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nriu~~~~dr\ri\~~d~~rni~~mdauaa~$u~umgaru
d1~~mamsns~nir:sR~8u~in~iu~ub"nmnir
owuwks;1.ri~r$i\d$ul"i9~ub~~9 Tiald~iindyu~m~~~~flum~uui u0nqin~nisEa1~~~~mi~
nis~nansuin~~u~aiuii~~uua~mnrmtnsd~lfi~iinn~sq~ds~~~uun~nun~
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fia~mniniia~s~~nnX~~~iiu~i~ims~~uQaaaz
6 wnlsliaanz 13 2 2536 nstnn;la~fi~~na~uU
d~nir~uKaadiq wn w~nw"~ais1sui"a~ns1:~s1fi1sGwwn61~ wuiicinntd~iinr~rG~w n679 biiu61
ulmogluiaoez 13 eju ruyj qnoi nrypl i;aisFiwnnnYis~~u61u1m~~1us"aua~ 79 T~ULDWI:
~4u;afJnz 71 Y~$fa~n:
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d Adwu~lnuI~u~fiu~a~~~uIsn~zbdulnrilu6u~u
I aaadPnnd.ilnia ~~n~~nuqlnnlr~~elTm~nl~
nls~n~mf~a$~nl~~@d~'U
U R E ~ . ) L L ~ ~ X ~ U I ~ ~ ~ li~wuillu
& L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L O W I ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ w ~ f i ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ , ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ nlswualo\pl
~ , 4~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n

~nvws&.aiu (Sustainable Agriculture) ~~finaiu~1ui~~~a:ii~i~nnaiuvm~inwmsd~
P,
w ddl
rminrmiuamnii;ln"u'bdmiua'mqds:a~~~~nz~~i~9uiuva~~~da~iins
V19URt3
mrrns&~u vuiui;q oruuniodiniornwms!16naiuii$~fuszuuiin~1 lnuqzdaddau
$~~kfi~~ld~n&~~~ln~~~'b~~iLba~d9bbafla"~~
annir~~wi~q

nqwd 1 n~~u~u~"u~o~inaardqipd~ubCalrw~'it knu riazidwawr~au
A a~sinnaiunuiuaa~~nw~o~~uu~na~~~limnaiud~~u6iu~~ow~ii
W r y d l &nu t~az
5s~~ama"au aiuisoa?s_rie~\6a7
ry 3 A
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uau~u~nn~u~a~nio~nwmoGqZu 'a~aiuisn~muiknuniw"~a~bnwmono1uniod~wirnuba~~~1u~7u
Jq1;3"uniowGmuaznioii~~4~ iniol.a"w?woin~aeiisdoz~Gm amna1ueJuwauaoswaw"arj;l~azoiu~6
lmu~d~u~~ino:uuniod~n~aia~duaui.jii~i~u~aue~a~u
wtdusiut66aanisamtio~iu ~4u
d d
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- naiu~q~uni.rtiiraknu ~~e~nrmontaiuioo~~wi~u~e~~6
inaiu~fluadkQfiu i7ta.i
ii~fludq:~aaowuw\d.niu~ro;laiulu~es d11%1aniat~da~n"unfeun~aLba",~i"mi6aq ilnla
t68nmainaiutufi:~'~uimu~e~ iai~iodu;rwaianiou?~sln~~az~dauia%.~1un1o~'mui~"a~6u
~nnd~~iu~~azdnaiurnn~~l~lumuas
- n~iud~Zuni~6iu~~~bama"au nio~nw~~oUL;lrjudaufi~"i~naiufiu~aaa~ozuu~La~~ I~UL$
na~u~~inw~iu~i~~upnn.fi~~azL~u~zuuniomwm~
amniol.a"a~orniila;ln"uiii~mkm;w"~
~muninhsna~nau~umu~e~ dauTnwiL~azd~ud~qiqbbama"au $udnTw:wuinosooual"m uazamnio
~'imuanlaz~~niq~u &I aazelnipl (dodd, 2536)
wotwu' (2535): 9% (2535) ~ba: gum (2535) aqdil nioinaplsb~uuhiiu ~~u8nlarni.r
nlo\nrr~o~ije~nilo;naubL.1;1qma~uL3uldl6 ocidiau 4 doznls FIB
1. riluozuun~~~nam~di~a~u~~u\p~\~wi~niu~~w
(Physically feasible) zo RQSL~UTLUU
mow
Lnwwsia~u~sabi~~~unio~~m~~~aq~~
1ufiraeniwsroual~ibazd9bbama"ou%a9~~~baHib~u

he~Wdqwi~nnlula~iv3eijqiunirwiim~inniuumnuin~n ~Iw~i:~:uuni~~nwnouuuG~~uq:~~un~r
l$dqiunirwiimluliui~fluvKn ~fluninPrvir~nnirr:uu~~wuinrlu~iuilG~n~iuau~m~a:~~mu
S P i %
t.ra~~uPzuu~L~~l"umqwun~vuind~a
2. ~flus:uunir~nwnrdii~?ix~bflu~d~~u~iub~rw~~ia~
(Economically viable) Ae A??
dur:uunirwtndaiuiPoii wafiil~~?in$ulA L6mb~didaiiq wnldiua:6uTunitwiinmnauu~in
nisllqiuniswiindid 1 ku~owi:fiuyuni~w~nd~flu~?~u~~a:~u~unirw~~~i~8~
(Social
cost of production) MLL~~ R?iu~deuTnsuue~wQwuins LLatwans:nu~iuiqrnn6mu
3. i~ut:uunis~nwnsdZnaiu~fluld'bXnisd~~nn6eu (Environmentally sound) Ae n?s
$%W
~flut:uunit~nwnrn~~nd~:aCn l$nkuinsdZe~aeiiqiids:8n"~niw ~~a:Qnwiauqnueqm
CnpllYIA Tnuinnwanttnuied~~?n6eu~~r:~unirw~mlul$ui~~a:air~wnn6ils~~n'~u~6slnlu
Pl~ln199"sd"'i9~d~VI ~uidi;et4~nwnsns~ia:~u?6sl~~:ii~un~w~ dW~W~jBldd~Bnfi~~41~S:~EI'b$~lbba:
s:Ku8qnudausau
4. Lfluo:uunis~nanod~~aiubflu'bd'b6~198~nu (Socially accepted) Ae n?~~flus:uu
nirmwnrdk~ul$nituou?ulu~~u~ni~niswiim i;nisLiinno:u?unis9uuiqinmwntnoLdon~iu
~flu'ho:h~~luai!w aiui~nrii~ijd~~iw"a~6ud~m~~aen~ua"~usssu
dt:~wi-i! pliaui ~5iuiii
d?ui~ulu~~u~ni~nis~nwmrl6 ~fluwah~ilh-"~~n~u"IIuv~m8~~udb~ubb~~~~n6pl~~
I. ~flunir~nwnodi;n~iu~is~suwi~8~~~
(social justice) vuiu8q nis~nwns~~uuk~iun?r
~aFenialGdnis~i~~~wuni~l.a"wQwuin~eeii~~di~$uu

. -
us~~iuua:ilqiu~uaei~~bvrri-.firr~uiUln~w~jmnfi iil~ii$nwnfilb (Profitability) n?luhRavat
n?ludaan5e!'unlq61ua~~7s (~ood security and safety) ~ ~as~ijqiud~~u~un~~i~o
Lnansns (Basic needs) edlaw.aihq
2. &-,uszuucLafi nqr~lnl~LnansLruu~q~uq:~a~.d?e!~~$b~~~~Y~n~~~
fif""lR
bbaz&u9ul&mu (conservation of natural resources and environment) "hl$bzflfl?laa@lnMalu
nqql?niwlu!iul (Biodiversity) miua~ie:~.~a~~?fii bfluai
3. 61u8q~u nit~nans~~uu~uuanq~n~:fihq~~~uuia~an~a~~
iiqio

w 4 d4
qq.6 (2532) ~i-iini tfi~ii4i~mnaiuv?an?iuvuiuua;lmwmtituunu~iin?iuvuiu15
Y
uinuiul6du 3 ntjubd 7 K d
1. ii4iKm~aiuAu~~1~wjiiq (Economics) lu~cvuiuad R~IUQIUI~ ~IU~ITWZR~L~KI~W~~
s4A4
dan?iub~ni~ (food sufficiency) lmul$n?wuin~i~aznssuasnudTz3~"sniwuin~qm t$i~~uaflm
I Y
a r r a 44 rr
LLuu$qzniu.rn.rnaiu(uiinidLnrwjiiqrfluv& lmulrinaiufiul~~audawan~z~un~nmuuh
IY
knu d;lLr?m6auuaznFwuins aaznFwuintssnrriAlu~zuzuia ~ i\l6u~i~i~mn?iuua~ni~~~
~~m~wg~~~~~riwa~~u~~~azdau1v~~:~a~~ni~r~u~au1u6iud;lu~m6auv
2. nl?T~l~~~d~bafl?~u7
(Ecological Component of sustainability) ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ n a 1 ~ v ~ a
iauiuua;lniq~niwr3.rGnn?nui ~zn~~un~uldi;.rni~G~i~nai6iuni~n~u~uaniw~n
(Environmental Protection) ni~aq?n$ (Stewardship) nirl$~?w~7n~s~s~ai~adi~d~z~Km
l m ~
~~uni~men~fius~~uai'~
(Nature's interest) v;an?wuin~iaiuiTn~iuil"a"b~6au 7 v?a~?im'Lvai
16 (Renewable resources) kaza mniol%n huinr$ r3uw,u (Capital) v~aCiuilflvrilril6 (non-
renewable resources)
3. ni?tniw~3.rknu (Social Community Component of Sustainab~lity) ad~ilsznau$
diniyua;l~~ua~m6 "nvKnjnnaiuqAs~l.u (Social Justice) &vuiu~.r n?iu~auaninlu~~iuaabnii4d
Y Y
~zinaiuduod nir8nrnuazquniwdLdiLw"uurild

airKu~m airdfs~~dd uiTnnaiPon dqani wia~~a~~az&nidiin~~~m~~da~w'u~ns
aazaio
nirtiumniw Tmunird?ud~.ri~nir ~~unit~mn~tan~wO~afllm"~~u~zaulu~~daz~
ddu'naiu
A .4
~~~lnrii~nirrwa~~z~nw~~~u~u~a~u~muau~r~rdb"ua~~u~~azn~rila~
( Codex
Alimentarius Commission, 2001)

ti"iugaauifj'u iibnwno8um~6nso~nwibbazb~u9u4~auifj'u~ad Au $.a dm:
upw6 ~~a-inoaia ?hoau

(nsu?rinis~nwms,udd)
4 6 W
naiurrwndi~szvii~rnwms$updwsu wnl$aisGw ~ndaan5uqinaisGw ~~azLnauiGu nsu
dsr8unis~nwns ,2551 (misidi) naiu~~wndi~~z~nvn~nm~~~uaCu
4 69 I nit'la"flq4'unirwGm r4u bnwnsaunsuviu1$rjld(~rdiinis6nde~jld~nsfu
(GMOs) ~uzaiok~noizJ ($urn; uiaiirruad uifiadh!i

srl a srl w
tzuu~n~srruaimiLmu~~%olLqu~kri aniwrlisooua~m~ucl~~nu~w~~i~Idounau
s 44s $ rlw dl 4 6 s 44s
niu1u~isrouai~qzinaiuvainp9aiuvaqdquaamwai~ua~ uk~wa $mi LLuea ~8lmru d.ruam
adi~ad6auiiuadisauqa lnudiuvuaunioh8anwi~sotuaiG (natural selection) d;lqz~8on(d
~~~duodrvi1tudqza~oan16 ~qtu&~%aLadi$ Bstiosiiniod?u6a (adaptation) p9~ai;niodi~p9dil
'4s 2
naiuwiap' (mutation) uba~iinnio'iimuinio (evolution) lld~l~lfn~i98oll6 vuauniow~nnvu
2
Lviii ~iiolvu~a~miusssuai~ dfi~~innifoun?u~ind~

$i'doaaaia i &i;%?nauindn do$u~u uuiaAu 4 4 ( 8 a ) bbu8.r ( 6 ai )
4 sA
l8~2;au nnomu!5unsawa~lu?ul&~~ri on iiunM'Gu rvlr niuvkqin?hiinz&ni ~iin
4 4 44- %ACr
nisniuv?"soutiiuaa~baud~uran~p9di$~z~;iivuiwLdu~douaaiuao~b~u~Gu~iiuoonuiv?o~in
Gr aink5$niulfi~iinnisdouaniunaiuLlluiafla "a;l~zriluoirinas~iaiek! ~;r

~da~nirwtm4atum"4nie~ludoz~wfi~~ul~1miuuimo~iuaina~~azrialps"~iinnaiu~~a~u
rzuuniowtm niomeiwrrazniouTTn~~ ~ui~l~~i~li~t:nifil~~niolQuimo~iun1ow~m4~
Eum3Gbbd~dsz~nfilmdu~ 2544 ~ nu~amuiu%fin~~~?~?nio~nw~~~flu(~au~u
!bbabbazaan
lu?um.ruim~iuEun3~~~i~doz~~fil~u~~niuluui
w~~iu~zdoiuaz~~unl~~nma~ni~a~n~uan
pl
?uoa~~~da~$atum3u"b.a"~flup9Knp93a%ad~uTl&6~d
%%A %
cra'nnis~uacry wa
rlba 40 4 4
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wainwaiuni~$aniw~nuZoz1~unio4dp\nio~afi"awui$~1iun3sn'uaoou"11ii waza~n!,~u~niol.n"
airk~noizG $ailrialfiriinuaGwlu~niw~~an6au oau3~nio~i~irl3~~i~iaGiuuil.a"dozFu"11sd"
Kau
doz~nfi~nulu3iuz~rflu~wEw~~azd~aan~u6iaip9io~di~~ud~p9d.rua~Fan
dnaiu
4s d
auizauruzZ~7nuniw$~zbflubbp9d~wtwaiaiolurzuu~nwmoEunou wa~a5uahdiinnaiuaiuion
lun~~o~~~is~uluozK~~uiui"~~ii
~~uaFsd"unaiu6~nio3u6i~nwwoEuw7G ~d~ub~a:diddozbnfi ~ud~mOiniouuiu%ab6u$u
5aua: 20 daq ~~%~da~~in$wtmuaz~u~~n~wtmfim.j;aip9io~u~i~~~~~u
naiu
daanfiu~~azuaGwlu& bban6auuin:u
lul3qlcu i;~ariiaunuiwqiuniowtw~nwmotu~~u"buo:~u~ina 11azHuj6ua$~~6alu
aaiudtzafi ~siudozafiap93~a~u5ni~idoznifil.a"wozoi~G~~~wtm~m.j;ai~ioEu~~d
(organic
Food Production Act - OFPA) kdbbdq w.fi. 2533 bbf~bbn"lub6ubi%11~ w.fi. 2539 olalni?~
4Fod (European Union - EU) ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ % ~ ~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
maimqFod (EEC No. 2092191) bb~~Ql?lAbbn"3 ~ ~ 6 n i ~ 6 i ~ ~ n ~ ~ l d ~ % ~ ~ i p 9 ~
PDQ
bb~~.a"nlodguwwlu%abbuz~i"~ad Codex Alirnentarius 14~1Wid~$~$nVild~ldfilLnb~f~~fi6
~lulqli (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement -1FOAM) iafluad6no
~anauli;au13nia~anuinnai loo ~SLLYIPI ~&~dp\fiuriuimqlub~a96u~ip9?ubnamo~uw~~b~az
nioudrzd idkdq W.fi. 2523 b~az~&w"wuladidda~~a~~u~&u1mo~lu$~.a"bflubbua~i~
WBRL~WAS
Euw7G
=is= A
~da~r~~nwworjunouLduwuau?u~uozKuqiibbazozKuwina doz~nfihuiirOula.ra5id
uimqiuniowtmmamtZum7d lps"aan~&asn'uuimqiuainaK~n61a$i~6u 6afuluq w.fi 2542

4 4
uimgiuniowBmwaaum3dua~dr:~mfiIwu anzdiun~iu~iiurauua~nmznoouniou?rrir~iu'iiu
uaz$wuimwmoZum3C nou?ainio~nwmo l9R"b$~fluuimqiuniowSmt;a%um~Cuaadoz~m~Imu
i141iYn~aiu
1. 4.a rruiuiia W~?~d~~n~~plbL~Zda~MdddaM~plYad~"~~
14u 6u ma i d lu nn fia
plan ~u~pl Iitiiil1+4i$u~~rr~;M'iubb&a
2. FiaBum;C vuiu'ns Fir wnwSm unzwtmn'naniinFia d16~inniow~m1plu~+~a~
soruail Iril%Fiadiinio6pliaaiow"uqnoou 5nwinaiurrainaniumi~!aniw ~~nzlairialfi~iipl
uaniaz~~riZs~~an&au

F~~ra~oii~rflu~i~nirrimu
3. 'Iuwf (peat) ~lril4i~ufiirk~ntizrr'
4. ~n~aniwv%~~tu~~~wu6aldmiu~rruai?
5. d;ldl4iqinnir~d~uu~~da~'~1i~wain1a"amui
(biodynamio preparations) ~azqZu@%'
lu?u unL5u?Zu8$$14i?unirrdiuuiLdaqwiqw"uqnrru
6. gusun;G (humus) nnz$q~uriiuqin~~~~nu'iurrazLLuaq
d hi 2,-
7. 'Iu5u~runlmrunir?urn~nii~rfluni~nir
8. ~u~uuu~dan~~lnnlr~~fiir~~~Zi~~w"iu~~u~aaluiuni
I uazlai~niTdurfiau
~aqfiir?~ rrilR.d"b~uiiuau41n"m

1 .I ?ul~lal (stonemeal)
1.2 kdefi bdm (phosphate rock) qr6adibbRn bioub?Iuad6dsrna~l'bib"nu 90
3a3nY~ia"na n Yu P~O,
I .3 $u~Juu~ (ground limestone) 1uid~a.r ~~l~~~~Z~fi~3aFmln)bufi
GINI~?u~J~FI&
IN ME^ JIW ~wIz~
)br$ (chlorite) Y ~ Y
1.4 EU%X ((gypsum)
1.5 bbn@d~u%bnm (calcium silicate)
1.6 bb~nG$~u%abdm (magnesium sulfate)
1.7 bbiZ~b~~iU9 (clay minerals) biu fl~uR)b~Wb (smectite) R7ta~)buWb (kaolinite) Raa
1.8 ui~daCfidi5 (feldspar)
1.9 bbib~fl%~Wb (perlite) $b'ba< ((zeolite) bU9d~w)b~~ (bentonite)
I .I o ~ u ~ w ~ ~ mn f~ i m ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 60% u ~ ~ r n a m ~ s ~ ~ a u n ~ l
d d
2. flisaGuwsuau 1
2.1 bbnab$uuqinfliWiiu bbarfliaii~w",a (algae and seaweed)
2.2 ~d$anamo
2.3 ~fi~biiu (wood ash) &a~)biw5wqinnis~~~.1fii~8~~nsi~~
2.4 ~dzanlium
2.5 ns:~nduuar~$en~~Gd
d 4
2.6 ~wbafiiiuu%abdm6wawqinnf:uaunimniun~w
2.7 bn~a%Jbfila" (mined salt)
2.8 hbbsn% (borax)
2.9 ii181:t%~
2.10 ~lqaiW~~~fl?u (B CU Fe Mn Mo Zn) 6 ~ d ) b ~ ~ ~ n i f ~ f l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i d b ~ ~

w a
5.1.5 uwunqsGnn~sk$h rrriaauhnauwau
1. riaunl~nGh
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n~slrn"iu8nGu$dslnlin d'wSi% riu Cm wad
P,
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LLdLu~iil'i~6l~~u~tup9~~
4 2
50" - 550 c una lo - 30 uln (muaiKuqGnao;liuEinn
wia$ ~~o~~~Asn~rfi:~~unff~uu~~~~~sl~~n%~~n"u~~a"n
nqnrua"n8iau~807iiun~~djilnridnd ~du b$nn~r~nlnoah LqaiLunfl~u Bacillus
sublilis (6s) $UQ~~U~U.~G~~LUB~~G"IILL~~",L$~~~?
bM911~9fSW
l%%u{fiiu~~uFsn ~ma9 ~~a:v~oa"qw"q
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tnws~u~~az~lln~u 1-2 ~udfiia~a.ianot91nnaual~nRFdp96q
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P,
lfld~~u~zaaion~~~~?~~E~~Cm"~~Aof~n
~~~lujiauLrdnd ~~onau?dsn~a:Lwfia$a~&uo~luftu
win5u'iw"rrw"d ~~or%

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adau;liu~u:uiimaau~:aan~u5uoas aaz~a'lu5uoas wn"a~~siz~&~ 7 ii wanwe
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5.1.9 nis~nnisw~nis~fi~iua
aiodlflumsdi~Cunirrr~snio~iiu~~oadias~iiua1tq1n~soua18 un~?"uais~nd
kmoi:G$aycyinlos"b.a"bbini~~i~r~iu6
P,
~auqulfi;nqrrinwmz A;
d~~wunioiwnioGoniofluGnhynPod~iiu
bbnnd~u~aaIo6 (calcium chloride)
P OrP
(ware house) oryniodgun nio

na;lb;aUulEfmsan!pd 6 (calcium hydroxide)
bbnaduuni~uabsd~ (calcium carbonate)
bbna$~~%abd[i"l (calcium sulfate)
Cpd~Juuni5ua~um (sodium carbonate)
bbaub.1b~uuni5uabum (ammonium carbonate)
bbun~$uun~fuabum (magnesium carbonate)
Cpd~~~unaals6, bnib~zba (sodium chloride sea salt)
Cw~~~fi~fa~unaaIs6 (potassium chloride)
bbun

~ULUI (diatomaceous earth)
k'llla (kaolin)
~ULUU~W!U~ (bentonite)
~dZan~dnuziasGuw1~6 (cashew nutshells)
fiio~m"soqin~Eiuw3d~~nz~a~1gdu~~I.a".dauI~n1~~~d~~d
(preparation of micro-
organisms and enzymes normally used as processing aide)
bqfi'l;~ (gelatin)
~R%%u (casein)
$6 (bee wax)
!"UI~U~~YI (carnaubawax)
fil9~~~81n599um~ (naturally derived colouring agents)
fi19~fi~fi8ln599ual~ (naturally derived flavouring agents)
fiyUb49 (herbs)
vi$asLwpl (spices)
wd &dnanq~naz~~~ (aluminum - free leavening agents)
~uqinm~si~uwz~a (agar - agar)
~191; (gum)
LWR~U (pectin)
ufls (starch) 1lnC1? 61alwn Ijld~ldz~Tj\l ~jUd$d YEIY
f i l 9 ~ l ~ U LLW ~ l (carrageenans)
~ ~ ~ 9 ~
:1:d (honey)
d'l~~iinqEiuw'd (fermentation organisms)
~is~~odnisdi~~i~~~ain
(Cleaning agents)
~qnaa~ma4
w~.a'nsnlan~eja~fifiiu'b6wis1asliw
6~~iinqin~;r wn~fi
l.a~Zuu1~1~1f~a~uli;l
!a1 ms~qu~Pla5aanI.aii
IaCaZu

Codex Alimen-tarius
5.2 nisw3nei'ni?iuw?6
2 $A
5.2.1 nis~~~n

ai%a~ua~!dn'inunaiu!au!6n"l~~"Gi~un"n$udad uiu 30 ui~uaaq;luiauuinqn6uninazrni
QB 02
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na~~bbabai~4%dmtil~
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uadm q~l6$8un~i$~b~iidE:~i~ 30 - 40 % uoinni~uuinnii$.abm~ 20 - 50 % wa~~an'i~fiqvniwam~
e, P 4.3 a4 Q
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ia~~atwawlmqt!aii19~unirdgn~.a~niibau
- ukqinidinirt~u~~ua$.aom~uR"?lainardgnt;.a.aGol~~u?iiudarcln ~iu 'Lu
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aiuiiutiul~nmita~d6au M~jqindinit~iiu~~uatj.ainL~&ana~uriina~uazaimr~dac~nat&
cu $4
~piwrmulonuua.r!a"bubbdaq IGuGiWdiaiuuan~~daq dauipia~ia~!rii;Irnauaciil65uatudad
biluqoisW

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n ~ ~ ~ ~ a n ~ ~ % u $ % ~ a d ~ ~ u ~ t a ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~
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vnl 4
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unaluau~~6~~$qurq~18-~sttu"11~R
n~oimnloan~wuaw%ou'bi"b&i
nulzauianits:ulnao9&h ~~ue.~~~az8miam;h ~Iluhu
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3 444
Banwummu.ou~mlvl~^nmd~n'u ~~~zi;na1u~ml-lnu~~d~a~~u6n~~t~u
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4'd
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61unl Jtn ~~uaGk16~ uezii
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nisw~n$~a~um?u"bu~q~~udau"bv~~%w"u
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P, d W
5.3.3 nis~duiui;nwu~uia
~~en~~u~mwia

fl 4uG.aan nar$an.atadauizauKuaniwi~an6au nanlqnriaunisdndiih? lu
ozunaaiwaaunao ~dal~~uibaquanii.daanir~~?i~~~uln~Guawad~zd
uaaib.aanl6uin iinaiu~$u$u"~aauo;~iqlulns~~uga~~az1nnau6u~uib~anriau
nisd~nhaniufiivun~?ni i4u LuGfiKu (Sesbania rostrata) nasdtpriau
dndiiu"iadsruim 70 ira lmul%+Ymti ruGnwia+lozuim 7 8LnQuiali rrin
41 ~flu6aa%~~udaadaQa.dau~49nisa~?i~~iu~m
~~uzG-~lW"%S?~daabdn
unazG!un ldnau~buu?uden ~~&abnau6ulau"11oaz~ai~dszuim 50-55
a'Pdrr~aoriaunisdndii~ia~A~zuim 15 Tu
- nis7~~uniu?'.quiasiiaw~~~wu~~~~3
P D.il
r r ~ n l l ~ u n m i u i i r ~ u z ~ i d u a ~ u n i s i n n i ~ w u
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aiuisnGituw?uTnql~n
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o, do,
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naiu4uwliia~a 14 ~da5~Gu6 v;aAinii doI$ivuizaupiani~~iId~~d~
aniw GarRuFnw ~~aziiqmniwnioibff nimin&a~~~iaeaniflu 2 ?"s

6.1 a ~ r r n ~ ~ i ~ i y ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ Ze ~ d i ~ a i ~ ~ ~ d m ~ ~ n s u
- .aind.rdnnquii??u niul6aniw0~a~lsrruai?ludi Au~zi;d~dnnquiia?uniar 41
d! 4
~didanbrqdznz.aaqdufiubdn?u buounirwizdgn~abba~?u~n~nwraud~dnn~u~?~u~svun~
4
aun?uTmq~azci~aivir$aii~~g~~iu~d~K4iu
Fnuru~uniraz6i~w"~~aio"~a~?u
- r~n~a$t$un"oTmq '~urzuu~n~lcroua?~?ud~d~ns~~nau
Fnun~t~wizdgnQa bbaz
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- g~~ijuvdiflu nirgndLijuv~i?uLOuwaiab$aquiqinaln? 2 drzmn Aa ii~Zuuin
4
atdnnqu dnZudeullFur~ocdz~z.aa~duFmumr~ ~~az~~mnaanrflua~nin.auimbKn drznaufiu
lnwahqueaAu~a?ac Ldacqingt-g~iju~uv~ro~(!m dilr~iifiuim:i1va~iivdi?u (runoff water)
P,
olylin.auin~Bn8q~nw"nwiW fiuQilMiu
- g~~~usiyeivir$a~lu;dwawSm wuiilu~dazq qz;fiuims~yaivir$aiiu?u
uing~~ijuam"W~?nrzuulu;d.aacwawBn uenqin~u~~~nisam~%ueiyeivio~a~dFwu
91 01
P,
nszu?uninzhawjnaiu.aa~Zu nir~va"a~nat~lu?uw~aun"u~i ( percolation) ~ ~aznisg~~du
~u1~rnuldlu;dua~n"ipd ~nunszu?unqs~1un3~bn.;r"u ( denitrification) ~flu6u
~ d ~ ~ l ~ n l ~ ~ ~ n l r ? ~ b ~ ~ ~ (soil f productivity) l ~ ? i ~ la"dszlua6di
f i i ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ n i
nirmwno~~uiu$~n iqlii16~~Aa bqdhd~dt~r~~W~idb~i
%-~niw ~~azniuniw.aa~?u~fl~
a$auo s~ui;;lni~~nwirz6usi~ai~irlfl~~u~~aoianaiu~a~nis.aa~~a
(siaik ,2536 ; sTa%
uazdrz$d,2536)

- b~ufiuimbba:n?iub~u~~sz~uau~&"~a~
airrisGaluZu ~dudrz3n~mwlunisl$qubai
- muuiiuu~iqairrisGa~in?udi~~%uuu~~a
4a~uamaaiuGa
- ~Gunaiuaiuisnlunis~nBa"u ~iiuiin
~~a:dandrjausiqaiwisGa
- annaiu~fluw"auaqa:~G.ld'u (AI) mtin (Fe)
bbu9ni~u (Mn) %u'lunsn

3) a~35u6iulaniw
I
4 6P
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91 L L nZTuGu%n
~
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- ~~u~ui~~wz~qnr~u.uad&rna"b~n~~~u~u
- ~~unaiuku~uldarifrau ~~uair'la~allllri~u
- did%ia a7nG.a ~3u~~aa'~aiair~~azwK~~iu
.uad7'ium?u3u;u
-9
4) ~UURYIU&UA?IU~YIUQU'U~~'IIB~~~I~
81~1115~
- Ga~oandL~u~anrqaka riusiyaiair
IuFnr~qu (N) %firrri?u
- nirGirinCjanijuuiiiqdZu InuW ~wiiiaiu
2.4
a3aCiaanuanwuw
- ~utum~~~Ru~ukrlnrciyaiaira~n ciym
rrnz~n~iy%fiuri?u
- nirl4dvlir%ia LLnwu nqu?iu dau&deiy
9 - ganou (Si) ~~wzCw~~nfir$uu (K) %99"r~Ti%ia
- %qa&~'l$ du sludge. filter cake qin
Tr~~iugnaianrru 4aunnnaiurflunrn.uaGu
- nirl4uauan.rdu~uGafinluui%ianau~n"u
B d
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daw"a
- .dau%99"~iin"nnrrunisn+d N nirdauaaiu
vlaardn rwr r~udozbara'~iodaL~u$u

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~iurii'l%~iulunituud~~~ ~m:l%ur.r~iulunirldQuuinnii
nisldqu~nii
2. nirl%flu~u'YI?~daiuisfl1Jf~1bbdd~u~ps"blnui~fiun"u~ubbnz$a~6
rdadqin~ariqued
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~u~;fiwia~~dslradl;ldL~nuuin iilii~daiui~~dFuau~~"ua.~si~ai~i~Galu~ul6~~
~OLR~; ~du vinZuuiurrloarloTa Iuunr:~~uaniriisiqluFwr~qu (N) ~i;u;rworPaln&qzd~dwa lnin
la"unlri~flur]u~~a~a"~dqzbiu P lS;~~rida Qaszl6fu N d~m1driu~n1ridleinc~lu~ra6au Min
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l~auqnl~~ld~b;u~~~i~:iiI~6wnw'in~~hiaha~~~i~iiI~~aCn~ra~ausiq
~Zuld ~du nrr;lnirl4~u1uAG~in~nlri Ldad~usi~eivir P 'LS;~.Cjudwa iiIfi~ui;nidnmdriau
lu~nmuin ~~mnirfi-~ulu~nm~uGauin~~~u~~u~unriu~anuv'rakd~uG~~u
3. nau~u~u~un'~u~fidda~siqai~is$a109"nr~~anin"u~~ak~nir~~uin
~iaminflu
~u~~fidnmddausi~aiviodaaan~iedi~~
nirldriraaadiduaniuiu~ ~~nz~d~ufluinaduin
rl& d
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1JrzTuaGiaGa6aunq ~iinnirazaulu'luTnulii;$a~mldla" lu~msn~n~dinu ddwmr:nuda
uaniazlu& uvriq6idLflu~uiaPlnuie~jrLLazKn~6
4. ?ulum~fiiilBL~mn"ia~auntzqnluania:dumnuinv?a'ra:i~d nisl4~uGun'?h
Irsuimuindil~~5naniw~aanP~u~~~ibu~wa
aniw du~iilin"Liimuliaii bnuL~a:1un?a~an~"du~6
hu'LuZu ~~n"ia~dfia~LdatzLvu~~ssc~inin~:LiimdsinZlnit6n"ia~~uns:~n
di~fihnfau
d srlrlw 4 bci 9
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ira:aistunounmm~in~plaita
4 &or d4 or
waiw~danlu~a~zjlw~6~n~i~uinn~i~uln~n6uanridaut:gr(.didnl~uau~uiu~n~~~u~
5. ~u~u~~~uida~n~i~~rrvzv~n~~eairfiadudau
a"a~~un~~~~l~u~uM~f
siam oiqiilaz~Cnnr~4?oaisGa'imui ~du~uvfin~in"uuzdaa"a~~G~~~nFs~~~uqna~vnssu
nisi%
aisd~nis~~3~~iuTm"ua~ln'iiIll"~uyn~rii;airai~aGn
(AS) dzdu (qawias' ,2548)
8 PI

3. iiaz~ZuIsl 1 nn.
1 QPI
2 4auu.n~
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iiqznmnaonqinn"~ iiaiiZnaiu%-d
v v
wa~uuiz uri;l~in~uI~na~qu;~ds:uim 20-30 ru. nqu8iaunstfiaudi~~~la"dszuina 7 a"u

(6) ~ ii6~~1Jsi: bbn:aiuisn'bnnau'b6iiu eiauaaiu'b64iubbn:san8?
4 fi
(7) ~flu~rwfiiuisnqz~14n'b6410 ~~a:'b8j0Gnwmzi~ua'r4"11
(8) ~1iuisn~L3u~daimitnuw3aKma%6
3.2 ~ldawisnisl$$a%dam
3.2.1 ~~~nnis~$$a~mam
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dd 4%
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uin ua:i;~uim'bu~msnu~uir~di~n ~nu~~itr~uanlz~nin1fid~n~u~~dad~~uan'I~
9
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K
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$a
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dam~~z~ndouaaiu~~a:aixisndgnGrva"nmiu'b6 vGdqinhnau 7-1 5 iu d?u4rquan$airl
uinr~aLLhl:6a;l6q'ba"ds:uim I 5-30 iu ~.rdgnCj.avrjnmiu uan9inad6dr:nau"11~.r4u;ran~~&a
P,
nisa~iu

(1) MSLIW~GSIM~U~~VU
( crop rotation) i~a~uan#l%d~r~lurzuud~ndaa~u~uu~n~
riluu?rq~d~ulai~ nuauy sda7arslnrnwno~idu %s~:la'~a~uand~nv~uiiuuarjufiuGaaGn
niuluraai 1 3 vMa 2 3
rruud~nda GaaBnv%.raian ~ar)uana6daianluraaiv6d's'l Tnudendaquanluiuqqdu
lonwuuA?d~ndaarjnniu iba~uanaiqlluri daii;ad Tau oL?r;uq drarjnaiqlh~ti 611 Bil'bi.
4 4
619hn rrrrzwaaul rdu ~l~n~la~fla~drzuimluwqllrninu bnauiunsnginuoA~d~n6i~Twn
4 A
niu v"sd~ndaarinluqpdu rrB?denBaquawdaiuqqdu dr~usnn"dQndaiuqu?dunasrOuwan
W~fluaiaitnuaIa~ma%66au v+arfludaquaniiiludan9u~u'b6&au nuir& idonauia~dui;aqp
dulu%iald un?~6sisiduddenaiu$u'bdwa ~du denkai3ad~fluda~Bn rrhdgnniu6aunL?$u nL?
riiul hrrdu k~?iluij
I I
v+a PaZul
rzuudtnGa Gavrjn~6qaian dr~uanadsaiamlurawiaa~fl lmudendanrzQakaaCni%
lu3v6au6?11~ndaaGnlu3~aa~
Bnnanrzrflul6~~Ga~uanrrnz~"an~u'lu is~ldW".aqqrFiu?
2 Add
arju5uld Bnwmzrdu~r0uoz~~udBniadd~uuinl"n"buwunnun~iuaim~nidailosriranim:Ai~
9 A
wjnaiu rra:niogtydua8i'lu v?awuv~rnamsn"gd ~urdaufiniwuinnaiu~nuauyr6 rduli~G!au
aau dd~nirufic?niauirrhLduraaiuiu w"a~uaadr0uGan~ul6brri &ni~rrbl~nr~uu rflu
lu
(2) ~ I~W~GPIUBU
GarOu"aZ
(intercropping) ~flunird~nbia~udranrb~ulurrnaGavKn
2 dd
denSrvBnuaz%quanWw$aul nirv+a~viaur?niluwlaM~nua~uluv6qd TmuiiurjnrnmliiiSa
vBn rrmzda~uawh~~d~id~~un"ua?a~i3u~da~~ndaniri~3~r~u~naazl~l"waw'lnfa5uira
$4
~ l ~ l ~ L l b b ~ 9 ~ 6 b ~ ~
ozuudenda Savh--vdsa~n da?uana6qaianluvd.rS iflunir~GnBa'bi.dnau~ubunrnwnr
v?auuuden%i?Twnaaqr~nadn"u
&IdU idu denoL?b$u?UqUlULL611$19~~nLLElEIbb61?iBbb61~
rzuzdis 40 qu. rr&?i5uld 2 run? div5udT?nOL?$u?~irdu6aGun"u~d aiql%~larf!aa~?a&u
9 C I O
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~unaua.r~w$auriuna~a"qvBsbn"ur~uawaw'lv\brBan"l6
rzuudenGa !aaBnaaaaian ~iaquanvdilr~nluLaaivdqq ~0utzuud~ni;rlunmmwns
asdrzniu$duui61~ ~1~n~av~n'~u~qdu$d~6brri
611 d~uqa~~Baden~aa~n~i~uAui;a~u~n
rdu d~nti~Twnrddav~n~~~u6auTau~fluGa~ufin
ozuudu?nGa ~av~nini~a~rian daqumnaasaian'lubaaiv6sfl ~flurzuud~nGaluramrnw~r
aadr:n~u~~iludnaua?auinau luqqduaiuirndendali.16 4ad~nG;aquani~quGavrjn daqu
fimalqlborj daLi;aq Tau $ fiuav?atj.amrz~a~a$u7 bjaatinaiq ~ilua"i?Twn fh:?lipddada~i$u~

w I
(3) nisdanga~unu (strip cropping) ~~unitd~nGafmu~~~~du~iinir~namresn
dudaquam5mui~nd~n6a'iaq I o aoa ~dudaquam LLn:Liludua wn dm"uiul6 ieui11pnnrt.ih
4
on 2 ma ~fluu~uaa~oun!~~irn~~6a3~dBn6a~~uaL3uda~uwm~n
10 ~ ~na rmrrii~iniiau~qndia
ao~dr:~wfi'bwu
(4) nisd~n~aqudmuuu?#4a~~~Gu (cover crop) nirdu?ndaquam7iilsadauuinCu~Il%
~uaauwn'bdw~o'luaauui~wirimi~n1n~6"uo~dr:~w~'bmu fmuniodgndaquama~nflanquZu$du
Lnir8euL&enirilaq6iimiada ~~azilo~5unira:6i~ri;lnniulu"um:dn"u'bfi~ddgn6ufi~~Bna~
0 0
~gaiiq fiiu ~u"uedanquwqmia~a~~dluRuii~:~iimnireiouawiunaiu~~uluvP4uimq3i~~Ruio'b11
danquadia l6uri 6an~falu'irlL~uu luuiriwt~kuiu nl??nj kalmla du6u
3.3 G~4in"mlunisla4a~u~m
nirl~udrfimluniod3udS~~iS~Zu"uo~dr:~~filwu~~~flu$iduuniauin~n
ainyeiq
~da~ui~in%oi15mlu6iufiuimnaiu~u~nw~:du~ioinifi~d~i~aue
ui~dduia~daiuq~
wumF;au%iqP9a i~lfinaiu%uluZuAi aK~~innir~iiu~~~awnw~m~a~Ga~Gn~~ba'b~aiu
d~quanmiul6ui~n!~~~du~~6udou%i~~an~i~nar
~i1fi~~nn~i~~fi~i~fiuo~a~fiuim
maendaqi~~~n~ir ua:iiwaionir~imumLanidq:dgn~"aquam ~q6unaiu1rinLiuau~udoqfiuim
A A m
bdu nn:nirns:~iuaa~dulu~"ummwmo:idu4~~fluilqiudi~~oeii~wu~m~du~ai?ii5m dr:nau
C
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du~woianisciaa
4 A 2 A
aniu~fiwda~u~u~~n:~~~o~~naiu$u~~u~wo~iw~uwam~:d~nmiuwa"~nir'bnnnu
fiiainwum
$iifiuim~idudouGa~u~mai~~fluilqiu$riilfinaiu$u1uZuamfiu1mn~r~a:~1ldGaw~nu1m
~i~unr:k~drmKn~Qunaiu~~uwiu wnqin6u~~~il~~i~6iunir"uim~~n~u~~a"mw'u~n
dia3unirl%~udramFmumr~~namrnrSd'nq:'b~Cuu ~do~~inniod~nuw:~nnau~uflaamYii
'Lii~nwmrnrIaiGnuIEi ~~u~uu'~~amnin~w~o~nwmrnrq:p~gnka'iaq
kau~;os ua:kadsa rieunir
d!na"ia rdmiiudua wn wijm~~6afiq:'bnnnupdinGa mr:Q~kaarii&~flu~u~a~m
2'44
ed1~~~~miu~]u~aam~flu~u~uw~~d~:~1mwu~a~u~aiud16~ipinid~ud

a$%
y anaiu
y agns
y ski
ynbflfl
aiinrosqa
yakiwia
~uwCndidCia
nin6au~rii (mu6au)
~d';.onk~~vrrba.r
olwiKIZkziq
tul[i;l~,q~ (N)
1.10
0.97
1.30
2.42
1.02
1.54
1.34
0.60
1.04
1.74
A
nui na;ldz%nui (2542)
doadaFa (P)
0.40
0.60
2.40
6.29
1.84
14.28
0.53
0.24
0.06
0.1 1
lw LLW~ bqa~.l (K)
1.60
1.66
1 .OO
2.1 1
0.52
0.60
0.97
0.47
0.77
0.52

1 Filter cake 1.01 2.41 0.44

4) ~i~n~ulil?nia
d 44 rl 6 0
:iaiimqini9niw vrairtunnirii 6vrini~niwv7a~utunsu~irfluaisazaiurti.uti.ud
w
~8iuiqinnimu'nrsl~$a$aki ~~atjall"oa5nvlil:~ndauaaiu6~u~tuvi4u'lmuHnin~in~arOu
rarj~wk~iunorlgtufi niovllinz 2 rruu ;a vrimruufieilni~oan3rqu (nrinir~~ufimdi) ru:
v5n~ruulifia~niseonSrqu
91 .A 9 1 4
(vrinrruulmdi) aioazaiurG~.aunlmruaciiunisvrin~auu~drra"aqz
wuaiodsmauwanni3ularmg.m ldsh nomazclu aa3a.1~ LBUI~ J ~ ~qzdfiuimuinv~a~au
t n~adn'uim~flui~ (Fialisadbli)
4 64 4 6 0 & L A 9 1
~tuns~~wuludiaiim~~niwv~adivrinianiwv~o~utunsui
unsnaaanisaan3rquuaz
~ifiasnisaan~bluqzrflun$ubbu n$$u Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Sterptococcus sp., bra:
2
~s~ub"11siw9n Aspergillus niger, Pennixillium, Rhizopus rrazhPh9n Canida sp.
- Git6'milaniwqin~q
910, dl
rquniornintj.aEuri iin walu 9.aw.a rrazayu~wo~3niufiaq6u iin ia6i.a tj.anyutws 3
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nin:inialfirGiiiuluni~uzlmuldlfiLiieuriu'lmdi rnu~udiuaini ~ ~ i ~ b ~ f l ~ 4 ~ l u l ~
ao;luaai~aonqinnisvGnui~n'utja~*a'q*~n 7- 1 o iu lmunseqrairridauirflunasaaa
w
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4
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$4~99.
l.a"~u2unTu'iau 69u
di~aiuiilunsa- 119 irsuirueiyoi~is uwzais~augunisrq'sq ~Aub
viinisumna"au uzazna rrazlnne.~Mazdum wauiiunindinia ~dfiw~ia?nh.h lmu;
w
dauwauaasna"au uzaznn rrazdnwes adiqaz 1 nn. ldninriimia 1 nn. (Cnsi 3 : 1) bra:
3rnsizGviF;in9iurqunrm - hi4 ( p~) F;inisJiM41 fiui~fiiyaivio~ra~fiuimaa3uu~alu
~ivGn~aniw~~ozuz~aaivGn kqrri 7 iuh 1 3
qinnis3~nsizG~iv~n~aniw~l.a"na"au uzazna uazdnnos vrinozuznai 7 iu% 1 Y?
n?sisi 5 wu~i~~ui~~i~lulns~~uhi~m~a~~sma~luias 0.5 - i 66% ~iydaade~a0.1 -
0.82 % filqjl~LLYI~di~~ 0.98 - 1.58 % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 1 ~ ~ l M 1 ~ M 9 U ~ ~ B 1 ~ ~ 1 M l ~ L ~
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rmz 1 g &qinmani~~jrnsizG ~ujidivGniani~aiuisnr~ula"b.n"b6uiudszuim13 r~iszuznai
I,

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aiais~~a:aa~uuuutj"11lufiui6~d~~~uinn~iszuz~aai~u
mind 5 ~~fimrlorauu~~~azfiuiw~i~aip9isi~lu~~~Uln~aniwdl.a"
nhu uzazna LLaz dnnaq
~flui~l~atindalinluszuzbaa-1di9~

ifiq / naid~aGn
au+u:azno+fln~~~
ZQU
Y
: nincimia = 3:l vu'n
Y
"au+u:a:n~+flnm : niniimia = 3:1 vcn
au+x:a:na+flnnaq : nin6imia = 3:l vGn 0.65 1.27
b k ~ ~
non%u
Y
au+x:a:na+lnw : niniimia = 3:1 au'n 0.51 18.27 11.38
I AA
0.82
0.23
P
~ULUQ L T ~ ~ U
G' 4
33.46
133.94
Zeatin
0.95
I~wIRGu
Kinetin
7.73
2.24 13.94 ~

dai MBU
3.6-6.2 3.4-8.4
3.1-33.8 0.24-1 0.92
3.2-1 9.4 0.1 2-0.5
0.03-0.18 0.03-0.5
0.32-2
dofidorfl (%) 0.01-3.74
PWLLWWL%UU (%) 0.38-1.72 0.04-1.53
~~na~%uu (%)
~~unG3uu (%)
~IU;~~U (%)
L M (ppm) ~
~~u~niGfi(p~m)
WOSLL(pl\l(ppm)
8~nziI(ppm)
~u~lsou(ppm)
PuGu?ld'u(ppm)
nan%(%)
fiirmauqunirb.Psq~?uFm
- nsn?iuFnaar3m?in (ppm)
- nrm5u~ue~saGn (ppm)
- %az$u (ppm)
- \mc?u (ppm)
Pla7
0.1 -3.4
0.09-1.08
0.05-0.2
0.07-0.35
48.530
8-72
5-8
15-35
5-1 9
0.13-8.52
3.2-1 24.5
0.1 -4.0
1 .O-13.4
vae~
0.1-9.0
0.9-1 24.6
0.1-9.9
0.2-22.1
0.02-2.26
0.01-0.84
0.01 -0.28
7-980
I -750
4-40
2-30
3-40
0.09-0.58

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ha~dun 2 nn,
y alrifiiu (qirnu~fiq) 2 nn.
94 0
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iiynlrifiiu 4iuau 2 nn. wau6auhazdum iiuau 2 nn. nqn~nbiM~41iiu
4 c.4
~~az~db~~unrsnw~uiidozuim 3 nrzilaauu w~unqn~nbilfiwaiinaiu$udrzuim 40%
wal$Garh'!& ~ii&haaanuiwiuiaai!a Uqawai~'nndaau'n'b?" 2 Zu qzilamw~iiuLdulumab$a
flihi? liiuidaau~fi~,~,fia bflunai 2-3 %.d ~~~~lnt~~~rjl~~~lil~d~bba"~~l'bdbb
10 8no bflu
baa1 24 aiha iaqf~iuirn~aiiiquui~~~ ~wrli~ 30 II I i 20 ~ WI. ~imriunra~u~urzuzriau
aanmannnl7-10 ju/n;a daunin~ba~olii~1d~nu6u~"IIb~uqu~iia'bd
d
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Gida1~9d'nldlda"Pmulfiiaun'uo:uuii
do:uim 200-300 m"d/u/n-k ~fido:uim~~auaz 3
P, P, P, PI
44 9,
kuiiunirimviun*~uluwo~~ulSd"wa Kmoi 50 14 wax& 20 8.5- dozui~~Aauaz 1-2 nk Quadn'u
P,
nll~a.1uf6~ad6~ld~a bfl~Ma'n91~~~Dhnjf~dd~1999d'n~fin'~6~~Sd"~a
5 SFl316~
6. arisarii'nqin4;iba
ninuiegu 30 nn.
uasz~in 30 nn.
fiz~mi 30 nn.
m:ln$~au 20 nn.
%u~$uu~um 10 nn.
PI PI
Giifiqfl~aumuiunlfi~flu3u~a"n~ riauJiuivlu'noaun'u%uK~ 200 Bmo mu
Kmoidaut/Tii~um ~~lniL~~o:uimMdaZau ~i~ifin'mqin!v~~~mviufiad~uTii~v~~onbbaz
P,
LLURP IuKmoidau 100 11 wfiuii 20 iimo do:uiMLzauazn!dM;amiunaiuiibflu (nou?vinio
bnwmo ,2544; nas~nwmo~nZ ,2545)

4 c.4 o
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4 b.4 4
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4 dd rp
1 .A n~uqlunsunnsalufnsrquqineini~lAslsRlsaei ke@aun'ubjrmd~n
(Symbiotic N, fixing microorganisms) l6~~ri dobl~~~!su ~~dvrpa Au baazaiaiiuid f tl?un%161~~
uidaQn lt&duuqzai&ua ~liuGrn~zpa&?~Gr~~naazl~iu6u iuiu k9~4u9 kxaijas k~
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~ U
Cassuar~na l6~ri
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'L~l~w34YfldLLV~LLfld Ua(aM8R (NOS~OC) LflU(al~~lUd~~~l&~n"~fI~"U~9fi~3~3~
7~U~eJ"bjLR~16
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Isb s~eru
44 .4
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lnn(aluimuand8uu
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b43q.j b'lufw16
ni~PiP~lulmt~qu"lul~~~~ii~~~~aznL?qzad~~uud~wi~~un~i
Symbiosis $aw~zFanL?qt~fiw~dw
uaz~ad~~i~uau~~n'lo~~~2uu~u:l~h~2auq:lfi(a~odt:nal~8u~?u~u~w~
bqubbr-$amozr?ah lnsqz
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4 dl
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A 4.4
mrrgan?nuauinbq.j du nor'lu an 81~1 qa.1 ~woi~~Iuqzn~zqiua~wiu~in~nw
idniuludu
fia4~idundb%u ((a13 Leghaemoglobin) ddq:~ bacteroid bbaz Leghaernoglobin O~L~U~IUIUUI~
2
sn~4'u hdu hudu idnluluduqz~fldii plio melanine fiu~mn~od~qzuinvl?a6auauadn'u
ozKuaaclulwoauIuZu~fluflq~udi6~ fii'lu~~u~mtau6aunl?m~d~u~w~bqu"U~d1s~.dbfiuubba~ka
qziiuin bbifii'lulriainluCm~bqu$"ll6fuq~nZubGu~wa ni~wT~lul~~~quqz6aua?alrimibau
bdu ~?ba~ad'lfiwaw~n 400 nn.1l-i fiiden~u'ludi;lu~msbqud(a~~~~61~fi~a~Zm
200 nn. 1s.
&~fiiiauqzdau~Ji~iul~n 200 nn. uiiii~uii~~~uq~lu(auy~~~(aiuionIJiwa~~~~~
400 nn. 13
A 4 PIW2
bbfiiiauiiqzlaid?uuu ~~azuan~in~fiuimaa~~u~w~~~u~w~~~nu~aua~n'uaQ~
h-h~n6~u (m1319i 9 LLX 10)

I Rhizobium rneliloti
.n%m'bsC.niijux,
Rhizobium leguminosarum
biovar. Trifolii
biovar. Phaseoli
biovar. Viceae
Rhizobium loti
Rhizobium fredii
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Bradyrhizobium spp.
-sp (Vigna)
or d 1,
G.nns:qnn9w~a7o$n7&~
wan~q?ry~FtuCnPs? (fast growers)
I
Medicago sativa (%d~d?) : Trigonella
I
Foenumgraceum; Melilotus alba;
Trifolium spp.
Phaseolus vulgaris (ii? kmsua9.r) i9flu1Fl
t% urn ((an) Phaseolus multifolis
Pisum sativum (fiaY9dib17);
Vicia faba (fhd?nh) Lens (i9~nutf) LLRZ
Lathyru odoratus etc.
Lupinus, Lotus, Anthyllis, Ornithopus
Glycine max . (59jalu$a9)
w?n~G~G'iuCrn (slow growers)
Glycine max. (iarv$ns)
Vigna radiate (&~4~7);
Arachis hypogaea (fi9;as);
Vigna Sinensis (hdnuqa) rnr
I -sp (Lupinus) Lupinus sp, Lotus pedunclatus
7 : nflus~ui%qGuw?dFiu noad~w"?nul (2535) uRr Bergey. Manual of determi-native
bacteriology. 9'"d. (1 983)

od legumes
r$m&a
I
~m?wa7~1wwG
d%JlCM!.4f ~'ZLBU?!B%!~
(?fa n?a/li/Yl)
~alapo (ni&Td) I Calopogonium rnucunoides I 59.2-72.0
Horse bean (k'adln61) I Vicia faba I 7.2-88.3
Pigeon pea (huruet) I Cajanus cajan I 26.9-44.8
cowpea (&ju) I Vigna unguiculata I 11.7-56.4
Mung bean (h~(19) Vigna radiata I 10.1-54.7
Guar
Soybean (i9rvl~oa)
Chick-pea
Lentil
Groundnut (69Sfi4)
Pea (ka~u~mi)
Bean (69l~rN~fia4)
orage legumes
ick clover
esbania
Cyanopsis tetragonoloba
Glycine max
Cicer arietinum
Lens esculenta
Arachis hypogaea
Pisum sativum
Phaseolus vulgaris
Desmodium intortum
Sesbania cannabina
eucaena (n~r?ufind) 1 Leucaena leucocephala I 11.8-93.4
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Centrosema pubescens
lfalfa (6fi~adi$QgL~9$~) Medicago sativa
ubclover
Trifolium subterraneum
adino clover
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hite clover
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Stylosanthes spp.
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FAONVHO. 2001. Guidelines for the Production, Labeling and Marketing fo Organically
Produced Foods:GL 32-1999, Rev. 1-2001. Joint FAONVHO Food Standards
Programme, Rome, 2001.
Thanwa, J. 1994. "Rationale and Prospect of Multilateral Cooperation Research for Sustainable
Agriculture in Thailand". In Innovative Approach to Sustainable AgricuIture(ESA-Ill).
Khon kaen, Thailand.