EKAOTIKA NPOBAHMATA TE APAMATIKA KEIMENA KAI ...

EKAOTIKA NPOBAHMATA TE APAMATIKA KEIMENA
KAI @EATPIKEI METAOPAIEII TOY 18ou KAI 19ou AIONA
(1790-1850)
H np6o

84 Ba).tep flo6Xvep
poDg: evvo(,) tri ou(rltloyl Trou yiverat a((x r0.. npop),r1pcx,To( r(,)v xerpdvcDv
rylg uorepoBu(avtw'i1c, xo't pretaBu(avtr,vrlq D4prc,lDouq ).oyoteXvlag, 11 onota
(xqop(x ouvrl0olg xptrux€g exD6oerq xo..L dvd.(p€perat xano' x6pro ).6yo
oe Xerp6ypdqd'fi 'p.eurtg napaEooeLc) rou xerp6vou, xd.L o'cnv xpaxrvll
qg Dr,n).tlpralxrlg dx8oo4g orov Xcopo rng roroproypagfa* a11g 6x6ooqg
voTdpto(xc,tv eyypdgoV, ouprB6).rov, Tcporxooupgr,tvc,tv xt),., 6nou to np6ptrnpo
napaxup.rcrero..L pe rnv 6x8oo4 tou xerpdvou 6rcolg €aet, yr,atl Eev
np6xercal ytct xelptevo ].oyoteXvLxo Ve arc1r1rtx'fi on6oruon xa.L xaiXlteyvmtq
a(r,

Ex8orrxcr npop),4praro.. oe 8papatrxo- xeip.eva tou 18ou xat 19ou au.
>rcxL o' a,trtg rrg exDorLr oro td).og tou xeuprdvou rrpoxtopyloe xo.l o ltu).uav6q A),e[iou
xd.L n Map0a Anooxkq, orLq exD6oerq rt,lv rpo(ycoEuc,rv rou xpylrmo5 \ea-
Tpou.t f)q rcpo6 ryl Xpylol tc,rv ).atrvuxcov ri e).).qvlxc,rv otov apparatus criticus,
vopi(, orov r6pro NeoeAA4vm4 o|v9eo4: @ipata
veoeAA4vmrTE AoyorcyvtaE, A?i1va 1999, oo. 315-333).
xat xateu9fvoery t4q
6. "ExDotrxic, anop[ea evo< veoetrtrrlvLoriy, MavtaroE6pog 25-26 (1987) J-12, uvarw
ncool orov r6pro Tpane(a flveupatu4, A9i1va 1994, oo. 177 x.e.
7. Bi. xc{,t rot)q npoB}.rlptatropro6q tou Wim Bakker, "Neoetrtrlvtxo' xe\rcva tou Meoalt,rva
xcrL T'rt< Avaydvvlorlq: ex8otrxtic, rcpaxrm€q xo.t rceors.oeLc,>, orov 'copto Ex\otua rpoBA4para
xd.L arcopieq,6.x., oo.110 x.e. O yvorot6q otrtrav56g veoe).).1vtotr1q [elcopi(eu eDo tr1
ypnouxil rl extra[xeutrxrl dxEool, tr1 gr],o].oyux'i1, trp xgrcuxfl xO.L r,n gcdroc{,vctoratx'fi. Kc)(c 11
Xplorlxyl xar r1 rpr).otroym'fi, ootrioo, 0a inpene va xnya\ouv an6 pra xprtr.xrl. Ie ptepLxdg
zreprntr,roerg, orrg onoieg Dev eivar eqmtfi prc[ oprorlxfi ancoxanaoraol
\eratxo"t prcr ouvoTrrrxrl dx8oorl 6trcov trov napa).).ayr,rv.
tou xeupdvou, 1petd.-
85

86 Ba).tep flo6Xvep
Oeori, av 11617 Dev ta yvalp[(el o avayvcirorlg an6 d].].eg gr,].o].oytx€q roo
evtpurprloeuq. C)ot6oo xpano.ol 6va enrleiprlprcr rorr llavayucbt4 Ayanrlto6
an6 oyerl"xi1 ort\iltnol nou 61tve rc 1997 ot4 Aeuxorolcr, rcli,s rrr. e].].r7vr,xd

Ex8otr,xa npoB).qpa-ccr oe Dpapatrxo' xeipeva tou 18ou xat 19ou at. 87
Kat[xa-Baoorl yrcr rov Opdor4 tou A].6[avDpou lodtoou anr6 €vroireq ex-
D6oerg xoct yetp6Tpcrgo(.ra H Ee6repq nepinrcDol etvat rDraftepa 8tagcotrortxil,
ylrlni 6ytve, 6notq tovl(ec orov np6].oy6 rou o A0avdouog Kaptrc6-
).r1g, axprpc,lg pe rov oxor6 prr,ag qr,trotroyr,xr1g (c{,xrlvoY pa

88 Brl).tep flo6lvep
cootdoo xd.L VLo.. ri).).ri, rcLo Trpo'xr'xi1 n\eupd Tou npoB).r1pro(Tog: dv ouve-
Xiooupe -cLS eirocvexD6oer,g Dpaptatrxcov xerprdvov rou dtJ.rrprou 18ou xo:L -cou
rcportou prroo6 tou 19ou ar,olvcr pe roug pu0po6g nou enlBci).),el nxprctxi]
6xDoorl lege artis, t6re Ee 0a Dra06toupre odte o' autdv tov arcov a €va
a(r6).oyo corpus Epapratrx tbv xeqt"ivov, Tcou vc pcrq enrcprlner q Dr,apt6pq(,)oyl
VLo'S ouvo).r,xr1g em6vaq rou 0eatprxo6 19ou awbva xC)(L rnv e(orxe[coorg
ev6g evDracpep6ptevou crvo(yvc'rotr,xo6 xorvo6, torv praOrl rcbv xott qottrltorv
pe r7jv 7:'o")tauorepri e),).r1vmr1 Epapra-cmfi 7co(pcrToy4, nou prnopef va
tporpoDod1oet xo"L rLq 0eanpm64 oxnves pre npolt6ruTto( e).).r1vrxd 6pya rrlg
napdDoo1,s, ad o:;'oto- 6xouv \eyaorei xo..L rcd.pd.pre),q0ei. ot xptttxeq d.ureq
exD6oer,g, fiepLoptopdveg orov apr0pr6 xoct exr.)reypr6veq rcgooex-ctxa, ltnopotiv
xd.L vd. anoxa).6tl,rouv rou( pre0o8o).oytxoiq npoB),4pattoprorig nou
evunripxouv o' o"oro- ra xetp"evd, T.X. orov y),cooorx6 ropda, trg Erdgopeg
p-emr€q popgdg xar, u

ExEotrxa npoB).r2praru oe Epaparuxa xeipeva tou 18ou xo't l9oo o.u. 89
ol oe dxDoorl, d.rco rorco oe t6xo t4g dxDoons xd"L an6 wnoTpo(qo oe runoypacpo.
'Otav o An6oto).oq Layivqq, rcpog ta t6).r1 trlg Dexaertaq tou 1980,
lDpuoe rriv ex8ouxfi oetpd "Neoe],].r1vtxr1
BuB],ro0r1xl" tou IDp6patog Kc,lo'cd
xs.L E).6v4g Oupdv4, v7 onota oro perd\o eyet qruoet o;.o(aq oXeD6v
rouq 40 t6pou q, 9€onrcs rylv o.exyl r,uq Buo4 rylg gr),o).oyr,xr1g dx8oo4g
ev6q ).oyo'cexvLxo6 xerprdvou npdneu va e[vat v1 te].eutafa 0eolpr1pivn anro
tov iDro rov ouTyeo..eed. dxDoovl.2r H oepd dXer exDooer p6vo dva Epa-
VcxrLxo xeigL"evo, v1v Tprce|yevry tou lla).dva (1903), oe Drxrl ptou enrpd-
Lera, xc,tBaorl anotd),eoe I tpitrl dxDoorl tou 1929, noo eiEe o l8rog o
I-ta).apdg,, xd.L 6Xr rl 6e6repri rou 1916, xoo enlpre).r10lxe o Nr,x. lloproryig
xu 'iyer. 'Oprq,
xo.r'owc, 1-rrxpoDra eop€q.2z ad. ireoc'(Vd.ad Eev elvar no-vro-
16oo e6xol,a: undplouv p6preq rceprnto-loeLS, o'cLq oiroteq o rruyypaqdag
Eev ei6e xap"ta an6 uq exDdoeug rou xcrt Eev eile xo'p"ta avap"et\q orlv
runoypo(eLxn Dra8lxaota (or'r,i,g dyuve pre rd Kopaxrctma to 1813 orriv
116).4, rnv [IoAu€6rn to 1B 14 ovl Br,dvvri xo"L ^cnv Aorcao(a, an6 trlv ozcola
o6\erar. p6vo 11 Ee6tep4 6xDoo4, orl Aer,tf,rla ro 1823, xo.t e(vat npdypatu
,p"ta ano ^cLS rcLo arce).nrouxig neprntoroerg) ri .nu dxDoori €xavav ouyyeve[g
tou (ot4v nepixrooy'l rou @. A).xaiou o Ttog tou Eevoqcov)'] yl
TVooroi
rou (tug petagpdoer( rou Goldoni an6 rn Mrltr,co laxe).).dprou,
Brdvv4 1818),24ri dprerve oto 6),eoq rc'lv tunoypdgorv (O (€voE tou f. Aaooavq,
M6oXa 1820),2s nou egcrpp6(ouv r'ovxt),.a op0oypapmo- "ouorrlpcrrcr>.
Itrg neptnrtboetq aori.q or eneprpotoel':' xar opra).orcorrloeuS eirL-
Bd).).ovtar,, a).).d oe Troro Ba0p6 xo.t i.aq Tcoro oripreto; Ax6p4 xut 6ruv o
iDroq o Epapratoupy6g xuvet triv ex8ouxfi erqt"d).ela, ta npdypata Eev
eivat xa).6tepa, ywnt rct ruTroypo.

Ba).rep llo6lvep
\nro ouyyvcbpryl yrcr trlv op0oypo.qm'{ xanrl.oro,ol rou xerpdvou xrr.L ercLorlpraiveu
trg r,Dra[tepeg Duoxo].ieg fiou €yetrl

ExDotrxa npoB),1prarcr oe 8papratrxo. xe\teva tou 18ou xar 19ou ar. 9l
ee-cd.L Erxar,o),oyrlpdva evdvriov rlq euxo).[ag, pre ryjv orroio'. npoBaivouv
olpeprvoi ex66teg rcroptxcbv xerpdvov oe Dr,op0cooerg, efte Bavauoeq eite
avenai.o0lre(, elte
"troymi.q" 11 Draxprtlx€g, e(re otanntrdq f

92 Bcitrtep flo6Xvep
prdvou 11d.1vo.. e[4yei oe rcoleq zt.eptl riloerg rcpoxc,rprloe oe d.rcoxo.:'o'oraorl
xd.L rroLeq d.eruce 6noq etvo.u Aut6 BeBaw npoiJno0dteu prua ouvotrlxri ord.-
Oprrorl rou xelpdvou xo..L ^cn Drapr6pgt,rori prcr6 evuaio'q exDotrxrl€ "rcotrtttxn

Ex6orr,xa npoB).4pa^cu oe 8papratr,xa xe\teva tou 18ou xo.t l9oo au 93
ol rou Epar6xpLTou.3s fuat[ eirL'ce€iread.L d.rcoxano.o:ro.ol rou xeupr6vou
orlv nep(rrtoloyl rcov ler,poyprigoV, DrlprtoDcov, rDrorpatm

Brl).rep flo6Xvep
v46 Dripri8oug ).oyotelvio.q evytveL xu.L rng xpylrr,xrig ).oyoreyviag e rDrxdrepcr.a0
Eivat 11 pavia tou oXo).r,xo6 Eaoxalt(.oxoo xo..L n enlEetf,q 611t)ev
e),).4vopui0er,ag nou oDriyodv otlg unepBo),dq uor€q, npooOdter o A4prapa

Ex8otrxa npop).ripard oe Epapatrxo' xeip-eva tou l Sou xar 19ou ar. 95
'9trrg,
oro ol[.le(o ann6 0a eyxana].e(tl.roupre rlv erclxerpnprato].oyla
rou Eideneier, r7 or.,oio- Baoi\eraL xo.L orylv etxo.o(a rnq Tcpog opLxor\xo'.q
rlq crvrtTpagm'f1q Dra8lxaoto.g (o crvrLypcrgdag DlaBd(er Duvato' anna noo
avtuypdcper, r1 rou uTrcrTopedouv to xeipevo pc^lvcrx:.o-- xo.t xano. tr1 Dra8rxe^oi,a
curlg rnr' d.lro-yye}.faq y[vovrar or Erop0c,loeLq xo'.L or, enepBo.oeq
nou oD4yo6v ouv tr,l Xp6vor o'cLq rca.ea).).aydq),a6 xo.1rbq xocL trlv npoB),r1p"auxiy
rc.lv exD6oeov orrl Drlprr,lDrl petaBu(avtr,vr1 ).oyote1via, rcou Draturcc'ryeto..L
oe epyaofeg tou E. Kpr,aparaT tou A. Ilyri),cr,a8 trlg Tivag Aevro^pnae
xcrr rou f. Kexayr6y),ou,50 yuant (a) napaprdvouv a8reuxpfvroreq or
opror,6trlteg r1 Erarpopes pe rIV na).ar6tepn rurcoTpo.

Bd).rep flo6lvep
rcoypctptxtq xo.t op0oypagmi.q napaD6oelg fiou axo).ou0o()va,d.L ecd( rrlv
dxDoori Oeatprxcov 6py

ExDotr,xa npoB),4pta'cd. oe Dpapratrxo- xeipeva tou 18ou xar 19ou ar. 97
xau aB).eQirS, al,).d ylvovtau oeBaor€q p"€oa orov Xp6vo xcrr voprpozcouo6vrcrr
oq orotyeia prcrg ex8otrxrlg napdEoo4g xd.L 7reo..1 rmfiq, avrixouv
orlv toropia 116 rurcoypo.qio.q n -cnq e).).4vr,xrig opOoypo"qio"g, a).).d Dev
dXouv 0do4 oe o6yXpoveg exD6oer,g ).6yrortxo6 xorvod pe rc{, toropuxa antra xa}.}.rtelvrxd
prvripreia, iro..pa. 11 urcaptyxtrrt4 xar Doypro.ux'fi tvlpnol ev6g gltrotroymo6
xav6va, Trou oe opropdveq ireeLrcar,loerq Duxar,o).oyeiraq a).),d oe d).).eq
eivat o).60puog xar o64yet oe "ye).oia" xr, ave60uya arco-cetrdoprata. lI.X. tt
nrcd1 avat6rccool rt'lv Kopaxormav tou 1 8I3 aro tov Epp. MooXovd to
1980, nou efunqpetodoe BeBaw 6vav eTrLorylpovr,x6 rpr,).o).oyr,x6 oxor6, va
Dr,a

9B fla).rep floriXvep
).o).oyrxori ex66tq' ri an6).urn xcxL "Doyprattxif' o-'l.,o8nxtl prrxg r€rotrr<
"o^ex\

L.xDotrxd npoB).r1parcx oe Dpapatrxrx xeipeva 'cou ltiou xar 19ou ar. 99
ta lerp6yeaea, or4v rcepircrt'loyl rc,-lv Kouaxepev rou vecrpod Iotavvrl flanaD6nou).ou
(Bouxoop€ott 1813-141u xo.L rnq tpaycoDfaq Appridrc< xat
Aprcroyeftcov rou feorpylou Aaoocl'vn (O84oo6q 1B19),62 6ev ouprneprgepovrcru
Drapopetr"xo- an6 ra dvtuzca xe\L"eva t,lg rcpog r4v "e).eti0epr1"
opOoypaqia, ug aB).e{.rieg xcl"q evre}.er., tqv di},er(,r4 qpovtiDaq xo..L'c\v
erctrco).arorn'ca" rlg rurcoypo.qrxi'1c, Braoriv4g' [oa ioa etvat xo.t xa\orepd
an6 pregruxa ^conaprdva: rc.X. K) xetp"evo tqq De6teplg dx8oorig rng Aorcao[aE
(Aeuf ia 1823) eivut oaqtbq no].6 Xerp6tepo.6l
'Etot,
pta evto"ro( txvrrpeaurcLon xo..L evac) opor,6propgog XerpLop6q torv
ex6 ot txcrv npo B).ri puircov p o.tv ovt aL ir e dT Vo.r ct xo.r dpyqv av i.gLxr d. ) ee o -
oov I xaraoraoyl rcJV dvturccov xerprdvo-lv Sragdper no).6 an6 6xEool oe
dx6oov1. Itrlv cxnoxano.oro..o"rl evoc) no).ri gOapprevou, (xrco rurcoypcreLxn
xaL opOoyprxcpux'i1 uno,Qq, xeLlrevou e).).o1e6eq ptBaw, x(\L o nerpaopr6g
Tl 6 " oco o r\q" o iox).r1 po-l o nq cJ"e ori np aypt d.T orcoLotiv r ur" i.r o t xo"t a).). rc,r 6
VLcr oeLpd. avaroqeuxrcDv e;:'e,p-Baoeov, yj rcxon va Drop0c,loorlpre xar r8rotponleg
Tcou oe d,].].a xeip"eva, ].ry6repo qOappdvo', toti6 0a eiyap"e rxe\oeq
eivatonapxrog. lltivtolg, $Ld (uyroptdvnyevmrl avri).r1{.r4 tou rcpop).r1pcrro<
xara\i1yer prd).).ov oe xo-xoreq

100 Bd).tep llo6lvep
Xpopcrrrolr6 rou pdoa orov Drd].o1o. O eprn].outrop6g :.r1q oti\ylg orIV
lrcepintaol rou oxrlvrxo6 ).6you Dev mpdnet ioaq va ox6xeLTdL oe 16oo
auotlpodg nepropropro6g, 6r'toq ev8eXop6vog orcr d),).a ).oyote1vr,xd efDri.
Autd rtpav rou Teyov6toq 6u oe ptepu€c, ex86oerg n ori\r1 eivat retre[ atr6 p.tva. C)ot6oo napa6dleto.L xo.L 11 8uvatrltrlta
6nap\r1q xatrlyoplr,rv ex66oeov avapsoa orl

ExDotrxct npoB).r1pars. oe Epapatrxa xeipeva rou 18ou xat 19ou au. 101
oeLq, ev€XeL xo.r'ovo ptoxo, ywni 6ev unapxouv oraIepu ex8otlxd pdtpa
xcxt ora\pd. Kritr, avd).oyo avrupetcorcLoa. xa.L o'cnv xptttxil dxDoorl tc,-lv
0eatprxr,rv dpyarv rou o(Lyo(rone).ayiTr,xou Oedtpou, 6rcou, no..pa. Tyl ouvepycxoiope
xopugatooq cpu).o).6youq, oe pepr,x6g rcepuzctrooerg rylv te),rxr1 enr,troyrl
trpene va xuva eyt'l, €yovraq xcrt rvlv eu06vr1 trlq tetrrxrlg odv0e-
0lg.65 O onouEaiog pu(avtrvo),6yoq Paul Maas orlpre[cove oxe cLxd. pe rylv
dxDoorl pu(avtrvtiv xeqt"|vorv arc6 Xep6ypa

t02 Bditep lloOXvep
fieplorccdpevn xdL Ll,ora" urcoyeypaptp6vo), t6pa -+ tapa xt)... Dlatrlp4oa
anv cr.LrL'xrwn avtt tnq Dotlxrlg Qte ehe), rov tr'rrco ippr, Dr,ttoyparp[eq
tcru ttinoo xapdta - xapdta, Tpcxppo(:-txotq Braoprorig eq6oov Eev E4proupyoriv
nape(r1y'lperc,, ro aEtva orov evecrtr,rra (a).).ri agrloe) xt).. ErDrxd
npopilpro.rcr. Tapouord(ouv ta Kopaxotma, rDlcoq ora ytiuoruxa tou Mtixq,
6roo oleDdv (),a ru o6ptrpcova Drn).aold(ovtau,, prra oriprpaorl rcou Dev
trlv axo).o604oe xaveiq apy6tep d. oanv an6Doori tou Xu,-ltlxou rDuorpratog68.
An6Dcooa 6p,ug t4v np6o0et4 xara\n\n -ve oXL Ve ro napeElyylolpo
-vat a\),a V"e
-v€ (rcapeve), Dratriprl0vlxav ra avva4 ivvat xort avvat
(yr,a efvar) xt).. AIId e(vat er,6uxr1 D6oxo).4 nep[ntcooy.1. H arc6Dooq tcov
Eua).dxto-rv di).coote enrcp€xel prcr nro

F.x8crtrxd npoBtrrlpraa(x oe Dpapratrxo. xe['p.eva tou 18ou xat 19ou au.
xaL q xaL cxvocTvc'lotprx Xr,-lpig Duoxotr[e g' €tou xar a].].r,ol q, nipa an6 trp orcoLct
tonoOdtrloyl oro Oepta o.uro, ri en6prevrl yevua o(vcrTvootc.'-lv, ef,arciac,
Tnq xo.ao.pT4olg torl zcotrutovrxo(r or4v exnaiDeuo4, 6ev 0a e[var, rcLa. oe
leon va dv(xrtrxpdye l to o6ot4pa aut6. An6 tqv di).4, to no),utovuxd Eev
evol).e I xcxr Eev epno8i(et oe r[rore rylv avdyvc'ron xc& xo'ro-vonori ev6q
xetpevou xo.t o.ro xunc>tov rcou r)ev ro xariyer. H napd).).ri).r1 6nap[n xo'L
tcov Drio ouot4prat