tail 70mm,<br />
tarsus 23mm, beak 15mm, weight 42g.<br />
Cardinalinae Sub-family<br />
Saltator similis similis (Lafresnaye & d’Orbigny, 1837)<br />
Green-winged Saltator<br />
This species occurs in the interior of the Caatinga and is also much coveted by bree<strong>de</strong>rs because of its song.<br />
Bird traffickers capture hundreds of this species to sell in the illicit tra<strong>de</strong>. It is due to this that the bird is starting<br />
to disappear in many regions. Measurements: Total length 220mm, wing 95mm, tail 90mm, tarsus 24mm,<br />
beak 18mm, weight 40g.<br />
Saltator atricollis (Vieillot, 1817)<br />
Black-bellied Saltator<br />
This bird has a black mask around its eyes that extends down to its neck. The beak is orange-yellow. It occurs<br />
in the Caatinga and can often be seen at the si<strong>de</strong> of roads. Measurements: Total length 220mm, wing 94mm,<br />
tail 80mm, tarsus 25mm, beak 19mm, weight 45g.<br />
Passerina brissonii brissonii (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Ultramarine Grosbeak<br />
It occurs in the interior of the Caatinga. The male is an intense blue color and the females and juveniles are<br />
brown. These are also much coveted by traffickers which often capture the last individual in a given region.<br />
Measurements: Total length 175mm, wing 70mm, tail 65mm, tarsus 20mm, beak 16mm, weight 24g.<br />
Icterinae Family
148<br />
Gnorimopsar chopi (Spix, 1824)<br />
Chopi Blackbird<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
This species occurs in cut areas with a sparse number of trees in the Caatinga and the bird either builds its<br />
nest in hollow tree cavities or takes over the nests of other species. It also uses artificial nests of PVC. It is a<br />
favorite of bree<strong>de</strong>rs and is sold in open markets in Bahia, where the trafficking of the bird is causing a heavy<br />
impact on the species. They are sensitive birds and many die due to inappropriate treatment. We have seen two<br />
cases of albinism in the species.<br />
Icterus cayanensis tibialis (Swainson, 1837)<br />
Epaulet Oriole<br />
This species occurs in open areas of the Caatinga. It has the ability to imitate certain species of birds, including<br />
a hawk. The nest is a small basket affixed to the bottom of palm fronds and other plant species. The chicks are<br />
fed insects which often are difficult to swallow. Weight 33g.<br />
Icterus jamacaii (Gmelin, 1788)<br />
Troupial<br />
This species occurs in open areas of the Caatinga and its coloring, yellow, black and yellow or orange makes<br />
it an especially pretty bird among those in Brazil. Individuals from this species are known to imitate other<br />
bird species and when they are raised in captivity, they can even learn to sing the national anthem. It doesn’t<br />
construct its own nest but rather occupies the abandoned nests of rufous cacholote (Pseudoseisura cristata),<br />
the great kiska<strong>de</strong>e (Pitangus sulphuratus) and even the house sparrow (Passer dometicus) in street lamp-posts.<br />
The animal traffic is causing a significant impact on the species since it is one of the most frequent bird species<br />
targeted and its mortality rate among commercialized birds is consi<strong>de</strong>red the highest. Few caught birds survive<br />
and those that do become sick and quickly die.<br />
Leistes superciliaris (Bonaparte, 1850)<br />
White-browed Blackbird<br />
This occurs in floo<strong>de</strong>d areas of the Caatinga and can also be found in lawns and pastures. When it flies, its tail<br />
is open and it emits a buzz and then lands either on the ground or some other vegetation. The female is brown<br />
and the breast is tinged with red.<br />
Molothrus badius fringillarius (Spix, 1824)<br />
Bay-Winged Cowbird<br />
This occurs in open areas scattered with trees and travels in small flocks. The sexes are very similar in appearance.<br />
They are brown and have a <strong>da</strong>rk streak that goes from its beak to its eyes. The wing tips are chestnut<br />
colored.<br />
Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789)
149<br />
Shiny Cowbird<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
It occurs in the Caatinga and often in large flocks. The male plumage is violet-blue, and <strong>de</strong>pending on the<br />
lighting can be very shiny. The female is smaller and a sooty brown color. It is often seen in craals where it<br />
feeds on the food given to cattle. It neither builds nor incubates its nests but rather sponges off other bird’s<br />
nests. We have seen shiny cowbird eggs in the nests of: masked water tyrant (Fluvilcola nengeta); sayaca<br />
tanager (Thraupis sayaca) and the Brazilian tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius). The eggs of this species and<br />
whitish colored streaked with various brown spots which are very different from those of the Brazilian tanager,<br />
whose eggs are greenish with black dots.<br />
Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis (Vieillot, 1819)<br />
Chestnut-capped Blackbird<br />
This usually occurs in marshy areas but can also be found in dry regions. It often feeds on food put out for<br />
cattle together with the shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis). It also comes to bird fee<strong>de</strong>rs and lives in large<br />
flocks that can number more than one hundred. It has marked sexual dimorphism and the male is black with<br />
a rusty-colored throat, breast and “cap”. The female, on the other hand, is an olivaceous brown color with its<br />
abdomen and upper parts striped with black.<br />
Fringilli<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Carduelis magellanicus ictericus (Lichtenstein, 1823)<br />
Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Siskin<br />
It differs from the yellow-faced siskin (C. yarrellii) by its black head. It’s a migratory species that appears in<br />
small groups at certain times of the year and then disappears again. This is much targeted by bree<strong>de</strong>rs that<br />
cross it with the Belgium canary to produce the Pintagol. Measurements: Weight 12g.<br />
Passeri<strong>da</strong>e Family<br />
Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
House Sparrow<br />
It is a species that was introduced into Brazil. This species could first be observed in Bahia in the beginning of<br />
the 1970s in Salvador. To<strong>da</strong>y it is spread throughout the entire state, always close to houses. In certain places<br />
it causes havoc because it steels food from people’s plates in restaurants and can transmit different diseases.<br />
The house sparrow is a classic example of why it’s wrong to introduce some species in certain places. Measurements:<br />
Weight 27g.
150<br />
Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus<br />
(Zabelê / Yellow-legged Tinamou)<br />
Crypturellus parvirostris<br />
(Inhambu-xororó / Smal-billed Tinamou)<br />
Nothura boraquira<br />
(Codorna / White-bellied Nothura)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tinami<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Crypturellus tatuapa lepidotus<br />
(Inhambu-chintã / Tataupa Tinamou)<br />
Nothura maculosa major<br />
(Codorna / Spotted Nothura)<br />
Nothura maculosa major<br />
(Codorna / Spotted Nothura)
151<br />
Rhynchotus rufescens catingae<br />
(Perdigão / Red-winged Tinamou)<br />
Rhynchotus rufescens catingae<br />
(Perdigão / Red-winged Tinamou)<br />
Rhynchotus rufescens catingae<br />
(Perdigão / Red-winged Tinamou)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tinami<strong>da</strong>e Rhei<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Rhea americana americana<br />
(Ema / Greater Rhea)<br />
Rhea americana americana<br />
(Ema / Greater Rhea)
152<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Podicipedi<strong>da</strong>e Phalacrocoraci<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus<br />
(Mergulhão-pequeno / Least Grebe)<br />
Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus<br />
(Mergulhão-pequeno / Least Grebe)<br />
Podilymbus podiceps antarticus<br />
(Mergulhão / Pied-billed Grebe)<br />
Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus<br />
(Biguá / Neotropic Cormorant)<br />
Egretta albus egretta<br />
(Garça-branca-gran<strong>de</strong> / Great Egret)
153<br />
Egretta albus egretta<br />
(Garça-branca-gran<strong>de</strong> / Great Egret)<br />
Egretta thula thula<br />
(Garça-branca-pequena / Snowy Egret)<br />
Egretta thula thula<br />
(Garça-branca-pequena / Snowy Egret)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Bubulcus ibis ibis<br />
(Garça-vaqueira / Cattle Egret)<br />
Bubulcus ibis ibis<br />
(Garça-vaqueira / Cattle Egret)<br />
Bubulcus ibis ibis<br />
(Garça-vaqueira / Cattle Egret)
154<br />
Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus striatus<br />
(Socozinho / Green Striated Heron)<br />
Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus striatus<br />
(Socozinho / Green Striated Heron)<br />
Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli<br />
(Savacu / Black-crowned Night-Heron)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli<br />
(Savacu / Black-crowned Night-Heron)<br />
Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum<br />
(Socó-boi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Rufescent Tiger-Heron)
155<br />
Ar<strong>de</strong>i<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum<br />
(Socó-boi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Rufescent Tiger-Heron)<br />
Jabiru mycteria<br />
(Tuiuiú / Jabiru)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ciconi<strong>da</strong>e Catharti<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Mycteria americana<br />
(Cabeça-seca / Wood Stork)<br />
Sarcoramphus papa<br />
(Urubu-rei / King Vulture)
156<br />
Sarcoramphus papa<br />
(Urubu-rei / King Vulture)<br />
Coragyps atratus brasiliensis<br />
(Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-preta / Black Vulture)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Catharti<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Coragyps atratus brasiliensis<br />
(Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-preta / Black Vulture)<br />
Cathartes aura ruficollis<br />
(Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-vermelha / Turkey Vulture)<br />
Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga<br />
(Urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-amarela / Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Vulture)
157<br />
Dendrocygna viduata<br />
(Irerê / White-faced Whistling-Duck)<br />
Dendrocygna viduata<br />
(Irerê / White-faced Whistling-Duck)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Anati<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Anas bahamensis bahamensis<br />
(Marreca-toicinho / White-cheeked Pintail)<br />
Anas bahamensis bahamensis<br />
(Marreca-toicinho / White-cheeked Pintail)<br />
Amazonetta brasiliensis ♂<br />
(Marreca-pé-vermelho / Brazilian Duck)
158<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Anati<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Amazonetta brasiliensis ♀<br />
(Marreca-pé-vermelho / Brazilian Duck)<br />
Sarkdionis melanotos sylvicola ♂<br />
(Pato-<strong>de</strong>-crista / Comb Duck)<br />
Cairina moschata ♂<br />
(Pato-do-mato / Muscovy Duck)<br />
Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Cairina moschata ♀<br />
(Pato-do-mato / Muscovy Duck)<br />
Elanus leucurus<br />
(Gavião-peneira / White-tailed Kite)
159<br />
Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus<br />
(Águia-chilena / Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle)<br />
Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus<br />
(Águia-chilena / Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus<br />
(Águia-chilena / Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle)<br />
Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii<br />
(Gaviãozinho / Pearl Kite)
160<br />
Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii<br />
(Gaviãozinho / Pearl Kite)<br />
Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus<br />
(Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco / White-tailed Hawk)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus<br />
(Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco / White-tailed Hawk)<br />
Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus<br />
(Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco / White-tailed Hawk)<br />
Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus<br />
(Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-branco / White-tailed Hawk)
161<br />
Rupornis magnirostris nattareri<br />
(Gavião-carijó / Roadsi<strong>de</strong> Hawk)<br />
Rupornis magnirostris nattareri<br />
(Gavião-carijó / Roadsi<strong>de</strong> Hawk)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Buteogallus meridionalis meridionalis<br />
(Gavião-caboclo / Savanna Hawk)<br />
Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis<br />
(Gavião-pernilongo / Crane Hawk)
162<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Accipitri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Buteo brachyurus brachyurus<br />
(Gavião-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-curto / Short-tailed Hawk)<br />
Herpetotheres cachinnans<br />
(Acauã / Laughing Falcon)<br />
Foto: Rolf Grantsau<br />
Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus<br />
(Gavião-relógio / Collared Florest-Falcon)<br />
Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus<br />
(Gavião-relógio / Collared Florest-Falcon)
163<br />
Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis<br />
(Gavião-caburé / Barred Forest-Falcon)<br />
Milvago chimachima chimachima<br />
(Carrapateiro / Yellow-hea<strong>de</strong>d Caracara)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Caracara plancus<br />
(Caracará / Crested Caracara)<br />
Caracara plancus<br />
(Caracará / Crested Caracara)
164<br />
Caracara plancus<br />
(Caracará / Crested Caracara)<br />
Falco femoralis femoralis<br />
(Falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira / Aplomado Falcon)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Falco femoralis femoralis<br />
(Falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira / Aplomado Falcon)<br />
Falco femoralis femoralis<br />
(Falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira / Aplomado Falcon)<br />
Falco sparverius cearae<br />
(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)
165<br />
Falco sparverius cearae<br />
(Quiriquiri / American Kestrel)<br />
Falco sparverius cearae<br />
(Quiriquiri / American Kestrel)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Falconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Falco rufigularis ophryophanes ♂<br />
(Cauré / Bat Falcon)<br />
Falco rufigularis ophryophanes<br />
(Cauré / Bat Falcon)
166<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Craci<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Ortalis guttata aracuan<br />
(Aracuã / Speckled Chachalaca)<br />
Ortalis guttata aracuan<br />
(Aracuã / Speckled Chachalaca)<br />
Falco sparverius cearae<br />
(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)<br />
Ortalis guttata aracuan<br />
(Aracuã / Speckled Chachalaca)<br />
Arami<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Penelope jacucaca<br />
(Jacucaca / White-Browed Guan)<br />
Penelope jacucaca<br />
(Jacucaca / White-Browed Guan)<br />
Aramus guarauna guarauna<br />
(Carão / Limpkin)
167<br />
Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle<br />
(Saracura-<strong>da</strong>-praia / Little Wood-Rail)<br />
Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle<br />
(Saracura-<strong>da</strong>-praia / Little Wood-Rail)<br />
Falco sparverius cearae<br />
(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)<br />
Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea<br />
(Três-potes / Gray-necked Wood-Rail)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ralli<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea<br />
(Três-potes / Gray-necked Wood-Rail)<br />
Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea<br />
(Três-potes / Gray-necked Wood-Rail)<br />
Porzana albicollis albicollis<br />
(Sanã-carijó / Ash-throated Crake)
168<br />
Porzana albicollis albicollis<br />
(Sanã-carijó / Ash-throated Crake)<br />
Pardirallus nigricans<br />
(Saracura-sanã / Blackish Rail)<br />
Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius<br />
(Pinto-d’ água-comum / Rufous-si<strong>de</strong> Crake)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ralli<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Foto: Haroldo<br />
Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius<br />
(Pinto-d’ água-comum / Rufous-si<strong>de</strong> Crake)<br />
Gallinula chloropus galeata<br />
(Frango-d’ água / Common Gallinule)<br />
Gallinula chloropus galeata<br />
(Frango-d’ água / Common Gallinule)
169<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Ralli<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Gallinula chloropus galeata<br />
(Frango-d’ água / Common Gallinule)<br />
Porphyrula martinica<br />
(Frango-d’ água-azul / Purple Gallinule)<br />
Cariami<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Cariama cristata<br />
(Seriema / Red-legged Seriema)<br />
Cariama cristata<br />
(Seriema / Red-legged Seriema)
170<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Jacani<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Jacana jacana jacana<br />
(Jaçanã / Wattled Jacana)<br />
Jacana jacana jacana<br />
(Jaçanã / Wattled Jacana)<br />
Falco sparverius cearae<br />
(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)<br />
Jacana jacana jacana<br />
(Jaçanã / Wattled Jacana)<br />
Charadrii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Vanellus chilensis lampronotus<br />
(Quero-quero / Southern Lapwing)<br />
Vanellus chilensis lampronotus<br />
(Quero-quero / Southern Lapwing)
171<br />
Charadrii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Vanellus chilensis lampronotus<br />
(Quero-quero / Southern Lapwing)<br />
Tringa solitaria solitaria<br />
(Maçarico-solitário / Solitary Sandpiper)<br />
Himantopus himantopus mexicanus<br />
(Pernilongo / Black-necked Stilt)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Scolopaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Recurvirostri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Himantopus himantopus mexicanus<br />
(Pernilongo / Black-necked Stilt)<br />
Himantopus himantopus mexicanus<br />
(Pernilongo / Black-necked Stilt)<br />
Himantopus himantopus mexicanus<br />
(Pernilongo / Black-necked Stilt)
172<br />
Columba livia domestica<br />
(Pombo-doméstico / Rock Dove)<br />
Columba picazuro marginalis<br />
(Asa-branca / Picazuro Pigeon)<br />
Falco sparverius cearae<br />
(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)<br />
Zenai<strong>da</strong> auriculata virgata<br />
(Avoante / Eared Dove)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Columbi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Columbina minuta ♂<br />
(Rolinha-<strong>de</strong>-asa-canela / Plain-breasted Ground-Dove)<br />
Columbina minuta ♀<br />
(Rolinha-<strong>de</strong>-asa-canela / Plain-breasted Ground-Dove)<br />
Columbina picui strepitans<br />
(Rolinha-branca / Picui Ground-Dove)
173<br />
Columbina picui strepitans<br />
(Rolinha-branca / Picui Ground-Dove)<br />
Columbina talpacoti talpacoti ♂<br />
(Rolinha-roxa / Ruddy Ground-Dove)<br />
Falco sparverius cearae<br />
(Quiriquiri / American kestrel)<br />
Columbina talpacoti talpacoti ♀<br />
(Rolinha-roxa / Ruddy Ground-Dove)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Columbi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Columbina talpacoti talpacoti<br />
(Rolinha-roxa / Ruddy Ground-Dove)<br />
Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata squammata<br />
(Fogo-apagou / Scaled Dove)<br />
Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata squammata<br />
(Fogo-apagou / Scaled Dove)
174<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Columbi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Leptotila verreauxi approximans<br />
(Juriti-pupu / White-tipped Dove)<br />
Claravis pretiosa ♀<br />
(Pomba-<strong>de</strong>-espelho / Blue Ground-Dove)<br />
Claravis pretiosa ♂<br />
(Pomba-<strong>de</strong>-espelho / Blue Ground-Dove)<br />
Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Anodorhynchus leari<br />
(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />
Anodorhynchus leari<br />
(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)
175<br />
Anodorhynchus leari<br />
(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />
Anodorhynchus leari<br />
(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />
Anodorhynchus leari<br />
(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Anodorhynchus leari<br />
(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />
Anodorhynchus leari<br />
(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)<br />
Anodorhynchus leari<br />
(Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear / Lear’s Macaw)
176<br />
Forpus crassirotris flavissemos ♂<br />
(Tuim / Blue-winged Parrotlet)<br />
Forpus crassirotris flavissemos ♀<br />
(Tuim / Blue-winged Parrotlet)<br />
Forpus crassirotris flavissemos<br />
(Tuim / Blue-winged Parrotlet)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Aratinga acuticau<strong>da</strong>ta haemorrhous<br />
(Periquitão / Blue-Crowned Parakeet)<br />
Porhyrrhura maracanã<br />
(Maracanã-do-buriti / Blue-winged Macaw)
177<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Psittaci<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Aratinga cactorum cactorum<br />
(Periquito-<strong>da</strong>-Caatinga / Caatinga-Parakeet)<br />
Amazona aestiva aestiva<br />
(Papagaio-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Blue-fronted Parrot)<br />
Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Coccyzus americanus americanus<br />
(Papa-lagarta-norte-americano / Yellow-billed Cuckoo)<br />
Coccyzus melacoryphus<br />
(Papa-lagarta / Dark-billed Cuckoo)
178<br />
Piaya cayana pallescens<br />
(Alma-<strong>de</strong>-gato / Squirrel Cuckoo)<br />
Piaya cayana pallescens<br />
(Alma-<strong>de</strong>-gato / Squirrel Cuckoo)<br />
Crotophaga ani<br />
(Anu-preto / Smooth-billed Ani)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Guira guira<br />
(Anu-branco / Guira Cuckoo)<br />
Guira guira<br />
(Anu-branco / Guira Cuckoo)<br />
Guira guira<br />
(Anu-branco / Guira Cuckoo)
179<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Cuculi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Tapera naevia chochi<br />
(Saci / Striped Cukoo)<br />
Dromococcyx pavoninus<br />
(Peixe-frito / Pavonine Cuckoo)<br />
Ilustração: Rolf Grantsau<br />
Tytoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra<br />
(Coruja-<strong>da</strong>-igreja / Barn Owl)<br />
Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra<br />
(Coruja-<strong>da</strong>-igreja / Barn Owl)<br />
Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra<br />
(Coruja-<strong>da</strong>-igreja / Barn Owl)
180<br />
Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />
(Corujinha-do-mato / Tropical Screech-Owl)<br />
Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />
(Corujinha-do-mato / Tropical Screech-Owl)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Strigi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />
(Corujinha-do-mato / Tropical Screech-Owl)<br />
Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />
(Corujinha-do-mato / Tropical Screech-Owl)<br />
Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />
(Corujinha-do-mato / Tropical Screech-Owl)
181<br />
Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum<br />
(Caburé / Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl)<br />
Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum<br />
(Caburé / Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl)<br />
Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum<br />
(Caburé / Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Strigi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum<br />
(Caburé / Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl)<br />
Speotyto cunicularia grallaria<br />
(Coruja-do-campo / Burrowing Owl)
182<br />
Nyctibius griseus griseus<br />
(Urutau / Common Potoo)<br />
Nyctibius griseus griseus<br />
(Urutau / Common Potoo)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Nyctibii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Nyctibius griseus griseus<br />
(Urutau / Common Potoo)<br />
Nyctibius griseus griseus<br />
(Urutau / Common Potoo)
183<br />
Chor<strong>de</strong>iles pusillus xerophilus<br />
(Bacurauzinho / Least Nighthawk)<br />
Foto Arte: Rolf Grantsau<br />
Chor<strong>de</strong>iles acutipennis acutipennis<br />
(Bacurau-<strong>de</strong>-asa-fina / Lesser Nighthawk)<br />
Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis<br />
(Bacurau / Pauraque)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Caprimulgi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis<br />
(Bacurau / Pauraque)<br />
Caprimulgus rufus rufus<br />
(João-corta-pau / Rufous Nightjar)<br />
Hydropsalis torquata torquata ♂<br />
(Bacurau-tesoura / Scissor-tailed Nightjar)
184<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Caprimulgi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Caprimulgus parvulus parvulus<br />
(Bacurau-pequeno / Little Nightjar)<br />
Caprimulgus longirostris<br />
(Bacurau-<strong>da</strong>-telha /Band-winged nightjar)<br />
Eupetomena macroura simoni<br />
(Beija-flor-tesoura / Swallow-tailed Hummingbird)<br />
Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Eupetomena macroura simoni<br />
(Beija-flor-tesoura / Swallow-tailed Hummingbird)<br />
Eupetomena macroura simoni<br />
(Beija-flor-tesoura / Swallow-tailed Hummingbird)<br />
Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis<br />
(Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-veste-preta / Black-throated Emerald)
185<br />
Phaethornis pretrei pretrei<br />
(Rabo-branco-<strong>de</strong>-sobre-amarelo / Planalto Hermit)<br />
Phaethornis pretrei pretrei<br />
(Rabo-branco-<strong>de</strong>-sobre-amarelo / Planalto Hermit)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Phaethornis pretrei pretrei<br />
(Rabo-branco-<strong>de</strong>-sobre-amarelo / Planalto Hermit)<br />
Phaethornis pretrei minor<br />
(Rabo-branco-<strong>de</strong>-sobre-amarelo / Planalto Hermit)<br />
Phaethornis gounellei<br />
(Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-larga / Broad-tipped Hermit)
186<br />
Chrysolampis mosquitus ♀<br />
(Beija-flor-vemelho / Ruby-topaz Hummingbird)<br />
Chrysolampis mosquitus ♂<br />
(Beija-flor-vemelho / Ruby-topaz Hummingbird)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Foto Arte: Rolf Grantsau<br />
Chrysolampis mosquitus ♀<br />
(Beija-flor-vemelho / Ruby-topaz Hummingbird)<br />
Chrysolampis mosquitus<br />
(Beija-flor-vemelho / Ruby-topaza Hummingbird)<br />
Amazilia versicolor versicolor<br />
(Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-ban<strong>da</strong>-branca / Versicolored Emerald)
187<br />
Amazilia nigricau<strong>da</strong> (fimbriata)<br />
(Beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-ver<strong>de</strong> Glittering-throated Emerald)<br />
Heliomaster squamosus<br />
(Estrela-ver<strong>de</strong>-azulado / Stripe-breasted Starthroat)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Heliomaster squamosus ♂<br />
(Estrela-ver<strong>de</strong>-azulado / Stripe-breasted Starthroat)<br />
Foto Arte: Rolf Grantsau<br />
Calliphlox amethystina ♂<br />
(Besourinho-ametistina / Amethyst Woodstar)<br />
Foto Arte: Rolf Grantsau<br />
Calliphlox amethystina ♀<br />
(Besourinho-ametistina / Amethyst Woodstar)
188<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Trochili<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani ♂<br />
(Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho / Glittering-billied Emerald)<br />
Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani<br />
(Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho / Glittering-billied Emerald)<br />
Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani<br />
(Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho / Glittering-billied Emerald)<br />
Trogoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani ♀<br />
(Besourinho-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho / Glittering-billied Emer-<br />
Trogon curucui curucui ♂<br />
(Surucuá-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-vermelha / Blue-crowned Trogon)
189<br />
Trogoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Trogon curucui curucui ♀<br />
(Surucuá-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-vermelha / Blue-crowned Trogon)<br />
Ceryle torquata torquata<br />
(Martim-pescador-gran<strong>de</strong> / Ringed Kingfisher)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Alcedini<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Galbuli<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Chloroceryle americana americana ♀<br />
(Martim-pescador-pequeno / Green Kingfisher)<br />
Chloroceryle americana americana ♂<br />
(Martim-pescador-pequeno / Green Kingfisher)<br />
Galbula ruficau<strong>da</strong> rufoviridis<br />
(Rapazinho-dos-velhos / Rufous-tailed Jacamar)
190<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Bucconi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Bucco maculatus maculatus<br />
(Rapazinho-dos-velhos /Spot-backed Puffbird)<br />
Bucco maculatus maculatus<br />
(Rapazinho-dos-velhos /Spot-backed Puffbird)<br />
Pici<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Colaptes melanochloros nattereri<br />
(Pica-pau-ver<strong>de</strong>-barrado / Green-barred Woodpecker)<br />
Colaptes melanochloros nattereri<br />
(Pica-pau-ver<strong>de</strong>-barrado / Green-barred Woodpecker)<br />
Picumnus pygmaeus distinctus ♂<br />
(Pica-pau-anão-pintalgado / Spotted Piculet)
191<br />
Picumnus pygmaeus distinctus ♀<br />
(Pica-pau-anão-pintalgado / Spotted Piculet)<br />
Piculus chryrochloros chryrochloros ♀<br />
(Pica-pau-<strong>da</strong>-copa / Gol<strong>de</strong>n-green Woodpecker)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Pici<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Piculus chryrochloros chryrochloros ♂<br />
(Pica-pau-<strong>da</strong>-copa / Gol<strong>de</strong>n-green Woodpecker)<br />
Celeus flavescens interce<strong>de</strong>ns ♂<br />
Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-amarela Blond-crested Woodpecker
192<br />
Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus ♂<br />
(Pica-pauzinho-anão / Little Woodpecker)<br />
Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus ♀<br />
(Pica-pauzinho-anão / Little Woodpecker)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Pici<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Campephilus melanoleucos cearae ♀<br />
(Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-topete-vermelho / Crimson-crested Woodpecker)<br />
Campephilus melanoleucos cearae ♂<br />
(Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-topete-vermelho / Crimson-crested Woodpecker)<br />
Campephilus melanoleucos cearae<br />
(Pica-pau-<strong>de</strong>-topete-vermelho / Crimson-crested Woodpecker)
193<br />
Taraba major stagura ♂<br />
(Choró-boi / Great Antshrike)<br />
Taraba major stagura ♀<br />
(Choró-boi / Great Antshrike)<br />
Sakesphorus cristatus ♀<br />
(Choca-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste / Silvery-cheeked Antshrike)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Sakesphorus cristatus ♂<br />
(Choca-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste / Silvery-cheeked Antshrike)<br />
Thamnophilus pelzeni ♂<br />
(Choca-bate-cabo / Planalto Slaty-Antshrike)<br />
Thamnophilus pelzeni ♀<br />
(Choca-bate-cabo / Planalto Slaty-Antshrike)
194<br />
Thamnophilus doliatus callistratus ♂<br />
(Choca-lisatra<strong>da</strong> / Barred Antshrike)<br />
Thamnophilus doliatus callistratus ♀<br />
(Choca-lisatra<strong>da</strong> / Barred Antshrike)<br />
Myrmochilus strigilatus strigilatus<br />
(Piu-piu / Stripe-backed Antbird)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Herpsilochmus pectoralis ♂<br />
(Chorozinho-<strong>de</strong>-papo-preto / Pectoral Antwren)<br />
Herpsilochmus pectoralis ♀<br />
(Chorozinho-<strong>de</strong>-papo-preto / Pectoral Antwren)<br />
Herpsilochmus sellowi ♂<br />
(Chorozinho-<strong>da</strong>-caatinga / Caatinga Antwren)
195<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Formicarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Herpsilochmus sellowi ♀<br />
(Chorozinho-<strong>da</strong>-caatinga / Caatinga Antwren)<br />
Formicivora melanogaster bahiae ♂<br />
(Formigueiro-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-preta / Black-bellied Antwren)<br />
Formicivora melanogaster bahiae ♀<br />
(Formigueiro-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-preta / Black-bellied Antwren)<br />
Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Furnarius leucopus assimilis<br />
(Casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro-amarelo / Pale-legeed Hornero)<br />
Synallaxis frontalis frontalis<br />
(Petrim / Sooty-fronted Spinatail)<br />
Synallaxis frontalis frontalis<br />
(Petrim / Sooty-fronted Spinatail)
196<br />
Synallaxis scutatus scutatus<br />
(Estrelinha-preta / Ocher-cheeked Spinetail)<br />
Gyalophylax hellmayri<br />
(João-chique-chique / Red-shoul<strong>de</strong>red Spinetail)<br />
Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis<br />
(Curutié / Yellow-chnned Spinetail)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis<br />
(Curutié / Yellow-chnned Spinetail)<br />
Phacellodomus rufifrons rufifrons<br />
(João-<strong>de</strong>-pau / Common Thornbird)<br />
Synallaxis albescens<br />
(Uipí / Pale-breasted Spinetail)
197<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Furnarii<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Pseudoseisura cristata<br />
(Casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro / Caatinga Cacholote)<br />
Pseudoseisura cristata<br />
(Casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro / Caatinga Cacholote)<br />
Megaxenops parnaguae<br />
(Bico-virado-<strong>da</strong>-caatinga / Great Xenops)<br />
Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Xenops rutilans rutilans<br />
(Bico-virado-carijó / Streaked Xenops)<br />
Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri<br />
(Arapaçu-ver<strong>de</strong> / Olivaceous Woodcreeper)
198<br />
Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae<br />
(Arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-branco / Straight-billed Woodcreeper)<br />
Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae<br />
(Arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-branco / Straight-billed Woodcreeper)<br />
Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae<br />
(Arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-branco / Straight-billed Woodcreeper)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae<br />
(Arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-branco / Straight-billed Woodcreeper)<br />
Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae<br />
(Arapaçu-do-cerrado / Narrow-billed Woodcreeper)
199<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Dendrocolapti<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Lepidocolaptes fuscus brevirostris<br />
(Arapaçu-rajado / Lesser Woodcreeper)<br />
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris omissus<br />
(Arapaçu-beija-flor / Red-billed Scythebill)<br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Camptostoma obsoletum cinerascens<br />
(Risadinha / Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet)<br />
Phaeomyias murina murina<br />
(Bagageiro / Mouse-colored Tyrannulet)<br />
Sublegatus mo<strong>de</strong>stus mo<strong>de</strong>stus<br />
(Sertanejo / Southern Scrub-Flycatcher)
200<br />
Myiopagis viridicata viridicata<br />
(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-crista-alaranja<strong>da</strong> / Greenish Elaenia)<br />
Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster<br />
(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-amarela Yellow-belli<strong>de</strong>d Elaenia)<br />
Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster<br />
(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-amarela Yellow-belli<strong>de</strong>d Elaenia)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster<br />
(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-barriga-amarela Yellow-belli<strong>de</strong>d Elaenia)<br />
Elaenia cristata cristata<br />
(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-topete-uniforme / Plain-crested Elaenia)<br />
Elaenia cristata cristata<br />
(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-topete-uniforme / Plain-crested Elaenia)
201<br />
Elaenia albiceps chilensis<br />
(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-crista-branca / White-crested Elaenia)<br />
Elaenia albiceps chilensis<br />
(Guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-crista-branca / White-crested Elaenia)<br />
Elaenia spectabilis spectabilis<br />
(Guaracava-gran<strong>de</strong> / Large Elaenia)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Elaenia spectabilis spectabilis<br />
(Guaracava-gran<strong>de</strong> / Large Elaenia)<br />
Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer<br />
(Sebinho-<strong>de</strong>-olho-<strong>de</strong>-ouro / Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant)
202<br />
Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer<br />
(Sebinho-<strong>de</strong>-olho-<strong>de</strong>-ouro / Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant)<br />
Todirostrum cinereum cearae<br />
(Relógio / Commom Tody-Flycatcher)<br />
Todirostrum cinereum cearae<br />
(Relógio / Commom Tody-Flycatcher)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus<br />
(Barulhento / Tawny-crowned Pygmy-Tyrant)<br />
Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus<br />
(Barulhento / Tawny-crowned Pygmy-Tyrant)<br />
Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris<br />
(Bico-chato-amarelo / Yellow-breasted Flycatcer)
203<br />
Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris<br />
(Bico-chato-amarelo / Yellow-breasted Flycatcer)<br />
Myiobius barbatus mastacalis<br />
(Assanhadinho / Yellow-rumped Flycatcer)<br />
Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus<br />
(Verão / Vermilion Flycatcher)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Xolmis irupero nivea<br />
(Maria-branca / White Monjita)<br />
Xolmis irupero nivea<br />
(Maria-branca / White Monjita)<br />
Knipolegus nigerrimus ♂<br />
(Maria-preta-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-vermelha / Velvety Black-Tyrant
204<br />
Knipolegus nigerrimus ♀<br />
(Maria-preta-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-vermelha / Velvety Black-Tyrant<br />
Fluvicola albiventer<br />
(Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-<strong>de</strong>-cara-branca / Pied Water -Tyrant)<br />
Fluvicola nengeta nengeta<br />
(Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-mascara<strong>da</strong> / Masked Water-Tyrant)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Fluvicola nengeta nengeta<br />
(Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-mascara<strong>da</strong> / Masked Water-Tyrant)<br />
Fluvicola nengeta nengeta<br />
(Lava<strong>de</strong>ira-mascara<strong>da</strong> / Masked Water-Tyrant)<br />
Fluvicola leucocephala ♂<br />
(Freirinha / White-hea<strong>de</strong>d Marsh-Tyrant)
205<br />
Fluvicola leucocephala ♀<br />
(Freirinha / White-hea<strong>de</strong>d Marsh-Tyrant)<br />
Fluvicola leucocephala<br />
(Freirinha / White-hea<strong>de</strong>d Marsh-Tyrant)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Fluvicola leucocephala<br />
(Freirinha / White-hea<strong>de</strong>d Marsh-Tyrant)<br />
Fluvicola leucocephala<br />
(Freirinha / White-hea<strong>de</strong>d Marsh-Tyrant)<br />
Satrapa icterophrys icterophrys<br />
(Suiriri-pequeno / Yellow-browed Tyrant)
206<br />
Hirundinea belicosa<br />
(Gibão-<strong>de</strong>-couro / Cliff Flycather)<br />
Casiornis fusca<br />
(Caneleiro / Ash-throated Casiornis)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Machetornis rixosus<br />
(Bentevi-do-gado / Cattle Tyrant)<br />
Myiarchus swainsoni pelzeln<br />
(Maria-cavaleira / Pelzeln’s Flycatcher)<br />
Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae<br />
(Maria-cavaleira-<strong>de</strong>-rabo enferrujado Brown-crested
207<br />
Pitangus sulphuratus maximillian<br />
(Bem-te-vi / Great Kiska<strong>de</strong>e)<br />
Pitangus sulphuratus maximillian<br />
(Bem-te-vi / Great Kiska<strong>de</strong>e)<br />
Megarhynchus pitangua pitangua<br />
(Bem-te-vi-<strong>de</strong>-bico-chato / Boat-billed Flycatcher)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Myiozetetes similis similis<br />
(Bem-te-vizinho / Social Flycatcher)<br />
Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius<br />
(Bem-te-vi-rajado / Streaked Flycatcher)
208<br />
Tyrannus savana savana<br />
(Tesoura / Fork-tailed Flycatcher)<br />
Tyrannus savana savana<br />
(Tesoura / Fork-tailed Flycatcher)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus<br />
(Suiriri / Tropical Kingbird)<br />
Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus<br />
(Suiriri / Tropical Kingbird)<br />
Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus<br />
(Suiriri / Tropical Kingbird)
209<br />
Empidonomus varius rufinus<br />
(Peitica / Variegated Flycatcher)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Foto Arte: Rolf Grantsau<br />
Suiriri suiriri bahiae<br />
(Suiriri-cinzento / Chaco Suiriri)<br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus<br />
(Piolhinho / Planalto Tyrannulet)<br />
Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus<br />
(Piolhinho / Planalto Tyrannulet)<br />
Pachyramphus viridis viridis ♂<br />
(Caneleiro-ver<strong>de</strong> / Green-backed Becard)
210<br />
Tyranni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus ♀<br />
(Caneleiro-preto / White-winged Becard)<br />
Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus ♂<br />
(Caneleiro-preto / White-winged Becard)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Pipri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Neopelma pallescens<br />
(Fruxu-do-cerradão /Pale-bellied Tyrant-Manakin)<br />
Tachycineta albiventer<br />
(Andorinha-do-rio / White-winged Swallow)<br />
Tachycineta albiventer<br />
(Andorinha-do-rio / White-winged Swallow)
211<br />
Tachycineta leucorrhoa<br />
(Andorinha-<strong>de</strong>-sobre-branco / White-rumped Swallow)<br />
Phaeoprogne tapera tapera<br />
(Andorinha-do-campo / Brown-chested Martin)<br />
Phaeoprogne tapera fusca<br />
(Andorinha-do-campo / Brown-chested Martin)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Progne chalybea domesticus<br />
(Andorinha-doméstica-gran<strong>de</strong> / Gray-breasted Martin)<br />
Progne chalybea domesticus<br />
(Andorinha-doméstica-gran<strong>de</strong> / Gray-breasted Martin)<br />
Notiochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleuca<br />
(Andorinha-pequena-<strong>de</strong>-casa / Blue-and-white Swallow)
212<br />
Hirundini<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis<br />
(Andorinha-serrador / Southern Rough-winged Swallow)<br />
Cyanocorax cyanopogon<br />
(Cancã / White-naped Jay)<br />
Cyanocorax cyanopogon<br />
(Cancã / White-naped Jay)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Corvi<strong>da</strong>e Troglodyti<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Troglodytes musculus musculus<br />
(Curruíra / House Wren)<br />
Troglodytes musculus musculus<br />
(Curruíra / House Wren)<br />
Troglodytes musculus musculus<br />
(Curruíra / House Wren)
213<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Troglodyti<strong>da</strong>e Sylviinae<br />
Thryothorus longirostris bahiae<br />
(Garrinchão-<strong>de</strong>-bico-gran<strong>de</strong> / Long-billed Wren)<br />
Polioptila plumbea atricapilla ♂<br />
(Balança-rabo-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto / Tropical Gnatcatcher)<br />
Polioptila plumbea atricapilla ♀<br />
(Balança-rabo-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto / Tropical Gnatcatcher)<br />
Turdinae<br />
Polioptila plumbea atricapilla<br />
(Balança-rabo-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto / Tropical Gnatcatcher)<br />
Turdus rufiventris juensis<br />
(Sabiá-laranjeira / Rufous-bellied Thrush)<br />
Turdus rufiventris juensis<br />
(Sabiá-laranjeira / Rufous-bellied Thrush)
214<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Turdinae<br />
Turdus leucomelas albiventer<br />
(Sabiá-branco / Pale-breasted Thrush)<br />
Turdus leucomelas albiventer<br />
(Sabiá-branco / Pale-breasted Thrush)<br />
Turdus leucomelas albiventer<br />
(Sabiá-branco / Pale-breasted Thrush)<br />
Mimi<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Turdus amaurochalinus<br />
(Sabiá-poca / Creamy-bellied Thrush)<br />
Mimus saturninus arenaceus<br />
(Sabiá-<strong>da</strong>-praia / Tropical Mockingbird)<br />
Mimus saturninus arenaceus<br />
(Sabiá-<strong>da</strong>-praia / Tropical Mockingbird)
215<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Vireoni<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Vireo chivi agillis<br />
(Juruviara / Red-eyed Vireo)<br />
Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis<br />
(Pitiguari / Rufous-browed Peppershrike)<br />
Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis<br />
(Pitiguari / Rufous-browed Peppershrike)<br />
Parulinae<br />
Hylophilus amaurocephalus<br />
(Vite-vitae-<strong>de</strong>-olho-cinza / Grey-eyed Greenlet)<br />
Parula pitiayumi pitiayumi<br />
(Mariquita / Tropical Parula)<br />
Geothlypis aequinoctialis ♂<br />
(Pia-cobra / Masked Yellowthroat)
216<br />
Parulinae<br />
Basileuterus flaveolus<br />
(Canário-do-mato / Flavescent Warbler)<br />
Coereba flaveola chloropyga<br />
(Cambacica / Bananaquit)<br />
Coereba flaveola chloropyga<br />
(Cambacica / Bananaquit)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Coerebinae<br />
Thraupinae<br />
Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus<br />
(Bico-<strong>de</strong>-veludo / Cinamon Tanager)<br />
Sericossypha loricata ♂<br />
(Carretão / Scarlet-throated Tanager)
217<br />
Thlypopsis sordi<strong>da</strong> sordi<strong>da</strong><br />
(Canário-sapé / Orange-hea<strong>de</strong>d Tanager)<br />
Nemosia pileata pileata ♂<br />
(Saíra-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto / Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Tanager)<br />
Nemosia pileata pileata ♀<br />
(Saíra-<strong>de</strong>-chapeu-preto / Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Tanager)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Thraupinae<br />
Tachyphonus rufus ♂<br />
(Pipira-preta / White-lined Tanager)<br />
Tachyphonus rufus ♀<br />
(Pipira-preta / White-lined Tanager)<br />
Tachyphonus rufus<br />
(Pipira-preta / White-lined Tanager)
218<br />
Piranga flava saira ♀<br />
(Sanhaço-<strong>de</strong>-fogo / Hepatic Tanager)<br />
Piranga flava saira ♂<br />
(Sanhaço-<strong>de</strong>-fogo / Hepatic Tanager)<br />
Thraupis sayaca sayaca<br />
(Sanhaço-cinzento / Sayaca Tanager)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Thraupinae<br />
Thraupis sayaca sayaca<br />
(Sanhaço-cinzento / Sayaca Tanager)<br />
Thraupis sayaca sayaca<br />
(Sanhaço-cinzento / Sayaca Tanager)<br />
Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica ♂<br />
(Fi-fi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Purple-throated Euphonia)
219<br />
Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica ♀<br />
(Fi-fi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Purple-throated Euphonia)<br />
Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica<br />
(Fi-fi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Purple-throated Euphonia)<br />
Tangara cayana flava ♂<br />
(Saíra-amarelo / Burnished-buff Tanager)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Thraupinae<br />
Tangara cayana flava ♀<br />
(Saíra-amarelo / Burnished-buff Tanager)<br />
Dacnis cayana paraguaiensis ♂<br />
(Saí-azul / Blue Dacnis)<br />
Dacnis cayana paraguaiensis ♀<br />
(Saí-azul / Blue Dacnis)
220<br />
Conirostrum speciosum speciosum ♂<br />
(Figuinha-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-castanho / Chestnut-vented Conebill)<br />
Zonotrichia capensis matutina<br />
(Tico-tico / Rufous-collared)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Thraupinae<br />
Conirostrum speciosum speciosum ♀<br />
(Figuinha-<strong>de</strong>-rabo-castanho / Chestnut-vented Conebill)<br />
Emberizinae<br />
Myospiza humeralis humeralis<br />
(Tico-tico-do-campo-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Grassland Sparrow)<br />
Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis ♂<br />
(Canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Saffron Finch)<br />
Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis<br />
(Canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Saffron Finch)
221<br />
Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis ♀<br />
(Canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Saffron Finch)<br />
Sicalis luteola luteola<br />
(Tipio / Grassland Yellow-Finch)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Emberizinae<br />
Volatinia jacarina ♂<br />
(Tiziu / Blue-black Grassquit)<br />
Volatinia jacarina ♂<br />
(Tiziu / Blue-black Grassquit)<br />
Sporophila lineola<br />
(Bigodinho / Lined See<strong>de</strong>ater)
222<br />
Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil<br />
(Caboclinho-fra<strong>de</strong> / Capped See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />
Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis ♂<br />
(Papa-capim / Yellow-billied See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />
Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis ♀<br />
(Papa-capim / Yellow-billied See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Emberizinae<br />
Sporophila albogularis ♂<br />
(Brejal / White-throated See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />
Sporophila albogularis ♀<br />
(Brejal / White-throated See<strong>de</strong>ater)<br />
Sporophila albogularis<br />
(Brejal / White-throated See<strong>de</strong>ater)
223<br />
Arremon taciturnus taciturnus<br />
(Tico-atico-do-mato-<strong>de</strong>-bico-breto /Pectoral Sparrow)<br />
Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus ♂<br />
(Galinho-<strong>da</strong>-serra / Gray Pileated-Finch)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Emberizinae<br />
Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus ♀<br />
(Galinho-<strong>da</strong>-serra / Gray Pileated-Finch)<br />
Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus<br />
(Galinho-<strong>da</strong>-serra / Gray Pileated-Finch)<br />
Paroaria dominicana<br />
(Galo-<strong>de</strong>-campina / Red-cowled Cardinal)
224<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Emberizinae<br />
Paroaria dominicana<br />
(Galo-<strong>de</strong>-campina / Red-cowled Cardinal)<br />
Paroaria dominicana<br />
(Galo-<strong>de</strong>-campina / Red-cowled Cardinal)<br />
Paroaria dominicana<br />
(Galo-<strong>de</strong>-campina / Red-cowled Cardinal)<br />
Cardinalinae<br />
Saltator similis similis<br />
(Trinca-ferro-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Green-winged Saltator)<br />
Saltator atricollis<br />
(Bico-<strong>de</strong>-pimenta / Black-throated Saltator)<br />
Passerina brissonii brissonii ♂<br />
(Azulão-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Ultramarine Grosbeak)
225<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Cardinalinae<br />
Passerina brissonii brissonii ♀<br />
(Azulão-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro / Ultramarine Grosbeak)<br />
Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris<br />
(Pássaro-preto / Chopi Blackbird)<br />
Icterus cayanensis tibialis<br />
(Encontro / Epaulet Oriole)<br />
Icterinae<br />
Icterus cayanensis tibialis<br />
(Encontro / Epaulet Oriole)<br />
Icterus jamacaii<br />
(Sofrê / Troupial)<br />
Icterus jamacaii<br />
(Sofrê / Troupial)
226<br />
Leistes superciliaris ♂<br />
(Polícia-inglesa / White-browed Blackbird)<br />
Leistes superciliaris<br />
(Polícia-inglesa / White-browed Blackbird)<br />
Molothrus badius fringillarius<br />
(Asa-<strong>de</strong>-telha / Bay-winged Cowbird)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Icterinae<br />
Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis ♂<br />
(Chopim / Shiny Cowbird)<br />
Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis ♀<br />
(Chopim / Shiny Cowbird)<br />
Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis<br />
(Ovos <strong>de</strong> cor ver<strong>de</strong> são <strong>de</strong> Ramphocelus bresilius)
227<br />
Icterinae<br />
Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis ♂<br />
(Garibaldi / Chestnut-capped Blackbird)<br />
Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis ♀<br />
(Garibaldi / Chestnut-capped Blackbird)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Fringilli<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Passeri<strong>da</strong>e<br />
Carduelis magellanicus ictericus ♂<br />
(Pintassilgo / Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Siskin)<br />
Carduelis magellanicus ictericus ♀<br />
(Pintassilgo / Hoo<strong>de</strong>d Siskin)<br />
Passer domesticus domesticus ♀ ♂<br />
(Par<strong>da</strong>l / House Sparrow)
228<br />
Boa constrictor<br />
(Jibóia / Redtail boa)<br />
Crotalus durissus<br />
(Cascavel / Rattlesnakes)<br />
Geochelone carbonaria<br />
(Jabuti-piranga / Red-footed Tortoise)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Outros Animais<br />
Iguana iguana<br />
(Iguana / Iguana)<br />
Iguana iguana<br />
(Iguana / Iguana)<br />
Tupinambis teguxin<br />
(Teiú / Black & white tegu)
229<br />
Silvilagus brasiliensis<br />
(Tapeti / Brazilian rabbit)<br />
Silvilagus brasiliensis<br />
(Tapeti / Brazilian rabbit)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Outros Animais<br />
Di<strong>de</strong>lphis albiventriss<br />
(Gambá / White-eared opossum)<br />
Tamandua tetra<strong>da</strong>ctyla<br />
(Tamanduá mirim / Southern tamandua)
230<br />
Tayassu tajacu<br />
(Catitu / Collared peccary)<br />
Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris<br />
(Capivara / Capybara)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Outros Animais<br />
Callithrix jacchus<br />
(Mico-estrela / Tufted-ear marmoset)<br />
Cerdocyon thous<br />
(Raposa / Crab-eating Zorro)<br />
Tolypeutes tricinctus<br />
( Tatu-bola / Three-ban<strong>de</strong>d armadillo)
231<br />
Dasypus novemcinctus<br />
(Tatu-galinha / Nine-ban<strong>de</strong>d armadillo)<br />
Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos<br />
(Rato-bico-<strong>de</strong>-lacre / Red-nosed mouse)<br />
Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos<br />
(Rato-bico-<strong>de</strong>-lacre / Red-nosed mouse)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Outros Animais<br />
Lionycteris spurelli<br />
(Morcego / Long-tongued bat)<br />
Cynomps planirostris<br />
(Morcego / White-bellied dog-like bat)
232<br />
Micronycteris m. megalotis<br />
(Morcego / Little big-eared bat)<br />
Glossophaga soricina<br />
(Morcego / Pallas’ long-tongued nectar bats)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
Outros Animais<br />
Vampyrops lineatus<br />
(Morcego / White-lined bat)<br />
Carollia p. perspicillata<br />
(Morcego / Seba’s short-tailed bat)
233<br />
Artibeus p. planirostris<br />
(Morcego / Flat-faced fruit-eating bat)<br />
Noctilio leporinus<br />
(Morcego pescador / Fishing Bats)<br />
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Outros Animais<br />
Melanis aegates<br />
Mechanitis lysimnia nesaea
234<br />
Lepricornis atricolor<br />
Anartia jatrophae<br />
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Outros Animais<br />
Junonia evarete<br />
Hemiargus hanno
235<br />
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O Povo
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A Pecuária
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Serra Branca<br />
Fotos: Luiz C. Marigo
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Serra Branca<br />
Fotos: Luiz C. Marigo
239<br />
TINAMIFORMES<br />
TINAMIDAE<br />
1. Crypturellus parvirostris<br />
2. Crypturellus tatuapa lepidotus<br />
3. Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus<br />
4. Nothura boraquira<br />
5. Nothura maculosa major<br />
6. Rhynchotus rufescens catingae<br />
RHEIDAE<br />
7. Rhea americana americana<br />
PODICIPEDIDAE<br />
8. Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus<br />
9. Podilymbus podiceps antarticus<br />
PHALACROCORACIDAE<br />
10. Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus<br />
CICONIIFORMES<br />
ARDEIDAE<br />
11. Egretta albus egretta<br />
12. Egretta thula thula<br />
13. Bubulcus ibis ibis<br />
14. Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus striatus<br />
15. Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli<br />
16. Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum<br />
CICONIIDAE<br />
17. Jabiru mycteria<br />
18. Mycteria americana<br />
CATHARTIDAE<br />
19. Sarcoramphus papa<br />
20. Coragyps atratus brasiliensis<br />
21. Cathartes aura ruficollis<br />
22. Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga<br />
ANSERIFORMES<br />
ANATIDAE<br />
23. Dendrocygna viduata<br />
24. Anas bahamensis bahamensis<br />
25. Amazonetta brasiliensis<br />
26. Sarkdionis melanotos sylvicola<br />
27. Cairina moschata<br />
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AVES DA PÁTRIA DA LEARI
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FALCONIFORMES<br />
ACCIPITRIDAE<br />
28. Elanus leucurus<br />
29. Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii<br />
30. Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus<br />
31. Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus albicau<strong>da</strong>tus<br />
32. Buteo brachyurus brachyurus<br />
33. Rupornis magnirostris nattareri<br />
34. Buteogallus meridionalis meridionalis<br />
35. Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis<br />
FALCONIDAE<br />
36. Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus<br />
37. Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus<br />
38. Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis<br />
39. Milvago chimachima chimachima<br />
40. Caracara plancus<br />
41. Falco femoralis femoralis<br />
42. Falco sparverius cearae<br />
43. Falco rufigularis ophryophanes<br />
GALLIFORMES<br />
CRACIDAE<br />
44. Ortalis guttata aracuan<br />
45. Penelope jacucaca<br />
ARAMIDAE<br />
46. Aramus guarauna guarauna<br />
GRUIFORMES<br />
RALLIDAE<br />
47. Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle<br />
48. Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea cajanea<br />
49. Porzana albicollis albicollis<br />
50. Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius<br />
51. Pardirallus nigricans nigricans<br />
52. Gallinula chloropus galeata<br />
53. Porphyrula martinica<br />
CARIAMIDAE<br />
54. Cariama cristata<br />
CHARADRIIFORMES<br />
JACANIDAE<br />
55. Jacana jacana jacana<br />
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CHARADRIIDAE<br />
56. Vanellus chilensis lampronotus<br />
SCOLOPACIDAE<br />
57. Tringa solitaria solitaria<br />
RECURVIROSTRIDAE<br />
58. Himantopus himantopus mexicanus<br />
COLUMBIFORMES<br />
COLUMBIDAE<br />
59. Columba livia domestica<br />
60. Columba picazuro marginalis<br />
61. Zenai<strong>da</strong> auriculata virgata<br />
62. Columbina minuta<br />
63. Columbina picui strepitans<br />
64. Columbina talpacoti talpacoti<br />
65. Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata squammata<br />
66. Leptotila verreauxi approximans<br />
67. Claravis pretiosa<br />
PSITTACIFORMES<br />
PSITTACIDAE<br />
68. Anodorhynchus leari<br />
69. Forpus crassirotris flavissemos<br />
70. Porhyrrhura maracana<br />
71. Aratinga acuticau<strong>da</strong>ta haemorrhous<br />
72. Aratinga cactorum cactorum<br />
73. Amazona aestiva aestiva<br />
CUCULIFORMES<br />
CUCULIDAE<br />
74. Coccyzus melacoryphus<br />
75. Coccyzus americanus americanus<br />
76. Piaya cayana pallescens<br />
77. Crotophaga ani<br />
78. Guira guira<br />
79. Tapera naevia chochi<br />
80. Dromococcyx pavoninus<br />
STRIGIFORMES<br />
TYTONIDAE<br />
81. Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra<br />
STRIGIDAE<br />
82. Otus choliba <strong>de</strong>cussata<br />
83. Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum<br />
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84. Speotyto cunicularia grallaria<br />
CAPRIMULGIFORMES<br />
NYCTIBIDAE<br />
85. Nyctibius griseus griseus<br />
CAPRIMULGIDAE<br />
86. Chor<strong>de</strong>iles pusillus xerophilus<br />
87. Chor<strong>de</strong>iles acutipennis acutipennis<br />
88. Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis<br />
89. Caprimulgus rufus rufus<br />
90. Hydropsalis torquata torquata<br />
91. Caprimulgus parvulus parvulus<br />
92. Capraimulgus longirostris<br />
APODIFORMES<br />
TROCHILIDAE<br />
93. Phaethornis pretrei pretrei<br />
94. Phaethornis pretrei minor<br />
95. Phaethornis gounellei<br />
96. Eupetomena macroura simoni<br />
97. Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis<br />
98. Chrysolampis mosquitus<br />
99. Chlorostilbon aureoventris puucherani<br />
100. Amazilia nigricau<strong>da</strong> (fimbriata)<br />
101. Amazilia versicolor versicolor<br />
102. Heliomaster squamosus<br />
103. Calliphlox amethystina<br />
TROGONIFORMES<br />
TROGONIDAE<br />
104. Trogon curucui curucui<br />
CORACIIFORMES<br />
ALCEDINIDAE<br />
105. Ceryle torquata torquata<br />
106. Chloroceryle americana americana<br />
PICIFORMES<br />
GALBULIDAE<br />
107. Galbula ruficau<strong>da</strong> rufoviridis<br />
BUCCONIDAE<br />
108. Bucco maculatus maculatus<br />
PICIDAE<br />
109. Colaptes melanochloros nattereri<br />
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110. Picumnus pygmaeus distinctus<br />
111. Piculus chryrochloros chryrochloros<br />
112. Celeus flavescens interce<strong>de</strong>ns<br />
113. Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus<br />
114. Campephilus melanoleucos cearae<br />
PASSERIFORMES<br />
FORMICARIIDADE<br />
115. Taraba major stagura<br />
116. Sakesphorus cristatus<br />
117. Thamnophilus pelzeni<br />
118. Thaminophilus doliatus capistratus<br />
119. Myrmochilus strigilatus strigilatus<br />
120. Herpsilochomus pectoralis<br />
121. Herpsilochomus sellowi<br />
122. Formicivora melanogaster bahiae<br />
FURNARIIDAE<br />
123. Furnarius leucopus assimilis<br />
124. Synallaxis frontalis frontalis<br />
125. Synallaxis albescens albescens<br />
126. Synallaxis strigilatus strigilatus<br />
127. Synallaxis scutatus scutatus<br />
128. Gyalophylax hellmayri<br />
129. Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis<br />
130. Phacellodomus rufifrons rufifrons<br />
131. Pseudoseisura cristata<br />
132. Xenops rutilans rutilans<br />
133. Megaxenops parnaguae<br />
DENDROCOLAPTIDAE<br />
134. Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri<br />
135. Xiphorhyncus picus bahiae<br />
136. Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae<br />
137. Lepidocolaptes fuscus brevirostris<br />
138. Campylorhamphus trochilirostris omissus<br />
TYRANNIDAE<br />
139. Camptostoma obsoletum cinerascens<br />
140. Phaeomyias murina murina<br />
141. Sublegatus mo<strong>de</strong>stus mo<strong>de</strong>stus<br />
142. Myiopagis viridicata viridicata<br />
143. Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster<br />
144. Elaenia cristata cristata<br />
145. Elaenia albiceps chilensis<br />
146. Elaenia spectabillis espectabilis<br />
147. Stigmatura napensis<br />
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148. Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer<br />
149. Todirostrum cinereum cearae<br />
150. Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus<br />
151. Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris<br />
152. Myiobius barbatus mastacalis<br />
153. Cenemotriccus fuscatus<br />
154. Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus<br />
155. Xolmis irupero nivea<br />
156. Knipolegus nigerrimus<br />
157. Fluvicola albiventer<br />
158. Fluvicola nengeta nengeta<br />
159. Fluvicola leucocephala<br />
160. Satrapa icterophrys icterophrys<br />
161. Hirundinea belicosa<br />
162. Casiornis fusca<br />
163. Machetornis rixosus<br />
164. Myiarchus swaisoni pelzelni<br />
165. Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae<br />
166. Pitangus sulphuratus maximillian<br />
167. Megarhynchus pitangua pitangua<br />
168. Myiozetetes similis similis<br />
169. Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius<br />
170. Tyrannus savana savana<br />
171. Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus<br />
172. Empidonomus varius rufinus<br />
173. Suiriri suiriri bahiae<br />
174. Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus<br />
175. Pachyramphus viridis viridis<br />
176. Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus<br />
PIPRIDAE<br />
177. Neopelma pallescens<br />
HIRUNDINIDAE<br />
178. Tachycineta albiventer<br />
179. Tachycineta leucorrhoa<br />
180. Phaeoprogne tapera tapera<br />
181. Phaeoprogne tapera fusca<br />
182. Notiochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleuca<br />
183. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis<br />
CORVIDAE<br />
184. Cyanocorax cyanopogon<br />
TROGLODYTIDAE<br />
185. Troglodytes musculus musculus<br />
186. Thryotorus longirostris bahiae
245<br />
MUSCICAPIDAE<br />
SYLVIDAE<br />
187. Polioptila plumbea atricapilla<br />
TURDINAE<br />
188. Turdus rufiventris juensis<br />
189. Turdus leucomelas albiventer<br />
190. Turdus amaurochalinus<br />
MIMIDAE<br />
191. Mimus saturninus arenaceus<br />
VIREONIDAE<br />
192. Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis<br />
193. Vireo chivi agillis<br />
194. Hylophilus amaurocephalus<br />
EMBEREZIDAE<br />
PARULINAE<br />
195. Parula pitiayumi pitiayumi<br />
196. Geothlypis aequinoctialis<br />
197. Basileuterus flaveolus<br />
COEREBINAE<br />
198. Coereba flaveola chloropyga<br />
THRAUPINAE<br />
199. Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus<br />
200. Sericossypha loricata<br />
201. Thlypopsis sordi<strong>da</strong> sordi<strong>da</strong><br />
202. Nemosia pileata pileata<br />
203. Tachyphonus rufus<br />
204. Piranga flava saira<br />
205. Thraupis sayaca sayaca<br />
206. Euphonia chlorotica chlorotica<br />
207. Tangara cayana flava<br />
208. Dacnis cayana paraguaiensis<br />
209. Conirostrum speciosum speciosum<br />
EMBEREZINAE<br />
210. Zonotrichia capensis matutina<br />
211. Myospiza humeralis humeralis<br />
212. Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis<br />
213. Sicalis luteola luteola<br />
214. Volatinia jacarina<br />
215. Sporophila lineola<br />
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216. Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil<br />
217. Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis<br />
218. Sporophila albogularis<br />
219. Arremon taciturnus taciturnus<br />
220. Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus<br />
221. Paroaria dominicana<br />
CARDINALINAE<br />
222. Saltator similis similis<br />
223. Saltator atricollis<br />
224. Passerina brissonii brissonii<br />
ICTERINAE<br />
225. Gnorimopsar chopi<br />
226. Icterus cayanensis tibialis<br />
227. Icterus jamacaii<br />
228. Leistes superciliaris<br />
229. Molothrus badius fringillarius<br />
230. Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis<br />
231. Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis<br />
FRINGILIDAE<br />
232. Carduelis magellanicus ictericus<br />
PASSERIDAE<br />
233. Passer domesticus domesticus<br />
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Lista <strong>de</strong> Chiroptera (Morcegos) - Raso <strong>da</strong> Catarina<br />
1 Micronycteris m. megalotis<br />
2 Glossophaga soricina<br />
3 Lionycteris spurrelli<br />
4 Anoura caudifer ecau<strong>da</strong>ta<br />
5 Carollia p. perspicillata<br />
6 Vampyrops lineatus<br />
7 Artibeus p. planirostris<br />
8 Myotis n. nigricans<br />
9 Cynomops p. planirostris
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Elabora<strong>da</strong> por Pedro Cerqueira Lima<br />
Revisa<strong>da</strong> por Rolf Grantsau em 13-06-2003<br />
(or<strong>de</strong>m alfabética, por nome científico)<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
LISTA DE AVES DA BAHIA<br />
BIOMA CAATINGA<br />
Nome Científico Nome Popular<br />
A<br />
1. Agelaius ruficapillus garibaldi<br />
2. Ajaia ajaja colhereiro-americano<br />
3. Amazilia nigricau<strong>da</strong> (fimbriata) beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-ver<strong>de</strong><br />
4. Amazilia versicolor beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-ban<strong>da</strong>-branca<br />
5. Amazona aestiva papagaio-curau<br />
6. Amazonetta brasilensis ananaí<br />
7. Anas bahamensis marreca-toicinho<br />
8. Anhima cornuta anhuma<br />
9. Anhinga anhinga biguatinga<br />
10. Anodorhynchus leari *** arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear<br />
11. Anthracothorax nigricollis beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-veste-preta<br />
12. Anthus lutescens caminheiro-zumbidor<br />
13. Ara ararauna arara-canindé<br />
14. Ara chloroptera arara-vermelha<br />
15. Arami<strong>de</strong>s cajanea saracura-três-potes<br />
16. Arami<strong>de</strong>s ypecaha saracuraçu<br />
17. Aramus guarauna carão<br />
18. Aratinga acuticau<strong>da</strong>ta aratinga-<strong>de</strong>-testa-azul<br />
19. Aratinga aurea aratinga-estrela<br />
20. Aratinga cactorum<br />
21. Ar<strong>de</strong>a cocoi garça-moura<br />
22. Arremon taciturnus tico-tico-<strong>da</strong>-mata<br />
23. Asio clamator coruja-orelhu<strong>da</strong><br />
24. Athene cunicularia coruja-buraqueira<br />
B<br />
25. Basileuterus flaveolus pula-pula-amarelo<br />
26. Bubulcus ibis garça-vaqueira<br />
27. Bucco maculatus chilu-chilu<br />
28. Buteo albicau<strong>da</strong>tus gavião-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-branca<br />
29. Buteo brachyurus gavião-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-curta<br />
30. Buteo magnirostris gavião-carijó<br />
31. Buteogallus meridionalis gavião-caboclo<br />
32. Buteogallus urubitinga gavião-preto<br />
33. Butori<strong>de</strong>s striatus socozinhoC
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C<br />
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34. Cairina moschata pato-do-mato<br />
35. Calliphlox amethystina estrelinha-ametista<br />
36. Campephilus melanoleucos<br />
37. Camptostoma obsoletum risadinha<br />
38. Campylorhamphus trochilirostris<br />
39. Caprimulgus hirundinaceus cearae<br />
40. Caprimulgus longirostris bacurau-rupestre<br />
41. Caprimulgus parvulus bacurau-chintã<br />
42. Caprimulgus rufus joão-corta-pau<br />
43. Caracara plancus caracara-comum<br />
44. Carduelis yarrellii coroinha<br />
45. Carduellis magellanica pintassilgo-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-preta<br />
46. Cariama cristata seriema-<strong>de</strong>-pé-vermelho<br />
47. Casiornis fusca maria-enxofre<br />
48. Cathartes aura urubu-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-vermelha<br />
49. Cathartes burrovianus urubutinga<br />
50. Celeus flavescens picapau-velho<br />
51. Certhiaxis cinnamomea<br />
52. Ceryle torquata martim-pescador-gran<strong>de</strong><br />
53. Chlorestes notatus safira-<strong>de</strong>-garganta-azul<br />
54. Chloroceryle amazona martim-pescador-ver<strong>de</strong><br />
55. Chloroceryle americana martim-pescador-pequeno<br />
56. Chlorostilbon aureoventris esmeral<strong>da</strong>-<strong>de</strong>-bico-vermelho<br />
57. Chor<strong>de</strong>iles pusillus<br />
58. Chrysolampis mosquitus beija-flor-vermelho<br />
59. Ciconia maguari maguari<br />
60. Claravis pretiosa pararu-azul<br />
61. Cnemotriccus fuscatus guaracavuçu-quieto<br />
62. Coccyzus americanus<br />
63. Coccyzus melacoryphus papa-lagarta-acanelado<br />
64. Cochlearius cochlearius<br />
65. Coereba flaveola cambacica<br />
66. Colaptes campestris picapau-do-campo<br />
67. Colaptes melanochloros<br />
68. Columba picazuro pomba-asa-branca<br />
69. Columbina picui rolinha-picuí<br />
70. Columbina talpacoti rolinha-roxa<br />
71. Columbina minuta<br />
72. Conirostrum speciosum figuinha-bicu<strong>da</strong><br />
73. Conopophaga lineata<br />
74. Contopus cinereus piui-cinza<br />
75. Coragyps atratus urubu-preto<br />
76. Coryphospingus tico-tico-rei-cinza<br />
77. Cranileuca semicinerea<br />
78. Cranileuca vulpina
250<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
79. Crotophaga ani anu-preto<br />
80. Crypturellus noctivagus<br />
81. Crypturellus parvirostris inhambu-chororó<br />
82. Crypturellus tataupa inhambu-chintã<br />
83. Cyanocorax cyanopogon gralha-cancã<br />
84. Cyanopsitta spixii *** ararinha-azul<br />
85. Cyclarhis gujanensis pitiguari<br />
D<br />
86. Dendrocolaptes platyrostris<br />
87. Dendrocygna bicolor marreca-peba<br />
88. Dendrocygna viduata irerê<br />
89. Donacobius atricapillus japacanim<br />
90. Dromococcyz phasianellus<br />
E<br />
91. Egretta alba<br />
92. Egretta thula garcinha-branca<br />
93. Elaenia albiceps guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-crista-branca<br />
94. Elaenia cristata cristata guaracava-<strong>de</strong>-topete<br />
95. Elaenia flavogaster maria-é-dia<br />
96. Elanoi<strong>de</strong>s forficatus<br />
97. Elaenia spectabilis guaracava-gran<strong>de</strong><br />
98. Elanus leucurus gavião-peneira<br />
99. Empidonomus varius bentevi-peitica<br />
100. Eupetomena macroura beija-flor-tesoura<br />
101. Euphonia chlorotica gaturamo-fifi<br />
102. Euscarthmus meloryphus maria-barulhenta<br />
F<br />
103. Falco femoralis falcão-<strong>de</strong>-coleira<br />
104. Falco rufigularis cauré<br />
105. Falco sparverius quiriquiri<br />
106. Fluvicola albiventer<br />
107. Fluvicola leucocephala maria-velhinha<br />
108. Fluvicola nengeta lava<strong>de</strong>ira-mascara<strong>da</strong><br />
109. Formicivora iheringi formigueiro-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste<br />
110. Formicivora melanogaster<br />
111. Forpus crassirostris tuim-<strong>de</strong>-asa-azul<br />
112. Furnarius figulus joão-nor<strong>de</strong>stino<br />
113. Furnarius leucopus amassa-barro<br />
114. Furnarius rufus joão-<strong>de</strong>-barro
251<br />
G<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
115. Galbula ruficau<strong>da</strong> ariramba-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-ruiva<br />
116. Gallinago paraguayae narceja-comum<br />
117. Gallinula chloropus galinha-d’água<br />
118. Gampsonyx swainsonii gaviãozinho<br />
119. Geothlypis aequinoctialis pia-cobra-do-sul<br />
120. Geranoaetus melanoleucus águia-chilena<br />
121. Geranospiza caerulescens gavião-pernilongo<br />
122. Glaucidium brasilianum cabure-ferrugem<br />
123. Gnorimopsar chopi<br />
124. Guira guira anu-branco<br />
125. Gyalophylax hellmayri ***<br />
H<br />
126. Heliomaster squamosus bico-reto-ver<strong>de</strong><br />
127. Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer maria-olho-<strong>de</strong>-ouro<br />
128. Herpetotheres cachinnans acauã<br />
129. Herpsilochmus pectoralis *** chorozinho-distinto<br />
130. Herpsilochmus sellowi<br />
131. Himantopus himantopus pernalonga-comum<br />
132. Hirundinea bellicosa gibão-<strong>de</strong>-couro<br />
133. Hydropsalis torquata curiango-tesoura<br />
134. Hylopezus ochroleucus torom-malhado<br />
135. Hylophilus amaurocephalus<br />
I<br />
136. Icterus cayanensis encontro<br />
137. Icterus jamacai sofrê<br />
J<br />
138. Jabiru mycteria jaburu<br />
139. Jacana jacana jaçanã-preta<br />
K<br />
140. Knipolegus nigerrimus maria-preta-rupestre<br />
L<br />
141. Laterallus melanophaius sanã-par<strong>da</strong><br />
142. Legatus leucophaius bentevi-pirata<br />
143. Leistes superciliaris
252<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
144. Lepidocolaptes angustirostris arapaçu-do-cerrado<br />
145. Lepidocolaptes fuscus * arapaçu-rajado<br />
146. Leptotila rufaxilla juriti-geme<strong>de</strong>ira<br />
147. Leptotila verreauxi juriti-pupu<br />
M<br />
148. Machetornis rixosus suiriri-cavaleiro<br />
149. Megarhynchus pitangua neinei<br />
150. Megaxenops parnaguae *** bico-virado-gran<strong>de</strong><br />
151. Micrastur ruficollis falcão-caburé<br />
152. Milvago chimachima carrapateiro<br />
153. Mimus saturninus tejo-do-campo<br />
154. Molothrus badius asa-<strong>de</strong>-telha<br />
155. Molothrus bonariensis chopim-gaudério<br />
156. Mycteria americana cabeça-seca<br />
157. Myiarchus swainsoni maria-irré<br />
158. Myiarchus tyrannulus maria-<strong>de</strong>-asa-ferrugem<br />
159. Myiobus barbatus<br />
160. Myiodynastes maculatus bentevi-rajado<br />
161. Myiopagis viridicata maria-ver<strong>de</strong><br />
162. Myiophobus fasciatus felipe-<strong>de</strong>-peito-riscado<br />
163. Myiozetetes similis<br />
164. Myiospiza humeralis tico-tico-do-campo<br />
165. Myrmorchilus strigilatus piu-piu<br />
N<br />
166. Nemosia pileata<br />
167. Neopelma pallescens fruchu-do-cerradão<br />
168. Netta erythrophthalma negrinha<br />
169. Nothura boraquira codorna-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-preta<br />
170. Nothura maculosa codorna-amarela<br />
171. Notiochelidon cyanoleuca andorinha-azul-e-branca<br />
172. Nyctibius griseus griseus mãe-<strong>da</strong>-lua<br />
173. Nycticorax nycticorax garça-dorminhoca<br />
174. Nyctidromus albicollis curiango-comum<br />
O<br />
175. Odontophorus capueira uru-capoeira<br />
176. Ortalis guttata<br />
177. Oryzoborus angolensis curió<br />
178. Otus choliba corujinha-<strong>de</strong>-orelha
253<br />
P<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
179. Pachyramphus polychopterus caneleiro-preto<br />
180. Pachyramphus validus caneleiro-<strong>de</strong>-crista<br />
181. Pachyramppus viridis caneleiro-ver<strong>de</strong><br />
182. Parabuteo unicinctus gavião-asa-<strong>de</strong>-telha<br />
183. Pardirallus nigricans saracura-preta<br />
184. Paroaria dominicana *** galo-<strong>da</strong>-campina<br />
185. Parula pitiayumi mariquita-do-sul<br />
186. Passer domesticus par<strong>da</strong>l-doméstico<br />
187. Passerina brissoni azulão-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro<br />
188. Penelope jacucaca *** jacucaca<br />
189. Penelope superciliaris jacupeba<br />
190. Phacellodomus rufifrons joão-graveto<br />
191. Phaeomyias murina bagageiro<br />
192. Phaeoprogne tapera andorinha-do-campo<br />
193. Phaethornis gounellei *** rabo-branco-<strong>de</strong>-cau<strong>da</strong>-larga<br />
194. Phaethornis pretrei minor<br />
195. Phaethornis pretrei pretrei rabo-branco-acanelado<br />
196. Phaethornis ruber rabo-branco-rubro<br />
197. Phalacrocorax brasilianus biguá-uma<br />
198. Phimosus infuscatus tapicuru<br />
199. Phyllomyias fasciatus poaieiro-triste<br />
200. Piculus chrysochloros picapau-<strong>da</strong>-copa<br />
201. Picumnus pygmaeus<br />
202. Piranga flava sanhaço-<strong>de</strong>-fogo<br />
203. Pitangus sulphuratus bentevi-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro<br />
204. Piaya cayana alma-<strong>de</strong>-gato<br />
205. Po<strong>da</strong>ger nacun<strong>da</strong> tabaco-bom<br />
206. Podilymbus podiceps mergulhão-caçador<br />
207. Poecilurus scutatus<br />
208. Polioptila plumbea balança-rabo-<strong>de</strong>-chapeú-preto<br />
209. Polytmus guainumbi beija-flor-<strong>de</strong>-bico-curvo<br />
210. Porphyrula martinica frango-d’água-azul<br />
211. Primolius maracana maracanã-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>ira<br />
212. Progne chalybea andorinha-gran<strong>de</strong><br />
213. Pseudoseisura cristata *** casaca-<strong>de</strong>-couro<br />
214. Pyrocephalus rubinus príncipe<br />
R<br />
215. Rhea americana americana ema<br />
216. Rhopornis ar<strong>de</strong>siaca gravatazeiro<br />
217. Rhynchotus rufescens catingae perdigão
254<br />
S<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
218. Sakesphorus cristatus *** choca-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste<br />
219. Saltator atricollis batuqueiro<br />
220. Saltator coerulescens gonga<br />
221. Saltator similis trinca-ferro-<strong>de</strong>-asa-ver<strong>de</strong><br />
222. Sarcoramphus urubu-rei<br />
223. Sarkidiornis melanotos pato-<strong>de</strong>-crista<br />
224. Satrapa icterophrys suiriri-pequeno<br />
225. Scar<strong>da</strong>fella squammata<br />
226. Schistochlamys ruficapillus tiê-veludo<br />
227. Sclerurus scansor cearensis* vira-folha-vermelho<br />
228. Serphopaga sp.<br />
229. Sericossypha loricata tiê-caburé<br />
230. Sicalis luteola canário-rasteiro<br />
231. Sicalis flaveola canário-<strong>da</strong>-terra<br />
232. Sittasomus griseicapillus<br />
233. Sporophila albogularis brejal<br />
234. Sporophila bouvreuill caboclinho-fra<strong>de</strong><br />
235. Sporophila lineola bigodinho<br />
236. Sporophila nigricollis papa-capim-capuchinho<br />
237. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis andorinha-serradora-do-sul<br />
238. Stigmatura napensis alegrinho-do-sertão<br />
239. Sublegatus mo<strong>de</strong>stus sertanejo<br />
240. Suiriri suiriri bahiae suiriri-do-cerrado<br />
241. Synallaxis albescens uipi<br />
242. Synallaxis frontalis tifli<br />
T<br />
243. Tachybaptus dominicus mergulhão-pompom<br />
244. Tachycineta albiventer andorinha-do-rio<br />
245. Tangara cayana saíra-cabocla<br />
246. Tapera naevia saci-do-campo<br />
247. Taraba major choró-boi<br />
248. Thamnophilus caerulescens choca-<strong>da</strong>-mata<br />
249. Thamnophilus doliatus choca-barra<strong>da</strong><br />
250. Thamnophilus pelzelni<br />
251. Thamnophilus torquatus choca-<strong>de</strong>-asa-ruiva<br />
252. Theristicus cau<strong>da</strong>tus curicaca-comum<br />
253. Thlypopsis sordi<strong>da</strong> saíra-canária<br />
254. Thraupis sayaca sanhaço-cinza<br />
255. Thryothorus genibarbis garrincha-<strong>de</strong>-bigo<strong>de</strong><br />
256. Thryothorus longirostris garrincha-açu<br />
257. Tigrisoma lineatum socó-boi-ferrugem<br />
258. Todirostrum cinereum ferreirinho-relógio<br />
259. Tolmomyas flaviventris bico-chato-amarelo
255<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
260. Tringa flavipes<br />
261. Tringa solitaria maçarico-solitário<br />
262. Troglodytes musculus corruira-<strong>de</strong>-casa<br />
263. Trogon curucui surucuá-<strong>de</strong>-coroa-azul<br />
264. Turdus amaurochalinus sabiá-poca<br />
265. Turdus leucomelas sabiá-<strong>de</strong>-cabeça-cinza<br />
266. Turdus rufiventris sabiá-laranjeira<br />
267. Tyrannus savana<br />
268. Tyrannus melancholicus suiriri-tropical<br />
269. Tyto alba tui<strong>da</strong>ra suin<strong>da</strong>ra<br />
V<br />
270. Vanellus chilensis quero-quero<br />
271. Veniliornis passerinus picapau-pequeno<br />
272. Vireo olivaceus juruviara-oliva<br />
273. Volatinia jacarina tiziu<br />
X<br />
274. Xenops rutilans bico-virado-carijó<br />
275. Xiphocolaptes albicollis<br />
276. Xiphocolaptes falcirostris cochi-do-nor<strong>de</strong>ste<br />
277. Xiphorhynchus picus arapaçu-<strong>de</strong>-bico-reto<br />
278. Xolmis cinerea primavera<br />
279. Xolmis irupero nivea noivinha-branca<br />
280. Xolmis velata pombinha-<strong>da</strong>s-almas<br />
Z<br />
281. Zenai<strong>da</strong> auriculata avoante<br />
282. Zonotrichia capensis tico-tico-ver<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>iro<br />
* Espécie endêmica <strong>de</strong> Mata Atlântica<br />
** Espécie endêmica <strong>de</strong> Cerrado<br />
*** Espécie endêmica <strong>de</strong> Caatinga<br />
Ameaçado<br />
Quase ameaçado<br />
Endêmico (Fonte: BirdLife International)
256<br />
<strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Leari</strong><br />
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Colaço, M., T. A. Moreira, C. S. Santana & C. G. Machado 2002. As espécies <strong>de</strong> aves registra<strong>da</strong>s<br />
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Fiuza, A. C. (1999) A avifauna <strong>da</strong> Caatinga do estado <strong>da</strong> Bahia – composição e distribuição.<br />
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Lima, P. C., S. S. Santos e R. F. C. R. Lima 2003 . Levantamento e Anilhamento <strong>da</strong> ornitofauna na<br />
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Lima, P. C., R. F. C. R. Lima e S. S. Santos 2004. Coccyzus americanus Linné, 1758 na <strong>Pátria</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
Arara-azul-<strong>de</strong>-lear (Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856): primeiro registro para a Caatinga<br />
na Bahia, Brasil. Atuali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s Ornitológicas 120:5-6.<br />
Lima, P. C., T. N. C. L. Neto, R. F. C. R. Lima, & B. G. Pita, 2005. Novos registros <strong>da</strong> ornito<br />
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Destacando-se a presença <strong>da</strong> Saracura-<strong>da</strong>-praia, Arami<strong>de</strong>s mangle (Spix,1825). Atuali<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong>s<br />
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Marini, A. M. & R.B. Cavalcanti 1990. Migrações <strong>de</strong> Elaenia albiceps chilensis e Elaenia chiriquen<br />
sis albivertex (AVES: TYRANNIDAE). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio<br />
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lização sustentável e repartição <strong>de</strong> benefícios <strong>da</strong> biodiversi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> do bioma Caatinga.<br />
Documento Temático, Seminário Biodiversi<strong>da</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga, Petrolina.<br />
Pinto, O. M. O. (1978). Novo Catálogo <strong>da</strong>s aves do Brasil. Primeira Parte. São Paulo: Empr. Gráf.<br />
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Reynolds, M. 1998. Lears Macaw, some history, the current situation, and proposals for its preserva<br />
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Sick, H., L. P. Gonzaga & D. M. Teixeira 1987. A arara-azul-<strong>de</strong> lear, Anodorhynchus leari Bona<br />
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Sick, H. 1997. <strong>Ornitologia</strong> <strong>Brasileira</strong>. Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro: Editora Nova Fronteira.Silva,<br />
J. M. C. Silva, M. A. Souza, A. G. D. Bieber e C. J. Carlos 2003. <strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> Caatinga:<br />
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Tabarelli e J. M. C. Silva (Orgs.)Recife. Editora Universitária <strong>da</strong> UFPE. 822 p. <strong>Aves</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Pátria</strong><br />
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Teixeira, D. M., R. Otoch, G. Luigi, M. A. Raposo & A. C. C. Almei<strong>da</strong> 1993. Notes on some birds<br />
of northeastern Brazil (5). Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 113(1):48-52.<br />
ATUALIDADES ORNITOLÓGICAS N.128 – NOVEMBRO/DEZEMBRO DE 2005 – P. 29
Foto: Luiz C. Marigo