ا ا ا ا ا ا ا ت ا ا ا ا د م ٢٠٠٨ ٧-٩ إ هـ ا ا ١٤٢٩ ر ا ١
ا ا ا ا ا ا ا ت ا ا ا ا د م ٢٠٠٨ ٧-٩ إ هـ ا ا ١٤٢٩ ر ا ١
ا ا ا ا ا ا ا ت ا ا ا ا د م ٢٠٠٨ ٧-٩ إ هـ ا ا ١٤٢٩ ر ا ١
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٥<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>حليل <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ٕحص<strong>ا</strong>ئي و<strong>ا</strong>لك<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ت</strong>وغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>في<br />
.<br />
يُع<strong>د</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>وزيع جوه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>م</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>لجغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>في بل <strong>ا</strong>نه ينظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لى <strong>ا</strong>لجغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>في<strong>ا</strong> أحي<strong>ا</strong>ن<strong>ا</strong>" على أنه<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>م</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>وزيع <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>ك<strong>ا</strong>ني<br />
للظو<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>. فهي <strong>ت</strong><strong>د</strong><strong>ر</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>لظو<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>خ<strong>ت</strong>لفة على سطح <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ٔ<strong>ر</strong>ض، وذلك بوصفه<strong>ا</strong> و<strong>ت</strong>حليله<strong>ا</strong> و<strong>ت</strong>فسي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>. وقبل<br />
<strong>إ</strong><strong>د</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ت</strong>قني<strong>ا</strong><strong>ت</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>حليل <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>د</strong>يثة، آ<strong>ا</strong>ن <strong>ا</strong>لجغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فيون يصفون <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>وزيع <strong>ا</strong>لجغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>في للظو<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> في غي<strong>ا</strong>ب <strong>م</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>يي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>م</strong>وضوعية.<br />
و<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong> يه<strong>م</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لجع<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>في عن<strong>د</strong> <strong>د</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ت</strong>ه ل<strong>ت</strong>وزيع <strong>ا</strong>لظو<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> هو <strong>م</strong>ع<strong>ر</strong>فة <strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ا</strong> آ<strong>ا</strong>ن <strong>ت</strong>وزيعه<strong>ا</strong> يشكل ن<strong>م</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>م</strong>ح<strong>د</strong><strong>د</strong><strong>ا</strong>" أ<strong>م</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>نه <strong>م</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>د</strong> <strong>ت</strong>وزيع عشو<strong>ا</strong>ئي ف<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ا</strong> آ<strong>ا</strong>ن <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>وزيع يشكل ن<strong>م</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>م</strong>ح<strong>د</strong><strong>د</strong><strong>ا</strong>"، ف<strong>ا</strong>ن ذلك يعني أن هن<strong>ا</strong>ك قوة<br />
وعو<strong>ا</strong><strong>م</strong>ل و<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ء <strong>ت</strong>شكيل هذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لن<strong>م</strong>ط يسعى <strong>ا</strong>لب<strong>ا</strong>حث ل<strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong><strong>د</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> و<strong>ا</strong>لوقوف عن<strong>د</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>. أ<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ا</strong> آ<strong>ا</strong>ن <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>وزيع عشو<strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ا</strong>" ف<strong>ا</strong>ن ذلك<br />
يشي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لى قوى <strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>د</strong>فة <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>ي <strong>م</strong>ن <strong>ا</strong>لصعب <strong>ت</strong>فسي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>. (<strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>ا</strong>لح، ٢٠٠٠<strong>م</strong><br />
ول<strong>ا</strong> ب<strong>د</strong> <strong>م</strong>ن <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ة <strong>ا</strong>لى <strong>ا</strong>ن <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>شك<strong>ا</strong>ل Forms <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>خ<strong>ت</strong>لفة <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>ي <strong>ت</strong><strong>ت</strong>خذه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لظو<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لجغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فية هى <strong>ا</strong>نعك<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
لنوع <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ن<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>لس<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>د</strong>ة. وآل<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ت</strong>غي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ت</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ن<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط آل<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ت</strong>غي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ت</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>شك<strong>ا</strong>ل ول<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong> آ<strong>ا</strong>ن<strong>ت</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ن<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>ح<strong>د</strong><strong>د</strong>ة ن<strong>ت</strong>يجة عو<strong>ا</strong><strong>م</strong>ل<br />
وقوى <strong>د</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>م</strong>ة <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>غي<strong>ر</strong>، ف<strong>ا</strong>ٕن ذلك يعني أن <strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ت</strong><strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>م</strong>ن<strong>ا</strong> ب<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ن<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط سيقو<strong>د</strong>ن<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لى <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ت</strong><strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>م</strong> ب<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>م</strong>لي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ت</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>ؤ<strong>د</strong>ية <strong>ا</strong>لى <strong>ت</strong>كوينه<strong>ا</strong>.( <strong>ا</strong>بو<br />
عي<strong>ا</strong>ش،<br />
Pattern<br />
(<br />
.<br />
.(<strong>١</strong><strong>٩</strong>٨٤<br />
<strong>ت</strong>حليل صلة <strong>ا</strong>لجو<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
Average Nearest<br />
Nearest Neighbor Analysis<br />
<strong>ت</strong>قو<strong>م</strong> <strong>ت</strong>قنية نظ<strong>م</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>علو<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ت</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لجغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فية في <strong>ت</strong>حليل <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>فة <strong>ا</strong>لج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ٔق<strong>ر</strong>ب<br />
أو <strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong> يطلق علية أحي<strong>ا</strong>ن<strong>ا</strong> أس<strong>م</strong> صلة <strong>ا</strong>لجو<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>فة بين <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>وقع <strong>ا</strong>لجغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>في لكل نقطة،<br />
و<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>وقع <strong>ا</strong>لجغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>في للنقطة <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ٔق<strong>ر</strong>ب <strong>م</strong>نه<strong>ا</strong>. ث<strong>م</strong> ي<strong>ت</strong><strong>م</strong> حس<strong>ا</strong>ب <strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وسط <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ت</strong> بين ج<strong>م</strong>يع هذه <strong>ا</strong>لنق<strong>ا</strong>ط. بع<strong>د</strong> ذلك ي<strong>ت</strong><strong>م</strong><br />
قس<strong>م</strong>ة <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وسط <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>حسوب على <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وسط <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وقع ل<strong>م</strong>ج<strong>م</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>فة بين هذه <strong>ا</strong>لنق<strong>ا</strong>ط. ف<strong>ا</strong>ٕذ<strong>ا</strong> آ<strong>ا</strong>ن <strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وسط <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>فة<br />
أ<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>إ</strong>ذ<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>حسوبة أقل <strong>م</strong>ن <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وسط <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وقع لل<strong>ت</strong>وزيع <strong>ا</strong>لعشو<strong>ا</strong>ئي له<strong>ا</strong>، ف<strong>ا</strong>ٕن <strong>ت</strong>وزيعه<strong>ا</strong> يكون <strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>ج<strong>م</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong><br />
آ<strong>ا</strong>ن <strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وسط <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>فة <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>حسوبة أآث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>م</strong>ن <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وسط <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وقع لل<strong>ت</strong>وزيع <strong>ا</strong>لعشو<strong>ا</strong>ئي، ف<strong>ا</strong>ٕن ذلك يعني أن <strong>ت</strong>وزيع <strong>ا</strong>لظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ة<br />
وفي<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong> بين ذلك يطلق على شكل <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>وزيع ب<strong>ا</strong>ٔنه <strong>ت</strong>وزيع عشو<strong>ا</strong>ئي.(شكل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong><strong>د</strong><strong>ر</strong>وسة هو <strong>ت</strong>وزيع <strong>م</strong>ش<strong>ت</strong><strong>ت</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>م</strong><br />
.Clustered<br />
.Dispersed<br />
Neighbor Distance<br />
(٢<br />
(٢) شكل <strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>م</strong><br />
أن<strong>م</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>وزيع <strong>ا</strong>لجغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فية <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>ح<strong>ت</strong><strong>م</strong>لة للظو<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
و<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>عي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> في <strong>ت</strong>ح<strong>د</strong>ي<strong>د</strong> ن<strong>م</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>وزيع هو <strong>ا</strong>لنسبة بين <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>فة <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>حسوبة أو <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>حظة بين <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>و<strong>ا</strong>قع، و<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>فة<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وقعة بينه<strong>ا</strong> و<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ت</strong>ي يطلق عليه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>م</strong> قي<strong>م</strong>ة Z. وي<strong>ت</strong><strong>م</strong> حس<strong>ا</strong>ب قي<strong>م</strong>ة Z ب<strong>ت</strong>قسي<strong>م</strong> <strong>م</strong><strong>ت</strong>وسط <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ت</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>م</strong>حسوبة على
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