strategii de corecºie a tulburårilor hidroelectrolitice în ... - medica.ro
strategii de corecºie a tulburårilor hidroelectrolitice în ... - medica.ro
strategii de corecºie a tulburårilor hidroelectrolitice în ... - medica.ro
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REVISTA MEDICALÅ ROMÂNÅ – VOL. LVI, NR. 3, AN 2009<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stare criticå, atunci când abordarea ini¡ialå<br />
i<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ntificå un pacient aflat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stop cardiorespirator.<br />
Abordul IO are 83% ¿anse <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> reu¿itå, prin compara¡ie<br />
cu numai 17% <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cazul tentativelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> acces<br />
vascular cu ajutorul unei branule, tentative efectuate<br />
la nivelul unei vene periferice, la un copil<br />
aflat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stop cardiorespirator (11).<br />
Dupå ob¡inerea unei cåi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> acces eficiente, pacientului<br />
cu semne <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ¿oc i se vor administra solu¡ii<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cristaloizi pe cale intravenoaså. Solu¡iile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
elec¡ie pentru umplerea patului vascular, la un<br />
pacient cu hipovolemie, sunt serul fiziologic – SF<br />
(NaCl solu¡ie 0,9%) sau solu¡ia <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Ringer lactat –<br />
RL. Nu se vor administra <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> scopul umplerii patului<br />
vascular solu¡ii glucozate, indiferent <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> nivelul<br />
glicemiei sau <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> concentra¡ia acestor solu¡ii!<br />
Volumul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> fluid folosit pentru corec¡ia rapidå<br />
a volemiei este <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 20 ml/kg. Aceastå cantitate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
solu¡ie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> SF sau RL, numitå „bolus“ <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> literatura<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>medica</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lå anglo-saxonå, va fi administratå cât mai<br />
rapid, cu ajutorul unui injectomat sau direct cu<br />
ajutorul unei seringi (12). Durata maximå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> timp<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> care este imperios necesar så administråm<br />
bolusul este o orå (30). Pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ar putea<br />
så nu fie compensatå doar prin administrarea unui<br />
singur bolus <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, motiv pentru care este,<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>seori, necesarå repetarea manevrei. Dacå administrarea<br />
unui al doilea bolus nu restabile¿te<br />
volemia ¿i se men¡in semnele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare<br />
severå, va fi necesarå administrarea unui coloid,<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> speran¡a cå acesta va avea o remanen¡å crescutå<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> spa¡iul intravascular, ob¡inându-se refacerea volemiei<br />
circulante. Pot fi folosite solu¡ii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> albuminå<br />
5%, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>xtran sau oligomeri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> glucozå, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cantitate<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 10 ml/kg.<br />
Volumul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ¿i cantitatea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> elect<strong>ro</strong>li¡i<br />
pierdu¡i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cursul unei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratåri acute severe<br />
sunt <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pen<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>nte <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mecanismele generatoare ale<br />
acestor pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ri, variind consi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rabil <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> func¡ie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
cauzå – vezi tabelul 3.<br />
Pentru a putea calcula <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ficitele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> apå ¿i elect<strong>ro</strong>li¡i,<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cazul unei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratåri severe, este necesar<br />
så cunoa¿tem compozi¡ia normalå a flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor<br />
183<br />
intracelulare ¿i extracelulare, respectiv coeficien¡ii<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> distribu¡ie ai principalilor elect<strong>ro</strong>li¡i – vezi tabelele<br />
4 ¿i 5.<br />
De obicei se folose¿te formula:<br />
mEq necesari = (CD – CP) x fD x G<br />
CD reprezintå concentra¡ia doritå a fi atinså <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
urma corec¡iei, CP reprezintå concentra¡ia plasmaticå<br />
actualå, anterioarå corec¡iei, fD este factorul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
distribu¡ie (vezi tabelul 4) iar G este greutatea copilului<br />
anterioarå îmbolnåvirii, exprimatå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> kilograme.<br />
Tabelul 4. Factorul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> distribu¡ie folosit <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> calculul<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ficitelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> elect<strong>ro</strong>li¡i – dupå Stone B (4).<br />
Tabelul 5. Compozi¡ia flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor corporeale (intra- ¿i<br />
extracelulare) – dupå Stone B (4).<br />
INTRACELULAR EXTRACELULAR<br />
(mEq/L)<br />
(mEq/L)<br />
SODIU 20 133-145<br />
POTASIU 150 3-5<br />
CLOR – 98-110<br />
BICARBONAT 10 20-25<br />
FOSFAT 110-115 5<br />
PROTEINE 75 10<br />
Unii autori includ <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> abordarea terapeuticå<br />
ini¡ialå a copilului cu BDA ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>medica</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>mentele ce<br />
modificå motilitatea gast<strong>ro</strong>-intestinalå (29,30).<br />
Conform consensului grupului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> exper¡i ai Aca<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>miei<br />
Americane <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Pediatrie (AAP) nu ar trebui<br />
folosite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>medica</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>mente cu ac¡iune antiperistalticå la<br />
copilul mic, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>oarece riscurile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>på¿esc poten-<br />
¡ialele beneficii. Astfel, AAP nu recomandå folosirea<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rutinå a loperamidului, opioizilor ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rivatelor<br />
acestora, anticolinergicelor, absorbantelor<br />
sau a bismutului salicilic (30).<br />
AFECºIUNE APÅ (ml/kg) Na + (mEq/kg) K + (mEq/kg) Cl- Tabelul 3. Pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> apå ¿i elect<strong>ro</strong>li¡i, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> func¡ie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cauzå – dupå Hellerstein S<br />
(13)<br />
(mEq/kg)<br />
BDA cu SDA<br />
hiponatremicå<br />
100-120 10-15 8-15 10-12<br />
BDA cu SDA<br />
izotonicå<br />
100-120 8-10 8-10 8-10<br />
BDA cu SDA<br />
hipernatremicå<br />
100-120 2-4 0-6 0-3<br />
Stenozå<br />
piloricå<br />
100-120 8-10 10-12 10-12<br />
Cetoacidozå<br />
diabeticå<br />
100 8 6-10 6