mulyavimarsa - BHU

o"kZ&6] vad&11] tuojh&twu] 2011
ewY;foe'kZ
uSfrd ,oa ekuoh; ewY;ksa ij dsfUnzr
v)Zokf"kZd 'kks/k if=dk
iz/kku lEiknd
dey'khy
dk;Zdkjh lEiknd
m"kk f=ikBh
lEiknd
/keZtax
jktho dqekj oekZ
ISSN 0976-3694

egkeuk dk thou n”kZu
lqeu tSu*
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr mnkjrk dh iks’kd gSA ^mnkj pfjrkuke~ rq olq/kSo dqVqEcde~*
dh mfDr gj Hkkjrh; dks fo”o ifjokj dk vax cus jgus ds fy, mnkj gksus dh
izsj.kk nsrh gSA mnkjrk gh ijk;ks a dks viuk vkSj viuksa dks vkReh; cukrh gSA ia0
enu eksgu ekyoh; us ogh fd;k] ftldk mYys[k vkpk;Z fouksck ds laLej.kksa es a
feyrk gS mUgksaus fy[kk gS fd&^^egkeuk ekyoh;th ls eS a ,d gh nQk feykA ij
mrus es a gh muds okRlY; dh vuqHkwfr eq>s gqbZA ml okRlY; es a jktk&jad lHkh dk
lekos”k FkkA blhfy, os egkeuk dgyk,A** egkeuk dk gh D;ks a] jke] Ñ’.k]
egkohj] cq)] xka/kh vkfn lHkh egkiq:’kks a dk thou lk/kkj.k euq’;ks a tSlk gh Fkk] ij
mudk pkfj«; vlk/kkj.k FkkA lk/kkj.k tu tgka Øks/k djrs gS] ogka os “kkfUr] n;k]
ijksidkj vkSj {kek djrs gS aA jkek;.k egkHkkjr tSls xzUFkksa es a frfFk;ka egÙoiw.kZ ugha
gS] egÙoiw.kZ gS pfj= vkSj pkfj=~;A blh ls dgk tkrk gS fd f”kfc] n/khfp]
gfj”pUnz] fnyhi] j?kq] lhrk] lkfo=h bR;kfn dh izsj.kkizn dgkfu;ka tc rd lquh
tkrh jgsxh] rc rd laLÑfr vkSj lH;rk dks vkap ugh vk;sxhA
thou dk vUrj laLÑfr vkSj cká lH;rk ls vuqizkf.kr jgrk gSA mnkjrk]
R;kx] lsok vkSj ikjLifjdrk dks ifjiq’V djus okyk vkpkj&fopkj thou dks ifo=
cukrk gSA ,slh ifo=rk dks vkRelkr djus okys ekyoh; th laLÑfr dh jRuekyk
dh ,d vueksy dM+h FksA jk’Vªfirk egkRek xka/kh us mudk ifo= pfj= ns[kdj gh
dgk Fkk&^^eSa ekyoh; th egkjkt dk iqtkjh gw ¡A os vkpkj esa loZFkk fu;fer vkSj
fopkj es a vR;Ur mnkj gSA }s’k rks os fdlh ls dj gh ugha ldrs FksA muds mnkj
ân; es a “k=q Hkh lek ldrs gS aA**
ekyoh; th dh dYiuk “kfDr vlhe Fkh] ml ;qx esa dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;
cukus dh dYiuk vuwBh FkhA vkjEHk es a rks mls vf/kd irs Fks] ijUrq /khjs&/khjs muds iq:’kkFkZ ls mudk O;fDrRo fu[kjrk x;kA mUgs a
bl ckr dk vkHkkl Fkk fd Hkfo’; dh lcls cM+h vko”;drk bathfu;fjax gS ml
le; ftldk ns”k Hkj es a dgh Hkh fBdkuk u FkkA ml le; mUgksaus cgqr vPNs
vaxz st fizafliy fdax dks pquk tks _f’k rqY; Fks] mUgs a lqiqnZ fd;kA
ekyoh; th /keZ ds izfr dksjs Hkkoqd u Fks] okLro es a /keZ muds ân; es a Fkk]
os lPps oS’.ko FksA Hkkxor mudh I;kjh iksFkh FkhA mUgsa jk’Vª dh fpUrk FkhA Hkkjr
ds uo;qod D;k cusaxs] Hkfo’; es a D;k dk;Z djsaxs] bls dsUnz es a j[kdj fgUnh
vkykspuk ds LrEHk jktf’kZ V.Mu us fy[kk gS&^^fgUnw “kCn rks muds eq ag ls vknj
ls fudyrk Fkk] fdUrq dHkh&dHkh vkil es a dM+osiu ls dg nsrs Fks&vPNk] ;g ugha
djksxs\ tkvks] nfjnz fgUnq dh rjg ls rqe dke djksA ;g muds fy, xkyh gks tkrh
*mikpk;Z] fgUnh foHkkx] efgyk egkfo|ky;] dk0fg0fo0fo0] okjk.klh
ewY;foe'kZ 1

FkhA fgUnqvksa dh tks ekufld izo`fÙk vkt gS mlls os fp

LFkkiuk dh FkhA
vaxz sth “kklu ds lkFk&lkFk ckSf)d nklrk ls Hkh ns”k dks eqDr djkus ds
fy, ekyoh;th us f”k{kk ds {ks= eas dbZ u;s iz;ksx fd;sA mudk fopkj Fkk fd
Hkkjrh; uo;qodksa dks thfodk ykHk vkSj uSfrd iru ls cpkus ds fy, Lora= :i
ls lapkfyr jk’Vªh; f”k{kk dh vko”;drk gSA os xq:dqyksa] _f’kdqyksa] “kkfUr fudsru
dk vknj djrs Fks ijUrq lkFk gh mudk ;g Hkh er Fkk fd vrhr ds thou ewY;ksa
vkSj thou i)fr ds ekSfyd fl)kUrkas dks orZeku es a vkRelkr djus dh vko”;drk
gSA orZeku dks ,Sfrgkfld lUnHkZ ls gVkdj vrhr esa LFkkukUrfjr ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA thou es a ijEijk] ewY;xr vk/kqfudrk] izkP; vkSj ik”pkR; mlds lkFk
v/;kRe dk leUo; okaNuh; gSA
ekyoh;th ds eu es a lexz f”k{kk dh dYiuk xka/khth dh cqfu;knh f”k{kk ls
FkksM+h vyx FkhA xka/khth dh f”k{kk es a euq’; dh ewy vko”;drk D;k gS] vkSj
vkl&ikl ds lkFk mldk dSlk lEcU/k gS bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;kA mudk
dguk Fkk fd vka[k] gkFk vkSj fnekx cjkcj lkFk&lkFk dke djuk pkfg,A eSdkys
dh f”k{kk i)fr ds ihNs ,d lkft”k FkhA mldk fl)kUr Fkk fd Hkkjr es a ,sls yksx
iSnk gks] ftuesa l`tukRed xq.k u gks] os udyph gksA og izfrfyfi rS;kj djus
okyh f”k{kk i)fr FkhA mlesa mls lQyrk Hkh feyhA ikA os “kkL=K FksA mUgksaus vaxz sth f”k{kk es a fufgr vPNs i{k dks fy;kA
blhfy, mUgksaus fgUnh] laLÑr ds lkFk vaxz sth dh mPp f”k{kk dk Hkh izko/kku
fd;kA ekyoh;th us dgk Fkk fd Kku tgka ls Hkh feys ys yks] D;ksafd Kku ifo=
gSA ,slh vuwBh lksp fgUnqLrku es a gh lEHko gSA ;gka n”kZu is] ftl
Hkk’kk ls ge ml fo’k; ds fudV igqap ldsA jg&jgdj ml fo’k; ds utnhd
ewY;foe'kZ 3

igqapus ls mRikndrk vkSj l`tukRedrk de gks tkrh gSA tks Hkk’kk ge cksyrs gS
mlh Hkk’kk es a ge lksp ldrs gSA euq’; dbZ Hkk’kk,a lh[k ldrk gS( ijUrq lkspus dk
dke og flQZ ,d gh Hkk’kk esa djsxkA ijUrq ge Hkwydj cSBs( ikfjHkkf’kd “kCnkoyh
dk xBu djus yxs] vuqokn ds tky cquus yxs] vaxz sth es a fy[kk gqvk gh i

ewY;ijd jk’Vªh; f”k{kk %
,uh cslsUV ds fopkjksa dh izklafxdrk
vkf”krk*
izkphu dky ls gh Hkkjro’kZ es a f”k{kk dks vKku ds rarqvks a ls eqDr djkus dk
izeq[k lk/ku ekuk tkrk jgk gSA ;gk¡ dh laLÑfr us dHkh Hkh f'k{kk dks dsoy cká
thou dks l¡okjus dk lk/ku gh ugha ekuk gS vfirq Hkkjrh; f'k{kk iajijk ges'kk ls
ewY;ijd jgh gSA lkekU; Hkk"kk es a dgs a rks ewY; og lcdqN gS tks gesa ,d lq[kh
thou thus es a lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA lkekU;r% izse] lfg".kqrk] 'kkafr] lR;]
vfgalk] mfpr O;ogkj bR;kfn ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds varxZr vkrs gS SaA
fo'o ds leLr izeq[k /keks Za ,oe~ laLÑfr;ksa us ewY; f'k{kk dh ckr dks
Lohdkjk gSA Hkkjr es a f'k{kk dk Lo:i oSfnd ;qx ls gh vR;ar o`gr~ jgk gSA ewY;
f'k{kk dk izkjaHk blh ;qx ls gksrk gSA ;gk¡ f'k{kk dks eq[;r% ekuo thou ds
vk/;kfRed ,oe~ uSfrd i{kksa dks le>us dk ek/;e ekuk tkrk jgk gSA pfj=
fuekZ.k ,oe~ O;fDrÙo fodkl f'k{kk ds nks izeq[k y{; jgs gS aA
ewY; f'k{kk ij fofHkUu fopkjdksa ,oe~ nk'kZfudks a us fofHkUu er fn, gS a ijarq
Mk0 ,uh cslsUV ds fopkj loZFkk ekSfyd gS aA fons'kh /kjrh ij tUe ysus ds ckotwn
Mk0 cslsUV dh vkRek es a Hkkjr gh lek;k FkkA Hkkjr dks mUgksaus viuh ekr`Hkwfe ds
:i es a Lohdkjk ,oe~ fgUnwÙo ds iqu:RFkku ds fy, vFkd iz;kl fd,A mUgksaus ,d
,sls le; es a Hkkjr es a jgdj dk;Z fd;k tc egkRek xk¡/kh] usg:] VSxksj ,oe~ vjfoan
?kks"k tSls egkuk;d lkekftd] jktuSfrd ,oe~ /kkfeZd {ks=ks a es a vius Økafrdkjh
fopkjksa }kjk Hkkjr dh n'kk vkSj fn'kk cnyus dk iz;kl dj jgs FksA Mk0 cslsUV us
bu egkiq:"kks a ds y{;ksa dks iw.kZ djus es a viwoZ ;ksxnku fn;kA
Mk0 cslsUV dk f'k{kk laca/kh n'kZu ^f'k{kk ds fFk;kslksfQdy vkn'kZ* ij
vk/kkfjr gS ftlds vuqlkj izR;sd cPps dks ,d ,slh f'k{kk iznku dh tkuh pkfg,
tks mlds O;fDrxr ,oe~ fof'k"V xq.kksa dks mtkxj djus es a leFkZ gksA ,slh f'k{kk
mls lekt ,oe~ jk"Vª esa ,d mi;ksxh ukxfjd cukus esa lgk;d fl) gksxhA Mk0
cslsUV ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk eq[; mn~ns'; cPpks a dh {kerk dks c

iz.kkyh ls Fkk tks Hkkjr dh viuh /keZ ,oe~ laLÑfr ij vk/kkfjr iz.kkyh gSA mUgksaus
dgk Fkk fd & “To make Indian ideals the basis of Indian civilization, renouncing
the hybrid & sterile ideals of anglicized Indianism.....”
-(The Besant Spirit, Vol-2, p.59)
ewY; vk/kkfjr jk"Vªh; f'k{kk dk leFkZu djrs gq, Mk0 cslsUV us ^ewY;* dks
vfr O;kid rjhds ls O;k[;kf;r fd;k& “It is necessary in our national education
to give a most important place to what is called "Moral Education"... Let
us see exactly what we mean. We find in ourselves certain things that we call
emotions and feelings. As we study emotion, we recognise the enormous part
that it plays in life. As we study emotion, we find that out of emotion grow up
all the attractions that make a family, a town, a community, and a nation that
bind men together into nations and peoples.”
-(Speeches and Writings of Annie Besant.p.25)
Mk0 cslsUV ds erkuqlkj jk"Vªh; f'k{kk flQZ ljdkj dk dk;Z ugha vfirq
ns'k ds ukxfjdks a dk dÙkZO; gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, Mk0 cslsUV
us fofHkUu vkanksyu vkjaHk fd, ftlls Lokoyacu] jk"Vªh;rk] vkRekfHkeku] LokfHkeku]
lekurk vkSj ln~Hkko dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldsA
Mk0 cslsUV ;g ns[kdj vkgr Fkha fd xkSjo vkSj oSHko ls ifjiw.kZ Hkkjr vkt
ik'pkR; laLÑfr dk vuqdj.k dj jgk gS tcfd Lo;a Hkkjrh; /keZn'kZu ,oe~
laLÑfr leLr fo'o ds fy, vuqdj.kh; gSA og pkgrh Fkha fd Hkkjr ds ;qok ;gk¡
dh izkphu ijaijkvksa ls voxr gksa vkSj Hkkjrh; vk/;kfRedrk dks laiw.kZ ekuo tkfr
ds dY;k.kkFkZ iz;ksx dj ldsaA Mk0 cslsUV us flQZ izkphu ijaijkvksa dh gh ckr ugha
dhA og vk/kqfud lekt dh t:jrksa ls Hkh vufHkK ugha Fkha aA blfy, mUgksaus ,d
,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh flQkfj'k dh tks Nk= dks vius iSjksa ij [kM+k dj lds ,oe~
mudk Hkfo"; lqjf{kr dj ldsA Mk0 cslsUV vius bu fopkjksa es a ^xq:dqy* ,oe~
^vkJe* tSlh izkphu f'k{k.k i)fr;ksa ls cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor FkhaA mudk ;g er
Fkk fd& “Here is an Indian ideal that it would be well to revive...It (India)
must have a few representations (of the ancient Ashrama) if she is to rise to
her former level in supreme intellectual and spiritual achievement.”
-(The Besant Spirit, Vol-2, pp.48-50)
Mk0 cslsUV us dgk fd ftl izdkj izkphu dky es a jktk xq:dqy ,oe~
vkJeks a dks foÙkh; lgk;rk nsrs Fks ijarq mu ij vkf/kiR; ugha tekrs Fks] mlh izdkj
vk/kqfud ;qx es a ,d ,slh ljdkj dh t:jr gS tks 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuks a dks lgk;rk
ewY;foe'kZ 6

ks iznku djs ijarq mu ij viuk vf/kdkj u tek,A ftlls fd gekjs lekt es a
f'kf{kr ,oe~ fuiq.k iq:"k ,oe~ fL=;ks a ds fuekZ.k es a fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ ck/kk u
vk,A
vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; f'k{k.k i)fr dh dM+s 'kCnksa es a vkykspuk djrs gq, Mk0
cslsUV dgrh gS a fd vkt dh f'k{kk flQZ ckSf)drk dks c

tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa es a jk"Vªh; pfj= dk fuekZ.k dj ldsA ,slh f'k{kk laLdkj] ln~Hkko
,oe~ uSfrdrk ij vk/kkfjr gksxhA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ds vHkko es a Hkkjr es a foHkktu]
foHksn vkSj fo}s"k dh fLFkfr dk vkfoZHkko gks tk,xkA
Mk0 cslsUV us jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ds izpkj ,oe~ izlkj ds {ks= es a egrh Hkwfedk
fuHkkbZA mUgksaus bl fn'kk es a vkanksyu Hkh vkjaHk fd, ftlls ;qokvks a es a jk"Vª ds izfr
izse] cfynku ,oe~ LokfHkeku dh Hkkouk tkx`r gks ldsA Mk0 cslsUV us vius
f'k{kkn'kksZa dks ewrZ :i nsus ds fy, dbZ Ldwyksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ks a dh LFkkiuk dh
ftles a 1898 es a okjk.klh es a LFkkfir ^lsUVªy fgUnw dkWyst* vkSj Ldwy izeq[k gS aA
blh Øe es a mUgksaus L=h ,oa nfyrks a dh f'k{kk ij Hkh cy fn;kA ,d l'kDr
jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k fcuk fL=;ks a dks f'kf{kr fd, fcuk ugha gks ldrkA 1901 es a
izdkf'kr L=h f'k{kk ij ,d ys[k es a mUgksaus fy[kk gS fd ;fn Hkkjr dh fL=;k¡
vf'kf{kr jgsaxh rks Hkkjr dHkh Hkh fodkl dh jkg ij ugha py ik,xkA mUgksaus ik¡p
{ks=ks a es a L=h f'k{kk dh ckr dh % 'kkjhfjd] uSfrd] vk/;kfRed] 'kS{kf.kd] dykRed
vkSj oSKkfudA mUgksaus ;g Li"V fd;k fd oSKkfud f'k{kk L=h dks ?kjsyw dk;ks Za ds
laiknu es a ennxkj lkfcr gksxhA ?kjsyw dkeks a ds mi;qDr fujkos'ku gsrq ;g
vko';d gS fd fL=;ks a dks f'kf{kr fd;k tk,A mUgksaus dgk fd ,d f'kf{kr ekrk gh
viuh larku dks f'k{kk dk egÙo le>k ldrh gSA vr% L=h f'k{kk dks Mk0 cslsUV
us jk"Vªh; f'k{kk dh /kkjk es a 'kkfey fd;k D;ks afd fdlh Hkh cPps dh igyh f'k{kd
mldh ekrk gksrh gSA ekrk gh vius cPpks a es a ewY;ksa ds cht cksrh gS] ftlls fd
mldk pkfjf=d fodkl laHko gksrk gSA
vNwrksa dh f'k{kk ij cy nsrs gq, Mk0 cslsUV us 1909 es a izdkf'kr iqfLrdk
The Education of the Depressed Classes es a ;g rdZ fn;k fd f'k{kk gh ,dek=
,slk ek/;e gS ftlds }kjk vNwrksa dk m)kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA mUgksaus lkQ 'kCnks a
es a dgk fd vNwrksa dks jk"Vª ij cks> ugha le>uk pkfg, vfirq muds dY;k.kkFkZ
fofHkUu fn'kk] eq[;r% f'k{kk dh fn'kk es a iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A
bl izdkj ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gS a fd Mk0 ,uh cslsUV dh f'k{kk
ifjdYiuk dk vk/kqfud Hkkjr es a loZFkk vHkko gSA orZeku f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk
mn~ns'; ekuo fuekZ.k ugha vfirq mldk y{; thfodksiktZu gSA vkt f'k{kk
ri'p;kZ ;k lk/kuk ugha oju~ O;olk; vkSj /kukxe dk ek/;e cu pqdh gSA gkyk¡fd
f'k{kk ds {ks= es a ewY;ksa dk vHkko rks fo'o ds vusd ns'kksa es a n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS ijarq
Hkkjr ds lanHkZ es a ;g leL;k vR;ar xaHkhjrk ls yh tkuh pkfg,A D;ks afd Hkkjr dk
,d vk/;kfRed] lkaLÑfrd] ewY;fu"B vkSj uSfrd vrhr jgk gSA orZeku ifjn`';
ewY;foe'kZ 8

es a ewY; foghu f'k{kk O;oLFkk gekjk /;ku ckj&ckj ml xkSjoe;h vrhr dh vksj
vkdf"kZr djrh gSA vkt ge ;qokvks a dh ,d ,slh QkSt [kM+h dj jgs gSa ftuesa u
rks ik'pkR; laLÑfr ds ewy rÙo gS a vkSj u gh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dsA ,slh v/kdpjh
ekufldrk ls ;qDr ;qok ih

ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk ds ifjizs{; esa egkRek xk¡/kh ds
'kSf{kd fpUru dh mikns;rk
fnus'k dqekj flag*
1- lS)kfUrd i`"BHkwfe &
laLÑr es a ,d 'yksd gS & Kkuar`rh; euqtL; us= leLr inkFkZ foykse
n{ke% vFkkZr nks us=ksa ds ns[kus ls tks viw.kZ jg tkrk gS og fo|k:ih r`rh; us=
ls ns[kk tkrk gSA f'k{kk ekuo ds fodkl dk izeq[k vk/kkj LrEHk gS tks mls dq'ky
vkSj izf'kf{kr dj izxfr ds iFk ij ys tkrh gSA f'kf{kr ukxfjd gh lekt vkSj ns'k
ds fodkl es a egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrk gSA
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk uhfr es a ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk;k x;k gS vkSj
^lHkh ds fy, f'k{kk* dks dsUnz es a j[kdj f'k{kk ds foLrkj ds fofHkUu dk;ZØeks a dks
fØ;kfUor fd;k x;k gSA ns'k es a izkjEHk ls gh ;g iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd 6&14 o"kZ
rd ds lHkh ckyd&ckfydkvks a dks Ldwy es a izos'k fnyk;k tk,A ifj.kke Lo:i
izkFkfed Lrj ij ckyd&ckfydkvks a dk ukekadu tgk¡ 1950&1951 es a dsoy 42-6
Fkk] og 2004&05 es a c

mijksDr ifjfLFkfr;k¡ Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ifjn`'; dks izHkkfor dj jgh gSA blds
QyLo:i lekt es a v'kkafr] Hkz"Vkpkj] vuSfrdrk vkfn dk cksyckyk gksrk pyk tk
jgk gSA vr% ,sls ekxZ dh [kkst vko';d gS a ftl ij pydj lekt es a lkoZHkkSfed
ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk lds] ftlls lekt es a 'kkafr] izse] lkSgknzZ]
uSfrdrk] lfg".kqrk] vfgalk vkfn dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldsA lekt es a mijksDr ewY;ksa
dh LFkkiuk es a egkRek xka/kh ds 'kSf{kd fpUru dh mikns;rk ij fopkj djuk
lehphu izrhr gksrk gS] D;ks afd ledkyhu Hkkjrh; ,oa oSf'od 'kSf{kd fpUrdksa es a
xka/kh th ds 'kSf{kd fparu es a lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; ewY; lokZf/kd eq[kfjr ,oa
ifjyf{kr gksrs gS aA
ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk ds ifjizs{; es a egkRek xka/kh ds 'kSf{kd fparu dh
mikns;rk dks foosfpr djus dk uhps iz;kl fd;k x;k gS %&
2- lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; ewY; &
lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk ds ifjizs{; es a xk¡/kh th ds 'kSf{kd
fparu dh mikns;rk dks le>us ds fy, vko';d gS fd loZizFke lkoZHkkSfed
ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds Lo:i dks le>k tk;sA vkxs lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; ewY;ksa ij izdk'k
Mkyk x;k gSA
lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; ewY; os ekuoh; ewY; gS tks ns'k] lekt ,oa dky
dh lhek ls ijs izR;sd ns'k ,oa lekt ds fy, vko';d ,oa mikns; gS aA ,d LoLFk
,oa ekuoh; lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, bu ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA
budh la[;k ik¡p gSA ;s ekuo thou ds ik¡p LrEHk gS aA blfy, bUgsa iapjRu rFkk
iap'khy dgk tkrk gSA ;s ewY; gS a&
1- lR; & Truth
2- /keZ & Righteous conduct
3- 'kkafr & Peace
4- izse & Love
5- vfgalk & Non-Violence
mijksDr ik¡pksa ekuoh; ewY;] ekuo thou ds ik¡p i{kksa ls lEcfU/kr gS &
1- 'kkjhfjd i{k & Physical domain
2- ckSf)d i{k & Intellectual domain
3- laosxkRed i{k & Emotional domain
4- eu% i{k & Psychic domain
5- vk/;kfRed i{k & Spritual domain
ewY;foe'kZ 11

;s ekuoh; ewY; ekuork ds vk/kkj ,oa lkoZHkkSfed gS aA fdlh Hkh ns'k] lekt
,oa dky es a budh vko';drk] mi;ksfxrk] lkFkZdrk ,oa mikns;rk dks udkjk ugha
tk ldrkA
3- lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk ,oa xk¡/kh th dk 'kSf{kd fpUru &
ledkyhu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&nk'kZfudks a es a xk¡/kh th ds f'k{kk lEcU/kh fopkjksa
dk muds thoudky es a ftruk vf/kd izpkj&izlkj gqvk] mruk fdlh vU;
ledkyhu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&nk'kZfud ds fopkjksa dk ugha gqvkA bldk ,d cM+k dkj.k
;g Fkk fd xk¡/kh th ns'k ds loZekU; usrk Fks vkSj turk es a muds fopkjksa dk cM+k
eku FkkA fopkj ,oa O;ogkj es a ,d:i xk¡/kh th us lEiw.kZ f'k{kk dk dsUnz
uhfr&'kkL= ,oa ewY;ksa dks ekukA mudks fo'okl Fkk fd f'k{kk euq"; dk fodkl
djds mldk pfj=&fuekZ.k djrh gS vkSj ;g nksuksa gh euq"; dks bZ'ojh; Kku vkSj
vkRe&cks/k dh vksj mUeq[k djus es a lg;ksx nsrs gS aA f'k{kk dk dk;Z gS euq"; dh
vkRek dk ifjektZu djuk] D;ks afd vkRelaLdkj ds fcuk lHkh izf'k{k.k gkfudkjd
o O;FkZ gks ldrs gS aA
xka/kh th f'k{kk }kjk ewY;&vk/kkfjr ,d u;s lekt dh jpuk djuk pkgrs
FksA vlekurk] 'kks"k.k rFkk fgalk ij vk/kkfjr lekt xk¡/kh th dks Lohdk;Z ugha
FkkA vr% mUgksaus f'k{kk lEcU/kh vius fopkjksa dks fofHkUu voljks a ij cM+s Li"V :i
ls O;Dr fd;kA f'k{kk ds lEcU/k es a fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, xka/kh th us viuh iqLrd
^fgUn Lojkt* es a fy[kk gS ^^f'k{kk dk vFkZ D;k gS\ dsoy v{kjksa dk KkuA ;g rks
dsoy midj.k gS] vkSj midj.k dk lnqi;ksx Hkh laHko gS] nq:i;ksx HkhA ftl
midj.k ls fdlh jksxh dh fpfdRlk dh tkrh gS] mlh ls mldh gR;k Hkh gks ldrh
gSA ;gh gky f'k{kk dk Hkh gSA ftrus yksx bldk lnqi;ksx djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gS]
mlls dgha T;knk yksx bldk nq:i;ksx djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gS a vkSj vxj ;g mfDr
lgh gS rks ;g ckr Hkh fl) gks tkrh gS fd bl f'k{kk ls ykHk de gq, gS a] gkfu
vf/kdA**
f'k{kk dh O;k[;k djrs gq, xka/kh th us dgk ^^f'k{kk ls esjk vk'k; ckyd
vkSj euq"; ds 'kjhj] vkRek ,oa eu ds loks ZRÑ"V ,oa lokZ axh.k fodkl ls gSA**
¼xka/kh] eks0d0] gfjtu] 31&7&1937½A
bl izdkj Li"V gS fd xk¡/kh th f'k{kk ds }kjk ckyd ;k euq"; ds ,dkaxh
fodkl ds fo:) FksA mudh Li"V ekU;rk Fkh fd f'k{kk ds }kjk ckyd ds eu] cqf)
,oa 'kjhj lcdk larqfyr fodkl gksuk pkfg,A
ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk ds ifjizs{; es a xk¡/kh th ds 'kSf{kd fparu ij fopkj
ewY;foe'kZ 12

djus ij ;g Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gS fd xk¡/kh th f'k{kk es a lkoZHkkSfed
ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds izcy leFkZd gS aA xk¡/kh th ds gj {ks= dh dk;Ziz.kkyh muds
thou&n'kZu dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA thou&n'kZu ds :i es a os lR; ds vuwBs
iqtkjh FksA mUgksaus bZ'oj dks lnSo ,d lr~ dh lÙkk ds :i es a Lohdkj fd;kA
mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lr~ dk vfHkizk; vfLrRo Hkh gSA vr,o lR; ds fcuk fdlh
oLrq dk vfLrRo laHko ugha gSA muds }kjk dfYir ^lR;kxzg* dk rkRi;Z Fkk &
thou dh izR;sd ifjfLFkfr es a O;fDr lR; dh fn'kk es a fy;s x;s fu.kZ; ij vfMx
jg ldsA tks O;fDr lR; ij vfMx jgrk gS og thou es a lQyrk dh vksj mUeq[k
gksrk gS] ,slk xk¡/kh th dk izcy fo'okl FkkA
xk¡/kh th dk mijksDr thou&n'kZu muds 'kSf{kd fparu es a Hkh Li"V :i ls
ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA f'k{kk vkSj lR; ds lEcU/k ij fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, xk¡/kh th
us dgk ^^lPph f'k{kk og gS tks vkRek] bZ'oj vkSj lR; dks tkuus es a gekjh lgk;rk
djs** ¼xka/kh] eks0d0] gfjtu] 8 ebZ 1937½
/keZ dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS /kkj.k djukA /keZ ,d izdkj ls uSfrd lafgrk ,oa
mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ thou thus dk

ekufld vfHko`fÙk gS ftles a izse] d:.kk] ,drk] lgu'khyrk] varj fuHkZjrk vkSj
ijekFkZ fu"Bk vkfn ewY; lekfgr ga SA
xk¡/kh th ds lEiw.kZ fpUru es a 'kkafr ,oa vfgalk dsUnz fcUnq gSA lalkj es a
'kkafr ds l`tu es a f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk ls xka/kh th Hkfy&Hkkafr ifjfpr Fks] vr% mUgksaus
vius 'kSf{kd fpUru es a bl izdkj dh f'k{kk dh odkyr dh ftlls lekt es a 'kkafr
dk l`tu fd;k tk ldsA blhfy, mUgksaus dgk fd&^^;fn ge fo'o es a okLrfod
'kkafr dh f'k{kk nsuk pkgrs gS a rks gesa bldh 'kq:vkr cPpks a ls djuh gksxhA gekjs
cPps vxj vius lgt Hkksys&Hkkys :i es a cM+s gks ldsa rks u gesa la?k"kZ djuk iM+sxk
vkSj u O;FkZ ds izLrko ikl djus iM+saxsA rc ge ,d izse ls nwljs izse vkSj ,d 'kkafr
ls nwljh 'kkafr rd c

izdkj ds 'kks"k.k ls eqDr gksxk rFkk bldh izkfIr f'k{kk }kjk gksxhA
4- fu"d"kZ &
dksbZ Hkh n'kZu rFkk mldk iz.ksrk blfy, egku gksrk gS fd tc lekt ;k
jk"Vª ds lkeus dksbZ ladV mifLFkr gksrk gS rc ml n'kZu ds vkyksd es a ladV ls
mcjus dk ekxZ iz'kLr gksrk gSA vkt ns'k es a ekuorkoknh ewY;ksa ds fy, ,d cM+k
[krjk mRiUu gks x;k gSA lekt esa pkjks vksj fgalk] v'kkafr] Hkz"Vkpkj] LokFkZ vkfn
dk cksyckyk gSA vkt izR;sd O;fDr ;su&dsu&izdkjs.k viuh HkkSfrd izxfr pkgrk
gS vkSj blds fy, vuSfrd rFkk lekt fojks/kh xfrfof/k;ks a ls Hkh ijgst ugha djuk
pkgrkA HkkSfrd fodkl rFkk LokFkZiwfrZ dh bl vkik/kkih ,oa tn~nkstgn es a ekuoh;
ewY; ihNs NwVrs pys tk jgs gS aA
bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fucVus es a xk¡/kh th dk n'kZu ,oa mudk f'k{kk&n'kZu
dkQh izsjd izrhr gksrk gS] D;ks afd muds 'kSf{kd fparu es a ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k
ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA xk¡/kh th ds 'kSf{kd fparu ds lexz foospu ,oa fo'ys"k.k ls ;g
Li"V gksrk gS fd muds 'kSf{kd fparu es a ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk dks dsUnzh; egRo
,oa LFkku iznku fd;k x;k gSA czãp;Z] vkRe&laLdkj] uSfrdrk] pfj=&fuekZ.k]
ekuo&lsok] 'kkafr] vkilh izse] vfgalk mudh 'kSf{kd ;kstuk ds y{; ,oa mn~ns';
gSaA
xk¡/kh th ds n'kZu ds lEcU/k es a vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, MkW0
jk/kkÑ".ku us Bhd gh fy[kk gS&vius thou ,oa mins'k }kjk mUgksaus ewY;ksa dk ,slk
izHkko j[kk ftldks ;g ns'k ;qxksa ls ekurk jgk gSA ,sls ewY; tks dsoy jk"Vªh; ;k
vUrjjk"Vªh; ugha] oju lkoZHkkSfed ,oa 'kk'or ga SA
fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk ds ifjizs{; es a
xk¡/kh th dk 'kSf{kd fparu mikns; ,oa lkFkZd gSA xk¡/kh th ds 'kSf{kd fparu dks
viukdj lewph ekuork dks ewY;&gzkl ds vklUu ladV ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA
****
ewY;foe'kZ 15

Hkkjr dh leL;k;sa % Lokeh foosdkuUn dk fo”ys’k.k
la/;k f=ikBh*
lEiw.kZ fo”o es a Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk vf}rh; LFkku gSA tc ;g ns”k lfn;ksa
ds jktuhfrd nklrk rFkk xfrghurk ds Ik”pkr~ Lok/khu gqvk rc lEiw.kZ ns”k
g’kksZUekn ls Hkj x;kA ;g oLrqr% jk’Vªh; g’kZ dk volj Fkk ftlds ihNs R;kx vkSj
lsok dh fnO; izo`fÙk;ka fufgr FkhA ysfdu vkt Lok/khurk ds brus o’kksZa ds Ik”pkr~
Hkh gekjk ns”k cM+s laØkfUr ds nkSj es a py jgk gSA bldk dkj.k ;gh gS fd ukuk
izdkj dh udkjkRed] LokFkZiw.kZ ,oa fo[k.MukRed izo`fÙk;ka lEiw.kZ tuthou es a
O;kIr gks x;ha gSA orZeku le; es a tc ge viuh miyfC/k;ks a dk flagkoyksdu djrs
gS a rks ikrs gS a fd geus foKku] Ñf’k] vfHk;a=.kk es a izxfr dj yh gS ysfdu gesa fgalk]
ewY;ghurk] Hkz’Vkpkj] vf”k{kk] ukjh dh leL;k] vke turk dh mis{kk] vkyL;]
laxBu dk vHkko vkfn vusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA bu
leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, Lokeh foosdkuUn ds fpUru ij n`f’V Mkyus dh
vko”;drk gSA mUgksaus lEiw.kZ Hkkjro’kZ dk Hkze.k djds mlds ckjs es a izR;{k Kku
izkIr fd;k ,oa mldh leL;kvksa ls voxr gq,A mUgksaus Hkkjr ds Hkwrdky dk]
orZeku dk] rFkk Hkfo’; dk rFkk ns”k dh voufr ds dkj.kksa ij euu fd;k rFkk
mu lk/kuksa ij fopkj fd;k ftlls ns”k dk iqu% mRFkku gks ldkA mudk ekuuk Fkk
fd lalkj tSls&tSls vkxs ccw> vkSj vUrZn`f’V ls Hkfo’;ok.kh dh fd
^^fo”o czãk.M dk ,d ijek.kq lkjs lalkj dks vius lkFk fcuk ?klhVs fry Hkj Hkh
fgy ugha ldrkA tc rd lkjs lalkj dks lkFk lkFk mUufr ds iFk ij vkxs ugha
c

ns”k izxfr dh vksj mUeq[k ugha gks ik jgk gSaaA Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkkjr dh ftu
leL;kvksa dks crk;k gS muesa dqN izeq[k fuEuor~ gS&
/keZ esa foÑfr &
Lokeh foosdkuUn us crk;k fd /keZ gekjs jk’Vª dk es:n.M gSA bl /keZ dh
mis{kk ds dkj.k gh Hkkjro’kZ dh voufr gqbZA orZeku le; es a Hkh ;fn ge mRFkku
ds lksiku ij vk:

vke turk dh mis{kk
orZeku le; es a turk dh mis{kk Hkh Hkkjr dh ,d leL;k gSA Lokeh
foosdkuUn us Hkkjr dh leL;kvksa es a vke turk dh mis{kk dks izeq[k leL;k ekuk
FkkA ;g Hkh gekjs iru dk ,d dkj.k FkkA budh orZeku voLFkk Hkh vPNh ugha gSA
xjhch egkekjh us mUgsa tdM+ j[kk gSA ;s dfBu ifjJe djrs gSa ysfdu bUgsa rFkk
buds ifjokj ds fy, lq[k lqfo/kk;s arks nwj] bues a thou dh izlUurk ds dksbZ y{k.k
fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs gS aA ;s yksx brus mRihfM+r gS a fd bUgksaus viuk iwjk vkRefo”okl
[kks fn;k gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn dgrs gS a fd Øwj lekt }kjk mu ij izfrfnu vk?kkr
fd;s tk jgs gSa ftlds dkj.k izfrfnu os Mwcrs tk jgs gS a vkSj os Hkwy x;s gSa fd os
Hkh euq’; gS aA bu lcdk ifj.kke gqvk&nklrkA bl nklrk dks nwj djus ds fy,
dkQh iz;kl fd;s x;s ysfdu vkt Hkh tu lk/kkj.k es a NwvkNwr] mPp rFkk fuEu
tkfr;ksa ds chp Hksn rFkk vLi`”; dgs tkus okys gekjs HkkbZ;ksa ds izfr vR;kpkj
vkfn jksx tM+ tek;s cSBs gS aA blds vfrfjDr vke turk ds thou dh xq.koÙkk dh
Hkkjh mis{kk dh x;h gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn dk Li’V “kCnks a es a dguk gS fd jktuhfr
ds }kjk bl leL;k dk lek/kku ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ks afd yksd lHkk ;k
fo/kkulHkkvksa es a dkuwu cukdj tuekul dks ugha cnyk tk ldrk gS cfYd bu
leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, gekjs lekt es a vkewy pwy ifjorZu dh vko”;drk
gSA mUgksaus crk;k fd gekjs lekt dks gekjs /keZ ds leku loZxzkgh cuuk gksxkA
tu lk/kkj.k dks ftl izFke lR; dh vko”;drk gS og gS ekuo ek= dh
vk/;kfRed ,drkA mudk dguk gS fd izR;sd tho vO;Dr czã gS vr% izR;sd
euq’; ds Hkhrj ân; es a bZ”oj fojkteku gSA bl n`f’V ls lHkh euq’; leku gSA blh
rF; dks /;ku es a j[kdj lcds mRFkku dk iz;kl djuk gksxkA lEiw.kZ lekt es a izse]
euq’; dh fnO;rk] ,oa ,dkRedrk ds fl)kUr dks QSykuk gksxkA Lokeh foosdkuUn
dgrs gS a fd ^^loZizFke fL=;ks a dk orZeku n”kk ls m)kj djuk gksxkA vke turk
dks txkuk gksxk rHkh rks Hkkjro’kZ dk dY;k.k gksxkA** 3
efgykvksa dh leL;k;sa &
Hkkjr es a efgykvksa dks izkphu le; ls gh mPp LFkku fn;k x;k gSA ukjh
fodkl dk ewy lzksr lEiw.kZ O;fDrRo dh xHkZ/kkfj.kh ,oa fo”o dh iz.ksrk vkSj
izk.knk=h jgh gSA oSfnd dky rd mudh fLFkfr lEekutud jgh ysfdu Øe”k%
mudh fLFkfr fcxM+rh xbZA mUuhloha “krkCnh es a mudh fLFkfr dks lrh izFkk] cky
fookg] vf”k{kk] ySafxd vlkeurk ,oa HksnHkko tSlh dqjhfr;ksa us vkSj Hkh [kjkc cuk
fn;kA Lokeh foosdkuUn us inkZizFkk dh vkykspuk dh rFkk cky fookg dk fojks/k
ewY;foe'kZ 18

djrs gq, dgk fd ^^cky fookg ls vlkef;d lUrkuksRifÙk gksrh gS vkSj de mez es a
lUrku /kkj.k djus ds dkj.k gekjh fL=;ka detksj gksrh gS a vkSj mudh nqcZy
lUrku ns”k es a fHk[kkfj;ksa dh la[;k ck tkrk gS] ;g le>uk dfBu gS\ ij czã
rÙo es a fyax Hksn ugha gSA** 5 bl izdkj mUgksaus fL=;ks a dh lHkh leL;kvksa dks nwj
djus ds fy, mfpr f”k{kk ij cy fn;kA mudk er Fkk fd mudh leL;k;s a Hkys
gh cgqr xEHkhj gS a ysfdu muesa ,slh dksbZ leL;k ugha gS tks mfpr f”k{kk ls gy
ugha dh tk ldrhA
f”k{kk dh leL;k &
Lokeh foosdkuUn us izR;sd fo’k; ds mRFkku ds fy, f”k{kk dks cgqr egÙo
fn;k gS] ysfdu orZeku fLFkfr ;g gS fd yksxksa dks mfpr f”k{kk ugha fey ik jgh
gSA mfpr f”k{kk ds vHkko rFkk fuj{kjrk us jk’Vª dh izxfr dks vo:) dj fn;k
gSA bls nwj djus ds fy, dkQh iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj bl {ks= es a dqN izxfr
vo”; gqbZ gS ysfdu vHkh Hkh ;g leL;k cuh gqbZ gSA bl ifjizs{; es a Lokeh
foosdkuUn dk dguk gS fd gekjh f”k{kk O;oLFkk nks’kiw.kZ gSA muds erkuqlkj ^^tks
f”k{kk rqe vHkh ik jgs gks mlesa cgqr dqN vPNk va”k Hkh gS] ijUrq mlesa cqjkb;ka
cgqr vf/kd gS aA ;s cqjkb;k¡ mlds Hkys va”k dks nck nsrh gSA lcls igyh ckr rks
;g gS fd f”k{kk euq’; cukus okyh dgh ugha a tk ldrhA ;g f”k{kk iw.kZr%
fu’ks/kkRed gSA** 6 vr% bldk tSlk ifj.kke gksuk pkfg, oSlk gh gqvkA fiNys 62
o’kks Za ls nh tkus okyh bl f”k{kk us ,d Hkh ekSfyd fopkjksa okys O;fDr dks iSnk ugha
fd;kA cpiu ls gekjh f”k{kk ,slh gksrh gS fd mlesa fu’ks/k rFkk udkjkRedrk dk
gh izkcY; jgrk gSA ns”k es a f”k{kk “kkL=h gekjs cPpksa dks dsoy rksrk cuk jgs gS a vkSj
jVk jVkdj muds efLr’d es a dbZ fo’k; Bwlrs tk jgs gS aA Lokeh foosdkuUn dgrs gS a
fd ^^okg xz stq,V cuus ds fy, D;k nkSM+/kwi** D;k vgfedk yxh gS a vkSj dqN fnu ckn
fQj BaMh iM+ tkrh gS vkSj vkf[kj es a os D;k lh[krs gS a\ cl ;gh fd gekjk /keZ fopkj
vkSj jhfrfjokt lc [kjkc gSA bl izdkj ds fopkjksa ls ge vius yM+dksa dks detksj
dj jgs gS aaA** 7 mudk ekuuk gS fd ge fons”kh Hkk’kk es a nwljs ds fopkjksa dks jVdj
,oa vius efLr’d es a Bwldj vkSj fo”ofo|ky;ksa dh dqN info;ka izkIr djds vius
dks f”kf{kr le>rs gS aA mUgksaus iz”u fd;k fd D;k gekjh f”k{kk dk ;gh mn~ns”;
gksuk pkfg,A mudk er Fkk fd ^^ftl f”k{kk }kjk ge viuk thou x

Lokeh foosdkuUn dk er gS fd mPp f”k{kk dk mn~ns”; ;gh gksuk pkfg, fd ge
ekuo thou ds mn~ns”; dks le> ldsa] ,oa thou dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>k ldsaA** 8
laxBu “kfDr dk vHkko] bZ’;kZ o vkyL;&
Lokeh foosdkuUn dk ekuuk gS fd gekjs ns”k ds yksxksa es a laxBu “kfDr dk
vHkko] n`f’V ,oaa dk;Z{ks= dh ladh.kZrk] vkyL;] LokFkZ ,oa bZ’;kZ dh Hkkouk iw.kZ :Ik
ls fo|eku gSA ;g Hkh ,d cM+h leL;k gSA muds erkuqlkj] ^^ckrsa] ckrsa] ckrsaA ;gka
bldh deh ugha gSA ge cM+s gS a] ge cM+s gS aA lc FkksFkh cdokl gSA geyksx tM+ cqf)
gS a] vkSj ;gh rks gSA blh lUnHkZ es a os dgrs gS a fd rksrs ds leku ckrsa djuk gekjk
vH;kl gks x;k gS&vkpj.k es a ge cgqr gh fiNM+s gq, gS a bldk dkj.k D;k gS\ nqcZy
efLr’d dqN ugha dj ldrk gS gesa bldks cyoku cukuk gksxkA** 9 Lokeh foosdkuUn
us gesa crk;k fd gekjs ns”k es a feytqy dj dk;Z djus ds fy, dksbZ rS;kj ugh gS
D;ksafd gekjk n`f’Vdks.k vR;Ur ladqfpr gks x;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd “Organisation
ds fy, lcls igys Obedience ¼vkKkikyu½ dh vko”;drk gS] bPNk gqbZ rks dqN
fd;k vU;Fkk pqipki] bl rjg ls dksbZ egku dk;Z ugha gksrk gSA** 10 vr% bu
leL;kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, gesa vius HkkbZ;ksa ls esy&tksy cuk;s j[kuk pkfg,A
os dgrs gS a fd ,deu gks tkuk gh lekt dk jgL; gSA
vr% bu leL;kvks a dk fo”ys’k.k djus ij ;g rF; mHkjdj gekjs lkeus
mifLFkr gksrk gS fd orZeku le; es a jk’Vª es a vusd leL;k;sa fo|eku ga SA tkfr] /keZ]
oxZ] lkEiznkf;drk vkfn ds dkj.k lEiw.kZ ns”k foHkkftr gks x;kA ;s Hkkouk;sa jk’Vªh;
,drk dks {kfr igq¡pk jgh gS aA gekjk ns”k pkjksa vksj “k=qvksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA ns”k dh
lhek;sa vkØkUr gSA fons”kh “kfDr;ka ns”k es a vkUrfjd ladV iSnk djus ds fy,
lps’V gSA ns”k esa vjktdrk fgalk vkSj vO;oLFkk QSykus okys rÙo Hkh lfØ; gS aA
nwljh vksj gekjs ns”koklh Hkh O;fDxr LokFkZ ,oa bZ’;kZ] in fyIlk] O;fDrxr ykHk]
,oa vgadkj ls xzLr gS aA ns”kkfHkeku ls O;fDrxr vfHkeku vf/kd izHkkoh gks jgk gSA
/kkfeZd thou Hkh Øe”k% gkl dh vksj gSA okLro es a ge jk’Vª dh leL;kvksa dks
tkuus ,oa muds lek/kku ds fy, Lokeh foosdkuUn ds fopkjksa dk eaFku djsa vkSj
muds fopkjksa dks vkRelkr~ djsa rHkh gekjk jk’Vª mUufr dh vksj vxzlj gks ldsxkA
lUnHkZ %&
1- foosdkuUn lkfgR; [k.M&5] v}Sr vkJe dksydkrk] 2004] i`0&163
2- ogh] i`0&263
ewY;foe'kZ 20

3- foosdkuUn lkfgR; [k.M&6] v}Sr vkJe] dksydkrk] 1963] i`0&37
4- Lokeh foosdkuUn] ^Hkkjrh; ukjh*] jkeÑ’.k eB] ukxiqj] 2008] i`0&23
5- foosdkuUn lkfgR;] [k.M&6] v}Sr vkJe] dksydkrk] 2001] i`0&185
6- Lokeh foosdkuUn] ^Hkkjr vkSj mldh leL;k;sa*] jkeÑ’.k eB] ukxiqj]
2003] i`0&39&40
7- foosdkuUn lkfgR; [k.M& v’Ve] v}Sr vkJe] dksydkrk] 2001]
i`0&229&230
8- foosdkuUn lkfgR; [k.M&5] v}Sr vkJe] dksydkrk] 2004] i`0&195
9- ogh] i`0&137
10- foosdkuUn lkfgR; [k.M] v}Sr vkJe] dksydkrk] 2005] i`0&311
****
ewY;foe'kZ 21

ewY; % ,d vo/kkj.kkRed vuq”khyu “kf”k”ks[kj*
orZeku ;qx es a ^ewY;* “kCn ,d vR;Ur izpfyr “kCn cu x;k gSA euq’; ds
}kjk thou es a fd;s tkus okys fofHkUu izdkj ds jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk
uSfrd O;ogkjksa ds Lrj dks fu:fir djus ds fy, ewY; “kCn dk cgqrk;r ls iz;ksx
fd;k tk jgk gS( fdUrq] ;fn ewY; in ds vFkZ dks tkuus ds fy, lekt”kkL= ,oa
n”kZu”kkL= vkfn dk voyksdu fd;k tk; rks uSjk”; ds vfrfjDr vkSj dqN gkFk
ugha yxrkA ;|fi euq’; ds vkpj.k dk leqfpr v/;;u izLrqr djus okys bu
“kkL=ks a eas ewY; “kCn dk iz;ksx rks ckjEckj n`f’Vxkspj gksrk gS rFkkfi bues a bl “kCn
dk Li’V vFkZ izkIr ugha gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd tc dHkh gesa ewY; in dk iz;ksx
ns[kus dks feyrk gS rks ge vius vkUrfjd vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij mldk vFkZ le>us
dk iz;kl djrs gSaA
oLrqr% ewY; “kCn ds vFkZ dks le>us ds fy, euq’; ds lh[kus dh izfØ;k
ij n`f’Vikr djuk vko”;d gSA lh[kuk] ekuo thou es a lrr~ pyus okyh izfØ;k
gSA euq’; tUe ls ysdj e`R;qi;ZUr vius vFkok nwljks a ds fofo/k dk;Z&dykiksa ls
fofo/k vuqHkoks a dks izkIr djds] efLr’d es a mudk lap;u djrk jgrk gSA lh[kus dh
bl izfØ;k es a tSls&tSls og vius vuqHkoksa ds Hk.Mkj es a vfHko`f) djrk gS] oSls&oSls
mlds vUnj ifjiDork vkrh tkrh gSA mlds }kjk lafpr vuqHko mlds O;ogkj dks
funsZf”kr djrs gS aA ekuo&thou dks fn”kk iznku djus okys bu funsZ”kuksa dks ^ewY;*
in ls vfHkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA nwljs “kCnks a es ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ewY;]
ekuo ds }kjk vius vuqHko&Hk.Mkj ds vk/kkj ij fuf”pr fd;k x;k fdlh oLrq
vFkok fLFkfr dk og xq.k gS] tks lekykspuk ,oa ojh;rk dks izdV djrk gSA ;g ,d
vkn”kZ bPNk gS ftldh iwfrZ ds fy, euq’; vktUe iz;kljr jgrk gSA
;fn ewY; “kCn ds “kkfCnd vFkZ dh vkSj n`f’Vikr fd;k tk; rks ewY;
¼Value½ “kCn ySfVu Hkk’kk ds Valere ¼oSfy;j½ “kCn ls cuk gSA 1 vaxzth Hkk’kk ds
“kCndks”k ds vuqlkj Valere “kCn dk vFkZ gS&Ability, Utility, Importance fgUnh es
“kCnksa dk vFkZ Øe”k% ;ksX;rk] mi;ksfxrk ,oa egÙo gksxkA bl izdkj “kkfCnd
vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ewY; fdlh O;fDr vFkok oLrq dk og xq.k gS
ftlds vk/kkj ij mldk egÙo] lEeku vFkok mi;ksx le>k tkrk gSA
O;ogkfjd n`f’Vdks.k ls euq’; ds dk;ks a Z dks mfpr ,oa vuqfpr nks Hkkxksaa esa
foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ og dk;Z tks djus ;ksX; gS] mfpr gS rFkk tks
vdj.kh; gS og vuqfpr gSA mfpr vFkok dj.kh; ds bl fu/kkZj.k es a O;fDr ds
*izoDrk ¼laLÑr½] loksZn; b.Vj dkyst] jkexat] QStkckn] mÙkj izns”k
a bu
ewY;foe'kZ 22

O;fDrxr fgrks a dks /;ku es a u j[kdj lekt ds fgrksa dks /;ku es a j[kuk pkfg,A bl
izdkj euq’; ds fy, dj.kh; vFkok mfpr dk;Z ls rkRi;Z mud dk;ks Za ls gS tks
yksdfgr dks lEiUu djsaA
oLrqr% ewY; fdlh Hkh lekt ds }kjk LohÑr os lkekftd ekun.M] y{;
vFkok vkn”kZ gS a] ftuds vk/kkj ij fdlh O;fDr ds dk;Z dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk
gSA bl izdkj ewY; ls rkRi;Z O;fDr dh mu voLFkkvksa vFkok Hkkoukvksa ls gS ftldks
og vius thou es a vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ LFkku iznku djrk gS] ftls vius thou es a
mrkjus ds fy, og lrr~ iz;Ru”khy jgrk gS rFkk ftlds fy, og vius LokFkksZa dks
Hkh cfyosnh ij p

4- ewY; fo”okl rFkk vkpj.k ds vkH;UrjhÑr izfrekuks a ds :i es a
oS;fDrd ;k lkewfgd p;u ds ekud gSaA
5- tkWulu us ewY; dks ,d /kkj.kk ;k ekud ds :i es a ifjHkkf’kr fd;k
gSA ;s lkaLÑfrd gks ldrs gS a ;k dsoy O;fDrxrA buds }kjk phtks a
dh ,d&nwljs ls rqyuk dh tkrh gS vkSj ,d&nwljs dh rqyuk es a
mfpr&vuqfpr] vPNk ;k cqjk] Bhd ;k xyr ekuk tkrk gSA4 6- ewY; egÙo ds ckjs es a fu.kZ; ds ekun.M rFkk fu;e gS aA ;s os ekun.M
gksrs gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij ge oLrqvks a] fopkjks a] fØ;kvks a rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ds vPNk] egÙoiw.kZ ,oa okaNuh; gksus vFkok [kjkc] egÙoghu ,oa
frjLdj.kh; gksus ds fo’k; es a fu.kZ; djrs gSaA
7- Fkkel ,oa tsusfudh ds vuqlkj&^ewY; og y{; gS] ftldh vUroZLrq
rFkk vFkZ rd ,d lkekftd lewg ds lnL; igq¡p ldrs gS aA* 5
ewY;ksa dk oxhZdj.k&
ewY;ksa ds fo’k; es mijksDr vuq”khyu ls ;g gLrkeydor~ Li’V gS fd ewY;
ekuo ds O;ogkj ds fy, izsj.kk&lzksr ,oa funsZ”kd rÙo gS aA ;s os ekud :ih ekun.M
gS a] tks euq’; dks vius fØ;k&fodYiks a ds p;u djrs le; Li’V :i ls izHkkfor
djrs gS aA lekt vFkok euq’; ds }kjk fofHkUu rdks aZ ds vk/kkj ij ewY;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k
fd;k tkrk gS] ;s mldh Hkkoukvksa ls tqMs gksrs gS a rFkk mlds xfrfof/k;kasa ds funsZ”kd
gksrs gSaA blhfy, dgk tkrk gS fd rdks Za ds fcuk ewY; vU/ks gksrs gS a] fcuk Hkkoukvks a
ds os v”kDr gksrs gS a rFkk fcuk dk;ks Za ds os [kkyh gksrs gS aA fofHkUu fo}kuksa ,oa fpUrdks a
us ns”k] dky ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ks a ds vk/kkj ij fofo/k ewY;ks a dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k gS rFkk
mUgsa oxhZÑr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vesfjdh “kSf{kd uhfr vk;ksx ¼1951½ ds }kjk
“kSf{kd laLFkkvks a ds fy, fu/kkZfjr ewY; Fks&ekuo&O;fDrRo ds izfr vknj] O;fDr dh
uSfrd ftEesnkjh] laLFkkvks a dk O;fDr ds v/khu gksuk] lkekU; lgefr] lR;fu’Bk]
lekurk] Hkzkr`Ro] vkuUn dh [kkst] vk/;fRed lao/kZu ,oa Js’Brk ds izfr vknj dh
HkkoukA6 blh izdkj] jk’Vªh; “kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf”k{k.k ifj’kn~ ¼,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0½
us f”k{kk es a lkekftd] uSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa ij vius ,d nLrkost esa frjklh
ewY;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA7 izkFkfed ,oa ek/;fed f”k{kk funs”kky;] jktLFkku us ns”k ds izfr lefiZr
ukxfjdks a ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ikB~;&iqLrdks a ,oa “kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa eas ftu thou&ewY;ks a
ds izfrfcfEcr gksus dh vko”;drk dk izfriknu fd;k Fkk os gS a& lPPkkbZ] lg;ksx]
lkgl] ijksidkj] ns”kHkfDr] bZekunkjh] fo”ocU/kqÙo] fouezrk] vfgalk] lgkuqHkwfr] iz se]
ewY;foe'kZ 24

n`

lkekftd ewY;%&
euq’; vkSj lekt es a vU;ksU;kJ; lEcU/k gSA euq’; ds fcuk lekt dk
fuekZ.k lEHko ugha gS vkSj lkFk gh ,d lqO;ofLFkr lekt ds fcuk euq’; dk fodkl
Hkh lEHko ugha gSA lkekftd O;oLFkk dks lqpk: cuk;s j[kus ds fy, lekt ds
lEifÙk dh j{kk] ikjLifjd lg;ksx] lkekftd ifjos”k es a lq/kkj vkfn ewY;ks a dk
ikyu djuk vR;Ur vko”;d gSA
lkaLÑfrd ewY;%&
izR;sd lekt vFkok jk’Vª dh viuh ,d lkaLÑfrd fojklr gksrh gSA ,d
ftEesnkj ukxfjd ls lnSo ;g vis{kk gksrh gS fd og xhr] u`R;] laxhr] ok|dyk]
ukVd] yfyrdyk ,oa LFkkiR;dyk vkfn ds {ks= es vius laLÑfr ds /kjksgjksa dk
ifjp; izkIr djs] mu ij xoZ dh Hkkouk j[ks rFkk mUgs ges a”kk v{kq..k cuk;s j[kus
dk iz;kl djsaA
uSfrd ewY;%&
uSfrd “kCn uhfr ls cuk gSA uhfr dk vFkZ gS ^vkxs ys tkuk* vFkok ^izkIr
djkuk*] vFkkZr~] ftl LoLFk ,oa larqfyr iFk ij pydj euq’; lqxerkiwoZd vius
thou ds pje y{;ks a dks izkIr dj lds ogh uhfr gSA uhfr ds ewY; gh uSfrd ewY;
gS aA nwljs “kCnks a es ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ftu vkpkjksa ds }kjk O;fDr ,oa lekt
vius izxfr ds y{; dks lesfdr :i ls izkIr dj ldrs gS a mu vkpkjksa dks O;ogkj
es a izfrf’Br djuk gh uSfrd ewY; dgykrs gSaA
dkykUrj esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk vfHkizk; izk;% pkfjf=d ewY;ksa ls fd;k tkus
yxk] ftuesa O;fDr ds oS;fDrd thou ds ewY; lfUufgr gS aA Hkkjr tSls /keZizk.k ns”k
es a “kkL=dkjks a us ix&ix ij uSfrd ewY;ksa dk u dsoy izfriknu fd;k gS cfYd]
muds ikyu ds fy, Hkh fofo/k izdkj ls izsfjr fd;k gSA11 bu ewY;ksa ea s /kS;Z] {kek]
bfUnz;ksa dk neu] pksjh u djuk] lR; cksyuk] Øks/k u djuk] fouezrk] n`

vkRekuqHkwfr dh vokfIr es a tks xq.k vFkok rÙo lgk;d gksrs gS a] muds izfr vkLFkk dh
Hkkouk gh vk/;kfRed ewY; dk rkRi;kZFkZ gSA bu ewY;ksa es a izeq[k gS a%&nwljksa ds izfr izse
,oa fgrlk/ku dh Hkkouk] lsok&Hkko] eulk] okpk ,oa deZ.kk fgalk dk ifjR;kx ,oa
ijes”oj ds izfr xgu vkLFkk j[kukA
jk’Vªh; ewY;%&
fdlh Hkh jk’Vª ds fuekZ.k ds fy, Hkwfe vkSj ml ij fuokl djus okys tu
dh gh vko”;drk ugha gksrh gS] oju~ ,d l”kDr jk’Vªh; Hkkouk dh Hkh mruh gh
njdkj gksrh gSA tc tu ds vUnj ;g Hkko l”kDr :i esa tkx`r gksrk gS fd ^ekrk
Hkwfe% iq=ks·ge~ i`fFkO;k%* 13 ¼;g Hkwfe esjh ekrk gS rFkk eS a bl Hkwfe dk iq= gw¡½ rc ,d
jk’Vª dk mn~Hko gksrk gSA jk’Vª ds fgr&fpUru dh Hkkouk] ukxfjdksa es a ijLij ,drk
,oa leUo; dh Hkkouk] jk’Vª ds fy, fut LokFkks Za dk cfynku djuk vkfn jk’Vªh;
ewY; fdlh Hkh jk’Vª dks lcy ,oa le`) cukus es a lgk;d gksrs gSaA
oLrqr% ewY; ekuork ds vyadkjHkwr rÙo gS aA bu ewY;ks a dh vo/kkj.kk ,oa
oxhZdj.k ds fo’k; es a fo}kukas es a ;|fi fdf¥~pr ikjLifjd foHksn gS rFkkfi ;g ,d
lqfuf”pr rF; gS fd ;s ewY; xU/kh ds xU/k ds leku gS a tks ekuo lH;rk dks ges”kk
ls lqokflr djrs vk;s gS aA fdlh Hkh O;fDr] lekt vFkok jk’Vª ds mRFkku es a bu
ewY;ksa dk ;ksxnku vewY; gksrk gSA
lUnHkZ ladsr %
1- vkDlQksMZ vaxz sth&fgUnh “kCndks”k] i`0&1115
2- eksgu] “kSf{kd euksfoKku ¼1993½
3- fodkl ,oa vf/kxe dk euksfoKku] b0xk0jk0eq0fo0fo0] i`0&35
4- pkS/kjh] txnh”k- f”k{kk”kkL=] vo/k izdk”ku] i`0&145
5- ogh] i`0&146
6- State School Administration, Harper & Brother, New York, P. 46
7- N.C.E.R.T., A Series for Teachers, Publication No.-3, P. 35-36
8- izkFkfed ek/;fed f”k{kk funs”kky;] uSfrd f”k{kk mikxe] chdkusj] jktLFkku]i`0&46
9- pkS/kjh] txnh”k] f”k{kk”kkL=] vo/k izdk”ku] i`0&146
10- fodkl ,oa vf/kxe dk euksfoKku] b0xk0jk0eq0fo0fo0] i`0&37
11- ne% {kek /k`frLrst -------------------------------------------- psfr lq[kkogk%A egkHkkjr ¼Hkh’eioZ½
12- loZy{k.kghuks·fi ------------------------------------------------- “kra o’kkZf.k thofrA euqLe`frA
13- i`Foh lwDr] vFkoZosn] “kkSud lafgrk] 12oka lwDr A
****
ewY;foe'kZ 27

vuqiz;ksxkRed ewY;
izrki fuHkZ; flag*
orZeku Hkkjrh; lekt laØe.k ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk gSA ,d vksj izfrfnu
ds lekpkj&i=ks a] ehfM;k dh fjiksVksZ ls Hkkjrh; lekt es a cuk gS rks ewY; dh vo/kkj.kk ls ckgj vkdj mls thou esa
/kkj.k djuk tkuuk pkfg,A mls thou es a Lohdkj dj izR;{k :i es a mldh
izk.k&izfr’Bk djuh pkfg,A euq’; ds thou :ih efUnj es a thou T;ksfr :ih ije
ewY; ,oa thou dks uSfrd :i ls mUur djus okys lk/ku ewY;ks a dh izk.k&izfr’Bk
djus dk nkf;Ro f”k{kk iz.kkyh dk gSA f”k{kk ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa es a ge lkekftd ewY;ksa]
vkfFkZd ewY;ks a] jk’Vªh; ewY;ks a] jktuSfrd ewY;ks a ,oa ekuoh; ewY;ks a dk iks’k.k gh rks
djrs gS aA ;g nqHkkZX; gh dgk tk;sxk fd ftl Hkkjro’kZ us ,dnk fo”oxq#in dks
/kkj.k dj lEiw.kZ fo”o dk ekxZn”kZu fd;k] vkt mlh Hkwfe dh larfr fo”o ds le{k
;kpd dh Hkwfedk es a fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA gekjk ;qok] gekjs jktusrk] gekjk lekt rU=
ekuks Lo;a dks nhu&ghu ekudj ik”pkR; ewY;ks a dks] tks vkfFkZd i`’BHkwfe vFkok Hkksx
foykl;qDr thou”kSyh dk izfrosnu djrs gS a] dh vksj vkÑ’V gS aA Hkkjrh; thou
ewY;ksa dh vis{kk ik”pkR; thou ewY;ks a dh pdkpkS a/k mUgsa viuk vU/kkuqdj.k djus
dks vkdf’kZr djrh gSA
bldk nks’k gekjs f”k{kk rU= es a gSA ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k esa nh tkus okyh
vukSipkfjd f”k{kk ,oa fo|ky;ksa es a nh tkus okyh vkSipkfjd f”k{kk nksuksa es a ewY;ks a ds
*vfllVs.V izksQslj] oh0,l0bULVhV~;wV vkWQ VsDuksykWth ,.M eSustes.V] xkft;kckn]m0iz0
ewY;foe'kZ 28

izfr mnklhurk dk nq’ifj.kke ge fofHkUu lkekftd nq’izofŸk;ks a ,oa Hkz’V vkpj.k ds
:i es a ns[k jgs gS aA jk’Vª ,oa lekt ds fpUru ls ijs gekjs rFkkdfFkr laHkzkUr ;qok
Dyc laLÑfr ds uonwr cuus es a xkSjo vuqHko djrs gS aA fons”kh czk¡Mks a dh oLrqvks a ,oa
oL=ks a dk mi;ksx muesa jk’Vªh; LokfHkeku ds izfr laosnuk ds vHkko dh iqf’V djrk
gSA jk’Vªh; egkiq#’kks a ds izfr vYiKku rFkk fons”kh pfj=ksa] tks dnkfpr pfj=oku
Hkh u gks a] ds izfr vkd’kZ.k gekjs ;qok rks ;qok] ofj’B jktuhfrKks a ,oa rFkkdfFkr
lekt ds dqyhu dgs tkus okys izcq) oxksZ es a Hkh feyrk gSA
orZeku es a mŸkj izns”k rduhdh fo”ofo|ky; ds ^ekuoh; ewY; ,oa O;olkf;d
vkpkj”kkL=* ikB~;Øe dks ,d ldkjkRed igy ds :i es a ns[kdj eu es a g’kZ gksrk
gSA nsj ls gh lgh fdUrq dqN deZB ,oa fujUrj Je”khy lTtuks a ds iz;klks a ls ewY;
f”k{kk rduhdh f”k{kk ls lEc) gqbZA
fo|kFkhZ oxZ izk;% bl fo’k; dks ,d vfrfjDr vf/kHkkj ds :i es a xzg.k dj
jgk gSA ,sls es a bl fo’k; ds v/;kid dk ;g fo”ks’k nkf;Ùo gS fd og ckydks a es a
mDr fo’k; dh xfjek ,oa ekuo thou ls mldk vVwV lEcU/k ;kaf=d vuqiz;ksxkRed
:i ls izdV djsA ,slk djus gsrq ^vkpk;Z* “kCn ds Hkko ls dk;Z djuk gksxkA vkpk;Z
vFkkZr~ ftlds vkpj.k ls lh[kk tk ldsA ;fn ge lekt es a ewY;ks a dh LFkkiuk djus
es a lg;ksx djuk pkgrs gS a rks ges a Lo;a dks vkpk;Z ds :i es a fodflr djuk gksxkA
izR;sd O;fDr vius&vius dk;Z{ks= es a f”k’V ,oa ewY;ksa }kjk iksf’kr vkpj.k ls vius
vklikl ds yksxks a dks izsj.kk nsus dk dk;Z dj vkpk;Z gks ldrk gSA “kkL=ksa esa of.kZr
dŸkZO;fu’Brk dk fl)kUr ;gh gSA ,d v/;kid] dŸkZO;Hkko ls f”k{k.k djs] odhy
dŸkZO;Hkko ls odkyr djs rks ewY; dk Lo:i n”kZu”kkL= dh fo”ys’k.kkRed vUos{k.k
lhek ls ckgj vkdj vuqiz;ksxkRed cu ldrk gSA fo”o ds ftu egkiq#’kksa dk uke
ge lEeku ls ysrs gS a mudk thou dŸkZO; ,oa ewY;fu’Bk ls ifjiw.kZ FkkA orZeku ;qx
es a geus f”k{kk rU= dks vkfFkZd rU= cukus dh Hkwy dh gSA O;kolkf;d f”k{kk dh vkM+
es a geus f”k{kk dks O;kolkf;d rU= cuk Mkyk gS vkSj “kk;n ;gh dkj.k gS fd gekjs
mPp f”k{k.k laLFkkuks a ls Js’B izkS|ksfxdhfon~ rks fufeZr gks jgs gS a fdUrq ns”k ds
lqlaLÑr ukxfjd ,oa Js’B ekuo dk visf{kr fuekZ.k djus esa ge vlQy gSaA
feV~Vh tc xhyh vkSj uje gks rks mls dksbZ Hkh vkdkj fn;k tk ldrk gS
fdUrq tks feV~Vh ,d lk¡ps es a

ds vusd egkiq#’kksa us ckyeuksfoKku dk v/;;u dj ckyd dh 10 o’kZ rd dh
voLFkk dks thou dh lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ voLFkk ekuk gSA ;g og voLFkk gS ftles a
ckyd dk lEiw.kZ Hkfo’; ,d cht :i es a lafpr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj blds ckn
“kuS% “kuS% vadqfjr gksrs&gksrs o`{k cuus dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSA ;fn geus bl
voLFkk es a mles a l`tu”khyrk ,oa ldkjkRed ewY; foe”kZ dh lkeF;Z fodflr ugha
dh rks ckn es a mlls bldh vis{kk djuk fujFkZd gSA
gkL;kLin ckr rks ;g gS fd tgk¡ izkFkfed f”k{kk thou dk vk/kkj gS] thou
dh ewy izo`fŸk dh izsjd “kfDr gS] ij gekjs ns”k es a f”k{kk ds bl Lrj dh fLFkfr
lokZf/kd n;uh; gSA vktknh ds o’kksZ ckn Hkh izkFkfed f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj izR;sd
ckyd dks nsus es a ge “kk;n lQy ugha gq, gS aA
euksfoKku dh vk/kqfud [kkstks a ds vuqlkj ckY;koLFkk es a euq’; dks fn”kk
nsuk vR;Ur laosnu”khy ,oa pqukSrh Hkjk dk;Z gSA blesa fo”ks’kK v/;kidks a dh egrh
Hkwfedk gS] dqN ns”kksa es a rks izkFkfed v/;kidksa dk p;u ,oa mudk izf”k{k.k fof”k’V
dksfV dk gS vkSj osru Hkh mPp f”k{kkrU= ds f”k{kdksa ls vf/kd gS D;ks afd mudk dk;Z
fof”k’V :i es a ,d ckyd dks jk’Vª] lekt ,oa mlds Lo;a ds dY;k.k lk/ku ds :i
es a fodflr djuk gSA gekjs ns”k es a Hkh izkFkfed f”k{kk rU= dks cky euksfoKku dh
ubZ rduhdks a ,oa fo/kkvksa ls ;qDr fof”k’V izf”k{k.k izkIr fo”ks’k f”k{kdks a dh vko”;drk
gS vkSj fu%lUnsg vHkh ewY; f”k{kk dks izkFkfed Lrj ij mlh izdkj ls la;ksftr djus
dh vko”;drk gS tSls og xq#dqy iz.kkyh es a uSfrd f”k{kk ds :i es a izpfyr FkhA
xq# dk vkpj.k] egkiq#’kks a ds thou izlaxksa dk euu&fparu] O;ogkfjd nSfud
thou es a lnkpkjh lTtuksa dk lEeku gesa fQj ls izfrf’Br djuk gksxkA Hkz’V
vkpj.k okys dfri; v/;kidks a] yksHk] ykyp ls ifjiw.kZ f”k{kk O;olkf;;ksa rFkk
nqtZuksa ds lkekftd cfg’dkj ls gh ewY;ksa dh O;ogkfjd LFkkiuk lEHko gSA ge
ckyd dks “kq) vkpj.k dk ikB i

lEifŸk vftZr u djsA dsoy ,d gh ekxZ gS vkSj og gS ckyeu es a gh mls vPNs
laLdkj nsuk] vius vklikl ewY;ks a dh izfr’Bk djuk] “kq) f”k’V vkpj.k djuk vkSj
vf”k’V vkpj.k djus okyks a dk lkekftd cfg’dkj djukA efUnj] efLtn ,oa vU;
/kkfeZd dsUnzks a dh ,oa lkekftd U;kl }kjk lapkfyr f”k{k.k dsUnzks a dh bles a egrh
Hkwfedk gSA ;fn ge lkEiznkf;d ,oa Hkzfer /keZ dks izJ; nsus ds LFkku ij ekuoh;
ewY;ksa ds fodkl es a bu laLFkkvksa dks vf/kdkf/kd lfØ; dj ldsaxs rks fu%lUnsg :i
ls ;g ,d egku dk;Z gksxk vkSj ,slk lHkh dj ldrs gSaA ,dy mnkgj.k ds :i
es a xkft;kckn ds jkt oekZ th us i;kZoj.k ds lcls [krjukd “k=q ikWyhfFku ds
mi;ksx dks jksdus dh igy dh vkSj Lo;a ds iz;kl ls 5 o’kks Z es a 5 yk[k diM+s ,oa
dkxt ds cSx fofHkUu “kks:eks a dks vkiwfrZ dhA blls vusd fu/kZu ifjokjksa dks
jkstxkj nsus dk dk;Z Hkh muds }kjk lEiUu gqvkA
;g lkekftd ewY; ds vuqiz;ksx dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA ge vPNh o
Js’B if=dkvks a dh lnL;rk izkIr djkus esa] [kkus&ihus ds Bsyksa ds ikl izfrfnu
dpjs dk Mªe j[kus o vxys fnu mls mBkus es a] ikWyhfFku ls vo#) ukyks a dh
lQkbZ] VwVh lM+dks a dh ejEer] {kerkuqlkj fu/kZu ckydks a dh f”k{kk dh O;oLFkk]
xjhc cfLr;ksa esa fu%”kqYd fpfdRlk ,oa f”k{kk f”kfojksa dk vk;kstu vkfn tSls vusd
dk;Z dj vuqiz;ksxkRed ewY;ks a dh izfr’Bk vius&vius {ks=ks a es a dj ldrs gS aA tks
laLFkk,sa ,sls mŸke dk;Z es a layXu gS a mUgs a lg;ksx dj mUgsa iq’V djsa rks fu%lUnsg
gekjs lekt es a ØkfUrdkjh :ikUrj.k gksxkA ckck jkenso dk Hkkjr LokfHkeku
vkUnksyu jk’Vªh; ewY; lao/kZu dk ,d ljkguh; mnkgj.k gS ftlus dqN gh o’kks Z es a
jk’Vªh; tkxj.k dh ijEijk dks vkxs c

“kSf{kd tkx:drk % lekt”kkL«kh; ifjn`”;
fot; vkuUn*
f”k{kk ,d vR;Ur tfVYk v©j O;kid ÁfØ;k gSA ÁÒko o ifj.kke dh n`f’V
ls f”k{kk dh Òwfedk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ jgh gSA O;fä] lekt v©j laLÑfr rhu¨a ls gh
f”k{kk dk lEcU/k ÁR;{k v©j ÁkjfEÒd gSA ÁR;sd O;oLFkk dk LFkkf;Ro] fujUrjrk]
fodkl v©j xfr”khYkrk f”k{kk ls fudV :i ls lEcfU/kr gSA f”k{kk dh bu fofÒé
Òwfedkv¨a ds dkj.k f”k{kk dk v/;;u fofÒé n`f’Vd¨.k¨a ls fd;k tkrk gSA f”k{kk
lekt”kkL«k v/;;u dk LorU«k mikxe gS t¨ “©{kf.kd ÁfØ;k d¨ ,d vUr%fØ;kRed
ÁfØ;k ekudj O;fäÙo fuekZ.k] lkekftd vkfFkZd xfr”khYkrk es a o`f)] lkekftd
iqufuZekZ.k bR;kfn {¨«k¨a es a f”k{kk dk egÙoiw.kZ Òwfedk dh foospuk djrk gSA
f”k{kk ds mÌs”; vR;Ur O;kid g¨rs gS a] D;¨afd ;g og ÁfØ;k gS t¨ lekt
es a fujUrj pYkrh jgrh gS rFkk blds ek/;e ls ukxfjd mÙkjnkf;Ro¨a] lkekftd
v©j lkaLÑfrd fo”¨’krkv¨a dk gLrkUrj.k lekt ds uohu ih

lekt”kkL«kh; f”k{kk d¨ lekt dh fofÒé miO;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ?kfVr
g¨us okYkh vUr%fØ;k dh foospuk ds lkFk&lkFk ;g Òh n”kkZ;k tk ldrk gS fd
f”k{kk dk o`gn lkekftd O;oLFkk ds lkFk ikjLifjd lEcU/k D;k gSA ,l0,u0
eq[ktÊ ds vuqlkj f”k{kk lafpr Kku v©j lkfgR; es a lféfgr lkekftd ewY;
lajpuk ds vuq:i O;fä ds O;fäÙo d¨ fodflr djrh gSA ;g O;fä d¨ bl Ádkj
dh dq”kYkrk dk Áf”k{k.k nsrh gS rFkk ,slh ;¨X;rkv¨a v©j {kerkv¨a ls foÒwf’kr djrh
gS fd og fof”k’V v©j foÒsnhÑr ifjfLFkfr es a viuh Òwfedkv¨a dk mfpr

lanÒZ %
1. Durkhim, E, “Education and sociology”, The Free Press Glance,
Illinois, 1959.
2. Crow, L.F. and Crow, A., “Introduction to Education, Printed in U.S.A.,
Roronto, Chieago Bosten”, 1955.
3. Mukherji, S.N. “Education in India Today and Tomorrow”, Anand
Press, Baroda, 1957.
4. Parsons, Tolcott, “The social system”, Free Press, Glenco,1951.
5. Parsons Bals, “Family Socialization and Interaction, Process”, Free
Press, Glenco, 1960.
6. Singh, Yogendra, “The Press of Socialization and Education”,
Published Paper in Sociology in Education in India, N.C.E.R.T., Delhi,
1967.
****
ewY;foe'kZ 34

uSfrdrk % fofo/k vk;ke
izhfr flag*
Hkkjrh; fpUru esa vyx ls ,d uhfr”kkL= dk gksuk uSfrdrk ds egÙo dks
LFkkfir djrk gSA uSfrdrk ds lkekU; vFkZ es a lnkpkj] foosd] lR;] vfgalk] d#.kk]
R;kx] ijksidkj bR;kfn ln~xq.kks a dk lekos”k gksrk gSA ^xhrk* es a fuEufyf[kr ln~xq.kks a
dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS %&
vHk;a lRoa”kqf)KkZfu;ksx o;ofLFkfr%A
nkua ne”p ;K”p Lok/;k;Lri vktZoe~AA 1
vfgalk lR;;Øks/kLR;kx% “kkafrjiS”kque~A
n;kHk`rs’kqyksyqIroa ekn~nZoa ghjpkiye~AA 2
rst% {kek ?k`fr”kksZpenzksgks ukfrefuZrkA
HkofUr lEina nSoh; fHktkrL; HkkjrAA 3
oLrqr% uhfr”kkL= ds varxZr uSfrd thou ds vkarfjd] ckg~;] uSlfxZd]
lkekftd] euksoSKkfud] vk/;kfRed vkfn lHkh i{k “kkfey gks tkrs gSA uhfr”kkL=
dk ewy mn~ns”; euq’; dh foosd “kfDr dks ,sls tkx`r djuk gS fd mlesa iki&iq.;]
lR;&vlR;] vPNs&cqjs esa u dsoy Hksn djus dh {kerk vk tk,] cfYd og iki]
vlR; ,oa cqjs dk;ks Za ls foeq[k Hkh gksA blh lanHkZ es a csoLVj “kCndks’k es a uSfrdrk dh
ifjHkk’kk nsrs gq;s fy[kk gS&^^uSfrdrk fdlh dk;Z dk xq.k gS] tks fdlh bZ”ojh;
fof/k ds fl)karksa ds vuq:i gksus dks Bhd vkSj lgh le>rk gSA**
20oha lnh es a uSfrdrk dks thou ds izR;sd {ks= es a izeq[krk ls tksM+us okys
egku O;fDrÙo egkRek xka/kh us ^bfFkdy fjyhtu* es a fy[kk gS &
^^mPpre uSfrd fu;e ;g gS fd ge lrr~ ekuo dY;k.k ds fy;s dke djrs jgsaA
;fn ge ,d ckj bl thoUr lR; dks ik ysrs ga S] rc uSfrdrk ls tqM+ s gq;s vU; lHkh
fl)kar gekjs lkeus Lo;a gh izdV gksus yxrs ga SA**
bls vkSj Li’V djrs gq;s egkRek xka/kh us ^gfjtu* i= es a fy[kk &
^^uSfrdrk dh tM+sa gekjs ân; dh ifo=rk esa gksrh gSA**
blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd uSfrdrk dk lh/kk laca/k O;fDr ds vkpj.k ls gksrk
gSA ;g dguk xyr ugha gksxk fd vkfne thou ds ckn O;fDr tSls&tSls lH;rk
o laLÑfr ls ifjfpr gksus yxk] oSls&oSls mlus Lo;a vkSj lekt nksuks a dks fu;af=r
djus ds fy;s dqN fu;e cuk,A ;s gh fu;e igys /keZ ds :i es a tkus tkrs FksA
blhfy, gekjs /kkfeZd xz aFk ewyr% jgL;e;h] ok;oh;] feFkdh; ?kVukvksa rFkk opuks a
ds ek/;e ls ewyr% gekjs lkeus vkpkj lafgrk gh izLrqr djrs gS&;gka rd fd
*“kks/k Nk=k] f”k{kk ladk;] egkRek xka/kh dk”kh fo|kihB] okjk.klh
ewY;foe'kZ 35

ykSfdd lkfgR; ds :i es a iapra= dh dFkk,a Hkh lkekftd O;ogkj ds fy;s vkn”kZ
izLrqr djrh gS aA nwljs ds fy;s R;kx djuk] izse djuk] d:.kk dh Hkkouk j[kuk
bR;kfn fuf”pr :i ls uSfrdrk ds “kk”or ewY;ks a ds varxZr vkrs ga S] D;ksafd budk
laca/k gekjs thou] O;ogkj ,oa pfj= ds mu varfufgZr xq.kksa ls gksrk gS] tks Lo;a ds
fy, vko”;d gSA lkFk gh os gh ;s rÙo gS] tks mls i”kq dh Js.kh ls mBkdj euq’;
cukrs gSaA
ysfdu ges a ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd uSfrdrk lekt lkis{k Hkh gksrh gSA
blesa le; ds vuqlkj ifjorZu vkrk jgrk gSA lp rks ;g gS fd “kk”or uSfrdrk
,oa vuSfrdrk dh cgl lfn;ksa ls pyh vk jgh gSA uSfrdrk dk /kkfeZd i{k tgka
;Fkk&fLFkfr dks cuk, j[kuk pkgrk gS] ogha ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj lekt vius
ewY;ksa dks cnyuk pkgrk gSA bl izdkj ,d gh le; es a ;FkkfLFkfroknh ,oa euqqoknh
uSfrdrk es a tcjnLr }U} dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSA
bfrgkl es a bl ckr ds Li’V izek.k ga S fd tks lekt ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj
ifjorZu ds vuqlkj viuh uSfrdrk dks fu/kkZfjr djus es a ftruk vf/kd rRij jgrk
gS] og lekt mruk gh vf/kd “kfDr”kkyh] xfr”khy vkSj le`) fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
dhu ¼1887½ ds vuqlkj ge vius gh ns”k esa ;g ns[krs gS fd lekt dh dqN tkfr;ka
ftUgksaus le; ds vuqdwy Lo;a dks ifjofrZr fd;k gS] dkQh vf/kd le`) ga S( tcfd
dqN tkfr;ka e/;dkyhu ewY;ksa ls tqM+s jgus ds dkj.k fiNM+k thou th jgh gSA
tgka rd Hkkjrh; lekt dk iz”u gS] cgq/kehZ ,oa cgqtkrh; gksus ds dkj.k
;gka ds fofHkUu /keksZa vkSj tkfr;ksa dh ijEijkxr uSfrdrk,a ,d nwljs ls vkil esa
Vdjkrh gSA ,d tkfr lewg ftl O;ogkj vkSj fopkj dks Lohdk;Z ekurk gS] ogh
nwljh tkfr ds fy;s vLohdk;Z gksrk gSA oLrqr% ,slk blfy, gksrk gS fd ;s lHkh
lewg uSfrdrk dh O;k[;k vius fgr vkSj vfgr ds vuqlkj djrs gS a vkSj fuf”pr
:i ls ftl lekt es a uSfrdrk ds fofo/k ,oa fojks/kh ewY; gksaxs] ml lekt dh
jk’Vªh; Hkkouk dks mruk gh vf/kd [krjk gksxkA bl n`f’V ls vko”;d gS fd
ijEijk] jhfr&fjokt rFkk uSfrdrk dks Li’V :i ls ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tk,A lkSHkkX;
ls gekjs ;gka ,slk gh fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dks Hkkjrh; lekt ds fy;s ubZ
,oa vk/kqfud uSfrdrk dh [kkst dk iz;kl dgs a rks og cgqr xyr ugha gksxkA gekjk
lafo/kku ijEijkxr ekU;rkvksa ds lkFk ukxfjdks a ds fy;s ,d ubZ fof/k LFkkfir
djrk gSA ogha fofHkUu oxksZa ds chp leUo; vkSj lekurk dh ,d ukxfjd lafgrk
Hkh r; djrk gSA
ewY;foe'kZ 36

ijarq bu lcds ckotwn Hkh orZeku lekt es a uSfrdrk ds lkeus vusd ncko
vkSj pqukSfr;ka mB [kM+h gqbZ gS aA ;s pqukSfr;ka ewy :i ls ikfjokfjd fc[kjko]
miHkksDrkoknh thou ewY;ks a dh o`f) rFkk fur uohu oSKkfud vkfo’dkjks a ds dkj.k
lkeus vkbZ gS aA la;qDr ifjokj gh ugha nkEiR; thou Hkh fo?kVu ds dxkj ij gSA
lhfer lzksr es a vuUr miHkksx ds dkj.k ^ft;ks vkSj thus nks* dh izo`fŸk lekIr gksrh
tk jgh gSA lkekftd uk;dks a ds pfj= ds rF;ks a dk foekspu ,oa ehfM;k Økafr dk
ncko iwjk Hkkjrh; lekt eglwl dj jgk gSA
Hkkjrh; fparu esa ges”kk ls ^olq/kSo dqVqEcde~* dh ckr lekfgr jgh gSA
foKku ds vkfo’dkj ,oa cktkj bls fl) dj jgs gSaA lwpuk ,oa lEizs’k.k ds dkj.k
,d ubZ fo”o laLÑfr dk tUe gks jgk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fo”o Lrj ij uSfrdrk
ds u;s izfreku mHkj jgs ga SA ^ekuokf/kdkj* Hkh blh izdkj dk ,d u;k izfreku gS(
lkekftd U;k; dk u;k laLdj.k gS tks iw.kZr% ekuorkoknh ,oa izxfroknh fopkjks a
ij vk/kkfjr gSA
ysfdu bl lkoZHkkSfed uSfrdrk dk ,d udkjkRed i{k Hkh gS fo”o laLÑfr
ds uke ij miHkksDrk laLÑfr dk izlkj gksrk tk jgk gS ftlus ijEijkoknh ns”kksa dh
uSfrdrk ds le{k ,d ubZ pqukSrh [kM+h dj nh gSA blds dkj.k tgka os ,d vksj
vius lkaLÑfrd ewY;ks a ls dV jgs ga S ogha nwljh vksj ewY; foghurk dks gh thou
ewY; ekudj rsth ls viukrs tk jgs ga SA ;g ,d izdkj ls vuSfrd vkpj.k dks gh
uSfrd ekuus dk iz;kl gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g vko”;d gks x;k gS fd fo”o laLÑfr
ds mrus gh i{k dks viuh uSfrdrk ds izfrekuks a es a “kkfey fd;k tk;] tgka rd os
ges a tM+foghu ,oa dqlaLÑr ugha cukrsA uSfrdrk ds u;s izfrekuksa dks viuh laLÑfr
vkSj thou ewY;ksa ds lanHkZ es a gh Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA vU;Fkk ,d ,slk le;
vkus es a nsj ugha gS] tc uSfrdrk vkSj vuSfrdrk esa dksbZ varj gh ugha jg tk;sxkA
lanHkZ %&
1- xhrk] v/;k; 16 “yksd 1&3
2. Gandhi, M.K. ‘Ethical religion’ published in Indian Opinion paper (1907)
3- xka/kh] ,e-ds- ^gfjtu* i=] 8 twu] 1940
4. Keene, H.G. The fall of Mughal Empire, Oxford, p.23, (1887)
5. Webstar, Merriam. Dictionary
****
ewY;foe'kZ 37

ekuoh; ewY;ksa esa izÑfr dh vFkZoÙkk
=hf.k PNUnkafl do;ks fo ;sfrjs
iq#:ia n'kZra fo'oy{k.ke~A
vkiks okrk vks"k/k;LrkU;sdfLeu~
Hkqou vfiZrkfuAA1 ^^euhf"k;ks
dqekj o#.k*
fuR;kuUn flag**
a us bl lalkj dks vkPNkfnr djus okys ty] ok;q vkSj izk.krÙo
¼v©"k/kh; ouLifr½ d¨ fuokZg ds fYk, ukuk Ádkj ds dk;¨± es a laYkXu fd;k gSA
ÁR;sd vusd :i¨a ls ;qä gS] vn~Òqr ,oa lcds n'kZu ;¨X; gSA**
;g lalkj rhu rÙo¨a ls f?kjk gqvk gSA ;s gS a&tYk] ok;q v©j ouLifr;k¡A ;s
rhu¨a lalkj d¨ thou'kfä Ánku djus okY¨ Ák.krÙo gS aA buds fcuk thou'kfä dh
dYiuk Òh ugÈ dh tk ldrh gSA buds n'kZu ls eu ÁQqfYYkr g¨ tkrk gS v©j lkjs
fodkj frj¨fgr g¨ tkrs gS aA Òkjrh; /keZ'kkL«k esa ^^ewY;** dh vo/kkj.kk d¨ O;kid
egÙo fn;k x;k gSA oLrqr% ewY; ,d Ádkj dk ekud gSA euq"; d¨ fdlh oLrq]
fØ;k] laLdkj v©j lnkpkj d¨ viukus ds iwoZ fu.kZ; djus dh {kerk ewY; dk
fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA ;g ewY; euq"; dks ÁÑfr&Áse dh v¨j [khaprk gSA
Ákphu le; es a euq"; ÁkÑfrd lalk/kuiw.kZ ÁÑfr ds lkFk larqYku cuk;s
gq, 'kkafr ls thou&;kiu djrk FkkA ekuoh; vko';drk,¡ de Fkh v©j mls og
ÁÑfr ls lgtrk ls ÁkIr dj Y¨rk Fkk ijarq cnYkrs gq, ifjos'k es a ekuo us viuh
cqf) ds cYk ij Áxfr dh v©j viuh vfregÙokdka{kkv¨a dh iwfrZ djrs gq, ÁÑfr
dk n¨gu djuk ÁkjaÒ dj fn;kA ekuo ds bl Økafrdkjh fodkl dk lcls T;knk
ÁÒko ÁÑfr ij iM+kA fodkl ls fouk'k dk ;g n`'; dsoYk ÁÑfr ds n¨gu ;k
'k¨"k.k ds dkj.k gh mRié gqvk gSA bl laca/k es a ,axsYl us vkxkg fd;k Fkk fd
^^ÁÑfr ij viuh ekuoh; fot;¨a ds dkj.k gesa vkReÁ'kalk es a foÒ¨j ugÈ g¨uk
pkfg,] D;¨afd ÁÑfr Òh gj ,slh pht dk gels Áfr'k¨/k Y¨rh gSA ÁÑfr dk
Áfr'k¨/k vkt i;kZoj.kh; ladV ds :i es a ÁdV g¨ jgk gSA oSKkfud vkfo"dkj¨a
v©j ÁkÑfrd lainkv¨a ds fouk'k ds dkj.k t¨ i;kZoj.kh; ifjorZu foxr n'kd¨a
es a nqfu;k esa gqvk gS] mlds dkj.k vkt ekuo v©j vU; tho&tUrqv¨a ds vfLrÙo
ij ladV mifLFkr g¨ x;k gSA2 ekuo ÁÑfr dh lo¨ZÙke jpuk gS D;¨afd ekuo es a gh Lusg] n;k] R;kx]
* 'kks/k Nk=] fgUnh foHkkx] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh
** 'kks/k Nk=] bfrgkl foHkkx] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh
ewY;foe'kZ 38

mnkjrk] la;e vkfn xq.k fo|eku g¨rs gS aA uhfr'kkL«kh; nk'kZfud ekuo ds bUgÈ
xq.k¨a d¨ ekuoh; ewY; dgrs gS aA blds lkFk gh ekuo dh vk/kkjÒwr vko';drkv¨a
dh iwfrZ ds fYk, ÁÑfr us fofÒé lalk/ku¨aa ;Fkk&ok;q] tYk] Òwfe] [kfut] ou vkfn
d¨ miYkC/k djk;k gSA 'kq) ÁkÑfrd okrkoj.k ekuo ds ekufld] 'kkjhfjd]
vk/;kfRed] oS;fäd i{k d¨ ÁÒkfor dj ldkjkRed ifj.kke dh v¨j vxzlj
djkrk gSA Òkjrh; fparu ijaijk] ÁÑfr ls fe«kor laca/k j[kus gsrq Ásfjr djrk gS]
ik'pkR; fparu dh rjg ÁÑfr fot;h g¨us dk ugÈA ;gh fe«krk tc J)k ls
tqM+rh gS r¨ Òkjrh; ÁÑfr&iwtd cu tkrs gS a v©j i;kZoj.k ds lq[k&nq%[k ls viuk
vkReh; laca/k LFkkfir dj Y¨rs gS aA
Ákphu le; ls gh ÁÑfr ls ekuo dk vR;ar ?kfu"B laca/k jgk gSA blh
dkj.k euq"; d¨ i`Foh iq«k dgk x;k gSA vFkoZosn es a /kjrh d¨ ekrk rFkk i`Foh d¨
firk dgk x;k gS&
ekrk Òwfe iq«k¨·ga i`fFkO;k
vÁlé¨ fouk'kk; Álé% loZfl);sA3 /kjrh d¨ ekrk v©j i`Foh d¨ firk ekurs gq, J)k] lsok v©j fo'okl ls
O;ogkj djus dh vkKk gSA mudh Álérk ij euq";¨a dk lc dY;k.kfl) gS rFkk
vÁlérk ij fouk'k vo';EÒkoh gSA vr% ekuo d¨ leiZ.k Òko ls ÁÑfr ds lkFk
fe«kor O;ogkj dj vko';drkv¨a d¨ de dj miÒ¨x djuk pkfg,A
^^ekuoh;&ewY;** ds varxZr os lÒh ewY; vkrs gS a t¨ lkaLÑfrd fojklr d¨
v{kq..k j[kus ,oa mlds fodkl ds }kjk jk"Vª es a lkaLÑfrd ,drk cuk, j[kus es a
lgk;d g¨rs ga SA ekuo thou es a /kkfeZd&f'k{kk dk LFkku lnSo egÙoiw.kZ jgk gS]
ijarq bl f'k{kk dk vk/kkj ladh.kZ /keZ u g¨dj O;kid /keZ g¨uk pkfg,A dkj.k gS
fd ladh.kZ /keZ ekuo es a Òsn mRié djrk gS v©j lekt es a ukuk Ádkj ds la?k"k¨± d¨
tUe nsrk gSA bl ifjÁs{; es a euq ds nl /keZYk{k.k dk vuqlj.k djuk visf{kr gS&
^^/k`fr% {kek% ne¨·Lrs;a 'k©pfefUæ;fuxzg%A
/khfoZ|k lR;eب/k¨ n'kda /keZYk{k.ke~AA** 4
vFkkZr~ /k`fr] {kek] ne] vLrs;] 'k©p ¼ifo«krk½ bfUæ;¨a d¨ o'k es a djuk]
Kku] fo|k] lR;] ب/k dk R;kx ;s nl /keZ ds Yk{k.k gS aA
bUgÈ ekuoh; ewY;¨a d¨ viukdj ÁÑfr laj{k.k es a ge ;¨xnku dj ldrs
gS aA ekuoh; ewY; dsoYk thou&p;kZ d¨ gh ugÈ O;ofLFkr djrs cfYd nSfud
ewY;foe'kZ 39

thou&p;kZ ds ek/;e ls i;kZoj.k laj{k.k es a Òh cgqewY; ;¨xnku nsrs ga SA gesa
vkpkj&fopkj&vkgkj v©j laLdkj ij fo'¨"k /;ku nsuk g¨xkA i;kZoj.k&Ánw"k.k d¨
j¨dus ds fYk, ges a vius /keZ'kkL«k¨a ds fo/kku¨a ij Òh /;ku nsuk g¨xkA ;Fkk& tYk
d¨ Ánwf"kr u g¨us rFkk Ánwf"kr tYk d¨ 'kq) djus gsrq mik; osn¨a es a of.kZr gS a&
;klq jktk o#.k¨ ;klq l¨e'© fo'osnsok ;k lw;Z enfUrA
oS'okuj¨ ;kLofXu% Áfo"VLrk% vki¨ nsohfjg ekeoUrqAA5 Ákphu /kkfeZd xz aFk¨a esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq o`{k¨a] ouLifr;¨a] ufn;¨a]
pUæek] lw;Z vkfn d¨ nsorqY; ekudj budh iwtk dk fo/kku crk;k x;k gSA
blhfYk, ou¨a] o`{k¨a] ouLifr;¨a vkfn d¨ vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ ekurs gq,] i©jkf.kd
vkpk;¨± us o`{kkj¨i.k d¨ lq[k&le`f) ,oa nq%[kfuo`fÙk ls t¨M+rs gq, euq";¨a d¨
o`{kkj¨i.k ds fYk, mRÁsfjr fd;kA ekuo&ewY; ds lanÒZ es a euq";¨a ds thou es a nku
dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gS vr% euq"; d¨ loZJs"B o`{k nku djuk pkfg,A okjkgiqjk.k
es a o`{knku d¨ fof'k"V nku ekuk x;k gS D;¨afd lalkj es a Òwfenku v©j x¨nku ls Òh
T;knk iq.; QYk o`{knku ls ÁkIr g¨rk gS&
Òwfenkusu ;s Yk¨dk x¨nkusu p dhfrZrk%
rs Yk¨dk% ÁkI;fUr iqafÒ iknikuka Áj¨g.¨A6 blh Ádkj o`gniqjk.k es a Òxoku~ fo".kq us rqYklh o`{k d¨ vfregÙoiw.kZ ekurs
gq, ladhrZu fd;k gS rFkk nSfud iwtu es a mldh vfuok;Zrk crk;h gS&
,dr% loZuSos|a ukuk iq"ifoÒw"k.ke~
,dr% i«kesda rs }kn'kk{kjeU«kor~AA7 ekuo ewY; ds :i es a ÁR;sd euq"; es a mnkjrk ,oa ÑrKrk dk xq.k g¨uk Òh
vfr vko';d gSA euq"; d¨ ;g le>uk pkfg, fd ÁÑfr vius fgr ds fYk, vius
lalk/ku¨a dk Á;¨x dÒh ugÈ djrh og r¨ Lo;a ekuo ij fuÒZj gSA og r¨ Lo;a
ekuo¨a ds fYk, vlhfer lalk/ku¨a d¨ miYkC/k djkrh gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr es a ekuo
d¨ ÁÑfr ds Áfr ÑrKrk dk Òko j[kdj] l©gkæZ ,oa lar¨"k ds lkFk] mlds lkFk
larqYku cuk, gq,] laj{k.k dk /;ku j[krs gq, thou;kiu djuk pkfg,A i'kq Òh
euq"; dh rjg ÁÑfr dk vax gS] ijarq n¨u¨a d¨ vYkx djus ds vk/kkjÒwr rÙo¨a es a
ekuoh; ewY; ls vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ dqN ugÈ gS] blls Òh d¨bZ vlger ugÈ g¨
ldrkA bl dkj.k fodkl ds lkFk ekuoh; ewY;¨a dk bruk ?kfu"B v©j xgjk
laca/k gS fd fcuk ekuoh; ewY;¨a d¨ lkFk es a fYk, fodkl d¨ lgh&lgh le> ikuk
eq>s vlaÒo lk fn[krk gSA
ewY;foe'kZ 40

fodkl dh blh vk/kkjf'kYkk ij fouk'k dh Òh uÈo j[kh tk jgh gSA tgk¡
,d v¨j oSKkfud fodkl dh bl ÁfØ;k us ekuo tkfr dks

lanÒZ %&
1- vFkoZosn 18@1@17
2- [kknh xzke¨|¨x if«kdk] vDVwcj 1995] i`0&55&56
3- Lokfedqekj@dk0vuq0@343
4- euqLe`fr 6@92
5- _Xosn 7-49
6- okjkgiqjk.k] 170@39
7- o`gn~iqjk.k
8- ;g oäO; uhRls ds ml dFku dh v¨j ladsr djrk gS ftlesa
uhRls us bZ'oj dh e`R;q dh ?k¨"k.kk dh gSA
9- euqLe`fr 8@246
****
ewY;foe'kZ 42

keZ] /keZfujis{krk vkSj lafo/kku uoyfd”kksj feJk*
yxHkx ik¡p gtkj o"kks Za ls fodflr Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vusd mRFkku&iru ls
xqtjrs gq, 21oha 'krkCnh es a izos'k dj jgh gS] ^olq/kSo dqVqEcde~* vkSj ^losZHkoUrq
lqf[ku* ds izfriknd Hkkjr es a cgq/kk fo'o ds leLr izkf.k.kksa es a ijLij izse] eS=h vkSj
lkgp;Z ds lapkj dk lUns'k fn;k] ;gk¡ vUrfj{k] i`Foh] ouLifr;ksa] tho] czã ds
lkFk izR;sd vo;o dh 'kkfUr ds fy, vuqBku fd;k tkrk jgk gS] ysfdu vktknh
ds lkB o"kksZa ds ckn es a Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds ewyrÙoksa dks igpkuus vkSj mlds vuq:i
jk"Vªh; n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djus dk iz;kl ugha fd;k x;k] ifj.kkeLo:i vkt gekjk
jk"Vªh; thou vlUrqfyr gS vkSj ge vusd folaxfr;ks a ls tw>us ds fy, foo'k gaSA
yxHkx 200 o"kks Za ds vaxz sth 'kklu us Hkkjr dh ewy ladYiukvks a ,oa vkn'kksZa
dk ,slk vkaXyhdj.k dj Mkyk fd vkt /keZ] iaFk] lEiznk;] er vkfn lHkh 'kCnks a dks
vaxzsth ds 'kCn fjyhtu (Religion) dk i;kZ;okph le>k tkrk gSA vaxz sth f'k{kk
izkIr yksxksa }kjk Hkkjr dk lafo/kku ewyr% vaxz sth es a gh rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk] vr% ewy
lafo/kku esa tgk¡&tgk¡ fjyhtu 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k] ogk¡&ogk¡ bldk fgUnh
vuqokn ^/keZ* j[kus dh rFkkdfFkr etcwjh vuqokndks a ds le{k jghA iqu% ik'pkR;
ijEijk ds vuq:i /keZfujis{krk dks Hkh blh lUnHkZ es a ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;kA ;g 'kCn
gekjs vkpkj&O;ogkj vkSj jk"Vªh; fparu es a bruk O;oâr gS vkSj ;g 'kCn bruk :

;rksH;qn;fu% Js;l flf/k% l% /keZ%AA
tks HkkSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed mRd"kZ dk ekxZn'kZu djrk gS] ogh /keZ gS] earO;
;g gS fd /keZ vius O;kidre vFkZ es a lkoZHkkSfed] lokZ axh.k] ns'kdky fujis{k rFkk
l`f"V dk /kkj.k djus okys fu;eksa dk leqPp; gSA MkW- jk/kkÑ".ku us viuh izfl)
iqLrd ‘Eastern Religion & Western Thought’ es a /keZ ds Lo:i ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq,
dgk gS&“Dharma gives coherence and direction to the different activities of life......
It is the complete rule of life, the harmony of the wholeman, who finds a right and
just law of his living.”
vFkkZr~ /keZ ls thou ds fofHkUu dk;ksZa es a laxfr vkrh gS vkSj blls mudks
fn'kk izkIr gksrh gS ;g thou dk ifjiw.kZ fu;e gS vkSj ,sls lEiw.kZ ekuo dk
lkeatL; gS tks viuh thoup;kZ dks fdlh lgh vkSj mfpr fu;e ds vuqlkj
pykrk gS jk/kkÑ".ku ^/keZ vkSj lekt* es a iqu% dgrs gS a&^^Hkkjr es a fodflr /keZ fdlh
,d /keZ fo'okl ;k ,d /keZ xz aFk ;k ,d iSxEcj ;k laLFkkid ls tqM+k gqvk ugha gS]
vfirq ;g rks ,d fujUrj uohu gksrs gq, vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij lR; dh vkxzgiw.kZ
[kkst gS--------blds iSxEcjksa vkSj _f"k;ks a dk dksbZ vUr ugha vkSj u blds fl)kUr
xz aFkksa dh gh dksbZ lhek gS] ;g lc uohu vuqHkoksa dk vkSj lR; dh uohu
vfHkO;fDr;ks a dk Lokxr djrk gS** blh dkj.k Hkkjrh; xzUFkksa esa le;kuqdwy
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tks dÙkZO; gS a mUgs a Hkh /keZ }kjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA
fjyhtu dh vo/kkj.kk &
vaxz sth 'kCn fjyhtu Religion Hkk"kk ds ^fjyhft;ks* vkSj ^vksful* ls fudyk
gS ;g nks 'kCn [k.Mks a Re ¼iqu%½ vkSj Legere ¼ck¡/kuk½ ls cuk gS bl izdkj Religion
dk vFkZ gksrk gS ^iqu% ck¡/kuk* vius O;kid vFkZ es a bldk rkRi;Z gS ekuo dks ,d lw=
es a ck¡/kukA ^bulkbDyksfiM;k vkWQ fjyhtu ,.M ,fFkDl* es a fjyhtu 'kCn ds ckjs
es a mYyf[kr gS % ^^The term ‘Religion’ whatever its best definition, clearly refers to
certain characteristic types of data beliefs, practices, feelings, modes, attitude
etc.”.
vFkkZr~ ^fjyhtu* 'kCn dh tks dqN Hkh ifjHkk"kk gS og Li"V :i ls dqN
fof'k"Vrkvksa dks lwfpr djrh gS] tSls fo'okl] vH;kl ;k O;ogkj] vuqHkwfr] euksn'kk
vkSj n`f"Vdks.k bR;kfnA
ewY;foe'kZ 44

keZ vkSj fjyhtu esa vUrj
;fn ge /keZ 'kCn dh vaxz sth ds fjyhtu (Religion) 'kCn ls rqyuk djsa rks
Kkr gksxk fd nksuksa ds vFkks ± vkSj iz;ksx esa cgqr vUrj gSA tSlk fd mi;qZDr of.kZr
ifjHkk"kk ls Hkh Kkr gksrk gSA fjyhtu 'kCn dk iz;ksx dsoy ckº; vkpkj vkSj
O;ogkj ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] mldk vFkZ /kkfeZd fØ;k&dykiks a vFkkZr~ iwtk&ikBks a
vkSj deZdk.Mks a (Rituals) ls fy;k tkrk gSA /keZ 'kCn dk iz;ksx dsoy ;gha rd
lhfer ugha gSA /keZ 'kCn bruk O;kid gS fd if'pe esa ftls dYpj (Culture) ds
uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gS og Hkh bles a lek tkrk gSA blh rF; dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,
jchUæukFk VSxksj us rks Civilization ds fy, /keZ 'kCn dks mi;qDr ekuk gSA bl izdkj
nksuksa 'kCnks a ds rqyukRed v/;;u ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd vaxz sth 'kCn fjyhtu dk
i;kZ; iaFk ekuk tk ldrk gS] ijUrq /keZ dnkfi ughaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij fgUnw
/keZ ds vUrxZr gh ntZuksa iaFk ;k lEiznk; gSa] tSls&'kSo] oS".ko] fyaxk;r] 'kkDr]
vkthod] tSu] ckS)] vk;Z lekth] czãlekth] fl[k bR;kfn ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd
fdlh rF;kRed vo/kkj.kk ds Hkk"kkxr egRo dks vLohdkj ugha djuk pkfg,A
bldh egÙkk LFkkfir djrs gq, vejhdh nk'kZfud tkWtZ lkUr;kuk us dgk gS&^^izR;sd
;qx es a cqf)eku fopkjdksa us vius ns'k vkSj dky ds /keZ es a ,sls rÙo ik;s gS a] tks fd
Lohdkj fd, tk lds rFkk muds vk/kkj ij /keZ dh ,slh O;k[;k dh tk lds ftlls
fd xgurk rFkk lkoZHkkSe mi;ksfxrk izkIr gks ldsA os {ks= ftUgs a fd ;s [kkstrk gS]
;k os jgL; ftudks fd ;g LFkkfir djrk gS] gekjs fuokl ds fy, ,d vU; gh
lalkj cukrs gS a] pkgsa ge mlls xqtjuk Lohdkj djsa vFkok u djsa] fdUrq ogh /keZ dk
okLrfod vFkZ gSA**
/keZfujis{krk &
^/keZ fujis{krk* nks 'kCnks a ¼/keZ $ fujis{k½ dk ;qXe gS] /keZ dh mi;q ZDr
ifjHkk"kk dks ns[krs gq, mlls fujis{k jgus dh jkT; dh lksp us foHkze iSnk fd;k gSA
oLrqr% /keZfujis{k 'kCn vaxzsth ds lsD;wyj (Secular) dk :ikUrj.k gS] lsD;wyj 'kCn
dk vFkZ gksrk gS&ykSfdd] ,sfgd] lkalkfjd vFkok cqfu;knhA vaxzsth dk ;g 'kCn
ySfVu Hkk"kk ds ^lsD;wye~* ls mn~Hkwr gqvk vkSj mls mu bZlkbZ /kekZuq;kb;ksa ds fy,
iz;ksx fd;k x;k tks HkkSfrd lqfo/kk&lEiUu uxjh; thou dk vkuUn mBkrs FksA lhfofy;El
ds vuqlkj bldk vFkZ gS ^bl ;qx dk* ;k ^bl fo'o ls lEc)* lsD;wyj
'kCn dk vFkZ dks"k ds vuqlkj bl izdkj gS&Rivalry between church and state,
concerned with the affairs of the world, not sacred, not monastic, temporal, profane,
ewY;foe'kZ 45

not ecclesiastical.” bulkbDyksihfM;k vejhdkuk es a bldk rkRi;Z vkpkj&fopkj ds
dk;ns dkuwuksa okyh ,d ,slh uSfrd lafgrk crk;k x;k gS tks vk/;kfRed ;k
ijkHkkSfrd ekU;rkvks a ls iw.kZr;k vyx gS] bldh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a gSa&
¼d½ ,d vkneh dks fcuk fdlh ncko ds Lo;a foospu djus dh LorU=rk]
¼[k½ vU; O;fDr;ks a ls gVdj lkspus] djus dk vf/kdkj rFkk
¼x½ bZ'oj ;k vU; vykSfdd ekU;rkvks a ds ckjs es a viuh ftKklk] 'kadk ;k erHksn
izdV djus dh LorU=rkA
1780 es a tkWtZ gksfyvksd us loZizFke lsD;wyfjTe 'kCn dk iz;ksx djds
bldh O;k[;kLo:i bles a v/kksfyf[kr ik¡p earO; Lohdkj fd,&
¼1½ rdZlaxr fu;e(
¼2½ iaFk (Religion) ls vkpkj&fopkj dks vyx j[kuk(
¼3½ Kku dks vkLFkk ds LFkku ij rdZ dk vk/kkj ekuuk(
¼4½ fopkj Lokra«; ,oa
¼5½ lalkj dks lrr~ Js"B cukus ds iz;kl es a ;ksxnkuA
;g mYys[kuh; rF; gS fd Secular 'kCn e/;;qxhu fxjtk?kjksa vkSj jkT;
ds e/; la?k"kZ ds nkSjku vfLrRo es a vk;k 1529 es a tc jkseu dSFkksfyd ppZ dh
jhfr&uhfr ls =Lr ekfVZu ywFkj us izksVsLVsUV 'kk[kk dks [kM+k fd;k rc dkykUrj es a
blh /keZ lq/kkj vkUnksyu ds QyLo:i fxjtk?kj vkSj jkT; nksuksa vyx&vyx gks
x,A jkT; dk dk;Z ykSfdd {ks=ks a dh lqO;oLFkk rFkk ppkZ dk dk;Z ikjykSfdd ;k
vk/;kfRed {ks=ks a rd lhfer dj fn;k x;kA
/keZfujis{krk % fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
U;k;ewfrZ nqxkZnkl clq ds 'kCnksa es a&^^/keZfujis{k jkT; ls rkRi;Z ,slk jkT; gS
ftldk viuk dksbZ /keZ ugha gS vkSj tks lHkh /keks± ds izfr leku O;ogkj djrk gS**
iz[;kr nk'kZfud MkW- ,l- jk/kkÑ".ku ds 'kCnksa esa&
^^tc Hkkjr dks /keZfujis{k jkT; dgk tkrk gS] rks bldk ;g rkRi;Z ugha
gksrk fd ge vn`'; vkRek dh lPpkbZ ;k thou es a /keZ dh izklafxdrk dks vLohdkj
djrs gS a ;k v/kkfeZdksa dks Å¡pk ntkZ nsrs gSa] bldk ;g rkRi;Z gS fd /keZfujis{kokn
,d ldkjkRed /keZ cu tkrk gS ;k jkT; dks nSoh vf/kdkj fey tkrs gS aA**
nk'kZfud ,oa fopkjd ,e-,u- jk; ds 'kCnks es a&^^/keZ fujis{krk dk vFkZ gS
lrr~ tkx:drk] ftKklk] fo'okl vkSj cqf) ds v/khu gksdj e`R;ksijkar dkYifud
thou dh vis{kk bl nqfu;k ds thou dks vf/kd egRo nsukA**
ewY;foe'kZ 46

MksukYM ;wthu fLeFk us viuh iqLrd&“India as a Secular State” es a /keZ
fujis{krk dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&^^/keZ fujis{k jkT; ,slk jkT; gS tks
O;fDr vkSj laLFkkvks a dks /keZ dh LorU=rk nsrk gS vkSj tks O;fDr ds lkFk ,d
ukxfjd ds :i es a O;ogkj djrk gS] pkgs og fdlh Hkh /keZ dk gks] tks laoS/kkfud
:i ls fdlh fo'ks"k /keZ ds lkFk ugh tqM+k gks vkSj tks u fdlh fo'ks"k /keZ dks c

keZfujis{k 'kCn dk euekuk O;ogkj djrs gq, lafo/kku dh ewy Hkkouk ij gh vk?kkr
igq ¡pk jgs gS aA nloha yksd lHkk ls gh dqN jktuhfrd nyks a us vYila[;dksa ds fy,
ukSdfj;ks a vkSj lSU; cyksa es a vkj{k.k nsus dk opu nsuk izkjEHk fd;k FkkA ;g okLro
es a mlh ek¡x dh iqujko`fÙk gS tks fczfV”k iz/kkuea=h jsEts esdMksukYM us Hkkjr dh
jktO;oLFkk es a ^lkEiznkf;d vf/kfu.kZ;* ds :i es a nh Fkh vkSj ftldk ifj.kke
vUrrksxRok Hkkjr ds jDr jaftr foHkktu es a gqvkA ;gk¡ bl rF; dks Hkqyk fn;k
tkrk gS fd ljdkj fdlh yksd in dh fu;qfDr dk vkSfpR; xq.kkxq.k ds vk/kkj ij
u nsdj bl vk/kkj ij crkrh gS fd fu;qDr O;fDr /kkfeZd vYila[;d gS] rks ;g
vuqPNsn 16¼2½ ds v/khu vU; leqnk;ks a ds ewy vf/kdkjks a dk mYya?ku gksxkA
vuqPNsn 44 jkT; dks ;g funsZ”k nsrk gS fd jkT; Hkkjr ds leLr jkT; {ks= es a
ukxfjdks a ds fy, ,dleku flfoy lafgrk iznku djus dk iz;Ru djsxk] ysfdu
blds foijhr o"kZ 1986 es a 'kkgckuks eqdnek es a loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x,
fu.kZ; dks ukdke djus ds fy, eqfLye efgyk fo/ks;d ikfjr dj fn;k x;kA ;g
fopkj.kh; gS fd 1954 es a rRdkyhu iz/kkuea=h tokgjyky usg: us dgk Fkk fd
leku ukxfjd lafgrk cukus ds fy, vHkh le; ifjiDo ugh gSA 60 o"kkZs ds ckn
Hkh ge vkt Hkh ;gh dg jgs gS aA ;|fi bl lUnHkZ es a loks ZPp U;k;ky; Hkh ljdkj
ls iwN pqdk gS rFkkfi bl fn”kk es a dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha gks ldh gS] tcfd lhfj;k]
eksjDdks] bZjku bR;kfn bLykfed ns”kks a us vius ilZuy ykW dks vk/kqfud ekU;rkvks a
ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr dj cgq&fookg tSlh izFkkvks a ij jksd yxk nh gSA ;g Hkh
mYys[kuh; rF; gS fd tc lafo/kku cuk rc eqlyekuks a us ;g ek¡x dh fd leku
ukxfjd lafgrk ¼vuqPNsn 44½ ml ij ykxw ugha gks] ysfdu muds nkoksa dks bl
vk/kkj ij ukeatwj dj fn;k x;k fd fookg] fojklr vkfn tks oS;fDrd fof/k ds
izoxZ es a vkrs gS a] ,sls fo"k; gSa ftudk /keZ ls dksbZ lkjoku lEcU/k ugha gS] ;fn
ljdkj eqlyekuks a dh ekax ds lkeus leiZ.k dj nsrh gS] rks D;k og bZlkb;ksa vkSj
vdkyh usrkvksa dh bl ek¡x dks vLohdkj dj ldrh gS fd muds O;fDrxr
fof/k ds fy, i`Fkd lafgrk gksuh pkfg,\
lafo/kku ds ewyLo:i dh vogsyuk djrs gq, la;qDr ÝaV 'kklu ds nkSjku
dsjy es a ¼1967-69½ eqfLye cgqer dk ,d ftyk eYykiqje~ cuk;k x;kA 1983 es a
la;qDr yksdrkaf=d ekspkZ ds ljdkj us dkljxksM es a ,d nwljk eqfLye cgqy ftyk
cukus dh ek¡x Lohdkj dj yh lafo/kkfud fof/k dk dksbZ tkudkj ;g dg ldrk
gS fd vYila[;dksa dk iz”u leLr jkT; dh tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij gh vk/kkfjr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA laln us 17 ebZ] 1992 dks jk"Vªh; vYila[;d vk;ksx
ewY;foe'kZ 48

vf/kfu;e ikfjr dj fn;k] tcfd Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa ds fy, ,d fo”ks"k vf/kdkjh
fu;qDr djus dk micU/k igys ls gh vuqPNsn 350¼[k½ esa fo|eku gS vaxz sth 'kklu
es a Hkh lj leqvy gksj us ;g dgrs gq, bls [kkfjt dj fn;k Fkk fd ^^;fn vki mUgs a
vkKkijd 'kfDr nsaxs rks vki nks ljdkjsa LFkkfir dj ns axsA** iafMr usg: dh
Hkkoqdrk dk ifj.kke vkt d”ehj dks vyx fdLe dk Hkkjr cuk pqdk gSA Lora=
Hkkjr ds ukxfjd ¼d”ehjh iafMr½ vius gh ns”k esa 'kj.kkFkhZ cus gq, gS a vkSj ih

gS fd lafo/kku es a vkSj Hkkjrh; yksdra= es a /keZ vkSj /keZfujis{krk ds lkFk U;k; ugha
gqvk gSA ;g Lohdkj djuk gksxk fd ekuoeu loZFkk funks Z"k ugha gks ldrk Hkys gh
fdlh fo"k; dk izfriknu vR;f/kd lko/kkuh vkSj bZekunkjh ls gh D;ksa u fd;k
tk;A blfy, lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa dks nks"kh Bgjkuk vuqfpr gksxkA nks"kh rks os yksx
gS a ftUgksaus vuqfpr ykHk mBkus ds iz;kl es a bldh euekuh O;k[;k dj jk"Vª dh
,drk] v[k.Mrk vkSj bldh cgqjaxh laLÑfr ij pksV igq¡pkbZ gSA ;g mYys[kuh; gS
fd tks dksbZ ;g le>rk gS fd vYila[;dksa dks fujUrj c

keZ] thou lEiw.kZrk dh ,d fof/k
fou; dqekj flag ;kno*
/kekZs fo'oL; txr% izfr"Bk yksds /kfeZ"Ba iztk miliZfUrA
/kesZ.k ikieiuqnfUr /kesZ loZa izfrf"Bra rLek)eZa ijea onfUrA
mifu"kn~ dgrs gS a fd lkjk txr /keZ ds ewy ij fLFkr gSA blhfy, yksd
es a yksx mlh ds ikl tkrs gS a tks /kfeZ"B gS a] /keZ ls iki dks nwj djrs gS a] /keZ es a lc
izfrf"Br gS] blfy, /keZ dks lcls cM+k dgrs gS aA
/keZ 'kCn ^/k`* /kkrq ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS&/kkj.k djuk] cuk;s j[kuk
vFkok iq"V djukA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd tks rÙo lEiw.kZ lalkj ds thou dks /kkj.k
djrk gks] ftuds fcuk lalkj es a O;fDr dh fLFkfr laHko u gks rFkk ftlls lHkh dqN
la;fer vkSj lqO;ofLFkr cuk jgs] ogh /keZ gSA osnksa mifu"knksa] xhrk vkSj Le`fr;ksa es a
/keZ dks fHkUu&fHkUu :i ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS ysfdu bu lHkh dk mn~ns';
vkReKku dks izkIr dj ysuk gSA D;ks afd vkRek gh bZ'oj dk okLrfod fuokl LFkku
gSA ;g Kku gksuk gh fd bZ'oj izR;sd izk.kh ds ân; es a fuokl djrk gS] lHkh /keks Za
dk ewy fl)kUr gSA
fo'o es a vusdksa /keZ&laiznk; izpfyr gS aA fgUnw] eqfLye] flD[k] bZlkbZ] tSu]
ckS)] ;gwnh vkfn fofHkUu ukeksa ls izpfyr bu /keZ laiznk;ksa ij n`f"Vikr djus ls
;gh irk pyrk gS fd muds ckº;&Lo:i ,oa fØ;k&ÑR;ksa es a tehu&vkleku
ftruk varj gSA fØ;k&ÑR;ksa es a ;g varj gksuk mfpr Hkh gS D;ks afd ftl okrkoj.k
es a] ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa es a os iuis vkSj QSys gS a mudh Nki mu ij iM+uk LokHkkfod
gSA euh"kh] vorkjh] egkekuoksa us ns'k] dky o ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku es a j[krs gq,
Js"Brk&lao/kZu ,oa fuÑ"Vrk&fuokj.k ds fy, tks fl)kUr ,oa vkpkj&'kkL=
fofufeZr fd;s] dkykarj es a os gh /keZ&lEiznk;kssa ds uke ls tkus&igpkus yxs] bl
dkj.k muds ckº; dysoj es a fofo/krk gksuk LokHkkfod gSA fQj Hkh tgk¡ rd ekSfyd
fl)kUrksa dh ckr gS og lHkh /keks Za es a ,d gh gS aA lHkh us ,d psru lÙkk ds lkFk
rknkRE; LFkkfir djuk ekuo dk vafre y{; Lohdkj fd;k gSA ;gh og lkoZHkkSe
rÙo gS] tks ekuo leqnk; gh ugha vfirq leLr izkf.k;ks a dks ,drk ds lw= es a fijks;s
gq, gSA
,d ckj lkE;oknh fopkj/kkjk ds ,d ik'pkR; fo}ku egkRek xk¡/kh ds ikl
tkdj cksys&^egkRek th tc bl lalkj es a bruk Ny diV] v'kkafr vkSj [kwu&[kjkck
py jgk gS] rc Hkh vki /keZ dh ckr djrs gSaA cqjkbZ;k¡ vkSj jDrikr ftruh rsth
ls c

tjk lksfp, rks lgh fd tc /keZ dh ekU;rk jgrs gq, yksx bruh v'kkafr QSyk,a gq,
gS a rks mlds u jgus ij ;g dYiuk lgt gh es a dh tk ldrh gS rc lalkj dh D;k
n'kk gksxh\* bl ij ml lTtu ls dksbZ tokc nsrs u cu iM+kA ckiw ds dFku ls
Li"V gksrk gS fd /keZ lkekftd fo?kVu dks jksdrk gSA lHkh /keks Za dk ,d gh
mn~ns'; gS i'kqrk ij fu;a=.k vkSj nsoÙo dk fodklA ;fn uhj&{khj foosd cqf) dks
viuk;k tk, rks /kkfeZd foHksnksa ds chp ,drk dk ;g lkjrÙo i;kZIr ek=k es a
feysxkA /kkfeZd] lkaLÑfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed fl)kUrksa dk fuekZ.k mPp mn~ns';ksa dks
ysdj gh fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi ns'k&dky ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj muesa dqN ,sls
dkj.k gks ldrs gS a ftUgsa vkt dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa es a vuqi;qDr le>k tkrk gS ,slh
fLFkfr es a dbZ fof/k&fu"ks/k ifjorZuh; cu tkrs gS aA ;fn fdlh fu;e vFkok O;ogkj
ds rjhds ls O;fDr vkSj lekt dk thou laxfBr u gks cfYd fo?kfVr gks tk;s]
ik[k.M vkSj feF;kpkj es a o`f) gks tk;s vFkok ftlls lekt VwV tk;s] og /keZ ugha
gks ldrkA okLro es a /keZ O;fDr] lewg vkSj lekt ds dÙkZO;ksa dks Li"V djrk gS
rFkk fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls O;fDr dks vuqdwyu djus dh {kerk iznku djrk gSA
le;≤ ij izR;sd ns'k es a ,sls lar&lq/kkjd] v/;kReosÙkk] egkeuh"kh
gq, gS a] ftUgks aus izkphu ekSfyd vkn'kZewyd mn~ns';kssa tks ifjfLFkfr es a ifjroZu vkus
ls tuekul ds mRihM+u dk dkj.k cu x;s ;k vokaNuh; izrh;eku gks jgs Fks] mls
nwj djus ds fy, yEcs le; rd la?k"kZ fd;kA os /keZ&fonzksgh ugha] vfirq /keZ
lq/kkjd FksA laLFkkfir :f

iwoZ rd tkjh jghA blds fo:) izfrfØ;koknh vkUnksyu fo'oO;kih pys ftles a
bZjku es a vk;krqYykg vyh [kqeSuh ds usr`Ro es a bLykfed ØkfUr] 1980 ds n'kd es a
vQxkfuLrku es sa rkfycku vkUnksyu] 1970 ds n'kd es a vesfjdk es a The New
Christian Rights Association] Hkkjr es a vk;Z lekt] nsolekt] nsouUn tSls /kkfeZd
iqu% izoÙkZuoknh vkanksyu ns[ks tk ldrs gS aA ,sls vkUnksyu ekurs gS a fd /keZ ij
vk/kkfjr lekt vkn'kZ lekt gksrk gS] ,sls es a tSls&tSls lekt /keZ ls foiFk gks jgk
gS vijk/k] vkRegR;k,¡] ruko] rykd tSlh leL;k,¡ c

^lR;kxzg* % ,d thou ewY; izHkkr dqekj feJ*
egkRek xka/kh dk ekuuk Fkk fd euq’; gh lHkh ckrks a dk ekin.M gSA og
ekuo ewY;ks a dks loksZPp ekurs FksA xka/kh ugha pkgrs Fks fd fdlh Hkh voLFkk es a euq’;
dh Lok/khurk] izfr’Bk] vkRelEeku rFkk izfrHkk ,oa ;ksX;rk ds fodkl ds voljks a ij
vkap vk,A mudk lans”k O;fDr dh viuh vkRek rFkk bPNk”kfDr dks cyoku
cukdj vlRk~ “kfDr;ks a ls yM+us ds fy, izsfjr djuk FkkA xka/kh ds v/;srkvks a us ;g
crk;k gS fd og lR; ds lkFk vius iz;ksxksa ds ek/;e ls njvly ekuo LoHkko dks
gh cny nsuk pkgrs FksA
loky gS] ;g ekuo LoHkko gS D;k ? vkgkj] funzk] Hk; vkfn euksHkko
vkSj ps’Vk,a rks lHkh izkf.k;ks a es a leku gSa&
^^vkgkj funzk Hk; eSFkque~ p lkekU;esrr~ Ik”kqfHkZujk.kke~A
/keksZfg rs’kke~ vf/kdks fo”ks’kks /keZs.k ghu% Ik”kqfHk% leku%AA**
euq’; tc “kjhj ek= ds lq[k vkSj vkUkUn dh iwfrZ dk iz;Ru djrk gS rks
og vius ml NksVs iz;kstu esa my>k jgrk gS tks Ik”kqvksa ds leku gh gSA cgqr
izkphu dky ls bu Ik”kq&lkekU; izo`fÙk;ksa dks euq’; us frjLdkj ds lkFk ns[kk gSA
og bu rqPNrkvks a ls Åij mB ldk gS] ;gh mldh fo”ks’krk gSA euq’; us vius
cks/k dks bafnz;ksa dh NksVh lhek ls ckgj fudkyk gS] mls O;kid cuk;k gS vkSj lw{e
HkhA bl rjg viuh yEch fodkl ;k=k es a mlus Ik”kq lqyHk o`fÙk;ksa dks ifj’Ñr
cukdj mUgsa ekuoh; :Ik fn;k gSA Hkksx es a la;e vkSj vkReR;kx dh Hkkouk fodflr
dh gS euq’; usA viuh uSlfxZd dkeHkkouk ds larqyu ds fy, mlus fookg&laLFkk
dk fodkl fd;k gS] ifjokj vkSj lekt dks tUe fn;k gSA
euq’; dh ;g fodkl ;k=k vly es a izÑfr ls laLÑfr rd dh ;k=k gSA Ik”kq
leku izÑfr es a tUe ysdj Hkh euq’; izÑfr dk nkl gksdj ugha jg tkrkA og bl
izÑfr dks thrrk Hkh gSA tks tUeuk iznRr gS og gS izÑfr vkSj ml iznRr es a
vko”;drkuqlkj tc ge dqN ifjorZu ;k lq/kkj ;k laLdkj djrs gS a] rc og gks
tkrh gS laLÑfrA vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh us vius ,d fucU/k ^uk[kwu D;ks a ck;k gSA muds vuqlkj euq’; ds uk[kwu mldh Hk;adj ik”kfod o`fÙk
ds izrhd gS a vkSj euq’; }kjk mls yxkrkj dkVrs tkuk mldh ekuoh; o`fÙk dkA
euq’; dh uSlfxZd Ik”kqrk dks ftruh ckj Hkh dkV nks og ejuk ugha tkurhA ysfdu]
,slh lHkh v/kksxkfeuh o`fÙk;ks a dks ekuo us ekuoksfpr cuk;k gSA ;gh gS izÑfr ls
fudydj laLÑfr rd igqapukA
*lgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh foHkkx] vle fo”ofo|ky;] flypj] vle&788011
ewY;foe'kZ 54

laLÑfrdj.k dh ;g izfØ;k ifjorZu ek= ds fy, ugha cfYd fof”k’V y{;
ds fy, gksrh gS vkSj bl y{; dks tc ge vius thou esa izkIrO; cukrs gS a] viuk
vkn”kZ eku ysrs gS a] rc og gekjk ewY; cu tkrk gS aA xka/kh lnSo thou es a
fdlh&u&fdlh vkn”kZ dks j[kdj pyus dh ckr dgrs FksA mudk fopkj Fkk fd
fcuk vkn”kZ ds euq’; iky&jfgr tgkt ds leku gSA vkn”kZ vuUr gksrk gS vkSj
mldh iw.kZ flf) dHkh ugha gksrh ijUrq euq’; dks vkxs ck Fkk fdUrq xka/kh dks ;g Lohdkj
ugha Fkk mUgks aus crk;k fd ^lR;kxzg* dsoy ^fuf’Ø; izfrjks/k* ugha gS cfYd mlls
bldk egRo dgha T;knk gSA jkseka jksyk us bldh ppkZ djrs gq, bls ^lfØ; izfrjks/k*
dgk gS ftles a izse] fo”okl vkSj vkReR;kx dh rhu “kfDr;ka lfEefyr gS aA mUgha ds
“kCn gS a&^^lR;kxzg “kCn dk vkfo’dkj mUgks aus rHkh fd;k Fkk] tc os vÝhdk es a
Fks&mn~ns”; Fkk viuh deZ&lk/kuk ds lkFk fuf’Ø; izfrjks/k dk Hksn Li’V djukA
vkSj bl Hksn ij [kklk tksj nsuk gh iM+sxk] D;ks afd ns[kk tkrk gS fd ;wjksiokys
xka/kh ds vkanksyu dks ^fuf’Ø; izfrjks/k* (vFkok vizfrjks/k) ds :Ik esa le>uk pkgrs
gS a] ;|fi okLro es a blls cM+h xyrh nwljh ugha gks ldrhA fuf’Ø;rk ds fy, bl
vnE; ;ks)k ds eu es a ftruh ?k`.kk gS] mruh lalkj ds fdlh nwljs O;fDr es a ugha
gksxh&,sls ohj ^vizfrjks/kh* dk n`’Vkar lalkj es a lpeqp fojy gSA muds vkanksyu dk
lkj rÙo gS ^lfØ; izfrjks/k*aA**
viuh vkRedFkk esa xka/kh us bl izlax esa crk;k gS fd ^lR;kxzg* “kCn ls
igys ml oLrq dh mRifÙk gqbZA mRifÙk ds le; rks ;g D;k gS] eSa [kqn Hkh ugha le>
ldk FkkA mls xqtjkrh es a ^iSflo jsftLVsal* bl vaxz sth uke ls lc le>us yxsA tc
ewY;foe'kZ 55

xksjksa dh ,d lHkk es a eS aus ns[kk fd iSflo jsftLVsal dk rks ladqfpr vFkZ fd;k tkrk
gS] og fucZyks a dk gh gfFk;kj ekuk tkrk gS] mles a }s’k dh xqatkb”k gS vkSj mldk
vafre Lo:Ik fgalk es a izdV gks ldrk gS] eq>s mldk fojks/k djuk iM+k vkSj
fgUnqLrkfu;ksa ds laxzke dk lPpk Lo:Ik le>kuk iM+kA rc fgUnqLrkfu;ksa dks vius
laxzke dk ifjp; nsus ds fy, u, “kCn dh ;kstuk djuh iM+hA ij oSlk Lora= “kCn
eq>s fdlh rjg lw> ugha jgk FkkA vr% mlds fy, ukeek= dk buke j[kdj
^bafM;u vksihfu;u* ds ikBdks a es a bldh izfr;ksfxrk djkbZA bl izfr;ksfxrk ds
QyLo:Ik exuyky xka/kh us lr~&vkxzg dh laf/k djds ^lnkxzg* “kCn cukdj
HkstkA buke mUgsa feyk] ij ^lnkxzg* “kCn dks vf/kd Li’V djus fd [;ky ls eS aus
^;* v{kj c dj dk;Z djrs gS a rc lR;kxzg laHko gks tkrk
gSA
lR;kxzg dh ,d if”peh fojklr gS ftlds “kh’kZ ij fy;ks rksYlrks;] tkWu
jfLdu vkSj gsujh MsfoM Fkksjks ekStwn gS aA rksYlrks; dh vkRedFkk ^fdaXMe vkWQ xkWM
bt fofnu vl* dk v/;;u fd, fcuk xka/kh vfgalk dk “kkL= ugha jp ldrs FksA
jfLdu dh jpuk ^vuVq nh ykLV* ds fcuk os vaR;ksn; vkSj loks Zn; dk fl)kar
lw=c) ugha dj ldrs FksA blh rjg Fkksjks dh jpuk ^,lst vkWu n M~;wVh vkWQ
flfoy fMlvkfCkfM,al* dh iz sj.kk ds fcuk lR;kxzg] lfou; voKk ;k lfou;
izfrjks/k dh vo/kkj.kk dk ,slk fodkl ugha gks ldrk FkkA
ljy “kCnksa es a dguk pkgs a rks dg ldrs gS a fd xka/kh dk lR;kxzg dk fl)kar
;gh Fkk fd ;g esjk lp gS] eSa blls ihNs ugha gVw¡xkA vki blds fy, pkgs tks ltk
ns nhft,] ysfdu esjk lp ;gh gSA ,d O;fDr ds Lrj ij vius lp ds fy,
yM+us&ejus dks rS;kj gks tkuk cgqr cM+h ckr gSA O;fDrRo dh n`

vkRecy gh xka/kh dk jktuhfrd vL= gSA ;g le>uk vklku gS fd vkRek dk cy
“kjhj ds cy ls vf/kd Js’B gSA cqjkbZ ds izfrdkj ds fy, yksx ;fn vkRek ds cy
dk lgkjk ysuk “kq: dj nsa rks cgqr lh ekStwnk ijs”kkfu;ka nwj dh tk ldrh gSaA
Li’V gS fd xka/kh ds vuqlkj vfgalkRed mik;ksa dk lgkjk ysrs gq, lnSo lR; ij
n`

ifjofrZr gksus okyh vo/kkj.kk,a gSaA** dgus dh vko”;drk ugha gS fd lk/ku lk/;
dks izHkkfor&ifjofrZr djrs gS aA vuSfrd lk/ku ls uSfrd lk/; ds tUe dh mEehn
ugha dh tk ldrhA** xka/khth us bl rdZ dh fuUnk dh fd lk/; izkfIr ds fy, dksbZ
Hkh lk/ku mfpr gSA dksbZ if”pe dh vksj pydj iwoZ dh vksj ugha igqap ldrkA
mUgks aus lk/ku dh rqyuk cht ls vkSj lk/; dh o`{k ls dh gSA tSlk cht gS oSlk gh
o`{k mxrk gSA uhe ds o`{k ls vke dk o`{k vkSj Qy ugha gksxkA blh ckr dks vkSj
Li’V djrs gq, mUgks aus dgk & “If I want to deprive you of your watch, I shall
certainly have to fight for it; if I want to buy your watch, I shall have to pay
for it; and if I want a gift, I shall have to plead for it; and according to the
means I employ, the watch is stolen property, my own property or a donation.”
xka/kh deZ;ksx vkSj vuklfDr Hkko es a fo”okl j[krs FksA deZ ds izlax ls
xka/kh xhrk dk vuqlj.k djus okys O;fDr FksA xka/kh dk ;g fopkj iw.kZr;k Hkkjrh;
ijEIkjk ls gh vk;k gSA Hkkjrh; ijEijk es a pkj iq:’kkFkZ gS a&/keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{kA
buesa ls vFkZ vkSj dke HkkSfrd ewY; gS a] /keZ ,d uSfrd ewY; gS vkSj eks{k vk/;kfRed
ewY;A gekjs uSfrd ewY; ges a HkkSfrd ewY;ks a dh izkfIr djkrs gS a vkSj mUgs a LFkk;h cuk,
j[krs gS aA blfy, dgk x;k gS fd /keZ ls gh vFkZ vkSj dke nksuks a dh gh flf) gksrh
gSA xka/kh dk lk/;&lk/ku lEcU/k blh ls izsfjr gSA mUgks aus crk;k fd fgalk dh
fuUnk blfy, gksuh pkfg, fd og ,d vifo= lk/ku gSA Mj vkSj fgalk ds cy ij
ik;h tkus okyh thr rHkh rd dk;e jgrh gS tc rd Mj dk;e jgrk gSA blh
ls ge le> ldrs gS a fd xka/kh dh vfgalk o`fÙk udkjkRed u gksdj ldkjkRed gSA
igys ^uh oks thoL;] thoue~* dk ;qx FkkA cM+h eNyh NksVh eNyh dks [kkdj thrh
FkhA ckn es a ^th;ks vkSj thus nks* dk ;qx vk;kA ;g Hkh xka/kh dh vfgalk ugha gSA [kqn
th;ks vkSj nwljs dks thus esa enn djks] ;g ml vfgalk dk vf/k’Bku gSA xka/kh dh
vfgalk nqcZy dh vfgalk ugha gS og n`< vkSj lcy yksxksa dk vL= gSA muds vuqlkj
vfgalk “kfDr dks ugha gfFk;krh] og “kfDr pkgrh Hkh ugha] “kfDr rks mls izkIr gks
tkrh gSA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ekuo tkfr dks fgalk ls NqVdkjk vfgalk ds }kjk gh
fey ldrk gSA ?k`.kk ds cnys ?k`.kk djus ls ?k`.kk dk gh foLrkj gksrk gS] izse dk
ughaA
fgalk dk iz;ksx gesa Le`fryksi dh vksj ys tkrk gSA fgalk n`

gks fd ge rks fgalk ds fy, etcwj FksA jkT;lÙkk fgalk djrh gS D;ks afd mls O;oLFkk
cuk, j[kus dh etcwjh gSA Økafrdkjh fgalk djrs gS a D;ks afd jkT;lÙkk us mUgs a foo”k
dj fn;k gS mUgs a etcwj dj fn;k gS fd oks fgalk djsaA v/;kid fgalk djrs gS a
D;ksafd fcuk fgalk vkSj vuq”kklu ds cPpksa dks fl[kk;k ugha tk ldrkA cPps fgalk
djrs gS a D;ks afd fgalk ds fcuk lekt lquus dks rS;kj ugha gS A gj fgald O;fDr vkSj
fopkj vius vkidks ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds etcwj nkl ds :Ik es a izLrqr djds gh vius
uSfrd ladV dk lek/kku dj ikrk gSA** bl vFkZ es a fgalk rHkh lEHko gS tc laokn
ds lHkh jkLrs can gks x, gksa] tc nksuksa gh i{kks a es a ,d&nwljs ds izfr lEeku vkSj
fo”okl dh Hkkouk dk yksi gks x;k gksA**
xka/kh dk fo”okl Fkk fd vkilh ckrphr rFkk fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku ls
gh >xM+ks a dks fuiVk;k tk ldrk gSA xka/kh dk lR;kxzg mudh bl ekU;rk dks iq’V
djrk gSA lR;kxzg ds ek/;e ls ,d ,sls lek/kku ij igqapus dh dksf”k”k gksrh gS
ftles a nksuksa gh i{kksa ds vkRelEeku vkSj ijLij&lEeku nksuksa dh gh ,d lkFk j{kk
gksrh gSA lR;kxzgh dh ps’Vk izfri{kh ij fot; ikus dh u gksdj nksuks a gh n`f’Vdks.kks a
dks Lohdkj dj ,d laoknh ekxZ fudkyus dh gksrh gSA nwljksa ds vfLrRo] mifLFkfr]
dk;Z vkSj mi;ksfxrk dks Lohdkj djus okyk gh O;fDr vkSj lekt ds e/; lkeatL;
dj ldrk gSA lR;kxzgh vius foi{kh dks Hkh viuk i{k j[kus dk gj volj nsrk gS
vkSj mls vkeaf=r djrk gS fd og viuh jk; Hkh tkfgj djsA bl rjg ls og
lR;kxzgh bl ckr ds fy, Hkh ges”kk rS;kj jgrk gS fd izfri{kh ls laokn djrs le;
og vius er ij Hkh iqufoZpkj dj ldrk gS] mls cny ldrk gSA bl dksf”k”k ls
;g ckr fudydj lkeus vkrh gS fd lR;kxzgh dh ps’Vk izfri{kh ij fot; izkIr
djus ds cnys ml fLFkfr ij gh fot; ikus dh gksrh gSA lR;kxzgh ges”kk ;g pkgrk
gS fd cqjkbZ dks vPNkbZ ls] ?k`.kk dks izse ls] vlR; dks lR; ls vkSj fgalk dks vfgalk
ds ek/;e ls ifj’Ñr fd;k tk;A xka/kh ds vuqlkj euq’; dh vPNkbZ es a lR;kxzgh
dk ewy :Ik ls fo”okl gksuk pkfg,A mlesa foosd ;k vkRek dh vkokt dks igpkuus
dh {kerk gksuh pkfg, vkSj mls ,d ,slk fodYi [kkstus ds fy, iz;Ru”khy gksuk
pkfg, tks lHkh dks Lohdk;Z gksA xka/kh dk ekuuk Fkk fd izR;sd O;fDr ds eu es a
Lusg] eS=h] mnkjrk] d:.kk vkfn ln~Hkkouk,a vo”; fo|eku jgrh gS aA mudk
ekuuk Fkk fd pwafd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr LoHkkor% cqjk ugha gksrk] blfy, ges a O;fDr&fo”ks’k
ls ?k`.kk ugha djuh pkfg,A
xka/kh dk lR;kxzg blfy, Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gS fd fdlh Hkh fLFkfr es a vkRek ds
cy dk vkJ; fdlh vU; O;fDr dks ihM+k ugha igq apkrkA blfy, tc Hkh bldk
ewY;foe'kZ 59

nq:Ik;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ;g dsoy blds iz;ksxdrkZ dks gkfu igq apkrk gS] mldks
dHkh ugha ftlds fo:) bldk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ln~xq.k dh Hkk¡fr] ;g viuk
iqjLdkj Lo;a gSA vkRek ds cy ds bLrseky es a vlQyrk dh dksbZ xqatkb”k gh ugha
gSA ^fgUn Lojkt* es a xka/kh us bl izlax es a fy[kk gS ^^,d vkneh Hkh lR;kxzgh gks
ldrk gS vkSj yk[kks a yksx Hkh gks ldrs gS aA enZ Hkh lR;kxzgh gks ldrk gS( vkSjr Hkh
gks ldrh gSA mls viuk y”dj rS;kj djus dh t:jr ugha jgrhA mls igyokuks a
dh dq”rh lh[kus dh t:jr ugha jgrhA mlus vius eu dks dkcw es a fd;k fd fQj
og oujkt flag dh rjg xtZuk dj ldrk gSA lR;kxzg ,slh ryokj gS] ftlds
nksuksa vksj /kkj gSA mls pkgs tSls dke es a fy;k tk ldrk gSA tks mls pykrk gS vkSj
ftl ij og pykbZ tkrh gS] os nksuks a lq[kh gksrs gS aA og [kwu ugha fudkyrh] ysfdu
mlls Hkh cM+k ifj.kke yk ldrh gSA** lR;kxzg dh fof”k’Vrk ;g gS fd bles a
oLrqr% ,d gh iw.kZ izfrjks/kdrkZ cqjkbZ ds fo:) vPNkbZ dh fot; ds fy, dkQh gSA
xka/kh us lR; vkSj vfgalk dh lk/kuk ds fy, R;kx vkSj riL;k ij cgqr cy
fn;k gSA xka/kh ds vuqlkj lR;kxzgh dh vkRe”kqf) Hkh vfuok;Z gSA lR;kxzg vkjEHk
djus ls iwoZ gh lR;kxzgh dks vU;k;] Øks/k] fyIlk vkfn cqjkbZ;ksa ls eqDr gks tkuk
pkfg,A blds fy, lR;kxzgh esa vkReR;kx] vkRela;e tSls xq.kksa dk fodkl gksuk
pkfg,A R;kx Hkksx dh foijhr oLrq gSA Hkksx dk ifj.kke gS uk”k fdUrq R;kx dk
ifj.kke gS thouA euq’; thou dk lnqi;ksx djus ds fy, R;kx vkSj riL;k dh
vko”;drk gSA riL;k] xka/khth ds fopkj es a ,d thou&i)fr vkSj thou dh dyk
gSA ,slh dksbZ OkLrq ugha ftls riL;k ls izkIr u fd;k tk ldsA dgk x;k gS &^^ri
cy jpb iziap fo/kkrk] ri cy fo’.kq ldy tx =krk*A xka/kh us vkRe”kqf) vkSj
vkRela;e ds fy, miokl dk ekxZ viuk;k FkkA miokl esa ,d lkFk R;kx vkSj
la;e nksuks a gh xq.k lekfgr gksrs gS aaA
bl :Ik es a xka/kh dk lR;kxzg nqcZy euq’; dk “kL= ugha gS] og lcy euq’;
dk thou&ewY; gS&
lR;kxzg dk “kL=] fo”o bfrgkl vuks[kk]
mHk; i{k dks dHkh u dksbZ jgrk /kks[kkA
xka/kh us og fn;k ;q) dh dVqrk dkVh
foftr fotsrk chp Hkfo’;r~&eS=h ckaVhAA
****
ewY;foe'kZ 60

ek/;e] ewY;] ehfM;k vkSj ekuo dk ewY;kadu
“;keysUnq jatu*
gekjs jkstejkZ dh ftUnxh es a ^e* “kCn dk cM+k egÙo gSA ge l`f’V es a vkus
ds ckn igyk “kCn ^e* ls gh mPpfjr djrs gS a & ^ek¡*A ogh ekuo] ewY;] ekax]
euksjatu] ekufldrk vkfn “kCn gesa irk Hkh ugha gksrk] ge fdruh gh ckj cksy
tkrs gS aA blh lqxe v{kj ^e* ls fudyk gqvk “kCn gS& ehfM;kA ftldk “kkfCnd
vFkZ gksrk gS &^ek/;e*A ;kuh vketu vkSj lÙkktu ds chp dh oks dM+h tks nksuks a
dh nwfj;ka de djrh gks ;k ,d ,slk fgLlk] ftldh igq¡p lÙkktu rd gks vkSj
ogka rd vketu dh igq¡p gksA vkSj lkQ “kCnksa es a dgas rks ,d ,slk vuqoknd tks
rF;ksa dk vuqokn ^Mk;jsDV Lihp* es a djrk gksA
vkt ehfM;k ds dbZ :i gekjs le{k fo|eku gS&tSls Vsyhfotu]
b.VjusV&osclkbV~l] jsfM;ksa vkSj v[kckjA ftuds ek/;e ls vius fofHkUu :iksa es a
;s gekjs vkl&ikl] gekjs ?kjksa es a] fny&vks&fnekx es a Nk;s gq, gS aA dksbZ ;s ugha dg
ldrk fd eS a ehfM;k ls vyx gw¡ ;k ehfM;k dh igq¡p eq>ls nwj gSA vkidh utj
tgk¡ rd tkrh gS ;k ns[k ikrh gS] ehfM;k mlls dkslks nwj T;knk ns[krk gS vkSj
vkids fnekx dh vis{kk dbZ xquk T;knk lksprk Hkh gSA ysfdu lkjh ckrksa dk
^yc&vks&yqvkc* vk dj ;gha Bgj tkrk gS fd ehfM;k fdruh lkFkZd gS ;kuh
ehfM;k vketu ds fy, fdruk ykHkizn gS aA
mldk ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls ljksdkj de D;ks a gqvk\ ehfM;k ds orZeku gkykrks a
ds ihNs dk dkj.k D;k gS\ D;k ehfM;k vius iqjkus dysoj dks iqu% ik ldsxk\
ftlds pyrs bldk bruk eku&lEeku FkkA oks ehfM;k] ftlus ns”k dh Lora=rk
ds fy, la?k’kZ fd;k FkkA oks ehfM;k dgka x;k\ ftlus fo”ocU/kqRo dh jkg cuk;h
FkhA lkekftd fo’kerk dks ikVus ds fy, vius :[k dM+s fd;s FksA vkt bl
cktkjhdj.k ds nkSj es a ;s iz”u mBk;s tkus pkfg,A
lpeqp ;s iz”u vkt cM+s&cM+s ;{k iz”uks a dk :i ys pqds ga S] D;ks afd vkt
ehfM;k Hkh cktkjhdj.k dh bl O;oLFkk es a fcydqy cktk: cu pqdh gSA lÙkk]
lekt vkSj ckt+kjokn ij ppkZ djrs gq,] ,d cM+s i=dkj&ys[kd dqekj foey us
Hkh ehfM;k ds cktk: laca/k vkSj joS;s dh cM+s r+Qrh”k ls iM+rky dh gSA dqekj
foey us viuh iqLrd ^lÙkk] lekt vkSj cktkjokn* es a [kqn ehfM;keSu gksrs gq, Hkh
;s n”kkZ;k gS fd lÙkk vkSj lekt ds chp cktkjokn dks c

gSA ehfM;k dk ewY; vc T;knk ls T;knk ^equkQk* dekus es a cny pqdk gSA eryc
fd ehfM;k dk ewY; vius ewy fl)kar ls cxkor dj cSBk gSA
o`ankou fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu] 1925 es a] i=dkfjrk ds firkeg Lo0
ckcwjke fo’.kq ijkM+dj th dk v/;{kh; Hkk’k.k gqvk] tks iw.kZr;k i=dkfjrk ds ml
oDr ds Hkfo’; ;kuh vkt ds orZeku ls lacaf/kr FkkA mUgksaus vius v/;{kh; Hkk’k.k
es a dgk Fkk fd ^^vkxs pydj i= lokZ ax lqUnj gksaxs] vkdkj cM+s gksaxs] NikbZ vPNh
gksxh] euksgj] euksjatd vkSj Kkuo/kZd fp=ksa ls lqlfTtr gksaxs] ys[kks a es a fofo/krk
gksxh] dYiuk gksxh] xaHkhj xos’k.kk dh >yd gksxh vkSj vR;Ur euksgkfj.kh “kfDr
Hkh gksxh] xzkgdks a dh la[;k yk[kksa es a fxuh tk;sxh&;g lc gksxk] ij i= izk.kghu
gksaxsA i=ksa dh uhfr u gksxhA i=ksa dh uhfr ns”kHkDr] /keZHkDr vFkok ekuork ds
mikld egkizk.k laikndks a dh uhfr u gksxh&bu xq.kksa ls laiUu ys[kd ;k i=dkj
foÑr&efLr’d le>s tk;saxs] laiknd dh dqlhZ rd mudh igqap Hkh u gksxhA
osruHkksxh laiknd ekfyd dk dke djsaxs] os ge yksxks ls vPNs gksaxs] ij vkt Hkh
¼;kuh xqykeh es a Hkh½ gesa tks Lora=rk izkIr gS] mUgs a u gksxhA oLrqr% i=ksa ds thou
es ;gh le; cgqewY; gSA**
baXyS.M vkSj vesfjdk ds i=ksa us mUgha fnuksa lPpk dke fd;k Fkk] tc muds
vkdkj NksVs Fks] lekpkj de gksrs Fks] xzkgd Hkh FkksM+s gh FksA ysfdu laiknd dh
ys[kuh es a vkst Fkk vkSj izk.k FkkA bu ns”kksa dh mUufr ds cgqr dqN dkj.k os gh
laiknd FksA ftuls /kuh ?k`.kk djrs Fks] “kkld Øq) jgk djrs Fks vkSj tks gekjs gh
tSls] ,d iSj tsy es a j[kdj /keZcqf) ls i= laiknu fd;k djrs FksA muds ifjJe
ls vkSj d’Vksa ls i=ksa dh mUufr gqbZ] ij vQlksl muds oa”ktksa dk yksi gks x;kA
vc lapkyu vkSj O;oLFkkid losZlokZ gS a] laiknd dqN ugha ga SA bl bfrgkl ls gesa
mins”k xzg.k djuk pkfg,A le; jgrs lko/kku gks tkuk pkfg, vkSj bl volj
dk ,slk lnqi;ksx djuk pkfg, fd Hkkoh ihfkSrk dj yS ;k iqjkus ewY;ksa ij vfMx jgsa vkSj fQj ewY; pqdkus yk;d u
jgsaA vkf[kjdkj ;s i=dkj uked izk.kh ijyksd dk rks gS ughaA ;s Hkh blh yksd dk
jgus okyk gSA ,sls es a ofj’B i=dkj jke”kj.k tks”kh dh ckrsa lgh tku iM+rh gSA
tks”kh th cM+s csckd Loj es a dgrs gS a&
^^i=dkfjrk es a vc fe”ku dh Hkkouk ugha jgh vkSj ;g laHko Hkh ughaA
ewY;foe'kZ 62

i=dkj pkgs oks vaxz sth dk gks ;k fgUnh dk] pkgs Vh0oh0 dk gks ;k jsfM;ks dkA
mlls ;g vis{kk djuk fd og x.ks”k “kadj fo|kFkhZ dh rjg pus pckdj] QVh
pIiysa igudj i=dkfjrk djsxk] og Hkh vfrmiHkksDrkoknh ;qx es a rks] eS a le>rk
gw ¡] mlds izfr vU;k; gksxkA i=dkj ls fe”kujh gksus dh vis{kk vc ugha dh tkuh
pkfg,A og Hkh mruh gh lqfo/kkvksa dk vf/kdkjh gS] tks dksbZ vkSj gks ldrk gSA**
;gka Li’V rkSj ij dqN ckrsa lkeus vkrh gS a] tks orZeku i=dkfjrk ds
ekun.M vkSj ewY; r; djrh gSA i=dkj Hkh mruh gh lqfo/kkvksa dk vf/kdkjh gS a
tks dksbZ vkSj gks ldrk gSA i=dkfjrk ds O;oLkk; ds vuq:i i=dkj dks U;wure
lqfo/kk;sa feyuh gh pkfg,] ij fnDdr rc is”k gksrh gS] tc i=dkj dks ,d
U;wure thou vkSj U;wure lqfo/kk,a izkIr ugha gksrhA fo”ks’k :i ls {ks=h; i=dkjksa
dh fLFkfr cn~ ls cnrj gSA blds vfrfjDr v[kckjifr] lEiknd ;k laoknnkrk
dks ckj&ckj xyr&lyr dke djus dks ck/; djrk gSA rc mles a Hkh LokHkkfod
bPNk iSnk gks tkrh gS fd og xSj i=dkjh; dk;ks Za ls /ku dek;s vkSj ;gh ls
ykbtfuax ;k pkyw Hkk’kk es a dgs a rks nykyh dk flyflyk “kq: gks tkrk gSA**
vkt Hkh ;s gkykr vaxz sth ;k i=dkfjrk dh mruh ugha gS] ftruh dh
fgUnh i=dkfjrk es a ns[kus dks feyrh gSA dkj.k ;gh gS fd mudh vkfFkZd lajpuk
FkksM+h lqn`us dh t:jr drbZ ugha eglwl dh
x;h fd rkt ;k vkscjk; ij geys ls vkradh tks u gkfly dj ik;s] mls gekjs
pSuyks a us ikj cSBs nq”euks a dks gkfly djk fn;kA
vkt vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ksa gks ;k futh ,Q0,e0 pSuyl~ gh ,d ek= ehfM;k
ikVZ gS] tgk¡ ewY; vHkh cps gq, gS aA nSfud HkkLdj xz qi ds jsfM;ks pSuyl~ 94-3 ekbZ
ewY;foe'kZ 63

,Q- ,e- ds lh0bZ0vks0 Jh gjh”k ,e0 HkkfV;k dk ekuuk gS fd ^^/ku dekuk t:jh
gS] exj ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls le>kSrk dj drbZ ughaA D;ks afd ehfM;k vkoke ds fy,
gS vkSj oks ewY; vkoke ds gh gSA**
cgjgky ehfM;k ds ewY; cny pqds ga S] vc ;s ewY;] ekuork ds cktkj euh
vkSj euksjatu cu pqds gS aA lafo/kku ds pkSFks LrEHk es a ^pkj lh* ¼^Qksj lh*½ dk
QkewZyk dkQh izpfyr gks pqdk gSA flusek] fØdsV] dkWesMh vkSj ØkbZe ij T;knk
/;ku fn;k tkus yxk gSA eryc ewY; ls ugha gSA Jh HkkfV;k QØ ls dgrs gS a fd
dksbZ cqjk Hkys cksy nsa] cqjk ns[k ysa] ij dksbZ cqjk lquuk ugha pkgrkA “kqØ gS ge
lquus okys ehfM;k gSA
fu’d’kZr% xyrh vxj flLVe dh gS rks gekjh Hkh gSA pkgs ge blls yk[k
utj pqjk ysaA
lUnHkZ xzUFk %&
1- ijkM+dj th ds ys[k@lhfM;ka
2- tks”kh] jke”kj.k- ys[k
3- dqekj] foey- lÙkk] lekt vkSj cktkjokn
4- ukjk;.k] y{eh- i=dkfjrk ds u, vk;ke
5- eSdyqgku] foxfuax ehfM;k
6- le;karj] tuer vkSj Kkuksn;] vkfn if=dk,¡
****
ewY;foe'kZ 64

thou ewY; vkSj gekjk nkf;Ro
/keZtax*
jktho dqekj oekZ*
egkHkkjr esa dgk x;k gS&^ufga euq’;kr~ Js’Brja fg fdafpr* 1 vFkkZr euq’;
ls Js’B dqN Hkh ugha gSA lalkj es a tks Hkh tho gS a] mlesa euq’; dk LFkku loks Zifj gSA
ijUrq euq’;@ekuo tUe ls Js’B u gksdj deZ ls Js’B gSA deZ gh euq’; dks egku
cukrk gSA txr deZ ds dkj.k gh ukuk:ikRed gSA Lo.kZ vkSj vkHkw’k.k ds chp dh
dM+h Lo.kZdkj dk deZ gSA blh izdkj euq’; Hkh izÑfr iznÙk ckSf)d&”kkjhfjd
“kfDr }kjk deZjr gksdj bl txr dks lqUnj vkSj lq[kizn cuk ldrk gSA fgUnh
ds Js’B Nk;koknh dfo t;”kadj izlkn us ^dkek;uh* egkdkO; es a ekuo ek= ds
dY;k.k ds fy, euq’; dks deZ djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k gSA mUgksaus fy[kk gS&
^^deZ dk Hkksx Hkksx dk deZ] ;gha tM+ dk psru vkuUnA
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vFkok]
;g uhM+ euksgj Ñfr;ksa dk] ;g fo”o deZ jax LFky gSA** 2
;gk¡ mUgksaus fn[kk;k gS fd ekuo dks vius thou es a deZ ds izfr lpsr jguk
pkfg,A fcuk deZ ds fdlh izdkj dk vkuUn ;k lq[k dh izkfIr laHko ugha gSA ij
blds fy, vko”;d gS fd og izÑfr iznÙk dqN uSfrd fu;eks a dk Hkh vuqikyu djs]
ftUgsa gekjs ckSf)d xzUFkksa es a ^_r~* uke fn;k x;k gSA bu _r ;k uSfrd fu;eks a
dk fuekZ.k gekjs izkphu euhf’k;ksa us izÑfr ds LoHkko dk xgu v/;;u djus ds
i”pkr~ fd;k gSA ;s fu;e vfuok;Zr% vuqya?kuh; gSA izÑfr iznRr dqN ,sls xq.k gS
ftUgsa izÑfr us dsoy ekuo&ek= dks gh iznku fd;k gSA ;s xq.k gh ekuo dks mnkÙk
cukus es a enn djrs gSA blhfy, dgk Hkh x;k gS fd &
**;s’kke~ u fo|k u riks u nkue~
Kkue~ u “khye~ u xq.kks u /keZ% A
rs eR;Z yksds Hkqfo HkkjHkwrk
euq’; :is.k e`xk”pjfUr AA** 3
vkt bUgha uSfrd xq.kksa ,oa fu;eksa ds mYya?ku dk ifj.kke gS fd ekuoh;
leL;kvksa us fo”oO;kih :i /kkj.k dj fy;k gS vkSj vkt djksM+ks yksx nks oDr dh
jksVh ds fy, eqgrkt gS a( ;gk¡ rd fd izÑfr iznÙk LoPN gok] LoPN ty rd izkIr
djuk nq:g gks x;k gSA bruk gh ugha lekt ds lHkh {ks=ks a es a ;Fkk&jktuhfr]
lkfgR;] dyk] laLÑfr] fQYe] f”k{kk] O;kikj] fookg] [ksy] /kkfeZd deZdk.M]
*ekyoh; ewY; vuq”khyu dsUnz] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh
ewY;foe'kZ 65

U;kf;d O;oLFkk] iz”kklu vkSj fo”ks’k:i ls L=h&iq:’kks a ds vkpj.k es a uSfrd ewY;ksa
dk {kj.k fpUrk dk fo’k; gSA vkt izÑfr vkSj euq’; ds chp dk lg&laca/k ladV
es a gS] blls dksbZ badkj ugha dj ldrk gSA vr% ;g lkspuk vko”;d gS fd bl
ladV ls viuh lekt O;oLFkk dks] bl fo”o O;oLFkk dks dSls cpk;k tk,\
izR;sd O;fDr tUe ds le; fujhg izk.kh gksrk gS vkSj vPNs euq’; ds :i
es a mldh igpku rHkh curh gS tc og Js’B thou&ewY;ksa dks vius thou es a
vkRelkr djrk gSA bUgha thou&ewY;ksa ls O;fDr dh vkRek dk mRFkku gksrk gSA
blhfy, xksLokeh rqylhnkl us ^Jhjkepfjrekul* es a dgk gS fd&
ij fgr lfjl /kje ufga HkkbZ]
ij ihM+k le ufga v/kekbZA
Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk ds vuqlkj lkjk lalkj bZ”oje; gS ¼bZ”kkokL;fena
loZe~½A ;gk¡ dk izR;sd O;fDr lcdks viuk ifjokj ;k dqVqECk ekurk gSA og fdlh
dks d’V ugha nsuk pkgrkA nwljks a dk dY;k.k djuk viuk /keZ ekurk gSA ysfdu
vkt vkilh izfrLi/kkZ ds dkj.k euq’; LokFkhZ gks x;k gSA LokFkZ gh euq’; dks
ewY;&foghu cuk jgk gSA ewY; foghu thou vkt ds c

gSA blh es a ekuo ds leLr thou ewY; fNis gq, gS aA bUgha thou ewY;ksa ds lw=ks a es a
,d egÙoiw.kZ lw= ^laosnu”khyrk* dk gSA fcuk laosnu”khy gq, u rks ge ewY;
ladV ds orZeku lanHkZ dks le> ldrs ga S vkSj u gh mlds fujkdj.k ds fy, fdUgha
mik;ksa ij fopkj dj ldrs gS aA geas Lo;a vkSj vius ifjokjtuksa dks] fo”ks’kdj cPpks a
dks D;ks afd os Hkfo’; ds lkjFkh gS] viuh laLÑfr] vius ifjos”k] vius ns”k vkSj bl
lEiw.kZ pjkpj izÑfr ds izfr laosnu”khy ,oa tkx:d cukuk gSA
laLÑfr gekjh ekuoh; laosnukvks a dks] gekjs vUreZu dks] mnkÙk cukrh gSA
oSls Hkh laLÑfr] ewY; ,oa f”k{kk dk laca/k vU;ksU;kfJr gSA ;g gesa uSfrd&ewY;
e;kZnkvksa ls foHkwf’kr djrh gS] gekjs lkSUn;Z&cks/k dks txkrh gS vkSj geas thou thus
dh dyk fl[kkrh gSA laLÑfr dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd&^^laLÑfr
vkUrfjd oLrq gSA blds vUrxZr euq’; ds vkpkj&fopkj] mlds thou ewY;]
mldh uSfrdrk] laLdkj] vkn”kZ] f”k{kk] /keZ] lkfgR; vkSj dyk dk lekos”k gksrk gS]
vr% laLÑfr ,d O;kid rÙo gSA** 4 bl lkaLÑfrd izokg dks xfreku cuk, j[kuk]
mlesa vk, fodkjks a dks nwj djus dk iz;kl djuk] mls vkSj vf/kd mRÑ’V vkSj
le`) cukus dk iz;RUk djuk gekjk lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd nkf;Ro gSA vfHkHkkod ds
:i es a vius cPpks a dks bl izokg ls tksM+uk] mUgs a mudh lkaLÑfrd fojklr dks
tkuus le>us dk volj fnykuk vkSj mudh lkaLÑfrd psruk dk foLrkj]
ifj’dkj djuk gekjk izeq[k nkf;Ro gSA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh fo”ks’krk ^vusdrk esa ,drk* dh jgh gSA ijUrq
okLrfod :i eas vkt vusdrk vf/kd fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS vkSj ,drk dk Hkko {kh.k
gksrk tk jgk gSA Hkkjrh;rk ds izfr J)k&Hkko de] viuh tkfr] {ks=] laiznk; vkfn
ds izfr O;keksg vf/kd fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA ,sls {kqnz fopkj gekjs lekt vkSj Lo;a
O;fDr ds nh?kZdkfyd fodkl ds fy, ?kkrd gS aA tgk¡ gesa lafo/kku iznÙk ewy
vf/kdkjksa dh c[kwch psruk gS] ftUgsa ge xkgs&cxkgs viuh ckrksa es a mn~/k`r djrs
jgrs gS rks gesa vius ewy dÙkZO;ksa dk Hkh Hkyh&Hkkafr Hkku gksuk pkfg, vkSj muds
vuq”khyu dk iz;kl Hkh gksuk pkfg,A
gekjk ;g nkf;Ro dsoy ekuo lekt rd gh lhfer ugha gksuk pkfg,
cfYd bldk foLrkj izÑfr ds lHkh tM+&psru rÙoksa rd gksuk pkfg,A izÑfr dks
dsoy mi;ksx dh oLrq u ekudj mlds izfr Hkh izse ,oa laosnu”khyrk dk gksuk
vfuok;Z gSA blhfy, rks fgUnh ds izfl) dfo lqfe=kuUnu iar us vkjafHkd dky es a
ekuo izse ls T;knk izÑfr izse dks viuh dfork es a egÙo fn;k gS&
ewY;foe'kZ 67

^^NksM+ nzqeksa dh e`nq Nk;k]
rksM+ izÑfr ls Hkh ek;k]
ckys! rsjs cky&tky esa dSls my>k nw¡ ykspu\
Hkwy vHkh ls bl tx dks!** 5
izÑfr dks dsoy miHkksx dh oLrq ekuus dk nq’ifj.kke&ge vkt c

izkFkfed fo|ky;ks a es a ewY;ijd f”k{kk dh izklafxdrk
jkts”k dqekj*
Hkwfedk %&
fdlh ns”k dk Hkfo’; mlds fo|ky;ksa dh d{kkvks a es a curk gSA ;gha
ckY;koLFkk ls ysdj ;qokoLFkk rd fdlh O;fä dk ekufld vkSj ckSf)d fodkl
gksrk gSA ;gha og lektksi;ksxh Kku&dkS”ky lh[krk gSA ;qok tu dk dkS”ky vkSj
mldh ÅtkZ lkekftd ,oa jk’Vªh; fodkl dh lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ vk/kkjf”kyk gSA
ij fodkl dk gekjk y{; dsoy vkfFkZd&lkekftd mUufr rd gh lhfer ugha jg
tkuk pkfg,A gekjk mPprj y{; gksuk pkfg, ,d lH; vkSj ekuoksfpr lekt ds
vkn”kks ± dh vksj c jgk gS vkSj
fnuksfnu fgalkRed ?kVuk,a ckuk Hkh pkfg,A
blds vykok lkewfgd [ksyks a] lkaLd`frd xfrfof/k;ks a ,oa lkewfgd dk;ks ± ds ek/;e ls
ckydks a esa ewY;ksa ds fodkl dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lkFk gh lkFk f”k{kdksa dks
vius O;ogkj dks vuqdj.kh; cukus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A
mís”; %&
izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa es a ewY;ijd f”k{kk dk mís”; gS ckydksa esa izkjfEHkd ewY;
psruk dks txkukA vkt ds lekt esa tc ekrk&firk ,oa lekt ds ikl cPpksa ij
dsfUnzr djus ds fy, le; de gS] ,sls esa ^izkFkfed fo|ky;h f”k{kk* ewY; f”k{kk dk ,d
l”kDr ek/;e cu ldrk gSA vkt ds nkSj esa Hkh dksbZ ckyd vius v/;kid ds
O;ogkjksa dh gh udy djrk gS] ,oa v/;kid }kjk nh tkus okyh lwpuk ij T;knk
vkLFkk j[krk gSA vr% fo|ky;ksa dh Hkwfedk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ewY; lao/kZu gsrq egÙoiw.kZ gSA
*“kks/k Nk=] f”k{kk ladk;] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh
ewY;foe'kZ 69

ewY; ,oa ewY;ijd f”k{kk %&
^ewY;* ,d fu.kZ;kRed “kCn gSA bldk rkRi;Z lgh&xyr] mfpr&vuqfpr]
cqjk&vPNk] bZekunkjh&csbZekuh] [kqclwjr&cnlwjr bR;kfn ls gSA bUgsa ge thou ds
izR;sd {ks= ls tksM+ ldrs gSA izR;sd {ks= esa euq’; dqN u dqN O;ogkj n”kkZrk gS]
ijUrq ftl rjg dk O;ogkj ifjokj ;k lekt vFkok jk’Vª vFkok ekuork ds lUnHkZ
es a vkisf{kr gS & mls ge ewY; dh laKk nsrs gSaA
Nk= og cht gS tks vius vUnj leLr ewY;ks a ds fodkl dks lesVs gq, gS
vkSj f”k{kk og ifjos”k gS] tks bl cht dks [kkn&ikuh nsdj mls fodflr gksus dk
volj iznku djrh gSA bu nksuks a ds ;ksxnku ls gh ewY;ksa dk mn~Hko gks ldrk gSA
gekjk lafo/kku uSfrd ewY;ks a dh vewY; fuf/k gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh
izLrkouk es a tks ewY; crk,a x, ga S] mUgsa f”k{kk }kjk gh Nk=ksa ds thou es a mrkjk tk
ldrk gSA os ewY; iztkra=] lektokn] /keZfujis{krk] U;k;] lfg’.kqrk] O;fDr dh
xfjek] fopkj vkSj vfHkO;fDr vkfn gSA bZekunkjh] midkj] fouezrk] vgadkj]
fu%LokFkZrk] leHkko] eu] opu vkSj deZ dh ,drk ds bUgha ewY;ks a dks ckyd ds
thou es a mrkjuk gh ewY;ijd f”k{kk gSA
ewY;ksa dk oxhZdj.k %&
ewY;ksa dk oxhZdj.k vusd izdkj ls fd;k x;k gSA tc euq’; viuk thou
izÑfr ds lkFk thrk Fkk] rc thou ds ewY; ljy FksA leqnk; es a izse] lgkuqHkwfr rFkk
lg;ksx vkfn ewY;ks a ds :i es a LohÑr FksA “kuS%&”kuS% lekt dk Lo:i tfVy gksrk
x;kA thou dks lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd] jktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd vkfn {ks=ks a es a
ck¡V fn;k x;kA bl lUnHkZ es a ge ewY;ks a dks fuEu oxks a Z es a ck¡V ldrs gS a &
1- lkekftd ewY; % ;s euq’; ds lkekftd O;ogkj dks funsZf”kr djrs gSa ;Fkk &
Hkzkr`Ro] lg;ksx] lgkuqHkwfr vkfnA
2- lkaLÑfrd ewY; % ;s ewY; laLÑfr dks thfor j[kus es a lgk;d gksrs gS aA yksd
dY;k.k dh Hkkouk] olq/kSodqVqEcde~ dh Hkkouk] drZO; ijk;.krk gekjh Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr ds vej ewY; gSaA
3- /kkfeZd ewY; % izR;sd /keZ ds dqN ewyHkwr vkn”kZ o vkpkj ds izfreku gksrs gSaA
mudk ikyu ml /keZ ds vuq;kf;;ks a ds fy, vko”;d gksrk gS ;Fkk&tSu /keZ es a
vfgalk vk/kkjHkwr ewY; gS a tks lHkh tSfu;ks a ds O;ogkj dks fu;af=r djrk gSA bUgha
/kkfeZd ewY;ks a es a uSfrd ewY; Hkh lekfgr gSA
4- vkfFkZd ewY; % vkfFkZd ewY; euq’; dks vkfFkZd {ks= es a fn”kk&funs Z”k nsrs gSA ;s
ewY; ,d dlkbZ ds fy, vyx gksrs gS a vkSj ,d eafnj es a fu;qDr iqtkjh ds fy,
ewY;foe'kZ 70

vyxA ij nksuks a vkfFkZd {ks= es a vkrs gS a D;ks afd os O;fDr ds O;kolkf;d thou ls
lEcfU/kr gksrs gS aA
5- jktuSfrd ewY; % ;s ewY; O;fDr ds jktuSfrd O;ogkj dks funs Zf”kr djrs gSaA
jktuhfr ds {ks= es a dksbZ fdlh dk nq”eu ugha gksrkA fdlh Hkh izdkj ls viuk ykHk
o viuh egÙokdka{kk dh izkfIr fdlh Hkh lk/ku }kjk djuk gh bdykSrk jktuSfrd
ugh gksuk pkfg,A
6- jk’Vªh; ewY; % jk’Vªh; ewY;ks a dk egÙo o iz;ksx vk/kqfud ;qx dh nsu gSA Hkkjr
tSls ns”k ds fy, bu ewY;ks a dk cgqr egÙo gSA ;s jk’Vª ds ukxfjdks a ds O;ogkj dks
fu;af=r djrs gSaA
izkFkfed fo|ky; Lrj ij ewY;ijd f”k{kk %&
izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa es a ewY;ijd f”k{kk] ikB~;Øe] iqLrd] f”k{kd ,oa
fo|ky; ds ifjos”k ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu :iks a es a fØ;kfUor gksrh gS tks fuEu gS &
ikB~;Øe %&
orZeku le; es a fo|ky;ksa esa ewY; f”k{kk ds lUnHkZ es a tks fcUnq n`f’Vxkspj
gksus pkfg, mudk ,d fp=.k jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr ¼1986½ es a fd;k x;kA blesa ,d
,slh jk’Vªh; ikB~;Øe lajpuk dh dYiuk dh xbZ ftlds vUrxZr lfEefyr fd;s
tkus okys rÙoksa dks lHkh fo’k;ks a es a leku :i ls fijksuk gSA budk mís”; fo|kfFkZ;ks a
es a fofHkUu ewY;ksa dks fodflr djuk gSA tSls & lkaLÑfrd fojklr] lerk] iztkra=]
iaFkfujis{krk] fyax lekurk] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] lkekftd ck/kkvks a dks nwj djuk rFkk
oSKkfud n`f’Vdks.k dk fodklA
ewY; f”k{kk fdlh vyx fo’k; ds :i es a ugha ns[kh tkuh pkfg, cfYd
mldks lHkh fo’k;ks a es a ^dkeu dksj* ¼lkekU; dsfUnzd½ ds :i es a lekfgr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A ewY; f”k{kk ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k] fo’k;oLrq p;u ,oa mlds fo|ky;h ifjos”k es a
O;kogkfjd :i ls s mlds fØ;kUo;u ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
iqLrd %&
fu;ksftr ikB~;Øe ds fØ;kUo;u es a izFke egÙo iqLrdks a dk gSA vr% iqLrd
ys[ku es a fo’k;oLrq dk p;u ,oa blds vUrxZr rF;ks a dk ladyu ,oa izLrqfrdj.k
i{kikr jfgr gksuk pkfg,A lekt ds lHkh oxks± ls lEcfU/kr rF;ks a dks jk’Vª ,oa
lekt ds fgr dks /;ku es a j[kdj izLrqr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k Lo:i]
lekt ds egku O;fDr;ks a ds thou es a ?kfVr&?kVukvksa dk mYys[k djuk pkfg,A
f”k{kd %&
f”k{kd ^ewY; f”k{kk* dh /kqjh gSA og fo|kfFkZ;ks a ds thou dh uhao rS;kj djus
okyk f”kYih gSA f”k{kd dks dqEgkj o Nk= dks feêh dk yksank dgk x;k gSA vr%
ewY;foe'kZ 71

f”k{kd dks Lo;a dh xfrfof/k ,oa mlds }kjk lapkfyr leLr dk;ZØeksa ¼ikB~;Øe
lacaf/kr ,oa ikB~;sŸkj½ es a ;g fcUnq laKku es a j[kuk pkfg,A mldk izR;sd O;ogkj
fo|kFkhZ ds fy, va/ksjs es a ml izdk”k fcEc ds leku gS ftlds vk/kkj ij ckyd
viuk ekxZ

vk/kqfud izkS|ksfxdh f'k{kk vkSj ekuoh; ewY;
vfer dqekj oekZ*
vkt ge foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds mUur ;qx es a fur uwru vk;ke LFkkfir
dj jgs gS aA pkjks a vksj foKku vkSj rduhd ds tknw us dne ilkj j[ks gSaA
fnu&izfrfnu uohure rduhd ls :c: gksrs&gksrs ge D;k dqN Hkwys tk jgs gS a] ges a
bldh tjk Hkh fpUrk ughaA fodkl dh izfr}fUnrk Hkh cM+h vthc gS] tks viuh
ijEijkvks a vkSj laLÑfr dks iSjksa rys dqpy gesa vkxs c

Lokeh foosdkuUn us ;qokvks a dks thou dk ewy ea= le>krs gq, dgk Fkk fd
^^ekuoh; lsok es a gh bZ'oj ds lk{kkRdkj gksrs gSaA** vius ,d Hkk"k.k es a mUgks aus dgk
Fkk&^^lEiw.kZ fo'o ij gekjh ekr`Hkwfe dk egku _.k gSA blh O;ogkfjd osnkUr
dh ije ikou d:.k Hkwfe ls vk/;kRe dh ygj ckj&ckj meM+h vkSj vkâykfnr
gqbZ gS vkSj ;gha ls ekuo tkfr es a {kek] n;k o 'kqfprk vkfn ln~o`fÙk;ksa tSls
ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl gqvk gSA ;qok ih

dksfV dh i

lanHkZ %
1- xqIrk] ,e-ih- ^foKku f'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk*] tuZy
vkWQ oSY;w ,tqds'ku] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyh] vad&4 ¼1 ,oa 2½ ¼2004½]
i`0la0&86&94
2- ?kks"k] Vh-ih- ^lkbal ,.M fLizpqvfyVh bu ,tqds'ku*] tuZy vkWQ oSY;w
,tqds'ku] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyh] vad&4 ¼1 ,oa 2½ ¼2004½]i`0la0&79&85
3- HkV~V] ,l- ^xzksFk ,.M Msoyies.V vkWQ bathfu;fjax ,tqds'ku % ,u vksojO;w
vkWQ bf.M;u flusfjvks*] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt] ,-vkbZ-;w- gkWml] ubZ fnYyh]
vad&48 ¼10½ ¼2010½] i`0la0&12&21
4- eksgktj] ,u- ,oa ,l- eksgktj- ^bt lkbal buQkfYcy\ , fØfVdy
,ukfyfll vkWQ lkbafVfQd ,.M VsDuksykWftdy oSY;wt] bEiyhds'ku QkWj
Ldwy ,tqds'ku*] tuZy vkWQ oSY;w ,tqds'ku] ,u-lh-b-vkj-Vh-] vad&4 ¼1
,oa 2½ ¼2004½] i`0la0&71&78
5- fuosfnrk ^yfu±x Vw fyo Vqxsnj % n dhLVksu vkWQ ,tqds'ku QkWj fn V~OksUVh
QLVZ lsUpqjh*] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt] ,-vkbZ-;w- gkml] ubZ fnYyh] vad&48 ¼43½]
¼2010½] i`0la0&11&14
6- ySeXuk] lh- tsM- ,oa lh- foykU;wok- ^gk;j ,tqds'ku oSY;wl ,ØkWl Vkbe
,.M dYpj % ljokyoj vkj fjokboy*] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt] ,-vkbZ-;w- gkWml]
ubZ fnYyh] vad&48 ¼39½] ¼2010½] i`0la0&19&23
7- oekZ] ,l- ,oa ,l- feJk- ^f'k{kk ,oa ewY; % fo'ys"k.k*] ewY; foe'kZ] ekyoh;
ewY; vuq'khyu dsUnz] okjk.klh] vad&5 ¼9½ ¼2010½] i`0la0&49&51
8- 'kekZ] ,l- ^izksQs'kuy bfFkDl ,.M oSY;wt bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku*] ;wfuoflZVh
U;wt] ,-vkbZ-;w- gkWml] ubZ fnYyh] vad&44 ¼14½ ¼2006½] i`0la0&10&11 ,oa
17
9- Lokeh] vkj-,u- ^ps aftax jksy vkWQ VhplZ bu LVªsfUFkfuax oSY;w csLM gk;j
,tqds'ku*] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt] ,-vkbZ-;w- gkWml] ubZ fnYyh] vad&48 ¼39½
¼2010½] i`0la0&14&18
10- flag] vks- ^ewY;ksUeq[kh f'k{kk % feFkd ,oa ;FkkFkZ*] ewY; foe'kZ] ekyoh; ewY;
vuq'khyu dsUnz] okjk.klh] vad&5 ¼9½ ¼2010½] i`0la0&20&14
11- lsfUVxks] ,- ^oSY;w ,.M oPkZ wl bu n bjk vkWQ Xykscykbts'ku*] ;wfuoflZVh
U;wt] ,-vkbZ-;w- gkWml] ubZ fnYyh] vad&48 ¼39½] ¼2010½] i`0la0&6&11
12- f=ikBh] ,l- ^ekuoh; ewY; ,oa ewY; laLdkj % Lokeh foosdkUkUn dk fparu*]
ewY; foe'kZ] ekyoh; ewY; vuq'khyu dsUnz] okjk.klh] vad&5 ¼9½] ¼2010½]
i`0la0&32&34 ,oa 37
****
ewY;foe'kZ 76

Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk i)fr es a of.kZr lkekftd
ewY; ,oa mudk egRo
jf”e ok’.ks Z; ∗
vFkoZosn ds miosn ,oa iapeosn ^vk;qosZn* esa “kjhj] bfUnz;] lÙo ,oa vkRek
ds la;ksx dks ^vk;q* dgk x;k gS ftles a ^”kjhj ,oa bfUnz;* ^”kkjhfjd nzO;* rFkk ^lÙo
,oa vkRek* dks ^vk/;kfRed nzO;* crk;k x;k gS rFkk lÙolaKd eu vrhfUnz; ¼ik¡p
KkusfUnz;k¡&Pk{kq] Jks=] /kzk.k] jluk] Rod~ rFkk ik¡p desZfUnz;k¡&gLr] ikn] ik;q miLFk
,oa Rokd&buls fHkUu rFkk budk vfrØe.k djus okyk½ gS S] bls dqN yksx ^psr* dk
laKk nsrs gS aA bl eu dk O;kikj vius fo’k; ¼bfUnz; lkis{k ,oa bfUnz; fujis{k½ rFkk
vkRek dh Js’Brk ds v/khu gSa vkSj ;g LkHkh bfUnz;ksa dh ps’Vkvksa dk iz/kku dkj.k gSA
;g eu ¼lÙo½ ftl xq.k dk ckjckj iq#’k es a vuqorZu djrk gS] eu Hkh mlh xq.k
okyk gks tkrk gSA D;ksafd eu ds v/khu] eu dh izsj.kk ls ,oa eu ds lkFk KkusfUnz;k¡
vius&vius fo’k;ks a dks xzg.k djrh gS aA eu dk y{k.k gh Kku dk gksuk ;k u gksuk
crk;k x;k gSA mifu’kn ,oa xhrk esa Hkh crk;k x;k gS &
^^p{kq% i”;fr :ikf.k eulk u p p{kq’kkA
Ekulk O;kdqys p{kq% i”;Uufi u i”;frAA**
vr% ;g v/;kRe nzO; gh “kqHk vkSj v”kqHk fo’k;ks a dh izo`fÙk ,oa fuo`fÙk es a gsrq
gS a D;ks afd eu dk vius fo’k;ks a ls le;ksx gh izÑfr ¼LoLFkkoLFkk½ dk dkj.k gS vkSj
budk vfr;ksx] v;ksx vkSj feF;k;ksx foÑfr ¼jksxksRifÙk½ dk dkj.k gSA vr% eu ds
lkFk lHkh bfUnz;k¡ LoHkkfod :Ik es a orZeku jgs a rFkk mues a dksbZ foÑfr u gks blfy,
lkRE; bfUnz;kFkks Za ds la;ksx }kjk cqf) ls Bhd&Bhd fopkj dj dk;ks Za dks mfpr :Ik
es a djuk pkfg, D;ks afd vk;qosZn esa /kkj.kh; osxks a dk /kkj.k u djus ls eu ds fodkj
¼ekufld fodkj½ dh mRifÙk dk funsZ”k fn;k x;k gSA ftles a /kkj.kh; osxksa ds
varxZr O;fDr dks eu opu ,oa “kjhj ls fuf’k) ,oa lglk dk;Z ugha djuk pkfg,
;Fkk&yksHk] “kksd] Hk;] Øks/k] vagdkj] fuyZTtrk] bZ’;kZ] vfrjkx ¼izse½ nwljs dk /ku
ysus dh bPNk vkfn ekul osxks a dks jksduk pkfg, ,oa vR;Ur dBksj opu] pqxy[kksjh]
>wB cksyuk vkSj vdky;qDr opu buds osxks a dks /kkj.k djuk pkfg,A nwljs dks ihM+k
nsus okys “kjhj ds deZ] ijL=h lEHkksx] pksjh vkSj fgalk ls mRiUu osxksa dks jksduk
pkfg,A bl izdkj fu;eks a dk ikyu djus ls euq’; ds eu] opu ,oa deZ iki jfgr
gks tkrs gS a ftlls og iq.; dk Hkkxh gksrk gS rFkk lq[kiwoZd /keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke dks
izkIr dj mlds Qyks a dk miHkksx djrk gSA vr% bl lalkj es a vkSj ejus ds ckn Hkh
lq[k dh bPNk j[kus okys cqf)eku iq#’k dks pkfg, fd og vkgkj] vkpkj vkSj lHkh
∗ lfoZl lhfu;j jsthMsUV] vkbZ-,e-,l-] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh
ewY;foe'kZ 77

izdkj dh ps’Vkvks a esa fgrdj oLrq ds lsou esa vf/kd iz;Ru djs ftlds fy, ^lno`Ùk*
,oa ^vkpkj&jlk;u* ds ek/;e ls viuk dY;k.k pkgus okys lHkh euq’;ks a dks loZnk
viuh Lej.k”kfDr dks tkx:d j[krs gq, budk ikyu djuk pkfg,( D;ks aafd ,slk
djus ls ,d gh lkFk vkjksX; vkSj bfUnz;ks a ij fot; bl ^vFkZ};* dks euq’; izkIr
djrk gSA
lno`Ùk ds varxZr nsork] xq:] fl) iq#’k dh iwtk] LoPNrk] lk/kqos”k]
iwokZfHkHkk”kh] /kkfeZd] n{k] {kekoku] fuHkhZd] /kheku~] “kkfUriz/kku] lR;izfrK] nwljs ds
dBksj opuks a dks lgus okyk] vlfg’.kqrk] Øks/k dk uk”kd] “kkfUr dk xq.k ns[kus
okyk] jkx&}s’k mRiUu djus okys dkj.kksa dk R;kx djus okyk gksuk pkfg, RkFkk
“k=qrk es a :fp u ysuk] ikideZ u djuk] ikih ds lkFk Hkh iki dk O;ogkj u djuk]
nks’kks a dks u dgs] xqIr ckrksa dks tkuus dh ps’Vk u djs] v/kkfeZd&nq’V O;fDr;ksa dk
lkFk u jgus ,oa nq’V izo`fÙk ds euq’; ds vkJ; es a u jgs] fL=;ksa dk vieku u djsa]
lTtu iq#’kksa ,oa xq#vksa dh fuUnk u djsa rFkk vifo=koLFkk esa iwtk vkSj v/;;u
u djsa] efnjkiku] tqvk [ksyus vkSj os”;kxeu dh bPNk u djsa] vfHkekuh u cus]
dk;Zdq”kyrk izkIr djs a] nwljksa dh fuUnk u djsa] xkSvksa ij n.Mk u mBkosa] o`)] xq#
vkSj “kkld ij vk{ksi u djsa] vf/kd u cksyuk] /kS;Z u NksM+s] futh O;fDr;ksa ij
vfo”okl u djsa] vdsys lq[kh gksus dh ps’Vk u djsa] nq[knk;h vkpkj&fopkj okyk
u cus] loZlk/kkj.k ij fo”okl ;k lUnsg u djsa vkSj loZnk lksp&fopkj esa Hkh u
jgs aA le; fujFkZd u fcrkos a] fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks fcuk ijh{kk fd, lglk u djsa]
bfUnz;ksa ds o”khHkwr u jgsa] papy eu dks LoPNUnrkiwoZd fo’k;ks a esa u yxkosa] Øks/k ;k
}s’k ds o”k es a gksdj dksbZ Hkh dk;Z u djsa] “kksd ds o”khHkwr u gks] dk;Z dh flf) gks
tkus ij vR;ar izlUurk rFkk dk;Z dh vflf) gksus ij vR;Ur nq[k O;Dr u djsa]
izÑfr dk Lej.k lnk djsa ] czãp;Z] Kku] nku] fe=rk] n;k] g’kZ] mis{kk vkSj “kkfUr
bu fØ;k;ksa es a rRij jgsaA vkSj mi;q ZDr xq.kksa ls ;qDr euq’; ;fn jlk;u dk lsou
u Hkh djs a rks Hkh jlk;u ds lHkh xq.k mls izkIr gksrs gS aA ftls ^vkpkj jlk;u* dh
laKk nh xbZ gSA v’Vkax ;ksx es a of.kZr ;eA ¼lR;] vfgalk] vLrs;] czãp;Z] vifjxzg½
rFkk fu;e ¼”kkSp] larks’k] ri] Lok/;k; ,oa bZ”ojizkf.k/kku½ es a Hkh bUgha dk lekos”k
gSA
lq[k ds dkj.kks a ds lsou ls nq%[k dk Øfed vuqcU/k u’V gks tkrk gS vkSj
lq[k dh izo`fÙk gks tkrh gS vkSj cqf)] /k`fr vkSj Le`fr ds Hkz’V gks tkus ij euq’; tc
v”kqHk deZ djrk gS rc lHkh “kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld nks’k izdqfir gksdj fodkj ¼jksx½
mRifÙk djrs gSaA
ewY;foe'kZ 78

^Jhen~Hkkxor xhrk* esa Hkh dgk x;k gS&
^^/;k;rks o’k;kUiq al% l¯Lrs’kwitk;rsA
l¯kRlŒtk;rs dke% dkekrRØks/kks·fHktk;rsAA
Øks/kkn~Hkofr lEeksg% lEeksgkRLe`frfoHkze%A
Le`frHkz a”kkn~ cqf)uk”kks cqf)uk”kkRiz.k”;frAA**
¼Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk 2@6] 63½
ekul jksx mRiUu gksus ij Hkh /keZ] vFkZ] dke] bu rhuks a dk fopkjiwoZd
ikyu djuk pkfg, rFkk ekufld jksxks a dks nwj djus okys iq#’kksa dh lsok] vkReKku]
ns”kKku] dqyKku] dkyKku] cyKku rFkk viuh “kfDr dk Kku loZLo j[kuk
pkfg, &
^^ekula izfrHkS’kT;a f=oxZ L;kUos{k.ke~A
rf)|lsok foKkuekReknhuka p loZ”kAA** ¼p-lw- 11@47½
lHkh izkf.k;ks a dh lHkh izo`fÙk ¼dk;Z½ lq[k ds fy, gh gksrh gS] ij tks euq’;
KkuiwoZd dk;Z djrk gS og lq[kdj ekxZ ij jgrk gS vkSj tks vKkuiwoZd dk;Z
djrk gS og vdk;Z ¼nq%[k½ dk Hkkxh gksrk gSA ftu ykSfdd euq’;ks a dh vkRek jtksxq.k
vkSj reksxq.k ls vko`Ùk jgrh gS os rRdky fiz; yxus okys deZ gh djrs gS a ijUrq ftu
yksxksa dh vkRek Kku ds izdk”k ls vey gks xbZ ,sls Kkuh iq#’k rkRdkfyd lq[kdj
ijUrq ifj.kke esa vlq[kdj Hkkoks a dk lsou ugha djrsA
lanHkZ xzUFk %&
1- pjd lafgrk iwokZ)Z
2- pjd lafgrk mÙkjk)Z
3- v’Vkax laxzg
4- v’Vkax ân;
5- Hkwr fo|k
6- Jheökxor xhrk ¼xhrk izsl½
****
ewY;foe'kZ 79

viHkz a”k lkfgR; es a thou ewY;
c`tjkt flag *
viHkza”k ,d le; yksdizpfyr dkO; 1 Hkk’kk jgh gSA viHkza”k lkfgR; dh
vf/kdka”k jpuk,a /kkfeZd izfrc)rk2 ,oa HkfDr ds lkFk fy[kh x;h gSa] fQj Hkh viHkz a”k
lkfgR; dh tks lkexzh feyrh gS mlls ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd blds
vykok Hkh dbZ fo’k; Fks ftuij jpuk,a gq;h gS aA viHkza”k lkfgR; dk ,d cgqr cM+k
Hkkx uhfr] lwfDr] vU;ksfDr] Lrqfr vkfn

L=h ds izfr fd;k x;k O;ogkj] LkH;rk dh igpku gSA dksbZ lekt fdruk lH; gS
;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og fL=;ksa ds izfr dSlk O;ogkj djrk gSA Lo;aHkw
us lhrk ds ek/;e ls iwjs L=h lekt dh O;Fkk dks fpf=r djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
os vius iz;kl es a lQy Hkh gSA
ljg ik us ^nksgkdks”k* dh jpuk dh FkhA bles a mUgks aus thou vkSj mlls tqM+s
izlaxks dh [kwc ppkZ dh gSA mins”kkRed “kSyh es a ljg ik us thou ds fofHkUu
igywvks a ij viuh jk; izdV dh gSA xq#&f”k’; ds laca/k esa mUgks aus dgk fd xq# dks
rc rd f”k’; ugha cukuk pkfg, tc rd fd og ml yk;d u gks tk;&
tko .k vki tf.kTtb] rko .k flLl djsbA
vU/kk vU/k d

;g ,d v{kj dkSu lk gS\ og izse gS] ftls dchj us

viuk xq.kxku ,oa nwljksa dh fuUnk djuk lTtu O;fDr ds y{k.k ugh gS aA lekt
es a dbZ rjg ds yksx jgrs gSaA thou ,d nkSM+ cu x;k gSA bl nkSM+ es a dqN yksx vkxs
fudy tkrs gS a rks dqN fiNM+ tkrs gS aA cgqr rks ,sls gS a tks vHkh nkSM+ es a “kkfey gh
ugh gS aA t:jr gS mUgsa Hkh lkFk ykus dhA dgus dk eryc ;g ugha fd tks vkxs
gS a os ihNs gks tk,a] cfYd tks ihNs jg x;s gS a mUgsa vkxs ykus dh t:jr gS] u fd
mUgsa NksM+ nsus dhA lTtu O;fDr;ks a dk ifjp; nsrs gq, gsepUnz us vius ^izkÑr
O;kdj.k* esa fy[kk gS &
cPN gs x`g.kb Qyb¡ t.kq dMq&IkYyo cTtsbA
rks fo egn~nzqe lqv.kq fto¡ rs mPNafx /kjsbAA 14
yksx o`{kks a ls Qyks a dks xzg.k djrs gSa] dVqiYyoksa dks NksM+ nsrs gS aA rc Hkh
egku nzqe lTtu dh Hkk¡fr mUgsa ¼mRlax½ xksn es a /kkj.k fd;s jgrk gSA gsepUnz us
lekt ,oa nSuafnu thou ij vusd nksgs fy[ks gSaA tu lkekU; ds O;ogkj ij mudh
n`f’V FkhA mins”kkRed ,oa uhfrijd nksgs mudh igpku gS aA ,d nksgs es a mUgks aus
fy[kk gS fd tks viuk xq.k fNik, vkSj nwljksa dk crk,] dfy;qx es a nqyZHk ,sls
lTtu O;fDr ij cfy tkrk gw ¡A vFkkZr~ ,sls lTtu nqyZHk gS a &
tks xq.k xksobZ vIi.kk i;Mk djb ijLlqA
rlq gm¡ dfy&tqfx nqYyggks cfy fdTtm¡ lqv.kLlqAA 15
,d nksgs es a gsepUnz us fy[kk gS fd thou fdls I;kjk ugha\ /ku fdls vPNk
ugha yxrkA ijUrq volj vk iM+us ij fof”k’V tu nksuks dks gh r`‘.k leku fxurk
gSA
thfom dklq u cYygma ?k.kq i.kq dklq u bV~BA
nksf..k fo volj&fuofMvba fr.k&le x.kb foflV~BqAA16 viHkz a”k lkfgR; es a thou O;kikj ,oa fØ;k dykiksa ds ckjs es a i;kZIr pPkkZ
feyrh gSA tgka rd ewY;ks a dh ckr gS] ewY; csgrj lekt jpuk ds fy, t#jh rÙo
gS aA LoLFk lekt jpuk ds fy, LoLFk ewY;ks a dk fuekZ.k vko”;d gSA bl izfØ;k es a
lkfgR; loks ZRre ek/;e gksrk gSA lUrkas] HkDrks a us blh ewY; fu/kkZj.k dh izfØ;k esa
vius lkfgR; ls egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA viHkz a”k lkfgR; es a Hkh ;g Li’V fn[kkbZ
iM+rk gSA lkfgR; lekt ls xgjh rjg tqM+k gksrk gSA vius le; dh vfHkO;fDr ds
lkFk&lkFk og Hkfo’; ds fy, fn”kk funsZ”k Hkh nsrk pyrk gSA t:jr gS ml funs Z”k
dks le>kus dhA
ewY;foe'kZ 83

lUnHkZ%&
1- “kqDy] jkepUnz- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] izdk”ku laLFkku] i`0la0&25
2- “kkgh] lnkuUn- lans”k jkld% yksdksUeq[kh psruk ds dfo vCnqy jgeku ,oa mudk
dkO;] izKk] okjk.klh] vad&82] 1987
3- flag] ukeoj- fgUnh ds fodkl esa viHkz a”k dk ;ksx] i`0la0&217
4- ogh] i`0la0&172
5- ogh] i`0la0&170
6- ogh] i`0la0&265
7- ogh] i`0la0&267
8- ogh] i`0la0&267
9- ogh] i`0la0&269
10- dchj
11- xkfyc
12- f}osnh] gtkjh izlkn- ¼lEik-½] vCnqy jgeku % lans”k jkld] i`0la0&159
13- flag] ukeoj- fgUnh ds fodkl es a viHkz a”k dk ;ksx] i`0la0&272
14- ogh] i`0la0&274
15- ogh] i`0la0&274
16- ogh] i`0la0&275
****
ewY;foe'kZ 84

ekuoh; ewY; vkSj lUr lkfgR;
*
jkts”k dqekj pkS/kjh
dkO; vkSj thou dk cM+k lehi dk lEcU/k gS vkSj thou es a uSfrd psruk
dk cM+k egÙo gS] D;ks afd vkn”kZ thou ds fy, ifj’dkj dh furkUr vko”;drk
gksrh gSA vkSj ;g ifj’dkj uSfrdrk ls gh lkf/kr gksrk gSA lUrks a dh dfork ds
lUnHkZ es a dgus dh vko”;drk ugha fd mudh dfork lexzr% uSfrdrk ls
vuqizkf.kr&vuqpkfyr gksrs gq, ekuorkoknh ewY;ks a dh LFkkiuk dh vksj fujUrj
vxzlj jgh ga SA lUrks a dh dfork ekuo&thou dh vkuUne;h vkpkj lafgrk ga SA og
vkpkfjd ,oa ekufld ifj’dkj dh laokfgdk&lEizlkfjdk gSA lUrksa dh ekuoh;
Hkkouk dksbZ vks

mPNÜk`a[kyrkvks a ,oa ve;kZnkvksa dks nwj djds e;kZnk dh laLFkkiukA ekuork ds
dkj.k n`f’Vdks.k es a vkSnk;Z dk lekos”k gks tkrk gSA dchj ;fn dsoy nk”kZfud ;k
lUr gh jgrs] rks mudh dVqrk fdruh pksV igq¡pkus okyh gksrh\ fdUrq vfHkO;atuk
fof/k es a mudh dVqrk cgqr dqN e`nq gks tkrh gS a vkSj ekuork dh lrg ij vk tkrh
gSA Hkkjrh; lUrks a dk lkfgR; ekuork ls vksr&izksr gSA ekuork gh dchj] ukud]
nknw] jSnkl vkfn lUrks a ds dkO; dk xkSjo gSA
oLrqr% lUrksa dk dkO; yksdeaxy dh Hkkouk ls ifjpkfyr gS] ekuo /keZ dh
iw.kZ izfr’Bk ls izsfjr gSA budk dkO; euksjatu dh oLrq ugha gSA budk mn~ns”;
dkO;&ltZuk }kjk /ku vFkok ;”k&izkfIr ugha FkkA dfork dfork ds fy, budk
vkn”kZ ugha FkkA mudh LokuqHkwfr es a fo”o&O;kih vuqHkwfr dh O;kidrk FkhA yksd&osn
dk vU/kkuqdj.k bUgsa ekU; u FkkA thoukuqHko gh buds dkO; dk vk/kkj gSA ,sls
lkekftd vFkok /kkfeZd fo”oklksa dk buds fy, dksbZ ewY; u Fkk] tks budh vuqHkwfr
dh dlkSVh ij [kjs u mrjrs gksaA budh dFkuh vkSj djuh es a iw.kZ lkeatL; FkkA
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd bu lUrksa us viuh vkstLoh ok.kh ls fucZy vkSj vLoLFk lekt dks
lcy vkSj LoLF; cukus dk iz;kl fd;k] uaxs dks oL=] Hkw[ks dks vUu l¡tksus dk
dk;Z fd;k] v”kkUr dks “kkUr fd;k] “kkUr dks foJke fn;k vkSj fujkJ; dks vkJ;
fn;kA bUgks aus vKkfu;ksa dks Kku fn;k] ;ksfx;ksa dks lgt ;ksx fl[kk;k] vkpkjghu
turk dks vkpkjoku cuk;k] vU/kdkj es a HkVdrh ekuork dks izdk”k fn;k vkSj
bZ”oj dh [kkst es a HkVdrs gq, yksxks a dks Hkfä&jl ls voxkgu djk;kA xksLokeh
rqylhnklth us ijnq%[k dkrjrk dks lUr dk y{k.k crk;k gS] tks bu ij v{kj”k%
ykxw gksrk gSA
laUrksa dh ckuh uhfrrÙo ls vknzZ&vkºykfnr gSA og gesa “kkjhfjd vkSj
ekufld ifj’dkj dh f”k{kk nsrh gSA vk/kqfud “kCnkoyh es a dguk pkgs a rks dg ldrs
gS a fd lUrksa dh ckuh uSfrd f”k{kk ¼Moral education½ ds }kjk vkn”kZ ukxfjdrk dk
izlUu ikB i

lUrks a ds vuqlkj fcuk ân; dh “kq)rk ds Hkxoku dh izkfIr vlEHko gS&^^gfj
u feys fcu fgjnS lw/kA** muds vuqlkj vkpj.k&”kq)rk euq’; dk uSlfxZd Lo:i gSA
og ekuo dk lgt&/keZ gSA vkRekuqHkwfr gh ije rÙokuqHkwfr gS] vdsyk Kku fujFkZd
gS] fofPNUu deZ] Hkze Li:i gS] vr% vkUrfjd Hkkouk dh vkyksdnkf;uh izsj.kk ls
mn~nhIr thou ds deZ gh lnkpj.k gSa vkSj ogh HkfDr ds fo/kk;d gSA vkReLo:i dk
lk{kkRdkj gh LokuqHkwfr gSA lUr] vUrjkZRek dks thou dk fo/ks;d rFkk vuqekid
ekurs gSA ekuoh; o`fÙk;ksa ds ifj’dkj dks gh lUrksa us lgt vkSj LokHkkfod ekuk gS
vkSj mldh okLrfod izÑfr dks fodkj&tU;A blhfy, mudh lkaLÑfrd psruk]
ewfrZ fp= vkSj laxhr es a vfHkO;Dr ugha gks ldrhA Ñf=erk ds os lcy fojks/kh gSaA
blhfy, tkfr /keZ&O;oLFkk] lEifÙk] /kekZpj.k] n`wBh ckrs djus ls >wB gh
iYys iM+rk gSA lUr dchj rks lR; ds cjkcj dksbZ ri gh ugha ekurs gSaA mudk
vdEi fo”okl gS fd ftlds ân; es a lR;&vf/kf’Br gS] mlh es a bZ”oj dk okl gSA
bl izdkj] lPpkbZ ds vk/kkj ij gh gfj :ih “kkg dh lehirk izkIr djuk lqxe gSA
^^lk¡p cjkcj ri ugha] >wB cjkcj ikiA
tkds fgjns lk¡p gS] rk fgjns izHkq vkiAA**
ewY;foe'kZ 87

kkfeZd fo}s’k vkSj tkfrxr oS’kE; ds dkj.k e/;dkyhu lekt es a fgalk]
oSeuL; vkSj ?k`.kk dk lkezkT; FkkA vU;k;iw.kZ lkekftd O;oLFkk ls rFkkdfFkr “kwnzks a
ds lkFk i”kqor~ O;ogkj gksrk Fkk] ftldk vuqHko bu lUrks a us Lo;a fd;k FkkA lUrks a
dks bl lkekftd nqnZ”kk ls gkfnZd Dys”k gqvk vkSj mUgks auss iz se ds ek/;e ls foHksn
vkSj ?k`.kk dks feVk dj cU/kqRo&Hkkouk vkSj lerk dk izpkj djus dk LrqR; iz;kl
fd;kA iksFkh i

djk;k tk,A oLrqr% bu lUrks a us ;g vuqHko dj fy;k Fkk fd leLr lkekftd
cqjkbZ;ks a ds ewy es a O;fDr dk vga gSA vr% ;fn lekt dk dY;k.k djuk gS rks
oS;fDrd Lrj ls ysdj lkekftd Lrj rd vagdkj dk mUewyu djuk gksxkA
blhfy, mUgks aus dky dh vifjgk;Z “kfDr dk mYys[k fd;k rFkk thou dh
{k.kHkaxqjrk dks mtkxj djds HkfDr dh fo’kn~ Hkwfe ij lejlrk dh uwru n`f’V nhA
tSlk fd nknwn;ky th us dgk gS fd vfHkeku dks rtdj leRo cqf)&xzg.k djuk
Js;Ldj gSA tks O;fDr vfHkekughu gksdj jkeuke ugha tirk gS] og lqvolj x¡ok
nsrk gSA
^^vkik ij lc nwfj dfj] jke uke jl ykfxA
nknw vkSlj tkr gS] tkfx ldS rks tkfxAA**
lUrks a us Øks/k dks lkekftd ,oa vk/;kfRed nksuks a ds vH;qn; es a cM+k ck/kd
crk;k gS] D;ks afd Øks/kkfo’V fLFkfr es a O;fDRk vius foosd dks u’V dj ysrk gS vkSj
lk/kuk ;k ekuoh; izse ds fy, foosd dh vfuok;Zrk vlafnX/k gSA iqf’V ds fy, lUr
jTtc dk ;g dFku js[kkaduh; gS fd Øks/k cks/k dks oSls gh ugha ekurk gS] tSls
lqokfj dks cht xzg.k ugha djrk gSA lUrksa us Øks/k ds /oald :i dh Hkh foo`fÙk dh
gSA Øks/k cM+k izpaM gksrk gSA og dyad ls Hkh ugha MjrkA Øks/k es a vkdj O;fDr
ekrk] firk] HkkbZ] cgu] fe= vkfn dk o/k dj nsrk gSA oLrqr% Øks/k dky&lkn`”k
gksrk gS aA blhfy, nknwn;ky th us yksxksa dks mins”k fn;k fd Øks/k dk xyk dkV
Mkyuk pkfg,A
^^xyk xqls dk dkfFk;sA**
dgus dk vk”k; ;g gS fd Øks/kh] LokFkhZ] vgadkjh O;fDr thou esa ekuoh;
ewY;ksa ds dHkh laokgd ugha gks ldrs gSA O;fDrxr LokFkZ ls cuh ekufldrk mls
va/kk cuk nsrh gSA lkekftd e;kZnkvks a ds ikyu dk mls /;ku ugha jgrkA dguk u
gksxk fd euq’; ds uke ij og LokFkZ ,oa yksyqirk dk ,dek= pyrk&fQjrk
vfLFkiatj cudj jg tkrk gSA vkt lekt es a ekuo&ekuo dk izse vkSj mlds chp
gksus okys HkkbZ&pkjs dh Hkkouk blh LokFkZ ds pyrs Nwearj gks xbZ gSA ;g ekuo
“kjhj cM+k gh nqyZHk gSA bles a vU; thoksa dh vis{kk lkspus&le>us dh {kerk vf/kd
gksrh gSA fQj Hkh euq’; bldk lgh mi;ksx ugha djrkA
mi;q ZDr foospu ls Li’V gks tkrk gS fd lUr dfo;ksa us rRdkyhu vLr&O;Lr
lekt dks ns[kdj tks viuh yksdeaxydkjh okf.k;k¡ izLrqr dh] og ekuo ds
dY;k.k gsrq rFkk lerkewyd lekt dh LFkkiuk ds fy, izR;sd dky[k.M es a
ewY;oku cuk jgsxkA bu lUrksa us vius lkfgR; es a nwf’kr Hkkoukvksa dks ifj’Ñr djus
ewY;foe'kZ 89

ds fy, dke] Øks/k] yksHk] eksg] vgadkj] vk”kk] r`’.kk] ijfuUnk] Ny&diV] >wB]
pksjh] fgalk vkfn dk o.kZu fd;k gSA lUrks a ds lkfgR; dh eq[; fo”ks’krk ekuork]
/kkfeZdrk] jk’Vªh;rk ,oa izxfr”khyrk vkfn gSA Hkkjrh; e/;dkyhu laLÑfr dh
,drk dks cuk, j[kus dk iz;kl bUgha lUrks a us fd;k gS rFkk n;k] vfgalk] iz se] HkfDr
ds }kjk ,d ,sls ekuoh; lekt dh LFkkiuk dk iz;kl fd;k tgka lHkh leku gks]
lq[kh gks] izlUu gksA fu%lUnsg ;s lUr dfo lPps vFkks Za es a ekuorkoknh FksA
a
a
lUnHkZ xzUFk %&
1- f=ikBh] vkseizdk”k- lUr lkfgR; vkSj yksdeaxy
2- flag] uSiky- mÙkjh Hkkjr ds lkaLÑfrd fodkl es lUrksa dk
;ksxnku
3- flag] oklqnso- fgUnh lUr dkO; lekt”kkL=h; v/;;u
4- ik.Ms;] jkeltu- HkfDrdkyhu fgUnh fuxq Z.k dkO; dk lkaLÑfrd
vuq”khyu
5- ik.Ms;] Hkxoku nso- fgUnh lUr dkO; es ijEijk vkSj iz;ksx
6- nkl] “;ke lqUnj- dchj xzUFkkoyh
7- eywdnkl th dh ckuh]
8- dchj opukoyh
9- dchj ok.kh ih;w’k
10- prqosZnh- nknwn;ky
11- nknwn;ky dh ckuh&Hkkx&I
∗
****
ewY;foe'kZ 90

Hkfä dh vo/kkj.kk % oYyHkkpk;Z ds fo”ks’k lUnHkZ es a
uohu dqekj JhokLro *
;g thou dk ,d lokZuqHkwr rF; gS fd ekuo ek= esa vck/k] v[k.M] vuUr
lq[k dh okaNk gksrh gSA O;fDr dh izR;sd ps’Vk ds ihNs mldh ;g vkuUnkdka{kk gksrh
gS] ;gh mldh leLr dkf;d&ekufld izo`fÙk;ks a dh izsfjdk gSA u dsoy ekuo
vfirq lEiw.kZ psru txr~ ^ijekuUn* ds vkd’kZ.k es a c¡/kk gS ,oa thou dh {kkj&xfr;ks a
ds chp mldh gh [kkst es a O;Lr gSA dLrwjh&e`x dh Hkk¡fr O;fDr bls cká txr~
es a

Kku] HkfDr] ;ksx] ri dk vHkh’V gS] fdlh Hkh ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djuk ml ijekuUn
y{; dh izkfIr gksrk gSA
leLr ekxksZa es a HkfDr ekxZ dks lgt ,oa LokHkkfod ekxZ ds :Ik esa Lohdkj
fd;k x;k gS( LokHkkfod blfy, D;ksafd ;g ekuoh; izÑfr ds lokZf/kd vuqdwy gSA
ekuoek= esa ,d vkn”kZ dh fiiklk gksrh gS] ,d ,slk vkn”kZ tks mldk ekxZ funsZ”ku
dj ldsa] tks lR; ,oa f”ko ds loksZPp izfrekuks a dk /kkjd gks] ftl ij og viuh
vkLFkk o fo”okl vofLFkr dj lds ,oa fopfyr {k.kksa esa mldk lgkjk ys ldsA
,slk vkn”kZ] ,slk vkyEcu ek= czã gh gks ldrk gSA
HkfDr bl czã izkfIr dk lcls ljy ekxZ Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA HkfDr
lnSo lxq.k lkdkj ds izfr gh gksrh gS] fuxZ q.k fujkdkj ds izfr ughaA lkdkj lfo”ks’k
czã loZ”kfDreku lglz fnO;xq.kks a dk Lokeh gS] HkDroRly izHkq gSA v[k.M vkuUnLo:Ik
gksus ds dkj.k czã gh vkuUn dk fo’k; gSA vU; fo’k;d lq[k dHkh lR; ,oa
fpjLFkk;h ugha gks ldrs D;ksafd os fuR; ugha gS aA oLrqr% czã gh fuR; lq[kLo:Ik gS]
vr% mudh vksj mUeq[k izse gh fuR; vkuUnLo:Ik gks ldrk gSA
HkfDr blh mPprj izse dk foKku gS ,oa ml ije izsekLin ds fudV igq¡pus
dk lcls lgt lk/ku gSA HkfDr dk izk.krÙo izse gSA izse euq’; dh ewyHkwr izo`fÙk;ks a
es a lcls egÙoiw.kZ ,oa xfjeke;h gSA HkkSfrd Lrj ij ;g izse vR;Ur vlgk; ,oa iaxq
gS D;ksafd ;g nsgsfUnz;izk.k dh LFkwy psrukvks a esa my>dj jg tkrh gS ,oa
vk/;kfRed Lrj ij vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr ugha djk ikrhA HkfDr us blh HkkSfrd izse
dk laLdkj dj mlds ek/;e ls bZ”ojh; vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr djk;h gSA HkfDr fdlh
Hkh ekuoh; lEcU/k dk vuknj ugha djrk] og dsoy mldk dsUnz fcUnq cny nsrh
gSA tks lEcU/k lkekU;r% O;fDr dks lalkj es a my>krs gS a] mlds iru dk dkj.k curs
gS a] os gh Hkxoku ds lEidZ ls ifo= vkSj mnkÙkhÑr gks tkrs gS aA vkyEcu ifjofrZr
gks tkus ij lEcU/kks a dk Lo:Ik Hkys gh ;Fkkor jgs] LoHkko cny tkrk gSA
lR; dk Lo:Ik fu/kkZj.k vkSj y{; dh izfr’Bk] nk”kZfud fopkj.kk dk
iz;kstu gSA rÙokykspu dh lkFkZdrk dsoy y{; fu/kkZj.k es a ugha vfirq mldh izkfIr
es a gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd izR;sd nk”kZfud er esa lk/; ds lkFk&lkFk lk/ku dh Hkh
ppkZ dh x;h gSA izR;sd vkpk;Z us lk/kd dk ifj’dj.k ,oa “kq)hdj.k ds fy, ,d
lk/ku ekxZ fuf”pr fd;k gS] ftls os ml vHkh’V y{; rd igq¡pus ds fy, lcls
mi;ksxh o ljy le>rs gSaA vkpk;ksa Z }kjk izfrikfnr eq[; pkj lk/ku ekxZ crk, x,
gS a& KkuekxZ] HkfDrekxZ] deZekxZ vkSj ;ksxekxZA ftl vkpk;Z us ftl lk/ku fo”ks’k
dks loks ZPp ekU;rk nh mlds vk/kkj ij gh og KkuekxhZ;] HkfDrekxhZ; dgyk,A
ewY;foe'kZ 92

vkpk;Z oYyHk HkfDrekxhZ; vkpk;Z gSa vkSj muds vuqlkj HkfDr }kjk gh
ekuo dk dY;k.k “kh?kzrk ,oa ljyrkiwoZd gks ldrk gSA oYyHkkpk;Z ds vuqlkj
HkfDr ekxZ es a izos”k ikus dk ,dek= mik; gS&JhÑ’.k dk vuqxzgHkktu gksukA HkfDr
ekxZ oYyHkkpk;Z ds vuqlkj ^LoÑfr lk/;* vFkok ^thoi;ZUrlkis{k* ugha gS] ftl
tho ij Hkxoku dh Ñik gksrh gS mls gh og HkfDrekxZ es a vaxhdkj djrs gS aA bl
izdkj HkfDrekxZ dk vf/kdkjh ogh gS ftl Ikj Hkxoku dh Ñik gSA vkpk;Z oYyHk
us ^rÙokFkZnhifucU?k* es a fy[kk gS&^^ÑikifjKkua p ekxZ#Ppk fu’ph;rs**A ^izes;jRuk.kZo*
es a iqf’VekxZ ds vf/kdkjh ds fuEu y{k.k crk, x, gSa&
^^iqf’VekxhZ;QyfnRlk leqæHkwrHkxoRÑiktU;iqf’VekxZ fo’k;d#fpeku~vf/kdkjh**
vFkkZr~ iqf’VekxhZ; Qy nsus dh HkxofnPNk ls lizsfjr Hkxon~Ñik ls mRiUu
iqf’VekxZ lEcU/kh #fp ls lEiUu O;fDr gh iqf’VekxZ dk vf/kdkjh gSA oYyHk
lEiznk; esa Hkxoku dk vuqxzg gh ^iqf’V* “kCn dk okP; gSA Jhen~Hkkxor~ dk ^iks’k.k
rnuqxzg* ;g okD; iqf’V fl)kUr dk vk/kkj gSA Jhen~Hkkxor~ ds NBs LdU/k es a bl
iqf’V dk fo”ks s’k :i ls fu:i.k fd;k x;k gS rFkk mlh dks vk/kkj cukdj oYyHk
us ftl HkfDrekxZ dk izfriknu fd;k mls iqf’VekxZ dgk x;kA iqf’VekxZ es a
oYyHkkpk;Z dks lk{kkr oS”okuj ,oa iw.kZ iq#’kksÙke Hkxoku~ JhÑ’.k dk vorkj ekuk
tkrk gSA
vkpk;Z oYyHk ds vuqlkj HkfDr vuqjkxiw.kZ bZ”oj dh lsok gSA ;g HkfDr nks
izdkj dh gksrh gS&e;kZnk HkfDr vkSj iqf’V HkfDrA osn] xhrk] Jhen~Hkkxor~ vkfn
xzUFkks a es a Hkxoku dh vkjk/kuk djus dh tks e;kZnk crk;h x;h gS mlh ds vuqlkj
vkpj.k djuk e;kZnk HkfDr dgykrh gSA iqf’VHkfDr dk rkRi;Z gS ^bZ”Okj dk vuqxzg
:i*A ^iqf’V* “kCn dk rkRi;Z gS&^iks’k.k* vFkkZr~ ^dY;k.k*A ^iks’k.ka rn~uqxzg* vFkkZr~
iks’k.k djuk gh Hkxoku dk vuqxzg gSA ftl izdkj ekrk vius ckyd dks xksn es a
ysdj nqykjrh] lgykrh vkSj Lusg djrh gS] mldk vkfyaxu djrh gS rks ckyd
iziq’V gksrk gS] mlh izdkj Hkxon~uqxzg ls tc HkDr ds ân; es a HkfDr dk lapkj gksrk
gS rks og bruk iziq’V gks tkrk gS fd ok;q ds >ksads mls fopfyr ugh dj ikrsA
oYyHkkpk;Z iqf’VHkfDr ds pkj Hksn Lohdkj djrs gS a& izokg iqf’V] e;kZnkiqf’V]
iqf’Viqf’V rFkk “kq)hiqf’VA Hkxoku dks izkIr djus ds fy, fujUrj mudh lsok&izokg
es a cgrs jguk gh izokg ^iqf’V HkfDr* dgykrh gS a rFkk bldk vkpj.k djus okys
izokgiq’V HkDr dgykrs gSaA osnksDr e;kZnk dk ikyu djds fo’k;ksa ls eqfDr fnykus
okyh HkfDr ^e;kZnkiqf’V* dgykrh gSA eks{k izkIr djus dh bPNk dks iziq’V djus okyh
HkfDr iqf’V HkfDr dgykrh gSA blls Hkxoku rFkk ifjdj&oxZ ds izfr n`

gksus yxrk gS rFkk bldk vkpj.k djus okys iq’V HkDr dgykrs gSaA “kq) iqf’V HkfDr
izse iz/kku gS ;g iz se Hkxoku dh lsok] lqJq’kk] Jo.k&dhrZu vkfn ls iSnk gksrh gSA
;g Hkxoku ds vuqxzg ls izkIr gksrh gS rFkk bldk vkpj.k djus okys lalkj es a
fojys gh gS aA
oYyHkkpk;Z ds vuqlkj tho dh iqf’V ,dek= izHkq ds vuqxzg ;k Ñik }kjk
gh laHko gS] vr% iqf’VekxhZ; dks dsoy Hkxon~uqxzg dh dkeuk djuh pkfg,A
iqf’VekxhZ; HkDr dh Hkxoku ds izfr ogh Hkkouk gksuh pkfg, tks lsod dh Lokeh ds
izfr gksrh gSA ,dkn”k LdU/k es a m)o us ;gh ckr dgh gS fd ^vkids }kjk vi;qDr
ekyk] lqxfU/k vkSj oL=kyadkjksa ls lq”kksfHkr vkidk mfPN’V Hkkstu xzg.k djus okys
ge vkids nkl vkidh ek;k dks thr ysrs gS aA* 1
iqf’VekxZ dh f”k{kk nks lksikuksa es a iwjh gksrh gS& daBh/kkj.k vkSj czãlEcU/kA
daBh/kkj.k es a xq# f”k’; dks ^JhÑ’.k”kj.ka ee~* bl ^v’Vk{kj ea=* dk rhu ckj
mPpkj.k djokdj f”k’; ds xys es a rqylh dh ekyk igukrk gSA czãlEcU/k es a xq#
f”k’; dks pkSjklh v{kjksa dk x| ea= mPPkfjr djokrs gS a ftles a f”k’; dgrk gS fd
og Ñ’.k ds fo;ksx ls vR;Ur nq%[kh gS vkSj og viuk lc dqN Ñ’.k dks vfiZr djrk
gSA bl nh{kk ds ckn izR;sd iqf’VekxhZ; viuk dÙkZO; le>rk gS fd og dqN Hkh djs
Hkxoku dks vfiZr djrs gq, djsA oYyHkkpk;Z vusd”k% ;g dgrs gS a fd vlefiZr
oLrq,¡ nks’k;qDRk gksrh gS a vkSj mlds mi;ksx ls Lo;a es a Hkh nks’k vkus dh lEHkkouk
jgrh gS] vr% vfuosfnr oLrqvks a dk mi;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A leLr dk;ks Za ds
izkjEHk esa gh oLrq,¡ HkxonfiZr dj nsuh pkfg,A2 iqf’VekxZ ds bl vkReleiZ.k ds
ihNs vgadkj vkSj vklfDr dh fuo`fÙk dk egr~ mn~ns”; gSA O;fDr dh lkalkfjd
O;fDr;ksa ds izfr tks izxk

d- bZ”oj ds vuqdwy fopkj vkSj ladYi djukA
[k- bZ”oj ds izfrdwy fopkj vkSj ladYi u djukA
x- bZ”oj }kjk j{kk fd, tkus ij fo”okl djukA
?k- bZ”oj }kjk j{kk fd, tkus dh izkFkZuk djukA
M+- bZ”oj ds izfr iw.kZ vkRe&leiZ.kA
p- bZ”oj ds izfr nSU; HkkoA
oYyHkkpk;Z us “kj.kkxfr dk tks :i crk;k gS mles a mijksDr lHkh fopkj
vk tkrs gSaA iqf’VekxZ es a “kj.kkxfr dk egÙo blfy, Hkh gS D;ks afd iqf’VekxZ
“kj.kkxfr ls gh izkjEHk gksrk gSA oYyHkkpk;Z dk Li’V er gS fd O;fDRk Hkxoku dk
nkl gS] mlds fy, ;g vko”;d gS fd og vius nkL; /keZ dk fuokZg djsaA loZnk
Hkxoku dh bPNkiwfrZ vkSj vkKkikyu ds fy, rRij jgs] mldk bruk gh dÙkZO; gSA
Hkxoku “kj.kkxr ds izfrikyu dk /keZ Lo;a gh iwjk djsaxsA5 xhrk es a Hkxoku JhÑ’.k
us Lo;a dgk gS fd&tks O;fDRk vuU;Hkko ls esjh mikluk djrs gSa] ftudk fpÙk
eq>es a gh yx jgrk gS muds ;ksx&{kse dk mÙkjnkf;Ro eSa gh ogu djrk gw ¡aA6 iqf’VekxZ es a vkReleiZ.k ,oa “kj.kkxfr ds lkFk&lkFk lsok dk Hkh fo”ks’k
egÙo gSA iqf’VekxZ es a v’Vizgj lsok dk dk;ZØe fuf”pr jgrk gS vkSj muds
lEiznk; ds efUnjksa esa rn~uqlkj gh lsok gksrh gSA iqf’VekxZ es a lsok ds rhu izdkj
Lohdkj fd, x, gS a&ruqtk] fortk vkSj ekulhA ru ls dh x;h lsok ^ruqtk*
dgykrh gS ijUrq ;gk¡ rkRi;Z flQZ nsg ls ugha vfirq nsgtU; lEcU/k ls Hkh gS(
vFkkZr~ L=h] iq=] ifjokj vkfn ds ek/;e ls Hkh tks HkxoRlsok dh tkrh gS og Hkh
^ruqtk* ds vUrxZr gh vkrh gSaA ^fortk* vFkkZr~ /ku&oSHko ls dh x;h lsokA ekulh
vFkkZr~ eu ls ls dh x;h lsokA blesa fpÙk dh lHkh xfr;k¡ Ñ’.k esa yhu gks tkrh
gS a vkSj cká laosnuk ls loZnk ds fy, “kwU; gksdj fuckZ/k :Ik ls ^v[k.MrSy/kkjkor~*
JhÑ’.k dk gh vuqfpUru gksrk gSA7 oYyHkkpk;Z ekulh lsok dks lcls izeq[k Lohdkj
djrs gS a vkSj fl)kUreqDrkoyh esa os Lo;a dgrs gS a&^Ñ’.klsok lnk dk;kZ ekulh lk
ijk erkA*
ruqtk] fortk lsokvks a }kjk O;fDRk dh cfgZeq[kh nSfgd vkSj ekufld o`fÙk;ks a
dks vUreq Z[kh cuk;k tkrk gSA tc rd nsgsfUnz; vkSj eu dh o`fÙk;ks a dk laLdkj ugha
gksrk rc rd ekulh lsok dk mn; rFkk eu% fLFkfr dh dYiuk Hkh ugha gks ldrhA
vr% oYyHk ekulh lsok dks loZJs’B Lohdkj djrs gq, Hkh mldh flf) ds fy,
ruqtk rFkk fortk lsokvks a dks vko”;d ekurs gS aA blds }kjk lalkj ds nq%[k dh
fuo`fÙk vkSj czã dk cks/k gksrk gSA ftu iqf’VekxhZ; HkDrks a dks vius vkSj czã ds
ewY;foe'kZ 95

okLofod lo:i dk cks/k ugha gksrk gS mUgsa iwtk] mRlo vkfn ruqtk] fortk lsokvks a
dk vuq’Bku djuk pkfg,A8 oYyHkkpk;Z vkRe&fuosnu ij Hkh vR;f/kd cy nsrs gS aA muds vuqlkj tks
HkDr vius leLr vHkko vkSj vleFkZrk ds lkFk Hkxoku ds lkeus iz.kr gks tkrk gS]
Hkxoku mls viuh “kj.k es a ls ysrs gS a] fQj og mldh ;ksX;rk&v;ksX;rk ij fopkj
ugha djrsA jkekuqtkpk;Z us Hkxon~HkDrks a dh nks fLFkfr;k¡ crk;h gS a& ektZjfd”kksj dh
Hkk¡fr ,oa ekdZVfd”kksj dh Hkk¡frA oYyHkkpk;Z ds vuqlkj HkDr dk Hkxoku ds izfr
leiZ.k oSlk gh gksuk pkfg, tSlk fd ektZjfd”kksj vFkkZr~ fcYyh ds cPps dk fcYyh
ds izfrA fcYyh dk cPpk Lo;a viuh j{kk ds fy, dqN ugha djrkA og iw.kZr% fcYyh
ij vkfJr jgrk gS ogh mls eq¡g es a nck, ladVks a ls cpkrh fQjrh gSA Hkxoku dh
Ñik “kfDr Hkh blh izdkj vius fuLlk/ku HkDrksa ds ;ksx&{kse dh j{kk djrh gSA
HkDr dks fpUrk dh dksbZ vko”;drk ugha gksrhA blds vfrfjDr edZV&fd”kksj
vFkkZr~ cUnj dk cPpk tks viuh vksj ls cUnfj;k ls fpidk jgrk gS] cUnfj;k mls
ugha idM+rh gS] Bhd blh izdkj lk/kuk ekxZ esa O;fDRk viuh vksj ls iz;Ru”khy
jgrk gS vkSj Hkwy gksus ij blesa iru dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA ;g fLFkfr izk;% Kkuh
HkDrksa dh gksrh gSA HkDr rks fuf”pUr gksdj fcYyh ds cPps dh Hkk¡fr Hkxoku ds
pj.kksa esa iM+k jgrk gS] mlds ;ksx&{kse dh O;oLFkk rFkk HkfDr ekxZ ij ys a tkus dk
izcU/k Hkxoku gh djrs gS aA ;fn dHkh HkDr dk gkFk NwV tkrk gS rks Hkxoku mls
lEHkky ysrs gS] fxjus ugha nsrsA
iqf’VekxZ es a osnksä vkSj “kkL=ksä deksZa dk vuq’Bku vko”;d ugha gSA Ñ’.k
iz se ls c

gS a] HkfDRkekxZ es a Hkh lU;kl gksrk gS fdUrq og iw.kZ Hkxon~ HkDrksa ds fy, gh gS aA ;g
lU;kl LekrZ lU;kl ugha gS] u gh blds fy, fof/k&fo/kku ;k cká izfØ;k lEiUu
djus dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA ;g lU;kl eu dk gS] tc Hkxoku es a vuU; vklfDr
gks tkrh gS rks lalkj ls fo’k;ks a ls] x`g&ifjokj ls Lor% gh O;fDRk fojDr gks tkrk
gSA oYYkHkkpk;Z th ds vuqlkj&lU;kl og gS ^ftles a O;fDRk dh lHkh nSfgd]
ekufld o`fÙk;ks a dk HkxonksUeq[k vkSj HkxoUe; gks tkuk gSA bl fLFkfr es a lkalkfjd
fo’k;ks a ls v#fp gks tkrh gS vkSj ogh Ñ’.kHkfDr dk :Ik ys ysrh gSA
;g lU;kl KkuekxhZ; prqFkZ vkJe :Ik lU;kl ls fHkUu gS blds fu;e &
/keZ Hkh fHkUu gSA ;g lsok ruqtk] fortk u gksdj ekulh lsok dk :Ik gSA ;g
lU;kl vR;Ur nqyZHk gS vkSj dsoy izsecy ls fl) gksrk gSA oYyHkkpk;Z th us Kku]
deZ] ri vkfn dks Hkh Hkxon~izkfIr ds lk/kuksa es a Lohdkj fd;k gS ijUrq HkfDr dks
lefUor djds ghA oYyHkkpk;Z ds vuqlkj ;g lHkh iq#’kkFkZ lk/kd gS ijUrq HkfDr
ds lkFk lefUor gksdj gh LorU= :Ik ls ughaaA oYyHkkpk;Z us HkfDr dks eqfDr ls
Hkh Js’B ekuk gS muds vuqlkj gesa tks vkuUn eqfDr es a feyrk gS ogh Ñ’.k HkfDr
es a Hkh gSA tc vkRe fuosnu vkSj lsok ds ek/;e ls Hkxon~uqjkx n`

lUnHkZ lwph %
1- Ro;ksiHkqDr j=XxU/oklks·yadkjpfpZrk
mfPN’VHkkstuks nklkLro ek;k t;sefgA & Jhen~Hkkxor~ ,dkn”k LdU/k
2- fuosfnfHk% leI;So loZ dq;kZfnfr fLFkfr%
rLeknknkS loZdk;sZ loZoLrqleiZ.ke~AA & fl)kUrjgL;e~ 5 vkSj 6
3- leLr fo’k;R;kx% loZHkkosu ;= fg
leiZ.k p nsgkns% iqf’VekxZ% l dF;rsA & iqf’VekxZfu:i.ke~A
4- ;Lrq Hkxonh;ks HkwRok Hkxonh;eso nsgkfnfHk% djksfr tkukfr l Hkkxor ;Lrq
loZnSo rFkk fo|% l egkHkkxorA & lqcksf/kuh 3@14@47
5- vkKSo dk;kZ lrra Lokfenzksgks·U;Fkk Hkosr~A
lsodL; rq /keks·;a] Lokeh LoL; dfj’;frAA & var% dj.k izcks/k] i`0la0&4
6- vuU;kf”pUr;Urks eka ;s tuk izHkqiklrs
rs’kka fuR;kfHk;qäkuka Hkksx {ksea ogkX;ge~AA & Jhen~Hkkoxr~ 9@22
7- psrLrRizo.ka lsok rfRl)eSruq fortk
rr% lalknq%[kL; fuo`fÙk czãcks/kue~A & fl)kUreqäkoyh] i`0la0&2
8- KkukHkkos iqf’VekxZ fr’BsRiwtksRlokfn’kqA & fl)kUreqäkoyh] i`0la0&17
9- ;fn xksdqyk/kh”kks /k`r% lokZReukâfnA
rr% fdeij czwfg ykSfdds oSfndSjfiA & prq”yksdh] i`0la0&3
****
ewY;foe'kZ 98

lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkko ds ØkfUrnwr ^lUrdchj* HkkxhjFkh ∗
orZeku le; es a lkEiznkf;drk Hk;kog :i esa gekjs lkeus [kM+h gSA vkt
lkEiznkf;d oSeuL; ds vusd u;s igyw mHkj dj gekjs lkeus vk jgs gSa]
tSls&fgUnw&eqfLye fookn] fgUnw&bZlkbZ fookn] eqfLye&flD[k fookn] fgUnw ,oa
uockS) fookn ,oa eqfLye&bZlkbZ fooknA ;g lkEiznkf;d fooknks a dh cgqr NksVh
lwph gSA okLro es a ;g lwph cgqr yEch gks ldrh gSA ;s lHkh fookn dc lkEiznkf;d
ruko iSnk dj ns a] fuf”pr :i ls dqN dgk ugha tk ldrkA 1992 ds ckcjh efLtn
fookn dh ifj.kfr ge cgqr cM+s lkEiznkf;d ruko ds :i esa ns[k pqds gS aA ml
fookn ds ifj.kke Lo:i gh vkt dbZ /kkfeZd LFky fookn ds dsUæ cu pqds gSaA
fuf”pr :i ls lekt es a O;kIr ;g lkEiznkf;drk ekuoh; xfjek ds fo:) gSA
ekuo us 21oha lnh rd ds pje fodkl ds ÅapkbZ;ksa dks Nwvk gSA mlds ihNs vo”;
gh ijLij ekuoh; izse ,oa lgHkkfxrk dk cgqr cM+k gkFk jgk gSA ;fn vkt ge bl
fopkj dks udkjus dh dksf”k”k djrs gS a rks fuf”pr :i ls ge lH;rk ds fodkl dh
vksj u c

lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkko dks LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;kA og lkEiznkf;d leL;kvks a
ds fujkdj.k es a lgk;d gks ldrk gSA
lar dchj e/;dky ds ,sls ØkfUr&iq:’k gS a] ftUgks aus lkEiznkf;drk ds
fo:) tedj vkokt mBk;h FkhA mudk lh/kk lk fl)kUr Fkk ^uk dkgw ls nksLrh
uk dkgw ls cSj*A1 ij blds chp es a lcdh ^[kSj* eukuk os ugha Hkwyrs gSaA tc ge
lcds fgr dh ckr djsaxs rks fuf”pr :i ls }U} dh lEHkkouk lekIr gks tk,xhA
}U} ;k }Sr fopkj ds dkj.k gh oSpkfjd oSeuL; mRiUu gksrk gSA oSpkfjd
oSeuL;rk lkEiznkf;drk dh ewy tM+ gSA lar dchj us bls vPNh rjg ls le>k
vkSj blds fujkdj.k ds fy, vius rkfÙod fpUru dks lekt ds yksxksa ds chp
ckaVuk “kq: fd;kA mUgks aus viuh vkRe&lk/kuk ds cy ij ;g tku fy;k Fkk fd
txr~ es a tks Hkh Hksn gS a pkgs os oSpkfjd gks ;k rkfÙod] ek;k ;k vKku ds dkj.k gSaA
ewy rÙo rks ,d gS] v}Sr gSA og loZ= ,oa lc ?kV esa O;kIr gSA vr% ekuo&ekuo
es a Hksn dSlk \ eafnj&efLtn dh yM+kbZ dSlh\ /keZ ,oa lEiznk; ds uke ij yM+kbZ
dSlh \ ;s rks fujFkZd gaSA blhfy, lar dchj bl leL;k ds fy, ftEesnkj yksxks a
ls iz”u djrs gq, dgrs gSa &&
tks [kqnk; elhr clrq gSa] voj eqyqd dsgh dsjkA
rhjFk ewjr es a jke fuoklh] nqbZek fdUgwa u gsjk A2 ;fn [kqnk dsoy efLtn es a clrk gS] rks D;k vU; LFkku mlls jfgr gS \
mlh rjg ;fn ^jke* dsoy rhFkZ ,oa ewfrZ es a fuokl djrs gS a rks D;k vU; LFkku muls
ijs gS a \ dchj dgrs gSa fd & ^eS a rks dsoy bruk tkurk gw¡ fd [kqnk dh [kqnkbZ rFkk
jke dh jejkbZ loZ= fo|eku~ gSA lalkj dk dksbZ Hkh ,slk LFkku ugha gS tks ml ije
rÙo ds izdk”k ls izdkf”kr u gksA* 3 fQj yM+kbZ fdl ckr dhA dsoy blfy, fd
jke&jghe vyx gS aA dchj dgrs gS a fd&,d gh oLrq dk vyx&vyx uke j[k nsus
ls D;k ml oLrq es a ifjorZu gks tkrk gS\ oLrq ds Lo:i dk dksbZ ifjorZu ugha
gksrkA og rks oSlk dk oSlk gh jgrk gSA O;kogkfjd txr esa Hkh bl rF; dks ge
ns[k ldrs gS aA ,d gh oLrq ds ns”kdky ,oa ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx uke
j[ks tkrs gS aA mu vyx&vyx ukeks a ls vfHkfgr oLrq dks ,d txg bdV~Bk fd;k
tk; rks ges a ,d gh izdkj ds oLrq dh izkfIr gksxhA vr% uke ds Hkze es a u iM+ dj
mldh ,drk dks tkusA blhfy, dchj dgrs gS a&&
HkkbZ js nqbZ txnh”k dgka rs vk;k] dgq dkSus ckSjk;kA
vYyk jke djhek dslo] gfj gtjr uke /kjk;k AA
xguk ,d dud rs xguk] ;kesa Hkko u nwtk A
dgu lquu dks nqbZ dj Fkkis] ,d fuekt ,d iwtkAA
oksgh egknso ogh eqgEen] czã vkne dfg;sA
dks fgUnw dks rq:d dgkoS] ,d theh ij jfg;sAA 4
ewY;foe'kZ 100

vr% gesa yM+kbZ ugha djuh pkfg,A jke&jghe es a Hksn djds yM+kbZ djus
okyks a ls dgrs gS fd&^jke ,oa jghe ,d gh gS] dsoy dgus lquus ds fy, yksxksa us
viuh vko”;drkuqlkj nks uke j[k fy, gSA vr% nks ukeks a dks lqudj ml ije rÙo
ds ,dRo dks ugha Hkwyuk pkfg,A lar dchj dh ;g Li’V /kkj.kk gS fd ^tks lcds
?kV es a cksyus okyk gS og tkfr] /keZ ,oa lEiznk; ls Åij gSA rHkh rks os dgrs gSa&
dgS a dchj lquk js Hkks anw] cksyu gkj rqjd uk fgUnw A5 vr% gesa cká phtks a ds fy, yM+kbZ ugha djuh pkfg,A lexz :i ls ,d
oSpkfjd lw> mRiUu djus ds fy, dchj dgrs gS a&^bZ”oj fgUnw ,oa eqlyeku es a Hksn
ugha djrk gSA nksuksa mldh gh larku gSA vr% nksuks a lEiznk;ksa ds yksxks a dks
vius&vius gB NksM+dj iz se ds lkFk jguk pkfg,A blfy, os nksuksa lEiznk;ksa ds
yksxksa dks le>krs gq, dgrs gS a &
gejs jke jghe djhek dslo] vyg jke lfr lksbZA
folfey esfV folaHkj ,dS] vkSj u nwtk dksbZ AA
vj/k mj/k nlgwa fnfl ftr frr iwjh jgk jkejkbZ A
fgUnw rq:d dk djrk ,dS] rk xfr y[kh u tkbZAA6 vFkkZr~ Hkze es a u iM+dj ml ,d ije rÙo dks tkuuk gS tks loZ= O;kIr gSA
ftls fdlh eafnj&efLtn dh vis{kk ugha gSA vr% fuf”pr :i ls gekjh yM+kbZ
fujFkZd gSA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gS a fd lar dchj gesa lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkko ds izrhd
iq:’k ds :i esa izkIr gksrs gS aA ;|fi mUgksaus lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkko dh tks ckrsa dgh
gS og fgUnw ,oa eqlyekuksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj dgh gS] rFkfi bldh ewy Hkkouk lHkh
/keZ ,oa lEiznk;ksa ij ykxw gksrh gSA lHkh lkEiznkf;d ruko pkgs os fdlh /keZ ,oa
tkfr;ksa ds chp gks futh LokFkZ ,oa vKku ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj lar dchj
us blh ewy leL;k dk lek/kku djuk pkgk FkkA fuf”pr :i ls os bles a lQy jgs
gS aaA
lanHkZ %&
1- eqfnnkl] O;kl- ¼lEik-½ lk[kh lkj] i`0la0&7
2- “kkL=h] vkpk;Z xaxk”kj.k- ¼Hkk’;dkj½ pkSjklh vax dh lk[kh] Hkkx&1] i`0la0&292-
3- [kkfyd fcu [kkyh ugha] lqbZ tsrk lalkjA
ogh] i`0la0&292
4- “kkL=h] vkpk;Z xaxk”kj.k- ¼lEik-½] chtd] lcn 30-
5- nkl] “;kelqUnj- dchj xzaFkkoyh] in 56-
6- ogh] in 58-
****
ewY;foe'kZ 101

Álkn dk vkuan lans'k ,oa ewY;n`f’V vuwik dqekjh*
lkfgR;dkj fdlh Òh :i es a] fdlh Òh fLFkfr es a lef"V dh vogsYkuk ugÈ
dj ldrkA ;fn ;g nqjkxzgiwoZd ,slk djrk Hkh gS r¨] mldk lkfgR; ml
lathouh 'kfä ls foghu g¨ tkrk gS t¨ mls LFkkf;Ùo Ánku djrh gSA fo'o ds
egku lkfgR;dkj¨a us lnSo bl ekuorkoknh eu¨n`f"V d¨ ÁJ; fn;k gSA ew/kZU;
lkfgR;dkj ^Álkn* Òh mlh ijEijk dh ,d dM+h gS aA muds lkfgR; es a ftu vkn'k¨±
dh vfÒO;fä gqbZ gS os frfejkPNé thou&iFk ds vej vkYk¨d LrEÒ gSaA ^vnE;
mRlkg* rFkk ^c©f)d LF©;Z* dh vk/kkjf'kYkk ij gh muds thou lans'k¨a dh Ák.k
Áfr"Bk gqbZ gSA Álkn th dk lUns'k ekuorkoknh gSA bldk ewYkk/kkj lkeatL;ijd
eu¨n`f"V gSA
Álkn dk vkuUn&lans'k thou dk Áo`fÙkijd vkn'kZ ÁLrqr djrk gSA
thou dh la?k"kZe;h foÒhf"kdkv¨a ls ?kcjkdj ,dkUroklh g¨uk mUgs a fÁ; ugÈ]
D;¨afd nq%[k dh jtuh ds vUrjkYk ls lq[k dk uoYk ÁÒkr fodflr g¨rk gSA
nq%[kkU/kdkj dsoYk ,d >huk voxqaBu gS ftles a lq[k vius d¨ fNik;s j[krk gSA ge
ftls vfÒ'kki ds :i es a xzg.k djrs gSa og oLrqr% bZ'k dk jgL;e; ojnku g¨rk
gSA
Álkn nq%[k d¨ vkuUn dh Òwfedk es a xzká crkrs gS aA bl xzkáÙo dk
leFkZu os n¨ vk/kkj¨a ij djrs gSaA d#.kk ds vk/kkj ij rFkk vkfLrdrk ds vk/kkj
ijA Ákf.kek«k dk fgr&fpUru djus okYkh ^d#.kk* d¨ tUe nsus okYkk nq%[k] nq%[k
ugÈ vkuUn gh gSA ^,d ?kwaV* es a mUg¨aus vkuUnoknh ik«k vkuUn ds ek/;e ls ;g
fo'Y¨"k.k ÁLrqr fd;k gSA Álkn th ds ^vkuUn&lans'k* ds vusd i{k¨a d¨ bl Ádkj
ns[kk tk ldrk gS&
^vk'kkokn* Álkn ds vkuUn&lans'k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ i{k gSA ^J)k* ds
ek/;e ls mUg¨aus bl lans'k d¨ ÁLrqr fd;k gSA Álkn lkfgR; ds vU; vusd
vkn'kZ ik«k¨a ds O;fäRo dh vk/kkjf'kYkk ;g vk'kkokn gh gSA ^frrYkh*] ^jkeukFk*]
^bjkorh*] ^czãpkjh*] ^/kkrqlsu*] ^pUæxqIr*] ^pk.kD;* vkfn ,sls gh ik«k gSaA thou&la?k"kZ
ls ?kcjkuk Álkn th d¨ Lohdkj ugÈA os g¡lrs gq, mldk lkeuk djus ds i{kikrh
gS aA os mu nk'kZfud¨a ls fHkUu ea= j[krs gS a t¨ lalkj d¨ nq%[ke; dgdj fujk'kk
rFkk vukLFkk dk Álkj djrs gS aA os vkuUne;h vk'kk dh vfXu es a fujk'kk dh Òkouk
d¨ ÒLe dj nsus ds leFkZd gS aA
deZBrk Álkn ds vkuan&lans'k dh vk/kkjf'kYkk gSA deZ ds fcuk thou es a
*“kks/k Nk=k] fgUnh foHkkx] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh
ewY;foe'kZ 102

vkuUn dh miYkfC/k laÒo ugÈA deZ;¨x mudk vkn'kZ gSA t¨ fufnZ"V dÙkZO; gS
mud¨ Álé Òko ds lkFk /©;ZiwoZd iwjk djuk pkfg,A bl deZBrk ds lkFk
^vgaÒkoghurk* ijeko';d gSA deZ es a vga cqf) ugÈ g¨uh pkfg,A vgacqf) g¨us ls
deZ dk :i O;fäijd gks tkrk gS ftlls lef"V dk vfgr Hkh gks ldrk gSA
^dkek;uh* ds ^deZ* lxZ es a Álkn th us deZ dk ladqfpr oS;fäd :i ÁLrqr fd;k
gSA euq vius futh lq[k ds fYk, leLr deZ djrs gS aA mUgs a vius dr`ZÙo dk
vfÒeku g¨ tkrk gS ftldk ifj.kke cM+k nq%[kn g¨rk gSA Álkn th us vgaÒko;qä
deZBrk dk ifj.kke fpf«kr djds bl vkn'kZ dh v¨j bafxr fd;k gS fd deZ;¨xh
d¨ vgaÒkoghu g¨uk pkfg,A bl vgaÒkoghurk ds fYk;s Álkn th us n¨ ekU;rkv¨a
dk Áfriknu fd;k gS&
1- ÁÑfr ds }kjk leLr dk;Z vius&vki g¨rs jgrs gS aA
2- fu;fr dh xfrfof/k ij euq"; dk dqN Òh o'k ugÈ pYkrk ekuo de¨± ds
fu"iknu es a fufeÙk ek«k gSA
bu n¨u¨a /kkj.kkv¨a ds vk/kkj ij Álkn us ekuo ds vgaÒko d¨ lekIr djus
dk Á;kl fd;k gS v©j mUgs a iwjh lQYkrk ÁkIr gqbZ gSA Álkn us bl vgaÒkoghu
deZBrk ds lans'k ds }kjk ekuork dk cgqr cM+k midkj fd;k gSA mnkÙk o`fÙk;¨a dk
mn; rÒh laÒo gS tc ekuo&ân; lkekU; Yk¨d&Òwfe ij igq¡p tk;sA mUg¨aus
^vtkr'k«kq* es a ^thod* d¨ bl lans'k ds Áfrfuf/k ik«k ds :i esa ÁLrqr fd;k gSA
vkuan dh lkekftd Áfr"Bk ds fYk, Álkn th us ^d#.kk* dk fo/kku fd;k
gSA bls ^Yk¨d&laosnuk* dgk tk ldrk gSA Álkn us lekt ds le{k Òh d#.kk dk
vkn'kZ vrho lcYk 'kCn¨a es a j[kk gS v©j mlls mlds ikYku dk lnkxzg fd;k gSA
^iRFkj dh iqdkj* dgkuh es a laosnughu dYkk Áseh ds Áfr ^f'kYih* dk ;g dFku
Álkn th ds bl lnkxzg dk iw.kZ ifjpk;d gSA ^^D;k dÒh nq%[kh ân; ds uhjo
Øanu d¨ Òh vUrjkRek ds Jo.¨fUæ;¨a d¨ lquus nsrs gS a t¨ d#.kk dk dkYifud
ugÈ fdUrq okLrfod :i gSA** 1
gS&
^>juk* laxzg dh ^rqe* dfork es a mudk Ásj.kkRed vuqj¨/k fdruk ân;gkjh
^^nhu nq%f[k;¨a d¨ ns[k vkrqj v/khj vfr]
d#.kk ls] lkFk muds Òh dÒh j¨us pYk¨A
Fkds Jeh tho¨a ds ilhus Òjs lhus Ykx]
thus d¨ lQYk djus ds fYk, l¨rs pYk¨AA
ÒwYk] Ò¨Y¨ ckYkd¨a ds bl fo'o [¨Yk esa Òh]
YkhYkk ls gh gkj v©j Je lc [k¨rs pYk¨
ewY;foe'kZ 103

lq[kh dj fo'o] Òjs fLer lq[kek ls eq[k
lsok lcdh g¨ r¨ Álé rqe g¨rs pYk¨A** 2
Álkn us ^d#.kk* dh bl /kkj.kk ds vUrxZr lkekftd lkE; dk Òh lUns'k
fn;k gSA lkekftd oxZ rFkk o.kZ oS"kE; d¨ os ekuork ds fodkl dk foj¨/kh ekurs gS aA
^dadkYk* miU;kl esa mUg¨aus ^Òkjrla?k* ds }kjk bl lans'k dh vfÒO;fä djk;h gSA
lkeatL; d¨ ge vusd ÁfrdwYk vFkok mnklhu ifjfLFkfr;¨a es a ikjLifjd
vuqdwY;&LFkkiu dg ldrs gS aA Álkn dk er gS fd euq"; ds thou es a bPNk] Kku
rFkk fØ;k dk lkeatL; g¨uk pkfg,A Kku ds nwj g¨us ij] fØ;k ds fÒé g¨us ij
eu dh bPNk dk iwjk g¨uk vlaÒo gSA bu rhu¨a dk u feYk lduk thou dh ,d
nq%[kn foMEcuk gSA3 J)k vFkok vkfLrd cqf) dk mn; g¨ tkus ij bPNk] Kku
rFkk fØ;k es a lkeatL; g¨ tk;sxkA Álkn us lkaLÑfrd ekU;rkv¨a es a Òh lkeatL;
dh LFkkiuk dk lans'k fn;k gSA os i©okZR; rFkk ik'pkR; fopkj/kkjkv¨a es a leUo;
djuk pkgrs gSaA n¨u¨a ds la;¨x ls gh iw.kZrk lEÒo gSA os if'pe dh fodkloknh
Ò©frd&n`f"V d¨ Yk©fdd l©[; ds fYk, okaNuh; ekurs gS aA bl leUo; ls
O;kogkfjd thou es a vkuUn¨iYkfC/k g¨xh blesa lansg ugÈA
Áse vkuUnkuqÒwfr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ i{k gSA Álkn dh /kkj.kk gS fd
LokLF;] ljYkrk v©j l©an;Z dh «k;h es a Áse d¨ lfEefYkr dj Y¨us ls fo'o ds fYk,
vkuUn dk ekxZ [kqYk tkrk gSA Álkn us Áse d¨ :itU; e¨g ls brj ekuk gSA
:itU; e¨g O;fäxr g¨rk gS] ladqfpr g¨rk gS] ijUrq Áse mnkj g¨rk gS] vuUr
g¨rk gSA Álkn dk vkn'kZ fo'kq) Áse gS] :itU; e¨g vFkok okluk ugÈA
^ÁseifFkd* es a dkeqdrk dh ÒRlZuk dh xbZ gSA ^dkek;uh* es a euq dk ijkÒo mudh
LoPNUn okluk ds gh dkj.k g¨rk gSA ^dkeuk* ukfVdk es a foYkkl] YkkYklk vkfn
ik«k¨a dk loZuk'k mudh fuckZ/k foYkkflrk ds dkj.k g¨rk gSA ^,d ?kwaV* es a
vkuUnoknh ik«k ^vkuUn* ds eqäÁse ds vkn'kZ d¨ vUrr% ,dfu"Brk es a i;Zoflr
djds Álkn us vius bl eUrO; d¨ lqLi"V dj fn;k gSA
thou dh vkuUnflf) ds fYk;s Álkn vkfLrd cqf) d¨ ijeko';d ekurs
gS aA f'koÙo dh ÁkfIr J)k ds gh lgkjs lEÒo gSA thou dh fujk'kkiw.kZ {kqC/k
fLFkfr;¨a es a J)k gh mRlkge;h deZ dks Ásj.kk nsrh gSA Òkjrh; fpUru dk Òh ;g
dsUæfcUnq gSA Álkn us vius lkfgR; es a LFkYk&LFkYk ij vkfLrdrk dk iq.; lans'k
fn;k gSA
^fp«kk/kkj* laxzg dh jpukv¨a es a mUg¨aus czã ds vusd :i¨a ds Áfr viuh
J)k ÁdV dh gSA ^v"VewfÙkZ* 'kh"kZd dfork es a mUg¨aus czã ds vkB :i¨a ds Áfr
viuk Òfä&Òko fuosfnr fd;k gSA Álkn vUr%dj.k ds cká erÒsn¨a ls Åij mB
ewY;foe'kZ 104

x;s F¨] mUgs a ikjekfFkZd vkuan dh vuqÒwfr g¨ pqdh FkhA bl vuqÒwfr ds vuUrj gh
mUg¨aus ekuork d¨ fufoZ'¨"k ds Áfr vkfLrdrk dk lans'k fn;k gSA
^dkeuk* ukfVdk es a Álkn us lUr¨"k rFkk foosd dk vkn'kZ ÁLrqr fd;k gSA
lUr¨"k rFkk foosd ds fcuk thou dh vkuUn lk/kuk iwjh ugÈ g¨ ldrhA lar¨"kh
O;fä dh n'kk lnSo ,d&lh jgrh gS D;¨afd og O;FkZ dh egÙokdka{kk es a ugÈ
iM+rkA foosdh iq#"k ,slk d¨bZ dk;Z djrk gh ugÈ t¨ vkokaNuh; gS v©j nq%[k dk
dkj.k gSA t¨ bu n¨u¨a dh mis{kk djrs gS a mudh ogh n'kk g¨rh gS] t¨ ^dkeuk*
esa nEÒ] nqo`ZÙk] Øwj] foYkkl] Áekn] YkkYklk vkfn ik«k¨a dh gqbZ gSA ;s ik«k
ÁrhdkRed gS v©j uke ls O;aftr eu¨n'kkv¨a rFkk Òko¨a ds |¨rd gS aA
Álkn ds mnkj vUr%dj.k ls fu%l`r mudk ;g cgqi{kh; vkuUn&lans'k
ekuork ds lok±xh.k fodkl ds fYk, ije mi;¨xh gS aA fo/kkrk dh dY;k.kh l`f"V
ÒwrYk ij iw.kZ:is.k lQYk g¨ tk;sA mudh vkdka{kk Fkh fd ekuork dh ewfÙkZ
egkuk'k ds {k.k¨a es a Òh n`

ewY; ladV dk ledkyhu ifjn`”; vkSj fgUnh ukVd
of”k’B ukjk;.k f=ikBh*
thou ds fujUrj fodkl ds pyrs ewY;ksa dk vizklafxd gks mBuk dksbZ
vk”p;Z dh ckr ugha gSA ewY; laØe.k izR;sd ;qx dk gh vuqHko jgk gSA bl izfØ;k
es a ewY;ksa ds /oal ds lkFk&lkFk ewY;ks a ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k Hkh pyrh jgrh gSA ekuo
ewY; fujUrj xfr”khy ekuo thou }kjk vftZr og thou lkj gS ftldh vkdka{kk
euq’; dks ekuoh; lkekftd vkSj Hkfo’;ksUeq[k cukus dh gksrh gSA fuLlansg budh
izkFkfedrk O;fDr ugha lekt gSA Hkkjrh; dgs tk ldus okys ewY;ks a dk lkj gS ^lc
lq[kh gks a] lc fuHkZ; gks vkSj lc izxfr”khy gksaA Hkkjrh; dyk laLÑfr vkSj lkfgR;
dh eq[; fpark euq’; dh lkekftdrk vkSj mldh lkewfgd Hkkouk dks cpk;s j[kus
dh gSA miHkksDrk laLÑfr dk lcls cM+k vkØe.k euq’; dh lkekftdrk ij gh gSaA
iw¡thoknh lekt O;oLFkk euq’; dks mldh tM+ksa ls vkSj mlds LoIuksa ls fofPNUu dj
mls vdsyk vkSj vfHk”kIr cukrh gSA euq’; vkSj euq’; ds chp laokn dh xqatkb”ksa
de gksrh tkrh gSa rFkk nwfj;k¡ c

lHkh Ñfr;ks a es a la?k’kZ dk eq[; dkj.k euq’; dh ladh.kZrk LokFkZ vkSj ykyp gSA
Hkkjrh ds dkO; ukVd ^vU/kk;qx* esa /k`rjk’Vª Lohdkj djrs gS a fd mudh ladh.kZ
oS;fDrdrk ls gh e;kZnk dk ?kksj {k; gqvkA /k`rjk’Vª dh vkRe&LohÑfr es a mudh
viuh lhekvksa dh Hkh LohÑfr gSA og dgrs gS a fd viuh va/krk ds pyrs og ckgjh
;FkkFkZ ;k lkekftd e;kZnk dks le> ugha ik;sA /keZohj Hkkjrh us ^va/kk;qx* ds dF;
dks ledkyhu thoukuqHko ls tksM+dj fodflr fd;k gS vkSj bl izdkj /k`rjk’Vª dh
vU/krk mu [kf.Mr vkRedsfUær O;fDrRoksa ds vFkZ es a cny tkrh gS tks vius
lqfo/kkHkksx ykyp ;k lÙkkdka{kk ds pyrs O;kid euq’;rk ls dV tkrs gS aA bl izdkj
ds lkekftd vyxko es a iM+s gq, O;fDrRo viuh va/k vUr%izo`fÙk;ks a ds xqyke gks tkrs
gS aA iwathoknh lektO;oLFkk dk euq’; blh izdkj ds vyxko dk f”kdkj gksus ds fy,
vfHk”kIr gS aA miHkksDrk lekt dk vdsyk vkSj foyklh cukus okyk thou mldh
lkekftdrk dks u’V djrk gSA bl rjg ls mldh euq’; ds :i es a thus dh
LokHkkfodrk,¡ Hkh u’V gksrh gS aA og vk/kk&v/kwjk] [kf.Mr] vtuch] dqf.Br vkSj
l=Lr gksrk gSA tkfgj gS fd miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr us Hkh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
euq’; dks Lok/khu fuHkZ; vkSj lkekftd cukus okyk lkj rÙo u’V dj fn;k gSA ,sls
es a euq’; dks ,slk yxrk gS fd og ,d HkhM+ Hkjs mtkM+ es a jg jgk gSA rc fdlh
“kk;j dk ;g vuqHko vk”p;Z ugha yxrk fd&
^,slk rks vDlj gksrk gS HkhM+ Hkh rugkbZ Hkh*
;g fuLlaxrk] ;g laoknghurk vkSj ;g tM+rk euq’; ls mldk lewpk
ekuoh; lkj lks[k ysrh gSA lEcU/kks a dks og LokFkZ vkSj lqfo/kk ds cV[kjs ls rkSyus
yxrk gSA mlds Hkhrj ls dsoy ,d phRdkj QwVrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS fd nqfu;k ls mls
flQZ pkfg,] T;knk] T;knk vkSj T;knk pkfg,A eksgu jkds”k ds ukVd iwathoknh
lekt ds blh vekuohdj.k ds f”kdkj fo?kfVr O;fDrRoksa dh tfVyrkvks a dh
igpku djrs gSaA ^vk/ks v/kwjs* ^ygjks a ds jktgal* ;k ^vk’kk

vydkth dk vuqHko ledkyhu euq’; dk ^VwVuk* FkkA ;g ^VwVuk* Hkhrj Hkh Fkk vkSj
ckgj HkhA mUgks aus fy[kk fd ^lekt O;oLFkk vkt rsth ls cny jgh gSA u rks dksbZ
fVdkÅ ewY; jg x;s gS a] u dksbZ /kkfeZd vkLFkk] u dksbZ jktuhfrd fo”okl u dksbZ
oS;fDrd ;k lkekftd foosdA lHkh dqN dkepykÅ gS vkSj gjsd lek/kku rkRdkfyd
lqfo/kk ij fVdk gSA “kk”or lR; fudEes mins”k cu x;s gSaA ,slh dksbZ pht ugha
tks yksxksa dks ,d dj lds] u rks dksbZ y{; gS] u dksbZ izfrc)rkA lekt fc[kj x;k
gS] ?kj VwV pqdk gS vkSj mlds lnL; ,d nwljs ls dVdj vifjfpr dh rjg HkzkfUr
vkSj grk”kk dh viuh vkdkjghu nqfu;k¡ esa jgrs gS aA** 2
^vk/ks&v/kwjs* esa eksgu jkds”k us egkuxjh; e/;oxZ ds tfVy rFkk vLi’V
vUrlZEcU/kksa dks vfHkO;fDr ds fy, pquk FkkA bl ukVd esa [kf.Mr O;fDrRo dh
laØkUr euksjpuk vkSj fo?kfVr ifjos”k dh ?kVuk&nq?kZVuk ds }kjk os iwathoknh
lekt O;oLFkk dh ,sfrgkfld fu;fr dks cM+h dykRedrk ds lkFk mHkkj ik;s gSaA
muds vU; nksuks a ukVdks a esa bfrgkl vkSj feFk dk mi;ksx Hkh bl tfVy ledkyhu
vuqHko dh ltZukRed vfHkO;fDr ds fy, gqvk gSA ^ygjksa ds jktgal* vkSj ^vk’kkk vkSj fy[kk gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd “kadj “ks’k ds ukVdks a es a lekt vkSj
laLÑfr ds iru ls tqM+ s loky vf/kd O;kid ifjisz{; es a mHkjrs gSaA
uUn fd”kksj vkpk;Z ds ukVd ^;;kfr* es a iqu% vk/kqfud L=h&iq#’kksa ds
lEcU/k dh tfVyrk;sa dsUæ es a gS aA oS;fDrd lq[kksi;ksx dh ykylk ls Hkjk O;fDrRo
ewY;foe'kZ 108

^;;kfr* esa pfjrkFkZ gks mBrk gSA oS;fDrdrk ds dkj.k vk;s iru vkSj Bgjko dks
ns[kus dk uUnfd”kksj vkpk;Z dk viuk n`f’Vdks.k gSA
eqækjk{kl ds ^ejthok* uked ukVd dk izfrikn~; folaxr lekt dh
vkfFkZd&lkekftd tfVyrk gSA bl ukVd es a ewY;/oal ds dkj.k fo?kfVr gksrs
lkekftd lEcU/k] jktuhfr] O;oLFkk vkSj ifjokj dh okLrfodrk gSA vkn”kZ vkSj
Hkwfe ifr&iRuh gSaA vkn”kZ ds firk ekufld :i ls :X.k gS vkSj Hkwfe ds ifr dk
eu LoLF; ugha gSA bl nEifÙk dk ;g ladV vdsyk ugha gSA viuh ewY;psruk ds
izfr xaHkhj ;s lekt dh iwjh vjktdrk vkSj vuSfrdrk ls yM+rs gS] fdUrq thus ds
fy, xyr ewY;ks a ls le>kSrk ugha djrsA eqækjk{kl ds bl ukVd es a lekt vkSj
jktuhfr ds iru dks fgyk nsus okys fp= feyrs gS aA bl izdkj ukVddkj euq’; ds
thou dks vlº; cuk nsus okyh vkfFkZd jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd vjktdrk dks
mn~?kkfVr djrk gSA
jes”k c[“kh ,d vyx jax eqgkojs ds ukVddkj gS aA ewY; Hkax mudk Hkh
pje vuqHko gSA ^rhljk gkFkh* es a bl ewY;Hkax ls ?kqVrk vkSj [kRe gksrk gqvk ifjokj
gSA bl ukVd es a ,d ,slk ifjokj gS ftles a firk iq=h vkSj iq= ds chp ,d nwljs
dks cy vkSj lqj{kk nsus okyk lEcU/k ne rksM+ pqdk gS cfYd ,d vkard vkSj volkn
gS ftlls iwjk ifjokj [kRe gksrk tk jgk gSA
blh izdkj ef.k e/kqdj ds ^jlxa/koZ* uked ukVd es a thou ds fujFkZd vkSj
folaxr dks izrhdkRed :i es a igpkuk x;k gSA ^jl xa/koZ* dk ukV~;kFkZ orZeku
okLrfodrk ij dsfUær gSA ef.ke/kqdj us bl ukVd dks O;aX; dk ,slk f”kYi fn;k
gS ftles a laokn ;FkkFkZ vkSj QSUVslh ds chp vkoktkgh ls ns”k] lÙkk] lÙkk ls tqM+h
“kfDr;ksa ds vekuoh; pfj= dks mn~?kkfVr djrs gS aA yksdukV~; ds dYiuk”khy
f”kYi dk mi;ksx bl ukVd dh [kkfl;r gS vkSj blds }kjk ukVd dk vuqHko
vf/kd rhoz vkSj laosn~; gksrk gSA
jkes”oj izse ds ^pkjikbZ* uked ukVd es a vkfFkZd&lkekftd nckoksa ls VwVrk
gqvk ifjokj gSA lEcU/kksa es a xgjh vlqj{kk vkSj csxkukiu ?kj dj x;s gS aA bl ukVd
es a ukVddkj us ewY; fo?kVu dks O;kid vkfFkZd lkekftd ifjisz{; es a igpkuk gSA
blh izdkj n;k izdk”k flUgk] Kkunso vfXugks=h] MkW- y{ehukjk;.k yky vkfn ds
ukVd ewY;ladV ls vkØkar thou ds reke fgLlks a dh igpku djrs gSaA
oLrqr% ledkyhu ukVddkj dk lkeuk ekuo ewY;ksa ds loZlagkj ds
Hk;kud vuqHko ls gSA ge lc ,d fu’Bqj le; es a jg jgs gSaA ewY; ;fn dgha “ks’k
ewY;foe'kZ 109

Hkh gS a rks cgqr oS;fDrd Lrjksa ij vkSj ogk¡ Hkh os Hk;kud ;kruk vkSj la?k’kZ es a gSA
^va/kk;qx*] ^vk/ks v/kwjs*] ^,d vkSj æks.kkpk;Z* ;k ^pkjikbZ* tSls ukVd ewY;”kwU;rk ds
;krukiw.kZ vuqHko ls fudy jgs gS aA ekuo ewY;ksa ds izfr izfrc) euq’; ;k rks
vkRegR;k djrk nh[krk gS ;k ekj fn;k tkrk gSA foKku] izkS|ksfxdh vkSj cktkj dh
u;h lkaLÑfrd ekax ,d vekuoh; lekt dh gS ftlesa euq’; ds O;fDrxr LokFkZ
vkSj ykyp vkSj lÙkkdka{kk ds fy, rks [kqjkd gS fdUrq euq’; vkSj euq’; ds chp
ekuoh; lEcU/k ds fy, iks’k.k ugha gSA ;g le; rsth ls ^euq’;* ds gksus dk vFkZ
vkSj mís”; cny jgk gSA le; ds bl iwjs mtkM+ dks lkfgR; viuh laosnu”khyrk
vkSj Hkfo’; fpark ij >sy jgk gSA tc rd lkfgR; dk ;g thou ds izfr vuqjkxh
la?k’kZ cpk gS rc rd gesa mEehn ugha NksM+uk pkfg,A
lUnHkZ %&
1- eqfDrcks/k jpukoyh] 4] i`040
2- ns”kik.Ms] iq- y- ,oa lqjs”k voLFkh] ¼lEik-½ vkt ds jax ukVd] i`0- 23&24
****
ewY;foe'kZ 110

ewY; la aØe.k ds nkSj es a “kjn tks”kh dk O;aX;
vfer dqekj flag*
ekuoh; ewY;ks a ds egÙo dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, egkRek xk¡a/kh us ^fgUn
Lojkt* es a fy[kk gS&^^bfrgkl ;g crkrk gS fd nqfu;k dk vk/kkj gfFk;kj ds cy
ij ugh gS] cfYd lR;] n;k ;k vkRecy ij gSA blfy, yM+kbZ gfFk;kj ds cy ds
ctk; nwljk gh cy mldk vk/kkj gSA^^1 xkWa/kh th dh e`R;q ds egt ipkl&lkB
lkyks a es a thou fLFkfr;kW¡ ftl rsth ls cnyh gS a] ekuoh; ewY;ksa es a {kj.k mlls Hkh
rhozrk ls gqvk gSA vk/kqfudrk dk tks udyh ycknk vksk] rks ekuoh; ewY;ks a ds u’V gksus
dk ladV mRiUu gksxkA lkfgR;] lekt] laLÑfr lHkh dk vfLrRo fodkleku rHkh
gS] tc ekuo&ewY;ksa dh Js’Brk cuh jgsA nqHkkZX;o”k] orZeku le; esa gekjk
lkekftd ifjos”k Bhd blds foijhr tk jgk gS vkSj nq%[kn ;g gS fd vkt ds
usr`RodrkZ bls lgh Bgjk jgs gS aA /keZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k&es a ls dsoy vFkZ vkSj dke
vk/kkfjr lekt dh jpuk esa ge lHkh fdlh u fdlh :Ik es a viuk ;ksx ns jgs gSaA
izfl) ik”pkR; leh{kd MkW0 eSF;w vukZYM us dgk Fkk fd& ^^tc lkekftd
vkpj.k uSfrd fu;eksa ds fo:) lkewfgd :Ik ls vkxs c

frgkl es a fNNykiu Nk x;k gSA lc dqN t:jr ds rjktw ij rkSyk tk jgk gSA
ewY; Fks rks ml ij MVs jgus dh ftn Fkh] fl)kar Fks rks n`

,d lkFk jktuhfrKks a] i=dkjks a ,oa cqf)thfo;ks a&;kas dgk tk ldrk gS fd
oSpkfjdh ds izeq[k LrEHkksa dh iksy tks”kh th us vius mijksDr m)j.k es a [kksyh gSA
lkFk gh izfØ;kxr ewY; {kj.k dks Hkh cM+h lathnxh ds lkFk O;ogkfjd rkSj ij Li’V
fd;k gSA blh rjg dk O;aX; fp= muds izfl) ys[k ^fons”kh gkFk* es a n`f’Vxr gksrk
gS] tgk¡ gekjs nkseqagsiu dks mUgksaus csckd rs gq, Hkh ge mls
viukrs gS aA vkW¡[ks a can dj ge ;g eku ysrs gSa fd lc dqN Bhd py jgk gSA O;aX;
jpuk bl lc dqN Bhd lk yxus okys ds Hkhrj ls ml rF; dks fudky ykrh gS]
tks fcYdqy Bhd ugha gksrkA orZeku le; es a laLÑfr dh nqgkbZ nsus okys] ijEijk dh
j{kk ds Åij >xM+us okys cgqr yksx gS a] ysfdu blesa mudk viuk LokFkZ gS] fgr gSA
laLÑfr ds uke ij] ewY;ksa ds uke ij] va/k vkLFkk ds izlkj }kjk LokFkZ dh jksVh
laa sduk l{ke yksxksa dk [kkl “kxy cuk gqvk gSA tks”kh th us vius ys[k& ^Hkk’k.k
nsus dh laLÑfr* es a bl LokFkZijrk ij rh[kk izgkj fd;k gS&^^tukCk] laLÑfr ,d
[kwclwjr rg cuk nsrh gSA ;g flyflyk vuardky ls dk;e gSA lPpkb;k¡ XySej
es a fyiVh jgrh gS aA ljdkj enj Vsjslk ugha gksrh] tks dsoy chekj Hkw[ks cPpks a dk gh
/;ku j[ksA og ejusokyks a ds lgkjs ugha] thfor vkSj etk ekjrs yksxksa ds lgkjs
pyrh gSA ljdkj dh ;gh lkaLÑfrd uhfr gSA Hkw[k feVuh pkfg,] exj ekWMfyax
Hkh tkjh jguh pkfg,A ns”k ds ikl cspus ds fy, [ktqjkgks gS] [kjhnus dks
VsduksykWth gSA bles a Hkw[k] xjhch] chekjh dh ckrsa vizklafxd gS aA** 8 vk/kqfud lanHkks aZ
es a “kCnksa ds tky fdl izdkj lkekU; O;fDr dh le> dks xyr fn”kk ns jgs gSa]
bldk Li’V izek.k tks”kh th us fn;k gSA ,d [kkl rjg dh [kq”kQgeh dks Hkze es a
j[kuk orZeku le; dh izeq[k uhfr;ksa esa ls ,d cu x;k gSA ns”k ds Hkfo’; dk
ewY;foe'kZ 113

fuekZ.k djus okyk gj {ks=] gj laLFkku bldk f”kdkj gSA gekjh f”k{kk O;oLFkk tks
dHkh ewY; vk/kfjr gqvk djrh Fkh vkt O;olk; vkSj ykHk vk/kkfjr f”k{kk es a rCnhy
gks pqdh gS vkSj ge cMs+ gh xoZ ds lkFk viuh lkaLÑfrd fof”k’Vrk vkSj fodkl ds
lek;kstu dk foKkiu dj jgs gS aA vius ys[k ^fdruk fo”o] dSlk fo|ky;* es a gekjh
f”k{kk O;oLFkk es a yxs ?kqu dks tks”kh th us cM+h lkQxksbZ ls is”k fd;k gS&^^fo”o
“kCnka”k] ;fn fo”oluh;rk ds vFkZ es a fy;k tk, rks vf/kdka”k fo”ofo|ky; mls [kks
pqds vkSj cgqrsjksa us dHkh vftZr gh ugha dhA igys ;g gksrk Fkk fd Hkkjr ds
fo”ofo|ky; ls ,d Nk= fMxzh ysrk Fkk vkSj mlds lgkjs mls Hkkjr ds dbZ Hkkxks a
es a ukSdjh u feys exj fo”o ds vU; ns”kksa es a fey tkrh FkhA blfy, fd
fo”ofo|ky; ls izkIr fMxzh dh fo”o Hkj esa lk[k gksrh FkhA fQj ns”k vktkn gqvk(
vkSj fo”ofo|ky; [kqys] udy djus dh lqfo/kk;sa c

lanHkZ %&
1- fgan Lojkt- jktdey izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`0&69
2- xqIr] x.kifr panz- ik”pkR; lkfgR; leh{kk] i`0&137
3- tks”kh] “kjn- ;Fkkle; ¼O;aX; laxzg½] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] ubZ fnYyh
4- ogh- i`0&47
5- ogh- i`0&57
6- ogh- i`0&58
7- fons”kh gkFk] ;Fkkle;] i`0&69
8- Hkk’k.k nsus dh laLÑfr] ;Fkkle;] i`0&115
9- tks”kh] “kjn- ;Fkkle; ¼O;aX; laxzg½] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] ubZ fnYyh] i`0&87
10- ogh- i`0&121
****
ewY;foe'kZ 115

oSfnd thou n”kZu es a izfrfcfEcr ekuoh; ewY;
fot; JhokLro*
orZeku thou dh la?k’kZiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ks a es a lkQY; mUgsa gh izkIr gksrk gS]
ftudk ekufld lw;Z ri jgk gksrk gSA ;g ekufld lw;ks Zn; vkSj rki uSfrd
lk/kuk dk fo’k; gSA uSfrd lk/kuk ekuoh; ewY;koyfEcr gksrh gSA
lR;&lnkpj.k&eS+=h&d:.kk&yksd dY;k.k&jk’Vªfgr&oSf”od ,drk&fiz; Hkk’k.k&
o`}ksilsok&fir`HkfDr& vfrfFk lRdkj&nku”khyrk&loZfn³fuoZSjrk&lfg’.kqrk vkfn
os ekuoh; ewY; gS a ftu ij oSfnd thou n”kZu voyfEcr FkkA vkt mudh
vkR;fUrd mis{kk dk gh ifj.kke gS fd ge uSfrd n`’V~;k ghuHkkouk ls xzLr gksdj
foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa es a v/khj gks mBrs gS aA Ñ’.kktqZu ds f}jFk ;q) ds fnu jFkks a ds
vkeus lkeus gksus ij tc vtqZu&d.kZ rFkk Ñ’.k&”kY; us ,d nwljs dks rjsjk rc
u rks d.kZ vtq Zu dk rst lg ik;k vkSj u gh “kY; Ñ’.k dk A vk¡[kks gh vk¡[kks es a
lkjk ekufld ;q) yM+ fy;k x;kA vtqZu vkSj Ñ‘.k dk ;g uSfrd cy mudh
ekuoh; ewY;ks a ds izfr izfrc)rk dk ifj.kke FkkA
vk/kqfud lekt esa ge bUgha izfrc)rkvka sa ls “kwU; gksrs tk jgs gS aA ve;Zkfnr]
Hkz’V ,oa ewY;ghu vkpj.k vk/kqfud thou ds i;kZ; cu x;s ga SA gekjk eu% lw;Z
es?kkPNk gks x;k gS ftls NkaVus ds fy, gesa iqu”p vius Kku foKku ds ewy lzksr
osnka s es a of.kZr _r dh O;oLFkk esa vkLFkk dks vadqfjr djuk gksxkA _r og uSfrd
laLFkku gS tgk¡ ekuoh; ewY;ka s dk laj{k.k gksrk gSA oLrqr% ekuo txr dh O;oLFkk
ds ihNs fNis fl)kUr dks gh osn us _r dgk gSA Jh vjfoUn us _r dks lnkpj.k
dk ekun.M ekuk gSA vjfoUn ds “kCnks es a ^^lc oLrqvks a dk lkjHkwr inkFkZ _r gSA
HkkSfrd ls vk/;kfRed :i esa ifjorZu dk dkj.k _r gh gSA _r lw;Z pUnz vkfn
dk fu;e fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fdUrq oLrqr% ;g vkpj.k dk fu;e gSA** 1
nz’Vk_f’k okenso us _r dh efgek bl izdkj crk;h gS&^^ ^_r* vusd
izdkj dh lq[k&”kkfUr dk lzksr gS] _Rk dh Hkkouk ikiks a ,oa nq%[kksa dks u’V djrh gS]
ekuo dks mn~cks/ku nsus okyh ^_r* dh ifo= iz”kfLr xgjs dkuks a es a Hkh igq ¡p pqdh
gSA ^_r* dh tMs +a lqn`

^_r* es lajf{kr izeq[k ekuoh; ewY; lR; gSA lR; dh izkfIr ^_r* }kjk gh
lEHko gSA ,d ea= es a e:rks a ds fy, dgk x;k gS fd os ^_r* ds }kjk lR; dks izkIr
gq;sA3 _XoSfnd dfo;ka s us nsorkvkssa dh Lrqfr djrs le; mUgs lR; vkpj.k ls ;qDr
crk;k gSA fe=ko:.k dks lEcksf/kr ,d lwDr esa mUgsa lR; /kekZ dgk x;k gS &
^^lR;/keZk.kk ijes O;ksefuA** 4 o:.k dh Lrqfr es a dgk x;k gS fd jktk o:.k euq’;ks a
ds lR; vkSj vlR;ksa dks ns[krs gq, ?kwers gS&^^;klka jktk o:.kks ;kfr e/;s lR;ku`rs
voi”;u~tukuke~A** 5 ,d vU; ea= es a dgk x;k gS fd lw;Z us lR; dk foLrkj
fd;k&^^lR;a rkrku lw;Z%A** 6 ,d LFkku ij |kok i`fFkoh dh Lrqfr es a dgk x;k gS
fd rqe lR; ls ;qDr gks tkvks&^^;qoks_Zra jksnlh lR;eLrqA** 7 blh izdkj ;e ;eh
lEokn es a ;e ;eh ls dgrk gS fd ^^ge lR; oDrk gSa] vlR; dHkh ugha cksyrsA** 8
oSfnd dfo;ksa us lR; dks bruk egÙo fn;k fd mls fo”o dk fu;=a.k ,oa lapkyu
djus okyk eku fy;kA ,d ea= esa dfo dgrk gS lR; ds }kjk gh i`fFkoh LrfEHkr
gS&^^lR;suksRrfHkrk Hkwfe%A** 9 vFkoZosn es a dgk x;k gS fd euq’; tSlk ns[ks oSlk gh
cksys&^^;n~ onkfe e/kqer~ rn~ onkfe ;nh{ks rn~ oufUr ekA** 10 egkHkkjr es a “kkfUr
ioZ es a Hkh’e us lR; dk y{k.k djrs gq;s dgk gS&lR;a ukekO;;a fuR;efodkfj rFkSo
pA11 egkHkkjr es a rks ;gk¡ rd dgk gS fd ;fn rqyk es a ,d vksj lR; vkSj nwljh vksj
,d gtkj v”oes/k ;K j[k fn;s tk;sa rks Hkh lR; dk gh iyM+k Hkkjh jgsxk &
v”oes/k lgL=a p lR;a p rqYk;k /k`re~A v”oes/klgL=kf) lR;eso fof”k’;rsA12 ;ksx n”kZu es a dgk x;k gS fd lR; :ih ekuoh; ewY; dh izfr’Bk gks tkus ij euq’;
dh leLr fØ;k;s a lQy gks tkrh ga S&lR;izfr’Bk;ka fØ;kQykJ;Roe~A13 vk/kqfud lekt dh fcMEouk gS fd lR; dh bl egrh izfr’Bk ds ckn Hkh
ge eu] ok.kh ,oa deZ ls vlR; vkpj.k es a Mwcs gq;s gSaA gekjh thou i)fr ls ysdj
lkekU; cksy&pky rd es a vlR; us c[kwch iSB cuk yh gSA vkt og lc dqN lR;
eku fy;k tkrk gS ftls rkRdkfyd :i ls lR; u fl) fd;k tk jgk gks ;k
ftldh idM+ rkRdkfyd :i ls laHko u gksA ifj.kker% O;ogkj es a fo”okl dk
vHkko gksrk tkrk gSA ge lksprs dqN gS a] cksyrs dqN gS a] vkSj lquus okyk le>rk dqN
vkSj gSA fo”okl dk ;g vHkko ges a dgha u dgha Hkhrj ls detksj vkSj [kks[kyk
cukrk gSA blls eqfDr dk ,d gh ekxZ gS] og gS thou es a O;kogkfjd lR; dk
vuq”khyuA ;gh O;kogkfjd lR; gekjs ikjekfFkZd lR;ksiyfC/k dk izFke lksiku
curk gSA14 ewY;foe'kZ 117

osnks a es a vfgalk dh mnkŸk Hkkouk ds n”kZu gksrs gSaA oSfnd dfo;ks a us firjks a
ds fy, izLrqr ,d lwDr esa _rKk firjksa dks vfgald dgk gS&^^vlqa u bZ;qjo`dk
_`rKkLrs uks·oUrq firjks gos”kq** 15 ,d ea= esa iwoZtksa dks Lrksrk rFkk fgalk ,oa iki
vkfn ls jfgr crk;k x;k gS&^^;Fkk fpr~ iwosZ tfjrkj vklqjus|k vuo|k vfj’Vk%A16 _Xosn es a nsorkvksa ls ftl /ku dh dkeuk dh x;h gS mldh izkfIr dk
ek/;e vfgald gks ,slh ;kpuk dh xbZ gSA bUnz ls _f’k ;kpuk djrk gS fd ges a
,slh foiqy le`f) izkIr gks tks fd dY;k.kdkfj.kh rFkk vfgaflr gksA17 osn es a fgalk
jfgr cqf) dh ;kpuk djrs gq, _f’k dgrk gS fd eq>s ljyk vfgald ,oa
/kukfHkykf’k.kh cqf) izkIr djkvks&^^izkpheq nsokf”ouk f/k;a es·e`/kzka lkr;s d`ra
olw;qe~A** 18 _Xosn es a euq’; ,oa i”kq vkfn lHkh dh fgalk dk fu’ks/k izkIr gksrk gSA
nz’Vk _f’k :nz ls izkFkZuk djrk gS fd vki gees a ls u rks o`)ksa dk o/k djsa vkSj u
gh ;qodks a] cPpks a ,oa xHkZLFk f”k”kqvksa dkA vki gekjs ekrk&firk vkSj gekjs fiz; “kjhjks a
dh Hkh fgalk u djsaA NksVh vk;q okys iq=ks a] xkS] v”oksa rFkk ohjks a dk Hkh o/k u djs aA19 bu izkFkZukvksa ls _f’k;ks a dh u dsoy ekuo tkfr ds izfr vfirq leLr thoks a ds izfr
vfgald ewY;fu’Brk dk Li’V ifjp; izkIr gksrk gSA fdUrq vokUrj dky es a oSfnd
deZdk.Mks a ds uke ij fgalk dk izpyu laHkor% lekt es a O;kIr fgalk izo`fÙk ij
vadq”k yxkus dh n`f’V ls gqvk] ftls vkxs pydj ijEijk ekuk tkus yxkA tks Hkh
gks fdUrq ekSfyd :i esa _Xosn es a fgalk ds n”kZu ugha gksrsA ijorhZ /keZ xzUFkksa]
euqLe`fr] xhrk] egkHkkjr vkfn esa blh vfgald Hkko dk gh ifjekftZr :i izkIr
gksrk gSA
osnks a es a eS=h dh mnkŸk Hkkoukvks a dk Hkh mYys[k izkIr gksrk gSA oSfnd _f’k
u dsoy nsorkvks a vkSj euq’;ksa dh fe=rk dks mi;ksxh le>rs Fks vfirq l`f’V ds
izR;sd d.k ds lkFk lg&vfLrRo ,oa e/kqj Hkko dh dkeuk djrs FksA20 oSfnd _f’k
loZfnd~&fucSZjrk ds iks’kd FksA vFkoZosn es a v[k.M ,oa prqfnZd eS=h dh dkeuk okyk
;g ea= izkIr gksrk gS&^^vufe=a uks v/kjknufe=a u mŸkjkrA bUnzkufe=a u%
i”pknufe=a iqjLÑf/kA** 21 bl ea= es as leLr jk’Vª rFkk vU; laxBuksa ds lkFk Hkh cSj
fojks/k R;kx dk ewy ik;k tkrk gSA ,d vU; ea= es a fo”kky i`Foh dks gh ca/kq dgk
x;k gS&^^cU/kqes Z ekrk i`Foh egh;e~** 22 ;tqosZn esa leLr izkf.k;ks a dks fe= dh n`f’V
ls ns[kus dh Hkkouk O;Dr dh x;h gS&^^fe=L; p{kq’kk leh{kkegs** 23 A friend in need
is a friend in deed dh cgq izpfyr ik”pkR; mfDr( ^u l l[kk ;ks u nnkfr l[;s
lpkHkqos lpekuk; fiRo%* 24& bl oSfnd ea= dk vuqofrZr ,dka”k ek= gSA
oSfnd lekt es a ijLij ,d nwljs dh ;Fkk laHko lgk;rk djuk] nku nsuk
ije ekuoh; dÙkZO; le>k tkrk FkkA _Xosn es a dgk x;k gS fd ftldk eu mnkj
ugha gS mldk Hkkstu djuk o`Fkk gSA tks u rks nsox.k dks nsrk gS vkSj u fe=ks a dks
ewY;foe'kZ 118

nsrk gS dsoy Lo;a gh Hkkstu djrk gS og dsoy iki gh [kkrk gSA25 ;tqosZn Li’V
funsZ”k djrk gS fd bl lEiw.kZ l`f’V es a bZ”oj dks mifLFkr ekudj gh Hkksx djuk
pkfg,A osnksa esa vUu nku J)k dk lwpd gS&^^l ipkfe l nnkfe l ;ts l
nŸkkUek ;w”ke~A** 26 nkrk ds fpŸk dh “kqf) nku fdruk fn;k blls ugha gksrh vfirq
nku fdruh J)k ls fn;k] blh ls mlds fpÙk dh “kqf) gksrh gSA vFkoZosn dk _f’k
;g dkeuk djrk gS fd og nku deZ ls dHkh Hkh i`Fkd u gksaosA eSDMkyu us bu nku
Lrqfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd oSfnd ;qx es a nku cgqr vf/kd gksrk
Fkk vkSj oSfnd ;qx ds jktkvks a ds ikl vrqy /ku lEifÙk gksrh FkhA27 vkt ifjokj ds cM+s&cw

lekuk ân;kfu o%A lekueLrq oks euks ;Fkk o% lqlgklfrA32 vkt fo”o esa blh
lg;ksx vkSj ln~Hkko ds vHkko es a v”kkafr dk okrkoj.k laO;kIr gSA
viuh ekr`&Hkwfe ds izfr HkfDr dh Hkkouk vFkok jk’Vªh;rk ;k ns”k izse dh
Hkkouk dk ewy cht gesa oSfnd ea=ks a ls gh izkIr gksrk gSA vFkoZosn dk Hkwfe lwDr
^ekrk&Hkwfe%* iq=ks·ga i`fFkO;k%* dgdj blh Hkkouk dh iqf’V djrk gSA i`Foh lwDr ds
izFke ea= es a gh dgk x;k gS fd i`Foh iq=ks a ¼ekuoksa½ ds N% xq.k bl /kjrh ds /kkjd
¼ewY;½ rÙo gS aA ;Fkk egku lR;] mxz_r] nh{kk] ri] Kku] vkSj ;K&lR;a c`gn`reqxza
nh{kk riks czã ;K% i`fFkoha /kkj;fUrA33 oSfnd thou n”kZu esa R;kx dks fo”ks’k egRo fn;k x;k gSA lalkj dk Hkksx
fufyZIr gksdj R;kx Hkko ls djuk pkfg,A blds vHkko esa euq’; rqPN oklukvks a ,oa
r`’.kkvks a ds Hk¡oj es a Qalrk tkrk gSA tcfd blds fl) gks tkus ij euq’; eksg eerk
dh e`x ejhfpdk ls mHkj dj eks{k ds ije in ij igq¡p ldrk gSA osnkUr ds
vf/kdkjh ds fy, bls fojkx ds :i esa ,d vko”;d vuqca/k ekuk x;k gSA34 R;kx
ije in izkIr djus ds lkFk&lkFk O;kogkfjd thou dks lqxe cukus dk Hkh lk/ku
gSA bl ekuoh; ewY; dks vaxhdkj djus okyk euq’; leLr tkxfrd vHkkoks a es a Hkh
larq’V ,oa izlUu jg ldrk gSA ;tqosZn dk Li’V funsZ”k gS fd ge leLr lalkj dks
bZ”oj dh lEifÙk le>dj U;kl dh Hkkafr mi;ksx djsa ,oa fdlh ds /ku dk yksHk u
djsa 35& _Xosn esa dgk x;k gS fd tks dsoy viuk gh mnj iks’k.k djrk gS og dsoy
iki dk Hkksx djrk gS&dsoyk?kks Hkofr dsoyk nh36 bls gh Hkxoku JhÑ’.k us xhrk
es a Li’V dgk gS fd Hkq atrs rs Ro?ka ikik ;s ipUR;kRedkj.kkr~ 37 Jhen~Hkkxor es a Hkh
egf’kZ O;kl us R;kx dh Hkkouk dks Li’V djrs gq, cryk;k gS fd vko”;drk ls
vf/kd vkRelkr djus okyk pksj gksrk gS&^^;kor~ fHkz;rs tBja rkor~ LoRoa fg
nsfgukeA vf/kda ;ks·fHkeU;sr l Lrsuks n.MegZfrA** 38
oLrqr% oSfnd ekuo viuh bPNkvks a ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus ds fy, Lora=
ugha Fkk cfYd og izÑfr dh vuar “kfDr ds lqO;ofLFkr ,oa lqfuf”pr ekudks a dk
ikyu djrs gq, vius thou es a “kfDr vkSj dY;k.k dk mUes”k djrk FkkA ;fn og
buds vuqlkj dk;Z ugha djrk rks lkekftd lkaLÑfrd ,oa /kkfeZd thou es a mls
lq[k lqfo/kk] oSHko] “kkafr vkSj vH;qn; dh miyfC/k ugha gks ldrh FkhA vk/kqfud
le; es a ;s ekud ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds :Ik es a mrusa gh izklafxd gS a ftrusa oSfnd dky
es a jgs gks axsA budk vuq”khyu fuf”pr :Ik ls gesa ewY;ghurk dh n”kk esa lkFkZd
fn”kk ns ldrk gSA
lanHkZ %&
1- vjfoUn- lhØsV vkQ osnkt ¼osnjgL;½] i`0&102 rFkk 107
2- _Xosn] 4@23@8] 9]10
3- ogh] 7@56@12
ewY;foe'kZ 120

4- ogh- 5@63@1
5- ogh- 7@49@3
6- ogh- 1@105@12
7- ogh- 3@54@3
8- ogh- 10@10@4
9- ogh- 10@85@1
10- vFkoZosn- 12@1@30
11- egkHkkjr “kkafr ioZ- 162@10
12- ogh- 162@26
13- ;ksxn”kZu- 2@36
14- osnkar ifjHkk’kk- i`0&194
15- _Xosn- 10@15@1
16- ogh- 6@19@4
17- ogh- 6@22@10
18- ogh- 7@67@5
19- ogh- 1@114@7
20- ogh- 7@15@13
21- vFkoZosn- 6@40@3
22- _Xosn- 1@164@33
23- ;tqosZn- 36@18
24- _Xosn- 10@117@4
25- ogh- 10@117@6
26- vFkoZosn- 6@123@4
27- eSDMkuy- fgLVªh vkQ laLÑr fyVjspj] i`0&127
28- vFkoZosn- 3@30@5
29- ogh- 1@31@41
30- _Xosn- 10@191@2
31- ogh- 10@191@3
32- ogh- 10@191@4
33- vFkoZosn- 12@1@1
34- vuqca/k prq’V;- osnkarlkj
35- b”kksifu’kn~- izFke ea=
36- _Xosn- 10@117@6
37- Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk- 3@13
38- Jhen~Hkkxor~- 7@14@8
****
ewY;foe'kZ 121

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oa lkfgR;
_rq ok’.ksZ;*
laLÑfr ,d lrr~ izfØ;k gS tks O;fDr dk ifj’dkj dj mls mUur cukdj
fo”kq) ekuoRo dh dksfV rd igq ¡pkrh gSA O;fDr] ifjokj] lekt] jk’Vª dk la”kks/ku
vkSj laLdkj djuk gh laLÑfr gSA ;g fo”o ds izfr vuU; eS=h dh Hkkouk gS tks
lef’V dh Hkkouk iSnk djrh gSA tks jk’Vª dk yksdfgrdkjh rÙo gSA izcq) fopkjdks a
us laLÑfr ds pkj rÙo ekus gSa& 1½ rÙoKku] 2½ uhfr] 3½ foKku] 4½ dykA ,d
fo}ku us dgk fd ckgj dh vksj ns[kuk foKku gS] vUnj dh vksj ns[kuk n”kZu gS vkSj
Åij dh vksj ns[kuk /keZ gS fdUrq laLÑfr es a /keZ] n”kZu vkSj foKku Hkh gS vkSj dyk
HkhA laLÑfr thou dk lkj gSA laLÑfr dksbZ fØ;k ugha gS vfirq ,d izdkj ls
leLr ijEijkxr vftZr O;ogkjks a dh fof”k’V lef’V gS tks lekt ds loZrksUeq[kh
fodkl ,oa mldh jk’Vªh; psruk ds ewy esa fuokl djrh gSA ^,srjs; czkã.k* es a
laLÑfr dks Lo:fir djus dk iz;kl yf{kr gksrk gSA ogk¡ laLÑfr ekuo ds
oS;fDrd vkSj lef’Vxr mRd’kZ dh izrhfr djkrh gSA
^vkRe laLÑfrokZo f”kYikfu& ,rS;Zteku vkReua laLdq:rs* 1
^NUnksX;ksifu’kn~* us euq’; dks ekuorkoknh psruk ls vuqizkf.kr djus okyh
n`f’V dks laLÑfr dh vfHk[;k iznku dh gSA
dkL;kfi ns”kL; lektL; ok fofHkUu thouO;kifj’kq lkekftd lEcU/ks’kq
ok ekuoh;Ro n`’V~;kiz sj.kkiznkuka rÙknkn”kkZuka lef’Vjso laLÑfr% 2
laLÑfr dk lEcU/k ewyr% euq’; dh psruk ds laLdkjksa ls gSA
laLÑfr dk v/;;u ekuo&psruk ds vkt rd ds fodkl dk v/;;u gh
gS vkSj mlh es a ls mlds Hkkoh fodkl dh laHkkouk,¡ Hkh ckgj vkrh gSA dksbZ Hkh
lekt viuh lkFkZdrk ftu vkn”kks Za ;k ewY;ks a dh flf) es a Lohdkj djrk gS] ogh
vkn”kZ ;k ewY;] laLÑfr dh izÑfr vkSj Lo:i dk Hkh fu/kkZj.k djrk gS] blfy,
laLÑfr dks ewY;&n`f’V ;k lkaLÑfrd izfØ;k dks ewY;ksa ds vtZu dh izfØ;k dgk
tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr es a lgu”khyrk vkSj mnkjrk dh Hkkouk cM+h izcy gSA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd blus nwljh laLÑfr;ks a dks Hkh vkRelkr~ fd;k lkFk gh viuh fof”k’V
ijEijk ij vk/kkfjr fo”okl] vkLFkk dks Hkh ;Fkkor~ j[kk lkFk&gh&lkFk viuh
lkaLÑfrd igpku dks Hkh ewrZ j[kus dk iz;kl djrh jghA lHkh izdkj ds fopkj er
erkUrj okyh laLÑfr;k¡ bl Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds ijpe rys vadqfjr] iYyfor vkSj
iqf’ir gqbZA
vkt dh izklafxdrk ds lanHkZ es a Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ij utj Mkyh tk; rks
ge ikrs gSa fd ;g fujis{k fl)kUrksa dh uhao ij [kM+h ,d HkO; vêkfydk gS ftles a
lHkh dks viuh ekU;rkvksa dks vuqxaqftr djus dh Lora=rk izkIr gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
*Mh&48@76 fefljiks[kjk] xksnkSfy;k] okjk.klh
ewY;foe'kZ 122

fdlh fof”k’V tkfr] oxZ ;k lewg ds mUufr dh bPNk ugha j[krh vfirq bles a
^olq/kSo dqVqEcde~* tSlh lEiw.kZ ekuork ds dY;k.k dh bPNk lekfgr gSA Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr dh igpku ge xksLokeh rqylhnkl dh bu iafDr;ks a }kjk ns ldrs gSa&
^^dhjfr Hkfufr Hkwfr Hkfy lksbZA
lqj lfj le lc dg fgr gksbZAA**
MkW0 jke/kkjh flag fnudj us Hkh bls thou dk ,d rjhdk ekuk gS tks lfn;ks a
ls tek gksdj ml lekt es a Nk;k jgrk gS ftles a ge tUe ysrs gS aA MkW0 gtkjh
izlkn f}osnh ds “kCnks a es a& ^^lH;rk dk vkarfjd izHkko laLÑfr gSA lH;rk lekt dh
cká voLFkkvks a dk uke gS] laLÑfr O;fDr ds vUnj ds fodkl dkA** 3
MkW0 xqykc jk; tkrh; laLdkj dks gh laLÑfr ds niZ.k es a ns[krs gS a&^^tkrh;
laLdkj gh laLÑfr gS /keZ vkSj laLÑfr es a vUrj dsoy bruk gh gS fd /keZ es a Jqfr]
Le`fr;ksa vkSj iqjk.k xzUFkks a dk vk/kkj jgrk gSA fdUrq laLÑfr es a ijEijk dk vk/kkj
jgrk gSA
ik”pkR; n`f’Vdks.k ds vUrxZr vkDlQksMZ bafXyl fMD”kujh es a ^Ñf’k ds }kjk
cqf)] vkpkj] O;ogkj dk fodkl ,oa mudh “kq)rk dks laLÑfr ekuk x;k gSA* 4 csdu
ds vuqlkj ^^laLÑfr dks ekuork dk og iz;Ru dgk tk ldrk gS ftles a og vius
vkUrfjd LorU= vfLrÙo dks izHkkoiw.kZ

Hkh lekt dk okLrfod izfrfcEc izLrqr djrk gSA fdlh Hkh jk’Vª dk lkfgR; ogk¡
ds thou&n”kZu] lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr ds fodkl dk izek.k gS tks lekt es a u;h
izsj.kk] vk”kk vkSj psruk dk izknqHkkZo djrk gSA lkfgR; fdlh Hkh ns”k vFkok tkfr
dh HkkokRed ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dh j{kk dk dop gksrk gSA MkW0 y{eh lkxj
ok’.ks Z; ds “kCnks a es a&^^lkfgR; ds ek/;e }kjk Hkk’kk dh Hkk’kk ds lkFk] “kCn dh mlds
vFkZ ds lkFk lkeatL;iw.kZ fLFkfr gh LFkkfir ugha gksrh] oju~ ekuo&ân; dk ekuo
ân; ds lkFk] vrhr dk orZeku ds lkFk] euq’; ds ân; dk cká ?kVukvksa vkSj
n`”;ks a ds lkFk feyu LFkkfir gksrk gSA** 8
MkW0 jke/kkjh flag fnudj dgrs gS a fd ^^lH; euq’; dks lqlaLÑr cukus dk
,dek= lk/ku lkfgR; gSA ;g tu ekul dh vUrZcká izfrNfo;ksa dk izdk”ku djus
okyk Kku jkf”k dk lafpr dks’k gS lkFk gh ;g fdlh ns”k ;k dky dh laLÑfr ds
Kku dk lokZf/kd fo”oLr izkekf.kd vk/kkj gksrk gSA** 9 blh izdkj laLÑfr vkSj
lkfgR; ds laca/kksa dks ,sfrgkfld :i es a Lohdkj djrs gq, MkW0 ljuke flag “kekZ
lkfgR; dks ^vrhr dk izfrfcEc* rFkk ^vukxr dk iznhi* ekurs gS aA** 10
laLÑfr vkSj lkfgR; ds lEcU/k es a ewy #i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkfgR;
laLÑfr dh u dsoy lajpuk rFkk ltZuk djrk gS cfYd og laLÑfr dk lq;ksX;
laj{kd Hkh gksrk gSA lkfgR; oLrqr% ,d ldkjkRed] xfr”khy] ;qxkUrdkjh Økafr dks
mÙksftr djus okyk ys[ku O;kikj gSA laLÑfr O;fDr dks lqlaLÑr djrh gS vkSj
lkfgR; es a ekuo thou dks m}sfyr vkSj >aÑr djus dh “kfDr gksrh gSA lkfgR;
viuh lEiw.kZrk es a lekt ,oa laLÑfr dk ifjpk;d gksrk gSA
lUnHkZ %&
1- ,srjs; czkã.k- 6@5@1
2- NkUnksX;ksifu’kn- 8@4@1
3- f}osnh] gtkjh izlkn- fopkj vkSj fordZ] i`0&181
4- The training development and reginement of mind, tastes and manners
(Oxford English Dictionary, Vol. II, page. 1248)
5. It is best understood intensively as humanity’s effort to assert its inner
independent being. (Bacon-Encyclopedia of Religion and ethics, Vol. IV, page
358.
6. Tylor, E.V. Primitive Culture : Vol. I, p. 1
7. Encyclopedia of Social Cciences, p. 621
8- ok’.ks Z;] y{eh lkxj- lkfgR; “kh’kZd fucU/k
9- fnudj] jke/kkjh flag- laLÑfr ds pkj v/;k;] i`0&402
10- izlkn] jktsUnz- lkfgR;] f”k{kk vkSj laLÑfr] i`0&10
****
ewY;foe'kZ 124

ewY;&lkis{k iz”kklu ,oa dkSfVY; dk
vFkZ”kkL= dh mikns;rk
T;ksfr feJk*
iz”kklu o ewY; dh lkis{krk fdlh Hkh jk’Vª ds fodkl dh vko”;d dM+h
gSA izR;sd iz”kklu ds fu/kkZfjr ewY; gksrs gS a] ftuds ek/;e ls Á”kklu ds Yk{; d¨
ÁkIr fd;k tkrk gSA tc Á”kklfud vf/kdkfj;¨a }kjk bu ewY;¨a dh vogsYkuk dh
tkrh gS rc Òz’Vkpkj] vfu;ferrk] dk;¨± es a nsjh] uhfr;¨a dk lQYk u g¨uk]
;¨tukv¨a dk v/kwjkiu] vlarq’V deZpkjh] ÁfrÒkv¨a dk guu vkfn cgqeqZ[kh nqO;ZoLFkk;sa
Á”kklu es a O;kIr g¨ tkrh gS aA oLrqr% oSf”od lekt es a vk/kqfudrk dh va/kh n©M+]
vko”;drk ls vf/kd /ku dh YkkYklk] pdkp©a/k dh nqfu;k dh e`xr`’.kk us ekuo es a
mfpr&vuqfpr dh le> d¨ ihNs N¨M+ fn;k gSA 1893 es a la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh
/keZ laln d¨ lEc¨f/kr djrs gq, Lokeh foosdkuUn us dgk Fkk& West needed the
sprituality of India, India needed her science and he wanted the synthesis of
two.” 1 os ik”pkR; ns”kks a ds iz”kklfud deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk o n{krk ls izHkkfor
Fks] ijUrq mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd muds thou esa Ò©frd lq[k&lqfo/kk r¨ vo”; Fkh
fdUrq ,d lUrq’V o [kq”kgkYk lekt dh LFkkiuk esa os vlQYk F¨A2 de¨os”k orZeku le; es a ;gh n”kk Òkjrh; lekt esa dh Hkh g¨rh tk jgh
gSA oSf”od ;qx es a geus rduhdh esa r¨ vo”; Áxfr dh gS ijUrq ge vius ewYk d¨
gh [k¨rs tk jgs gS a ftl ij foosdkuUn th us vkt ls YkxÒx 117 o’kZ iwoZ xoZ fd;k
FkkA vkt vko”;drk gS ml xoZ d¨ fQj ls vuqÒo djus dh] viuh Ákphu /kj¨gj¨a
d¨ iqutÊfor djus dhA fo’k; tc Á”kklfud ewY;¨a dk g¨ r¨ gekjs Ákphu xzUFk¨a
es a d©fVY; vFkZ”kkL«k dh egÙkk d¨ vuns[kk ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA
ÁLrqr Ái«k dk /;s; d©fVYkh; vFkZ”kkL«k es a ÁfrfcfEcr ewY; vk/kkfjr
Á”kklfud fopkj¨a ds egÙoiw.kZ fcUnqv¨a }kjk orZeku Á”kklfud lajpuk ,oa dk;ZÁ.kkYkh
dh dfe;¨a d¨ nwj djus dk oSdfYid funku ÁLrqr djuk gSA vFkZ”kkL«k esa of.kZr
Á”kklfud ewY;¨a ds foospu ls iwoZ ewY; vk/kkfjr Á”kklfud rÙo¨a dk foospu
vko”;d gSA
ewY; vk/kkfjr Á”kklu ds vko”;d rÙo
Á”kklfud deZpkfj;¨a esa fuEu xq.k g¨us ij d¨bZ Òh Á”kklu] ewY; vk/kkfjr
Á”kklu dh dl©Vh ij dq”ky dgk tk ldrk gS&
• dk;Z es a n{krk
*“kks/k Nk=k] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh
ewY;foe'kZ 125

• O;olk; ds Áfr dÙkZO;fu’Bk
• lkekftd fgr dh Òkouk
• vkRe fu;U«k.k
• lnkpkjh O;fäRo
• dk;Z ds Áfr bZekunkjh
• mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Òkouk
• ns”kÒfä
• leiZ.k
• vk/;kfRed Áo`fÙk
• usr`Ùo dh {kerk
• lR;fu’Bk] vkfn fo”¨’krkv¨a ls ;qä Á”kklu ewY;&fu’B Á”kklu dh Js.kh es a
vkrk gSA
vFkZ”kkL«k esa ÁfrfcfEcr ewY; lkis{k Á”kklu ds rÙo
vYrsdj ds vuqlkj&^^d©fVY;&vFkZ”kkL«k fpUrkRed jktuhfr dh jpuk
g¨us ds LFkku ij Á”kkld ds ekxZn”kZu gsrq fYk[kh x;h ,d Á”kklfud lafgrk gSA** 3
d©fVY; dh Á”kklfud O;oLFkk dk dsUæfcUnq jktk gSA blhfYk, d©fVY; us usr`Ùo
dh vkpkj&lafgrk ij fo’¨”k /;ku fn;k gSA mUg¨aus jktk ds fYk, fo”¨’k Áf”k{k.k o
f”k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh gSA jktk ds xq.k¨a dh ppkZ djrs gq, mUg¨aus usr`Ùo ds
^O;fäxr* ,oa ^laLFkkxr* n¨u¨a Ádkj ds xq.k¨a d¨ egÙo fn;k gSA muds vuqlkj
pw¡fd usr`Ùo ij gh lÒh deZpkfj;¨a dh fu;qfä dk nkf;Ro g¨rk gS vr% mls “kkL«k
dk Kkuh] ÑrK] /©;Zoku] nwjn”kÊ] lR;oknh] xq.k¨a dh igpku djus okYkk] vkRefu;U«k.k
dh {kerk] nwlj¨a dh ckr¨a d¨ xzg.k djus dh {kerk vkfn xq.k¨a ls ;qä g¨uk
pkfg,A4 blh Ádkj Á”kklfud deZpkfj;¨a dh fu;qfä es a Òh ;¨X;rk ijh{k.k ds
lkFk&lkFk vf/kdkfj;¨a dh vkpkj lafgrk dk Òh mYY¨[k mUgks aus fd;k gSA ftlds
vUrxZr lw{e n`f’V okY¨] cqf)eku] Lej.k”kfäoku] dk;Z dq”kYk] okd~prqj] rdZ es a
fuiq.k] cYkoku] “khYkoku] xoZjfgr] vkj¨xh] }s’kÒko ls jfgr jkT; ds Áfr Òfä]
dÙkZO;fu’Bk] lnkpkj] jktd¨’k dk lnqi;¨x vkfn xq.k¨a dk g¨uk vko”;d ekuk
gSA5 ¼dkS0 vFkZ0 1] 5] 3&17½ lkFk gh Òz’V vf/kdkfj;¨a ds fYk, dB¨j n.M dk
Áko/kku Òh j[kk gSA Á”kklfud vf/kdkfj;¨a ds Òz’V g¨us lEcU/kh eqÌs ij vfr
O;kogkfjd fopkj¨a dk ifjp; nsrs gq, d©fVY; ;g dgrs gS a fd ^ftl Ádkj ftg~ok
ij j[¨ e/kq dk Lokn u pkgus ij Òh feYk tkrk gS mlh Ádkj Á”kklfud
ewY;foe'kZ 126

vf/kdkfj;¨a ds lnSo Òz’V g¨us dh lEÒkouk cuh jgrh gSA* 6 bl lEcU/k esa mUg¨aus
;g t¨j fn;k gS fd fu;qfä ds le; r¨ vf/kdkfj;¨a dk Áf”k{k.k vko”;d gh gS
lkFk gh le;&le; ij Òh muds O;ogkj dk ijh{k.k djrs jguk pkfg,] D;¨afd
euq’; dh fpÙko`fÙk;k¡ lnSo ,d lh ugÈ jgrÈA7 ¼dkS0vFkZ02]9½ mUg¨s aus O;fä;¨a es a
xq.k¨a dh Áeq[krk ds vk/kkj ij fofÒé foÒkx¨a es a O;fä dh fu;qfä dk Áko/kku j[kk
gSA
;Fkk&
• l¨ukj es a lPpkbZ ds xq.k dh ÁkFkfedrk g¨uh pkfg,A¼dkS0vFkZ0 2@13@2½
• bZekunkj xq.kks a okyk O;fDr jktk dk lykgdkj fu;qDr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
¼dkS0vFkZ01]10]14½
• nwr¨a d¨ okd~iVq] lR; ?kVuk ds o.kZu dh {kerk] dwVuhfrK] lkglh vkfn
xq.k¨a ls ;qä g¨uk pkfg,A8 • xqIrpj foÒkx es a rh{.k cqf) okY¨ lfEefYkr g¨us pkfg,A
vr% d©fVY; us u flQZ usr`Ùo vfirq “kklu ds lÒh deZpkfj;¨a ds fYk,
fu;qfä es a mPp Js.kh dh ;¨X;rk o vkpj.k d¨ egÙo fn;k gSA
O;fäxr ewY;¨a ds vfrfjä d©fVY; us laxBukRed ewY;¨a ij Òh t¨j fn;k
gSA os u flQZ oS;fäd “kq)rk cfYd dk;¨± dh “kq)rk o Áxfr ij fopkj djrs gSaA
Á”kklu fdl Ádkj ls fodkl dk;¨± d¨ lEié djrk gS ;g Òh vko”;d gSA
d©fVY; ^;¨x{¨ea* ds ek/;e ls dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ij cYk nsrs gS aA Á”kklu }kjk
ÁkÑfrd vkinkv¨a es a Átk ds fYk, vukt¨a dk laxzg dkS0vFkZ04@3@17] det¨j
oxZ d¨ fo’¨”k lqfo/kk Ánku djuk] ukxfjd¨a d¨ j¨txkj ds volj nsuk
dkS0vFkZ05@3@28] vkfFkZd gkfu es a {kfr&iwfrZ dkS0vFkZ02@21@25] ÁkÑfrd i;kZoj.k
dh j{kk ,oa lao)Zu dkS0vFkZ0 2@2@4] ukxfjd¨a }kjk vPNs vkpj.k ds Án”kZu ds
fYk, fu;e¨a d¨ cukuk dkS0vFkZ012@5@3] 4&24 vkfn dk;¨± d¨ lEié djuk]
Á”kklu dk laxBukRed ewY; ekuk gSA ;fn iz”kklfud vf/kdkjh O;; ds fy, fu;r
/kujkf”k dks o’kZ Hkj es a [kpZ ugha dj ikrk rks og nks vijk/kks a esa nks’kh Bgjk;k tkrk
FkkA ,d rks og jktdh; dk;Z v/kwjk iM+k jgk ftldh iwfrZ ds fy, /ku fu;r fd;k
x;k Fkk vkSj nwljs mu deZpkfj;ksa dk isV dVk tks ml dk;Z es a yxrsA ,sls
deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, ;Fkksfpr n.M nsus dk izko/kku dkSfVY; us j[kk FkkA9 bl Ádkj
d©fVY; ^Átk lq[¨] lq[ka jkK%* dh uhfr d¨ viukrs gq, jktrU«kkRed O;oLFkk es a Òh
fodsUæhÑr Á”kklu dk leFkZu djrs gSaA
ewY;foe'kZ 127

dkSfVY; ds iz”kklfud ewY;ks a laca/kh fopkjks a dh orZeku le; esa mikns;rk %
• usr`Ùo ds ewY;kRed xq.k¨a ij vf/kd t¨j nsrs gq, d©fVY; dk er gS fd
usr`Ùo tSlk g¨xk v/khuLFkdehZ mlh Ádkj dk dk;Z djsaxsA10 ;gh dkj.k gS
fd mlus usr`Ro es a ewY;ijd xq.k¨a d¨ T;knk egÙo fn;k gSA orZeku le;
es a Òh usr`Ùo lR;fu’B] LokFkZjfgr] mRlkgh] Áxfroknh] lnkpkjh] nwjn”kÊ]
vkfn xq.k¨a ls ;qä g¨xk r¨ iz”kklu fuf”pr :i ls mPp Lrj dks izkIr
gksxkA
• d©fVY; us ftl Ádkj dk ifo«k] /keZijk;.k usr`Ùo dk leFkZu fd;k gS]
mlds ek/;e ls fuf”pr gh Á”kklfud lo¨ZPprk d¨ ÁkIr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ,slk usr`Ùo vius v/khuLFk¨a ds e/; vkn”kZ mnkgj.k ÁLrqr dj mUgs a
LokÒkfod :i ls dÙkZO;fu’Brk dh Ásj.kk nsrk gSA
• le;&le; ij vkpj.k ijh{k.k deZpkfj;¨a ds vuqfpr dk;¨± ij vadq”k
Ykxkus es a egÙoiw.kZ g¨ ldrk gSA orZeku Á”kklfud O;oLFkk fu;qfä ds ckn
Hkh le;&le; ij Á”kklfud deZpkfj;¨a ds vkpj.k Áf”k{k.k ls Òz’Vkpkj
d¨ cgqr lhek rd j¨dk tk ldrk gSA
• rduhdh ;¨X;rk ds lkFk ewY;kRed xq.k¨a dk ijh{k.k ,oa f”k{k.k Á”kklfud
deZpkfj;¨a d¨ fodkl¨Ueq[k n`f’V nsxkA orZeku Á”kklfud ÒrÊ dk ekin.M
fdrkch Kku ij vk/kkfjr gS tcfd Á”kklu esa oS;fäd xq.k¨a dh vko”;drk
gS ftlds }kjk gh O;fä Á”kklfud dk;¨± d¨ lkekftd vko”;drk ds
vuqdwYk cuk ldrk gSA
• Á”kklu dks ifo«krk] bZekunkjh dh Òkouk vf/kd Áxfr”khYk cuk;sxhA
d©fVY; us Á”kkld¨a esa vk/;kfRed ,oa /kkfeZd Áo`fÙk11 ij t¨j nsdj ;g
fl) djuk pkgk fd bUgÈ xq.k¨a ls ;qä O;fä es a dk;Z ds Áfr leiZ.k dh
Òkouk vk ldrh gS v©j rÒh Á”kklu] fodkl Á”kklu ds Yk{; d¨ ÁkIr
dj ldrk gSA
• d©fVY; lQYk Á”kklu esa n.M d¨ egÙoiw.kZ ekurs gS aA n.M dk Ò; Òh
O;fä d¨ lgh fn”kk dh v¨j Y¨ tkrk gSA ;fn deZpkjh vius dk;¨± ds Áfr
Lor% gh bZekunkj ugÈ gS r¨ mUgs a nf.Mr dj lpsr fd;k tk,A ijUrq n.M
vijk/k ds vuqlkj gh feY¨ r¨ og O;fä d¨ lq/kkjus esa lgk;d fl) g¨
ldrk gSA ¼dkS0vFkZ02]7]11&15½
ewY;foe'kZ 128

• n.M ds lkFk vf/kdkfj;¨a ds Áxfr”khYk dk;¨± ds fYk, mUgs a iqjLÑr dj
muds mRlkg d¨ cko gS fd ;g dbZ Lrj¨a ij xqIr ek/;e¨a
ls g¨uh pkfg, ftlls vfÒ;qä vius n¨’k¨a d¨ Nqik u ik;sA
• d©fVY; dh bl fopkj Ük`a[kYkk es a lcls egÙoiw.kZ ckr gS fd mUg¨aus n¨’kh
vf/kdkfj;¨a ds rqjUr fuYkEcu dk lq>ko fn;k gSA orZeku O;oLFkk es a Òz’V
vf/kdkfj;¨a dk ;k r¨ LFkkukUrj.k dj fn;k tkrk gS] ;k fQj vkaf”kd :i
ls in~P;qr fd;k tkrk gSA YkEch U;kf;d ÁfØ;k esa tc rd os n¨’kh ik;s
tkrs gS a rc rd mudh lsok fuo`fÙk dh vk;q g¨ tkrh gSA ;g

4- Kumar, N. Siva and U.S. Rao. Guidelines for Value Based Management in
Kautilya Arthashastra, Journal of Business Ethics 15 : 415-423, 1996, Kluver
Academic Publisher, Netherland, p. 416
5- Chamola, S.D. Kautilya Arthashastra and the science of Management, Hope
India Publication Gurgaon, 2007, p. 98
6- “kekZ] nsodkUr- dkSfVY; ds iz”kklfud fopkj] fizUV oSy] t;iqj] i`0&6
7- ogh-
8- Kumar, N. Siva and U.S.Rao. ibid, p. 419
9- vkpk;Z] nhiadj- dkSfVY;dkyhu Hkkjr] mÙkj izns”k] fgUnh laLFkku] y[kuÅ]
1989] f}rh; laLdj.k] i`0&246
10- Chamola, S.D. ibid, p. 100
11- Ramaswamy, T.N. Essentials of Indian State Craft, Munshiram Manoharlal
Publication Pvt. Ltd., 1994, p. 53
vU; lanÒZ xzUFk %
1- Gokhale, Sandeep N. and Shubhash Bhave, Value Based Management – The
Pedagogy, AIMS, Pune
2- Kangle, R.P. The Kautilyan Arthashastra, A Study Motilal Banarasidas, New
Delhi
3- f«kikBh] ef.k”kadj- d©fVY; ds jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd fopkj]
e¨rhYkkYk cukjlhnkl] 1998
4- Chunder, P.C. Kautilya on Love and Morals, Jayanthi, Calcutta (India).
5- Rao, M.V. Krishna. Studies in Kautilya, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1958.
****
ewY;foe'kZ 130

ekuoewY; foe”kZ ,oa ledkyhu Hkkjrh;
vk/;kfRed ekuookn
ey; dqekj >k*
_pksg ;ks osn l osn nsoku~ A ;atf’k ;ks osn l osn ;Ke~AA
Lkekfu ;ks osn l osn loZe~A ;ks ekuq’ka osn l osn czãAA 1
vFkkZr~ tks _Xosn dks tkurk gS] og ek= nsorkvksa dks tkurk gSaA tks ;tqosZn
dks tkurk gS og dsoy ;K dks tkurk gS aA lkeosn tkuus okyk bu lcdks tkurk
gS] fdUrq tks euq’; (ekuo) dks tkurk gS a ogh okLro esa czºe dks tkurk gSA
vk’kZ _f’k;ksa dk ;g opu ekuo ds izfr muds ftKkL; Hkko dks O;Dr
djus rFkk ekuo ewY;ks a ds izfr muds lEekutud n`f’Vdks.k dk ifjpk;d gS a A
orZeku euq’; viuh lekftd O;oLFkk esa jgrs gq, ewy vHkhIlk es a
LorU=rk izkfIr gsrq lrr ifjorZu”khy o la?k’kZ”khy gSaA mlds la?k’kZ dk lk{kkr~
ifj.kke euq’; ds uSfrd ,oa ekuoh; O;ogkjksa ls ifjYkf{kr gksrk gS A blh ifjy{k.k
es a lexz :Ik ls ewY;ksa dk :ikUrj.k gksrk ,d izcq) fpUrd ns[k ysrk gSA fo”oHkj
ds ekuo ek= es a O;f’V dk lef’V ds lkFk ewY; ds Lrj ij la?k’kZ ledkyhu
ifjn`“; dh ,d tfVy nk”kZfud igsyh cu dj gekjs lkeus mifLFkr gSA lkekU;
thou dh dfBukbZ;ks ds e/; vkn”kZoknh ewY;ks a dh LFkkiuk ,d nqxeZ ekxZ dh fn”kk
es a iz;k.k djus tSlk gS] ;g lgt gh cks/kxE; gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa es a D;k blds
lkdkj gksus dh laHkkouk bruh {kh.k gks x;h gS\ oSKkfud ;qx es a fopkj”khyrk ,oa
ewY; lEcU/kh foe”kZ D;k u;h LFkkiukvks dh vksj mUeq[k ugha gks pqdk gS \ vo”;
gh vokaNuh; ,oa gs; ewY;ks a ds lkFk ekuoh; xfjek dk ;g voewY;u LFkkf;Ro ugha
iznku dj ldrk gSaA ,sfrgkfld ifjiz s{; es a ;g ckr ns[kus dks feyrh gS fd
tc&tc ekuo ,oa mlds ewY;ka s dk gzkl gqvk gS mlds mipkjkFkZ l?ku nSoh; psruk
ls lEiUUk egkekuoka s us fo’k ihdj Hkh mldk lek/kku izLrqr fd;k gSA dky ds Øe
es a ewY;ksa dk ifjorZu”khy gksuk lkekU; lh ckr gSA fdUrq fujis{k vkSj vkn”kZoknh
ewY;kas dh [kkst dh vko”;drk vkt Hkh vuqHko dh tk jgh gSA /kU; gS ;g ^ewY;kas*
dk ifjoRkZu”khy thou ftlus le;&le; ij egkekuokas ds mn~Hko dk gsrq cuuk
Lohdkj fd;k gqvk gSA
O;ogkfjd ,oa vkn”kZoknh ewY;ks a ds e/; ,d ,slk Hkh ekxZ miyC/k gS tks
lEHkor% bu nksuks a ds vUrj dks de djrs gq, xzkg~; ewY; foe”kZ izLrqr djrk gSA
LoPNUnoknh ewY;ks a ,oa dfFkr /kkfeZd ewY;ks a ds ,dkdh iz;klksa ls mRiUu iw.kZ ;k
va”kr% vlQy ewY; fu/kkZjd rRokas dks iquZO;ofLFkr djus dk iz;kl nk”kZfud
*“kks/k Nk=] n”kZu ,oa /keZ foHkkx] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh
ewY;foe'kZ 131

frgkl es a ekuookn (Humamism) dh laKk ls tkuk tkrk gSA oLrqr% ekuookn
,d ewY; lEcU/kh foe”kZ gS aA vkn”kZ ,oa O;ogkj dk }Sr oLrqr% fl)kUr ,oa
fØ;kRedrk ds }Sr dk vkHkklu djkrk gSA blh }Sr dh lekfIRk ges a lHkh izdkj ds
ekuooknh fopkjka s dh fpUrk eas izkIr gksrh gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds ekuookn pkgs og
iwoZ dk gks pkgs if”pe dk] pkgs og oSKkfud gks ;k vk/;kfRed] iqu% pkgs og
/kkfeZd gks ;k /keZfujis{k gks] de ls de bl ^fl)kUr ,oa O;ogkj* ds ewY; LFkkiu
ds la?k’kZ”khy fu;kedka s dh nwjh dks ?kVkrs ik;s tkrs gS aA ekuo okn ds lEcU/k es a ;g
ifjHkkf’kd :Ik ls LohÑr fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g ,d ekuo dsfUnzr n”kZu gSA ,d
nk”kZfud ds fy, fdlh iwokZxzg dks Lohdkj dj vkxs fpUru djuk lS)kfUrd =qfV
mRiUu djrk gS a fdUrq ^ekuo* dks dsUnz esa j[krs gq, iwjs fpUru izklkn dk fuekZ.k bl
fy;s oakNuh; ,oa Lohdk;Z gksrk gS D;ksfd ewY;ka s dh LFkkiuk euq’; ds ifjizs{; es a gh
laHko ,oa mi;ksxh cu ldrk gSA ekuookn ds fu;ked rÙoks esa ;g fØ;kRedrk
Lo;a gh ,d ekuooknh ?kVd rÙo gSA bl izdkj ewY;ks ds Lohdk;Zrk dh n`f’V ls
ekuooknh fpUru ,d egÙoiw.kZ nk”Zkfud lek/kku izLrqr djrk gSA ledkyhu
fo”o es a ekuo dh leL;kvksa ds funku ds lkFk mldh xfjek dks lqjf{kr j[kus dh
ps’Vk ekuookn dks izklafxd cuk nsrk gSA
ewY; LFkkiu lEcU/kh la?k’kZ es a ?keklku dk dky chloha “krkCnh vHkh iqjkuk
ugh gqvk gSA geus mldh Nk;k ls fudyuk vHkh vkjEHk gh fd;k gSA mRiknu ,oa
forj.k lEcU/kh jktuSfrd okn&fooknksa esa laokn dh fLFkfr ekuookn gh iznku dj
ldrk gSA iz[;kr fopkjd vkSj vk/;kfRed ekuooknh nk”kZfudks a ds Js.kh esa vxzx.;
vkpk;Z jtuh”k vFkkZr vks”kks us Hkh bl vksj bafxr fd;k gSA
áwes ZfufLVd lkslkbVh ;k ekuooknh lekt dh jpuk dk ewyHkwr vk/kkj
gksxk fd O;fDr ije ewY;oku gSA lekt ije ewY;oku ugh gS] u gh laink ije
ewY;oku gSA laink vkSj lekt nksuks dh vYVhesV oSY;w ugha] pje ewY; ugha gSA
pje ewY; O;fDr dk gS ,d&,d O;fDr dk gSA----,d&,d O;fDr ewYkr%
LoHkkor% vleku gS vkSj fHkUu gS vkSj tks lekt O;OkLFkk O;fDr dh fHkUurk dks
Lohdkj ugha djrh gS og O;fDr dks Uk’V djus okyh cusxh A2 Lkedkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUru /kkjk dk vkjEHk O;ofLFkr Øe ls Lokeh
foosdkUkUn ds vkxeu ls gksrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn dks ,d ekuooknh izoDrk ds
:Ik es a Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSaA oSfnd _f’k;ksa ls ysdj rRdkyhu lHkh egkekuoksa ds
fopkjkas dk voxqUFku djds mUgksus u;s euq’; ds fd;s ftl fopkj/kkjk dk izfriknu
fd;k gS og vk/;kfRed ewY;ks a dk vkjksi.k ml ¼euq’;½ ij djrk gSA bl izdkj
ewY;foe'kZ 132

muds fpUru dh izo`fÙk vk/;kfRed ewY;oknh fpUrd ds :Ik es a mUgs a izfrf’Br djrk
gSA vius mncks/kuks a es a mUgksus dgk Hkh gS a &
& eS ,sls bZ”oj dk mikld gw¡ ftls ew[kZ yksx euq’; dgrs gS a A
&nfjnz ukjk;.k dh lsok gh lPph bZ”oj vkjk/kuk gS a vkfn A
Ekkuoh; ewY;ksa ds izfr bruh mnkÙk psruk dk gksuk Lokeh foosdkUkUn
dks ,d vk/;kfRed ekuooknh nk”kZfZZud ds :Ik esa izfr’Bk iznku djrk gSA
;gka ¡ ge ns[k jgs gS a fd chloha “krkfCn ds vkjEHk ls v|ru] nwljs “kCnks a
es a ledkyhu ;qx es a fopkjdksa us lokZf/kd cy nsrs gq,s ewY;ka s ds vkn”kZ ijd :Ik dh
O;kogkfjd :ijs[kk fuf”pr djus dk lk/; j[kk gSA ewY;oknh fpUru dh vko”;drk
blfy, Hkh vifjgk;Z gSa D;ksafd cnyrs ifjos”k ds lkFk rky nj rky feykdj pyus
ls gh LFkk;h ewY;ks a dh igpku lEHko gks ikrh gS vkSj vr% ewY;ks a dk O;ogkfjd
Lo:i fuf”pr gks ldrk gSA ekuooknh fpUru ds ifjiz s{; es a ;gh lokZf/kd
egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z Hkh gSA
Ekkuookn dh fØ;kRedrk lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk tks fd l`tukRedrk dks
ewy ekuoh; LoHkko ds :Ik esa Lohdkj djrk gS rÙor% lS)kfUrdrk ls O;ogkfjdrk
dh vksj vius vkxzg dks laiq’V djrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lHkh ekuooknh fpardka s
ds n”kZu esa ,d ^thou&n”kZu* ds funsZ”ku dh O;oLFkk ¼;k fopkj½ dh izkfIr gksrh
gSA ekuoh; ewY;ks a dh xfjek dks eq[;r% dsUnz es a j[krs gq,s gh lHkh izdkj ds vkn”kksZa
ds chp LoSfPNd ,oa lskÌs”; p;u dks viukuk] ewY;ksa ds la?k’kZ”khy izR;;ksas dks
fojsfpr djus dk gh dk;Z gSA ljyrk ds fy, ge bls bl izdkj dg ldrs ga S fd
gekjs lkeus ;|fi fofHkUu vkn”kZoknh ewY;ks a ds mnkgj.k gS fQj Hkh ge muesa ls
mUgh ewY;ka s dk p;u djrs gSa tks ekuoh; xfjek ,oa ewY;ksa dks lqjf{kr j[krs gq,
vUrr% ekuo ek= ds dY;k.k dk gsrq curk gSA bl izdkj ekuooknh ewY; ges mu
lHkh la?k’kks Za ls cpk ysrk gS ftuds LFkkfir gks tkus ij Hkh ekuoh; ewY;kas ds l”kafdr
gksus dh dksbZ laHkkO;rk ugh gksrhA vFkkZr~ os lHkh ewY; tks ekuo dsfUnzr ugh gS
oLrqr% gekjs ¼ekuo ds½ fdlh lkFkZd iz;kstuewydrk dks vUrr% fujflr dj gh
nsrs gS aA
ekuooknh fopkj /kkjkvks a ds brus O;kid Lrj ij leFkZu feyuas dk ,d
mi;qDr dkj.k oLrqRk% ewY;ka s LkEcU/kh tfVyrkvks dks de djus dk mudk lgt
cks/k ekuk tk ldrk gSA eq[; nk”kZfud /kkjkvka s es a ;g ekuooknh fopkj/kkjk
ewY;ehekalk ds T;knk fudV jgk gSA euq’; ds ifjr%@rÙor% O;kogkfjd pqUkkSfr;ks a
ds mÙkj nsus es a /kkfeZd ,oa ijEijkxr lek/kku ¼vkSj orZeku fLFkfr esa bles oSKkfud
ewY;foe'kZ 133

lek/kku Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,½ vUrr% vf/kd tfVyrkvka s dks mRiUu
djus ds gh gsrq cu x;sA bUgha dkj.kka s ls ekuooknh fopkj/kkjkvks a dh O;kidrk dqN
bl izdkj c

gSA vkxs ;g Hkh mUgksus dgk Fkk fd loks ZPp ekuoh; y{; dk ik;k tkuk HkkSfrdrk
,oa vk/;kfRedrk ds leUo; ls gh lEHko gSA ,d izdkj ls mUgksus iwjs fo”o ds
ekuoksa dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu gh ugh fd;k vfirq mlds lek/kku dh fn”kk Hkh crk nh
vkSj ,d ekuooknh fpUru dh vk/kkjf”kyk Hkh j[k nhA Hkkjrh; ekuookn dk
vk/kqfud Lo:i Hkh Lokeh foosdkUkUn ls gh vkjEHk gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA Lokeh
foosdkuUn ds gh Kku;ksx O;k[;kuekyk ls mn~/k`r djrs gq,s mudh thouh xzUFk es a
jksekW jksykW us foosdkUkUn ds ekuo lEcfU/kr n`f’V dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA
----foosdkuUn dgrs gS a---
Ekkuo LoHkko dh efgek dks dHkh u HkwYkks A ge lc loksZPp bZ”oj gSa---
-eS a og vikj lkxj gww ¡ ftlds bZlk] cq) vkfn dsoy rjaxas ek= gS aA6 ledkyhu lUnHkksZa es a Hkh ekuo ewY; lEcfU/kr vkn”kZ dk vuqdj.k Lokeh
foosdkuUn ds ok.kh ls fd;k tkrk gSA oSf”od nwjh ds ?kVrs Øe es a fujUrj izkP; ,oa
ik”pkR; ewY;ka s dk laØe.k ,d LokHkkfod lh izfØ;k gSA bUgh laaØe.k ls tfVyrkvka s
ls ekuo ,oa mlds ewY;ks a ds iqUk%uq”khyu dh vko”;drk vlekIrizk; gS bUgh
okrkoj.k es a ekuooknh fopkjdkas dh ,d lqnh/kZ ijEijk iYyfor ,oa iqf’ir gqbZ gSA
Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk es a ekuooknh fopkjdks dh J` a[kyk Lokeh foosdkuUn
ls vkjEHk gksrh gqbZ Jh vjfoUn] egkRek xk¡/kh] jfoUnzukFk VSxksj] ekuosUnz ukFk jk;]
ia0 tokgj yky usg: vkfn ds ekuooknh fopkjks a ls le`) gksrh gSA oLrqr% lHkh
izdkj ds ekuookn vius rRdkyhu ekuo ,oa mlds ewY;ksa dh fLFkfr dk n”kZu
foospu djrs gS a vr% Lora=rk ds i”pkr ls v|ru dh fLFkfr dk vkdyu djus ds
fy, gesa FkksMk vkSj vkxs vkuk gksxkA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; ekuooknh fopkjdks a dh
Ük` a[kyk dks vkxs c

oLrqr% ;s rÙo ekuoewY; ds {kj.k dks de djus es a u dsoy lgk;d gsS a
vfirq ml ps sruk ls tksMus esa Hkh miknku Lo:Ik gS a tks vk’kZ _f’k;ksa dk ladYi jgk
gSA
mDr lHkh fopkjdks a ds ekuo ewY; lEcU/kh LFkkiukvkas es ewyr% ekuoh;
xfjek] Lora=rk] fØ;kRedrk lEcU/kksa dk larqyu] vUrjkZf’Vª;rkokn vkfn ds n”kZu
feyrs gS a A bruh fofo/krkvks a ds lkFk rduhdh lEiUu thou n”kZu dk ik;k tkuk
Hkkjr gh ugh vfirq lEiw.kZ fo”o dks pfdr dj nsus okyk gSA ekuo viuh Lo;a ds
izfr ftKkL; Hkko ls ldy fo”o Hkj ls bu u;s vk/;kfRed ekuooknh fpUrdksa ds
f”kfojks esa think global act local dh f”k{kk xzg.k dj jgs gS aA ekuo ewY; ds izfr bl
tkx:drk dk ifj.kke vo”; gh vk”kk ,oa mRlkg dk lapkj djrk gSA u;s ifjos”k
es a O;fDr Lrj ij fd;s tkus okys vk/;kfRed] ;kSfxd] “kkjhfjd] ekufld o
lkekftd Lrj ij ewY;ijd :ikUrj.k gsrq vuqiz;ksx fo”oHkj es a viuk;s ,oa ljkgs
tk jgs ga SA vk”kkoknh thou n”kZu dk izfriknu djus okys bu vk/;kfRed ekuooknh
fpUrdka s ds iz;kl ewY; lEcfU/kr foe”kZ dks ,d lkFkZd fn”kk iznku dj jgs gaSA
lUnHkZ ,oa lzksr %&
1- bfrgklksifu’kn&1
2- vks”kks- xkW¡/kh ij iquZfopkj] Mk;e.M cqDl] ubZ fnYyh&20] 2008] i`0&46
3- xq:] foeyk- ekuookn dh Hkkjrh; ijEijk;sa] e/; izns”k fgUnh xzUFk
vdkneh] i`0&19
4- mifu’kn”kZu- v}Sr vkJe dksydkrk ]1990] i`0&18
5- egkHkkjr] “kkfUr ioZ] xhrkiszl xksj[kiqj
6- jaxukFkkuUn] Lokeh- Lokeh foosdkuUn dk ekuorkokn] v}Sr vkJe
dksydkrk 2007] i`0&75] 76
7- fofHkUu if=dk;sa( vgk ftUnxh] ykbQ iWkftfVo] vks”kks oYMZ ,oa vUrjrkuk
(Internet) ls izkIr lkexzh
****
ewY;foe'kZ 136

Hkkjrh; ewY; ijEijk % ,d n”kZuijd v/;;u
Ukferk diwj*
tc ge ekuo ewY; dh ckr djrs gS a rks gekjk rkRi;Z D;k gS] ;g le> ysuk
vko”;d gSA viuh ifjfLFkfr;k¡] bfrgkl Øe vkSj dky izokg ds lanHkZ es a euq’; dh
fLFkfr D;k gS vkSj egÙo D;k gS&okLrfod leL;k bl fcUnq ls mBrh gSA e/; dky
es a bl fuf[ky l`f’V vkSj bfrgkl Øe dk fu;Urk fdlh ekuoksifj vykSfdd lÙkk
dks ekuk tkrk FkkA leLr ewY;ksa dk lzksr ogh Fkk vkSj euq’; dh ,dek= lkFkZdrk
;gh Fkh fd og vf/kd ls vf/kd bl lÙkk ls rknkRE; LFkkfir djus dh ps’Vk djsaA
bfrgkl ;k dky&izokg mlh ekuoksifj lÙkk dh l`f’V Fkk&ek;k ds :i es a Fkk] ;k
yhyk :i esaA
T;ksa&T;ksa ge vk/kqfud ;qx es a izos”k djrs x;s R;ks a&R;ks a bl ekuoksifj lÙkk
dk voewY;u gksrk x;kA euq’; dh xfjek dk u;s Lrj ij mn; gqvk vkSj ekuk
tkus yxk fd euq’; vius ls lkFkZd vkSj ewY;oku gS&og vkUrfjd “kfDr;ksa ls
lEiUu] psru Lrj ij viuh fu;fr ds fuekZ.k ds fy, Lor% fu.kZ; ysus okyk izk.kh
gSA l`f’V ds dsUnz esa euq’; gh gSA
ijUrq ,d vksj tgk¡ fl)kUrks a ds Lrj ij euq’; dh lkoZHkkSfed loks Zifj lÙkk
LFkkfir gqbZ] ogha HkkSfrd Lrj ij ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ,oa O;oLFkk,¡ fodflr gksrh xbZ
rFkk mUgksaus ,slh fpUru/kkjkvksa dh is zfjr fd;k tks izdkjkUrj ls euq’; dh lkFkZdrk
vkSj ewY;oÙkk es a vfo”okl djrh xbZA cgq/kk ,slh fopkj/kkjk,¡ uke ds fy,
^ekuookn* ds lkFk fof”k’V fo”ks’k.k tksM+dj mldk izJ; ysrh jgrh gSA ijUrq
ewYkr% os ekuo dh xfjek dks dqf.Br djus es a lgk;d gqbZ vkSj ekuo dk voewY;u
djrh xbZ gSaA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr es a ewY; dks vkRecks/k vFkok blds lk/ku ls vfHkUu le>k
tkrk jgk gSA ewY;kuqHkwfr es a fo’k; vkSj fo’k;h nksuks a gh :i :ikarfjr gks tkrs gSaA
D;kasafd ewY;kUos’k.k eas bPNk vkSj foosd nksuksa lfEefyr jgrs gS aA fdlh Hkh laLÑfr dh
igpku mlesa vUrfuZfgr fof”k’V thoun”kZu ls gksrh gS tks vius vuq:i ,d fo”ks’k
ewY; iz.kkyh dks lekfgr fd;s jgrh gS aA laLÑfr ls gh lekt ifjHkkf’kr gksrk gS vkSj
euq’; dh igpku Hkh bl rF; ij vk/kkfjr gS fd og fdu vkn”kks a Z dks vius thou
es a pfjrkFkZ djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
lkFkZd thou&fo|k ds vkn”kZ fu;ked :i esa Hkkjr es a laLÑfr ds lekukUrj
/keZ] lukru /keZ vFkok vk;Z&/keZ dh ppkZ feyrh gSA /keZ lukru vkSj lkoZHkkSe gksrs
gq, Hkh ns”k] dky] tkfr] ik= ,oa voLFkk ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr gksrk gSA /keZ ,d
*ts-vkj-,Q- ¼vkbZ-lh-ih-vkj-½] “kks/kNk=k] n”kZu ,oa /keZ foHkkx] dk0fg0fo0fo0] okjk.klh
ewY;foe'kZ 137

izdkj dh e;kZnk dk okpd gS ftldh igpku foosd ls gksrh gSA foosd e;kZfnr
thou gh iq#’k dks izÑfr dh nklrk ls eqDr djkrk gSA bl eqfDr dk vuqla/kku gh
iq#’k dk ije y{; vFkok lk/;&lk/ku dh O;oLFkk gS tks lekt dks e;kZfnr cukrs
gq, mldk vk/;kfRed fodkl djrk gSA bl foosdewyd uSfrdrk ls e;kZfnr gksus
ij gh thou /keZ vFkok vkn”kks ZUeq[k laLÑfr es a mUufr vFkok eqfDr ds iFk ij
vxzlj gksrk gSA
euq’; dk thou cqqf) dh “kfDr ls ifjekftZr gksrk gS vkSj ogh ls i”kqvks a ls
fHkUu rFkk fof”k’V Hkh cukrk gSA euq’; us dsoy rdZ&cqf) gh ugha gksrh D;ks afd
rdZ&cqf) ije lk/; dk Kku ugha ns ldrhA euq’; dk oSf”k’V~; ml foosd&cqf)
ds dkj.k gS tks jkx&}s’k jfgr gksdj mls ije lk/; dk ifjp; djkrh gSA euq’;
dh rdZcqf) mls lk/kuks a dk Kku nsrh gS vkSj mldh dk;Z&n{krk mls bu lk/kuks a
dks x

djrs gS aA4 bl O;oLFkk dk ikyu dh euq’; ds fy, vkn”kZ&thou dk nsoksifn’V
ekxZ gSA nsorkvks a ls euq’; dks tks izkIr gksrk gS mlds fy, ;g ,d uSfrd
vko”;drk gS fd og vius vkidks ml izfreku ds vuq:i izLrqr djus dk iz;kl
djs a tks mldh psruk esa nsolÙkk ls vfHkUu :i es a izfrfcfEcr gksrk gSA nsork euq’;ks a
ds vuqdj.kh; vkn”kZ gSaA5 ik”pkR; vkpkj n”kZu ds ewY;okn ds leku gh Hkkjrh; uSfrd fpUru es a
iq:’kkFkZ&fl)kUr] tks fd thou ewY;ks a dk gh fl)kUr gS] es a pkj iq#’kkFkZ ;k ewY;
ekus x;s gS aA iq#’kkFkZ dk rkRi;Z iq#’k dk iz;kstu gSA Hkkjrh; n”kZu es a ewY;ksa dk pkj
oxksaZ es a ck¡Vk x;k gSA ;s gS /keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{kA izFke rhu ewY;ksa dks f=oxZ dh
LkaKk nh x;h gS vkSj bUgs a lHkh O;fDr;ks a dk vkn”kZ ekuk x;k gSA prqFkZ ewY; eks{k
gS tks thou dk loks ZPp y{; gS vkSj ftldh izkfIr ds fy, vkRecy vkSj
n`

dke dk tSu fopkj.kk es a leqfpr LFkku gSA tSu fopkjdks a us ftlds R;kx ij cy
fn;k gS og bfUnz; fo’k;ks a dk Hkksx ugha] oju~ Hkksxks a ds izfr vklfDr ;k jkx&}s’k dh
o`fÙk gSA vkpk;Z gsepunz dgrs gSa fd x`gLFk mikld /keZ iq#’kkFkZ] vFkZ iq#’kkFkZ vkSj
dke iq#’kkFkZ dk bl izdkj vkpj.k djsa fd dksbZ fdlh dk ck/kd u gksA7 Hkkjrh; ikjEifjd ewY;ks a dks vk/;kfRed] /kkfeZd] uSfrd lkekftd rFkk
jktuSfrd ewY;ks a dks i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ oxhZÑr djuk vlaHko gSA ewY; iz.kkyh dh ;g
fo”ks’krk Hkh Hkkjrh;ksa dks leUo;kRed lexz thou&n`f’V dk ifj.kke gSA
cgq/kehZ Hkkjrh; lekt es a fo/kkukRed ewY;ks a us ldkjkRed Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gS
vkSj vkt Hkh gekjs thou es a mi;ksxh gS blfy, Le`frdkjksa us ;qx/keZ] ;qxkl
vkin&/keZ] vf/kdkj Hksn ds vk/kkj ij ifjorZu ds lR; dh O;k[;k dhA _f’k;ksa us
Hkh cnyrh gqbZ thou ifjfLFkfr;ks a ds lkFk thou ewY;ks a dk iqu%&iqu fo”ys’k.k ,oa
foospu djrs gq, vioknks a dk mYys[k fd;k gSA NkUnksX; mifu’kn] ¼1@10½ ds
m”kfLr dk egkozr es a mfPN’V mM+n [kkuk rFkk egkHkkjr ¼12@141½ es a _f’k
fo”okfe= dk dqÙks dh tk¡?k dk ek¡l [kkus dk vkxzg vkin~/keZ ;k viokn ds
mnkgj.k gSaA
bu mnkgj.kksa ls ;g /ofur gksrk gS fd e`R;q dh vis{kk thou Js’B gS vr%
;su&dsu izdkjs.k thou dh j{kk dh tkuh pkfg,A thfor jgus ij gh euq’; iqu%
/kekZpj.k dj dY;k.k dks izkIr dj ldrk gSA /keZ&v/keZ dk fu.kZ; foosd }kjk
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vkin~/keZ ds dkj.k “kk”or ewY;ksa dh vogsyuk u gksus yxs
blfy, budk mYya?ku gksus ij izk;f”pr gh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA
Hkkjr dh ;g v/;kRe iz/kku ewY; iz.kkyh ^losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku* rFkk ^olq/kSo
dqVqEcde~* dk lans”k iznku djrs gq, fo”o”kkfUr dh LFkkiuk dh lrr~ iszj.kk nsrh
gSA
lUnHkZ xzUFk %
1- loks Zithod yksdfLFkfr ÑUuhfr”kkL=de~A
/keksFkZdkeewye~ fg Le`r eks{kizn;Ur%AA] “kqØuhfrlkj] 1@5
2- ¼d½ osnks·f[kyks /keZewYke~] euqLe`fr] 2@6
¼[k½ osnks /keZewye~] xkSre /keZlw=] 1@1@2
3- _Xosn- 1@7] 1@ 89@1] 8@1@1@101
4- _Xosn- 1@89@1] 5@72@2
5- xhrk- 3@10&11
6- izkÑr lwfDr ljkst] 11@11
7- ;ksx”kkL=] 1@52
****
ewY;foe'kZ 140

lkfRod] jktfld vkSj rkefld Kku
Lokeh jaxukFkkuan*
Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk esa of.kZr lukru ewY;ksa dks O;k[;kf;r djrs
czãyhu Lokeh jaxukFkkuUn ds bl ys[k dks ge ^Hkxon~xhrk dk lkoZtuhu
lUns”k* iqLrd ls lkHkkj xzg.k dj jgs gSaA &lEik-
loZHkwrs’kq ;suSda Hkkoa vO;;e~ bZ{krs A
vfoHkäa foHkäs’kq rTKkua fof) lkfÙode~ AA
^og Kku ftlds }kjk ,d vfouk”kh lÙkk i`Fkd~ es a vi`Fkd~ :i ls] lHkh
thoksa es a ns[kh tkrh gS] ml Kku dks lkfÙod tkuks*A
bl “yksd ls vkxs Kku rhu xq.kksa dh n`f’V ls le>k;k x;k gS&lÙo] jtl~
vkSj rel~A ;g “yksd lkfÙod Kku ds ckjs es a gSA lkfÙod Kku D;k gS\ ;g “yksd
cgqr mYys[kuh; ifjHkk’kk iznku djrk gSA loZHkwrs’kq ;su ,da Hkkoa vO;;a bZ{krs] ^og
ftlds }kjk dksbZ lHkh thoksa es a ,d gh vfouk”kh lÙkk dks fofHkUu :iksa es a O;ä gksrs
gq, ns[krk gS*( vfoHkäa foHkäs’kq] ^izdV :i ls foHkkftr oLrqvksa es a vfoHkä :i ls*(
rr~ Kkua fof)% lkfÙoda mls lkfÙod Kku tkuks gS a&og ftlds }kjk dksbZ og ,da
Hkkoa] ^og ,dRo* ns[krk gSA “kadjkpk;Z dgrs gS a] Hkko “kCn% oLrq okph] ^Hkko “kCn dk
;gk¡ ij vFkZ oLrq] lÙkk ls gS*A lalkj dh fofHkUUk oLrqvksa vkSj thoksa es a tks ,d gh
lÙkk dks muesa /kM+drs gq, ns[krk gS] ml L=h ;k iq:’k es a lkfÙod Kku gSA vfoHkäa
foHkäs’kq] ^mu oLrqvksa es a vfoHkä] tks izdV :i ls foHkä gS a*( ;g ,d vn~Hkqr
vfHkO;fä gSA vki vkSj eS a foHkä gS a( ysfdu ogh vkRek vki es a vkSj eq>es a gSA Lo;a
es a vfoHkä ;g ekuks txr~ dh lHkh foHkä oLrqvksa es a foHkä :i ls fo|eku gSA ;g
,d vR;Ur xgu fopkj gS % fdl izdkj L=h o iq:’k vius Kku dh [kkst es a
fodflr gksrs gSA og Kku dh [kkst rkefld Js.kh ls jktfld Js.kh es a ls gksrh gqbZ
mPpre lkfÙod Js.kh es a igq¡prh gSA lÙo dh Js.kh es a dksbZ bl le> ij vkrk gS
fd bu lc fofHkUurkvks a ds ihNs ,dy lR; gSA ;g lR; L=h&iq:’k xzg.k djrs gS aA
;g ml HkkSfrd”kkL=h dh Hkk¡fr gS tks ,dhÑr ÅtkZ {ks= ¼Unified field energy½ dh
[kkst jgk gSA fofHkUu ÅtkZ {ks= gS a] vkSj vkbULVhu tSls HkkSfrd”kkL=h mls ,dhÑr
:i es a ns[k jgs gS a ogk¡ Kku lkfÙod gksus ds iz;kl es a gSA ;g Kku fd ;s oLrq,¡
foHkä gS a] jktfld gS( vkSj mlls fuEurj rkefld gSA gekjh egku~ v}Sroknh
n`f’V es a Hkkjr es a geus vusd es a ,d dh [kkst dh] vkSj og ,d] txr~ dh bu
fofHkUu oLrqvksa es a izR;sd es a iw.kZ :i ls fo|eku gSA vfoHkäa] ^vfoHkä*( foHkäs’kq]
^lHkh izdV :i ls foHkä oLrqvksa esa*A ;g ,d vR;Ur xgu vkSj lw{e fopkj gSA
blhfy;s] lkfRod Kku vR;ar xgu vkSj lw{e gSA
bl Kku dk ekuo lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr ij O;kid izHkko gSA tc rd ;g
*lkHkkj & Hkxon~xhrk dk lkoZtuhu lUns”k] Hkkx rhu
¼xhrk ds 18osa v/;k; ds “yksd la[;k 20&21&22oha dh O;k[;k½
ewY;foe'kZ 141

lkfÙod Kku yksxksa ds eu es a ugha vkrk] dksbZ leUo;] “kkfUr ;k ln~Hkko lekt es a
ugha vk ldrkA “ks’k&jktfld vkSj rkefld Kku&ijLij fojks/kh] fgalkRed vkSj
foHkktudkjh gS aA ;fn ;g Kku fd ge ,d gS a vkrk gS] rc “kkfUr rFkk bl izdkj
ds egku~ fopkj vk,¡xsA vr% lkfÙod Kku vR;ar xgu gS tks gesa izkIr djuk
pkfg;sA
i`FkDRosu rq ;TKkua ukukHkkoku~ i`FkfXo/kku~ A
osfÙk losZ’kq Hkwrs’kq rTKkua fof) jktle~ AA
^ysfdu og Kku tks lHkh thoksa es a vyx&vyx izdkj dh ,d nwljs ls
i`Fkd lÙkk,¡ ns[krk gS] ml Kku dks jktfld tkuks*A
ml Kku dks jktfld Kku dgk tkrk gSA og D;k gS\ i`FkdRosu rq ;r~
Kkua] ^og Kku ftles a izR;sd oLrq i`Fkd~ ;k vyx&vyx gS*( ukHkkosu] ^;gk¡ ij
cgqr lh fofHkUu oLrq,¡ gS a*( i`FkkfXo/kku~] ^os lc ,d nwljs ls vyx gS a*( i`Fkd~ dk
vFkZ gS ^vyx*( osfÙk] og L=h ;k iq:’k ^bl izdkj le>rk gS*( losZ’kq Hkwrs’kq] ^txr~
dh lHkh oLrqvksa es a( rr~ Kkua fof) jktle~] ^ml Kku dks jktfld tkuks*A
;g ekuo lekt ds fy;s ?kkrd gSA ;g jktfld Kku de ls de dqN
yksxksa ds }kjk ihNs NksM+ fn;k tkuk pkfg;s tks vU; yksxksa ds fy;s ekxZn”kZd gksaxsA
;Ùkq ÑRLuor~ ,dfLer~ dk;sZ läe~ vgSrqde~ A
vrÙokFkZor~ vYia p rr~ rkele~ mnkâre~ AA
^tc fd og Kku tks a ,d gh izHkko es a lhfer gS ekuks ogh lc dqN gS] tks
fcuk rdZ&;qfä dk] lR; esa izfrf’Br gq, fcuk] vkSj rqPN gS&og rkefld crk;k
x;k gS*A
mls rkefld Kku ekuk x;k gSA og D;k gS\ ;Ùkq ÑRLuor~ ,dfLeu~ dk;sZ]
og Kku tks ^,d oLrq rda lhfer gS( tks dk;Z ;k ifj.kke gS] ekuks ogh lc dqN
gS*( og dsoy ifj.kkeks a dks ns[k ldrk gS( og ;g ugha ns[k ldrk gS fd ifj.kkeks a
ds ihNs D;k gSA läa vgsrqde~] vksj ^fcuk fdlh rdZ&;qfä ;k ml ij fopkj fd;s
mlls vklä gS*(vrRokFkZon~ vYia p] vkSj ^fcuk lR; es a izfrf’Br gq,] rFkk y?kq
ek=k es a*( ml izdkj dk vYi Kku] ftldk oLrq ls dnkfi lEcU/k ugha gS] vkSj tks
lR; esa izfrf’Br ugha gS] rkefld Kku dgykrk gSA og vYia ;k ^rqPN* Kku gSA
dsoy ,d vfHkO;ä oLrq txr~ dh lHkh oLrqvksa es a fo|eku gS( ge mls
bZ”oj] czã ;k vkRek dgrs gS aA tks Hkh Hkk’kk iz;qä dh tk,] og bu lHkh lR;ksa ds
ihNs dk lR; gSA ;s lc lR; gS a] ysfdu og lHkh lR;ksa dk lR; gS aA mifu’kn~ bls
blh izdkj O;ä djrk gS % ,rr~ lR;a] rr~ lR;L; lR;a] ^;g lR; gS] ysfdu og
lR;ksa dk lR; gS*A ;g txr~ lR; gS( ysfdu ije rÙo bu lc lR;ksa dk lR; gSA
c`gnkj.;d mifu’kn~ blh Hkk’kk dk iz;ksx djrk gS( lR;L; lR;a&;g ,d xgu
fopkj gSA vki ;g ugha dgrs fd “ks’k lc vlR; gSA ;s lHkh lR; gS aA ysfdu ;fn
vki muesa ls gksdj tk,¡ rks mu lc es a ;g ,d lR; fo|eku gSA ;gh lHkh lR;ksa
ewY;foe'kZ 142

dk lR; gSA vr% czã txr~ ds lR;ksa ds lR; ds :i es a izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
txr~ lR; gSA os ÅtkZ,¡ tks HkkSfrd txr~ es a dk;Z dj jgh gS a] lR; gS aA mifu’knksa
us dgk] izk.kk% oS lR;a] rs’kka ,’k lR;a] ^txr~ es a dke djus okyh lHkh ÅtkZ,¡ ;k izk.k
lR; gS aA ysfdu ;g vkRek ml lR; dk lR; gS*A blfy;s] lR;L; lR;a] osnkUr dh
,d lqUnj vfHkO;fä gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn us 1893 dh f”kdkxks /keZ laln ds le{k
vius O;k[;ku es a dgk Fkk% ^fgUnw /keZ ds vuqlkj euq’; vlR; ls lR; dh vksj ;k=k
ugha djrk] vfirq] ^lR; ls lR; dh vksj* fuEu lR; ls mPprj lR; dh vksj ;g
lR; gS] ,d fuEurj lR;A ysfdu eS a tkuuk pkgrk gw ¡ fd bl lR; dk lR; D;k
gSA rc vki lR;L; lR;a ij] mPpre lR; ij vkrs gS aA ;g lkfÙod Kku gSA
og Kku tks ,d ifj.kke ij lhfer gS] ekuks ;gh lexz gS] fcuk fdlh
rdZ&;qfä ij vk/kkfjr gq,] fcuk lR; es a izfrf’Br gq,] vkSj vR;ar rqPN gS] og
rkefld Kku gSA vkfnoklh] ftudk ekufld izf”k{k.k ugha gqvk] lnk ;gh le>rs
gS a fd oLrq,¡ i`Fkd gS aA cPpks a dk Hkh ;gh fopkj gksrk gSA ysfdu /khjs&/khjs ge
jktfld Js.kh dh vksj fodflr gksrs gS a] vkSj dqN yksx lkfÙod Js.kh ij Hkh igq¡prs
gS aA tc rd ckyd egkfo|ky; dk fo|kFkhZ curk gS] ml ;qod ;k ;qorh es a
lkfÙod Kku dks fodflr djus dh {kerk vk tkuh pkfg;sA rc ekuo lekt ds
fy;s vk”kk gSA fdlh Hkh lekt es a lkfÙod Js.kh dk egÙo bl ckr es a gS fd vki
ml lekt es a iwjk leUo; ik,¡xsA
/keZ ds txr~ dks yhft;sA rkefld Hkko ds vuqlkj thou ds vU; igyqvks a
ds vfrfjDr /keZ es a Hkh izR;sd oLrq i`Fkd~ gS] vkSj ;g n`f’Vdks.k fd esjk /keZ izR;sd
vU; ds /keZ ls mPprj gS] izpyu es a gSA bl izdkj ds /kkfeZd fl)kUroknh fcuk
fdlh rdZ vFkok ;qfä ds dsoy bl ckr ij cy nsrs gS a fd ^esjk bZ”oj loks ZPp gSA
esjk /keZ loks ZPp gS a*A rc gesa dksbZ mÙkj ugha feyrkA bl izdkj dk cy fn;k tkuk
rkefld Js.kh ds /keZ dk |ksrd gSA fQj jktfld le> vkrh gS] vkSj lkfÙod
le> gS&,d gh lR; bu lc /keks Za es a nsnhI;eku gSA ^lR; ,d gS*( Hkkjr ds izkphu
_Xosn us ;gh dgk Fkk % ,da lr~ foizk% cgq/kk onfUr] ^lR; ,d gS] _f’kx.k bls
fofo/k ukeksa ls iqdkjrs gS a*A lR; vius vki es a ,d gh gSA dksbZ bZlkbZ lR;] ;k fgUnw
lR; vFkok eqfLye lR; ugha gSA lR; es a ,slk dksbZ vUrj ugha gS( lR; ,d gSA ge
blds ckjs es a fofHkUu izdkj ls cksyrs gS aA ;g /keZ dh lkfÙod le> gSA Hkkjr us ;g
lkfÙod Kku cgqr igys izkIr dj fy;k Fkk vkSj bls ;qxksa rd latks;s j[kkA vkSj
blhfy;s gekjs ;gk¡ lalkj ds vU; ns”kksa dh rqyuk es a ml lkfÙod Kku ds dkj.k
og leUo; ik;k tkrk gSA tks gekjs egku~ xq:vksa us _Xosn ds dky ls ysdj gekjs
Lo;a ds JhjkeÑ’.k rd izpkfjr fd;k vkSj ftUgks aus dgk Fkk] ;rks er] rrks iFk]
^ftrus /keZ gS a] mrus gh bZ”oj rd igq¡pus ds ekxZ gS*A Hkkjr us vusdrk esa ,drk
dk fodkl fd;kA ;g leUo; “kCn egÙoiw.kZ gSA vius ekS;Z lkezkT; ds LraHk o
ewY;foe'kZ 143

f”kyk ys[kks a es a rhljh “krkCnh bZ0iw0 es a lezkV v”kksd us [kqnok;k Fkk ^leUo; gh
lR; gS*A rfud dYiuk dhft;s ;g lans”k bZlk iwoZ dh rhljh lnh es a ?kksf’kr fd;k
x;k% ^dsoy leUo; gh lR; gS] u fd fojks/k* lR; gS] vkSj blfy;s ^dsoy leUo;
gh lR; gS*( leok; ,o lk/kq%] ;g laLÑr dh vfHkO;fä gSA blfy;s ;g lkfÙod
Kku fofHkUu /keks Za ds leUo; ds fy;s vko”;d gSA
blh izdkj] ;g fofHkUu Hkk’kkvks a vkSj uLyks a es a Hkh leUo; LFkkfir djrk gSA
,d lekt es a fefJr izdkj ds yksx jg jgs gS aA og D;k gS tks mUgs a bdV~Bk j[krk
gS\ ;g lkfÙod KkuA lHkh fofo/krkiw.kZ lektks a es a gesa bl lkfÙod Kku dks
fodflr djus dh vko”;drk gS ftlls fd lkekftd “kkfUr rFkk leUo; ds fy;s
,d euq’; rFkk nwljs ds chp lkeUtL; LFkkfir fd;k tk lds] gekjs n”kZu es a ;g
lans”k gS aA vkSj cgqr ls yksxksa us bl izdkj dk lkfÙod Kku izkIr fd;k gSA Hkkjr
dk ;g iz;ksx foxr 5000 o’kks Za dk gSA vkt ge cgqr ls ckgjh izHkkoksa ds dkj.k
blds vuqlkj ugha gks ik jgs gS aA ysfdu ge vk”kk djrs gSa fd bl lkfÙod Kku
dks cy”kkyh cuk dj ge bl fLFkfr ls Åij mB tk;saxs pkgs Hkk’kk es a] laLÑfr es a]
lkekftd fu;e vkSj O;oLFkkvks a rFkk /kkfeZd jhfr;ksa es a fdrus gh izdkj dh
fofo/krk,¡ gkasA ge bu ckrksa ls O;fFkr ugha gS a D;ks afd ge vusd es a ,d ns[k ldrs
gS aA blhfy;s Hkkjr dk lkaLÑfrd vkSj jktuhfrd fopkj gS% fofo/krk es a ,drkA
bUMksusf”k;k dk Hkh ;gh vkn”kZ gSA bUMksusf”k;kbZ Hkk’kk es a os bls lqUnj

Vol. : 6, No. : 11, Jan-June, 2011
MULYAVIMARSA
A Bi-Annual Research Journal on
Ethics & Human Values
Chief Editor
Kamal Sheel
Executive Editor
Usha Tripathi
Editors
Dharm Jung
Rajeev Kumar Verma
ISSN 0976-3694

ewY;foe'kZ
o"kZ&6] vad&11] tuojh&twu] 2011
ISSN 0976-3694
lEiknu ijke”kZ lfefr
jkeg"kZ flag ¼izksQslj ,esfjV~l] dk0fg0fo0fo0 o iwoZ dqyifr] jktLFkku vk;qosZn fo”ofo|ky;] tks/kiqj½
jes'k pUnz i.Mk ¼izksQslj o Mhu] laLÑr /keZ foKku ladk;] dk0fg0fo0fo0½
/khjsUnz izlkn oekZ ¼izksQslj o Mhu] fof/k ladk;] dk0fg0fo0fo0½
vfuy dqekj vxzoky ¼izksQslj] izca/k ladk;] dk0fg0fo0fo0½
lq'kkar dqekj JhokLro ¼izksQslj] izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] dk0fg0fo0fo0½
lat; dqekj ¼,lksfl,V izksQslj] dyk ladk;] dk0fg0fo0fo0½
izdk'kd
ekyoh; ewY; vuq'khyu dsUnz
Malaviya Centre for Ethics & Human Values
';kekpj.k Ms fuokl] ekyoh; Hkou ladqy
dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh&221005
eqnzd
dkcjk vkQlsV
ch-&6] johUnziqjh] okjk.klh
v{kj la;kstu
_rqjkt tk;loky
vkfFkZd lg;ksx
Jh fo'oukFk eafnj] dk0fg0fo0fo0
lg;ksx jkf'k % 50@&
okf"kZd lnL;rk % 100@&
f}okf"kZd lnL;rk % 150@&
iapokf"kZd lnL;rk % 400@&
vkthou lnL;rk % 5000@&

MULYAVIMARSA
Vol. : 6, No. : 11, Jan-June, 2011
ISSN 0976-3694
Editorial Advisory Board
Ramharsh Singh (Professor Emeritus, BHU & Ex. Vice Chancellor, Rajsthan Ayurved University)
Ramesh Chand Panda (Professor & Dean, SVDV, BHU )
Dhirendra Prasad Verma (Professor & Dean, Faculty of Law, BHU)
Anil Kumar Agrawal (Professor, Faculty of Management, BHU)
Sushant Kumar Srivastava (Professor, Institute of Technology, BHU)
Sanjay Kumar (Associate Professor, Faculty of Art, BHU)
Publisher
Malaviya Mulya Anusilan Kendra
(Malaviya Centre for Ethics & Human Values)
Shyamacharan De Niwas, Malaviya Bhawan Complex
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005
Printed By
Kabra offset
B6, Ravindrapuri, Varanasi
Type Setting
Rituraj Jaiswal
Financial Support
Shri Viswanath Mandir, BHU
Contribution Price : 50/-
Annual Membership : 100/-
Two Years Membership : 150/-
Five Years Membership : 400/-
Life Membership : 5000/-

a
vuqØef.kdk
Ø-la- fo’k; i`’B la-
1- egkeuk dk thou n”kZu
lqeu tSu 1&4
2- ewY;ijd jk’Vªh; f”k{kk %
,uh cslsUV ds fopkjksa dh izklafxdrk
vkf”krk 5&9
3- ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk ds ifjizs{; esa egkRek xk¡/kh
ds 'kSf{kd fpUru dh mikns;rk
fnus'k dqekj flag 10&15
4- Hkkjr dh leL;k;sa % Lokeh foosdkuUn dk fo”ys’k.k
la/;k f=ikBh 16&21
5- ewY; % ,d vo/kkj.kkRed vuq”khyu
“kf”k”ks[kj 22&27
6- vuqiz;ksxkRed ewY;
izrki fuHkZ; flag 28&31
7- “kSf{kd tkx:drk % lekt”kkL«kh; ifjn`”;
fot; vkuUn 32&34
8- uSfrdrk % fofo/k vk;ke
izhfr flag 35&37
9- ekuoh; ewY;ksa esa izÑfr dh vFkZoÙkk
dqekj o#.k] fuR;kuUn flag 38&42
10- /keZ] /keZfujis{krk vkSj lafo/kku
uoyfd”kksj feJk 43&5
11- /keZ] thou lEiw.kZrk dh ,d fof/k
fou; dqekj flag ;kno 51&53
12- lR;kxzg* % ,d thou ewY;
izHkkr dqekj feJ 54&60
13- ek/;e] ewY;] ehfM;k vkSj ekuo dk ewY;kadu
“;keysUnq jatu 61&64
14- thou ewY; vkSj gekjk nkf;Ro
/keZtax ,oa jktho dqekj oekZ 65&68
15- izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa es ewY;ijd f”k{kk dh izklafxdrk
jkts”k dqekj 69&72

a
16- vk/kqfud izkS|ksfxdh f'k{kk vkSj ekuoh; ewY;
vfer dqekj oekZ 73&76
17- Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk i)fr es of.kZr lkekftd ewY;
,oa mudk egRo
jf”e ok’.ksZ; 77&79
18- viHkza”k lkfgR; esa thou ewY;
c`tjkt flag 80&84
19- ekuoh; ewY; vkSj lUr lkfgR;
jkts”k dqekj pkS/kjh 85&90
20- Hkfä dh vo/kkj.kk % oYyHkkpk;Z ds fo”ks’k lUnHkZ esa
uohu dqekj JhokLro 91&98
21- lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkko ds ØkfUrnwr ^lUrdchj*
HkkxhjFkh 99&101
22- Álkn dk vkuan lans'k ,oa ewY;n`f’V
vuwik dqekjh 102&105
23- ewY; ladV dk ledkyhu ifjn`”; vkSj fgUnh ukVd
of”k’B ukjk;.k f=ikBh 106&110
24- ewY; laaØe.k ds nkSj esa “kjn tks”kh dk O;aX;
vfer dqekj flag 111&115
25- oSfnd thou n”kZu esa izfrfcfEcr ekuoh; ewY;
fot; JhokLro 116&121
26- Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oa lkfgR;
_rq ok’.ksZ; 122&124
27- ewY;&lkis{k iz”kklu ,oa dkSfVY; dk vFkZ”kkL= dh mikns;rk
T;ksfr feJk 125&130
28- ekuoewY; foe”kZ ,oa ledkyhu Hkkjrh; vk/;kfRed ekuookn
ey; dqekj >k 131&136
29- Hkkjrh; ewY; ijEijk % ,d n”kZuijd v/;;u
Ukferk diwj 137&140
30- lkfRod] jktfld vkSj rkefld Kku
Lokeh jaxukFkkuan 141&145

lEikndh;
‘kV~ekfld if=dk ^ewY;foe”kZ* dk o’kZ 2010&11 dk ;g “khrdkyhu vad
ikBdksa ds lkeus gSA bl if=dk ds ek/;e ls ^ekyoh; ewY; vuq”khyu dsUnz* vius
vkn”kksZ ,oa mn~ns”;ksa dk izpkj&izlkj djus dk iz;kl djrk vk jgk gSA ;g o’kZ
Hkkjr dh egku foHkwfr egkeuk ia0 enu eksgu ekyoh; dh 150oha tUe t;Urh dk
o’kZ gSA ÑrK jk’Vª bl t;Urh dks iquhr J)k ds lkFk eukus tk jgk gSA egkeuk
dh egku Ñfr dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky; ls tqM+s jgdj ge ,d fo”ks’k izdkj ds xoZ
dk vuqHko djrs gS ,oa vla[; ns”kokfl;ks a ,oa iz”kaldksa ds lkFk bl vlk/kkj.k
foHkwfr dks vius J)k lqeu vfiZr djrs gSA
egkeuk ,d cgqvk;keh O;fDrÙo ds /kuh FksA fiNyh nks lfn;ksa es a Hkkjr o’kZ
es a ftu vlk/kkj.k O;fä;ks a dks tUe fn;k muesa ia0 enu eksgu ekyoh; dk LFkku
vxz.kh Js.kh eas vkrk gSA vius ekuoh; xq.kksa ,oa lkFkZd lsokvksa ds dkj.k gh os
^egkeuk* dgyk;saA lkekftd thou dk dksbZ Hkh {ks= muls vNwrk ugha jgkA
ftu&ftu {ks=ks a es a mUgksaus dk;Z fd;k] pkgs og odkyr gks] ;k /keZ fo’k;d lsok gks]
;k fQj foLr`r jktuhfr] lHkh {ks=ks a dks viuh mifLFkfr ls mUgksaus vknj.kh;
cuk;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd egkRek xk¡/kh tSls egkiq:’k us Hkh Lohdkjk fd ^^eSa rks
ekyoh; th egkjkt dk iqtkjh gw ¡A** ;g tkudj vk”p;Z Hkys gh yxs] ij
i