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n7suamw.asunsarwanqsrnwiswswersau


niwd 1 ~~iu~~fiu?rako.rmawsI~8pdn"~l~~~v~"n<br />

knrr LLRE$PLLW&~.I<br />

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niwd 2 wamisFialranl~til


~rzn~~mui;r~o~dlnlsLn~~t~u&PI~<br />

48 qa\1l~n ~ ~ d ~ n i s ~ ~ f i i t l f l ~ f i<br />

~~filsbRi;fil"j,~q~r ~ u~El 4 LLa<br />

L l ~ a I 4 ~ UO~TR ~ n ~ gage ~ Q u b3~9ud~zu1~"n"""~<br />

~ ~<br />

al~LPi~~Ln~1g~lqnlS~n~WSb~9d~pd~fi:ii<br />

3 ududiuulm ~ n ~ ~ f n r f i 8 4 ~ ~ ~ 9<br />

d B n~lu~ula;lL~u~u~lu9uuin ~Ilfi$u~uniow~m~qbbnzbk8-]$pdadidd~b~09 ?tmzdfJfiflem5'lfll<br />

2 A a"<br />

nriu~~~~dr\ri\~~d~~rni~~mdauaa~$u~umgaru<br />

d1~~mamsns~nir:sR~8u~in~iu~ub"nmnir<br />

owuwks;1.ri~r$i\d$ul"i9~ub~~9 Tiald~iindyu~m~~~~flum~uui u0nqin~nisEa1~~~~mi~<br />

nis~nansuin~~u~aiuii~~uua~mnrmtnsd~lfi~iinn~sq~ds~~~uun~nun~<br />

uin<br />

P,<br />

c: ri C<br />

na1ueuqaua~fi1~a1~1slu~u~~mn1srzA~~fi1~~~i;n~~~~~d~~1fis~"d-1"111~<br />

dilG&maulnidu~ials<br />

IEib~ri 44 sau 4 i l w ~ gndiniu uonlinfhu9 2531 - 2533 Wl;nisdisa~wuii~~i'nlu<br />

fia~mniniia~s~~nnX~~~iiu~i~ims~~uQaaaz<br />

6 wnlsliaanz 13 2 2536 nstnn;la~fi~~na~uU<br />

d~nir~uKaadiq wn w~nw"~ais1sui"a~ns1:~s1fi1sGwwn61~ wuiicinntd~iinr~rG~w n679 biiu61<br />

ulmogluiaoez 13 eju ruyj qnoi nrypl i;aisFiwnnnYis~~u61u1m~~1us"aua~ 79 T~ULDWI:<br />

~4u;afJnz 71 Y~$fa~n:<br />

4 d4<br />

8 ~ d ~ ~ n ~ ~ a a ~ u ~ a ~ n f i ~ ~ n i s ~ a ~ r a m ~ ~<br />

P,<br />

P,<br />

pl<br />

2540 WU$li;<br />

nul~ub~a~3nKsoF~~s~'aIq~0oaz 14 u,-iqFa:oua: 9 lm$uiuroua: 32 iidluq 2546 - 2547<br />

d Adwu~lnuI~u~fiu~a~~~uIsn~zbdulnrilu6u~u<br />

I aaadPnnd.ilnia ~~n~~nuqlnnlr~~elTm~nl~<br />

nls~n~mf~a$~nl~~@d~'U<br />

U R E ~ . ) L L ~ ~ X ~ U I ~ ~ ~ li~wuillu<br />

& L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L O W I ~ ~<br />

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ w ~ f i ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ , ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ nlswualo\pl<br />

~ , 4~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n


~nvws&.aiu (Sustainable Agriculture) ~~finaiu~1ui~~~a:ii~i~nnaiuvm~inwmsd~<br />

P,<br />

w ddl<br />

rminrmiuamnii;ln"u'bdmiua'mqds:a~~~~nz~~i~9uiuva~~~da~iins<br />

V19URt3<br />

mrrns&~u vuiui;q oruuniodiniornwms!16naiuii$~fuszuuiin~1 lnuqzdaddau<br />

$~~kfi~~ld~n&~~~ln~~~'b~~iLba~d9bbafla"~~<br />

annir~~wi~q


nqwd 1 n~~u~u~"u~o~inaardqipd~ubCalrw~'it knu riazidwawr~au<br />

A a~sinnaiunuiuaa~~nw~o~~uu~na~~~limnaiud~~u6iu~~ow~ii<br />

W r y d l &nu t~az<br />

5s~~ama"au aiuisoa?s_rie~\6a7<br />

ry 3 A<br />

- naiuh.riuni.r~uL~~w~"nq nesiu16~n'sdawdauwuw~ou bflu&y~q bnwrn?n~~unio<br />

uau~u~nn~u~a~nio~nwmoGqZu 'a~aiuisn~muiknuniw"~a~bnwmono1uniod~wirnuba~~~1u~7u<br />

Jq1;3"uniowGmuaznioii~~4~ iniol.a"w?woin~aeiisdoz~Gm amna1ueJuwauaoswaw"arj;l~azoiu~6<br />

lmu~d~u~~ino:uuniod~n~aia~duaui.jii~i~u~aue~a~u<br />

wtdusiut66aanisamtio~iu ~4u<br />

d d<br />

riiaiwio ~~azdu 7 tmudaba?~~~~ini~w~md~uwu~bwamaufiua~na~~da~nio~a~muba~<br />

- naiu~q~uni.rtiiraknu ~~e~nrmontaiuioo~~wi~u~e~~6<br />

inaiu~fluadkQfiu i7ta.i<br />

ii~fludq:~aaowuw\d.niu~ro;laiulu~es d11%1aniat~da~n"unfeun~aLba",~i"mi6aq ilnla<br />

t68nmainaiutufi:~'~uimu~e~ iai~iodu;rwaianiou?~sln~~az~dauia%.~1un1o~'mui~"a~6u<br />

~nnd~~iu~~azdnaiurnn~~l~lumuas<br />

- n~iud~Zuni~6iu~~~bama"au nio~nw~~oUL;lrjudaufi~"i~naiufiu~aaa~ozuu~La~~ I~UL$<br />

na~u~~inw~iu~i~~upnn.fi~~azL~u~zuuniomwm~<br />

amniol.a"a~orniila;ln"uiii~mkm;w"~<br />

~muninhsna~nau~umu~e~ dauTnwiL~azd~ud~qiqbbama"au $udnTw:wuinosooual"m uazamnio<br />

~'imuanlaz~~niq~u &I aazelnipl (dodd, 2536)<br />

wotwu' (2535): 9% (2535) ~ba: gum (2535) aqdil nioinaplsb~uuhiiu ~~u8nlarni.r<br />

nlo\nrr~o~ije~nilo;naubL.1;1qma~uL3uldl6 ocidiau 4 doznls FIB<br />

1. riluozuun~~~nam~di~a~u~~u\p~\~wi~niu~~w<br />

(Physically feasible) zo RQSL~UTLUU<br />

mow<br />

Lnwwsia~u~sabi~~~unio~~m~~~aq~~<br />

1ufiraeniwsroual~ibazd9bbama"ou%a9~~~baHib~u


he~Wdqwi~nnlula~iv3eijqiunirwiim~inniuumnuin~n ~Iw~i:~:uuni~~nwnouuuG~~uq:~~un~r<br />

l$dqiunirwiimluliui~fluvKn ~fluninPrvir~nnirr:uu~~wuinrlu~iuilG~n~iuau~m~a:~~mu<br />

S P i %<br />

t.ra~~uPzuu~L~~l"umqwun~vuind~a<br />

2. ~flus:uunir~nwnrdii~?ix~bflu~d~~u~iub~rw~~ia~<br />

(Economically viable) Ae A??<br />

dur:uunirwtndaiuiPoii wafiil~~?in$ulA L6mb~didaiiq wnldiua:6uTunitwiinmnauu~in<br />

nisllqiuniswiindid 1 ku~owi:fiuyuni~w~nd~flu~?~u~~a:~u~unirw~~~i~8~<br />

(Social<br />

cost of production) MLL~~ R?iu~deuTnsuue~wQwuins LLatwans:nu~iuiqrnn6mu<br />

3. i~ut:uunis~nwnsdZnaiu~fluld'bXnisd~~nn6eu (Environmentally sound) Ae n?s<br />

$%W<br />

~flut:uunit~nwnrn~~nd~:aCn l$nkuinsdZe~aeiiqiids:8n"~niw ~~a:Qnwiauqnueqm<br />

CnpllYIA Tnuinnwanttnuied~~?n6eu~~r:~unirw~mlul$ui~~a:air~wnn6ils~~n'~u~6slnlu<br />

Pl~ln199"sd"'i9~d~VI ~uidi;et4~nwnsns~ia:~u?6sl~~:ii~un~w~ dW~W~jBldd~Bnfi~~41~S:~EI'b$~lbba:<br />

s:Ku8qnudausau<br />

4. Lfluo:uunis~nanod~~aiubflu'bd'b6~198~nu (Socially accepted) Ae n?~~flus:uu<br />

nirmwnrdk~ul$nituou?ulu~~u~ni~niswiim i;nisLiinno:u?unis9uuiqinmwntnoLdon~iu<br />

~flu'ho:h~~luai!w aiui~nrii~ijd~~iw"a~6ud~m~~aen~ua"~usssu<br />

dt:~wi-i! pliaui ~5iuiii<br />

d?ui~ulu~~u~ni~nis~nwmrl6 ~fluwah~ilh-"~~n~u"IIuv~m8~~udb~ubb~~~~n6pl~~<br />

I. ~flunir~nwnodi;n~iu~is~suwi~8~~~<br />

(social justice) vuiu8q nis~nwns~~uuk~iun?r<br />

~aFenialGdnis~i~~~wuni~l.a"wQwuin~eeii~~di~$uu


. -<br />

us~~iuua:ilqiu~uaei~~bvrri-.firr~uiUln~w~jmnfi iil~ii$nwnfilb (Profitability) n?luhRavat<br />

n?ludaan5e!'unlq61ua~~7s (~ood security and safety) ~ ~as~ijqiud~~u~un~~i~o<br />

Lnansns (Basic needs) edlaw.aihq<br />

2. &-,uszuucLafi nqr~lnl~LnansLruu~q~uq:~a~.d?e!~~$b~~~~Y~n~~~<br />

fif""lR<br />

bbaz&u9ul&mu (conservation of natural resources and environment) "hl$bzflfl?laa@lnMalu<br />

nqql?niwlu!iul (Biodiversity) miua~ie:~.~a~~?fii bfluai<br />

3. 61u8q~u nit~nans~~uu~uuanq~n~:fihq~~~uuia~an~a~~<br />

iiqio


w 4 d4<br />

qq.6 (2532) ~i-iini tfi~ii4i~mnaiuv?an?iuvuiuua;lmwmtituunu~iin?iuvuiu15<br />

Y<br />

uinuiul6du 3 ntjubd 7 K d<br />

1. ii4iKm~aiuAu~~1~wjiiq (Economics) lu~cvuiuad R~IUQIUI~ ~IU~ITWZR~L~KI~W~~<br />

s4A4<br />

dan?iub~ni~ (food sufficiency) lmul$n?wuin~i~aznssuasnudTz3~"sniwuin~qm t$i~~uaflm<br />

I Y<br />

a r r a 44 rr<br />

LLuu$qzniu.rn.rnaiu(uiinidLnrwjiiqrfluv& lmulrinaiufiul~~audawan~z~un~nmuuh<br />

IY<br />

knu d;lLr?m6auuaznFwuins aaznFwuintssnrriAlu~zuzuia ~ i\l6u~i~i~mn?iuua~ni~~~<br />

~~m~wg~~~~~riwa~~u~~~azdau1v~~:~a~~ni~r~u~au1u6iud;lu~m6auv<br />

2. nl?T~l~~~d~bafl?~u7<br />

(Ecological Component of sustainability) ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ n a 1 ~ v ~ a<br />

iauiuua;lniq~niwr3.rGnn?nui ~zn~~un~uldi;.rni~G~i~nai6iuni~n~u~uaniw~n<br />

(Environmental Protection) ni~aq?n$ (Stewardship) nirl$~?w~7n~s~s~ai~adi~d~z~Km<br />

l m ~<br />

~~uni~men~fius~~uai'~<br />

(Nature's interest) v;an?wuin~iaiuiTn~iuil"a"b~6au 7 v?a~?im'Lvai<br />

16 (Renewable resources) kaza mniol%n huinr$ r3uw,u (Capital) v~aCiuilflvrilril6 (non-<br />

renewable resources)<br />

3. ni?tniw~3.rknu (Social Community Component of Sustainab~lity) ad~ilsznau$<br />

diniyua;l~~ua~m6 "nvKnjnnaiuqAs~l.u (Social Justice) &vuiu~.r n?iu~auaninlu~~iuaabnii4d<br />

Y Y<br />

~zinaiuduod nir8nrnuazquniwdLdiLw"uurild


airKu~m airdfs~~dd uiTnnaiPon dqani wia~~a~~az&nidiin~~~m~~da~w'u~ns<br />

aazaio<br />

nirtiumniw Tmunird?ud~.ri~nir ~~unit~mn~tan~wO~afllm"~~u~zaulu~~daz~<br />

ddu'naiu<br />

A .4<br />

~~~lnrii~nirrwa~~z~nw~~~u~u~a~u~muau~r~rdb"ua~~u~~azn~rila~<br />

( Codex<br />

Alimentarius Commission, 2001)


ti"iugaauifj'u iibnwno8um~6nso~nwibbazb~u9u4~auifj'u~ad Au $.a dm:<br />

upw6 ~~a-inoaia ?hoau


(nsu?rinis~nwms,udd)<br />

4 6 W<br />

naiurrwndi~szvii~rnwms$updwsu wnl$aisGw ~ndaan5uqinaisGw ~~azLnauiGu nsu<br />

dsr8unis~nwns ,2551 (misidi) naiu~~wndi~~z~nvn~nm~~~uaCu<br />

4 69 I nit'la"flq4'unirwGm r4u bnwnsaunsuviu1$rjld(~rdiinis6nde~jld~nsfu<br />

(GMOs) ~uzaiok~noizJ ($urn; uiaiirruad uifiadh!i


srl a srl w<br />

tzuu~n~srruaimiLmu~~%olLqu~kri aniwrlisooua~m~ucl~~nu~w~~i~Idounau<br />

s 44s $ rlw dl 4 6 s 44s<br />

niu1u~isrouai~qzinaiuvainp9aiuvaqdquaamwai~ua~ uk~wa $mi LLuea ~8lmru d.ruam<br />

adi~ad6auiiuadisauqa lnudiuvuaunioh8anwi~sotuaiG (natural selection) d;lqz~8on(d<br />

~~~duodrvi1tudqza~oan16 ~qtu&~%aLadi$ Bstiosiiniod?u6a (adaptation) p9~ai;niodi~p9dil<br />

'4s 2<br />

naiuwiap' (mutation) uba~iinnio'iimuinio (evolution) lld~l~lfn~i98oll6 vuauniow~nnvu<br />

2<br />

Lviii ~iiolvu~a~miusssuai~ dfi~~innifoun?u~ind~


$i'doaaaia i &i;%?nauindn do$u~u uuiaAu 4 4 ( 8 a ) bbu8.r ( 6 ai )<br />

4 sA<br />

l8~2;au nnomu!5unsawa~lu?ul&~~ri on iiunM'Gu rvlr niuvkqin?hiinz&ni ~iin<br />

4 4 44- %ACr<br />

nisniuv?"soutiiuaa~baud~uran~p9di$~z~;iivuiwLdu~douaaiuao~b~u~Gu~iiuoonuiv?o~in<br />

Gr aink5$niulfi~iinnisdouaniunaiuLlluiafla "a;l~zriluoirinas~iaiek! ~;r


~da~nirwtm4atum"4nie~ludoz~wfi~~ul~1miuuimo~iuaina~~azrialps"~iinnaiu~~a~u<br />

rzuuniowtm niomeiwrrazniouTTn~~ ~ui~l~~i~li~t:nifil~~niolQuimo~iun1ow~m4~<br />

Eum3Gbbd~dsz~nfilmdu~ 2544 ~ nu~amuiu%fin~~~?~?nio~nw~~~flu(~au~u<br />

!bbabbazaan<br />

lu?um.ruim~iuEun3~~~i~doz~~fil~u~~niuluui<br />

w~~iu~zdoiuaz~~unl~~nma~ni~a~n~uan<br />

pl<br />

?uoa~~~da~$atum3u"b.a"~flup9Knp93a%ad~uTl&6~d<br />

%%A %<br />

cra'nnis~uacry wa<br />

rlba 40 4 4<br />

~nawoEunouaduozuuniowEmwniu~n~aniwa n6aa-l ?nwiauqnaaqassu.ni"mraznaiu<br />

wainwaiuni~$aniw~nuZoz1~unio4dp\nio~afi"awui$~1iun3sn'uaoou"11ii waza~n!,~u~niol.n"<br />

airk~noizG $ailrialfiriinuaGwlu~niw~~an6au oau3~nio~i~irl3~~i~iaGiuuil.a"dozFu"11sd"<br />

Kau<br />

doz~nfi~nulu3iuz~rflu~wEw~~azd~aan~u6iaip9io~di~~ud~p9d.rua~Fan<br />

dnaiu<br />

4s d<br />

auizauruzZ~7nuniw$~zbflubbp9d~wtwaiaiolurzuu~nwmoEunou wa~a5uahdiinnaiuaiuion<br />

lun~~o~~~is~uluozK~~uiui"~~ii<br />

~~uaFsd"unaiu6~nio3u6i~nwwoEuw7G ~d~ub~a:diddozbnfi ~ud~mOiniouuiu%ab6u$u<br />

5aua: 20 daq ~~%~da~~in$wtmuaz~u~~n~wtmfim.j;aip9io~u~i~~~~~u<br />

naiu<br />

daanfiu~~azuaGwlu& bban6auuin:u<br />

lul3qlcu i;~ariiaunuiwqiuniowtw~nwmotu~~u"buo:~u~ina 11azHuj6ua$~~6alu<br />

aaiudtzafi ~siudozafiap93~a~u5ni~idoznifil.a"wozoi~G~~~wtm~m.j;ai~ioEu~~d<br />

(organic<br />

Food Production Act - OFPA) kdbbdq w.fi. 2533 bbf~bbn"lub6ubi%11~ w.fi. 2539 olalni?~<br />

4Fod (European Union - EU) ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ % ~ ~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~<br />

maimqFod (EEC No. 2092191) bb~~Ql?lAbbn"3 ~ ~ 6 n i ~ 6 i ~ ~ n ~ ~ l d ~ % ~ ~ i p 9 ~<br />

PDQ<br />

bb~~.a"nlodguwwlu%abbuz~i"~ad Codex Alirnentarius 14~1Wid~$~$nVild~ldfilLnb~f~~fi6<br />

~lulqli (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement -1FOAM) iafluad6no<br />

~anauli;au13nia~anuinnai loo ~SLLYIPI ~&~dp\fiuriuimqlub~a96u~ip9?ubnamo~uw~~b~az<br />

nioudrzd idkdq W.fi. 2523 b~az~&w"wuladidda~~a~~u~&u1mo~lu$~.a"bflubbua~i~<br />

WBRL~WAS<br />

Euw7G<br />

=is= A<br />

~da~r~~nwworjunouLduwuau?u~uozKuqiibbazozKuwina doz~nfihuiirOula.ra5id<br />

uimqiuniowtmmamtZum7d lps"aan~&asn'uuimqiuainaK~n61a$i~6u 6afuluq w.fi 2542


4 4<br />

uimgiuniowBmwaaum3dua~dr:~mfiIwu anzdiun~iu~iiurauua~nmznoouniou?rrir~iu'iiu<br />

uaz$wuimwmoZum3C nou?ainio~nwmo l9R"b$~fluuimqiuniowSmt;a%um~Cuaadoz~m~Imu<br />

i141iYn~aiu<br />

1. 4.a rruiuiia W~?~d~~n~~plbL~Zda~MdddaM~plYad~"~~<br />

14u 6u ma i d lu nn fia<br />

plan ~u~pl Iitiiil1+4i$u~~rr~;M'iubb&a<br />

2. FiaBum;C vuiu'ns Fir wnwSm unzwtmn'naniinFia d16~inniow~m1plu~+~a~<br />

soruail Iril%Fiadiinio6pliaaiow"uqnoou 5nwinaiurrainaniumi~!aniw ~~nzlairialfi~iipl<br />

uaniaz~~riZs~~an&au


F~~ra~oii~rflu~i~nirrimu<br />

3. 'Iuwf (peat) ~lril4i~ufiirk~ntizrr'<br />

4. ~n~aniwv%~~tu~~~wu6aldmiu~rruai?<br />

5. d;ldl4iqinnir~d~uu~~da~'~1i~wain1a"amui<br />

(biodynamio preparations) ~azqZu@%'<br />

lu?u unL5u?Zu8$$14i?unirrdiuuiLdaqwiqw"uqnrru<br />

6. gusun;G (humus) nnz$q~uriiuqin~~~~nu'iurrazLLuaq<br />

d hi 2,-<br />

7. 'Iu5u~runlmrunir?urn~nii~rfluni~nir<br />

8. ~u~uuu~dan~~lnnlr~~fiir~~~Zi~~w"iu~~u~aaluiuni<br />

I uazlai~niTdurfiau<br />

~aqfiir?~ rrilR.d"b~uiiuau41n"m


1 .I ?ul~lal (stonemeal)<br />

1.2 kdefi bdm (phosphate rock) qr6adibbRn bioub?Iuad6dsrna~l'bib"nu 90<br />

3a3nY~ia"na n Yu P~O,<br />

I .3 $u~Juu~ (ground limestone) 1uid~a.r ~~l~~~~Z~fi~3aFmln)bufi<br />

GINI~?u~J~FI&<br />

IN ME^ JIW ~wIz~<br />

)br$ (chlorite) Y ~ Y<br />

1.4 EU%X ((gypsum)<br />

1.5 bbn@d~u%bnm (calcium silicate)<br />

1.6 bb~nG$~u%abdm (magnesium sulfate)<br />

1.7 bbiZ~b~~iU9 (clay minerals) biu fl~uR)b~Wb (smectite) R7ta~)buWb (kaolinite) Raa<br />

1.8 ui~daCfidi5 (feldspar)<br />

1.9 bbib~fl%~Wb (perlite) $b'ba< ((zeolite) bU9d~w)b~~ (bentonite)<br />

I .I o ~ u ~ w ~ ~ mn f~ i m ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 60% u ~ ~ r n a m ~ s ~ ~ a u n ~ l<br />

d d<br />

2. flisaGuwsuau 1<br />

2.1 bbnab$uuqinfliWiiu bbarfliaii~w",a (algae and seaweed)<br />

2.2 ~d$anamo<br />

2.3 ~fi~biiu (wood ash) &a~)biw5wqinnis~~~.1fii~8~~nsi~~<br />

2.4 ~dzanlium<br />

2.5 ns:~nduuar~$en~~Gd<br />

d 4<br />

2.6 ~wbafiiiuu%abdm6wawqinnf:uaunimniun~w<br />

2.7 bn~a%Jbfila" (mined salt)<br />

2.8 hbbsn% (borax)<br />

2.9 ii181:t%~<br />

2.10 ~lqaiW~~~fl?u (B CU Fe Mn Mo Zn) 6 ~ d ) b ~ ~ ~ n i f ~ f l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i d b ~ ~


w a<br />

5.1.5 uwunqsGnn~sk$h rrriaauhnauwau<br />

1. riaunl~nGh<br />

I .I ~un~~dd~n~a&auru~fi~"u<<br />

n~slrn"iu8nGu$dslnlin d'wSi% riu Cm wad<br />

P,<br />

P4 w 4<br />

~~az3G.d Cnunssuasnqu<br />

LLdLu~iil'i~6l~~u~tup9~~<br />

4 2<br />

50" - 550 c una lo - 30 uln (muaiKuqGnao;liuEinn<br />

wia$ ~~o~~~Asn~rfi:~~unff~uu~~~~~sl~~n%~~n"u~~a"n<br />

nqnrua"n8iau~807iiun~~djilnridnd ~du b$nn~r~nlnoah LqaiLunfl~u Bacillus<br />

sublilis (6s) $UQ~~U~U.~G~~LUB~~G"IILL~~",L$~~~?<br />

bM911~9fSW<br />

l%%u{fiiu~~uFsn ~ma9 ~~a:v~oa"qw"q<br />

I .2 nis~w~uu~~da~~wi:na"7<br />

euflulaul:~<br />

nqnftudacldasld j i l n r i L$onauqrrL~om$liluala~rss~n'iuozo:hunh<br />

I .3 nis~rnYuu~~dasdqn<br />

tnws~u~~az~lln~u 1-2 ~udfiia~a.ianot91nnaual~nRFdp96q<br />

~rn"wo~a~n'iu~$~ri$ouaa~un~ubbdadd~n~kofi~~m~w~~a~u~u~iilu'irn"bbfi<br />

14QuCfilaluw"p9~oQu"~~a$lm"~~n~ss~ai3 ~~ad?uanlwnaluLilunsn - k-ta ao~flu<br />

P,<br />

lfld~~u~zaaion~~~~?~~E~~Cm"~~Aof~n<br />

~~~lujiauLrdnd ~~onau?dsn~a:Lwfia$a~&uo~luftu<br />

win5u'iw"rrw"d ~~or%


azaului?uqiia1d<br />

2.2 nirnauqubbuas<br />

nad~da8anran'b~A<br />

nad~de5aan~neebA<br />

I. disaquun;runz~m~~a"aqu 7 lnauda;ldy<br />

pl<br />

2. rrinwuwwPin;~aIps"d~uTm"~~<br />

=Y d o<br />

nod~urn.rpin~wauqiuaudau 1~%8nirnau~uwi~~aniw 1R11ri<br />

Ejarr+aa~rafiqinFjrayu'bwr idu niaGad 4lu;i w7n aiu~ida YPY<br />

airFr~Tuu~in~i~'b~a~~n~<br />

air6~nqin6z~ni<br />

6irIw ~rm7u~1nsrra.aiZ<br />

IBgtumIrillgilna' rdu<br />

* da'ba~a NPV<br />

* dauuna~u st<br />

pl<br />

l.a"$aiiKa bdou<br />

\$?a4 M%$I<br />

2.3 nimauquia$a<br />

* Uti;audauK~;srruP1',<br />

* Rari rau dariurmlhduu<br />

l.a"alr.j;lrr~u,,~,,<br />

H


A %A<br />

4. nsaeeuuii3as<br />

adausiunnqaau ~:dsrha6i$~nsaqaaunisw~rn Gu;lnbayanisw5mun:a3a<br />

~u~a~didani~Lno1-d mi~uin~iu~Es1%<br />

I P,<br />

adau;liu~u:uiimaau~:aan~u5uoas aaz~a'lu5uoas wn"a~~siz~&~ 7 ii wanwe<br />

P,<br />

a"owGn,iu$Gu 7 wlnniu"a8niruas~nwmoGum~G<br />

5.1.9 nis~nnisw~nis~fi~iua<br />

aiodlflumsdi~Cunirrr~snio~iiu~~oadias~iiua1tq1n~soua18 un~?"uais~nd<br />

kmoi:G$aycyinlos"b.a"bbini~~i~r~iu6<br />

P,<br />

~auqulfi;nqrrinwmz A;<br />

d~~wunioiwnioGoniofluGnhynPod~iiu<br />

bbnnd~u~aaIo6 (calcium chloride)<br />

P OrP<br />

(ware house) oryniodgun nio


na;lb;aUulEfmsan!pd 6 (calcium hydroxide)<br />

bbnaduuni~uabsd~ (calcium carbonate)<br />

bbna$~~%abd[i"l (calcium sulfate)<br />

Cpd~Juuni5ua~um (sodium carbonate)<br />

bbaub.1b~uuni5uabum (ammonium carbonate)<br />

bbun~$uun~fuabum (magnesium carbonate)<br />

Cpd~~~unaals6, bnib~zba (sodium chloride sea salt)<br />

Cw~~~fi~fa~unaaIs6 (potassium chloride)<br />

bbun


~ULUI (diatomaceous earth)<br />

k'llla (kaolin)<br />

~ULUU~W!U~ (bentonite)<br />

~dZan~dnuziasGuw1~6 (cashew nutshells)<br />

fiio~m"soqin~Eiuw3d~~nz~a~1gdu~~I.a".dauI~n1~~~d~~d<br />

(preparation of micro-<br />

organisms and enzymes normally used as processing aide)<br />

bqfi'l;~ (gelatin)<br />

~R%%u (casein)<br />

$6 (bee wax)<br />

!"UI~U~~YI (carnaubawax)<br />

fil9~~~81n599um~ (naturally derived colouring agents)<br />

fi19~fi~fi8ln599ual~ (naturally derived flavouring agents)<br />

fiyUb49 (herbs)<br />

vi$asLwpl (spices)<br />

wd &dnanq~naz~~~ (aluminum - free leavening agents)<br />

~uqinm~si~uwz~a (agar - agar)<br />

~191; (gum)<br />

LWR~U (pectin)<br />

ufls (starch) 1lnC1? 61alwn Ijld~ldz~Tj\l ~jUd$d YEIY<br />

f i l 9 ~ l ~ U LLW ~ l (carrageenans)<br />

~ ~ ~ 9 ~<br />

:1:d (honey)<br />

d'l~~iinqEiuw'd (fermentation organisms)<br />

~is~~odnisdi~~i~~~ain<br />

(Cleaning agents)<br />

~qnaa~ma4<br />

w~.a'nsnlan~eja~fifiiu'b6wis1asliw<br />

6~~iinqin~;r wn~fi<br />

l.a~Zuu1~1~1f~a~uli;l<br />

!a1 ms~qu~Pla5aanI.aii<br />

IaCaZu


Codex Alimen-tarius<br />

5.2 nisw3nei'ni?iuw?6<br />

2 $A<br />

5.2.1 nis~~~n


ai%a~ua~!dn'inunaiu!au!6n"l~~"Gi~un"n$udad uiu 30 ui~uaaq;luiauuinqn6uninazrni<br />

QB 02<br />

v~aazbniuq~~lj?~ildvaiuaqbbda9ibm~uu!5nqu~i~Lba:tm$i ~auondiTniunlraiiad~~~mz~nf'wau~~<br />

KJnqilunsz~wn brzwi dl .ray ~da~6riimn~u~inbi~aYulwman!6~wa~ na~uain~~oliatii~dada~yn<br />

3 - 7 5'~ 6~nmubbfi fiid6mu%flr~bbua~uib~a"aq~bb~a!~w"ubwr1z~1!~!~%~1~b~~<br />

na~~bbabai~4%dmtil~<br />

~nfimwddai~biiuduanarbiiuduawaw~mfiiid~~qzfubd~mda~fa~u!wr ~unidgntj%~uw?eJ"buzuzbbtn<br />

uadm q~l6$8un~i$~b~iidE:~i~ 30 - 40 % uoinni~uuinnii$.abm~ 20 - 50 % wa~~an'i~fiqvniwam~<br />

e, P 4.3 a4 Q<br />

~wamnau~6a.rduhiui (Fnwnu) ~c~nn~;amnnau nul6fihuniidami; ~indimlii&~;1~uolii~<br />

ia~~atwawlmqt!aii19~unirdgn~.a~niibau<br />

- ukqinidinirt~u~~ua$.aom~uR"?lainardgnt;.a.aGol~~u?iiudarcln ~iu 'Lu<br />

iidaqi 1 dgnw'nnin~4ua1JE;l6wawGmZ rrkbiiuwaw~m~u&adgn~i~nqz~kil&az'brbau nanlgnauiurian<br />

Ku ~du dgninnin~i;u?dl ~~R"amiu6auw'n~~i;uin"ucinrj~i;u~~&amiun'aurjnni nvi? ~iiuw'nninMi~~8a<br />

niu6luindau~id ~n"udau~8dm~u6ai?u&li d~ra'u$n7~~da;rddgn~~&aqz'b6wawSm~<br />

P,<br />

- nirdgnd.aGum36 dgn16&;lrbu? kuaz~~uauaub~iqz6add~ n$muldlwrriaunaz<br />

dabda~ 1~T;?6aqdgnd~ayu!~raKuadldlub~daddqw'naua bb&a6atd116~jaa~u1wriid~b"n nnir~iqz16ii<br />

-4 4 A4 Q<br />

niu !aildd~n~mil5~au~ nindgntj~a~~u&ane w.anmmid ~du t&ilnuia uzrz?u YRY LLRILLU~UBU lia<br />

w'rin iiq ~du nzSi ntzvkid8 ~'IUL& &JIG Y ~ Y yn~~~ddgn$.alu~~da~inwmtZun3~<br />

- nltdgn~.aayulwrlubid~cb~alibbuadGdalulrn~lbald~aYu!Wrb~~ld!d<br />

aiuiiutiul~nmita~d6au M~jqindinit~iiu~~uatj.ainL~&ana~uriina~uazaimr~dac~nat&<br />

cu $4<br />

~piwrmulonuua.r!a"bubbdaq IGuGiWdiaiuuan~~daq dauipia~ia~!rii;Irnauaciil65uatudad<br />

biluqoisW


L~G?~T~U?"SW~UCI~?U$WI%~IPI~ELP~!<br />

n ~ ~ ~ ~ a n ~ ~ % u $ % ~ a d ~ ~ u ~ t a ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~<br />

?n:nmauqfirma.riYm;~~tu"~~~^n nltimnlrF;a tu oa& l$sn6a~i~u~:nun'~naiu6a~n~~~a~6u%<br />

vnl 4<br />

~do$ilri~(u~~ia~~?~~RuTn'bmn<br />

unaluau~~6~~$qurq~18-~sttu"11~R<br />

n~oimnloan~wuaw%ou'bi"b&i<br />

nulzauianits:ulnao9&h ~~ue.~~~az8miam;h ~Iluhu<br />

dgnl$wa w t naqlur:Kudd~wa2q<br />

P,<br />

~ I P I ~ ~ ~ u ~ L I U ~ R R I U I ~ ~ ~ I Z ~ ~<br />

da-401<br />

mnTuTe$ nntwii n%~aGumsu u~umaunlnlj~ idu~~ua~unlswl mb7a6huka'bdqz~bmnd1dn'u<br />

B clv<br />

nN$bdn8nL~u.rnltl.a"a7tbnii8qbnt7zp9"buynPunoun7tw~m ~auuona~dauT<br />

dyd<br />

5.3.1 n7s5anwu~dan<br />

3 444<br />

Banwummu.ou~mlvl~^nmd~n'u ~~~zi;na1u~ml-lnu~~d~a~~u6n~~t~u<br />

dt:nou~ua?~altrlr$ilr~uienitb~~b^nu6maaq$?aaei?~bw"uqw~ ~LLU~~~?~~A~IILWI:~~<br />

2 $$nl<br />

W nao~fluwummun~tl.a"aa"alr~niilufiu~b~u~n"mmda~u~flu~aaiu~u<br />

v"s~ninltdu$eu.aoaalrbmii~q<br />

2 Add<br />

aa:ri~~qinwlammun~tl.a"n~t~miin~t~nwmt iuddq:$2unitWijn$la~nudn~u'nltntaqaaual<br />

PI<br />

nisnn&~~lu%u~~aluiii<br />

Y W d W<br />

5.3.2 n?sGian?wviufpia<br />

4'd<br />

wir~6~~d~%d~nnatii~~auuTdi~un~o~~?~~GuTn~~u~za~n"~lan1w~~<br />

oazl~wewGn'bb;~ufiraan~w%u~iina~u~muau~t~dau"u"~~~~<br />

61unl Jtn ~~uaGk16~ uezii<br />

~~1ww~wntdn"unaiu6o~n?~?lo~~~?6nn%1a~um?d<br />

nisw~n$~a~um?u"bu~q~~udau"bv~~%w"u<br />

manud 10s Lba: n% 15 iqtqaaqwir$bflu%~ai~~m617wLu~m~bflufiLww<br />

P, d W<br />

5.3.3 nis~duiui;nwu~uia<br />

~~en~~u~mwia


fl 4uG.aan nar$an.atadauizauKuaniwi~an6au nanlqnriaunisdndiih? lu<br />

ozunaaiwaaunao ~dal~~uibaquanii.daanir~~?i~~~uln~Guawad~zd<br />

uaaib.aanl6uin iinaiu~$u$u"~aauo;~iqlulns~~uga~~az1nnau6u~uib~anriau<br />

nisd~nhaniufiivun~?ni i4u LuGfiKu (Sesbania rostrata) nasdtpriau<br />

dndiiu"iadsruim 70 ira lmul%+Ymti ruGnwia+lozuim 7 8LnQuiali rrin<br />

41 ~flu6aa%~~udaadaQa.dau~49nisa~?i~~iu~m<br />

~~uzG-~lW"%S?~daabdn<br />

unazG!un ldnau~buu?uden ~~&abnau6ulau"11oaz~ai~dszuim 50-55<br />

a'Pdrr~aoriaunisdndii~ia~A~zuim 15 Tu<br />

- nis7~~uniu?'.quiasiiaw~~~wu~~~~3<br />

P D.il<br />

r r ~ n l l ~ u n m i u i i r ~ u z ~ i d u a ~ u n i s i n n i ~ w u<br />

'lu~naiu~~uauyooa~~~~uawarr~a~in~i9ai~isddi6~uiaatn~d<br />

aiuisnGituw?uTnql~n<br />

stsuaiiia~d wn~rnu1~u~niuia.aGnI6~a


o, do,<br />

5.3.9 nisilaahn'i4'm'tsn uuaa uammafims4.a<br />

P,<br />

C46C4olC4<br />

a~nnis~in'ryaacnisfia~n'u~i


nwmn umzLn"uL$oaLu8mhaiinaiu:udozuim 18-24 ida5~fu~T 4irilufiaxin<br />

naiu4uwliia~a 14 ~da5~Gu6 v;aAinii doI$ivuizaupiani~~iId~~d~<br />

aniw GarRuFnw ~~aziiqmniwnioibff nimin&a~~~iaeaniflu 2 ?"s


6.1 a ~ r r n ~ ~ i ~ i y ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ Ze ~ d i ~ a i ~ ~ ~ d m ~ ~ n s u<br />

- .aind.rdnnquii??u niul6aniw0~a~lsrruai?ludi Au~zi;d~dnnquiia?uniar 41<br />

d! 4<br />

~didanbrqdznz.aaqdufiubdn?u buounirwizdgn~abba~?u~n~nwraud~dnn~u~?~u~svun~<br />

4<br />

aun?uTmq~azci~aivir$aii~~g~~iu~d~K4iu<br />

Fnuru~uniraz6i~w"~~aio"~a~?u<br />

- r~n~a$t$un"oTmq '~urzuu~n~lcroua?~?ud~d~ns~~nau<br />

Fnun~t~wizdgnQa bbaz<br />

~wr?u?uqz16~uirulu~+~mq L~uL~~adi~a~i~a~a~ini~n~nnqu~u<br />

- g~~ijuvdiflu nirgndLijuv~i?uLOuwaiab$aquiqinaln? 2 drzmn Aa ii~Zuuin<br />

4<br />

atdnnqu dnZudeullFur~ocdz~z.aa~duFmumr~ ~~az~~mnaanrflua~nin.auimbKn drznaufiu<br />

lnwahqueaAu~a?ac Ldacqingt-g~iju~uv~ro~(!m dilr~iifiuim:i1va~iivdi?u (runoff water)<br />

P,<br />

olylin.auin~Bn8q~nw"nwiW fiuQilMiu<br />

- g~~~usiyeivir$a~lu;dwawSm wuiilu~dazq qz;fiuims~yaivir$aiiu?u<br />

uing~~ijuam"W~?nrzuulu;d.aacwawBn uenqin~u~~~nisam~%ueiyeivio~a~dFwu<br />

91 01<br />

P,<br />

nszu?uninzhawjnaiu.aa~Zu nir~va"a~nat~lu?uw~aun"u~i ( percolation) ~ ~aznisg~~du<br />

~u1~rnuldlu;dua~n"ipd ~nunszu?unqs~1un3~bn.;r"u ( denitrification) ~flu6u<br />

~ d ~ ~ l ~ n l ~ ~ ~ n l r ? ~ b ~ ~ ~ (soil f productivity) l ~ ? i ~ la"dszlua6di<br />

f i i ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ n i<br />

nirmwno~~uiu$~n iqlii16~~Aa bqdhd~dt~r~~W~idb~i<br />

%-~niw ~~azniuniw.aa~?u~fl~<br />

a$auo s~ui;;lni~~nwirz6usi~ai~irlfl~~u~~aoianaiu~a~nis.aa~~a<br />

(siaik ,2536 ; sTa%<br />

uazdrz$d,2536)


- b~ufiuimbba:n?iub~u~~sz~uau~&"~a~<br />

airrisGaluZu ~dudrz3n~mwlunisl$qubai<br />

- muuiiuu~iqairrisGa~in?udi~~%uuu~~a<br />

4a~uamaaiuGa<br />

- ~Gunaiuaiuisnlunis~nBa"u ~iiuiin<br />

~~a:dandrjausiqaiwisGa<br />

- annaiu~fluw"auaqa:~G.ld'u (AI) mtin (Fe)<br />

bbu9ni~u (Mn) %u'lunsn


3) a~35u6iulaniw<br />

I<br />

4 6P<br />

- ~Gua0n~~wzfluim~'iu9nsunu<br />

91 L L nZTuGu%n<br />

~<br />

- kdaa3uiiq noru.uas%'ium?uTu?u<br />

~4u aauw?iSu<br />

- ~~u~ui~~wz~qnr~u.uad&rna"b~n~~~u~u<br />

- ~~unaiuku~uldarifrau ~~uair'la~allllri~u<br />

- did%ia a7nG.a ~3u~~aa'~aiair~~azwK~~iu<br />

.uad7'ium?u3u;u<br />

-9<br />

4) ~UURYIU&UA?IU~YIUQU'U~~'IIB~~~I~<br />

81~1115~<br />

- Ga~oandL~u~anrqaka riusiyaiair<br />

IuFnr~qu (N) %firrri?u<br />

- nirGirinCjanijuuiiiqdZu InuW ~wiiiaiu<br />

2.4<br />

a3aCiaanuanwuw<br />

- ~utum~~~Ru~ukrlnrciyaiaira~n ciym<br />

rrnz~n~iy%fiuri?u<br />

- nirl4dvlir%ia LLnwu nqu?iu dau&deiy<br />

9 - ganou (Si) ~~wzCw~~nfir$uu (K) %99"r~Ti%ia<br />

- %qa&~'l$ du sludge. filter cake qin<br />

Tr~~iugnaianrru 4aunnnaiurflunrn.uaGu<br />

- nirl4uauan.rdu~uGafinluui%ianau~n"u<br />

B d<br />

nir$u;ldni hu~~udr-,$~niwnirw5m~uwu~<br />

- ~iim~qnsrunida~n~%u?u8umii~da~~aa<br />

- ~au~unisdwmda'au~iyai~ir%99"~~udtz~uad<br />

daw"a<br />

- .dau%99"~iin"nnrrunisn+d N nirdauaaiu<br />

vlaardn rwr r~udozbara'~iodaL~u$u


~i'Lll"~aia.rl~ulu'~~?~b~uiiuauuin<br />

~iurii'l%~iulunituud~~~ ~m:l%ur.r~iulunirldQuuinnii<br />

nisldqu~nii<br />

2. nirl%flu~u'YI?~daiuisfl1Jf~1bbdd~u~ps"blnui~fiun"u~ubbnz$a~6<br />

rdadqin~ariqued<br />

~ulub6~db;uiqinain$~~~a:&na" i;luGuina~iou ~mz2Tol$auaa~siqeivir$adi~~ luqu<br />

~u~;fiwia~~dslradl;ldL~nuuin iilii~daiui~~dFuau~~"ua.~si~ai~i~Galu~ul6~~<br />

~OLR~; ~du vinZuuiurrloarloTa Iuunr:~~uaniriisiqluFwr~qu (N) ~i;u;rworPaln&qzd~dwa lnin<br />

la"unlri~flur]u~~a~a"~dqzbiu P lS;~~rida Qaszl6fu N d~m1driu~n1ridleinc~lu~ra6au Min<br />

hoio.lnirWAuii N ~iwweq-dilS;5urii N uin~BuWlR ~~nir~~daiuirnd~usiqaim~r$alu~u<br />

l~auqnl~~ld~b;u~~~i~:iiI~6wnw'in~~hiaha~~~i~iiI~~aCn~ra~ausiq<br />

~Zuld ~du nrr;lnirl4~u1uAG~in~nlri Ldad~usi~eivir P 'LS;~.Cjudwa iiIfi~ui;nidnmdriau<br />

lu~nmuin ~~mnirfi-~ulu~nm~uGauin~~~u~~u~unriu~anuv'rakd~uG~~u<br />

3. nau~u~u~un'~u~fidda~siqai~is$a109"nr~~anin"u~~ak~nir~~uin<br />

~iaminflu<br />

~u~~fidnmddausi~aiviodaaan~iedi~~<br />

nirldriraaadiduaniuiu~ ~~nz~d~ufluinaduin<br />

rl& d<br />

Ldelf;~ial6la"viraLaai uisn~q~nr~n"unaiudia.rnis"uadGa v?aln&3qasimfi~&n quGumruwu<br />

1JrzTuaGiaGa6aunq ~iinnirazaulu'luTnulii;$a~mldla" lu~msn~n~dinu ddwmr:nuda<br />

uaniazlu& uvriq6idLflu~uiaPlnuie~jrLLazKn~6<br />

4. ?ulum~fiiilBL~mn"ia~auntzqnluania:dumnuinv?a'ra:i~d nisl4~uGun'?h<br />

Irsuimuindil~~5naniw~aanP~u~~~ibu~wa<br />

aniw du~iilin"Liimuliaii bnuL~a:1un?a~an~"du~6<br />

hu'LuZu ~~n"ia~dfia~LdatzLvu~~ssc~inin~:LiimdsinZlnit6n"ia~~uns:~n<br />

di~fihnfau<br />

d srlrlw 4 bci 9<br />

~u~awiz~ulunru6ua~sidauszln4i~ni~u~un"~lu~nsauw"na"i~<br />

ira:aistunounmm~in~plaita<br />

4 &or d4 or<br />

waiw~danlu~a~zjlw~6~n~i~uinn~i~uln~n6uanridaut:gr(.didnl~uau~uiu~n~~~u~<br />

5. ~u~u~~~uida~n~i~~rrvzv~n~~eairfiadudau<br />

a"a~~un~~~~l~u~uM~f<br />

siam oiqiilaz~Cnnr~4?oaisGa'imui ~du~uvfin~in"uuzdaa"a~~G~~~nFs~~~uqna~vnssu<br />

nisi%<br />

aisd~nis~~3~~iuTm"ua~ln'iiIll"~uyn~rii;airai~aGn<br />

(AS) dzdu (qawias' ,2548)<br />

8 PI


3. iiaz~ZuIsl 1 nn.<br />

1 QPI<br />

2 4auu.n~<br />

~innisfiiqu ~up9Gnr~w";l~~n;l~~un"au~~az~~a~~mz~i<br />

iiqznmnaonqinn"~ iiaiiZnaiu%-d<br />

v v<br />

wa~uuiz uri;l~in~uI~na~qu;~ds:uim 20-30 ru. nqu8iaunstfiaudi~~~la"dszuina 7 a"u


(6) ~ ii6~~1Jsi: bbn:aiuisn'bnnau'b6iiu eiauaaiu'b64iubbn:san8?<br />

4 fi<br />

(7) ~flu~rwfiiuisnqz~14n'b6410 ~~a:'b8j0Gnwmzi~ua'r4"11<br />

(8) ~1iuisn~L3u~daimitnuw3aKma%6<br />

3.2 ~ldawisnisl$$a%dam<br />

3.2.1 ~~~nnis~$$a~mam<br />

fnuk?'bdnis~%~u~ran~i'bfinu'bnnau~rad'b~~~u$una:d~rfindi~u?aned<br />

'LunrzGr<br />

dd 4%<br />

mt:r?anl?n?sbnaudaGraannands:uina 50% (misidd 4) ~w~i:~~usz~z~~aiw~ruu~vsd'nan<br />

uin ua:i;~uim'bu~msnu~uir~di~n ~nu~~itr~uanlz~nin1fid~n~u~~dad~~uan'I~<br />

9<br />

fia;liini~~nni~gninui:au ~nuriivunaaid~:d~nis'bnnauI~~fiI~~a~~unis~~nirv<br />

niulfiuinsd'n Z~a-~uwads:Iur~d~:'b~u~iu~~1~aivis~in~u~iaan~:6aua~<br />

nirdnn4rv$n<br />

niu~:~~~iG~i;tvGn~nm6dwuiuiu~:lfi4avGn'b64uds:~ursd"~in4at;~~udv3al~in<br />

ipln<br />

~m~inisEiauaaiuquGran~~mnF;ii~n'u $uo$n'uaiuysdir4uiran idiiwaiilfi<br />

ad6dr:nauniu1u~ir~1~~uu~~dad'bd a.r6ds:nau8u~ci~adGrai~~~fid'b6~flu 6 dr:mw ;a<br />

~aagTaa. ~~ijnagta.Tdsflu. Einiau. ~?uda:aiu~ulLwai LLa:LLaanasa&d?u$a:aiu:i<br />

K<br />

aiquinvud?u~dauaaiadlu ~9iu w?nda:aiu6iLLaz~s8ulzanGuinaad I ~ Y M Z ~ L I ~ LI ~ I ~ ~<br />

Z~ratTaa LLaztniaui;ldauaaiuuinLiu~uimuin$u Pl~u~tiauaai~'b6~1~~~~~z~0<br />

4 fi<br />

'buTmsnuPjivfuw.aw~:dgnmixui ~?uiciauaaiuIn'uIn ~:L~u~?u$Ldutuw~uim~~fi~~h~u<br />

$a<br />

irand?uIvid d?u$eieuaaiu~bi~iu~~uims:viid 50-80% Inudnaiaquandaisiuv3auj<br />

dam~~z~ndouaaiu~~a:aixisndgnGrva"nmiu'b6 vGdqinhnau 7-1 5 iu d?u4rquan$airl<br />

uinr~aLLhl:6a;l6q'ba"ds:uim I 5-30 iu ~.rdgnCj.avrjnmiu uan9inad6dr:nau"11~.r4u;ran~~&a<br />

P,<br />

nisa~iu


(1) MSLIW~GSIM~U~~VU<br />

( crop rotation) i~a~uan#l%d~r~lurzuud~ndaa~u~uu~n~<br />

riluu?rq~d~ulai~ nuauy sda7arslnrnwno~idu %s~:la'~a~uand~nv~uiiuuarjufiuGaaGn<br />

niuluraai 1 3 vMa 2 3<br />

rruud~nda GaaBnv%.raian ~ar)uana6daianluraaiv6d's'l Tnudendaquanluiuqqdu<br />

lonwuuA?d~ndaarjnniu iba~uanaiqlluri daii;ad Tau oL?r;uq drarjnaiqlh~ti 611 Bil'bi.<br />

4 4<br />

619hn rrrrzwaaul rdu ~l~n~la~fla~drzuimluwqllrninu bnauiunsnginuoA~d~n6i~Twn<br />

4 A<br />

niu v"sd~ndaarinluqpdu rrB?denBaquawdaiuqqdu dr~usnn"dQndaiuqu?dunasrOuwan<br />

W~fluaiaitnuaIa~ma%66au v+arfludaquaniiiludan9u~u'b6&au nuir& idonauia~dui;aqp<br />

dulu%iald un?~6sisiduddenaiu$u'bdwa ~du denkai3ad~fluda~Bn rrhdgnniu6aunL?$u nL?<br />

riiul hrrdu k~?iluij<br />

I I<br />

v+a PaZul<br />

rzuudtnGa Gavrjn~6qaian dr~uanadsaiamlurawiaa~fl lmudendanrzQakaaCni%<br />

lu3v6au6?11~ndaaGnlu3~aa~<br />

Bnnanrzrflul6~~Ga~uanrrnz~"an~u'lu is~ldW".aqqrFiu?<br />

2 Add<br />

arju5uld Bnwmzrdu~r0uoz~~udBniadd~uuinl"n"buwunnun~iuaim~nidailosriranim:Ai~<br />

9 A<br />

wjnaiu rra:niogtydua8i'lu v?awuv~rnamsn"gd ~urdaufiniwuinnaiu~nuauyr6 rduli~G!au<br />

aau dd~nirufic?niauirrhLduraaiuiu w"a~uaadr0uGan~ul6brri &ni~rrbl~nr~uu rflu<br />

lu<br />

(2) ~ I~W~GPIUBU<br />

GarOu"aZ<br />

(intercropping) ~flunird~nbia~udranrb~ulurrnaGavKn<br />

2 dd<br />

denSrvBnuaz%quanWw$aul nirv+a~viaur?niluwlaM~nua~uluv6qd TmuiiurjnrnmliiiSa<br />

vBn rrmzda~uawh~~d~id~~un"ua?a~i3u~da~~ndaniri~3~r~u~naazl~l"waw'lnfa5uira<br />

$4<br />

~ l ~ l ~ L l b b ~ 9 ~ 6 b ~ ~<br />

ozuudenda Savh--vdsa~n da?uana6qaianluvd.rS iflunir~GnBa'bi.dnau~ubunrnwnr<br />

v?auuuden%i?Twnaaqr~nadn"u<br />

&IdU idu denoL?b$u?UqUlULL611$19~~nLLElEIbb61?iBbb61~<br />

rzuzdis 40 qu. rr&?i5uld 2 run? div5udT?nOL?$u?~irdu6aGun"u~d aiql%~larf!aa~?a&u<br />

9 C I O<br />

~rmunl?riiu?a6 rda~aquan18iai~wouaanninirgunaurawizLLn?~aquantua~Iu?uv+aaiqqz<br />

~unaua.r~w$auriuna~a"qvBsbn"ur~uawaw'lv\brBan"l6<br />

rzuudenGa !aaBnaaaaian ~iaquanvdilr~nluLaaivdqq ~0utzuud~ni;rlunmmwns<br />

asdrzniu$duui61~ ~1~n~av~n'~u~qdu$d~6brri<br />

611 d~uqa~~Baden~aa~n~i~uAui;a~u~n<br />

rdu d~nti~Twnrddav~n~~~u6auTau~fluGa~ufin<br />

ozuudu?nGa ~av~nini~a~rian daqumnaasaian'lubaaiv6sfl ~flurzuud~nGaluramrnw~r<br />

aadr:n~u~~iludnaua?auinau luqqduaiuirndendali.16 4ad~nG;aquani~quGavrjn daqu<br />

fimalqlborj daLi;aq Tau $ fiuav?atj.amrz~a~a$u7 bjaatinaiq ~ilua"i?Twn fh:?lipddada~i$u~


w I<br />

(3) nisdanga~unu (strip cropping) ~~unitd~nGafmu~~~~du~iinir~namresn<br />

dudaquam5mui~nd~n6a'iaq I o aoa ~dudaquam LLn:Liludua wn dm"uiul6 ieui11pnnrt.ih<br />

4<br />

on 2 ma ~fluu~uaa~oun!~~irn~~6a3~dBn6a~~uaL3uda~uwm~n<br />

10 ~ ~na rmrrii~iniiau~qndia<br />

ao~dr:~wfi'bwu<br />

(4) nisd~n~aqudmuuu?#4a~~~Gu (cover crop) nirdu?ndaquam7iilsadauuinCu~Il%<br />

~uaauwn'bdw~o'luaauui~wirimi~n1n~6"uo~dr:~w~'bmu fmuniodgndaquama~nflanquZu$du<br />

Lnir8euL&enirilaq6iimiada ~~azilo~5unira:6i~ri;lnniulu"um:dn"u'bfi~ddgn6ufi~~Bna~<br />

0 0<br />

~gaiiq fiiu ~u"uedanquwqmia~a~~dluRuii~:~iimnireiouawiunaiu~~uluvP4uimq3i~~Ruio'b11<br />

danquadia l6uri 6an~falu'irlL~uu luuiriwt~kuiu nl??nj kalmla du6u<br />

3.3 G~4in"mlunisla4a~u~m<br />

nirl~udrfimluniod3udS~~iS~Zu"uo~dr:~~filwu~~~flu$iduuniauin~n<br />

ainyeiq<br />

~da~ui~in%oi15mlu6iufiuimnaiu~u~nw~:du~ioinifi~d~i~aue<br />

ui~dduia~daiuq~<br />

wumF;au%iqP9a i~lfinaiu%uluZuAi aK~~innir~iiu~~~awnw~m~a~Ga~Gn~~ba'b~aiu<br />

d~quanmiul6ui~n!~~~du~~6udou%i~~an~i~nar<br />

~i1fi~~nn~i~~fi~i~fiuo~a~fiuim<br />

maendaqi~~~n~ir ua:iiwaionir~imumLanidq:dgn~"aquam ~q6unaiu1rinLiuau~udoqfiuim<br />

A A m<br />

bdu nn:nirns:~iuaa~dulu~"ummwmo:idu4~~fluilqiudi~~oeii~wu~m~du~ai?ii5m dr:nau<br />

C<br />

n'unirl%~u~r~n~:~a.1i;naiuBuwa~Gu~Aia3unir~q3~~8ulmaatGr~sfin<br />

du~woianisciaa<br />

4 A 2 A<br />

aniu~fiwda~u~u~~n:~~~o~~naiu$u~~u~wo~iw~uwam~:d~nmiuwa"~nir'bnnnu<br />

fiiainwum<br />

$iifiuim~idudouGa~u~mai~~fluilqiu$riilfinaiu$u1uZuamfiu1mn~r~a:~1ldGaw~nu1m<br />

~i~unr:k~drmKn~Qunaiu~~uwiu wnqin6u~~~il~~i~6iunir"uim~~n~u~~a"mw'u~n<br />

dia3unirl%~udramFmumr~~namrnrSd'nq:'b~Cuu ~do~~inniod~nuw:~nnau~uflaamYii<br />

'Lii~nwmrnrIaiGnuIEi ~~u~uu'~~amnin~w~o~nwmrnrq:p~gnka'iaq<br />

kau~;os ua:kadsa rieunir<br />

d!na"ia rdmiiudua wn wijm~~6afiq:'bnnnupdinGa mr:Q~kaarii&~flu~u~a~m<br />

2'44<br />

ed1~~~~miu~]u~aam~flu~u~uw~~d~:~1mwu~a~u~aiud16~ipinid~ud


a$%<br />

y anaiu<br />

y agns<br />

y ski<br />

ynbflfl<br />

aiinrosqa<br />

yakiwia<br />

~uwCndidCia<br />

nin6au~rii (mu6au)<br />

~d';.onk~~vrrba.r<br />

olwiKIZkziq<br />

tul[i;l~,q~ (N)<br />

1.10<br />

0.97<br />

1.30<br />

2.42<br />

1.02<br />

1.54<br />

1.34<br />

0.60<br />

1.04<br />

1.74<br />

A<br />

nui na;ldz%nui (2542)<br />

doadaFa (P)<br />

0.40<br />

0.60<br />

2.40<br />

6.29<br />

1.84<br />

14.28<br />

0.53<br />

0.24<br />

0.06<br />

0.1 1<br />

lw LLW~ bqa~.l (K)<br />

1.60<br />

1.66<br />

1 .OO<br />

2.1 1<br />

0.52<br />

0.60<br />

0.97<br />

0.47<br />

0.77<br />

0.52


1 Filter cake 1.01 2.41 0.44


4) ~i~n~ulil?nia<br />

d 44 rl 6 0<br />

:iaiimqini9niw vrairtunnirii 6vrini~niwv7a~utunsu~irfluaisazaiurti.uti.ud<br />

w<br />

~8iuiqinnimu'nrsl~$a$aki ~~atjall"oa5nvlil:~ndauaaiu6~u~tuvi4u'lmuHnin~in~arOu<br />

rarj~wk~iunorlgtufi niovllinz 2 rruu ;a vrimruufieilni~oan3rqu (nrinir~~ufimdi) ru:<br />

v5n~ruulifia~niseonSrqu<br />

91 .A 9 1 4<br />

(vrinrruulmdi) aioazaiurG~.aunlmruaciiunisvrin~auu~drra"aqz<br />

wuaiodsmauwanni3ularmg.m ldsh nomazclu aa3a.1~ LBUI~ J ~ ~qzdfiuimuinv~a~au<br />

t n~adn'uim~flui~ (Fialisadbli)<br />

4 64 4 6 0 & L A 9 1<br />

~tuns~~wuludiaiim~~niwv~adivrinianiwv~o~utunsui<br />

unsnaaanisaan3rquuaz<br />

~ifiasnisaan~bluqzrflun$ubbu n$$u Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Sterptococcus sp., bra:<br />

2<br />

~s~ub"11siw9n Aspergillus niger, Pennixillium, Rhizopus rrazhPh9n Canida sp.<br />

- Git6'milaniwqin~q<br />

910, dl<br />

rquniornintj.aEuri iin walu 9.aw.a rrazayu~wo~3niufiaq6u iin ia6i.a tj.anyutws 3<br />

d9u nindimia 1 dau ~oriiiaaui~aoaaiuv7aau~fib~u%'ur~n7 fioum~fiazrzunnqn~n~iiiu<br />

nin:inialfirGiiiuluni~uzlmuldlfiLiieuriu'lmdi rnu~udiuaini ~ ~ i ~ b ~ f l ~ 4 ~ l u l ~<br />

ao;luaai~aonqinnisvGnui~n'utja~*a'q*~n 7- 1 o iu lmunseqrairridauirflunasaaa<br />

w<br />

~iur~e1~u~~~lu~n~idau<br />

I : 200 E9 1 : I ,000 Fbwiu6utja n7esimaq?uu?bamsintj.a rr6"UG~<br />

?z?'j ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ " , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ w M ~ ~ ) ~ ~ M Fla"lu~~aa3~~<br />

~ ~ ~ I A ~ Elfl~%Jui<br />

I u L % ~ % ~ ~ L<br />

d~ra?unisrq?cyr?uln iiilflunaiur%u%u~~qzviilS;i;aa9'nnisrq?yr~uln~~niul6 nisl3:iarYm<br />

4<br />

r.miwn~o~fluR'n~mz~flunis~a?unisr~~l'sry~~u~n~~n'u~.an~odsr~u~~nssu<br />

$4~99.<br />

l.a"~u2unTu'iau 69u<br />

di~aiuiilunsa- 119 irsuirueiyoi~is uwzais~augunisrq'sq ~Aub<br />

viinisumna"au uzazna rrazlnne.~Mazdum wauiiunindinia ~dfiw~ia?nh.h lmu;<br />

w<br />

dauwauaasna"au uzaznn rrazdnwes adiqaz 1 nn. ldninriimia 1 nn. (Cnsi 3 : 1) bra:<br />

3rnsizGviF;in9iurqunrm - hi4 ( p~) F;inisJiM41 fiui~fiiyaivio~ra~fiuimaa3uu~alu<br />

~ivGn~aniw~~ozuz~aaivGn kqrri 7 iuh 1 3<br />

qinnis3~nsizG~iv~n~aniw~l.a"na"au uzazna uazdnnos vrinozuznai 7 iu% 1 Y?<br />

n?sisi 5 wu~i~~ui~~i~lulns~~uhi~m~a~~sma~luias 0.5 - i 66% ~iydaade~a0.1 -<br />

0.82 % filqjl~LLYI~di~~ 0.98 - 1.58 % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 1 ~ ~ l M 1 ~ M 9 U ~ ~ B 1 ~ ~ 1 M l ~ L ~<br />

uinua::fiiyaivioui~~a~iaiui~nm~a~wu'b~ uanqind mis191 6 kwui~daa3uuFire~ 3 rQm<br />

'b6uri aan3u blmhGu (b~eziu r~az~n~?u) rraz;iju~1_1ersa~u 1uiaqo:uz~aai~GnKqr~d 1-2 ~ iau<br />

rmz 1 g &qinmani~~jrnsizG ~ujidivGniani~aiuisnr~ula"b.n"b6uiudszuim13 r~iszuznai<br />

I,


~Cnuiu 1-2 ~Zau diqcLflu4?qL?a1iLvuizfiuiqz3imi:iIUlnui~ LWPI~WU~I~~~~~UI~L~GI~<br />

aiais~~a:aa~uuuutj"11lufiui6~d~~~uinn~iszuz~aai~u<br />

mind 5 ~~fimrlorauu~~~azfiuiw~i~aip9isi~lu~~~Uln~aniwdl.a"<br />

nhu uzazna LLaz dnnaq<br />

~flui~l~atindalinluszuzbaa-1di9~


ifiq / naid~aGn<br />

au+u:azno+fln~~~<br />

ZQU<br />

Y<br />

: nincimia = 3:l vu'n<br />

Y<br />

"au+u:a:n~+flnm : niniimia = 3:1 vcn<br />

au+x:a:na+flnnaq : nin6imia = 3:l vGn 0.65 1.27<br />

b k ~ ~<br />

non%u<br />

Y<br />

au+x:a:na+lnw : niniimia = 3:1 au'n 0.51 18.27 11.38<br />

I AA<br />

0.82<br />

0.23<br />

P<br />

~ULUQ L T ~ ~ U<br />

G' 4<br />

33.46<br />

133.94<br />

Zeatin<br />

0.95<br />

I~wIRGu<br />

Kinetin<br />

7.73<br />

2.24 13.94 ~


dai MBU<br />

3.6-6.2 3.4-8.4<br />

3.1-33.8 0.24-1 0.92<br />

3.2-1 9.4 0.1 2-0.5<br />

0.03-0.18 0.03-0.5<br />

0.32-2<br />

dofidorfl (%) 0.01-3.74<br />

PWLLWWL%UU (%) 0.38-1.72 0.04-1.53<br />

~~na~%uu (%)<br />

~~unG3uu (%)<br />

~IU;~~U (%)<br />

L M (ppm) ~<br />

~~u~niGfi(p~m)<br />

WOSLL(pl\l(ppm)<br />

8~nziI(ppm)<br />

~u~lsou(ppm)<br />

PuGu?ld'u(ppm)<br />

nan%(%)<br />

fiirmauqunirb.Psq~?uFm<br />

- nsn?iuFnaar3m?in (ppm)<br />

- nrm5u~ue~saGn (ppm)<br />

- %az$u (ppm)<br />

- \mc?u (ppm)<br />

Pla7<br />

0.1 -3.4<br />

0.09-1.08<br />

0.05-0.2<br />

0.07-0.35<br />

48.530<br />

8-72<br />

5-8<br />

15-35<br />

5-1 9<br />

0.13-8.52<br />

3.2-1 24.5<br />

0.1 -4.0<br />

1 .O-13.4<br />

vae~<br />

0.1-9.0<br />

0.9-1 24.6<br />

0.1-9.9<br />

0.2-22.1<br />

0.02-2.26<br />

0.01-0.84<br />

0.01 -0.28<br />

7-980<br />

I -750<br />

4-40<br />

2-30<br />

3-40<br />

0.09-0.58


w~6riaouaiuluaniwdaamainifi<br />

4. nisii6iaiimiqniwaya6iarin%?nlwnqtarin1flid iwo~zwu~~ai~rinr~ar~d~u<br />

y~uu~wsiz~iniada8aa~~8ra~?o"b.a"b~~um<br />

94<br />

asnis7+Giw~m%aniw<br />

Gi6iaiimlsniw weu6isssumiiilps"~;jjaqi~<br />

I. anviutjafin Wwa 1figu6uksi I 4ara~k ia6i 5-1 0 ~ w (I o :~oo-I ,000) nqranviulfi<br />

v<br />

4aun54<br />

2. simnasl~1l3ua~i an iifiq 5nsi I 4auTE: iaii 2-3 (I : 200-250) 14waiaZn<br />

nquneaGaduiaulfi~iinniseiauaaiu I -2 5dmid Giuil4drzTuau?i 14waui?uaTanqu<br />

Fiuu3~amiufl.a<br />

3. 14ii$iafin~~fiq Tmul4&aiin%qnm 5wsi 2 bo Jn"z idi I o 8010 uaz&.min6i wia<br />

2 flfl~~11~nLb691fiin?l8.J$96't98.Jlm~<br />

P,<br />

4. nissimas~uwssuda~~wizd~nnasd~u~6~~<br />

wo?uFiuwaunqn~nKin'ua'a~a 6rfia<br />

V<br />

~~%.a"~~siL?aq19 1 4auTEz iaGi 2-5 $PIS (1:200-500) 91n 1 ns.u.ia 0.5-1<br />

driaulfi~flnnisriaoaaiu 3-7 iu iiaiuisndtntjaa;an&il~6 (i16aqnis~1'9bliaira<br />

tzw 4<br />

wqniiLudmn~rddeuba"11waqan8nnFqa6q iqwrquiirLK~sn6ilaiimIaniwa;akia~d'n<br />

Ir Ir<br />

4<br />

a~niwa;a~utu~?eJ"Gi~?aqiq 6n I tuTkda315 5.r (I :soo)d~nGaliniulu 2-3<br />

iu<br />

5. wau&i5w'nri I 4ara~~z iadi i -5 ens (i:i 00-500) nmluiin~iuazoimqz~qoioa<br />

A, 2<br />

aaiutufiinqnnmwu GIN ~v11ra~itit6iqq i~uriautu~sinq~uLLiqdi~fieiaoaaiuaq<br />

di~L~itr"iianiw~$u<br />

6 nioauiuGaL$a vii~nuij5noidsu fla 6an'mI~niw~~a6i~Qnianiwa3a31,u~u~3eJ"<br />

61 : nin6iwia : 6iluaisid~u I:I:IO ~dmm9mdi 3 iu Gildl.a"bl<br />

v


u<br />

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2<br />

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nannguDzcuukLuakuyvLp<br />

4 4 I '=P 4<br />

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ucn~k<br />

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a<br />

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'UU E BLYLRULU 'L<br />

4<br />

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rn P ,W ueal un npl~nn~hla~~~$~subzB~rrk~ve~u~M~~ P 4<br />

mn~nlzn~~v~pq n~~p$l~~urubuo~nu pice I n o n ~ ~ n ~ p z ~ ~ -nr~vn(cssn<br />

~ ~ ~ u ~ p u<br />

I. neprLpucmscusabrnnnerrnu~LBp<br />

P<br />

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p m 2 ni 91 napr~~a~\u~nseu I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ L ~ ~ ~ M L ~ B ~ ~<br />

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~b_eukrsgis~inuncnpl1~~1cb6~pnzsz~11 y~lpl~pt<br />

ne~9<br />

xu r sLULnuLu + XU s.1 ~pzu + .UU 9.1 ~ L ~ ~ I Z U<br />

'UU '2 LV<br />

'UU E unkIz@Ls<br />

4<br />

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ha~dun 2 nn,<br />

y alrifiiu (qirnu~fiq) 2 nn.<br />

94 0<br />

aswi<br />

iiynlrifiiu 4iuau 2 nn. wau6auhazdum iiuau 2 nn. nqn~nbiM~41iiu<br />

4 c.4<br />

~~az~db~~unrsnw~uiidozuim 3 nrzilaauu w~unqn~nbilfiwaiinaiu$udrzuim 40%<br />

wal$Garh'!& ~ii&haaanuiwiuiaai!a Uqawai~'nndaau'n'b?" 2 Zu qzilamw~iiuLdulumab$a<br />

flihi? liiuidaau~fi~,~,fia bflunai 2-3 %.d ~~~~lnt~~~rjl~~~lil~d~bba"~~l'bdbb<br />

10 8no bflu<br />

baa1 24 aiha iaqf~iuirn~aiiiquui~~~ ~wrli~ 30 II I i 20 ~ WI. ~imriunra~u~urzuzriau<br />

aanmannnl7-10 ju/n;a daunin~ba~olii~1d~nu6u~"IIb~uqu~iia'bd<br />

d<br />

3. ?Znis~iaisrKmqin~"~~~msn"i


Gida1~9d'nldlda"Pmulfiiaun'uo:uuii<br />

do:uim 200-300 m"d/u/n-k ~fido:uim~~auaz 3<br />

P, P, P, PI<br />

44 9,<br />

kuiiunirimviun*~uluwo~~ulSd"wa Kmoi 50 14 wax& 20 8.5- dozui~~Aauaz 1-2 nk Quadn'u<br />

P,<br />

nll~a.1uf6~ad6~ld~a bfl~Ma'n91~~~Dhnjf~dd~1999d'n~fin'~6~~Sd"~a<br />

5 SFl316~<br />

6. arisarii'nqin4;iba<br />

ninuiegu 30 nn.<br />

uasz~in 30 nn.<br />

fiz~mi 30 nn.<br />

m:ln$~au 20 nn.<br />

%u~$uu~um 10 nn.<br />

PI PI<br />

Giifiqfl~aumuiunlfi~flu3u~a"n~ riauJiuivlu'noaun'u%uK~ 200 Bmo mu<br />

Kmoidaut/Tii~um ~~lniL~~o:uimMdaZau ~i~ifin'mqin!v~~~mviufiad~uTii~v~~onbbaz<br />

P,<br />

LLURP IuKmoidau 100 11 wfiuii 20 iimo do:uiMLzauazn!dM;amiunaiuiibflu (nou?vinio<br />

bnwmo ,2544; nas~nwmo~nZ ,2545)


4 c.4 o<br />

8uviouimrla~aauiu~~~5u~~u~uiuil~~dan~z~unioa~3~~'lulma?a~~un~iu6i<br />

~nu~uii?niw(aiui~nbbEid~6mi~'i~noouaad~~u~?eJ"di~11fib'imiy~iai~<br />

(N. P uazK) d~a(aiui3n<br />

dildlQd3zluaulkk6 ?'la<br />

1. q8un%~p9l;uufns~qu ii~Zuv~ofi'luvlaiua~nd(aiui~nm3~lulm~bquqinainifilfi<br />

4 b.4 4<br />

L~UEI~IUIW~L~~~T~F~"IIP~~~"~$"II<br />

~nuj~un~unw~d~u~moaqu~6d(aiuifnbbfidaan~6b~u<br />

4 dd rp<br />

1 .A n~uqlunsunnsalufnsrquqineini~lAslsRlsaei ke@aun'ubjrmd~n<br />

(Symbiotic N, fixing microorganisms) l6~~ri dobl~~~!su ~~dvrpa Au baazaiaiiuid f tl?un%161~~<br />

uidaQn lt&duuqzai&ua ~liuGrn~zpa&?~Gr~~naazl~iu6u iuiu k9~4u9 kxaijas k~<br />

Zfid UA ntziium~dAI fiiud L ~ U ~~d~~~AuqzaiPTUadi~un"u$a(aqa<br />

~ U<br />

Cassuar~na l6~ri<br />

nr~auaz(aud'lGns' orui!ui ddbqu(aiaiiuid$u?bbnu$i~u (aqa~aoi~ubbu~~~aqrwuai&uad<br />

'L~l~w34YfldLLV~LLfld Ua(aM8R (NOS~OC) LflU(al~~lUd~~~l&~n"~fI~"U~9fi~3~3~<br />

7~U~eJ"bjLR~16<br />

(aiuisnm3~lulms~~u~inaini~uilQ~flud~zCuadn'uGalk<br />

Isb s~eru<br />

44 .4<br />

l~l~.m!su~fluuunvuun(aiui~nmT~ldwo~qulfiriuGawozpaoL?<br />

lnn(aluimuand8uu<br />

lulmoauluaini~1ldb3ub~auF~a~u dd~a(ai~i3ndi~i1~ba~au~~1~u~mo~qu~danif<br />

b43q.j b'lufw16<br />

ni~PiP~lulmt~qu"lul~~~~ii~~~~aznL?qzad~~uud~wi~~un~i<br />

Symbiosis $aw~zFanL?qt~fiw~dw<br />

uaz~ad~~i~uau~~n'lo~~~2uu~u:l~h~2auq:lfi(a~odt:nal~8u~?u~u~w~<br />

bqubbr-$amozr?ah lnsqz<br />

(ahaduoi&uadd3ink~ dudff~~aziidoz3nifniwluni3~i~lulm3bquqz6ad~~ududiiauinla~<br />

4 dl<br />

a~u~um1nuoinradGaw3:pakadiiai~bu ~du ol?~airac nllr+a? uarhtm ~~iIrio?undwa<br />

A 4.4<br />

mrrgan?nuauinbq.j du nor'lu an 81~1 qa.1 ~woi~~Iuqzn~zqiua~wiu~in~nw<br />

idniuludu<br />

fia4~idundb%u ((a13 Leghaemoglobin) ddq:~ bacteroid bbaz Leghaernoglobin O~L~U~IUIUUI~<br />

2<br />

sn~4'u hdu hudu idnluluduqz~fldii plio melanine fiu~mn~od~qzuinvl?a6auauadn'u<br />

ozKuaaclulwoauIuZu~fluflq~udi6~ fii'lu~~u~mtau6aunl?m~d~u~w~bqu"U~d1s~.dbfiuubba~ka<br />

qziiuin bbifii'lulriainluCm~bqu$"ll6fuq~nZubGu~wa ni~wT~lul~~~quqz6aua?alrimibau<br />

bdu ~?ba~ad'lfiwaw~n 400 nn.1l-i fiiden~u'ludi;lu~msbqud(a~~~~61~fi~a~Zm<br />

200 nn. 1s.<br />

&~fiiiauqzdau~Ji~iul~n 200 nn. uiiii~uii~~~uq~lu(auy~~~(aiuionIJiwa~~~~~<br />

400 nn. 13<br />

A 4 PIW2<br />

bbfiiiauiiqzlaid?uuu ~~azuan~in~fiuimaa~~u~w~~~u~w~~~nu~aua~n'uaQ~<br />

h-h~n6~u (m1319i 9 LLX 10)


I Rhizobium rneliloti<br />

.n%m'bsC.niijux,<br />

Rhizobium leguminosarum<br />

biovar. Trifolii<br />

biovar. Phaseoli<br />

biovar. Viceae<br />

Rhizobium loti<br />

Rhizobium fredii<br />

Bradyrhizobium japonicum<br />

Bradyrhizobium spp.<br />

-sp (Vigna)<br />

or d 1,<br />

G.nns:qnn9w~a7o$n7&~<br />

wan~q?ry~FtuCnPs? (fast growers)<br />

I<br />

Medicago sativa (%d~d?) : Trigonella<br />

I<br />

Foenumgraceum; Melilotus alba;<br />

Trifolium spp.<br />

Phaseolus vulgaris (ii? kmsua9.r) i9flu1Fl<br />

t% urn ((an) Phaseolus multifolis<br />

Pisum sativum (fiaY9dib17);<br />

Vicia faba (fhd?nh) Lens (i9~nutf) LLRZ<br />

Lathyru odoratus etc.<br />

Lupinus, Lotus, Anthyllis, Ornithopus<br />

Glycine max . (59jalu$a9)<br />

w?n~G~G'iuCrn (slow growers)<br />

Glycine max. (iarv$ns)<br />

Vigna radiate (&~4~7);<br />

Arachis hypogaea (fi9;as);<br />

Vigna Sinensis (hdnuqa) rnr<br />

I -sp (Lupinus) Lupinus sp, Lotus pedunclatus<br />

7 : nflus~ui%qGuw?dFiu noad~w"?nul (2535) uRr Bergey. Manual of determi-native<br />

bacteriology. 9'"d. (1 983)


od legumes<br />

r$m&a<br />

I<br />

~m?wa7~1wwG<br />

d%JlCM!.4f ~'ZLBU?!B%!~<br />

(?fa n?a/li/Yl)<br />

~alapo (ni&Td) I Calopogonium rnucunoides I 59.2-72.0<br />

Horse bean (k'adln61) I Vicia faba I 7.2-88.3<br />

Pigeon pea (huruet) I Cajanus cajan I 26.9-44.8<br />

cowpea (&ju) I Vigna unguiculata I 11.7-56.4<br />

Mung bean (h~(19) Vigna radiata I 10.1-54.7<br />

Guar<br />

Soybean (i9rvl~oa)<br />

Chick-pea<br />

Lentil<br />

Groundnut (69Sfi4)<br />

Pea (ka~u~mi)<br />

Bean (69l~rN~fia4)<br />

orage legumes<br />

ick clover<br />

esbania<br />

Cyanopsis tetragonoloba<br />

Glycine max<br />

Cicer arietinum<br />

Lens esculenta<br />

Arachis hypogaea<br />

Pisum sativum<br />

Phaseolus vulgaris<br />

Desmodium intortum<br />

Sesbania cannabina<br />

eucaena (n~r?ufind) 1 Leucaena leucocephala I 11.8-93.4<br />

entro (n"aai(1)<br />

Centrosema pubescens<br />

lfalfa (6fi~adi$QgL~9$~) Medicago sativa<br />

ubclover<br />

Trifolium subterraneum<br />

adino clover<br />

Trifolium repens var. gigantean<br />

hite clover<br />

Trifolium repens<br />

tylo (fizlmT~)<br />

Stylosanthes spp.<br />

etch<br />

Vicia villosa<br />

uero (LWQTIGU)<br />

Pueraria phaseoloides<br />

k~~d~min<br />

(FAO, 1984 ) (*Guim~u~ns~~u~m~~~&~~nndi~n"umiu<br />

gene TIB~~~~~oL~M%~IwTIB~ $~Itl~~!uu finiwftu~~n:~ijoinin s~uiji"snis$l4msaqa'm)


q~ai~3w~wadal?l.a~~aor<br />

ZOI~ LGOU~ZL~P~OJ<br />

I. Ganairmua~lol~~~uuliiauizzlun'uaiim"~a.rGantz~a5~<br />

2. n ~ i ~ ~ ~ u n o m ~ p~ ~ u dLau?zfiu~za+zaiw ~ i ~ u o ~ ~ u 6.5 - 7.5 ~uiii p~ A i qzii<br />

nio~h.rdu6auL6o.rqinnaiuL3u~iwa.r Fe , AI ~razi Ca k~iutwa nisd~uaniwAuaiuim<br />

d?18if.ul$~ui~~~a~~d~flLd1iil<br />

~~"o.o~~~L~~Q~L~a"~61l~~a"~9l~~l~AaS<br />

A' Ad4<br />

lmuhldluwu~nunisd~nka a~n~iinio~~?nd~~ulml6niudnRftqnttunitm~.r~mt~~uTm<br />

l~~Guun"~iuitnii ~iruialdLb6i<br />

3<br />

3. gma~ijuazn?iuaulu~ LBals~aLiiouszLs?~Liu~n~~~~u~uli;n?iuBu~qLLaz<br />

Bmal?iiuinnii~uAudi;naiu$uhiLLaz8mapiigq 6.r6unitdgnnl?lmu131tlrLiisuiq6a.rdgn<br />

lu~mzt/~uirnaiu~u~~a:~atna1_1~uw"u~~wtizw~~ii~z~m~aiu3au~~az~ziilii~~an<br />

A 4<br />

4. fiuim~i(qoiaitluAu ~uo~niol%tl~$~u<br />

q ~ d ~ l ~ da~do% l d ~ t ~<br />

un~ljululmo~qu<br />

LL~~I~ILB~~~~~I~GUI~~~BU<br />

b~a~~?n1u~ntL~u~z~bid~bfl?uniom1~)bu~rn~9u<br />

&~d~u~mtb$ua~<br />

AuuinszdilrYnion"sLbulmt~~uama~ (;tan$ ,2545)<br />

% d4X<br />

uvluuma Lgu~a6ilrln 7 w?n~Flfu wu~s3qGJmaoua~upd2auilunuuii~ dniuluuu<br />

diluariilii~wo.r~uLLazirfl?Milu~ Liua bbnU61 ~u (Anabaena azollae) a1 iYuadlua"nnb.mzdqwi<br />

(Symbiosis) ~zn~~Lbu~n~~~u~inoiniplur~?~d~~u~d~~ufl~tdtznou~u~d"Uo~<br />

~mc ~aiWl%RpdGmsi 200 - 600 n?u:uN / iu diN~~au~~miliiLbulmt~qu~guaq 6dttnou;q 3-5 x<br />

auizdia~u~flu~uda~mluuiQia lmuwanion~i~o~niulCinaiuiau~aszaii~d~z~pllul~~nit<br />

INSFFER "~a~~niljUj&Qi~uiui~ nitL~uqLLauLLmqLL&lnnau~;ouilni?~iuisnL$unaw~~n<br />

$i?h&viiriunisld~u 46-0-0 kti 4.8 nn.~h uamis~~u.rrrau~~m~~kiln6ild?roninnau~~~wa<br />

ludiua.r~8u?nir nls~onau;iflo~l$iaun"u~zfliuit~biuwaw~n~iabd~on~6 160 nn./Lbi ~ ~ a z<br />

LLM~LL~Q 1 Ku L ~ w a U w?inh-~~r% 40 nn. ~~az~~au~~m~~~%%drz~uaPdb~fluaiairdai%uu<br />

at<br />

h$n6?u (dtzyr ,2545)<br />

4 d d<br />

1.2 n~~?a'u~?a~al~l?n~?al~lm?Lqu'l6Laa<br />

(Free living microorganisms) li<br />

4 u<br />

iirilu6aqai8uwaou 16ui ozT~Tnuun~nei ezlqadfiaku (misiqd 1 1 ) aiu~snmTi09luTmt~qu<br />

liin"e,Gaw?n%l?~~az~a'bidiq 7 (oounhd ,2545)


I. nrjudadTnu~aszlu~uuazzi szlqlm~~ummaf<br />

2. nrjudai~~~ladu?~~mriniIa ~.du a:lqaz&<br />

%ialw n<br />

3. nrjudkLnoiz$aLfii\b; 6-~ilodiq<br />

1diur-i aiaiiu3fiu~r~nu6i~u ad<br />

P, PI<br />

luCi7uuaz~aa zui%ia<br />

4. nrjudagiilutiuda bmnir<br />

ahcdudnnoL?LLazaunz~a<br />

(Azotobactor)<br />

(Azospirillurn)<br />

azui


~odiq:!atjnl?~~ugu :d!do:~u.a~~~~niornwmo~d~rflu~.a~ $.aa?urra:$ain~uwidniornwno<br />

~~EisaanlKdu 2 wan ;a<br />

I. L$RTRIUPRIS~I fla~qaoi$~Em~a:~q3~adrau 7 iarinniuuan aiuirn<br />

4 a<br />

1 1 ,<br />

dl dd dl t<br />

ua~du~aumirdriir~a:~uam~oinw.a~u~.aa~u~n~sdi"~u~in~u<br />

q:wuiiu's~anrrau 7oin!b8uluid<br />

t<br />

uiaatjosuoin ii~oin$a!~8ulii~u~naidlv~$u sinq:rmnrrauauinau !;di.i.rt0uno-qn<br />

bfludiu v'%vaiudiu Saaiu8 ~du 119 tiimia ~aiail ;I L U O L ~ ~ ~ L L " Fruiting L Z U ~ body<br />

t rurv$a$u'nu ~$at~n~u~n~sdiq:wuaua~bba:~dr~~ua~n'u~awan8u<br />

t ~niadK8 ~~a:laYdendi<br />

n i ~ ~<br />

3 2-<br />

$ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ n ~ 6 ~ ~ d ~ ~ miusin ~ ~ i ~ ~ i<br />

~ahadi~~~uai~~zii~$aoiluln~rdin~:~iua~~a~<br />

ua:qziidaua%uw'us"n"uaniwsd~pliam5LLa:<br />

2 A<br />

n?iu.aun~~uflq~u$~a~$~naiu6i~~d~m<br />

lu4a.rurn~atnirlulmuaa6uld ~$a!,u~~~iiqz<br />

dauPlm%unaiu$ulfiLLrina"ild di~aiuionii~ma~lfluda.r"~im~i<br />

d<br />

2. i -LDIuPRI~~I illu~$ari$~f n~~a:~q'o~~~~~m~~~i~nlu~u~~aa<br />

ham:~a.r i-~alulnlsdiq:dornau&aun~u"~a.r~dulu$~q'o~a~lu~uniuuanoin$.a~~a:dau~a.r<br />

~du~$~q'oy~%i~~uLqaa"sin ~~u~u~~~~~~~niuuanoin$.a~:a~n"uaeii~vaau<br />

q:wuojlu$a<br />

wan%l$ 4aaau $.sin lbmenlddo:Ku<br />

dszPadnr6~4al&~p1~inb~~'b0.1f ~'bs41<br />

PI<br />

~iia~BnPmlulnlodiaa: - ralulnlr4iiidr:ba~Bianirii7~ma~~~a:nis~q3y~'iuCm<br />

ma6u'!,~wa~~d'!,&~.rd<br />

~G4alilllllarx<br />

' 3 A$P 2 A t<br />

- duwrmwann$8uw'~n'u'nudiIfib~ubuawlunio~m~iyaivis~a~~inuin~u<br />

- ~naiyaiaisrin9u daaioKauin wan3uQuQqBii.r 7$ujaaiuKa~aum<br />

- nndiilu~nlii!naiuaiuircIdiiuniu~unirfia.r~i~~rn$a ~iuion~Ya.rriunir<br />

~%idiaionn~a.rl~n~.al&Zn~irin$liiilulnlrdi<br />

4 A4 2<br />

- wanunalu~n1s4iq:~q'9~L'if)~m1&~nii$a$1i~!u~n1r4i<br />

qinnioriirair$alulnls4iad4aun"u~a q:dilflwa w~nua.r~ia~$&h CnuluC~lrdiq:iau<br />

1unir~mda8da~a1fiw""II8iuirnriiui'bfl~nueiiuL~aa""ua.rd~oi~d~b~aa"~a.rrin~a<br />

2.2 q~uw~BdoaaaiuGu4~ab4m l611ri Bacillus .Pseudomonas .Thiobacillus<br />

,Aspergillus bba: Penicillium ~.mir$q:ii~~~ud~abdm8aiu~q~6a~di~fib'imaniwnrm ?h3816<br />

w~6q:di%finrma~nuia:aiuda8da~8~m" (aaun?w6,2545)


I - nisdkdp~qmnudaa~Zu 1 - niuniw inii~a:!miw ( - lfiwnZluluu~aa~4a~nii I


- awa&jJn'L~ ( Chrysopa spp.) luPzuzKadauqz$iaiu bw~udau b~iulribbi bwgu<br />

U ~ LW&VIOU P ~dijb~anaiq~u URZM~OU~~L#~~UIVILE~~ ~du<br />

vuoui;unzv&nll ouaq$icilnla 1 Ka<br />

aiuisadieicl~w%clda'~d'b~ 60 h niulu 1 kahs<br />

- uau%uln (Eocanthecona spp.) ~zdaui;ikMuBuijbiobba:~uau6a9~iiaiububba:<br />

oanvos5qGn~~azldwa<br />

d ti<br />

- orauaw.aauim (Sycanus spp.) ~ab~u~uq:~naedb~@aqir1b~uern~~1bflu~adeubbaz6a<br />

LL" riiu auounszfuau rruauni:auoiliu wrrarrij kbiaaio uauli;ua ~az~wb~niu<br />

Ir<br />

u A<br />

- uuaar~m ~z.9'u'ilmua~fim~w~~a~luozuzbflukavuau iuiiundunst~lnln bW&~n'$9d<br />

d<br />

w bile ~ueusrielu<br />

Ir<br />

bbfi~ib%i9<br />

n<br />

- &nmuh&a ~l~lu&~~da~dik~:~t$b~~~adB~bba:~abfiNa"~<br />

bdu bWauub~~aai&e~b~u~Kab"mua Xwz4qqzgn$?n?uaqoeiiqda"77 rmz?kadouaac<br />

~~nu~Zsuhau7~q3~~'iuFm oi?~AuBuaq~~olu~Guu dauuinii%mdatz 8uai~itiiwan~i~aiuqin<br />

men16 :iaaiu$a~nqinuua.r r~sauiqm kii'iu61qinm"abbuaq iilaiinaaq kb~uu~di6~16bbri<br />

- rmurf!suIi (trichogramma spp.) s:G~~uldaaqijr~aaiimdiq~ ~4u Haa~~uauna<br />

6au l4vuauna$ia l4~uaufiaubudiiia l4vuau~qizi16ubiaFwn<br />

Giaiu5qtTnlbwa<br />

Ir I<br />

dU a<br />

livuau~qi:6u#iu liaa~~baarn<br />

- ramusf!su (Apontesles spp.) ~ab~u~u"1189bb~ubiuuq:a19~~nlubum"avuau ibfizqz<br />

b~?~b~~~m~flu;lU&wu~uqud~fzu:ri~ub.iii6nbb6<br />

~avueu~e~~bmu~~uuaza~nqin6i~a~9uau~<br />

diaiu 1.iii6nu6 ~a:~i?vueu$gndiaiuqzmiu qz~iniu~~~eu~~~iubba:~~eubu~n<br />

6 ; l i ~ m<br />

7.2. i nisoysYn4Zmgfim~~15~1~1qs04qI~~a<br />

1. lril~r;P~annisbtis~~~~a~n"~i;iin~~ua~fin~la~ws1~~1s~m~idu6u<br />

da- d<br />

nisbnviuuanqinq:iiaiu~~ua~6m;Ga~~a"aG~G1a1u~~ua~~m;~otua13 unz&uaaolou7 d<br />

8~~aii~aio~~iibiau ~du ld(~ihuAu un &rii nu rgun rnr k~uriauKln3ulqila9.i~mas~n1s<br />

~ioa~~~n:dt~~iiumai~b~uv~u<br />

w~a~iis~~~~n~Xm~~osu~i'i<br />

~~:~llfl~lbfl~6~~~B~~~a9b~~n<br />

d$d<br />

alnRu~uU~~~Lbua~fi~fBf3~"dl~sd"~~<br />

bdu nirlda" Pitrolium oil . White oil bLaz~l~titinqln%~ bdu


7.3 nisl+b~~~~u+u"lunis~au~~Zm~4"~1<br />

7.3.1 nis~+bbufliiSu~auq~k~W'~<br />

4 4<br />

- uuflnbsuflauq~ ~ ~ a a h f<br />

44 A, d<br />

{"PI ~munlo~~ld~ua~~flu~on<br />

;a Bacillus<br />

Au $1 uu<br />

thuringieniis Go B.T. ~~u~~o~~nnroun~nn"uumiu~rfu~i'l<br />

wu!Vi~~~uoiniR<br />

" 2<br />

6uld brJu.oiamoiuiauyaB~~azKma" tqub w.rua:LLmu irn~iu~awiz~qizqtlunionauqu~~ua~<br />

fim;4a rdu auouluiln auou~unzwdi auounoz$aau auouii~8a~ol"uiq auaurqiz6uiuaiu auou<br />

fi~LLii? auou~~ddufiu lmunion?uquuuasfim;%I "uoq B.T. so ~.~.q:fih.rair~rr ~do~~ua4


~%~~~aaldiui l~biwafflunionau~u~uaunsz~~au, ruou~qizauo~iu ~~aznueunsz(w'n (nea<br />

crl<br />

nfi~~nz8ma4wui ,2534 ; 2544)<br />

7.3.3 n~ql#~$~s~lun~s~au~a~qR<br />

lbiLLriL$almrlnrme5aii aiuitenauguuaz<br />

~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ L ~ ( ~ Iy U " U~ D ~ ~ ~ ~ B ~ ~ I ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n~ ~ M l ~ ~ " U B L ~ T ~ ~ Al ' ~ ~ L L l ~<br />

A'<br />

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- ria Rhizoctonia solani d~flufii~v~aea&ndisz~u'iu"~~~a in bbaz~tn~u'im~pd~.dti~~a<br />

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&ntin~rii ~in~nunii aoaiain<br />

Y<br />

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\.dti~la Gain ldnanlrillrzKu<br />

- Sclerotium rolfsii $~~ufiiaqaoaTtnkudi Tonriuanoaw'n (iraniad ,2547)


7.4.3 ~PLP~~U!WS~~BJ&~"I


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n ws ~a~:ia


pinene, limonene ,naph.tha-guinone ,cumarene, eupatol, lupeol,<br />

flavone, cadeine, cam-phor<br />

iii4vuauIuiln auaunsz$h rwiudeu ~~azhaqka~(~a<br />

ilarl~urii~denuazbbun~~u<br />

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Fins Air i o uii n'i~~u'u~r;jlntail~ainin~qGiiri%fl6<br />

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2 - l<br />

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diunai4<br />

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diunai4<br />

diunai4<br />

diunai4<br />

diunaiq<br />

diunaiq<br />

diunaiq<br />

!4<br />

di~drla14 (methyl eugenol)<br />

!4 (methyl eugenol)<br />

diunai4<br />

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91fl<br />

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99'a<br />

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naau


nisw3m4~3uw?~uni~m~a"u~~n<br />

niswZmGn3uw?i<br />

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E<br />

0.5 runs<br />

2 A 2 A<br />

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nainaaiuaota~n~nr~oamnaiur~~t~in~sn~raz~~uatfim;~n<br />

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dotrdi inninri? nqitijt innimaiq ruzcinqt a$t-j4inriiuLiclqciniurLsnqzdBniniui 2-5 $4<br />

C<br />

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rinninGa - w'n4tlu -n~itjj - dotrk - hninaia<br />

nqitqt - JocrA - w'nnimaiq - i'nnimGa - w'nfltiu<br />

rinnimria - rjnnimih - w'n~t?u - n9itpi.r - doak<br />

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C<br />

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C C w<br />

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4<br />

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PlPl dl<br />

~~qi~~m~fiuyssld" qziibmuwauu't r~stfiiui~61kiu~i~d~~~rrazrruatfim;~a'b6 rdoiini~riiu<br />

rio?w'na~muoneonqz~inisw?au~urdod~nw'na~mi 2 lmuqzld~uaCnbn 2 ?ilan?uhi 1uda.r<br />

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qzdcn 5 iu<br />

wanisiirirratiu (winti 16) rnwwrnsfiiuiondgn~nlm~'b~l.a"ai~~n~'b6rfluaeiit"m<br />

nu~~roio 64.860 UIMN (59,630 - 68,630 UIYIN) biuvunisw~~roi~ 10.780 uinN (10.305 -<br />

1 1,200 ~ l ~ h~ t a ) ~ ~ ~ L L M ~ ~ L f l ~ P l ~ ~ d i b ~ 54,080 ~ ~ k ~ ulM/'bi ~ ~ w(49,325 ' ~ b b- I 58.080 ~ P b ~ ~ U<br />

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d


ni~u taGiaSum?i<br />

2 A<br />

uiirfauni~luwunaesn~uwvn~6rnww~~~~u~1~~~zrrn"a<br />

4iKm iiueviiiniuu ass@<br />

iaruiunr rahe iiuaTuuvuinrAa a'imeiruuiunr ueziiuaviudn BimaaT~d~zapl (nirisd<br />

17) wua'ini~l~i]uv~n~aniw 300 ii&n?~N TnurritU 2 ~k iio UvRjqinilniii 20 iu<br />

gmn 200 iifan5uAi. rrazlddas~ia~sfies 100 ii~ank~i. IJ~CI~CIF~RLQ~U~J~~ 469 ii~n~u~i. (405 - 505 'ihn5uh3) Iw"wanapl~rwuaflusinZm"rvden"sdquGu~a~Is 1,736 uiwhi ( 6uquGurrd~<br />

1,735 uinl~i 91~26 3,471 uinhi) BCR 2 (qmubrazd~z~s6,2549)<br />

PI


ntju<br />

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LL~QB~<br />

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~'~UIU~S<br />

%wTn<br />

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il~a$u<br />

wn<br />

wsrn<br />

(nn.A%)<br />

490<br />

498<br />

505<br />

475<br />

442<br />

405<br />

469<br />

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1 ,690<br />

1,740<br />

1,860<br />

1,745<br />

1,705<br />

1,670<br />

1,735<br />

(200 + 100)<br />

sie~lm"<br />

(uIw/~~)<br />

3,626<br />

3,685<br />

3,737<br />

351 5<br />

3,271<br />

2,997<br />

3,471<br />

siulm"~w~eiuquwid<br />

(UIWI~)<br />

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1,936<br />

1,945<br />

1,877<br />

1,770<br />

1,566<br />

1,327<br />

1,736<br />

6CR<br />

2.14<br />

2.1 I<br />

2.00<br />

2.01<br />

1.91<br />

1.79<br />

2.00


fimmlb3fl<br />

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hWlb?8<br />

I,<br />

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3.4-6.1 Cmuii~~uaF.ld"uii<br />

I,<br />

ni~l$iiaGn~z.j;ilps"8udz~m~~daf~4u6nis~"n~snsin~diCnu~di.ld"~<br />

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LLR: 3.4 wiuBi$u ~~aunifuniatdgnq:~LdafL.a"unifb?m~fn$f:u: 3 bbar 6 bzau akdqnuinqn<br />

I,<br />

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plm i;aFauaz 6.1 (qii6~~~znmz ,2550)<br />

Kn%uw%<br />

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ h ~ i<br />

4" .4<br />

8u~3Gaotd~zn~lhuluwun~n~w~ns Bimo~aifiau


& 4<br />

450 nn. / wun 30 nitia~unt<br />

$a~~urraw~naot~.aknwumq::1d~uvCn6nti<br />

luudaqdqn~flu<br />

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c4 9,<br />

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nis~wiz~uw"mwir~<br />

q:~ni:rudnu::oziulunin~quFnul.a"daurrfiuae~~u~Cn + 'lu I:I aqua:: I ~uiim 109"<br />

0,<br />

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nisdtn<br />

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2<br />

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dgnlX~au aqua:: I w'u dauw3nuir w'onauan ua:u::~~ardoiz ~Oud.aei~uiauinnii I 9<br />

0,<br />

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nis~~mFnwi<br />

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qinnaiu~ulu'iu fiiiliirw'utwoiildi'i1r~u6a~lps"<br />

- nitldqu q:ldiju~ah 6nti 450 nn. /;ud 30 nitiqruolorioudaunL~uqnkqL3ua (au<br />

rrcn qziidauwfi~ao~yaa'adiau(q 750 nn. + haz~Zum 60 nn + iirrlinlmiwqindai 20<br />

9<br />

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2 d d<br />

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3.2 ~~$~"u


nsudt ~a?unis~naws. 2551. ~nans~un'fi. (szuuoau\a&) kn&t$ui http : I/ www.doae.go.th /<br />

LIBRARY / htrnl / detail / nsfnt / indexh.htrn -6k (16 WqBnIRu 2551)<br />

ntudt~a3unio~nans. 2551. ~nans5un'fi. (ozuuaou\a&) ~aritdui http : I/<br />

agriqua.doae.go.th/organic/farrning (Re) loa % 20 farrning.htrnl (16 WbJB611R3.l 2551)


4 d 4<br />

!aaiaA aiqaznz, auwt Bany5-G uaz ~rnad. 2536. ozuu~namtnotudriiId~<br />

ninnamoiqiju u. 39-62. zu mamruliu:auiRm"u~qnitLnamtIwu ~anaitirinir<br />

dtziid 2536 nouiainio~namo, npawr.<br />

auws ~eslu~+baq, gnu aa+i1uz5o, qi?G 9in5ii ~azIw90UI Baa5a8. 2550. WRYBPQ?<br />

44,<br />

Rquuazquiiarinaumanitfii


oounFmiuu umououA. 2545. $iinuida~~~h~oai , u. 289 - 3-14. lu quianqw. mnmo<br />

9 cl e<br />

aainio ntjum%Yu?Zunwmu nodg%aui nou'irinqo~nwwo . noznoad<br />

bfl~[i;l9bLazfiVItlt6.<br />

clw dl<br />

aiTuh riarluviu. 2532. nio~na[i;l&~~uuu~wiu'i


FAONVHO. 2001. Guidelines for the Production, Labeling and Marketing fo Organically<br />

Produced Foods:GL 32-1999, Rev. 1-2001. Joint FAONVHO Food Standards<br />

Programme, Rome, 2001.<br />

Thanwa, J. 1994. "Rationale and Prospect of Multilateral Cooperation Research for Sustainable<br />

Agriculture in Thailand". In Innovative Approach to Sustainable AgricuIture(ESA-Ill).<br />

Khon kaen, Thailand.

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