essentials of anatomy and physiology; 5e

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xiv Contents Testes, 243 Other Hormones, 243 Mechanisms of Hormone Action, 244 Aging and the Endocrine System, 245 CHAPTER 11 Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 Characteristics of Blood, 252 Plasma, 252 Blood Cells, 254 CHAPTER 12 The Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 Location and Pericardial Membranes, 274 Chambers—Vessels and Valves, 274 Coronary Vessels, 277 Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds, 278 Cardiac Conduction Pathway, 279 Heart Rate, 283 Cardiac Output, 283 Regulation of Heart Rate, 284 Aging and the Heart, 286 CHAPTER 13 The Vascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 Arteries, 292 Veins, 292 Capillaries, 293 Pathways of Circulation, 296 Velocity of Blood Flow, 306 Blood Pressure, 307 Regulation of Blood Pressure, 310 Aging and the Vascular System, 314 CHAPTER 14 The Lymphatic System and Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 Lymph, 322 Lymph Vessels, 322 Lymphatic Tissue, 322 Immunity, 327 Aging and the Lymphatic System, 337 CHAPTER 15 The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342 Divisions of the Respiratory System, 344 Mechanism of Breathing, 347 Pulmonary Volumes, 351 Exchange of Gases, 354 Transport of Gases in the Blood, 355 Regulation of Respiration, 358 Respiration and Acid–Base Balance, 360 Aging and the Respiratory System, 361
Contents xv CHAPTER 16 The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367 Divisions of the Digestive System, 370 Types of Digestion, 370 Oral Cavity, 370 Pharynx, 373 Esophagus, 373 Structural Layers of the Alimentary Tube, 373 Stomach, 376 Small Intestine, 378 Liver, 379 Gallbladder, 379 Pancreas, 379 Completion of Digestion and Absorption, 381 Large Intestine, 385 Other Functions of the Liver, 386 Aging and the Digestive System, 389 CHAPTER 17 Body Temperature and Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394 Body Temperature, 396 Metabolism, 400 Aging and Metabolism, 413 CHAPTER 18 The Urinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417 Kidneys, 421 Formation of Urine, 424 The Kidneys and Acid–Base Balance, 428 Other Functions of the Kidneys, 429 Elimination of Urine, 431 Characteristics of Urine, 432 Aging and the Urinary System, 433 CHAPTER 19 Fluid–Electrolyte and Acid–Base Balance . . . . . . . . . . .439 Water Compartments, 442 Water Intake and Output, 443 Electrolytes, 445 Acid–Base Balance, 446 Aging and Fluid and pH Regulation, 450 CHAPTER 20 The Reproductive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454 Meiosis, 456 Male Reproductive System, 457 Female Reproductive System, 462 Aging and the Reproductive Systems, 470 CHAPTER 21 Human Development and Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474 Human Development, 476 Genetics, 486
Page 2: List of Boxes Clinical applications
Page 6 and 7: F. A. Davis Company 1915 Arch Stree
Page 8 and 9: To the Instructor A s the science a
Page 10 and 11: To the Student This is your textboo
Page 12 and 13: x To the Student We hope this textb
Page 14 and 15: Contents CHAPTER 1 Organization and
Page 18 and 19: xvi Contents CHAPTER 22 An Introduc
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 1 Chapter Outline Levels of
Page 22 and 23: 4 Organization and General Plan of
Page 26 and 27: Muscular system Nervous system Skel
Page 32 and 33: Table 1-3 TERMS OF LOCATION AND POS
Page 40 and 41: CHAPTER 2 Chapter Outline Elements
Page 42 and 43: 24 Some Basic Chemistry When you he
Page 44 and 45: 26 Some Basic Chemistry Na + Cl = N
Page 46 and 47: 28 Some Basic Chemistry A strand of
Page 48 and 49: 30 Some Basic Chemistry BOX 2-1 BLO
Page 50 and 51: 32 Some Basic Chemistry Figure 2-5.
Page 52 and 53: 34 Some Basic Chemistry but the phy
Page 54 and 55: Triglyceride Glycerol 3 Fatty acids
Page 56 and 57: 38 Some Basic Chemistry A Amino aci
Page 58 and 59: 40 Some Basic Chemistry Active site
Page 60 and 61: 42 Some Basic Chemistry nucleotides
Page 62 and 63: 44 Some Basic Chemistry 6. Acids, b
Page 64 and 65: CHAPTER 3 Chapter Outline Cell Stru
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48 Cells All living organisms are m
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50 Cells Cilia Microvilli Golgi app
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52 Cells Table 3-1 Organelle Endopl
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54 Cells FACILITATED DIFFUSION The
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56 Cells pumping of the heart. Filt
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58 Cells Recall that in Chapter 2 y
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60 Cells CELL DIVISION Cell divisio
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62 Cells Nucleus Interphase Prophas
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64 Cells STUDY OUTLINE Human cells
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66 Cells FOR FURTHER THOUGHT 1. Ant
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CHAPTER 4 Chapter Outline Epithelia
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70 Tissues and Membranes A tissue i
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72 Tissues and Membranes bladder fi
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74 Tissues and Membranes BOX 4-1 CY
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76 Tissues and Membranes Cartilage
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78 Tissues and Membranes BOX 4-2 VI
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Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Cardi
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82 Tissues and Membranes Neurons Ce
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84 Tissues and Membranes Table 4-5
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86 Tissues and Membranes 3. Special
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CHAPTER 5 Chapter Outline The Skin
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90 The Integumentary System The int
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Stratum corneum Langerhans cell Mel
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94 The Integumentary System Melanoc
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96 The Integumentary System or arre
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98 The Integumentary System However
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100 The Integumentary System Table
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102 The Integumentary System 6. Apo
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CHAPTER 6 Chapter Outline Functions
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106 The Skeletal System Imagine for
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108 The Skeletal System are attache
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Chondrocytes producing cartilage B
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112 The Skeletal System Several hor
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114 The Skeletal System Zygomatic a
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116 The Skeletal System Palatine pr
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Table 6-2 BONES OF THE SKULL—IMPO
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• 120 The Skeletal System Cervica
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122 The Skeletal System BOX 6-4 the
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• Acromial end Acromicon process
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Figure 6-13. Hip bones and sacrum.
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128 The Skeletal System Table 6-4 B
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Synovial membrane Bone Joint capsul
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132 The Skeletal System 3. Hormones
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134 The Skeletal System stomachs. S
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CHAPTER 7 Chapter Outline Muscle St
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138 The Muscular System Do you like
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140 The Muscular System motor areas
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142 The Muscular System is glycogen
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B Bundles of muscle cells Muscle ce
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146 The Muscular System CONTRACTION
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BOX 7-3 MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY Muscular
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150 The Muscular System Flexion Ext
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Trapezius Deltoid Biceps brachii Br
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Epicranial aponeurosis Orbicularis
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156 The Muscular System Deltoid Del
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Iliopsoas Pectineus Gluteus maximus
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160 The Muscular System tion of var
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162 The Muscular System 14. In term
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CHAPTER 8 Chapter Outline Nervous S
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166 The Nervous System Most of us c
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168 The Nervous System BOX 8-1 MULT
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170 The Nervous System TYPES OF NEU
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172 The Nervous System Table 8-2 St
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174 The Nervous System Table 8-3 MA
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176 The Nervous System BOX 8-3 SPIN
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178 The Nervous System Lateral vent
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180 The Nervous System In the human
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182 The Nervous System The auditory
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184 The Nervous System BOX 8-7 PARK
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186 The Nervous System Cranial meni
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188 The Nervous System Optic chiasm
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Sympathetic Parasympathetic Eye Cil
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192 The Nervous System STUDY OUTLIN
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194 The Nervous System 6. As tissue
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CHAPTER 9 Chapter Outline Sensory P
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198 The Senses Our senses constantl
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200 The Senses wood floor, concrete
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202 The Senses indistinct). There a
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204 The Senses Levator palpebrae su
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206 The Senses Pigment cells Choroi
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BOX 9-3 ERRORS OF REFRACTION Normal
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210 The Senses The importance of pu
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212 The Senses Semicircular canals
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214 The Senses BOX 9-5 DEAFNESS Dea
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216 The Senses ARTERIAL RECEPTORS T
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218 The Senses 7. Ciliary body (mus
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220 The Senses for lunch he decided
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CHAPTER 10 Chapter Outline Chemistr
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224 The Endocrine System We have al
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226 The Endocrine System Figure 10-
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228 The Endocrine System Oxytocin O
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230 The Endocrine System BOX 10-1 D
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232 The Endocrine System T and T 4
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234 The Endocrine System Bones Kidn
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236 The Endocrine System Hyperglyce
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240 The Endocrine System The functi
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244 The Endocrine System Other clai
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246 The Endocrine System STUDY OUTL
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248 The Endocrine System membrane,
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CHAPTER 11 Chapter Outline Characte
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252 Blood One of the simplest and m
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254 Blood BLOOD CELLS There are thr
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256 Blood A C B D Figure 11-3. Bloo
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258 Blood RBCs Circulate 120 days M
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A ABO blood types B Typing and cros
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262 Blood A normal WBC count (part
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264 Blood BOX 11-5 WHITE BLOOD CELL
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266 Blood Table 11-3 CHEMICAL CLOTT
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268 Blood and if it were inside a v
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270 Blood 4. Platelet plugs—ruptu
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CHAPTER 12 Chapter Outline Location
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274 The Heart In the embryo, the he
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276 The Heart Left subclavian arter
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278 The Heart Aorta Coronary sinus
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280 The Heart BOX 12-1 CORONARY ART
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282 The Heart BOX 12-3 ELECTROCARDI
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284 The Heart Table 12-2 PHYSIOLOGY
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286 The Heart AGING AND THE HEART T
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288 The Heart pulses because of the
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C CHAPTER 13 Chapter Outline Arteri
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292 The Vascular System The role of
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294 The Vascular System BOX 13-1 DI
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296 The Vascular System The amount
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298 The Vascular System Anterior fa
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300 The Vascular System Table 13-1
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302 The Vascular System Table 13-2
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304 The Vascular System BOX 13-3 PU
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306 The Vascular System Aorta Arter
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308 The Vascular System BOX 13-4 HY
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310 The Vascular System Adrenal gla
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312 The Vascular System Lung and va
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314 The Vascular System BOX 13-5 CI
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316 The Vascular System right atriu
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318 The Vascular System autonomic n
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CHAPTER 14 Chapter Outline Lymph Ly
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322 The Lymphatic System and Immuni
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CHAPTER 15 Chapter Outline Division
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344 The Respiratory System Sometime
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346 The Respiratory System the aden
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348 The Respiratory System Frontal
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350 The Respiratory System A Red bl
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BOX 15-3 PNEUMOTHORAX Pneumothorax
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354 The Respiratory System Liters 6
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356 The Respiratory System Alveoli
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358 The Respiratory System Carbon d
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360 The Respiratory System O 2 CO2
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362 The Respiratory System SUMMARY
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364 The Respiratory System • Phys
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366 The Respiratory System 5. At a
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CHAPTER 16 Chapter Outline Division
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370 The Digestive System A hurried
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372 The Digestive System the roots
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374 The Digestive System Table 16-1
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376 The Digestive System thin layer
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378 The Digestive System ence of fo
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Inferior vena cava Right hepatic ve
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382 The Digestive System Hepatic du
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384 The Digestive System called the
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386 The Digestive System BOX 16-4 I
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388 The Digestive System The liver
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390 The Digestive System periodonta
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392 The Digestive System amino acid
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CHAPTER 17 Chapter Outline Body Tem
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396 Body Temperature and Metabolism
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Box 17-6 LEPTIN AND BODY-MASS INDEX
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CHAPTER 18 Chapter Outline Kidneys
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420 The Urinary System The first su
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422 The Urinary System Nephron Rena
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424 The Urinary System of the effer
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426 The Urinary System Proximal con
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428 The Urinary System plasma, diss
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430 The Urinary System Peritubular
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432 The Urinary System Parietal per
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434 The Urinary System BOX 18-5 BLO
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436 The Urinary System tubule that
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438 The Urinary System FOR FURTHER
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M CHAPTER 19 Chapter Outline Water
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442 Fluid-Electrolyte and Acid-Base
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CHAPTER 20 Chapter Outline Meiosis
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456 The Reproductive Systems The pu
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Stem cell Mitosis Oogonium New stem
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460 The Reproductive Systems Sperma
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462 The Reproductive Systems BOX 20
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464 The Reproductive Systems Fimbri
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466 The Reproductive Systems urethr
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468 The Reproductive Systems Table
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470 The Reproductive Systems Table
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472 The Reproductive Systems 3. Ute
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CHAPTER 21 Chapter Outline Human De
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476 Human Development and Genetics
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2 cell stage (36 hours) 4 cell stag
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Table 21-2 GROWTH OF THE EMBRYO-FET
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CHAPTER 22 Chapter Outline Classifi
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498 An Introduction to Microbiology
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Table 22-3 DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTE
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Table 22-3 DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTE
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Table 22-4 Virus DISEASES CAUSED BY
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Table 22-4 Virus DISEASES CAUSED BY
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APPENDIX A Units of Measure 528
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APPENDIX B Abbreviations The use of
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APPENDIX C Normal Values for Some C
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APPENDIX E Eponymous Terms An epony
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536 Prefixes, Combining Word Roots,
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538 Prefixes, Combining Word Roots,
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540 Answers to Illustration Questio
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548 Glossary teeth, tongue, salivar
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550 Glossary Anterior (an-TEER-ee-y
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552 Glossary Bacteria (bak-TEER-ee-
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554 Glossary Cartilage (KAR-ti-lidj
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556 Glossary Codon (KOH-don) The se
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558 Glossary the liver when excess
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560 Glossary Emulsify (e-MULL-si-fy
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562 Glossary cise for the colon and
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564 Glossary cose to glycogen to be
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566 Glossary Hyperglycemia (HIGH-pe
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568 Glossary Isotonic exercise (EYE
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570 Glossary pathogens, dead or dam
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572 Glossary Muscle tone (MUSS-uhl
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574 Glossary Oligodendrocyte (ah-li
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576 Glossary Pentose sugar (PEN-toh
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578 Glossary Projection (proh-JEK-s
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580 Glossary loop of Henle, distal
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582 Glossary that is a consequence
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584 Glossary sucrose to glucose and
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586 Glossary Transient flora (TRAN-
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588 Glossary Visceral (VISS-er-uhl)
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590 Index Anterior cerebral artery,
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592 Index Cellulose, 34 Cementum, 3
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594 Index Ethmoid bone, 113, 115f,
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596 Index Hypothermia, 400b, 402f H
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598 Index Motion sickness, 216b Mot
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600 Index Prostaglandins (PGs), 244
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602 Index Sub-clinical infection, 5
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12-2 Heart Murmur, 281 12-3 Electro
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