essentials of anatomy and physiology; 5e

CHAPTER 2
Chapter Outline
Elements
Atoms
Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Disulfide Bonds and Hydrogen Bonds
Chemical Reactions
Inorganic Compounds of Importance
Water
Water Compartments
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Cell Respiration
Trace Elements
Acids, Bases, and pH
Buffer systems
Organic Compounds of Importance
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
ATP
BOX 2–1
BOX 2–2
BOX 2–3
BOX 2–4
BLOOD GASES
NITRIC OXIDE
LIPIDS IN THE BLOOD
A PROTEIN MYSTERY: PRIONS
Student Objectives
• Define the terms element, atom, proton, neutron, and
electron.
• Describe the formation and purpose of ionic
bonds, covalent bonds, disulfide bonds, and hydrogen
bonds.
• Describe what happens in synthesis and decomposition
reactions.
• Explain the importance of water to the functioning
of the human body.
• Name and describe the water compartments.
• Explain the roles of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
cell respiration.
• State what trace elements are, and name some,
with their functions.
• Explain the pH scale. State the normal pH ranges
of body fluids.
• Explain how a buffer system limits great changes
in pH.
• Describe the functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides,
oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
• Describe the functions of true fats, phospholipids,
and steroids.
• Describe the functions of proteins, and explain
how enzymes function as catalysts.
• Describe the functions of DNA, RNA, and ATP.
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