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Judge: "I don't see why they should
check it or how they can do it. Selling
merchandise is an interstate business."
Lawyer: "You're probably right. I'll
admit. The States can't very well put
the 'kibosh' on legitimate interstate
business."
Judge: "Certainly not. The States
cannot hold up arbitrarily any directby-mail
transaction, such as the payment
of life-insurance premiums by
mail."
Lawyer: "How's that?"
Judge: "Policies are written for people,
'direct,'and have been for years.
The United States Supreme Court has
decided unanimously that life-insurance
premiums on such policies are
exempt from State taxes. The usual
license-fees and charges also do not
apply. All this helps policyholders."
Lawyer: "Oh, you refer to the Postal
Life?"
Judge: "Yes, that Company hasn't
any agents and never has had. The
applicant deals direct, personally or by
letter. The method is good common
sense as well as sanctioned by law."
USTRATED WORLD 5
Life Insurance Without
Agents is a
Distinct Public Service
Postal Life Method Sanctioned by
the United States Supreme Court
TIMELY TALK ON A
VITAL SUBJECT
(Scene: Pullman smoking compartment. Judge Kirkland and
Lawyer Roberts continuing a conversation begun at dinner.)
Judge: "Well, this business of selling things direct- Lawyer: (laughing) "Guess you're right. I wrote the
by-mail is surely growing."
Postal once myself just to find out how the Company
did business, but never followed it up."
Lawyer: "Yes. but some of my clients say that in the
interests of local merchants, the States ought to find
(laughing) "I go you one better; I not only
some way to check it."
wrote them, but took a policy nine or ten years ago
and have carried it ever since."
Lawyer: "How's the cost?"
Judge: "Lower than in other companies
for the same kind of insurance—
legal reserve—and besides that they
give me a free medical examination
each year just so I can keep in trim."
Lawyer: "That's pretty god. You
live in Idaho and deal with a New York
company by mail. Did you ever look
the Company up?"
Judge: "Only to know that it is chartered
and licensed by New York State,
whose laws are very strict, and the
Company is subject to the United
States Postal Authorities.
Lawyer: "Believe I'll write them to
figure on a policy for me."
tPudge: "Don't think you could do better.
Life insurance without agents is
a distinct public service. The Postal
simplifies the business, saves you
money, safeguards your health and
will treat you right in every way. I'd
take another policy myself if I hadn't
passed the age-limit."
That tells the story. Thoughtful insurer* like Judge Kirkland take policies
with the Postal and not only hold on to them but are disposed to take new insurance,
while those like the lawyer Roberts, who at first write out of curiosity,
at last find they can save money by taking a Postal Policy and they do it.
Find Out What You Can Save
You should take advantage of Postal benefits and economies. Call at the Company's
office or simply write and say: "Mail insurance particulars as mentioned
in ILLUSTRATED WORLD for March."
In your letter be sure to give:
1. Your full name. 2. Your occupation. 3. The exact date of your birth.
You will receive full information based on official reports regular!v filed with the New
York State Insurance Department. Writing places you under no obligation and no agent
will be sent to visit you. The resultant commission-savings go to you because you deal direct.
POSTAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
WM. R. MALONE, President
511 Fifth Avenue, New York New Postal Life Bldg., 511 Fifth Ave.
Kindly mention Illustrated World ichat uriting advertisers.

6
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Vol. XXVII MARCH, 1917 No. 1
PICTORIAL FEATURES
The Destruction of a German Dragon 20
Cutting the High Cost of Homes 21
Queer Delusions 27
Preparing the Cocoa Crop of Trinidad 28
Mardi Gras of the Snows 30
The Battle of the Suds 33
The H-3 Goes Ashore 40
Science, Mechanics, Invention 41
The Gliding Auto-Sled A Compact Wireless "Ear" Have Your Toothpicks
"Submarine" Oil Tanker Sleeping During School Clean
A Pump-Gun Camera Hours NewTrapforSneakThieves
Sure Death for Flies Make the Auto Wash Itself The Tell-Tale Photograph
A Fume-Cleaner for Fire- Sleeping Comfortably Any- Cocoon Life Preserver
men where Alaskan Fish Wheels
Extension Barrel Makes Making the Family Car Typewriting to Ragtime
Police Revolver a Rifle Pull Stumps A Novel Writing Guide
A New Rival for the Lewis Adjustable Rain Shield for Luxurious Furniture Made
Gun Windows of Old Logs
100$ Mentally Perfect His Own Automobile A Promising Industry
In the Lonely Antarctic 59
Target Practice by Telephone 64
Little Oddities of Life 65
Mechanical Bucking Bron- An Attachable Desk A Trunk Garage
chos In Spite of Handicaps How Greece Gets Torpedo
A Dog Chauffeur on The Smallest Electric Auto Boats
Broadway She Cooks for "Bugs" Newspaper Printed on a
Measuring the Pathway to Models Made with One Shingle
Peace Thumb! Donkey Jake Trails Deadly
A Strange Steed San Francisco to Columbus Rival
She Sees Snakes Daily by Scow A Populous Apartment
Safety Last! 78
Balancing Life Against To Amuse the Circus Where Stanley Feared to
Death Crowds Tread
He Handles Bombs for a
The Last of a Daring Air Negotiating Falls on the Living
Man Athabasca River Playing on the Railroad
The March of Progress 87
A Munition Volcano 88
Signaling Five Hundred Trains 92
Not Guilty! 93
PERSONAL SERVICE
How Your Automobile May Be Stolen . . . . E. C. Crossman 34
The Cost of Motoring One Thousand Miles . C. H. Claudy 54
Your Opportunities in Alaska Monroe Woolley 81
(Continued on page 8)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued from page 6)
A Stunt or Two Walter Lee 97
Automobile Tips 100
Music While You Drive Shovel and Jack Base Pocket Vulcanizer
Unusual Use of Runabout Switch Control for Auto -p This on Your Cold
Make Your Ford Saw Wood Spotlight „
Save Your Tires Painting Auto Radiators at
Electric Garage Pump Home Tells You When to Stop
New Things for Children 106
Novelties in Furniture 107
Five Thousand Dollar Job Goes Begging . . . Homer Croy 108
What Care Do You Take of Your Eyes? . . . J. E. Wetherby 110
Hints for Practical People Ill
Powder Puff in Shoe Folding Chair Carried Like Chiffonier With Writing
Sanitary Dishwasher Brush Umbrella Desk Drawer
Grease Pot with Drainer Toy Fire Truck with Ideal Ironing Board
Flexible Cleaner and Pneumatic Tires Many-Purpose Cabinet
Scraper for Pans Lifter and Fork Combined Circular Rake
Bring Back the Bellows The Largest Milk Bottle Small Torch Producing In-
Loading Hay by Machine Homemade Side Car tense Heat
Three - Cornered Playing Folding Emergency Cot Movies in a Suitcase
Card Bed Springs with Side Vest Pocket Tool Kit
Metal Lath for Plaster and Guards Nail That Won't Come Out
Stucco Typewriter Roll Support Economical Dental Floss
Pen on Finger Folding Morris Chair of New Nut Cracker
Automatic Furnace - Draft Rattan Baby Satchel
Regulator Adjustable Seesaw Messenger's Bag with
Throw Away That Eye Twenty-Hour Foot Compartments
Shade Warmer Carry Your Radiator
Crib That Folds An Improvised Sprayer Around the House
New Appliances for the Sick Room • . . 124
SCIENCE
New Cure for Stuttering J. R. von Lenz 25
Four Hundred Degrees Below Zero .... Raymond F. Yates 72
Submarine Millinery Rene Bache 90
THE WORLD TODAY
Cut Out by the "Movie" Censor William T. Walsh 14
Kiddie-Kar Makes Inventor a Million H. Cary 51
Wireless News on the Farm F. G. Moorhead 76
Oddities in Auto Names Frank Mason 105
New Use for the Movies Walter Lee 123
Blowing Off Steam 126
Running Haircuts on Schedule O. R. Geyer 128
Illustrated World should be on the news stands on the 17tb of the month preceding the date of issue. If unable to get the magazine
on the 17th you will confer a favor by notifying 1 the Circulation Manager. News-stand patrons should instruct their News-dealer to reserve
a copy of Illustrated World, otherwise they are likely to find the magazine "sold out".
TERMS: Si.50 a year; 75 cents for six months; 15 cents a copy. Foreign postage, 75 cents additional; Canadian postage, 25 cents
additional. Notice of change of address should be given thirty days in advance to avoid missing a number.
Publication Office:
Drexel Avenue and 58th St., Chicago
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
R. T. MILLER. Jr.. Publisher
Copyright. 1917. by Illustrated World
Published monthly—Entered at the PostofSce. Chicago. 111., as second-dais mail matter
Eastern Advertising Office:
Flatiron Building, New York

EimnjiTrManffi) ;
Vol. XXVII MARCH, 1917 No.
rW^ r
THE SUPER-DREADNAUGHT PENNSYLVAXIA
Thi is our largest and best equipped first line battleship now in commission.

CUT
"MOVIE"
''''EDITOR'S NOTE: Americans are
extremely jealous of their rights to indiiitWual
liberty in thought, no matter
whether-•iltc medium of expression for
'ifi'is is (he-.printed page, the forum, the
&tngc oi^-eaiivas.
'"The photoplay today, however, is in
the novke'class. It is fighting for recognition,
for-"freedom, for its rights as a
legitimate medium of expression.
I HAD a double purpose. I wished
to follow the film as the projecting
machine unfolded it to my view,
and also I desired to watch the
faces and actions of the eight
censors as the fleeting drama on the curtain
met their fancy or incurred their
displeasure.
The story was trite, but it insisted
upon my interest nevertheless. It was
the old, old story of beauty and poverty
matched against wealth and desire, but
the heroine was so convincing in her
part of tempted virtue that she won all
my sympathies.
Not so with the eight dark shadows
beside me. Now and then in the semitwilight
I saw one of the eight make a
memorandum in his notebook. As this
happened time and time again, I began
to fear for the play. Was it to be censored
completely, or would it merely
suffer emendation?
At the end of the exhibition I received
a partial answer. 'What do you
think of the last film?" I asked of the
censor nearest me.
His lips set in a firm line. "Personally
I think it should be thrown out root
and branch!" he answered with conviction.
"It is undoubtedly immoral."
"But why? What do you object to?"
He pursed his lips. "We-el," he began,
"perhaps I can tell you better by
illustration.
"Some little time ago there passed
/'
OUT BY
by William T. Walsh
before us here a drama that reminded
me of some of the best work of Russian,
Hungarian, and Polish short story
writers. It got down to some of the
most serious problems of life. The
theme was presented simply, sympathetically,
artistically. The scenario
writer evidently told his story as he felt
it. I liked it. It rang true. It roused
in me a feeling of pity and compassion.
But—I could not pass it.
"Two girls—sisters—come from the
country to the city. Life here, however,
does not prove itself the great adventure
that they expected. Their stock of money
is slender. They have difficulty in getting
work. Then one of them falls sick.
Time passes and with it, of course, their
meager store of resources. Seeking
charity, the sisters, not knowing the
regular channels for relief, are repulsed.
In despair, one sister sells herself for
the need of the other. And her agony
in so doing, the genuineness of the need,
and the unselfish sacrifice of the one girl
for the other stirs the heartstrings of
the spectators.
"Now, from such an exhibition let us
see what may readily happen. Let us
take a case that easily may be typical.
A girl is employed in a factory. One

day one of her girl friends displays on
her linger a diamond. It is large and
shiny, it may not be a diamond at all.
It may be paste. Nevertheless, so far
as the girl is concerned, to all intents
and purposes it is a diamond. Girls and
boys gather admiringly around the fortunate
possessor.
"Our little girl also craves attention
and admiration. She too wishes she
owned a diamond. She isn't making
very much money, perhaps eight dollars
a week. Still all her money is not spent
for necessities, for she lives with her
parents, who do not take all her money.
She knows that diamonds can he bought
on time. She can afford, perhaps, to pay
out one dollar a week. She goes to an
installment house and buys a diamond
on credit. Several weeks pass and so
far she has made her payments promptly.
"Then perhaps for a few days she is
ill and can't meet her next payment.
She goes to the diamond house with her
story. The credit man listens unsynipatheticallv.
That's his business. Ikhas
been chosen for the job because of
his lack of sympathy. Wry likely he
threatens the girl, telling her that unless
she pays he will demand the money from
her father. It being Saturday, the girl
knows that it is her father's pay day.
She knows her father is likely to he
drunk, that he will be in a had humor,
and that if the credit man does keep his
threat she is in danger of being beaten
and even thrown out of the house.
"She is desperate and ready to do
almost anything to get that dollar. She
is only an ignorant little girl. She can't
reason, and she has no friends, at least
none whom she feels she can ask for a
dollar, or who has the dollar even.
"Crime or sin requires three factors—
need, opportunity, and a weak moral
nature. Wherever these three factors
come together evil consequences are
pretty sure to follow.
"A night or two before, she has seen
the photo drama of the girl who went
wrong for her sister. That suggests to her
a similar opportunity. That play too has
helped to blunt her sense of right and
wrong. She could not but help observe
the sympathy of the audience for the
self-sacrificing sister. The terrible thing
she purposes doing isn't so terrible after
all. And the opportunity is easy. It
usually is easy for a girl on the crowded
streets of a large city. You can finish
the story for yourself.
"Every one knows that the purpose of
motion picture censorship is to conserve
public morals, to prevent there being
shown scenes that would suggest crime
to the weak-willed. That little storv of
is

16 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Killed by the Censor
Intimate scenes of motherhood, such as this, are taboo
along with dice games, in Pennsylvania. Some other
states are no less particular.
a film and the little story
of what may follow the
exhibition of that film present
in a nutshell the case
for censorship."
* s|e * * s(s * #
As was to be expected,
the motion picture producer
approached the subject
of censorship from an
entirely different angle. As
I sat in a chair in his office, he
thrust into my hands a book
entitled, "The Rise and Fall of
Free Speech in America," the
work of the famous producer,
David Wark Griffith.
"Mr. Griffith," said the motion
ucture man, "is conceded even
by his enemies to be a big man.
Such productions as 'The Birth
of a Nation', and 'Intolerance'
are more than noteworthy. They
show a wonderful grasp of the basic
principles of the drama. His conceptions
are daringly original, imaginative,
and proclaim him a man of large intelectuality.
Such productions as 'The
lirth of a Nation' and 'Intolerance' are
really stupendous. Aside from all that.
however, many thoughtful people regard
him as a moral force. Yet 'The Birth
of a Nation' had to be dragged through
the courts and Ohio has kicked it outside
its boundaries.
"The charge against it was that it
would stir up race hatred and bitterness.
Yet it was only a faithful representation
—based on Thomas Dixon's 'Clansman'
—of conditions in the South during the
reconstruction period.
"Look here," and the producer
grabbed the book and turned to an extract
from the New York Globe:
This [referring to the expulsion of the play
from Ohio] is absolutely against the spirit of
the Constitution, against the very life and
essence of what should be true American and
Democratic ideas. The mere fact of the races
constituting the population of the United
States being shown in an unpleasant light is
no argument whatever. If this factor is to be
seriously considered, there is hardly any limit
to which censorship may not go.

CUT OUT BY THE "MOVIE" CENSOR 17
He picked other extracts for me:
If such a spectacle must be forbidden, then
there is no room on the stage for "The Merchant
of Venice" or any other play that may
be unwelcome to a relatively small element of
the public in a given community. (From the
Westerly, R. I., Sun.)
"I am pointing these out," explained
the producer, "to show the unreasonableness
of censors. They urge their activities
on the ground of maintaining public
morals. It seems to me it is not a question
here of morals at all.
"But take it for granted that it is.
That issue was raised in Chicago, and
Judge Cooper of that city wisely disposed
of the matter in these words
[again quoting from Griffith's book | :
Every night in every fair-sized community
in this broad land, where the stage instructs or
entertains, each and every play has its good
characters and its bad characters portrayed,
both of which arc essential to a play in the
rounding out of the moral of the play, and
without which moral a play is of no educational
value. If all the plays in which a villain
had played were stopped, the theater as
an educator and entertainer of the people
would become a memory.
"Motion picture censorship is a repressive
moral force. It tends to senti­
THE DOOR WAS LOCKED!
This was the ODe elemeDt the censors objected to.
mentality, mushiness, and the exposition
of the unrealities of life. It tends to
suppress knowledge, to conceal the fact
that there is wickedness in the world.
"Pennsylvania and Ohio, which have
state boards of censorship, seem to be the
worst offenders.
"In Pennsylvania, for example, women
in society are not permitted to drinkeven
a sloe gin fizz; underworld scenes,
opium dens, questionable resorts must
he shown in such a way that 'no one may
he stimulated by the example to similar
adventure or conduct'. The use and
effect of habit-forming drugs 'is not considered
by the Board a legitimate subject
for motion pictures'. Respect for officers
of the law must be shown—policemen
must never be grafters—even though,
for example, Chicago is at present having
one of the most gigantic police scan­
dals in its history.
"Babies are unmentionable creatures
in Pennsylvania. The representation of
prospective motherhood is regarded as
highly improper. Take, for example,

18 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
No One Can Play Poker in the Cinema
Of course gamblers can be portrayed, but not the games
they play! The theory is that the element of chance is
made to appear too attractive.
where the actress Clara Kimball Young
in the play, 'The Foolish Virgin', is
shown, some time after marriage, taking
a baby sock from a sewing basket. That
scene was ordered cut out.
"And you can't look at snakes. The
kind of creature that tempted Eve in the
Garden of Eden is not permissible.
"Neither will Ohio permit snakes to
be seen ; nor will it permit a bandit to
be exhibited, unless his nefariousness
has brought him to a timely end.
"The whole motion picture world is
still laughing over the Ohio Board of
Censors' cutting out a motion picture of
Villa from the Selig-Tribune News reel.
on the ground that 'the picture might
have a bad effect on the young'. This
action was taken notwithstanding the
fact that the same photographs, of Vftlai;
were published in newspapers '"all over
the land.
"That's what I mean when I say the
censors are moral obstructionists rather
than conservators of morals. I'm going
back to Pennsylvania for further proof.
"A wave of prohibition is sweeping
the country. Over half the states are
now dry, and out of the twenty-eight
hundred counties in the forty-eight states
of the Union, twenty-five hundred are
officially dry. Anything that would
complete the crushing drive on booze,
would, one might think, be approved by
thinking people.
"The poet informs us that 'Vice is a
monster of so frightful mien', that we
hate it on sight. The Pennsylvania
board of censors evidently does not
think so, however. It seems to think
that even a sermon on drink is dangerous
to the morals of the community. Take
the film play 'John Barleycorn' from the
late Jack London's book of the same
name. This book, as most of us know,
is a treatise in spectacular form on the
evils of alcohol and shows how under
the present system of free access to drink
it is a constant menace to society—from
boyhood up. It presents clearly and
powerfully the firm conviction of a
strong man—London—who could be regarded
by no one as a mollycoddle, that
alcohol is something to be strictly let
alone. Its lesson strikes home to the
rough and ignorant, as perhaps no other
could: Yet, in' Pennsylvania, it is illegal,
a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of
from twenty-five to one hundred dollars
to show this film in any motion picture
house.
"Again, every one will admit that
children make for the happiness and
sanctity of the marriage relation. Let
us consider the case of 'The Valley of
Decision'. Let us also consider this film
in the light of the agitation now raging
on the subject of birth control.
"Arnold Gray, according to the story,
is ambitious to become governor of New
York State. Gray marries a writer, also
very ambitious. Mrs. Gray is blessed
with the.prospects of motherhood. This
affirst is pleasing to both husband and
wife. However a clubwoman friend.

CUT OUT BY THE "MOVIE" CENSOR 19
Rhoda Lewis, points out
that a child would interfere
with their ambitions. Gray
consults Dr. Brainard, his
old family physician. The
latter earnestly urges the
parents to let nature take its
course. He shows that no
worldly achievement can
equal that of parenthood.
"But the physician's advice
is not heeded. Sorrow
and wretchedness follow,
to be terminated by the
husband's waking, for the
latter half of the story had
been only a dream.
"The Pennsylvania censors
objected to this photoplay because
it had reference to prospective motherhood,
which is, as I have already
stated, something apparently abhorrent
to those behind Pennsylvania's
censorship laws.
"Then the censors suggested this little
joke—that the theme of the last three
reels be changed from the discussion of
parenthood to that of child labor in factories
or mines.
"Am I not right," asked the producer,
"when I say that censorship as it works
Great Snakes!
They won't let you look at 'em in Okio or Pennsylvania.
Verboten!
Little boys may be seen—but not at the throttle of a locomotive in Ohio.
out too frequently is a negative rather
than a positive moral force?"
Well, there are the two points of view
—that of the censor and that of the
producer. The former professes to be
broad-minded, fair, and acting only
under the law; the latter to be the victim
of absurd, badgering and conflicting
decisions.
But even the producer quoted above
has not shown the worst side of censorship.
There is a tendency—especially in
the smaller cities and towns—to go a step
farther. Faddists and self-constituted
reformers here get a chance to harass the
industry. Theory and whim want to
have their way without reference to rule
or regulation.
Only a little while ago a dozen members
of a woman's club in a town in Iowa
called upon the local censor. They had
a grievance against a production then
running. A bride was shown seated at
breakfast in a superbly furnished home.
Inasmuch as the husband in the storywas
"only on a salary," these twelve
women thought it a dangerous situation
to set before the young women of the
town! They might be tempted to lead
their husbands (when they got them)
into home expenditures beyond their
means:
There is no exaggeration here. The
{Continued on page 138)

20
THE DESTRUCTION OF A
GERMAN DRAGON
•
© O
HOW THE CREW ESCAPED
4*+
Incendiary bombs, fired by a hostile French plane, ignited the volatile gases in the envelope of this
dragon observation balloon. At the moment the fire started the two observers jumped for their para­
chutes. They can be seen in the first photograph, idling down through space, while above them, the
gaseous monster transforms itself into a fiery comet.

CUTTING the HIGH
COST of HOMES
They Rent a Few Feet of Roof Space
This "skyscraper bungalow" cost two young
Brooklyn men less than $25 for all the materials.
They built it themselves, thus saving labor costs.
It is situated upon the roof of a tall apartment
building in Brooklyn—the two owners thus are assured
of a plenty of fresh air and sunlight. Their
"lot" costs them only ten dollars a year.
mm
A $5 Residence in Washington
That's all the nails and window glass cost—
all the other materials came from the virgin
forest, and all of the labor was supplied bj
the members of this economical family.
Built to Fit a Pay Envelope
It cost $150 all told, and it is built substan­
tially enough tn last fifty years. This cabin
home was put up by a California mechanic,
who with his wife devoted his week-ends for
one month to its construction.

22
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Six Room Frame House for
$1,000
When he decided to build, this
Minneapolis workman got estimates
on this house. The lowest
price made was $3,000. He decided
that he could do it all himself at
considerably less expense. This
was the result! Includinga liberal
allowance for his time and labor.
the residence cost him in all but
$1,000.
BUILT OF DISCARDED PAVING BLOCKS
This far-sighted home-builder could not afford the high prices asked for lumber. A street was repaved
a short distance away, and he found out that he could have as many of the old blocks as he desired for
the mere hauling. He took them, needless to say, and erected this home—with the aid of his wife only
—at a cost of less than $85.

CUTTING THE HIGH COST OF HOMES 23
How We Built Our Home on $15 a
Week
"Why not build our homeP" asked Mrs.
Pollock of Cincinnati, one evening while she
and her husband, Hiram, were figuring out
just what a modest little home would cost.
That evening she sat down to the kitchen
table and with paper and pencil began plan­
ning their future home. She sketched it out
to scale in lead pencil and the next two eve­
nings put it in ink. Hiram thought her plans
were fine and so the next morning she
took them down to the City Hall and se­
cured a building permit. It was for a five-
room house, with bath, laundry, summer
kitchen attached in the rear, finished eel
lar, and plastered attic. A home like that
would cost about $5,500 if they bought it
from the- builder and took out a loan from the
building association—and at the end of 99
years they would have it almost paid for.
They built it themselves on Hiram's $15 per.

24 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
HOW JOHN RODHAM GOT A HOME
It was a Washington wilderness, but this man made it a town, and got himself this home and an acre lot
for the sum of $585 thereby. He got together fifty would-be settlers into a "building club", made an ad­
vantageous time contract with a building company whereby the fifty would "chip in" enough to pay for
one home each month, and immediately the company built these houses.
$90 IN ALL
This was built out near Grand Crossing, South Dakota, where sod houses were the rule and frame houses
were rarities. All told, with labor cost included, the "makin's" of this two-room shack fell short of a
century note.

NEW CURE FOR STUTTERING
By J. R. VON LENZ
O N L Y one man is in the public
eye today who does not
stutter occasionally. Not a
single man exists whose
mind could not be made to
work faster. Stuttering is cured and
minds are speeded up tremendously by
a system lately laid down by Dr. Walter
B. Swift, a physician and student of research
at Harvard.
Dr. Swift discovered in the course of
his psychological research that the one
man he knew who did not stutter had
wonderful images in his mind's eye of
everything which he thought or talked
about. That man was Billy Sunday, the
evangelist.
Billy Sunday's flow of conversation or
sermon is as fast as the most greedy
listener can assimilate, and it is colored
with marvelous word pictures.
At the same time Dr. Swift found that
one man he knew who did stutter did not
have a picture in his mind as he talked;
the doctor connected up these two facts,
"As a Picture Book His Mind is a Blank"
"If He Will Stop and Trv to Visualize. His Stammering
Will Cease"
added them and found that they pointed
to a conclusion. Then he went to work
to prove his conclusion.
Among fifty stutterers whom Doctor
Swift examined not one of them ei'er
had mental images! That is, when a
stutterer thinks about a dog crossing the
street he does not have an image in his
mind's eye of a dog crossing the street.
As a picture-book his mind is a blank.
Every person who sees clear mental
images is an individual whose mind
works rapidly. This speed is such an
easy thing to cultivate that everyone
whose images are hazy and indefinite
ought to practice by the use of will
power until he sharpens up his power of
imagery, and hence his mind.
Stuttering can be caused by anything
that disturbs the mind, such as a transfer
from right to left-handedness, a
blow on the head, a violent mental shock
of any kind, fear, embarrassment or
anger. It can be cured in almost evencase
by willing the appearance of mental
25

26 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
images of what you want to talk about.
This is true whether or not you are an
habitual stammerer or just an occasional
offender.' When the boss
calls you on the carpet
and says in thunderoui
tones that you must speed
up your work, you prob
ably stutter, "Y-Y-Y-ess-s-s-S-S-S-Sir-r-r,"
and
back out of the room. But if you stop
then and visualize your own desk in the
outer room, how hard you have to work
every day and how small your salary
looks in the weekly pay envelope—you
will find yourself able to talk to him
much more clearly.
In the training of children it is necessary
always to show them pictures—
merely because it gives them something
to visualize and carry away with them.
Dr. Swift has found that you can do
more. He holds exercises in which he
tells stories line by line and demands
that the youngsters see pictures of what
he is telling them. He asks them, "Is it
your own dog you see crossing the
road?" If the child has none of his own,
Dr. Swift asks him whose dog he sees.
Often it will be some animal the child
has never seen—a composite of half a
dozen dogs. Soon the children's minds
are racing to see who can see the finest
pictures.
It is easy at first to start the imagery
by letting a stammerer look for a moment
or two at a photograph and then after
taking it away from him, asking him to
describe it. But it will take long work
to get him in the habit of seeing pictures
of what he is conversing about, because
of the disturbance in his mind about
choice of words; his self-consciousness
in regard to his necktie; or his embarrassment
in talking to members of the
opposite sex.
Billy Sunday, who gave the inspiration
to Dr. Swift, has wonderful mental
motion pictures which he describes well,
and herein is his power over his audiences.
He describes the drunkard going
home so vividly that every person in the
audience sees the imaginary sot wabbling
homeward. Then in a flow of language
the orator describes how the intoxicated
one goes home and kicks his
infant to death, and later is hanged for
this offense. The speaker has told his
story and needs to add no invective to
drive the lesson home to his hearers.
What happens ? The next time every
person who heard the sermon passes a
saloon, the marvelous picture which Billy
Sunday drew for him, immediately
springs to his mind. He hears it all over
again, and he does not go in for a drink!
There is the secret of the power of this
evangelist.
Such is mental imagery. Try it, it
does not cost a cent and it may boost you
up the ladder of success.

QUEER DELUSIONS
California's "Emperor" Dies
On the outskirts of Stockton, California,
is the architectural nightmare
shown in the photograph above.
It belonged to Joseph Brenz, selfstyled
emperor of Austria, who died
just recently. The rococo castlewas
the pride and joy of this fantastic
lunatic, who spent all of his time
building queer ornamental additions
out of tin cans, scrap iron, colored
rags, wagon wheels, and many miscellaneous
articles of junk.
The Walking Arsenal
Mike Inik, always considered harmlessly
insane, felt the spur of a quixotic
impulse a short time ago. Leaving
his home in Hammond, Indiana,
dressed in a suit of homemade armor
—hammered out of dishpans and
washboilers—and carrying revolvers,
clubs, and hatchets galore, Mike invaded
the Hammond county courthouse
and shot up the court of Judge
Charles E. Greenwald. The lunatic
wounded the judge himself, the court
bailiff and a juror before he could be
subdued.

ZH
A COCOA "HUSKING BEE"
They aro stripped away with knives not unlike Cuban machetes. The pinkish pulp of the five cells is
silted with the finders, and the raw seeds separated. These then are fermented to destroy the mucilaee
they contain, and ameliorate the bitter taste.

DRYING AND POLISHING THE BEANS
Wter fermentation is completed, the beans are stretched out in thin layers on boards in the sunlight.
They are stirred constantly. Sliding roofs are provided for quick adjustment in case of showers. When
nearly dried the beans are "polished" in the manner shown in the lower photograph. The negroes
tramp on them with their bare feet and kick them about industriously. This removes any remaining
particles of dried mucilage and imparts a shine to the beans.

THERE WERE RACES OF ALL KINDS
The speedy motor sled shown in the above photograph was the
winner in its class. Over the smooth glare of ice it attained a
speed of 58.4 miles an hour. This sport is even more exciting
than iceboating, for the frail bob bounces and sways with every
inequality, and at the high speed attained the driver and
mecanicien have to be balancing acrobats in order to keep
themselves and the machine right side up.
^tarf!^
§P§!»
\.
«**> **
NEW WINTER SPORT FOR WOMEN
Pushball in the snow is exciting and exhilarating. Seven girls on each side endeavor with all their
strength to shove the b.ill across the opposing goal lines.
31

32
PUSHBALL ON SKATES
This is even more strenuous than hockey. The
contestants have little purchase when standing
still, so the "correct thing" is to retire a short
distance from the ball, then skate at full speed
ahead right into the ball, giving all possible impetus.
When two or more contestants hit the
ball simultaneously from opposite directions—a
spill is the natural consequence.
THE TOBOGGAN-AN ETERNAL FAVORITE
A steep slide of sheer ice, a comfortable sled, a pretty girl cuddled up close . .
and join us next winter!
Oh, come up

HOW YOUR AUTOMOBILE
MAY BE STOLEN
By EDWARD C. CROSSMAN
T H E new automobile owner returned
shamefacedly to the
abiding place of his friend
Bill, who sold motor cars for
a living.
"Say, Bill," quoth he, "that dratted
lemon-seed out there by the curb is
locked and blamed if I haven't gone off
and left my keys home. Suppose we can
unlock her without 'em ?"
"Locked and your keys home," roared
Bill, "how in the name of jumpin' jitnson
could you lock any white man's auto
lock with your keys home; it isn't a
spring lock, is it, idiot ?"
"Sure it is," admitted the victim,
"what's the matter with a spring lock on
a motor car?"
"Sit down and rest your head," im-
34
• The Bolt Cutters Stuck Their Snouts Peeringly
Down at the Little Padlock"
Only Two Seconds Delay
Any mechanic can sever in a jiffy the stoutest chain now
in use for locking the front wheels.
plored Bill. "Maybe the reason why will
occur to you in an hour or so. Charley,
bring out a pair of bolt cutters."
From the dark mysteries of the repair
shop beyond, there presently appeared
Charley, bearing a pair of long handles
that wound up in a pair of keen-edged
snouts. Followed by the abashed owner
he approached the car.
The car was locked by a hinged
bronze cuff that encircled gear shift and
emergency brake, preventing the movement
of either. The ends of the cuff
were locked together by a common padlock.
The bolt cutters stuck their snouts
peeringly down at the little padlock, took
a gentle nibble, closed firmly on the hasp,
and bit it in two with ease and nonchalance.
Under pressure the hasp sprang

HOW YOUR AUTOMOBILE MAY BE STOLEN' 35
If the Thief Doesn't Want Your Whole Car. He Is Apt to Jack Up
the Wheels and Steal Your Tires
out of its recess in the lock and fell on
the floor board.
"Shucks, 1 didn't need any bolt cutters
for that sort of a padlock," sniffed Charley.
"Any padlock that hasn't got a
notch in the end of the hasp that is free,
won't stand two good raps with a hammer."
"Is that all that kept some crook from
stealing my car?" demanded the amateur
car owner. "That's all," said Charley.
fe
A perfectly new auto lock
whizzed up the alley.
"Xot two nights ago," yelped
the peeved auto beginner.
"some crook jacked up the rear
end of a car outside the house
I was visiting, stole both tires
off the rear wheels, stole the
spare tire, stole all the tools in
the car and some wraps tucked
under the cushions—and didn't
appear to have hurried at that.
An' I've been kidding myself
that my car was locked, when
it takes a horny-handed mechanic
less time to cut off the
lock than it took those crooks to unscrew
one bolt in the rim!"
He returned to the office of his friend
Bill, where he was welcomed with roars
of derision.
"Now listen," said. Bill, "I'll tell you
about this stealing car business. You'll
be running around leaving your car unlocked
altogether or else log-chaining it
to a fire-plug if I don't give you a lookin
at the losric of the automobile lock.
CHANGING RADIATORS IS ONE OF THE EASIEST METHODS OF DISGUISING A CAR:
AUTOMOBILE THIEVES USE IT CONSTANTLY

36 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
"Firstly, man can always undo what
man has done, and this applies to unfastening
anything somebody else has fastened
up. An expert mechanic can
unfasten any lock some other expert
mechanic has evolved—if he has time
enough. It is this time and trouble business
that makes any sort of auto lock
efficient usually because the average thief
hasn't much time and isn't looking for
trouble.
"Last month in this town of four hundred
fifty thousand, one hundred fiftyone
cars were stolen. Just one hundred
twenty-one of these cars were
recovered by the second of the next
month, which is this
one. Probably more
will turn up later.
This means that at
least 80 per cent of
the cars taken
were taken by joyriders,
car-borrowers,
soused auto-mechanics
and tough kids
who know how to
run a car. The professional
car-stealer,
the crook who does it
for a living and has
to get away with the
car for good if he expects
to eat, is getting
comparatively rare.
"The police have
learned from New
York crooks just the
tricks those crooks
found useful, and
they've got the wise ones pretty well
scared out. Here's another set of figures
for you.
"The police say that from 85 to 90 per
cent of the machines taken without your
leave are taken from the crowded business
districts where cars are plentiful
—where choosing is simple, and where
also there isn't much chance to tinker
with a motor lock if there is one on the
car. This is why a lock on a car. no
matter how easily tinkered, usually is
An Ignition Lock Stops a Mechanic-Thief
Less than Ten Seconds. He Lifts the Hood.
Makes a Connection, and Speeds Away
effective—it offers just enough trouble
to the thief to make him pass on to one
not locked at all.
"But, that doesn't prove that an expert
thief—most of these regular thieves are
good automobile mechanics—can't jimmy
practically any form of auto lock if he
has a chance to use a little time and to
operate unobserved. Some of these
crooks operate with another car, and
they've been known to trot around in a
service wagon with a fake firm name
painted on it to fool any wise coppers
who notice them fooling, or even towing
a car away with them.
"Just the same, the risky place is in
front of your own office
building, and still
more risky is around
the theatre, because
you're usually at the
theatre at night and
the joy-rider usually
feels most joyful at
the same time. Here
the unlocked car is a
direct invitation to
some tough kid to
hop in and pick up a
girl and go whooping
through the country
on your gas and tires.
Because of the short
time they keep the
car, and the darkness,
and the slowness of
the authorities in get­
ting out the word as
to what car is missing,
these car-borrowers
rarely are caught, whereas if they
held to the auto for a day or two, they'd
be taking mighty big chances.
"As an obstacle, a delay, and a probable
discouragement to the potential joyrider,
the auto lock is all right, and
should be used always, but the innocent
trust some of these rummies put in them
makes me laugh.
"Some of them are so simple they
make the crook blush to beat them—
when he gets a chance for a couple of

HOW YOUR AUTOMOBILE MAY BE STOLEN 37
HERE'S A HARD ONE TO DETECT
ild a business body on to a stolen pleasure car. With this disguise it sells readily.
minutes' unobserved work. For instance,
there's the old-fashioned chain around a
wheel and axle, the rings at the end
fastened with a padlock. Charley can
cut chain so heavy it'd hold a tug-boat
with those bolt-cutters of his, and with
a lot of these padlocks, a rap with a
hammer will knock the hasp out of engagement
with the lock, without any old
bolt cutter. I'm talking now of the
crook operating from another car and
having stuff with him. Those fellows
who stole the tires off Brown's machine
had of course another car and beat it
nil' when they got the tires.
"Ford owners take out the switch key
nn the coil box and go strutting off as if
they'd locked the car in a safe deposit
vault. The first half-baked auto mechanic
who needs a Ford can slip in another
key and depart via the jitney route
without paying his fare. The same
holds true of a lot more auto locks of
this sort, with key on the ignition. A
Yale lock is harder to beat because duplicate
keys to Yale locks don't hang on
every bush. The weak point to all these
locks on the ignition and starting
switches and buttons is that the wiring
is accessible elsewhere and any halfeducated
auto mechanic can lift the hood
and do the trick at the engine.
"Here's one lock, for instance, that
prevents the starter button from being
depressed and so prevents the thief from
starting the engine from the seat. Only,
here, behind the instrument board, are
the wires and their binder posts. Mr.
Thief merely reaches around under the
edge of the board, unscrews a wire,
makes contact with another, and presto!
here goes your old starter with the button
still locked.
"Any of them can be beaten by lifting
the hood and using a piece of wire at
the magneto if the lock is on the ignition
system. Naturally, a man knowing
enough about motor cars to repair such
an ignition system can beat any old lock
that's installed. The point is that with
plenty of cars from which to choose,
the half-hearted thief, the joy-rider,
passes up the one that requires fiddling
around, beating locks, because the owner
might stray out. or some copper might
stop to watch the fun—and coppers

38 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
make some of these thieves nervous in
their work. Not all of them, however.
I know one thief who needed a rear axle
for a Pope Hartford. He drove up beside
a Pope, belonging to a friend of
mine, parked in front of a theatre. He
took off the hubcap
and just naturally
sneaked out
the axle, then replaced
the cap and
drove off.
"Mr. Friend
pretty near swore
himself blue in the
face trying to
make that car go,
before finally he
ferreted out the
trouble.
"Once in a while
you see a car of
non-starter t y p e,
like the common
variety of jitmobile,
with the crank
locked. 'Crank
locked, engine no
go,' the owner
figures out. If the
thief wants that
car, he merely lets in the Ford clutch, lets
off the brake, shoves the car along until
it starts the engine, then in he hops and
sails off with the crank still locked. Or
as they used to do, he jacks up the rear
end, starts the engine by using a rear
wheel with the clutch in, and leaves
behind him a parking space full of woe
and desolation.
"Some of these locks might as well be
signs 'This Car is locked.' If the thief
doesn't choose to believe in signs he goes
right ahead and takes the car. One I
saw the other day, a padlock fastening
the Ford throttle and spark levers together
on the steering wheel. The fool
thing still allowed plenty of play so the
engine could be started, even if it didn't
permit giving her all the gas she could
use.
"A lot better scheme is the lock on the
steering wheel, which is not jipped in a
hurry and which puts the steering gear
absolutely out of commission. The first
principle of the auto lock is that no padlock
or other easily cut or broken form
of lock be used, and this is true with the
lock that is an integral
part of the
steering column.
"You sabe now
why I laughed at
the idea of a spring
lock on a motor
car. It permits the
absent-minded cuss
to lock the car and
then find that the
keys are home.
With the other
sort of lock, the
keys must get lost
after the car is
locked; that's a
cinch.
"The thief really
after a car, with
the complete pro­
fessionalequip- The Best Protection
ment, is a bird that
is hard to head off.
He's got nerve
enough to tow off a car if he and
his pals cannot beat handily the ignition
or starter lock. I'll bet that two dirtyfaced
mechanics in a wagon that looks
like a garage service wagon can tow a
stolen car around this town all morning,
with the number in the hands of the
police as stolen. Couple of years ago
we lost a car from in front of the garage
here, and turned in the number and description.
It was a good car—worth real
money—so we set out after it immediately
in earnest.
"The nervy joy-rider who stole it, took
it up that night and left it in front of the
police station. It stood there all night,
while every copper in town had its number
and description into the bargain.
Finally an officer who had noted the car
when he went on duty that night, saw it
again in the morning and had the bril-
This spike makes a terrific racket and leaves a plain trail
on any pavement. Because of the reward offered, the
thief is likely, also, to be arrested by the first policeman.

HOW YOUR AUTOMOBILE MAY BE STOLEN 39
liant flash of inspiration to look over it
and take its number. Then they found
the missing car. So much for what the
police sometimes see—when the object
searched for even is directly under their
official noses.
"The old game of stealing a car and
altering it and its serially numbered parts
until its own maker wouldn't know it,
is pretty well played out. One reason is
the fact that the tricks are all known,
another is the fact that cars have gone
down so much in price, and the profit in
peddling a stolen, disguised and secondhand
car is little compared with what it
used to be. The crooks do steal and get
away with a tremendous number of the
road-louse make of car because they lookall
alike, there are so many on the road
that there's no watching for stolen
models after the number is doped around,
and they sell more readily second-hand
than any other make. So far as a car
going for good is concerned, I'd be more
afraid of losing a jitmobile than I would
a big $2,000-eight, painted robin's egg
blue. The latter might be worth a thousand
second-hand, all right, but a man
might as well steal a torch-light procession
so far as concealment is concerned,
and it would be a blame sight harder to
sell because chaps with a thousand are a
lot scarcer than chaps with a couple of
hundred.
"The crooked automobile mechanic
really after the coin is more likely to do
like the fellows who frisked Brown's car
for its tires and its tools and maybe its
magneto and loose accessories. There's
not a trace after they get a block from
the robbed car, few distinguishing marks
on the stolen goods, and a good sale for
them. A job pulled off every night makes
a nice little income.
"Without question the most efficient
form of lock is this new heavy heattreated
malleable iron band that locks
around the front wheel of the machine
on the side nearest the curb, and which
carries a heavy pointed steel stud. When
the machine is rolled with this on the
wheel it raises the whole wheel with a
beautiful thumping noise, and it makes
a plain trail in any pavement. Speed is
impossible without half tearing the car to
pieces; the noise is like a cable car going
over a quadruple crossing, and the 'sign'
left by the car is plain to read.
"Best of it is that you can't get it off
in a hurry. It is heavy and heat-treated,
and it takes a good mechanic a quarter of
an hour or so to hack-saw through it.
The lock is fool-proof and covered up by
the heaviest part of the steel. Also,
which is last, but not least, the would-be
thief fooling with it is doing it in plain
sight, on the outside of the car, and the
company making it has placarded the city
with signs announcing a reward of $100
for the arrest and conviction of a person
stealing a machine so equipped. That
makes the plain ordinary citizen take
notice if he finds some fellow fussing
with one of these devices. All in all, it
is about the best protection that can be
secured at this time, when quack remedies
for automobilists' ills are in the
great majority.
"Its weak point is that you're out of
luck if you lock your car with it and lose
your keys. The company furnishes a
certificate that you're the owner and have
a right to run the car with it on, or they
will send up a man with a duplicate key,
but you can't cut it off with a pair of bolt
cutters and you sure make a beautiful
spectacle driving a car with it on, to
say nothing of the ambitious gents who
pinch you twice to every block in hopes
of the hundred. Also it suffers from the
laziness of the average man, who'd rather
turn a key in a lock on the instrument
board than climb out and clamp the
hickey around the tire, because the latter
makes a demand upon his energy.
"The next best lock is probably that
on the steering wheel, preventing any
control of the car, and hard to jimmy.
The third best is a good Yale lock on the
instrument board on either ignition or
starting system. Only this Ford switch
key thing makes me tired because that
doesn't discourage even the joy-rider.
Any old thing will replace that."'

GROUNDED ON THE SANDS OF SAMOA
Recently the United States submarine H-3. commanded by Lieutenant Commander H. R. Bogusch, encountered
an impenetrable fog off the island of Samoa. The periscopes became useless, so the submersible's
engines were shut down and she was using just enough power to keep her headed. Before the
peril was realized, however, the submarine was washed into shallow water, and the breakers pushed her
far up on the beach. Below is a photograph of the crew taken just one hour after the rescue.

p
^ M
SCIENCE ^MECHANICS^ INVENTION
The Gliding Auto-
Sled
This is one

42
A PUMP-GUN CAMERA
This photographic machine, looking like and operated like a repeating shotgun, is designed to allow
the operator to follow wild birds in flight, and snap them exactly the instant he desires.
A Fume-Clearer for
Firemen
The Cincinnati Fire Department
now is equipped
with this device; it consists
of nostril and mouth
pieces opening into tubes
that lead to a three-chamberedcylinder.
Alltheair
the men inhale passes
through these chambers;
chemicals clear all harmful
fumes from the air.
Sure Death for Flies
Two English inventors recently
conducted a demonstration,
at the Hotel Mc-
Alpin, New York City, of a
new method for fighting the
fly pest. Their agent is a
new chemical compound.
used with a spray gun.
With this apparatus it is
possible to spray a large
room—killing every solitary
fly—in about two minutes.
l^^Mlliiui^^nj^Jiiii^Lii^Li^^Ui^^^^^n^uiii^M^iiirm •Hi

M i
EXTENSION BARREL MAKES POLICE REVOLVER A RIFLE
An Oakland inventor now offers a new style of policeman's billy, which, at a pinch, can be adjusted to the
muzzle of the officer's revolver, thus forming an accurate rifle for long distance shooting.
A NEW RIVAL FOR THE LEWIS GUN
This light, one-man machine gun has been submitted to the Armament Board o f the United States Army.
Recent demonstrations on the State range at Wakefield. Massachusetts, showed that this new weapon is
capable of ten shots a second, Including the time required for changing magazines.
j i n 111111 II 111:111111 n i n 11 n i ill 11 l.i 11 n 111111 o i n 11111 m 111 n u i u 11111111111 i I i

f^
44
100 Per Cent Mentally Perfect
Just before his death. Professor Hugo Munsterberg of
Harvard examined each of the 340 members of his
psychology class in all the ways known to modern science.
The class average was 24 percent. This one voungman,
T. J. Abernethy, of West Pembrook, Maine (class of'17),
was adjudged absolutely perfect.
A Compact Wireless "Ear"
The engineering laboratories of one of
our Eastern colleges have invented this
compact and inexpensive instrumentwith
which wireless messages. Government
weather reports, time signals and wireless
telephone conversation can be heard.
Anv amateur can make it at a cost of less
than five dollars.
SLEEPING DURING SCHOOL HOURS
Fresh air is recognized as being of such superlative importance to the well-being of school children in
New York today, that all pupils are required to take short naps, morning and afternoon, with the
windows thrown wide open
ii iiiiiiiimiiiiiiini iiniiu
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Make the Auto Wash Itself
Where high water pressure is not available,
this device will please. Just jack up the
wheel, remove the hub cap, attach the
pump to the axle with the hose behind in a
cistern, start the motor, and use the 100pound
pressure afforded.
Sleep Comfortably Anywhere
Campers and vacation specialists take
noticel Here is a bag that is waterproof
and coldproof, and which is provided with
adequate means for discouraging the attacks
of mosquitoes. It folds into a compact
bundle. Don't you want one with you
in the North Woods?

n1nnl'iin.i l iiiniiilniiifmn l liuiiii1,ninlnnlriVrnlftlllllllllliailllllll
His Own Automobile
A nine-year-old boy did this. He took his
play wagon, attached a one-tenth horsepower
auto-starting motor, a renovated battery, a
rheostat, and an ordinary bicycle chain for
the transmission, and now has a sure-enough
car of his own which will do its twelve miles
an hour.
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li'inriiiiiiiiilililitiiiiiiiiininiiHuiuiiiirmiiiiiimiiiiiiMimniiiii

iniiiiiiiiiuimi'iiriiiiuMiiiniiuiiiniiiuTrnrH'iiii'iMiiriiiiii'i'ii'iiniiiiiuriii.
6 f r — - — . •. . — - — — • %w&
COCOON LIFE PRESERVER
When the ship starts to sink, all a passenger must do is to step into this preserver, pull it up over his
head, and jump. It is very buoyant, waterproof and warm, though when folded it takes up little more
space than the ordinary preserver.
ALASKAN FISH WHEELS
Fishing with wheels in Alaska is not sport but it is a sure way of getting the finny tribe from the water
into the pan. A fish wheel works with the current of the stream while the prospector or settler is off
on other business. The fish go into the net-like cups of the wheel-paddles and are thrown into wickerwork
boxes at either side.
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48

TYPEWRITING TO RAGTIME
In order to induce the class of girls to attain speed on the machine, the instructor at the (Imaha Commercial
High School plays popular music on a phonograph during school hours.

A PROMISING INDUSTRY
Not all mattresses are made of excelsior, cotton, or hair. If you live in the Southland, you may find the
graceful Spanish moss, which is so injurious to the cypress trees of the Louisiana swamps, has been
used to ease your reclining hours and help you woo the drowsy god. The moss is picked in the swamps
by the negro, delivered in bales at the wharves of New Orleans, from thence transported to cabin
homes, where it is shaken out, sorted, and, with the help of the whole family, made up into neat mattresses
which sell readily.
£
m
• ift»iimmmi.ii.iiiMiiii»minm..ili..,...nit,..iii...„.,,,....„lH
lilillllill

KIDDIE EAR MAKES
INVENTOR A MILLION
By H A R O L D C AR Y
T H I S is the story of Clarence
White of North Bennington,
Vermont, just as he told it.
It is worth hearing because
in July, 1915, he was on the
high road to the poorhouse and because
in January, 1917, he had built up a million
dollar business that is not affected
either by war or peace.
Said Mr. White:
"I belong to a family of Yankee
manufacturers. We have a $90,000 factory
in North Bennington, in addition to
all the smaller buildings we owned before
it was constructed.
"Our business, in 1904, was the making
of stereoscope pictures for Sunday
schools and Sunday parlors. We had
four hundred agents throughout the
United States and we turned over approximately
half a million dollars every
year. In 1904 the business took a sud-
den spurt and we were forced to bring
in more workers and build the new building
of which I spoke above. In 1905
our business began to die of a most terrible
disease. It was attacked by motion
picturitis, and v\es laid in its grave before
winter. We did what we could to
save the patient but the only doctor who
had the proper medicine was the Public.
He was engaged in the new infant industry
of the motion picture.
"Johnny's remark to his Sunday
school teacher explained the whole situation
:
" 'I saw a wonderful movin' picture
of Japan last night all colored.' He
The Children of
Plainfield. New
Jersey, Gave the
First Welcome to
the Kiddie Kar
spurned the stereoscope and our beautiful
'still* pictures. Because Johnny was
fascinated by this new art our agents
wired their resignations to us at the rate
of two a day.
"We struggled along as best we could.
supplying such districts as did not yet
have the motion picture, but the decline
was steady and so positive that it was
heart-breaking. Bennington is so located
that the manufacture of most products
si

52 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
is out of the question because of the
situation and the lack of raw materials
or good transportation. We tried a kind
of cheap stereopticon and made enough
money during one Christmas season to
enable us to keep a large proportion of
our employes busy for a year, but that
project failed finally because of the lack
of demand.
"The town declined in spirits and the
White family struggled on attempting to
find the one thing which would put both
the people and our immediate dependents
back in the business game. Father
worked incessantly, but the problem
seemed impossible to solve. We could
find absolutely nothing to manufacture
at a profit and before a great length of
time we were practically ruined. The
new ninety thousand-dollar building was
a white elephant on our hands.
"But the change came. Those lean
years have now slipped off the shoulders
of Bennington and it has become the
"oiliest, happiest town in New England.
My son, aged four, is the cause behind
the results which we have obtained in
the year of 1916.
"I came home one evening and found
that the boy was cross and crying. His
mother explained to me that he insisted
on riding atop his hose cart—one of the
little cast iron toys to be found in almost
any family. He had broken his fire
engine because it would not hold up his
weight and his mother had forbidden
him to ride the hose cart because she
knew he would be heartbroken if that
also was demolished.
" 'Shucks,' I told him, 'I can fix that
for you. I'll make you a regular cart
at the factory tomorrow'. He went to
sleep content, and I fulfilled my promise.
"I found a piece of hard pine in the
woodworking shop where we had once
made stereoscopes. I fastened an upright
handle on the front of the board
and attached three wooden wheels, each
about four inches in diameter. The
whole job, with the aid of a band saw,
took me about two hours, and that night
I carried the cart home to the boy.
"He was delighted with it. He put
one foot on the board and propelled himself
about the house" with the other. The
cart was so light that he could carry it
about and it was not hard on the furniture
when he lost control of the steering
apparatus.
"The next evening there was more
trouble. The boy was crying his eyes
out because the neighbor's child had
taken the cart away from him and was
running it up and down the sidewalk.
Our good neighbor came into our house
with it a little later and apologized. She
complained, however, that her child
would not go to sleep without such a
cart and would it be too much trouble
to have one made for him?
"I said, no, and the next day had a
carpenter make two or three of the little
carts for the boys of our neighborhood.
The kids went crazy over them while
father and I became studious. It dawned
on us that here was the product which
we had searched for and in which our
salvation might lie. I made up two
dozen carts, painted them with a glossy
mixture of colors and took them down
to New York.
"You must remember that our firm
had no reputation in business outside of
what was left of us in the stereoscope
trade. So I took my samples to a cousin
in New York City who was in touch
with the metropolitan retail trade. He
welcomed me and we placed our samples
on the floor in the toy department at one
of the biggest retail department stores.
We gave a few to a retail toy dealer on
lower Manhattan and awaited results.
My cousin reported to me just four days
later.
' 'The toy buyer at the department
store wants ten gross immediately and
the opportunity to double his order at
once,' was the basis of his report. He
told an interesting story, too. The first
cart had been sold to a woman from
Plainfield. New Jersey, a suburb of New
York City. She saw it as it was being
unpacked to be placed on the floor, and
carried it home under her arm. Three

KIDDIE KAR MAKES INVENTOR A MILLION 53
days later every car was gone, and most
of them had been sold to women from
Plainfield, New Jersey, who had seen the
one which the first woman to buy had
brought home with her.
"Of course we went to work as fast
as we could. Father improved the car
by making the board in the shape of a
figure 8 so that a youngster could pick
it up between his legs and walk either
up or down stairs with it. Then he went
to work on machines which could be
adapted to our form of manufacture. In
the meantime we went to work by hand.
man and woman for whom we had room
in the shop, and all the time father
worked his head off on the machines
which would increase our production
and cheapen our costs. He succeeded.
"A small wooden device such as ours
might seem simple to make, but there are
twenty operations. Father devised a
machine to do every one of them, and
each machine saved us a cent on every
piece of work that it did. He procured
application patents so that we need not
fear competition.
"The first year of operation did not,
THE INTERIOR OF THE WHITE FACTORY AT BENNINGTON
This plant was transformed trom a stereoscope factory into a live manufacturing plant where just this one
children's vehicle toy now is made.
"We made a profit that was interesting,
to say the least, making the car by
hand. Orders came in until we had
enough at our rate of production to keep
us busy for a year. In my old business
the most expensive executive department
was that devoted to collections. In this
venture I had to employ expensive experts
to return money on orders which
we could not hope to fill. The town was
swept to prosperity on the demand for
ni)- 'invention'. We employed every
of course, result in large profits because
we spent the first $125,000 on machines
to help along. But the town itself was
put back upon its feet and we had no
fear of the wolf. Our production now
is fifteen hundred a day and the average
retail price is two and a half dollars.
The reason for our success is simply
that we have supplied a demand. We
have manufactured a product which has
actually produced a new method of
transportation, for children, at least."

"•Yep. All It Cost Was
Gasoline and Oil"
o
NE thousand miles, and
all it cost was the gasoline
and oil! No more railroad
trains for me. as
long as the old boat runs
and the roads are good !"
Thus many an owner cries in jubilation
after finishing a tour in his car.
And far be it from the intentions of the
present scribe or this magazine to say
that a thousand miles in an automobile
isn't far more pleasant and profitable,
even at the price, than a similar number
spent in a plush chair being showered
with cinders! But Truth is mighty
and will prevail over the car owner, if he
but look her in the face.
Who thinks a thousand miles of touring
costs only gas and oil is fooling himself.
Let us take off the lid and look at
Truth where she nestles in carburetor
and tires, in wheels and bearings, in the
insurance man's pocket and the repair
man's maw!
54
The COST of
MOTORING
1000 MILES
by CRClaudy
EDITOR'S NOTE: Haven't you
considered a trip to Niagara Falls, or to
Seattle, or to Florida at some time or another,
and drawn back because you could
not figure the costs exactly? Well, here
thev are, all marshalled into a formidable
battalion for your inspection.
I run a little six-cylinder boat which
cost a thousand dollars. You run a big
eight or twelve or seventeen or something
which cost, let us say, two thousand
dollars. We start off together on
a thousand mile tour. At the end of that
tour, if we look honestly at our expenditures,
we have spent, you and I; a heap
more money than we paid for gas and
for oil. I have paid out $95.25 and you
have paid $166.00—paid, none the less
surely though we may have each of us
started with much less than that in our
pockets.
What ? Most assuredly I am not
counting hotel bills and what we have fed
the living machine! If we take eight
days for the tour and average seven
dollars a day for food and lodging, newspapers,
cigars and an occasional dampening
of our whistling apparatus with soda
water, then we spend fifty-six dollars
each in addition to the former amounts
named.
Prove it? That's easy. The trouble
with the average car owner is that he
doesn't look beyond the expenditure of
the moment. He doesn't figure the
things which cost money on a tour be-

nil-. COST OF MOTORING ONE THOUSAND MILLS 5,5
cause he has paid for them in advance!
But the cost is there, nevertheless.
For instance—tires. Tires, motorist's
nightmare! Shoes for the car cost a
heap more than shoes for the children,
and rubber isn't going down any in price ;
neither is cotton nor labor.
It costs me $21.00 a shoe, for a
medium-priced—well, if you want to call
it so, a cheap tire. I manage six thousand
miles out of my thirty-two-by-four
tires. That makes my tires cost $0,014
a mile. For a thousand miles I have
spent $14.00 in rubber and fabric, just
as surely as if I dribbled fourteen mills
over the side of the car for every mile I
drove.
Your tires cost twice as much. Let
us say then $45.00 per shoe. But you
doubtless will get ten thousand miles out
of your big tires. I figure your mileage
cost, then, as $0,018 and charge you with
$18.00 against your thousand mile tour.
What ? Oh, come now! Of course
I know I am guessing. That is, you
may get 11,579 miles or only 9,652
miles, or maybe you will get 14,974
miles from a tire. But I am stating a
fair average. I have taken 10,000 from
a 32x4, on a rear at that, and I have
blown up at 3,700. I average the six
thousand I mentioned. All this story is
an average. No two cars, no two drivers,
are alike. You can't discomfort me by
pulling a special instance, and if you are
really going to play fair, you won't!
How do I figure gasoline? Well, I
don't figure it by the "average" the
ordinary motorist brags about. I used
to, when I was young and inexperienced.
I'd fill up the tank on a hot summer's
day, get 19 miles to the gallon, and forever
after that 19 miles was my "average".
It's different now. I have
stopped fooling myself. The gasoline I
use on a tour is the gas I pay for. I
start with a full tank, I end with a full
tank, and the total gallons used divided
into the distance, gives the real "average".
I find that with starts, stops, city
work, second gear in ruts and mud,
mountain climbing, etc., considered together,
the average $1,000.00 car which
"BE GOOD AND GENEROUS WITH OIL. FIRST. BECAUSE IT IS A HEAP CHEAPER THAN
BEARINGS; SECOND. BECAUSE IT'S CHEAP ANYWAY"

56 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
the average driver tours over the averometer, takes your mileages, does some
age run, averages about 15 miles to the figuring and tells you what he may allow
gallon. Your big boat is going some if if the car is all right.
it averages 10. At present price gas What he probably does is this. He
runs from 20 to 27 cents a gallon accord­ figures on the car depreciating at least
ing to geography and greed, an average 30% the first year. That's a conserva­
of 23^ cents, and my gas for the thoutive figure, but never mind. If you
sand miles cost $15.75—yours $23.50. depreciate 30% on a $2,000 car in a
I'll be good and generous with oil, vear and run eight thousand miles in
first, because oil is a heap cheaper than that year, then your depreciation cost is
bearings : second, because it's cheap, any­ $0,075 per mile. Mine is half that, beway.
I'll use about 10 and you about 20 cause of my cheaper car—$0.037.1. As
quarts. Charge—$1.50 for me, $3.00 a matter of sober fact your depreciation
for you.
is greater than mine because the market
Then there's insurance. I am suppos­ for second hand inexpensive cars is
ing you carry it. I can't sleep o' nights greater than the market for second hand
without it. Fire, theft, explosion, per­ big boats—but let that go. For your
sonal liability—/ don't want to stand in thousand mile tour, then, you have paid
court and have the old apple woman $75.00 in depreciation and I but $37.50.
who walked into me and skinned her "Interest on investment?" Why, of
knee, limp across to the witness stand course I'm going to figure it! I have
and have a jury of my peers say, "Oh. one thousand dollars tied up in my boat
he's a rich auto owner—give her a thou­ and in a year that thousand would easily
sand dollars!" Not for me. So I give yield me $60.00 in any one of half a
up about $40 a year and I'll suppose you dozen sound preferred stocks. Your two
lay out $100 a year (the insurance men thousand would yield you $120. But I
rather stick the big car fellows, you am not going to let you off with eight
know).
days' interest. A car doesn't give you
Now, the average car runs about 8.000 days of time, but miles of travel. So I
miles a year. Some of them do their figure that in your tour you ran an
thirty thousand and some their three eighth of your yearly distance and
thousand, but the average fellow—the charge you with an eighth of your total
you and I sort of chap—runs around interest on investment, or $15.00. My
8.000 miles in 365 days. So my insur­ charge is $7.50.
ance cost is Yi cent a mile and yours is Then there's the matter of repairs and
$0,012. For our thousand miles I have adjustments, filling grease cups, repair
paid $5.00 and you $12.50 for insurance. of a puncture, etc.—no one can figure it
We have each of us stabled our car because no two tours are alike. But I
eight nights in a garage and paid $8.00 put it $4.00 for me and $7.00 for you—I
for the privilege. I have squandered am generous, you see, in not doubling
$2.00 in tips for an extra fine wash and up on you all the time.
you $4.00 for the same—sure, you are Now. of course, you want to know
no more generous but you have more why I haven't figured the mileage-cost
and so tip more. How do I know ? Man, of brake-bands, and the mileage cost of
am I not giving you credit for a $2,000 bearings and the mileage-cost of the
car?
grease in the differential and gear box
Then there is depreciation. What ? and the wear on the springs and the
Don't figure depreciation ? Of course leather and the top and the storm cur­
you don't! But it's there just the same. tains and the varnish on the steering
Go into the place you bought your car wheel! Of course, I could. But I
and try to trade it for a new one. Watch haven't, because depreciation takes care
the manager. He goes to the speed­ of those matters fairly. You can add a

THE COST OF MOTORING ONE THOUSAND MILES 57
dollar if you want to for wear and tear
on grease—as a matter of fact, if you
treat your car as a white man should,
you'll empty the sump of the motor of
old oil at the end of your tour and fill
it up with seven quarts of new oil and
charge a dollar five against the expense
of the trip.
And now let's add it all up and find
out what the trip really cost you and me,
remembering that I am averaging as
well as many years of experience of car
booking will allow. Well I know the
trip can be made for more, but that it
can be made for less—except by a
greater annual mileage to cut down the
depreciation charge per mile—and a
greater gas and tire mileage—I do not
believe. 1 have tried it myself many
times, and friends of mine have tried it,
but the results all have been discouraging
so far as greater economy has been concerned.
One more word before we list these
various expenses. A car depreciates not
only by mileage but by time. A car
which has run five thousand miles a year
"I HAVE TAKEN 10.000 MILES FROM A TIRE. AND ^
ON THE OTHER HAND I HAVE BLOWN LP AT 3.700. f*"^
THE AVERAGE IS AROUND 6.000"
isn't worth second-hand—as a commercial
proposition—much, if any, more
than one which has run ten thousand
miles. It oughtn't to be so, but it is so
—ask any second hand dealer! A car
depreciates at least 30 r/ , the first year
and comes pretty near 25% the following
years. True, a car four years old,
according to these figures, is worth
something less than nothing, whereas
four year old cars can be. and are, sold
for a hundred or two dollars. But for
all figurable purposes—for all accounting
of costs, the percentages given are
under, rather than over, and that holds
whether your second-hand market be
San Francisco or New York, Oshkosh
or Timbuctoo. The private sale to the
unsuspecting friend who knows not
values cannot be figured, and selling a
second hand car for more than it's worth
to some one who can be gold-bricked, in
no way alters the truth of the touring
figures.
Now, to the table—

58 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
$1,000 CAR
$2,000 CAR
Four tires at $21.00 each. .$84.00
Four tires at $45.00 each. . $180
Average mileage 6,000
Average mileage 10,000
Tire cost per mile $0,014
Tire cost per mile $0,018 •
Tire cost per 1,000 mile tour $ 14.00 Tire cost per 1,000 mile tour $ 18.00
Average miles per gallon
Average miles per gallon
of gas 15
of gas 10
Gallons per 1,000 mile tour 67
Gallons per 1,000 mile tour 100
At 23^ cents, total cost of gas. . 15.75
Ten quarts of oil 1.50
At 23y2 cents, total cost of gas. . 23.50
Twenty quarts of oil 3.00
Insurance $40.00
Insurance $100
Average yearly mileage. . . 8,000 Average yearly mileage. . 8,000
Insurance per mile $0,005
Insurance per mile $0.0125
Insurance per 1,000 mile tour. . . 5.00 Insurance per 1,000 mile tour. . . 12.50
Garage, 8 nights 8.00 Garage, 8 nights 8.00
Garage tips 2.00 Garage tips 4.00
Depreciation, 30% $300
Depreciation, 30% $600
Depreciation per mile,
Depreciation per mile,
8,000 average $0.0375
8,000 average $0,075
Depreciation per 1,000 mile tour. 37.50 Depreciation per 1,000 mile tour. 75.00
Interest on investment at 6%—
Interest on investment at 6%—
$60.00 per year.
$120.00 a year.
Per tour, y8 of year's mileage... 7.50 Per tour, % of year's mileage... 15.00
Repair allowance 4.00 Repair allowance 7.00
$ 95.25
If living is included, 8 days at $7
per day 56.00
$151.25
V
K
W
$166.00
If living is included, 8 days at $7
per day 56.00
$222.00

IN THE LONELY ANTARCTIC *

(50

6Z
^BHUIHlB
Elephant Island
On this inhospitable
spot the members
of the crew
lived while waitingfor
rescue. In the
foreground can be
seen the members
of the expedition
skinning- the penguins
which were
their sole food and
fuel for 4H months.
The End of the
Endurance
This photograph
was taken just as
the good ship took
her final plunge
into the black water
between the ice
floes that bad
crushed her. All
the crew watched
with sinking- hearts.
Even the "huskies"
seemed depressed.

\.. -
. , _ •
vS«f
5K*

M
TARGET PRACTICE BY
TELEPHONE
THE STATE RIFLE
RANGE AT AU­
GUSTA. GEORGIA
In front of each target is a cast-iron buzzer box
with a buzzer and terminal strip, while in the
middle of the pit is a telephone b*ox equipped
with a hell that can be operated from any
of the firing lines. The firing lines are located
at 200, 300, 500, 600, 800, and 1,000 yards, each
line being provided with a cast-iron telephone
box connected with the telephone station in
the pit.
Thus, when a company or squad of men are
on any of the firing lines for practice shooting
or making records, an officer is stationed at the
phone box in the pit. At each of the tarpets,
with its buzzer, a man is put on duty to
answer the buzzer signals for sashing the targets
and noting the position of the shots fired.
Cn the tiring line, particularly in contests, the
marksmen are assigned to positions in line
with a certain target at which they are to fire.
A man is detailed to handle the telephone and,
with everything connected up, stands ready to pass
instructions from the men firing, to sash or mark targets
that they specify. The man at the telephone
pushes the corresponding number of the button
of the target called. In the pit, the man hearing the
buzzer immediately pulls down the sash bearing the
target and locates where the ball has struck.
The hit scored on the target just pulled down is indicated
to the scoring officers and men on the firing
line by holding a disk over a similar position on the
target just pulled up and being shot at.

Little Oddities of Life
MECHANICAL BUCKING BRONCHOS
These are hobby horses with more "pep 1 ' than the nursery could contain. They are electrically operated
horses that really walk and carry riders.
A Dog Chauffeur on
Broadway-
He is trained to the
part, and enjoys his
daily five-mile-an-hour
ride up the thoroughfare
just as much as his
watchful mistress.

Measuring the Pathway to Peace
"Count your footsteps and see how quickly
they run into miles and health," advises
Tacitus Hussey of Des Moines, Iowa, poet,
pedestrian, newspaper reporter, archer and
historian, who, at the age of 83, is a worthy
pupil of Edward Payson Weston's school of
walkers. Having measured every step he
has taken during the last ten years with his
pedometer, he is an authority on footsteps.
During this period he has traveled 15,000
miles and discovered some of the following
truths:
That the average man travels from 50,000
to 75,000 miles on foot during a lifetime of
three score years and ten.
That every footstep is a drop of nature's
best medicine and health restorer and that a
walk of from three to five miles daily is the
best insurance policy a business man can
carry.
That a man's years are measured by the
miles he walks, and that a doctor's visits are
regulated by the lack of miles.
A STRANGE STEED
This is one of our most popular motion-picture actresses, out riding over the grounds of the California
studio of her company, behind her pet ostrich. The long-legged bird is capable of a pace that would
satiate 'Pop*' Geers.

She Sees Snakes Daily
Mrs. Learn is in the snake business. She is a
professional catcher, tamer, trainer and seller. She
knows snakes from the tip of their forked tongues
to the last rattles and the buttons on their tails.
She has handled more snakes than Honus Wagner
has hot grounders, because she has been in the
snake business, whole ale and retail, for thirty
years.
Early in life, Mrs. Learn discovered that she was
immune to the venom of the whole snake family.
A snake bite to her is no more than a mosquito bite.
Possessing such an unusual immunity, Mrs. Learn
long ago saw the opportunities in the business.
She organized a company to capture and sell
snakes to zoos, shows, to scientists for experi­
mental purposes and to householders for pets and
An Attachable
Desk
No matter where
you go you may
have a desk—if you
use this device. It
clamps to the back
of any ordinary
chair.
fireside companions.
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 67

68 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
/
v£W:
^^f^-4
.
In Spite of Handicaps
Little Ethel Toussaint was one of the victims
of the great infantile paralysis scourge. She
can do nothing with her poor, shrunken hands,
yet because she possesses an indomitable spirit
she refuses to give up. She follows her desire
to be an artist by drawing pencil pictures all
day long, with the pencil gripped between
her teeth.
The Smallest Electric Auto
Master Vernon Roberts, whose father is an
officer of the Cunard line, is the owner of the
smallest electric auto
known. This auto is reconstructed
from a regular
pushmobile, the electric
apparatus and engines
having been installed by
mechanics employed by the
Cunard line at pier at 14th
Sheet and Hudson River,
New York. Master Roberts
thoroughly enjoys this auto
and has learned to run it
quite as handily as most
professional chauffeurs
manage its big brothers.

.'•r [i /. ! & UNDEBWOOD
She Cooks for "Bugs'*
Miss Agnes Quirk of the United States
Depart men tof Agriculture is the strangest
chef in the world.
The boarders for whom
she cooks mount in numbers
into billions and
trillions—they are the
bacteria used by the Department
of Plant Pathology.MissQuirkprepares
their dinners from
cocktail to cordial; as a
matter of fact the food
is simply sterilized culture
media—often agaragar.
Miss Quirk averages
about 40.000 tubes
of culture media a year.

SAN FRANCISCO TO COLUMBUS BY SCOW
This building, the Ohio exhibit at the San Francisco Fair, was adjudged worthy of preservation. It was
put on board a scow in the harbor, and started upon its long journey behind a tug. When it arrives it
will be used as an historical museum.
HOW GREECE GETS TORPEDO BOATS
The Grecian Government'raises the money for two new torpedo
boats each year by selling lottery tickets to all of its people.
Many patriotic citizens buy tickets and then tear them up. If
by chance one of these tickets wins a prize the money reverts
to the government.
COPYRIGHT BROWN 4 DAWSON
Cowiltz County Advocate
^y|ir.p^£i>.a' i %iie'
Newspaper Printed on a Shingle
Because of the high cost of news
print paper, the Cowlitz County-
Advocate, a paper printed at Castle
Rock, Washington, came out recently
with its supplement printed
on shingles. The purpose of this
odd arrangement was to make concrete
a protest against the high cost
of living and the low selling price
of shingles, the product of that
particular section of the country.

LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 71
"JAKE" TRAILS HIS DEADLY RIVAL
The donkey "Jake" had to be a member of the camping party because the automobile could not nego­
tiate the last twenty miles of Oregon mountain trails. For this reason Jake was built into a crate, leaving
only his head exposed, and bundled atop the tents and other luggage on the trailer. The donkey is a
beast without even a vestige of pride, seemingly, for he showed not the slightest sign of wishing to avenge
the insult; he watched the passing scenery imperturbably.

FOUR HUNDRED DEGREES
BELOW ZERO
By RAYMOND FRANCIS YATES
I N the wintertime, when the mercury
approaches the much-dreaded zero
mark, we don extra wraps, cover
our ears, and exclaim, "Goodness,
what a terribly cold day it is!"
But let us go on down the Fahrenheit
temperature scale until we reach a point
that is 400 degrees below the markwhere
frost really bites our fingers and
toes, and we will be in a new realm,
almost devoid of heat and in which all
states of matter are contracted into
solids.
In this extreme degree of coldness,
there is nothing upon earth that cannot
be robbed of heat, whether it is a piece
of tin or a piece of ice from the exact
location of the north pole. A tin cup
may be frozen and contracted to such a
degree that if it is struck a sharp blow,
it will break into pieces much as a
Two Dewar Flasks Filled with Liquid Air
So violently does the fluid seek the warmth of the surrounding room,
that a thick coat of frost forms on the beakers instantly, making them resemble
fancy sundaes.
ALL PHOTOGRAPHS C0PY8I0HT ,818 BY SAY A8ANCIB V
73
china cup is shattered by a jar or fall.
In the production of low temperatures,
the scientist has learned some of nature's
most cryptic secrets—secrets that have
yielded only to the determined and undiminished
attacks of great minds.
Behind the closed doors of the laboratory,
temperatures so low have been
produced that the very air breathed has
been frozen to a solid mass! Every
known gas has been brought from the
invisible to the visible, by coldness so
intense.
By the scientific mind, all matter,
whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, is regarded
as being composed of myriads of
infinitesimal particles called molecules.
These molecules are all in a state of
rapid vibration and the degree of this
vibration determines the temperature of
the particular substance formed by the
molecules. Thus, if the molecules
are vibrating extremely
rapidly, we say that the substance
is hot, and if they are
caused to vibrate less rapidly,
we say the substance is "cold".
But, there is no such a thing
existing as "coldness", as this
condition is only so named
when there is little heat present.
Ice has some heat in it
but not as much as substances
at a more normal temperature,
hence, we call it "cold".
When water is boiled, part
of it passes away as vapor—
its molecules rise and pass off
into the atmosphere. If we
cool this vapor, it returns again
to its natural condition, water.
Thus we see that it is a revers­
ible operation, and this is true of
any substance upon our planet,

Mercury Can Be Frozen
into a Serviceable
Hammer by Immersion
in Liquid
Air
FOUR HUNDRED DEGREES BELOW ZERO 73
that is, when heated they tend to assume
the gaseous or vaporous state and when
cooled they return to the solid or liquid
state. Of course it is extremely difficult
to solidify or liquefy some gaseous substances,
while others change their state
very quickly.
Water offers a perfect illustration.
Naturally it is a liquid. If we boil it, it
becomes a vapor and if we cool this
vapor, it returns to a liquid state. What
happens if we cool it further? It becomes
ice. This law is followed strictly
in nature, although there are certain substances
that pass directly from the solid
to the gaseous state and vice versa. In
that case they entirely avoid the intermediate
liquid state.
We will start with a simple example
of super-cooling. If we pucker our lips
(as in whistling) and blow our breath
upon the hand, we will find that the
gaseous matter emanating from our
mouth actually is cool when it strikes
our hand, although it was quite warm
before leaving our body. We find that
the temperature of this exhaled breath is
much lower than that of the surrounding
atmosphere.
The simple little experiment proves a
great law that was laid down by scientists
some years ago. It states, in its
most simple form, that if a gas, when
stored under pressure, is allowed to
expand freely through a small orifice,
it actually cools itself. This is called
the "self-intensifying method" of producing
low temperatures.
It is by this method that every gaseous
substance upon our planet has been
brought into the liquid and solid state.
If it is desired to liquefy air, the air is
forced by a pressure pump into a small
coil of pipe arranged in the form of a
helix; at the end of this coil of pipe
there is placed what is known as an expansion
valve. The air upon emanating
from the pipe expands freely. The
coiled pipe is housed in a durable steel
cylinder and the air expands in this.
Now it readily will be understood that
the air that is coming out of the valve
will be colder (contain less heat preferably)
than the air that is flowing further
back in the pipe. Then, at the expansion
valve, the gas cools and as the ex-

74 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
LIQUID AIR CAUSES TERRIFICALLY HEIGHTENED COMBUSTION
The demonstrator is hold ng a red-hot steel rod in liquid air. This causes the steel to burn energetical!
panded gas cools, it fills the steel chamber
containing the coiled pipe and therefore
also cools the gas that is on its way
through the pipe. Then, when the gas
that is coming through the pipe reaches
the expansion valve, it will cool still
more and will therefore be much colder
than the gas that is already in the cylinder.
Thus, it will be seen that, after
about thirty minutes continuation of this
process, liquid air will be flowing in the
pipe.
When any substance at ordinary temperature,
or even at the temperature of
ice, is brought into contact with a liquid
gas, such as air, the liquid will be found
to boil furiously until it actually subtracts
all the available heat from the substance.
The result is that some of the
liquid gas boils itself away and regains
its natural state. It may be rather confusing
for some to conceive of the meaning
of "boiling" as it is used here. But
when it is mentioned that liquid air boils
at a temperature of 382 degrees below
zero, it will readilv be understood that
this "boiling" takes place without any
perceptible heat. That is why any substance
at ordinary temperature will cause
liquid air to "boil" and subsequently to
vaporize. In fact it is utterly impossible
to devise any means whereby liquid air
can be preserved any length of time,
owing to its gradual "boiling" away.
Nature is calling it back to its original
state of existence but. to regain this
state, it needs a specific amount of heat
which it greedily robs from its surroundings
as fast as possible and vaporizes.
Thus it will be seen that liquid air, or
any liquid gas, cannot be kept in a stoppered
container. If a kettle full of liquid
air was placed on a cake of ice. it would
be found to boil as fast as water on a hot
stove.
Scientists were indeed surprised when
it was found that barley seed, after
being kept for twelve hours under liquid
hydrogen, did not lose its ability to grow,
and when planted, after being subjected
to that terrific degree of coldness,
sprouted in a perfectly normal manner.

FOUR HUNDRED DEGREES BELOW ZERO 7.S
EVEN TIN AND RUBBER GET BRITTLE
Imi ersed in liquid air, this rubber cork and tin cup splintered when struck sharp blows, just as if they had been composed
of glass and porcelain respectively.
Still more were scientists surprised when the professor if he could not have the
it was found that bacteria were abso- frozen egg to show to his room-mate,
lutely unaffected by the low tempera- who was not a member of the class. The
ture of liquid hydrogen.
Curiosity would natturally
inspire one to
ask, "What would happen
to human flesh under
the influence of such
exceedingly low temperatures?"
After a fraction
of a minute's immersion
in liquid air,
human flesh would become
frozen so hard
that it could be cracked
and broken much as a piece of
solidified plaster of Paris. Of
course, flesh so treated would not
remain in that frozen condition and
w o u 1 d rapidly "thaw
out" in a normal atmosphere
and gradually
decay.
A college professor, at
Cornell University, once
froze an egg in liquid
air before a class in
physics, and one of the
students was so impressed
that he asked
request was granted,
and, with the egg in his
pocket, the student departed
for the dormitory,
but when he arrived, he
found, much to his dismay
and astonishment,
that the egg had broken
and become considerably
softer from the heat of
his body and was slowly
draining through his
pocket in a normal condition.
What benefit has humanity
gleaned from
these discoveries of
methods for producing
low temperatures? It
must be remembered
that science has been
wandering and exploring
a new realm and is
mustering its forces for
more extended research
in this field. What the
future holds we do not
know.

NEWS BY WIRELESS
FOR FARMERS
By FRANK G. M O O R H E A D
T O D A Y as one drives westward
from the city of Clinton
and approaches the town of
Maquoketa, Iowa, he is surprised,
at a turn in the road,
to see a large sign stretched across the
roadway. It can be read at a glance,
but it conveys such novel information
that most drivers stop and re-read it, in
order to be sure.
"Eat Honey. For sale here. Today's
weather report by wireless on
next curve. Archie Banks."
Two or three rods farther on, the bulletin
board is in evidence, eight feet wide
and five feet high.
"Rain or snow tonight, cold wave
coming, lowest temperature tonight, 5
degrees below zero.
"Corn, No. 2, yellow, 9534 to 96/2c;
No. 4, yellow, 93>4 to 95j4c: No. 4,
white, 84 to 85c.
"Oats, No. 3, white, 54% to 55j4c;
standard, nominal.
76
"Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria
died today.
"Deutschland arrives at New London
with million-dollar cargo on its second
trip."
So run the bulletins (weather forecasts,
market reports, world news) on
the bulletin board by the side of the
road.
That the service is appreciated not
only by the receiver, Mr. Banks himself,
but likewise by all the farmers of his
neighborhood, is evidenced by the fact
that two or three score neighbors, for
miles around, are in the habit of telephoning
Mr. Banks every day to find out
what the weather is to be in the next
twenty-four hours, what the market
quotations are and the latest news of the
war and of the world. They are not
even obliged to drive over and read the
bulletins on the board, by the side of the
road; they are served promptly and
without charge by means of the rural

NEWS BY WIRELESS FOR FARMERS 77
telephone lines with which the
country is gridironed.
While he is a genuine, allaround
farmer, working 160
acres of fertile Iowa land, Mr.
Banks has two particular hobbies
—electricity and bees. He is a
good business man and realizes
that those who stop to read his
news bulletin rarely leave without
buying his honey. Up to
Thanksgiving of last year he had
sold 150 cases of honey, aggregating
more than 3,000 pounds,
at a good market price, largely
as a result of his sign across the
road and of his news service,
patrons being attracted in this
manner invariably returning to
him because of the high quality
of his honey.
Mr. Banks employs a one-step
amplifier which amplifies signals
from 10 to 100 times. He copies
messages from all over the
world ; from Hanover, Germany ;
Mare Island, California; San
Diego, California; Guantanamo Bay,
Cuba; Arlington, Virginia; New York
City, and so on. New York messages
are received so loudly they can be heard
all over the farm house.
The news service comes through a re-
Government Licensed WIRELESS
Station9.A.G.D.ArchieBanks
OPERATOR, mTM&MCRT TODAY
Getting the Last Report
The Banks' Wireless Bee Farm
ceiving set which copies nothing but
spark stations, the bulletins coming daily
from Springfield, Illinois, and Ames.
Iowa. Mr. Banks is in touch with hundreds
of other stations, as far away as
Key West, Florida. By this means, although
out on the farm, he is kept advised
of world happenings better than
the average city man but a square from
the large metropolitan newspaper offices.
So successful has the Banks' wireless
news system become that
both Iowa and Illinois now
offer free wireless service to
any one who will install a
modest receiving set,
weather reports being sent
out daily at noon and news
bulletins at noon and 8:30 in
the evening. Another step
has been taken in the campaign
to rout the isolation
and loneliness of the farm
and to bring town and countrv
still closer together.
J

?ETYLAST

I To
V
Amuse the Circus
Crowds
The large, hot air balloons rise
quickly to a great height, and
descend just as quickly when
their contents cool. It is the
main chance for the hardy performer
who takes the risk of
ascension to release his parachute
before the fall begins.
Whin he does this he is trusting
himself to the frail parachute.
If bv any chance it refuses
to open . . .
Negotiating Falls on the
Athabasca River
For five months of the year
these sturdy Canadian voyageurs
or scowmen, as they
are more familiarly known,
stand guard over immense,
twenty-foot sweeps and guide
their lumbering flat boats, provision
laden, down the rapid
strewn waters of the Canadian
northland in Alberta and Mackenzie
land. Every hour they
risk their lives. The white
water reaches the tremendous
mill race speed of twenty miles
an hour, often little falls mark
the rivers' courses, but daringly
the "whitewater" men accept
the challenge.
79

80
Playing on the Railroad
"Safety Last" could very well be the motto of
the thousands who trespass daily upon the
track of railway companies. In the last
twenty years, records show that 86.733 have
been killed and 94,646 have been injured by
railroads. These totals do not include those
who have been killed in wrecks, but merely
those who have been killed or injured while
crossing tracks, stealing rides, gathering coal
and doing other things that fall in !he general
classification of trespassingon rai'road property.
Railroad officials estimate that of the
thousands who are killed each year along
railroad lines, less than ten per cent are engaged
in the perilous pastime of "hoboing";
most of the casualties result from the negligent
action of men, women, and children in
walking, working, or playing along railroad
tracks.

YOUR OPPORTUNITIES
W H E N the home country
gets crowded, and Big
Business seems to have
possession of all the big
chances, the man with
small means unconsciously thinks of
trying his luck in a new field. For the
American this field is Alaska.
Alaska is the last frontier American
land, and that is where every American
now has his one great chance to "get in
on the ground floor". When affairs begin
to hum in the far North, as they
will shortly, Alaska will want men for
her farms, her mines, her railroads, her
fisheries, her lumber camps; she will
need storekeepers, dentists, moving-picture
operators, hardware merchants,
school teachers. Whoever can qualify
will have his chance.
The gigantic opportunities open to
him may be guessed from a few simple
comparisons. Alaska is nearly as large
as Germany, France, and Spain combined.
Norway, Sweden, and Finland,
to which Alaska is more than favorably
comparable in climate, and the area of
which is only three-quarters that of
Alaska, sustain a permanent population
of eleven millions, while poor, overgrown
Alaska, weighted down with wealth, can
IN ALASKA
By M O N R O E W O O L L E Y
boast of less than one hundred thousand
inhabitants, native and white, and man)
of the latter are there only when the
seasons are salubrious!
This scarcity of population is the reason
why Alaska will be so good a prospect
for live men within the next few
years. A multitude of raw products
which we lack within the continental
limits of the United States will be supplied
to us from the overgrown territory
bought for a song by the sharp and sensible
Seward. We have no tin mines,
a material in demand every day all over
the world, but Alaska has loads of tin.
W r e can never go bankrupt for the want
of coal with which to keep the wheels of
industry churning, so long as we retain
the Alaskan fields; and with famine
strutting over the home country we can
never starve with Alaska flourishing
with cattle ranges, salmon shoals, and
farming fields. And then there is timber.
fur, gold, copper—wealth unbounded.
Alaska offers a rich harvest to those who
will go and reap.
As we have seen, Alaska can furnish
the world with agricultural and livestock
products; minerals of all sorts, including
gold, tin, copper, iron, coal, and probably
petroleum and petroleum products:
u

82 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
w
A HOME FOR THOSE WHO LOVE MOUNTAINS-
This scene on the Copper River is typical of Alaska's rough country.
fish, fur, and timber. As time goes on,
Alaska will also furnish manufactured
articles of the simpler sort made from
these materials. The amount of these
commodities which Alaska will send out
depends upon how well her transportation
facilities compare with the facilities
from competing districts. Thus, Alaska
will supply either iron ore to the new
smelters of the Pacific Coast or finished
iron and steel to Pacific Coast trade, as
soon as transportation makes Alaskan
metal (adding to the cost of producing
and carrying the ore, the selling cost
involved in supplanting the eastern
goods) cheaper than the product of the
eastern mills. So in figuring on the
possibilities in any one place, always
watch out for transportation facilities
and the chances that they will create.
Within the territory, there will be
room for all the men engaged in these
various industries, and also for the commercial
and professional men who supply
food, clothing, dentistry, moving pictures,
etc., to the producing classes. The
size of each town will depend upon two
'*m*-
factors. The first is the number of men
it needs to conduct its share of Alaskan
industry—that is, if it is a shipping town,
upon how much shipping will be needed
to handle the goods for which there is a
demand produced in the territory about
it or connected with it by railroad or
river. The second factor is the number
of commercial and professional men required
to meet the needs of the town
and the surrounding territory.
As an example we can take the problem
which many prospective settlers are
considering right now—"Will Anchorage
or Seward be the bigger city ?" A glance
at the map will show that both towns
are located on the great government railway
being built into the heart of Alaska
—Seward directly upon the Pacific, and
Anchorage tucked in behind a peninsula.
One or both will develop shipping, manufacturing,
and commercial enterprises,
because they stand at the threshold of
Alaska: which one will pull ahead of the
other will depend largely upon the transportation.
ff Seward js able to get goods from

YOUR OPPORTUNITIES IN ALASKA 83
—OR FOR THE FARMER PLAINSMAN
These plant (ten-pound) cabbages attest the virgin fertility of Alaska's soil.
the States and ship them into Alaska
more cheaply than Anchorage can,
Seward will pull ahead as a commercial
center. If Anchorage can get goods out
of Alaska and ship them more cheaply
than Seward can, or if it develops better
harbor facilities, it will pull ahead of
Seward as a shipping center. A combination
of these two elements with those
of power supply and available building
sites, will give one or the other the advantage
as a manufacturing city. And
so it goes; they may be even with each
other in these matters, and so run "neck
and neck", as, in a way, Seattle and Tacoma
are running neck and neck; or one
may pull ahead of the other, as in the
old days, Chicago pulled ahead of Milwaukee.
Time, conditions as they develop,
and the relative enterprise of the
two places, will decide; but just now,
anyone on the ground, who has the intelligence
necessary to get pertinent information
and use it, can make his own
forecast. All professional and business
men should consider these problems in
picking a location.
Then, of course, there is the personal
factor in each man's problem. A prospective
settler's first decision must con­
cern itself with how much he wishes to
attempt. Obviously, if he has plenty of
capital, or knows that he is, so to speak,
a business genius, he is justified in trying
for the "big game". So also, he can
undertake to compete with established
business, if there is or will be enough
in the community to warrant his own and
the other fellow's enterprise. Otherwise,
lie would do well to seek fresh fields.
The case of an enterprising dentist
illustrates this point. This man could
find no opening for one of his profession
in any of the older towns or settlements.
If a place was large enough to
support a resident dentist, some one had
arrived ahead of him to gobble up the
field. Me was quick-witted, and he
thought of a method to help him to what
he wanted—to become a permanent
Alaskan. I Ie decided to become an
itinerant, or traveling dentist.
Then there are the opportunities for
the farmer. Congress passed the Alaskan
Homestead Act in 1903, and the provisions
for acquiring land are unusually
liberal. Any person qualified to make
entry at home may take up land in
Alaska. The maximum amount to be
taken up is 320 acres. While proving-

84 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
up, fresh meat may be had for tlie taking,
as nowhere is game of all kinds and sizes
so plentiful. Homesteading is no more
difficult there, as a rule, than it is in
timbered, isolated sections of the continental
United States. Timber is plentiful
so that, with tools, the settler may
hew his home from the forests.
Many homesteads have been entered
since the beginning of the government
railroads, and each year will see the
number increasing rapidly. Claims
should be taken up as close to towns and
settlements as possible, in order to have
a market for produce. When transportation
is more common, homesteads may
be taken up anywhere, and the choice
claims brought under the plow.
Alaska now has many fine farms, and
the government has established four or
five big experimental farms to show
Alaskan farm folk the way to success.
The experimental farms have produced
nearly everything grown on the average
American farm, and some of the
crop specimens, in size and quality,
were prize winners. Of
course some crops do better in
Alaska than others, and as soon
as it is determined what these
crops are, they are specialized in.
Near Fairbanks, about 350
homesteads have already been
taken up. There are 250 homesteaders
in the Matanuska and
Susitna valleys. The value of
farm produce raised near Fairbanks
in a recent year, within
120 miles of the arctic circle, was
$150,000. The government has
surveyed and sectionized more
than 200,000 acres in the
Susitna, Tanana, and Copper
River Valleys, and all this vast
plain is open to homestead entry
in chunks of 320 acres. Prospective
farmers must not picture
miles of waving grain fields, as
at home. Contrarily, they must
seek for diversified crops, so
that they may feed themselves
and others without depending on
imports. Thus, to begin with, gardening
should be the main thing. Vegetables
of nearly all classes do well in
Alaska.
Pasturage is so promising on many of
the off-shore chains of islands, and along
the coasts, that capitalists are acquiring
holdings on which to found immense
cattle ranches.
Alaska's fishery products are to food
what the country's gold is to the world's
mineral wealth. It is but recently that
the succulent clam found its way into
cans here at home, but hot on the heels
of home industry, Alaska is now canning
clams. All the world knows of her
salmon wealth. To this may be added
a never-ending supply of herring, cod,
and bountiful halibut banks. More than
two hundred fifty kinds of edible fish
abound in her waters, besides trout and
grayling in the lakes and streams. Large
numbers of whales are found, and these
are butchered and prepared for shipment.
Main Street, Skagway
This town is a real boom center.

tj^r * . Sj^;
* Aj f*§fc*
"VS. • »
YOUR OPPORTUNITIES IN ALASKA 85
•^^H'
.4'
• •"*5g*>-

86 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
justify such plants, but that grain production
will eventually make institutions
of the kind necessary cannot be doubted.
The country has countless streams where
power may be harnessed for industrial
purposes, and within another decade or
so we may hear of Alaskan flour and
other pulverized cereals.
Alaskans who live far north require
considerable heavy clothing to resist the
rigors of winter. Furs are popular when
Jack Frost gets unduly familiar, yet
nearly all this class of clothing comes
from abroad, despite the fact that the
raw material in the form of hides or
pelts is produced on the ground. Tanners
should find the field profitable and
full of opportunities.
As a Mecca for tourists, Alaska probably
will be eternally a paying proposition.
No other country on earth can
exactly duplicate the territory's wonderful
scenes. Up there mountains under
12,000 feet are looked upon as foothills.
The immense glaciers are as awe-inspiring
as the Grand Canon, and the panorama
is one of never-ending spectacular
surprises for the traveler.
The fur business is an important industry
in Alaska, and anyone who has
experience in this line of endeavor stands
a good chance to win fortune. Native
hunters and trappers take their prey
from nature's supply, but Americans
have gone into raising furs much as farmers
raise wool. Fox farming is a lively
and developing industry, and many men
are growing rich at the business. Begun
in Alaska, the business has been transported
to the United States until the
west now has more than a dozen such
institutions.
Mr. Michael O'Kee, a North Dawson
(Yukon Territory), gardener, is making
a reputation for himself as the Luther
Burbank of the northland. He is specializing
in berry culture, and he has proved
to the world that berries may be grown
around the arctic circle, as well as in
sun-kissed California. Mr. O'Kee secured
his seeds from Mr. Burbank. He
has grown cabbages weighing eighteen
pounds each, with their heads hard and
sound.
The raising of reindeer is fast becoming
an important industry in Alaska
where pasturage for these animals may
be always had. Reindeer steaks have
long since been quoted regularly on the
Seattle market. The meat is superior to
beef, in the opinion of many people.
That reindeer will some day figure in our
meat menu cannot be questioned. Already
the big packing concerns here have
sent representatives to Alaska to investigate
it. But just now, so it is said, the
cost of production makes it unprofitable
for shipping in.
Judge Martin F. Moran, of the Kobuk
district, thinks, with many others, that
the Angora goat industry should thrive in
Alaska. He is making plans to import
a large herd to feed on the rich reindeer
moss, a grazing food which grows abundantly
in the tundra of western and
northern Alaska. Angora ranchers in
the west are netting fortunes in supplying
mohair, since importations have been
cut down because of the war, and nowhere,
probably, are conditions so favorable
for goat raising as in Alaska. The
judge is located twenty miles north of
the arctic circle, but this fact doesn't
dampen his enthusiasm for his pet livestock
whim.
In the past Alaska produced a lot of
gold and salmon, and, incidentally, a new
lot of novelists. In the future her
output will be considerably broadened.
It is her input and not so much
her output which is to work wonders
from now on. It is the settlers who
are going to flock along the rightsof-way
of the railroads, far away from
the towns and cities, who will be the
making of the land. A young United
States is blossoming, and the blooming
will be a source of pride and profit to
future generations. She can and will
make a multitude of men rich, happy, and
prosperous.
Now is the time to get on board.
Tradition allows the early bird to catch
the fattest worm.

THE MARCH OF PROGRESS
AN AEROPLANE WITH WIRELESS TORPEDO CONTROL
The Burgoss-Curtiss Company of Marhlehead, Massachusetts, just has completed this flyer for Mr. John
Hays Hammond. Jr. It is fitted with wireless that will enable the operator to direct a speeding torpedo
to its mark.
THE LAST OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY PASSES
The edict has cone forth from the New York City Public Service Commission that April first of this
vi'ar will be the last dav of horsecar service in the American metropolis.
87

88
wmmmammm
A MUNITION VOLCANO
THE LURID NIGHT OF JANUARY ELEVENTH
On the evening of this day the enormous munitions plant of the Canadian Car and Foundry Company
near Rutherford, New Jersey, exploded. The din was terrific, much like a series of gigantic bombardments,
and the fire that followed was so fierce that the efforts of the hose companies were completely
futile.
NEXT MORNING
Where the huge plant and storage warehouses had been there remained only the scattered, smoking wreckage.
In the midst of the fiery circle wero the tri-nitro-toluol magazines, but these were so well pro
tected by their concrete buttresses that they did not explode.

L
A LOADING PIER BEFORE THE CATASTROPHE
Early in October the photograph above was sold to ILLUSTRATED WORLD with a caption that predicted
another "Black Tom" catastrophe. This forecast had been made by the New York Board of Fire
Underwriters Bureau of Surveys and was fulfilled in every detail.
THE HILL THAT SAVED TWO TOWNS
Back of the smoke to the right is a ridge that shielded Kingsland and Rutherford from the full force of
explosion. Had it not been for this protection it is likely that both towns would have been demolished.
89

m
We Used to Import This
These beautiful marine hydroids
used to be brought
into the United States from
abroad, and cost American
milliners fancy prices—who
in turn, of course, levied
upon their women patrons.
Now we make the belated
discovery that our own river
bottoms and ocean sands
are covered with even finer
varieties of the same
growths, which can be secured
for use on artistic
millinery creations at a
fraction of their former
price.
Five Varieties
In the left upper corner is a
spray of deep-sea hydroid,
dyed a beautiful green. To
its right is a "sea lily"—the
piece of honor in many a
mermaid's bouquet. In the
center is one of the more
highly developed hydras.
At the bottom on the left is
the "mermaid's parasol",
while on the right is a delicate
feathery tuft from the
Potomac River that bids fair
to assume the place of poplarity
that ostrich plumes
formerly held.

SUBMARINE MILLINERY
By RENE BACHE
A VAST natural deposit of valut\
able millinery material! Ex-
Ljk quisite stuff in inexhaustible
/ \ quantities for the adornment
of women's hats. Think what
such a discovery means!
Every woman, and nearly every man,
is familiar with the so-called "sea-moss"
that is so commonly used (most often in
combination with artificial flowers) on
hats. It has been imported hitherto from
Germany, hundreds of tons of it annually
; but the war has cut off the
supply.
This "sea-moss" comes from the Baltic
Sea. But it is not moss, and it is not a
plant. It is an animal—or, more correctly
speaking, a plant-like growth,
fronded and feathery, that is in reality
a colony of tiny animal creatures. Naturalists
call it a "hydroid".
The Government Fisheries Bureau,
however, just has made the important
discovery that this very species of hydroid
grows in many places along our
own Atlantic Coast. In fact, it occurs
much more plentifully in our waters
than in the Baltic; and—especially to be
noted—American varieties are far superior
to the European.
The finest variety of all, exquisite in
its feathery texture, has been found
growing on the bottom of Chesapeake
Bay, in water from ninety to one hundred
fifty feet deep. It occurs there
in vast beds, not yet'explored to any
great extent, but doubtless covering
many thousands of acres. The plant-like
growths, about a foot high, are attached
to stones, oyster-shells, and whatever
other solid objects they find suitable for
their support.
The species of hydroid in question
(whether imported or native) is called
argentea, meaning silvery. Sometimes
it attaches itself, in shallow water, to
piles and wharf-supports, and its arbor­
escent masses, seen from above, have a
beautiful metallic sheen. For millinery
use it is dyed, usually green.
The Chesapeake beds were discovered
only a few weeks ago by the Fisheries
Bureau steamer Fish Hawk, which is at
present engaged in their further exploration.
It has already raked up the hydroids
in considerable quantities, using
for the purpose an extemporized contrivance
somewhat resembling an oldfashioned
straight-toothed farmer's harrow—the
implement, however, being
provided with hooks on the ends of the
teeth. By this simple means the growths
are torn loose from the bottom and
brought to the surface.
The imported "sea-moss" is just a bit
spiky and scraggy, comparing unfavorably
with the soft, delicate, and fern-like
fronds of the Chesapeake variety. In
natural color the latter (like the material
from the Baltic) is silvery gray. For
millinery use, it has to be put through
certain processes.
It is not dried ; if that were done, it
would be rendered brittle and useless.
On the contrary, it is taken in a fresh
state and saturated with a non-drying
substance that keeps it very slightly
moist for years. The process, though a
trade secret, is fortunately known to
American manufacturers. Finally, it is
dyed. It takes any color well.
The price hitherto paid for the imported
article by wholesale dealers in
millinery supplies in this country has
been two hundred fifty dollars a ton.
Obtained from the Chesapeake, the superior
variety will undoubtedly be far
cheaper—perhaps less than one hundred
dollars a ton—the available supply,
readily accessible, being practically inexhaustible.
This, of course, is a matter
interesting not only to the millinery
trade, but to every woman who admires
herself in a becoming hat.
9/

02
SIGNALING 500 TRAINS
^^^H fo*M
THE LARGEST SIGNAL AND SWITCH TOWER IN THE WORLD
Half a thousand trains come into the great Pennsylvania terminal daily, and this tower manages thrm
all. On the wall is the whole track system in miniature, with moving lights to correspond to the incoming
trains.
'J

NOTGUIOyf
Where the Jury Exonerate/ theMeterist
THE "MIDDLE OF THE BLOCK" FANATIC
The motor car was passing along at a conservative twelve miles an hour. The victim dashed out from
behind another car that was parked at the side of the street, just in time to be caught by the over-rushingr
car. The motorist could not help the accident.
OFF A BRIDGE INTO THE CHICAGO RIVER
It was a dark night, the abyss was unguarded and poorly lighted, and the automobile, filled with passengers,
plunged into the river's murky depths before either the driver or occupants knew what had
occurred.

94
•• M •
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
WHEN THE WHEELED MESSENGER IS LAZY
It is very pleasant, if you are a cyclist, to "hitch on" to a passing car and let the automobile do your
pumping for you. The trouble is that the car often swerves suddenly, spilling the bicycle rider. Then,
because our boulevards are so well packed with vehicles that most often only twenty feet or so separates
the one in front from the one behind, the cyclist who takes an unexpected tumble is very apt to
be run down by the following car.

THE DARING MOTORCYCLIST
Because the rider of a motorcycle can "pick small
holes" in heavy traffic, he often grows careless, and
"cuts in" too sharply across the fender of a car he is
passing or underestimates the speed of a machine
he tries to precede. The slightest brush of a fender
or bumper means a fall to him, and a fall means
being run over by the heavier vehicle.
1
if
•fi
?^
k^—
I^^WS^^P
r-~_ -—
" W

IN THE FLOOD-LIGHT
A
N effective illumination of the
national flag has been arranged
N '
/ \ on the roof of one of Chicago s
/ % tall office buildings. The
flood-lighting system of illumination
is used, special apparatus being
necessary and the effect secured is highly
satisfactory.
The lighting apparatus consists of six
search-light projectors of the X-ray type,
only four of the lights being used at any
one time. Two of the projectors are
equipped with 500-watt lamps and four
with 250-watt lamps. They are placed
on the roof at intervals around the flag
pole. No matter what direction the flag
may be turned by the wind, the illumination
remains effective and because special
light is focused upon the dark background
of the stars in the corner of the
flag, the entire emblem is made plainly
visible at all times.

A STUNT OR
TWO
By WALTER LEE
"VJT/RIST pins often cause trouble at a time
or place where it is impossible to make
or obtain new bushings and pins. The thing
to do in that event is to remove the pin and
bushing, and with a hack saw cut one side of
the bushing through. Replace the pin and turn
the set screw up tight. This eliminates the
knock and you may drive until it is more convenient
to put in new material, but the wear
will eventually make the bearing lopsided.
* * *
DRAKES that do not hold properly may often
be made as good as new by removing the
wheels and applying a blowtorch to the bands
until all the grease and foreign matter is burned
out of the fabric. This would not avail in a
case where the bands were so worn that there
could be no pressure against the drums.
* * *
A GOOD carbon antidote is water, injected
into the gas mixture every few days.
Have the engine good and hot and running at
a brisk rate. Then with a fine nozzle squirt
gun inject slowly into the air inlet of the carburetor
about a cupful of hot water. The
explosion of it during the combustion in the
cylinders does the desired work.
* * *
YY/ITH the usual types of carburetors installed
in standard makes of cars, there is
a good chance of saving yourself when you
run out of gasoline out on a country road. One
always can get kerosene at any farm house.
The float top of your carburetor can be unscrewed
; put what gasoline remains in the bottom
of the tank into the carburetor. After
the carburetor is filled with the remaining gasoline,
if there is still any gasoline left, mix this
with kerosene and pour it into the tank. Start
the engine on the gasoline in the carburetor,
and after it is started it should run on the
mixed gasoline and kerosene in the tank.

98 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
"THERE is a popular notion among motorists
that tires will become overinflated on hot
summer days from the expansion of the air by
heat. So they very carefully see that the pressure
in them is reduced on such days from
five to ten pounds. When it is remembered
that heat does expand air this conclusion is a
perfectly natural one, but the fact of the matter
is that the increase in pressure from this cause
even in the hottest weather is so slight that it
is barely perceptible on the gage. When a
figure like five to ten pounds is allowed the
tires will be under-inflated. This is a greater
cause of damage to them than hot weather
expansion possibly could be. The proper pressure
is the one recommended by the manufacturers
and which is usually marked on the tires
when they are sold. At that pressure the tires
will "stand up round" without any passengers
in the car. One of the tire companies sells a
gage in the form of a caliper and this is said
to be more accurate than the sort which registers
in pounds per square inch, since it is seldom
that there are two of the latter sort in
accord with each other. The caliper is placed
over the top of the wheel so its two points will
hug the sides of the tire. It is then placed
over the rim of the wheel at the bottom so the
points can slip over the sides of the tire there
too. The points should clear both sides of the
tire at the bottom with the same adjustment
as at the top. If they will not pass it shows
that the tire bulges at the bottom and is therefore
insufficiently inflated.
* * *
VT7HEN the engine has been standing a long
time in a cool room it is often so hard
to start that it tries the patience of any man.
An expedient that has seldom failed in such a
case is to remove some or all of the spark plugs,
invert them and fill them with gasoline and set
fire to them. When the gasoline has burned
out the plugs will be hot. Replace them in the
cylinders before they cool. If there is nothing
besides the cold preventing the engine from
starting it will now fire without difficulty.
* * *
]W[IX a quantity of soapstone in gasoline
and add a little glue or cement, and paint
the inside of the wheel rims with it. The tires
will then come off and go on with ease.

A STUNT OR
COME time your carburetor may take fire
from a back-fire or a sticking intake valve.
This is the usual cause of automobile fires
under the hood. It makes a very alarming
sight and is often the cause of a panic which
in turn is the cause of complete destruction of
the car. In reality it is not so bad as it looks
provided prompt action is taken. This prompt
action does not consist of pulling out the chemical
fire extinguisher and dousing the carburetor
with it. The contents of the extinguisher
will certainly put out the fire and it is well to
have it in readiness in case the flame gets
beyond control. The first thing to do is to
remember that it is fatal to get excited and run
away. The writer has seen a large number of
these carburetor fires and only once has the
following program failed to put out the blaze.
Shut off the gasoline supply, then turn on the
ignition, and try to start the engine. It may
start or it may not but in any event the turning
of it causes a powerful suction from the carburetor
to the cylinders and this draws the
blazing gasoline up into the engine where it
belongs, and then the fire is out. Do not use
the fire extinguisher until it is seen that the
above treatment will not work.
* # #
VY/HEN the aluminum running boards and
other plates become stained and tarnished,
a strong solution of hyposulphate of soda will
remove the stain and tarnish where ordinary
metal polish will fail.
* * *
D OAD oil that has been on the body of the
car so long that gasoline or kerosene will
not remove it, can be taken off with a paste
made of rotten stone and turpentine. Care
should be taken, however, not to rub too hard
as the friction tends to destroy the varnish.
Rather rub the begrimed parts gently and do it
a longer time.
* * *
A TELEPHONE receiver attached to a steel
^^ rod is a very good device for locating
knocks. The rod is rigidly attached at one
end to the body of the receiver and a wire is
led" from it to the diaphragm like a phonograph
reproducer. The other end of the rod is placed
against suspected parts of the engine and the
receiver applied to the ear.

MUSIC WHILE YOU DRIVE
XTUMEROUS devices have been in-
^ vented for the motorist, devices
intended to increase his bodily comfort,
and make it possible for him to tour
without suffering the inconveniences
which make motor trips unpleasurable.
Tour to Ragtime
With this accessory in place, the driver can provide music
as well as fresh air to his passengers.
Now he can satisfy, in part, his desire
for music, for with the "Autola" he can
regale himself with music as he speeds
along the country road. This instrument
is of small size and light weight,
and is attached to the running board.
It is operated by electricity and can be
connected to any storage battery in a
few minutes. The key board has a universal
clamp to fit any steering column.
UNUSUAL USE OF RUNABOUT
N electric runabout with an eight-foot
A
ladder pivoted upon its bonnet is one
of the odd vehicles to be seen in the
streets of Fall River, Massachusetts.
This machine, the only one of its kind,
was designed to serve the lamp inspector
and repair man of the Fall River gas
company, and it proved so practical that
it replaces two horses, two wagons and
their drivers. The unusual feature of the
machine is an ingenious swivel in front
too
Hl^iTIPS
of the driver's seat which supports a ladder
of the proper length to extend from
the car to the lamp cluster on top of the
Easy for the Lamp Inspector
He climbs to the top of the pole and descends without
having to clamber to the pavement.
pole. When ready for use, the driver
can ascend it without leaving the machine,
which is a convenience in wet or
stormy weather. After completing his
task, the driver turns the ladder upon its
swivel and lays it back over the seat,
where it projects over the rear.
MAKE YOUR FORD SAW WOOD
NEW tool-driving attachment which
A
can be applied quickly to any auto­
mobile has been devised by Henry L.
Briggs of Salem, Oregon. The device
consists of a wood saw (a grinding, burnishing,
or other tool could be substituted
for the saw) mounted on a shaft at the
opposite end of which is mounted a balance
wheel and a pulley.
The pulley is connected by a belt with
a larger pulley that is clamped for the
purpose to the hub of the hind wheel of

The Practical Car Made More Practical
Even the arduous task of sawing wood does not dismay its indomitable
engine.
the automobile from which the power is
obtained. The supporting frame for this
attachment is secured to the automobile
by means of two sill bars that are supported
from the front axle by hooks that
engage over it and from the control shaft
by means of a bearing box that is
clamped loosely on that shaft. A saw
guard and an adjustable work support
are also useful parts of the attachment.
The most important part of the invention
is the hub or belt wheel by which the
automobile may be belted quickly to any
stationary or portable machine within the
limit of its power. It can be put on or
taken off in about two minutes and it
does not deface the wheel. The wheel
to which the pulley is clamped then is
jacked up and with the belt in place the
attachment is ready to operate.
The balance wheel
has the effect of a gyroscope
and keeps the whole
framework steady when
the device is operated. The
entire attachment weighs
less than 300 pounds and
can be carried readily from
one place to another at­
tached to the automobile
(the belt of course being
removed).
Several interesting experiments
have been made
by the inventor. He has
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 101
The Jack
Tire-Saver
M
driven up to the attachment,
made connections, driven around
a city block, sawed a cord of
wood, detached the sawing attachment,
and driven away with
the automobile within a period
of fifteen minutes. With the aid
of two other men, he has sawed
five cords of heavy fir wood with
the attachment in less than an
hour, two cuts being made in
each length of wood. He has
had no additional repair expense
for the automobile on which the
attachment has been used now
for several months.
The Wood-Sawing Attachment
J*
SAVE YOUR TIRES
OTORISTS do not always recognize
that the strain on a tire does not end
with the stopping of the
motor. The weight of the
car itself is by no means
to be disregarded. Especially
if the tire is wet is
this so, for it will not dry
readily. The car should be
jacked up to relieve the
weight borne by the tires,
every night if this is possible.
A simple jack for
the purpose is shown herewith.
It is placed in position
as indicated under the
hub, and the lever raised
and locked.

102 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
ELECTRIC GARAGE PUMP
THIS electric pumping plant, set on
wheels, is ready to be rolled to any
place where compressed air is desired,
and put into operation simply by connecting
to the next lamp socket and turning
the starting switch. It consists of an
air compressor, set of gears, motor, tank,
manometer, connecting wire to lamp
socket and a steel-covered
hose to connect
to tire. All that is
necessary to do is
watch the gage.
This Electric Pump Enables
the Motorist to Keep His
Tires at the Correct Inflation
Point with a Minimum
of Trouble and Worry
CONVERTIBLE TRACTOR
X" invention by which an ordinary
automobile can be converted into a
farm tractor with little work and little
expense, has been demonstrated in the
Pacific Northwest. The transformation
is effected by the removal of the body
and the mud guards from the machine,
and the attachment of small pinion gears
to the axles in place of the rear wheels.
This gear works in turn on large internal
gears on heavy steel tractor wheels. The
front tires are removed and by means of
a clamp, six-inch steel rims are substituted.
The tractor is capable of doing
the work of four or five horses, and will
pull disc harrow, plow, or manure
spreader. On test the tractor pulled, on
dirt road, three wagons loaded with wet
slab wood, a load of approximately ten
tons.
The power of the car is multiplied ten
times by gear reduction, and when working
in the fields at three or four miles an
hour, the engine speed is no more than
would be required for eighteen to twenty
miles an hour on the road. All work is
done on high gear so that the strain of
pulling and carrying is taken by the
heavy tractor wheels, the motor and
frame being relieved of all of the extra
strain.
The tractor, with little work, may be
made into a pleasure car again.
This Tractor May Be Put Together
and Taken Apart by
Any Small Car Owner

SHOVEL AND JACK BASE
IN the case of any repair to the car, or
the changing of tires, where it is necessary
that the machine be raised from the
ground, difficulty sometimes is found in
placing the jack so that it will not sink
into the soft earth. This condition
usually obtains on bad roads.
Does Your Jack Cause Trouble?
This cheap metal base will ensure you purchase when you
are caught out on a soft macadam road.
A combination auto shovel and jack
has been designed especially to meet this
condition, as the shovel can be used to
level the ground; the jack then rests
upon it, insuring a firm base. This device
is made of heavy galvanized steel and is
nine-by-six inches in size, sufficiently
large to afford proper support for the
jack.
The price of the article is fifty cents.
POCKET VULCANIZER
NTO gasoline or alcohol is needed to
work this little vulcanizer for making
a permanent tire repair on the road
or in the garage. It consists of a chemically
treated disc, a little larger than a
silver dollar. When a lighted match or
cigar touches it, the disc burns without
You Can Do Your Own Vulcanizing in Five Minutes
with This Outfit
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 103
flame, and generates the right amount of
heat to effect a perfect puncture cure.
Six discs come with the little vulcanizer.
The price of the vulcanizer itself is $1.00.
SWITCH CONTROL FOR AUTO
SPOTLIGHT
T H E accompanying drawing shows an
automobile spotlight with a particularly
ingenious method of controlling the
current to the lamp. Heretofore, it has
been necessary to control the lighting of
this lamp either by means of a switch on
the dash, which is somewhat inconvenient,
or else by means of a loose plug
extending from the lamp, which is not a
very reliable or durable
switch used, similar to that which has
been used in tool handles, as well as in
handles of electric vibrators and vacuum
cleaners. This method of operation
makes it easy for the same hand that
moves the lamp in the various directions
to control the current of the lamp simply
by pushing the button. When the light
button is pushed the current is "on"—
there is light; and when the dark button is
pushed the current is "off". The switch,
sometimes called a tool-handle switch, is
placed inside the small neck of the lamp
similar to method shown on the attached
sketch.

104 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
PAINTING AUTO RADIATORS
AT HOME
P)ON'T take all the time and waste
all your energy trying to paint your
automobile radiator in a hurry, and
making a poor job of it.
The Spray Painting Outfit
-S S-^__^ K.
If you have an oil can and a foot
pump, combine the two and make an
up-to-date spraying device that will
make easy the job of painting.
Take a one-half gallon oil can, and
make it into an atomizer by attaching to
it a tire pump, as shown in the illustration.
Mount a small brass
pipe in one side of the can,
the upper end of it extending
a short distance outside
of the top. Mount a second
piece of pipe in a horizontal
position in the top
of the can. If the can has
had a handle, the first pipe
can easily go through that
opening. Solder both pipes
to the top of the can, and
use a screw top to make it
tight.
When the air is forced
through the horizontal
tube, and caused to pass
across the opening in the
upper end of the vertical
tube, the liquid in the can
is drawn up and forced out
in a fine spray. A mixture
for spraying the radiator
This Pressure Gage Enables the
Motorist to Keep His Tires at
Precisely the Right Poundage
may be made of lampblack and turpentine.
A sheet of paper should be placed
back of the radiator to protect the engine,
and around the outer edge, to prevent
the liquid from spattering the brass
finish.
TRY THIS ON YOUR COLD FEET
UXURIOUS surroundings are not
consistent with cold feet; so we find
that in motordom the inventors are
working overtime to make the limousine
so deliciously warm that milady will feel
as snug and cozy as in her boudoir. A
portable electric radiator now comes to
bat to show what it can do to raise the
general average of heating devices. It
has a voltage range of from sixty to one
hundred and twenty-five volts and can
be operated on the voltage of the storage
batteries on the car or from an ordinary
lamp socket in the house.
TELLS YOU WHEN TO STOP
T H E R E is a great deal of comfort
given the average driver of a car
when he knows that he has an air pressure
of 80 pounds if his tires are Ay by
35, and a pressure of about
65 pounds if he is driving
a Ford. If he pumps his
tires up too hard there is
an excessive strain on the
fabric, and if he pumps
them not enough, the
fabric is worn away even
more. To keep them at the
right point has entailed a
•great deal of trouble.
This new tire-testing
pump connection permits
the driver to measure the
air in the tires without disconnecting
the pump. It
solves the problem of
when to stop pumping,
without attaching and reattaching
the pump and be­
ginning all over again if it
is found that enough air is
not pumped in.

ODDITIES IN AUTO NAMES
By
FRANK M A S O N
T H E chauffeurs running automobiles
today actually seem a
part of their machines, but the
first chauffeurs on earth had
nothing to do with motor cars.
If they had, they would have made their
get-away without being punished, and
coming to the sad end they did. For
they were really a band of brigands in
France, and this band worked a great
graft scheme in France during the revolutionary
period of 1789. They seized
travelers, carried them away, and burned
their feet, in order to compel them to
reveal where their money was hidden.
But the reign of the chauffeurs was not
long, for they were expelled from the
country, or hanged. Gradually, because
the word chauffeur in French means "to
burn", the name was applied to men in
charge of furnaces or boilers, partly in
ridicule, partly under the popular supposition
that they had to tend a fire, to
the first drivers of motor cars.
From the foregoing, there seems to be
no excuse for the name "chauffeur" as
applied to automobile drivers, unless it
is the taxicab driver, who burns up our
money.
Where do our automobile inventors
get the word "tonneau"? The word in
French means "barrel". As most readers
will remember, the back part of the
earlier automobiles was round, and because
of its supposed resemblance to a
barrel, was called a tonneau, and consequently
the name is now applied to that
part of the body behind the front seats.
France seems to have baptized most of
our motor car parts, even though the first
automobiles were not made there. So far
as we know, the first automobiles were
made in England, but on account of the
severe laws in that country, automobiles
had to make pretty slow progress. It is
said that the few early automobiles which
traveled the streets in England were
compelled to have a man walk in front
of them carrying a red flag in the day
time, and a red light at night—for danger.
France has also given us the pleasant
sounding word "limousine". But the
first limousines were not those luxurious
warm, winter cars that we are acquainted
with nowadays. The first
limousines were wearing garments.
Limousine is an old province of central
France, and in that province a very original
designer of clothes made a unique
cloak which was taken up and worn by
the inhabitants of that province, and
finally called the "limousine". The term
was later extended to the covering of a
carriage, and then to the enclosed motor
car body.
The original meaning of "garage", another
French word, was "to garage", or
to put a car or vehicle in a station. So
"garage" is really a verb, which finally
became in both French and English a
noun.
Nowadays the word "chassis" seems to
mean everything about an automobile except
the body. But the original word,
also of French derivation, meant merely
the framework of a wagon. Later the
term was applied to the framework of a
locomotive, and the term should properly
apply merely to the metal framework of
an automobile, which receives the motor,
gearset, and controlling mechanism.
The poppet valve we will give England
credit for, in the automobile world.
Although this valve is continually popping
up and down as the cam turns, the
word "poppet" is really a corruption of
the word "puppet". The popping up and
down of the puppets in the Punch and
Judy shows in England is responsible for
the name of the "Puppet" or poppet valve
in the automobile.
tos

106
This 'Carpenter" Is in Reality
a Boy's Tool Chest
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Flowers and Fruit? No!
Whisk Broom Holder!
The Night Light-
"Sherlock Holmes"
New Things for Children
THERE is an exclusive shop in New
York which devotes its entire energies
in making furniture and accessories
for children. These accessories must not
be ordinary, for everything in the shop has
a "double meaning" to the child. Also
every article has a piece of poetry in
nursery rhyme fashion written on the back,
which is supposed to stimulate the frequent
use of all of the articles.
As an example, there is the little night
light which is made in the shape of a dog.
Electric lights are in his eyes and his name
is "Sherlock Holmes." This poetry is written
on his back:
There was little Tommy Tucker's dog,
And Old Dog Tray,
But this, our little Sherlock Holmes,
Keeps Bogey Man away.
This Nurse Hides a
Medicine Cabinet
A Kitty-Cat
Brush, Comb,
and Mirror
Set
m* mi ILIJIBS
'

The Three-Drawer
Cabinet, Closed
Novelties in Furniture
Summer time is something which money cannot
buy, yet it is something that we seem very anxious
to imitate as closely as possible all the year round.
If spring hats are put into the fashionable shops
Very much eflrlier, there will soon be no winter hats
worn at all. A few years ago we started putting
wicker and summer furniture into our sun parlors,
but now there are whole charming apartments and
homes furnished completely in summer furniture
for year-round use.
The bird cage itself has evolved into an article
of summer furniture; it no longer detracts from
the harmony of a room by its hard brass wires.
This bird cage stand comes in any finish to match
any color scheme of the summer room, and the
cage itself can be either round or square as desired.
Then there is a combination floor lamp and
flower or plant vase, which also makes a charming
addition to a sun parlor or living room. Its lines
are good, it serves a double purpose, and the
hostess at a wedding or party who is looking for
novel effects will find a third use for it by using
different colored lamps in the top, shedding their
rays on the flowers beneath.
The telephone stand which remains a telephone
stand is another practical novelty. The chair is
movable from the telephone stand, yet it cannot be
taken more than two feet away because of the pivot
attachment.
; fTi The Martha
Washington Sewing
Table
NOVELTIES IN FURNITURE 107
The Cabinet Jewel
Case Open
The Telephone Table
with Folding Chair
The Combination
Floor Lamp
and Vase
The Circle Bird Cage
of Wicker

FIVE THOUSAND
DOLLAR JOB
GOES BEGGING
by Homer Croy
'OULD you like pleasant indoor work, with hours nine to five, at
one hundred dollars a week and a chance to advance ?
If interested, read on.
The job is hunting - you just as eagerly as you are hunting the
job. All you will have to do is to animate cartoons—the newest
profession and the only one in the world that is not overcrowded. In fact,
instead of being overcrowded it cannot get enough men!
Just make these simple little drawings that look so much alike. That's all
there is to it—and you get your pay every Saturday.
It has all come about on account of the movies. When a bear takes after a
IF IT TAKES FOUR OF THESE DRAWINGS FOR THE ARTIST TO GET LITTLE JEFFS
HAND OUT OF HIS POCKET-
man and the man takes a long run and jumps to the moon, it is probably an animated
cartoon. Anything in the world can happen in an animated cartoon; in
fact, the whole untouched possibilities of the universe are at the command of the
pen-and-ink man.
108

A FIVE-TIIOUSAND-DOLLAR JOB GOES BEGGING 109
At almost any movie show you can see one or more of such famous folk as
Mutt and Jeff, the Katzenjammer Kids, the Boob Family, Jerry on the Job, Krazy
Kat, and our old friend, Col. Heeza Liar. All there is to any one of them is a lot
of lines, but people get just as excited over them as they do over Douglas
Fairbanks or H. B. Warner.
Now, somebody has to make these black and white people of the film. Bud
Fisher, George McManus, Rube Goldberg, Fred Opper, J. R. Bray, and the rest
of them? Hardly. Not if you knew how much work it takes to follow, say,
Col. Heeza Liar for five hundred feet. The aristocrats just mentioned originate
the ideas and then—then the hundred-dollar-a-week men come in.
For instance, if Rube Goldberg by himself wanted to execute five hundred
feet of the Boob Family he would have to make something like 3,000 drawings.
It would take him a month and the Boob Family comes out once a week. That's
the rub and so in comes the animator. The animator takes the funny idea and
the principal situations and makes the characters move. Before us we have
Jeff taking his hand out of his pocket, which requires four drawings. That
simple little operation of Jeff taking his hand out of his pocket requires four
separate and distinct drawings. You can imagine how much paper and ink
is consumed when trudging down a lonely road Jeff meets a bear!
Animating movie cartoons is a new and growing business, and needs more
men than it can get, but it has one objection. Only about one person in a hundred
can do the work. The more you have studied and the more prizes you have
taken in the Latin Quartet the surer you are to fail. Many an artist with a
national name has picked out his lots on Long Island and gone into animating
A SIMPLE SIGN-LANGUAGE LOVE SCENE BETWEEN TWO DEAF MUTES WOULD
COVER TEN REAMS OF THE FINEST TISSUE
cartoons and then suddenly moved to the Bronx. Then on the other hand,
a number of men and young women have left their cutting board at the shirt
waist factory and made good. It all depends on whether or not you can see
continuous action and see it comically.

WHAT CARE DO YOU TARE
OF YOUR EYES?
By JOHN EARL WETHERBY
W H E T H E R or not an acquired
characteristic, that
is, a positive ability or
power—one which is not
inherited but which is
made a part of the mental or physical
capital just as a friendless orphan may
in the long run by his own efforts gather
to himself a fortune—may be transmitted
to posterity is a moot question with
scientists. It is a positive fact, however,
that physical handicaps and defects may
be passed on to an unwilling but helpless
succeeding generation. It is hard to say,
of course, if this is true in all cases. The
less serious ailments usually are not on
record, scientists concerning themselves
more with the most serious, most interesting,
and most melodramatic of the
afflictions of mankind.
Eye troubles are well worth serious
study in heredity. The eyes abused by
protracted use in office or laboratory,
under artificial light or even in the light
of day, are irritated at night by the
flicker of the motion-picture film, by the
direct glare of electric lights in the home,
by the unmasked lamps of automobiles,
and by the flashing of swiftly moving
electric lighted signs. It is indeed a wonder
that we are not a race of blinking
neurotics. Astigmatism, myopia or nearsightedness,
and other similar evils afflict
the vision.
To what extent is posterity going to
suffer not only from its own evils in its
own generation but from the evils inflicted
upon it by a careless ancestry? A
spectacled race, a race prone to headache
or dizziness under moderate eye stress,
can hardly survive the test of a eugenic
"once-over." Such a race should leave
to others the task of being the fathers
of men. Possibly long investigation
no
might disclose the fact that defective or
weakened vision may be transmitted,
even though such defects are acquired
during the life time of the individual and
are not innate. It is a well-known fact
that color-blindness—which is not an acquired
affliction, but which is solely
hereditary—is transmitted from father to
grandson, but not from father to daughter.
The evil of misusing the eyes may
find its fruitage in a succeeding generation.
This is not a proved fact. Merely
an unsubstantiated theory.
In any case, the moral of all this is
that common sense practice would do
much to obviate the evils of eye abuse.
Hard, bright lights are bad for the eyes.
On the other hand neither are overshaded
lights good for the vision. The
eyes of one accustomed to shadowy lighting
will flinch from the normal light of
day.
Concealed lighting is the ideal—no
shadow on the book—no glare on the
paper—but the light should be of sufficient
candle-power to illuminate the
room. An artificial duskness is as bad
for the eyes as that provided by nature
for romantic lovers.
Reasonable rest for the eyes should be
had. One whose eyes are wearied from
the strain of keeping books by electric
lights should avoid the kind of novel that
simply won't let the reader put it down
until it is finished.
Above all, fine intensive work, whether
it be the sewing of fine stitches, or the
repairing of watches, is not the kind of
use to which the eye of man ever was
intended to be put, by nature. If we do
not care to conserve our own vision, let
us nevertheless reflect that we may be
doing posterity a gross injury and consequently
a gross injustice.

HINTS FOR
POWDER PUFF IN SHOE
TTIIE woman who does not carry a
handbag need not go without her
powder puff nowadays. The manufacturers
of one of the most widely advertised
lines of ladies' shoes has introduced
a novel method of carrying this concealed
When You See Her Slyly Reaching Down—
You will know she's after her powder puff. It is worn
in the shoe nowadays.
weapon. The back of the left shoe is
made with a strapped pocket which can
be opened easily and quickly whenever
the wearer desires. In this pocket can
be carried a tiny mirror and puff, and
chamois skin if desired.
SANITARY DISHWASHER
BRUSH
A NEW type of brush that catches the
^^ eye of the cook is a sanitary dishwasher
that renders far less burdensome
the task of cleaning up after the meal
dishes that have been returned to the
kitchen. The first thing to be said in
favor of the device is that it eliminates
PEOPLE
the smelly, greasy, and wholly insanitary
dishrag. The second is that it completes
the job of dish-washing thoroughly,
quickly, and easily. The brush
has a receptacle for soap; also a tube is
attached designed to be fitted to the
faucet. The water passes over the soap,
and as the cook rubs the brush
back and forth over the dishes,
there is a constant supply of
clean, soapy water which cuts
into and completely removes
every vestige of grease and
food. The device sells for two
dollars.
J*
GREASE POT WITH
DRAINER
A GREASE pot with a wire
^^ drainer, lately marketed,
is very useful in frying doughnuts,
French fried potatoes,
and other foods requiring deep
fat. The material is placed in
the strainer, which is then
lowered into the fat; when it has cooked
to the required extent, the strainer is
lifted out and attached to the pan in
such fashion that the grease drains out
without further attention from the user.
The grease pots provided with drainers
are made in various sizes.
You Don't
Have to Spear
Them
When sinkers
or French fried
potatoes are
browned they
can be lifted
from the fat by
means of the
wire drainer.
til

112 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
FLEXIBLE CLEANER AND
SCRAPER FOR PANS
A KNIFE with a flexible blade and
peculiarly shaped point enables the
housewife to reach any square or round
corner in cleaning pans. The knife may
also be used to loosen sticky pie or cake
from tins, or for cleaning other kitchen
utensils that often give trouble.
J*
BRING BACK THE BELLOWS
IF you look for bellows in house furnishing
or hardware stores, as a part
of their regular stock, you will be disappointed.
About the only places you
would come across them are in rare curio
shops, gift shops, and stores specializing
in art objects. Some of them are very attractive
indeed when they are trimmed
with oriental designs and red tassels but
if they were taken into the kitchen and
kept with the house cleaning utensils
they would be many more times as practical
as they are pretty to look at. Theyi
are wonderful helps under and behind
the bathtub, all around and between the
steam coils, behind heavy pieces of furniture,
inside the kitchen range, in fact,
Blow the Dust Out!
For the every-day cleaning, this apparatus will be appreciated.
It is particularly valuable in cleaning out behind
radiators and bathtubs.
there is no room in the house where the
little bellows will not get the dust and
lint out of the places that cannot be
reached with a vacuum cleaner or broom.
LOADING HAY BY MACHINE
•"THE rapid loading of hay can be accomplished
easily with this new hay
stacker presented by a South Dakota inventor.
The hay is dumped under the
cradle of the stacker. A derrick then is
set into operation and the hay swung
aloft and dumped onto the stack as
shown in the accompanying illustration.
This Gigantic Fork Loads a Wagon Ten Times as
Fast as Men Can Do It by Hand

THREE-CORNERED PLAYING
CARD
^V/HETHER the triangle-shaped playing
card will be more lucky or not
is a question, but it should enable the
player to hold a bigger number of cards
in his hand and yet see with no difficulty
An Attractive Novelty
These cards are easily seen and easily handled; they
should meet with the public's approval.
everything he has in his hand. As yet
the cards are truly novelties.
METAL LATH FOR PLASTER
AND STUCCO
A WIRE mesh which is flexible and
** easily handled takes the place of the
old-fashioned lath for building purposes.
This Metal Lath Comes in Rolls Like Wire Netting
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 113
The metal roll is covered with fire clay
and baked under heavy pressure so that
it presents a terra cotta surface.
PEN ON FINGER
IN order to make up a pen that can be
fitted directly on the end of the finger
and not need a penholder, a European
inventor makes use of a stamped metal
blank in which the pen and the finger
clamp are all in one piece, thus allowing
the device to be made cheaply. The
blank has a middle part or main body
and carries the pen at the lower end,
also having a set of four tongues for
bending around and making the finger
clamps. It is claimed that by using the
Makes Writing Easy
The inventor of this finger pen claims that it reduces the
fatigue of writing materially.
pen on the end of the finger it is less
fatiguing to write than when a penholder
is used.
J*
AUTOMATIC FURNACE-DRAFT
REGULATOR
A N automatic draft regulator attends
to your furnace for you. It is the
invention of Samuel H. Hess, Bramford,
Pennsylvania. It has a chain connected
with the furnace damper and door. This
chain is run over rollers and attached
to a pivoted rod which is connected by
a cord with an alarm clock. At the hour

114 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
set, the regulator is operated by the
clock.
THROW AWAY THAT EYE
SHADE
LJERE'S a light that can't hit you in
the eye. If you are a worker who must
use artificial light most or all the time
that's a fact you will appreciate. The
book-keeper may discard his eye shade,
the student his cumbersome, umbrellalike
covering on his light, merely by putting
a new kind of protection on the
lamp. This is a shade with a parabolic
reflector. The light thus is concentrated
exactly where desired—where the eye
falls.
FOLDING CHAIR CARRIED
LIKE UMBRELLA
A COMFORTABLE folding chair
^^ when folded occupies a space
only three inches by four inches by
three feet, and as it weighs only six
pounds may be folded and carried like
an umbrella. The construction is such
that the chair easily supports a weight
For Your Camping Trip
11 you want a chair at all you want this chair. It can be
carried just like a walking stick.
of three hundred pounds, and yet the
parts adjust themselves to the body. The
seat is of fine quality fancy ticking or
duck with fast colors.
J*
TOY FIRE TRUCK WITH
PNEUMATIC TIRES
A NEW toy that will delight youngsters
is a completely equipped auto
fire truck. The truck is an exact replica
of the real fire fighter, carrying ladders,
lanterns, a bell, and all other appliances.
The wheels are equipped with pneumatic
tires. A foot pedal supplies the motive
power.

CRIB THAT FOLDS
A NEW utility and convenience for
parents, and a novelty for the children
is this new crib which can be transported
easily from room to room, or out
of doors on the porch or lawn.
If the ordinary child's bed is not too
small for it to sleep in for five or six
years, it is too large to push through the
ordinary doors between the different
rooms. When the mother wants the
baby to sleep on the porch, or in a more
sunshiny room she has to take the whole
Goes through m
Door
This crib folds into
a compact bundle
for purposes of
moving from place
to place.
bed apart to get it through the door.
This bed can be folded easily into an incredibly
small space when not in use, or
can be moved readily to any place in the
house.
The bed can be bought with a substantial
heavy canvas bottom, or with a wire
fabric bottom supported by strong helical
springs at both ends. It can be finished
in bronze, aluminum, oxidized, or white
enamel.
J*
LIFTER AND FORK COMBINED
A BOUT the two busiest articles
around the kitchen stove during
meal time are the fork and the lifter
for hot pans. Sometimes while a search
is being made around the kitchen for
either one in a hurry, some article of
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 115
Hint for the Housewife
When frying steak this
lifter-fork saves much trouble
and many burned
fingers.
food is burned. This new invention combines
the fork and lifter. The fork is
ideally shaped so that steaks and roasts
can be easily handled with it, and the
lifter itself is cast in one with the fork.
It is hard enough to find just the right
fork in a hurry, and the same is true of
the lifter but this one solves both difficulties.
THE LARGEST MILK BOTTLE
A DAIRY company in Toronto, Canada,
has erected a new 25,000 gallon
water tank in the form of a huge
milk bottle. It stands at the top of a
sixty foot tower and can be seen for

116 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
miles around, a striking advertisement.
The bottle was designed and constructed
by the Chicago Bridge and Iron Works.
Presumably there is no sinister meaning
behind the fact that this gigantic symbol
of the milk-man's trade holds nothing but
pure water.
HOMEMADE SIDE CAR
•"THIS homemade side car to hold twins
•*• was designed by Benjamin Potter of
South Glens Falls, New York, and was
A Joy Ride
The twins make
Dad work hard in
his leisure mo­
ments.
made of pieces of thin boards, two pieces
of galvanized pipe, and a few pieces of
steel. The cost of the material outside
of the bicycle wheel was less than two
dollars.
St
FOLDING EMER­
GENCY COT
""THIS new folding cot
*• that occupies little
space when not in use is
an effective means of
meeting the emergency
when an extra bed is
necessary. It also is useful
for the sleeping porch, the summer
cottage, or the camp. The cot folds
Folds into Small Compass
This cot can bo leaned against
the wall out of the way when
not in use.
automatically when the side strap on
either side is lifted. The frame is
strongly made of steel and the top of
strong brown canvas. The springs at the
end make it comfortable. The cot when
extended is more than six feet long, but
when folded it occupies a space only five
inches thick and forty inches in length,
fitting snugly against the wall.
BED SPRINGS WITH SIDE
GUARDS
A NEW form of bed spring is
**• provided with guards on
the side to prevent the slipping or
spreading of the mattress. The
guards are of woven wire, and extend
just high enough to hold the
mattress without projecting above
it. By preventing friction, tearing,
and bending, they serve to lengthen
the life of the mattress and at the same
time assure a comfortable position at all
times. People who toss restlessly at
night will find these guards a great help
to their comfort.
With This Set of
Springs the Mattress
Cannot Slip

With This Support a Continuous Roll of Paper Is
Used
TYPEWRITER ROLL SUPPORT
""THIS device, the typewriter roll support,
is the invention of Mr. John
II. Lamoy of Glens Falls, New York. It
is intended for use in taking dictation
with typewriter—such as receiving news
from distant cities by long distance telephone.
This attachment supports a roll
of paper over the typewriter platen so
that the copy may be run continuously
without having to insert new sheets when
a long story is being typed.
FOLDING MORRIS CHAIR OF
RATTAN
A QUAINT adaptation of the Morris
chair folds into a small space when
not in use. The chair has an extension
foot rest. It is made of rattan and is
therefore very light and comfortable;
reinforcement at the points where
strength is necessary make the chair
durable.
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 117
This ChnirCombines All the
Comforts of the Old Morris
Chair with the Beauties of
Rattan Furniture
ADJUSTABLE SEESAW
""THIS adjustable seesaw is designed to
meet the requirements of children of
various ages. Three adjustments may
be made so as to accommodate children
from two to fourteen. The board
may also be adjusted so that a light
and heavy child may play together.
The tapering off of the board near the
ends provides a comfortable seat. By
turning the board over and adjusting
it at the highest level, the older children
can get a merry-go-round effect.
For Children of Assorted
Ages
It does not matter with
this seesaw, whether
the two children using
it are of equal weight.
The center board can
be adjusted on the lever
principle so that even
large discrepancies in
weight are equalized.
The board is eight, nine,
or ten feet long, according
to model desired.
TWENTY-HOUR FOOT
WARMER
"TTIIS new foot warmer is not a thing
of beauty exactly, when we look at it,
but if you have ever waked up at two
o'clock on a winter morning and discovered
that the hot-water bag had leaked,
and your feet were cold and wet, the
utility of this foot warmer would
mean more to you than beauty.
Even if the old hot-water bag, or
the metal hot-water container, does
not spring a leak, its use as a hotwater
container is gone within half
an hour.
This foot warmer is made of
specially prepared potter's clays,

118 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
The Foot Warmer
then glazed. It
retains its heat
after filling with
three quarts of very
hot water, for
twenty hours. It
cannot corrode, and
is easily cleaned, also
practically unbreakable.
It cannot roll
over. If it is not
beautiful to look at
we surely can call it
companionable.
CHIFFONIER WITH WRITING
DESK DRAWER
A CHIFFONIER provided with a
^"^ writing desk drawer makes unnecessary
a separate writing table
if it is desired to do writing in the bedroom.
The drawer containing the writing
compartment looks like the others
when the drawer is closed, but when
opened the outside drops down to provide
extra space for writing.
A Great Space Saving
Many homes have not room for an extra
desk; this desk-chiffonier solves the problem.
AN IMPROVISED SPRAYER
T H E sprayer shown in the illustration
was made to take care of a few plants
in a home garden. With one pumping
it will discharge two quarts of liquid,
enough for forty heads of cabbage. A
one-gallon syrup can, with an air valve
taken from a discarded bicycle tube, and
a stopcock made from a short piece of
Make This
Sprayer at
Home
One filling is
sufficient for
forty heads of
cabbage.
wire and an empty 22 shell, was
used as a tank. There was no need
to solder for the syrup remaining
in the can tightly calks the seams.
A bicycle pump compresses the air.
IDEAL IRONING BOARD
A NEW ironing board may now
^"^ be had by the housewife,
which is complete in itself, having
a substantial iron base, on which the
large board rests firmly, and is
equipped with a patented swivel
sleeve board, iron rest, sponge, and
water cups.
One of the principal faults to be
found with the ordinary electric
iron is the fact that the cord is al-

ways in the way, and interferes largely
with the movements of the operator. This
fault has been eliminated in this device
by means of an upright with an arm
extending outward so that the cord
hangs perpendicularly over the board and
the material to be ironed, giving the
operator free movement of both hands,
and making it possible to iron with comfort
on either side of the board.
J*
MANY-PURPOSE CABINET
A MANY-PURPOSE cabinet for the
^^ bedroom or bathroom has three
drawers, three adjustable shelves, and a
hinged top in which is encased a ten-byfourteen
French mirror plate. The mirror
may be fastened in a vertical position
when it is in use for shaving or other
purposes; at other times it folds down
out of the way. The shelves are made of
glass so as to be clean and sanitary;
these are intended for medicines and
toilet articles or for use as a sideboard.
The drawers are twelve inches deep, and
serve to hold towels, clothing, and the
like.
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 119
CIRCULAR RAKE
A W O M A N invented this farming and
^^ garden implement and the war had
nothing to do with its invention, because
it was made in the U. S. A. for farms
in the U. S. A. One day her rake received
a very severe blow from a tractor
on her farm and the rake was wedged
in the ground in such a way that one end
became bent around, but it did not hinder
her doing a good job of raking with it.
It was in use for a year however, before
the fact was impressed on her that when
raking was done with the ends slightly
curved it was done much more thoroughly
with much less effort. So she has
Rakes More Efficiently
Because the leaves tend to move
toward the middle instead of slipping
through the teeth, this circu
lar rake is a labor-saver.
patented the round rake recently and it
promises greatly heightened efficiency to
its buyers.
You Will Welcome This Cabinet in Your B3thro.n1

120 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
SMALL TORCH PRODUCING
INTENSE HEAT
A SIMPLE device for obtaining intense
heat is made in this way:
Procure an old gallon bottle from a
druggist and a rubber stopper to accommodate
two glass tubes. Place the glass
tubing in their relative positions and
lengths, as shown, and connect
the shorter one to an
stove burner—one with
lating attachment—with
of rubber tubing.
old oil
a regua
piece
Now dilute some sulphuric
acid four or five to one,
and fill the bottom of the
bottle two or three inches
deep.
For the decomposing element,
use zinc. For the
best results it should be
treated in the following
manner:
Melt a quantity
metal until it flows
freely, then pour it
slowly into a basin
of water. The
resulting formations
are very thin
and have a large
surface to be
exposed to the
action of the
acid.
Now drop a
handful of the
"zinc drops" into
the bottle and
cork securely. If the burner is
closed, some of the liquid will
begin to rise in the glass tube.
After it has raised several inches, open
the burner until the acid in the tube
stops rising. When the gas issuing from
the burner is ignited, it will burn with an
intense, steady flame, that will melt all
common metals in quantities.
To obtain greater pressure shut off the
flame until the acid in the tubing has
reached a higher level.
MOVIES IN A SUITCASE
l_JERE is probably the lightest motionpicture
projector that yet has appeared.
It weighs but nineteen pounds
and may be carried about in a suitcase.
It may be operated from any electriclight
socket, either direct or alternating
current. All that is required to
start the operation is to put the
connecting plug in the socket and
press a button. It is equipped
with an incandescent lamp—an
innovation. It may be used with
lamps of 100, 250, 400, or 500
watts. As a consequence, it may
be readily operated in any church,
hall, or home, where electricity is
available. All the inconveniences
and perplexities of carbons and
rheostats thus are obviated. The
machine, which may be carried
from place to place already assembled,
need not be placed in a
carrying case, unless desired, so
light, compact, and wellconstructed
is it. A daylight
screen goes with the
machine so that it may be
operated in the daytime
by salesmen or others who
wish to make a demonstration.
In addition to
the advantages of such a
machine being of value
to the salesman, scientific
lecturer, or for h o m e
entertainment, it offers
the manufacturer an excellent
opportunity to have
made at relatively small cost a
record of the various processes
and motions required in his shops to perform
certain operations.

VEST POCKET TOOL KIT
A MAN doesn't have to wear blue
overalls when he carries his tool
kit nowadays. The new style of kit goes
in the vest pocket.
There is not a half inch of space
wasted in this little group of tools. The
bottle opener makes the base to which all
the other tools are attached, such as the
button hook, cork screw, and various
other implements that are in daily
demand.
Jt
NAIL THAT WON'T COME OUT
A NEW idea in the way of a nail for
boxes—one that cannot come loose
—is shown in our drawing. By its use
it is claimed that all trouble caused by
the loosening up of nails will be avoided,
so that boxes or other work will always
be held tight. Instead of being straight,
the nail is made with a long screw thread
by the use of a special machine which
forms part of the present patent. Such
a nail is easy to drive, but in order to
come out, it is necessary for the nail to
turn around, but the friction of the wood
This Nail Comes Out with All the Reluctance of a
Screw
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 121
opposes this, and the nail remains tight
in place, about as a screw would do, except
that the nail has the advantage of
being driven in by a hammer.
Jt
ECONOMICAL DENTAL FLOSS
T H E price of dental floss seems quite
high when we come to use it as often
as is recommended. An economical dental
floss can be made for ten cents which
will last ten times as long as the drug
store spools. One spool of number 60
white linen thread, and one piece of pure
beeswax rubbed over the thread offer a
satisfactory substitute, and if desired, the
homemade dental floss can be sterilized
simply with listerine, which would be a
desirable thing to do anyway, because
even drug store dental floss is not sterile
once it is removed from the spool cover.
J*
NEW NUT CRACKER
A NUT cracker and bowd in one now is
offered for sale, with which nuts
This Cracker Catches the Nuts as They Break
may be cracked satisfactorily. The meat
may be extracted whole, and the litter of
small pieces of shell and particles of meat
is done away with. The nut is cracked
from the ends and falls into the bowl,
this operation being done by the mere
twisting of a screw. The bowl is covered
on the bottom with soft felt so that
no injury will result to the finest furniture
from contact with it. The metal
parts of this device are nickel-plated, and
the bowl and cracker are very attractive
in appearance. It retails for $3.50.

122 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
BABY SATCHEL
A BABY satchel made of leather is a
^^ convenient and novel means of carrying
a baby. The satchel itself weighs
only eight ounces, and is so small that it
can be folded into a bundle that slips
into a man's coat pocket or a woman's
hand bag. With the satchel two people
can distribute the child's weight between
them instead of putting the weight all on
one, and in addition the child is more
comfortable than if held in the arms.
The satchel enables two persons to carry
the child over rough, muddy, or sandy
places where a go-cart cannot be operated.
In the park the satchel may be
suspended as a swing for the child.
MESSENGER'S BAG WITH
COMPARTMENTS
A BAG designed for use by messengers
is divided into compartments so that
the papers to be delivered at the different
places are easily kept separate from each
other. The bag is made with either fif­
No "Forgot­
ten Parcels"
With this file
system in the
bag, a messen­
ger cannot get
his errands con­
fused. They are
always separate
before him.
teen or thirty compartments.
The outside walls are made of
canvas and sheet steel riveted
together with copper rivets, thus
assuring durability. The partitions
between the compartments
are made of high quality pressboard
so as to secure lightness.
The bag is particularly useful
where papers are distributed
among the different departments
of the same establishments, but
is well adapted to miscellaneous
uses. Every enterprising messenger
boy should own one.
CARRY YOUR RADIATOR
AROUND THE HOUSE
A N electric radiator that is portable
makes an appeal to every home
lover. It will take the chill off any cold
room in the house, because it may be
fitted in a trice to any lamp socket. It is
especially desirable where there are cases
of sickness and it is necessary to get up
in the middle of a cold night in a fireless
room. For temporary use where the furnace
has gone out it should prove a boon.
It is the sort of device that removes some
of the anxieties and annoyances of married
life.

NEW USE FOR THE
MOVIES
By WALTER LEE
I T does not always take the health department
and the pure food agitators
to make us go up in the air over
sanitation and the prevention of disease.
A large Eastern furniture
dealer recently showed an exciting moving-picture
scenario to large groups of
furniture salesmen from all over the
country. The usual dime admission fee
was omitted, yet every man who left the
exhibition looked as firmly resolute as if
he had seen a real vampire picture.
The theme of the scenario is "Feather
pillows, and where they come from." Of
course in the furniture line the health
appeal to the public is not as strong as
in the food line. One kind of piano or
chair is about as healthful as another.
But since one-third of our life is spent
in bed, and the child's more than that,
we can't say that one bed is as safe as
another. Children usually sleep with
their faces half buried in pillows.
What's in the pillow? The mother
doesn't know. She has her bed clothes
washed regularly and thoroughly. She
encases her pillows in spick-and-span
slips. But as to the contents of the
pillows, she doesn't know and neither
does the clerk who sold the pillows to her.
The first scene in the sanitary movie
shows a pillow being sold as "new" in a
large department store, and upon this
incident is based the story of the film. It
pictures scenes in a city's slums. The
pillows and feather beds are leaking
feathers at every pore and exposed to all
the dirt, filth, and germ life imaginable;
garbage cans become the receptacles for
pillows too worn out to be used any
longer.
Garbage can to rag-picker, to junkdealer,
to pillow factory—such is the
route traveled by the decayed, contami­
nated, and abominable mass of feathers.
Of course this material "cleaned" and
"washed" is re-sold to the trade and to
the trusting public as "new" pillows.
Enlarged pictures are shown to these
furniture salesmen of worms, bugs, decayed
quills, broken feathers, and dirty
foreign matter.
The salesman does not forget this picture.
When he comes to sell pillows he
is going to warn the customers about
insanitary pillows. So this wise furniture
man proceeds to make a sequel to
the film, with the story based on how
pillows should be made—how his pillows
are made.
Thousands of pure white ducks and
geese are seen cavorting on the banks
of rivers in China, where the feathers
come from that are used in this dealer's
pillows. Then there is the unloading in
New York, and other features, following
one another across the screen in rapid
and entertaining order. Next comes the
weighing of the new feathers, mixed as
they are with dirt. After this the scenes
are laid in the modern factory and show
how the feathers are treated—how the
foreign matter is separated front them,
by the dry process, the swishing, swirling
bath among the churning mill-wheels and
the air current separating device, the
white-clad employes finishing the pillows.
The film does not show the secret electrical
process which destroys the animal
matter inside the quill, but it does show
the result, and by magnification of six or
seven times, the inside of the quill is
plainly shown—clean, sweet, and sterilized.
Already several States have passed
sanitary feather laws compelling the
labeling of pillows to show the contents,
whether new or second hand.
123

124 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
auillllllMllMlff^
New Appliances
Inventors now are devoting their ingenuity to
removing discomfort from the sick room. All of
the appliances illustrated here have made their
appearances in hospital wards and private homes
during the past year.
This hinged chair back is useful when the
patient isableto sit up. When the top is dropped
it permits perfect freedom in dressing the hair,
putting on or taking off bandages, or in making
examinations of the head. With the upper portion
upright, a comfortable rest for the head is
provided.
A truck that converts any chair into a wheel
chair is a remarkable contrivance. It is particularly
useful for the chronic invalid or for the person
whose convalescence is slow. The truck is
provided with adjustable clamps at the rear into
which the legs of the chair are clamped; the legs
are held firmly to obviate the danger of accidents.
As the front wheels work on a swivel, the truck
The Hinged Chair Back
This device with the top of
the back dropped is shown
on the facing page. This
feature enables the attendant
to dress the hair or ap-
I'lv bandages or dressing
without being hindered by
the high back.

The Adjustable Leg Rest
Chair
This appliance is adapted especially
for use in the long
period that necessarily elapses
while a broken leg is mending.
The side not in use may be
folded down out of the way.
NEW APPLIANCES FOR THE SICK ROOM 125
/g^iummnuifflmmmi

"If a Little Is Good—" Not Far Wrong
A SHY young man in an Ohio town had
been calling on "the sweetest girl in the world"
for many moons, but by reason of his bashfulness
his suit progressed slowly. Finally she
decided it was time to start something; so the
as *I jf A
next time he called she pointed to the rose
in the buttonhole of his coat and said:
"I'll give you a kiss for that rose."
A crimson flush overspread his countenance,
but the exchange was made after some hesitation
on his part. Then he grabbed his hat and
started to leave the room.
"Why, where are you going?" she asked in
surprise.
"To the—er—florist for more roses," he
called back from the door.
Devilish!
The train it is a wicked thing,
The engine smokes all day,
And drags along the chew-chew cars,
And tanks up by the way.
J*
Nothing Happened
THE cub reporter assigned to "cover" a local
wedding sauntered back into the editorial
rooms of his paper.
"Where's your 'story'?" called the impatient
city editor. "Hand it across!"
"Sorry!" said the cub, nonchalantly, "but
there was nothing to report! The bridegroom
never turned up!"
126
JAMES was halting and stammering his way
through a Latin translation, and the teacher
was deftly trying to assist his laggard memory.
"Sinister" was the word she wanted.
"Come, come, James," she urged. "You
know the Latin for 'left,' surely?"
James scratched his head for a moment, then
looked up triumphantly. "Spinster," he
offered.
J*
There Are Husbands and Husbands
THE YOUNG WIFE—"Some women don't like
to have a husband hang around the house all
the time, evening after evening. I'm sure I
don't mind it, do you ?"
HER MARRIED FRIEND—"Whose husband?"
Caution
"ARE you going to Mrs. Tyresum-Clymer's
dinner?"
"No. I have a subsequent engagement."
"A subsequent engagement ?"
"Yes. One that I made as soon as I heard
Mrs. Tyresum-Clymer was going to give a
dinner."
J*
Paid in Full
DONALD and four grown-up relatives attended
divine service one Sunday morning.
Donald selected the aisle seat, and when the
contribution-plate was passed deposited in it
the combined offerings of his family. The
vestryman, not realizing this, moved as though
to pass the plate to the others in the pew,
when he was arrested by a highly pitched, distinctly
audible stage whisper announcing:
"I paid for five."

Couldn't Tell
BLOWING
JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY had just reached
his hotel one day when he was called to the
telephone and told that it was "Miss Jones,"
a reporter, talking and would he please give
her a little information? Then there followed
a series of personal questions about his work
and his habits of living. Finally she asked:
"And where is Mrs. Riley?"
"She may be at the other end of this telephone,"
he answered; and the receiver went
up with a bang.
S
Precocious
LITTLE Hattie, determined to give her hero
full credit for his achievements, wrote the following
in a history examination:
"Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,
1809, in a log-cabin he built himself."
J*
Pro Rata Grace
PASSENGER (whose foot has been trodden
on) : "You are very clumsy with your feet,
conductor."
CONDUCTOR—"What d'ye expect for a
'alfpenny a mile, Pavlowa?"
Indeed He Oughtn't
SHE—"Can a man tell when a woman loves
him ?"
HE—"He can, but. he ought not to."
He Understood
A CERTAIN Church of England bishop, desirous
of effecting economy, was traveling in a
third-class carriage with a rather rough-looking
workman. The latter exhibited surprise
at sucli superior company, and, consumed by
curiosity, inquired :
"I suppose you are a poor curate, sir?"
"Kr—no," weakly replied the bishop, "not
exactly—but—but I was once a curate."
"I see," commented the other; "that 'orrid
drink again."
OFF STEAM 127
His Criterion
GRANT ALLEN was sitting one day in the
shade of the Sphinx. Turning for some point
of detail to his Baedeker guide book, a sheik
looked at him sadly and shook his head.
"Murray good," he said, in a voice of warning;
"Baedeker no good."
"Oh," answered the novelist, "why do you
object to Baedeker?"
The sheik crossed his hands and looked down
on him with the pitying eyes of Islam. "Baedeker
bad book," he repeated. "Murray very,
very good. Murray say, 'Give the sheik half
a crown.' Baedeker say, 'Give the sheik a
shilling.'"
The Boy's Idea
RECRUITING OFFICER—"But what would a boy
like you do in the army?"
LAD—"Don't you need a caddie to carry the
swords and things?"
Magna Cum Laude
LADY—"And you say you are an educated
man?"
WEARY WILL—-"Yes, mum, I'm a roads
scholar."
What Must Hot Coffee Be?
A PREACHER was describing the "bad place."
"Friends," he said, "you've seen molten iron
running out of a furnace, haven't you? It
comes out white hot, sizzling and hissing.
Well—" (the preacher pointed a long, lean
finger at the congregation). "Well," he continued,
"they use that stuff for ice cream in

RUNNING HAIR CUTS
ON SCHEDULE
By O. R. GEYER
S O M E years ago, while studying
the problem of how to dispose
of waiting customers without
losing their business, P. W.
Wenger, a barber of Des
Moines, Iowa, conceived the idea of
using a card index.
Each customer of the Wenger shop
was listed on two cards, one for the
alphabetical list of customers and the
other for the daily list. Each visit to the
shop was noted on these cards, and a
notation was made of the approximate
time for the next visit to the shop, long
experience having taught the author of
the system to gage most accurately the
time when nature will make another visit
to the barber imperative. The hair cuts
vary from once in seven days to once in
three months—the latter case being that
of a man almost completely bald. Shaves
are listed from "daily" up to "fort-
Hair Cut Is
ext Saturday,
Four-Thirty"
Suited to the Customer's Convenience
Havinif a definite time set eliminates waiting; most men are more than willing to
be indexed.
tza
nightly." Needless to say, the last is a
meager job of blonde fuzz.
The cards were filed according to the
day of the month, and on each day
Wenger looked over his appointments for
the day and stepped to the telephone to
call his customers. Smithers was told
that he was due at 11 o'clock for a hair
cut, and Thompson learned that it was
time for a facial massage and that the
hour of his appointment was 12:15
o'clock. When these customers arrived
they invariably found the barber waiting
for them.
At the end of a month's time Wenger
can tell exactly the value of each customer.
He knows just what each customer
expects, and if Smith looks upon
massages and hair tonics as an extravagance
the subject never is mentioned to
him. On the other hand, Jones is a
customer who always desires this service,
and the work is done without questions
being asked. On leaving the shop Jones'
name is put down for a date and hour
two weeks later for another hair cut.
Each customer's trade, therefore, is conducted
on its card value.
The system has caused widespread
comment and has been adopted quite
generally over the country in recent
months. Traveling men
from other cities visiting
Des Moines call the barber
on reaching Des
Moines and make an
appointment, and the
time saved these busy
customers is one reason
why Wenger has been a
success. The fact that a
man never is bothered
for attentions he does
not desire, is another
big factor.

ILLUSTRATED WORLD 129
How I Raised Aiy Earnings
fiom*30to s 1000awk
The Story of a Young Man's
Remarkable Rise, as Told by Himself
T H R E E years ago I was earning $30 per
week. With a wife and two children
to support it was a constant struggle to
make both ends meet. We saved very little,
and that only by sacrificing things we really
needed. Today my earnings average a thousand
dollars weekly. I own two automobiles.
; My children go to private schools. I have just
purchased, for cash, a $25,000 home. I go
hunting, fishing, motoring, traveling, when-
' ever I care to, and I do less work than ever
t before.
What I have done, anyone can do—for I am
,( only an average man. I have never gone to
college, my education is limited, and I am not
"brilliant" by any means. I personally know
'• at least a hundred men who are better business
jl men than I, who are better educated, who are
•, better informed on hundreds of subjects, and
', who have much better ideas than I ever had.
Yet not one of them approaches my earnings.
f I mention this merely to show that earning
capacity is not governed by the extent of a
man's education and to convince my readers
1 that there is only one reason for my success—
S' a reason I will give herein.
One day. a few years ago, I began to "take
1(,f stock" of myself. I found that, like most
oilier men, I had energy, ambition, determina-
'•'tion. Yet in spite of these assets, for some
' : reason or other I drifted along without getting
l«l anywhere. My lack of education bothered me,
,j. and I had thought seriously of making further
[ sacrifices in order to better equip myself to
''earn more. Then I read somewhere that but
it few millionaires ever went to college. Edison,
jke Rockefeller, Hill, Schwab, Carnegie—not one
I of them had any more schooling than I had.
, One day something happened that woke me
St up to what was wrong with me. It was nece
sary for me to make a decision on a matter
,ywhich was of no great consequence. I knew
/in my heart what was the right thing to do,
l ' ; but something held me back. I said one thing,
Wthen another; I decided one way, then another.
hi I couldn't for the life of me make the decision
Ji;[ knew was right.
I lay awake most of that night thinking
about the matter—not because it was of any
great importance in itself, but because I w-as
beginning to discover myself. Along towards
dawn I resolved to try an experiment. I decided
to cultivate my will power, believing
that if I did this I would not hesitate about
making decisions—that when I had an idea I
would have sufficient confidence in myself to
put it "over"—that I would not be "afraid"
of myself or of things or of others. I felt that
if I could smash my ideas across I would soon
make my presence felt. I knew that heretofore
I had always begged for success—had always
stood hat in hand, depending on others to
"give" me the things I desired. In short, I
was controlled by the will of others. Henceforth,
I determined to have a strong will of
imy own—to demand and command what I
wanted.
But how shall I begin ? What shall I do
first? It was easy enough for me to determine
to do things—I had "determined" many times
before. But this was a question of will power,
and I made up my mind that the first step was
to muster up enough of my own will power to
stick to and carry out my determination.
With this new purpose in mind I applied
myself to finding out something more about
will power. I was sure that other men must
have studied the subject, and the results of
their experience would doubtless be of great
value to me in understanding the workings of
my own will. So, with a directness of purpose
that I had scarcely known before, I began my
search.
The results at first were discouraging.
While a good deal had been written about the
memory and other faculties of the brain, I
could find nothing that offered any help to me
in acquiring the new power that I had hoped
might be possible.
But a little later in my investigation I encountered
the works of Prof. Frank Channing
Haddock. To my amazement and delight I
discovered that this eminent scientist, whose
name ranks with James, Bergson and Royce,
Kindiy mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

130 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
had just completed the most thorough and constructive
study of will power ever made. I was
astonished to read his statement, "The will
is just as susceptible of development as the
muscles of the body!" My question was answered
! Eagerly I read further—how Dr.
Haddock had devoted twenty years to this
study—how he had so completely mastered it
that he was actually able to set down the very
exercises by which anyone could develop the
will, making it a bigger, stronger force each
day, simply through an easy, progressive course
of Training.
It is almost needless to say that I at once
began to practice the exercises formulated by
Dr. Haddock. And I need not recount the
extraordinary results that I obtained almost from
the first day. I have already indicated the
success that my developed power of will has
made for me.
But it may be thought that my case is exceptional.
Let me again assure you that I am but
an average man, with no super-developed powers,
save that of my will. And to further prove
my contention, let me cite one or two instances
I have since come across, which seem to show
conclusively that an indomitable will can be
developed by anyone.
One case that comes to my mind is that of a
young man who worked in a big factory. He
was bright and willing, but seemed to get nowhere.
Finally he took up the study of will
training, at the suggestion of Mr. W. M. Taylor,
the famous efficiency expert of the Willys-
Overland Company, and in less than a year
his salary was increased 800%. Then there
is the case of C. D. Van Vechten, General
Agent of the Northwestern Life Insurance
Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Just a short
time after receiving the methods in will development
suggested by Prof. Haddock, he felt
that they would be worth from $3,000 to $30,000
to him.
Another man, Mr. H. D. Ferguson, residing
in Hot Springs, Ark., increased his earnings
from $40 a week to $90 a week in a remarkably
short space of time after he began the study
of will training. These are but a few—there
are many other equally amazing examples
which I personally know about. And aside
from the financial gain, this training has enabled
thousands to overcome drink and other
vices almost overnight—has helped overcome
PELTON PUBLISHING COMPANY
25-F Wilcox Block, Meriden, Conn.
sickness and nervousness, has transformed unhappy,
envious, discontented people into dominating
personalities filled with the joy of living.
Prof. Haddock's lessons, rules and exercises
in will training have recently been compiled
and published in book form by the Pelton Publishing_
Co. of Meriden, Conn. Mr. Pelton has
authorized me to say that any reader who cares
to examine the book may do so without sending
any money in advance. In other words, if
after a week's reading you do not feel that
this book is worth $3, the sum asked, return
it and you will owe nothing. When you receive
your copy for examination I suggest that you
first read the articles on: the law of great
thinking; how to develop analytical power; how
to perfectly concentrate on any subject; how to
guard against errors in thought; how to
drive from the mind unwelcome thoughts;
how to develop fearlessness; how to use the
mind in sickness; how to acquire a dominating
personality.
Some few doubters will scoff at the idea of
will power being the fountainhead of wealth,
position and everything we are striving for,
and some may say that no mere book can teach
the development of the will. But the great
mass of intelligent men and women will at least
investigate for themselves by sending for the
book at the publisher's risk. I am sure that
any book that has done for me—and for thousands
of others—what "Power of Will" has
done—is well worth investigating. It is interesting
to note that among the 150,000 owners who
have read, used and praised "Power of Will,"
are such prominent men as Supreme Court
Justice Parker; Wu Ting Fang, Ex-U. S. Chinese
Ambassador; Lieut.-Gov. McKelvie of
Nebraska; Assistant Postmaster-General Britt;
General Manager Christeson, of Wells-Fargo
Express Co.; E. St. Elmo Lewis; Governor
Arthur Capper of Kansas, and thousands of
others.
As a first step in will training, I would suggest
immediate action in this matter before you.
It is not even necessary to write a letter. Use
the form below, if you prefer, addressing it
to the Pelton Publishing Company, 2S-F Wilcox
Block, Meriden, Conn., and the book will come |
by return mail. This one act may mean the
turning point of your life, as it has meant to me
and to so many others.
I will examine a copy of "Power of Will" at your risk. I agree to remit $3 or remail the book
5 days.
Name .
Address.
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

,\ WILL
iff'' IPOWER 1
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ILLUSTRATED WORLD \2>\
'

132
A MOTOR-DRIVEN WIRELESS SET FOR HEAVY DUTY
The gasoline engine on the left provides sufficient power for extended sending- by the station to the right.
oomiaHT—rrjic
THE ARMY WATER-WAGON
Several of these seeming sprinklers are in service supplying the troops with drinking water. They are
employed not only in the desert regions, but elsewhere when the medical authorities suspect the purity
of the water. U. S. Q. M. C." refers to the "United States Quartermaster Corps."

ILLUSTRATED WORLD 135
Former United States
Senator Mason
Pioneer in Pure Food and Drugs Legislation, Father of
Rural Free Delivery System
Takes Nuxated Iron
to obtain renewed strength, power and endurance after the hardest
fought political campaign of his life in which he was elected Congressman
from the State of Illinois. The results he obtained from taking
Nuxated Iron were so surprising that
SENATOR MASON NOW SAYS
Nuxated Iron should be made known to every nervous, run-down,
anaemic man, woman and child.
Opinion of Dr. Howard James, late of United States Public Health
Service, who has prescribed and thoroughly tested Nuxated Iron
in his own private practice.
Dr. Sauer, a Boston physician who has studied abroad in great European medical
institutions, said: "Senator Mason is right. As I have said a hundred times
over, organic iron is the greatest of all strength builders.
"Not long ago a man came to me who was nearly half a century old and asked
me to give him a preliminary examination for life insurance. I was astonished
to find him with the blood pressure of a boy of twenty and as full of vigor, vim
and vitality as a young man; in fact, a young man he really was, notwithstanding
his age. The secret, he said, was taking organic iron—Nuxated Iron had filled
him with renewed life. At thirty he was in bad health; at forty-six he was careworn
and nearly all in. Now at fifty, after taking Nuxated Iron, a miracle of
vitality ami his face beaming with the buoyancy of youth. Iron is absolutely
necessary to enable your blood to change food into living tissue. Without it,
no matter how much or what you eat, your food merely passes through
you without doing you any good. You don't get the strength out of it, and
as a consequence you become weak, pale and sickly looking, just like a plant
trying to grow in a soil deficient ui iron. If you are not strong or well, you
owe it to yourself to make the following test: See how long you can work or
how far you can walk without becoming tired. Next, take two five-grain tablets
of ordinarv nuxated iron three times per dav after meals for two weeks. Then
test your strength again, and see how much you have gained. I have seen dozens
of nervous, run-down people who were ailing all the while double their strength
and endurance and entirely rid themselves of all symptoms of dyspepsia, liver
and other troubles in from ten to fourteen days' time simply by taking iron in
the proper form. And this, after they had in some cases been doctoring for
months without obtaining any benefit. But don't take the old forms of reduced
iron, iron acetate or tincture of iron simply to save a few cents. The iron demanded
by M tit her Nature for the red coloring matter in the blood of her
children is, alas! not that kind of iron. You must take iron in a form that can
In- easily absorbed and assimilated to do you any good, otherwise it may prove
u orse than useless. Many an athlete and prizefighter has won the day simply
because he knew the secret of great strength and endurance and filled his blood
with iron before he went into the atfray; while many another has gone down in
inglorious defeat simply for the lack of iron."
Dr. Schuyler C. Jaques, Visiting Surgeon of St. Elizabeth's Hospital, New
York City, said: "I have never before given out any medical information or
advice for publication, as I ordinarily do not believe in it. But in the case of
Nuxated Iron I feel I would be remiss in my duty not to mention it. I have
taken it myself and given it to my patients with most surprising and satisfactory
n Mills. And those who wish quickly to increase their strength, power and
endurance will find it a most remarkable and wonderfully effective remedy."
NOTE—Nuxated iron, which is prescribed and recommended above by physicians
in such a great variety of cases, is not a patent medicine nor secret remedy,
hut one which is well known to druggists and whose iron constituents are
widely prescribed by eminent physicians both in Europe and America. Unlike
the older inorganic iron products it is easily assimilated, does not injure the teeth,
make them black, nor upset the stomach; on the contrary, it is a most potent
remedy in nearly all forms of indigestion as well as for nervous, run-down
conditions. The manufacturers have such great confidence in nuxated iron that
tiny otter to forfeit $100.00 to any charitable institution if they cannot take any
man or woman under 60 who lacks iron, and increase their strength 200 per
cent or over in four weeks' time, provided they have no serious organic trouble.
They also offer to refund your money if it does not at least double your strength
and endurance in ten days' tune. It is dispensed in this city by all good druggists.
Former United State* Senator
Wm. E. Mason, recently elected
Member of the U. S. Congrets
from Illinois
From the Congressional Directory, published
by the United States Government—
"Wm. E. Mason, Senator from Illinois,
was elected to the 50th Congress in 1887,
to the 51st Congress in 18°1—defeated lor
the 52nd Congress 1892—Elected Senator
to the 55th Congress 1897 to 1903."
Senator Mason is now Congressman-
Elect from the State of Illinois.
Senator Mason's championship of Pure
Food and Drugs legislation, his fight for
the rural free delivery system, and his
strong advocacy of all bills favoring labor
and the rights of the masses as against
trusts and combines, made him a national
figure at Washington and endeared him
to the hearts of the working man and the
great masses of people throughout the
United States. Senator Mason has the
distinction of being one of the really big
men of the nation. His strong endorsement
of Nuxated Iron must convince any
intelligent thinking reader that it must be
a preparation of very great merit and one
w hich the Senator feels is bound to be of
great value to the masses nf people everywhere,
otherwise he could not afford to
lend his name to it, especially after his
strong advocacy of pure food and drugs
legislation.
Since Nuxated Iron has obtained such
an enormous sale — over three million
people using (t annually —other iron
preparations are often recommended as a
substitute for it. The reader should remember
that there is a vast difference between
ordinary metallic iron and the
organic iron contained in Nuxated Iron.
therefore always insist on having Nuxated
Iron as recommended by Dr. Howard
James, late of the United States Public
Health Service; Dr. Schuyler C. Jaques,
Visiting Surgeon of St. Elizabeth's Hospital,
New York, and other physicians.
In this connection Dr. Howard James
says:
"Iron to be of the slightest value to the
human system must be in a combination
which may be easily assimilated. In the
case of metallic salts of iron, iron acetate,
etc., it is very doubtful if sufficient actual
iron can betaken up and incorporated into
the blood to be of any service, especially
in view of the disadvantages entailed
by its corrosive action upon the stomach
and the damaging effect upon the dental
enamel. When, however, we deal with
iron in organic combination, such for in*
stance as albuminate, or. better still,
Nuxated Iron, a far different story is told.
We will observe no destructive action
upon the teeth; no corrosive effect upon
the stomach. The iron is readily assimilated
into the blood and quickly makes
its presence felt in increased vigor, snap
and staying power."
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

W. H. FOWLER, PLANT
WONDER-WORKER
N O visitor to any World's Fair
but pauses open-eyed over the
great glass jars of California
fruits, flowers, and vegetables.
The size of each product surprises
us, but more amazing is the fact
that they are not packed in as in ordinary
"canning". Each fruit, each flower,
each vegetable is seemingly swimming in
an absolutely transparent liquid. How
is it done? How done so perfectly that
not a petal is broken nor the faintest
tinge of color gone ?
Here is the maii| who could tell us—
if he would! IV. H. Fowler, processor.
There are only some fifteen processors
in the world, and this young man, who
has done and is doing the work for
Southern California, is making the rest
of the fifteen open their eyes with his
experiments and successful productions.
He has been at it for eight years, coming
from Santa Cruz to Los Angeles at the
urgent call of the directors of Exposition
Park, where is now the finest permanent
state exhibit ever assembled. In the
basement of Exhibit Hall Mr. Fowler
has been given every equipment and
facility for his work, and here he is continually
experimenting as well as preserving
each season's products as they are
brought in from the farms and orchards.
Of course the processes are sacred
secrets, invaluable, but these bits of information
he gave me:
"Not a drop of alcohol is used. The
jars are not even air-tight." He lifted
the glass top over one filled with fairylike
narcissus as he spoke. "Each color
in flowers must be treated with a different
chemical, the blue shades being the
hardest to preserve. And it is strange
that no two years' products in fruits and
vegetables can be kept by exactly the
same treatments, so I have no formulas.
Besides, I am working with some that
136
no other processor ever has imagined or
attempted."
In an immense jar beside me was half
of a thirty-inch watermelon, cut lengthwise,
that was two years old, yet so red
and sugary-looking that I exclaimed, "O,
I want to eat that!"
"Well, you had better not," he said
with a smile. "But preserving that was
easy—all porous fruits and plants are.
That is, they are more quickly done.
Solid fruits and vegetables, particularly
apples, take a long time—from six
months to a year sometimes, and during
that time they must be treated frequently
and regularly. I keep an exact record of
each jar," waving his hand over the
crowded shelves and tables of the laboratory
where the jars were in all stages
of done-ness.
"One peculiar thing that I have never
been able to solve, is that flowers of one
kind and color—red roses, for instance—
do not respond to the same treatment. It
is as if each variety had taken in different
elements from sun and soil. Here
is a jar that has lost its record. I would
give almost anything to know just how
it was done!" wistfully turning toward
the light one filled with heavenly blue
larkspur as fresh as though blooming in
the open air.
Then we walked through the classified
exhibit room. What peaches! What
immense bunches of grapes ! What marvels
from the gardens! There were
chayotes, lemon cucumbers, cherry peppers,
Chinese cabbage, date blossoms,
seeds and fruit, Rosella plants, and ever
so many we have seen only in seed catalogues
as well as all our old gardenfriends.
Here is a bride's bouquet of orchids
and lilies submerged in moonlight and
trapped in glass! Don't you wish you
were the man that could do it ?

ILLUSTRATED WORLD 137
i**a£3?e
Everything the Chief Knows!
H E R E in seven volumes is all the knowledge you need to pass the examination for a Stationary
or Marine Engineer's license, or to obtain a position as Locomotive Engineer. Every fact on steam engineering
is tabulated and carefully cross-indexed so it is always at your finders' tips. Those great books were
written by 27 experts. Seven volumes; MuO pages (7 by 10 inches); 2J00 illustrations, full page plates, diagrams, etc.
Hundreds of valuable tables and formulas. Handsomely bound in half red morocco, gold stamped. Covers the
construction and operation of stationary, locomotive, marine engines, and boilers; the use of gas and gasoline engines
for power and locomotion; the transformation of steam and gas power into electricity, and the application of steam
and gas power to refrigeration, compressed air, etc.
Steam Engineering

138 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
CUT OUT BY THE
(Continued.
case is typical, one out of hundreds
such.
There are as many different laws covering
motion picture supervision as there
are covering divorce. There are as many
different kinds of censors as there are
religious denominations. And daily almost
a.s many people attend the silent
performances as go to shop, factory or
office.
With the whole nation interested in
the screen drama, need we wonder that
there is such a divergence of opinion as
to what should or should not be exhibited;
as to whether there should be
any interference—beyond the laws that
govern the printing press, the speaking
stage, and the mails ?—with this marvelous
power that is able to influence the
thought, feeling and action of every man,
every woman and every child in the
United States?
The motion picture film is the democratization
of art. Every one feels, therefore,
that if it is not precisely an expression
of his views it should not be a contradiction
of them. But what ten individuals
have the same views ? What ten
men would ordinarily agree that a certain
thing was immoral or subversive of
public morals ? Hence the conflict of the
censors with the motion picture producers
; of the views of both with those
of the public. As a consequence of all
this a very lively war at this moment is
being waged throughout the length and
breadth of the land.
In the city of Chicago, with its two
and a half millions of population, ten
thousand motion picture films flash
monthly before the eyes of the official
censors. In the State of Ohio, during
a year's time, eleven thousand reels are
passed upon. This is no attempt at a
comparison between the volume of business
clone by the two boards. But this
is the point we wish you to take due
notice of: The eliminations made by the
Chicago censors are few and far between.
On the other hand an official of
"MOVIE" CENSOR
f rom page 19)
the Ohio board in a letter to me says:
"During the last fiscal year, from July
1st, 1915, to June 30th, 1916, this Board
[Ohio] censored approximately thirtyone
thousand reels. Of this number approximately
eleven thousand reels were
actually screened, all others being duplicate
copies. Of the total number of reels
censored there were approximately 616
reels rejected in their entirety and 9,000
reels contained objectionable scenes
which were ordered eliminated." This
means that about ninety per cent of the
production offered in Ohio by the photoplay
producers of the country were subject
to emendation—in many instances
were bodily suppressed. And remember
practically the same offerings are made
in Chicago and Ohio.
Could there be a wider divergence of
opinion than this ?
Federal censorship has been proposed.
But Federal censorship, with general
supervision from Washington, would in
all likelihood be, on the whole, no more
satisfactory than Stale censorship seems
to be.
The remedy really rests with the public
itself. The tastes, principles, and
wishes of the patrons of motion picture
theaters will be the deciding factors in
the long run.
The simplest way to satisfy all and at
the same time to remove obstacles in the
way of the development of cinema art
would be to divide motion picture plays
into two classes. First, those which
minors were forbidden to see. Second,
those open to all classes and all ages.
This second would be those which had
passed the censors. The other would be
beyond the jurisdiction of censorship—
made for adults, and subject to no law
except the already existing police laws,
which governed our theaters long before
motion pictures were ever dreamed of.
The public would thus be made the real
judges, and rightly so, for public opinion
on matters of morals is usually safe and
sane.

ILLUSTRATED WORLD 163
m 1 1 • •1
•3w 'Vffl I,TV* -.-1 1
B&BHC^BinraK )!J^SL' "Msvt'Wf •
« #$T '^TRaifi'.:
/«s*- "r •—^••••;SB
' .A,.V- |-

ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Vol. XXVII APRIL, 1917 No. 2
PICTORIAL FEATURES
Make-Up in the Movies •. . 178
Wreckage of the Seas 182
War Weapons the United States Needs 188
Science, Mechanics, Invention 193
A Convertible Road Grader A Substitute for Metal Lath For Clearing Stumps
and Snow Plow Novel Method for Painting j± Machine That Catches
A Rotary Skate Tractor Golf Balls Boll-Weevils
FlushingwithaTrainofCars Feeding "His Babyship" A r- u- T-> T D
. -r- b r>, , , ., .• c • =.£ ,, r A Folding Dark Room
A1 lme-Clockfor Machines Scientifically b
Calendar and Clock Com- A Collapsible Palace for Picturing the Voices of
bined Baby Opera Stars
Making Calves Measure An Electric Coffee Mill A Gurgle-Less Canteen
Themselves Hair Dryer for the Home Roller Towel for Individual
Shower Bath for Pigs "Beauty Shop" Use
Making Mechanical Swallows 209
Fire on the Wyoming 224
Just Prophecies 229
The Finest of Dog Houses 230
Through Leaden Hail 231
Little Oddities of Life 235
A Philippine Superstition The First Horse Meat A Philippine "Snoozing
Buzzing Bees and Buzz Butcher Shop Machine"
Wagons
Tenderloin of Whale The Sleeping Porch of the Official Sunshine
He Lives with a Cow Shining Rails She Invented Her Own Job
For Speed and Safety 242
Guarding New York's Bridges 246
Our Subsea Resources 249
PERSONAL SERVICE
The Dollar Value of Moral Fiber in Business . George H. Cushing 203
What Can Be Done to Prevent Baldness? . William Brady, M. D. 213
The Essentials of Big Success Max Rittenberg 225 .
Carelessness—And Your Auto Tires Albert Marple 254
Automobile Tips 257
New Tire Carrier Carry Your Own Road Efficient Auto Cleaner
Shutters for Auto Radiators Novelty in Deflectors A Saving in Oil
Automatic Gatefor Autoists "Helping Henry" Helps Glove Fingers as Valve Caps
Papier-Machfi Lamp Dim- the Farmer Another Question Anmers
Practical Road Sign swered
Financing Your Family's Future Frank Mason 263
(Continued on page 166)

ILLUSTRATED WORLD
M e $25 to $50 Per Wee,
NOT ONE
CENT IN
ADVANCE
egin now to masr
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ractice. You can
y this easily
id quickly
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ve the Machine
lop Liary
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r ten
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nail
nnthly
lyments
you are
tisfied.
N the world's history no such activity in machine shop work as that of today
cent.
'cGraw-Hill Book Co., inc.
uotishers or" Books for Machinist* Since 1876
19 W. 39th Street, NEW YORK
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has ever before been recorded. And as we look forward into the future we see a never-ending
increase in this unheard-of activity. Therefore the demand for the efficient machine shop
rker is almost inconceivable. Both small and large shops throughout the country show a shorti
of men. America is the country that will more and more be looked to by the other
;ions for all those products which originate in our inexhaustible sources of metal supply, t M
such opportunities in any field of endeavor have ever before presented themselves to eft*
i ambitious man who will train himself properly in machine shop work.
nm it the time to pet readv Today is the day t0 start P re P arin g ^
U W Id l#IC ll/He IU gel I C U U / yourself for a position in the machine in- A'*
try. The Machine Shop Library, formed by eight of the leading authorities on machine work, and ^\ .
tributed to by over two hundred other expert shop men of America, is now accepted as the stand- flfc^^
medium for acquiring quickly and surely a knowledge which places one in the highest positions. ^T#
>00 Pages — 3000 Illustrations Just a few minutes o
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Machine Shop Library.
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im them for any reason whatsoever. We will not
ie. The books speak for themselves. It Is nearly im-
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expects to'tnke up the work, to convince himself that
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n first glance it can be readily observed that they
ish the essentials of success in machine shop work.
» Payments t££jt»gSfi
nthly I'liyini-nts which you will not c
- ten , $ R Z 8 aud % £ er ontl 2
•.or. *»>..« « fnr,T J~II„ w until I have paid the price of
can earn a few dollars a -, V tne nookSi S16 If the D^oks are
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued from page 164)
3 for Practical People 269
Electricity and Vanity Substitute Alcohol Lamp Wheeled Cabinet for Pho-
Prevents Stealing Current New Massage Glove nograph and Records
Boiling without Water Homemade Clothes Dryer Doing Away with the
To Attract Buyers for Oil Stove Kitchen
Umbrella Clothes Bar Records Phone Calls Ever Ready Mucilage
Invisible Sewing Machine Ice from an Electric-Lamp Exit the Hot Water Bag
Cream Separator for the Socket Squeezer to Hasten Jelly
Home New Auction Table Making
Lawn Clothes Pin Combined Mail-Box and Little Scale with Big Ca-
Novel Garbage Collector Milk-Bottle Holder parity
Tuberculosis Among Fruits Rolling Swing First Aid to Movers
and Vegetables Economical C1 e a n'e r for Simple Metal Scaffold
Lath Like Lightning Teeth Arm Rest Ledger Stand
How to Use-Paint Elizabeth G. Stokely 279
SCIENCE
Aero-Auto-Craft—The Car of the Future ... C. H. Claudy 172
Make and Project Your Own Movies . . . MerwinDelaway 186
Camphor—A New American Industry .... W. F. French 218
Are Hen's Eggs Worth Eating? Rene Bache 222
Wire-Dragging the Ocean's Bottom .... Stanley W. Todd 240
Dusty Rainstorms and Sunsets W. C. Dumas 243
Watch Locates Neighboring Farmers .... W. F. French 247
Electric-Eyed Sea Monsters Arthur H. Fisher 250
Don't Throw Away Your Waste Paper! Walter Lee 253
Racing for a Week 256
Seeing Things at Night 262
Old-Fashioned White Bread as a Food 268
What Is Magnetic Transmission ? Walter Lee 281
New Telephone Appliances 285
THE WORLD TODAY
Smoke Gun Baffles U-Boats Joseph A. Massal 180
Tubing the English Channel David Wales 183
Let Left-Handedness Alone! /. /. Terrell, M. D. 190
Gas-Driven Ocean Freighters Monroe Woolley 232
Blowing Off Steam 286
Boom! Eight Cents to the Good 288
Illustrated World should be on the news stands on the 17th of the month preceding the dare of issue. If unable to get the magazine
on the 17th you will confer a favor by notifying the Circulation Manager. News-stand patrons should instruct tbeir News-dealer to reserve
a copy of Illustrated World, otherwise they are likely to find the magazine "sold out".
TERMS: SI. 50 a year; 75 cents for six months; 15 cents a copy. Foreign postage. 75 cents additional; Canadian postage. 25 cent)
additional. Notice of change of address should be given thirty days in advance to avoid missing a number.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Publication Office: R. T. MILLER. Jr.. Publisher Eastern Advertising Office:
Drexel Avenue and 58th St., Chicago Flatiron Building, New York
Copyright, 1917, by Illustrated World
Published monthly—Entered at tbc Postoffice, Chicago. 111., as second-class mail matter

Vol. XXVII APRIL, 1917 No. 2
TORPEDO DEFENSE PRACTICE
While the searchlights flare in the niffht. the busy guns seek out their targets.

The CARoMeFUTUfiE
i HE aeroautocraft of
the future will roll on
the road, cleave
through the water,
fly through the air.
Its owner will start from his garage or hangar, travel
streets or roads at will, cross streams or lakes that lie in his
path, rise in the air and fly over a hill, a valley, or woods, to another
road, all at his pleasure.
This is not the prediction of a dreamer, but the logical development
of present day tendencies. With the memory of Morse's first forty
miles of line less than a hundred years ago and comprehension of the
network of cables and wires which enmesh the earth today—with
recollection of Bell's toy in the Philadelphia Centennial, and a long
distance call three thousand miles long an accomplished fact forty years
after—recalling Edison's first inefficient electric light, now lost in the
dazzling rays of the present day electrical illumination—is it hard to
believe that the motor car of today, a fact—the aeroplane of today, another
fact—the motor boat of today, a third fact, may be—nay, »n/jfbe.
combined to form the universal vehicle of the not far-distant future?
Already the aeroplane and the motor boat have coalesced. We had
hydroplanes before aeroplanes, although hydroplane meant then
only a motor boat which rode on, rather than in, the water. The
flying boat—or hydroaeroplane, as it is called—which can soar or
swim is an everyday fact in 1917. What more logical than the addition
of the automobile, that the three modes of travel known to man may be
combined ?
To visualize the product is not especially difficult; even its structure
and details can be supposed with but a minimum chance of error.
The body will be a combination of the lines we now know only in separate
entities. It will have the enclosed glass top of the pleasure car,
the stream lines of the best yachting practice, and the lightness and
strength of the aeroplane fuselage. Attached to the top will be a pair
of not too large monoplane wings from which will be evolved a nose
173

174 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
or prow, which streams into the body. power function, this is a mechanical pos­
On either side of this prow will be hinged sibility about the feasibility of which
pressure rudders, designed to swing out­ there scarcely can be any discussion.
ward. If the one on the right is pushed It is possible that the front wheels may
forward, even a little, air resistance be mounted upon the familiar steering
will be increased and the craft will swing knuckles, at least on those aeroautocraft
to that side. Elevation and depression in which are to be used in city traffic, in
the air will be managed by tilting the order to provide for easy steering at very
monoplane wings, exactly as in the aero­ low speeds. Ordinarily, mechanical
planes of today.
steering will be unnecessary. All that
In the water, the planes will be tilted will be necessary to turn a corner will be
just enough to make the aeroautocraft the slight elevation of the monoplane
ride high in the waves. Steering, edge, the touch of the button which
whether in the water, on the land, or in pushes forward the right resistance vane,
the air, will be controlled always by the and the consequent swinging of the
vane rudders forward. For land travel whole vehicle, the front wheels an inch
the aeroautocraft will have four wheels or so in the air, about any corner or turn
also, to be used for alighting from the in the road.
air, or for crawling out of the water on Propulsion for all three modes of
to a difficult beach. These will be in­ travel will be effected by an aerial profinitely
lighter and probably smaller than peller in front. More effective design of
familiar automobile wheels. They will propeller blades, the possibility of super-
be subject to comparatively little stress. speed and all the power needed, will in­
because at speed on land, the wings will crease the efficiency of the aerial pro­
take most of the weight from them. peller's pull and at the same time de­
Moreover, the wheels will be mounted on crease its noise. Moreover, by the elim­
elevating arms, so that the touch of a butination of all differentials, gear-boxes,
ton in the driver's reach will swing them heavy gasoline motor and the heavy rigid
up and out of the way when a water ex­ steel chassis of the present cars, a degree
pedition is in prospect.
of lightness will be attained which will
As the wheels are for support and make aerial propulsion more efficient than
rolling only, and have no steering or present rear wheel traction. The aero-
THE HYDROAEROPLANE OF TODAY
This versatile machine flics or skims the waves with equal ease.

'AERO-AUTO-CRAFT"—THE CAR OF THE FUTURE 175
THE GERMAN "AUTO-LAUNCH"
It hits forty miles an hour on land or twenty knots on water; and the Teutons are using it constantly.
autocraft will know neither hills nor there will be speed levels, the slower
skidding, and the principal talking point near the ground, the faster ones higher
will be, not the grades it can climb, but up. And lastly, there will be no acci­
the minimum coasting angle at which it dents, save such as are due to faulty con­
will descend with the power shut off. struction of the aeroautocraft itself, for,
The aeroautocraft will have no gas, no matter how many may flit through the
water or oil tanks, no gasoline motor, air, there will be room, always, up above!
starter, gear shift or steering wheel! A Structurally, the aeroautocraft will be
lapboard attached to a flexible cable, will light, but strong. It will have a steel-
place a series of buttons in front of the braced aluminum frame, unless some
operator, who will control every action of method of tempering aluminum to the
his means of transportation with a finger strength of steel be found. But because
touch.
it will have the minimum of machinery
The present trouble makers on aero­ and avoid the road shocks and stresses
planes, boats and automobiles will be no which the present automobile must with­
more. There will be no brake in the fustand, it will not need to have the weighty
ture—the two steering vanes together and massive strength of the chassis of
will stop the aeroautocraft in two lengths. today. Its body will be weather-tight, of
There will be nothing to oil, save a few course, and its conveniences remarkable
ball bearings twice a year. Tires will in their simplicity. It will not look in­
wear for thousands of miles,—probably side, like the engine room of a U-boat,
fifty to a hundred—because they will get but like a pleasure house. Xor will it be
so little wear. There will be no such difficult to drive, for automatic stabil­
thing as traffic congestion in cities, beizers—a fact today—will prevent upsets,
cause streets will be used only for land­ and as power failure will be impossible,
ing and starting—travel will be over­ danger will be nil.
head !
Power? Electricity! The propeller
There will be no speed laws—instead, will be driven with a light electric motor

176 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
of sufficient capacity to do anything demanded.
And the source of the current which
the motor uses will be falling water!
In the age when this aeroautocraft dots
the landscape, rides the lakes and rivers
and darts through the air, every waterfall
"in the land—indeed, every waterfall
the world over—will be harnessed, and
will deliver wireless power to the ether.
Whoever will, may tap this constant
stream of power, and use it as much, as
often, and as long as he likes. Unquestionably
the use will be limited by law,
and a fee paid by every operator of any
wireless power craft, proportioned to the
size of his motor. But because the
stream of power will be constant, there
can be no circumscribing a journey by
time, distance or lack of supplies.
If the reader has followed this prediction
to this point without finding any impossibility
in the proposed structure, let
him not lay down this article in disgust
merely because while we have automobiles,
motor boats and aeroplanes, we
have not, as yet, wireless power. Let him
recall the enthusiastic ridicule given
Marconi when he proposed wireless
messages from continent to continent, and
the nonchalance with which these same
sceptics read their wireless-informed
newspaper on shipboard or sell stocks
in London via wireless from New York,
today. Let him remember that it was
mathematically demonstrated that a
heavier-than-air mechanism never could
fly—but it does! Let him recall the famous
prediction of a world-renowned
scientist, before a scientific congress, that
"it was axiomatic that man could never
know the composition of stars or sun because
he couldn't get to them, or them to
him." Then came Fraunhoffer, the spectroscope,
and now we know as much
about what composes the most distant
stars as we do about what composes the
earth!
But if it appeals as a poor argument
that because the impossibility of one year
is the fact of the next, let him consider
this fact. We already transmit power by
"wireless—wireless telegraphy and telephony
were otherwise impossible.
When it is demonstrable that nature
can accomplish anything, it is reasonable
to suppose that man can accomplish the
same thing. For years the argument
"well, birds fly, but man can't" was the
answer to this. It is so no longer. And
The Aeroautocraft Will Banish These Fuel
Troubles

"AERO-AUTO-CRAFT"—THE CAR OF THE FUTURE 177
if nature can show us that power—vast,
irresistible, boundless power, is conveyed
through the ether, there is nothing whatever
unthinkable in the idea that we
can learn to transmit power through the
ether. Heat—which is power—comes to
us in unthinkable amount, via the ether.
Is wireless-power, man made, so unthinkable?
The aeroautocraft of the future will
have a wireless power receiver upon the
upper surface of the monoplane and will
draw its ability to fly, to run, to swim,
from the power currents sent out from
countless central stations, very much
as the trolley car of today takes its power
from its central station anywhere on its
line. The difference will come in the
elimination of the wire!
Is it hard to conceive? If so, it is because
of the habit of thought which
makes what isn't harder to comprehend
than what is. If it were possible to bring
any of the great and intelligent thinkers
of the past, back to the present—Plato or
Hero or Socrates or Euclid, and ask him
which he would consider more difficult—
to project the human voice through the
THE THIRD COMBINATION—THE CURTISS AUTOPLANE
On previous pages we have illustrated an aeroplane that swims, a launch that is also an automobile; here is a practical
automobile, put out by a reputable designing and manufacturing firm, that is also an aeroplane. Here are the three
prerequisite machines; dare anyone say that the aeroautocraft, combining three instead of two qualities in one. is an
idle dream f
air a hundred miles, or power to lift a
man's weight or kill a dog through the
same distance—what would he answer ?
If you told him he might accomplish both
with or without a single strand of fine
wire strung on poles, would it alter his
inability to answer by so much as a single
thought? Of course not! But today we
know power is transmitted only mechanically,
by belts, or electrically, over wires.
and never think that to send ten thousand
horsepower through two slender copper
cables is no whit less astonishing than to
send the same through the ether!

178
r."TT^ • -~r-
"MAKE-UP" IN THE MOVIES
1

Would You Treat Your Wife This
Way?
Of course Ralph Ince, the motion picture
director shown in the photograph
at the right, did not have the "knockdown,
drag-out" fight with Lucille Lee
Stewart—his wife—that her appearance
would seem to indicate. Below is
shown what really happened to Miss
Stewart. The official make-up men
took her when she was looking her
prettiest, robhed her of a few necessary
hairpins, and then daubed her artistically
from head to foot with a paint
brush so her attire would seem suffi
ciently disreputable. When she appeared
in the cinema every fan believed
that she really had been through the
milt.
"MAKE-UP" IN THE MOVIES 179

SMOKE GUN BAFFLES
U-BOATS
By JOSEPH A. MASSAL
NOT at all like a gun is this device. It, to all indications, is an ordinary
ventilator, but Captain Mitchell, commander of the Donaldson freighter
Lakonia, is authority for the statement that the would-be ventilator is
the outlet of a chemical smoke generator,
and has been officially named by the British
Admiralty—"The Smoke Gun."
The "smoke gun" is chemically fired, that is, the
smoke emitted from it is a chemical process smoke, the
kind that is stifling and blinding. It is of a dense
black, is heavy, and hangs low over the water. Unlike
the smoke generated by soft coal, it is lasting- and
forms a thick, impenetrable wall. To
use the expression of Captain Mitchell,
"you would have to chop your way
through it with an axe."
At the base of the smoke gun is a
great copper vat, with two large tanks
attached. Each of these tanks holds
approximately 100
gallons of chemical.
In another
compartment of
the vessel is a reserve
supply of
1,000 gallons of
acid.
By a purely me­
This "Funnel Ventilator"
Is in Reality the Smoke Gun
That Releases the Horrid
Clouds of Black Fumes
chanical process
these acids are released
into the vat
from the pilot
house or the bridge,
Albert Barber. Who Stood Ready with His 3-Inch
Gun if the Smoke Contrivance Failed
and immediately upon mixing, generate the smoke that vomits
forth, making a most effective screen for the merchantman,
as well as blinding those on board the U-Boat, and causing
this craft to lose her bearings temporarily.
But, what about those on board when the wind is head on,
and the smoke is held close to the vessel? That is where the
British Admiralty has again made adequate provisions for the
crew of these vessels. In the first place, the crew is equipped

SMOKE GUN BAFFLES U-BOATS 181
with smoke helmets, not unlike those used in the trenches to offset the use of the
deadly gas bombs of the Germans. These are to be donned immediately. All
doors and windows of the Lakonia must be closed tightly to keep the smoke out,
and the Captain of the vessel must rise to the occasion, and change the course of
his vessel in order that the smoke will be carried away from it. The changing of
course is not an unfrequent occurrence in these days of submarine warfare. With
the impenetrable smoke wall shielding it and the submarine helpless, the would-be
victim is enabled to take any course its master chooses, and by continually throwing
out the smoke screen, keep the waters masked for days at a time.
THE DONALDSON FREIGHTER, LAKONIA
Captain Mitchell would not reveal the nature of the chemicals used in generating
this smoke veil. In fact he declared he could not do so, for the nature of them
or their names have never been made known to him. He said he was notified that
the British Admiralty was about to install a new apparatus aboard, and did so.
He and his officers were then instructed in the use of it. The turning of a small
lever on the bridge or in the pilot house automatically released the acids, and so
long as the valve is open, the acids continue to drain slowly into the smoke vat.
That the Lakonia is at Baltimore and not among the scores of vessels sent to
the bottom of the Atlantic by a torpedo fired by a German submarine is due to
the smoke gun. One day out, a submarine gave chase. The U-Boat was making
for the Lakonia when Captain Mitchell ordered the smoke gun fired, and the little
lever in the pilot house was turned. The chemical reaction started immediately. For
a few moments only a thin curl of smoke poured from the "gun," but within the
next couple of minutes as more acid was fed into the vat, the smoke increased in
volume, until it was vomiting forth and covering the sea. It was not long, before
the entire vessel was on one side of the smoke cloud and the submersible on the
other.

m
WRECKAGE OF THE SEAS
AFTER TEMPTING THE CLAWS OF THE BRITISH LION
This vessel, the German torpedo boat destroyer V-69, stole out of harbor one evening in company with
eleven other sister ships. After a brisk engagement with the British light sea forces, the V-69 was disabled,
and forced to put in for repairs at the harbor of Ymuiden, Holland, near Amsterdam.
COPYHlGHT tJNOIHWSOO & UNDlRWOOt
WAITING FOR RESCUE-OR DEATH
Crowded together on a flimsy raft, these survivors of the torpedoed Cunard liner Ivernfh, faced the buffeting
of the icy Mediterranean Sea for twenty-two hours before they were rescued by a trawler. Of the
remainder of the crew and passengers, one hundred fifty-three perished.

TUBING THE ENGLISH
CHANNEL
By DAVID WALES
D O V E R , England, is within
gunshot of Calais, France.
The German 42-centimeters
could drop a shell across the
22 miles of water that intervene.
The floor of the Straits of Dover
is white chalk, underlaid by a stratum of
chalk and clay. Beneath, to a depth of
208 feet, lies a ledge of gray chalk, very
solid, of the same general character as
that quarried in France for use in making
cement. This substance is easy to
bore, is self-sustaining, and is practically
water-tight.
Had it not been for the groundless
fears of the suspicious British long ago,
this is the course a tube would undoubtedly
have taken to join the island to the
mainland. Many a time must the minister
of munitions, the board controlling
transport, and the generals in the field
have cursed the spirit that had given
England her "splendid isolation".
But for that spirit, a continuous stream
of trains and railway carriages, as unbroken
as the now famous stream of
motor trucks that maintained Verdun in
munitions and men, when General Petain
for so many weeks resisted the German
onslaught, would have borne its tens of
thousands of men and its hundreds of
thousands of tons of supplies to the
Western front; hundreds of vessels
would have been released for over-sea
service, and, best of all, an overwhelming
German naval victory would not have
meant starvation for England, nor quick
dissolution of the armies on the Somme
through inability to furnish further men
and supplies. England has paid high,
and may pay more dearly still for a century
of superstitious distrust.
As far back as 1802, a French engineer
of quick, practical mind and farseeing
imagination, proposed to Napoleon,
baffled in his conquest of the
world by the Straits of Dover, that his
armies enter England not as men, over
the water, but as moles, from underground.
For a few hours the great
leader toyed with the idea, then realizing
its impracticability, he dismissed the suggestion
and diverted his energies into a
great campaign against his enemy,
Austria, instead.
The years went by and then the restless
French mind in the person of Thome'de
Gamond, also an engineer, proposed in
1834, that a great tube of sheet iron be
sunk to the bottom of the sea, as a high-
1S3

184 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
way for men on horseback, and men in
wagons, between the two countries. As
alternatives he offered a bridge to cost
$80,000,000—doubtless a chimera—and
the more practical idea of two riprap
jetties, each five miles long, with ferry
boats operating between, and a continuous
causeway, broken for sea commerce,
by three drawbridges.
Lastly, in 1856, the tunnel scheme was
eagerly advanced by him as the real solution
of quickening traffic between the two
nations. The invention of the steam
locomotive stimulated interest in the
value of the idea.
Ten more years went by. Then in
1866 de Gamond offered an artificial
island in mid-channel, with a shaft for
entrance to the tube at that point. Experts
pointed out the vulnerability of the
island if attacked by a hostile fleet, and
de Gamond then omitted this feature
from his plan. By 1869 interest in the
idea had so waxed that a joint Anglo-
French committee was appointed seriously
to consider the plan and to make a
detailed report on its findings.
Efficiency experts were not altogether
unknown in those days, for it was estimated
that if $40,000,000 were spent to
put through the project, a revenue of
$10,000 would be derived over operating
expenses. This, in a day when $3,000,000
per mile is expended by a railway in
straightening its line and when more
than this sum is appropriated for the
construction of a railway station, does not
seem like a huge figure.
Neither were the projectors of the
Cross-Sections of the Proposed Tunnel
enterprise scared by the cost. In both
nations, companies were organized by
law. It was agreed that the British corporation
was to complete its half while
the French were similarly engaged upon
the Continental side.
The outlook for the project looked
bright. Six hundred thousand dollars
actually was spent in boring a tunnel
from either shore.
Now, if the English and French really
had been awake to the seriousness of the
war, if they had started boring two years
ago, the project would be over half
finished. For as soon as the franchise
was granted, the French company bored
a tentative tunnel 6,033 feet long, seven
feet in diameter. The British company
sank two shafts, one 2,641 feet long; the
other 6,075 feet long. Both companies
have maintained these tubes in good condition,
keeping them free from water by
pumping. A word from the French and
British Governments, and the work could
be resumed at once, finished perhaps, before
the conclusion of the war; it would
serve as an artery to pump the last ounce
of British energy into the western armies.
Or, if the war were over, it would bind
together the Anglo and French peoples
in a bond that would cause any power to
think twice before launching an attack
upon either.
Because coal-burning locomotives
would in a short time make such a tube—
of such length, and hence so difficult to
ventilate—dangerous to human life, a
scheme to employ a compressed air type
of locomotive was worked out. De
Gamond had ingeniously attempted
to make use of the
tides in putting through this
idea.
Today, if the tunnel were
in operation, the electric
locomotive would obviously
provide the tractive power.
In 1906, the French, who
have always been keenly desirous
of seeing the tube put
through, made a last appeal
to the British public who

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TUBING THE ENGLISH CHANNEL 185
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THIS PNEUMATIC BATTERY TUNNELING MACHINE. GIVEN ITS INITIAL TRY-OUT ON
THE NEW YORK SUBWAY LATELY, WILL DOUBTLESS BE USED IN THE NEW TUBE
had been so clamorous that in 1882 the that this seepage at no time would ex­
idea had bee.n to all intents and purposes ceed 26,500 gallons a minute for a double
abandoned. The fear of the English had tunnel. Each tunnel would be about
seemed to be that the French could eighteen feet in diameter. Drainage tun­
quickly rush an army through the tube, nels would be connected with these two
seize London, and, in short, make a traffic tunnels. According to an authori­
speedy conquest of Britain. As a guartative engineering publication, the diffiantee
that they had no such motives, the culties of boring these tubes would in
French proposed to elevate a section of all likelihood not be so great as that of
the approach along their coast line, so as completing the Astoria gas tunnel under
to offer a fair target to the British fleet. the East River in New York City. It
International, as well as internal poli­ is expected that the tunneling machines
tics, make rapid changes as the years fly can each dig 3.7 miles per year. As it is
by, and today the British would be the intended to work from several points at
last to seek a bombardment of the French once by making use of the drainage gal­
coast.
leries to drive cross drifts, whence new
Meantime the French have been busily bores may be started on the main tunnel,
at work bringing the plans up to date. it is believed the entire job could be
The total distance from the Paris-Calais finished in five years.
railway to the London-Dover line is 37 The cost of such a task would be not
miles. Of this distance 32 would be less than $2,000,000 a mile. The French
underground. In mid-channel the floor engineer, Albert Sartiaux, says it would
of the tunnel would rise from each side be wise to estimate an expenditure of
to a hump, so as to permit the drawing $77,000,000 in all. Five to seven per
off of such seepage water as would be cent would be realized annually on this
certain to find its way in. It is estimated investment.
•v

MARE AND PROJECT YOUR
OWN MOVIES
By MERWIN DELAWAY
Compact and Plain, but Serviceable
This photoplay camera, retailing at slightly less than
thirty dollars, takes extraordinarily good pictures.
k T last the person interested either
f\ in movies or in photography
/_jk has a real chance to follow his
/ % bent for one of the two and
at the same time get enjoyment
from the other interest.
A complete outfit, including
raw film, camera, and projector,
is now being manufactured
and offered to the
public at a price which
makes those who bought
outfits in times gone by, think
that Millennium has come.
The new outfit is the invention
of a former Edison
Service man who had contributed
to the mechanism
of motion-picture work before
developing the present
home apparatus. It has been
designed and is built solely
for amateur use, being made
"fool proof" and almost
automatic, so far as adjustments
are concerned. In
186
fact, it is quite as simple as the matter
of amateur photography; turn the crank
to take the picture, turn it again in another
machine to show the picture—and
that is all there is to it.
The cost of the motion-picture camera
always has been the stumbling-block in
the way of developing a popular-priced
movie outfit, and it is this problem
which the inventor, responsible for the
new apparatus, has solved so happily.
Some idea of his success may be gained
from considering the fact that the best
grades of professional camera—those
used for high-grade studio work and big
out-of-door scenes—cost from $1,100 to
$2,000, while the medium-priced instrument
used in news work—an invention
by this same man, incidentally—was
brought out originally for $325. The
camera in this new amateur outfit is
priced at $29.75!
The instrument can be sold at this
"Yes, Jessie. That Was Your
A library of films such as this goes a long, long way toward making life
yourself and your playmates, and more sentiment in seeing the animated
entertain-

price solely and simply because of
the many simplifications embodied
—simplifications some of which
were invented for the purpose,
while others resulted from leaving
off parts necessary for the more
exacting photographic technique of
professional filming. The resulting
camera is about the size of a standard
book—seven inches long, five
inches high, and two and one-half
inches thick. It may be carried in
the hand like the ordinary camera,
and except for the crank, looks like
the typical amateur "box".
The projector is designed to run
on ordinary house current, and to
give a brilliant screen picture at distances
ranging from twelve to fifteen feet. A
special non-inflammable film has been
developed to meet the universal underwriters'
and police prohibition against
the use of ordinary film in homes, and
the company furnishes it in fifty-foot
reels through dealers and agents. The
film takes almost twice as many pictures
to the foot as the professional material,
and is so prepared in spools that daylight
loading, unloading, and handling is as
practicable as with film used for ordinary
"still" work. The combination of a spe-
Mother Twenty-five Years Agol"
worth living. There is more actual fun in looking at childhood pictures of
portraits of those dear to you, than cap be secured from any other means of
men!.
YOUR OWN MOVIES 187
The Projecting Outfit
Every point has been simplified to the greatest degree to make for
the utmost in economy and practicality.
cial size camera, film and projector is the
big point which makes the new apparatus
practicable, for it enables the amateur to
take and show his own pictures without
getting into trouble, since most of the
apparatus offered heretofore has either
lacked one of these three essentials, or
has employed a standard size film, use
of which is prohibited in homes.
The home that owns and uses this
compact little outfit constantly is laying
up a wealth of thrill and happiness for
the future. Think of the pleasure, in
after years when your son or daughter
grows up and leaves home,
of having a complete film
record from cradle days up!
Think what a generous filming
of the scenes of your
honeymoon would mean to
y o u no w ! The greatest
single pleasure that it is possible
to store up for the days
of old age is a wealth of
reminiscences of happy
hours spent in youth with
comrades or people you care
for in a sincere and lasting
way. The old people of today
have only their dimming
memories to depend on;
those of tomorrow will have
libraries of this film. This
camera ought to add greatlv
to the joy of every family.

THE
NEW
CAR
mini •minium—
WAR WEAPONS THE
UNITED STATES NEEDS
The Brain of the Modern
Zeppelin
In the upper photograph is
shown in diagrammatic contrast,
the new super-Zeppelin
car, with its engine and accoutrements,
and the tiny boat
of the first air dreadnaughts.
The Deadly Air Wasp
This swift monoplane—fitted
out for a constant speed of one
hundred miles an hour—carries
an automatic machine gun that
fires a steady stream of lead
between the blades of its propeller.
A "Mother" for Damaged
Submarines
Very often when a submersible
gets "pinked" in an engagement
it cannot seek out a drydock
for repairs. This floating
dry-dock, which can go im*
mediately to the scene of the
catastrophe, is an absolute necessity.

lit

LET LEFT-HANDEDNESS
ALONE!
By J. J. TERRELL. M. D.
ALITTLE four-year-old girl surprised everybody the other day by writing
quite plainly on a piece of paper, "Six bars of window soap". The
little girl is left-handed. She could not read what she had written. On
i investigation it was found that she had received no instruction in
writing but had watched her mother writing these particular words on
an order blank a few days previously. She had reproduced the picture from memory.
The little girl will go to school next year and her teachers will probably wish to
break her of what they deem the bad habit of left-handedness.
Should the teachers be permitted to consummate their purpose, such genius or
brilliancy as the child may possess will be seriously restrained. In fact, educators
who have studied the question assert that an artificial transfer from left-handedness
to right-handedness imperils a child's mental development.
The teachers are generally slow to learn. It is as hard to teach a teacher as it
is to doctor a doctor or nurse a nurse. A little boy who has been in school a
whole term was brought to me the other day for advice. Throughout the boy's
first term he has been using his left hand. He now enters his second term under
a new regime of penmanship and the teachers reluctantly decide that they must
make the boy right-handed, after all. Their ruthlessness in this determination
has made the poor little fellow nervous, and that is why he comes under medical
observation. Measurement of the ulna-plus shows that the left arm is the one
Nature intended the boy should use. He therefore receives a certificate from the
family physician, stating that it would be detrimental to the boy's nervous system
and brain development to insist upon a transfer to right-handedness. And the
teachers will have to shake" their heads in grave doubt every time they notice that
190

LET LEFT-HANDEDNESS ALONE! 191
poor, misguided left-handed
child standing out conspicuously
from the right-handed line of scho
ars. Perhaps it is only fair to state
that the boy attends a public school where
outdoor recess is never granted unless parents
or physicians take a hand, and whispering
is considered a penal offense worthy of half an
hour of detention of the inhuman culprit.
Something like four per cent of people are naturally
left-handed. A small minority of these born left-handers ;
broken of the habit and educated as right-handed individu;
The brain centers which control the most delicate movements
the hands and fingers are closely related with the center of
speech. The speech center, in right-handed individuals, is
situated in the left third frontal convolution under the I
temple. This explains why a cerebral hemorrhage (stroke
of paralysis) which involves the left side of the brain
paralyzes muscles on the right side of the body and also '
the function of speech; whereas a hemorrhage on the right
side of the brain paralyzes muscles on the left side only. I
Expression, both facial and bodily expression, is most fli
highly developed in people who are well educated, and it
Tris Speaker of the Cleveland Indians Has Not
Found Left-Handedness a Bar to Success
is feeble in those of untrained or feeble mind. An experienced physician, or
any other good observer, can form a pretty reliable opinion of an individual's
mental status by a mere glance at his face and body when he is talking. Training
the hands to do fine or delicate work is sure to develop
the power of speech at the same time, and vice versa,
because of the intimate associations between the controlling
centers of these functions.
Now there is no doubt whatever that a latent speech
center does exist on the right side as well as the left,
in a right-handed person. We know this because in
certain cases of apoplexy (cerebral hemorrhage) in
which speech is destroyed, the victims have uttered
words or sentences under great emotional excitement,
as in a fire, for example. Likewise persons whose
speech has been completely destroyed by a stroke of
apoplexy may be taught again to speak, just as one
teaches a baby, by patience and perseverance, pointing
out objects or familiar things and naming them over
and over, etc. Of course such speech remains inadequate,
yet it is speech of a kind sufficient for the
unfortunate to make known his simpler wants. Only
by assuming the existence of a latent speech center in the right
side of the brain can we explain this fact.
A measurement of the "ulna-plus", referred to above, appears
to be a reliable indication of right-handedness or left-handedness
in a child. It was described in
He Will Do Better, and ILLUSTRATED WORLD for September, 1916,
Have a stronger Nervous as applied by Professor W. Franklin
System, if Allowed to T • - - , __
WorkLeft-Handed Jones, head of the Department ot

192 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Education in the University of South Dakota. The length of the ulna-plus (practically
the length of the forearm from point of elbow to first joint of little finger)
is greater in the arm Nature intends to be used, according to Professor Jones.
He detects right-handedness or left-handedness even in young babies by this
measurement.
With this readily obtained anatomical evidence of left-handedness or righthandedness,
as the case may be, we are in a position to talk turkey to the schoolma'ams,
and turkey is the language to use if you wish to teach a teacher something.
The proposition is clear: Given a child with expression centers situated in
the right cerebral hemisphere (that is, a left-handed child), may we safely insist
upon the training of the latent expression centers in the child's left cerebral hemisphere—supposing
latent centers are there ?
The answer is No. Don't try to buck Nature. Let left-handedness alone.
An artist born left-handed was compelled by ignorant teachers to use his right
hand at an early age. As an artist he is right-handed, never painting with his
left. He has unusual artistic sense, which is certainly a heritable characteristic,
but his technique is inferior to his artistic sensibilties. This is the result of the
unnatural transfer to right-handedness. The latent left-brain centers have been
developed to a reasonable degree by education, but the artistic sense must be
over on the neglected right side of that man's cerebrum.
Landseer, the modeller of the lions of
JimVaughn.aPort-Sider. ., r AT i . • T i
Has Been the Pitching the famous Nelson monument in London,
Mainstay of the Chicago was luckier. He could and did use his
Cubs for Several Seasons .
left hand. He was famous for his technical
skill. He could work with tremendous rapidity,
and do finished work, too, and he astonished a group of
artists once by simultaneously drawing excellent pictures
with both hands—a stag's head with one hand and a
horse's head with the other. As a painter he was rapid
but sure and deft with the brush. His school teachers
evidently did not suppress the left-handed propensities
of this great genius.
I have particularly inquired into the history of a large
number of patients of the nervous, restless, miserable,
uncontented, neurotic or neurasthenic type, and it has
been a great surprise to find that much more than
four per cent of them were naturally left-handed
but forced to suppress the right cerebral development
and train the right hand to do what Nature
intended the left to do, early in life.
Some educators who have investigated the thing
at great length go so far as to say that artificial
transfer from left-handedness to right-handedness
is likely to render the child an imbecile. This is an
exaggeration, as observation amply shows. But a
forced transfer certainly can do the nervous system
no good. A careful study of the problem from
all angles, and extending over a term of years,
has forced me to the conclusion that the only
safe way is to follow this common sense and reliable
axiom:
Let left-handedness alone!

° ~~^~~~~~~~~I^~~~~~~~
SCIENCE ^MECHANICS® INVENTION
iiiiiiiiiiiiii.Mi»U)is)iunmn)tiiilftni 17m
A CONVERTIBLE ROAD GRADER AND SNOW PLOW
This dual purpose machine is the recent offering of a Minnesota inventor, and is now being used by
the city of Minneapolis. The diagonally arranged scraper or plow blade may be raised or lowered by
the hand levers. It also may be tilted to a slanting position for working on the side of an arched
roadway. The improved supporting frame by which the scraper is pivotallv supported in proper
position when the machine frame is tilted prevents breakage of the parts.

194 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
:
A ROTARY SKATE TRACTOR
The latest and most unusual construction in tractors is being operated at Grand Rapids, Michigan,
by the inventors, Frederick K. Burch and Joseph West. It is designed for use over snow and ice and,
in substance, is a rotary skate with powerful propulsion. The frame of the tractor is mounted on two
drums, right and left, bisected transversely, and set on a heavy shafting. The drums are made of
sheet iron, over a basswood frame, on which are set numerous pieces of channel iron. The left-hand
drum rotates clockwise and the right hand drum, counter-clockwise, thus neutralizing the power
along the line of progression. One single runner in front, connected by steel cable through pulleys
to the wheel, makes accurate steering possible.
FLUSHING WITH A TRAIN OF CARS
A train of cars, or carriages, flushes the streets of Buffalo and keeps the asphalt spotlessly clean.
When the new device is being hauled up the street to a new location it looks the part of the
fabled sea serpent, but it is in reality the most efficient means yet invented for scrubbing on a large
scale. It is a means for moving the curb hydrants into almost any desired position, by means of an
attachable steel pipe line with many nozzles.
inniiiiiMini.Mi)nniMiini'niHiiiii,iiinmiiui.iii)n.UJ.i.ii!ii.ii.i.i()iii.i.iiiii[iui

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 195
w
M'fiiiiiiiiiitiiihfiiiiiMKnjiiJifitiUiinMiniiitiiinn
A Time-Clock for Machines
Factory machines can no longer loaf on the
job, now that a mechanical "time-clock" has
been perfected to record their operation.
When a certain machine down in the factory is
started up a calorite wire in the time-clock is
heated to the scorching point by electricity.
and a line starts instantly on the paper roll.
When the circuit is broken by the stopping of
the machine, the wire cools and the line ceases
to be. Breaks of even one minute duration are
read easily by the time keeper. As many
"pens" can be used as desired, as the clock
will easily keep tabs on a large factory of 375
machines. Only one small wire runs from the
machine to the clock, all having a common
return. With this little clock the superintendent
can see at glance just how many
machines are running in the plant. If a machine
does not earn its "keep" it is easily detected
and "fired". Incidentally, it also prevents the
machine operator from taking a rest during
the working dayl
Calendar and Clock Combined
A calendar attachment for clocks
has been invented by William W,
Bass, of Willernie, Minnesota.
Each day the calendar is turned
forward automatically by the clock
so that the correct date always appears
through aside opening in the
lower portion of the clock. The
calendar iscontained on an endless
roll run over two drums and operated
by a ratchet mechanism, which
in turn is operated by the hands of
the clock. The indicating web
bearing the calendar is successively
shifted at the end of each twentyfour
hour period. Once each year
the calendar must be adjusted to
provide for the odd or three hundred
and sixty-fifth day.
rmiillllimiliil.n. n 111 mum Hl.lllln '""'"" nimuii m irm
""""""" "

196 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
MAKING CALVES MEASURE THEMSELVES
Whole milk is getting far too valuable to use as cattle feed, so Purdue University is conducting a
series of experiments to determine the effect of skimmed milk and milk substitutes. It's easy to
weigh the calves, but measuring their growth is quite another proposition. In order to accomplish
this, the unruly little beasts are driven before this ruled board weekly, and photographed.
SHOWER BATH FOR PIGS
These New York City swine are rapidly living down the reputation that centuries have bestowed upon
them. Instead of living in stinking sties, they have clean, comfortable quarters, and spend a great
deal of their time cleaning their pink-white skins in this shower bath.
MlilllllllllllMIMII)IHMIIMII)lllll'lill|||.||Jinil1|.l|lll.l.l.llll|||,l.l.linHlllilllllLI.I-.l

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 197
NOVEL METHOD FOR PAINTING GOLF BALLS
A novel device for painting golf balls has been invented by George H. Lambert of Asheville, North
Carolina. The golf ball is slipped into place between wires projecting upward from the cover
ol the device. This cover then is inverted and the golf ball is dipped intothecan of white paint.
Then the cover is reversed and any excess paint drops down on to the cover and flows through an
opening at its sloping central portion, to the paint can. The painting is done quickly and the hands
are not soiled when this method is used.
I llinlll iifil.l .111:
m Oil*
MAM* utkiirLsmsmsmsmstttsttm

198 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
FEEDING "HIS BABY-SHIP" SCIENTIFICALLY
Your baby, the neighbors' twins, or the hospital hundreds can have this adjustable trolley bar set
across the top bars of the crib. From this support hang two sliding * wings to which is attached a
wire holder for the bottle, which may have a cloth cover to keep the warm milk from cooling. The
cords are easily changed in length to bring the bottle in position before the rosebud lips of the infant
lying down or the older kiddie sitting up for his "dairy lunch."
A COLLAPSIBLE PALACE FOR BABY
A late contribution to the convenience of babies is a folding crib, which is. in effect, a cozy cage
whereby the baby maybe wheeled into the fresh air and the sunlight and permitted to romp luxuri
>u*ly in a small enclosure without possibility of the danger incident to an unprescribed plav room.
When not in use, the crib can be folded up and place 1 away in the closet. In its collapsed state it
measures only 6 by 25 inches. The equipage is finished in white enamel with nickel trimmings.
w
lI!IIIIIIIIIIII,MMI.IUI).''lliniHllll'M,l.U'.lll).I.MHIIIt)lliMlllllllllll.)|i|IIIIMIilLI:

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 199
fllJlM

200 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
^m
FOR CLEARING STUMPS
The machine shown in the picture consists of a band saw operating over two narrow wheels, being
driven by a small gasoline engine, the whole located on a movable platform. The machine thus is
pulled from one stump to the next. The band saw swings on a pivot and is forced through a stump
so rapidly that it is possible to cut off a three foot stump level with the ground in two or three minutes.
A MACHINE THAT CATCHES BOLL-WEEVILS
Mounted on two wheels and pulled by on« animal which walks between the furrows, this machine is
designed to straddle the cotton row. The cotton stalk passes through a slit in the bottom of the
machine, and thus inclosed between its sides, is agitated vigorously by a (an, which is moved by a
cog arrangement. All insects, as well as the infected squares, are disengaged, and striking, of necessity,
the sloping walls, fall into receptacles at the bottom of each wall. These receptacles contain
kerosene oil, which kills the insects, and renders infected squares inflammable, so that they are
burned easily when receptacles are full.
m.
am
m
iMiiiiuiininri.iiHii'MiiMi»M.iH'.'iilii.|i.iij.UtllM.Ul.lJiJUi.i.iiiii!.ii,i..iiiii!ii!.ii.ii.

m
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 201
H111 H I i IU111111 i 111!!> 1 (! 11;',
W71
A Folding Dark Room
A clever contrivance has
been patented which will
permit an amateur photographer
to change plates
or develop exposed plates
without using a dark room.
The device is constructed
in the shape of a large
square. The sides fold up
and the top and bottom
sections ari; light-tight
trays which fit over the
sides when ready for use.
An opening in front of the
box containsasheet of ruby
glass which allows the entrance
of enough light to
discern all necessary movements.
A curtain on the
inside of the box regulates
the light passing through
the ruby glass. A peep bole
is pined on the top section
of the box toward the rear
and is protected by an eye
shade which is hinged so as
to allow its being folded up
tl.it mi the top of the box.
PICTURING THE VOICES OF OPERA STARS
Delegates to the Congress of Scientists saw the voices of Caruso, Tetrazzini, and A mato dance before
their eve-, on the wall of a darkened room. The phonodeik—the device is shown above—consists of a
supersensitive diaphragm of a gauze-like material, through which the soun I waves pass, causing vibration.
A series oi highly polished mirrors reflects the vibrations to a revolving triangular mirror disc.
which in turn reflects them upon a screen. The sound wave reflections appear upon the screen magnified
40,000 times the size of the vibrations upon the diaphragm. Caruso's voice is pictured through
the phon deik. varied from a clearly outlined curved line to a shadowy blue as his voice rises from a
low, natural note to a high burst of volume. The voice of Tetrazzini was as different from Caruso's as
d,iv from night, The voices of four opera stars are charted on the wall back of the machine*.
""""""" l """"" i "' iIUU """" JI " llllUlltll.,1 " " " " " " " - ' l l l l l l l i IhTlifBl

202 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
A GURGLE-LESS CANTEEN
The large nozzle is blocked up by a sheet of the material of which the canteen is made, leaving an
elliptical shaped opening to fit the mouth. Secondly, there is a hole punched back of this mouthpiece
at right angles to the direction of the water flow, to admit air to replace the flowing water.
When the cap is screwed on, the airhole is covered up against leakage. From this a man can drink
without seeming to bathe.
ROLLER TOWEL FOR INDIVIDUAL USE
A unique towel case has recently been perfected by a concern of Los Angeles. This case keeps the
soiled towels out of sight entirely. A twenty five yard roll of toweling is wound on a roller at the top
of the case and is unwound by means of a hand lever, whenever desired.
11 H i n 111 n T n i (u n; i i H n H i u) n, 111 n i \ • n • i \ rj i u i j I i 111 u.i 1111111.1. n 11 \j n 11

THE DOLIAR VALUE
OF MORAL FIBER
IN BUSINESS^ 6 " 0 al e 4
T H E biggest thing in American
life today is that children are
not being disciplined. They
are not given moral training.
Every man notes the result
but only a few the cause.
The first visible result is lack of respect
for the parent and wholesale disobedience.
This comes to seed in impudence
to older persons generally and
disregard for the rights of others.
The second expression of the same
thing is the absence of any sense of
responsibility. This is the root of the
lack of application which is almost universal
in the younger generation.
The third expression of the same thing
is the feverish demand for excitement
and extravagant amusement. In this respect,
the younger generation is abnormal.
It cuts loose from all forms of
restraint.
The three things combined tell why
the younger generation is wholly unfitted
for business and why business men are
complaining everywhere that they cannot
get dependable helpers. The fact is that
the American youth lacks stamina. He
cannot and will not stick to anything,
merely because he has no moral strength.
The adage is that "as the twig is bent,
so is the tree inclined." If the business
men complain about the present-day
youth, they must think they were trained
differently. If they were, it would show
in their present conduct.
To get an idea whether their dissatisfaction
is justified, I selected for study
fifteen men in several businesses. Of
these, two were merchants; three were
railroaders: and ten were owners of factories.
I put them all to this acid test
of business morality. Do the same ethical
standards govern when business is bad,
is good, and is excellent? That is, in
hard times, would they "cut a competitor":.,
throat?" In excellent times would
they disregard contracts and use the
stolen merchandise to gouge the public?
In a word, had they the stamina to take
203

204 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
a severe financial loss and yet keep their
word ?
For example, I knew that the hard
times of 1914 would bring out the worst
or the best in all of them. My record
shows that of the two merchants, one
stood by his policy. He gave consistent
quality and paid his bills. The other announced
frequent bargain sales and sold
shoddy goods at big prices over the bargain
counters. 1 bought from his store
"a $5.00 Blank hat" for $2.90. When I
got it home, it turned out to be an ordinary
$2.00 hat.
Of the three railroad men, one maintained
his road in excellent condition and
paid for the repairs out of earnings. To
do so, he had to cut two per cent off his
dividends. The other two robbed their
roads and paid big dividends to attract
Wall Street.
Of the ten manufacturers,
eight maintained the quality
of their product at the old
standard and went without
profit. Two didn't. One put
composition soles on his shoes
and sold them for leather.
The other made tools of
highly polished soft metal and
sold them as steel tools.
After that, came the boom
times of 1916 when nearly
anything would "go". The
one merchant admitted that
dyes were hard to get but
guaranteed his colors just the
same and then charged moderate
prices. The other sold
"English all wool clothing"
that was made of Carolina
cotton and Texas wool, woven
into cloth in New England.
He even advanced the price
sharply, saying:
"England has advanced the
price on cloth because Australian
wool is hard to get;
labor is scarce in England,
and taxes there are high."
During this boom one railroad
man served all patrons
alike, giving to each shipper Lis share
of the few cars available. The other
two moved only those goods which paid
the highest rates and told the other shippers
that a shortage of cars kept them
from doing any better.
The record of the ten manufacturers
shows that eight filled contracts to the
last letter of the last syllable. The other
two stole goods from contract customers
and sold them on the "open market" at
fancy prices.
The cash value of this business morality
is not buried. It does not have to be
exhumed for measurement and identification.
For example, the railroad that was,
in 1914, maintained in good condition,
had the most facilities to hire out to shippers
in 1916 when the car shortage
struck. It earned money proportionately.
The merchant who in
1914 guaranteed the
colors in his fabrics
had the bulk of the
msiness in 1916. And,
the manufacturers who
have filled all their contracts
since July 1.
1916, already have
signed contracts which
"I've Gotta Have Five Dollars. Dad
^
assure them the cream
of the business for
]')\7. It was not, therefore,
a case of casting
jread on the water
promiscuously in hope
that it might come
back.
If it is true that "as
the twig is bent so will
the tree incline", we

may say that, of fifteen men, five evidently
had been bent to the side of unmoral
conduct when young. Ten had
been trained carefully and patiently to
ilo the right thing. But, in such an important
matter, 1 could not assume. I
must know. So 1 put a direct question
squarely to one of them, and he said:
"When I was a boy my father used to
gather us children around him on Sunday
afternoon and teach us the Bible. Every
morning we had family prayers. At
every meal, grace was said. We had such
a steady diet of religion and morals, I
grew tired of it. At times, it seemed
that rebellion and flight were the only
things left. Several times I started to
run away from home. I am no cowan
now. I was not then. But 1 didn't run
away because I couldn't. The drill had
been too thorough. I could no more run
away than a German soldier can turn
coward and desert.
"Today, I can't play truant from any
business obligation. Often, if I consulted
my wishes, I would quit midway in a big
campaign. The burden seems too heavy
compared with the returns. When 1
think of it. the duty T owe to my men
and the other stockholders demands my
attention. So, T don't run away.
T suppose it is because I was
trained not to quit."
To get the cash value of this
program to this man, I went
over his business record. Ten
years ago his capital was $15,-
000. Today, it is $5,000,000.
With his statement and record
in mind, I questioned and investigated the
other fourteen men. My record shows
thai seven of them had been drilled about
the same as had been the first one. Their
drill had not been so severe but still it
was thorough. Two more had been
drilled by parents or friends in the works
of the great philosophers. Thus 100 per
cent of those who had stuck by their
guns in a business sense said they did so
because they had been trained in morality
and could not desert the way they had
been "brought up."
MORAL FIBER IN BUSINESS 205
And, 100 per cent of them had scored
a financial success. They all said their
success was due to the fact that they had
played the business game cleanly.
From that, I went into a study of the
moral and financial record of the five
who had quit—sold out when trouble
came. I found that not one of them had
had any serious moral training. Two
said they were members of a church, but
they smiled and winked when the}' said
it. The only thing about it which seemed
worthy of mention was that the minister
was "liberal".
The Indulgent Father Is Responsible forthe Majority
of Our Dissolute Youth

206 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
• The other three laughed at the very
idea of morality in business. One said
a man had to decide between principles
and profit. The second said that Roosevelt
preached morality in business but
did not dare try to practice it. The third
said that religion is now obsolete and he
had no time for dead issues.
Then, I studied the business record of
those five men. This showed that they
were the ones who had abandoned their
own business policy and their regular
customers the instant trouble or hope of
a large but unmoral profit appeared.
Also, of the five two headed properties
which had no standing. One had passed
through a fire of suspicious origin anrj
had become a bankrupt when no one
believed he had failed. One was prosperous
because he had a clean organization
behind him. The fifth was, admittedly,
a great success. Of him it was
said:
"He is the cleverest man in his line.
He has to be clever to keep out of
jail."
In October, 1916, a woman at the
head of a department of a big school at
Evanston, Illinois, announced to the students
one morning that the floor of the
chapel had been refinished and waxed
that dances might be held there in future.
One of the students exclaimed, when he
heard the announcement:
"Gee, wouldn't the old Methodists,
who started this school, turn over in their
graves if they could hear that?"
The woman who made that announcement
hastened to explain to the reporters
:
"Times have changed, you know, since
this school was founded. Young people
are going to dance; there is no use trying
to prevent them, for everyone is dancing
now. If they must learn, I prefer it
should be here under proper influences."
The astounding; thine: about this inci-
THE GAME" IS MUCH MORE FASCINATING. BUT IT DOES NOT MAKE
FOR CHARACTER

MORAL FIBER IN BUSINESS 207
JOY RIDING MAKES A VERY BAD IMPRESSION ON A YOUNGSTER
dent is not the fact of departure from
the "blue laws" of stricter days but the
admission by the school's principal that
efforts to control students now are hopeless
and hence had been abandoned. The
incident, as I said, is but a bit of flotsam,
but the principle involved drops like a
plumb line into the center of the modern
system of child control. It implies that
the student shall be allowed to dictate
what he wants to learn regardless of
whether or not it is best for him. The
whole idea is to please the youth and
amuse him, this being in contrast with
the old notion of improving him without
reference to his personal feelings or desires
for amusement.
My personal opinion is that you can't
build a Sandow on skimmed soup and
French pastry. And, you can't develop
an Abraham Lincoln, a John Hay, or a
Theodore Roosevelt in a dance hall and
a moving-picture house with sex stories
and plays filling the gaps.
While the logic of these circumstances
seems irresistible, I know that the Evanston
experiment is not exactlv new. although
it is a most striking example.
America has been trying it for almost
a generation. It started perhaps—I
make no claim to being a historian—•
with the introduction of the institutional
church. This was to religion what
homeopathic medicine was to a world
drugged by the allopathic method. It
put a sugar coating on moral training
I
and tried to fill its pews and Sunday
School classes on the Sabbath by teaching
pool and bowling during the days of
the week.
To find what influence this new idea
has, I have studied for a few years five
young men in Chicago. They were, when
I first knew them, about seventeen or
eighteen years old. Now they are past
twenty-two. When I first began to observe
them, they were typical of the new
order of things. The mother of one was
a divorcee. That of another kept a
Pomeranian poodle. The parents of a
third gave him money and left him to his
own devices while they went 10 the picture
show.
Soon I noticed something truly significant.
These same boys were always
at the picture shows when I went there.
I learned they went nearly every day.
On those nights when some vulgar slapstick
farce was to be seen, they were
sure to be on hand. And. when any
glaringly sentimental thing was offered
on the bills, the managers could count
on them as patrons.
Also, they were to be seen playing
pool in the neighborhood barber shop
whenever I went out for an evening
walk. In nearly five years, I never have
seen one of them read anything but a
newspaper. Even then it was some
crime, the sporting section, or the page
of comics, which attracted—never an
article or even a fiction storv that one,

208 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
by any stretch of the imagination, could
consider worth while.
These five boys were getting energy
from their food. But, instead of using it
to any purpose, they were playing it out.
Not one, in youth, was going through
the drill that would make of him a man
who could stand the gaff in business. I
saw the truth of this when the time arrived
when these boys tried to go to
work. One of them has had inconsequential
jobs intermittently: mostly he
has been idle—at his employer's suggestion.
A second one went, into an office.
His employer tells me he lacks application
: has in six months about reached the
limit of his capacity to grow : and, is a
clock watcher. The third thinks he is
clever because he has learned a way of
getting money without working for it.
On two occasions he has sought a job
in a commercial house during its dull
season. When he got it, he was assumed
to be learning the business and the stock.
Having been paid for doing no work for
several months, he deserted when the
rush season came and when the work
became hard.
The fourth boy came to me one day
to ask a question. It was rather an intelligent
question and I was delighted
because it indicated that I had misjudged
him. I began to answer. He listened
for a few moments and then broke in
with:
"I hope you are enjoying yourself. It
doesn't even amuse me."
He then turned on his heel and walked
away.
The fifth of these boys presents a
peculiarly striking example of my point.
His father met a misfortune in business
some time ago. and. for months, was
terribly "hard up". Although the boy is
now of age. he displayed not the slightest
indication that he felt any responsibility
for helping to keep the family together.
Assuming obligations was clearly not in
his line. But he did complain bitterly
because the home table was not supplied
with the delicacies which he enjoyed.
These five boys have had no such
training as will develop any strength of
character or build for financial success.
I am wondering what they will do when
forced to get into business to support
themselves. I am wondering how they
will stand the gaff when subjected to the
ordeal where success can be won only by
close application and by taking hard
knocks. I wonder whether they will
stand by those principles which alone can
win, as did the ten men, or whether they
will turn out as did the other five—unprincipled,
unreliable, and without any
real success to their credit.
As I see this great business game, success
comes at the end of an enduring
contest. To endure, however, one must
have strength, but the essence of strength
is stamina and the life of stamina is
moral training. Because it is the first
requisite of business success, I say that
moral training is the most valuable of
all training. I say further that the youth
of the present generation are being
taught to be business failures because
they are getting no moral education at
all. Instead, by precept and example,
they are drilled to be mentally dissolute
and easy going—life from the start is
satiated with sensuous luxury. And. we
cannot build character and hence business
success on that.
I am no stickler for church-going, although
I regard it highly. I do say,
however, that every penny's worth of
strict morality that is added to a young
man's capital before he reaches the age
of twenty-one is bound to bring him a
dollar's worth of business success. The
moral prostitute can make only a prostitute's
hire: that always is a miserable
pittance, and exacts an agony of discontent
in later years far greater than its
worth. The unmoral may prosper in exceptional
cases; the)- doubtless would
prosper immeasurably better if they had
a working capital of sterling honesty to
fall back upon. Usually—and you and I
cannot think of ourselves as exceptions—
the straight man, the man with strict
moral training', is the big business success.

-3^
MAKING MECHANICAL
SWALLOWS
MAKING AND ASSEMBLING THE WINGS OF A FLYER
The expert workman above chisels out the staunch wing ribs from the
strongest, finest-grained and lightest wood to be had. Then every surface
is smoothed to a finish comparable to that on fine furniture, and the parts
pass on to the assembling plant. The photograph below slmws the half
i .1 plane nearly completed.

210 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
t^
THE STRUTS AND THE LANDING SKIDS
Between the planes of an aircraft the strong supports of ash shown
above are placed. These hold the wings rigidly together. Below
are a pair of landing skids which are built to absorb the shock
when the aeroplane lights a little harder than usual.
'ma&ms*~,- *

MAKING MECHANICAL SWALLOWS 211
THE METAL WORKERS
Steel and aluminum play a prominent role in the fuselage of
the modern biplane and monoplane. These parts are carefully
worked and calculated to withstand the maximum of stress I- r
the minimum of weight. Below, workmen are assembling the
skeleton of a speed monoplane.

212 ILLUSTRATE. ^

WHAT CAN BE DONE
TO PREVENT BALDNESS ?
by William Brady M.D.
k LOPECIA, as physicians call it our friend the barber in his tonsorial
f\ —they always tack a fancy title operations.
/_» n a disease when they know The baldness of children is a rare con­
/ % little or nothing about it— dition in which there is a congenital
comes in many forms. There absence of hair follicles or an arrested
is alopecia adnata, which signifies that development of the hair follicles or roots.
some people are born bald. Then we We know nothing of the cause, and can
have alopecia senilis, implying that a give no advice in regard to escaping it.
favored few live long enough to achieve The baldness of old men, beginning
it. But the most painful, the most well along past middle age, is an expres­
cowardly type of baldness is alopecia sion of general lowering of nutrition and
prematura, which is thrust upon us bv tendencv to atrophv incident to advancing 1
"The Frequency of a Shampoo Is Insignificant—
It Must Be Done Often
Enough to Keep the Scalp Clean"
#
J

214 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
'Baldness Is More Frequent Anions Brain Workers than Among
Manual Laborers'*
years, appearing earlier or later according
to the physiological and not the
chronological age of the individual.
A fourth form of baldness is called
alopecia areata, baldness in irregular
spots, due, in some cases, to a parasitic
invasion of the denuded area ; in others
apparently caused by grave nutritional
disturbance accompanying some serious
ailment of the nervous system, and in
still others being - a symptom of constitutional
disease.
Theories in explanation of premature
baldness are put forward in bewildering
array by numerous authorities, not including
the barbers themselves, and most
of the theories have some foundation in
fact. The subject is comparable with
tuberculosis. It may be granted that
there are innumerable contributing or
predisposing factors which tend to lower
resistance in one way or another, but
only one essential factor for the transfer
of the disease, namely, infection.
Thus, Dr. Pincus dwelt upon the
hereditary factor, which he said was inherently
a tight or stretched scalp
muscle peculiar to certain families.
Indeed, Pincus considered this the
only predisposing cause of premature
baldness.
Professor Jamieson vigorously
upheld the theory that premature
baldness is more frequent among
brain workers because the same
nerves supply brain coverings and
the scalp itself and irritation or
congestion of the brain reflexly disturbs
the nutrition of the scalp.
Plausible, isn't it, brainy reader?
Dr. King, however, puts forward
the compression theory, attributing
baldness to the compression by
hatbands and tight caps of the
frontal, temporal and occipital
arteries which nourish
the scalp. He ascribes to
differences in the shape of
the head the varying areas
of baldness in different individuals,
insisting, for instance,
that the tuft often
preserved in the middle of the forehead
owes its life to the fact that it is nourished
by two little arteries which escape
pressure by passing up the forehead in
concavities between the frontal eminences.
Others take issue with him, and
ascribe the persistent forelock to the fact
that it lies over the belly of the scalp
muscle, is freely movable, and has a less
tense substratum for its bed.
Professor Ellinger considers the daily
wetting of the hair an important cause
of premature baldness. Water forms an
emulsion with the natural oil or sebum
of the scalp and hair, and this emulsion
dries and plugs the hair follicle, damming
up the sebum in the follicle and so producing
atrophy or wasting of the hair
root. Every theory, you see, is as sound
as a dollar. Any one of them is sufficient
to sell a hair tonic or commend a new
treatment.
The abnormally tight or stretched
scalp which Pincus deems the important
factor may be brought about, he asserts,
by anxiety of mind, depression of spirits
which the subject struggles against,

WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT BALDNESS? 21;
though not by reverses which the subject
takes philosophically. This theory does
not fit well with the popular idea of the
good-naturedness of bald-headed men—
but as a matter of fact bald pates are no
better natured than men with movie
adornment of the loveliest kind. The
foolish, apologetic smile on the countenance
of a bald-headed man is no criterion
of the way he treats his wife.
Dr. Parker, some years ago, presented
a strong thesis in support of the idea
that certain toxins formed in the lungs
when breathing is habitually shallow or
the subject confined in bad air, are concerned
in the production of premature
baldness. He declared that insufficient
expansion of the upper part of the lung,
the apex, was accountable for the
trouble, and that women, being chest
breathers perforce, seldom go bald.
Getting down to the real science of
alopecia, there are three characteristic
stages. First, unnatural oiliness of scalp
and hair, which is called seborrhoea,
that is, excessive flow of sebum from the
oil glands which discharge their secretion
"Brushing the Scalp Is a
Measure of the Utmost
Value in Postponing Baldness"
upon the base of the hair shaft, and normally
keep the skin and hair soft and
pliable. Second, dandruff, known as
seborrhoea sicca, drying of the secretion
and the unsightly scales and crusts that
fall upon the shoulders. Finally, falling
of the hair.
Lassar and Bishop contributed to our
knowledge the contagious character of
dandruff. They took dandruff scales
from the head of a student who was
losing his hair, mixed them with a little
vaseline and rubbed the material into the
back of a guinea pig, much as a barber
might massage your scalp for you, if you
were foolish enough to let him. The pig
presently became bald. Professor Sabouraud
rallies to the support of his colleagues
by discovering that the whole
business, seborrhoea, dandruff and falling
hair, is caused by a very minute parasite
which burrows its way down alongside of
the hair shaft, reaches the oil gland always
connected with the hair shaft, sets
up chronic irritation and inflammation of
the gland, causing its excessive outpouring
of oil, and finally arrives at the fol-

116 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
This Exercise Loosens the Scalp and Keeps It Healthy
licle or hair root, which it proceeds to
destroy, not so rapidly, of course, but just
as surely in the end as does the electric
needle. Upon this pestiferous microbe
Sabouraud has conferred the title microbacillus
Sabouraitdii. And it is the most
tenacious little bug a man ever got in
his bonnet!
Now we. have the whole matter before
us as clear as any one could wish. Resistance
lowered by heredity, faulty personal
hygiene, unhygienic clothing, bad
care of scalp. Bugs gratuitously contributed
by the barber, who doesn't know
how to be sterile or aseptic, in the first
place, and sees no need of it in the next
place—for unfortunately Sabouraud's
ubiquitous little germ is as invisible as
"cold" microbes in the gentle spray of an
open-face sneeze.
We've got the bug. What are we
going to do about it ? Just rub in some
antiseptic and kill it? That would seem
the simplest thing in the world to any but
the medical mind. Alas, it can't be done.
As a matter of fact, no antiseptic substance
has yet been discovered which
will destroy germs in the living tissues
of the body (in, not on the surface)
without dangerously injuring the tissues.
We have no antiseptic powerful enough
to kill germs in the skin without destroy­
ing the skin itself. Many a remedy purports
to accomplish this miracle, it is true,
but it can't be done. Such germs as may
have invaded the hair follicles must be
destroyed, if at all, by the natural defensive
forces of the body.
Our preventive effort
should be directed toward
aiding these natural defensive
forces and warding
off further invasions and
reinforcement of the enemy.
If there is an agent
which, without seriously injuring
the scalp, possesses
real germicidal power in
the tissue of the scalp, it is
light. All the sunlight the
scalp will stand, short of
sunburn or sunstroke, is beneficial
to the vitality of the hair. The reason
why dark-haired people more commonly
become bald than light haired
people is that dark hair excludes light
from the scalp. Yet the Indians did
not go bald—but, then, they never visited
a barber shop, so they harbored no microbacilli
to destroy their hair. Possibly
ultra-violet (not the violet ray) light may
be a good substitute for sunlight. The
ultra-violet light may be applied cold,
thus making- a larger dose applicable than
the subject can stand in the heat of the
sun. Of course, sunlight includes ultraviolet
as well as violet rays.
Cleanliness aids nature's defensive
forces by removing irritation. A shampoo,
however, is rather an evil necessity
of civilized life and not particularly beneficial
to the hair. Animals living wild
require no scrubbing to keep themselves
perfectly clean. The dust and grime of
civilization, retained upon the body by
clothing, makes bathing and shampooing
more or less essential for cleanliness.
The frequency oi a shampoo is insignificant—it
must be done often enough to
keep the scalp clean. The kind of soap
is also insignific.r.t—any soap fit for the
skin is fit for the "air and scalp. But it
is very important to rinse *;he scalp and

WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT BALDNESS? 217
hair several times to remove all soap, tightness of the scalp, as we have already
with several changes of first warm and explained. Massage, therefore, should
then cooler water. It is also important loosen the scalp by lifting it up in folds
to dry the hair and scalp as thoroughly and rolling these folds between the
and promptly as possible, and then to rub fingers. It is an exercise, and better
into the scalp any oil, such as vaseline, in when done by the individual himself.
small quantity, just sufficient to replace Grasp the scalp with the wide open hand,
the oil removed by washing. Medica­ forcibly draw the fingers toward the
ments may be incorporated with this oil)' palm, heaping up a little fold of scalp
application, such as salicylic acid or sul­ under them. Go over the entire scalp in
phur or resorcin (\'/i or 2% of either) this way, changing hands occasionally,
for excessive oiliness of the scalp and for the hand soon tires, until the whole
hair, or higher proportions for more head glows.
troublesome dandruff.
A modern method which is of un­
Brushing and massage are measures of doubted potency in the treatment of pre­
the utmost value in postponing baldness. mature loss of hair is the ultra-violet ray.
From the very ease with which a man's This must not be confused with the com­
hair is dressed he neglects to brush it paratively useless violet ray lamp. The
enough to stimulate the scalp. Some­ ultra-violet ray is colorless; it is the
thing like a hundred strokes of the brush actinic or chemical ray beyond the violet
each night and morning would be a fair in the spectrum, and capable of inducing
amount of brushing for the average scalp. powerful physiological changes which
The hair brush should be one which is the violet light cannot produce at all.
not injured by boiling. There are at least The ultra-violet ray is obtained from a
two popular brushes which meet this powerful electric light which is passed
demand—the so-called prophylactic and through a lens in which cold water con­
the ideal. The former is better for men's tinuously circulates, absorbing the heat
hair and the latter for women's. The but not the light. The cool ray is then
brush should be shampooed as often as focused upon the area to be treated
the seal]), and at least dipped in boiling through a quartz lens, not an ordinarv
water to disinfect it. A man should lose glass lens. The ultra-violet apparatus
no time in getting home from the barber simply places the power of sunlight,
shop to take a thorough shampoo, includ­ which we know is the greatest germicide
ing the hair brush.
and the strongest stimulant of growth
Massage of the seal]) is the remedy and nutrition man can endure, within the
which has given more than one alleged control of the physician at any time of
hair tonic a reputation. Outside of a few any kind of day or night. In the average
medicaments which seem to exert some case of falling hair, when there is not an
effect upon oily and dry dandruff, it is excessive seborrhoea (oily condition of
foolish to imagine that irritants or chem­ scalp or dandruff), three treatments with
icals of any sort can improve the growth the ultra-violet ray. given fortnightly,
of the hair. A "hair tonic" is about as stop the process. In more advanced
logical a thing as a tooth tonic, a skin cases further treatments are desirable.
tonic, a nail tonic or a brain food. And Perhaps the ultra-violet ray—which of
pasting a French name on it doesn't alter course no barber or other unskilled oper­
the fact in the least.
ator can manage—and massage offer the
It is questionable whether the manipu­ greatest hope to the victim of premature
lations a barber calls massage are worth loss of hair.
while. The purpose of scalp massage Eternal cleanliness is the price of a
is to increase the nutrition of the hair good head of hair. Premature baldness
follicles by improving the blood supply. will prevail until the coming of the asep­
Tin- bio • 1 supply is poor because of the tic barber anil the aerated lid.

CAMPHOR-A NEW AMERICAN
INDUSTRY
By W. F. FRENCH
PRIMITIVE CAMPHOR STILLS USED ON THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA
w
HEN Germany said to her
chemists: "Make us a
synthetic product to break
the monopoly of Japan",
an army of industrial
investigators and constructive chemists
entered the field, and within an
amazingly short time not only was synthetic
camphor being made on a commercial
basis in Germany, but also in France
and America. The result of this compaign
was almost instantaneous and
within a year the Japanese were compelled
not only to abandon their idea of
steadily increasing the price of camphor
but actually to sell their product at about
half what they were charging when the
synthetic material was first placed on the
international market.
One of the most interesting developments
of these investigations was the
'».V
discovery that the only chemical difference
between camphor and turpentine is
that camphor (C10H10O) contains one
atom of oxygen, while turpentine
(C10H1C) does not. Therefore the problem
of making camphor resolved itself
into the process of adding one atom of
oxygen to pure turpentine. This process,
however, is by no means as simple as
may appear. But indefatigable science
conquered and synthetic camphor was
produced which in no way differed from
the finest product being imported from
Japan.
So it would seem that at last this commercial
maverick had been branded by
science, had been harnessed in its proper
place in industry, and had finally been
labeled accurately and card-indexed. But
apparently the temperamental Laurus
Camphora had no intention of surrender-

*^
CAMPHOR—A NEW AMERICAN INDUSTRY 219
f
The Leaves and Berries
These give two per cent of crude
camphor when boiled.
A Cake of Refined Camphor
as It Is Sold Commercially
ing its personality
and permitting itself
to be ground out by
machinery, much
after the fashion of
bologna sausage.
Consequently it opened a new
chapter of its romance by presenting
a new angle that completely
put out of business the
commercial concerns that had
wielded the synthetic product
to break the Japanese monopoly. And
so the maker of artificial camphor followed
the other victims of this commercial
Lorelei, the native camphor-gatherer,
the head-hunter and the Japanese monopolist,
into oblivion. While some of
the manufacturers of synthetic camphor
indicate their determination to
hold on, most of them quietly struck
their tents and sought other fields.
The efficient German was first into
the field and first out. Because
of the tremendous demand
for turpentine, because
of its constantly increasing
cost, and because of the growing
scarcity of the pine tree
from which turpentine is se­
cured, the Germans realized
some time ago that the latest
development in camphor production made
it i.nwise to continue the manufacture of
synthetic camphor.
As may be expected the latest kink in
the production of camphor effects as
radical a revolution in the industry as
any of its previous eccentricities.
Some years ago a Yankee agricultural
student got a notion that if there was
camphor in the camphor tree there was
camphor in the camphor brush. So he
planted camphor trees and then cut them
down when the brush reached a height
of about two feet. Sure enough, he
found traces of camphor in the cut brush,
but not in quantities sufficient to justify
its harvesting as a commercial
proposition.
But, figured other
Americans, and Englishmen,
too, if there is camphor
in the brush there
must be camphor in the
leaves and the twigs. So
tests were made almost
simultaneously in America,
in Malaya and in
East Africa. The test camphor
wood, twigs and leaves were
shipped from Jamaica for the
American experiments and determinations.
The results obtained
at the University of Kansas
showed the following percentage
Chopping a Camphor Tree to Pieces for the Purpose of Distilling
the Chips—the Aboriginal Method

220 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
of crude camphor secured from the various
parts of the camphor tree:
Wood 0.61%
Twigs 1.50%
Green Leaves 2.37%
Dried Leaves 2.52%
Dead Leaves 1.39$
And further, the camphor tree is made
to bear profitably at the age of six or
seven years by giving up its leaves and
twigs, and to bear annually. So instead
of waiting until the tree becomes fifty
years old and then killing it the modern
process is to harvest yearly, thus securing
many times as much camphor without
destroying the tree. In fact, when
the trees are correctly placed to form
hedges and then properly trimmed they
not only yield a satisfactory harvest of
camphor each year but also afford a
'most desirable ornamental or shade tree.
Although camphor can be secured by
distilling the fallen leaves, for the actual
benefit to the tree, for its appearance and
for the quality and quantity of camphor
secured it is much better practice to trim
back the trees each year and immediately
distill the fresh trimmings. In this connection
the United States Department of
Agriculture has to say :
"After the spring growth begins there
occurs the fall of the leaves twelve and
eighteen months old. Under normal
conditions all leaves remain on the tree
one full year. Distillations made from
leaves of different ages showed a slight
decrease in camphor content after maturity
is reached, but a large proportion
of the camphor remains in the leaf until
it falls. Distillations from dead leaves
fallen from the tree gave a yield of two
per cent of oil of camphor. The loss of
camphor in the leaf as it matures and
dies is greater, however, than the percentages
show, since there is also a loss
of water and a consequent decrease in the
weight of the material.
"With the twigs the difference is still
greater. At the close of the growing
season the twigs were found to contain as
high a percentage of camphor as the
leaves on them, but the yield from older
twigs was very low. This is due to the
fact that in the twigs the camphor is in
the bark and almost none is localized in
the new wood." (This is because there
is practically no camphor in the wood of
the tree until after it reaches the age of
ten.)
"These experiments show that if the
hedges are trimmed at the end of each
growing season a maximum quantity of
camphor is obtained with a minimum of
useless material to handle. The hedges
can be trimmed by machinery, so that the
cost of harvesting will be small, and with
some minor changes some types of machines
now in use can be utilized. The
Department of Agriculture is working on
the problem, but as yet the tests are incomplete.
After cutting, the trimmings
should be taken to the distilling plant at
once, since if they are allowed to dry in
the sun or remain exposed to the dew
and rain there is some loss of camphor."
Camphor finds about as ready sale as
steel—it is in ever increasing demand.
It is easier to enumerate what camphor
is not used for than what it is used for.
It is not used for many things that it
can be used for and will be used for when
America is producing camphor. At present,
however, camphor is perhaps the
most widely used of any drug, its medicinal
uses are innumerable; it is a great
insecticide, it is famed as a purifier, it is a
fever remedy. Tremendous quantities of
camphor are used in the conversion of
cellulose nitrate into celluloid and it is a
most important item in the pyroxylin
plastic industry in the United States. It
is used extensively in the manufacture of
artificial leather and for imitation rubber.
The photographic film manufacture alone
could practically use up the entire camphor
product at present, in consideration
of the volume of movie films being manufactured.
That the world at large is rapidly
awakening to the value of camphor is
emphasized by the fact that England has
planted the camphor tree in large quantities
in many of her provinces and is
using every method to facilitate the

CAMPHOR—A NEW AMERICAN INDUSTRY 221
better growth, harvesting and refining of
camphor. Right now camphor is grown
in Japan, Formosa, Ceylon, Borneo,
Jamaica, East Africa, India, the United
States, and perhaps in many other countries.
Now as to the growing of the camphor
tree in the United States. The camphor
tree is hardy, it can stand a temperature
that falls to fifteen degrees above zero.
In fact it can stand a good deal colder
weather than can the Southern and Western
fruit groves. A frost that is severe
enough to kill fruit trees will only kill the
smaller branches and twigs of the cam­
phor tree, and then the parts killed can be
distilled and turned into camphor. Even
if the whole trees were frozen and killed
to the ground they would renew themselves
from the roots in one year, according
to S. C. Hood. And even then the
camphor secured from the deadwood
would title the grower through until his
new crop came into bearing, in all
pri 'liability.
The Department of Agriculture estimates
that camphor trees planted in
hedges, fifteen feet apart with the
plants six feet apart in the row.
grown and trimmed to eight feet high,
will give about eight thousand pounds of
trimmings per acre for each two cuttings,
making a total of eight tons per acre each
year. This will give from one hundred
seventy-five to two hundred pounds of
marketable camphor per acre. The usual
yield of pure gum camphor from leaves
and twigs, according to the government
figures, is from 1.35 to 1.50 per cent, calculated
on the green weight of the material.
Just now pure gum camphor is
wholesaling at about eighty cents a
pound. According to the estimate above
THIS HUSKY CAMPHOR TREE IS A FLORIDA PRODUCT
mentioned this would mean that about
$150.00 an acre could be obtained from
the camphor hedges.
Of course these figures are only estimates,
but they are worth the attention of
the farmer who has sandy spots on his
southern land that he might wish to
utilize, especially as a competent authority
predicts that within the next ten years
the camphor industry of the Lmited
States will likely reach twenty-five million
dollars, or even more. It is a matter
well worth considering.

ARE HENS' EGGS WORTH
EATING?
By RENE B ACHE
EGGS SHOULD DE SOLD DY WEICI1T
This representative half dozen, culled from three crates in one grocery store, shows how widely ordinary eggs vary in
size. Seven eggs, of the size of the one on the extreme left, make a pound, while nineteen to a pound was the count of
the "marble" on the right end of this array.
I N order to answer this question in a
way that will be useful to the
American housewife, the Government
Office of Home Economics has
devoted to it an exhaustive study.
It has reached the conclusion that the
most important usefulness of eggs in the
diet is as a substitute for meat. Beef
and eggs are much alike in composition.
But eggs, even at a rather high price per
dozen, are cheaper than meat and equally
satisfying.
They require less time, less fuel, and
less labor for cooking than most other
foods, and for this reason their use as a
hot dish at a meal may often be an
economy. Without question a reason for
the popularity of eggs in most households
is that they can be so easily and
quickly prepared in appetizing ways.
A dietary study of one hundred fifteen
women college students showed that,
when one principal dish was served at a
meal, the quantity required to satisfy all
appetites was, of beefsteak, thirty-six
pounds; of mutton chops, forty-five
pounds; of hamburg steak, twenty-four
pounds; of sausage, thirty pounds; and
of eggs, only fifteen pounds.
Nearly three-fourths of an egg is
222
water. It contains 13^> per cent of
protein (the stuff that makes blood and
muscle), 10,^2 per cent of fat, and 1 per
cent of mineral matter. The fat is concentrated
fuel for running the body machine
; the mineral matter goes to make
bones and other tissue.
Sirloin steak is 54 per cent water, 16}/S
per cent protein, 16 per cent fat, and 1
per cent mineral matter. The refuse is
a trifle more than in the case of eggs.
Thus one sees that there is no truth
in the commonly-accepted notion that an
egg contains as much nutriment as a
pound of meat. Indeed, a pound of beef
contains more nutriment than a pound
of eggs; and it takes eight average eggs
to weigh a pound. But the percentage
composition of the two is approximately
the same.
The white of an egg is practically pure
albumen; but the yolk is composed of a
great variety of substances, including
fatty matters, phosphorus, iron, calcium,
magnesium, and half of 1 per cent of a
pigment that gives it its yellow color. No
wonder, then, that eggs are so valuable
as food for man.
One constituent of the egg albumen,
by the way, is sulphur. It is this min-

ARE HENS' EGGS WORTH EATING? 223
eral element that stains the egg-spoon
black—the sulphur combining with silver
to form a sulphide of the latter metal.
The housewife prefers eggs that have
yolks of a deep-yellow color. She thinks
that they give to her cake or custard
more richness. Nor is her idea on this
point without reason ; for such yolks have
a higher flavor.
This desirable color, it appears, is contributed
chiefly by green feed. If hens
have not enough of this kind of feed, the
yolks of the eggs they lay will be of a
pale tint. This is a useful hint for producers
who cater to the "fancy" market,
where deep-colored yolks are at a
premium.
The fancy market also demands eggs
whose whites shall, when cooked, be as
white as possible, and not tinged with
color. It is even important that the
whites shall match. The head-waiter in
a high-class restaurant nowadays would
make a row in the kitchen if two poached
eggs were served to one of his patrons,
one of t h e m
clear white and
the other
greenish-white
or yellowishwhite.
These of
course are
mere details,
but they have
market importance.
In New-
York City, by
the way, eggs
w i t h white
shells command
five cents more
a dozen than
brown - shelled
f&G tV///r£T
H/SS0/./E:

224
PUTTING OUT A SMALL FIRE
conflagration got an energetic start, but because of thorough fire drill the iackies had it out fifteen
minutes after it was discovered.

HOW TO GET ON
A Business Series of Practical
Inspiration
I.
THE ESSENTIALS
OF BIG SUCCESS
By Max Rittenberg
(Au thor of Swirling Wa ters. The Modern
Chesterfield,' The Mind Reader,etc)
O N E of our foremost financiers,
speaking of his career,
once made an observation
combining modesty with a
very profound truth of human
nature. "I attribute my success,"
he said in effect, "to having gathered
around me men who were more capable
than myself in various specialized directions."
That statement would probably hold
good for ninety-nine per cent of our
field-marshals of industry. Their own
special ability has been their faculty for
picking out the special abilities of others
— recognizing, choosing, fostering,
moulding, co-ordinating. They have
made their fortunes by their shrewdness
in judging, and their tactfulness in handling,
the raw material of human nature.
In the complex of modern business, no
man but a super-genius could hope to
combine in himself the ideals of buyer,
sales manager, advertising manager, accountant,
credit man, works' superintendent.
There may have been a time when
a business could be run with a cast of
one "star" and a company of "supers,"
but emphatically it is not so today. The
big employer aims to find men cleverer
than himself in specialized directions; to
train them, to mould them on the lines of
his general policy, and to treat them so
generously that loyalty need not be
strained or ambition feel stultified.
There are men who possess by nature
the gift of character-reading. There are
many.others who have trained themselves
to judge character, crystallizing their
observation into definite rules for their
private guidance. A certain superintendent
in a large factory engages all hands
himself. His procedure is to keep a line
of applicants waiting outside his private
office for a full half-hour. Then, unexpectedly,
he comes out from the office
and walks rapidly down the line, looking
for:
Drinkers.
Men with an open sign of disease.
Men who do not meet his glance direct.
Men who are standing slack-kneed.
Men who shuffle their feet.
He eliminates all applicants with those
22i

226 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
stigmata, and then interviews
privately, one
by one, the remainder.
For the engaging of
workmen, it is a shortcut
system towards se-
1 e c t i n g the efficient.
For clerks or shopassistants,
elimination
would be based on
other factors as well.
The staff superintendent
of a big department
store tells me that he
lays great stress on
healthy teeth, as a
physical symptom, and
well-cared-for hands,
as a mental symptom.
Another manager uses
as a mental test the
questions: "What work
do you like best?"
"What is your ambition
?"
Unquestionably the work which a man
likes best will be, in the long run, the
work he will do best. The red-blooded
workers are the happy workers. The
happy workers are those who have found
congenial occupation. The enthusiasm of
youth or the rhythmic, steady drive of
middle-age is only harnessed fullpowered
to the work which gives joy in
the doing. And consequently, the employer
who looks beyond the immediate
present is anxious to give to his men
and women employes, so far as practicable,
the work that each feels most congenial.
In that counting-house with its
row of young men bending over ledgers,
there will be some who have a natural
liking for the recording of the results of
other men's efforts, and there will be
some who vastly prefer to be the effortworkers
and let others record. One boy
would shrink from the snubbings and the
humiliating experiences of the embryo
traveler; another would feel a keen
pleasure in the making of sales against
the obstacles of circumstances.
It is for the employer to watch ' for
Everywhere Youth and Age Are
Busily Engaged in Seeking the
Golden Opportunity
signs of specialized ability, and deliberately
to make opportunity for the man or
woman with the latent talent. In too
many small businesses repression is the
order of the clay. That brand of employer
is eternally afraid of demands for
increased salary. He frowns on the
ambitious. He discourages suggestions
from underlings. He makes entrance to
his private office a most uncomfortable
ordeal.
But the really big business men, with
whom I have had the privilege of coming
in contact, work on a very different
policy. Having - studied human nature,
they recognize that ambition in an employe
is a positive asset to the business;
that it pays better to pay large salaries
to the capable than small salaries to the
mediocre; that generosity begets generosity
and loyalty begets loyalty.
Further, they cultivate what has been
termed "a wise blindness to weaknesses."
No man is perfect. Human nature is
always a patchwork quilt. So long as
the foibles do not affect integrity or
loyalty, the far-sighted business man

THE ESSENTIALS OF BUSINESS SUCCESS 227
schools himself carefully to overlook
them.
So far I have touched on one phase
only of the study of human nature: the
employer's relation towards his assistants.
Three men start grocery shops. One
remains all his life a one-shop grocer;
the second comes to own several establishments
in the same town; a third
develops to the ownership of a chain of
shops scattered over the whole country.
The latter sits in his central office in the
metropolis, and by his knowledge of
human nature in general, directs the policy
of hundreds of shops which he may
only visit in person once in several years.
This is made possible because human
nature in one town is much the same as
human nature in another.
I have in mind
one such instance of
a multiple- shopowner.
The general
policy of the business
is to secure
only a cash trade.
No credit is given.
Therefore a definite
class of customer is
obtained. A selling
scheme, a plan for
window display, a
simple advertisement
with an appeal
to that definite grade
of customer—these
are devised in New
York and applied
b r oa d c a s t with a
sure faith in the law
of average.
But while the
business man can in
private regard his
customers as so
much average human
nature, in his
public relation toward
them he must
'real them as individual
units. Thev
are persons of importance; their prejudices
of taste are matters to be noted and
remembered; even their hobbies are of
moment. A manager of a large wholesale
house keeps a card-index record of the
personal affairs of each of his customers,
and to this are added clippings from local
papers made by an assistant who searches
for items affecting the trade of different
towns. When a retailer comes to the city
and enters the establishment, his name is
at once 'phoned up to the manager. A
glance at the card-index file then gives all
the essentials for a personal chat where
the manager can convey the impression
that the customer has been constantly in
his memory ever since the last meeting.
Another business man keeps a special
note of his customers' hobbies, and makes
a point of posting to them any newspaper

228 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
clippings or items of information likely to
be of interest.
And it is no secret that much of the
"royal memory" which brings popularity
to king or emperor is based on systematic
recording and indexing. The subjects
of a nation are the "customers" of the
king, and in treating everyone with
whom he comes in contact as an individual
of importance, he is carrying into
another sphere of life a principle which
has helped many a business man to success.
Tact—that little word which bulks so
large in human relationships—is in
essence a knowledge of human nature
applied in daily life.
There are those who are born with
intuitive understanding of the right thing
to do or say; there are many others who
have deliberately trained themselves.
Tact is unquestionably trainable. It follows
on the systematic endeavor to understand
the other man's point of view ;
to regard it sympathetically even if one
does not agree with it; to be prepared to
make the minor concessions readily and
cheerfully. To be tactful does not mean
that one sacrifices one's principles or
habitually gives more than one receives.
It means the conceding of those little
points which count for so much with
average humanity.
Very often the ambitious young man
fails to realize the importance of cultivating
tact. Possessing cleverness, he
assumes that others will recognize and
defer to brains. But, on the contrary,
average humanity resents cleverness.
The leaders it loves and follows are those
who make no claim to be other than
common clay. As Kipling phrased it in
his splendid poem on leadership:
. and yet not look too good nor talk too
wise."
I was once discussing with a railway
manager the question of the scope for an
ambitious young man in the head offices
of a railway company. He said : "When
we are promoting, we rank initiative
before knowledge, and tact before
brains." He proceeded to expand that
theme. A man's working-day, he pointed
out, consists of eight or ten hours. However
clever he may be, his brain-output is
inexorably limited by time. But the less
clever and more tactful man can get
others to follow his line of thought and
carry out his plans with loyalty and harmony.
He can multiply himself in the
work of other men. He can thus create
for himself a working-day of fifty, a
hundred, a thousand hours. It was a
forcible illustration of the administrative
value of tact.
For the young man in business, it is
a most valuable character exercise to test
how far he can make his personal influence
extend. Whether he can persuade
others to work in harmony With him.
Whether he can get ready service from
subordinates. Whether he can "make
friends" quickly and easily. If he cannot
do so, it is a sure sign that he is wanting
in tactfulness, and a warning that in the
future his administrative influence may
be very limited unless he can acquire tact.
An immensely valuable training can be
secured if a young man is privileged to
work in the same office and within sight
and hearing of a tactful chief. The
"open - office" system is not usual in England,
though in America, for instance, it
is a commonplace of business. There are,
however, instances in England where a
farsighted business man who wishes to
train his subordinates allows them to
watch how he handles his callers.
Human nature is not a "book" subject
It cannot be learnt in the simple routine
manner of the student at college or technical
institute. On the other hand, its
study is free to all without expense. The
volume of life is open. Its teachings are
ubiquitous. Its laboratory is the whole
world.
Study the workings of the minds of
men and women ; endeavor to understand
their points of view with a tolerant sympathy
; learn to concede those minor
points which otherwise would make friction
like dust in machinery; and you will
acquire the most important mental asset
for success in business life.

JUST PROPHECIES
irmHPIAT FILM '.tnviCE
THIS PIPE DREAM CAME FROM A GERMAN MEERSCHAUM
Jin- United States could run one boat a month past the submarine blockade about France—if that boat
tarried no contraband and was painted from how to stern in this ridiculous fashion. Such was the decree
of Germany a short time ago.
A NEW WAY TO DESTROY BATTLESHIPS AT ANCHOR
Diver Barringer lately attempted to demonstrate how he could attach a bomb to a warship at anchor:
bis trial was a failure, however, owing to the coldness of the water at the bottom of thi- Hudson River.
129

230
THE FINEST OF DOG
HOUSES

CorrfliOMr—UNDt«woOO * UrlOEHWOOO
BROUGHT HOME BY THE SEARCHLIGHT
Uninjured by the storm of bullets that pursued him, this French aviator returns in his Bourget plane
from a night scouting trip over the German trenches. His guiding beacon was the powerful searchlight
shown at the left of the photograph.

GAS-DRIVEN OCEAN
FREIGHTERS
By MONROE WOOLLEY
T R A V E L E R S from Norway
report that the population of
the country is ship mad. The
fact is, marine mania is a
world malady now, and the
masses are ready to take "flyers" in ship
investments. In Norway everyone, from
the servant girl to the capitalist, is investing
eagerly all surplus savings in
ships.
This craze is working such damage to
other industrial projects, due to a pronounced
scarcity of capital for other enterprises,
that the Norwegian Government
has been compelled to forbid the
purchase of additional ships by its citizens
without the government's permission.
What is taking place in Norway is
being likewise enacted in our own country.
Especially is this true in the far
west. In olden times the ports of the New
England States held the palm as the shipbuilding
center of the country. Now this
reputation has swept across the continent
to the Northwestern States, with a revival
of sailing ship construction. Before the
war sailing ships were about to give up
the ghost for good before the onslaughts
2K
of the modern steamship. They were
then as much out of place as horse-drawn
vehicles are now in automobile parades.
But scarcity of over-ocean carriers and
an over abundance of cargoes has served
not only to resurrect dilapidated sailers
from seaside cemeteries, but it has developed
an unprecedented era in the building
of old-fashioned wooden ships of a
new type—the modern American motorship
!
The motorship is the most economical
type of carrier to operate. It is a wonder
the type did not come into general
use long ago. The ships cost far less to
build than steamers, cost less to operate,
and carry more cargo. They are the last
word in marine efficiency.
There are two types of these ships:
full-powered craft built for speed to
compete with big steel steamers, and the
auxiliary motorship. It is the latter type
which is just now creating a craze in the
West, and the world over for that matter,
in marine investments. When winds are
favorable the cost of their operation is
negligible; with adverse winds or no
winds at all, auxiliary power from
cheaply operated Diesel oil engines will
THERE IS A MINT OF MONEY IN MOTORSHIPS NOWADAYS
This fleet of vessels, most of which are of the small wooden sailing schooner type, are in violent
demand at present. Each boat carries, in addition to its sailing equipment, a sturdy gasoline motor
to drive it through the calms it encounters.
irfci'r « t ^ ,..,„ ifeffet

GAS-DRIVEN OCEAN FREIGHTERS
THE BOATS SPRING UP LIKE MUSHROOMS
Literally in a night these inexpensive freighters take shape, and in the course of two weeks to a month at most they are
ready for launching.
help the craft to a rapid passage. The
famous submarine merchantman Deutschland
is a motorship of the Diesel type.
Although old, dilapidated sailing ships
are selling readily just now for $250,000
(worth only $15,000 before the war) fine,
large wooden motorships, new and fit,
are now turned out, almost overnight, in
Pacific Coast yards, for from $150,000 to
$200,000. The fuel consumption of a
vessel of this latter type costs only about
one-fifth that of a steamship, and cargo
capacity is greater, with a much smaller
crew.
Here is an instance showing how builders,
as well as owners and operators, are
making massive fortunes out of motorships.
Before the war a firm of brothers
operated in Seattle a little one-horse shipbuilding
yard. They were quick to see
the possibility of the return of wooden
sailing ships, powered with oil engines.
They mortgaged their homes, borrowed
all the money they could, hired ship carpenters,
and put every cent they had in
one wooden motorship. At a banquet
given in the little yard in celebration of
the launching they sold the boat for
At-
$90,000, a price which enabled them to
redeem their homes and to leave sufficient
surplus to build other craft of the kind
for sale at even greater figures. They
are keeping on at such a rate that a year
from today these enterprising brothers
will be rated as millionaires.
A standard for motorships of the
wooden sailing vessel type, having auxiliary
power, is about as follows: length.
250 feet; breadth, 43 feet; depth of hold,
18 feet; moulded, 21 feet; gross tonnage,
1600; net, 1300: dead weight tonnage,
2600; cubic capacity, 123,489 feet approximately:
draught, 20 feet; masts, 4;
decks, 1 : 'tween decks, beams only; deck
plan, clear; poop, 42 feet: forecastle, 58
feet: bulkheads. 1 ; holds, 1; bow ports,
2: hatches, 2, 14x32 feet; boilers, 1
auxiliary; working pressure, 150 lbs.:
heating surface, 1100 feet; furnaces, 1;
grate surface, 19 feet; electric lighted,
and speed eight knots. These are the
approximate figures of the Peninsula
Shipbuilding Company of Portland, Oregon,
one of the biggest building concerns
of the kind in the business. Ships of this
standard are equipped with twin Diesel

234 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
engines, one right and one left, with twin
propellers. The engines furnish 600
brake or 950 indicated horsepower, 200
revolutions per minute, and estimated to
consume 25 barrels of crude oil per day
of 24 hours. Just now all the western
yards have orders for ships far ahead,
but are taking more orders and are enlarging
their plants as new business
comes to them.
The largest fleet of sailing ships under
the American flag will depend on wind
for their motive power no longer. Word
now comes that the Alaska Packers' Association
will modify its famous windjammers
by making modern motorships
out of all of them.
An old sailing schooner, recently converted
into a motorship, has had its
cargo-carrying capacity enlarged by 600
tons, whereas the ordinary land-lubber
would think exactly the reverse condition
might prevail. On top of a bigger cargo
Built Where Steel Is More Plentiful than Wood
This is a common type of the full powered gasoline freighter now very
popular in Europe.
space the ship's efficiency is increased
tremendously.
But shipbuilding today, as it was in
the days of the Vikings, is a haphazard
affair. We should not stop with our
new and important creation, the wooden
motorship. Shipbuilding has undergone
less improvement with the march of time
and discovery than perhaps any other
building line. Building needs to be
standardized. A modern shoe factory,
minus a standardization of styles, patterns,
and sizes would get nowhere in
business. It is the same with the automobile.
Automobiles have been wonderfully
cheapened because the product has
been standardized. No two ships are
alike. Each builder must have his own
plans and specifications. We need to
turn out ships of standard pattern, with
machines, just as Mr. Ford turns out his
cars. There is no reason why one ship
should not be just like another, for ships
are not made for looks. If
we could turn out ships today
in any such fashion as
we turn out cars, we might
do the world a kindly turn,
relieve the frightful cost of
living, and make a millionaire
a minute in the process.
Just now anything that
can stow a cargo below and
hoist a sail aloft, with a
sturdy gas engine kicking up
foam aft, when the "wind's
not willin'", fills a double
office of helping and "bringing
home the bacon" in the
form of bank balances.
The prospectuses of newly
formed motorship companies
having stock to sell to investors
read like romances.
Yet every statement is
backed up by statistical facts
that on the face forestall
denial. As we said before,
poor men are to be made
rich and rich men richer in
doing the whole world's
carrying.

Little Oddities ofLi/e
A Philippine Superstition
Forty years ago, the native chieftain
who earned this skull on his
shoulders stole the wife of Guanu,
another tribal chief. The
latter retaliated with a battleaxe,
and took this skull as a
trophy of his revenge. Upon
Guanu's death, the grinning
mask was placed upon his grave
as a tombstone, when immed
ately an orchid sprang from the
cleft in the frontal bone that had
been cut by Gu nu's battle-axe.
The natives guarded it zealously,
thinking it the spirit of their dead*
chief, but in 1902 a traveler passing
through the village saw it,
stole flower, skull and all, and
shipped it back to a florist of
Rutherford, New Jersey.
; e\—
*•*»; x
J35

236 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
BUZZING BEES AND BUZZ WAGONS
An enterprising Pennsylvanian makes his garage serve the extra purpose of housing his bees and
the combination proves successful from the standpoint of the chauffeur as well as the bees, since the
bees are not disturbed by the humming of the motor nor the chauffeur by the humming of the bees.
TENDERLOIN OF WHALE
The photograph above shows Captain J, D. Loop and one of the gray whales he has brought in
for the market at Long Beach, California. His advertisement asserts that each whale gives five tons
of tenderloin; that the meat is free from fat and waste, and that it should tickle the public's palate at
fifteen cents a poundl

LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 237
THE FIRST HORSE MEAT BUTCHER SHOP
New York City now can eat porterhouse from the shanks of old Dobbin, if it desires. A butcher shop
has opened which deals in horse meat exclusively, and at present it enjoys a lively patronage.
He Lives with a Cow
This eccentric old Irish­
man believes in bovine
company. His stone and
sod house shelters both
him and his faithful cow.
Whenever either of them
wants fresh air, they poke
then heads through a hole
in the roof.

238 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
THE SLEEPING PORCH OF THE SHINING RAILS
Railroad presidents may have their million dollar palaces with luxurious palm-bordered sleeping
porches on the side, but here is a section hand's version of the sleeping porch-de-luxe. Walking
along the railroad tracks any hot summer night in the vicinity of a train of work cars one will see the
top of nearly every car occupied by an audibly sleeping form. How some of the most strenuous sleepers
ever retain their original equilibrium is a genuine mystery.
A PHILIPPINE "SNOOZING MACHINE"
You must have either a combination of alligator hide for skin and steel wires for nerves, or else you
must seek your rest in a complicated mechanism in the Islands. These "snoozing machines" are
equipped to guard the wooer of Morpheus from the attentions of beetles, mosquitoes, gnats, ticks,
lice, deer-flies, mice, rats, chameleons, and lazy bouse snakes who have a predilection for nesting on
the warm bosoms of humans.

LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 239

WIRE-DRAGGING THE
OCEAN'S BOTTOM
Bv STANLEY W. TODD
T
u
DISCOVERING UNCHARTED NEEDLE ROCKS
Pulled by two small vessels, and held up by intervening buoys, this wire drag catches all the sharp projections of the
ocean's floor.
N O sensible mariner would feel
safe in traversing the coasts
of the United States if he
were not well provided with
charts made by the government.
There are so many hidden rocks
and shoals, particularly along the Eastern
States and in Alaskan waters, that
if he did not know the "lay of the land",
his ship would eventually come to grief.
Surveys of all coast waters have been in
progress for many years, but ships have
grown so rapidly in size and displacement
that new surveys constantly have
been made necessary. So important is
this duty of the government that the
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in the
Department of Commerce maintains several
surveying parties always making
new observations and charts.
This work has been greatly facilitated
in late years by what is known as the
"wire drag" process, which makes such
observations all the more sure. The old
way was to use a lead line from a moving
vessel. This was all right for sandy
portions of the coast, but it was not a
conclusive method along rocky coasts,
for often lines would escape many pin­
240
nacle rocks, sharp ledges and boulders
that must be located in order to make
shipping safe. The obstructions sometimes
cannot be seen and are very easy
to miss with a single line.
The "wire drag" consists chiefly of a
wire, called the "bottom wire", towed at
a certain distance below the surface of
the water, to find the location of any
hidden dangers to navigation. The other
parts of the* apparatus consist of additional
wires pulled down with weights
attached to the bottom wire and supported
by buoys, large and small, attached
to the surface wires dragged by
two motor launches.
The drag set is so constructed that it
keeps the bottom wire at a constant
known depth and allows changes to be
made to conform with the tides or pass
over shoals. If a part of the drag is
caught on a shoal, the rest of it is prevented
from sinking by stopping the towing
boats, and if there is a break, two
parts of the bottom wire at least will
hold in place. If there is any accident,
the broken portions of the drag can be
replaced.
One of the launches used in operating

WIRE-DRAGGING THE OCEAN'S BOTTOM 241
the wire drag is known as the guiding
launch and the other as the end launch.
The first directs the operation while the
second keeps the drag taut. As may
readily be imagined, it requires a good
deal of skill on the part of the government
surveyors to do this work, for there
are currents to be considered, rough
weather and high winds. Sometimes the
drag will get caught somewhat after the
manner of a boy's fish-line. It may be
loosened suddenly, or it may be necessary
to cut it in order to let the rest of
it loose.
Uncle Sam has several wire drag
parties continually patrolling the east and
One of the Buoys
Tbi >e. placed at intervals of thirty feet, hold the wiredragr
at ao even depth.
A Leaded Drag
This weight holds down the transverse wire or cable.
west coasts of the country, and particularly
the dangerous Alaskan shores.
Every once in a while you will hear of
the discovery of a new pinnacle rock and
its location is immediately recorded officially
by the U. S. Coast Survey. This
information is immediately passed in
bulletin form to mariners who are constantly
applying for the latest charts and
data relative to the sea-lanes through
which they travel. The importance of
the wire drag work cannot be overestimated,
for it is year by year freeing
ships from hidden dangers underneath
the sea.

Z42
FOR SPEED AND SAFETY
CDPYH.aMT—UrifJtfiWOOOi imOEAWOi
REPLACING THE PICK AND SPADE CORPS
This powerful tractor, now coming into use in the French army, digs up a three-foot trench with breastworks
at the rate of six feet in five minutes.
OUT OF THE ENEMY'S RANGE
The periscope finally has found a practical adaptation to infantry use; this little machine attaches to the
stock of a rifle, and enables the soldier to aim and fire without exposing any part of his body.

DUSTY
RAIN­
STORMS
and
SUNSETS
by W. C. Dumas
DUST has been for so long the
enemy of the house-wife, the
cause of municipal legislation
and the bearer of disease,
that it is seldom thought of as
being a beneficial as well as an indispensable
factor in life on the earth. This
despised substance gives us the azure
vaults of heaven, the crimson and golden
glories of sunrise and sunset, the beauty
of the summer clouds, and the rain itself.
A closer examination of the phenomena
due to dust will convince us that
it is absolutely necessary to us even in
our daily lives.
What we call dust has been formed
primarily in all cases by abrasion or friction,
be the origin vegetable, animal, volcanic,
or cosmic. It has been distributed
through several agencies. Dust of course
exists everywhere even up to enormous
heights in the air, and the minutest particles
are floating as high as twenty-five
lo thirty miles. These were carried to
such enormous heights by the atmospheric
currents which keep the particles
from settling. Volcanoes are the cause
of large quantities of this dust which fill
vast regions of atmosphere.
In one eruption of Cotopaxi, dust and
ashes to the*estimated weight of two
million tons were thrown into the air.
The vast volcanic forces completely shatter
these ejected materials into minute
particles which are carried by winds and
currents of air to enormous distances.
The eruption of Krakatoa in the Indian
Ocean filled the higher stretches of
atmosphere with immense quantities of
dust. For a long time afterwards, this
dust caused brilliant sunsets in different
parts of the world.
This atmospheric dust is of microscopic
dimensions, probably less than one
one-thousandth of a millimeter, or one
twenty-five thousandth of an inch in
average diameter. The scientist, Arrhenius.
has given us an interesting computation
in regard to this cosmic dust. He
imagines each cubic kilometer of space
out to the distance of the nearest fixed
star to contain only one hundred particles
evenly distributed. Then at this
distance, the light of the stars would be
cut off completely from our view by dust
particles!
The presence of dust up to immense
heights can be demonstrated by the use
of 'gelatine plates sent up on kites or
balloons. The exposed surfaces of these
plates catch and hold the minute particles
which afterwards can be identified by
243

244 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
When Dust Is Present
Condensation of the water vapor takes place on cooling when dust particles
are there to furnish nuclei to the saturated air.
means of microscopical examination. Of
course in such an experiment, the plates
must be protected in some suitable way
from the dust that would settle on them
in the lower strata of atmosphere. Microscopic
examination of such plates has
shown the presence of pollen-grains,
vegetable fibers, hair particles, mineral
and rock fragments, and iron both free
and in combination with sulphur.
We are in part, if not altogether, indebted
to dust for rain. Nuclei are
necessary for condensation. Now, the
dust particles at great heights are cooled
quickly by radiation, and then serve as
excellent points for condensation. The
electric charges on these dust particles
also play a part in cloud formation.
These facts can be shown very simply
by the following experiment: Take two
bell-jars or large bottles and pump the air
out of them. Then fill one with dust free
air containing water vapor, and the other
with ordinary air containing water vapor.
As has been said before, all ordinary air
contains dust. Now if both jars are
cooled suddenly, a dense white cloud will
form in the bottle containing ordinary
air, while no cloud will be formed in the
second bottle although it contains the
same water vapor. But if a little air
from the room is pumped
into the bottle in which no
cloud formed and which was
dust free, a cloud will
quickly form. This experiment
shows that nuclei of
some kind are necessary to
start condensation from
vapor saturated air.
In dew formation, dust is
not necessary because the
sharp points and edges of
leaves and grasses which
have become cooled by radiation
serve as points of condensation.
Perhaps many of us have
wondered why the sky is
blue and the sunset and sunrise
red and golden, and we
would not at first think that
these phenomena are also due to dust.
The blue color of the sky is dependent
on the dust which very high up reflects
and refracts the short blue waves of
light to us.
The influence of dust on light can be
understood from a simple experiment.
Ordinary air which contains dust is first
passed over heated platinum coils, then
washed by bubbling through water, and
dried by bubbling a second time through
strong sulphuric acid. This process gives
air free from particles. The dust freed
air is then passed into a long cylinder.
When a ray of light is passed into the
cylinder from end to end in a dark
room, the cylinder remains dark when
viewed laterally. The path of the ray is
plainly visible in the outer air just before
it enters the cylinder and just after it
leaves it. If a small amount of ordinary
air is admitted gradually to the air
within the cylinder, a slight blue haze
slowly forms which gradually deepens
into blue, and on the admission of still
more air this blue fades into a light blue
and soon becomes the color of the light
from the source of illumination.
Ordinary air contains many particles
varying in size, wdiich reflect all the rays
of light and give white light, but in pure

air there are no particles to
reflect light, so in the cylinder
there is at first a dark
space. When a little air
which has not been completely
purified is allowed to
enter, a few very small
motes of dust are introduced.
These very small
pieces reflect the blue light
waves, and then the space
within the cylinder takes on
the blue haze. On the other
hand, when a little more
ordinary air is admitted,
larger particles are added
which reflect nearly all rays,
giving white or yellow light.
When the sun is near
the horizon, either at sun­
DUSTY RAINSTORMS AND SUNSETS 245
rise or sunset, we have the beautiful
red, orange, and golden colors. We
look through dense strata of atmosphere
near the earth wdiich are filled with
the larger particles of dust. These reflect
the longer rays of light to us. Blue is
first reflected by the smaller particles,
leaving yellow; then the coarser dust
reflects green, leaving orange; then still
coarser pieces reflect orange and yellow,
leaving red. There are various combinations
of these colors, often intensified
by banks of clouds wdiich aid in the reflection
from their under surfaces.
The absence of dust from our atmosphere
might cause more serious troubles
than depriving us of the main colors
due to it. Without the minute particles
above, the sky would appear black just
IB
I
A
An Experiment in Refraction
The cvlinder A (I will glow when filled with ordinary air, containing dust particles.
hut will rema n black when containing dust-free air. B and (1 are stop-cocks. E
contains water lot washing, D holds sulphuric acid for drying the air
When There Is No Dust
Altli ..h then- is just as much moisture in the air contents of this flask as
then- is m tin llavk on the facing page, no cloud forms. This is because no
dust is present to aid condensation.
as our cylinder did when light was passed
through its dustless air. In a dustless
world, rain would seldom fall in sufficient
quantities to do plant life good.
and evaporation would be rapid, aiding
the formation of moisture-laden air and
arid tracts of land.
While dust is beneficial, its presence
may also be dangerous. Very fine dust
of any kind mixed with the right proportion
of air is explosive, and many of the
explosions in our flour mills, grain elevators,
and coal mines are due to this
cause. Sometimes the dust-laden air of
a

m
COPYRr'aMT UHCEflWOOD * UNOE
IN THE SHADOW OF BROOKLYN BRIDGE
Because of the impending foreign crises, these guards are ajways on the watch to prevent meddling.
Ready for Any Contingency
Equipped with rifles and rapid
fire guns, the Second Battalion
of the New York State naval
militia is detailed to the task of
keeping cranks and overwrought
foreign sympathizers
from damaging our traffic links.

WATCH LOCATES NEIGHBOR­
ING FARMERS
By W. F. FRENCH
B O X 41, R. F. D. 1, Bloomfield,
Colorado (all the address he
had) was wdiat farmer J. B.
l'lato wrote to eastern buyers
wdien they advised that they intended
visiting his farm to purchase certain
registered live stock. He tells of
this experience in this way:
"The week passed and no buyers appeared.
Then I got a letter—delivered
as promptly as you like. It was from the
men I had expected. They had made the
trip to Bloomfield, had asked everybody
about the town where my farm was
located and found that, except to the
postmaster, I was a total stranger. This
individual volunteered the
information that 'Plato gets
his mail through this office,
all right. Don't know where
his place is. It's out on Bill's
route somewhere. Bill's
gone for the day though, and
you'll have to wait till morning
to see him.'
"My buyers, however,
weren't the kind to wait till
morning. They took the
afternoon train back to Denver
and went on their merry
way. They put a nice little,
polite paragraph on the end
of their letter saying that
they regretted being unable
to make a deal with me, but
that 'it took time to find my
place' and they were not able
to wait.
'"That killed a mighty
profitable bargain for me—
ami if pressed I'd have to
confess that I've said some
lurid things about Box 41.
R. F. D. 1, Bloomfield.
"Naturally, that got me thinking about
rural addresses—if you can call them
that. Always having lived in the city I
could not realize how any farmer, backto-the-lander
or country estate owner
could submit to having his place lost
under an R. F. D. alias that only he and
the mail carrier could decipher. It pestered
me to desperation. So far as actual
location was concerned my address
would just as well fit on to the box of
any farm within a radius of about fifteen
miles.
"Anyhow, it got under my skin, and
set me devising new methods of numbering
farms. I didn't know anything
NOjtTM
DlVIOINO LINE BETWECN TOWNS SECTION NUMBEBS J
A Diagram of the Watch System of Rural Address
The figure twelve points north, three east, six south and nine west. The
intermediate figures correspond to the other points of the compass. The
dotted concentric circles are the miles from the center, and are represented
by the second digit ot the number. For instance the 2 of the number 52
means that the address is two miles southwest by south from the center.
247

248 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
about mapping, but I did know that if
the problem was to be solved through
mapping, as it is done by the experts,
the big map houses would have had the
answer long ago. So I realized that it
could be mastered only by the introduction
of an entirely new element of location,
one that would be applicable without
the use of a map or chart of any kind
and that would, at the same time, be
universal. What could furnish universal
location? The compass. Surely, but
even that was too indefinite, or rather
technical, for the average farmer to work
from. Besides, I wanted a key that
would be instantly available to everyone.
" 'Takes time to find your house.'
That kept running through my mind.
And, of course, every time that phrase
came to mind there appeared a mental
picture of a watch or clock—and that
was my solution. I realized it one day,
when my own watch had stopped. As I
stood scowling into its face it smiled
back my answer—the solution of my
problem. It was a key that everyone
carried, it was familiar to the smallest
child.
"Turn the figure twelve to the north
—there you have the universal key.
Twelve then points straight north, three
straight east, six straight south and nine
straight west. The other figures give the
intermediate points. For instance, one is
northeast by north, five is southeast by
south, ten is northwest by west, eleven
northwest by north, etc. Instantly I had
my basic key—the rest was easy.
"I had the directions—next thing was
to get the distances. That was simple
enough. If a man lived a mile out I
would give him number one for distance.
I would combine the figures for direction
and distance to get the man's house number,
or location number. The direction
would come first, the distance next.
Thus if a man lived four miles west of
his postoffice his number would be 94
(nine for west and four for distance).
If he lived two miles south his number
would be 62. When I struck upon this
combination I knew I need look no fur­
ther—that I had made it possible for the
American farmer to shake his R. F. D.
lottery hoodoo. So I set about without a
moment's hesitation to perfect and patent
my discovery."
Mr. Plato accomplished his work and
now holds a basic patent on the "Clock-
System" of rural address, which, with
the addition of the lettering scheme that
he later devised, will enable a man to
determine, from its rural number, the
exact location, within a few hundred
feet, of a house situated in another State,
or country for that matter. The letter
affixed in the numbering scheme divides
a mile into various parts. A to L are
used for houses in the first half-mile
and M to Z for houses in the last halfmile.
Thus 32A would mean that the
house was just two miles east, 32K
would mean it was about two and a half
miles east, 32T would mean it was about
three-cjuarters of a mile beyond the two
mile mark, and 32Z would mean it was
at the very limit of the two mile division,
or practically 33—three miles east from
the courthouse of the town.
When Mr. Plato brought his invention
before the government a Post Office official
told him that he had exactly what
the Department had been looking for for
years, and that they would be glad to
incorporate it in their system.
Of course, however, the big advantage
derived from this invention will not be
to Uncle Sam, but to the rural residents
who are given the numbers. It individualizes
their farms, summer homes,
mines or whatever they may have in the
country. For instance, when a farmer
wants to sell some stock he need only
put his rural address number (without
explaining how many turns to make,
wdiether to pass the spotted cow in the
triangle pasture or the broken reaper or
to go right on over the broken culvert)
at the bottom of his advertisement. The
prospective purchaser knows, from the
description contained in that number,
within a hundred yards of where the
farmer's house stands, and knows it
without pulling down a map, too.

OUR SUBSEA RESOURCES
THE NEW ONE-MAN SUBMARINE
This is the newj-l at anchor at Naples. California. It weighs only two tons, is 25 feet long 7>i feet deep
and 2& inches wide. Its crew' consists of just one man. It is expected to revolutionize naval warfare.
SUBMARINES WE COULD SEIZE
In ease ol war, the United States could take over these vessels, now being constructed for foreign power'
in the Boston Navy Yard.

Electric-Eyed Sea
Monsters
By ARTHUR H. FISHER
PRIOR to the sailing from England
of H. M. S. Challenger,
on her remarkable four year
cruise around the world, the
sum of human knowdedge, concerning
the mysteries of the deep, and
particularly about the deep-sea fishes,
was meagre indeed, there being only
about thirty of these species of fish
known.
As a result of the thorough scientific
investigations carried on by these several
explorations, we are now able to know
not only the fishes themselves, but also
to understand under what physical conditions
they live, and thus determine to
a considerable degree, the reasons for
their strange and weird characteristics.
Naturally, our first thought when we
consider these submarine monsters, is
the enormous pressure they must be able
to withstand, for we know that at the
From a Painting by Bade
Potyipnits Nitttinga
This fish's abdomen is covered with little "electric light
bulbs."
ISO
From a Painting by Bade
The Anomalous Palpebratus
lust below the eyes of this strange fish are light organs
that flash a strong ray.
most profound depths at which they are
taken, this pressure equals thousands of
pounds to the scmare inch. In consequence,
and in order to maintain a balance,
that they may be as solid as those
fishes existing at the surface, their tissues
are permeated with fluids, and very tender
and loosely knitted together. The
bones for the same reason, are especially
cartilaginous. When they are brought
up from the abysmal deep, and the
tremendous pressure under which they
live is removed, the exploding gases
within their bodies bulge out the eyes,
and quite often the viscera is blown out
through the mouth, while with the collapse
of the muscles, they become as soft
and flabby as moist rags.
Another condition of utmost importance,
is the dimness of light, and at the
most extreme depths, the utter darkness
of the sea. Let us imagine ourselves
being lowered into the sea. As we descend,
we see the light becoming dimmer
and dimmer, until finally a depth is
reached, where no light can penetrate,
and all the icy deep beyond is eternal

Fnrji a Painting bv Bade
The Deep Sea Angler (Gigantactis Vanhoejfeni)
r. t the end of a long slender antenna this denizen of the
depths carries a strong flashlight with which it searches
out its prey.
tlarkness. Naturally enough, all of the
fishes inhabiting this semi- or total darkness,
have been greatly modified in regard
to vision. While in some instances
the eyes have become very small, in
others they have entirely disappeared,
while again in many, the skin and scales
have grown over where naturally the
eyes should be found.
Strange to say, other species of these
ultra-submarine creatures, have been
affected by the lack of light in quite an
opposite manner, for instead of being
doomed to blindness, or very tiny eyes at
best, their organs of sight have greatly
increased in size, as if in attempt to catch
any feeble rays of light that might remain
to them. In some cases this has
been carried to such an extreme, that the
eyes have become like huge goggles.
In one shape or another, most of the
deep-sea fishes are possessed of
luminous organs, so that they
manufacture their own light, this
characteristic answering much
the same purpose as the powerful
headlight of a motor-car. In
some varieties, the whole body
glimmers, the coating of slime
that exudes from the pores and
lateral canals, emitting a soft
silvery glow. Other species have
flashing lights on the head, and
rows of luminous organs running
along the sides of the
bodies. When we think of these
wonderful creatures, moving
silently through the blackness
ELECTRIC-EYED SEA MONSTERS 251
of the secluded abysses of the deep,
we can conjure in our minds some fain
craft, sailing noiselessly through the
night, her tiny searchlight lighting her
unknown path, and her port holes aglow,
twinkling in the darkness, as she makes
for her unknown, uncharted harbor.
There are some of these fishes, the
Angler fish being a typical example, that
carry a luminous organ at the end of a
long antenna-like tentacle attached to
the head. This is waved to and fro as a
lure to attract its prey.
We are now confronted by a most pertinent
question: How do these fishes
glow and glimmer, since no human eye
has ever beheld them in their sable
homes? On those sultry nights in the
tropics, when the black clouds hang so
low that sky and sea blend in utter darkness,
and over all prevails a perfect calm.
it is then that one sees glimmering fishes,
darting out from the path of the boat,
their silvery, ghostlike forms silhouetted
for a fleeting moment against the ebon
sea.
This effect is mainly due to the oxidiz- '
ing of the slimy secretions covering their
bodies. Why therefore, shall we not
readily believe that a similar phenomenon
obtains with the deep-sea fishes, with
their highly evolved slime pores and
canals, wdiich of necessity must exude
these secretions in large quantities? As
a matter of fact, this has been plainly
oiu a Paintintr by Bade
The U-Boat of the Deep iGizantura Ckuni)
This is one of the most fiercely carnivorous of all deep sea
monsters.

252 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
A GROUP OF FISHES DREDGED FROM THE DEPTHS
These queer creatures, owned by the American Museum of Natural History, live from one hundred to two thousand feet
below sea level. They vary in appearance from long, narrow, eel-shaped creatures to those having whale-like heads.
A mixed school of these monsters appearing in New York harbor would be likely to cause as much alarm as a flotilla oi
hostile submarines.
demonstrated on many deep-sea expeditions,
where fishes have been brought to
the surface from profound depths and
placed in water. They were then seen to
flash lights from the ends of their tentacles
or the phosphorescent pores, precisely
as we could well expect from a
careful study of these organs. Major
Alcock makes mention of this strange
phenomenon in his interesting book, "A
Naturalist in Indian Seas", and relates
of a specimen brought up from a great
depth, which "glimmered like a ghost as
it lay dead at the bottom of a pail of
turbulent sea-water". There can be no
doubt that the light given off at the surface
is no measure of that produced
under normal conditions at the bottom of
the ocean. At great depths one of these
fishes undoubtedly gives off an effulgence
that makes visible to the finny
denizens a large area of the sea bottom.
This absence of sunlight has brought
about still another most important consequence.
It being a well established
fact that no vegetable life can exist under
conditions of darkness, there is to be
found, therefore, no plant life of any
form in the abysmal depths of the sea.
In consequence, all of the deep-sea fishes
are carnivorous, the more powerful
species preying upon the weaker. The
idealist who writes of the eternal beauties
of nature might well turn his attention to
some of its less gentle phases, for in this
never ceasing conflict, the "survival of
the fittest" is encountered in its most
terrible form, and deepest significance.
In these somber depths, the world is
cold and black indeed, and might rules
supreme,

DON'T THROW AWAY YOUR
WASTE PAPER!
By WALTER LEE
I F you throw away your newspapers,
magazines, wrapping paper, or
scratch paper nowadays, you are
throwing away money, and no one
should have "money to burn" in the
shape of waste paper.
The big Sunday newspaper will soon
be practically worth its weight in paper,
and when we have read it we can re-sell
it to the paper stock dealers. The ordinary
fifteen-cent magazine nowadays
costs its publishers from seven to twelve
cents a copy for paper alone. It can be
resold for from one to two and one-half
cents as waste paper when read.
Why is this? Yes, the war. Our paper
wood pulp comes from Canada, and the
liritish Government during the course
of the war has prevented its exportation,
thus sending nur domestic market
sky high.
I hit if we want to sell our waste paper
tn paper stock dealers we can't simply
throw it in a hunch and have a dealer
call for it. It must he graded into three
classes.
First, mixed paper—This includes anything
made of paper, pasteboard l«i\t'\
strawboards. and so forth. The only
requirement is that they be kept absolutely
free from dirt, strings, and foreign
matter, so that the buyer has as
little cleaning as possible to do.
Second. newspapers—This simply
means the old newspapers of every
kind, folded and kept in good condition
and baled, if you have access to a baler.
11 not baled or folded well, these take
up much space in proportion to weight.
Third, magazines or white book—This
includes high grade book paper, either
in magazines, circulars or book form. In
case you are baling this grade, do not
fail in tear off pasteboard hack or other
portions of cheap paper. This cardboard
back will, of course, go into your mixed
paper. This magazine or white book
stock is the most valuable kind.
Do not throw excelsior strings or rubbish
into your paper as it will ruin its
sale, without adding a great deal to the
weight, even if undetected.
In every city of any size there are
paper stock dealers, or paper mills.
When you have a quantity of paper to
sell, it is well to write for the prices you
will receive for the paper from either
the paper mill, or the paper stock dealer.
It is better to negotiate through a paper
stock dealer if possible, because the stock
dealer makes it a business to grade and
prepare the paper for the mill.
Selling your waste paper to the ordinary
alley brand of junk dealer is not
a very profitable proposition, usually.
Although the man may be perfectly
honest, he is working for just as large
a profit as he can secure, and it is unpleasant
to haggle over the small price
that he will pay. His ordinary rate is
usually from one-half to one cent a
pound, depending upon the grade; he in
turn sells this at from two to three times
the amount he paid.
Then, of course, the chances are all
against his scales giving correct weight
—and it is a matter of absolute certainty
that they do not overweigh. The amateur
paper seller is all too likely to find.
if he deals with this sort of man. that
he is selling two hundred pounds of
super-calendered paper magazines for
some ridiculous sum such as twenty-five
cents.
It is far more profitable to go direct
to the paper stock dealer. From him you
will get the same amount he would pay
the junk dealer.
253

CARELESSNESS—AND YOUR
TIRES
By ALBERT MARPLF
T H E average motorist is not a
millionaire and for this reason
the tire question is very important.
The majority of
folks haven't time nor money
to spare to be buying and repairing casings
all the time, and for this reason it
will be found to be a wise move for the
car owner to give a little thought and
study to the few rules which govern the
care and repair of the modern automobile
tire casing.
Overloading and under-inflation of
tires are short cuts to trouble. These
have about the same effect on the casing.
Symptoms consist of wavy condition of
the tread, rim cut, and a host of other
Watch for Rim-Cuttinjc of the Fabric; Your Carefulness
Will Save You Many Tires
154
"high sign s".
Keep the pressure
of the tire
at the mark set
by the manufacturer—he
ought
to know. Use a
tire gage—it is
cheaper than a
new c a s i n g—
don't kick the
tire and say,
"Oh. that's tight
enough!" The
rim-cut tire is
an easy victim
to blow-outs,
then too, do not
over-inflate. A
This Stone-Bruise — Shown
on the Right Side of theTire
—Is Invisible from the Outside,
but Is the First Symptom
of a Blow-out, Nevertheless
tire carrying too much air is liable
to stone-bruise if it connects sharply
with the boulder or the curb. Stonebruises
cut the fabric, but not the
tread, so that, not being seen from the
outside, they are often overlooked and
nearly always result in blow-outs. Faulty
alignment of the wheels should also be
guarded against. Running a tire out of
true alignment may ruin it in as little
as 50 miles—ordinarily it takes longer,
but ruin it, it is bound to do. Misalignment
may result from a bent axle or
steering knuckle, or improper adjustment
of the steering apparatus. Running
against a curb at an angle is sometimes
sufficient to knock the wheels out of line.
Remedy: have the wheels put in line by
an expert at a reliable garage.
Another source of trouble is running in
ruts and car tracks as well as running
the tires against the sides of curbs. The
result of this is the wearing of the rubber
from the sides of the tires, thereby
exposing the fabric to its many enemies

CARELESSNESS—AND YOUR TIRES 255
:V.
This Sort of Wear Is Caused by the Tires Being
Out of Alignment
and inviting blow-outs. Unnecessary
skidding is another way of adding to the
tire costs. Taking the corners too fast,
and viciously engaging the brakes cause
skidding. This may be all right for the
rich man, but the poor man can't afford
it. It tears the tread away in strips.
Repair all cuts in casings, even to
puncture holes. The open hole permits
tlirt, moisture, ami air to get a chance at
the fabric, this latter resulting very often
in blow-outs. When discovered, the hole
should be cleaned thoroughly with gasoline
and plugged with one of the various
plastic compositions that are being made
for this purpose.
Don't use a straight-sided tire on a
clincher rim, or vice versa. This practice
always results disastrously. The
beads on tlie casing are so different that
no one should mistake one for the other.
The ordinary motorist has a perpetual
grouch against tire companies because
they refuse to sell him racing tires. One
naturally believes that a tire that will
"stand up" under a grind of 500 miles
at tremendous speed must of necessity
be a good road tire for him, but such is
not the case. Racing tires are made hard
and brittle by over-vulcanizing, and cannot
stand the roughness of touring. The
motorist can see just what this kind of
tire would mean to him by running his
car a hundred miles on sandy roads some
summer day, when the temperature is
one hundred in the shade. His tires will
over-vulcanize with this treatment, and
their life will be less than half normal.
Remember that rubber has a few natural
enemies, such as sunlight, oil, air, and
water. Sunlight relieves rubber of its
life—its enduring qualities; therefore it
should be kept out of the sunlight as
much as possible. The "spare" should
be carried within a tire cover. Oil and
grease soften rubber, and for this reason
the tire should be thoroughly washed once
in a while with soap and water.
The following of these simple suggest
i o n s is no
more than
applying the
"golden rule"
to the tire.
If the motorist
will keep
his tire as he
should, the
casing will
give him
good mileage.
If all of these
rules are
broken the
owner should
not begin to
howl "defective"
when a
b 1 o w- o u t,
which he has
been inviting
by his actions, Just a Little Bit of Patching
occurs.
Would Hav * Sai : e £ T his Cas "
ing. a Week Earlier

RACING FOR A WEEK
T H E six-day bicycle racer is
probably the best life insurance
risk extant. In spite of
the fact that he undergoes the
most terrific physical strains
which have ever been devised for sports,
not one of them has ever died, although
six-day racing has been an annual entertainment
for twenty-four years. Insurance
rates show that of the hundred odd
men who have partaken steadily of this
form of exercise eighteen
should now be
dead.
A six-day race comprises
this: teams of
two men each ride
twenty-two pound bicycles
continuously for
day for one man during the New York
race in December, 1916, was: two dozen
soft boiled eggs, six undercut tenderloin
steaks, fifty slices of buttered toast, ten
cups of hot meat broth, thirty side dishes
of fresh vegetables including spinach,
string beans, potatoes and peas, ten
quarts of milk, a little beer and ale, cigarettes
and sweetmeats. A rider gains
from three to four pounds during the
race and is able to make just as much
speed on the sixth night as on the first,
according to
s t a t i sties.
The average
distance
covered
every hour
is over nine-
SIX-DAY RACING IS FAR FROM A DEADLY GRIND
144 hours around a board track in an enclosure,
spelling each other in such a way
that each takes shifts of from fifteen minutes
to four hours. Each man spends a
large proportion of his time off the track
in eating ten meals every twenty-four
hours and snatching sleep for the remaining
time off watch. The dietary for one
256
teen miles. Each rider demolishes about
five tires during the six days of his
strenuous work.
The riders live in a colony at Valesburg,
a suburb of Newark, New Jersey,
where they race twice a week for the six
summer months, drawing larger crowds
than professional baseball.

^^^iail^inps
NEW TIRE CARRIER
TTHIS tire carrier eliminates all straps,
lugs and nuts, and uses nothing but
a lever to operate it.
The attachable set is adapted for cars
that are provided with a fellow-band for
the purpose of carrying one tire only.
This set can be attached to the fellowband
by means of three bolts. The nuts
This Tire Carrier Is Operated by a Single Lever
Only, and Holds the Tire Firmly
being counter sunk when drawn up tight,
the end of the bolt is riveted into the
counter sunk portion of nut, making it
absolutely safe. In placing tires on or
off of the tire carrier the only operation
necessary after unlocking the padlock is
to pull down the lever, wdiich raises the
shoe at the bottom, permitting the tires
to be taken off. When placed on the
carrier, throw the lever in position, which
clamps the shoe at the bottom on to the
rim of the tires. Placing a padlock in
the lever ami right bracket prevents any
one from releasing the lever. It is impossible
for the lever to open through
any jar on the road, as when closed the
expanding bar is thrown slightly beyond
the center.
The standard set is adapted for cars
not provided with a fellow-band and
takes the place of the usual carrier using
clips and straps. The operation of this
is the same as the attaching set, and this
also applies to the heavy type of carrier.
J*
SHUTTERS FOR AUTO RADIA­
TORS
T" 1 11E shutter is in style on one type of
car now, in place of the curtain.
When you want to regulate the air current
and heat in the motor, don't get out
and pull down the radiator cover. Stay
in the car, and push a button. This
closes or opens the shutter to any width
desired.
The shutter operates just exactly as a
window shutter, and prevents air from
flowing through the radiator cells, so
that the engine may be warmed quicker
and may be kept warm after stopping.
This new shutter costs $15.00. A
motometer from wdiich to regulate the
shutter is obtainable with it.
"Blanket It" in Winter
257

258 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
AUTOMATIC GATE FOR
AUTOISTS
JNVENTORS are constantly at work to
develop further comforts and conveniences
for mankind generally, and a
large proportion of these inventions are
directed toward the abolishment of sun-
is Gate Swings Open as the Car Approaches
dry inconveniences suffered by those
owning and driving motor cars. One of
•the latest efforts has for its result the
perfection of a gate which can be opened
and closed by the driver of a car without
his having to alight from the car. The
weight of the car on the barrier extension
on either side of the gate makes
the action of the gate automatic.
Another feature of this gate is that it
can be raised as much as eighteen
inches, a pin inserted in the brace bar
holding it in place.
PAPIER-MACHE LAMP
DIMMERS
Y O U R law-defying glaring automobile
lights may now be dimmed quickly
by an inexpensive attachment for the
lamps.
A special composition of papier-mache
Papier-Mache Discs Attach to the Lower Halves
of the Lamps
can be applied on the lower half or removed,
in a few seconds. These discs
mellow all upward rays and give intensity
to the reflected downward rays.
J*
CARRY YOUR OWN ROAD
V7/1TH the rapidly increasing number
of automobiles, and the ever-widening
radius of touring, attachments and
devices are constantly being evolved to
safeguard the motorist, and insure
against inconveniences and delays en
tour.
One of the greatest bugaboos to touring,
and one calculated to take the "joy
out of life" is being stuck in the mud.
And, unless one has provided for this
contingency, he may find himself gathering
sticks, brush, and wood, or fence
rails, trying to find some material to
This Device Provides Traction in That Mud Hole
which the rear tires will cling, and the
car go forward under its own power.
A device known as the "Little Giant
Causeway" makes it possible for the
motorist to lay his own road when confronted
with the above situation. Being
a series of raised steel strips, joined
together, and flexible, it will accommodate
itself to uneven surfaces and stick,
so that the car wdieels will take a grip,
and the car go forward under its own
power.
It can be carried in the car, rolled up
and used as a foot rest, or under the running
board, where a couple of bolts will
hold it ready for immediate use.
This device should prove especially
useful for trucks, eliminating the neces-

sity of unloading before they can get
under way after being stalled in some
hole.
NOVELTY IN DEFLECTORS
C 1 VERY car driver knows that glaring
lights on the other fellow's car are a
dangerous nuisance, and on his own car
a daily invitation to arrest.
Of the many devices introduced to
overcome this drawback to satisfactory
night driving, one with a projecting
horn-shaped shield is decidedly different.
The shield intercepts the upward rays
and deflects them downward upon the
roadway, just where the light is wanted.
The roadway is illuminated not only
ahead of the car, but directly in front.
A touch of novelty is added by a green
I W ~~^' ' L- • • < S
jewel in the right deflector and a red
jewel in the left.
"HELPING HENRY" HELPS
THE FARMER
« LJ ELPING HENRY" is a most promising
ally of the man who runs an
up-to-date farm, for he links up the
Ford, Overland, or other motor car engine
to the various machines about the
place. "Helping Henry", in brief, is a
frame which is run under the rear wheels
en an automobile, jacks up the car, takes
off power from the wheels and delivers
it by means of a pulley and belt wherever
desired.
The contact by which power is taken
is made by pressing two large drive
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 25S
This Device Transforms a Small Car into a Useful
Power Plant for the Farm
wheels against the automobile tires, and
the force of friction is relied upon to
drive the "Helping Henry" mechanism.
In order to insure that this force is
effective, the device not only jacks up
the car, but causes it to settle back somewhat,
so that the rear tires rest firmly
against the driving wheels of the device.
The device has the further advantage
that it can be strapped to the runningboard
and taken to a neighbor's or into
the field—anywhere, in fact, that the car
can go, where machinery is ran.

260 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
"good road" system for that vicinity.
Road signs giving sketches of the country
as this one does are great improvements
over the usual type.
J*
EFFICIENT AUTO CLEANER
A CCESSORY shops are crowded with
all sorts of automobile cleaners,
polishers, dressings, and patent cleaning
cloths. But most of these are as powders
and cold creams to the face. There are
lots of times wdien nothing would be as
satisfying in the way of cleaning a car as
getting at it with a brush.
One of the best garage helps on the
A Good Help in Currying Your Tin Lizzie
market is a brush attached to a hose.
With the use of the brush, plenty of
water can be applied, but only where it
is needed. For washing the wheels, and
other inaccessible parts the brush is especially
valuable. This style brush can be
bought already attached to a hose or by
itself, with an attachment to be applied
to any hose.
A SAVING IN OIL
A LOT of money has been put into
devices for saving oil, and a lot
of literature has been put out on ways
of saving it, after it has been applied to
the automobile, but let us go back a little
This Holder Will Save Its Cost in Two Months
further into the garage, and figure how
much oil is wasted by spilling an awkward
can of oil around the garage, and
how dirty the garage looks afterward.
An oil can tipper and holder is only a
little thing, and very inexpensive, but
will give a great deal of satisfaction in
a practical way as well as an esthetic
way, to the man who likes to save on oil.
jt
GLOVE FINGERS AS VALVE
CAPS
N English motorist tells us that he
A once used a finger from a worn out
glove to prevent the leaking of a valve
in one of his tires, when he was caught
out on the road without any extra cores.
The valve, he says, was leaking so badly
that it would exhaust the tire in less than
ten minutes. Necessity being the mother
of invention, this man
took an old glove
finger, and after packing
it with clay from
the roadside, tied it
securely around the
stem of the leaking
valve, which effectually
sealed the leak,
until he got home,
and for several days
thereafter.
In a Pinch, an Old Glove
Finger Will Stop the Leak

The same motorist also tells of a time
when he wanted to light his gas headlights
and found that the generator had
mysteriously disappeared. As he had to
have light and his lamps would burn
nothing but gas, he was obliged to make
the gas in some way or other. So he
procured two tin cans, one with a top
and a bottom, and the other with only
a bottom. In the one with both top and
bottom, he made a very small hole, and
in the side of the other, he put a piece
of threaded pipe, fastened by two nuts,
one on either side of the metal. To this
pipe he attached the hose that fed gas to
the headlights. Then, filling the latter
can with carbide, and the other with
water, he fastened them together, one
above the other, with rubber bands, so
the water would leak out of the top one
upon the carbide in the lower one. The
nature of the calcium carbide and the
water did the rest, and he went on his
way rejoicing.
ANOTHER QUESTION
ANSWERED
M C H A L L we take the limousine, or the
tow near'" That is a question often
asked, in the home of the man who is
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 261
fortunate enough to have a sample of
each kind of those two city cars. This
article will not be of any interest to that
man. But there are men who can afford
to have a limousine, or a town car, but
not both of them. Those men can now
have their choice of either at a moment's
notice.
For the designers of automobile
bodies, in their effort to produce something
that is new, and at the same time,
something that will appeal to the greatest
number of people, have now brought
forth the limousine that can be converted
into a town car in two minutes, or a
town car that can be made into a perfectappearing
limousine in the same length
of time.
There is a break in the roof of the
limousine, just where it covers the partition
between the driver's part and the
passenger's part of the car. This break
is practically invisible, and the car is just
the same in appearance, as any other
limousine. When it is desired to use it
as a town car, the roof over the driver's
part of the car can be removed at the
break and at the place where it joins the
windshield, in less time than it takes to
put up a side curtain. There are two
patent catches at the rear end and two
others at the front end, so all the man
has to do, is lift the roof off, when he
has unlocked the four catches, and set it
away until the limousine is called for.
The Adjustable Limousine—Town Car

263
BTC^IKK
MATCH BOR
Even in electrically lighted
homes the luminous match box
would be a great convenience.
Some of our mad efforts to
locate a match quickly, knocking
over furniture, breaking
dishes, and running into open
doors, would be quite unnecessary
with this match box giving
its permanent and "costless"
light.
_X
mmmmm^tmBrmzmw^m^fm^
That there is nothing new
under the sun might be true
in a sense, but here is something
that is really new when
the sun has gone down. A
Chicago corporation has succeeded
in making, by some
mysterious process, some of
our most useful articles fully
as useful at night as they are
in the daytime. We can see
the time at night without
striking matches or turning
on the electricity, we can
find the pull-chain or switch
to our electric light without
groping around in a circle,
and even the match box itself
shines out with an intense
luminosity, and the darker it
is, the better one can see the
articles.
There is a small luminous bulb to attach to the pull
chain, if the electric lights are turned on that way.
The little bulb is permanently luminous, and like the
switch plate does not run up a meter for its permanent
light, because it charges itself in the daytime with
natural light.
•zmyBt
This is a white plate made in
standard size to fit any pushbutton
switch plate and is
simply screwed on in place of
the old switch plate. One can
go directly to it and turn on the
room lights without any delay
or groping annoyance, and the
saving in soiled walls is also
considerable.
'••••
I
fit
I
I

FINANCING YOUR
FAMILY'S
FUTURE
by Frank Mason
T l IE following letter was received
recently by the financial
editor of a large metropolitan
daily:
"I am twenty-six years of
age and have just become a father for the
second time. I have a few dollars in the
bank and have thought of investing, but
am not quite satisfied as to the best investment
medium. I feel that there must
be some best way of planning my family's
financial future, and would like your
advice on the subject."
Just how the financial editor answered
this significant letter of inquiry, we do
not know. The importance of the reference
lies in the fact that the situation is
typical; that nearly every married man,
regardless of his business experience, or
of his income, would like to have as much
light as possible thrown upon this subject.
First in importance comes a man's
real capital, what might be called his
personal capital—that is, himself. It is
obviously of prime importance that this
basic capital be safeguarded. Most prudent
men do so safeguard it by life insurance.
The advantages of life insurance
are too well-known to need repetition
here. As to whether a man will take out
"straight life", twenty payment life, or
endowment insurance depends upon his
bent of mind. Some want "protection"
only, others protection plus investment.
The reasonable thing, of course, is to
take out that kind of insurance which
will make the least drain upon a man's
income, and wdiich will give him certain
protection—in other words, "straight
life" insurance.
Any honest insurance agent who understands
his business can explain the
advantages of this type of insurance over
any other kind of life insurance. Unless
a man is of a spendthrift disposition,
endowment insurance will prove to be the
less satisfactory investment. Its one advantage
is that it compels even the most
careless to save against his will.
There is a very important factor most
men forget in taking out insurance. Few
men drop dead suddenly. Death, even
where it results from some untoward
accident, is preceded frequently by a
period of helplessness at home or in the
hospital. Most men are sick more than
once during a lifetime. When a man is
sick his earning capacity obviously ends.
?&5

264 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
and unless he has an unusually generous
employer, he is likely to find himself in
severe financial straits. Life insurance,
therefore, is not sufficient. Every married
man ought to carry both health and
accident insurance. Taking out such insurance
is a necessary step in financing
one's family's future.
There remain three factors : Provision
for the children's education; a home for
the future; an income in one's declining
years.
Up to high school age, most parents
are able, somehow or other, to keep their
children in books, clothes, and other
necessaries. After the grammar school
days are ended, however, expenses increase.
First of all there is the additional
cost for clothes. The high school
child if not a snob, is at any rate "more
particular" in his dress: doubly so in the
case of a girl. Nor is this a thing that
properly can be disregarded. Where a
boy or girl is not dressed as well as his
or her companions he or she is thereby
unduly humiliated. Humiliation of this
sort is not good for the spirit.
Again, books are more expensive than
in the grammar school. Frequently there
are laboratory fees. Also there often is
street car fare, for high schools are not
always as near home as the grammar
school. Lunches frequently must be provided
for. About this time, too, children
insist upon a certain amount of social
life. This means the expense of little
outings. Then also there is the expense
incidental to buying baseball, football,
gymnasium suits and other athletic fittings.
The normal, healthy boy or girl
in the 'teens today is a very live, a very
complex and a rather expensive animal.
Then after high school there is the
possibility of college. Even on a basis
of moderate expenses it probably costs
today twenty-five hundred dollars to put
a boy or girl through college. The average
at Yale is over four thousand dollars
a student for the four years.
The average parent in all probability
looks at the situation in about this way.
"John or Kate is still very young. There
is plenty of time to consider arrangements
for the child's education. When
college time arrives, if I can afford it,.
the child shall go. I hope to be fairly
prosperous by that time."
This, however, is the wrong way to
look at the matter. Educating one's children
is as much a duty as feeding or
dressing them. Lack of education admittedly
is a handicap. If the parent
cannot afford to provide an education
there is a strong likelihood that the child
will never be able to provide it himself.
It is true, that there is a large percentage
of young men and young women who
are working their way through college.
If this work can be done under favorable
conditions before college, or during vacation,
perhaps working one's way through
does not put the young man or woman
at a very great disadvantage. Working
one's way through and carrying on
studies at the same time, however, in
most cas°s, is a severe handicap.
"EDUCATING THE CHILDREN IS AS MUCH A DUTY AS DRESSING AND FEEDING THEM"

FINANCING YOUR FAMILY'S FUTURE 265
Normally, a child enters
college today at the
age of eighteen years.
That means that at that
age you will be called
upon to pay out six or
seven hundred dollars,
and an equal amount for
each of the three years
that follow. Say, for
convenience of computation,
the time at which
you would require
twenty-five hundred or
three thousand dollars
would be when the child
is twenty years old.
From five to seven
dollars a month, placed
at the credit of the child
from the time it is a day
old will give something
like the required amount
at the end of twenty
years. If instead of permitting
the money to
remain in the savings
bank, it is judiciously invested
in bonds paying five per cent, you
will have accumulated the necessary
amount at the time it is needed.
Now how about a permanent home?
In considering his family's financial
future, every man always has in some
recess of his mind an idea for a house
of his own. In time of financial stress,
or in his old age, he wants a place to
shelter him; where the rent collector
cannot intrude. Some hope to do a
double turn in one stroke—to make an
investment, as well as to provide a secure
harbor in stormy weather. Land or
house bought in this fashion should,
how r ever, never be regarded as an investment.
The value of a certain bit of
property depends in large measure
upon economic conditions and upon the
whims of the neighbors. A house that
is worth twenty thousand dollars when
built, may be worth but half that sum
ten years later. Stores or factories or
apartment buildings next door may have
A Mao's Personal Capital Is Himself
ruined the original house
so that it can neither be
sold nor rented at a
profit—even though it
has been maintained in
perfect condition. The
rapid change in real
properties in such cities
as Cleveland, Omaha,
Denver, Chicago, San
Francisco, and even the
more staid communities
of the East attests to the
truth of this statement.
Not infrequently a house
that cost ten thousand
dollars to build and that
should rent for sixty
dollars a month cannot
find a buyer at anything
more than salvage
value; or a renter for
much more than enough
to pay the taxes.
However, in spite of
all this, many persons
wish to own a home. It
gives them a sense of
comfortable security. Again, conditions
may change so that the value of the
property is greatly enhanced. In many
cases it encourages cheerful saving
where such saving might otherwise seem
irksome.
If it be decided then that the ownership
of a house is advisable or desirable
one should go to a building or loan association
or to an individual who is interested
in developing new building sections.
For from fifteen hundred to three
thousand dollars you should be able to
get a piece of land fifty by seventy-five
feet or larger. If you have in mind the
idea of plenty of open space and plenty
of fresh air for the children and a vegetable
garden or chicken yard, you may
want as much land as an acre. In any
event, you will doubtless wash to select
a location readily accessible where the
comforts of plumbing and gas or electric
lighting are available and where the

266 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
neighbors are of the kind you consider
congenial.
As has been stated, the price of the
land on which you would like to build
will vary considerably, according to the
part of the country or quarter of the
community you may select. Suppose,
however, that you feel you could spend
altogether about eight thousand dollars
(in the course of a number
of years) for a home.
Five thousand dollars
will probably satisfy
your longing and that of your wife and
children for a well-built, roomy, comfortable
place of abode.
Brick or concrete is desirable, though
doubtless you will find wood the cheapest.
That is, however, a matter of detail.
With what you want clearly in mind
your next step is to go to your real
estate man or real estate company. You
will find, in all probability, that by paying
cash one-tenth the value of the
house and land, you can have built and
obtain possession of your house. Also
that you will have the privilege of paying
for the same within the course of perhaps
ten or fifteen years by giving two
mortgages, one for five, the other for the
longer period. You will be asked to pay
from six to eight per cent interest.
And what will then be the total cost
of the property? Well, it has been
roughly estimated that in purchasing
property on such terms as this you pay
"Every Man Has in Some Corner of
His Brain an Idea for a Home of His
Own"
during the period of purchase
about one and a half times the
rent you would have been likely
to pay in that period for similar
accommodations. Thus, many
real estate agents to the contrary,
it is not cheaper to purchase than
to pay rent. Even after your place is
paid for, repairs and taxes will probably
eat up twenty-five dollars or thereabouts
a month—probably more. No, a home
today is not exactly an investment. But
the process of buying it, however, is frequently
stimulating, and ownership has
other advantages, too.
Suppose, even after we have made
provision against your death, sickness, or
accident, provision for the education of
the children, for the purchase of a home,

you still had a surplus to
spare that you could put
in the savings bank. Or
suppose you decide to accumulate
a capital and
forego a home; or even
without a home or bank
savings, you should wish
to invest your children's
education fund to the best
advantage.
It is the common consensus
of opinion that
all things considered,
bonds make the best form
of investment. A farm
mortgage has its disadvantages.
For one thing,
frequently it is difficult to
FINANCING YOUR FAMILY'S FUTURE 267
obtain ready money upon
it when wanted.
Of course all bonds are
not equally good, some being less remunerative,
but safer than others. A type of
bond that requires careful attention is that
upon a flat, office, or factory building.
Suppose for example, that an office building
is bonded for sixty thousand dollars.
This may be an exaggerated valuation, as
the building may be worth but fifty thousand—or
ten thousand dollars less than
the bonds. Or suppose there is no inflation
of values and the building burns. It
is frequently difficult to recover in insurance
the full valuation of the building.
Or again the building may not rent and
may be sold at a greatly reduced figure
at a forced sale. You see how you run
here a fair chance of losing perhaps
seventy-five cents or more on the dollar
invested.
If the investor is wise, he will select
bonds issued by an old town located in a
well-settled and prosperous farming
community. Such a town always is safe.
Trade always will be carried on here,
for the farmers will use this as a business
center. And where trade is carried on
prosperous business men always will be
found to pay interest, in the form of
(axes, on bonds.
Where people in an old community
"Will Your Bank Balance, Invested Regularly, Mount Large Enough to
Care for Your Declining Years?"
are dependent upon a gas plant or electricity
or street car service, bonds issued
by any such corporations generally are
good. There will, in all probability,
always be a demand, an increasing demand
for the public service. Bonds of
such a concern usually pay from five to
five and one half per cent, and may be
considered as containing a minimum of
risk to the investor.
If then you can provide your family
with surety against want in case of your
death or disability, have made provision
for your children's education, have carefully
invested any surplus that may remain,
and are in possession of a home
wdiere you may retire from the world
and for wdiich, until it crumbles over
your head, you pay nothing except taxes
—repairs are not always imperative, except
to keep up appearances and value—
you have made a most excellent provision
for your family's future. In fact, if you
show such care and foresight in all these
important matters of life, the chances are
that—barring any unforeseen calamity—
you will so thrive and prosper in your
business that your family will have no
need of the safeguards you have reared
about it.

OLD-FASHIONED WHITE
BREAD AS A FOOD
H A S any person ever cornered
you, begged and implored
you not to eat white bread ?
Has any member of the
family forsaken it with scorn
and insisted on being fed altogether on
whole wheat bread, bran bread, or some
new fangled kind of "health bread"?
You yourself may like white bread, in
fact, you don't feel that a meal is complete
without it but your friends who
"read up" on carbohydrates, protein,
and the other food elements say that
you shouldn't eat it.
If you like it then, by all means eat it
in peace, and remain in peace for it will
not kill you.
A while ago a New York paper printed
a sensational article called "Don't Give
Him White Bread", and gave the following
table, to show the relative food
values of the several articles named:
Barley bread
83.3
Whole wheat
...81.7
White
.. 54.9
Rye
... 57.2
Swedish speise bread. . 87.0
Zweiback
. ..85.2
Macaroni
.. .86.9
Corn
...80.0
At this rate, white bread would be the
least beneficial of them all, and Swedish
speise bread the most nourishing. Now
for war times, Swedish speise bread and
zweiback are fine, because they do not
contain water. When we buy white
bread we buy 35 to 45% of water, but
then white bread with its water is not as
expensive as speise bread and zweiback,
and it would be dry and harsh to us
without water.
One woman, when asked if she
planned her meals with reference to the
right proportions, that is, a certain
amount of carbohydrate,—starch and
?6S
sugar, a certain amount of fat—butter
or cream, and bacon, a certain amount of
protein—meat, eggs, fish, vegetables, a
certain amount of salts—soups, lettuce,
salads, etc., said "My land, No! My
husband said if I fed him those things
he'd leave home." Here was friend husband's
menu for one dinner—
Fried oysters
Mashed potatoes
Lima beans
Cottage cheese
Corn starch pudding—
all perfectly good things in the right
place. Well, the man was sick a few
times every month, and devoured oranges
at a great rate at each attack. The carbohydrates
seemed to prove too much for
him without acids, salts in fresh vegetables,
and fresh lettuce to balance.
It is perfectly true that whole wheat
bread, bran bread, Swedish speise bread
contain ten per cent more of the above
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins than
white bread contains, but they also contain
a larger proportion of crude fiber.
The fiber portion of these flours are of
little value as food, and so much of the
protein and carbohydrate is so incorporated
in the woody fiber that it is not
digested, nor made available for use of
the body. While only ninety per cent of
the dry matter of wheat meal—that is,
meal used to make whole wheat bread
and speise bread—is digestible and nourishing
to the body, nearly the whole of
the dry matter of wheat flour, used for
white bread, is available for the use of
the body.
This is true not only of the white flour
of wheat, but also the white flour of rye,
corn, barley, oats, etc. Moreover, the
coarse woody fiber of bran and brown
breads produces a mechanical irritation
of the intestines, which makes it less
valuable as an extensive article of food.

HINTS IFOR
••
ELECTRICITY AND VANITY
A S far as the average woman is concerned,
electricity could not be applied
in a more pleasing way than in this
combination mirror and electric light.
By throwing a strong light on the ob-
' ject to be reflected the mirror
does its best work. Possibly
it will be an aid to a few of
the gentler sex when they
wish to add just a "touch of
rouge". As a shaving' mirror,
also, it is ideal.
The light is obtained from
a self-contained dry cell bat- //
terv. and the frame can be
made of ivory, white, pink, or
blue finish.
S
PREVENTS STEALING
CURRENT
A SIMPLE interrupter, placed in an
electric eircuit. will prevent the use
PEOPLE
of current for lighting purposes and allow
it to be used only for heating or
power. The little invention breaks the
circuit for two seconds, at intervals of
every twenty seconds, by means of clockwork.
Power appliances or heating units
will continue to run during the brief time
that the current is shut off, but lights will
go out completely for the length of time
no energy is supplied. Lights which
were placed on such a line would be intolerable
but units for which it was intended
would be efficient. Current sold
at a cheaper rate for heat and power,
could not be used for lighting, against
the wishes of the company furnishing the
energy, when this device is used.
BOILING WITHOUT WATER
U" GGS may now be boiled and the
baby's milk heated without putting
either the eggs or the bottle directly into
the water. A new electric cooker makes
this possible. The electric current is
passed directly through the water and
only a very limited quantity of the liquid
is required. To boil a couple of eggs
for breakfast a spoonful of water is
ample. The process is consequently rapid
Because of the Fact That a Spoonful of Water Is All
That Is Required, Boiling Takes Place Almost In
stantly
269

270 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
and requires an astonishingly small quan
tity of current.
The device
consists of a
heater containing
a porcelain
dish with a
cover. Carbon
electrodes prevent
the form
a t i o n of
metallic salts.
The water
from the steam
on condensing
is gathered and
held in a
groove where
the top fits on
the porcelain.
A metal plate
The Step-Savin
Clothes Bar
over the porcelain is the holder for
whatever is to be cooked or heated in the
device.
Jl
TO ATTRACT BUYERS
I7ROM the street it seems like the
searchlight of a miniature lighthouse,
casting its curious eye
across the sidewalk. It
can be seen from a long
distance up the street,
and it attracts the attention
of every passerby.
It is the new oscillating
lamp for store windows.
The device is made by
attaching a small incandescent
lamp to an
oscillating electric fan.
A separate electric circuit
is attached to the
lamp, and the fan blades
removed. This makes
the movement of the
light much more i apid
than that of the swinging
fan. The construction
of the little machine
is a short job for
anyone handy with tools.
W %Te h d s £ T 0 a t c £e n
UMBRELLA
CLOTHES BAR
A NEW form
of drier
that is useful in
the laundry,
kitchen, or
nursery has a
number of arms
that r a d i a t e
from a common
center like the
ribs of an umbrella.
These
arms revolve
about the center
so that all may
be filled without
taking a step.
The arms opera
t e independently
of each other: each is made of
one piece of wood so that there are no
parts to come off. Each arm is two feet
in length; the driers are made in different
sizes with eight, twelve, or sixteen
arms.
e Is Not in Use It
Evidence
INVISIBLE SEW­
ING MACHINE
HE sewing machine
T is not a thing of
beauty at best. Neither
is it the best tonic in the
world for aching backs
and general muscular
pains, when it comes to
operating one. It takes
up as much room as
some really beautiful
and useful article of
furniture which we
would rather have in its
place.
There is a new sewing
machine on the market
wdiich is a real sewing
machine, standard make
and up-to-date in all its
accessories, which takes
up about one-twentieth

of the old machine's space, which works
by a tiny foot motor, and which can be
put up on the shelf when not in use. Its
electric motor is mounted permanently
on the machine head, and the cost of the
machine, motor and all, is less than that
of the ordinary high-class sewing machine
with its cumbersome cabinet. The
machine in its carrying cover is no
heavier than a suit case, and it can be
brought down and used on the diningroom
table, the window sill, and it can
even be tried on the piano. Any electriclight
socket will furnish the power.
Jt
CREAM SEPARATOR FOR
THE HOME
•"PHE average family uses the cream
from the top of the bottle of milk.
It is a difficult matter to pour the cream
from the top of the bottle satisfactorily,
as with it comes a large portion of the
milk.
A little device, which is designed to
separate thoroughly the cream from the
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 271
milk, is now on the market. The price is
but thirty cents for use in pint bottles,
and fifty cents for the quart size.
This device consists of a wire attached
to a rubber disc. The disc is a little less
in circumference than that of the inside
of the bottle at the bottom, and a little
larger than the circumference of the bottle
at the arch. The disc is inserted in
the neck of the bottle, folded, and gently
lowered until it reaches a level where it
the arch of the bottle, coming between
the cream and the milk. The cream then
is poured off readily.
LAWN CLOTHES PIN
THE sketch shows a simple clothes pin
recently devised for preventing the
Held Down Like This, Cloths Cannot Blow Away
blowing away of linens spread on the
lawn to bleach. It is made from a fiveinch
length of heavy wire. In use it is
pressed firmly into the sod.
NOVEL GARBAGE COLLECTOR
W/1LLIAM M. WALSH, highway
commissioner at Grand Rapids,
Michigan, employs a unique device, on
which he holds patents, in connection
spreads. Q It then is raised till it reaches
with his garbage collection system.
To any ordinary dump wagon a movable
crane is attached, mounted with bolts
and bars just behind the seat. A handle
controls the mechanism, easily operated
from the ground. From the handle a
set of gears communicates with a drum
wdiich governs a steel cable passing
through pulleys in the arm of a crane
and terminating in a yoke with two ironhooked
arms. These hooks fit over iron
nubs attached to specially constructed
cans. A second cable, terminating in a
crooked piece of steel, completes the
outfit.

272 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
When the driver draws alongside the
cans, filled with garbage and rubbish by
the white wings, he swings the crane to
either side, as demanded, the swivel
being governed by a short bar operated
from the seat. The yoke is then lowered
and the hooks are attached to the iron
nubs of the cans. The can then is drawn
above the wagon and the hook of the second
cable is attached to the iron rim at
the bottom. A shift of gears allows the
driver to operate the second drum and
the can is quickly tipped, the rubbish
dropping into the wagon. The operation
goes on until all cans have been emptied.
TUBERCULOSIS AMONG
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
DECENT scientific investigation has
confirmed the theory that fruits and
vegetables are afflicted with tuberculosis.
T. J. Burrell, working upon the blight
of the pear and apple in 1879, was the
first to attribute a plant disease to bacterial
origin. His work has been confirmed
and his conclusions more fully
established by S. O. Swinton, a recent
investigator.
According to Mr. Swinton, the predisposing
conditions which contribute
toward the development of tuberculosis
in fruits and vegetables are similar to
those of the human body—insufficient
nourishment and exposure to extremes of
heat and cold. If fruits and vegetables
are not properly fertilized and watered
they are not nourished and suffer in consequence.
Tuberculosis manifests itself
particularly in fruits
and vegetables but every
part of the plant—root, stem,
leaf, flower, fruit, bark,
wood, veins—is subject to
the disease.
Although there is only a
slight resemblance between
the human body and a vegetable
or fruit, the latter may
be likened to the human
body. What the bones are
to the human body, the core and seeds
are to fruits and vegetables. The disease
attacks core and seeds. There is no
discharge, but the core is discolored and
spongy. The fruit is bitter; the vegetable
tasteless. Unless the general public
is aroused to plant protection this disease
will continue to spread and increase until
the value of the product is diminished or
totally destroyed.
LATH LIKE LIGHTNING
/~\LD-TIME lathers who prided themselves
on their speed in lathing a
house, will soon be able to double their
pace when the invention of a Westerner,
Mr. C. S. Boden of Palo Alto, California,
gets on the market. Inventors are always
striving to perfect new tools which increase
man's speed and efficiency, and
Mr. Boden has achieved both these
This Automatic Lathing Hammer Spits
Out Nails Like a Gun Spits Bullets
points in his automatic lathing and tack
hammers.
The automatic hammers spit out tacks
or nails, and drive them much as bullets
come from a gun. They are more efficient
than the human hand, and rarely if
ever drop or bend a nail or tack. The
nails are fed into the hammer on paper

strips, and a trigger on the hammer
handle enables the operator to stop the
feeding of nails or tacks when he desjres
to strike more than one blow in driving,
or wishes to pound on something.
J*
SUBSTITUTE ALCOHOL LAMP
'X'FIE top of a Mason jar exactly fits
into the space allotted to the alcohol
lamp under the chafing dish. Some day
if you happen to be minus an alcohol
This Contrivance Will Be Found a Good Substitute
for the Alcohol Lamp
lamp get a Mason jar cover and twist
some wire, yes even a hairpin will do,
across the top so that it fits into the
grooves on either side. In the middle
of the cover attach some absorbent cotton
to the wire, and saturate it with wood
alcohol. When lighted it will prove to
be as good as any alcohol lamp ever
made. Outside of its use for the chafing
dish it is practical for emergency heating.
J*
NEW MASSAGE GLOVE
""THERE is a glove now on the market
for the masseur or masseuse wdiich
promises added comfort
to the victim being
massaged and less
work for the masseur.
The little circles
on the
fingers of the
glove are
small raised discs
of solid yet flexible
rubber. Between
these little
raised discs are smal
holes. The glove is
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 273
first filled with the material to be massaged
into the skin, and the glove is
closed around the wrist of the wearer.
When the little round discs are worked
on the skin, the massaging fluid comes
out through the small holes. In this
way none of the fluid goes to waste, and
the temperature is more nearly body
heat than in the average rub.
J*
HOMEMADE CLOTHES DRYER
FOR OIL STOVE
A CLOTHES rack for drying clothes
^"^ over an oil stove can be made at
home from stiff wire by a person with
little skill. At the lower end each piece
of wire is bent into the form of a hook;
by means of sliding rings at the center
This Dryer Can
Be Made to Fit the
Top of Any Oil
Stove
and upper end a rack
is formed which can
be fitted to the stove
as shown in the illustration.
By sliding
the retaining rings
the wires may be disengaged
from the
stove, collapsed, and
stored in a small place.
RECORDS PHONE CALLS
A DEVICE for recording telephone
calls received when the telephone
owner is absent has been invented by
C. E. Bedeaux, an efficiency expert at
Grand Rapids, Michigan. It consists of
a steel shelf bolted to the battery box of
a telephone. At one end a clock works
is mounted which operates through the
medium of a cogged rod and a large cog
and a celluloid covered cylinder. On
this cylinder rests an ingeniously constructed
pencil which, through several
steel wires and a pinion, is connected to

274 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Even if You Are Away from Home This Device Will
Record Your Phone Calls
the clapper of the bell. With every
vibration, secured with the minimum of
pressure on the clapper, the pencil operates
and registers the code marks on the
cylinder. This revolves when a governing
clutch is set by the phone owner.
ICE FROM AN ELECTRIC-
LAMP SOCKET
T H E electric ice man has arrived at
last! He has come via the same
route that the electric stove, electric fan,
and electric light arrived; that is, from
the electric-lamp socket. For the price
of a few pounds of ice, say for example
eight cents a day where the electric rate
is ten cents a kilowatt, he will keep your
ice box at a far lower temperature
than ice even in the hottest weather,
will not track up your floors with
mud and water and will furnish
cubes of ice frozen from your own
drinking water.
The new attachment is complete
in one unit. It consists of an electric
motor of one-eighth horsepower,
a compressor to wdiich the
motor is belted, and tinned cooling coils.
To attach it to any refrigerator it is only
necessary to cut a small hole in the top
of the refrigerator, put the cooling coils
in the ice compartment, and attach a
plug to the nearest electric-lamp socket.
The cooling is done by abstracting heat
from the ice box through the tinnedcopper
ice-making coils in wdiich liquid
sulphur is being boiled by the heat extracted
from the ice chamber of the refrigerator.
The sulphur steam, unlike
ordinary water steam, is formed at the
low temperature of fourteen degrees
Fahrenheit. It passes into the electric
condenser where it is again compressed
into a liquid and loses the heat it has
gathered. Thus the same quantity of
liquid is compressed and boiled over and
over again. Each time it goes through
the process it gathers a certain amount of
heat from the refrigerator and radiates
it through the compact coils on top of the
ice box.
Economy of operation is secured by a
thermostat wdiich starts and stops the
motor wdien the temperature rises or
lowers above the temperature it is desired
to maintain. The temperature
inside the ice box remains practically the
same, the variation being less than one
degree. The first cost of this device is
rather high, but afterward it is economical.
Freedom from the Ice Tyrant
When you have this installed, the Silent Giant makes your
ice for you as you need it.

The Score Is Always in
Sight in the Glass-Covered
Drawers
NEW AUCTION TABLE
""THERE is a new auction table sold at
the large department stores, which
would seem to make bridge, more than
ever, a very serious matter.
At the right hand of both scorekeepers
there is a glass-covered drawer which
contains an auction score pad and pencil.
To note the score, the scorekeeper does
not need to remove the pad. It just is
pulled out, the score recorded, and the
drawer closed, the pad out of the way,
and the score visible at all times.
This is a mahogany table with foldinglegs,
and the top is of green baize. It is
31 inches square by 27 inches high, and
easily portable.
•J*
COMBINED MAIL-BOX AND
MILK-BOTTLE HOLDER
A COMBINED mail-box and milk-
•^^ bottle holder has been invented recently
by Piter Maczuzak of Keiser.
1 ~ *"1
p
MAIL
-L J-»
!
I
No One Can Steal Either the Milk or Mail
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 275
Pennsylvania. The object of this invention
is to prevent both the milk bottles
and mail from being stolen, and to be
conveniently accessible for receiving the
milk from the vender and the mail from
the postman. This invention consists of
a case divided into two compartments,
one of wdiich serves as a mail box normally
locked ; the other as a milk-bottle
receiver normally opened for the reception
of a bottle, the same being automatically
locked upon placing a bottle
within. Access to the bottle is had
through the mail compartment when the
bottle compartment is closed. The mail
compartment is made secure by lock and
key.
J*
ROLLING SWING
pHARLES M. CALHOUN of Greenwood,
South Carolina, has invented
a unique and safe amusement device for
As Much Fun as a Ferris Wheel
children wdiich can be manufactured at
small cost. It consists of a pair of large
wheels connected by any suitable framework
and having swung chairs suspended
in offset relations to the hub of the traction
wheels. These swing chairs are
hung pivotallv after the fashion of Ferris
Wheel swing chairs so that the child is
swung alternately up and down as the
vehicle is rolled along. The carriage can
be made from either wood or metal.

276 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
ECONOMICAL CLEANER FOR
TEETH
"THIS little device contains inside a
spool of floss wdiich is made of a nonmetallic,
highly polished resilient substance,
and as only a half-inch or a little
With This Handy
Little Device the
Spaces Between
the Teeth May Be
Cleaned Quickly
and with a Minimum
of Dental
Floss
more of floss
needs to be used
with this spool at
one time, it is much
more economical
than the ordinary dental floss. When the
half-inch is used, it is cut off by a little
attachment on the spool.
J*
WHEELED CABINET FOR
PHONOGRAPH AND
RECORDS
A NEW cabinet for the phonograph
and records which
can be moved easily from place
to place has two wheels and two
legs. When it is desired to
move the cabinet, pushing down
on the handle raises the legs so
that the cabinet may be moved
on the two wheels. This cabinet
should meet the approval of all
phonograph owners who use
their machines both inside the
house and on the piazza in summer.
DOING AWAY WITH THE
KITCHEN
TN the modern two-room apartment the
bedroom usually folds into the wall
and the bed comes out from a well constructed,
airy closet. The bedroom is
used at least half of the twenty-four
hours, and the kitchen is used less than
ten per cent of this time. The logical
thing to eliminate first then, is the
kitchen.
The new style of kitchen is "compressed"
as much as possible into the
small space behind these mahogany
doors. It is not even necessary to enter
another room or go on the porch for the
refrigerator, as that is very snugly cared
for under the supply cabinet. The cabinets
are made of steel, white enameled.
The enamel is baked on to stay, and
should surely be sanitary.
The "kitchens" come to the purchaser
complete, including either an electric
stove or gas stove, and a tireless cooker.
The recess for the stove is porcelain
enamel lined over walls that have an air
space and are insulated with asbestos to
eliminate all radiation of heat. The compartments
are perfectly ventilated by connection
with a flue in the wall. This
connection can be made easily.
This Kitchenette Is Remarkable for Its Compactness
and Step-Saving Utility

EVER READY MUCILAGE
""THE comparatively few times that the
average person uses mucilage does
not reconcile him to buying a whole jar
The Mucilage Won't Dry Up
It comes in leaves, which are usrd simply by moistening
and applying.
for ten or twenty-five cents, only to find
that when he wishes to use it again it has
dried up.
The newest kind of mucilage comes in
sticks and leaves. It is put up in jars, or
in little books, the "pages" of which are
mucilage. By simply moistening the
sticks or leaves they are ready immediately
for use.
EXIT THE HOT WATER BAG
t*r\ON'T use a hot water bag for that
pain" is the latest admonition.
"Use an electric pad instead." All you
have to do is to attach a plug to your
electric light socket, and almost immediately
you have the soothing heat right on
the sore spot. The pad can't leak as
does, all too frequently, the hot water
bag. Time doesn't have to be taken to
get the water and fill the bag.
The Electric Pad "Hot Water Bag"
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 277
SQUEEZER TO HASTEN JELLY
MAKING
II I II I
The Method of Using the Squeezer
be extracted within a few minutes after
the cooking is complete, and the operation
completed the same day; in addition,
the juice is more completely extracted
than is possible by draining. A
thick cotton or wool cloth should be used
with the squeezer to prevent "cloudy"
jelly.
LITTLE SCALE WITH BIG
CAPACITY
""THIS little scale is for grown-ups and
babies too. A glance down shows
the correct weight instantly. It is small

278 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
This Scale Is Powerful Enough for All Household
Uses
enough to be kept in the most diminutive
bathroom. The scale operates on the mechanical
principle of the automobile
speedometer, and a revolving dial clearly
marked with the regular graduations is
enclosed in glass.
FIRST AID TO MOVERS
VV7FIEN you move you will find it very
convenient to pack a suitcase or
handbag with hammer, screwdriver,
tacks, nails, screws, cleaning brush, dust
cap, apron, and any other articles you are
likely to need at once. If you have room,
add common silver, salt, pepper, sugar,
napkins, paper plates, and cups for your
first meal. Take this with you, and it will
save the time of unpacking, and the cost
of buying articles you own already.
SIMPLE METAL SCAFFOLD
A DEVICE to lessen the expense of
building operations and to eliminate
the unsightly and dangerous wooden
scaffolding is the simple metal scaffold.
The device is a folding steel bracket having
two supporting legs wdiich are braced
against each other at the outer end to
prevent any side motion. The brackets
take hold of the studding directly so as
10 prevent motion at the inner end. The
bracket itself weighs only fourteen
pounds, but supports a greater weight
than will be put upon it in ordinary operations.
The scaffolds can be very quickly
put up and taken down, and are easily
moved from place to place.
J*
ARM REST LEDGER STAND
T H E latest device for holding corporation
ledgers and office books of any
size or dimension is the Larson Book
Rack, wdiich adjusts books automatically
to arm rests.
The rack is made in various sizes, of
wood and steel material, and automatically
adjusts itself to the use of any book
that it is applied to, by means of screws
at the end of the leather straps which
extend from one end of the rack to the
other. In turning the leaves of the book,
the face is always brought up to the level
of the arm rests, wdiich are along the
entire length of the rack. The device has
a bridge-like appearance and is portable,
but not collapsible. It is made to sell at
a moderate price.

HOW TO USE PAINT
BY ELIZABETH G. STOKELY
T H E three chief problems in
paint that confront the average
private householder today
have relation to laying the
preservative on wood, concrete,
or iron. Right consideration of
each individual problem means long-lasting
results, the preservation of the good
looks of, and above all. the longevity of
the object painted.
The bogies that pursue the painter—
even occasionally the professional, and
too frequently the amateur—are cracking,
scaling, peeling, "checking" and
"alligatoring".
Pretty nearly everyone has an idea of
what the first three terms signify.
"Checking" and "alligatoring" are
usually regarded as whimsical variations
of the cracking problem. There are,
however, distinct and preventable causes
for the latter phenomena. "Checking"
has reference to the development of fine
interlacing lines on the surface of the
paint. "Checking" on an extensive scale
is known as "alligatoring".
One paint authority says with reference
to these phenomena: "The outer
coats of varnish anil paint always tend
to shrink greatly in volume and to become
progressively harder and more
coherent, thus producing either of two
possible effects—one, the rupturing of
this outer coat with consequent alligatoring
or checking; the other is. the outer
coat becomes thinner without rupturing
—wdiich effect occurs depends on the
under coat. If it is soft, the outer coat
in oxidizing and shrinking will draw up
and slip over it with consequent rupturing.
If the under coat is sufficiently
hard, the outer coat does not slip over it,
and simply becomes thinner by shrinkage,
and no rupturing occurs. Alligatoring
also occurs whenever a paint is applied
over another paint that inherently
will not dry hard, as in the case of a
harder paint applied over a yellow ochre,
or an asphaltum paint."
The remedy suggested for these twc
evils is to have the under coat of paint
as hard as practicable. On the other
hand, checking is sometimes the lesser of
two evils. When the film of paint has so
great tensile strength that its surface
remains completely unbroken, the expansion
and contraction of the material
wdiich the paint covers may result in
cracking and loosening the paint, the result
being "scaling".
Every paint requires a drying oil. If
this drying oil is to have satisfactory
results it should possess the property of
being oxidized readily into a solid substance.
Since linseed oil is the most
satisfactory oil for the purpose, substitutes
should by all means be avoided.
Checking and alligatoring are surface
manifestations. Cracking goes deeper—
to the foundation, in fact. Scaling will
usually, as a matter of course, follow
cracking.
Cracking is caused as a rule by moisture
in the fiber of the wood base. As
this moisture dries out, the fibers contract,
forcing the paint surface to contract
with it. Consequently the paint
contracting with and across the grain,
is torn asunder. That is, cracked. The
mischief by no means ends here.
These cracks permit more moisture to
enter the wood. This moisture travels
under the film of paint, and literally lifts
or forces the paint up from its foundation.
Hence scaling follows. Moisture
under an unbroken paint surface in like
manner results in peeling.
A thick layer of paint inclines more
readily to crack and scale. Old layers
of paint therefore should always be removed
before new coatings are applied.
Sandpapering, of course, will remove the
old paint.
It is also an excellent idea to have the
279

280 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
wood as seasoned and dry as possible
before laying the paint.
When it comes to painting that iron
gate, or ornamental bench on the lawn, or
that galvanized iron piping a new problem
presents itself. Here however, as
in the case of wood, it is best to remove
all of the old paint first. Ordinary paint
has an annoying tendency to scale' off
iron. If it is not practicable to remove
the old coating, the surface may be prepared
by using the mixture of various
ingredients. Dissolve in one-half gallon
of water, one ounce of chloride of copper
and the same quantity of nitrate of copper
and sal ammoniac. For mixing, an
earthen, not a metal pot or jar should be
employed. Next add one ounce of crude
hydrochloric acid. The mixture should
be applied immediately, a flat brush being
used for the purpose. If this has been
properly done the iron surface in the
course of several hours will turn black
and when thoroughly dry will be gray.
Within twelve or fifteen hours' time
brush the surface with a dry brush.
This is to remove all particles that have
not stuck. Now all is ready for the
paint. The first coat should be of red
lead or mineral brown. Red lead must
be bought in dry form and mixed. It is
useless when kept in mixed form.
One or possibly two coats will be sufficient.
For the extra care and pains
taken in preparing the surface and for
securing the right paint, the reward will
be a coating that will be twice or three
times as long-lived as the coating applied
in the ordinary way.
Today the concrete house presents a
problem to the painter. The dull monotony
of concrete requires relief in
color. But it is difficult for the uninitiated
to make the paint film stick. It is
obvious that if the particles of pigment
are to stick they must penetrate an
infinitely large number of pores of the
concrete wall's surface. The pigments
should be mixed with ground cement and
oil. The purpose of the oil is to form
an adhesive, after it has dried out, for
holding the ground particles of concrete
to the broad expanse of concrete wall
surface.
Ordinarily a certain amount of alkali
eventually works its way out of a concrete
surface. The elements eventually
will dispose of this. Some time should
be allowed to elapse therefore, to permit
the concrete to become weatherbeaten
before laying on paint.
Here is an excellent method of preparing
the concrete surface preparatory to
applying the paint. Take equal portions
(by weight) of zinc sulphate and water.
When thoroughly mixed, this solution
should be applied vigorously with a stiff
brush, over the concrete surface. A fine
coating is thus formed. In three days'
time at most, this coat will be hard. The
zinc sulphate incorporates itself with the
paint
CREOSOTED PILING
/"\N the Pacific Coast the problem of
preserving the piles driven in water
is largely that of rendering them immune
to the attack of various marine borers.
It is a field that well could occupy the
attention and time of both construction
engineer and chemist, so great is the
economic loss from this one source
alone. There can be no better time than
now seriously to consider this matter.
Engineers, so far as the experiments that
have been made show, agree upon these
points:
First: Perfect pilings should be
selected, not the cracked, knotted, or
otherwise defective.
Second: Creosote oils, though not
wholly satisfactory," are the best with
wdiich to protect the wood.
Third: These oils should be of the
best.
Fourth: In installation, great care
should be taken to prevent any exposure
of untreated woods below the water line,
where the borers can assail it.
Fifth: Only conscientious experts
should be permitted to oversee the work
in all its stages, from the selection of the
piling to the finished creosoted product.

WHAT IS MAGNETIC
TRANSMISSION?
By WALTER LEE
T H E best way of describing the
magnetic transmission is to
begin with what we all understand—the
little horse-shoe
magnet, and a piece of steel.
The magnet is mounted on a stand so
that it will turn freely, and a crank
handle is attached to the curved end with
which to revolve it. The piece of steel
is mounted on another stand, so it will
be supported between the two ends of
the magnet, without, however, touching
it at any point.
Then, wdien the magnet is revolved
by means of the crank handle, it is seen
that the piece of steel will turn with it,
although there is no physical contact
between them. Now then, if the crank
handle is changed into a gasoline engine,
and a collar-like arrangement of ware,
DEMONSTRATING THE MAGNETIC PRINCIPLE
called a field substituted for the magnet,
and another arrangement of wire called
an armature substituted for the piece
of steel, we can apply more readily the
idea to the automobile.
The engine revolves the field and the
field, becoming a magnet on account of the
revolution, then revolves the armature,
wdiich is connected rigidly to the drive
shaft of the car. Thus we have the
direct drive, or "high". A cylindrical
controller then is put in, wdth its operating
handle in a convenient location. By
means of this controller the magnetic
energy generated in the field can be cut
out so that it will have no effect on the
armature at all. wdiich gives "neutral".
It is, of course, necessarv to provide
for intermediate speeds, and this is done
by changing the relation between the
281

282 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
"It Permits a Steady Application of Power Which Is
Obtainable in the Mechanical Transmission Only by
a Multiplicity of Cylinders"
field and the armature, so that when it
is so desired the field may be revolved
at a greater rate of speed than the armature.
The means by which this change
in relation is accomplished through the
electric controller is quite simple to anyone
who understands an electric circuit,
as it is nothing more nor less than a
cutting out of more or less resistance in
the field.
When it is desired to run in the high
or direct speed there is no difference in
speed at all between armature and field.
When running in the lower speeds there
is a difference, just so much as is provided
for by the position of the controller
lever. Thus it is seen that all the effects
of clutch and gears are gained without
the use of them.
To carry it still further, it is known
that whenever there is a difference in
speed between armature and field a certain
amount of electric energy is gener­
ated there, just as heat is generated and
wasted in a slipping clutch. But in the
magnetic transmission this energy is not
allowed to go to waste. A second set
of armature and field is put in a little
further back on the driving line. The
field is rigid on the car frame and stationary,
the armature rigid on the drive
shaft, and may turn with it. Between
these two sets is placed a commutator or
series of collecting rings and brushes to
run in them. These collect the electrical
energy which otherwise would be wasted,
and apply it to the second set, which is
nothing more nor less than an ordinary
electric motor. This gives electric power
to the car as well as engine power when
it is most needed. The greater the difference
in speed between armature and
field, the more electric energy for the
motor is generated, so that when the
car is running in a very low speed the
motor is doing almost all the work, but
with all the power of the engine behind
it just the same.
The necessity for a separate starting
device is altogether eliminated. The
transmission itself is a very efficient engine
starter. The current from a storage
battery is turned into the unit. It excites
the field wdiich then revolves about the
armature and turns the whole of the
engine with it.
This battery is charged when the car
is running in high speed by the current
generated in the second motor, which is
then a dynamo, or it may be charged
when the car is stationary by using the
neutral effect plus a means of diverting
the current from the collecting rings to
the battery cells.
Another natural result of this construction
is the fact that when the controller
lever is brought to the neutral
position while the car is traveling at any
speed above a given minimum, the revolution
of the rear wheels sets up a reverse
potential in the second motor which
acts on the car as a very efficient and
dependable brake. This effect is gradually
lost as the speed is reduced but
grows more powerful if the tendency

WHAT IS MAGNETIC TRANSMISSION' 28c
of the car is to increase its speed, such as
in descending a hill. Thus when going
down hill the magnetic brake may be
applied by simply putting the controller
lever in the neutral position and the car's
speed wall be held at the set minimum.
regardless of the degree of steepness of
the incline.
But how has this intricate mechanism
worked out practically? 1 Has it given
real satisfaction during the three years
it has been embodied in automobiles ?
Even as we find expert opinion on
the subject to be at wide variance, so
do we find the ideas of the users. One
states that it is a wonderful thing and
the car of the future ; has had no trouble
with it and foresees none. Another says
he has had no peace of mind at all since
taking possession ; that the "darned thing
is always out of fix" and even when it
is in perfect order he gets very poor
results. One claims with great enthusiasm
that he could climb the Washington
Monument if he could get the traction,
while another says disgustedly that
he cannot get up the Chicago north shore
ravines. One tells us that it is simplicity
itself while another declares it is a complicated
mess that only an expert may
understand.
This brings up a question. Are these
transmissions like pigs bought in a poke?
Are some of them all that the makers
claim for them while others are rank
failures? Or is the trouble to be found
in the drivers themselves? The writer
is inclined to the latter point of view, for
there have been instances of drivers who
had no success with the transmission and
who surrendered the wdieel to others only
to see the same cars perform every stunt
claimed for them by the makers.
The magnetic transmission is as different
a piece of mechanism from the
sliding gear and clutch type as a bowd
of soup is different from an ear of corn.
One does not handle a bowl of soup in
the same manner as he does an ear of
corn in order to get the desired results
without tlisaster. This naturally brings
up another question. Is the magnetic
transmission so complex that it requirespecial
aptness and knowledge to handle
it? Of course it is. So also is the sliding
gear and clutch transmission. No
person can take any type of automobile
out on the streets and roads and get safe
and sane results until he has learned
how. And it does not follow that when
he has learned the art of handling one
sort of machinery he is then fitted to
handle expertly another entirely different
sort.
The writer believes that any man wdio
might learn to handle a magnetic car
without any previous experience with
gears and clutches, would be in a hopeless
muddle if he undertook to handle
a mechanical transmission. It is a poor
rule that will not work both ways.
The care wdiich must be taken of any
car is another point to consider. The
average owner or driver does not understand
the "works" of his transmission
at all. He is told he must put in plenty
of oil and he is also told where to find
the hole in which to put it. He obeys
this mandate and then, thanks to the
wonderful efforts of the makers of steel
gears and shafts, the transmission takes
care of itself. In the magnetic transmission
he is told that he must not put
The Way the Transmission Works
Call the crank a gasoline engine, and the axis of the cylinder
the driving shaft. As the crank is turned slowly, the
cylinder revolves under influence of the magnet, turning
the axis shaft.
in any oil, which pleases him so much
that he does not hear the mandate about
some other simple little thing that he
must do.
Fie must use a little sandpaper occasionally,
and the sandpaper in one case

284 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
is as essential as the oil is in the other.
Without the use of it the car will soon
begin to give very poor results, even as
the gears will give trouble if they are
run dry. These parts requiring attention
are easily accessible and the necessity of
such attention is very easily seen in little
burns and collections of foreign matter
wdiich must be removed by abrasion,
with sandpaper and not with anything
else. The job is done in a very few
minutes and in total absence of the black
muck and grease characteristic of the
gear box.
The magnetic transmission eliminates
gear shifting which is often nerve racking
and noisy. It eliminates clutch operation
which is irksome. It eliminates the
auxiliary starting motor and generator,
thus doing away with two complex machines
often out of order and almost
always noisy. It permits an application
of power through a cushion of air, wdiich
absorbs all the shocks of vibration and
acceleration. It permits a steady application
of power, which is obtainable
in the mechanical transmission only by a
multiplicity of cylinders, most nearly approached
in the double six. This, of
course, gives a steady control of the
engine wdiich allows the machine to
mount obstacles very easily, and provides
a magical "pick-up".
To illustrate the foregoing point, the
car may be placed with its front wdieels
against a ten inch curb, and then slowly
and steadily driven up and over it. No
rigid mechanical transmission will permit
that. It may be moved "in high" so
slowly that the movement is barely perceptible
and from that speeded up to the
point where the motorcycle police begin
to take notice, wdthout any seeming effort
at all.
The car may be placed on a forty per
cent incline, and with one of the lozuer
magnetic speeds engaged, stand perfectly
stationary without the use of any brake!
Then, if the motor speed is increased
the car will start and climb the hill, or
if, instead, the motor speed is reduced
the car wdll back down the hill slowly.
Another great feature is the magnetic
brake, wdiich is a natural result of this
construction. Descending a hill, this
brake, applied by simply placing the controller
lever in the neutral position, will
check the speed of the car to about fifteen
miles per hour, regardless of the steepness
of the hill.
Still another is the fact that the engine
exerts its power upon the car only in a
propulsive manner. By that is meant
that the engine is free to slow down
under a closed throttle, without pulling
down the car's speed with it. Removing
one's foot from the throttle pedal instantly
permits the engine to idle, without
regard to the momentum of the car
until the car loses its own headway either
by braking or by being permitted to coast
its speed out. When the car's speed has
diminished to the same relative speed as
the idling motor the two are automatically
reunited and the engine again propels
the car.
There are disadvantages to the magnetic
transmission perhaps, but the
writer, practically experienced on both
types, has not
found the magnetic
transmission a bad
buy.

New Telephone Alliances
285

Curiosity Only
AN elderly farmer from the border .'of the
country wandered into a town dry-good 1 store
where a sale in nightshirts was in progress.
Picking up one of the garments, he gingerly
loosened its folds, curiously inspecting it.
"Can I sell you a nightshirt?" asked the
salesgirl.
"No," said the farmer, his articulation somewhat
impeded by a "chew", '-you couldn't sell
me one, but they do say ther/'s thousands that
wear 'em."
Two Rules for a £lappy Family
1. Mother the baby.J
2. Baby the mothe?.
Tne Limit
"Do YOU think *, man's wife ought to go to
his office?" e
"Why, I woul] just as soon think of taking
my stenographed home with me."
A Qu.-stion of Understanding
"No BACFELOR can understand a woman," declared
Mrr. Stubkins.
"Huh, you don't say so!" replied Stubkins,
with a s' ort. "What else in the world do you
suppos^makes a man a bachelor?"
»V £
r In 1950
WE STYLE—"Why did they discharge their
cook ?"
GUNBUSTA—"Every night they found her in
the hangar on their roof courting a biplane
cop."
286
She Knew Better
MICKY FLANIGAN came home one day sniffling.
"Ye got licked!" cried his mother with conviction.
"Naw, I didn't neither, maw," Micky retorted.
"But the doctor was at our school
today, tryin' to find out if there was anything
the matter with any of us, an' he says I got
ad'noids."
"Ad'noids? What's them?" Mrs. Flanigan
demanded.
"They're things in your head, maw, what has
to be took out," said Micky in a doleful tone.
"He's a liar," Mrs. Flanigan cried hotly,
"an' it's me that isn't afraid to tell 'im so. I
finecomb your head iv'ry Sattaday night, an'
•' f 's niver a ad'noid kin I find !"
An Animated Hat
THE Taihr has the following account of a
nearsighted old gentleman who lost his hat in
a sudden gale. The old gentleman started in
pursuit of his fast-disappearing headpiece, and
finally thought that he saw it in a yard behind a
high fence. Scrambling over with great difficulty,
he started to chase it, but each time he
thought he had caught it it seemed to move
away. Then a woman's angry voice broke on
his ears.
"What are you doing there?" she demanded
shrilly.
He explained mildly that he was only trying
to retrieve his hat.
"Your hat!" she said. "Well, I don't know
where your hat is; but that's not a hat you're
chasing; it's our little black hen!"

Dampened His Ardor
THE pretty girl of the party was bantering
the genial bachelor on his reasons for remaining
single.
"No-oo, I never was exactly disappointed in
love," he meditated. "I was more what you
might call discouraged. You see, when I was
very young I became very much enamored of a
young lady of my acquaintance; I was mortally
.afraid to tell her of my feeling, but at last I
screwed up my courage to the proposing point.
I said, 'Let's get married.'
"And she said, 'Good Lord! Who'd have
us!' "
Only One Thing for Him
A THREE-HUNDRED-POUND man stood gazing
longingly at the nice things displayed in a
haberdasher's window for a marked-down sale.
A friend stopped to inquire if he was thinking
of buying shirts or pyjamas.
"Gosh, no!" replied the fat man wistfully.
"The only thing that fits me ready-made is a
handkerchief."
A Lesson in History
"WHO was this 'ere Nero, Bill?" asked a
coster of his friend as they gazed into the
picture shop. "Wasn't 'e a chap that was
always cold ?"
"No, that was Zero," was the answer. "Another
bloke altogether."
In These Diaphanous Days
"THE modern girl leaves little to be desired."
"Yc-es. I suppose you have in mind 'if you
don't see what you want, ask for it.' "
W5
BLOWING OFF STEAM 287
Why Pat Balked
SOFTLY the nurse smoothed the sufferer'^
pillow. He had been admitted only that morning
and now he looked up pleadingly at the
nurse who stood at his bedside.
"An' phwat did ye say the docther's name
was, nurse, dear?" he asked.
"Dr. Kilpatrick," was the reply. "He's the
senior house surgeon."
"That settles it," he muttered, firmly, "that
docther won't get a chanst to operate on me."
"Why not?" asked the nurse in surprise.
"lie's a very clever man."
"That's as may be," the patient said. "But
me name happens to be Patrick."
All Out of Style
WHISTLER, the artist, one day was standing
bareheaded in a hat store while his hat was
being ironed into shape.
• M
An irate customer entered and, thinking
that Whistler was a salesman, tackled the imperturbable
"Jimmie" with "Here's a hat you
made for me. It doesn't fit me in the least."
Whistler regarded him calmly. "You're
quite right," he answered suavely. "It doesn't.
But as for that, neither does your coat; your
trousers need pressing; and your waistcoat is a
crime."
A Mystery
"SHE seems like a reserved girl."
"I wonder whom for."
Perfectly Natural
FIVE-YEAR-OLD Leila was given a teddy bear
with eyes sewed on so crookedly that the bear
looked cross-eyed. The next Sunday, on coming
home from Sunday school, she was heard
to call the bear "Gladly."
"Why, what a queer name!" said her mother.
"Where did you get it?"
"This morning in Sunday school," Leila replied.
"We sang 'Gladly a Cross I'd Bear.' "
Thoroughly Tamed
MR. HEN PECK—"I don't want to butt into
your affairs, Mary, but what am I going to
do this evening?"

BOOM! EIGHT CENTS TO
THE GOOD
P R A C T I C A L L Y every
time a cannon goes
"Boom !" along the battle
front in Europe,
from eight to twelve
cents goes "clink" into the pocket
of Captain Semple, U. S. A.,
retired.
It is not at all unusual to read
that in one day along a certain
front "Fifty thousand shells
were fired over a certain
area." Striking an average of ten cents
a shot in royalties, that day's battle along
only one section of the front netted
Captain Semple $5,000. A very fair
day's profit, especially when it was all a
matter of royalty on one patent alone.
This is one of the striking incidents
of the many war-made fortunes. But in
this particular instance Captain Semple
did not attempt to take advantage of war
conditions in Europe. As a matter of
fact he invented
the
little device,
which brings
him from eight
to twelve cents
every time a
cannon is fired,
long before the
war started.
This tiny dev
i c e — it is
about the size
of a hickory
nut — is a
plunger used
Reaping the Harvest
in connection
with time
fuses. It sells
for about 40 cents, and the captain
merely sits back and lets others manufacture
and sell it, while he takes the
royalties.
288
While the Krupps, Skodas, "Jack Johnsons," and other pieces of
heavy artillery keep on with their ceaseless uproar, a steady stream of
silver pieces flows into the lap of the fortunate inventor.
This interesting bit of mechanism
goes in the base of the time
fuse so that, in case the timing
The Mechanism
This little piece of brass weighs only about two
ounces, yet it is an essential feature of every
high explosive shell fired on the battlefields of
Europe.
part of the mechanism fails, the
fuse will work as soon as the
shell strikes. The ingenious part
of it is the manner in which it is
made safe until the shell is fired, so that
should a careless handler drop the shell it
would not explode and annihilate everyone
in the vicinity. When this plunger is put
in the fuse it is set at "safety", with the
firing point carefully turned down out of
the way. This pin is held down by two
little plungers, with small springs which
hold them in place and hold the firing
pin in safety. As soon as the shell starts
out of the gun it commences to revolve
rapidly. This
w h i r 1 i n g
throws the
small plungers
out by centrifugal
force and
the heavy end
of the needle
piece flies out
because of that
same natural
force. This automatically
sets
the firing pin
with the busi­
ness end out
and as soon as
the fuse strikes
anything the
whole plunger shoots forward and sets
off the percussion material. Then something
happens—the giant tri-nitro-toluol
is unleashed to do his worst.

_ ILLUSTkATED WORLD 289
Why the Average American
Dies at Forty-three
"He Feeds His Stomach with Tasty Junk," says E. E. Rittenhouse
By R. W. Lockwood
T H E presidents of life insurance companies
with perhaps twenty billion dollars insurance
on the lives of Americans, recently
met in convention at the Hotel Astor in New
York, and in their discussion brought out some
of the reasons why the average American dies at
about forty-three years of age.
According to the press reports, Mr. E. E. Rittenhouse,
Commissioner of Public Service and Conservation
of the Equitable Life Assurance Society,
said: "The average American would not think
of mixing bricks or scrap iron or gravel with
the fuel for his furnace, yet he feeds his stomach
with all sorts of tasty junk, much of which cannot
be fully digested ... he is seriously overstraining
his heart, arteries, kidneys, nerves and
digestion, as the rapidly increasing death rate
shows."
This statement from such an authoritative
source—from a man who makes it his business
to study both vital statistics and the causes
behind them—sounds a warning which should be
heeded by every man and woman.
Indeed, there is no longer a doubt among
intelligent people that many of the foods and
combinations of foods which we are most accustomed
to eat are the direct cause of much sickness.
Yet how few of us heed the early warnings
of illness, such as acid-stomach, fermentation, or
constipation. I venture to say that nine out of
ten persons suffer to a greater or lesser extent
from one or more of these three symptoms, which
are in many cases the forerunners of more serious
sickness.
Stomach medicines and laxatives are plentiful,
but of what avail are they? The only thing that
a stomach medicine can do is to temporarily
neutralize the extra amount of acid in the stomach,
because it is stronger than the acid. And
this injures the stomach, usually bringing the
acid back worse than il was before. A laxative
is just as bad, if not a little worse; not only is
its effect temporary, but all laxatives are habitforming
and are required in ever-increasing
doses
If neglected, a simple case of acid-stomach
may lead in a short time to fermentation with
of Equitable Life
President of the Corrective Eating Society Inc.
gas, and constipation. The fermenting food forms
poisons which are absorbed into the blood, causing
auto-intoxication, nervousness, mental depression,
and a host of other unpleasant symptoms.
Is it any wonder that the officers of large
insurance companies sound a warning against the
evils of wrong eating?
* * * * * * * *
But just as wrong eating is the cause of 90
per cent of common illnesses, so will correct
eating create and maintain both bodily vigor and
mental energy. And by right eating I do not
mean freak foods—I mean just good every-day
foods properly combined. In fact, to eat correctly,
or follow a course of Corrective Eating
it is not at all necessary to upset your table.
Eugene Christian, the well-known food specialist,
has proved the efficacy of Corrective
Eating in thousands of cases. Entirely without
the use of drugs or medicines, men and women
suffering from almost every conceivable nonorganic
ailment have been returned to health and
vigor by following his simple directions in regard
to their eating.
In a recent talk with Eugene Christian he told
me of several interesting cases which had
recently come under his care. One was that of
a woman prominent in Woman Suffrage work
in New York City. She had come to him with
stomach and intestinal fermentation and gas,
auto-intoxication, mental depression and anemia,
vertigo, and threatened heart failure. She was
very much over-weight when she commenced,
but reduced her weight thirty-seven pounds during
the treatment. He showed me a letter she
had written him afterward, in which she said:
"I am sure you will be gratified to hear that
I continue to improve—it seems sometimes that
I must have been made over, and it is difficult
to remember that less than eight months ago I
was a feeble old woman depending upon daily
doses of strychnia for what little strength I had.
When I came under your treatment, I weighed
one hundred and ninety-seven pounds, was hardly
able to walk, and was subject to most serious
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

290 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
heart attacks upon the slightest exertion. And
now I am so well, so strong, that my family and
friends maintain that it is a miracle which has
restored me to strength and vigor of life—certainly
in my case the cure is most remarkable
because of my sixty-seven years."
Another was a well-known minister who
had been out of his pulpit for twenty-two
months, unable to preach or conduct the simplest
service. He was about twenty-five pounds
under-weight, anemic, nervous, had superacidity,
and could not assimilate his food; and
his heart action was very irregular. He had
gradually declined for two years although
treated by one of New York's leading physicians.
Three months after he placed himself under
Eugene Christian's care, he preached the first
sermon he had been able to preach in nearly
two years. This was over three years ago.
He has gained about twenty-five pounds in
weight and since has not missed a day from his
arduous clerical work. He has steadily gained
in strength and vitality and is to-day healthy
and athletic.
But Eugene Christian's own case is perhaps
the most interesting of all, for it shows
how he discovered the beginnings of the methods
which he has since pursued so successfully with
others—methods of selecting and proportioning
one's meals so as to overcome conditions brought
about by wrong eating.
Twenty years ago he was at death's door;
for several years previous he had suffered
all the agonies of acute stomach and intestinal
troubles, until his doctors—among them some
of the most noted specialists in the country
•—gave him up to die. As a last resort, he
commenced to study the food question himself.
As a result of what he learned, he suc­
Eugene Christian is to-day nearly sixty
years old—or shall I say young? For he has
more vitality, more ginger, more physical
endurance than most youngsters in their teens.
During the past fifteen years he has not had even
so much as a cold.
Since the remarkable success of Eugene
Christian has become known, people have
sought his advice in such rapidly increasing
numbers that he has found it necessary to
put his methods in printed form. He has
written a series of 24 Little Lessons which
tell you exactly what to eat for health, strength
and efficiency.
These lessons contain actual menus for
breakfast, luncheon, and dinner, including
corrective menus for almost every condition
of health and sickness from infancy to old
age, for all occupations, climates, and seasons.
With these lessons at hand it is just as though
you were in personal contact with this great
food specialist, because every point is so thoroughly
covered and so clearly explained that you
can scarcely think of a question which isn't
answered. You can start eating the very things
that will help to produce the increased physical
and mental energy which you are seeking the
day you receive the lessons. And you are quite
likely to feel some results after your very first
balanced meal.
If you would like to examine these "24
Little Lessons in Corrective Eating," simply
write the Corrective Eating Society, Inc., Dept.
144, 450 Fourth Avenue, New York City. It
is not necessary to enclose any money with
your request. Merely ask to have the lessons
mailed for five days' trial with the understanding
ceeded in literally eating his way back to health
that you will either send the small price asked,
without drugs or medicine of any kind, and in a
$3, or remail the books.
remarkably short space of time.
Merely clip out and mail the following form instead of
writing a letter, as this is a copy of the official blank
adopted by the society and will be honored at once
CORRECTIVE EATING SOCIETY Inc., Dept. 144, 450 Fourth Avenue, New York City
You may mail me the "Lessons in Corrective Eating" for examination. Five days after I
receive them, I will either send you $3 (full payment) or remail them to you.
Name Local Address
City
State
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ILLUSTRATED WORLD 291
CMMMI
Reach Out for Big Salary
Become a TRAFFIC MANAGE
Digest of Traffic
The Association hai
compiled the only digest
of traffic ever produced.
This work required the
co-operation of over
three hundred trafflo experts—took
Ave veara and
over S100.000 has been
expended. This great
reference and working
—and a Member of This Association
Gorged — Shipments
library Is for the exclusire
use of its members.
Tj pff Iff) The shipments of food*
• • c ** " I * supplies, manufactured
articles, munitions of war, etc., for European
and other foreign delivery, are so
LARGE that the shipping departments of
thousands of factories—railroads—warehouses—seaboard
wharves—areGORGED.
In addition our Interstate shipping is tied
up. Shippers are crying for help.
Trained Men, Only
These thousands of positions are for
TRAINED men ONLY—men who understand
TRAFFIC — shipping. Men are
wanted who are fully informed—who know
how to get QUICK ACYlON-whoknow
how to SAVE freight money.
American Commerce Assn.
The great European war has suspended the commerce
of several of the great nations. America hae profited thereby
immensely. The U. S. has won the trade thus lost by the European
nations and is now supplying the greater part of the world with food,
supplies and manufactured articles. It is also furnishing the warring
nations with vast quantities of munitions. MEN are REQUIRED
who KNOW how to SHIP goods.
Thousands of Positions Now Waiting
Never before have there been such a variety and number of splendid
opportunities for young, and middle aged, men. This is especially
true in manufacturing and in SHIPPING. Live men who START
NOW are assured of GOOD salary.
SME YOU Association
Don't Delay- Apply
the time— / Name---- 3
NOW ZV
It is not /
difficult to make good—if you don't it / Occupation
will be YOUR OWN fault. Send the ,' *^
COUPON now for complete instruc- /
tionB by RETURN MAIL. / Address
SALARY
The salary of trained
traffic men is from
$2,500 to $10,000 a year.
The work is always interesting
because it is
not routine work. The
traffic man is an eieeutive—
not a subordinate.
f,
American Commtrct
D.H 101 20C So. W.baih *.«.,
f CHICAGO, ILL.
Our Association will instruct you—tell yoa ' Send me FREE—and with.
JUST WHAT is required—and JUST HOW out obligation — complete
to do it. We give you individual "coaching" . information concerning: the
and TRAIN YOU by our "experience" / Association and how 1 cart
method. ff train as a traffic man.
(OepL\
V 101 I
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Ave., Chicago.III. ,•
City- State-
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292 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
|?(fe£ , %£w»S
Z&ta*
PASSING THE IDLE HOURS
German captives in France, in order to puncture the deadly monotony, spend their time making toys out
of egg shells, paper, and bread crusts, for the peasant children.
THREE EXAMPLES OF OVO-ART
On the left we have a Russian soldier ogling a bottle of vodka—the label on this bottle had to be translated
twice in order to appear in English. On the right is the brother-in-law of Lewis Carroll's March Hare.

$1150
F. o. b.
Racine
Mitchell Junior—a40h. p. Six
120-inch Wheelbase
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 295
llllillilWIilllill
SIXES
IJiliJaiiiiiiiiilllllllllll
•HLM
$1460
F. o.b.
Racine
7-Passenger— 48 Horsepower
127-inch Wheelbase
mm
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You will find in Mitchells many
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31 unique features—
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These things are paid for by factory
savings, due to John W. Bate. He
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below what this car would
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His methods save us the $4,000,000,
which pays for these added attractions.
Our new body plant
this year brings
another big saving,
which pays for this
added luxury—24 per
cent.
One result is a complete
car—no wanted
feature lacking.
Another is such
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^1
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*99EJJSJ
But the greatest result is a lifetime
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Over 440 parts are built of toughened
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All parts which get a major
strain are built of Chrome-Vanadium.
Several Bate-built Mitchells have
already exceeded 200,000 miles. In
two years not a single Bate cantilever
spring has broken.
New $1150 Size
There are now two sizes—Mitchell
and Mitchell Junior. But the smaller
size has 120-inch wheelbase. See
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best, which body-
TWO SIZES
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roomy, 7-passensrer
Mitchell" Compare these cars
Six, with 127-inch wheel-
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these extras. You
Price SI 460. /. o. b. Racine are bound to choose
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296 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
GERMAN SOLDIER AND FRENCH PIG
The censor has interfered with the explanation; we can only guess whether the artist would have called
this pleasant scene "Pals" as a satire upon his living condition, or merely "The Commissary's Delight".
GERMAN SOLDIER WITH FRENCH CAPTIVE

ILLUSTRATED WORLD 299
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300 ILLUSTRATED WORLD

d by studying the successes of any of
.r big money makers.
teresting and inspiring are several cases
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ne is that of a man who was $6,000 in
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id today is earning $1,000 a week. He is
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jod fortune to Prof. Frank Charming
addock and his very remarkable book,
'ower of Will." Another is a young man
ho worked in a big factory. One day he
et Mr. W. M. Taylor, the noted efficiency
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aining of his will, and in less than one
ear his salary was increased lo more than
-lit times what he had been earning.
I lien there is the case of C. D. Van Vech-
'ii. General Agent of the Northwestern
ife Insurance Company. After his first
camination of Prof. Haddock's methods
id lessons in will power development, as
lblished in "Power of Will," he told the
ithor that they would be worth $3,000 to
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nother man, Mr. H. D. Ferguson, residig
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iwer training by Haddock's system has
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her vices almost overnight—has helped
.-ercome sickness and nervousness—has
ansformed unhappy, envious, discontented
ELTON PUBLISHING COMPANY,
25-J Wilcox Block, Meriden, Conn.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 331
people into dominating personalities filled
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In this new book Prof. Haddock, whose
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For the will is just as susceptible to exercise
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"Power of Will" is being distributed by
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Conn. Any reader who cares to examine
the book may do so without sending any
money. If, after five days, you do not feel
that this book is worth the $3 asked for it,
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Some few doubters will scoff at the idea of
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As a first step in will training, act on your
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days or send you S3 in payment for it.
ame
.ddress
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.M
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Vol. XXVII
MAY. 1917
PICTORIAL FEATURES
No. 3
Designers of the New Coins 344
The "Mole Detector"
Science, Mechanics, Invention 353
351
Every Pennsylvania Oars- Training the New Troops The "Red Bug" Makes Its
man His Own Coach The Eyes of Our Aerial Bow
The Trophy of a Life and Service The Longest Bridge in the
Death Battle A Sun-Power Sanatorium World
Diamonds in Automobile Searching for "Wellesley's Learning to Drive without
Manufacture Best" Damage
It's a Wise Ewe That Giant Park Sprinkler Testing an Aeroplane in a
Knows Her Own Lamb New Fish-Line Guide 75-Mile Gale
New Kind of Watch Pocket Kitchen Boiler Serves as Taking It Out on a Dummy
Making Dikes of Orchard Diving Helmet Training Our Aviators in
Heaters For the Left-Eyed Shooter Night Flying
New Portable Asphalt Adjustable Radiator Foot- New Metal Concrete Form
Heater Rest Listening to the Footfalls of
A New Cheap Speedster A Lifeboat That Telescopes a Fly
Up to the Minute 369
Gas Masks in Industry 382
Torpedo Finds Its Prey 384
Making X-Ray Tubes *
Her Jeweled Comb 394
Teaching Life-Savers 399
389
Evolution of a Bottle
With the Airmen 404
Little Oddities of Life 407
400
"Wow-Wow" Delivering by Motor Cara- Apartment House Built on
315 Miles in "Reverse" van Stilts
For the Life of a Cat All She Is Wearing IsStock- Getting Mail to the Azores
k "Higher in Hawaii"—and ings! Islands
Here A Dangerous Photoplay A Box Car General Store
When You Meet This on a Scene Body Armor of Today
Country Road, Don't Vacuum-Cleaning an Ele- The Mascot of the Aus-
Shyl phant tralian Battalion
Crusaders Approach the Holy City 454
PERSONAL SERVICE
Hints for Practical People 419
Efficient Protector for New Way to Wear Perfume Pen Extractor
Watch Crystals Every Man His Own Ven- Disappearing Table
Ice Cream without Work triloquist Sleeping Knapsack for
Invisible Vanity Case . Shovel Truck Campers
A Whole Meal on One Homemade Camp Stool Cookies as Beautiful as
Burner
Really Hygienic Window "Tasty"
W* 11 * 4 * Plck P° cket Convenient Thumbpurse Sanitary High Chair
Can t Get r r, .._,,..
Clothes Drying Rack Washing Plant for Farmers' Electric Gas Lighter
Telephone Appliance for Wives Safety Can for Waste
Noisy Places Carry Your Desk with You Staging a Motor Car

TABLE OF CONTENTS 333
Personality: An Asset George Edgar 431
Automobile Tips 435
Magnetic Lamp Keeps Auto Springs Lubri- Whispering to theChauffeur
Free Bookkeeping for Au- cated Auto Heel Protector for
tomobilists New Type of Wheel Women
Gasoline as a Prize Digs Your Car Out of the Long-Handled Jack
Don't Let Your Motor Mud A Better Radiator Cover
Catch Cold Bike Attachment Drives New Types of Windshields
Short Radius Truck At- Motor Car Keeping the Inside of the
tachment Non-Glare Spot-Light Car Clean
Less Noise for the Motorist New Lock for Fords Carry the Oven Along
Adjustable Windshield Demounts Rims in One Don't Wait for the Oil to
Paper Has Another Use Minute Run
A Good Pin Money Job for Youngsters . . . Monroe Woo/ley 448
SCIENCE
Science Learns to Control Sex 352
Toilers Under the Sea Robert G. Skerrett 371
Getting the Range of an Enemy Warship . William N. Taft 376
With and Without Rails 388
New Method of Healing Desperate Wounds . Martin S. Daniels 395
How Much Does a Pound Weigh? W. A. Dill 402
What Is Color? Rene Bache 405
A New Interior Telephone 452
Locomotive Weighs Itself 456
A Steam-Kerosene Car 458
THE WORLD TODAY
Is New York in Danger? EdwardLyell Fox 338
Damming Our Black River of Waste . . . William T. Walsh 346
Barney Oldfield's New Safety Racer . . .Edward C. Crossman 366
Hunting the Howler P. Griswold Howes 385
Hatching Our "Mosquito Fleet" Harold Cary 390
Latest Wrinkles in Motor Cars David Wales 413
Paris Again Fashioning the Fashion World . . . Jane Nesbitt 428
Assassins of Silence Marc N. Goodnow 443
Blowing Off Steam 446
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ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Publication Office: R. T. MILLER. Jr., publisher Eutern Advertising Office:
Drexel Avenue and 58th St.. Chicago Flatiron Building. New Yorlc
Copyright. 1917. by Illustrated World
Published monthly—Entered at the Postotficc. Chicago. 111., as second-class mail matter

334 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Now that War is here,
every American man,
woman, and child will
want to know just how
we are going to win it.
In other words, how Yankee
brains will successfully combat
German preparedness.
Starting with the next (June) issu
Illustrated World will specialize in
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El
T? T?
Vol. XXVII MAY, 1917 No. 3
THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPH OF THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON TAKEN ON
THE NIGHT AFTER THE INSTALLATION OF THE NEW ILLUMINATION SYSTEM

IS NEW YORK
DANGERby
Edward Lyell Fox
331
N O W that unwelcome war is forced
upon us can Germany do any material
harm to our shores? Can
her submarines sink our coastwise
traffic ; blockade our ports ; can her
Hio-h Seas Fleet escape the British cordon,
and bombard our Atlantic Coast cities? Can
her Zeppelins cross the seas, topple over the
Woolworth Building, smash Brooklyn Bridge,
and blow up Wall Street?
These are some of the contingencies that
at the time these lines are written worry our
seacoast cities. In particular is New York
perturbed. Obviously the center of population
and finance would offer a tempting mark.
Germany might do some of these things.
It is extremely improbable that she could do
them all. Her position is too isolated. More
than likely the submarine menace could be
handled effectually by our navy's coast patrols.
The only possible base for the U-boats on this
side of the water would be along the shares of
Mexico or Colombia. A submarine warfare
prosecuted so far from home and under such
hazardous conditions would be hardly effective
so far as our merchant marine is concerned.

II «•>• \ '
[ « i\'i I t
' l»
We may take it for granted, too, that, after
being penned in for nearly three years the
Imperial High Seas Fleet can hardly escape
the vigilant British Navy, in any dash for the
Atlantic.
The one danger—and a very possible one—•
is that a few fast battle cruisers might individually
creep out, escape to the north around
Scotland, and then make a "bee line" for our
shores. With the aid of Zeppelins, they could
undoubtedly do serious damage to our coasts
and even threaten New York City, before our
fleet had located them. Even then unless they
were taken by surprise it is improbable we
could capture them. The fast German cruisers
Goeben and Breslau, taking refuge in Constantinople
in the summer of 1914, and later entering
the Black Sea, have so far evaded the
slower vessels of the Russian fleet. Our
armored cruisers could not stand up against
a battle cruiser in fair fight. She could
quickly show a clean pair of heels to our
speediest dreadnaught, and we have no battle
cruisers to meet the situation.
A couple of such ships could convoy a small
squadron of Zeppelins which had joined them
i
i
I
3M

340 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
by simply crossing the English Channel
and flying over the British Isles. If the
weather were fair, a crossing of the Atlantic
could be effected by the Zeppelins
in less than four days. This, of course,
would not be practicable. The fuel supply
would have to be replenished from
the store on board the attendant battle
cruisers. The pace of the water craft
would be that set for the air squadron.
By avoiding the customary sea lanes,
this hostile force could readily take New
York City by surprise.
At the close of a cloudy summer's day
several of these huge craft could swoop
down upon the metropolis, locate by their
unmistakable outline the chief buildings,
and drop bombs upon them until the supply
of explosives was exhausted.
Such a feat would be inconceivably
The Zeppelins could come down so low
as to strike a building with every bomb.
New York City would not be destroyed,
but hundreds of lives and millions
of dollars in property would be sure
to be destroyed. How easy this would
be is evident when we picture in our
mind's eye one of these battleships of the
air. It is so large that inside of it could
be put the biggest American steamer
sailing to Europe. Think of this huge
cigar-shaped thing, not as a gas bag
but rather as a bird cage, divided into
more than a score of compartments, each
containing an individual gas bag. Think
of this enormous framework covered
with both fire- and water-proof cloth.
Visualize on the "roof" of this a platform,
upon which are mounted five machine
guns.
THE TARGETS FOR A ZEPPELIN
This photograph, snapped from the rear car of one of the air pirates, shows how easy it would be for Germans to make
targets of our skyscrapers or munition plants.
easy: the city taken by surprise; daz- Conceive of this gigantic thing and
zlingly conspicuous because of its blaze then consider that a single twelve-inch
of lights; only a few aeroplanes, and no gun weighs two tons more than it
anti-aircraft guns, to beat off the attack, weighs! Think that the anchor of the

IS NEW YORK IN DANGER? 341
EIGHTY MILES AN HOUR DEAD AHEAD FOR NEW YORKI
battleship Pennsylvania contains one ton
more metal than there is in one of these
super-Zeppelins! Six hundred eighty
feet long, seventy-two feet in diameter,
the new Zeppelins dwarf the passenger
carrying dirigibles of peace time. You
need hardly ask yourself. Are they a
menace ?
Now let us imagine New York City in
danger from another source. What if
the Russian resistance should collapse;
the Duma make peace with Germany;
the Western allied powers—England,
France, and Italy—come to terms with
the Central powers? Suppose, in other
words, we find Germany thwarted but
not beaten, deprived of her influence in
Asia Minor, her African colonies lost,
seeking compensation in South America,
and eager to turn the storm of her wrath
against the United States? What would
be the situation of our Atlantic seaports?
Undoubtedly they would be in grave
danger.
Picture a strong foreign fleet steaming
toward the American Coast. Where
will it strike? At what point along
that great unfortified seaboard from
Florida to Maine? The coast cities
are in a panic. Our naval officers,
schooled in the strategy of war, know
that the enemy fleet will not attack a city
until it has destroyed the American fleet.
They know that the enemy will send out
scouts to ascertain the location of our
fleet. We are sending out scouts—fast
small craft to find the direction the enemy
is coming from.
One night off the coast of Maine, with
our fleet steaming along in darkness, the
deck officers hear, above the swirl of inky
water, the clatter of propellers. The
enemy's seaplanes have spotted our fleet!
Up from the decks of our battleships
our own seaplanes are catapulted. The
rattle of machine guns splits the night.
In the air the battle between dragon flies
is on. The enemy planes try to escape
with the information they have secured.
Our officers see the flash of signal
lights from the enemy's seaplanes and
then, as three of them fall blazing from
the sky, the others turn tail and run.
Our searchlights sweep the heavens but
find nothing! Persistently, the long
white inquiring beams from every
battleship and cruiser cross and recross
the black spaces but nothing is revealed.
The searchlights have a range of only
twenty-five hundred yards, so just above
the dim tips of their long fingers unseen,

342 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
A BATTLE BETWEEN THE -KINGFISHER AND THE HAWK'
hover the Zeppelins. To the enemy up
there, black as the night itself, the position
and number of our ships is known
clearly.
Our wireless men intercept strange
messages in code. We do not know
from whence they are coming. Voices
somewhere in the night are whispering
unintelligible, sinister things.
In the darkest hours of the early
morning the attack comes. From the
heavens there falls upon our astounded
fleet a deluge of green and red signal
lights. The Zeppelins are dropping
rockets to tell the enemy destroyers just
where our fleet is. Taking us by surprise,
the destroyers close in, speeding
thirty miles an hour and launching their
torpedoes. Our five-inch guns whip the
water. There is the yelp of explosions.
Enemy's destroyers in twos and threes,
split open, their inwards burning, hissing
like living things in anguish, as
the ocean pours in engulfing them. But
the boom of heavy explosions rolls
through the night. Some of their torpedoes
have hit the mark. Three of our
great battleships have their insides blown
open. They glare; then scream with
escaping steam. They hunch and splash
monstrously under the closing seas.
At daybreak we find fragments' from
ten of the enemy's destroyers. But they
have done their work. The enemy
Admiral has judged it worth the price,
for three of our dreadnaughts are down.
And somewhere, high in the sky, out of
range of our strongest anti-aircraft
guns, the Zeppelins are sailing. Through
them, and them alone, was it possible to
discover the American fle'et, to find its
exact location without betraying their
own presence. Monstrous vultures,
soaring high in the heaven, they peered
down upon our ships advising their own
fleet by wireless of our every movement.
Twice during the night we have tried
to drive them off with our seaplanes but
we have not enough. What chance have
those few little planes against six battleships
in the sky, each sweeping the air
with the fire from nine machine guns;
each capable of rising quicker on
vertical than its little foe?
Out of such a situation would gn
perhaps, the greatest menace to IS

York. With our battle fleet
crippled, sunk, or scattered,
eventually the city would be
subject to bombardment—
certainly from the sky—more
than likely from the sea. The
damage to life and property,
in such an event, the imagination
alone can picture.
It would be incalculable.
Zeppelins are not primarily
for blowing up fortresses.
As a matter of fact, at such
work they are a failure. I
have seen one of the Antwerp
forts upon which a
Zeppelin bomb was dropped.
The result was no better
than that caused by the explosion
of an ordinary sized
shell. In Russia I was at
the fortress of Novo Georgiewsk
after it was captured;
A Zeppelin bombarded Novo
during the infantry attack.
One Zeppelin bomb made a
hole in the roof of a storehouse
and blew it to smithereens—an
achievement of no
military value. Another
bomb landed in the park
where the farming implements
of the fortress were
kept. A perfectly good
Cyrus McCormick harvester only was
destroyed.
No, let us forget the Zeppelins for
blowing up fortresses; let us forget them
for annihilating columns of troops. The
trouble is that fortresses invariably have
powerful anti-aircraft guns. To keep out
of range, a Zeppelin has to fly too high to
drop bombs accurately. Modern artillery
fire is much more effective and
scientific. But the Zeppelin has its use.
That use contrary to popular opinion is
not for raiding England, and spilling
bombs upon theatres and ale houses. To
understand the real use of these Zeppelins,
we must go back to last May.
On the fortified Island of Heligoland,
the doors of great sheds opened, and the
IS NEW YORK IN DANGER? 343
Finis!
The airman above has succeeded in igniting the huge gas balloon with an
incendiary hook bomb.
sharp beaked warbirds emerged. Four
Zeppelins of the German Navy took the
air, rising gracefully into the gray North
Sea sky and skimming with the speed of
express trains toward England. A half
hour passed. The man sitting in the
naval wireless station at Cuxhaven gave
a start. "I G N."
One of the code calls of the German
navy was coming in—from out of the
sky somewhere. The officer in command
of the station clapped on the telephone
headpiece. He called headquarters of
the Admiral. "Important Message."
In flashed the warning from somewhere
in the sky. "Admiral Beatty's
battle cruiser squadron is separated from
(Continued oti page 462)

344
DESIGN
I the NEW
There are many things to be considered in
making a relief for the face of currency. It is,
in fact, unlike the producing of any other medallion
or medal. In the first place, the coins
must be made so that they will "stack". No
matter how beautiful the work may be, if this
practical point is not considered the result is
failure.
It was James Earl Fraser—shown in the
two photographs at the right—who made the
design of the buffalo nickel. Many think that
the Indian head on the five-cent piece is a portrait
of an individual Indian, but Mr. Fraser is
very definite in his denial of this. The head
is a composite made from five different models,
and is the sculptor's ideal of an American Indian.
Before the work on the relief even was
begun, portrait busts were made from each of
the mod Is, then portrait reliefs; this means
that ten distinct portraits were completed before
our new coin design was started.
It seems to be the ambition of every sculptor
to make a Lincoln. Many have been fortunate
enough to have their attempts placed in public,
but the portrait of Abraham Lincoln, made by
VictorD. Brenner—at the
left, bottom—is the most
widely known of any. It
is doubtful if there is a
man or woman in the
United States, rich or
poor, who has not seen
I this work, for it is on the
penny. The beauty of
L this coin lies in its utter
A simplicity, the simplicity,
»\ it would seem, that was
jgA one of the great man's
va\\ greatest qualities.
1
Mr. Victor
David Brenner
and His Relief
of Lincoln
Which Was
Used on the
Cent
On many of our paper
money designs there are
portraits of statesmen but
this is the only coin, so
far, to bear one. The
large relief made by Mr.
Brenner for this purpose
is considered one of the
best Lincolns extant.
The figure on the half
dollar made by Adolph
Weinman—at the left, top
—is one of peace and prosperity.
Her right hand is
extended toward vast
spaces in an attitude of
welcome. In her arm she
carries a sheaf of laurel,
her hand is dressed in a

ERS of
COINS
martial way, but behind her floats the American
flag throwing the figure into relief. The
handling of the drapery is free and masterful
and the whole poise of the figure gives one the
impression of freedom and grace, this not d
tracting from the suggestion of the strength in
the work. On the other side of the coin is th
American eagle in all his feathen d glory. By
the way the artist has used the wings, the sug
gestion of movement that is found in the Lib
erty is not lost.
The dime, on which Mr. Weinman was work
ing when photographed, has the same head
only in larger size.
Hcrmon A. MacNeil's quarter holds a Lib
erty of a different character. In fact this migh
well be termed "Preparedness 1 ', and again one
might think of it as typifying Peace through
Strength.
The figure, that of Miss Doris Doscher, who
posed for Mr. MacNeil and is known now and
forever as the "American Coin Girl," is coming
down a flight of stairs. With her right hand
she invites and welcomes the stranger to
America, but on the left
arm is buckled a shield,
and though she offers
laurel in token of peace
and protection her shield
carries forth the idea of
strength.
Uncle Sam has become
very careful about the
corners and crevices in
new money. It wasneces
sary to recall one piece
because it was found,
alter the coining, that the
relief was made in such a
way that it wis possible
for dirt to accumulate on
its surface. This is found
tn be detrimental to public
health, and one can
readily see the danger of
such a condition when giving
a moment's thought
to the number of hands
that the coins pass in a
short time. The cent,
the quarter, the dollar
which you carry in your
pocket this minute may
easily have come to you
direct from the hand of a
scarlet fever, measles, infantile
paralysis or smallpox
patient.

THE HEART OF "GAY PARIS" AT NIGHT NOWADAYS
The French have learned to save their coal. Their experience has taught them that electric street lighting is, in
the main, an unnecessary luxury.
DAMMING OUR BLACK RIVE
OF WASTE
By WILLIAM T. WALSH
A S the United States goes to war, the fleet, for fuel in steel and munition
f\ the first act should be the tak- plants, the black diamonds contributed
/ \ ing over of the control of the coal tar, from which high explosives
I % railways by the Federal were manufactured by the Allied na­
Government.
tions.
The second act should be a similar In spite of the fact that the British
control of the coal mines of the nation. Government practically took over the op­
The first act is prerequisite to the seceration of coal mining, industry was
ond. It has a direct bearing on the coal seriously handicapped. This was due,
industry. The situation abroad helps to first of all, to strikes in Wales, subse­
explain this.
quently settled through the tact and good
When Great Britain went to war, the sense of Lloyd George; and second due
first thing the government did was to to the fact that the army found many
commandeer all the best steam and do­ eager recruits among the coal miners.
mestic coal in the United Kingdom. The Presently it was discovered that the
situation was too critical to permit of any normal output of coal, despite the in­
consideration at that time of the needs creased demand for the product, had
of private industry. England's first and been reduced by about twelve per cent.
last line of defense was her fleet. There­ Only skilled miners could make up this
fore, coal for her naval units was the deficiency. Thereupon, the British Gov­
first consideration.
ernment called back from the trenches in
Besides the need of coal for operating Flanders and northern France those
346

DAMMING OUR BLACK RIVER OF WASTE 347
AN UP-TO-DATE COAL-CUTTING MACHINE
In regard to actual mine equipment we arc well advanced. Pick and shovel methods largely have been superseded by
these mechanical cutters.
whose occupation in times of peace had
been coal digging.
Results did not justify expectations.
It was found that patriotism needs the
stimulus of uniforms, music, and military
glamour. Men do not pull on overalls
with the ready enthusiasm that they display
in donning khaki uniforms. Those
who came back from the battle line did
not wield picks with the ardor they
served machine guns. So England, even
at the present time, is not turning out
her normal output of coal.
To add to the difficulty, England is
also obliged to furnish her allies, Italy
and France, with coal. When the Germans
overran northern France, they occupied
the rich coal and iron fields of
that country. Thus at one stroke France
found these vital resources gone. England,
in spite of her own diminished supply,
took steps to make up the deficiency.
She has had great difficulty in doing this,
and the French have been hard put to it
at times to keep their factories in operation.
So stringent, indeed, has this shortage
become that few electric lights are now
being lit at night in the French capital.
Tin's means, too, a limiting of street car
traffic. There is not the coal to spare
for the generating of electricity for
civilian purposes. Moreover, theaters
are only permitted to give performances
on certain specified nights of the week,
and this regulation holds true also of
motion picture theaters, which are required
to close at ten o'clock.
It is a curious sight to the outsider,
who in times past has walked down the
brilliantly lighted boulevards of Paris, to
survey spring fashions through the shop
windows illuminated only by feeble candlelight.
Similar conditions prevail, of course,
in the other cities and towns of France.
All of Italy is in a like predicament.
The feverish prosecution of the submarine
warfare has practically cut off.
for the time being at least, shipments of
coal from the United States to Europe.
Both China and Japan produce a
mediocre quality. Australia is comparatively
rich in fields that compare
favorably with our best Pocahontas
product. Indeed, this quality is so good
that for some years our own Pacific
Coast has been supplied largely from the
Australian mines.
However, the sea lanes are still too
dangerous to transport coal from the Far
East to England and France. Few of

348 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
the freight vessels sailing via the Suez to be a shortage of cars. All normal
Canal and the Mediterranean would be freight schedules are sadly disarranged.
likely to reach port.
Whatever the patient public knows as
French scientists, therefore, have been to the causes, it is sure that it feels the
vigorously seeking ways and means to effects. We have the coal, if it only can
meet the deficit. There is a poor quality be shipped. The whole world knows it.
of coal in central France, which was re­ That is why the French commission is
garded formerly as not being worthy of seeking to make a contract with certain
serious consideration. The French, producers to ship annually five million
finding, like the Germans, that coking is tons of steam coal to France. This com­
essential to getting every by-product out mission is now negotiating also with the
of the coal, tried to put this supply owners of mines in Colorado to get as
through the regular process. But it much as possible of the output of that
proved to be the despair of factory man­ region.
agers. However, scientists got busy and The world-wide shortage is likely to
invented a method which made coke de­ continue. Not until the war is over can
rived from this inferior product of much Europe solve this problem. And in the
greater value. Still the supply is far United States we shall more than likely
from adequate and at the present time a experience coal hunger, not only next
commission of French engineers is in winter but the winter after.
the United States trying to buy up suf­ With a war on our hands the coal
ficient coal for the needs of their country. problem cannot be trifled with. We shall
The supply in the United States is have to employ means as arbitrary as
short now. This condition of affairs, of Great Britain found necessary. Coal ex­
course, is not necessarily permanent, but perts say that counting the working year
has been brought about owing to peculiar as three hundred days, the mines this
business conditions.
past year were unnecessarily idle nearly
It appears to be rather difficult to get one-third of the time. If the mines had
at the underlying difficulty. We know produced their normal output, all the
freight congestion exists. There seems nations of the world, including the
THE INTERIOR OF A WELSH MINE
Even now these mines are not producing up to their full peace-time capacity.

DAMMING OUR BLACK RIVER OF WASTE 349
United States, could be supplied adequately
with the product and still leave a
surplus of forty million tons. The coal
operators insist that the shortage has
been due to lack of shipping facilities.
mineral at all it was necessary originally
to cut down through various strata of
earth and soft rock. This soft formation
required a most ingenious and elaborate
system of bracing the walls and
CANDLES ARE COMING BACK
Because of the ban on the waste of electricity, Paris shop windows are illuminated now by arrays of wax tapers.
Production is useless without cars to haul ceilings. In their retreat, the Germans
the coal. The freight congestion would
seem to bear out their explanation of the
shortage. That is why we say the government
must commandeer the .railways
at the firing of the first shot. If the
railways cannot discharge satisfactorily
the responsibilities they have assumed,
the war powers vested in the National
Government should force them to do so.
But even after the war is over the coal
shortage problem will not be solved for
some time. Europe will make all' the
coal contracts she can with the United
States. France and Belgium, in particular,
will have to get coal abroad, for the
mines of those regions are ruined, probably
for years to come.
In northern France the coal mines lie
very deep underground. To get at the
indiscriminately destroyed these supports
with explosives, so that in the
blowing up of the pillars countless tons
of debris fell, closing up the mine shafts.
This was an obvious piece of military
strategy, designed not only to spoil all
chance that France might have of utilizing
these mines during the war, but possibly
with the idea in view of crippling
French industry after the war. In any
event, such will be the effect, for it may
take years to restore these mines to their
original working condition.
It appears, then, as if the world, after
the war, will have to look to the United
States for its coal supply. Oriental
fields, the only other source the world
may turn to, are not sufficiently developed
to be counted upon for supplying

350 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
more than a drop in the bucket. Can
this country sit idly by and let the coal
and railway industries in their inefficient
way attempt to supply the needs of the
nations? For our own sakes, if not for
the remainder of humanity, the government
will have to control coal and perhaps
railways for some time. High
prices with a surplus of coal waiting to
be removed from the ground seem
absurd. Inadequate transportation facilities,
in like circumstances, seem equally
absurd. Till the great world crisis and
its aftermath are over, it looks as if these
two great industries in the United States
must go on under temporary government
ownership.
Two vital reasons, then, require Federal
control of mines. The first is a war
measure; the second is an industrial
measure—after the war. Our own
needs demand the first; the needs of the
world demand the second.
But why will war so greatly increase
the already huge and insistent demand
for coal?
Progress in chemical science is the
answer. Scientists and efficiency engineers
are unanimous in declaring that for
every ton of raw coal that is fed into the
furnaces, the smelters, the heating systems
of the United States today—costing
approximately six dollars per ton—between
two and three dollars' worth of
valuable by-products that could have been
saved with little or no detriment to the
fuel qualities of the coal are ignorantly
wasted.
In case of war, the United States
would have a tremendous need for the
low-temperature distillation products of
coal. These products are many, but the
ones most needed are coal tar and coal
gas. The first is the crude material
from which the giant powder is made
that bursts the huge shells fired from
the mouths of our cannon. The second
is an invaluable illuminant and fuel.
Neither is to be had in any quantities
in this country today, because we never
have considered a coal shortage or a war
of serious importance in the light of
present-day probability. Consumers have
demanded raw coal; private industry—
represented by the coal dealers—has not
seen fit to educate the public up to using
coke. This condition also has been fostered
by the deplorable fact that we have
not known what to do with our coal derivatives.
We have been throwing
literally precious millions into the street
by converting all our low-temperature
distillation products into paving pitch.
An inertia and ignorance exists in private
industry, which the United States,
in the present exigency, cannot afford to
wait to cope with. One of the very best
preparedness measures which we could
inaugurate today would be an immediate
confiscation of all coal properties.
This would be temporary, of course, and
would imply a complete reimbursement
of all present owners for such loss as
they would suffer.
Then would come complete reorganization.
It is a problem for the war department
and its corps of chemical experts,
largely, but it is probable that the reorganization
would mean the establishment
of huge distilling plants in each of
the coal-mining States; these plants
would send out every particle of coal in
the form of coke, and would divert to
government uses all the valuable distillation
derivatives that now are being
wasted.
It may be presumed then, that, as a
wise precaution, with the outbreak of
hostilities the Federal Government will
take over the operation of all our coal
mines. In like manner it may be presumed
that the Federal Government will
take over the operation of all our railway
systems.
With that much accomplished, the
maintenance of such control after our
war for as long a period as necessary,
should not be found to be particularly
difficult.
This much, we feel certain all will concede—that
to leave these matters in the
hands of private industry during the
period of strife would be a great mistake,
fraught with peril to the nation.

THE "MOLE DETECTOR 11
AS THE SAPPERS APPROACH INCH BY INCH
At various noints below ground in the French trenches are stationed these silent detectives, each with a
microphone. They listen all day long for the incessant "pick-pick" which will tell of an enemy sapping
expedition—a party of human moles who burrow beneath the trenches to plant mines.
m

SCIENCE LEARNS TO
CONTROL SEX
A LTHOUGH this Japanese scien-
/V tist, working in the University
/ \ of California's department of
/ \ entomology, has confined his
•!*• *" experiments so far to the
small insects, aphids, or plant lice, he
hopes soon to verify his findings by experiments
on the blow fly, pomice fly.
amphibia, and on such high forms of
animal life as the pigeon and the chicken.
The results of these investigations, he
believes, will prove that sex can be controlled
even in the human
family.
The discovery by Shinji
was made as the result of an
accident. In 1912 he started
his experiments on aphids
with the primal idea of producing
winged and nonwinged
forms of the insect by
means of chemical treatment.
After experimenting with
many kinds of chemical salts, he
found magnesium chloride best
suited his purposes, and this he
uses exclusively. While working
on the effect this chloride
had on the wings of the aphid,
he noticed that those which he
had treated gave birth only to
the male sex. Experimenting
further he alleges to have proved
that in all cases of reproduction
without the male cell the offspring
to the second generation
of aphids, which had been
treated with magnesium chloride,
turned out males.
In theorizing upon the source
of the effects of magnesium
chloride, Shinji points out that
in the process of cell production
and division in the maturation
process the cells ordinarily divide
in groups of twelve. This even
352
division, he believes, can be changed into
a group with a ratio of sixteen to eight
instead of twelve to twelve, by the addition
of very minute quantities of magnesium
chloride.
Shinji claims that the magnesium
chloride removes the water from protein
substances. As water is the chief cellforming
substance, its removal, he finds,
so deranges the normal maturation
process that male offspring are bound to
result.
Shinji at Work in His Laboratory

SCIENCE ^MECHANICS® INVENTION
iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiHMuniiiiiiiiMMiiiiMin»»»MUMi»inimm>n>
EVERY PENNSYLVANIA OARSMAN HIS OWN COACH
Coach Joe Wright has installed a mirror, like the one shown above, at the side of each rowing machine
in the gymnasium of the University of Pennsylvania. The theory is that the oarsman's personal pride
in his development is greatly stimulated.
THE TROPHY OF A LIFE AND DEATH BATTLE
This plaster cast, being prepared for a New York museum, has for its subject an eighteen-foot devilfish
or Mania, which was killed, after a terrific struggle, in the Gulf of Mexico.
S
353

354 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
•«£JL£n
DIAMONDS IN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURE
The photograph above* shows $6,000 worth of rough diamonds used for trueing emery wheels, grinding
crankshafts, camshafts and other parts requiring very accurate and delicate work. Below is a diamond
adjustment in the Willys-Overland factory in Detroit.
y_i "i

ID:
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION
It's a Wise Ewe That Knows
Her Own Lamb
Large sheep misers of the West
have adopted the lamb blanket
shown in the upper photograph, as
ng the best protection against
late spring storms. The big difficulty
lies in the fact that the blanket
is ;ill too apt to make a lamb an
orphan, because it destroys the individual
scent by which the mother
recognizes it—and there is no such
indignant critter in the world as a
ewe who suspects that she is being
required to furnish nourishment to
some other lady's lambkinl
New Kind of Watch Pocket
Handier than the wrist-watch is the
new garment pocket devised by
Joseph C. Brehl ol Columbus, Ohio.
XT H
ZEE
355

356 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
&
MAKING DIKES OF ORCHARD HEATERS
In order to keep the storm flood waters of San Antonio Creek from washing away a forty-acre lemon grove
near Lordsburg, California, it was necessary to sacrifice five thousand dollars' worth of property in the
form of orchard heaters. These, used to combat frost among the trees, are similar to galvanized washtubs,
with cone-shaped covers for the flues. They were stacked six deep to form a wall against the
angry waters.
NEW PORTABLE ASPHALT HEATER
A portable heater, recently invented by Wilfred G. Chausse of Detroit, Michigan, makes it possible to
repair asphalt pavements quickly. The heater comprises a spring-supported main frame, which, when
in operative position, is supported in a horizontal frame near the ground. When not in operation this
horizontal frame is folded back over the main frame to facilitate transportation. The heater has a battery
of burners—as many or as few as required.
~J2L XE

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 357
u -*„.—»- 1
^*-i__«^£
A NEW CHEAP SPEEDSTER
This high-geared, three-wheeled automobile.
designed by Frederick E. Fisher, a Baltimore,
Maryland, inventor, can make from seventy-
live to ninety miles an hour. Because the
center of gravity is so low the machine can cut
around sharp corners at thirty miles an hour
without overturning. The car is built to sell at
a very moderate price.
TRAINING THE NEW TROOPS
To aid the troops in gaining a knowledge of motorized warfare, the Chalmers Motor Company of Canada
has loaned a Chalmers chassis to the Scottish Borderers. A Lewis rapid firing gun has been mounted
on the chassis and the machine gun operators have practiced shooting while moving along the road at
the dizzy pace of 50 miles per hour.
TT TL

358 ILLUSTRATED WORLD

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 359
A Sun-Power Sanatorium
The first step in taking a treatment in this tiny
sanatorium is to lie down in the glass cabinet
shown above. Only the patient's In'ad
projects. The rest of his body is baked to a
turn by the hot rays of the sun. Then he is
led into a "solar shower-bath"—a bath apparatus
whose water is warmed by the solar ray
heater shown on tin- roof of the building below.
Searching for "Wellesley's Best"
The girl students at Wellesley College latels
havi been subjected to measurement by this
•r instrument the thoracimeter, a recent
ution. The apparatus records the line and
tion ,s points i>t each figure, the posture, inhalal'lo,
, exhalation, and the flexibility of the chest.
-.. the girls are given accurate data winch
intended to enable them to better their
personal appearances.
TT

360 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Giant Park Sprinkler
This park sprinkler was designed
for watering large areas and operates
very effectively and economical
ly , producing a continuous
artificial shower. When the sprinkler
is in operation the two spray
arms revolve slowly, spreading the
water uniformly in a fine, dense,
rain-like spray over an area having
a diameter of from 80 to 150 feet.
The capacity of the sprinkler varies
from 100 to 200 gallons of water a
minute, according to the operating
pressure, and is about fifty times
that of any ordinary lawn sprinkler
now on the market.
New Fish-Line Guide
To obviate the annoyance to the fisherman
of having his catch escape because of the
IP
snarling of the line, a new and simple fish line
guide has been devised by a Michigan man. It
is made of wire, looped to engage the handle
of the fishing rod to guide the fish line. A
weight at the lower end of this wire guide keeps
it in an upright position. This device should
appeal strongly to disciples of Isaak Walton
who have not as yet attained the skill of true
experts.

££
Kitchen Boiler Serves as Diving
Helmet
The remarkable home-made diving
helmet illustrated herewith is made
of one end of an ordinary kitchen
boiler notched to fit the shoulders
of a man, and weighted with
chain. Using an ordinary duplex
auto pump it is possible for a man
using this helmet to stay down
fifteen minutes at a depth of 30
feet. There is no window in the
helmet, but this is no special hard­
ship inasmuch as the outfit is used
in the East River, New York, where
the silt and sewage render the sense
of sight useless.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 361
Adjustable Radiator Foot-Rest
With this new radiator foot rest devised by Ellis N. Webb,
Geneva. New York, it is possible to dry one's feet as easily
as in an oven and without the likelihood of getting burned.
Che rest has a T-shaped arm that is slipped in between the
radiator pipes, then turned from a vertical to a horizontal
position where it acts as a brace that holds securely the
resl in extended position in front of the radiator. When
not in use the foot rest can be raised and a hook engaged
over the upper portion of the radiator, thus holding the
device securely against the radiator.
n
For the Left-Eyed Shooter
For the man who has learned to shoot
a rifle or shotgun from the right shoulder,
and who is forced by circumstances
to use his left eye for sighting, this
contrivance has been marketed.
TT

362
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
UJ_
«ip— 331
/
^ • ^ , ;/-•
The "Red Bug" Makes
Its Bow
This little car attained
great popularity at the
ach resorts during the
latter part of the winter
just past. It consists of a
light frame set on bicycle
wheels, and driven by a
motor wheel attachment in
the rear. In the beach
races, these little cars
showed their ability to
make twenty-five miles an
hour.
THE LONGEST BRIDGE IN THE WORLD
Above is a diagram of the proposed San Francisco Oakland bridge which is to be built immediately by
the counties of San Francisco and Alameda, California. The bridge will be two hundred feet in height and
five and one-half miles in length, and is to cost $22,000,000.
mm EE IX •

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 363

364 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
•man^T*
Taking It Out on a Dummy
Didn't you ever wonder how
your dentist got the callous
mannerisms he exhibits when
going after one of your cherished
and tender wisdom teeth?
Well, the secret is out! Here
is a student at the New York
Dental Infirmary, getting a little
experience on a dummy
patient.
Testing an Aeroplane in a 75-Mile Gale
YZi , "¥
The Washington Navy Yard I as now a wind tun­
nel, where by means of huge fans and a 500 horse­
power motor a regular hurricane can be generated
if desired. In this tunnel the models of aeroplanes
under consideration for use in Government service
are tested out.
Training Out Aviators in
Night Flying
As a preliminary to the training
of airmen in night flying there has
been erected at the Mineola, Long
Island, flying field a wooden stand
which mounts three searchlights
and twelve flood-lighting lamps, the
latter being of the same type as
those employed in the illumination
of building exteriors. The floodlights
are intended to cast a path
of light across the flying ground, so
that the airmen can find the field
and safely alight at night. The
searchlights, two of which are of
the portable trench t>pe and the
remaining one a 36-inch type, are
intended for picking up hostile
craft. Aside from training the
Army aviators in flying and alighting
at night, it is planned that the
men will be taught nocturnal battling
in the air.
»W«»»I:J 3«ll

New Metal Concrete
Form
This device makes it
possible to erect any
sort of a concrete wall
with a continuous air
space contained, with
solid corners or solid
pilasters at any point.
and of any desired
thickness from two to
fourteen inches. It will
eliminate the expense
of wasted lumber in
making' forms, as well
as the time employed.
The photographs show
the start of a wall where
the flexible forms were
used.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 365
LISTENING TO THE FOOTFALLS OF A FLY
Two University of California physicists lately have completed a new and sensitive sound magnifying
instrument whereby the pittcrpatter of a fly's footsteps on the ceiling, the wiggling of a woodborer in the
heart of an old oak, the beating of the human heart and many other small sounds are made plainly
audible.
TX IT

BARNEY OLDFIELD'S NEW
SAFETY RACER
By E D W A R D C. C R O S S M A N
T
HIS is what the crowd at Ormond
Beach will see this summer
if the fates don't step in
and snarl up the plans of the
reat and original Barney
Oldfield
and such other automobile racetrackspeed
demons.
One of them is being built purely for
the breaking of the straightaway record,
A MODEL OF THE THREE-MILE-A-MINUTE CAR
In case this machine turns turtle, the metal case protects the driver and mecanicien from injury.
In a wonderful car of 1600 pounds
weight, driven by a 12-cylinder 300horsepower
aeroplane motor of less than
600 pounds, with the driver and mechanic
completely enclosed by a strong aluminum
body, Oldfield plans to shoot the
existing Ormond record so thoroughly
to pieces that it will be replaced only by
the Oldfield record for the next ten
years.
His new car is to make 180 miles an
hour, according to present figures, the
only obstacle being the possibility of not
getting sufficient traction at that speed
with the light weight of the car. Former
speed monsters have been over 2000
pounds, Resta's great Peugeot weighing
2400 pounds, for instance.
The existing record for a straightaway
mile is 26 seconds. Barney says he'll
make it in 20 seconds.
Two cars of this submarine-body type
are now being built for Oldfield from
special parts at the shops of the Harry
Miller Company in Los Angeles, grooms
to the cars of Resta, Aikin, Rickenbacher,
366
and is to be fitted out for that sole purpose
with the 12-cylinder aluminum
aeroplane motor, to be finally installed
in the air craft of DeLoyd Thompson,
the aviator. The cylinders of the motor
are 5 by 6 inches, and the whole develops
300 horsepower at 1600 revolutions.
A peculiarity of the great engine is the
presence of four magnetos, two on each
side, and two sparks to each cylinder to
guard against ignition trouble. There
will be practically no flywheel, and the
drive will be straight through to the rear
wheels, no transmission and no moving
parts dragging on the shaft, the gearing
down being done in the rear axle, where
the motor will be stepped down at the
ratio of one and one-half to one.
The cylinders of the motor are of the
lightest possible weight vanadium steel,
so thin that they hardly look adequate to
the work. The entire engine is one casting
of aluminum.
The other car, for Barney's use on the
speedways, such as Indianapolis, Chicago,
and Sheepshead, is the permanent vehicle

BARNEY OLDFIELD'S NEW SAFETY RACER 367
in which the veteran driver
expects to clean up on the races
during 1917. Of the same lines
as the great 12, it will have a
four-cylinder, 16-valve Miller
motor, developing 130 horsepower,
with its 3?,s x 7-inch
cylinders. The entire engine is
cast out of aluminum, the
pistons and connecting
rods being installed
and removed
from the bottom,
and t li c r e being
therefore no removable
side plates.
It is the bo d v,
however, that will
make the railbird sit
up and try to keep
both eyes from popping
out. Many motor-racing
injuries and fatalities occur
from the car rolling over and pinning
driver or mechanic below. Barney says
you can roll his car over without any
fatalities to those inside!
Instead of the familiar racing body,
these two cars are completely enclosed,
strong aluminum plates carrying the
stream line of the hood right up over
the driver and mechanic and continuing
One of the Gigantic Cylinders of the Racer's
Motor
''
ll
down to the taper tail. The
spectators will see no man at all,
nothing but the gray lines,
broken in front by a thin, screencovered
slot through which the
driver looks.
This slot runs
around the curved
body in front of the
driver, like the slot
in a conning tower
on a battleshi p.
Strong, fine screen
covers the slot, to
keep out pebbles and
other objects that
are thrown up by
other cars, and
which at high speed
of car. hit like bul­
lets. Behind the
wire runs a strip of
celluloid that winds on rollers at either
end. This the driver or mechanic can
wind up and unwind to remove the dirt
and oil that gather on it. The fine screen
breaks the wind pressure enough to permit
the use of the flexible celluloid.
Instead of sitting beside the driver, the
mechanic sits ten inches behind him and
slightly to his right, which makes for a
narrower body and less air resistance and
obviates the swaying against the driver
caused by taking sharp curves. The
WHEN THIS TWELVE CYLINDER MOTOR HELPS ESTABLISH A NEW RECORD. IT WILL
BE INSTALLED IN AN AEROPLANE
|

368 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
complete car is stream line, air resistance
cut down to the last possible pound, even
the axles being blade shape with the thin
edge toward the front. The exhaust
pipe runs
through an
insulated
passage in
the body of
the car and
opens at the
very tail, so
not one object
breaks
the smooth
of the submarine car.
Double steering arms are used instead
of only one, so the bad luck of the auto
driver may break either arm or the tierod
on the wheels, and the car still will
hold the course.
tends to thrust the head of the driver
backward as if some strong person were
pushing it back with his hand, and when
it does give back a little, the driver can
hardly straighten up again.
The great feature is the added
security for the driver and mechanic.
The rate at which a car rolls over
doesn't put the weight of the machine
on the top of the body; in fact
many a car has gone over and over
without even wrecking the wheel or
seats. The shape of this body will
impel the car to go on over and not
stop with the wheels the wrong way up.
In fact, it is expected that the final roll
will land the car on its wheels again.
As before hinted, Barney has no intention
to make his car roll over every time
it passes the grandstand merely to let
• The radiator is as much V-shape as is the crowd feel that it is getting its fifty
possible to make it and still give cooling cents worth, nor will his life be a bit
surface, and there isn't a line on the car better risk if he insists on cutting down
that hasn't been studied and tapered down trees or knocking over brick houses with
to prevent air resistance from cutting his car. But, with the double steering
down speed. Consider the fact that a gear, the roll-over body, the light weight
speed of 180 miles an hour means facing of the car, and his experience and daring,
the same air pressure that one would get the old driver will have even Resta and
from a gale blowing at the same speed Aiken glancing fearfully over their
with the car motionless. Oldfield says shoulders as the gray submarine sneaks
that at 120 miles an hour the air pressure up beside them.

UP TO THE MINUTE
Interesting Subjects Caught by the Camera
GETTING OUT THE CARGO
A Cunarti freighter crashed into this four-masted schooner, the Dustin G. Cressy, overturning her in New
York Harbor. i.rk of d just been started when the photograph was taken.
tf>ViA
DID YOU "BITE" ON A TEN-CENT PETTICOAT?
Half a million women so far have been victimized by this fraud, which pretended to give a five-dollar silk
petticoat in exchange for a dime and a list of five other ladies who might be interested also in securing
such a garment. The United States postal service is now swamped in the attempt to return the dimes to
their senders.
A RECORD-BREAKING EXPRESS CRUISER—SHADO W III
This little boat made a new world's record in her class recently in the ten-mile race at Biscayne Bay,
Florida. She covered the distance at an average rate of 30.1 miles an hour. Her owner, Mr. Carl G.
Fisher of Indianapolis, has offered her to the Government for use as a submarine chaser.
369

370 ILLUSTRATED WORLD

TOILERS UNDER THE SEA
By ROBERT G. SKERRETT
THE deepest any man ever has generally that under-water workers could
flescended into the sea and go safely to much more than half such a
survived is 306 feet. This submergence, and the achievement was
was not done within the shel- due very largely to innovations in the
ter of a sturdy submarine of shape of apparatus perfected by the exsteel,
or experimentally, but in the waters perts of our naval service. Up to a short
of the Pacific outside of Honolulu harbor while back, as the history of the art goes,
in helping to salve the submarine F-4 air was supplied to commercial divers by
which sank there two years ago. means of hand-operated pumps, and
Up to that time, it was not believed strange as it may seem, it was less than
FLOATING THE WASMNGTON1AN
Several pumping tue.s and mans lines of hose will he used to fill all the sound compartments with air. This will cause
the vessel to come to the surface on her side.
•'1

372 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
AFTER THE MERWA'S SILVER BULLION
For greater safety the divers work in pairs when seeking out the strong room of this treasure ship.
ten years ago that these were discovered
to be inefficient.
Through one cause or another pumps
leaked and air supply was insufficient
when the diver was toiling at his maximum
depth—100 to 150 feet below the
sea's surface. Not only that, but the
pressure gage, which served as a guide
for the men at the pump cranks, was
proved to be a treacherous index of the
measure of air being forced down into
the ocean's depths for the man or men
at the other ends of the armored hose.
No wonder, then, that divers found themselves
short of vitally necessary air when
slipping to added depths of only a few
feet while working around sunken
wrecks, or that the men thus were dazed
or made incapable of giving the proper
signals that might have saved them from
death.
Because of certain discoveries, the

TOILERS UNDER THE SEA
British Admiralty insisted upon better
workmanship and more reliable performance
on the part of the pumping equipment,
but the English authorities still
held to the hand-driven apparatus. Investigators
in the United States Navy,
however, did much better than this.
They made a long stride forward by introducing
another link in the safety chain
devised for the security of the Government
divers. Now, instead of using hand
pumps they use steam or electric-driven
air compressors, and these store the air
in suitable tanks at high pressure.
As a result, our naval divers, instead
of drawing their air directly from pumps,
have their supply hose connected to the
reservoirs that hold enough of this vital
element in reserve to meet all needs for a
long time after the compressors are
stopped. This removes the hazard of inattention
on the part of surface attendants
and dependence upon the continual
operating of either hand-worked pumps
or compressors. More than this, the
diver is emboldened, and he sinks
to the far-away sea bed in confi-
373
from the helmet, after it has come down
tii the diver for breathing purposes, goes
directly out into the enveloping water—
unless the dress be of the self-contained
sort in which the exhaled air is drawn
through a cartridge of caustic soda so as
to save the unused oxygen for re-inhalation.
The air escaping into the sea commonly
makes a good deal of noise in the
helmet. This is a disadvantage, because
it interferes with the best use of the
submarine telephone which is recognized
now of such practical importance. Our
naval divers have their helmets equipped
with an improved regulating escape
valve, and this is so constructed that it
greatly lessens these objectionable noises,
and telephonic communication is therefore
made more nearly perfect.
Today, divers can drop to the sea bed
almost with the speed of falling stones
without fear of being crushed to death
by the rapidly-increasing pressure of surrounding
water. They can do this because
the air supply, when
drawn from tanks highly
charged, is so abundant
HIS SUIT A RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER IN ITSELF
"A" is the compressed air tank. "B" and "D" are parts of the chemical apparatus for cleansing exhaled air for further
use, and "C" is the telephone connection. By means of the net of cloth-covered chain the suit is made to serve as a
recompression chamber.
deuce, knowing that if he takes proper
care his air supply will not fail him.
An abundance of air is fundamentally
the secret of successful and safe deep
submergences.
In most diving suits, the air escaping
and continuous that it offsets at every
foot of submergence the growing hydrostatic
pressure. This means that the
underwater worker can reach the point
where he wishes to operate with the least
exhaustion in getting there. But nature

374 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
A "CLOSE-UP" OF THE APPARATUS
This is the steam air compression plant of a modern salvage expedition, with storage tanks for the divers.
objects to any further trifling with the
physical limits of endurance which she
has set.
l*"or instance, after a diver has got that
far down in the realms of ocean deeps
it is not possible for him to exert himself
except to a very restricted extent. That
is to say, the lifting of a trifling weight
or the muscular effort of pulling a small
rope may nearly cause his undoing later
even though he may feel no distress at
the time. This happened with one of our
naval divers at a depth of 306 feet. lie
returned to the surface after a submergence
of something like half an hour, apparently
in good condition, but collapsed
shortly afterwards and needed three or
four days in which to recover his
strength—though he was a splendid
physical specimen.
The cause of this exhaustion is primarily
due to the excess of nitrogen
which permeates the blood and fluid substances
of the body, and which, if not
properly checked by means of the hospital
lock or recompression chamber,
leads to attacks of the "bends", more or
less general paralysis, and possibly to a
frothy condition of the blood which is
almost certain to produce death.
Not long ago, one of America's foremost
salvors said: "Make it practicable
to send a diver down to a depth of two
hundred feet and more so that he can
really work there, and millions of dollars
can be made." This is no idle boast, and
probably one of the immediate aftermaths
of the present war will be the
organizing of scores of wrecking enterprises
bent upon recovering some of the
enormous wealth carried to the bottom
of the seas by U boats, mines, and other
agencies during the period of conflict.
It is true, that a great many of the
stricken vessels have been sunk in waters
much deeper than 300 feet, but it is
equally certain that hundreds and hundreds
of these craft have gone to their
graves at lesser depths.
Estimates vary, but there is every
likelihood that the war's toll will reach a
total of 100,000,000 tons of shipping before
the dire struggle comes to a halt.
In the Adriatic, in the Mediterranean, in
the North Sea, and in other waters along
the coast of Europe and about the British
Isles vessels have been sunk that lie submerged
a good deal less than 300 feet,
and engineering enterprise will not halt
until a fair measure of these have been

TOILERS UNDER THE SEA 375
marie to yield up the treasure carried safe, but salvage operations abroad will,
down in them. Two notable salvage un­ unquestionably, in many instances, be
dertakings right here upon our Atlantic centered upon refloating the foundered
Coast are suggestive of what may be craft. Again, American exploits in this
done later. One of them illustrates how sort of recovery work have blazed the
facilities designed primarily for another way. We know already what com­
service can be made to help the wreck pressed air skilfully used will do in rais­
hunter.
ing submerged ships, but most of these
The steamship Merida, bound north­ tasks have had to do with vessels resting
ward from the West Indies, collided upon the bottom in land-locked or rela­
with another steamer in May, 1911, and tively sheltered waters. The most ambi­
sank in the open Atlantic at a point tious exception is that of the Americanestimated
between fifty and fifty-five Hawaiian liner Washingtonian which
miles east from Cape Charles. Cape collided with a big five-masted schooner
Charles is the northern limit of the en­ off the Capes of the Delaware and sank
trance to the Chesapeake Bay. She went in 90 feet of water something like fif­
to the bottom in water ranging from 250 teen miles seaward. No vessel has ever
to 300 feet in depth, but as she foundered been refloated from anything like that
during a fog it was not possible to estab­ depth when exposed to the broad sweep
lish her exact position. We all have heard of the sea, and especially when of such
of the wire-drag by which the U. S. size. The Washingtonian is more than
Coast and Geodetic Survey explores 400 feet long and of 6,650 gross tons.
navigable waters and, by a "sweeping" The salvors had no trouble in finding
process, succeeds in locating submerged the wreck. She lies over on one side at
obstacles that might otherwise escape the an angle of 75 degrees, and rests upon
sounding lead.
the injury which carried her to the bot­
The wire drag was employed by the tom. Again, a fickle season brought
salvors bent upon finding the wreck of operations to a halt, but with the return
the Merida, but the submerged area in of mild weather this spring work will be
which she lies is so vast that the treasure resumed. Compressed air will be
seekers were not able to finish their task pumped into the vessel so that it will
during fair weather last summer. As pocket itself inside of her and raise her
soon as the season moderates, the salvage to the surface while still lying over on
fleet will start again upon its quest, and her side. This posture must be main­
if the wire-drag engages a submerged tained until the ship is towed into Dela­
obstacle at a depth not exceeding 300 feet ware Bay and there allowed to settle
then the divers will be sent down to deter­ again upon the bottom in shallow water.
mine its character. In this way. it is If the vessel should right herself before
hoped to locate the foundered liner and then the compressed air would burst
then to recover the $225,000 worth of through her decks and let her sink in a
silver bullion in the purser's strongroom, position which would make it well nigh
which can be reached through the purser's impossible to refloat her in the open sea.
office opening out upon the saloon deck. The salvors are confident that thev can
This undertaking is interesting because carry this project to a successful con­
it indicates in a general way how the clusion, and their plans are carefully laid
wire-drag will probably be used abroad and ripened by last year's experience.
upon the restoration of peace in determin­ The case of the Washingtonian is indicaing
the whereabouts of sunken vessels tive of what will be essayed with some of
worth while.
the ships sunk in European waters. Suc­
In the case of the Merida. the one decess would richly repay the venture, besire
is to reach the silver bullion and such cause for some years to come ocean­
valuables as may be locked in the purser's going steamers will be at a premium.

GETTING THE RANGE OF
AN ENEMY WARSHIP
By WILLIAM NELSON TAFT
Y
OU may fire when you are
ready, Gridley!"
This phrase, used by the
late Admiral George Dewey
in signaling the commencement
of the Battle of Manila Bay in May,
1898, will doubtless go down in history
along with the other slogans of our national
heroes; but the Commander of an
American Fleet today would probably
find it too cumbersome and time-wasting.
With his binoculars to his eyes, the
American Admiral of today would snap
into the telephone receiver immediately
in front of him the terse command:
"Commence Firing!" and the signal
would be instantly transmitted by wireless
to the other vessels of the Fleet. A
moment later the 14-inch guns would
belch forth their tons of projectiles at
intervals of half a minute.
When it is remembered that, according
376
to the best naval opinion available at this
time, in a duel between two battleships
of the first line, one of them ought to be
out of commission within five minutes
after the first shot is fired, it will be seen
that even the second or two consumed in
using Dewey's command, in place of the
more laconic one now in vogue, might
have a serious effect upon the outcome
of the battle.
The aim of the Navy is two-fold:
Efficiency and—more efficiency. Therefore
every superfluous word and every
unnecessary movement is eliminated as
far as possible. Not only seconds, but
fractions of seconds, count in modern
naval warfare and the officers and men
are continually drilled in the art of lopping
off fifths of a second in all operations
connected with the handling of the
big guns.
When it is considered that the modern
battleship is expected to go into action

at a range of 18,000 yards—more than
ten miles—no matter if the weather is so
rough that the big ship is tossed about
like a plebe in a blanket, the landsman
may well inquire: How do they manage
to score hits at such a distance and under
such weather conditions?
The answer may be made in a single
phrase—constant and unremitting practice,
plus the highest grade of men,
munitions and material.
What practice will accomplish is apparent
at once from a comparison of the
results achieved by our Navy in the
Spanish War and in more recent times.
Prior to 18^8 target practice in the
American Navy was more or less, considerably
more than less, of a joke. In
the battle of Santiago, the only engagement
in the open sea fought by the
"modern" American Navy, '\000 shots
were fired by our gunners. Of these
GETTING THE RANGE 377
only 3yi per cent, or about 300 shots,
took effect. The others either buried
themselves on the Cuban shore or fell
harmlessly into the ocean. It should also
be remembered that the firing upon this
occasion took place under ideal weather
conditions and that the enemy was unable
to retreat, owing to their proximity
to the Cuban Coast. Moreover, the range
was only 3,000 yards—which today
would be considered point-blank. But,
notwithstanding these circumstances,
8,700 of the 9,000 shots failed to reach
their mark !
SIGHTING ONE OF THE U. S. S. PENNSYLVANIA'S BIG GUNS
Now let us consider the situation today.
The Navy's target practice—held
under conditions which as nearly as possible
simulate those which would be
present in time of battle—ranges from
12,000 to 18,000 yards, from four to six
times the distance at the Battle of Santi-

378 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
ago. One of the South Carolina's turrets
'recently scored sixteen hits out of sixteen
shots in 4 minutes and 31 seconds—in
1898, five and one-third minutes were
allowed between shots—and the Arkansas
made six perfect shots with her 12-inch
guns in 57 seconds. Both of these records
were made at long ranges and the
fact that they have been duplicated by
other ships of the Navy proves that they
are not due to unusual luck.
In short, the efficiency of the Atlantic
fleet has risen from 3.5 per cent in 1898
at 3,000 yards range to approximately
95 per cent today, at 14,000 yards. This
tremendous increase is, of course, partly
due to the improvement in the guns, the
powder, the appliances for "pointing"
and the other instruments of precision
used in connection with these: but the
major portion of it may be traced to the
great increase in target practice and the
incessant effort to obtain efficiency in
every unit of the fleet.
In going into battle the officer in command
is held directly responsible for the
moment of opening fire. Upon his judgment
hangs the question of risking his
ammunition at a long range, so as to
score the first hit, or reserving it until
he is sure that his guns will register a
vital shot. If he chooses the first course,
he runs the risk of wasting his ammunition
and not having a sufficient supply
when the battle grows more furious. If
he elects to wait until the range is
shorter, he may be raked by the longrange
fire of the enemy. He is expected
to choose the psychological moment, the
exact safety line between the two alternatives,
and then issue the order which
will send the big projectiles on their
way.
Meanwhile, ever since the first indication
of the enemy's presence, an officer
stationed at a long horizontal tube known
as the range-finder has been calling off
the distances mechanically indicated by
this device, in wdiich the angles sighted
at the two ends of a base line of known
length are used to calculate the distance.
The range is transmitted by telephone to
the gun turrets and the muzzles of the
big 14-inchers are elevated or depressed
to correspond with this information.
The instant the order "Commence
Firing!" is received, a single shot, known
as the "ranging shot," is fired and, from
his post high up in the skeleton mast, an
officer known as the spotter watches the
flight of this projectile through his
binoculars. Of all the individual positions
on a battleship this is probably the
most important, for upon the judgment
of the spotter depends the accuracy of
the shots which follow. By years of
constant practice, however, he is able to
tell with a wonderful degree of precision
just how far the ranging shot missed its
mark and instantly to direct the degree of
change necessary in the positioning of
the guns.
During the trials on the San Marcos
(formerly the Texas, of Spanish War
fame) in 1911, the last time that an
American Fleet ever fired upon a battleship,
the North Dakota opened fire at a
ten mile range and scored a perfect hit
with the "ranging shot". Then the Delaware
placed 33 per cent, out of a possible
43 per cent, of her shots in vital portions
of the old Texas at ranges of from seven
to ten miles and the official report of the
New Hampshire's firing upon this occasion
reads : "The Nezv Hampshire placed
her salvos anywhere she wanted to and
when the gunners wished to have some
hits in the conning tower and the turret
armor, in order to observe their effect,
they had no trouble in placing these shots
at from 10,000 to 12,000 yards range precisely
at the point desired."
And this, it should be remembered,
was six years ago. The Navy's target
practice has improved greatly since then.
While the spotter is reporting the
changes necessary on account of the
results of the ranging shot and those
which follow, the man who operates the
range-finder is also calling off the increasing
or decreasing distances between
the two ships, paying especial attention
to the speed of his own vessel and that
of the enemy—the former being a known

quantity and the latter one which has
already been figured within a few moments
after the opposing craft has been
sighted. It is the duty of the man at
the range-finder to calculate from these
data and the observations of his extremely
accurate instrument the precise
range and to make corrections at intervals
of at least half a minute thereafter.
This information, coupled with
that of the spotter, enables the men in
charge of the "master sight"—an English
innovation attributed to Sir Percy
Scott, wdiich has now been adopted by
every first-class naval power in the world
—instantly to manipulate the delicate
mechanism which raises, lowers and deflects
every one of the big guns. The
introduction of the master sight has enabled
a single corps of trained men to
direct the entire broadside of a dreadnaught
upon a particular point, thus approaching
a greater degree of efficiency
than would be possible under the old
regime where each gun pointer was responsible
for the direction of each gun.
The delicate mechanism of this invention
causes all the 14-inchers instantly to
respond and insures a maximum of effi­
GETTING THE RANGE 379
ciency, provided the data received from
the rangefinder and the spotter are absolute!)'
accurate, a condition which can
THE DELAWARE AND THE ARKANSAS FIRING SIMULTANEOUS BROADSIDES
only be approached by long and constant
practice.
Owing to the "percentage of dispersal"
of each of these guns—estimated at about
400 yards for each gun or 600 yards for
an entire salvo—a broadside from eight
or twelve of these 14-inchers has an
effect analogous to that of a load from
a shotgun. The several projectiles cover
a considerable area of fire and, theoretically
at least, more than fifty per cent
of the shells take effect.
The "percentage of dispersal" is due
to the fact that it is mechanically impossible
at the present time to make every
gun perform equally well with every discharge,
minute differences in the powder
and in the handling of the gun, not to
mention the changes in rifling wdiich follow
every shot, producing varying conditions
of fire which result in an average
difference of 200 yards over or below the
target. But, while this would tend to
militate against the efficiency of a single
gun. the firing of a salvo with every gun
trained at precisely the same point makes

380 . ILLUSTRATED WORLD
it mathematically probable that at least
half the shots will strike home.
It is for this reason and also because
of the smoke nuisance which ensues
when guns are handled singly, that instantaneous
salvo firing has replaced individual
firing in all the navies of the
world. In order to secure this instant
precision, the "gun pointers" are required
to fire within one second after
the signal is given. This requires a great
deal of concentration and continual practice,
coupled wdth the most intimate and
thorough knowledge of the electrical
gears by which the guns are controlled.
When it is remembered that the pointers
operate the controlling levers of the
enormous 60-ton guns and of the turrets
weighing 500 tons each, making them
follow the peculiar and mystifying roll
of the ship, it will be seen that constant
training and exceptional skill are necessary.
In handling the big guns on a modern
dreadnaught the tendency is to keep the
control as concentrated as possible, so
as to minimize individual errors. The
introduction of the master sight is the
latest move to secure this concentrated
control, although, in case the master
sight mechanism is disabled by the
enemy's fire, the old-fashioned apparatus
for the individual sighting of each gun
would be called into play.
In salvo or broadside firing the theory
is that all guns should be discharged at
intervals of half a minute. The precise
determination of this time and the instant
for the firing of the next salvo depends
upon a single officer, wdth assistants to
take his place in case of his disability.
The gun pointers and the men in charge
of the master sight are responsible for
keeping their guns trained on the target,
but they are allowed no individual latitude
in the question of firing because this
would disrupt the entire salvo or simultaneous
system.
The entire scheme of modern naval
gun fire may therefore be said to hinge
upon the data supplied by the spotter and
the range-finder, transmitted to the men
in charge of the master-sights ; for, if the
guns are kept trained on the target, with
due allowances for the changing range,
the matter of firing upon a given signal
is purely mechanical and the operations
of the men who actually handle the big
guns are reduced to a minimum, a condition
wdiich is absolutely essential to
rapid, accurate and simultaneous salvos.
An interesting feature of salvo firing
and one which adds to the difficulty of
effective shooting is the result produced
by the recoil of the big guns, a 12-inch
broadside causing the largest dreadnaught
to roll through an arc of five
degrees, while the 14-inch guns produce
an even greater swing. This effect is
counterbalanced by firing the next salvo
while the ship rolls toward the target.
If a series of salvos were fired while the
ship was rolling away, the vessel would
be completely overturned by the cumulative
effect of the recoils. This rolling
motion, added to the natural swell of the
sea, or, in rough weather, to the waves,
makes it difficult for the men in charge
of the big guns to keep them always on
the target, but so expert have they become
that even the stormiest sea has but
little effect upon their efficiency.
In time of battle, the big guns would
at first be trained amidships on the
enemy's vessel, the theory of dispersal
being that some of the shots would land
in the superstructure—thus putting the
spotter's lookout and the fighting tops
out of commission—while others would
penetrate the magazines and the turrets
or seriously damage the ship below the
water line. After the first two or three
minutes of firing, however, it is probable
that the guns would be trained on whatever
portion of the enemy appeared to be
unharmed. After ten salvos, provided
our guns had not been disabled in the
meantime, the attacking ship ought to be
out of commission.
The range at which an American fleet
would open fire would depend in large
part upon the nature of the enemy's
squadron. In the case of battle cruisers,
which rely mainly on their speed for pro-

tection, our vessels would commence
firing at the longest efficient range, from
18,000 to 20,000 yards, in order that the
enemy might not immediately escape.
But, in the event of meeting dreadnaughts
of equal armament and speed,
fire would probably be reserved until
within a range of from 14,000 to 17,000
yards—care being taken at all times to
COFYMISHI—uMCtnwiCD & UNOHIWOOC
score the first telling shot, wdiich is just
as important in a naval battle as in a
personal combat. But weather conditions,
the number of ships in the opposing
squadron, the advantage of holding
the enemy until reserves can arrive and,
above all, the personal judgment of the
commander would tend to make every
engagement an individual problem, presenting
its own peculiar phases and
angles.
The recent Congressional appropriation
for the building of warships
equipped with eight 16-inch guns—more
than are possessed by any land fort in the
world—naturally brings up the question
of the ultimate limit of range at which
naval battles can be fought. Ordnance
experts declare that the only limit for
the future is that of visibility, now ranging
from 20.000 to 30.000 yards, according
to atmospheric conditions. The 16-
GETTING THE RANGE 381
inch guns are expected to be efficient at
23.000 yards, but there is good reason to
suppose that other and larger ships will
carry 18- and 20-inch guns. If experiments
which are now being conducted
with aeroplanes as range-finders prove
successful, naval battles of the future
may be fought with the opposing fleets
entirely out of sight of each other beyond
THE REAL SIZE OF A 12-INCH GUN
Twenty-three jackies can find seating space on the projecting barrel.
the curve of the horizon, for the trend
of land and sea fighting is inevitably toward
distance and invisibility, coupled
with efficiency.
As the Navy Department's target prac­
tice instructions phrase it: "The measure
of the battle efficiency of any vessel
is her ability to deliver the greatest number
of hits in the shortest possible time
and with the least expenditure of ammunition."
The increase in this efficiency in our
Navy is apparent from official figures
wdiich show that, in 1910. one battleship
received an Excellent rating at target
practice: two were Good : five were Fair
and twelve were Unsatisfactory. The
ratings for last year, at longer distances
and under more difficult conditions,
were: Excellent—five: Good—four;
Fair—two: Poor—four; and only three
Unsatisfactory.

382
Gas Masks
in
I Industry
EQPYFliGHI KAOEL & HERBERT
Where Fumes Are Deadly
In the past many thousands of
these men have suffered silently
from the many occupational diseases
caused by the acrid erases
of chemicals used. Today, largely
through the developments in
masks and respirators caused by
the European War, these evils
are greatly mitigated. On the
left a workman thus protected is
repairing pipes in a suffocating
atmosphere of ammonia gas.
BETTER THAN DEPENDING ON A LIGHTED CANDLE
In the old days it was the custom to lower a taper into any hole or compartment suspected of containing
either explosives or poisonous gas. If the candle went out, oran explosion resulted, the suspicions were
confirmed. Today, however, the workman gaily dons a mask and respirator and goes to work in the
sewer or down to repair a leaky gas main, without a qualm.

GAS MASKS IN INDUSTRY 383

384
An Engine of Death Able to
Distinguish Friend from Foe
Professor Montraville Wood of Chicago,
Illinois, has just come forward
with this invention which is—if it can
live up to the claims made for it—the
most remarkable war mechanism yet
imagined. The torpedo possesses
"ears" and a "brain" which enable
it to follow the peculiar hum of the
propeller of any vessel at which it is
unched, striking and sinking the •
aft no matter what the latter may
). If the vessel should stop, the
torpedo would stop also, submerging
to a certain depth; then when the
vessel started again — exciting the
torpedo's microphone ears by the
same sound—the deadly mechanism
would start its hunt again.
THE SECRET OF THE "BLOODHOUND" TORPEDO
The upper photograph shows the polished front surface of the torpedo. The two circular appendages on
the sides are the microphones. These, by means of electrical connections, connect with the propelling
and steering mechanisms. When tuned to the hum of any particular propeller, these microphones manage
the steering and propelling in such manner that the torpedo speeds surely to its mark.

HUNTING THE HOWLER
Monkey-Shooting in the Forests of British Guiana
By P. GRISWOLD HOWES
T H E R E is one voice of the
South American jungle that
is terrible to even the experi­
enced woodsman. It is the
raucous, shuddering wail—
the cry of the banshee, the squalling
laugh of the hyena and the shriek of the
screech owl combined and magnified—
of the bull howling monkey as he calls
his triumph and defiance through the
echoing forest aisles. You may hear it
a thousand times, but the thousandth time
you start just as nervously
as the first, the same shiver
ripples up your spine, and
you raise your rifle involuntarily.
You are in no personal
danger, of course, but your
nervous system refuses to
remember it.
In April Hartley and I
started our hunt. We found
the monkeys feeding on the
sweet pulp of a fruit • we
named the "vermilion nut".
They were in the very highest
branches, from one hundred
to one hundred fifty
feet above the ground in
the tallest part of the surrounding
jungle.
There were several ways
of locating the troupes. If
we heard them howling it
was an easy matter to work
gradually beneath them,
using the compass to find
our way out to the trail
again. At other times we
located them by watching fruit-bearing
trees, especially the vermilion nut tree,
for wdiich they hail a particular passion.
The odor of howders is very distinct
and powerful. We could smell them a
long way off and often ran down bands
of them in this way.
They sleep a great deal in the tree
tops, completely hidden from below.
Twice we sat down in the silent forest,
believing the trees to be feeding grounds
to which the monkeys would return
eventually. We waited for hours, scanning
every possible bower among the
foliage, without results. Hartley suggested
shooting off a gun. On the instant
of the discharge, howlers, big and
'KOTOS 8' MOWIS
Head of an Old Bull Howler
This male, the leader of a band numbering
sixty or more, weighed fortyeight
pounds.
385

3S6 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
small, appeared on every side. They had
been sleeping or resting unconcernedly
above us and now made off in all directions,
grunting.
This was an off day. Our first fusillade
netted us only a shower of dead
wood and leaves. The howlers were now
all hiding again and it commenced to
pour as only it can in the Guiana forest.
At length, through the fog of the
moisture Hartley located a small specimen.
It dropped twenty feet at the
report of his gun, caught a lower limb
by its tail and there it hung, dead, for
an hour before we were able to shoot
the limb through with a rifle. Later we
This Old Fellow Has
Just Been Weaned
The younger these wizened
Beesa monkeys are,
the more carewonT and
world-tired they arc jn appearance
and action. This
ittle chap carried himself
with an air of resignation
that would melt the heart
of a Stoic.
succeeded in bringing down
a large female, but only
after a number of shots.
We found them all very
tough and difficult to bring
to earth. Several shots were
generally necessary unless
by chance the bullet pierced
the skull or heart. Many of
the old males would cling
desperately to a limb although
badly wounded. It
»l was pitiful to see their struggles
against a terrible unknown
enemy that fought
with fire from below, won-
Typical Monkey Jungle (lerftll to watch their heroic
The native in the picture is seated at the base of a one-hundred-eight-foot battle against Certain death.
vermilion nut tree. °

Monkeys cling to life. That is the sad
part of it. We wanted the specimens, so
did the Museum in New York, yet I must
confess that often after the hunt I felt
a pang of regret. They would hang
head down by the tail, wounded and
bleeding, watching every move that we
made on the forest floor below. Their
strength ebbing, their hold on the limb
gradually growing less secure. At length
the final terrible
plunge would
come, a hundred or
more feet, through
branches that set
them spinning—a
fearful crashing,
the thud of
a broken
body accompanied
by a
h e a r t ­
rending
death cry,
then the
lasting hush
of the dimly
lighted
j u n g l e
frightened
into ghastly
silence. We
s k i n n e d
most of our
specimens where they fell. In the jungle
one does not worry about the disposition
of a carcass. Myriad forces of destruction
set to work almost as the victim
breathes its last. Vultures, by some unknown
sense, soon find the carrion. They
fly high above the trees, whose dense
foliage the human eye cannot pierce, vet
within a few hours of the hunt thev are
gorging and squabbling at the scene of
carnage. There are great metallic horned
beetles, some blue, others red, capable of
burying a large animal unaided. By night
'possums take their share, and in a day
or two, a few clean-scraped bones and
perhaps a bleaching skull are all that
mark the spot.
We saw many other monkeys besides
HUNTING THE HOWLER 387
the Red Howler. Black Capuchins were
occasionally seen in large and small
troupes. One member of our party saw
a mother Capuchin with her baby. She
would allow it to venture out on tiny
limbs, too delicate to bear her greater
weight, where fruit grew r beyond her
reach. The youngster would gather a
luscious handful whereupon the old one
would promptly avail herself of his hardearned
breakfast.
We saw a few
specimens of the
Beesa monkey in
small family
parties. Of these
"old men of the
forest" we learned
very little, owing
to their scarcity.
Sakis were common
in big troupes
and a young one
captured by Indians
and
brought in
\ to lis, became
very
tame and attachedhimself
to Cart
e r, the
A Male Beesa MonV-ey Shot Near Bartica, British Guiana
m a m m a l
man of the
expedition.
The roar of howders carries for miles
through the forest. It is all but impossible
to describe the sound. Starting with
a series of terrific belches, it develops
into a deep-toned roar with the quality
of a lion's voice.
The voice of the howding monkey is
heard more often at night or in the early
morning hours. From our observations,
I should judge that the greater part of
the day is spent in rest or sleep. They
appear also to be more active during the
rainy season than during the hot dry
months of winter. After the rains came,
one was much more apt to run into the
troupes and their voices were heard more
often.

WITH AND WITHOUT RAILS
W H E N a contractor is called
upon to construct a highway
he often starts wdth a
handicap. This disability
is generally the difficulty
in transporting the stone, sand, cement,
brick, curbing, and other material from
the base of supply to the scene of action,
the place where all of these are to be
used. He either has no roadway for his
transport service or the available road is
of such a nature that the teams and trucks
can do their work only against the odds
comprised in the mud and gullies common
to bad roads. This means loss of time.
The obvious remedy is to construct a
temporary road that will permit an uninterrupted
supply of materials until the
enterprise is completed. The usual form
of such a road is a miniature railroad of
a gage of about twenty-four inches, over
which cars, each containing about one
and one-half yards, or say, two and onethird
tons of bulk material are propelled
either by horse, steam, or mere man
power. The road bed on which these
rails are laid is as narrow as it can be
made adequately to serve its purpose,
thus eliminating any unnecessary grading.
In the vicinity of Sioux City, Iowa,
there is being built a sixteen-foot concrete
highway which is being completed
at the rate of about five hundred to six
388
hundred linear feet a day. This rate of
construction requires a rapid delivery of
material and the ordinary methods were
found too slow. To maintain this speed
the contractors have built a narrow gage
railway such as has been indicated but the
motive power failed to make the round
trips within the required time. To overcome
this difficulty they had recourse to
the powerful auto truck which is shown
in the illustration. This truck is one in
which the power is applied to all four
wheels thus enabling it to move freely on
a roadway that would be all but impossible
for any other tractive power.
THE TRUCK RUNS ON THE GROUND. WHILE THE CARS FOLLOW ON THE RAILS
When this picture was taken the motor
was hitched to twelve loaded cars carrying
a total of twenty-eight tons of
material. To this should be added six or
seven tons of dead weight of the steel
dump cars.
By this method the contractors were
enabled to make from ten to twelve round
trips on a three and one-half mile haul in
a ten-hour day, depending on the length
of the wait for loading at the loading
point. The work was started at the extreme
end of the haul and as it progressed
at the two-mile distributing point
the number of trips was gradually increased
until a movement of six hundred
tons of material was considered a fail
ten hours' effort for the motor and cars
combination.

MAKING X-RAY TUBES
Each Tube Is a Masterpiece
The cut on the right shows one of the highly
skilled glass blowers fashioning one of ihe intricate
glass mechanisms. The work rou>t be
done hurriedly, and yet it must be accurate in
all essentials. When the glass has cooled it is
taken to the first testing laboratory, shown
above. Here all the electrical connections are
installed and tried out. The lower photograph
shows the final test; each tube must demonstrate
its ability to cast perfect shadows upon
the fluoroscope screen.
%'i

HATCHING OUR "MOSQUITO
FLEET"
By H A R O L D CARY
NE week following a decla-
Oration of war by the United
States, one hundred fully
manned gasoline - driven
motorboat scouts of from
forty to eighty feet in length, capable of
thirty miles an hour in a seaway, will
CUPYHIBHT *ME"ie*M PRET'. ."•*
take to the water for the defence of New
York harbor. That in itself will be a remarkable
achievement but it will be a
trifle in comparison to the furious activities
which will follow. The American
boat builder today is constructing countless
war vessels in the guise of pleasure
TESTING OUT POWERFUL GASOLINE ENGINES FOR THE NEW SPEED BOATS
390

HATCHING OUR "MOSQUITO FLEET" 391
THE CENTER OF INTEREST AT THE NEW YORK SHOW
Patrol boat number 10, the Chingachsook, clipping oft twenty knots an hour.
yachts. These can be converted quickly
for remarkable work. One factory alone
today is turning out a thirty thousand
dollar motor boat every twenty-four
hours and has completed five hundred
fifty of these submarine killers which
have been shipped to England and Russia.
Chicago boasts a builder who has
standardized a fifty-foot military cruiser
which he is selling to millionaires for use
on the Great Lakes and other inland
waters of the Middle West. When the
time comes he will not only increase his
output, but each boat which he has sold
will be shipped to one of our coasts with
its already trained crew, ready for the
commands of the power squadron. Even
FROM NEW YORK TO NOVA SCOTIA AND RETURN
This little vessel navigated the choppy seas with utmost ease, burning, kerosene for the whole distance.

392 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
THOUSANDS OF THESE VESSELS ARE BUILDING TODAY IN AMERICAN SHIPYARDS. THEY
WILL BE OUR SUBMARINE CHASERS IN CASE THE UNITED STATES GETS INTO WAR
where intended for fresh water uses each
of these boats carries in addition salt
water chemical equipment.
Galvanized by the conditions of the
day the motor boat game has become a
naval adjunct almost overnight. Who
are guarding English and Russian channels
and harbors ? English and Russian
yachtsmen, trained by rigorous pleasure
sailing have spread their yachts under
naval commanders in fan shaped units
capable not only of scouting but of destruction
of any submarine yet built and
of many a larger and more powerful
boat. These are the reasons for the warlike
exhibits which were the center of
attraction at the New York Motor Boat
Show early in 1917.
Racing has slipped into the background
because of the naval aspirations.
For the first time in history a hydroplane
passed the sixty-mile-an-hour point in a
race, yet Miss Minneapolis, the heroine
jbf this achievement, scarred by her
'furious battles for the Gold Cup, stood
almost unnoticed in the Grand Central
Palace while the crowds climbed all over
patrol boat number 10. Chingacligook,
and the other military cruisers that were
on exhibition.
There have been no new ideas in
racing craft but the much desired sixty
miles was achieved with old design,
lighter construction and lighter, more
powerful engines. After winning the
Gold Cup, Miss Minneapolis ran a series
of one mile tests at an average speed of
sixty-six miles an hour.
The Chingacligook, patrol boat number
10 of the power boat squadron,
painted a Russian gray, was decorated
with a quick firer both fore and aft,
wireless apparatus, armored pilot house,
signal flags and speed cones. She is sixty
feet long, V-bottomed, capable of thirty
miles an hour, able to keep to sea with a
crew of eight men for a week or more at
a time.
She is a privately owned pleasure craft
on the lines of the Russian submarine
swatters, ready at a moment's notice for
service in the United States Navy. From
the viewpoint of the Navy department
she is one of the hundreds which would
be built for the uses described in the
event of hostilities, and for which the

HATCHING OUR "MOSQUITO FLEET" 393
department is thankful because she is
training men who could then be placed
in charge of boats like her. The men
are the great necessity and those who
have taken a craft like the Chingacligook
through heavy seas and fog at breakneck
speed, are the men about whom the
new anti-submarine motor boat service
will be built.
Half a dozen builders are constructing
standardized military cruisers under the
specifications laid down last summer by
the Navy Department. Four different
classes of patrol boats and hornets were
adopted. These are of varying lengths,
one class from forty to sixty feet long,
the other three sixty feet and more. The
boat squadron, learn the signals, brush
up on your navigating code and rules.
Learn to signal; know your gas engine.
Drive your dory through the worst sea,
in the blackest night, through the most
dense fog that your waters can produce.
That is the condition under wdiich you
will work when the Navy calls and puts
you in charge of a forty-mile boat and
sends you dashing fearlessly out into the
night to scout and to attack whatever
vessels of the enemy may appear.
In England they laughed at the idea
of motor boat defense but the leaders
called for just such workers to protect
the coast line. The yachtsmen thought
it could not be done, but they thought it
THE CH/XGACHGOOK'S GUN
When fighting submarines this linht piece is sufficient stintr for any "mosquito"
specifications were adopted to guide
builders in producing various priced
boats which would be at the same time
suitable for training the men upon whom
the Department lately has laid so much
stress.
The navy is the thing and you need no
thirty thousand dollar craft to be serving
your country. The Department
wants men to be trained. Join the power
was more to their taste than a night in
the trenches up to their waists in mud
and water. So it was done and when
the war is over the story will be written.
The deadly sameness, the machine character
of war will never touch the sea:
there, always, will lie the romance of
doing battle. Even w ireless-directed torpedoes
and guns that destroy foes beyond
the horizon, cannot change this.

.-" "
HER JEWELED COMB
Mounting the Stones
In the manufacture of the
elaborately studded tor­
toise-shell back and side
combs so much in demand
today, the first process is
illustrated by the photo­
graph below. An operator
with an electric drill pains­
takingly cuts out a tiny set­
ting for each jewel in tin-
intricate pattern. Then a
"placer"—usually a girl—
sets in the stones with
tweezers, heating t b e m
upon an electric stove and
cementing them a trifle to
make them stick.

NEW METHOD OF HEALING
DESPERATE WOUNDS
By MARTIN S. DANIELS
W H I L E the most terribly turned back, the knee cap being taken
destructive battles known with it, and turned up on the upper leg.
to man are fought out be­ The joint proper then was cut open,
tween the opposing Euro­ cut apart completely, was left open and
pean armies, an equally uncovered until the patient died or recov­
tremendous battle for human welfare has ered. In case of recovery, the surgeons
been won behind the lines. This is the did their best to put together the dis­
recently announced victory won by Dr. sected joint. This only was accom­
Alexis Carrel, of the Rockefeller Instiplished if the infection was strictly con-|
tute, over malignant infection in deep fined to the immediate neighborhood of
and extensive wounds.
the wound ; if X-ray photographs showed
Gas gangrene is a hideously danger­ the entire joint to be involved, the whole
ous malady, and one that becomes a pro­ leg would be amputated forthwith, belific
cause of death in war times. It is cause bitter experience had taught the
caused by a bacillus that is carried into surgeons that the "airing" method de­
the deep tears and holes in human flesh scribed could not save the patient.
made by the projectiles of modern war­ The appalling destruction caused by
fare, and brings about a typical gangrene this dread disease in the past may be
—that is, decay and death of tissue in a realized when one considers conditions
living body. It is distinguished
by a gas arising
from the decay
process—a gas which
filters through the tissues
and is a sure harbinger
of death to any
animal structure with
which it is in contact.
At the time Dr. Carrel
began work, the only
known method of fighting
the disease consisted
in laying the tissues open
to the air, and keeping
them open until infection
disappeared—or the
patient died. A typical
operation was the treatment
for infection of the
knee. A deep cut would
be made on each side of
the knee joint, and another
beneath the joint.
This flap then was
Madame Carrel Flushing a Wound
The sodium hypochlorite solution is forced into all parts of the wound by gravity.
395

396 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
that were. If infection spread from the
original wound in a limb, by the time the
patient reached a base hospital, the limb
had to be taken off at a considerable distance
above the wound. If the infection
spread from a wound in the trunk or
head, so that cure by amputation was
manifestly impossible, the patient was
moved forthwith to the ward for hopeless
cases, and no more time was wasted on
him. The chances for spreading may be
guessed when one considers that practically
no patient reaches any place
where careful surgical attention may be
given him for at least thirty-six hours
after receiving his injury, and that the
usual period is from forty-eight to seventy-two
hours. This was the deadly
disease which Doctor Carrel set himself
to conquer.
When the war broke out, Dr. Carrel
left his work at the Rockefeller Institute
and placed himself at the disposal of his
native country, France. Luckily for the
world, the French have a sense of values,
and did not lose that sense even in the
turmoil and chaos produced
by the onrush of the German
war machine; so they
did not attempt to waste
Dr. Carrel's genius by
using him as a military surgeon.
Instead, they gave
him a free hand to do whatever
he desired toward improving
the science of military
surgery.
The most omniscient
Fate could not have devised
a better opportunity for
snatching good out of evil.
Dr. Carrel had been astounding
the medical world
for years with his work of
transplanting living tissue
from one animal to another
—not mere skin grafting,
and the like, but transplanting
entire organs, legs, and
eyes.
And here was more human
material with which
to work than he had guinea pigs before
—and human material on which it was a
mercy to work, for according to the best
existing practice the men were doomed
anyway, and anything he might do could
not injure them.
Backed by the Rockefeller funds, he
set up a hospital at Neuilly, near Paris,
and commenced work. He started with
the assumption that the best way to attack
the infection was to keep washing
out every nook and cranny of the wound,
just as the customary practice was to
air every portion of it constantly. In
order to do this, he had to conquer two
difficulties. One was the fact that no
common antiseptic could be used; the
other was the lack of a suitable method
for getting the antiseptic infused
throughout the wound, and sustaining a
fresh supply of it. The first problem he
assigned to the English chemist, Henry
D. Dakin, who now hails from New
York. The second he appropriated for
himself.
Dakin perhaps had the harder job.
Dr. Alexis Carrel at
Work in the Laboratory
of His Hospital at
Neuilly, France

NEW METHOD OF HEALING DESPERATE WOUNDS 397
PERFORATING THE RUBBER IRRIGATION TUBES
Common antiseptics either were not
powerful enough, or they were too
powerful; that is, none of them that had
"punch" enough to put the gas bacillus
out of business could be used for general
and steady irrigation of tissue, because
they would burn or shrivel the
tissue as well. Eventually, however, he
hit upon the substance, and thus one of
Dr. Carrel's two difficulties was removed.
The substance was sodium
hypochlorite.
In the meantime, Doctor Carrel was
going after the problem which specially
challenged his skill as an operating sur-\
geon—the problem of getting antiseptic
into the wound. Pouring it over the surface
would not do, for when a man has
been standing near an exploding shell,
for instance, half his leg or arm may
resemble hamburger steak more closely
than it does human tissue, and no substance
poured over the surface of the
ghastly mass would trickle or seep
through in sufficient quantity to do any
good.
Dr. Carrel knew this, and as a starter
he tried "sucking" it into the wound by
inserting a number of rubber tubes leading
from a vacuum pump into the depths
of the torn flesh and relying on this suction
to draw the fluid into the tissue.
Before long, however, he decided to
reverse the process in effect—that is, he
forced the antiseptic through the tubes
into all parts of the wound, and allowed it
to drain away as it would. The scheme
worked—worked wonderfully—and gas
gangrene was beaten, so far as the
patients fortunate enough to come to
Dr. Carrel's hospital were concerned.
The bacilli simply had no chance to survive
against the flood of antiseptic that
searched them out throughout the wound
every two hours, and the rapidity with
wdiich they were wiped out may be
judged from the fact that one could see
the mangled flesh changing from the
u gl}' greens, yellows, and purples which
denote the destructive work of gas
gangrene into the rose and pink of
healthy tissue, as the wound was flooded
every two hours.
But that was not the end of the

398 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Making a Drawing of a Wound
achievement, by a long way. Something
even more marvellous, at least to the
mind of the layman, was yet to be done.
Dr. Carrel loves to complete a job—to
do it up brown, work out every detail,
get every last point exactly in order.
Accordingly, now that he had worked
out this method, he wanted exact and
complete conclusions concerning it; and
since nothing to him is impossible, he
instantly made a demand that was appalling
in its boldness. He summoned in
a Monsieur Pierre Lecomte du Nuoy, a
brilliant young physicist and mathematician,
handed him the huge mass of data
covering the history of every case
treated, and demanded that the young
man furnish some law, some formula,
by which the history of any wound
treated by the process could be predicted.
A stupendous task it was, but du Nuoy
accomplished it—worked out superbly.
Before long, his genius had evolved a
mathematical formula and a chart, and
these two embodied the complete solution
of the problem. The chart was ruled off
into squares, the horizontal lines from
top to bottom representing
decreasing areas of wounds
in square centimeters, and
the vertical lines from left
to right being marked by
decimal figures—the "Index
of Cicatrization", these figures
were called. On the
chart were plotted curves,
each curve being marked
with an age in years.
Now when a wounded
man comes in, the area of
his wound is measured by
laying over a sterilized sheet
of transparent celluphane,
tracing the shape of the
wound, and then measuring
the area of the tracing. A
pointer is then run out along
the corresponding horizontal
"area" line to the point
where the line cuts the curve
for the age of the patient. A
vertical line then is dropped
to the base- —and the particular decimal
it strikes is the "Index of Cicatrization"
for that wound. The "index" is inserted
in the formula, and the formula is
worked out. The answer is—the number
of days the wound will take to heal and
how much it will heal day by day. And
every wound so far has healed on
schedule time!
The value of this method is stupendous.
A curve is plotted for every
patient who comes in, and the chart is
kept for comparison with actual results.
If on some one day, the healing process has
not progressed as far as the chart shows
it should have, the attending surgeon
becomes watchful. If next day it lags
behind the same amount or more, he
knows that something is wrong, and immediately
sets to work on the task of
finding and eliminating the trouble. No
such instantaneous warning is given by
anything previously known to the healing
sciences, and the advantage of possessing
it is obvious to everyone who has
had the slightest experience in hospital
or field medical and surgical affairs.

TEACHING LIFE-SAVERS
399

400
TWO OF THE FIRST PROCESSES
The lower photograph on this page shows the ground glass, broken bottles, and the new mixture being
shovelled into the great smelter. Here it is all reduced to a molten state, after which it is ready for the
moulds shown above. Three moulds are on the. table, the one at the left being open to admit the liquid
glass. When this has entered, the mould is put in the compressed air machine at the right, which blows
out the glass into the form of a bottle. .

EVOLUTION OF A BOTTLE

HOW MUCH DOES A POUND
WEIGH?
By W. A. DILL
T H A T a "pound's a pound the
world around," is true enough
for all ordinary business
transactions, but not for the
Coast and Geodetic Survey.
That department of the government has
had a man in the Pacific Coast region for
several months conducting experiments
to determine exactly the variations that
actually exist in the weight of a body at
different altitudes. In computing these
differences, the Survey man measures
distances in terms of one ten-millionth of
an inch, and time in one hundred-thousandths
of a second.
Speaking in broad terms, a mass that
weighs 400 pounds at sea level will weigh,
by spring balances, 399 pounds at an
elevation of five miles. A mass weighing
400 pounds at the equator will weigh 402
pounds at the poles, since the poles are
nearer the center of the earth than are
points on the equator, and the poles are
less affected by centrifugal force than
are points on the equator. Besides these
two large factors which affect the intensity
of gravity, there are local causes,
such as the presence of mountains, or of
materials in the earth's crust of more or
less the average density.
Scientists have discovered that the
greater the pull of gravity the slower a
pendulum of a given size will swung,
hence the relative intensity of gravity
can be determined by comparing the rate
of oscillation of a pendulum at different
localities.
The apparatus with which the experiment
is conducted consists of the pendulum
within its case, three chronometers,
a small box containing an electric light
with a shutter that can be made to
flash a light with each second-beat of a
chronometer, and a telescope for observ­
403
ing light flashes as they are returned
from the swinging pendulum. On the
top of the pendulum is mounted a small
mirror, and on the support of the pendulum
is another similar mirror. These
catch the flash of light from the lamp and
reflect it back to the telescope. When the
pendulum is exactly perpendicular, the
reflected light from its mirror exactly
coincides with the reflected light from
the stationary mirror. The pendulum is
known to have a period of slightly less
than one second. The problem is to
ascertain exactly the period of oscillation
by observing the time which elapses between
the moments at which the two reflected
lights coincide exactly. When
this time is determined, the time of a
single oscillation can be computed
readily.
This simple computation, however, is
far from being" the perfected work of the
observer. Even though he has extended
his observations over a period of half an
hour, and has observed the coincidence of
the lights four or five times, and has
taken the average of the readings, he is
far from that degree of accuracy for
which he strives. In the first place, his
$500 chronometer may not have been absolutely
correct. If it were losing only
four seconds a day, of course there would
be a fraction of a second of loss in the six
or seven minutes between the co-incidences
of the lights that marked the location
of the pendulum in a vertical position
at a second-interval. To correct the time
of the chronometer it is connected with the
telegraph instruments as they are sending
the "time" at noon, and the comparison
of indentures made in a line on a revolving
drum shows the variations from
the true time as kept for the Pacific
Coast by the master clock at Mare Island.

HOW MUCH DOES A POUND WEIGH? 403

The "Det" Tractor and Its Tester
The United States Government lately employed
this airman, Lawrence W. Brown, to
test out fully a new biplane for military service.
So successful did the machine prove,
under his expert management, that twelve such
aeroplanes were purchased immediately and a
further consignment ordered.

WHAT IS COLOR?
By RENE BACHE
THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS LABORATORY
Investigators using the spectrophotometer to measure the rednessof railway signal lamp glass.
L^iCK of definite color standards has
been the cause of so much trouble
that an effort is being made by
. the government to establish
-* them.'
Such standards for specifications are
urgently needed where colored fabrics
are concerned, for paints, and for many
other things that are bought and sold.
Even rosin, so largely used in the making
of varnishes, is priced largely according
to its color.
The attention of the Bureau of Standards
at Washington has been called especially
to the matter of cottonseed oil,
which for market purposes is graded
chiefly by color. It is used largely as
a substitute for olive oil, and for other
purposes which require that it shall be
bleached, and the bleaching process costs
money. The crude oil is yellowish red.
To take the color out of it means much
expense for chemicals.
Accordingly, the purchaser demands
an allowance for the amount of color that
has to be removed from the oil. So there
must be a color scale, to serve as a basis
for grading, and for this purpose the
refiners and dealers have depended during
the last twenty years upon glasses
which were supposed to represent standards
of color.
All of these glasses come from a single
manufacturer in England. They are
packed in boxes, each containing some
hundreds of glass strips of different
colors, neatly arranged in such a way as
to be kept separate and in due order
according to shades. Each refiner or
dealer has such a test box.
405

406 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
The Colorimeter
The light in the upper right corner throws a ray into the
tube above which contains the standard sample, and
another ray into the tulje below which contains the calcite
prism and quartz disk.
Nevertheless, there have been constant
disagreements in this matter of cottonseed
oil grading, with claims for rebates
based upon allegations that the product
did not correspond to specifications, and
so forth. An appeal was made finally to
the Bureau of Standards, which was
asked to test the glasses. It undertook
the task, and found that the glasses in
different boxes did not match. In many
instances the differences between those
supposedly alike—as indicated by their
labels—were greater than the differences
over which refiners and dealers had been
disputing.
In order to assist the cottonseed oil
chemists and dealers out of these
troubles, the Bureau of Standards conducted,
at the request of and in co-operation
with the Society of Cotton Products
Analysts, an extensive investigation of
the color of cottonseed oil for the purpose
of devising a satisfactory and practicable
method of grading the oil by its
color. The transmission and absorption
of light of different colors by many different
samples of oil are being deter­
mined by the spectrophotometer and by
photometers with selected color screens.
The color of these samples also is specified
and recorded by means of an instrument
called the Arons Chromoscope.
One feature of this investigation has been
the design and construction by the
Bureau's experts of a new instrument
based on the same principle as the Arons
Chromoscope, but embodying several improvements
and especially adapted to
measure the color of the cottonseed oil
of commerce.
The essential feature of the instrument
is a combination of two Nicol prisms with
a plane disk of quartz crystal. These
prisms have the property of polarizing
light, that is, all vibrations passing
through them are thrown into one plane.
The quartz disk will cause this plane to
revolve, optically speaking, and the
colors of which the light is composed are
thereby split up, because all of them do
not respond equally to the optical effect
of the disk of quartz.
It is not possible here to give an adequate
description of the colorimeter. But
it will suffice to say that the standards of
color it establishes are absolute and invariable,
being expressed in terms of the
angle between the principal planes of the
Nicol prisms and the thickness of the
quartz disk. The thicker the disk, the
more it will twist the plane of light rays
coming through it. One looks through
the eye-piece and sees a bright circle, onehalf
of wdiich shows the color of the sample,
while the other half shows a color
which can be slowly changed and made
to match it by rotating the Nicol prism.
When both halves match perfectly, the
circle is all of one color. The reading
of the circle on the instrument together
with the thickness of the quartz plate
then furnishes a definite specification of
the color.
It wdll be observed that color specifications
of this kind can be preserved in the
form of a few simple figures, so that
color standards can be maintained without
depending upon the permanence or
"fastness" of colored materials.

Little Oddities of Li/e
"WOW-WOW"
In the public square of Kilwanga, B. C, the town of the "people of the rabbits", this curious totem stands.
Wow-wow's homely visage is supposed to warn away all the evil spirits likely to lurk about the village.
315 MILES IN "REVERSE"
This performance surely ought to be a world's record. On a transcontinental automobile tour with his
family, Mr. Abraham Toube, the owner of the car pictured here, had the misfortune to strip the gears of
.ill three forward speeds while fording an Arizona stream. Because he was financially unable to replace
the gears, the car was made to negotiate the 315 miles back to Los Angeles on reverse.
m

408 ILLUSTRATED WORLD

LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 409
HEH^HBHEBSBHBHB
WHEN YOU MEET THIS ON A COUNTRY ROAD, DON'T SHY!
It is not a deadly war machine sent over by the Germans to encompass our destruction—no, simply a
bufre automobile in the shape of a spark plug that is used by an Indianapolis concern for the sake of
advertising.
mf 1 \
-'

ILLUSTRATED WORLD
A DANGEROUS PHOTOPLAY SCENE
On the precipice at the left a "cave man" struggle was filmed. That was dangerous enough for the actors,
but the photographer on the balanced rock at the right had a still more ticklish job. Whenever the
wind blew, the boulder on which he stood swayed back and forth.
U
Vacuum-Cleaning an
Elephant
The giant pachyderm
does not mind
at all; the cleaner
probably does not
; v e n tickle his
tough hide.

Apartment House Built on
Stilts
So valuable is New York City land
that even the side of a precipice
must sooner or later become the
site of an apartment house. Re­
cently the owner of several lots
situated on the steep slope of a hill
overlooking the Hudson River de­
cided to build an apartment house
on his land, despite the fact that at
the street end his land was thirty
feet below the level of the side­
walk, falling rapidly to a depth of
some seventy feet at the farther
end. The architects in charge of
the designing and erecting of the
apartment house did the only thing
that could be done under the cir­
cumstances. They constructed
stone walls or "stilts" ending level
with what would ordinarily be the
basement or cellar of the house,
on level ground.
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 411
/-
emS^uZ
GETTING MAIL TO THE AZORES ISLANDS
This croup is too small to be a stopping-place for transatlantic steamers, but the inhabitants must receive
their mail. In order to accomplish this, the mail for the Azores is gathered aboard ship and placed in a
small, substantial kee, This is sealed hermetically. A wee flagstaff is then set up with a wisp of red
cloth at each end to float on high, no matter how the keg may turn in the ocean. Nearing Fayal, the
siren sounds and instanter craft of every sort come out in a mad race for the prize.

412 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
A BOX CAR GENERAL STORE
In the heart of an Arkansas pine forest, five miles from any other mercantile establishment, stands this
odd general store. It has been manufactured from a cast-off railway freight car. On its four hundred
square feet of floor space may be found all commodities, from hairpins to mule feed, that are likely to be
desired by lumberjacks and their wives.
Body Armor of Today
The coat of mail which the
knight of chivalry used to
wear has been greatly improved
for the modern soldier
in a modern suit of
armor which is so constructed
that it presents an
armor face for all parts of
the body at an angle of
from 90 to 115 degrees to the
line of fire. Thereby, in
many instances, stray
shrapnel, rifle bullets, and
bayonet thrusts are deflected.
The head piece,
the body portions, and the
upper and lower leg portions
of the armor are
hingedly connected to each
other so as to permit free
movement.
mam
The Mascot of the Australian Battalion
Sandy"—as the opossum is called by his antipodean soldier friends
—is almost too tame and inquisitive for comfort.
• •* .

LATEST "WRINKLES" IN
MOTOR CARS
By DAVID WALES
T H E woman with the artistic
temperament exclaims, "Don't
show me an automobile with
that horrid-looking top on it;
neither do I want to see an
ugly looking spare wheel spoiling the
so that we can conceal things by it. Last
year the taboo was strongly put on any
suggestion of machinery showing. But
this year we must completely conceal the
spare wheel, the tool boxes, the top
itself, on the touring cars and runabouts.
ONE OF THE MOST STYLISH FOURSOMES
In this dashing model the running board has been eliminated completely, adding grace to the streamlines.
lines of an otherwise good looking car!
And by all means, leave out the suggestion,
even, of those hideous tool boxes,
disfiguring the running board !"
"Well, madam," answers last year's
automobile body designer, "what are
you going to do when it rains—with no
top; what will you do when your
car breaks down, and you have no
tools, or need a spare wheel ?"
To the rescue comes this year's
auto m o b i 1 e body designer.
"Madam, you may have all these
things, but no one except you and
I ever will know that you have
them."
In fact, the automobile seems to
be presented to us this year mainly
and last but not least, one automobile
completely conceals its tonneau.
Body designers, although they have
not greatly changed the general shapes
of cars this year, have put in some very
busy days in refining patterns already
prevailing. First, they are co-operating
A Franklin Design Calculated to Lessen Wind
ResiMance

414 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
The Spare Wheel on This Model Fits Snugly into a Receptacle between
the Springs
more and more with engineers in designing
low-hung, powerful looking cars,
without crude, ugly breaks in their lines.
And at last the great majority of them
are coming to realize that there are no
horses in front
of the car, that
is, that it is not
necessary to
build a car high
up in the air.
The high-built
car is a relic
merely of by­
gone days of the
old coach, when
the passengers
had to sit high in the air that they might
see over the horses' backs.
The spirit of the Spartan has come to
the designer, and severe smoothness and
plainness prevails. This spirit has compelled
the designer to conceal
all handles, hinges, horns, tires,
and wheels, leaving long, unbroken
lines. A few of the designers
have even gone so far as
to entirely eliminate the running
board. The "runningboardless
car" has merely a
metal step for getting into the
car. One landaulet brougham, in
fact, is "so English" that it must
have a separate step of
metal for the chauffeur,
and a patent leather carriage
step for the other
occupants of the car.
One designer has
brought out a brand new
car, with a brand new
name, and "exclusive"
price—the Phianna, but
he has made the style as
old as possible, to resemble
the old-time
fashionable coach.
One concern has combined
the idea of the
touring car and the
coupe, calling the result
the "tourcoupe", a very
comfortable-looking, and powerful car.
Most all of the manufacturers have
agreed that there must be a double cowl.
One designer in particular is so emphatic
in this regard that he makes the double
cowl completely
cover the width
of the rear door,
and also the feet
of the passengers.
In fact, in
order to get into
the tonneau at
all, it is neces­
sary to swing
the rear windshield
around on
a pivot, enter, and then swing the windshield
back.
A great number of cars have completely
disappearing tops, and very efficient
ones too, but the most startling dis-
On This Paige Model There Is a Glass Partition between the
Front Seats and the Tonneau
The Duckboat Body Plan Is Carried Out in the Rectangular
Surface between Front Seats and Tonneau

LATEST "WRINKLES" IN MOTOR CARS 415
appearance of the year is the disappearing
tonneau. A comfortable
roomy tonneau is completely covered
over in half a minute's time. The
practical advantage of this, the saving
of the tonneau from the dust, need
. not be enlarged upon, but its other
advantages might occur to some. For
quite a while past a wild cry has gone
up among automobile hosts, "Does it
cost you more to feed your tonneau
than it does your engine?" Numbers
of people reason that if one has money
enough to buy a car in the first place.
he can stand cheerfully for a tonneau
full of people, all meals at road
houses, toll charges, evening papers,
hot chocolate at the country drug
stores, hair nets, and a fresh injection
of gasoline on the way back.
This Pathfinder Can Be Either a Roomy Touring Car or
But may we not reason also that be­ Can Close Up the Tonneau to Form a Gigantic Roadster
cause he bought the motor, and in addition
when only is standing two instead the of upkeep four have of that
incite>r, he may not have so much money planned to go riding.
left for these
T he wire
other things,
wheels which
and might pos­
came into gensibly
appreciate
eral use last
it if some of the
year are more
guests in the
popular than
tonneau w o u 1 d
ever. This year,
chip in once in a
however, there
while ?
In This Car the Top Slides Slowly and Impressively Up from a is a new wheel
Going back to
Compartment in the Rear, at the Pressure of a Lever , ,. , .
the disc wheel,
this disappearing tonneau: this also is but this is on only a few of the more
fitted with an efficient top, which knows expensive cars.
when to disappear with the tonneau, In the past, the manufacturer did not

416 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
A Classy Model with
Disc Wheels and
Tonneau Windshield
sell his car with an extra spare tire; later
he gave a tire and a rim, but forgot to
arrange a place to carry it. The Pathfinder
has solved this difficulty in a way
to please the artistic, and also the practical.
The solving of the problem somewhat
changes the appearance of the car,
but to its advantage,
and leaves a neater,
cleaner and
smoother appearance.
The spare
wheel is completely
concealed in a revolving
tire rack on
the back of the car.
This rack is part of
the car itself, and is
Another Idea in Spare Wheel Compartment
not merely attached. Both the wheels
and the top disappear in the back of the
car, in their separate compartments, and
are completely protected from accidents
and dirt.
Other cars have places built on specially
for wheels, but the Pathfinder
seems to be the most satisfactory.
The Stutz raceabout
screws the tire into a recess
built in the back. Another car
has a store room on the
back for both
wheels.
tools and spare
Last year, as far as interior
finish was concerned,
we thought we were merely
lucky American
citizens. Interior
decorators started
specializing on interior
decorating
of automobiles.
But this year they
have more than
started, and we
have suddenly bec
o m e presidents,
czars, and potentates,
and have
ceased to be bewildered
at the perfection
of the interior
finish. In
some cases the ceilings of the cars are
paneled with the rarest woods, and the
perfect harmony of the velvet, tapestry,
and brocade upholstery, combined with
the outside finish, makes one think "let
me just sit back and rest—a master hand
has already perfected this color schemethere
is nothing that
I can do to improve
it."
Vanity cases,
smoking sets, writing
desks, first aid
outfits, are all cleverly
concealed in
their appropriate
places in the tonneau,
and even the
robes over the rail match to perfection
the upholstery. One make of limousine
is even equipped with a dictaphone.
When the occupants in the tonneau
merely press a little button, the chauffeur
hears everything said there, without the
use of a speaking tube.
A Pathfinder Limousine

LATEST "WRINKLES" IN MOTOR CARS 417
A Detachable Top for the Chauffeur
Tools are receiving more attention this
year also. They must be concealed. Appropriate
pockets are made in the doors
for the tools which are used most fre-
The White Four-Cylinder Engine
The feature that appears this year is the development of
sixteen valves.
rate compartment in the car (not on the
running board) for the tools used in
mending tires, and a separate compartment
for those used on other parts of the
car.
The seating arrangements are not
much changed, except in one model, the
extra seats come from the front of the
rear seats, instead of from the rear of
the front seats, leaving that space for
DIAGRAM OF A NEW MODEL WHICH COMBINES THE FEATURES OF DISAPPEARING
TOP AND FOLDABLE TONNEAU
quently. One manufacturer has been so
farsighted that he has designed a sepa-
Oueer Effect Obtained in an English Brougham by Breaking
the Running Board
wardrobe purposes, compartments for
gloves, veils, rubbers, shoes, hats, etc.
Practically the only change in
engines is the adoption by probably
the highest class automobile maker,
of sixteen valves to four cylinders.
The engineers contend that by
using a double set of small valves
in each cylinder of the sixteenvalve
"four", the capacity of the
valves is actually greater than that
of the single valves which are
twice the size.

WHY DIDN'T I THINK OF
THAT?
By F. E. M ASHBURN
THERE has probably never
been a compiler of statistics
so enthusiastic as to make a
specialty of counting up the
value of jewels that have
been lost on wash-stands in a year, but
the amount probably is very large. The
loser states "why I just put my rings
there while I washed my hands, and I
can't understand how I forgot them."
Instead of laying down your rings, take
a hairpin out of your hair, slip the rings
on it, and pin them securely in your hair,
where you can see them in the mirror,
until you are ready to wear them again.
* * *
There is no reason why a child as
soon as it understands anything at all,
should dislike a doctor, that is, a good
doctor. But even some good doctors
manage to get disliked by hordes of
little children when they stick spoons
down their throats so that they can examine
their tonsils, and in the case of
babies, it is an especially insulting thing
to pry open their mouths, because they
simply refuse to straighten out their
tongues or open their mouths wide
enough for a thorough examination.
There is a way of getting around this
insulting treatment to the little ones.
Drop some honey on the tip of the child's
chin, and get him to lick it off. The
process of licking it off gives a good,
unhurried view of a straight, extended
tongue; the mouth opens so wide that
there is a good view of the tonsils and
back of the throat.
* * *
If you have ever gone on an automobile
trip and collided with a peddler,'a
wagon, or another automobile, and have
been innocent of the fault which caused
4 u
the accident—for instance if the other
party hugged the wrong side of the
road—you surely have wished for witnesses.
But most of the time, there are
no witnesses in these cases, outside of
the principals. To make sure of winning
your case and proving your innocence,
take a camera along on any and every
trip, and have it always ready. If the
camera does not serve its purpose in the
court room, the case never coming to
court, it at least prevents blackmail.
* * *
Women always seem to be having
trouble about the mechanism of their
sewing, crocheting, and knitting. The
spools are always running around where
they shouldn't. Just wd:y some enterprising
young man has not invented a square
spool is a mystery. There is absolutely
no reason at all for spools being round,
that is, the top and bottom of the spool.
One woman, as soon as she gets a spool
of thread pastes a square bit of cardboard
to one or both ends, and she is never
troubled with her thread rolling under
the couch. This woman believes also in
using every inch of crochet cotton and
knitting wool, for she took an ordinary
ten-cent funnel turned upside down, and
brought the wool out through the neck.
* * *
Every person of both sexes has also
lost a few drams of temper trying to
bore a hole through leather in a hurry.
One woman was having an awful time
trying to put a hole in her machine strap,
to loosen it. The instructor for the
sewing machine company came in a short
while later after the job was given up
by the lady, and she simply heated a hat
pin until it was red hot, and then ran it
through the leather.

HINTS FOR
EFFICIENT PROTECTOR FOR
WATCH CRYSTALS
TPHE men who wear wrist watches—
aviators, explorers, and soldiers—
and others who subject open-face timepieces
to careless or rough handling,
may now practically eliminate any chance
Guards Against
Knock*
This metal cover saves
the watch crystal without
interfering with the
watch's usefulness.
of breaking the watch crystal by using a
new type of watch-face guard. The
guard is a metal framework resembling
somewhat the spokes of a wheel, which
fits over the face, and rests upon the
metal case of the watch. This framework
receives all blows which otherwise
would fall upon the crystal, and transmits
them to the metal case, which in all
except the dainty varieties of timepieces,
can stand anything short of a blow from
a club or a fall from an upper story
window upon a pavement. The open
spaces between the "spokes" are so designed
that the hour figures and the
hands can be seen as readily as though
the framework were not in place. The
new guard is winning great favor among
the Canadian troops now in training,
among whom, a few weeks ago, it was
given its initial tryout as a commercial
proposition.
PEOPLE
ICE CREAM WITHOUT WORK
P\ON'T break your back and tire your
arms out making ice cream. Don't
wait for the men to come home and turn
the freezer. Don't give up and get your
ice cream at the corner drug store, either.
For this is the day of more ice cream
and no work for it. The auto vacuum
freezer freezes ice cream hard and
smooth in thirty minutes, without a bit
of turning. Just fill it and set it aside,
and forget about it until you wish to
serve it.
This freezer has but three parts to
clean, and nothing to get out of order,
and the vacuum makes the ice spend its
force against the cream chamber, and
not against the side of the freezer.
Three cents' worth of ice makes twelve
portions of cream. There is no chance
for ice or salt falling into the cream,
because the cream is put into one end,
and the ice and salt pack together into
the other.
When going on an auto trip start the
ice cream in the freezer, and after you
have been driving for half an hour your
ice cream is ready for you. It stays
frozen for eight hours without refilling
the ice chamber.
Haven't You
Dreamed of
This?
When you turned
the crank laboriously
through
most of a torrid
afte rnoon last
August, didn't
you wish for a
freezer that would
tend itself?

420 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
A WHOLE MEAL ON ONE
BURNER
A STEAM cooker that
can cook a whole
meal over one burner
will be welcomed in
many kitchens and will
add, too, to the pleasures
of camp life.
This cooker can be
used upon, and fits any
kind of stov e—coal,
wood, coal oil, gas, or
gasoline—in fact, can be
used any place where
there is a fire with sufficient
heat to boil the
water in the lower vessel.
The cooker has three
vessels, two cooking
compartments and the
lower vessel, which contains
the water. The
cooking is done by steam
vapor generated by the
boiling water in the
lower vessel and passes
up through a small pipe
on the inside. The
cooker is of heavy tin and has a copper
bottom. It contains an
enameled pudding pan, and
a double compartment of
large capacity arranged
above it.
The cooker economizes
space, as it occupies only
one hole on any stove, and,
for camping, a small-sized
fire can be used. The food
cooks quickly and cannot
burn. It needs no watching
nor stirring. Because
the food is steam cooked,
all of the nutritious qualities
are retained.
INVISIBLE VAN­
ITY CASE
TN order to have always
handy a brush, comb.
For Gas Economy
This steam cooker is one hundred per cent
more efficient than the old method of spreading
the meal over the surface of the stove
and wasting most of the heat.
The Leg-Clasp Vanity Case
mirror, powder, soap and rouge and still
do away with the necessity of carrying
a huge shopping bag,
manufacturers of vanity
articles are selling this
little case which buckles
around the limb.
CLOTHES DRYING
RACK
A DRYING rack of
^"^ great capacity for
its size which occupies
practically no space
when not in use and is
ready for use at a moment's
notice, can be
made as follows:
Out of H" stuff make
8 pieces yi" wide by 2'
9" long, and 4 pieces 12"
long. From these make
two reinforced rectangular
frames, drill
holes in the end pieces
for the screws, and use
thin and rather long
screws. If this is done
carefully, and the ends of the long pieces
are all square, the frame will be substantial.
Then drill two
holes large enough
for a fishline through
each end piece near
the corner. Cut four
pieces of line from 4' to 8'
long, depending on the
height of the ceiling, knot
each piece near the end, slip
the lines through the holes
in the first frame and knot
them again 12" to 15" higher
up, slip them through the second
frame, and tie each two
separately and firmly, providing
a loop so the rack can be
hung on small hooks above
the stove. For best results, it
ishould be hung so as to be
right square above the stove

and from 2' 6" to 3 above
it. Provide a hook in the
wall and the two frames
can instantly be folded
against each other and
hung there, out of the way
and yet within convenient
reach.
In using the rack, always
put several diapers or
towels over the top frame
so as to catch the heat in
the "box" thus formed.
The amount of clothes
that can thus be hung and
dried on this small rack is
only less astonishing than
the speed with which they
are dried at a low flame.
WALLET THE PICK­
POCKET CANT GET
A N enterprising inventor has come to
the rescue of the prosperous and has
designed a wallet that cannot fall or be
picked out of the pocket. If you carry
the wallet in your hip pocket it sometimes
will work its way out when you go to sit
down, but this new invention
eliminates that
danger. This wallet
has a strip of metal attached
to the outside
with an extension on
either end. These extensions
are released
by pressing the button
seen in the center.
When the button is
pressed the extensions
shoot out with the aid
of springs. The extensions
are pressed inward
and the wallet is
placed in the pocket.
Then the button is
pressed and the extensions
shoot out, holdthe
wallet very
in
firmly and
the pocket.
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 421
The Stethescope Phone Ears
Safely in If Your Pocketbook Is Worth More Than a
Fountain Pen. Why Not Guard It Just as
Well?
TELEPHONE AP­
PLIANCE FOR NOISY
PLACES
A N Y O N E who often is
^^ obliged to use a telephone
in a noisy place will
appreciate the device
shown herewith which enables
him to hear much better
than with the ordinary
receiver, and to eliminate
the endless requests for
repetitions. When a call is
received, the person answering
places the two end
pieces to his ears and with
one hand applies the telephone
receiver to the block
at the base. This leaves the
other hand free for writing,
and enables the person to
listen with both ears.
EVERY MAN HIS OWN
VENTRILOQUIST
T'HE professional ventriloquist who is
a top liner on the vaudeville program
must soon go out of business, or expect
a substantial cut in his weekly stipend,
for invention is going
to make his art a common
one. If the inventor
had kept his
secret to himself, instead
of rushing the
idea to the patent office,
he might have induced
some enterprising theatrical
manager to book
him for a long contract
K
on the variety show
circuit.
The innovation consists
of the usual
"dummy" but with attachments
of telephone
receivers and transmitt
e r s. The "ventriloq
u i s t"—w ho need
never have learned the
art of voice throwing—
on the stage, speaks his

422 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
lines, which are carried by the apparatus
to an assistant below the boards. This
assistant then makes the answer called
for—the sound emitting from the receiver
concealed in the breast of the
manikin.
NEW WAY TO WEAR PERFUME
'T'HE latest novelty for the lady who
would suggest roses or violets to her
friends is a perfume ball, a jewelry conceit
worn attached to a black ribbon
sautoir. The pendant is of sterling silver
finished in gilt and ornamented with
dainty blue or pink enamel. Within the
hollow ball is a felt pad upon which g
the favorite perfume is dropped.
This permits just the proper hint of
flower fragrance to escape. j
SHOVEL TRUCK
D Y simply attaching two oneinch
truck casters to the back
of a square-point
shovel the tool was
converted into a
handy truck used in
moving heavy sacks
of flour, grain, and
feed about the store or warehouse.
Near the front edge, about
one inch from either side, a
pair of one-eighthinch
holes were drilled
through the bottom of
the shovel, and each
caster was then fastened
on with two
The Shovel Truck
small stove bolts.
When the shovel is
needed for other purposes than a truck
these attachments are easily and quickly
removed.
HOMEMADE CAMP STOOL
A CAMP stool which can be con-
^^ structed by any person at all handy
with tools, which is strong enough to
support a large man and capable of being
The Perfume
Ball
folded into a compact bundle not much
larger than an umbrella, is shown in the
accompanying illustration.
It may be made from four pieces of
hardwood broom handles 24 inches long,
but it is worthy of having the legs turned
up in an ornamental manner, as shown
in the drawing.
The joint in the middle should be a
brass casting, a pattern for which may
be whittled out easily. This casting may
be finished up with a file if a lathe is not
at hand. The 5/16 inch trunnions are to
pass through 5/16 inch holes bored in
the legs. The 3/16 inch studs on the
ends of the trunnions are to receive
a washers, after which these studs are
to be headed down, so that the legs
will move smoothly with just enough
«fj friction to hold them in place. The
a
si
Here's
Camp i
Mak
should be made of two pieces of
ing cloth 12 inches square,
hed together, with the weave
running in opposite directions
for strength. It should be bound
around the edges with braid or
with pieces of the same material.
The top should be fastened down
with a wood screw in each corner,
turned into one end of each
leg and passing through a large

flat washer to keep the cloth from tearing
out.
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 423
REALLY HYGIENIC WINDOW
JUST why we have continued to use
the old-style window all these years is
what we wonder when we see this new
style; in fact it would be hard to tell
which one of its good points is the best.
This window can be cleaned entirely
from the inside, so that we may say farewell
to the old drudgery and danger of
sitting on the outside on the window sill.
There is no middle sash to catch the
many brands of dust that gather there
in the old-style window, because when
closed each sash fits the other closely,
and the window is perfectly air-tight.
The window locks with a clever little
burglar-proof lock.
There are no weights and pulleys to
deteriorate and get out of order, and
perfect ventilation can be maintained
without draft. Its operation is very simple.
Its appearance is good—much more
symmetrical than the old-style window,
since one sash fits above the other with
no breaking lines. The cost is the same
as the ordinary window and it is a matter
of little time and money to exchange
the old window for the new.
CONVENIENT THUMBPURSE
A VERY convenient device for women
^"^ is a purse that fastens over the
thumb and around the wrist in such
fashion that the fingers are left entirely
free. The purse is attached simply by
Your Money Is Handy. Without Encumbering You
in the Least
passing the thumb through a Y-opening
and buckling the strap over the hand.
The purse has several compartments.
For horseback riding, motoring, golf,
and shopping it can be shifted easily to
the back of the hand. The handkerchief
may be tucked into the palm of the hand
under the strap.
WASHING PLANT FOR
FARMERS' WIVES
IF the town housewife thinks that she
has a big "wash" to dispose of Monday
morning, she should be sorry for the
woman living in the country, who has a
job something like this on her hands:
All the clothes that are customarily
washed by every woman, multiplied
several times over—outdoor work necessitating
an entire change of garments
once or even oftener daily, especially in
harvest time—heavy overalls, house
aprons, and dresses, in unusual quantities
—manifold duties indoors and out
quickly soiling these garments.
Notwithstanding all this, today it is

424 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
the country woman who in reality should
pity the city woman on wash day. The
case of one farmer's wife shows why.
This woman has a washer with a wringer
attachment and a gas engine. The first
was obtained at a cost of $22, the latter
at $35. A driving belt cost an additional
$3. At a total investment of $60, apparatus
was obtained that did the entire
week's washing in less than two hours,
through every process, from removing
the dirt to rinsing, bluing, starching, and
hanging out on the line to dry.
All the hand work is done by the
engine, which requires no attention. An
especially valuable feature of this small
outfit is that the machine can be run by
itself or in combination with the wringer;
likewise, the wringer can be operated
alone.
CARRY YOUR DESK WITH YOU
COME people simply can't write letters
unless they are comfortably seated at
their own writing desk. This new kind
of writing desk which folds away can
be packed in a trunk, and taken right
along on a visit. Also, one-room apartment
dwellers might investigate this desk
with profit.
It is made of solid mahogany, and the
necessary fittings are made of fine morocco
leather. The top of the desk when
it is opened is 23% inches by 11%
inches.
The Desk That Packs in a Trunk
PEN EXTRACTOR
A DEVICE that removes the pen from
the holder without the necessity of
touching it with the fingers is popular
with stenographers, office boys, and executives
who have had the experience
of getting ink on their fingers in removing
the old pen. The pen is pushed
through a small metal loop in the device,
which is then pressed down with
the other hand; this holds the pen firmly
so that it can be extracted by a pull on the
holder. The device can be easily installed
in any office so that it may be used by the
clerks as needed.

DISAPPEARING TABLE
1WJOST of us have been in the fashionable
small kitchens now in vogue all
over the United States. In some of them
there is barely room for a table. But if
there is room enough for a table, there is
room enough for a kitchen cabinet in its
place, but it is impossible to have them
This Table Slides into the Cabinet
both. The ordinary kitchen cabinet does
not really serve as a table, as they would
have us believe when we buy one. It
cannot be used for the emergency breakfast
in the kitchen without great discomfort.
This new kitchen cabinet will fit into
the smallest, most fashionable kitchen.
J*
SLEEPING KNAPSACK FOR
CAMPERS
A YOUNG woman of Pasadena, California,
has devised a unique knapsack
that serves almost every conceivable
m
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 425
need for camping in the open. The knapsack
weighs only a fraction over six
pounds, being made of No. 10 army canvas.
With a few moments' labor it can
be changed into a poncho, or raincoat, a
hammock, a sleeping bag, or folding cot,
an army tent, or a canoe. The knapsack
is about 9 l /2 feet in length, of double
covering, and thoroughly waterproof.
When used as a poncho, the wearer's
head is slipped through a narrow slit
made for that purpose. The canvas then
hangs in folds about the body, affording
an excellent protection against the rain.
The knapsack is changed into a hammock
by stretching the double covering
wide and attaching ropes to either end,
these being attached to some tree or support.
When used as an army tent the
canvas is
stretched out
and thrown
over boughs of
wood.
In order to
turn the knapsack
into a
canoe, one side
has been made
thoroughly
waterproof bybeing
painted
black. Rough
sticks of the
proper size and
shape are used
as the framework
and when
the canvas is
stretched over
these, the fisherman
or voyageur
camper
is in possession
of an ideal
This Versatile
Device Can Be
Anything
V^ from a Rain-
M i coat to a
||"j Sleeping Bag
at a Moment's
Notice

426 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
light, and evenly-balanced canoe. The
young woman inventor used the contrivance
almost a week as a canoe, permitting
it to remain in water over night.
At the end of the week it was still intact
and showed no signs of leaking.
As a sleeping bag the contrivance furnishes
the most important usage. A large
flap extends over the sleeper's head,
which protects from wind or rain, though
it permits her plenty of air.
J*
COOKIES AS BEAUTIFUL
AS "TASTY"
/""\NE of the "drawing cards" of the
professional baker is the attractive
appearance which he gives his wares.
The home cook easily can become his
rival if she will acquire some of his tools,
among them the fancy cookie press. The
cold cookie dough is put into a cylinder.
Beyond it is one of a choice of dies with
a small opening of fancy shape. Behind
it is the pressure of a plunger worked by
a handle. The dough has no alternative
but to come out in a continuous line of
ornamental surface. The cook then cuts
the cookie dough ribbon and forms it
into bars, circles, twists, or "what-not"
and bakes it into crisp confections which
make one hungry to behold.
J*
SANITARY HIGH CHAIR
T H E tray on the average high chair is
very far from "sanitary", in fact, if
the ordinary wooden tray were kept absolutely
sanitary there wouldn't be much
left of it, with its cracks and crevices in
which food accumulates and decomposes.
The newest high chair has this porcelain
finish tray, and when the child is
removed from the chair, the tray is taken
out and cleaned just as a dish is cleaned.
The inside of the tray measures eight
by twelve inches.
ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTER
THIS gas lighter is so simple that anybody
can make one in a few minutes.
Not only is it cheaper than matches,
but it is cleaner and quicker to use.
The lighter resembles a small soldering
iron having a carbon tip attached to a
piece of stiff wire, which is covered
with an insulated handle. It is then connected
with the house lighting circuit.
The two carbons in the jar of water
act as a resistance coil, so that when the
stove is touched with the lighter, an arc
is formed.
It is always ready for use. To light
the gas merely turn handle and touch the
lighter to the stove over the burner or on
it; the arc ignites the gas.

SAFETY CAN FOR WASTE
A MACHINE-GUN addition to the big
battery of fire prevention devices
with which every well-organized manufacturing
plant is equipped today is to
be found in a new waste can for rub-
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 427
Killing the Germ
of Spontaneous
Combustion
When oil-soaked
rags are thrown in
a corner and left to
pile up. one upon
another, they have
a peculiar ability of
accumulating heat.
Let this go on long
enough and they
will smoulder and
burst into flame.
This safety can is
provided to lessen
the temptation of
throwing such rags
about indiscriminately.
bish and especially oil-saturated rags.
This can, made of galvanized steel, is
opened by foot pressure. When this
pressure is relieved the lid of the can
automatically closes and locks. There
is no possibility of the dangerous waste
material being scattered about on the
floor by careless overturning.
STAGING A MOTOR CAR
A MOTOR car illusion, one of the
^^ most effective pieces of "realism"
ever staged, is to be found in the popular
play "Turn to the Right" which had a
successful run at the Gaiety Theater,
New York.
In the last act the company, in accordance
with the plot, is assembled on
the darkened stage—in a late twilight
effect. Two of the characters are missing.
They have gone to journey by
motor car to a house shown to the audience
in the distance. Presently the
audience sees the car on its way up-hill
to the house. Then a light appears in
the lower windows of the house. This
goes out, but almost immediately the
upper windows are lighted. Then the
curtains in the little house are lowered.
The automobile is not an automobile
at all. It is made of pasteboard, with
a wooden base, and glides in a curved
groove. A bit of string wound on a
spool by a crank "operates" the car. A
dry battery furnishes the light.
The house on the hill is, of course,
painted canvas, with holes for the lights.

PARIS AGAIN FASHIONING
THE FASHION WORLD*
By JANE NESBITT
'':-.'
Two-Piece Suit of Novelty
Form
Jacket of pearl gray broadcloth
soutached in self-color. Draped
skirt of black liberty satin.
You Will See Her at Newport
This Summer
A'bathing suit of maroon jersey
with white jersey trimmings, and a
rubber cap with a detachable straw
brim.
I F she were completely shut off from
communication with the rest of the
world, if even all the women were
at war, and all the factories for
clothing purposes shut down, Paris
would still find some ingenious way of
dictating the fashions to us. If she did
not do this of her own accord,
we would demand that
she do it.
While last year the United
States managed to exist without
a great deal of aid from
Paris as to new designs, this
year Paris is become again
more mindful of the opportunities
offered by American
importers and consumers, and
is showing a very conciliatory
attitude in this regard.
428
A New Boot with Uppers
of Flowered Cloth
A Coat of Ecclesiastical
Design
Model developed in old blue satin
cire, lined with deeper shade of
blue. Open pocket slashes embroidered
in gold.
Again, there have been recent announcements
of the establishment of New York
branches by certain important Paris
houses, which is another indication of the
Paris dressmaker's appreciation of the
American market—women here are really
better spenders than the French.
The war is responsible for
a few changes in designs, also.
Never before have Paris
dressmakers worked so in
unison to crystallize the styles
and lines along which fashion
develops, a move which makes
the world styles very distinct.
Another change blamed to
the war is the edict against
the wearing of decollete
• PARISIAN AJITIBT
dresses at the theater, or in
other public places. So Paris

PARIS AGAIN FASHIONING THE FASHION WORLD 429
gives us few evening dress designs. But
she has taken out her energy in designing
new materials and fabrics and creating an
enthusiastic vogue for afternoon dresses
of unique design. This increase in newly
designed fabrics also has made her determined
to use all of them. As a re -
Separate Coat in Directoire
Style
Coat of gray tussah, indicating
curved fitted figure, with slightly
lifted waistline.
The "Tonneau'' or Barrel
Skirt of Suedene
the newest suits are made from two different
materials and colors, that is, the
jacket may be white or gray and of very
elaborately designed material, while the
skirt may be of a dark, plain rich material.
A new style she has given us this year
is the "tonneau" or barrel skirt. When
tailored, this skirt is cut in two circular
portions, an upper part extending from
the hip to the knee, and a
lower part from hem to
knee, these circular pieces
being joined in a seam at
their widest spread. This
leaves the skirt narrow at
the waist and hem. and
wide at the knee. The
fashion designers of this The Lotus
skirt claim to have taken
A distinctive Centemeri novelty in
glove embroidery.
the idea from the dress of the Hindoos
and Great Britain's Oriental troops in
France.
The vital question. "Are the skirts to
be longer or shorter," is answered definitely.
Paris endorses the skirt two
inches above the ankle. Of course the
Sport Coat. Checked and Plain
A startling combination in high
colors is featured in this sport coat.
Vivid green and white are the
colors.
new barrel skirt requires a somewhat
greater length, because such a skirt naturally
cups in a little, and draws around
the ankles, and it would look ridiculous
if too short.
An interesting result of the war, on
clothes and their designs, is the fact that
there are so few male operatives who
have the skill for tailoring that dresses,
or untailored suits and loose coats, are
mostly in vogue, in place of
the suit, and these dresses
are all made by women.
We don't know whether
the war has also created the
vogue for new colors, but
anyway we must call these
newly designed dresses by
different names than before,
such as clav. beaver.

430 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
platinum gray, rooky,
watercress green, citron,
orchid, and the rose of
Sharon pinks.
For the last two years,
the word "sports" has
come to be quite an important
one in the style
world. Some years ago
one might say, "I'll just
put on a sweater and go
out and play some golf",
and still be in style.
But this is a thing of the
past. Now the sports
idea in dresses, coats,
waists, hats, is assuming
alarming proportions.
When a department
store merely places a
(T
The New Golf-
Coats Have
"Pivot Sleeves"
—That Is. the
Shoulder Plait
Gives Freely
with the Stress
of a Stroke
sign over a waist or coat as a "sports"
one, it doubles its selling value immediately,
and this year nothing is too expensive,
provided it fits in with the sports
idea. Sports clothes are now "elaborate
simplicity" itself, and are made of the
most beautiful materials imaginable, and
usually of striking color combinations,
and they must fairly shriek with style.
The sports idea is also making the
bathing suit a wonderfully
c o m p 1 icated
mechanism.
The new bathing
hat has a detachable
straw brim
for a complexion
saver. This is
easily slipped off
A New Bag Design
when the bather desires
to perform in
the water.
Naturally, Paris hats have a touch of
the military about them.
In gloves a new departure has been
made. The backs of some of them are
embroidered in lotus flowers, or unique
designs never used before on them.
New fancy bags instead of the old stiff
hand bags are rigid necessities, and
Paris of course puts out some "different"
designs.
It is a painful thing to
mention "the scarcity of
leather" problem, and it
is still more painful to
think that the shoes are
going not only higher in
price, but also in height,
even for summer. Not
even the low shoe will be
low any more for some
shoe designers, for it has
been raised in height a
few inches, and another
strap added. The newest
designs are irresistible,
and it hardly can be imagined
that the fashionloving
woman is going
to say, "No, leather is
too scarce for me to indulge
in such beautiful shoes", so the
shoes will be sold, and more demanded.
After Paris creations are obtained,
another problem is, how are we
going to keep them in their best condition
when traveling? Paris helps out in
this respect this year and offers a new
trunk especially designed for millinery,
lingerie, and shoes. This trunk holds six
or more hats, keeping them in perfect
condition, twelve pairs
of shoes, or twentyfour
pairs of slippers,
and the tray in the top
is for lingerie.
Another distinctly
new invention for
men's clothes comes
out in the sport coat.
It is called the "Pivot"
sleeve, especially designed
for golf. The
sleeve is equipped at
the shoulder with
plaits that open and
expand to each stroke
requirement, without
the slightest suggestion
of restraint. The
plaits are invisible
when the arm is in
< ... A Smart Light Coat of
normal position. Military Cut

HOW TO GET ON
A Business Series of Practical
Inspiration
PERSONALITY :
AN ASSET
by George Edgar
T O D A Y where you find leaders really physical strength. I dined at a
of men, there in the main are club in London, which draws together
the dominating personalities. men who count in their particular activi­
It has always been true that ties. The membership list includes some
personality with ability will go of the most distinguished workers in
further than ability alone. The modest London.
efficient man gets a good place and is I recall that the guest of the eve­
well found in work and wages, but he ning was the late Lord Strathcona, per­
rarely occupies the center of the stage haps Canada's greatest personality, who
where leaders monopolize the limelight. carried a wonderfully successful career
The magnetic personal qualities of the over a span of years seldom vouchsafed
successful man have been apparent in to man, and died rich in honor at the age
every age and generation, and among of ninety-four. Around him were men
all nationalities. The value set on personality
today stands higher than ever it
did before, in a world tending to stand­
who had succeeded in many walks of life.
ardize everything and everybody. The
habit of referring to groups of a thousand
workers as "hands" is not without
significance.
Personality is a mixture of many influences,
but the manner of its employment
certainly implies an individual outlook
and the self-consciousn-ess which permit
a man to determine his actions zrithout
being too much obsessed by precedents.
When one looks at the conventional definition,
an important fact emerges. Personality
is really a matter cf physical
strength and fitness.
I recall the first direct impression I received
that the secret of personality is
m

432 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
There were present a distinguished explorer,
a popular judge and many well
known members of the bar; leaders in
music, the theater, art, literature and
journalism—all men who had succeeded,
and were cutting considerable figures in
the world.
It forcibly struck me then, and has
remained an abiding impression ever
since, that these men had personal qualities
different from those possessed by the
average man. When one analyzed the
impression, the qualities could be explained
in physical terms. If you take
a group of successful men you will find
they have in common the power to suggest
unusual strength and physical
energy. They have bigger heads, usually
bigger features, large eyes set wide apart,
longer or more prominent noses, big
strong mouths, fine teeth, very often they
have even larger ears than the average
man.
As a rule, size for size they will
average out heavier men than most of
their fellows, though the rule of bulk
does not always apply. I do not mean to
suggest that exceptional ability is a matter
of beef, or logically any fat bartender
would be a genius. My idea is, the personality
of successful men radiates a note
of physical capacity. They look able to
work long hours and maintain a high
quality of concentration during the
period of activity. When they are about
their pleasures and go in for hobbies
or amusements they appear more receptive
in their leisure than other men. You
rarely find a man who looks the sissy or
the mollycoddle in high position. If my
reading of the riddle is right, personality
is most of all a matter of efficient physical
make-up.
Only a few weeks ago the world
smiled over an advertisement put out by
a firm wanting traveling salesmen.
There is nothing very amusing about a
firm desiring traveling salesmen, but
there was something essentially human
in the demand they made for stout men.
Interviewed by the press, the originators
of the advertisement stated they em­
ployed many travelers and in their experience
stout, prosperous, and goodtempered
looking men produced more
business than thinner viorkers on the
same field.
When one stops to remember how
the fat man is frequently the butt of the
world's humor, the demand for stout
salesmen would seem to be carrying an
appreciation of the effect of personality
to extremes. But the attitude of that
firm is by no means so absurd as it seems
to be at first sight. They are in a position
to judge exactly what type of personality
carries weight in their market,
and since their returns prove that stout
travelers secure more business than thin
ones, they are justified in using this effect
of personality in selecting all new men
who join the outside staff.
Naturally, men who get on in life see
the value of personality early in their
careers, and try to analyze a force counting
for so much. One now well-known
business man landed in New York with
hardly enough money to tide him over a
week. He immediately began a search
for employment and met with nothing
but rebuffs. Finally the stranger hit up
against an advertising agency where he
received the usual cold douche in the
shape of a definite turn-down.
The situation was becoming desperate.
He had to find work and income or
starve. He turned to the man in control
of the department who was administering
the turn-down for the fifth time that day,
and asked if there was any task in the
office which the staff had failed to accomplish.
In so many words he invited
the manager to give him the most difficult
task in the office and to test his right to
a place, by his power of carrying out the
work others had failed to do. By a
strange coincidence this advertising
agency had been trying to let advertising
in a handbook, and advertisers had
fought distinctly shy of giving orders.
Although the printing date was overdue,
few advertisers had supported the venture.
Every canvasser in the office had been
tried on the task and had failed.

PERSONALITY: AN ASSET 433
"ANOTHER EMPLOYER SIMPLY ASKS EACH APPLICANT WHAT HE WOULD DO UNDER
A CERTAIN SET OF UNFAMILIAR CIRCUMSTANCES"
The manager jumped at the game offer
of the caller, turned the particulars of the
handbook over to him, and told the
visitor to return with sufficient orders to
fill the publication. His life and future
depended upon his success in this venture,
so he put into his fight for advertising
every ounce of his energy, every
bit of his physical strength, every
iota of his personality. He fought,
begged, wheedled and intrigued his way
into the private offices of advertisers, and
once there he simply refused to muzzle
his guns until he had succeeded in obtaining
space for the booklet.
The opposition of reluctant advertisers
broke down and faded before his virile
personality. In three days he came back
with the necessary orders. The commission
he drew was a liberal salary in itself.
The advertising agency then was all too
glad to take the newcomer on the staff.
In twelve months he was partner in the
undertaking and his success in a larger
field has carried him to the highest rung
of the ladder. He is certainly an illustration
of a man who deliberately uses
his personality, and his faith in himself
has been justified by the results he has
obtained.
Employers who attach importance to
personality can be found by the hundred.
One employer tests new applicants by
their power to sit upright in a chair. If
they slouch during the interview they are
never engaged no matter what credentials
they possess.
Another employer simply asks each
applicant what he would do under a certain
set of unfamiliar circumstances. He
does not expect an inspired answer to
every question. The value of the test is
its capacity to reveal the man who will
pit his mind at any problem off the
beaten track. Personality reveals itself
in answer to advertisements offering situations.
A familiar test among employers
is to state specifically what they
need and to refuse an interview to all
who do not give exactly the information
for which they are asked. It is a curious
sidelight on the prevailing confusion of
ideas in most minds that of a hundred
applications to an advertisement asking
applicants to state age, previous experience,
and qualifications, fully eighty per

434 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
:yv
V*BIS
':^.
'•Zs/giW 1 1
k
l \
'CHI Au/r«nCie
"PERSONALITY IS REALLY A MATTER OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH AND FITNESS
cent of those who reply withhold some part a man's personal effect on other men to
of the necessary information. Personality set him any task performed by the trav­
reveals itself to the employer in carriage, eler or the canvasser. Among canvassers
address, and even in such small matters there are men who can be turned down
as the performance of details of the by the office boy. There are others who
toilet.
have the knack of getting to the depart­
One employer I know boasts that he mental managers but have not the ability
never has taken into his service a man to state clearly the advantages of the pro­
who obviously did not trouble to maniposals they make. There are other men
cure his hands. Employers of great per­ who get directly in touch with the heads
sonality seem always to be looking for of departments, put up good selling talk,
personality. As a final extreme example yet just miss carrying conviction.
worthy of ranking with the demand for And there is a rare race of men who
fat men, I might cite the newspaper because of the magic of great person­
editor who would never dream of startality, march into offices almost as if they
ing a reporter who had not a long nose. were ambassadors, who deign to see no
In his advertisements he always put the one but principals and rarely make a
significant phrase, "Wanted a reporter business acquaintance without securing
with a nose for news," and when the an order. The man who fails, speaking
period of interviewing came round the of the man who succeeds, says he gets
phrase was not a symbolical expression. his business by a combination of luck and
The successful applicant had actually to impudence. These things, however, are
have the nose itself, and a good sized one not accidental and when a man gets busi­
at that.
ness consistently, it may be taken for
Personality perhaps counts even more granted that he is not achieving his end
among the men who have to go direct either by luck or impudence, but has
to the customer and obtain support in brought to bear upon his task a battery
the form of orders. It is a great test of of important personal qualifications.
N

MAGNETIC LAMP
"THIS little lamp for use in automobile
repairing and trouble seeking will
stick on any steel or iron part of the
machine. It has an electro-magnet in
No Matter Where the Repairing Must Be Done, This
Little Electro-Magnetic Lamp Will Attach Itself
and Shed Its Light
its base. Its light rays are shed wherever
they are required, and as it takes up
such a very small space, it can be used
in the closest quarters of the car to great
advantage. The device operates from the
six-volt battery of the car. It is equipped
with a ten-foot connecting cord, which
gives sufficient radius of use.
J*
FREE BOOKKEEPING FOR
AUTOMOBILISTS
JUST as a man in business finds that
he has to have an expert bookkeeper
on account of his increasing work, just
so will the speedometer be replaced by
the quite wonderful new bookkeeping machine
which is a speedometer, a gasoline
gage, and many other things, combined.
First, it records the mileage secured with
each tire. It tells accurately the oil and
gasoline consumed. By a glance at it,
the driver is instructed regarding the
adjustment necessary for every 500 or
1000 miles. It gives speed indications.
It also give- the trip mileage, and the
TIPS
season mileage. And all this in one instrument
no larger than the speedometer !
This instrument is built for every make
of car, and is operated by a single driving
cable, just as the speedometer is operated.
For the first time, every motorist
may get, scientifically and accurately.
a check on the service he is getting from
every part of his car, and learn at a
glance just what it is costing for every
item of operation.
Its operation is simple—by turning the
movable dial ring so that the reading
desired shows on the face of the ring
directly opposite the setting knob at the
right. For instance, turning it to the
point indicating any tire you desire
checked up, gives you the totals immediately.
Turning the dial ring to the
point marked "trip" shows mile by mile
The Dial of the New Automobile Bookkeeping
Machine
on the dial. Turn to the point marked
"total" and the total mileage for the season
shows up instantly.
J*
GASOLINE AS A PRIZE
A WHEEL of fortune with two winning
numbers, and gasoline as a
prize is the device which is used by a
dealer in automobile supplies to stimulate
business. It is not gambling; the owner.
Mr. E. E. Taylor of Marion. Ohio, is
43S

436 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
very emphatic on that point. The reason
it is not gambling is that no one has to
pay to get a chance to spin the wheel,
the only condition being the purchase of
fuel from the near-by gas pump. If the
purchaser has the good luck to see his
turn of the wheel result in the arrow
pointing to the numerals one or five, he
is rewarded with an equal number of gallons
of gasoline.
J*
DON'T LET YOUR MOTOR
CATCH COLD
"VY/E don't know whether anyone yet
has applied a hot-water bag to his
automobile engine in winter, but almost
every other means has been, and will be
used to keep this important member of
the family in good working condition.
Anyway, after
all the books
and magazines
have said on the
subject of how
the battery is
less efficient in
winter than in
summer, and
about the in-
The Electric Heater
—an Easy Method
Your Purchase Premium Is a Chance to Win More
Gasoline
When you buy one gallon or more at this pump, you
thereby are entitled to whirl the wheel at the left. If the
dial comes to rest at one or five, respectively, you win one
or five gallons of gas. If you do not win, however, the
trial costs you nothing extra.
ferior gasoline now on the market not
readily vaporizing when cold, suffice it
to say the engine has simply got to be
kept warm. So how shall it be—by electricity,
gasoline, gas, kerosene, or by
radiator covers ?
Of course the radiator cover in some
form is as important in winter as is the
horse blanket. A number of manufacturers
are making covers in two parts,
so that the hood can be raised without
necessitating the removal of the cover.
For the man whose garage has a gas
supply there is a new gas heater that
lights itself, without matches, and keeps
the engine warm. By simply turning a
knob the. heater starts
its work. It is simply a
small warm-air furnace,
the heat radiating from
the top. It has nonconducting
sides, and
may be placed close to
a car without
scorching it or
damaging the
finish.
If electricity
is preferred
there is the
small electric
heater which

works on the
lighting circuit
of the car, and
simply is
slipped under
the hood.
Probably the
best heater of
all, because it heats both the garage and
the circulating system, is the kerosene
heater. This heater has a water tank
which delivers warm water into the radiator
at the top. This water passes
through the pipes, and is returned to the
heater through a tube attached to the
radiator drain cock. It is conveniently
portable and absolutely safe.
J»
SHORT RADIUS TRUCK AT­
TACHMENT
""THIS truck attachment has recently
been brought out by a company of
Patcrson, New Jersey. When connected
to a runabout or to a touring car with
the back seat removed, it transforms the
latter into a high-speed truck of fifteenhundred-pound
capacity.
The change from one type of vehicle
to the other can be accomplished in a
very few minutes. The ten-foot flareboard
body is attached to the runabout
by means of four lock hooks and two
steering rod clips. The four hooks are
released by a single jack placed at the
center of the body while the two spring
clips at the ends of the rods are detached
by thumb levers.
The rear end of the trailer is supported
by a pair of wheels which swivel
in the same manner as the
front wheels on a
runabout and are
connected to the
steering column by
two rods running
full length of the
car. In turning corners,
the rear wheels
move in opposite direction
to the front
wheels, which en-
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 437
The Truck Attachment
ables the long
body to turn in
the same
radius as the
original runabout.
If the
car is required
to back in a
congested district, the rear wheels do the
steering and no trouble is experienced,
as in the case of an ordinary trailer.
LESS NOISE FOR THE
MOTORIST
NTO matter how much adjusting is done
to screws and clamps on the top
of the car, it seems an impossibility at
times to get away from some little irritating
noise. This new device clamps the
upper bow and the lower bow, holding
them rigid, and leaving no possible
excuse for rattling.
ADJUSTABLE WINDSHIELD
""THERE is really no reason why the
windshield should be used only by
the occupants of the front seats. Again,
after we have given the occupants of
the rear seats a windshield why should it
be faced so as to protect the passengers
from the wind from only one direction?
It is just as likely to be blowing from
the other side. The newest type of windshields
protects passengers from the wind
blowing in any direction. The shield is
strong, neat in appearance, and is attached
easily to the top
iron of any car in five
minutes. It is held in
position by friction
joints. If it is not
needed in the front
or at the side, it can
be swung around in
back to deflect the
dust or check the
chilling wind that
often cuts across
passengers' necks.
A Windshield for the Tonneau

438 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
KEEPS AUTO SPRINGS
LUBRICATED
A N inexpensive device now being marketed
keeps the spaces between the
leaves of the ordinary automobile body
spring thoroughly lubricated, and requires
no attention from one end of the
season to the other. This steady lubrication
eliminates squeaking due to dry
plates, keeps out rust, and reduces materially
the wear and vibration due to
faulty spring action, and also retards materially
the tendency of the springs to
crystallize.
The device consists of a metal oil container
which is held flat against the side
of a spring by means of adjustable bolts
across the top. Between this container
and the spring itself is a felt pad, which
is kept saturated by the container and
which, by contact with the springs, feeds
oil between the leaves. The flow is very
A Diagram of the Automobile Spring Lubricators
Attached
slight, and the motion of the spring itself
works the oil uniformly throughout the
spaces between the leaves.
PAPER HAS ANOTHER USE
IT seems quite sad that just when we
have begun to get the greatest use out
of paper in the greatest number of ways.
it should take such a jump in price.
For it has found a new use in the garage.
If the car is to be stored for any length
of time it always should be covered. This
cover should be made of paper. The new
style cover is made of imported paper,
strongly reinforced. The car is protected
not only from dust and dirt, but the
paper also efficiently shields it from
dampness and sudden changes in temperature,
and preserves the finish. It is
also claimed that the life of the tires is
lengthened by the exclusion of light.
The Disc Wheel
Instead of wire or wooden spokes some of the new cars are
equipped with wheels that have solid metal centers.
NEW TYPE OF WHEEL
THERE is a new kind of wheel on the
market for the up-to-date, more expensive
cars. It is still round, to be sure,
and still keeps its pneumatic tires, but it
is made of pressed steel and is a single
disc. The rim is clamped to the edge
of the disc, and this enables the disc to
be made very thin at this point, as there
is no definite strain set up as would be
the case if the disc were bent, or turned
parallel to the base of the rim. This, in
conjunction with the particular method
of dishing the disc at a point intermediate
to the hub, and flange, and rim, gives
the wheel its lively action, and also freedom
from local strain.
DIGS YOUR CAR OUT OF
THE MUD
1V/IOST drivers of cars, either pleasure
or commercial, are confronted
sooner or later with the problem of getting
their car out of mud or a ditch.
Skidding of the car or turning out of a
narrow road for another vehicle to pass
may bring about the situation where the
driver's ingenuity will be taxed to get
his car back on the road without in some
way straining the mechanism or damaging
the car.
A device, recently on the market, will

When Your Wheels Slip
Around in Mud or Sand, Attach
This Handy Catch
enable the driver to extricate
his car in a few
minutes. A metal paddle
is clamped to each rear
tire, giving extra traction,
and enabling the
driver to pull the car out
of any mud hole. The
device can be applied to
both rear wheels in a
considerably smaller
time than would be required
to put on the less
efficient tire chains.
BIKE ATTACHMENT DRIVES
MOTOR CAR
LJERE'S a new way of creating a
motor car out of a few pieces of
lumber and metal, four rubber tired
wheels, and a steering wheel plus a
motor. One of the motor manufacturing
concerns is doing that very thing now,
and is turning out a very inexpensive
miniature automobile as a consequence.
This type of motor attachment brings the
motor car within reach of many a boy,
and grown-ups too, for that matter.
These Little Cars. Known
as "Red Bugs." Are Very
Popular at the Winter Resorts
NON-GLARE SPOT-LIGHT
DATENTS recently granted to a Pittsburgh
concern cover a new design of
parabolic reflector which gives a nonglare
beam without the dark center produced
by the ordinary spot-light, and at
the same time increases the efficiency of
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 439
the lamp and extends its
field of usefulness. The
new light embodying
this principle is called
the "Parabolite", and is
on sale in all large automobile
accessory
houses.
This construction produces
a beam that conforms
fully to all city
ordinances and State
laws, since nothing but
reflected rays are projected
and no direct
light from the bulk can
enter the eyes of opposing
drivers. Since all of
the light is confined
within the beam, the full power can be
used on a surface of defined area without
any glare beyond.
J*
NEW LOCK FOR FORDS
/"\NE of the most satisfactory locks for
^^ Ford cars that has been devised is
When Locked, the Steering
Wheel Will Not
Turn
now being put on the market by
a Los Angeles concern. It consists
of a plunger, operated by a
key, engaged and disengaged
with the cogs of the gear case.
When the device is locked the
plunger is raised up and engaged with
the cogs. This locks the steering gear
and will not allow the car to be guided
to the right or to the left, leaving it free
to go straight forward or straight backward.
Of course it would be impossible
to steal a car under these handicaps.

440 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
WHISPERING TO THE
remove any demountable split rim within
CHAUFFEUR
one minute, and without using other
""THERE is a new telephone for the
tools. When not in use, the tool folds
automobile on the market. When
into compact form and may be carried in
you wish to give directions to the driver,
the tool kit.
The new tool will remove rust-locked
rims without difficulty, and cannot injure
the inner tube in any way. It is designed
for use with any type of rim on the market.
The total weight of the device is
three pounds.
Jt
The Slightest
Whisper Can Be
Heard by the
Man at the
Wheel
only a whisper is necessary, or at most,
the ordinary, natural tone of voice, and
the chauffeur can hear as well as if he
were standing at the door. It is claimed
that noises of street traffic make no difference—that
he can hear the small voice
just as well.
DEMOUNTS RIMS IN ONE
MINUTE
A CINCINNATI manufacturer offers
^^ a new rim tool which he claims will
The Handy Demounting Tool
AUTO HEEL PROTECTOR FOR
WOMEN
A DEVICE that fits over the heel of
the shoe protects the heel and
counter from soiling and scuffing when
the wearer is driving the automobile.
ThisProtectorKeeps French
Heels from Scuffing When
the Brake or Clutch Is
Pressed
The protector is quickly and easily attached
and detached, and when not in use
takes up little space. It is held firmly in
place by a strap around the instep. With
the rapid increase in the number of
women who drive their own cars and the
general custom of wearing shoes that are
easily soiled or scuffed, the protector
has come to fill a most important
need.

LONG-HANDLED JACK
IT seems strange that a jack with a long
handle was not manufactured years
ago, for use on automobiles. This new
jack, which has a thirty-six-inch handle,
is merely pushed under the car, and
operated entirely from the outer end of
the handle. The driver does not have
to get under the car in the dirt, to pull
out the jack. If it is desired to raise the
device, the handle is pushed all the way
into its socket, and for lowering, it is
pulled back in the socket, being free to
move only three-eighths of an inch. The
jack is held in position by a spring
catch, which must be released before re-
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 441
With This Jack It Is
Not Necessary to
Crawl Under the Car
moving the handle from the jack.
jack comes in any size desired.
The
Jt
A BETTER RADIATOR COVER
VV/HILE it is rather late in the season
to discuss winter protection for the
automobile, there is always another winter
on the way and preparedness is the
topic of the times anyway. Radiator
covers are not a new thing at all. But
the trouble with all the covers seen on
the market until recently has been that
the curtain which rolls up in front has
been built to cover either all the surface
or only the top part. The new cover has
two curtains. One rolls up to the top
and the other rolls in the opposite way,
so that the driver may cover all the surface
if he likes or just the lower half.
Inasmuch as the coldest water is always
at the bottom it is well that that part
This Cover Enables the Autoist to Enclose Either
the Top. the Bottom Half, or the Whole Radiator
should receive the most protection. The
coldest water is at the bottom because
it naturally settles there. And the bottom
of the radiator is the part that
always freezes first.
NEW TYPES OF WINDSHIELDS
M O W that the cylinder question, that
is, the number of cylinders, has been
settled, automobile manufacturers seem
to be taking out some of their energy on
Two of the
Newest Styles
of Wind­
shields

442
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
the windshield. This year there are many
new shapes and kinds. The spectacle type
is one of the newest styles. This style
is so new that it is certainly stylish at
the present time, but it is also so new
that its practicability over the other type
has not been demonstrated.
Many drivers will succumb to the new
type of individual shield which is attached
to the steering column of the
roadster, or racer. •>«
KEEPING THE INSIDE OF THE
CAR CLEAN
IT takes an individual half a second to
* spoil the looks of a clean car by stepping
into it with muddy, snowy, or wet
feet, and it takes hours to restore the
upholstery or rug to its former condition
of cleanliness.
It is true, the brush on this mat leaves
no room for the word "welcome", but
It Doesn't Take a Second
to Use This Brush.
and It Saves the Upholstery
and Rugs
mmmmmm
CARRY THE OVEN ALONG
T H O U G H the running board and other
available space in an automobile
seem to be many times taken up with all
the new accessories, it is really no hardship
on space in the auto if one wants to
take along an oven, and bake before an
open fire. This oven folds into a flat
case. The case also holds a folding
grate. There even is room for water to
be carried, for with the outfit comes a
This Efficient Oven Folds Flat When Not in Use
canvas bag for holding water, fitted with
a handle.
DON'T WAIT FOR THE OIL
TO RUN
A N D if you have to make it go up hill,
** especially! An enterprising man, out
in the wild and woolly West, has invented
an oil can that makes the oil go
up hill or along a straight line, or in any
other direction desired. It has a pump
in it which the oiler works with his
thumb. That feature in itself is not particularly
new, but this pump forces the
oil upward as well as outward, and the
pump itself is easily removable, if for
any reason it should fail to work, and the
oil may then be
squirted in the good
old fashioned way.
the pleasure to the guest on getting into No more
the clean car, outweighs this fact. When must you
it is not necessary for the brush to be turn your au­
used, it folds up neatly to the side.
tomobileupside-down to
oil the
under part /^=5\
o f i t
works.
This Oil Can
Will Work
Just as Well
When the
Spout Is Up
as When It w
Points Downward

ASSASSINS OF
SILENCE
By MARC N. GOODNOW
O N E of the first impressions
the tense, modern citydweller
who journeys into
the country has forced upon
him is the absolute quiet
that reigns there. Let him strike out away
from the beaten paths of the motor car
or the steel threads of the electric or
steam railway and he enters a new world
—the world of silence. For awhile it is
a welcome relief, but soon it becomes
actually oppressive.
Life without noise is
nowadays a horrid bore
to thousands who have
known little else. Existence
minus the grind
of wheels, the screech of
machinery, the toot of
whistles, the shrill call
of the newsboy or the
alley peddler, the nasal
twang of the leatherlunged
sidewalk or street
vendor is beyond their
ken. The city child of
today seems fated to have no sounds
upon his ear-drums but those of rumbling,
chugging, puffing grunts, growls,
squeaks or squawks. A medley of confusion
surrounds
his life from the
cradle to the grave
— unless he is
called by chance or
choice to one of
those queer resorts
in the country
which we call a
village and which
one sensitive artist
has termed a
"paradise of quiet."
It is, forsooth, a noisy age; the assassin
of silence in some one of his various
guises seems always at one's elbow, endeavoring
to split one's ear-drum and
torture sensitive nerves. When I think
of Paris the news vendor's call of "La
Patrie, La Patrie"—the afternoon newspaper—sounds
in my ears with haunting
disquietud e.
Rome, before
the great war
Isn't It One of
Your "Pet Peeves"
to Have Your Restaurant
Table
Within a Few Feet
of One of These
Double - B - Flat
Bass Accomplices
of Chaos?
at least, was
one of the
noisiest tourist
centers of all Europe, with the
street gamins and "facchinos"
who haunt the central station
keeping up their unseemly
commotion all through the night. In
Germany—Berlin—I found less noise
than in any other large city on the continent.
The German authorities seemed to
have some consideration for a sensitive
traveler's nerves.
London noises are hideous and seemingly
age-long in their duration, lifting
heavenward in one great roar from every
part of that huge center. The noises
there were even multiplied by the very
devices which were employed to reduce
noise. It is pointed out, for example,
that in London and other large towns,
but especially in London, the smoothness
and silence of better systems of street
paving, instead of reducing the noise of
at

444 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
more fierce, until at the
end the whole room—
the customers, the
waiters, the maitre
d'hotel — will all be
shouting at the tops of
their voices, and the
band will be playing like
demons."
Little is heard nowadays
of the cries of
London. The once familiar
phrase has almost
passed out of use. It is
not because the cries are
obsolete. The other day
by the attentive ear the
cry, "Who will buy my
sweet lavender ?" was
discernible. There are
many left of the old
And on the Street the Teamsters, the Trams, the
Elevated, the Small Shopkeepers . . .
cries but amid the all
prevailing riot of sound
they are no longer audible.
Little is heard now of that grievance
of former times, the street hawker's
traffic to residents on the main thorough­ raucous bellow. That also has become
fares, have so multiplied vehicular traffic inaudible, except on Sunday mornings
that the noises are a thousand times and at other quiet traffic intervals. The
worse than before.
cats' meat man still calls out, "Meat,
How silence creates noise is explained meat", in the suburbs, but with double-
by the director of a fashionable restaudecker tramway cars clanking down the
rant. "A good restaurant", he said, "will road, even the cats cannot hear him.
be established in a quiet place. The floors A special chapter might easily be writ­
will be softly carpeted, the well instructed ten on the noises of Holland. At 6 A. M.
waiters will learn to make as little sound you are awakened by the banging of the
as possible, and everything will be done bakers' and butchers' wagons; the men
for silence. And then we find it is so slam the lids of their little carts after they
silent that our patrons can hear one an­ have delivered their orders. It is like
other talking. More, it is so silent that the continual popping of rifles. Then
every little sound outside disturbs them. the dogs begin to bark—they are
"So in order to cover these sounds we strapped under the various vehicles both
must have an orchestra which will be for draught and protection purposes.
soft or loud, according to the varying The beating of rugs and carpets in the
degree of noise which the patrons will streets and open squares follows. It is
make in eating. But when the orchestra the custom of centuries.
plays the patrons must then talk more As man advances in culture he invents
loudly, and the more loudly they talk the melodies, Dr. Frank Crane has declared.
more loudly the orchestra must play, for Still further along he makes harmonies,
they are artists and desire to be heard. sequences, applying mathematics to tones,
Thus you have a contest which grows their relation and duration, and bringing

the art of expressing sentiment in sound
up into the realm of intelligence and creative
genius.
The progress of the race is measured
by the span from the crazy sun dance of
the savage to the Beethoven symphony.
But we have not yet felt any serious
pressure toward making street sounds
musical. Iron tire trucks still rattle over
cobblestones with din and thunder.
Street cars roar, screech and clang.
Vocal advertisements aim to attract
attention, even as billboards, electric
signs and street car advertisements, by
the impact of their impudence and their
annoying quality upon the spirits of the
passers-by aim to catch the wearied eye.
Everybody knows what an assassin of
silence the motor speed demon can be as
he races through a quiet suburban street
late at night with his muffler cut out.
It is at such moments that the tired commuter
prays for the most vicious brand
of government control.
But this is an age of noise; one can
almost believe that people enjoy it, so
tenaciously do they cling to their pet
discords. Nowadays there is no quiet
even in the forest, where, in the loneliest
camp, there is likely to be a gramophone.
On the placid bosom of the distant pond
is a chug-chug boat. Here
is a specimen of the desire
for speed in the very
midst of nature's most
deliberate moments—and
noise is the invariable and
inevitable corollary of
speed.
"Boston is probably the
noisiest city in the world,
noisier even than Naples",
wails one who has spent
his life there dodging
motor cars by day and
trying, by night, to crowd
in eight hours of undisturbed
sleep between the
last sporting extra and
the resounding thud of the milk bottle
on the door step. "In what other
city would such thunderous street
ASSASSINS OF SILENCE 445
cars be allowed ? In what other city
would night-working garages be permitted
near dwelling houses ? In what
other town would night-work on the
streets be allowed to torture the sick in
their beds or all those needing sleep?
But in the midst of it all our larger
cities are beginning to adopt anti-noise
ordinances as if they were awaking to
the situation. Washington, Baltimore,
Boston, New York, Buffalo, Cincinnati,
Cleveland, Hartford, Kansas City, Brooklyn,
Little Rock, Louisville, Minneapolis,
Milwaukee, New Bedford, St. Louis, San
Francisco, Omaha, Erie, Grand Rapids,
Jacksonville and Portland, Oregon, have
all begun systematic work for comparative
city quiet. Among nuisances and
noises coming under the ban in most of
these cities are the hand organ pest,
hornblowers, soapbox orators, street
hawking, roosters, sirens, steam whistles
and the like.
Some day, perhaps, we will know from
study the psychology of noise and its
effects upon the human system. Will
ear-drums and sensitive nerves eventually
become useless ? Or will the city of the
future add to human longevity and happiness
by changing all these to beauty
and music?
The Diners, the Waiters, the Syncopated Jaz Bands
and the Brass-Lunged Cabaret Shouters Combine to
Make an Inferno of Any Bright-Light Cafe

Turned Around
NOTHING more clearly expresses the sentiments
of Harvard men in seasons of athletic
rivalry than the time-honored "To hell with
Yale!"
Once when Dean Briggs, of Harvard, and
Edward Everett Hale were on their way to a
game a friend asked:
"Where are you going, Dean?"
"To yell with Hale," answered the Dean
with a meaning smile.
J*
Retrenchment
"MY DEAR," says the husband, "I told you
that we simply had to economize—and here
you are wearing a new afternoon suit."
"I know, honey," she soothes. "But I have
put mothballs in the pockets so every one will
think it is an old one."
Tell It. George
HE—"I'm afraid this story will shock you."
SHE—"It will if I haven't heard it."
It Struck One, Too
HORRID BORE—"I rise by an alarm clock."
PRETTY GIRL—"I retire by one. There it
goes now!"
J*
Equivocal
"AND did you often think of your promise
to be true when you were down there among
those beautiful Balkan women?"
"Why, of course, dear. I kept repeating it
again and again."
440

The Obvious Inquiry
THE Higgins family were moving from
Twenty-sixth Street to Thirty-sixth Street.
Three vans had carried all their belongings
during the afternoon, except Mrs. Higgins'
mother's cut-glass bowl, which Mrs. Higgins
wanted to carry because it was not easy to
pack, and the grandfather's clock that was
never trusted to the moving-vans. Higgins
always carried it.
Holding it with both arms, Higgins walked
down the front steps like an amateur tightrope
dancer and started up the avenue. It
demanded all of his strength, breath, and
attention.
At Twenty-eighth Street Higgins set the
clock down carefully and mopped his face.
"Shay, old man," said a blear-eyed individual
who had been staggering up the avenue
behind him. "Shay, why don't you get a
watch ?"
The Acme of Belief
SHE—"Mr. Smitli has great faith in his
fellow men."
HE—"Yes. He even writes 'Personal' on a
postal card."
Automatic
"MANDY, what fo' you gib dat baby a big
piece ob po'k to chaw on? Don' you-all know
de po' chile'll choke on hit?"
"DINAH, don' you see de string tied to dat
piece ob fat po'k? De oder end's tied to de
chile's toe. Ef he chokes he kick, an' ef he
kicks he'll je'k de po'k out. Ah reckon you-all
don' learn me nothin' 'bout bringin' up chil
luns."
BLOWING OFF STEAM 447
In the Fifth Avenue Bus
THE BABY — "Googly — gooly — goo-goo —
googl."
THE MOTHER—"Yes, indeed, darling! that's
the Public Library!"
A Difference
THE class in spelling was asked to stats the
difference between "results" and "consequences."
One bright-eyed little miss replied: "Results
are what you expect, and consequences
are what you get."
Not So Poetic
THEY were dancing the one-step. The music
was heavenly. The swish of her silken skirts
was divine. The fragrance of the roses upon
her bosom was intoxicating.
"Ah," she smiled sweetly, with an arch look
gffi
up into his face, "you remind me of one of
Whitman's poems."
A sudden dizziness seemed to seize liim. It
was as if he were floating in a dream. When
he had sufficiently gained his breath he spoke :
"Which one?"
"Oh, any one," she replied. "The feet are
mixed in all of them."
Too Many Traces
"I HEAR that Gayboy's wife is kicking over
the traces." "Yes. Gayboy should have seen
to it that his coat was more thoroughly
brushed."
Quite Transparent
JOHN (angrily)—"Now I see through youi
subterfuge."
MARIE—"Well, that's only because there's
a very bright sun."
The Wonder of It
"SHALL I teach you to make doughnuts?"
asked grandma.
"Yes. I am terribly interested. I can't
understand how you arrange the inner tubes."

A GOOD PIN MONEY JOB
FOR YOUNGSTERS
H A V E you ever gone into a
drug store to buy a package
of old-fashioned quill toothpicks?
If you have done so
you have found them neatly
put up in circular packets tied with colored
string, twelve to the bundle. If
you inquired of the pharmacist you found
out, probably to your amazement, that
these, so common in raw form on every
farm, are imported from the busy communities
of
geese farmers
of ContinentalEurope.
Herein
you have
been confronted with a
striking example of
American shiftlessness.
A by-product of almost
every barnyard is thus
thrown away. It is
absurd to think that so
By M O N R O E W O O L L E Y
simple a commodity as
quill toothpicks should
come from foreign
countries, notably
thrifty France, far over
seas. The quill toothpick industry
should furnish a lucrative field for juveniles—for
American farm boys and girls
to make clean side money for their wants,
by means of less labor than would be required
by any of the ordinary, underpaid
pin money occupations.
Any dentist will tell you that nothing
in the way of a toothpick is better to rid
one's teeth of food particles after a meal.
Many dental treatises recommend the
use of this kind of toothpick. Indeed,
in some quarters, the toothbrush is getting
to be looked upon with disfavor as a
448
Old-Fashioned, but Still Popular
Neatly cleaned and packed in bundles such as
the one shown above, quill toothpicks find a
steady and lucrative market in the United
States.
producer of irritated and sore gums. In
some cases it is better to cleanse the
teeth of particles of food with a quill
pick and then thoroughly rinse the mouth
with a wash in which emetine is an ingredient.
France, like China, is notorious as a
producer of geese. The French get out
of their geese all they can. They sell
the eggs, the oil, the flesh, the feathers,
and the quills. The quills they put up
in dozen
bundles of
two sizes,
one large
and one
small size,
for feminine
and masculine use
respectively. These
they export after
stocking the retail
stores at home.
There is no reason
why we should im­
port a single quill
toothpick from
abroad. Although
we have no big
goose farms similar
to those of France and Germany,
geese are quite common on many farms.
and if it is inadvisable to build up a
national industry covering this common
commodity, boys and girls should find a
ready market for such quantities of
sharpened quills as they can manufacture
and sell through local drug stores. All
that is necessary to do in preparing the
quills is to cut off the feathered end,
leaving about two inches of quill, clean
out thoroughly the animal matter from
within, and then with one stroke of a
sharp knife prepare the point.

1 L^L-, UJ TRATED WORLD si 451
Automobile Engineering
For Driver and Repairer'
W E have a new set of books that every automobile driver and
repairer will want to own. It is called "Automobile Engineering,"
ana contains a wealth of information on all types of pleasure and commercial cars.
Almost two entire volumes are devoted to ignition, starting^nd lighting systems. Welding,
vulcanizing, and public garage equipment and operation are thoroughly covered. Five
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Written in simple, easily-understood English; carefully cross-indexed for quick reference.
And for a limited time we are making an astounding offer. The regular price of the
books is $25.00. but to introduce them we are making the very special price of $16.80—payable in small installments.
However, you must act nowl This offer can't be continued indefinitely.
Partial List of Subjects:
Shipped Free
Explosion Motors. Welding,
Motor Construction
uqmpur, Carbureters
and Settings, V a I v e a ,
Cool ing. Lubrication, Flywheels,
Clutch, Tranamlaslon.
Final Drive,
Steering, Fra-nee, Tires,
VulcaniilDB. Ignition,
Starting and Lighting
To those who send the coupon imme­ Systems. Wlr Inc Dia­
Only 50c A diately WEEK we will send the if complete five you volumes without buy!
grams, shop Kinks. Commercial
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for seven full days—see what they are going to mean trics, Storage Batte-fes,
1 ^^ff ZL^L
to you. AEter the trial—if you think you can get along Care and Repair, Motor-
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trial doesn't cost you a penny. But if you decide to buy— Trucks. Americas Glossary. Technical Society
send only $13.00 and then $2.00 Dept a month—50c A-1275 B Chicago, a week—until U. S. A.
the specially reduced price of $16.80 ith oonVi has been C£»f paid. nrn s^ Please sendmethe6 volume Aato-
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your preplexing problems up to a staff of experts. Ask then W been paid. Then you send me a receipt
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y 112.00 consulting membership are mine and
fullypaidfor. Ifl think that! can ffet along
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I will return tncuu at your expense.
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regular price is $12.00, but you get
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express prepaid, for seven days' free trial. This offer is open to every
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AMERICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY, Chicago, U.S.A.
0 Rtfmnce^
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

A NEW INTERIOR
TELEPHONE
By F. E. MASHBURN
A N E W and improved system of
interior telephone service is
now on the market. The instru-
L ment itself is known as the
"Select-o-phone".
This telephone has many features
which are decided improvements upon
the styles of interior phones in use heretofore,
and in addition has incorporated
many new features which have not been
a part of the systems
installed up
to this time.
The service
takes its name of
the "Select-ophone"
from the
fact that to secure
connection
45:
with any desired number or department,
all that is necessary to do is to turn a
dial upon the base of the instrument to
the number of the station desired, and
the lifting of the receiver automatically
forms the connection, and rings the bell
of the party or department wanted.
One of the important features of this
system is the possibility of holding conferences
over the phone. If an executive
desires a conference with two or more
departments, he calls the parties wanted,
asking them to connect at the conference
point, and by connecting his own instrument
he can have an immediate conference
without calling any man from his
department, or waiting for him to walk
from one office to another.
Another feature of this service is the
locating by a general call any man who
is absent temporarily from his own department.
To find a party the dial is moved
to "general call" and a signal thereupon
is sounded throughout the plant, hearing
which the party answers from the nearest
station.
In order to do this, of course, a system
of buzzer calls has to be determined
upon beforehand, so that when the
phones all over a plant buzz "three shorts
and a long"—Mr. Smith's signal—every
one in the building will know immediately
that the general manager desires to
see Mr. Smith. As makeshifts
for this efficient system
are in vogue throughout
the business world, however,
no difficulty will be encountered.
The switchboard is automatic,
very simple and compact,
and can be placed upon
the wall or hidden from
view in a small closet.

ILLUSTRATED WORLD 453
.1 » »K
Look!
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Jewels —
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Adjusted to isocbronism
—
Adjusted to positions—
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case —
Genuine Montgomery
Railroad Dial—
New Ideas in Thin
Cases.
Only
A Month
And all of this for $2.50—only $2.50
per month—a great reduction in watch prices
—direct to you—positively the exact prices
the wholesale dealer would have to pay. Think of
the high-r;rade, guaranteed watch we offer here at
such a remarkable price. And, if you wish, you may pay
this price at the rate of $2.50 a month. Indeed, the
days of exhorbitant watch prices hare passed.
You don't pay
a cent to any­
See It First
body until you
See the watch. You don't buy a Burlington
Watch without seeing it. Look at the splendid
beauty of the watch itself. Thin model, handsomely
shaped — aristocraLic in every line. Then look at the
works! There you will see the masterpiece of the watch
makers* skill. A perfect timepiece adjusted to positions,
Every ftehtinp; vessel In the U. S. Navy has the Borlineton Watch aboard. Many
temperature and isochronism.
have over 100 Burlingtons — a few over 200. This includes every torpedo boat-*
every -submarine 03 well as the big Dreadnoughts.
Send Your Name on
This Free Coupon /
Get the Burlington Watch Book by sending this £
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' the coupon today for the watch book and our offer.
/
Burlington Watch Co.
19th St. & Marshall Blvd., Dept. 1275 Chicago, III. »'
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
/ Burlington Watch Co.
>* 19th Street and Marshall Blvd.
.• Dept. 1275 Chicago, III.
£ Please send me (without obligation and
* prepaid) your free book on wotcbeg
& with full explanation of your ca-=h ot
$2.60 amonthotf er on the Burlington Watch,

CRUSADERS APPROACH
THE HOLY CITY

ILLUSTRATED WORLD 455
What lies back of the
brilliance of a MAZDA
lamp? All the facilities
of the world's greatest
lamp-makers supporting
the standards set by
MAZDA Service. :: ::
MAZDA
"Not the name of a thing,
but the mark of a service"
The Meaning of MAZDA
MAZDA is the trademark of a world-wide ecrvicoto certain
lamp manufacturers. Its purpose is to collect and select B< ientific
and practical information concerning progress and developments
in the art of incandescent lamp manufacturing
and to distribute this information to the companies entitled
to receive this Service. MAZDA Service is centered in the
Research Laboratories of the General Electric Company at
Schenectady, New York. The mark MAZDA can appear only
on lamps which meet the standards of MAZDA Service. It ia
thus an assurance of quality. This trademark is the property
of the General Electric Company,
J GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
Kindly mention Illustrated ll'orld when writing advertisers.
4640

WEIGHING A LOCOMOTIVE
W H E N a railroad is to buy
a new locomotive there
are three questions considered
before the purchase
is made. These are:
the weight, the distribution of the weight
and the effect of the weight upon the
tracks and bridges.
The first question is, apparently, not
hard to answer as the dead weight may
easily be ascertained by placing the locomotive
upon a huge scale. However it
is important that this weight be so distributed
that the rails, the roadbed, its
bridges, culverts and other structures
will be able to withstand the stresses imposed
by the modern locomotive in
motion. Each wheel of the locomotive
the distribution of the pressures on the
roadbed. This variation of the weight
also affects the adjustment of the springs
of the locomotive.
To ascertain the various weights
which go to make the total weight of
the locomotive a special scale has been
designed. In order to determine the proportionate
bearing value it requires one
scale for each locomotive wheel as
shown in the accompanying photograph.
At the end farthest from the scale
beam a heavy main lever projects beyond
the frame a sufficient distance to catch
IN ORDER TO DETERMINE EXACTLY THE WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION. EACH WHEEL HAS A
SCALE OF ITS OWN
bears its due proportion of the weight
and therefore each wheel has a direct
relation to the stress placed upon the
roadway.
Engineers have found that the bearing
weight over each wheel varies greatly,
even on opposite wheels attached to the
same axle, so the dead or axle weight of
the locomotive as taken on the ordinary
scale would not be a criterion in testing
4S6
under the wheel and permit the weighing.
Here a pivot is set for receiving
the wheel, the frame bears upon the base
of the rail at which point all of the
weight is concentrated. By turning the
hand wheel located below the beam upward,
the bearing pivot can be placed to
its lowest position and pushed under the
wheel. The frame, bearing upon the rail,
is leveled by the other hand wheel.

ILLUSTRATED WORLD 457
FREE—Six Big Issues of
Investing for Profit
If you will simply send me your
name. Special Introductory FREE
Offer. Six fine Monthly Issueseach
worth $10 to SI OO to you.
How much do you know about the Science of Investment? Do you know the Real
Earning Power of your money? What is the difference between the Rental Power
and Earning Power of your money? Do you know how $100 grows into $2200?
ing Why my six you issues should of get Investing Investing for for Profit. From
cover to cover it contains the fundamental
Profit: Only one man in a thousand
principles of investment it has taken a life­
knows the difference between the time to gather —from my own experience and
rental power and the earning power of from every available authoritative original
his money. Few men know the un­ source of information.
derlying principles of incorporation.
Not one wage earner in 10,000 knows
how to invest his savings for profit, so
he accepts a paltry 2% or 3% from his
bank, while this same bank often earns
from 10% to 30% or more on his money
—or he does not know the science of
investing and loses his all.
Russell Sage said: "There is a common fallacy
that, while for legal advice we go to
lawyers, and for medical advice we go to
physicians, and for the construction of a great
work, to engineers—financing is everybody's
business. As a matter of fact, it is the most
•profound and complicated of them all."
So let me give you just a glimpse of the
valuable investment information you will get
The Science of Investment. Capital Is Looking for a Job.
The in my Root six and big Branch issues, of the "The The Little REAL Earning Schoolmaster
Power of
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How to Judge a Business Enter­
money-making:
prise.
Where New Capital Put Into a
Corporation Really Goes.
"Watering" -Its Significance.
Idle Money vs. Active Money.
Investment Securities Are Not
Investment Opportunities.
The Actual Possibilities of Intelligent
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The Capitalization of Genius and
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Wait till you see a good thing—but don't
wait till everyone sees it. You will then be
too late. Never was a time more auspicious
for a public campaign of education on the
logic of true investment. A revolution in the
financial world is now going on—to the profit
of the small investor.
You are now face to face with your opportunity-
if you have the courage to enter the
open gate to the road of fortune.
I believe you will find much interest in read-
If You Can Save $5 a Month or More
Don't invest a dollar in anything anywhere
until you have read my wonderful magazine.
Investing for Profit is for the man who intends
to invest any money, however small, or who
can save $5 or more per month, but who has
not as yet learned the art of investing for
profit. Learn how $100 grows into $2200.
Use This Coupon for the Six Issues and
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all about rhe proposition in which you are about to invest
your hard-earned savings — you need no advice. But if
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Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

A STEAM-KEROSENE CAR
I N the engine of this car there are
only eleven moving parts, and in the
whole car only twenty-two moving
parts. The gear set, clutch, and
drive shaft are missing. A few seconds
make it ready to start, even when
the motor is cold, and when started it
will travel 1200 miles on 25 gallons of
water.
Those who have always favored the
steam car of other clays because of its
easy riding qualities and lack of noise
have been dissatisfied with many things
however, mainly the steam generator or
boiler. The steam generator on this
"job" is made of twenty-eight identical
sections placed in an insulated casing.
Eight of the sections are used as the
economizer, and the remaining twenty
for the actual generation of steam. Underneath
this steam generator are the
combustion chamber and the exhaust for
burned gases. The intake water manifold
delivers water simultaneously to the
economizer sections through the lower
headers, and the water is forced in by
a crank-driven plunger pump.
The hot gases rise from the combustion
chamber, giving up their heat to the
closely grouped vertical tubes, pass over
a three-quarter inch wall of heat insulating
material, and a large number of their
remaining heat units are absorbed by the
relatively cool water flowing slowly up
through the economizer sections.
There are many reasons for the efficiency
of the engine. It is of una-flow
construction, the steam traveling through
it in one direction only. This makes it
thermally efficient, because cylinder con­
THIS NEW STEAM MOTOR CAR SEEMS TO HAVE OVERCOME MOST OF THE FAULTS
THOUGHT INHERENT IN THIS TYPE OF AUTOMOBILE; BESIDES THIS, THE MOTOR IS
SIMPLICITY ITSELF
4S8
densation is overcome. There is no loss
of steam due to leakage, because the
valves are flat slide valves, accurately
fitted. There are no exhaust valves.
Lubricating oil is introduced into the
water, with the result that scaling is prevented
in the boiler, and the cylinders are
lubricated automatically and continuously.
The power is transmitted to the rear
axle by means of two spur gears. There
are no change speed gears, and no clutch,
and the engine has more power than is
needed to spin the wheels from rest on a
dry pavement.
The lighting, horn, and combustion
system is taken care of by a dynamo
located on the rear of the crank case, and
is driven from the main axle driving
gear.

CRATED WORLD 459
Nuxated Iron to Make New Age of
Beautiful Women and Vigorous Iron Men
Say Physicians—Quickly Puts Roses Into the Cheeks of Women and Most Astonishi
Youthful Power Into the Veins of Men—It Often Increases the Strength
and Endurance of Delicate, Nervous "Run Down" Folks
100 Per Cent, in Two Weeks' Time.
A Wonderful Discovery Which Promises to Mark a New Era in Medical Science
Since the remarkable discovery of organic iron, Nuxated
Iron or "Fer Nuxate." as the French call it. has
taken the country by storm. It is conservatively estimated
that over three million persons annually are taking
it in this country alone. Most astonishing results are
reported from its use by both physicians and laymen.
So much so that doctors predict that we shall soon have
a new age of far more beautiful, rosy-cheeked women
and vigorous iron men.
Dr. Ferdinand King, a New York physician and
medical author, when interviewed on the subject, said:
"There can be no vigorous iron men without iron.
Pallor means anemia. Anemia means iron deficiency.
The skin of anemic men and women is pale. The flesh
flabbv. The muscles lack tone; the brain fags and the
memory fails and often they become weak, nervous,
irritable, despondent and melancholy. When the iron
goes from the blood of women, the roses go from their
cheeks.
"In the most common foods of America, the starches,
sugars, table syrups, candies, polished rice, white bread,
soda crackers, biscuits, macaroni, spaghetti, tapioca, sago,
farina, degerinitiated corn-meal, no longer is iron to be
found. Refining processes have removed the iron of
Mother Earth from these impoverished foods, and silly
methods of home cookery, by throwing down the wastepipe
the water in wdiich our vegetables are cooked, are
responsible for another grave iron loss.
"Therefore, if you wish to preserve your youthful vim
and vigor to a ripe old age. you must supply the iron
deficiency in your food by using some form of organic
iron, just as you would
not enough salt."
use salt when your food has
Dr. E. Sauer, a Boston physician who has studied abroad
in great European medical institutions, said: "As I have
said a hundred times over, organic iron is the greatest
of all strength builders. If people would only take
Nuxated Iron when they feel weak or run down, instead
of dosing themselves with habit-forming drugs, stimulants
and alcoholic beverages I am convinced that in
this way they could ward off disease, preventing it becoming
organic in thousands of cases and thereby the
lives of thousands might be saved who now die every
year from pneumonia, grippe, kidney, liver, heart trouble
and other dangerous maladies. The real and true cause
which started their disease was nothing more nor less
than a weakened condition brought on by a lack of iron
in the blood.
"Not long ago a man came to me who was nearly half
a century old and asked me to give him a preliminary
examination for life insurance. I was astonished to find
him with the blood pressure of a hoy of twenty and as
full of vigor, vim and vitality as a young man; in fact,
a young man he really was, nothwithstanding his age.
The secret, he said, was taking iron—Nuxated Iron had
filled him with renewed life. At thirty he was in bad
health; at forty-six he was careworn and nearly all in.
Now at fifty, after taking Nuxated Iron, a miracle of
vitality and his face beaming with the buoyancy of youth.
Iron is absolutely necessary to enable your blood to
change food into living tissue. Without it, no matter
h.>u much or what you eat, your food merely passes
through you without doing you any good. You don't
get tlie strength out of it, and as a consequence you
become weak, pale and sickly looking, just like a plant
trying to grow in a soil deficient in iron. If you are
nut strong or well, you owe it to yourself to make the
following test: See bow long you can work or how
l,ii vmi can walk without becoming tired. Next take
two five-grain tablets of ordinary nuxated iron three
times pef day after meals for two weeks. Then test
your I were have strength ailing seen all dosens again the ami while of see nervous, double how much their run-down you strength have people and gained. who en­
durance and entirely rid themselves of all symptoms of
dyspepsia, liver and other troubles in from ten to fourteen
days' time simply by taking iron in the proper form.
And this, after they had in some cases been doctoring
for months without obtaining any benefit. But don't
take the old forms of reduced iron, iron acetate, or
tincture of iron simply to save a few cents. The iron
demanded by Mother Nature for the red coloring matter
in the blood of her children is, alas! not that kind of
iron. You must take iron in a form that can be easily
absorbed and assimilated to do you any good, otherwise
it may prove worse than useless. Many an athlete and
prize-fighter has won the day simply because he knew
the secret of great strength and endurance and filled his
blood with iron before he went into the affray; while
many another has gone down in inglorious defeat simply
for the lack of iron."
Dr. Schuyler C. jaques, Visiting Surgeon, St. Elizabeth's
Hospital, New York City, said: "I have never
before given out any medical information or advice for
publication, as I ordinarily do not believe in it. But
in the case of Nuxated Iron I feel I would be remiss
in my duty not to mention it. I have taken it myself
and given it to my patients with most surprising and
satisfactory results. And those who wish quickly to
increase their strength, power and endurance will find
it a most remarkable and wonderfully effective remedy."
NOTE—Nuxated Iron, which is prescribed and recommended above by
physicians in such a great variety of cases, is not a patent medicine nor
secret remedy, but one which is well known to druggists and whose iron
constituents are widely prescribed by eminent physicians both in Europe
and America. Unlike the older inorganic iron products, it is easily assimilated,
does not injure the teeth, make them black, nor upset the stomach;
on the contrary, it is a most potent remedy in nearly all forms of indigestion
as well as for nervous, run-down conditions. The manufacturers have
such great confidence in nuxated iron, that they offer to forfeit SI00.00 to
any charitable institution if they cannot take ai y man or woman under 60
who lacks iron, and increase their strength 100 per cent or over in four
weeks time, provided tbey have no serious organic trouble. They also
offer to refund your money if it does not at least double your strength and
endurance in ten days' time. It is dispensed by all good druggists.
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

THE FRAUDULENT MISS
M O
THERS, fathers, or guardians,
would you take pleasure
in feeding a child
carpenter's glue; or ground
up material such as soap
stone or talc, whose real place is within
a shoe of an automobile to keep the inner
tube from chafing? Would you feed a
child paraffin which has its place as an
illuminant for the manufacturing of
candles, or shellac containing a quantity
of arsenic which painters make good use
of? Would you go out in the garage
and get some radiator lacquer and feed
the child?
No! Of course not. Not if you
knew it. But you are doing just this
thing when you allow the child
to eat lollypops and "all-day
suckers".
Some time ago Professor
Daniel R. Hodgdon was walking
down a street in Newark,
New Jersey, when he passed a
little child about
three years old,
sucking a very
highly colored,
dirty looking lump
of glucose known
as an "all day
s u c k e r". H e
passed many others
as he neared the
school, eating these
and similar cheap
candies. So he
gave one of the
little girls five
cents to go into the
store and buy as
much candy of as
many different
kinds as she could.
She returned with
a variety of brilliantly
dyed candies
which proved to be
colored with such
460
Every Glaring Color of This Doll's Clothes Meant
a Drop of Poison for Some Child's Stomach
material as an artist might use to paint
pictures; but however, too cheap for
even an amateur artist to use.
Professor Hodgdon, after examining
all these varieties of cheap school candies
decided that the most forceful way to
prevent children eating these candies was
to give them the object lesson of the
"Fraudulent Miss." He subjected the
candies to quantitative analysis in his
laboratory.
The "Fraudulent Miss" is pictured
here. Every color of her garments is
dyed with the dyes coming from a few
cents worth of cheap school candies.
The inner clothes and stockings are colored
with coal-tar dyes obtained from
lollypops. The shoes are blackened
with lampblack extracted
from licorice candy. The shoes
are made to shine with shellac,
which was used on peach pits
which sell five for
one cent. The hair
was glued on with
carpenter's glue,
obtained from "all
day suckers". The
stocking at the side
is dyed a bright
rose color, the
poisonous coloring
from one piece of
candy that sells to
school children at
four pieces for a
cent. The copper
plating for the
knife came from a
can of peas. All in
all she is a glaringly
colored example
of the criminal
methods used
in "making attractive"
thousands of
varieties of cheap
candies sold to
children.

$1150
F. o. b.
Racine
Mitchell Junior—a40 h. p. Six
120-inch Wheelbase
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 461
$1460L&
7-Passenger—48 Horsepower
127-inch Wheelbase
Plus 31 Extras
In the Mitchell there are 31 extras added to
the usual type of fine car. Each is something
you will want.
These extras will cost us, on this year's output,
about $4,000,000. They cost you nothing,
because they are paid for by factory efficiency.
The Mitchell now offers, in every vital part,
100 per cent over-strength. That is twice our
old margin of safety.
This means a lifetime car. Several Mitchells
have been run over 200,000 miles each. It
means a safe car, a car of low upkeep. Over
440 parts are built of tough­
ened steel.
Due to
John W. Bate
The Mitchell extra values
are due to John W. Bate.
He built and equipped this
45-acre plant to build this
one type economically. His
methods have cut our factory
cost in two.
TWO SIZES
TMi-lv-l-ICkll - a 7-passenger Six with
1V111L11CU 127-inch wheelbase and
a highly - developed 48 - horsepower
motor. 31 extra features.
Price SI 460, f. o. b. Racine
Mitchell Junior - a r 5 ^ 5S£
120-inch wheelbase and a 40-horsepower
motor. 26 extra features.
Price SI 150. f. o. b. Racine
Also six styles of enclosed and convertible
bodies. Also new Club Roadster.
This year our new body plant brings another
big saving. And from it we've added
24 per cent to the cost of finish, upholstery
and trimming. The Mitchell is now the
beauty car of its class.
They Are Unique
Mitchells are unique in over-strength, in
beauty and equipment. The body styles are
exclusive—designed by our artists, built by our
own craftsmen. No attraction is omitted.
Mr. Bate has traveled half the world to gain
ideas for Mitchells. In 1913 he spent a year in
Europe. He has worked
out more than 700 improve­
ments.
Go see the results of his
methods. See what a Six
$1150 buys in the Mitchell
Junior. See the many features
in the larger Mitchell,
which other cars omit. The
difference will amaze you.
MITCHELL MOTORS
COMPANY, Inc.
Racine, Wis., U. S. A.
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

462 ILLUSTRATE.,
IS NEW YOR:
(Continued
the main British fleet. It is now in latitude
x, longitude y. It is steaming northeast.
Weather conditions, sky graying,
mist rising off Jutland. Wind conditions,
thirty knots. Breeze blowing from
northeast, heavy water developing along
line of Beatty's course. Will keep in
touch with him and report."
The message was from one of the
Zeppelins that had left Heligoland.
"Attack," ordered the German Admiral.
Ready for just such a moment, the German
High Sea's fleet got under way,
moving like a perfect peace of mechanism.
It was as if the wireless message
from the Zeppelin touched a button, setting
things in motion. Surrounded by
his staff the German Admiral studied the
information in the message. The Zeppelin
had told him the latitude and
longitude Admiral Beatty's fleet was in
at the moment of the observation.
It had given him the time the observation
was made. It had given him the
direction the English fleet was steaming.
The rest was a simple calculation. He
knew how fast the English fleet could
steam. Therefore, he knew that at such
and such an hour following such and
such a course, it would be in a given
place. The Zeppelin had told him where
the water was rough, the direction of the
wind, the fact that there was a mist
rising off the Danish Coast. That made
everything very simple.
The German Admiral's problem was
to take his fleet to a part of the North
Sea where it would be hidden in gathering
mist banks, yet where it would come
in contact with the British. He also had
to select such a position that would give
the British rough water to fight in—for
rough water seesaws the decks of a ship,
and makes it more difficult to aim a gun.
What else happened you have read in
the newspapers. How with overwhelming
odds in their favor the German's
High Seas Fleet caught Beatty's battle
cruiser squadron and played havoc with
it until the British main fleet could come
L IN DANv.
rotn page 335)
up to the rescue, J. have also read
that the Germans made their escape to
Cuxhaven before the big English fleet
under Jellicoe could get them. Have
you ever wondered why? Was it luck
that they just got the Germans away in
time ?
But after all, the question that agitates
the American public at present is not the
problem whether Zeppelins can harass
and help destroy the United States Navy,
but whether our Atlantic Coast cities are
in any danger from an invasion of these
monstrous air dreadnaughts. Is New
York, is Boston, is Baltimore, is Atlanta
threatened seriously ?
London has had a number of airship
raids as we all know. At no one time,
however, did more than six Zeppelins
appear in the sky above London, and
these remained for only a short space of
time. It is probable that the purpose of
sending out these expeditions was more
for psychological effect than for the
actual damage the air-craft could inflict.
Millions of dollars worth of property
was destroyed, of course, and a few lives
were sacrificed, but on the whole these
airship raids cost England less than they
cost Germany.
At the time I left Germany, there were
ninety-eight Zeppelins in commission.
Even if all of this fleet—a great number
of which are used constantly for border
scouting work and cannot be released—
were to assault London, they could not
demolish the whole city, because of the
limited bomb equipment which they
could carry.
Even supposing that this whole fleet
could be released to attack New York
City, that it could negotiate the transatlantic
voyage intact, and it should
appear in the skies of our Eastern
metropolis with the intention of doing the
greatest possible damage, the result would
be a catastrophe for certain property
owners in New York City but would
disturb the welfare of the whole city very
little.

ILZ'STRATED WORLD 483
These Little Lessons, which are sent for troubled with fermentation and constipa­
examination to any one on request, contain tion, had to take something every day to
the boiled down experience of Eugene move my bowels, my weight was normal
Christian's twenty years' study of foods but I had no strength. I followed your
and their relation to health and efficiency, directions and am much better. Do not
and give actual mentis covering every con­ take any laxatives—bowels move every day
dition of health and sickness, for every age and am much stronger."
and for all seasons, climates, and occupa­ These are only a few, but they are typical
tions.
of letters that come almost every day from
The letters received by Eugene Christian users of the Little Lessons, and the message
from users of these lessons telling their ex­ is always the same. As one woman writes:
periences with Corrective Eating are as "Corrective Eating has relieved me of much
startling as they are full of interest.
suffering—in fact, I think it has saved my
Just the other day he received a letter life, for which I am so grateful." And then
from Mr. I. J. Ayres, head of an insurance she tells the whole story of how after every­
agency in Hutchins, Texas, who wrote: thing else had failed and she was growing
"My health began to fail about one year worse each day the Little Lessons showed
ago. Up to this time I had enjoyed rea­ her the way to health and strength.
sonably good health all my life—am 58 Truly these lessons are doing a remark­
years old. I had, however, been troubled
able work in putting Eugene Christian's
with constipation nearly all my life. My scientific knowledge of food in the hands
health grew worse and I lost in weight
of so many thousands of sufferers through­
from 140 to 120 pounds. When I began
out the country.
using the Little Lessons I began to improve
from the first, and now for months I have
With these lessons at hand it is just as
felt better than I have for years past, and
though you were in personal contact with
am completely cured of constipation. My
this great food specialist, because every
restoration to health is due to the Little
point is so thoroughly covered and so
Lessons in Scientific Eating."
clearly explained that you can scarcely think
Another letter of interest just received is
of a question which isn't answered. You
from a prominent Manchester, New Hamp­
can start eating the very things that will
shire, man. He writes : "At the time I sent
help to produce the increased physical and
for the Little Lessons I was troubled with
mental energy which you are seeking the
a very bad acid stomach, fermentation, etc.
day you receive the lessons. And you are
My stomach pained me as badly as any
quite likely to feel some results after your
ulcerated tooth. After receiving them (the
very first balanced meal.
lessons) I followed directions and in about If you would like to examine the 24 Little
ten days the pain grew less. In two weeks Lessons in Corrective Eating, simply write
I was free from pain. Gradually I grew the Corrective Eating Society, Inc., Dept.
stronger, also gaining weight. Weight was 146, 450 Fourth Avenue, New York City.
112—now 130. Last June it was an effort It is not necessary to enclose any money
for me to walk one mile. Since last Novem­ with your request. Merely ask to have the
ber I have been in the woods almost daily lessons mailed for five days' trial with the
hunting and walking from four to fifteen understanding that you will either send the
miles per day." And he says "the lessons small price asked, $3, or remail the books.
did it."
Merely clip out and mail the following form
Another interesting letter is from the instead of writing a letter, as this is a copy
head of a manufacturing concern in Fill­ of the official blank adopted by the Society
more, New York, who writes: "I was and will be honored at once.
CORRECTIVE EATING SOCIETY, Inc.
Dept. 146, 450 Fourth Avenue, New York City
You may mail me the "Lessons in Corrective Eating" for examination. Five days after I receive
them 1 will either send you S3 (full payment) or remail them to you.
Name Address.
Kindly mention Illustrated World when ivriting advertisers.

ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Vol. XXVII JUNE, 1917 No. 4
PICTORIAL FEATURES
The Aerial Nemesis of the Submarine 492
Midnight Plowing 499
War Sidelights . . . . • 500
The Blood-Red Flag 501
Kite Winch Balloon for Observation 504
Pictured History 507
The Avalanche Starts 513
Little Oddities of Life 531
Lanky Bob Fitzsimmons Quintuplets? A Blue Sky Tonsorial
Dons the Gloves Again Will This Help Solve the Parlor
Haven't You Often Won- H. C. of L. ? The Oldest Active Preacher
dered? "Call for Mr. Orville New Theory of the Uni-
Congo Has More Sense Ortmeier!" verse
Than Some of Us Marking El Camino Real The Only Safe Place to Live
Saving Man Power 540
With the Caisson Crew 546
The Manufacture of Fine Mirrors 554
Science, Mechanics, Invention 558
A "Reverse" Warning An Electric Floor-Waxer Sanitary Dust Bag for Vac-
A Clear Window for the Moves House Over Seven uum Cleaners
Engineer Miles'Cross Country Automatic Air and Steam
An Occupation for War For the Night Owl Connection
Cripples Raising a Switchboard One New Gasoline Rotary Soil
A Trailer Fire Engine Floor Without Stopping Tiller
Combined Sprayer and the Telephone Service Safety Nets for Skyscraper
Cultivator Handy Ice-Shaving Device Men
Guarding Against "Super-Enthusiasts" 570
"Above Suspicion" 573
Pistol Billiards 576
PERSONAL SERVICE
What to Plant in Your Back Yard W. T. Walsh 493
Gasoline Selling Cheatery Rene Bache 502
Best Methods Thomas J. Barratt 550
Riches—Or Just a Competence? David Wales S77
Hints for Practical People 583

TABLE OF CONTENTS 455
I Shrink-Saving Sock Forms Swinging Window Cup- Twelve-Pounder for Chil-
Press Trousers Without board dren
Heat New Mangle Guard Motor Pump Outfit
, Sanitary Bottle Top Helping the First Breath Complete Portable Picnic
' Lightning Necktie System Compactness in the Kitchen Alarm Clock Thermostat
Iceless Icebox Space-Saving Cabinet Range To Make a Safety Razor
Motor Bench for the Cheap and Efficient Battery Space-Saving Swing
Player-Piano Tester New Checkerboard Game
What a Patent Office Fire Would Do H. S. Edgar 591
92 How to Make a Phonograph Walter Lee 595
95 Automobile Tips 598
An Oil Cup That Gets There For the Garage Man Running Board Tent and
Charging Your Battery at Electric Imitates the. Gas Bed
'Ai Home Machine Wheel Liner for Autoist
Automatic Stop for Motor- Jacks Up Cycle Front New Self-Opening Doors
'Ai cycle Engine Wheel New Auxiliary Seat
Plans for Building a Ford Compact Gear, Wheel, or Let Everybody See!
'tfj Racing Body Pulley Remover A Traveling Cinema
j|i Novelties in Jewelry Arthur Duclos 604
•ii New Household Screens . 608
SCIENCE
A Target That Scores Itself E. C. Crossman 490
When a Cable Snarls C. L. Edholm 505
ri« What Is Hunger? Herman Bacher Deutsch, Ph. D. 525
,„ Turning Collegians into Fighters B. W. Elsom 537
Our Rifle of the Future E. C. Crossman 542
Thirty Man-Power Postal Sorting Machine . . . D. H. Bach 556
Training Our Air Scouts J. R. Weiss 565
New Dust Counter 571
Crossing the Desert by Gasoline Camel . . . Davia Williams 574
Marvelous New Cure for Burns 582
Tricks of the Air Trade Frank Mason 603
-, THE WORLD TODAY
Why Should I Save? The Editor \%%
Our Forts on Wheels Rene Bache 508
A Corner in Sweets W.F. French 593
Blowing Off Steam 606
]? Illustrated World should be on the news stands on tbe 17th of the month preceding the dare of issue. If unable to get the magazine
' on the I7lh vou will confer a favor by notifying the Circulation Manager. News-stand patrons should instruct tbeir News-dealer io reserve
,rt a copy ol Illustrated World, otherwise they are likely to tind tbe magazine "sold out".
'" TERMS: $1.10 a year; 7$ cents for six months; 11 cents a copy. Foreign postage. 75 cents additional; Canadian postage, 25 cents
_ additional. Notice of change of address should be given thirty days in advance to avoid missing a number.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
> Publication Office: R. T. MILLER. Jr.. Publisher Eastern Advertising Office:
Drrxel Avenue and 5Stb St., Chicago Flatiron Building. New York
Copyright. 1917. by Illustrated World
Published monthly—Entered it tbe Postoffice. Chicago. 111., as second-class mill miner

486 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Can America overcome
the menace of the
deadly submarine?
we raise, train, an
transport to Europ
enough men and officers
to win the war?
These are important questions,
of vital interest t
every American. They are
answered in the next (July) issue
of Illustrated World and in succeeding
issues.
As announced last month, Illustrated
World will specialize in war
inventions, war science, and war
mechanics. Tell your newsdealer to save
your copy Kindly for mention you Illustrated every World when month, writing advertisers.
or send us
$1.00 ing with for the an eight July issue. months' subscription start

SHOULD
HE world is short of food. Your child at the dinner
table knows it. He sees rice where only the other day
his huge steaming baked potato melted a generous lump
of butter. Af the breakfast table creamed toast takes
the place of a former generous serving of bacon and
eggs. And—miracle of miracles in this prodigal generation!—he is
admonished if he leaves a crust of bread upon his plate.
This nation is short of other important materia 1 resources—timber, and
timber products, such as paper; dyes, leather, woolens, and a thousand and
one other commodities the careless American but yesterday regarded as
free, almost, as water, air, or sunshine.
Labor, skilled or otherwise, also is scarce. Manufacturers will tell you so.
Farmers repeat the tale. Office managers add their story in corroboration.
Shortage of labor in the United States has been due to a condition we
can readily understand. In the years immediately preceding the Great War,
Europe fed us its raw labor to the extent of a million human beings annually.
By August first, 1917, or on the completion of the third year of conflict, we
shall be short three million immigrants, mostly workers.
The impoverished nations—now our allies—too busy fighting for very life
to attend to the ordinary needs of existence, must have our foods. They
must have our steel, our coal, our manufactures of all kinds. And now their
latest demand is for our men in the trenches as well as in the factories.
Under these circumstances, to waste in any way the thinnest slice of
potato; to wear high leather boots or shoes; to utilize the services of workers
in furthering our purposeless extravagances—all these things are a wanton
misuse of the nation's restricted resources.
England laughed at such ideas as this and commercial London proudly
boasted, "Business as usual." But that was back in 1914. The forests that
have been Great Britain's pride for a thousand year.s today are falling before
the axe of the lumberjack imported from western Canada. The cherished
private game preserves of her landed classes are given over to raising the
food that may save the nation from starving.
The pernicious slogan, "Business as usual," has already begun to be raised
in the United States. The argument is advanced that business will prosper
if money is freely in circulation. There is a vast difference, however, between
buying carefully as our needs demand, and buying extravagantly according

I SAVE ?
to our whim and the vagaries of fashion. Everyone knows that the
French are among the world's most frugal people. Everyone knows
too that the French are—or were prior to the German invasion—one of
the world's most wealthy nations. Free-spending does not necessarily
make for sound business.
An oil king on a desert island, surrounded by his chests of gold, cannot
command the use of a pair of shoes, regardless of the price he may
offer, if there is no pair of shoes on the island. This point of view is as
old as the institution of private property. Its antiquity only emphasizes
its truth. All of us know today that money is not wealth, but only a
representation of wealth. Money means merely purchasing power. How.
then, can we carry on "Business as usual" when world conditions are unusual?
The business of life no longer consists in buying and selling. It consists in
fighting for existence, with limited resources to draw upon.
With everything going out of this country—from wheat to men—and
nothing coming in ; with the exigencies of war demanding more and more of
our vital resources and powers; with our necessities on the increase because we,
too, must fashion guns, make high explosives, build a vast fleet of merchantmen,
construct innumerable motor trucks, and maintain in food, clothing,
shoes, and weapons a vast army of our own, no one other than a selfish
parasite could have in mind any thought but Save.
Legislation will doubtless do its part in checking extravagances. Individual
sanity and honesty also will do their part. There still, however, will remain
those excesses that law cannot govern, and that the conscientious individual
apparently cannot control or influence because they are perpetrated in the
person of another. Against such individuals as will not heed the welfare
of the state, there may always be brought the incalculably powerful pressure
of public opinion.
When a famous prima donna, some months ago in Paris, dared to flaunt
her lavish purchases of laces and silken lingerie, the indignant French women
expressed themselves emphatically and effectually by invective and ostracism.
When the pampered darlings of our neighborhood boast their dozen pairs
of shoes it is an obvious act of patriotism to give the offending individuals
the cold shoulder. It will help to conserve those material things upon which
the lives of our men at the front and the existence of our freedom itself
may, in the long run, depend. THE EDITOR.

A TARGET
THAT SCORES
ITSELF
By E. C. CROSSMAN
N O W comes a west coast exnavy
commander with a rifle
target that scores itself, a
device tried out by the United
States Army and Navy, and
used extensively by both branches of the
service.
It consists of nothing more complicated
than a vertically arranged set of
steel plates, actuating electric contacts
behind them which in turn drop ordinary
As the Target Appears
The bull's-eye is an eight-inch plate, the "four rins" a
twenty-six inch circle, the "three ring" has a diameter of
forty-six inches, while the "two ring" comprises the rest
of the twenty-four square feet of target.
490
The Mechanism
Electrical contacts are made as bullets impinge. For instance,
if a shot hits the bull's-eye it forces back the eightinch
plate against a contact knob. This circuit causes an
annunciator hand to drop on the dial at the shooting box,
whereupon the scorer speaks the welcome news, "A bull'seye
for Private Higgins!"
hotel style annunciators on a corresponding
board at the firing point. When the
service rifle bullet smashes into one of
these plates, it moves back, establishes
for an instant an electrical contact, closing
the circuit of that annunciator, and
drops the right annunciator at the firing
point. Then a spring returns the plate,
and the circuit is broken.
The "A" target for instance, much
used in the army, has a bull's-eye of 8
inches, a "four" ring of 26 inches in diameter,
a "three" ring of 46 inches, and
a "two" ring consisting of the rest of
the target, which is 4 by 6 feet. To make
the self-scoring target register the hits
on this mark, the makers arrange their
plates thus:
The bull's-eye is one round plate of
eight inches; the four ring consists of
twelve plates, arranged like the hour divisions
of a clock face, the three ring of

twelve more plates, and the two ring of
twelve plates of irregular shape to conform
with the shape of the rectangular
target.
If the marksman hits the paper target,
which is set up about six feet ahead
of the machine, in the four ring at a
spot that would be one o'clock of the
clock face, that particular plate moves
back under the blow, makes the contact,
and drops the annunciator on a corresponding
target in miniature at the
tiring point. Whereupon the scorer says
"Private Blank, a four at one o'clock,"
and presses a button which resets the
annunciator.
Like the colored gentleman's load of
shot which was there as soon as it
started, the whole process takes less
than two seconds from the bang of the
rifle to the fall of the annunciator, and
the next man may fire as fast as the
scorer can call off the shots and reset the
annunciator.
A TARGET THAT SCORES ITSELF 491
The great value of the device is in the
time and labor saving it makes possible.
At the official test at the Army School of
Musketry, a company of 64 men fired
10 shots each in one hour and twenty
minutes with four targets in operation
under the old pit and hand-marking system.
The same company of men fired the
ONE TARGET KEEPS FOUR SHARPSHOOTERS BUSY
Each shot, from the pulling of the trigger of a rifle to the resetting of the annunciator dial—shown on the left—by the
pressing of a button held in the officer's left hand, takes but two seconds.
same number of shots in one hour and
forty minutes on one single self-scoring
target without any crew required, with
scores that averaged 3 points higher per
man out of the 50 points possible to
make.
This is a patent economy, besides offering
what appears to be a far better opportunity
for good scores.
Any old spot may be used for such a
target, provided there is room behind for
stray bullets. Marshes, rocky land, and
hillsides are plenty good enough for the
location of the newly invented self-scoring
target.

49Z
THE AERIAL NEMESIS OF
SUBMARINES
HUNTING THE UNDERSEA PIRATES
This remarkable photograph depicts clearly the type of small dirigible now being used by the French
and British in hunting German submarines. The gas bag is short and stubby when compared to the
latest rigid types of Zeppelins, and as a result, great speed is not possible. Thecaris the same as
that used on English battleplanes, modified to an extent which allows slightly greater carrying
capacity.

WHAT TO PLANT
IN YOUR BACK
YARD
By W. T. WALSH
T H E other morning before
seven o'clock 1 discovered my
next door neighbor, who is
notorious in our block for
indolence, busily engaged in
digging up his back yard.
His shoulders were bent sturdily to
the task, he threw his whole weight—no
slight one—upon the blade of the spade.
and every now and then he paused not
so much to breathe or rest as to wipe off
the drops of perspiration that constantly
beclouded his spectacles.
"What are you going to plant?"
I asked, by way of encouraging
him for his display of feverish
energy.
"Potatoes." he answered,
without looking up, as he attacked
viciously an obstinate
clod of turf. "It's the only
crop worth raising. Look
where the price stands—over
a dollar a peck. Got to do
something for my family and
feel as if I was doing my bit
for my country, too."
"Know anything about raising
them ?"
"Nope, except what the
seed catalogue says. That's
enough, I guess," and as it
was once more time
to wipe his glasses, he
stopped and stared at
me. his face flushed
and swollen from exertion.
"This gardening's a
great thing. I tell
you," he continued.
l*3(KWO00 *
Didn't know there was so much fun to
real, physical labor. Got the whole family
interested in it. Wife cuts out the
eyes of the potatoes before she cooks
them. That is where we get
part of the seed. The rest of
it comes from the man who
brings the vegetables. Guess
I'm going to disappoint him
this summer. He'll be surprised
how well this garden's
going. Says I'm likely to have
trouble with it."
"What makes him say
that?"
"Well, he thinks the soil
isn't right. Says it ought to
be sandy. Tells me I'm not
going to have much luck with
those potato eyes, because I
don't know whether they come
from a prolific strain or not.
Maybe they're diseased, too.
I stand a good chance of
planting seed from plants that
have some kind of scab.
Then, again, they might have
been frost-touched. Oh,
there's lots of other troubles
besides, that I can have."
. "Cheerful chap," I commented
sympathetically.
"That isn't all, either."
went on the enthusiast. "This
same gardener said potato
seed under no circumstances
should be planted untreated.
493

494 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
V '"V-v,:,
.-.-- VSr>
\ ^MP"^
m: w.
THIS IS HOW AN EXPERT INSTRUCTOR CAN TEACH A WHOLE NEIGHBORHOOD
Recommended a solution of formaldehyde
for soaking the potato seed. But
only an expert knows what seed to select
anyway in the first place, so what difference
does it make ?"
"That about all the croakings this
expert offered ?"
"Pretty near, I guess. No, one more!
Said you couldn't expect any kind of
potatoes from a sodded field. Plant it to
something else the first year. I know
he's wrong, though, because a friend of
mine in the suburbs is trying out a formula
for growing potatoes in freshturned
sod. He sent the formula to the
College of Agriculture at the University
of Illinois. Strange, too, the way those
fellows acted out there. Seems to me
they're just like my truck man—jealous.
Said the formula was no good."
This amateur gardener is typical, perhaps,
take him all in all, of the hundreds
of thousands of other amateur gardeners
who, for the first time in their lives, this
year are planting anything outside of
flower pots. They take it for granted
that all they have to do is dig and sow.
The lore of the technical men, acquired
only after years of patient labor and experimentation,
they are inclined to re­
gard as something not for them. "I am
not looking for a bumper crop, just a
fair yield, you know," is the common
statement made. But what is good for
the successful professional gardener and
for the agricultural college expert is unquestionably
good for the amateur as
well. There are no secret formulas
to agricultural success. All the worthwhile
knowledge extant can be had at
any of our State Agricultural colleges.
Bulletins in abundance of great practical
value are handed out for the asking.
What the amateur gardener told me
about his prospective difficulties with his
potatoes was quite correct. The potato.
no matter how valuable it may be considered
this year, is not a vegetable suitable
for cultivation by the unskilled. It
is not very difficult to grow potato vines
in abundance. The science consists in
so growing the vines that eventually
potatoes will be found at the roots.
Unless conditions are right, the labor,
pains, and care will be out of all proportion
to the results. Plowing, harrowing
and fertilizing of the land the autumn
previous to spring planting—all good
crop-growers regard as essentials. These
various steps ar.e particularly necessary

WHAT TO PLANT IN YOUR BACK YARD 495
in potato culture—the crop usually selected
by the ambitious.
Therefore, if the amateur gardener
looks upon his efforts as being not merely
an unusual way to take exercise, but as a
method of increasing the food supplies
of his household, no matter what the
crop may be he intends to plant, he will
set about his task in as systematic and
scientific a manner as possible.
His first step in enrolling himself in
the new volunteer army of national gardeners
should be to learn something
about the soil at his doorstep. The soil
in any specified neighborhood or community
is likely to be much the same. It
would be best, then, for all the amateur
growers in the neighborhood to get together
in a simple informal organization
and obtain the advice of some practical
individual upon the situation. This
gardener could, doubtless, advise them as
to the kind of crops to sow, and more
especially as to the kind and quantity
of fertilizer the soil in question requires.
Stable manure, always highly desirable,
has never been easy to get outside
of rural communities, and today
its high market value makes its use by
the city-dweller or suburbanite unusually
difficult. Hence, commercial
fertilizers will have to be used instead.
Taking it for granted that the right
advice as to the soil and its enrichment
can be obtained in
one's immediate vicinity,
the real question, "What to
plant?" now looms up.
This is no year for fancy
vegetables and one should
seek solid nutriment from
the garden. At the same
time it is well to remember
a certain variety of appetizing
garden produce is
conducive to one's physical
well-being.
For general purposes a
choice of the kinds to be
grown might well be made
from the following list:
Beans (both the string variety and in
the pod J, beets, carrots, turnips, radishes,
spinach, peas, tomatoes. From this you
may find some of your favorites missing.
But the list as given is a safe and conservative
one. You should be able to
satisfy all the needs and cravings of the
body for "fresh vegetable food."
Unless you live in a northerly clime,
or the season is unusually backward for
your latitude, it may be a little late, by
the time this magazine is in your hands,
to plant peas. In the latitude of central
Illinois peas ordinarily should be planted
about the tenth of April; farther south,
a week earlier; farther north, a week
later.
Keeping in mind the time and latitude
schedule with reference to peas, here is
the season for planting other vegetables:
Beets, April tenth; string beans, May
first; lima beans, tomatoes-, May fifteenth
: string beans, June first; turnips,
UNDEBW000 & UNCE»WO0D
Grain Cultivation
and Heavy Work
on the Farm Are
Not Now Recommended
for the
City Girl
The nation may yet
need her for just
this sort of thing
and back lot gardening
is an excellent
way to make
her fit.

496 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
The School Girl with Her Abounding Energy and
Live Enthusiasm Can Well Take Up a Part of the
Nation's Burdens Back of the Lines
radishes, July twenty-fifth: spinach,
August fifteenth.
Now, some of the statements in this
schedule may sound wrong to the average
practical gardener. Experience,
practice, and his knowledge tell him
some of these may be planted also at
later dates. That is quite true. We are
here considering the production of the
earliest crops normally possible. There
are in all thirty-seven common vegetables
that gardeners are accustomed to harvest
in the autumn, and some of these yield
crops to the number of three or four, in
the days between spring and autumn.
All these are by no means practicable,
however, for our back lot gardener.
Prof. John W. Lloyd, of the Department
of Agriculture, University of Illinois,
has this to say with reference to this
phase of the subject:
"Since planting must be close, and
a large amount of edible product
secured from each square foot of
ground, it will be necessary to omit
from a garden of this kind some of
the larger-growing vegetables which
yield a relatively small edible product
for the amount of space occupied.
Predominance should be given to the
vegetables which produce the largest
amount of edible material in proportion
to the space occupied by the plant
and the length of time this space is
occupied. Sweet corn, melons, and
squashes will therefore be omitted,
and the garden devoted chiefly to such
crops as lettuce, radishes, parsley,
cress, mustard, beets, chard, carrots,
string beans, and turnips. Peas, peppers,
tomatoes, and even cucumbers
may sometimes be included. If tomatoes
and cucumbers are grown they
are trained in an upright position, so
that comparatively little
ground space is occupied.
Tomatoes are most readily
mmrni
supported by tying each
plant to a single stake five or six feet
high, while cucumbers can be trained on
a slightly slanting trellis made of strings
stretched from stakes in the ground to
nails in the top of the fence. In the
case of string beans and wrinkled peas.
larger yields can be obtained from the
same space by growing the tall, rather
than the dwarf varieties, and giving
them the needed support.
"The close planting advised calls for
an abundance of tillage, as well as plant
food and water. Since the rows of the
smaller vegetables are usually too close
together for the use of a rake, a narrowbladed
hoe and a three-fingered weeder
attached to a long handle, are the most
useful tools for working among the
plants. The general principles of tillage
and other care of the growing crops are
the same as in any garden, but the details
of the work are adjusted to meet the
conditions of intensive gardening."
Aside from a tendency to overlook the
necessity of keeping out harmful insects

WHAT TO PLANT IX YOUR HACK YARD 497
and of extirpating weeds—his neglect of
either seriously reducing or even ruining
the crop—the amateur gardener frequently
fails to get all possible production
out of his land. He is largely content
with a few fresh vegetables in
spring and the early summer. As the
heat of July and August begins to envelop
the land, he too frequently abandons
his miniature farm, or at best gives
it but desultory attention. Drought converts
his green patch into sun-baked
earth, wilted vegetable plants, and a
flourishing forest of weeds.
This backsliding on the part of the
gardener is the height of unwisdom. He
is in a position, if he but knew, to reap
the benefit of his early enthusiasm and
assiduity. His labor is really an investment.
With moderate attention and
fresh planting he could have fresh vegetables
up to frost time. Some of these
he could preserve for winter use.
Such neglect will be especially reprehensible
under present conditions. In
the late summer and fall, in spite of that
being the harvest season, garden produce
—in this year of stress and strife—is
very likely to command high prices.
Especially is this neglect to be deprecated,
when we recall that the back yard
gardener usually has access to unlimited
quantities of water from his hydrant that
will carry him through any kind of
drought.
Here is a partial list of the common
vegetables that may be harvested in the
autumn. Some of them are impracticable,
of course, for the back lot gardener.
They are here enumerated to
show the possibilities: Kale, onion, carrot,
chard, parsley, parsnip, salsify, lima
beans, muskmelon, watermelon, okra,
squash, tomato, late cabbage, sweet corn,
eggplant, pepper, late potatoes, sweet
potato, celery, cucumber, beets, string
beans, lettuce (leaf), winter onion,
radish, spinach.
Back-yard gardening, no matter what
it may have been formerly, passes this
year out of the field of fad. It has become
a national duty. If you possibly
can, serve your country with the spade
and the hoe.
BROOKLYN STREET CAR MEN GET THE GARDEN "BUG"
Their spare moments are no longer spent in the recreation rooms pro*
vided but in helping along Uncle Sam's 1917 crop.

408

499

500

THE BLOOD-RED FLAG
v liiua
The Rebirth of Russia
Autocracy is doomed. The Czar
of all the Russians has abdicated;
the government is in the hands of
the army and the workmen's organizations.
It is too early to
tell whether another Reign of
Terror is necessary that true democracy
may come to needy
Russia, but one thing is certain,
The awakening has come! Above
is a picture of a fighting mob on the
Nevsky Prospect, at the left are
two revolutionary soldiers and
their flags. Below is a photograph
of a street in Petrograd. A machine
gun has just opened up from
the roof of one of the houses.
•-
SOI

GASOLINE SELLING
CHEATERY
T H E government Bureau
of Standards
says that you have
just one chance in
five of obtaining full
quantity of the gasoline you pay
for. On an average, the shortage
will be a little less than five
per cent.
These conclusions are drawn
from an elaborate and systematic
inquiry conducted in many parts
of the United States by Uncle
Sam's experts. They tackled the
problem in towns and cities;
they studied it in villages along
the touring roads. Everywhere
the situation was found to be the same;
few gas-vending machines were accurate,
and their errors were nearly always
against the consumer.
At various places along the most
popular motoring roads in Illinois tests
were made of ninety-six gasoline pumps,
and all but six of them gave short meas-
By RENE BACHE
The Ideal Arrangement
A short hose which declines into the gasoline tank helps the buyer to secure
full measure.
soz
"Item—Half Gallon Wasted!"
This amount is apt to remain when the dealer disconnects a hose of
this length.
ure. In one town where there were
twenty-two pumps, all certified as correct
by the local sealer, only four allowed
the purchaser a square deal. One
robbed the consumer of a gallon out of
every three bought, and another stole
from him two gallons in every five.
The car-owner rarely suspects anything
wrong. He takes
it for granted that he
MBm can trust the garage
jK^fr 'uan or dealer, and the
mechanism of the vending
apparatus is to him
a mystery. Often the
pump has a dial or other
counting device attached
to it, but this little contrivance
for the protection
of the customer
(according to the observation
of the government
inspectors) is in a
great majority of in­
stances disconnected by
the thoughtful dealer.
Thus disputes are

avoided, and, very often, a substantial
margin of excess profit added.
The Bureau of Standards is of opinion
that it is the exceptional dealer or garage
man who really means to defraud the
consumer. But, as a rule, the seller of
gasoline is indifferent to errors of
measurement so long as they do
not operate against himself. What
he is anxious about is that the
pump shall not deliver m-ore than
the correct quantity.
Very often it is the fault of the
pump. This leaves the factory correct,
but after a time, owing to
wear, it acquires a tendency to deficiency,
which steadily becomes
more marked. But why bother?
Nobody is ever punished for selling
short measure of gasoline.
The method of intentional fraud
most commonly adopted is that of
"short-stroking," the pump-handle
being so operated that the piston
fails to reach the stops. It is well
worth the consumer's while to
watch and see that the handle hits
the stops both ways. Also let him
make sure that a metal collar is not
clam p e d upo n the
piston in such fashion
as to prevent it from
getting to the bottom
of the cylinder.
GASOLINE SELLING CHEATERY 503
Another thin g h e Sometimes the Pump Is Tampered With
should be on his guard
about is the hose. This ought to be
short and with a high attachment at the
pump—that is, high enough to be above
the level of the gas-tank of the car, so
that all the fluid may drain out of the
hose into the tank. If a long hose with
a low attachment is used, half a gallon
of the gasoline the buyer pays for may
remain in it and be lost to him.
But the garage men and dealers,
honest or dishonest, are generally accustomed
to alter the adjustment of their
pumps to suit what they understand to
be their own business requirements. In
this way they modify the measurement
—in other words, determine how much
gasoline shall make a gallon—to please
themselves. Sometimes they adjust the
pump according to a gallon measure
they have at hand, and which may be
incorrect; often they fix it in such wise
as to insure their "coming out even" in
their dealings with the oil companies.
There are 231 cubic inches in
a gallon. If (as has been proved
to be the fact) the consumer
suffers an average loss of ten
cubic inches for every gallon he
ouys, he comes out considerably
jehind in the course of a year.
The Bureau of Standards
reckons this loss
to motorists as amounting
to $530,000 a year
in Illinois alone; so
that, for the whole
United States, it must
run up to many millions
of dollars annually.
The Bureau recommends
that all makers
of such vending apparatus
be required to
provid° " simple device
by which the adjustments
(used to correct
or alter the delivery)
can be securely wired
in place—much like the
seals on a freight car—
to prevent tampering. Provided then
that the scale inspectors are zealous in
seeing to it that these seals are unbroken,
the consumer should stand a much better
chance of obtaining all the gasoline he
pays for. As the system has been up to
now—even where dealers were strictly
honest—the consumer has had to pay
for all waste, and, because of this, fuel
waste has accounted for a good percentage
of his motoring bills. Then—and
this is the sorest point—the dealer has
contrived to save this "necessary waste"
by dumping back into the tank the pint
—or quart, as it is in some cases—which
remains in the hose.

504
A KITE WINCH BALLOON
FOR OBSERVATIONS
fc
y^
V
4
DIRECTING THE BIG GUNS
This unit power-driven winch and balloon combination, the new portable observation station which
will boused in France by the first United States detachment to cross the water, is simply a large sausage
type gas bag, carrying a "tail" to keep it headi'd in the wind, and controlled by an automobile motor, a
winch and a "dead man" pulley. The observer sits in a swinging basket, forty feet below the balloon,
and there directs—by telephone communication with the ground—the fire of cannon or the movement of
troops.

"A DIVER WAS SENT TO EXAMINE THE WRECKAGE"
WHEN A CABLE SNARLS
C. L. EDHOLM
By
W
HAT happens when a submarine
cable is dragged
by a ship's anchor is
shown in the accompanying-pho-
tographs; this accident
and one hundred eighty feet of chain
remained entangled in a confusion of
twenty cables. As may be imagined,
the results were disastrous, as seventeen
occurred to the New
York Telephone Company's
connections bet
ween B r o o k 1 y n and
1 o W e r Manhattan. A
steamer, trying to make
its pier, was carried too
far by the swift current
under the Brooklyn
B ridge. Dropping its
anchor, it caught the
cables lying on the bottom
beneath the bridge.
When the captain discovered
his mistake, he
o r d e r e d the anchor
chain cut, so the anchor
This Was the Mess He Found on the Bottom
sos

506 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
At Both of the Terminals the Confusion of Wrecked Wires and Pulled
Out Cables Was Amazing
of these cables contained 3,500 pairs;
Brooklyn and lower Manhattan were
abruptly disconnected.
From the Brooklyn side, the cables
together with the large beam to which
they were chained were pulled into the
stream for a distance of thirty or forty
feet and the cable house near the bridge
was so filled with a tangle of wires that
it was impossible to enter; the complicated
connections had been pulled violently
out of place. On the New York
side things were not so bad, but two
cables had been dislodged and the heavy
piles which secured
them were broken.
While the confusion
was being cleared up
at the cable houses,
and while emergency
measures were taken to
route messages by a
circuitous way, a diver
was put to work in the
river bed, examining
the wreckage on the
bottom. It was found
impossible to unchain
the cables separately
so that they could be
pulled back one at a
time, for they were so
entangled that the whole
mass must be raised at
once. This had to be
done with the greatest
care in order to avoid
pulling out the remaining
cables, which were
held in place only by
the lead sheath.
The current was
swift where the snarl
lay in the stream, and
the diver could not
work to advantage. A
rope was sent down to
him which he attached
to one of the ring
bolts, and after a number
of these wire cables
had been fastened to
the mass, it was raised slowly by power
from the cable boat. The tangle that
was raised alongside the vessel seemed
absolutely hopeless, but by hard work
the cables were separated, unchained
from the beam and pulled back one at a
time to the cable house and terminated.
For a period of four or five days men
worked constantly in the cable houses,
one shift following another immediately.
In completing the task, these employes
had to endure the most terrible hardships,
for working conditions were particularly
severe.

THE FRENCH COMMISSION ARRIVES
This photograph, snapped at the moment when General Joff re and ex-Premier Viviani, with their American
reception committee, were descending the gang plank, illustrates one of the most momentous events
of our history—another nation gives of her best brains and experience to help us make war efficiently.
ONE REASON WHY WE'LL WIN
Over one million signatures are affixed to this petition; they were gathered hastily by the National
Security League in an endeavor to speed the passing of the just and democratic Conscription Bill.
507

OUR FORTS ON WHEELS
By RENE B ACHE
A GIGANTIC SHAM
This make-believe monster was not the grownup brother of t lie British terror ihat its appearance might indicate; it was
a mere motion picture "property." Upon the chassis of a tractor, somewhat similar to the one used in the English fort
on wheels, was erected an imposing edifice of imitation armor plate—in reality only wood and tin. with pegs masquerading
as rivets. The guns it carried were no more dangerous than so many baseball bats.
T A K E an ordinary touring car.
Sheathe it with armor-plate.
Build a citadel on top of it,
with a revolving turret and a
machine-gun inside. You
have then a fort on wheels.
This is an idea on which the War Department
has been working for some
time past. We soon shall have whole
squadrons of such armored cars. Doubtless
we shall send them in numbers to
the fighting line in France.
It costs $2,000 for the alterations.
The vehicle, when used for war purposes,
is expected to have a speed of
from forty to fifty miles an hour.
sos
As a preliminary to its equipment for
war purposes the touring-car is stripped
down to chassis. Then it is clothed with
plates of ^4-inch metal—not ordinary
sheet steel, but manganese steel armor,
proof against a rifle or machine gun
bullet at one hundred yards.
The citadel with its turret is clad in
the same thickness of armor. It is expensive
stuff, this kind of steel plating:
the War Department is paying close to
$1 a pound for it. But, in buying it
under contract, no requirement is made
as to composition. All that is demanded
is that it shall pass successfully a test
to which it is subjected by firing rifle

OUR FORTS ON WHEELS 509
BUT THE GIANT CAME TO GRIEF
The movie tank—which appeared in "Patria" and is illustrated in action on the preceding pagi—interested officers of the
United States Army. They had it taken out and put through its paces. It lumbered about the landscape clumsily, but
with a modicum of success, trundling through river beds, ditches, and trenches, and over rocks and other obstacles with
grotesque ease, A bit of loose earth on an embankment gave way beneath it, however, and after turning two somersaults,
it ended up in the heap of wreckage shown here.
bullets at it. If, at one hundred yards, it
stops the bullets, it is accepted; otherwise,
not.
A converted automobile of this description
is reinforced to some extent,
the strength of many parts being increased
to enable them to withstand
nearly double the stress of peace service.
The War Department has contracted,
also, for the quick delivery of great numbers
of armored cars, built for fighting
purposes from the ground up. These are
quite a different proposition. They are
true automobile forts, completely clad in
quarter-inch steel plate, and mounted on
the chassis of a truck.
There is—as in the other case—a revolving
turret on top. At one side is a
steel door, for entrance and exit. In
front of the driver's seat is a steel shutter,
which can be lifted to enable him
to look out. The gasoline tank is be­
neath the vehicle. The machine carries
three men, the driver, a gunner and an
assistant sjunner. A traveling; fort of
A Remodeled Touring Car
Tbe alterations (or this vehicle cost in the neighborhood of
52.000.

510 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
One of the "Big Boys"
This formidable machine cost approximately $3,000 to build.
men as a "crew," and has two fighting turrets, placed one
this pattern can "do" about twenty-five
miles an hour only.
Such an armored motor-car costs
$5,000. There is, however, a larger and
more formidable type, costing $8,000,
which has two turrets, providing for two
machine-guns, and carrying a "crew" of
five or six. The front turret is higher
than the rear turret, so that the gunner
inside of it can fire over the
after turret if there is occasion
so to do—as, for instance,
while running away from a
pursuing enemy.
The mechanism of
this superior type of fort
on wheels is so modified
that power is applied to
all four of the wheels.
Thus it is enabled to
run over much rougher
ground than would be
practicable otherwise.
The newest wheeled
forts of this description
have a second steel shutter
at the back, with a
rear seat for the driver.
This provision is made
in order that the vehicle,
if desired, may be driven
rear end first. In fact,
one of the most important
advantages of this
It carries five or six
above the other.
type of armored motor
is that it can run backward
as readily as for­
ward, and at an equal speed. It is, in
effect, a "double-ender"—a great convenience
in an emergency, when it may
not be easy or safe to negotiate a turnabout.
THE CAR OF LAST YEAR
This type of armored fort is owned by the New York National Guard—a present to them from private business—and also
by Northwestern Military Academy.

OUR FORTS ON WHEELS 511
THE COAST ARTILLERY TRIES OUT A TANK
In a sham battle, recently, this tank, turned out by a manufacturing company located on the Pacific Coast, was
given a chance to win its spurs. It plowed its way indefatigably through sand, brush and barbed wire, driving the de­
fense from the sandhills and trenches. Although not quite as heavily armored as some of the machines now in use
abroad, the sloping sides have a tendency to deflect bullets more readily. The tank, with complete armament, weighs
slightly over fifteen tons. The United States is very apt to avail itself of the product of this factory, which is at present
fifty cars a month.

groups are hiding in cel­
Looking Up into the Fighting Turret of a Fort on
Wheels
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
lars and behind walls. In
a retreat, it can linger as
the "point" of the rear
guard and retard the
progress of an advancing
foe. If Napoleon had
possessed a bare half
dozen of these machines,
his retreat from Russia
could have been accomplished
with a loss of not
over one thousand men.
Even today, when means
of attacking such monsters
are tremendously
better, they still are vitally
important, as the British
troops have proved. Also,
just as these machines
are used in the rear
guard, they can be used
in advance guard formation.
The usual custom
has been for the soldier in hot fighting
to be nothing more or less than a free
target for the enemy's fire. In case he
Attached by straps to the rear end of came upon a detachment of the enemy,
each fort are a pickaxe, an axe, and a he was almost certain to be killed. The
spade-shovel, which, if the military tank or armed fort is to change this,
motor happens to get stuck in the mud, however.
can be used to dig it out.
There is also a lantern,
set inside of an armorplate
bucket that is riveted
to one of the steel
plates -at the back.
In the present war the
fort car has proved a
most valuable fighting
auxiliary, being utilized
to advantage in a great
variety of ways. Being
proof against anything
but artillery, it ventures
boldly into the zone of
rifle and machine gun
fire. Its occupants are
safe against "snipers,"
and it can run fearlessly
through the Streets of The Single Turret Type
irillirr^ In nrlnVT-i «t-iomir This is a transformed automobile, with armorplate of sufficient thickness to stop
Villages in WniCn enemy a service bullet at one hundred yards, riveted on.

THE START
OF THE AVALANCHE
Our War Units Mobilize
THE fT,J//TAKES HER PLACE WITH THE FIRST LINE SHIPS
This vessel, though by no means a match for ships lite the Pennsylvania, still is an efficient war
machine, and will be useful to us in the coming naval campaign. The terrific amount of naval
building we are starting now is not on this type of ships, but on a squadron of one-gun, eighty-
five foot submarine chasers.
513

514 ILLUSTRATED WORLD

THE AVALANCHE STARTS 515
OH FOR A HUNDRED OF THESE!
The little boat in the center, framed by the fighting deck and one of the guns of the Utah, is the
destroyer U. S. S. Davis. These little scorpions of the seas are the best offense and defense
against U-boats, but we have only a handful of them. As Germany possesses over two hundred
submarines at the present moment, and has at least a thousand in the course of construction,
we find it necessary to supplement our destroyer fleet by a flotilla of "swatters"—the onegun
motor-boats that now are being made ready for action.
CLEAR DECKS FOR ACTION!
At this magic signal, the twelve hundred young men who comprise the crewof the U. S. S. Pennsylvania
leap to their appointed places. Tackle is adjusted, ropes are pulled, and the superdreadnaught
assumes the bare appearance of a fighter.

516 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
BEFORE THE CURTAIN WAS DRAWN
It is not likely that a photographer could secure this picture now, for it shows the "big
section of the Naval Gun Works at Washington, D. C. In this picture several of the twelve-
and fourteen-inch rifles are set in the metal lathes, and are in the process of completion
day this plant is busy turning out the sixteen-inch guns that are to occupy the turrets o
superdreadnaughts of year after next, besides doubling the normal output of the twelve-and
fourteen-inchers. A guard is stationed at each entrance, and pickets keep all nocturnal wa
derers from approaching too near, no matter what their missions.

CO*V»r«MT UNM*W9C
THE AVALANCHE STARTS 517
BUT THE REAL FEVER OF WORK IS HERE!
Our campaign now is to be directed almost entirely against German submarines, for it is un
thinkable that the Teuton High Seas Fleet either could escape the British cordon, or overcome
it. For this reason, this section of the Naval Gun Works, which is given over to the manufacture
of rifles from six inches in caliber down to the tiny one-pounders, is working three shifts. The
eport has it that each of the "submarine swatters" we are putting out is to be armed with a six-
pounder. All of the thousand or more wooden merchant ships are to have two guns apiece—
either 3-inchers or 4.7-inchers. and most of these weapons have to come from this plant

518 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
GETTING READY FOR A CRUISE UNDER "SEALED ORDERS"
All the battleships recently put in huge supplies of provisions of all sorts. Rumor says that
shortly a large increment of the Atlantic Fleet will be ordered to European waters, in order to
release a number of the smaller units of the British fleet for anti-submarine duty. In this pic­
ture, kegs of salt meat are being hoisted on board the U. S. S. Texas. When on an extended
cruise this is a chief article of diet for the tars.

THE AVALANCHE STARTS 519

520 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
THE TELL-TALE TRAIL OF WINGS
Seagulls are the worst enemies of submarines, and often they are not relished even by larger
vessels. In regard to the submersibles. however, they are particularly deadly, for the very life
of a submarine depends upon its ability to escape unseen, and gulls seem exceptionally perverse
on this score. They hover above the vessel, pointing it out to enemy destroyers.
HOW OUR BABIES WILL BE CARED FOR
Yes! We are coming to it! If the present war endures two years, most of our munitions factories
and many other industries will have to be run by women to allow men to go to the front. In this
event, institutions like the French day nursery for the children of working women will have to
be established in all of our big plants.

THE AVALANCHE STARTS 521

522 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
A GIANT PLANE
The aircraft above is one of the largest
ever built in the United States. Its wing
spread is 73 feet; it is driven by two engines
of 130 horsepower each. Five persons
and three guns can be carried.
THE GREATEST AEROPLANE
FACTORY
No outsider knows even approximately
the number of aeroplanes turned out daily
by this immense plant—the Curtiss brothers'
factory, which is half in Canada and
half in the United States. Until a short
time ago. the whole of this output—which
a conservative estimate places at one hundred
machines a day—has gone to England
and France. Now, however, the
United States is going to have to requisition
a portion of it, at least, in order that
our naval forces may have "eyes" as well
as stings.

THEY SIGHT THE BIG
GUNS
The photograph above shows a
pair of range finders on board
the U. S. S. Virginia.
FIELD SERVICE
These marines are the boys
upon whose sturdy shoulders
the brunt of sudden trouble
falls. Whenever there is foreign
service on a quick alarm, the
marines are sent. This photograph
shows them on afield practice
hike at Cuantanamo, Cuba.
THE AVALANCHE STARTS 523
THE LARGEST RIFLE RANGE IN THE
WORLD
This range, built and kept up for the use of our
marines at Guantanamo, Cuba, will accommodate
nearly a thousand men, firing at the same time.

524 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
THE STRAW THAT BROKE THE CAMEL'S BACK
When this American freighter, the steamship Vigilancia, was torpedoed without warning by a
German U-boat off the Scilly Islands, causing the loss of several of the crew, even President
Wilson's sublime forbearance could last no longer. Three weeks later—as soon as the official
reports were placed before Congress—the United States declared war.
RETRIEVING A PRACTICE TORPEDO
When firing at a target that is not to be demolished, the navy uses this "Whitehead blank".
It does not carry any explosive, nor any detonating head, hut otherwise it is the same as the
weapon.

GRAPHING HUNGER CONTRACTIONS
Dr. Anton Julius Carlson (on the left) has a patient swallow a rubber balloon. This then is inflated and attached to
the moving lampblack cylinder illustrated. As the stomach of the patient contracts, a paper finder writes a jay^ed
record on thu cylinder. (See page 527.)
WHAT IS HUNGER?
By HERMANN BACHER DEUTSCH. Ph.D.
F R I >M the time when the first
cave-baby yelled for a piece of
underdone tiger-steak, while
tiger kittens all around were
yowling for double portions of
cave-baby rare, the members of the human
race have experienced hunger.
I lunger is not only one of the primitive
sensations, but the primitive sensation,
which has actuated all protoplasm, from
the original protozoan up to the flat-
Cm .ted biped who dignifies and flatters
himself with the zoological name of
Homo sapiens.
And yet—ask yourself what hunger is,
or rather, try to answer that question.
If you are a normal human being, there
probably have been very few days in
your life when you have not experienced
hunger in some degree. More than this,
you have never been in doubt about the
sensation, have never confused it with
any other desire, but have always been
able to recognize it instantly.
For the past four years, Professor
Anton Julius Carlson, of the Department
of Physiology of the University of Chicago,
has been studying the problem of
the hunger mechanism, not only in man.
but in the lower animals as well. Dr.
S25

526 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
The Man with No Esophagus
This patient swallowed caustic when a child; his esophagus closed up. Since
then he has been compelled to take nourishment through this rubber tube, thrust
through a hole in his abdomen and into the fundus of his stomach.
Carlson has just published the results of
his study and of his exhaustive experiments
(Carlson, A. J., "The Control of
Hunger in Health and Disease," The
University of Chicago Press, Chicago,
1916), together with a hopeful conclusion
that similar study will lead ultimately
to the absolute control of hunger
mechanism.
Dr. Carlson's work has involved the
accurate measuring of hunger "contractions"
through experiments which would
have got him burned at the stake as a
sorcerer in Galileo's day. Lie has measured
carefully the pressure and the
amount of stomach contraction in human
beings during health and sickness, during
waking periods and during sleep,
during repletion and during starvation,
in new-born infants, in dogs
of high and low degree, in rabbits,
guinea pigs, pigeons, turtles, frogs and
snakes. By inserting into the stomach a
double-walled rubber
balloon, with bismuth
paste between the two
walls, he actually has
seen the movements of
the stomach and photographed
them by means
of the X-ray. To test
the sensitiveness of the
inner stomach wall to
touch, he has scrubbed
out the inside of his
stomach with a stiff
brush attached to a
strong piano wire. He
has gone without food
for days to measure the
stomach reactions during
starvation. He has
tested himself after a
cold bath in which the
water was only a few
degrees above the freezing
point and in which
he remained "as long as
was deemed safe, despite
discomfort and
pain." He has measured
accurately the effect of
smoking on hunger, or the effect of constricting
the belt.
How can such tests be made? If
hunger is merely the feeling of hunger,
how can it be measured accurately? In
general, the following method, devised
by Dr. Carlson, was employed in the
various experiments.
The subject of the experiment is
directed to swallow a small rubber balloon,
to which is attached a very flexible
tube of rubber. The balloon is inflated
after it reaches the stomach, and the rubber
tube is slipped over one end of a
glass tube which has been bent into the
shape of a "U". In this L T -tube there
is a liquid—usually chloroform or
bromoform—and on the surface of the
liquid in the arm of the "U" opposite
the one to which the rubber tube is attached,
there is a float. From the top
of this float there rises an upright, to
the top of which a light marker is at-

WHAT IS HUNGER? 527
AFTER BREAKFAST
These are the lampblack graphs prepared by the apparatus shown on page 525. The above specimen, consisting of
vertical lines which represent respirations and slight unevennesses. is made by an experiment upon a man who just had
breakfasted on bacon and eggs.
MODERATE HUNGER
'Ibis is a picturization bf the same stomach four hours later. While the respirations continue the same—eighteen i
tlir mill tit,—the breaks are becoming pronounced, signifying that the stomach is beginning to demand lunch.
WHEN HE MISSED LUNCH
This is violent hunger; the patient in question went without food until six o'clock in the evening. The contractions
became extreme, until—at the right of the graph—it will be noted that they ended in a violent tetanus, or cramp.
tached. This marker is so placed that it
brushes against a recording surface
which is wound around a revolving
drum. As the drum turns, the marker
records an even, straight, horizontal line
on the recording surface. If the stomach,
however, contracts, it compresses
the balloon, which acts like any other
rubber bulb when it is squeezed by shooting
"lit the contained air: this pushes up
the liquid in the I'-shaped tube so that
it raises the level in the arm bearing the
float and its marker, and this marker
traces a sharp upward curve on the recording
surface as the drum revolves.
Thus each contraction of the stomach
makes a definite measurable record of its
duration and intensity.
Dr. Carlson has for one of his subjects
a young man, who, as a boy, was unfortunate
enough to swallow accidentally a
strong solution of caustic soda. As a
result of this, the esophagus was closed.
?o that no food could pass from the
mouth to the stomach. An opening
therefore was cut through the abdom-

528 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
WHEN HUNGER HAS BEEN SATISFIED
This is an X-ray picture of the stomach at rest. A bismuth balloon was inserted to make the stomach stand out
sufficiently to be photographed.
inal about wall thirty into seconds the stomach, each, while and all the food en­
taken is placed in the stomach through
this opening, which is large enough to
admit a rubber tube three-fourths of an
inch in diameter. In this way, the man,
who is now thirty-one years old, has
been feeding himself for over twenty
years. In all other respects, he is perfectly
normal; he is a healthy, muscled
man, lacking only that zest for fine food
that taste-sharpened appetite—and nothing
else—can give.
Through this opening or fistula, Dr.
Carlson has been able to make direct
inspections of the stomach by putting
an electric light into it, or inserting
balloons to make the pressure records
described above.
According to these experiments, what
actually happens when we are hungry is
this: As soon as the stomach is empty,
a series of weak or slight contractions,
gradually becoming stronger, takes place.
On an average, these contractions last
tire contraction period occupies from
thirty to forty-five minutes. At first the
individual contractions are definitely separated,
coming from two to five minutes
apart, but toward the end of the period,
the more vigorous contractions follow
one another immediately and without interruption.
Indeed in young and vigorous
individuals the contractions come so
rapidly toward the end of the period
that they form a "tetanus", or cramp, of
uninterrupted contraction, which endures
for several minutes. This is the "hungry
stomachache" that was such a common
affliction in our knickerbocker days.
This period of contractions is the
hunger period, and each individual contraction
is a hunger pang. The periods
come anywhere from half an hour to two
and a half hours apart in normal, healthy
adults. In infants, where Professor
Carlson has measured the hunger contractions
by this same balloon method,

WHAT IS HUNGER? 529
HUNGER CONTRACTIONS
This remarkable photograph—probably the only clear negative of its kind ever mad,—shows the rigors of fierce hunger.
The wave contractions pass in an unending succession from one end of the greedy stomach to the other.
the contraction periods come much more
frequently, and sometimes will cause
babies to show restlessness, wake up, and
cry.
"The recording of the gastric hunger
contractions of the new-born human infant
offers no great difficulties." Dr.
Carlson states, "if one uses delicate rubber
balloons IS cubic centimeters in
capacity, and very flexible rubber tubes
2 millimeters in diameter. Most of
the infants swallowed this apparatus
without difficulty or even violent protestation
and went to sleep in our arms
during the observation periods."
There is no doubt but that stomach
contraction produces hunger sensations.
The sensation as recorded in the minds
of the people experimented with and the
stomach contractions as recorded on the
revolving drum, run absolutely hand in
hand. In fact, where Dr. Carlson induced
artificial contractions of the stomach,
such contractions were felt by the
subjects of the experiment as hunger,
and were defined as such.
One of the points which Dr. Carlson
has brought out is the fact that a sharp
distinction must be drawn between
hunger and appetite. Appetite is a matter
of memory in the individual, the
pleasurable thoughts of past enjoyment
of edibles naturally causing us to seek
similar enjoyable experiences. It is
through this medium that "appetizers"
work. The general belief has been
heretofore that such substances increase
the vigor of the hunger contractions.
On the contrary. Dr. Carlson has shown
that they temporarily allay these contractions,
but produce a sensation which
tempts us to get "more of the same."
At the height of a hunger contraction,
Dr. Carlson introduced moderately cold
water, beer, wine, weak alcohol or weak
acids into his stomach through a tube,
so that the liquids did not touch the
mouth, throat, or the esophagus.

530 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
"A pleasant tingling sensation is felt there is external pressure on the abdom­
in the stomach," he reports. "One feels inal muscles, the stomach contractions—
perfectly at ease, but the thoughts tend that is, hunger pangs—are very notice­
to revert to the dinner table. At first ably abated. This is due in part to the
we were not able to say what this sen­ distraction of attention from the stomach
sation was like, although it was a famil­ to pressure on the other organs of the
iar one. After paying close attention to abdomen, and in part to the fact that the
the sensation experienced at meals just sensation of abdominal pressure leads to
after a few mouthfuls of good food or a feeling of satiety. Of course, true
drink had been swallowed, we became satiety comes from a feeling of internal
convinced that the two sensations are pressure outward. The feeling of com­
very much alike, if not point for point pression resulting from the tightness of
identical.
the belt over the abdomen leads in a
Every one has read tales of ship­ feeble way to the same feeling of tightwreck
and the horrors of starvation, ness resulting from an old-fashioned
with the increasingly intense and raven­ gorge of rich food.
ous desire for food. Dr. Carlson and one Dr. Carlson has found that smoking
of his assistants voluntarily have under­ inhibits hunger pangs to a marked exgone
periods of starvation of five days' tent. This is particularly true of the
duration to determine accurately what people who are not habitual smokers.
takes place. It is true, there is a slight Habitual smokers, however, must turn
increase throughout the starvation period from mild cigars or cigarettes to very
of the hunger contractions. The records strong cigars or pipes before the hunger
of these experiments show this to be the contractions, as recorded by the balloon
case. But after the first three days the method, are diminished. This is Nature's
desire for food diminishes, and some­ way of insisting that her needs be met.
times turns to revulsion at the sight of In the same way, it has been found
edibles! All discomfort from the ex­ that exercise, prolonged cold baths and
periment disappeared after the first meal the like, increase hunger, although they
following the fasting period, and from do not, necessarily, increase the hunger
the second day thereafter, Dr. Carlson contractions, as Dr. Carlson points out.
states that he felt as though he had had They do, however, increase the nervous
"a pleasant month's vacation in the excitability of the individual, so that he
mountains."
becomes more acutely conscious of the
"Civilized man has traveled far from hunger "pangs" which follow the typical
the conditions of life among wild ani­ hunger contractions.
mals and primitive man," he goes on to Tests were made on men, who were
say, "where periods of starvation were kept standing for several hours, on
not uncommon. Occasional periods of others immediately before and after
starvation, say once or twice a year, in violent tennis games or before and after
the case of healthy adult persons, may six- to twelve-mile walks. They were
not only add to the joy of life, but to the also made on dogs, who were kept run­
length of life."
ning in a treadmill while the experi­
With a definite measurable inaex as to ments were being performed. It was
the strength of hunger, it is possible ac­ found that during' the violent work itself,
curately to determine the results of vari­ the hunger contractions were very much
ous external factors on the hunger sen­ inhibited, but that after the cessation of
sation. For instance, the old cure of the period of labor, the contractions re­
tightening one's belt during cases of exturned in more intense form than ever—
treme hunger, can be tested out abso­ the worn-out muscle cells evidently telelutely.
That is what Dr. Carlson has graphing" nerve impulses for quick
done. He finds that in subjects where hunger contractions.

Litile Oddities of Li/e
Lanky Bob Fitzsimmons Dons the
Gloves Again
Not against Jess Willard, however. This
tune Ri»l> has tackled even a sturdier and
more wiry foe—His Satanic Majesty. Mr.
Fitzsimmons has announced his intention
nl starting a career as an evangelist.
Hereare 'Bill".
but vou ni.iv tak
3? # m
*"*>, v ••!i*' "Hill". "Will", fh
QUINTUPLETS?
and John Smythe of Oklahoma. John has his back turned.
our word for the (net I ha this face "matches". What is vour explanation of thisextraordinarv
photograph?
S.U

532 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
HAVEN'T YOU OFTEN WONDERED?
When two automobiles suddenly seem to go crazy, whisking in and about each other, backing and jumping
like no sane flivvers could act, haven't the mechanics of the process interested you? Well it's fairly
simple. Each picture is taken separately. This enlargement shows one stunt that looks most convincing
in the camera.
CONGO HAS MORE SENSE THAN SOME OF US
This baby hippopotamus of the Central Park Zoo. New York, has no desire to see circus life. Although
he has been sold to such a concern, he refuses absolutely to desert his mother's "apron strings" for the
lure of the sawdust circle.

LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 533
\
l#i.l OiflfBl
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WILL THIS HELP SOLVE THE H. C. OF L.?
Near Manchester, New Hampshire, a certain N. J. Nassikes has started a large goat farm ahd dairy, pur
posing to enter into active competition with the bovine product. When a goat is milked, the hind legs
must be held firmly, or an "accident" results.
"CALL FOR MR. ORVILLE ORTMEIER!"
This sentence, breathed distinctly, yet in a soft, musical tone, will be heard in the lobby of the McAlpin.
New York City, soon. The management of this hotel believes that bellhops should "page" without be­
coming obtrusive or annoying, and in accordance with this belief has engaged Miss Edna Baily, an
elocution teacher, to train the boys' voices.

534 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Marking EI Camino Real
Marking the path of the padres
between the Mission San Diego
and Mission Sonoma, seven hundred
miles north, are seven hundred
of the oddest road signs in the
United States. They are in the
form of mission bells, such as hang
in the belfries of those of the California
missions which have withstood
the wear and tear of time.
The upright bearing the bell carries
also a plate giving the name by
which this path was known nearly
a century and a half ago, ElCamino
Real—The King's Highway—and
also the distance to the nearest
mission in each direction.
And a right royal road this is today
since it has been made a part
of one of two state highways running
the length of California, one
through the coast counties and one
through the middle of the state.
Most of it has already been paved
and all of it will one day be, and
even now El Camino Real is a
Mecca for motorists who find a
sentimental interest in the chain of
missions, in ruins or restored, that
show where the ruthless hand of
civilization was first laid upon the
ahorieinal American son the Pacific
Coast. The road as traveled by the
Franciscan fathers connected their
twenty-one missions, three pueblos
and four presidios, the latter being
the military establishments which
were the secular contribution of
ambitious Spanish colonizers toward
the conquest of the Indian inhabitants.
The photographs shown
here were taken on the day that the
connecting links of this modernized
highway were completed and the
bells raised to mark the event of
opening the road.

^M y _
W%
w
A BLUE SKY TONSORIAL PARLOR
Jim Ryan's clientele consists entirely of "knights of the road"', and for this reason he hns to be situa
within easy loafing distance of the railway. Because the hobos object to enclosed barber shops, R\ an
i lips and shaves mit under the sun. Porhaps it is more sanitary, anyway
^L | 1 LC-P""^ 1H1 PVH
THE OLDEST ACTIVE PREACHER
Mr-. > l.u \ Godd.ml, tin
Unite*
1 minister of this liiilr Quaker church at Brunswick, Maine, was 30m before the
1 States entered the war of 1812 she is 107 years of age. Since Lee surrendered si e has preached
in this same church.
-
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iiWk
- fL*>

536
New Theory of the Universe
The Copcrnican idea is all wrong
—we live, not on the outside of the
earth but inside its hollow shell; the
sun, moon and stars arc all contained
within this shell, which comprises
all there is of the Universe. This
is the remarkable theory propound­
ed by a sect called the Korcshans,
a theory which seems to be made
plausible by a unique model now
being exhibited in Washington.
The maker is Mr. L. B.Webster.
one of the leading men in the faith.
This model is a large, hollow glass
globe. It represents the crust of
the earth, the land and water being
painted on the inside of the sphere.
The configurations of the land and
water of the world are correctly
represented as if seen on the inside
of the globe, so that to get a proper
idea we must imagine ourselves
viewing the concavity from a point
inside its sides.
• •••-. ••„.,
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
^#S**te
The Only Safe Place to Live
Strolling tigers, panthers, and other
hungry wild animals make sleeping in
a hut on the ground in the province of
Assam, British India, a very risky
proposition. The hut on the earth's
surface makes open doors and windows
a necessity—even during the night the
thermometer often registers well over

TURNING COLLEGIANS
INTO FIGHTERS
By B. W. ELSOM
BEFORE AND AFTER
This student was afflicted with a decided curvature ol the spine, and could n r have been accepted (or military service.
How well this was corrected in a short space ol time shown by the photograph at the right.
W H E N Canada issued her
call for troops two years
ago, it was the young
men of her colleges and
universities who were first
In throng to her enlisting stations.
Today the United States has toppled
over war's precipice. Will not our country
look to the same source for the heart
of her volunteer army? Certain it is
that our college halls contain thousands
of the finest young men of the land.
W'hv should not the United States depend
on these?
We arc a nation of optimists, so we
hear those on all sides who shout "Yes"
to this question, and who then proceed
In call to our minds how eagerly the
young men of Revolutionary times gath­
ered about George Washington in time
of need. But there is one point that
these enthusiasts overlook; sometimes
"the spirit is willing, but the flesh is
weak." The young men of today are
not of the mold of their forefathers
who rallied fresh from the vigorous life
of farm and woods. For the most part
they are city men, and city life has decreased
their fitness for the hardships of
army life. If our college men of todav
fail to make good soldiers, they will fail
not from lack of patriotism, but from
lack of physique. This statement is not
a mere theory; it is a stubborn fact.
We may prove for ourselves to what
extent it is true by looking at the physical
examination records taken at some
of the universities. The Universitv of
537

538 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Wisconsin has within
the past five years given
thorough physical examinations
to more than
five thousand men upon
entrance. From these
records we may get an
idea of how many of
these men are unable to
pass the physical requirements
for army enlistment.
These requirements
are: fairly robust
health, good eyes, sound
heart, lungs, and no
serious skeletal defects
or chronic disorders.
Out of these five thousand men. as
they entered the University, seventy-five
per cent had nasal abnormalities, fiftyfive
per cent had defects of vision, fortyeight
per cent had throat trouble, fortyseven
per cent had skeletal deformities.
and twelve per cent defective heart and
lungs!
These percentages are startling. Of
course, it is but fair to say that the university
examination is far more exacting
than the army examination, and that a
great many of the defects noted in the
university records are not serious
enough to catch the enlisting officer's
eye. But still it is evident that far too
great a percentage
of
young men as
they enter college
would actually
be rejected
at the
enlisting station.Universities
realize
this condition.
What have
they done to
help these student
s during
the four years
of their college
life?
Every mod-
The Footprint on the Right Was Made
by a Flat Foot; After Treatment for a
Month the Print Took Shape as Shown
on the Left
ern university has a
physical education department
for the purp
o s e of maintaining
health among the students.
The criticism
that has been raised of
these departments is that
they benefit only students
who are normal
physically, and neglect
the subnormal. So today
some of the more
progressive universities
have gone further and
established a department
for the special purpose of
correcting the defects of subnormal students
by adapted exercise, with an eye
directly to making their men fit for military
service. The University of Wisconsin
has been blazing the trail in this
new field, and is today the only university
which employs a specialist to devote
his whole time to this work. It has a
separate gymnastic room and employs
the most modern apparatus for corrective
work. Between two and three hundred
students who are handicapped- by
physical defects receive special attention
under the direction of Dr. J. C. Elsom.
This is one of the most interesting
departments of the university, for it is
actually a human
repair
shop. Here
backbones are
being straightened,
fallen
arches are
being raised.
and round
shoulders are
being squared.
These repairs
are not miracles
: they are
the carefully
calculated re­
Curing Round Shoulders
Walking about thi gymnasium with a brick on thi head is one of the
very best "setting up" exercises.
sults of proper
exercise. Nor
are these results

TURNING COLLEGIANS INTO FIGHTERS 539
accomplished over night, but time and
persistence are a small price to pay
for the wonderful results that are obtained.
For example, a man comes to
Dr. Elsom with a bad case of flat feet.
His arches have fallen so completely
that even walking is extremely painful to
him.
The cut at the top of page 538 is a
record of just such a case. The righthand
imprint is an impression of this
man's foot when he came to the university.
After a month of special exercises
for strengthening the weak muscles and
ligaments, this
same foot gave
the imprint
shown at the
left. Flis foot
is beginning to
have a natural
arch again, and
the pain has
d i s a p peared
entirely. Uncle
S a m has
gained a potential
soldier.
Or let us
look at another
kind of cor­
rective work—
straightening
crooked backbones.
In the
left photograph on page 537 is a case
of spinal curvature, as Dr. Elsom found
it. This curvature indicated that the
muscles surrounding the spinal column
were out of adjustment. Fortunately, the
University of Wisconsin is getting hold
of young men with such backbones, and
using the magic of corrective exercise
before it is too late. The right-hand
picture shows what just six weeks of this
magic did to straighten out that kink.
A glimpse of one of the corrective
classes at work reveals a scene of bewildering
activity. Here are men hanging,
and stooping, and lifting, and twisting
into all sorts of queer shapes. Other
meii .ire working at rowing machines,
chest weights, and strange contrivances
such as we have never seen before. Perhaps
we may see a man walking about
with a brick on his head.
"No," Dr. Elsom answers our look of
inquiry, "he is not doing that because
there is anything wrong with his head,
though I don't blame you for suspecting
it. Carrying a weight on the head is an
excellent exercise to straighten round
shoulders. The minute that man forgets
to walk erect and straight, the brick will
fall off."
Several years ago a young man came
to Dr. Elsom
seeking to be
excused from
gym work altogether.
He was
a frail, timid
sort of fellow
who had been
lost in the
shuffle of the
general gym
classes, and
w h o because
of lack of selfc
o nfidence
avoided what
he m o s t
Learning Muscular Co-ordination
Walking these unevenly spaced bricks makes the muscles alert to all
calls from the brain and other nerve centers.
needed—plenty
of physical exercise.
Dr. Elsom
became
interested in his case, took him in
hand, and began helping him to help
himself. Soon this young man was
working enthusiastically to build himself
up, and in two years he had become one
of the best runners in the university.
It is a great work that corrective
gymnastics are doing at Wisconsin. It
will not be long before all the large universities
are following her example, and
making sure that they do not send forth.
their graduates hampered by physical defects
which might have been removed.
Wisconsin surely is practicing true
patriotism, for what better way is there
than to make physically strong citizens?

540
SAVING MAN POWER
§K1
,'f 1
111
Vfl 1 If
,> ,**H
s 1
till* I
IIM |;rr 1
' ";'7?%'
'." 0^m'-''
•
'
m.
Super-Machines That
Have Replaced Men in
the Automobile Industry
Labor is high and scarce at
any price; manufacturers
of automobile parts, there­
fore, have extended their
heartiest welcome to the
two mechanisms pictured
here. The photograph
above, taken in the Toledo
factory of -the Willys-Over­
land Company, has for its
subject a new automatic
turret lathe which performs
twenty operations in fifteen
minutes on a flywheel, re­
moving twenty-four pounds
of rough stock. At the left
is a spindle drill in the
same factory; this machine
bores eighty-one holes in
an aluminum crank casein
one ciperation.

SAVING MAN POWER
541

OUR RIFLE OF THE FUTURE
By EDWARD C. CROSSMAN
O N our fateful Good Friday
of this year, eight hundred
thousand short brown rifles
rested on the shoulders of
our boys in "olive drab",
or encumbered the shelves of our great
stone arsenals.
These rifles are the backbone of our
present military equipment. Are they
worthy and efficient? If we
supply the huge new army we
are raising with similar
weapons, is there any
danger that the enemies
this force will have to
oppose will be better
equipped ?
Reluctantly we must
admit that these rifles are
not up-to-date, and that if
a division of our troops
were to advance against
a wing of the German
line in France, the defenders
w o u 1 d oppose
them with superior
weapons.
The model of 1903 is
fourteen years old. Fourteen
years have seen the
gradual evolution of a military
rifle that operates itself
save for pulling the trigger
—a machine gun in so far as
the recoil or gas from a port
542
The Bolt Action Rifle
When firing this weapon the infantryman must relea]
his hold upon the pistol grip, jerk up and back the
bolt—ejecting the fired cartridge and bringing in a new one—and then
jam it back into place before aiming. This is inconveniently slow when
repelling a charge upon the trenches.
in the barrel does all the work of ejecting
the fired cartridge case, cocking the
striker, inserting a new cartridge and
closing the bolt again.
The exigencies of trench fighting, of
mass attacks, of increasing courage of
men who refuse to abide by the old rules
and hesitate when a certain per cent, even
as small as 10 per cent, of casualties
have been inflicted by the attacked force.
have made most desirable a rifle for the
Lieutenant George
Mortimer (World's
Champion Long Range Rifle Shot)
Demonstrating the Speed of Fire
of the Ross Canadian Service Rifle
nfantry that can fire rapidly
and continuously—up nearly
tii machine-gun speed—at a
critical moment.
Our New Springfield, the
"short brown rifle", is a turnbolt,
a modified Mauser, and,
being a turn-bolt, is akin to
the military rifle every other
nation has used to the present
time. After the shot is fired
the soldier seizes the bolthandle
sticking out on the
right side of the rifle,
turns it up, unlocking the
bolt lugs from their engagement
with the frame

of the rifle, then draws the bolt
in the rear four inches or so, yanking
"ill the fired shell and cocking the rifle.
The reciprocal motion pushes in a new
cartridge, closes the boll, and the final
turn-down of the bolt handle locks the
bolt ready to fire.
Training makes the motion of opening
and closing the bolt a fast one, but just
the same there remains the fact that the
soldier must release his grip of the rifle
with the right hand to go through the
motions described. The maximum rate
of fire of such a rifle is twenty-five
aimed shots a minute.
But, while the rate of fire of the present
hand-operated rifles is higher than
is required for ordinary fighting, the
same rate is not high enough for repelling
a charge, or for stopping the sudden
eruption of masses of running men from
the position of the enemy a short distance
away, Reports from the east war
front—from Russian sources—have it
that the German Mausers, formerly fiveshot
rifles, have been converted to
twenty-five-shot rifles by the addition of
deep magazines.
The Mauser, like the Springfield, is
charger-loading, the five cartridges beingheld
together at their bases by a brass
strip and the five being swept out of the
brass strip into the magazine as the soldier
places the five with their clip in a
slot in the receiver of the rifle and
presses his thumb down against the top
of the five. The operation is very
speedy, taking no more time than reload-
The New Yankee Ritle Ought to Have
a Good Receiver Peep Sight Like This
ing an ordinary rifle with one cartridge.
The writer has performed the operation
OUR RIFLE OF THE FUTURE 543
including dropping rifle from shoulder
and throwing it up again, reloaded with
five cartridges, in five seconds.
Rut, at the pinch, even this time is
costly if the other chaps cover several
yards of precious ground therein.
Our ideal man-killing rifle would be
therefore a rifle to hold many cartridges,
giving twenty-five shots a minute in
regular use, which is ample for the ordinary
fighting fire at distant enemies, but
also giving a tremendous speed of fire
for a few seconds when the critical moment
has arrived.
Before war broke out, the great Paul
Mauser at Oberndorf, -Germany, had
perfected several types of automatic infantry
rifles. Our own Army Ordnance
Department had tried out many designs
and had started the attempt to build a
successful one.
Now comes the authentic report that
German arsenals are building, at top
speed, ten-shot automatic rifles to supplant
the old five-shot Mauser on the
firing line, the new rifle being one of
those which Mauser had evolved before
his death two years ago.
As fast as the exigencies of war supplies
will permit, other nations will have
to follow suit.
To let the ordinary soldier do his
fighting with an automatic—self-loading
the mor%. correct term—infantry rifle
would be to waste precious ammunition
without adding to the results obtained.

544 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
It is difficult even with the hand-operated
rifle to hold troops down to a reasonable
fire rate. The tendency is to
speed up, to fire ten or even twenty shots
a minute when this is not at all necessary.
And if the soldier does this, presently
he finds himself without supplies
for the "hard winter" that may follow
when the enemy gets closer or when he
gets closer to the enemy, because he cannot
carry more than three hundred
rounds, and at ten shots a minute his
three hundred last only half an hour.
So the correct self-loading rifle for
infantry is hand-operated in a manner
akin to the present hand-operated bolt
rifle until the critical moment arrives,
then the pleased infantryman has but to
aim and pull the trigger for each shot
until his magazine runs empty. Also the
hand-operation is essential in case the
rifle fails to operate through the recoil
mechanism or the gas from the barrel
port used to function some types.
The privilege of merely aiming and
pulling the trigger creates less disturbance
in the aim, lets the soldier watch the
enemy all the time, and of course makes
a speed of fire so great that the ten shots
combined with the self-loading rifle. A
ten-shot magazine is almost inadequate,
a fifteen-shot would be better still. The
fire of a regiment so armed would be
about three times as efficient in the last
hundred yards of a charge as the fire
of a regiment armed with the present
accepted type of military rifle.
Because the cartridge is lighter and
smaller and more of them can be carried
by a soldier and accommodated in a
magazine of given size, our new rifle
ought to fire the .25 caliber cartridge
instead of the present .30. True, our
present ammunition reserve is all of .30
caliber, and our tools and fixtures in the
arsenals are for the .30, and our machine-guns
are for the .30—saving a
small matter of 300 we bought chambered
for the British cartridge at the
time of the border mobilization. But
when we took up the Krag in 1893, we
didn't try to make it shoot the old .45
because we had a lot of the .45 on hand;
and when we got the present rifle we
didn't try to make it shoot the out-ofdate
Krag cartridge because we had
some of them left over. Progress in
military firearms cannot be sat upon by
The Slowest of All
This single shot Remington model still is being turned out
to fill French emergency orders, not because of quality.
hut because even a single shot rifle is better than dirksand
rapiers nowadays.
Old Lady Economy, because the old
may be fired with accuracy in as many
dame wouldn't permit any war preparation
at all if she had her way. War
preparation always is costly and wasteful.
seconds.
The Austrians, facing Italian .25 cali­
••'The fact of this high speed—and the ber bullets, expressed themselves as
urgent necessity for it at times—makes entirely satisfied that no man ought to
the old five-shot magazine silly when get in the way of one of them. The

festive Turk, facing Greek
.25 caliber bullets, wrote that
they were delightful in that
the True Believer could so
often ride on one of them to
the houris of the Mohammedan
Paradise. The Russian
in 1904, finding that the Japanese
were tickled with his
huge size as a target for their
.25 caliber rifles, promptly
evacuated position after position
on his way to the Jap-less
regions of upper Manchuria.
Using, m o d e r n sharp-point
bullets, the .25 caliber cartridge
can be made to weigh not more
than three-quarters as much as
the present American cartridge,
which means that the soldier can
carry thirty-three per cent more
ammunition. The cartridge can
be smaller, and more of them
can be put into a rifle magazine
of given size. In actual efficiency
there is no difference.
So our next Yankee rifle—
maybe not so far away as we
imagine—will be a combination
of hand-operated and self-loading
or automatic rifle, with a
magazine holding not less than
ten cartridges, and better yet 15, preferably
.25 caliber instead of .30 caliber, with
the present 24-inch barrel instead of the
unwieldy 30 of many foreign armies. It
will be boxed in completely with wood
for the protection of the hands from the
hot metal, and for the protection of the
rifle from damage. It will operate as the
present rifle for ordinary work, and it
will function automatically when the
pinch arrives, giving a speed of fire
nearly akin to the machine gun. A regiment
so armed could pour in a blast of
jacketed lead without a parallel in the
fire of the highest trained regiment
armed with the present type of rifle.
Our Yankee rifle will have a generousopening
peep sight on the frame close to
the eye like the sight of the sportsman,
not the foolish, hard to see and hard to
OUR RIFLE OF THE FUTURE 545
ejects
the used cartridges automatically.
use open sight of the
European and the present
American rifle. The soldier
will see the front
sight and the mark, the
peep, like all well-placed
peeps, practically taking
care of itself when the
eye is opposite.
Turning out a rifle
which will be duplicated
by the million
for the use of troops
is a ticklish and slow
business. One mistake
is duplicated a
million times, one mistake
trots along in
twenty million
dollars' worth of
rifles. So far our
own country has
had trouble finding a rifle of the
self-loading type that will stand the
dirt and abuse of the trenches, the
heat of rapid fire that tends to jam a
rifle, that will function both with the
hand and with the automatic mechanism,
and that is simple enough to let the
horny-handed infantry trench-digging,
non-expert private pull it apart without
tools and clean it after an ordeal in mud
and bad weather. Taken all in all,
though we may expect the new rifle before
many campaign weeks have passed
into history, our first European detachment
doubtless will not have it. These
soldiers, whether they are the enthusiastic
mob of volunteers that many agitators
and patriots desire to send to the
trenches, or drafted divisions, will carry
on their shoulders rifles of our oldfashioned
"New" Springfield model.

546
BURROWING UNDER NEW YORK'S RIVERS
These human moles face, fight, and conquer difficulties in respect to their working conditions in laying
a tunnel that seem beyond man's capabilities. The photograph below shows one of the caissons start­
ing down. Note its heavy construction and the beginnings of the openings through which the shields
will be pushed. The upper photograph was snapped in the compressed air chamber of the same caisson.
The pressure here was forty-four pounds to the square inch—very near to the legal limit, which is fifty
pounds maximum in New York State. Workers can stay in this pressure only forty-five minutes at a
stretch, after which they are compelled to spend over half an hour in the recompression chambers, getting
back to normal, before they can rest.

WITH THE CAISSON CREW 547
"RUNNING A LINE THROUGH AN AIR LOCK"
When the tunnel shield is driven ahead, foot by foot, by the score of pneumatic hammers, each delivering
blows of 340,000 pounds weight, constant engineering survey work is necessary to keep the shield in line.
For the safety of the engineers and the other workers in the pressure area, flying gang-ways, safety
screens and emergency locks are located high in all tunnels, so escape will not be cut off in case of a
"blow" or flooding. Medical locks also are provided with rest rooms, bathing facilities, and hot coffee.
The time spent "in the air" depends on the pressure. The human system is so constituted that it ex­
periences no ill effects or discomfort, except for pressure on ear drums, from a quick increase of pressure,
hut a quick reduction in the same may result in great physical discomfort with serious after-effects,
sometimes fatal. The prevention of compressed-air sickness, known as the "bends", has reached a state
whi-ie the illness is less frequent than formerly.

548 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
SINKING THE HARLEM RIVER SUBWAY TUNNELS
This was the first time in engineering annals that the method of sinking the cast-iron cylinders into the
prepared river bed was used. After beingfloated into position they were lowered by decreasing the pressure
in the air tanks. Below is a photograph showing a shield and the erector placing a section of tunnel
lining. The rings are built of flanged segments bolted together to form a circle. The circular rings are
bolted together to form the tunnel lining, and rendered watertight by lead caulking and grouting.
». *. 3'^-
,
w
V
" m\

A "SAND-HOG" VOLUN­
TEERS
This photograph shows a novel ex­
periment resorted to in a tunnel
under the East river. A "blow­
out" had occurred—the compressed
air had escaped and ten feet of
water had replaced it. The tun­
nel was on a down grade and the
valve on the blow pipe was located
near the shield, at the lowest point.
If it could have been reached and
opened, the water could have been
blown from the tunnel heading
without installing pumps or new
blow lines. A sand - hog volun­
teered to don a diving suit and go
down into the heading under com­
pressed air and open the valve. He
made a successful trip down the
tunnel but, because of mud, could
not reach the valve.

HOW TO GET ON
A Business Series of Practical
Inspiration
m.
BEST METHODS
by Thomas J. Barratt
Managing Director for 50 Years of Pears'
Soap and Chairman of the Company
I T is a mistake to think
that good qualities
alone will enable a
man to prosper.
Thoreau, long ago,
dreamer though he was,
saw through the insufficiency
of this gospel of
goodness as an equipment
for success in a world of
struggle and practicality.
"Be not merely good," he
said, "be good for something."
To maintain this is
in no sense to deprecate
goodness or any of its component
elements; but over
and above the cardinal virtues—if
ever any man was
saint enough to possess
them all—for success there
must be present in a man's
nature a forcefulncss of
character, a capacity
forging ahead, and a
persistency of pur­
for
pose that can surmount
obstacles and
make rough places
smooth in his arduous
course toward h i s
.ssc
The Shirker's Motto: "Labor as Little as
Possible .
HEALTH AND BRAINS
These two essentials
come by nature, but many
a fragile frame has been
safeguarded and tended to
a condition of strength by
good sense and care-—the
strenuous Roosevelt, for
instance; while in regard
to brain it does not cease
to grow until senility sets
in. Physical health and
mental power are so
closely allied that only in
abnormal cases are they
dissociated. But, with
Juvenal's oft-quoted
"mens sana in corpore
sano" realized, or as
near as may be, the
process of successequipment
can go merrily
forward, for, as
has been well said, "If
a healthy body con-
^ tributes to the
health of the
mind, so also a
. healthy mind
keeps the body
w e 11." Both
body and mind

have to be exercised
into efficiency, or
stagnation of the
one and apathy in
the other will follow,
and, as Shakespeare-says,
"Your
dull ass will not
mend his pace by
beating."
Knowledge and
experience are the
feeders of the brain.
.All the school
knowledge that can
be obtained should
be taken advantage
of, or the coming days will be saddened
by regrets over lost opportunities. But
so much of our school knowledge is a
matter of rule and rote, and insufficiently
memorized, that it must be backed up
and eked tint by an unwearying effort
to add to the stock from every proper
source—especially by constant courses
in the college of experience. By resolving
to learn something new and useful
every day, however, by cultivating an
inquiring habit of mind, and by practicing
one's powers of observation until
the faculty of seeing the practical side
of things is developed, the equipment of
knowledge soon grows to goodly proportions.
It is what you observe that tells.
"Two prisoners looked from the prison
windows.
One saw the stars, the other the mud."
Always look above the mud. Among
the lessons one learns in life's course.
those of adversity have been said to he
sweet, but the fewer lessons one takes
in this direction the better. Adversity
never lingers long with the man who
has in him the makings of success.
SUCCESS-ABILITIES
Briefly, I think, these may be brought
into some such classification as the following:
Cap-ability, work-ability, responsibility,
adapt-ability, and practicability.
If you examine these, you will
find that there has not been much left
BEST METHODS 551
. . . And Get as Much
as Possible for It"
nut. Of these only one need detain us,
and that is work. The others explain
themselves, and are partly dependent
upon circumstances. Work-ability is the
bravest item in a man's equipment for
"getting on" in business. The founder
of the house of Rothschild, who propounded
many business maxims for the
guidance of his successors, wound up the
lot with this injunction: "Follow these,
then work hard, and you will be certain
to succeed." Thinking, however, is the
chief part of work from nearly every
standpoint. Even tKe hardest physical
labor is eased when thought accompanies
it: for the stroke of a mattock, the blow
of a hammer, or the trundling of a
wheelbarrow, when guided by thought as
well as by bodily strength, has its laborstrain
lightened and relaxed; and the
man who thinks over his manual labor
will be sure one day or other to work
himself up to a better level.
THE WORKING CONSCIENCE
Many are wanting in what I may call
the "working conscience"—that is. the
natural, inborn stimulus for work. There
are still men so little afraid of work that
they even dare to go to sleep beside it.
or at least allow themselves to lapse into
a half-slumberous condition, when super-

552 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
intendence is not active and insistent.
There are still youths who regard "shutting
up shop" as the main thing to desire,
and who believe that the true worka-day
motto is "Labor as little as possible
and get as much as possible for it."
But these are the people who stick in the
ruts and do not "get on." There is another
motto that is much better worth
keeping in mind and that is "There is
no fun like work." It is an axiom of an
old friend of mine, the creator of an
enterprise of world-wide repute, Sir
Thomas I. Lipton. What he means is
that to work well and take an interest in
what you are doing makes the hours pass
pleasantly and profitably; whereas, to
the come-day-go-day idler, who shirks
and yawns and is forever glancing at the
clock and wishing the day was over,
minutes seem like hours; he lives in an
atmosphere of drag and lag, and should
in the familiar phrase either "get on or
The "wait and see' policy—the policy
of Micawber
—is not one
to recommend
to the "getting
on" aspirant.
"Find
out" is a better.
In some
rural districts that I know, "Find out," is
a common rejoinder to anyone who asks
how a thing is to be done. It is astonishing
how much knowledge can be acquired,
and how much the sense of responsibility
can be quickened by this simple
plan of finding out things for yourself.
Revelations await you at every stage.
The young man who does things without
wasting time in asking or waiting for
help is soon recognized as of the "getting
on" type, and is rewarded with advancement.
APPLICATION
Once having acquired or got into line
with the right sort of equipment, there
is still the lesson of its application to
learn. Knowledge, without the power to
use it. is of little avail; capability that
does not shape itself for action has nothing
to exercise itself upon; the will and
the desire to make them operative must be
there or little success will result. Still,
whatever you do or omit doing, never
forget the time-honored virtues hallowed
by a thousand inspiring memories. Sometimes
they are voted old-fashioned, but,
all the same, they are of imperishable
wear and a shining ornament to those
who possess them. Truth, honesty, diligence,
are qualities which should always
be kept in the foreground of life's perspective
; not imitations or dilutions of
them, but the realities. It is not
sufficient to be up to the half-standard
of the American farmer who on
being asked how his son was getting
on replied. "Oh, John's a very good
boy; he may lie a
)it and he may
thieve a bit; but
when you've said
lat vou've said

all: my son John's a very good boy on
the whole."
METHOD, MANNERS, AND PERSONALITY
Method is a necessity to business "getting
on." It is the outcome of the orderly
spirit operating through the ages
and applying the lessons of experience
to the economizing of time and effort in
any department of business action. To
master the
be one of man's first endeavors.
Business manners are also an important
matter. A man can be and ought to be
polite and considerate, no matter how
great his hurry. Even with panting
motors waiting to bear one away, with
telephone calls sounding incessantly
around one, and the endless stir and hubbub
of modern activities assailing at
every point, the habit of courtesy should
never be laid aside. Office manners are
one thing, however, and workshop manners
another; but the principle and the
effect should be the same in both.
"There is always time enough for
courtesy," said Emerson. It requires
personality and character, however, to
BEST METHODS 553
rise to the best on all business occasions;
but with these to his equipment a man
can go forward with a good heart, and
he will not fail.
Yesterday you have done with, except
to remember its lessons. Today is yours:
make the best of it. Think always how
you can employ it to the best advantage
to yourself and your employers. Today
is your present direct, assured concern;
if you make the
best of it you score
a success and
every successful day is a stepping-stone
to higher successes. There can be no
happier feeling at the end of a day than
to know that you have put all your duty
into it: it will be pleasurable to recall it,
and will make of tomorrow a bright
today, for the light of good achievements
extends far into the future. It may be.
as the poet has it, that "tomorrow never
comes ;" still, it is well always to be looking
forward to and preparing for it. He
who is a slacker today cannot expect a
commission tomorrow, whether his field
of endeavor be the army or the ranks of
business; this is a stern truth and a comforting
motto, for preparedness is bound
to win recognition as surely as chronic
laziness is bound to fail.

THE MANUFACTURE OF FINE MIRRORS 555
possible—lower right picture—
after which such holes are cut
as the frame requires, and the
smoothed plate goes to the
"silver chamber", for its many
coats of backing. After these
have been applied and allowed
to set sufficiently, the original
piece of plate glass has been
transformed into a magnificent
mirror or cbeval glass, worthy
to be set in mahogany and made
the chief accomplice of any fair
lady's beauty machinations.
b&t
—rSn'
•••'- • 'imrr

AS FAST AS HE CAN READ
Tap-tap-tap go the keys, and with each of tbe staccato sounds a letter flashes away to the operator's left, borne by
the metal vane.
THIRTY MAN-POWER POSTAL
SORTING MACHINE
By D. H. BACH
INSTALLED at the Chicago postoffice
is a new and striking machine
for distributing mail. It looks like
a monster typewriter attached to a
belt conveyor, and is the first mechanical
letter distributor to be adopted
by any post-office.
Since postal distribution was instituted,
there never has been any other
system for distributing letters but by
hand. A clerk stands in front of a
pigeonhole case and dockets the letters
according to the proper separation
scheme, or else before a rackful of open
sacks, pouching the letters or bundles of
letters by throwing them into the proper
receptacle. In practical post-office work
in large cities, all mail matter is divided
into twenty-eight "primary" separations,
each separation being then redistributed
a given number of times until the final
"direct" packet is made up. But the new
556
machine is changing all that; it is simplifying
the distribution process as much
as Whitney's cotton gin simplified the
cotton seed separation.
The post-office "tank" consists of a
key-board of 256 keys, which control a
sort of switch-track of four little rails.
Above these little rails and beside the
key-board, travels an endless belt, on
which are set upright at regular intervals
large flat metal receptacles, open at
the ends near the key-board. These receptacles
look like huge envelopes with
one end open. Projecting from the bottom
of each receptacle are four small
rods, each of which can take four different
positions. Thus the combination
of four units, each of which has four
possible movements, gives a combination
of 256 possible positions.
The positions of these small rods are
determined by the position of the four

levers of the switchtrack mentioned
above, and this, in turn, is controlled by
the 256 keys of the man-operated typewriter
key-board.
Below the belt is a double set of
pigeonholes. Each pigeonhole is so set
that one of the metal receptacles passing
above it, as it travels over a drum at the
end of the machine along the belt, can
open out over it, and drop the contained
letter in. But each of the various
pigeonholes corresponds to only one of
the 256 combinations of positions which
the rods on the metal receptacles can
assume.
The operator sits in front of the keyboard.
The letters are stacked before
him automatically. He reads the address
on the front envelppe. depresses the
corresponding key, and this key shoots
the letter from the front of the stack on
to a moving vane which fans the letter
POSTAL SORTING MACHINE 557
into the side opening of one of the metal
receptacles. At the same time the depression
of the key has set the switchtrack.
This shifts the rods on the bottom
of the receptacle to the proper position,
so that it will open out and drop
the contained letter into the proper
pigeonhole beneath. Shooting away the
top letter, of course, exposes the next
letter, and so forth, until all are taken
care of. An employe runs a separate
jogging and facing machine which keeps
constant the supply of letters.
A separate machine arranges the letters to be sorted, and they are held in place before the operator by means of a spring.
There are two big advantages of this
method over the old. In the first place,
it is mechanically much faster than the
hand-distribution of letters. In the second
place, with 256 primary separations
instead of 28, it is possible to eliminate
at least sixty per cent of the rehandling
and redistribution which letters now
receive.

0 "'HiHlMmimiitM«»M»«»»a*>nimnim9f4tYiU*f*\„
A Clear Window^ for the Engineer
Effective means for keeping a locomotive cab window free
from frost and mist has been devised by Peter G. Olson,
of St. Paul, Minnesota. Perforated pipes are run up alongside
the window pane. The compressed air emanating
from these pipes, one of which is outside the window and
the other inside, prevents frost from accumulating. The
invention becomes an important safety device when the
engine is running through a storm.
558
A "Reverse" Warning
Because many pedestrians each year are
run down by cars suddenly thrown into
reverse gear by their drivers, this new
automatic warning signal should meet
an urgent need. The contrivance, invented
by a California girl, consistsof an
electric horn that is thrown into circuit
by a contact plate on the gear-shifting
lever. Whenever the chauffeur throws
the lever into reverse, the horn shrieks a
a warning to all who may be behind the
car.

An Occupation for War Cripples
This is a legless, deaf, one-eyed, one-armed
man trained by Frank B. Gilbreth. an
efficiency engineer, to show a new form of
occupation for crippled soldiers. Mr. Gilbreth
has presented the Allies with information
as to how these men may be put to
work as dental nurses to conserve the
world's teeth. After an exhaustive investigation
Mr. Gilbreth has proved that his
scheme is practical and that these cripples
may earn a livelihood by cleaning and observing
teeth. It, incidentally, will save
the working man lots of money and enable
the underpaid worker to get the benefit of
dental attention at a small figure, and at
the same time be told when he needs work
done.
A Trailer Fire Engine
A Minneapolis firm has recently placed on
the market a singular fire pump. It is designed
to be coupled to the rear of any
other fire apparatus and pulled to the required
place for use. Only one man is
required to operate it. A gasoline motor
is geared direct to a fire pump and the
combination is mounted on a light weight
chassis. By the time the length of hose
has been laid and coupled, the machine is
ready to pump 500 gallons of water in a
minute at a pressure of 120 pounds, as long
as the engine is permitted to run.
MECHANICS, INVENTION

560 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Combined Sprayer and Cultivator
A spraying attachment that is operated in
connection with the gangs of a cultivator
has been devised by Frank Oldham, of
Dallas, Texas. The gangs of the cultivator
serve as supports or conductors of the spraying
liquid from the tank to the nozzles. The
machine was designed primarily for cotton
fields but does effective work on all crops
which are planted in rows and plowed with
a riding cultivator. As the plants are cultivated
and sprayed at the same time, pestiferous
insects are given a finishing treatment.
An Electric Floor-Waxer
An electric device has been perfected recently that will polish waxed
floors without the back-breaking labor of doing it by hand. The old
method took hours besides considering the unpleasantness and
drudgery of getting on one's knees and polishing in this slow manner.
This new device works without the slightest effort. It consists of a
massive bristle brush which revolves at the rate of 3000 revolutions
per minute, giving the floor a hard, glossy finish. It is also econom­
ical, for less wax is used. A switch on the handle enables one to start
and stop the motor instantly. This machine fastens to any electric
light socket and is ready to use at a moment's notice.

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 561
MOVES HOUSE OVER SEVEN MILES 'CROSS COUNTRY
A remarkable and unusual feat was performed recently by motor trucks at Camp Stewart on the Mexican border. When
the last of the National Guard were ordered home, truck company No. 20 was transferred to Motor Truck Park. El Paso,
seven and one-half miles from Camp Stewart. It was necessary to move one of the company houses which had been
erected by the Army and the problem was a big one, as to how to move it the seven and one-half miles without knock
ing il down and re erecting it.
Il was finally decided to load it on four motor trucks, one at each corner. To do this, of course, it was necessary that
the trucks at the rear corners should drive
backward and on reverse gear. In addition
l this difficult v, the building being twenty
lift wide by forty six feet long, it was im­
possible to travel on the roads, because of
telegraph poles, trees, and other obstruc­
tions. Therefore, it was necessary to make
the trip across the fields and through the open
country, up hill and down, through gullies
and ditches. In spite of these difficulties, it
was possible to accomplish this unique task
in a little less than an hour and three-
quarters.
For the Night Owl
A new device has been invented which will
guide your key right into the keyhole no
matter bow late at night—or early in the
morning—you may turn in. All the usual
annoyance of stabbing at a keyhole in the
dark is obviated, for the cone-shaped plate
which is attached over the keyhole unerr­
ingly guides your key to the lock. The de-
\ u e 1^ made of a single piece of metal bent
to the desired shape and fastened to the door
|.\ screws. It is only necessary that you be
able to place the key within a radius of one
inch From the keyhole to succeed in get­
ting in, and even in stormiest seas a sailor
should preserve this much accuracy—in fact.
this i~- necessan to make harbor at all.

562 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Sanitary Dust Bag for Vacuum
Cleaners
YesI this is a vacuum cleaner. But the
dust bag on this machine instead of being
of cloth is made of strong fiber paper.
While the operation of a vacuum cleaner is
very satisfactory, in that it does the work so
much more efficiently than was the case
by the old methods, y.et the cleaning or
emptying of the dust bag of the vacuum
is a very disagreeable task. For when the
bag is emptied, dust flies and germs arc
scattered. Hence when the paper bag,
which is made to fit all sizes of machines,
has become filled with dirt and dust it is
removed and destroyed, and a clean bag
(fh
put on.
Raising a Switchboard One Floor
without Stopping the Telephone
Service
The novel expedient of raising a main
switchboard from the first to the second
floor of the telephone exchange at West
Palm Beach. Florida, was accomplished
recently without at all interfering with
the telephone service. The telephone
company had added a floor to the build­
ing and then decided to get the switch­
board up on it in such a way that the
change would not embarrass the sub­
scribers.
The decision to do this was made before
the floor had been completed, so that a
large opening was kit among the rafters of the new
floor, big enough to permit the switchboard to go
through on a temporary platform, supported by
powerful chains. Back of the board the cables of
wires leading to it had been extended so as not to
hamper the movement of the platform.
Three telephone girls continued at work while the
platform was being slowly raised and though it was
a rather shaky operation, none of the operatives
paiq* much attention to it, answering calls as
though nothing had happened. Nor did the tele­
phone users become aware of what was going on.
When the switchboard had been lifted to the
second floor, the placing of it in position was a
comparatively simple task.

Handy Ice-Shaving Device
With this new ice shaver it is possible to cut
ice into a cylindrical container without dis­
turbing any of the various dishes which may
rest in the icebox. The cylindrical receptacle
has blades on its bottom portion projecting
down through slots which scoop ice into the
receptacle as the crank is turned. A drill
point on the lower end of the shaft, which ex
tends down through the receptacle, keeps the
device from slipping from the place where thi
shaving is begun. The crank shaft is detach
able from the shaving receptacle. This makes
it handier to carry the shaved ice to the point
of use.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 563
AUTOMATIC AIR AND STEAM CONNECTION
Picture shows a new automatic air and steam coupling device, the invention of the Durbin brothers of Oklahoma. Tbe>
claim that by the use of this device, both steam heat and air are connected automatically the moment the queer looking
"beads" come into contact. It is claimed to be "accident proof"—that is, when the connection is made, the apparatus
will Mand tbe straio of pulling several ordinary coaches, alone, should the regular drawhead be out of repair.

564 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
New Gasoline Rotary Soil Tiller
This machine prepares the seed bed properly in one operation. Formerly,
the plow had to be followed by a series of other tools, but the rotary
tiller—taking the place of all—makes chips like a hoe, and breaks them
up by throwing them violently against one another. Even on heavy soils,
this machine tills the full depth and width desired.
SAFETY NETS FOR SKYSCRAPER MEN
From the inception of the present skyscraper era, the men who work on the windswept girders, twenty, thirty, fifty
stories above the street, have had to depend upon their own sure-footedness alone as far as safety was concerned.
Thousands of accidents—nearly all fatal—have occurred, naturally, for in this case to err is mortal, while escape is to
benefit from tbe hand of divine Providence. Today, however, several of the largest buildings under construction are
provided with these steel wire mesh nets every three or four stories. By this means at least sixty per cent of such
fatalities are expected to be eliminated.
*

TRAINING OUR AIR
SCOUTS
By J. R. WEISS
T H E United States is sadly in
need of fliers. The turning
out of aeroplanes is a matter
of no very serious
moment. The machines
themselves can be
supplied at any time. It is
trained hands to control
them that army and navy officers
are seeking most anxiously.
Military machines owned by
Uncle Sam are not numerous.
Still the old gentleman has one
hundred in service now as
against one
dozen a year
ago. That's
progress, isn't
it ? Several
hundred more
have been or­
dered and will
be in our
hangars soon;
it looks as
though they
may be ready
What is the
The Mounting of a Lewis Gun
The aviators at Mineola, Long Island, are instructed thoroughly in
the art of annihilating their possible opponents by a hail of machine
gun fire. Note the arc of metal upon which the weapon is mounted.
This gives a wide radius of fire.
before their pilots are.
situation with reference
to meeting all the demands for trained
aviators? The Federal authorities have
had for some time aviation schools to the
number of four or five. These are at
Miami, Florida, San Diego, California,
Mineola, Long Island, New York, and
Omaha, Nebraska. Others are being
opened up. or are soon to open. Particularly
satisfactory work has been going
on at Miami, at San Diego, and the less
known but quite important school at
Mineola. The threat of war with
Mexico was responsible originally for the
starting of this last school. This menace
made imperative an increase in the num­
ber of our military aviators, and a substantial
increase, too.
During these more troubled days with
Mexico, aero companies of the
New York militia assembled
at Mineola for instruction.
Later most of these men were
sent home, and regularly enlisted
men in the Federal service
took their
places. At the
present t i m e,
there is a demand
for one
thousand men
who can handle
an aeroplane
in flight.
This does not
mean m e n
skilled in battling
the ele­
ments, or capable
of maki
n g sustained
flights u n d e r
extra hazardous
conditions, or able to engage the
enemy's aircraft with guns, or to outwit
them by skillful maneuvering. Plain
aviators—in the same class as the average
car driver is in the automobile world
—that is the cry. Yet. though the requirements
seem simple, the number of
men capable of meeting the demand is
woefully small. In the L T nited States
there have altogether been developed
only about 650 aviators who have been
licensed to fly—and a flying license has
not meant great ability, either.
Manufacturers of aeroplanes are
doing their part in encouraging flying.
Two constructing companies at least
specialize in building sporting types.
S6S

566 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
THE LARGEST ARMY AVIATION SCHOOL
This instruction college for military airmen is located at North Island, near San Diego. California. The school possesses
ten machines, most of them of the Curtiss biplane type.
This is a thing that will encourage the
layman to undertake the thrilling experience
of becoming an aviator. 'It is a
direct incentive to increasing the number
of skilled fliers.
Training tractors are being put out as
needed for instruction purposes. These
machines are built with a double set of
controls and with the seats (two in number
) arranged in tandem fashion. The
beginner is placed at first in the rear
seat from which position he can observe
closely every movement made by his instructor.
Thus the novice can familiarize
himself quickly with full speed ahead,
reverse, diving, rising, banking, warping
of the ailerons, and all the rest of the
technique of control.
When the instructor finally permits the
pupil to handle the machine, he can keep
the machine in safe flight by his own
grip on the controls if the pupil should
make any mistakes.
It was only a short time ago that a different
method was adopted for teaching
green men the aviator's art. An aeroplane
equipped with a motor of horse
power so low that it could not rise from
the ground was entrusted to the student.
All that he could do, therefore, was to
go shooting around over the aviation
practice course, running no more risk as
a consequence than was incident to colliding
with trees or posts if the machine
should get beyond control.
Gradually the pupil was inducted by
means of a low-powered aeroplane that
could actually fly into the initial mysteries
of aerial navigation. Finally he
was permitted to run by himself a highpowered
machine of standard design,
learning at last to battle with the problems
of the upper air currents.
This method was found to be defective.
It was much like teaching a man
to swim, first on land, next in a shallow
creek, and lastly throwing him into the
deep ocean.
The method of individual instruction
by means of the tractor with dual controls
has proved far more satisfactory.
When a pupil has completed his flying
course he must spend a minimum of
twenty hours in the air before he is permitted
to take the test which establishes
his place as a skilled aviator. This i'~
the requirement at the school at Mineola.
Any aviator who has been trained
elsewhere may try for the test without
this preliminary qualification.
For exhibition purposes and for employment
by aeroplane manufacturing
concerns, trained aviators are said to
receive from seventy-five to two hundred
dollars a week. In these circumstances
it would seem as if there should already
be a number of daring, ambitious young
men able to meet the call of the government
when national need claims them
from this private work for public service.

Such however, is not the case, we must
admit, unfortunately.
To meet the demand from all quarters
for skilled airmen, a number of private
schools have sprung up. The art is not
an easy one to learn. It occasionally
happens, it is true, that a man will learn
in a few days' time to control and guide
a machine safely. This is exceptional. The
average man requires usually at least two
months before he can be said to be really
qualified. Learning to fly is a serious
business that requires all of a man's time
and energies. Tt is not a matter of leisure
moments.
There has been a good
deal of time wasted in the
past by the unscientific—if
earnest—means of instruction
employed. Some experts
believe that a man of
no unusual facility to start
with should eventually he
able to learn the handling
i if an aeroplane in not more
Practical Mechanics at Mineola
In the photograph at the right an aviation
officer is explaining the intricacies
of the V-shaped aeroplane motor. Below
is a group listcnins to an instructor
"talk turke\" on the use of a metal
lathe.
TRAINING OUR AIR SCOUTS 567
than three weeks. This belief has, as a
matter of fact, already been borne out
at the Mineola school. A little less than
a month is the average per pupil.
The private schools charge naturally
high rates for instruction. Proficient instructors
are hard to get, and very expensive
grounds and equipment are
required. One school, for example,
asks and gets twenty-five dollars a lesson.
These private aviation schools are
starting up in various parts of the country.
Their advertisements appear in

568 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
surprisingly large numbers in the various
aviation journals and other magazines
devoted to the science. One or two of
the big aircraft manufacturers also run
aviation schools in conjunction with their
main enterprise.
One of the problems that has bothered
both those ordering aeroplanes and those
COPYRIGHT UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD
with good heads, good physique and
steady nerves. Promotion in a growing
service like this is sure to be rapid.
Those who qualify now stand a fair
chance to win officers' commissions ultimately.
Those who wish further information
concerning this should write to Chief
Signal Officer, War Department, Washington,
D. C. Instruction may be had at
EXPLAINING THE ELEVATOR
This is the plane which when lifted makes an aeroplane climb; also it is the part which a novice is most apt to manage
unskilfully. One common fault—it shows up weekly at any flying field—is that beginners usually attempt to climb
while they are "banking," i. e., turning with their planes tipped sidewise. This usually causes a disastrous side-slip.
engaged in instruction work has been the
lack of standardized machines. Last
year one big factory turned out in response
to orders twenty-eight hundred
varying sizes and specifications in bolts
alone. This situation is not only very
undesirable, but really unnecessary. It
undoubtedly will be modified in time.
So far the governmental schools have
been limited not only in numbers, but
in accommodations for handling many
pupils. Scarce as is the regular army
service, infantry, artillery, cavalry in
officers to train and maneuver troops,
the aviation branch is far more seriously
handicapped. Officers are scarce, yet it
is a branch of the service that offers
splendid opportunities for young men
one of the several Federal aviation stations.
Certain developments in the autumn
of 1916 gave considerable encouragement
to those interested in practical
aeronautics. First of all there was the
flight of Carlstrom, no mean feat in
itself, though quickly eclipsed by the
phenomenal trip of Ruth Law from Chicago
to Governor's Island in New York
harbor.
The peculiar significance of her feat
consists in this: that a woman of slight
strength and build (Miss Law weighs
only 120 pounds) was able, in a thirtyhorsepower
machine, without wind
shield and protected only by heavy
clothing—in short, hardly better equipped

than for a brief spin, to break the American
record for distance and duration of
flight.
Her machine was not new. It was of
low power. She had asked the Curtiss
people to sell her one of their latest and
best models. This request had been
refused on the ground that she was not
strong enough to handle the larger types.
Miss Law, therefore, has demonstrated
that a woman, without special
preparation, or equipment, in a low
powered and relatively antiquated machine,
could make a new aerial record
for America. By so doing she proved
that any one of sufficient skill could do
the same. Aviation then was not a thing
for the extraordinary individual. Anyone
with health and nerve could certainly
navigate the air in a modern machine
of standard make.
Simplification of the problems of flying
have in part been accomplished by
the introduction of sound scientific principles
in the construction of the fuselage
or body. So today instead of having
an irregular shaped object
to battle against the
winds, the aviator seats ,,
TRAINING OUR AIR SCOUTS 569
himself in a boat-shaped car that glides
through the air with all the ease of a
craft navigating a stream. Nowadays,
therefore, a quiet wake is left in the stern
of our flying machines.
While, as has been stated, Miss Lawmade
her astounding record in a machine
of an old but standard model, she is not
altogether satisfied with the biplane type.
The triplane now appeals to her. This is
because of the fact that recently one of
these machines exceeded the speed record
held until then by the monoplane. She
is now experimenting with this latest
type. More than likely she will set some
new records. If she does she will
thereby give additional encouragement to
the man who believes he is willing to
drive a motor car eighty miles an hour
or a motor boat at half that speed, if
given the opportunity, but who still
shrinks instinctively at the thought of
leaving terra firma or the comparative
security of the water for the uncertain
perils of the uncharted winds and the
realm of cloudland.

GUARDING AGAINST
n
" SUPER-ENTHUSIASTS

A NEW DUST COUNTER
D U S T , which, like the mosquito,
has long been regarded
merely as an annoyance, has
turned out to be an active
menace to health, if not to
life itself. With every breath, we draw
into our lungs countless dust particles,
which are just as useful and handy in
our breathing mechanism as they would
be in the mechanism of a watch. The
war against dust which is being waged
by public health officials, has resulted in
the invention of a new means for counting
the number of dust particles in a
given quantity of air. This war is the
tight for "The Straight Red Line."
What is this straight red line? On a
chart on which conditions of ventilation
are plotted graphically, the straight line
along the bottom represents ideal conditions
of ventilation—a rating of one
hundred per cent perfect. This condition
has been attained just once, on the
deck of a boat in the middle of Lake
Michigan on a mid-summer day. Here
the conditions were plotted on a chart
as a straight red line along the bottom.
In our schools, factories, churches, and
theaters, however, the red line is a
crooked affair, as yet, and one of the
pieces of artillery which will help us
pound our way to the straight red line
here is the new dust-counter which has
been invented by Dr. E. V. Hill, chief
of the Ventilation Bureau of the city of
Chicago health department.
'

572 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
AIR NOZZLE
GLASS COVER SL1
AIR OILSILK VALVES
NOZZLE
HOLDER
DUST CAPSULE
GASKETS LEATHER PLUNGER
SECTION THROUGH AIR PUMP
In itself, this new dust counter is an
unimpressive thing, considering the work
it is designed to do. In brief, it looks
and acts like a large brass syringe—the
sort of instrument with which a stage
horse-doctor is equipped.
The character of the dust found in
various places, is widely different, from
the lint of a clothing factory, to the bits
of leaf in the air of a cigar-making
shop. The study of dust-particles in the
air is really so new a science, that conditions
in general are far from satisfactory.
An architect, who was supervising the
building of a moving picture theater,
applied at the building department for
permission to make his ventilating shaft,
which would convey fresh air to the
audience, of a patent wood-fiber board.
His reason was that a strike on the part
of the metal workers had made it impossible
to install a sheet metal ventilating
duct. A shaft of fiber-board, however,
could be built in by carpenters.
The question was submitted
to Dr. Hill, who felt of the
sample of material which the
HOLDER
GLASS COVER SLIP
WOOD HAN DLE
architect had brought with him. Then
he prepared his dust counter, set the
sample of fiber-board in front of a
swiftly moving electric fan, and pumped
several cubic inches of the air which was
blown along the fiber surface through
the counter.
The slip of glass was then put under
the microscope, and was shown to be
almost covered with minute, lint-like
fragments. Even the architect, who was
anxious to use the fiber-board because
of its inexpensiveness, was convinced by
one look into the microscope. With the
best intentions in the world for supplying
the prospective theater patrons with
fresh air, he would have succeeded only
in giving them an unwholesome amount
of dust to breathe. Arid the more fresh
air he tried to supply, the worse he
would hjai*e made conditions.
We ai^vtio longer concerned with the
mote in 'wur neighbors' eyes. But we
are concerned quite deeply over the
motes which they draw into
their lungs with each breath.
For we are breathing the
same air, and our health must
be protected.
Three Sample Gelatin Plates
The one at the left is a sample of air such as
you find on Colorado's mountain ranges. It contains
very little dust. At the right is a sample of
Chicago air, while the slide at the top shows a
piece of lint caught against the gelatin. This
specimen was taken in a woolen mill.
1: ••
1
• !
1
L
1
r
I ''
1 'I'
u

CROSSING THE DESERT BY
GASOLINE CAMEL
By DAVID WILLIAMS
THE MODERN GASOLINE CAMEL
I
N the great State of California, their floors are below the sea level and
Mother Nature exhibits many of which have temperatures which would
her caprices. Here are cloud capped have furnished old-time terrorist preachmountains
so high that snow never ers with a wealth of lurid metaphors.
leaves them. Valleys so deep that Among these is famous Death Valley,
574

which is best described as a desert gash
in the face of the earth. Its floor is two
hundred feet below the level of the sea.
The temperature in this superheated
crevice is constantly from one hundred
twenty to one hundred forty degrees
Fahrenheit—a veritable Hell on earth.
It would hardly appear as an appropriate
place for the home of an important
industry, yet indomitable men have
conquered this arid area and have
wrested from it a treasure, which in the
past few years has added over thirtysix
million dollars to the riches of this
country, and which will yield more millions
in years to come.
This treasure is chemical borax—the
friend of every housewife—which is derived
from the colemanite ores found in
the mountains of Death Valley. It was
discovered in the early eighties. Like
nearly all treasures it has been difficult
to bring within reach and its methods of
transportation are shown in the accompanying
photographs. These show yet
other contrasts: the ubiquitous American
mule (California's substitute for the
camel) and his present day successor,
the aggressive and high-powered gasoline
motor ; the slow cumbersome wagon
transport and the light, rapid train. The
tiresome journey to and from the workings
is now an incident instead of an
event.
The mineral at first was transported a
distance of one hundred sixty-five
miles from the mines in the valley to
the railroad by means of the famous
"twenty-mule team". Twenty days under
the scorching sun were required to make
this trip. The water springs were about
THE GASOLINE CAMEL 575
sixty miles apart and it was necessary
to haul water for the men and the animals.
The outfit consisted of mules driven
two abreast; these formed a line 120
feet in length. The driver rode on the
"nigh wheeler" and drove the mules by
a single rein called a jerk line fastened
to the head of the lead mule. If he
wished them to go to the right he gave
a strong steady pull. To the left he gave
a series of jerks. Hence the name of the
line. These animals pulled two wagons
containing twenty tons of ore and a
water tank holding one thousand two
hundred gallons of water.
This method of transport was in use
from 1880 to 1888. The production of
borax steadily increased and the mules
were supplanted by traction engines.
These in turn gave way to a narrowgage
railway, using geared locomotives.
A few years later the mineral had become
of such importance that a standardgage
railroad was built to the Death
Valley holdings. In time these were
worked out and it became necessary to
open other deposits at a distance. To
connect the railroad with these new
workings, a narrow-gage railroad has
been built and the gasoline locomotives
haul a train of ten cars with a water
tank by way of caboose to carry supplies
for the mining camps and plants.
The engines of these trains weigh
about six tons and are propelled by friction-drive
motors of much the same type
as an automobile engine. They develop
fifty horsepower and consume from ten
to twelve gallons of gasoline in a work
dav of ten hours.

| ^ H H M U H H B |
PISTOL BILLIARDS
AN INTERESTING GAME
CONTRIVANCE FOR
YOUNGSTERS
On the left is shown the "pistol"
which propels a ball or marble. It
is designed to be used in playing the
games, of marbles, floor billiards,
ninepins, and indoor croquet. It
makes it possible to play all these
games without kneeling or squatting
on the ground. This is much
more fun for the youngsters and
besides it saves stockings.
THE NOVEL GROUND PISTOL
This game device has been invented by George S. Gumaer, of Coronado, California. The barrel of the
pistol rests flat on the ground while the grip is two or three feet above the ground at the end of an up­
wardly extending inclined handle. The spring-actuated trigger has its lower end pointed to engage in
the notched portion of a cylindrical hammer. When this trigger is pulled, the hammer is driven forward
by a coil spring.

RICHES—
OR JUST A
COMPETENCE?
By DAVID WALES
Tl I ERE is living in a middle
size town in Ohio a man
who in his community is reputed
to be a success. He is
shrewd, resourceful, yet conservative.
He never has been
known to risk a penny unless he
was certain to get that penny back,
plus a half-mill as interest.
Some who have met both this
man and John D. Rockefeller aver
that the two resemble each other
markedly in appearance, and
somewhat in manner. Each has the
same sphinx-like smile, the same
calculating eye, the same fondness for
economy. Here, however, the resemblance
ceases. Every dollar that this man
possesses, Rockefeller probably can
match with twenty thousand dollars. As
against the billion dollars of the latter,
our Ohio man can set but fifty thousand.
Against the fabulous income of the one,
the other can show but three thousand
dollars annually.
We are not going to raise the cry
"opportunity made the difference," for
in all probability had our little capitalist
been placed early in life in the oil king's
shoes, he would still have been about
where he is today. Nor does difference
in ability account for the enormous discrepancy
in their fortunes. It is largely
a matter of individual temperament.
Each stands just where he does today,
because he had in his mind's eye the goal
he would like to achieve. Rockefeller
doubtless got much farther than he
dreamed. The other stands just about
where, thirty or forty years ago, he expected
that he would.
The Ohio man started out with the
"At an Early Age I Discovered the Importance of
Being Rich"
idea of acquiring a competency. Any
idea beyond that involved risk, speculation,
gamble. He chose the safe path of
the conservator in preference to the dizzy
flights of the financier. Nearly every
man on a salary can, if he wishes, follow
the safer example. Nearly every man on
a salary can have a snug little fortune
by the time he has turned definitely over
the top of the hill of life. But in order
to be reasonably sure of this competency,
he must forswear all dreams of great
wealth.
Here is the story told by the small
Ohio capitalist as to why he chose the
course he did. Among other things, the
story has the unusual merit of touching
upon certain important problems and
methods of wealth getting.
"At an early age, I discovered the
importance of being rich. I must have
been in my seventh year when father
made the long journey from Western
New York to Central Kansas. From
the first, misfortune was with us. The
frost was late in getting out of the
577

578 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
ground that spring. Then when the
crop was planted, little rain fell. The
hot winds and grasshoppers which Kansas
has no more, but which were the
curse of the former generation, arrived
simultaneously, and between sunrise and
sunset of a day in July the green leaves
and even the stalks of the undersized
corn wilted. What the heat left the
grasshoppers ate.
"I shall never forget the distraught
faces that night, as, after our scanty
evening meal was over, we sat in the
kitchen by the dismal light of a kerosene
lamp, a wave of hot air every
now and then sending the flame dancing
up and down and smoking the
thick glass of the chimney. From time
to time my mother wrung her hands
despairingly; my brother three years
older than myself looked up at father
fixedly with keenly alert
troubled eyes; while father
stamped back and forth
across the rough floor exclaiming
over and over:
'Gone! All gone!'
"Out of that situation,
out of my parents' distress,
grew my longing for
riches. It was my brother cSS^
Frank's words, though, that furnished
the tinder. 'If we were only rich, Bob,
father wouldn't mind at all. He could
start up again in Montana with cattle, if
he had the money. That's what I heard
him tell mother today.'
"Thus was I made acquainted in a
most practical way with the magic power
of riches. It meant fleeing from hot, consuming
winds. It meant joy and laughter
and green pastures, even though the
world I knew was burning up. As a
consequence, I believe that I am justified
in claiming few people ever have
had a more exaggerated idea of riches
than I.
"For several years we lived on from
hand to mouth. Now and then betwixt
burning summers and blizzardy winters
we would have a fair crop, but father
could never get the better of the game.
No matter how he planned and worked
and pinched and struggled, the best he
could do was barely to hold his own.
And all this time the word 'money' was
used with such persistent frequency that
the golden light in the sky at dawn and
sunset meant little more to me than a
suggestion of the metal itself.
"Father had sold his farm in New
York State with the idea of getting the
cheap land in the West and so making a
stride forward in the wealth he had always
coveted. For even before the days of
our misfortune in Kansas, father had
had dreams of wealth. It was one of
those things that stir up some men's
minds constantly, just as others are
stirred by a desire to be inventors, or
aldermen, or men of letters. All too
infrequently, the wish and the means go
hand in hand.
"Finally, though he was of a determined,
persevering nature, father admitted
he was beaten, let the mortgagor foreclose
on the place, and we went thence to
Kansas City, where father, who was
really a man of versatility, presently
secured a fairly well-paid salaried position.
"Now, there is apparently nothing unusual
so far in the story of my father's
life. The little tragedy—for to us it was
a tragedy—is only one out of tens of

RICHES—OR JUST A COMPETENCE? 579
thousands of others just like it. I have
not yet, however, finished my story.
Other chapters are to follow. And when
the various parts have been narrated and
analyzed, I believe a philosophy of business
practice will have been presented of
value to nearly every one.
"In those dreary Kansas days, my
parents had learned the value of every
dollar they chanced to acquire. So the
few extra dollars that were left over and
above my father's pay were now carefully
hoarded away in the bank. Father,
though in some ways an impractical
dreamer, was a methodical man. He
saved a stipulated amount monthly, jind
my mother surprised him from time to
time by adding to the little hoard money
she had saved out of her allowance for
household expenses.
"Father was again dreaming—now instead
of success as a farmer he was going
to become a big business man. At least that
is what he planned. It was for this end
that all of us economized and stinted,
almost to the point of pinching. By this
method, at the end of five long years,
father had accumulated about a thousand
dollars. Then he found an opportunity
to go, in a small way, into the
business of buying hides and wool. The
owner of the concern was in ill health,
would sell out for a song, and would wait
a long time for the balance of his payments.
So with the remarkable optimism
that characterized my father up to the
day of his death, he made the new venture.
He was not well versed in the ways
of the hide and wool industry. How­
ever, he felt that with his farming and
general business knowledge he ought to
be able to make a go of it. He had not
expected to go into commerce on so small
a capital, but the opening had suddenly
appeared, and he felt that he could not
afford to miss the chance.
"For a time things seemed to prosper.
I was still in school, for my father was of
a race that believed in education for the
children. He did not believe children
were brought into the world for the sole
purpose of helping support their parents.
I knew nothing, therefore, of the
actual details of the business. I was
hardly twelve then, but was keenly alert
to the importance of the success of the
enterprise. You see, not for a single
moment were we permitted to escape
from the shadow of my father's ambition.
"Let me cite an instance of this. On
one occasion, after many weeks of saving,
I found myself in possession of exactly
one dollar. It so happened that it
was springtime and that a ball and bat
could be purchased for that amount. It
was with the end in view of making just
such a purchase that I had been accumulating
my pennies. Innocently I told
my mother of my wealth and my purpose.
Horror-stricken, she exclaimed : 'Why,
child, you mustn't waste money like that!
It should go into father's business!"
And dutifully, though with many a sad
qualm for the joys I would miss, I turned
the money over to my mother's secret
hoard.
"One day father came home looking
downcast. T am afraid,' he said, T shall
find it difficult to make the business a go.
Some of my customers want credit and
I've got to pay cash for most of what I
buy. I'll have to borrow money to tide
me over.'
"Right here father felt the need of
financial connections. Credit was hard
to get. The banks wherever he applied
admitted that his business looked good,
but there was the original owner's mortgage
upon it, and besides, what did he
know about the hide and wool business?
He was honest, yes, but he had had no ex-

5S0 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
advantage of. And seldom
was it that he won.
"And all this time, unknown
to myself, a curious
idea was growing in
my head. It was that the
way to get on in life was,
first of all, to work; second,
to save, and never to
put a dollar where it
wasn't sure to come back.
"When sixteen years of
age, I entered the world
of industry. Money had
to me the chief
in the world. It
I Decided to Sit in the Center become
In my mind's eye, the man on the right of the picture was the speculator who had 1 .
been successful. The wreck on the left was my father. I thought the risk of the tiling
latter greater than the added reward of the former, so I decided to be conservative. .,
perience in handling money. He scrambled
around and got short time loans
from unscrupulous money lenders at
usurious rates. Such desperate measures,
was more important than
education, than play, than pleasure. In
fact, I found my chief pleasure in holding
on to every penny I possibly could
and putting it into the bank.
however, were more than the business "By the time I was twenty-one, I had
could stand. Eventually the inevitable accumulated about three hundred dollars.
came and he was forced to the wall. He I had found myself at the age of twenty
was now worse off than ever. For he an orphan, due to a fire that wiped out,
was not only penniless but, for a poor in the early morning hours, the part of
man, heavily in debt.
the block in which we lived. My brother
"He now turned to stocks—not, how­ and I were away from home at the time.
ever, the kind that net but five or six per From that time I faced the world alone.
cent and are regarded as good invest­ I worked hard and was very economical.
ments. He had not the money to pur­ The bitter lesson of frustrated ambition
chase these, nor the patience to wait for that had embittered the lives of my par­
the slow accumulation of the dividends. ents ever presented itself to me. Poverty,
He went in for wildcat mining stock, the I felt, was the most terrible fate that
kind that you can buy for next to nothing could befall anyone.
a share, and on time. For a couple of "That was the curious thing about my
years or even longer this form of financial outlook on life. Whereas my father, be­
dissipation seemed to partly satisfy his fore misfortune confronted him, was
craving for wealth. Whenever he got possessed of an inordinate desire for
five dollars he put it into stocks. At wealth, I, on the other hand, was seized
night he used to take out his bundles of with an unreasoning fear of poverty.
certificates and, with financial reports in The reason for this was, of course, the
hand, eagerly go over the market situ­ deep impression the vicissitudes of my
ation. Eventually my mother saw the father's checkered career had made upon
folly of all this and firmly set her will me. All my life, almost from infancy,
and voice against further sacrifice of my I had heard preached the gospel of
father's hard-earned dollars.
wealth, but I had never seen the fruits of
"But, nevertheless, things went from this gospel realized. Poverty, hardship,
bad to worse. My father became an even want, had been our portion. At
habitual bettor. Horse races, lotteries, maturity I understood that our misfor­
elections, anything that offered an opportunes had been a corollary to my father's
tunity for him to wager money was taken imprudent pursuit of gold. Happiness, I

RICHES—OR JUST A COMPETENCE? 581
saw, was more likely to come to him who,
instead of seeking wealth, endeavored to
safeguard himself against poverty.
"I eschewed gambling, speculation,
even all that savored of investment. For
years, I was afraid to trust even the
soundest securities. My faith—and it
was not too profound a faith at that—
was vested in the savings bank. Year in
and year out, I let my money remain
there, growing only by the additions I
made and the slow accretions of interest.
If there had been Postal Savings Banks
in those days, I would have been satisfied
with the two per cent interest on deposits
provided by our generous government,
for the feeling of security that I would
have gained thereby.
"By and by, as I grew older and
learned more of the ways of the commercial
world, my antipathy to normal
sound investments gradually vanished.
I permitted my money to draw five and
six per cent on farm mortgages and giltedge
stocks and bonds. Never, however,
would I permit myself to take any sort
of risk, and that is a rule from which I
have never departed.
"Analyzing my father's life, I can see
that his mistakes were the result of combined
optimism and inexperience. He
had moved to Kansas without any previous
knowledge of the character of the
soil or climate except such as he
had obtained from nebulous
hearsay. Second, he had gone
into a business which he did
not really understand, and third and
worst of all, he had gone into business
without a full comprehension of the
methods, responsibilities, and pitfalls of
economic independence. Lastly, he had
permitted himself to be stampeded by failure
and, like a gambler, had attempted to
retrieve all by taking chances.
"Analyzing life, I realized that the
road to wealth was strewed with too
many wrecks to be really inviting. If
one broke down on the journey, it often
meant poverty.
"Therefore. I resolved never to take a
chance; that meant never to go into busi-
ness for myself, for men in business mu^t
take chances every now and then. It
meant, too, that my investments must be
safe, and that meant a low rate of interest,
which, in turn, meant a slow accumulation
of money. But this method presented
decided advantages. With the
luck of life breaking half-way even, it
meant that I was certain in time to acquire
a competence; that in my declining
years I would be reasonably sure of a
comfortable income."
So to the young man starting out in
life there are apparently two routes, the
The Plodder Gets There Surely, if He Uses as Much
Thought in His Plodding as He Would Use in Attempting
a Sprint
slow but safe and sure, and the swifter
but more uncertain. As a matter of fact,
however, there is but one route—the
first. For only the man who is able
to accumulate money by caution and selfsacrifice
will be able, as a rule, to get together
the capital to go into business for
himself. And once this capital is accumulated,
he can then look about him and
see if he prefers the uncertainties of
wealth or the certainty of a comfortable
competency.

MARVELOUS NEW CURE
FOR BURNS
T H O S E who have received
terrible burns no longer need
be disfigured. Every scrap of
skin may be restored. Moreover,
the healing will be complete.
No scar will be visible. All this,
too, without suffering to the patient, for
the moment the remedy is applied all
pain vanishes.
This miracle of miracles is being
daily—very nearly hourly—performed at
St. Nicholas Hospital at Issy-les-Moulineaux,
just outside of Paris. The institution
serves as a place for the treatment
of the badly burned. Mild injuries
are not treated here; only the more
severe cases are admitted. Last year
four hundred fifty startling cures were
effected.
Dr. William O'Neill Sherman, surgeon
for the United States Steel Corporation,
is one of the American surgeons
who have seen the treatment and the
results of it at St. Nicholas. Dr. Sherman,
it is stated, hopes to try out this
treatment in the cases of employes in the
mills of the United States Steel Corporation
who have received bad burns.
Now as to the method of treatment:
Usually the soldiers who are brought
in are from the front. Sometimes some
preliminary treatment has been given.
Bandages, at least, cover the wounds.
It may have been two or three days previously,
however, that the injuries were
received. The first thing that the nurse
does—and most of this work can be
done by nurses—is to remove the bandages
and such parts of the skin as are
loose. The pus and other foreign matter
is washed out with a hose, and the flesh
is dried with an electric hot air apparatus.
Then the surface of the flesh is
sprayed with a solution of paraffin and
resin that has been heated to about 158
degrees Fahrenheit. Next the affected
5X2
parts are swathed in cotton batting and
this in turn is painted over, by means
of a brush, with the hot paraffin-resin
compound. The wound is effectually
sealed from all contact with the air by
this waxy covering.
If the patient has previously been suffering,
his pain vanishes. He rests
quietly for twenty-four hours, until the
bandages are removed and the flesh
again exposed. Because of the foreign
substances that had previously forced
their way into the flesh at the time of,
or after the injury, more pus will be
found to have been secreted. In any
event the surface is again thoroughly
sprayed with water. If decomposition
has set in owing to exposure of the
wounded man before he was rescued
from the enemy's fire, boiled water or a
mild antiseptic is used. The coat of
wax, of course, at once stops the decomposition.
Each day that the wound is exposed
and washed the coating of wax is put on
afresh. In a few days it will be discovered
that the skin is renewing itself.
The electric drier is necessary because
the coating of wax cannot form properly
if any moisture intervenes. Also the
patient would feel the hot liquid. It is a
curious thing that only when by chance
the skin receives a drop of the curative
agent is the patient aware that the preparation
is intensely heated.
The wounded are men who have been
scorched by shells bursting in their
faces, scalded by the boiling water or
oil which is sometimes used in the defense
of trenches by the Germans, or by
liquid fire. They are therefore the most
desperate cases. The success achieved
in the treatment of these men will doubtless
prove ultimately of great value to
industry throughout the world—in peace
time as well as in war.

HINTSIFOR
\:
SHRINK-SAVING SOCK FORMS
IF every rose has its thorn, so has every
warm wool sock its disadvantage—
that of shrinking in the washing if dried
in the ordinary way, merely pinned to the
clothes line or hung over a towel bar.
To the rescue comes a pair of springy
wire forms shaped like a foot in silhouette
and capable of being compressed
while they are slipped inside the hosiery.
These Wire Forms Keep Socks from Shrinking
While Drying
These hold the knitted wool stretched
until dry. They come in sizes for men
and women.
Jt
PRESS TROUSERS WITHOUT
HEAT
A DEVICE is now on the market that
*^ simplifies man's problem of keeping
his trousers in crease. With its use it is
not necessary to use any heat at all, as the
manufacturers of this device claim that
heat applied to the goods tends to destroy
the nap. Simply by moistening the edges
and putting the trousers in the press, in
i fteen minutes all the wrinkles and bagginess
is gone, and a good crease that
lasts is secured.
This device is made
of waterproof fiber
board, and has steel
clamps holding it together.
It can be
hung up, or, in the
case of travelers, can
be folded up, taking
up no more room in
one's trunk or suitcase
than an ordinary
shirt. The press is
very durable, weighs
only twenty ounces,
and retails for $1.50.
Every man — or at
least every bachelor
—should have one in
his clothes press.
PEOPLE
The Heatless Press
SANITARY BOTTLE TOP
A NEW style of milk and water bottle
•^^ top that should commend itself to
the housewife because of its special
feature of sanitation, is of polished nickel
plate with a projecting lip like a pitcher.
It fits all standard makes of bottles, being
secured in position by means of adjustable
spring clasps. As the bottle is tilted,
5S3

584 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
the top opens automatically. The polished
metal surface is very easy to keep
clean.
J*
LIGHTNING NECKTIE SYSTEM
T_I ERE is one little life-saver which
may assist the hurried man in getting
to breakfast on time. When you
buy a tie, put it on at once, tying it as
carefully and as artistically as you know
how. Take a lot of time to it.
This Method of Donning a Necktie Should Appeal
Strongly to Commuters
Then when ready to remove the tie,
slip the knot down over the narrow end
until the collar may be unbuttoned and
taken off.
Keep on slipping the knot down so that
the loop which encircles the neck becomes
large enough to lift over the head. Be
careful to avoid slipping the knot clear
off the narrow end, as that would necessitate
re-tying it.
When you wish to don the tie, slip it
over your head, adjust it in the buttoned
collar, and tighten up the knot. This
may be done in one-tenth the time that
it took to tie the four-in-hand, and the
neckwear presents a much better appearance.
Old ties are saved from wearing
out by tying them up in this fashion.
ICELESS ICEBOX
'"THE simplest and newest of iceless refrigerators
appears in the form of a
round, porcelain-like container made in
two sections. It requires no ice or chemicals,
no cost for upkeep, collects no mold
or disagreeable odor, is as cool as the
food chamber in an ordinary ice refrigerator.
The cold within the iceless icebox
is produced by evaporation and the
warmer and drier the temperature is
without, the cooler the iceless icebox is
within. Consequently this method of
cooling by evaporation has been successful
for centuries in India, Africa, Mexico,
and in other tropical countries.
The icebox must be dipped in water
every two or three days and allowed to
remain in water for two or three minutes.
It must then be set in a place where it
will get a circulation of air, as this is the
principle of its operation. When water
and air are given it, evaporation does the
rest, and there is an end to waiting for
the ice man and cleaning up after him.
"Just Dip Me in Water Every Third Day!"

The iceless icebox is made in various
sizes and shapes. The one pictured
weighs five pounds when dry and nine
and three-quarters pounds when dipped.
It holds three milk bottles, butter, fruit,
and eggs.
J*
MOTOR BENCH FOR THE
PLAYER PIANO
""THIS player piano bench serves a
double purpose. It can be used as an
ordinary bench for a player piano, or by
attaching it to the player piano, and also
This Contrivance Eliminates Foot Pumping, without
Making the Piano Any More Mechanical
an electric light socket, it will play the
piano by electricity. The manufacturers
claim that when it is used it retains the
natural tone of the piano because the
resiliency of air produced through the
pedals is obtained in the exact manner as
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 585
if a person were pumping with the feet,
which is not the case with any other electrically
played piano. It should be a boon
to all persons who object to foot pumping,
and it does not interfere with, but
aids the artistic use of the expression devices
of the piano when it is used. To
play the piano with this bench you simply
open the front and back panel doors,
placing it beneath the keyboard and over
the player piano's pedals.
SWINGING WINDOW CUP­
BOARD
A SWINGING window cupboard to
^^ be used upon the outside of apartment
houses has been recently invented
by Francis J. Dowling of New York
City. The cupboard is provided with
facilities for the storage of milk, meat,
and other food products in a window,
The Handy Window Cupboard
whereby the commodities may be easily
placed in the cupboard and likewise removed.
It is fastened to the wall adjacent
the window with hinges so that it may
be moved around so as not to obstruct
the light nor interfere with the ventilation
through the window.
NEW MANGLE GUARD
TTERE is the first "Safety First"
mangle machine. There is no
chance for this fair laundry worker to
get her hands mangled in this mangle

586 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
THIS SAFETY GATE KEEPS THE OPERATOR FROM ACCIDENTAL INJURY
machine. All the mangle has been taken
out of it by a little steel fence running
along the entire length of the big roller
and right in front of it so that there
isn't the slightest danger of getting
fingers, hands, or sleeves drawn accidentally
into the machine.
With this little steel guard as shown
adjusted to the machine, terrible accidents,
so frequent in the past, become a
thing of the past.
J*
HELPING THE FIRST BREATH
CTATISTICS show that from four to
five per cent of new-born infants die,
and that about ninety per cent of these
deaths are due to suffocation or strangulation.
To the dismay of many surgeons
and obstetricians, the babies which die
in this way at birth are apparently normal,
with beating pulse, and possessed
of every faculty, yet they seem unable to
breathe, due to the failure of the lungs
to assume their natural function.
There is a resuscitator now manufactured
which brings these babies to life,
or rather, makes their first breath possible.
In operation it is similar to the pulmotor,
except that its delicate and regulated
mechanism makes rupture of the
lungs impossible, as in the case of the
pulmotor, in the zeal of trying to make
the patient breathe the operator pumps
away without carefully regulating the
mechanism, and the lung rupture is the
result.
This New Instrument Will Save Thousands of Babies'
Lives When Adopted for Universal Use

COMPACTNESS IN THE
KITCHEN
VY/E who practise the "new" housekeeping
are borrowing from the dining
cars, kitchenettes and restaurants the
idea of compactness in grouping our
Don't Search Through Drawers oron Shelves!
tools within arm-reach of the place
where they are to be used. No more
walking thirty feet on a round-trip tour
every time we need an egg beater or funnel
stored out of sight in the distant
pantry! Once we thought every tool
must be hidden from sight and protected
from dust within a cupboard, inside a
drawer or in that "catch-all", the pantry.
Now we recognize that dust reaches
these places, only we are not looking for
it there! The "open" kitchen is rapidly
gaining favor because it saves steps. To
facilitate compact grouping of small implements
an inexpensive sink rack has
been placed on the market. In this location
it holds the soap shaker, dishmop,
bottle brush and their kindred. It is
equally serviceable on the wall above the
cook's table for meat pounder, longhandled
spoons, funnel, and a dozen
other food-preparation tools. It is of
white enameled slats, shipped knocked
down, with sixteen special, slideable
hooks.
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 587
SPACE-SAVING CABINET
RANGE
""THE old-fashioned gas range with
oven and broiler beneath the openflame
burners is as efficient for cooking
as any new form, but we are recognizing
now a new point of view, that of
the convenience of the cook. The
invention of the cabinet range with
the oven and broiler set at tableheight
or above it was a step forward,
for it saved the cook much
weary stooping and squatting to
Examine food in the oven. One
disadvantage remained: the great
width of such a stove, for many
^ kitchens are so subdivided by doors
^ or windows as to leave no available
wall space sufficiently wide for
placing a range with its oven at the
side of four cooking burners. This
range has two large burners, one
in front of the other, and the simmerer,
which occupy the usual
position; the fourth is upon a shelf
above them, suited to the coffee pot; the
fifth is in the base of the broiler.
The Compact Gas Range

588 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
CHEAP AND EFFICIENT BAT­
TERY TESTER
""THERE really is no necessity for the
motorist paying several dollars for a
good and reliable ammeter or battery
tester, when the little device shown in the
With This Reliable Makeshift, the Amateur
Electrician May Test His Own Batteries
accompanying illustration, practical
and efficient in every particular,
may be purchased at the
small cost of twenty-five cents.
This novel tester consists of an
ordinary Christmas tree electriclight
socket, a globe to fit the
same, and a pair of wires which
come attached to the socket and
lead from the negative and the
positive poles.
To test the battery, the opposite
ends of the wires are placed
one against each terminal of the
battery. The moment the circuit
is completed the light flashes,
the power of the flash showing
the operator just how near the
battery is to being run down.
The "dead" battery, naturally,
will make no light. To make
the device more convenient for use, the
pin at the back of the socket may be
buried in a block or other small piece of
wood. Globes to this tiny light cost
about ten cents each.
TWELVE-POUNDER FOR
CHILDREN
""THERE is a new way of teaching the
youth how to shoot. It is an exact
copy of a British twelve-pounder and
even down to its revolving stand, is correct.
It really shoots ammunition, but
then, it is only wooden ammunition. It
is made of steel, and is nine inches in
height.
J*
MOTOR PUMP OUTFIT
T^HE use of gasoline motor pump outfits
is on the increase; these provide
a most convenient meafis for doing all
kinds of pumping on the farm or private
property. On a light truck such as our
drawing shows is mounted a gasoline
engine, which is directly coupled to a
small but efficient rotary pump.

COMPLETE PORTABLE PICNIC
A BOUT fifty per cent of people really
dislike sitting on the ground while
eating, and they would rather forego the
fun at a picnic than to suffer some of
the inconveniences attendant to an outing
It Is Not Hard to Carry, and When Set Up It Is a
Really Professional Lay-Out
of this character. This automobile or
picnic table folds up into a small roll,
and so do the two stools. The suitcase
contains four thermos botdes, a complete
set of picnic dishes, and folding cups for
four.
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 589
ALARM CLOCK THERMOSTAT
T\/[ORE and more stress is being laid
*** nowadays on the fact that we must
have even, well regulated temperatures
in our homes if we are to be free from
colds, influenza, and pneumonia.
This can be done if you have for your
heating plant either hot water, hot air,
steam, vapor, or vacuum, by a little
eight-day clock which is a
part of a new heat regulator.
If you wish your temperature
to be 72° at
breakfast time, the thermostat
is put at 72 and
registered just as an
alarm clock, at 7 o'clock.
If you wish it to be 60°
at midnight, just set th
alarm for it, and also the
thermostat, and when you
come home from the
theater it will be 60°
instead of 20°—the
usual winter
temperature.
This device
is placed on a
wall in a con­ The Clock Thermostat
venientlocation, and can be adjusted so that
it will produce automatically a
lower temperature for the night,
and again in the morning for a
return a much warmer temperature.
TO MAKE A SAFETY
RAZOR
O longer need you run the
N (
risk of slashing your face
or scraping the skin in your
haste to shave, if you still use the oldtime
razor. You may stick to your
preference for the blade of your
ancestors and still have a quick and safe
shave—if you wish to. An ingenious inventor
has brought out a device which
instantly turns any old-time razor into a
modern up-to-date safety. A piece of
brass, heavily nickeled, with the projecting
prongs characteristic of the sure
enough "patented" variety constitutes the
basis of the device. To this is screwed
a piece of curved metal, forming a
groove into which the blade of your razor
snugly fits. Thus without sacrificing the
cherished steel y»u have long used, and

590 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
with an expenditure of but fifty cents, in
Your Straight Razor Made Safe
your razor is at once brought abreast of
the times.
SPACE-SAVING SWING
""THIS new porch swing can be used in
a floor space of only five by six feet.
There is no crowding of foot room ; the
swing glides with the slightest pressure
Just the Swing for Your Sun Por:h—It Takes Up
Only Thirty Square b :et
of the foot on the self-propelling footrest
platform. The price is but $3.75.
NEW CHECKERBOARD GAME
LJERE is a new game apparatus. The
player throws rubber balls on to the
game board from which they rebound.
If the rebound ends in their entering the
central hopper as intended they fall
through a tube and strike on the apex of
a pyramidal base, and thence roll down
one of its sides between the various pins
protruding from it. The ball, after roll-
down a circuitous path past the pins,
finally falls into one of the
pockets, which represent
different values. The person
securing the most points as
a result of the path taken
by the ball into a pocket
wins the game. By removing
the tube and hopper
device the game board may
be immediately converted into a checkerboard.
The game board may also be
used as a miniature billiard table.
Boys and girls amuse themselves
literally by the day with the combination
—as soon as one game tires another is
always handy.
This Conve-tible Game Board Bids Fair to Outdo
Even the Old Standard Crokinole Set, in Popularity
with Boys and Girls

WHAT A PATENT OFFICE
FIRE WOULD DO
By H. S. EDGAR
T H E patent office is so profitable
a part of the Federal governmental
machinery that Congress
has not tampered with
it for a long time. Any
branch of the public service that declares
annual dividends of eight million dollars
is entitled to be let alone, one would
think. The odd part of all this though,
is that despite this impressive showing it
is one of the departments of public service
that is not only entitled to but actually
demands a very thorough overhauling.
The reason may be stated in a nut shell.
If the patent office should
burn tonight one would
be surprised how suddenly
the cost of living
would take an upward
trend. Oh, it's going up
anyway, we'll all admit,
only the curve in the graph of
statistics would indicate another
phenomenal rise.
Well admitting that for the
moment, is there actually any
danger of the patent office
burning? If you have ever
been through the patent office
you would not even think of
asking that question. As a
matter of fact you would say
to yourself: "How in the
world has it happened that
there has never been a fire
here ?" The records are stacked
away in wooden boxes under a
svstem that is about as antiquated
as our mail service before
parcel post was inaugurated.
By the careless tossing of a
match, the records of a century
ami a quarter might be lost irrevocably.
This country has gone through many
intricate and expensive steps to help the
business of the nation. Very properly
so, and the business men of the nation
are grateful for that service. In particular
the bureaus of the department of
commerce and labor have given and are
giving valuable data that are very helpful
to our commercial interests. If the business
men of the country were cognizant,
however, of the real importance of a
proper preservation of the patent records
of the nation they would not sleep so
sound of nights.
Nearly all modern
U SJ.TT, mummwr--^^' business depends for
I | |i|^^^ r^\ its very existence
upon various kinds of
machines, running all
the way from the
peanut roaster to the
batteries of engines and boilers
required for the manufacture
of most of what we eat, drink,
wear and use. Nearly every
machine now in use was first
manufactured under patent
protection. Beginning away
back in the closing half of the
eighteenth century, the rapid
introduction of various machines
for use in the cotton and
woolen industry gave that impetus
to manufacture and invention
that has prevailed ever
since. It is hard to think of an
industry that can be carried on
without complicated machines
of iron, steel, or other metals,
driven by steam, gasoline or
electricity. Industries can, of
course, be operated by man,
mule, or other animal power.
but active competition with ma-
J91

592 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
chinery is not to be thought of for a
moment.
To repeat, as all these machines in
some form were originally patented, destruction
of the patent office files would
be fatal to the national business man's
peace of mind. Here is the reason. The
securing of a patent usually involves considerable
corresponding between the
attorneys retained to handle the case and
the patent office clerks. Inventors nearly
always in their patent claims try to get
all—and sometimes a little bit more—
than is coming to them. The original
claims are too broad and sometimes too
they are inexact. Thus a large amount
of correspondence may eventually be accumulated.
This correspondence, from
the legal standpoint, is of considerable
importance. It modifies, and interprets
the purport of the patent papers that are
finally issued. This correspondence is
really a part of the legal patent papers,
they show just what the patentee actually
does claim for his invention. At the
same time they cannot very well be attached
to the papers finally issued. If,
therefore, one were to judge the value
of the claim from the patent
papers held by the patentee,
he would be likely to be
badly deceived.
Take a case in its broadest
aspects—a somewhat exaggerated
case perhaps, to see
how the system actually
does work out. Suppose that
a man asks for the government's
protection in manufacturing
a new form of
typewriter, the distinctive
novelty of which consists in
an arrangement for automatically
carrying the carriage
back from the end of
the line, of spacing the lines
automatically, and of performing
other various functions
that the typist must
today look out for and do
himself. Just what this
man's full rights were would
not be clear from his patent papers.
They might appear to prohibit other
typewriter manufacturers from manufacturing
and providing their own machines
with certain well defined improvements
already in use. Only the official
records in the patent office at Washington
would enable the courts to settle any
lawsuit on an equitable basis.
Then comes the conflagration. The
inflammable record boxes go up in
smoke. A nation's business files are lost,
and so far as financial consequences are
concerned, one of the greatest fires in
history has occurred. Even before the
fallen walls have ceased to smolder, a
multitude of inventors are besieging the
courts with enough infringement suits to
tie up the manufacturing industries of
the nation. Our holder of the patent of
the improved typewriter attempts to
claim royalties for certain devices on
other machines. There come all sorts
of cross and counter suits, and in the
general uproar and confusion, the public
finds itself charged higher prices for
many—or all—of the standard-priced
products.

A CORNER IN SWEETS
By W. F. FRENCH
C T . MONAHAN served a
boyhood apprenticeship
under his father, a maker of
sweets. And so he learned
to make candy. But he had
other ambitions—he did not believe that
his future lay in the confectionery business.
His ambition was to become a
banker and his father wisely agreed and
educated him for that work.
As long as his parent was actively
engaged in turning out sugar dainties
the young bank clerk was not particularly
interested in candy. But there came
a day when he could no longer draw an
unlimited supply of sweets from his
father's workshop and he became a
patron of the public candy factory. It
was then that he realized the fact that
there was candy and candy. He says:
T really never knew how good Dad's
candy was until I began to eat the stuff
that the other clerks here in the bank
bought—then I began to crave for some
of the sweets I used to have at home.
This desire naturally led me to experiment
in my kitchen one night. My first
batch proved that father had drummed
the art of candy making into me while
I worked with him. It tasted so good
that I just kept right on making it—•
pretty nearly every night. And I did it
just to satisfy my own desire for good
candy."
But somehow his friends feel that his
wife's love for sweets might possibly
have helped him into his apron a couple
of times a week. At any rate that little
woman lost no time in getting into the
candy harness and between them they
kept their friends well supplied with
confectionery. It was inevitable that he
must eventually take a sample of his
"home made" candy to his friends in the
bank and it was also inevitable that they
must clamor for more. So every morning
found C. T. Monahan entering his
bank with a large box of candy under
his arm and every evening found him
more popular with the lady workers of
that institution. Even the officers learned
to smile anticipatingly toward the drawer
in which he kept his candy.
"But", confesses the bank clerk candy
artist, "sugar costs money, chocolate
costs money and flavorings cost money;
and although we enjoyed it we did not
feel that making candy was the grandest
pastime in the world. So we decided
that if our friends were so very fond of
our candy and so anxious to get it they
ought to be willing to pay for it. And
when we gave them a chance they proved
to us that they were. Those who had
been in the habit of getting a few pieces
occasionally from me now calmly ordered
two, three or five pounds at the very
start. In fact it seemed that our proposal
to sell candy was just what they
had been waiting for. We were at first
amazed, then flattered and then dumbfounded.
But my wife was willing and
buckled right down. We started a little
candy business at home in her name and
sold to our friends in the neighborhood
and at the bank. We would go out into
our kitchen together a couple of nights a
week and make a big batch of candy.
We would be rid of this in a very short
time—a day or two.
"It wasn't long before we had to fit up
a room especially for candy-making.
Right then I realized that I had inherited
another feature from my father and that
was an inability to work under any but
the most sanitary conditions. So we set
about to fix up what we thought would
be the right kind of a candy-making
room. First of all we scoured it absolutely
clean and then painted it all white.
My father always said that as long as
you kept a room white it was pretty hard
for any dirt to hide from you. Then we
put in a couple of gas shelves for cooking
593

594 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
and stocked up with a lot of large alumi­ orders this bank clerk and his wife strugnum
kettles. Aluminum was mighty gled to raise the standard of their candy.
expensive then, but we figured that if the To do this they used only the very best
people liked our candy at that time they raw materials obtainable and personally
would like it just as well ten years later. prepared and cooked each batch of candy
So we prepared accordingly. We know made.
now that we made no mistake in fitting From ten pounds a week to twenty
up our work room in the best possible pounds, then to thirty pounds, then to
way we could.
fifty pounds, then to a hundred pounds
"This shop is in our home at Wilmette their business grew. They had but one
and one window looks out over a broad price, sixty cents a pound, and they made
lawn and another on to a flower bed. only the kind of candy they made best—
So we think we have it just as clean as chocolate creams. Today one is liable
it can be made.
to see, on the desk of almost any banker
"One of the first rules we made was in Chicago, a plain brown box lettered
that we would make candy at least twice "Monahan's" in gold. The officials of
a week and that we would sell nothing the bank in which Mr. Monahan works
more than a week old. But I think those buy candy from him regularly and during
rules were not necessary. We never had Christmas week alone he sold almost a
any candy left over from one week to thousand pounds of candy. This is, of
another and we made it almost every course, the season of his greatest harvest.
night.
During the remainder of the year he will
"My friends at the bank brought me a sell about five thousand pounds more.
lot of customers from the outside and He sells positively no candy that is not
pretty soon we were sending our candy made in his own home and his business,
all over the city. And out of the city, up to the present, at least, has been en­
too. Then we learned something that tirely a retail one.
pleased us very much. Some of the girls But this does not prevent his candy
at the bank were letting their friends being shipped to all parts of the country.
know that if they wanted to make them In fact there are a great many people
presents of candy "Monahan's" would be in Chicago who will buy no candy but
the most appreciated. And lots of the Monahan's and it is their habit to send
boys at the bank were taking our candy it to their distant friends and relatives,
home a couple of times a week to their with the result that the Monahans now
families. And so our little side line of do a large mail order business—this is
business grew."
the most profitable variety, for as post­
There could be no doubt as to the age is extra, all delivery overhead
growth of the business—it was both charges are eliminated.
steady and rapid. Not only do Mr. And yet this is only a side line for the
Monahan's associates in the bank swear bank clerk—pin money for his wife. It
by his product but practically every has not caused him to lose a single day's
stranger who has been induced by en­ time at the bank in five years and has
thusiastic friends to try his candy has never given cause for criticism from his
become a regular customer. And the superiors. In fact the employer of today
reason for this lies in the fact that the is doing all possible to awaken in his
Monahans early realized that if they workers the virtue of thrift arid the men
were to build up a candy trade among at the head of the institution in which he
their friends their product would have to works are broad enough to realize that
create a pleasant surprise at the first the clerk who is thrifty and clever enough
eating and then maintain its charm at to make a decidedly comfortable income
each successive trial. Because quality is on the side is the man to be trusted in a
the only thing that can bring repeat responsible position.

HOW TO MAKE A
PHONOGRAPH
By W A L T E R LEE
N case any person of a mechanical
turn of mind wishes to try his hand
at building a talking machine, I will
explain what I used and how I used
it. But before I do so, it may be
well to explain, in a general way, the
principle of phonography, so that the
experimenter will know just what he is
doing and why he is doing it that way.
When a pig squeals, the vibrations of
the cords in his throat, or wherever his
squeal apparatus is located, cause the
surrounding air to vibrate. The vibrations
move away
from that center,
in all directions,
like the ripples in
a placid pool of
water when a pebble
is thrown into
it. They are called
sound waves. They
come in contact
with the drums of
our ears, which, in
their turn, begin to
vibrate, and this
vibration of the
ear drums is what
we call a noise. We
hear the pig
squeal, but his
squeal was perfect
silence until it
reached our ear
drums. If there were no ears, there
would be no sound, but the sound waves
would be present, ready to be converted
into sounds, just the same.
A recording phonograph is a machine
with an ear drum. The ear drum is a
glass disc, or diaphragm, which vibrates
as an ear drum, when sound waves come
in contact with it. The record makers
cause the sound vibrations, by singing,
or playing, or talking, in the immediate
vicinity of the machine, and the waves
then vibrate the diaphragm, which has a
sharp needle so attached to it that it will
make certain movements in exact correspondence
with the diaphragm. The
machine is so built, that a plate or plane
of wax is revolved with its surface in
contact with the needle, and thus, when
the diaphragm vibrates, the needle
moves, and traces a wavy line in the
wax. This wavy line represents the
sound waves that
vibrated the diaphragm.
Now, if
the wax is hardened,
and the angle
of the needle is
changed so it will
go over the same
path again without
digging into it, the
wavy line will
cause the needle to
move, and the
needle will cause
the diaphragm to
vibrate, and that
will set up a correspondingvibration
in the air.
The sound waves
The Homemade "De Luxe Model" thus created, reach
our ear drums,
which in turn vibrate, and we hear the
same sounds that were originally thrown
into the recording phonograph.
My home-made machine consists of
the following articles, which I picked up
around the house and basement. One
soap box. one movement from a discarded
eight day clock, one tin megaphone,
two feet of three-quarter-inch
595

596 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
gas pipe and three elbows, a piece of a
worn out inner tube, a diaphragm of
hard rubber from a telephone receiver,
an old scarf pin, various pieces of wood,
nails, bolts and one pie tin. There were
also two iron washers. The tools I used,
were a pair of pliers, a pocket knife and
a hammer.
The clock movement I removed from
its case, then took from it, the dial and
hands, its hour and minute wheels.
Then I removed its escapement, which
is the mechanism which controls its
speed. In some clocks, this is simply the
pendulum and verge, but in this clock it
was the balance wheel and hair spring,
pallet fork, and escape wheel. You can
tell what these are by going over the
wheel train. The first wheel or pinion,
is the one on which the mainspring is
wound, the second is the center wheel
or pinion, on which the minute hand is
mounted and from which the hour wheel
is geared. The third is an idler. The
fourth is the one on which the second
hand is mounted, but it is always present,
whether there is a second hand on it or
not. The fifth is the escape wheel, the
sixth is the pallet pinion, and the seventh
is the balance wheel, which has a very
fine spring on it, and which turns in
opposite directions alternately. The balance
wheel, the pallet and the escape
wheel form the escapement.
The rest of the wheel train could now
turn at high speed, from the power of
the mainspring. Using two of the wheels
I had removed, and two pieces of the
hairspring, I made a speed governor and
set it so that the train would turn the
center pinion at eighty-five revolutions
per minute. I attached the governor to
the fourth pinion, or the one which was
now last in the train.
I now whittled a little block of wood
into the shape of a spindle and fastened
it rigidly to the center pinion, in the
place where the minute hand had been.
It should be tight enough so that it will
not wobble, and it must run true. In the
bottom of a pie tin, to one side of which
I had glued a disc of cloth, taken out of
an old overcoat, I now punched a hole
in the exact center, and fastened it to
the spindle with a screw and another
piece of wood to act as a continuation
of the spindle.
My tin pan now would revolve by the
power of the clock spring. I made a
friction brake with a lever and a piece
of wood, to act against the fourth wheel.
Then I mounted the whole in a soap box,
so that the spindle with the tin pan on
it was on top and on the outside. By
means of a hole in the side of the box, I
could reach in with my hand and wind
the spring, or control the brake.
The next step was to make the reproducer
and its conducting line to the
horn. Two large iron washers, about
two inches in outside diameter, I fastened
together, first sandwiching between
them two rubber washers of the
same size, with the telephone diaphragm
between them. The washers were held
together with three small bolts and six
nuts, not through them, but against the
outer edge, like clamps. A long, strong
scarf pin with its head and point cut off,
I now fastened to the center of the
diaphragm with wax, and at the point
where the pin passed the edge of the
iron washers, I doubled it around on
itself, to form a loop. Through the loop
I ran a small piece of wire and fastened
both ends of it between the washers to
act as a support for the pin. On the end
of the pin I impaled a small block of
wood, which had a small hole in the
other end, about the size of a regular
phonograph needle. With a very small
wood screw, I fastened the needles in
the hole.
I then took the shell of an electric
light socket, the small end of which was
fortunately a good tight fit to the inside
of the washer behind the diaphragm, and
the other end was an equally tight fit
over the outside edge of an elbow for
three-quarter-inch pipe. The elbow, I
screwed to a ten-inch length of threequarter-inch
pipe, with another elbow at
the other end, and a second length of
pipe with a third elbow was then put on.

1.
2.
3.
4
5.
6
7
R.
9.
11),
11.
12,
13
14.
END VIEW OF
REPRODUCER.
Main wheel.
Ratchet and spring.
Main arbor or staff.
Center wheel.
Third pinion.
Third wheel.
Third wheel arbor or staff.
Center pinion.
Screw.
Wooden block.
Record plate or bottom of a
pie tin.
Wooden block supporting
record plate.
Center arbor or staff.
Brass frame or plate of clock
movement.
15—18. Small wheels forming ends
of governor.
HOW TO MAKE A PHONOGRAPH 597
KEY TO NUMBERED PARTS
16
17-
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Burrs on 19 to Icontrol governor.
-17. Small springswith weights
to form sides of governor.
See 15.
Fourth wheel arbor or staff.
Fourth pinion.
Fourth wheel.
Wooden block acting as brake
on fourth wheel.
Tightly connected pivot on
arm supporting 23.
Brake lever.
Winding key.
Nut and bolt holding reproducer
or sound box together
(three of these).
End of scarf pin.
To the third elbow I fastened the tin
megaphone.
Then I attached this rig to an upright
which I nailed to the soap box, in such
a way that it would be free to swing,
and balanced a little to the left, so its
tendencv would be to swing that way.
The adjustment of this somewhat delicate
balance was the hardest part of the
entire job.
My phonograph was now complete
and I set a record on it. To my surprise,
SIDE VIEW OP
REPRODUCER.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
9
•10
II
-12
-13
-14
-15
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
•36
Scarf pin.
Solder patch holding scarf pin
to telephone receiver diaphragm.
Diaphragm.
One of two iroD washers.
Piece of wire supporting scarf
pin.
Loop in scarf pin, around wire
support.
Small screw to hold needle.
Needle.
Shell of electric light socket.
End of iron pipe elbow, fitted
into 35.
Wooden block to hold scarf
pip and needle.
it really played! Not exquisitely, perhaps—let
us rather say with surprising
ability and persistence.
Had I been obliged to purchase the
material out of which this home-made
and homely machine is made, it would
have cost me from one dollar to two
dollars, the greatest expense being for
the clock works. I have an idea, however,
that the resources of nearly any
attic or basement storeroom contain all
the requisite materials.

OIL CUP THAT GETS THERE
P\ID you ever find an oil hole that you
couldn't get at with your stiff
spouted oil cup? Something—a shaft, a
pipe or a projection—happened to be in
the way and you couldn't work that spout
into the oil hole; or if you did, the oil
cup would be in such a position that no
oil would run to the desired place.
Here is an original idea that is a success.
It is an oil cup with a flexible stem
and it will get to almost inaccessible
places and deliver the lubricant. One
can be made very easily.
The oil cup is made in a few minutes
out of an ordinary oil cup. Cut off the
stem near where it is attached to top of
cup. Slip a piece of rubber tubing over
the stub left projecting from the cup.
Insert the severed stem in the other end
of the tubing. Bind the ends of the
tubing where the joints are made so as
The Flexible
Stem Oil Can
to prevent leaking or separating. Of
course, you can make tubing as long as
desired.
If the flexible part is made so long
that it will not stand erect, it is a good
plan to attach a metal loop to hang the
cup by and avoid drip.
J*
CHARGING YOUR BATTERY
AT HOME
A CONVENIENT way of charging
^^ the automobile battery is now given
598
iTIPS
This Little Rectifier Should Be a Welcome Addition
to the Equipment of Every Garage
the automobilist, so that this work can
be done at home from any electric light
socket. The battery supplied by the
starting system has to be charged occasionally
to be kept up to full power.
This can be done by connecting this rectifier
to any lamp socket and attaching the
wires to the battery of the car. If
left over night, the starting and lighting
system will be in prime condition.
»
FOR THE GARAGE MAN
A NEW device that banishes the work
of removing demountable rim tires
is now on the market, and should prove
a most handy accessory in any garage
or service station. The device consists
of a pedestal which supports a device for
holding the rim and tire in a horizontal
position at a convenient height.
The working mechanism consists of
two parts, one a swinging arm carrying

a steel roller which wedges off the casing,
and the other a steel hook operated by a
screw for removing split rims. With
this device as part of his equipment, the
garage man can put a wheel in position
and whisk off the tire in an instant.
J*
AUTOMATIC STOP FOR MO­
TORCYCLE ENGINE
A HOMEMADE device to stop the
engine on a motorcycle when it falls
over, and thus to prevent racing and possible
injury to the rider, is shown in the
illustration. A metal pendulum is fastened
to the frame below the tank and a
When You Spill Your Cycle Engine Will Stop
copper plate so bent that it extends below
the frame on the two sides of the pendulum.
The pendulum is connected by wire
with the magneto: when it turns far
enough to touch the plate on either side it
short circuits the current and thus cuts
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 599
out the spark, stopping the engine. The
plate can be so adjusted that when the
machine tips far enough to fall the pendulum
will come in contact with the plate,
though remaining free as long as the
machine is in the proper position.
J*
PLANS FOR BUILDING A FORD
RACING BODY
REBUILDING Fords has become a
popular pastime with many variations
; but the latest seems to be the offer
One of the Popular "Racy Roadsters"
of a designer to furnish patterns, plans,
instructions for guiding the novice in the
task of building a dashing speedster body
for his car by himself. The instructions
are complete in every detail, and can be
followed by a novice.
ELECTRIC IMITATES THE GAS
MACHINE
f^NE of the automobiles put on the
^^ market this year not only imitates
the gasoline car in the general shape
of the radiator, but also has copied from
the gasoline car the "town-car" type of
automobile. The electric car is becoming
more popular all the time, and the price
of this one comes within the reach of
most car buyers.
To Prove That Electrics Are Not Necessarily
Homely

600 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
JACKS UP CYCLE FRONT
WHEEL
LJERE is a new invention for the
motorcyclist. This latest device is a
stand that should prove very handy to
the cyclist while he is making repairs of
any sort on the front wheel. It is independent
of the one with which the back
wheel is universally equipped. It enables
the cyclist to make a quick repair of a
The Unobtrusive Attachment Helps Greatly in the
Event of a Front Wheel Puncture
puncture, or to remove the front wheel
even, if desired, while on the road. The
stand folds up under the foot boards just
back of the front wheel.
COMPACT GEAR. WHEEL. OR
PULLEY REMOVER
HPHERE is no job too big or too little
for this new little wheel puller. It
answers all pulling requirements for the
automobile, and can be used in a minimum
space. It jerks off the most stubborn
wheel in an instant, and it works
on the principle of "the harder the pull
the tighter the grip." It is equipped with
four puller prongs which eliminate all
tendency to twisting off.
The Tent,
Set Up
RUNNING BOARD TENT AND
BED
""THE running board does not do its full
duty until it carries the new folding
camping bed and tent. This extra room
folds completely on the running board,
and weighs but fifteen pounds. The tent
is equipped with side-wall pockets, and a
sixty-eight by ninety-four poncho, and
costs but twenty-five dollars. The running
board can also be made to carry
tents and beds for four people. This
large "family style" of outfit consists of
a quad bed. With one of these outfits
four roomy sleeping quarters are possible.
The tents are weather proof, and
the packing sacks which go with the tent
are made of heavy khaki.
J*
WHEEL LINER FOR AUTOIST
A NEW device to test the alignment
of the wheels of automobiles is so
cheap and simple that any owner of a
car may easily own one and use it without
appealing to the public garage. The
device not only tests the alignment, but
also indicates to what extent the wheel
is out of alignment. It may be used on
THIS EFFICIENT LITTLE DEVICE TAKES UP LITTLE OR NO ROOM IN THE TOOL BOX.
AND IS EXCEEDINGLY HANDY TO HAVE AROUND

AUTOMOBILE TIPS 601
The Wheel Alignment Gage
either the front or rear wheels, and indicates
to a fraction of a degree the position
of the wheel. A spring arrangement
automatically holds the gage tight
against the felloe of each wheel.
NEW SELF-OPENING DOORS
""THERE is a very progressive garage
in one of the Chicago North Shore
suburbs. Its great double doors are
opened many times in every hour and
seemingly by ghost power, for the person
who enters does not see who or what
it is that controls them. He drives his
car up to the doors and expects to see
some man come to them and pull them
open for him. Instead of that the doors
suddenly begin to open of themselves,
with a slow majestic swing. He drives
in, looks to right and left and sees no
one near, but as soon as his tail lamp has
cleared the doorway the big doors close
themselves behind him. When he goes
out they open for him just as he is ready
to leave.
Located in a loft at about the same
level as the tops of the doors is an electric
motor of the reversible type. This
motor operates, through a belt, two large
spools or drums around which wind two
strong wire cables. The cables are wound
on the drums in opposite directions so
that while one of them is winding on the
other one is winding off. One of them
pulls the doors open as it winds on the
drum, and the other pulls them shut
again.
The motor is controlled by
double throw double pole knife
switches located all over the
garage in convenient places so
that when it is necessary to open
or close the doors it is done
from wherever the operator
chances to be at work. He
throws the switch into one position
to open the doors and leaves
it there until they have reached
the end of their swing. Then
he places it in the neutral position
and leaves it there until he
is ready to close them. He may then use
the same switch or any other one in the
house, simply throwing it into the opposite
position from the opening one.
The novelty of this arrangement is in
the fact that the system is made foolproof.
Without the fool-proof addition
anyone who might open the doors by
means of one of the switches and then
leave the switch on after they have
Z^SWITW
""SWITCH
Diagram of the Self-Opening Door Circuit

602 ILLUSTRAi
opened, even for a few seconds would
cause a great deal of damage either to
the motor or to the cables. So, in order
to prevent such an occurrence two extra
switches or cut-outs are placed on the
tops of the doors themselves. The handles
of these are so arranged that they
strike an obstruction just as the doors
reach the end of their swing, either opening
or closing, which automatically
breaks whichever circuit is in action and
at the same time closes the break in the
other circuit, making it ready to be completed
by the switch in the hands of the
operator.
The system saves not only a great
number of steps but a large item of time
as well. It also serves to attract attention
to the garage. It gives no trouble
and the slight expense of upkeep in electric
current is more than offset by its
convenience.
J*
NEW AUXILIARY SEAT
1_IERE is a new seat designed to fit
any convenient place in the automobile.
It is probably the most useful in
the five-passenger touring car, because it
is supported by a heavy T-hinge which
can be attached easily in the tonneau. It
is also practicable, however, for the runabout.
WORLD
LET EVERYBODY SEE
}UEEGEES that clear away the rain
and snow from the wind-shield are
nothing new. The trouble with them is
that they are usually quite complicated
in their action, requiring swivels, nuts
and bolts which get loose and rattle. The
flat rubber that does the work gets out
of line and leaves streaks which are
harder to see through than the rain
drops. Then their scope is limited to
just enough of the wind-shield for the
driver to see through when he is looking
straight ahead. Nobody else in the car
can see through the shield and even the
driver must crane his neck to look at
objects not in the straight line ahead.
A new wind-shield cleaner fastens to
the glass-frame over the top by simply
slipping it on. It is composed of two
rubber covered prongs that hug the outside
surface of the shield. They curve
around over the top and down on the
inside forming a handle for operating
and a strong clamp to hold the whole
securely.
A TRAVELING CINEMA
A N Englishman, J. W. Abraham, of
^^ North London, has taken a Daimler
auto chassis and built on to it a complete
moving picture outfit. He has devoted
it to taking movies to the soldiers "somewhere
in France."

TRICKS OF THE AIR
TRADE
By FRANK M A S O N
A VIATORS abroad had to learn
/\ in the severe school of experi-
/ \ ence the best way to attack an
/ % adversary, and likewise the
best way to ward off an attack.
Now, after nearly two years, they
are as skilled in the strategy and tactics
of warfare as are
their brothers who
fight with their feet
on the solid
ground.
The point does
not seem to have
been dwelt upon
emphatically
enough in this
country, however,
that should we be
able to assemble a
thousand aviators
in their machines
tomorrow, they
would be in experience
as raw recruits
compared to
their confreres in
the armies of
Europe. This is a
decidedly interesting
reason why a
squadron of aviators
should be assembled
and given
practice in sham
battles, in observation of the topography
of the country, and in bomb dropping.
A European expert has analyzed the
principles of aerial conflict and shows
that there are six positions that frequentlv
occur. Number one, when two
hostile planes meet and pass; number
two, when two hostile planes find themselves
flying parallel to one another;
number three, when a fast machine flees
Besides Learning the Operations Incident to the Manipulation
of His Own Craft, the War Aviator Must
Learn How to Anticipate and Forestall the Wiles of
an Enemy
before a superior but slower enemy:
number four, when passing up over the
enemy's machine; number five, when a
machine drops down so that the hostile
aviator's own machine cuts off a view of
the craft below; and number six, when
three or more airships circle about a
single plane attack.
In position number
one, the craft
that has the enemy
to the left is at an
advantage, because
its aviator can the
more easily fire
upon the enemy.
Similarly, with the
planes flying par­
allel, the man passing
the other on
the right is in a
formidable p o s ition.
Where a
slower machine is
being pursued, its
aviator can sometimes
gain an advantage
by dropping
down as in
position number
five.
Of course, there
are a hundred
tricks that have
been discovered,
such as flying directly toward the sun,
thus blinding the eyes of the pursuer;
slowing down suddenly and dropping
while the pursuer whizzes past at high
speed.
A left-handed rifleman has an advantage
if his pursuer should pass on his
right, as he can fire quickly, with the
advantage of his celerity being entirely
unexpected.
603

NOVELTIES IN JEWELRY
By ARTHUR DUCLOS
I
Such Watches as These
As Infallible Timepieces
A CCORDING to Maiden Lane, the
/\ famous source of jewelry de-
/ % signs, there is really no reason
/ \ why watches have to be
"" round. The designers are
proving this by bringing forward this
year some very bewitching watches of
every shape and size. Most of these
designers are now putting out oval and
square watches, making the face of the
watch also square, oblong, or oval. One
designer has even made the face of his
watches in the shape of a triangle.
Some firms boast that they never make
duplicates of these watches. Each one
is made to order for a'particular person,
just as a beautiful dress is fashioned.
It is hard to tell that some of the watches
are really watches, indeed, for the faces
become somewhat obscure with the elaborate
scrolls of platinum, and the curious
inlay of diamonds which surround them.
Germany also produces a new kind of
watch. While this watch is very practical
for any one in any line of work, it
was designed chiefly for soldiers. It is
made to slip over the belt of the wearer,
and hangs close to the belt by a limp
leather strap. The watch itself is encased
in a little leather pocket, but the
face remains visible. All the soldier
or wearer has to do is to look down at
his waist for the time. The watch is
placed in the leather pocket so that the
letters or figures are upright to his
vision, but upside down to any one else
looking at the watch from another view.
The watch is patented in Germany, but
some adaptation or improvement of this
doubtless will come into widespread use
in the huge army we now are mobilizing.
There is still another new watch on
the market, an American novelty design,
the calendar watch. The watch runs for

eight days without winding, and shows
the days of the week, besides the hours,
minutes, and seconds.
A very dainty La Valliere, of American
design, also comes out as a novelty
this year. It is not merely the daintiest
of its kind, however, for it has two purposes,
one for decoration, and another
for satisfying the individual whim for
perfume or sachet. There is a minute
spring at the top of the locket which
opens, and inside is a microscopic piece
of white soft felt held in place by a tiny
gold clamp. The wearer drops her
favorite toilet water or perfume on this
little piece of felt, and closes the locket.
In the sides of the locket, covered almost
completely by clever filigree design, are
small perforations which allow the perfume
to escape in just sufficient quantity
to make itself suspected, without satiating
by unmistakable conviction.
A novel cuff button and tie pin called
"ammunition style" are also on the market,
but presumably they will be worn
more by the men who stay at home than
by the soldiers, as is always the case with
warlike decorations of this type.
For the man who is cranky about the
light when he is shaving—and where will
we find the man who is a saint to his
safety razor?—there is a new mirror designed.
It folds in and fits the coat
pocket, and when opened, the holder attached
to it can be fastened firmly to any
electric light bulb. The shaver can fold
the holder so that the mirror will strike
almost any angle desired and get the
right lighting effect. It can also be attached
just as easily to a gas bracket.
Although a finicky person might ask
most naturally, "But what has this contrivance
to do with jewelry?", we believe
that its presence here is excused
by the fact that every man of hirsute
facial tendencies who gives it a trial will
pronounce it "a jewel".
In the strict jewelry lines, however,
the tendency this year seems to be away
from the practical and toward the more
ornamental and fantastic; and this is as
it should be.
NOVELTIES IN JEWELRY 605

The Lowest Office
"Boss," SAID Ras Lightfoot the other day,
T gota git off tomorroh."
"Get off tomorrow?"
"Yessah."
"But I can't spare you very well."
"I gota go. It's lodge business."
"That new lodge you joined?"
"Yessah."
"Why are you so badly needed at the meeting?"
"Ah am de sublime king."
"You have been a member of that lodge
only two weeks and tell me you are sublime
king already."
"Yessah."
"How does that come?"
"You see, sah, in ouah lodge de sublime
king am de lowes' office what dey is."
Jt
XXX Golf
PHYLLIS—"Does he golf much?"
ROSALIND—"A lot—one can always smell it
on his breath !"
Much Married
SHE—"The fortune teller says I'll marry
brains, beauty and money."
HE—"Why, you darned she Mormon !"
606
Many Do the Same
BULL—"How many cigs d'ye smoke a day?"
DURHAM—"Any given number."
The Streak in the Stripes
"Do YOU think there is a yellow peril in
America?"
"Yes; but we call it being 'undesirous of
leaving our sweethearts unprotected'."
She Was Out of It
OLD Zeb Jackson, the champion whitewasher,
walked down the main street of the village
one morning, dressed in his best suit, with a
large, brilliant buttonhole bouquet, and with
cotton gloves on his big hands.
"Hello, Zeb," said the postman; "are you
taking a holiday?"
"Dish yere," said the old man with a proud
wave of his huge hand, "dish yere am mah
golding wedding university, sah. Ah'm celebratin'
hit."
"But your wife," said the postman, "is
working as usual. I saw her at the washtub
as I passed your house."
"Her?" said Zeb hotly. "She ain't got
nuffin' er do wif hit. She's mah fou'th."
Not the Right Puppies
DORIS' father raised chickens, and Doris
understood all about setting hens. One day
she was taken to see the new litter of puppies.
They were curly black balls cuddled
down beside a smooth tan mother.
"Are those really Emmy Lou's puppies?"
Doris asked.
"Yes, dear," she was told.
"Well, then," she remarked in a disgusted
tone, "she couldn't have sat on her own eggs."

BLOWING
The Modest Camera
SHE—"How'd that picture come out that
you took of Miss Blazer in her bathing suit?"
HE—"Not so good."
SHE—"What was the trouble?"
HE—"Too much exposure."
SHE—"Oh !"
Her Definition
FIRST GIRL—"I can't just recall what a fugue
is. Do you know?"
SECOND GIRL—"Certainly! It's one of those
horrible family quarrels that Southerners
carry on through generations."
Ice-Boating
_ SHE (painfully modest)—"My-er-extremities
are cold."
HE (solicitous)—"Pull your hockey cap
down over them.
J*
Catastrophe
AN old negro was riding on the train and
fell asleep with mouth wide open. A mischievous
drummer came along, and, having a
convenient capsule of quinine in his pocket, he
uncorked it and sifted it well on the old
negro's palate and the root of his tongue.
The old darky, awakening, became much disturbed.
He called for the conductor and
asked: 'Boss, is there a doctor on this here
train?"
"I don't know," said the conductor. "Are
you sick?"
"Yes, sir, I sure am sick. I sure am sick."
"What's the matter with you?"
"I dunno, sir; but it tastes like I busted my
OFF STEAM
Making the Best of It
HE—"Here's a Jersey justice declares that
bathers must wear stockings. Now what?"
SHE (glancing at shapely ankle)—"Oh, I'll
grin and bare it."
Just Four Words
IN a big elementary school a teacher had
given a lesson in an infants' class on the Ten
Commandments. In order to test their memories
she asked: "Can any little child give
me a Commandment with only four words in
it?"
A hand was raised immediately.
||You may answer, John," said the teacher.
"Keep off the grass," was the reply.
Dead Give-Away
"I THINK," she said, "that he has deceived
us all. I don't think he is anything more than
a clerk."
"Why?"
"Because right in the middle of a proposal
last night his mind wandered, and he said:
'You could wear a size smaller without any
trouble at all'."
J*
Very Much the Same
WHEN Lincoln was still an insignificant
country lawyer he had occasion to travel to
a small town to take charge of a case. It
was a drive of some fourteen miles from the
railroad station to the town inn where he was
to spend the night. Wet and chilled to the
bone he arrived at last, but to his dismay
found only a small fire built in the grate, while
standing about it, so as to exclude the heat
from the traveler, were the other lawyers interested
in the case.
At length one of the group turned to Lincoln.
"Pretty cold, eh?" he asked.
• "X es :" r , e P lied Lincoln, "as cold as it is hot
in Hades.
"Ever been to Hades, stranger?" asked another.
"Yes," replied Lincoln solemnly.
This raised a faint smile among the other
lawyers.
"What does it look like there?" they asked
Very much like this," said Lincoln dryly
ail the lawyers nearest the fire."

608

ILLUSTRATED WORLD
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COfTliiHt UKDIAV.0&0 4 UNDERWOOD
A TURKISH TRANSPORT
READY FOR A COMPANY OF TROOPS
When carrying troops to different landings, the Sultan uses rafts like this, mere wooden poles, bound together and
olt
floated by inflated pigskins.

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for they arc filling the shoes of their absent brothers, fathers and husbands in an admirable and efficient manner.
When peace is finally concluded and all nations are freed, there is little doubt that Englishwomen will share in the uni­
620
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ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Vol. XXVII JULY. 1917 No. 5
PICTORIAL FEATURES
Making Suits for Soldiers 654
German "Kultur" and the Beautiful 659
Where the Big Shells Are Bursting 660
A Job for Steel-Nerved Men — Or Slackers 661
A Vigilant Sentry 662
In the Wake of the Illinois Tornado 664
Breaking News of Doom to the German Private 666
Science, Mechanics, Invention 673
A "Safety First" Rifle
The Boltless Rail Joint
Keep Your Office Cool!
Sanitary Drinking Fountains
for Country Schools
Growing "American Ermine"
Machinery for Unpleasant
Labor
Portable Pile Driver for
Forest Use
Non-Capsizable and Self-
Draining Surf Boat
Getting Up in the World
with an Auto
Armored Motor Turret
Cars for the Navy
Fitting Together a Kodak
Key
No Horses on This Farm
The HandbagSteamerChair
Goodbye, Glittering Bayonet
Lugging the Luggage Along
Sanitary Ice Cream Cone
Dispenser
Better Than a Slave-Power
Punkah
A Gasoline Snow Shoveler
Lighting Up the Traffic
Policeman
An Air-Driven Motor
Truck
A Suitcase Laboratory
Hog-Singeing with Gasoline
A Space-Saving Heater
What Color Chip Are You ?
Roughing Concrete Walks
Weighing Out Leaden
Death
Pushes the Pipe
A Trainman's Flashlight
Register for Nickel Telephone
Put a Meter on Your Stenographer
Bullet-Proof Armor for American Soldiers 692
Making Rope Equipment for the Navy 694
Just Symptoms 701
Guard Duty 702
Training Our Boys for Naval Defense 705
"Wealth" 718
New Wrinkles in Summer Furniture 720
The Charge of the Bike Brigade 724
Flies, Fleas and Heat 731
Manhattan's New Steam Heating Plant 732
Summer Pastimes 733
Recovering a Torpedo 773
Wet Jobs 774
The English "Milkman" 775
War-Time Oddities 776
PERSONAL SERVICE
Eat More Corn and Less Wheat! .... Robert H. Moulton 656
He Goes A-Fishing Edward C. Crossman 726

* "LE OF CONTENTS 643
My Escape from Morphine 739
Automobile Tips 741
Trunk and Tire Carrier Keeping the Pump Nozzle Washable Limp Cuff Glove
Car Stethoscope Clean for Driving
RemovesBrokenScrewsand Head Lamp for Automo- Folding Table for Tour-
Studs bilists ists
Automatically Applied A Real Automobile Lock Clean the Engine Without
Non-Skid Chains Improvement for the Wind- Getting Dirty
Detachable Gauntlet Glove shield A New Mud Hook
Originality Pays Best T. Sharper Know/son 745
Hints for Practical People 750
Ribless Umbrella Humidity Health Insurance Coin-Operated Phonograph
Wets, Sweeps, Scrubs and Signal Lamp for the Iron Perfumed Lingerie Clasps
Dries Handy Brush and Shovel Canner for Home Use
Radial Distributor for Desk Needle Threader Juvenile Power Express
Automatic Spring-Oiling Ironing Board Disguises Wagon
Pad Vegetable Dicer and Slicer Egg or Potato Sheer
Strange Lawn Chair Sanitary Brush Crib and Swing Combined
A Suitcase Table Holder for Straw Hats Hang the Baby in a Door-
Three-In-One Bed Trees Planted by Machine way
The English Side-Car Non-Burning Frying Pan Table and Its Leaves To-
ClockThat Speaks theTime Combination Cereal Cooker gether
Flashlight Helmets and Tea Kettle Water-Bottle Carrier
Pressed While You Wear To Massage the Gums Protection for Rare Flowers
Them HoldsToolsandTableSilver Cook It in the Lamp Shade
How We Built Our House 771
SCIENCE
Get Your Man! W. T. Walsh 646
U.S. Experts Find New Ways of Saving Millions Wm. NelsonTaft
The Frontmobile—A New Idea in Autos 703
Freeing the Operator 704
Take the High-Speed Sidewalk! ..... Anthony M. Rud 7'13
Fifty-Seven Varieties of Bombs Rene Bache 716
A Dog Patrolman for Every Beat Arthur B. Jones 722
Cultivating Corn by Tractors 725
Steam from Earth's Interior Drives Engines . . C. W. Person
Flooding Alkali Soil to Save It 749
Lighting the Movie Studio F. A. Murphy 768
THE WORLD TODAY
U. S. Leads in Air War Edward Lyell Fox 667
Meeting the Submarine Problem .... Edward Lyell Fox 696
The New Idea in Prison Building 719
"Supercritters" Julius R. Robertson 762
Blowing Off Steam 766
The Gold Prospector of Today H. Cort Lowe 769
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Contrary to U. S. Army
Regulations*
The end of a thrust.
Smith's left arm is held as
rigid as drop-forged steel.
Some One's Finish (Not Smith's)
This is the way hi- ducked and dropped to his knee when a really mad
Bocho got after him with the butt end of a rifle. (Contrast this with lower
picture on page 650.)
T H E method of using the bayonet
in the United States Army is
likely to undergo a revolution
because one of the men in training
at the Officers' Camp at Fort
Sheridan, Illinois, brought thither some
new ideas gained in the l ; fe and death
struggle on the battle front in France.
This young man's name is Ehvood E.
Smith. He was a student at the University
of Wisconsin up to the moment when, unable
longer to keep out of the fray, he
slipped across the border and joined the
"Princess Patricias."
As a consequence he has seen strenuous
service w.ith the Canadian contingent, has
learned with millions of other soldiers that
actual conflict must modify many theories
of gun and bayonet practice, and has
•PHOTOS COWOHT—IKTERMAT. FILM H£«VICE
"GET Itbur
by WE
This article treats of a new method of bayonet practice
rigid left arm. Ehvood Smith, fresh from the battle
to our soldiers. U. S. Army officers say it is revolu
Foiled!
Smith has execu
a lightning-like low
parry, cutting
thereby the arc of
a circle quicker
than his adversary
expected him to
perform this little
geometrical stunt.

MAN! *
Walsh
9
evolved on the Western Front. Its basis is a
fields of France, is introducing the new idea
tionary.—The Editor.
Watch That Steel Brace (Below)
This is really a superb movement—the
htcrh parry—for warding otf a trooper's
sabre thrust. But if the elbow buckles,
good night!
r Still, Mechanical Laws
Cannot Be Violated
Here's the one occasion
ivhen thi- left arm is held
bent. Smith has swunt,' hi>
gun around to hit his adversary
in the jaw. This requires
skill and quick foot
work. Failure to recover
may mean another name
missing at roll call. "Guard"
This is the correct pose to
takr when this command
is given. The rigid lift
arm gives him quirk and
absolute control of the
point of his weapon.
brought home with him the more practical way of overcoming an
opponent in hand-to-hand combat.
Smith ought to know. His regiment was in the thick of the
fray. His body is literally covered with scars made by the hard
steel of German bayonets. His arms are as strong, his eye as sure,
his skill as great, and his movements a bit quicker than any of his
Boche adversaries, else instead of now making the remarkable
demonstrations with the bayonet, which have so profoundly impressed
U. S. Army officers, he would, in all probability, be lying
somewhere in French soil.
Smith hadn't the slightest idea he was going to create a sensation
when he went into the camp as a candidate for a commission.
It was the fact that things looked queer to him—were contrary to
647

648 ILLUSTRATED W(
his experience—that quickly singled him
out as being different from any one of
the other five thousand eager young fellows.
He was watching bayonet practice
along with his camp comrades, when
suddenly he exclaimed: "Why, I know
a better way of doing it than that!"
"Tell Colonel Nicholson," someone
suggested.
The young fellow grinned. The idea
seemed absurd to him. He was not in
the habit of seeing privates give direc­
tions to their officers. Urged, however,
he sought out the commander.
It is a fine commentary on the spirit
of our army that its officers are eager to
learn from any source anything about
war as it is being waged today. Colonel
Nicholson was impressed by young
Smith's statements. When he saw a
demonstration he was more than satisfied
that the young man had something of
real importance to contribute to the vital
business of beating the Germans. Under
the direction of his superiors, Smith at
the present time, is drawing up a book
of regulations that covers the new bayonet
practice.
If you have ever seen work with the
bayonet in the regular army you will
probably remember that the left arm of
the soldier is held crooked at all times.
He may execute a front, rear, or side
pass with his feet; lunge, cut, or parry,
with his weapon, but always the left arm
is bent at the elbow.
There is a simple reason for this. It
is not intended that the strength of the
left arm should be brought fully into
play. It is intended that it be used
partly to guide the right arm. But its
chief function is that of a pivot. Consequently,
the crook permits the force exerted
by the right arm to be turned at
will in whatever direction may be necessary
to make an attack or to guard
against it.
Understand, this is the method that
the U. S. Army regulations prescribe,
and it is well to keep this fact in mind,
for the position of the elbow makes pos-

GET YOUR MAN!" 649
sible the difference between our method no way discounted by the system as
and what we may well call Smith's taught by Smith. They are modified
method.
only in the application.
Smith says: "To use the bayonet cor­ Bayonet manipulation is, after all, only
rectly your left arm must be as tough a variation of the use of the sword or
as the hind leg of a Missouri mule." It's foil. In some respects it may be said to
got to be, for the left arm—not the right resemble the physical combat of two men
—must do most of the work.
no crooking of the left
There is with their fists. It consists in trying to
elbow. Instead, that
joint is held perfectly
straight and rigid.
When the lunge is made,
the left arm is counted
upon to hold the stock
of the gun as tightly as
though it were in a vise.
In other words, this new
method requires the use
of the left arm not as a
pivot, but as a stiff,
steel-like brace. The
left arm ceases to be a
fulcrum. The gun stock
and both arms move together
as a unit.
Under the Smith system
the soldier makes
his a 11 a c k with unwonted
confidence and
directness. His thrust
can not be easily parried.
The point of his bayonet
need not take such wide
circles to thrust the opposing
bayonet aside. When the old
method is opposed to the new, the soldier
using the former is eternally on the
defensive. He doesn't appear to be trying
to pierce his adversary anywhere
nearly as much as he seems to be striving
to save his own skin. He can't do
otherwise. His skill may be unusual, yet
because the new method is the more
scientific, he is placed at a big disadvantage,
no matter what his coolness and
experience may be. Tie is hopelessly
outclassed, and he knows it.
Tn more detail, here are some of the
principles that have been held up to infantrv
as fundamentally sound in the use
of the bayonet. These principles are in
Ready for Death
The man with the bayonet point against his body is all tangled up. HY has
lunged but his adversary has thrown the weapon back by sheer strength.
maintain the offensive not merelv with
vigor but even with animal savagery. At
the same time one's guard must never be
down ; that is, caution, even in the lust
to bring about your adversary's finish.
must never be lost sight of. Clever foot
work is essential. The left foot, whenever
possible, must be kept advanced.
The fighter should be so well trained
that subconsciously he will watch his
step. Never must his eye waver from
that of the enemy for an instant. To
know what your adversary is up to
watch his eyes. This is the principle
that guides the boxer in the ring.
At night this last may be impossible.
In such event the movements of the

650 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Butt Strike
This is the bayonet fighter's "second line of defense". If
a lunge is parried or misses, he is left wide open to counter
attack. His one hope is to follow up his lunge by a further
attack with the butt of the gun.
But if Butt Strike Fails
An alert opponent is apt to drop. This means the agres-
sor's finish, for he cannot withdraw quickly enough to
avoid the lightning-like counter lunge of his opponent.
adversary's bayonet and body only can
be observed.
Always, too, it should be remembered,
that a certain stroke may disable one's
adversary or that a certain parry may
save one's own life.
The introduction of the bayonet
marked a big step forward in warfare.
In 1671 some efficiency expert
induced the French military
authorities to try out a piece of
pointed steel fastened to the muzzle
of the infantryman's rifle. It had a
solid handle which was sunk into the
bore of the gun. At one stroke the
soldier combined in a single weapon
the advantages of gunpowder and the
pike.
Since then the bayonet—which receives
its name from the city of Bayonne—has
undergone many changes.
Today we find it a piece of steel sixteen
inches in length, weighing one
pound, its point, when the weapon is
fixed in position at the end of the gun,
nearly sixty inches from the butt.
Of late years some military writers
have advocated the abandonment of
the bavonet, and when the war was

still young it was believed that the bayonet
would have little place in modern
combat. Great reliance was placed upon
field pieces and machine guns to keep
the enemy back. When however the
conflict began to settle down to the stage
of a siege for both sides—a siege in
which ditches took the place of walls and
Keep Your Feet 1
Just one- little slip or trip on
a bit of uneven ground and
III'- guard slips a foot to one
side, up or down, and then
comes the opponent's chanc
"GET YOUR MAN!" 651
A A
fortifications, and the enemy could only
be routed from his position liv attacks
of infantry in force, then the real value
of the bayonet began to show itself.
Frequently, of course, the enemy after
being subjected to a heavy bombardment
for days is too demoralized to offer a
really serious resistance to direct attacks.
At other times, though, he shows a desperate
determination to stand his ground.
Mere superior bayonet work may prove
to be the decisive factor.
Moreover, the morale the bayonet
gives a charging regiment is tremendous.
In inverse ratio the line of steel plunging
down upon them is most dispiriting to
to the troops on defensive.
If our new army can come to the
trenches with the new method fully developed
it will mean that our men have
at their command a style of attack and
defense that should make them more
than a match for the Germans even if the
latter have fairly well developed the
same system.
The German soldier is not individually
as good a fighter as the Frenchman, the
Englishman, or the Canadian. That is a
matter the American infantryman new
at the game may well remember. It may
give him courage on some dark night
when, as one of a reconnoitering party.
he encounters the Germans in a raid on
their trenches. The German is accustomed
to fight as a member of a unit.
His mind works well as a member of an
organization. Up against the primitive,
fighting singly as though he were back
in the period of the cave man, he has not
that organization to guide and to protect
him. He must fight for himself and by
himself. Here is where he falls down.
The American, on the other hand, has
been trained from boyhood in sports and
pastimes that have featured individual
effort and individual skill. When in
knickerbockers he played "sting-goal",
"stick-top", "scrub", marbles — games
which all had their penalties for personal

652 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Guarding the Head
The aggressor has brought
razor-edged bayonet down in a
wicked cut at the defenders head
and shoulders. This stroke is parried
by the rifle in horizontal position.
If possible, the bayonet
should be stopped by the gun strap.

awkwardness and inefficiency. He stood
up manfully and used his little fists when
he got in a quarrel, and learned self-confidence
and manliness.
In high school and college he followed
the same system. His boyhood sports
later on yielded to baseball, football,
track, boxing, basketball and swimming,
but the spirit remained the same. No
matter how much organization any given
sport or other activity required, the American
youth always had to rely upon
himself and himself alone. He judged
himself, not only in comparison with the
opponents against whom he was pitted
on the rush-line or on the relay, but also
with his own associates and friends.
Where competition did not exist naturally,
he invented it—an illustration of
this lies in the present system of batting
and fielding percentages now kept for all
baseball teams, professional and amateur.
The first baseman likes to have a running
fight on his hands with the third baseman
and the left fielder, for slugging
"GET YOUR MAN!' 653
honors. And this is the spirit that makes
the American a good bayonet fighter.
Nothing appeals to the American mind
so quickly as something at once new and
useful, something that will give him new
strength and power in any contest.
whether the combat be the competition of
business or the sterner struggle of war.
And while he may not relish it, he is
sure not to shrink from bayonet combat.
This weapon brings man closer to primeval
struggle than any other now in use
and throws him, for the time being, back
into the Roman world, when the short
The Last Resort
Often, in bayonet combat, a fierce parry or cut results in loss
of the bayonet. This catastrophe leaves but one chance for life
—clubbing the rifle. If the soldier can get in one good blow
with his nine-pound rifle he may yet emerge victorious. He is
under a terrific handicap, however, for each time he swings he
leaves himself wide open to a thrust or lunge.
sword, the stiff strong arm, and individual
valor held Caesar's line against
the massed attacks of Germanic barbarians.
For the fierce combat of the trenches,
Smith's method should be thoroughlv
mastered. On the bloody plains of
France, they call it the "Get-your-man"
method. Never was a name better
chosen. Whoever knows how to use the
bayonet in the new way and keeps that
phrase in mind is pretty certain to survive
a fair stand-up fight. He can
hardly fail to best his adversarv. And
every private we may send to France
will be trained to "get his man."

654
UNIFORMS BY THE MILLION
Uncle Sam has ordered 1,500,000 suits as a first installment on the huge clothing supply which will be
rushed to fit out our monstrous new army. Clothing factories all over the country are working in shifts
to supply this tremendous demand. New machines have been pressed into service by which the various
processes of making are hastened and simplified. The upper photograph on the left-hand page shows

MAKING SUITS FOR SOLDIERS 655
Several of the new cutters at work. Driven by electricity, these machines have the capacity of handling
300 layers of cloth at one time. Every different process has its individual device. Below, on the left, is
shown one of the thirty sewing machines used in each factory; the one in the photograph merely sews
Cliffs on the coats. The upper right picture depicts the machine for putting in eyelets. Below this is a
view of the sorting room, where garments are piled according to size, and passed upon by the Govern
ment inspector.

EAT MORE CORN
and LESS
WHEAT f
| by Robert H.Moulton
Editor's Note: All America has made its calm, grave resolution to fight this
war to a finish. Balking starvation at home and in Europe is to be one of the
most serious issues—almost on a par with the stern duty of driving the Teutonic
hordes back to Berlin and Vienna. It is our belief that this article points a way
in which this duty may be accomplished.
T H E most striking example of
unused value in foods is the
corn crop. Every other nation
in the world is eager for
American corn, and yet this
cheap and highly nutritious cereal is neglected
in the land which is its main
source of production. What wheat was
to the armies of old, corn could be to the
forces of the United States, France,
England, Italy, and Russia.
The legions of Hannibal and of Caesar
subsisted on whole wheat; Gaul's conqueror,
in his "Commentaries," tells how
soldiers chewed fruiuciititm as they
marched. To this day Roman and Punic
skeletons are unearthed on the old battlefields
of Europe, and the skulls are
firm and hard because of the valuable
salts and bone building constituents
656
which came from the wheaten diet of the
ancient soldiery.
Corn is no less valuable as a builder of
brave and sturdy men. The favorite
ration of Davy Crockett was parched and
ground corn which he carried with him
into the depths of the forest. It was a
saying of his that "if a man had a gun
and ten pounds of parched corn he could
easily live a year." His diet was a trick
learned from the Indians, who were able
to..withstand the fatigue of warpath and
hunting trail because of this simple and
quickly assimilated food. The corn, rich
in starch and protein, parched until it
was made quicklv digestible, was mixed
with water. A cupful of this simple food
had the effect almost instantly of
strengthening the tired body.
The Government of the United States

EAT MORE CORN AND LESS WHEAT! 657
urges upon the people of this country
that at least one-fourth part of corn meal
be added to wheat flour in the making of
bread. As a matter of fact, corn, in the
form of a fine flour, has been used for
centuries by various tribes of Indians,
and when well enough ground, it is fully
a.s palatable as the wheaten product.
The coarse cornmeal bears little resemblance
to the powder of corn which
the primitive races of this continent made
by grinding between stones by hand.
After soaking the corn in hot water to
which a little lye has been added, the
outer covering of the kernels is scraped
off. This flour is mixed with water, and
the white liquid resulting is quaffed with
much relish. It is an emergency ration
of the highest food value,
Whittier has sung the praises of the
ilish of "samp and milk by homespun
beauty poured." The hominy block in
the time of Daniel Boone was an adjunct
of the cabin of every settler. It stood
at the edge of clearings as a mark of the
diet to which those steel-thewed pioneers
looked for strength.
The johnnycake and the corn pone of
the hardy mountaineers of the South
bear abundant testimony to the body
building qualities of the staple from
which they are derived.
Corn enters into the composition of
patent breakfast foods, but, long before
the days of cartons and bright labels, the
Indians were making corn dishes which
for delicacy of flavor and dietetic value
put the products of this modern day to
shame. They also constructed flapjacks
which literally melted in the mouth.
The tortillas of the Central American
countries are a form of corn which ap-
peals to travelers. The tortilla is made
of corn flour and is a first cousin of the
pancake. Before it cools it is rolled up
and a surprise party—usually a little
highly seasoned meat—is put inside it.
It then is kept for future use. A favorite
breakfast in the Central American
countries consists of two tortillas which
have been heated before the fire. These
and a cup of coffee are enough to satisfv

658 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
the appetite of even the hungriest
Indian.
Totopozil tastes much better than it
sounds. It is a very thin light wafer
made by the Indians in the southern part
of this continent. The corn from which
the cake is made is first slightly parched
and then pounded to a fine dust. The
cakes are flake-like and not much thicker
than wrapping paper. They are carried
in small bags thrown over the shoulders
of the Indians.
Totopozil is dry and crumply and yet
delicious in flavor as well as sustaining
in its qualities. The biscuits and crackers
of civilization are tame in flavor as compared
with this crispy and delicious aboriginal
provender.
One of the greatest gifts which the Indians
bestowed upon the world was this
grain of gold. The general impression
is that the redskin was merely a hunter.
when, in reality, he was a walking experimental
agricultural station. It is one
of the favorite outdoor pastimes of the
Indians of the Southwest to laugh at the
government agricultural experts who
have, from time to time, been sent out
there to teach them how to plant and
grow corn.
The Indians profess great interest,
and, not to appear unappreciative, they
used to plant corn patches alongside
those of the federal apostles of. modern
farming. The government corn came up
bright and green and soon withered
away, while that of the Indians flour­
ftt'i
Mi
ished like weeping willows by the river's
brink. The Indians, in order to avoid
the killing dryness, often lodged the kernels
three and four feet below the surface
in the bottom of holes made by
their planting sticks. Hence the development
of the deep-growing corn.
Corn or maize is essentially a tropical
plant which had its origin in Mexico and
was adapted to this climate by the Indians.
The agricultural secrets of the Mandan
Indians have recently been applied
in the Dakotas with such success that the
domain of the tassel-crowned King Corn
has been much extended. The introduction
of the Indian methods have made it
possible for the farmers to grow a corn
which can be harvested within sixty days
after it is planted, thus escaping the
frosts which otherwise would ruin it
even in its maturity.
Corn, therefore, can be made an ideal
and popular food for both soldiery and
civil population, for it now may be raised
abundantly in practically every part of
this country. Vast tracts can be devoted
to the grain, and many crops can be harvested.
In winter, Americans can learn
the value of hog and hominy, of the
flavor of that delectable compound of
cornmeal and pig's head known as
scrapple, and can eat with zest, fried
mush and corncakes. The summer can
bring them corn flour and polenta, and
many other foods derived from the yellow
cereal.

GERMAN "KULTUR" AND
THE BEAUTIFUL
THE WANTON DESTRUCTION OF RHEIMS CATHEDRAL
Not content with the havoc wrought by their shells earlier in the war. the Germans lately have made this
architectural masterpiece an object of their special malevolence. This remarkable photograph was
taught bv the camera man at the precise instant that one of the Teutons' 320 mm. shells burst in the
rear of the huilding. tearing out a section of the back walls.
7!
6S9

660
WHERE THE BIG SHELLS
ARE BURSTING
A NEW TRENCH DIGGER
This petrol-driven endless moving platform is now being used on the French front to aid in trench mak
ing. It carries away all the soil and rock excavated, thus eliminating the wheelbarrow procession that
was so much in evidence everywhere during the first year of the war.
UEBHAT. FILM SEHVIC
ADVANCING BEHIND BARRAGE FIRE
This remarkable photograph shows the Serbian troops advancing behind the curtain fire of their i
guns. Two of these shells are seen bursting two hundred yards in front of the charging line.

A JOB FOR STEEL-NERVED
MEN—OR SLACKERS
Mine Sweeping
•..'>".: "'• • , T .. •..*.
This is Ui«' most dangerous
woik o( .ill the 111,111 V lilli'S
of military activity, Small
fishing trawlers arc the
vessels used; these cost
little, so that when a
mine is handled carelessly
.ir explodes unseen not
much is lust. Steel nets
with drags and buoys are
pulled between the vessels.
\\ hencver a mini- is caught
it is r,iisrii to the surface by
tlif sweepers, who then
attempt in explode it by
rifle fur. 'r
future us.- by their own
side. Because England
has found .1 yre.it number
ol "i < 'Ms. lent mils objec­
tors" — men whose beliefs
l.e.p them from assuming
soldiei lj duty she has put
these men to work .is mine
sweepcis AI tins job the)
-,-t the opportunity ol risk-
ins theii li\es foi their
country without having to
kill in return.
•
661

662
A VIGILANT SENTRY
• " "

GROWING POTATOES IN A
SMALL SPACE
B E I N G limited in the amount of
ground which he could devote
to his potato crop, R. E. Hendricks,
of Kansas City, Missouri,
has adopted a novel
method of increasing the productiveness
of his ground. By building up his potato
crop in layers, he automatically increases
his prospects for a large output.
In brief, his method involves the construction
of a potato pen or crate, eight
feet long, six feet wide, and six feet
high. This pen is filled with a rich
mixture of soil and manure, and the
potatoes are planted in layers. The vines
emerge through the interstices between
the planks and cover the entire pen with
verdure. The richness
nf the soil, the faculty
ui the combination to
retain moisture, and the
ease with which a crop
may be irrigated and
kept free from insect
pesls are the chief arguments
in behalf of the
plan.
Building this potato
pen is extremely simple.
Mr. Hendricks outlines
the idea as follows:
"IMan a potato pen,
six by eight feet on the
inside ground measurement
and six feet high.
If desired, the length of
the pen may be any
multiple of eight feet.
This plat is to be made
into one large potato hill, the sides to be
supported by a loosely constructed pen
built of small timbers, firmly supported
by posts. Rich earth, or. better still, a
combination of earth and manure sufficient
to fill the pen to the top must be
at hand.
"Lay off the plat of ground and divide
by five equally spaced lengthwise lines
and seven crosswise lines, placing a
potato eye at each intersection of the
lines on the surface of the ground.
Cover these eyes with six inches of earth
mixture, and repeat the operation until
twelve layers have been placed, the pen
having been built as the planting proceeded.
"As the pen rises, there must be inserted
in the center of the side, about
three feet above the ground, a piece of
timber, about four by four inches in size
and three feet long, with an end protruding
from the pen so that it may be
Intensive Potato Cultivation
Six times as many vines are grown on a given space by this method.
loosened and withdrawn. In dry weather,
this is to be taken out and the moisture
of the center of the bed determined by
thrusting the hand into the center.
"To insure a plentiful supply of moisture,
the top layer of the potato pen
should be concave rather than convex."
663

664
IN THE WARE OF THE
UTTER DESOLATION
Almost without warning, a tornado struck Mattoon, Illinois, on the afternoon of May twenty-sixth. The
wind cut a swath a mile wide half across the State, killing over two hundred people, injuring approximately
a thousand, and destroying property aggregating nearly $10,000,000. These photographs were
snapped in Mattoon immediately following the disaster. The upper picture at the left shows what re-

ILLINOIS TORNADO
mained of the splendidly furnished home of Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Lane. Brave in adversity, this couple
may be seen climbing the wreckage in the attempt to rescue what little of value remained. Below is a
picture of Mrs. D. S. May and her family. Ten minutes after the storm had passed she walked out the
front door on to the roof that previously had sheltered her. At the right top a rescue squad is administering
first aid to a dazed and disabled cow. Below this is one of the most pathetic scenes—two little
girls. Verna May Lawnhorn and her "baby sister Hazel Alice," exhausted after a vain search for their
parents.

066
BREAKING NEWS OF DOOM
TO THE GERMAN PRIVATE
2t'ir ntfamrn
tif ^rrdiijfrrt'miHfl a
Sending President Wilson's
Message by
Balloon
The strongest blow at the
morale of the German
army that has been delivered
since the battle of
the Marne was the President's
message of April
second. This declaration,
which makes certain the
eventual defeat of the Entente
Allies, was hailed
with overwhelming enthusiasm
in the French and
British trenches. So important
was it considered
that it was translated into
German immediately,
thousands of copies were
printed, and it was sent
over the German lines by
balloon and aeroplane to
give the German privates
themselves a chance to see
"the writing on the wall."
S«*l ifl lPfrtTodrt aW ftrirtri!
>Hcbr tw yniflbrnini
flchalttn am J, April tilt7
nu HPimrfH yt S

U. S. LEADS IN
T I IE title of this narrative
seems to imply
the incredible.
Glances at the
aerial strength of
our own and European countries
show us to be utterly
dwarfed. When our expeditionary
forces entered Mexico
there were not a dozen flyable
machines on the Texas frontier.
And some of us
recalled that Germany
alone had three thousand
aeroplanes and
France and England
mure . . . yet. the
"United States leads
in air war !" Why?
Have you ever
AIR-WAR
by Edward Lyell Fox
heard of the Esquadrille
Americaine?
That is why. The Esquadrille
Americaine
is a flying squadron that has been a part
of the French Army since after the battle
of the Marne. It is composed of Americans.
They are daredevil Americans.
You know the type. You have seen them
often—making headlong tackles on the
football field, diving feet first, spikes
flashing, in a wild slide for third base,
galloping madly across a polo field, diving
from a platform higher than someone
else has dared—they are the youth
of America and their number is legion.
Recall the opening of the German
drive on Verdun. It was swift, sudden
and unexpected. For several days the
French thought it was a feint devised to
draw their men away from the northern
end of the great line so that the Germans
Wasn't He the Greatest EnJ Harvard
Ever Had, or the Man Who Broke the
Record in the 440. or—Well. Never Mind!
He Has Found a Sterner and More Glorious
Sport
could then attack in terrific
force out from Lille
and drive on the coveted
Calais. By the time the
French realized that
Verdun was indeed the
German objective, the
Imperial flyers had
soared above it and its
environs and had succeeded
in mapping out
and photographing every
important military point.
They had recorded the
two railroads, one broad,
the other narrow gage,
that entered Verdun
from the southwest.
These railroads fed the
fortress with ammunition.
The German aviati
irs thus were able to
give charts to their artillery
that enabled the
Krupp guns to spray every foot of these
lines with shell.
So when General Petain assumed the
defense of Verdun, he faced an appalling
problem. He found that there were but
ten days' ammunition supplies in the
fortress and that the only way of getting
more was by an automobile road
running north from Buc to Verdun.
With the two railroads under unceasing
shell fire it was dire necessity that this
highway be kept open, that the German
aviators get no chance to plot and photograph
it as they had everything else.
The fate of Verdun, the fate of France,
depended upon that ribbon of road.
General retain sent to headquarters
an urgent call for flyers. He wanted a
667

668 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
new type of flyer that the war has developed.
He wanted men, not to sail
over the enemy's lines and drop bombs
or observe, but "fighting flyers," men
whose sole duty it was to fight, to go up
after an enemy plane and bring it down.
And when Petain demanded "air fighters",
the French supreme command sent
him the Americans. They sent a group
called the Esquadrille Lafayette.
These men already had won a reputation
for bravery and brilliance along the
French front. The compliment that was
paid to them by the assignment to Verdun
was obvious. And they justified it.
Day after day they ascended above the
road from Buc to Verdun—La Voie
Sacree, the Sacred Road—the French
came to call it. Day after day these
Americans fought off the German flyers
who sought to control the fire of their
artillery upon the Sacred Road; and day
after day, munitions rolled up into the
besieged fortress. "They shall not pass,"
the little squadron took for its motto.
And the boche did not pass—thanks to
French bravery and the skill of the
American aviators.
You have read the names Kiffin
Rockwell and William Thaw ? They are
both of the American aerial section in
France. The war made Billy Thawforget
about Pittsburgh. In France, and
feeling the exaltation of the wonderful
soul of the land, he forgot pleasure, and
joined a group of American flying men
who put themselves at the disposal of
the French Army. One morning after
breakfasting on the burned French coffee—which
everybody gets used to—
rolls and jam—Billy Thaw trundled out
his aeroplane and went looking for the
boche near Soissons. Like a relief map,
every rise and depression in the earth
showing in exaggeration, the countryside
spun out from under his propeller.
Below him shrapnel burst, tiny fleecy
white clouds, and off to the left there on
a range of hill, little gusts of dirty yellow
came and went—the French high
explosive shells were searching the German
positions.
Presently, he discerned the wing
spread of a Fokker . . . then another
. then a third German machine,
an Albatross. With his own and their
motors racing over a hundred miles an

U. S. LEADS IN AIR WAR 669
\3^
THEY FACE DEATH WITH A SHRUG AND SMILE
(tnr of their best-loved comrades has just been buried but these daredevils never allow themselves to be depressed.
hour, the three enemy
specks seemed to conicjust
out of the distance
right at him and grow
1 a r g e incredibly fast.
There was still time for
Billy Thaw to execute a swift volplane
and hull down to safety behind the
French lines. But it was such a fine
morning and what were three baches
anyhow—especially after one has had
coffee and rolls.
The light began. One German plane
swung to his left, another to his right.
a third manoeuvered to get under him.
That required quick thinking. If the
man under him were to get his plane in
a position, allowing the proper angle of
fire, he would splinter Thaw's propellers.
The rat-tat-tat of their machine guns
began, showers of bullets mewing harmlessly
through the air. The two planes
on Thaw's flanks had swung wide, were
now turning, seeking to swing round.
racing with him so as to keep him in
range. ' )ne chance—to get the man
under him.
Swooping down in an extremely
j«nnt
abrupt arc—an exceedingly
dangerous move—
for the chances of overturning
are g r e at—
Thaw got a side fire on
his man. Working his
machine gun steadily, he
began to score hits. Splinters of the
German's plane briefly flashed in the
sunshine and then scattered down to
earth. And presently the German himself
followed the splinters. Like Monte
Cristo. Thaw could have counted "One."
The other two machines were above
him now, frantically trying to turn in as
short circles as possible and close with
him. Tilting his machine gun up at the
plane on his right. Thaw sent his machine
leaping after it before the German
could get into position. Cutting loose a
deluge of bullets, veering slightly to the
left. Thaw got him under an upward
flank fire and observed his man toss
both hands aloft, crumple down in his
seat, while his machine began a bolt for
the earth. . . . "Two."
Seeing how the fight had been going
against their men, other German fivers

670 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
GRADUATED
This squad of Americans has finished six weeks of training at the hands of brilliant airmen, and is ready now to take its
place in the Esquadrille Americaine.
D & UNDERWQOI
K. Yates Rockwell, One of
the Most Successful of the
American Air Pilots
began to put up, and behind the French
lines there appeared machines coming to
Thaw's assistance. Meanwhile the third
German had climbed above Thaw and
now darting down, his machine gun
blazing as he came, he opened a murderous
downward angle fire on the
American. The wings of Thaw's machine
were riddled like a sieve. Bullets
struck his petrol tank and the liquid
spurted forth. In a few moments all his
supply would have leaked and his engine
would go dead. It was a ticklish situation.
Whether to volplane down to earth
now while he still had fuel enough to
manoeuvre into a good position for the
descent, or to take a chance. Thaw took
the chance. As the German dived
abreast him and tried to flatten out, to
keep at the same elevation so as to get
in a raking flank fire. Thaw made his
decision.
Cutting a perilously sharp circle, he
rushed the German head on, his machine
gun firing directly ahead through his
propeller blades—a risky thing at best,
for if the synchronation of the machine
gun is not perfect with the spin of the
propeller, you destroy your own blades.
But it was in that American to take a
chance that a more erudite aviator would

have scoffed at and headlong nerve won.
Just when it seemed as if ramming the
German machine would be the last recourse,
Thaw's bullets took effect and
tbe enemy fell shot through the head.
The rest of that fight Thaw saw from
the ground. With his petrol exhausted
by the leak holes that the Germans shot
OOfTHniHT UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD
U. S. LEADS IN AIR WAR 671
almost in one. In Europe, the youth
does not indulge in sports that are so
"violent". To that one might attribute
the fighting superiority of the American
flyers.
This fighting in the air has developed
a technique all its own. At the outbreak
of the war it was poorly developed.
THIS PHOTOGRAPH WAS MADE BY AN AMERICAN AVIATOR FLYING ABOVE THE GERMAN
LINES. IT IS THE COUNTRY NORTHEAST OF RHEIMS
in his tanks, he barely got away with his Aeroplanes were for dropping bombs
life in a steep volplane to earth. Alight­ and for scouting, but as the war went on,
ing there, he looked up to see the French the flyers came to be divided into three
flyers closing with the reinforcements groups—fighters, observers and raiders.
that the Germans had sent up after him. The sole job now of the fighters is to
lie had bagged three planes in a single fight. For the most part they are in one
flight.
man machines, but often a two man ma­
Deeds of this sort have given the chine is used. The observer has a ma­
Americans in France an envied reputachine gun and also an engine control so
tion for courage and fighting skill. They that if his aviator is killed the machine
will take chances that the most techni­ will not of a necessity fall. By using the
cally finished pilot will evade as "sui­ duplicate control, he can run it. Then
cide". It is the headlong thing of their there are the new battle-planes, mount­
school and college days coming out in ing two, even four machine guns, mon­
war—tbe diving tackles of tbe football strous things that the Germans have at­
field, the perilous slides of the baseball tempted to perfect but which have killed
diamond. It is the American thing, an some of their best flyers in the tryouts—
amazing swift co-ordination between Lieutenant Yoll Muller, brother of the
mind and muscle. It is natural that our author of "The Miracle," the great R.
flyers should have this. In most of our Max Rheinhardt pageant, among the
sports our youth must think and act lost. But the Esquadrillc Americaine

672 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Vr*
\ iiTA-ll I
A /- I
- :•:'-
1
-
C ii i&fr* 4
| ^ ; ...
J 1
Ls*' J
lr.
%x
1 VB
• • • " - - : •*.< •
K
I
| .
SQUADS OF AMERICANS LIKE THIS GO INTO TRAINING EACH WEEK BEHIND THE FRENCH
LINES; IN SIX WEEKS' TIME THEY BECOME FINISHED WAR AVIATORS
does not go in for the battle-plane. It
likes to do its fighting like the hawk,
swift and swooping.
Captain de Laage, a commander of the
Esquadrille Americaine, who was killed
in May of this year by a fall after his
engine went dead, developed a technique
similar to Boelcke's, the German flyer
who was called "the Hawk". Captain
de Laage, the American commander,
perfected the manoeuvre of climbing
high into the heavens when no enemy
flyers were up, flying above the clouds,
screened by them until such time as he
judged the enemy would be in the air.
Then he would slowly circle down. Picking
out his man as he would begin a
straight volplane for the earth, choosing
an angle that would just take him past
the enemy. As his downward bolt
brought him near the quarry, his machine
gun would open fire, continuing
until he was past. Generally the enemy
would be taken unguarded by the swift
descent from the clouds and would fall
an easy victim to the surprise attack.
Kiffin Rockwell, another of the Esquadrille
Americaine, like Thaw, bagged
three flyers in a single day, but they tell
a story of him that is even more thrilling.
As I heard it, he was once forced to
descend behind the German lines and
one of the Kaiser's aviators who had
been following him at once swooped
down and made him a prisoner. "You
are a brave man," said the German, with
that chivalry of the aerial fighters. "I
shall not have you taken off by soldiers,
but shall ride you back to our flying
camp." And quite pleased at the prospect
of bringing in a prisoner in his machine,
the German made Rockwell climb
into the observer's car in front of him.
"I shall send soldiers to bring in your
machine," the German remarked with an
exasperating smile, "we shall be able to
make good use of it." Rockwell ground
his teeth. The German began his flight.
He was about a thousand meters high
when Rockwell began to shift in his seat,
rocking the machine. In alarm, the German
reached forward to tap him on the
shoulder. "Stop," he shouted, "you'll
upset us." But Rockwell had other ideas.
Having lured the German into reach, he
lunged backward with his arms, turned,
clutched the German around the throat,
choked him into unconsciousness (all the
while the machine was hurtling through
space eighty miles an hour), and then
when he saw him collapse, Rockwell
calmly worked the duplicate control and
brought one German and one German
machine into the French lines as prisoners.
No wonder the French chose the
Esquadrille Americaine for Verdun !

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A "Safety First" Rifle
The altiscope-riflc, a firearm which proposes
to revolutionize trench warfare, has just burn
demonstrated recently on the Beverly Hill
government range at Beverly Hill, California.
By the use of this device it is possible to shoot
with perfect accuracy while the marksman is
crouched far below the edge of the trench.
Taking the rifle now used by the United
States Army, the inventors of this modern
death-dealer built into it a frame of compressed
steel, by which it is possible to raise or lower
the barrel. They also added reflecting lenses
which permit the marksman to hold the buttof
the rifle in the customary shoulder position,
and aim through the sights on the elevated
barrel. In this way the barrel of the rifle pro­
jects over the edge of the trench while the
marksman remains fully concealed from the
opposing force. The image of the target or
enemy, after passing through the two sights
with which all rifles are equipped ordinarily, is
caught by the small round elevated reflector,
which extends an inch or so above the top of
the trench. From this the view of country at
the opposite side of the breastwork is shot
down through a hole in the movable part of the
stock and is caught again, this time by a small
reflectorormirror located just below this mova­
ble section. It is claimed that it is equally as
easy to leam to shoot accurately with this new
altiscope rifle as it is with the ordinary firearm.
673

674 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
THE BOLTLESS RAIL JOINT
This invention makes the joint the strongest and most unyielding part of the rail. Its two pieces so wedge and interlock
that they hold the rail ends in a viselike grip that cannot wear nor work loose.
The boltless rail joint consists of the base with a fixed side or flange, and a removable wedge-shaped side or brace.
The removable wedge-shaped side is tapered slightly from one end to the other. The base portion is made of suitable
width to receive and support properly the base flanges of railroad rails. The removable wedge-shaped side or brace is
inserted by pushing its smallest end between the base and the head of the rail. The base upon the open side of the
chair is provided with a rounded edge flange, or bead, between which and the head of the rail the removable wedgeshaped
brace is made to be slipped.
Keep Your Office Cool!
This air-cooling machine, recently brought forward by
John G. Haglock, an Illinois inventor, will drop the tem­
perature in a moderate-sized office from ninety to seventy
degrees Fahrenheit in a few minutes. The device com­
prises a semi-cylindrical water pan having cut-out portions
at each end for the passage of air-currents. A fan, with
radial plant's formed of strips of fabric stretched diagon­
ally from rods at one end of the fan frame, causes acon-
stant circulation of quantities of water in small particles in
the path of the current of air from an electric fan. The
currents of air, playing on the semi-spiral planes, cause
the drum-like fan to rotate at a rate of six or seven revo­
lutions a minute, driven by the force of the air as it leaves
the (an. In order to obtain satisfactory results in cooling
a room, the temperature of the water used should be from
three to five degrees below temperature desired.

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 675
Sanitary Drinking Fountains
for Country Schools
A pure water supply for the pupils of
country schools now is possible the
same as in city schools where there
is a water system. With tlie pump and
fountain shown in the photograph,
pupils may secure a drink at any time
simply bv turning the valve with one
hand. The water is pumped into an
underground lank and thus compresses
the air in the upper portion of the tank;
turning the valve allows the compressed
air to force water through the outlet.
The fountain itself is thoroughly sanitary,
being so constructed that the user
cannot touch the tongue or lips to any
part. Tin: water, being stored underground,
is always cool. The fountain
may be any reasonable distance from
the pump, and if desired may be placed
inside the building. More than one
fountain may be attached to one pump.
GROWING "AMERICAN ERMINE"
This Smi ihem C-ilitornia rabbit (arm, run by one of the Golden State's most businesslike daughters, is providing an
entirely new lur lor the summei wear lor American women. The fur of young white rabbits, while bv no means of the
sami thick, soft qualitj as ermine, is nevertheless ncarlj as pretty, and cool enough so that even in the hot weather o)
July and August it will nut cause discomfort.

676 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
MACHINERY FOR UNPLEASANT LABOR
The new truck equipment was dcsi^rru'd by the engineers <
jj r"f "*1*
-Hf" \?Y4^"' 1 '. the Department of Sewers of New York City for the cleaning
of catch basins, and consists of a grab bucket that is
,-
letdown the manhole, where it closes around a mass of
sediment, hoists it to a position over the tank of the truck
and drops it. A five-ton truck is employed for this work,
;
f
with a crew of three men, and this accomplishes as much,
by actual test, as nine men with four one horse carts.
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Portable Pile Driver for Forest Use
When building piers or drivingfence stakes, the Canadian
backwoodsman often has to exercise considerable engineering
ingenuity. This water-soaked birchwood block,
running in a light frame, and raised by hand power, was
found to do the work eminently satisfactorily by one
Alberta settler.

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 677
NON-CAPSIZABLE AND SELF-DRAINING SURF BOAT
A new life-saving surf boat has been invented by a citizen of Long Beach, California, and is li ly to be adopted by
city lor its beach service. The craft is sixteen feet long, 40 inches wide, is non ca; izable and is self-draining.
is equipped with air tanks the full length of the cockpit and on all sides. It
can take the breakers broadside. It is propelled by a double-bladed paddle,
much like those used by canoeists. The buoyant qualities of this boat make
it capable of keeping twenty people afloat at one time
GETTING UP IN THE WORLD WITH AN AUTO
At this California wireless station
Much work has to be done at the
top of them. Horses never are safe
elevators; they are apt to drop
dead or run away when a man is29 1 ts each 300 fe
)
leet up. Now to make the ascent
safe an automobile is used. The
steeplejack sits on a little board,
the car is started slowly out across
the level ground, and the man is
[misled easily and safel\ to the top.

678 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
ARMORED MOTOR TURRET CARS FOR THE NAVY
What can the Navy do with an armored turret car? How can it be landed from a battleship and manned on shore? The
accompanying photograph tells the story. The United States Marine Corps, the first service to use motor trucks, is now
equipped with armored motor turret cars for tropical expeditions. The armored car is, of course, carried aboard ship.
When lowered into a motor boat or sailing launch it rests
on joists placed fore and aft on the thwarts. The boat is
beached stern first, and the car is run ashore in fair
weather ovur planks hooking on to the stern, or in bad
weather, by shear legs and a multiple block.
Fitting Together a Kodak
Key
Next time you take a snap shot
with your kodak, notice the key
which turns the film. The key does
not grow all together as you see
it. It is composed of several parts
which must be fitted together with
precision if your kodak is to work
without a hitch. Assembling the
small parts of the key is a job re­
quiring deftness and delicacy of
touch. You see how easily this
young girl does it. Her brother
probably would take more time and
not do it as well in the end, because
it is just one more of those things
men can't do as well as women.

'#lif''~a». i
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION
k T
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NO HORSES ON THIS FARM
"r. ;> >^.
On one of the big truck farms in Western New York, there arc no stables and consequently no horses. Instead small
traction engines are used exclusively, not only for plowing in the field, but for bringing the hay to the barn. If you are
in the vicinity of Elba, N. Y., you may see one of these steel mules chugging along the road pulling three or four truck
The Handbag Steamer Chair
A new form of chair suitable for use
on outings, steamer trips, and simi­
lar places is so constructed that it
(olds into a very small space, and can
he i .im.d as a handbag. The chair
is made in two styles, one weighing
six pounds and the other eight; either
will support a person weighing three
hundred pounds. The heavier chair
is provided with a head rest. When
folded the chair is eighteen inches
Square and tour inches thick. It is
built substantially so as to withstand
rough use. but makesa good appear*
ance either when open or closed.
loads, with a farmer's boy
steering' by means of a big
wheel, instead of holding
the reins. And he seems to
have a mighty happy time
doing it.

680 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
GOOD-BYE. GLITTERING BAYONET
One more line in the descriptions of the battle scenes of the future will have to be deleted by
the alert and well informed copy reader. The bayonet that used to glitter is now to be as dull
and non-glittering as the brown and dull barrel of the rifle itself.
By instructions of the Chief of Ordnance of the Army in April, the bayonet of the army service
rifle will be put through the regular "browning", or controlled rusting process used for finishing
up the barrels of the service rifle, and the bright and shining and menacing blade at the muzzle
of the rifle at the charge will
disappear.
The Russian bayonet, always
attached to the rifle, and provided
with no scabbard, is
browned, practically invisible
at any distance. Also it is of the old
style quadrangular type, instead of the
sword shape of most modern bayonets.
Lugging the Luggage Along
A new luggage carrier has been designed
to increase the capacity of the
flivver by utilizing the space
above the hood and thus leaving
the tonneau and running boards free for
passengers — or more baggage. A wrought
steel rack slips over the hood and is fastened
rigidly by supporting bars on either side. The
hood can be raised without interfering with the
carrier. When it is desired to throw the hood
jj way over and back the carrier can be removed
in about a minute.
A bracket is permanently attached and is
inconspicuous when the carrier is removed.
Two thumb screws and two screw couplings
complete the attachment in about a minute.
The parcels are held upon the platform with
straps.

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION
Sanitary Ice Cream Cone Dispenser
A new container for ice cream cones, devised by James W.
Kennedy of Canton, Ohio, makes the manual handling of
ice cream cones by soda clerks unnecessary. The cone is
delivered to the customer in a receptacle that engages the
bottom com- of the cylindrical holder in which a stack of
cones are contained. A pointed pin, carried by the cone
receiver, penetrates and holds the cone when it is to be
removed from column in the tubular dispenser. The pin
has a large button on its outer end, which is pressed with
the thumb to cause it to penetrate the lower end of the
cone in the cone cup. When the thumb is released the
pin springs back. The column of cones is held in place in
the magazine by spring arms arranged at its lower end,
which press lightly against the bottom cone. When it is
withdrawn they spring into engagement with the next
higher cone. The dispenser may consist either of a single
tube supported from the wall, or a number of tubes sup­
ported from a bracket, which may be rotated to bring on*'
of the tubes over an opening in the bracket through which
the cone is removed in theconc receiving cup. The tubes,
besides serving as dispensing magazines, also form con­
venient shipping cases for ice cream cones.
Better than a Slave-Power Punkah
E\ery man can be his own electric plant by using a de­
vice lately invented by an Indiana seeker after cooling
breezes. The fan he invented is an attachment for a rock­
ing chair and the power generated by the gentle move­
ment of the chair back and forth on its rockers propels
the fan, which wafts its zephyrs upon the individual in the
chair.
The operation of the fan is comparatively simple. A
shaft reaching the floor is given an upward thrust by the
backward swing of the rocker. This shaft, through a
journaled connection with the shaft of the fan itself, pro­
vides the motive power for turning the blades, overhead.

682 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
A GASOLINE SNOW SHOVELER
In many a city, next winter, you will see this squatty little machine operating. After a snow fall it will lumb
the streets, cleaning an eight-foot swath of pavement at the rate of six hundred feet a minute. Brushes and scr
operated by the same engine that drives the machine forward, shoot the snow and ice on to rollers. It goes up a
then over the chute at the right to fall in one of the dump
wagons that acts as escort. This device costs $4**0 origi­
nally; it ischeapto maintain, and it will do the work of one
hundred men when occasion requires.
Lighting Up the Traffic Policeman
So many accidents have occurred in St. Louis because au­
tomobile drivers have not been able to see the signals of
traffic policemen at night, that Police Commissioner
Thompson of that city recently decided to devise some
means by which an officer could be made to stand out
clearly. After trying out various schemes, the department
hit upon the plan of installing a small search light on th
top of a high building at the crossing. By this means the
light does not shine in the eyes of the officer, yet it is
ulated to cast a circle of light ten or twelve feet in dia
ter, in the center of which the officer stands.

An Air-Driven
Motor Truck
Tin- aeroplane engine
has become so powerful
and so efficient
in the course of the
last year, that motor
truck manufacturers are considering
seriously the advisability ot driving
these bigtrucks with propellers similar
to those used on battleplanes. This
truck was equipped thus for purposes
of experiment, and proved that
a great deal of power can be developed
by the propeller method.
A Suitcase Laboratory
The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research
has devised a "suitcase" laboratory
for the use of laundrymen in testing
the materials that they use. With
it tin- laundryman is able to guard
against possible misrepresentation of
laundry materials by merchants. It
permits him to assure himself, without
the expense of a formal chemical analysis,
that everything used in his establishment
for cleansing goods is of a sort
that will do no harm to the goods entrusted
to him. Thus he can detect
and eliminate damaging impurities and
reduce to a minimum the wear of washing
other fabrics.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION
tefe*«*^2s*s»5*^>ai-=3!;
683
3>

ILLUSTRATED WORLD
HOG-SINGEING WITH GASOLINE
The above illustration shows a western farmer actually at work using gasoline in getting the hair off a porker. The
process is not intended to replace scalding where a large number of hogs are killed, but is satisfactory when it is not
convenient to provide a scalding vat or tank. All that is required for singeing a hog is a pint of gasoline, a cotton rag,
a torch, and a gallon of hot water. The hog is placed first on a small platform away from buildings, and then the hair
is rubbed thoroughly with a rag soaked in gasoline. The gasoline is not poured on, as this would cause the flesh to be
burned. After rubbing, the one side is ignited by a long-handled torch, made of a hickory switch and a rag. The fire
flashes up instantly and burns, for a minute or longer, leaving a blackened carcass. The char rubsoff cleanly, however,
and by using a broad-bladed knife, a rag and hot water, the skin cleans down smooth and white.
A SPACE-SAVING HEATER
If this inconspicuous unit is used in warming the home, office or factory, it may be hidden so it never is in the way and
never interferes in the least with the scheme of decoration. The dimensions of the electric unit are iV x li" x232"; it has
a current consumption of 500 watts on either alternating or direct current.

What Color Chip Are You?
Poker paraphernalia at last have at
tained the dignity of office appliances.
A Michigan manager, desirous of hav­
ing a graphic illustration of conditions
in bis office constantly before him, has
placed a card table at his elbow on whi( h
the floor plan is drawn. In position to
correspond with the desks of his subor­
dinates, he places poker chips upon the
table, each inscribed with a name. His
department managers are represented
by blue chips, the lesser executives by
reds, and the underlings by white
chips, When an employe is absent
for a day, his chip is lifted.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 685
ROUGHING CONCRETE WALKS
A new outfit tor roughing concrete sidewalks has been tried out with success in Illinois, where it is operated with far
greater speed and economy than former hand tools. The machine makes use of a small air compressor, driven by a gas
engine and air cooled. The compressor is mounted on a truck with steel wheels and is so small and light that it can be
wheeled about by one man, and is convenient for a job that requires occasional shifting of the apparatus. Connected
with this by an air hose, is a small pneumatic drill carrying a case-hardened steel block with sixteen sharpened, raised
points. One man can handle the tool and attend to the engine and compressor, and he can do in an hour the amount of
work that would require a day for six men with the ordinary tools employed for roughing

ILLUSTRATED WORLD
WEIGHING OUT LEADEN DEATH
All day this girl sits in front of a very delicate scale and weighs bullets. Each bul­
let must weigh just so much—no more, no less. It is her business to test them and
see that they are not above or below their allotted weight by even so much as the
heft of a hair. This work requires patience, a highly developed sense of detail and
accuracy.
Pushes the Pipe
Don't let the plumber or
the gas man destroy that
good looking lawn you have
worked and worried with.
There is no need for these
gentlemen to plow ruthlessly
intoyourgreen grass.
This little machine pushes
pipe through lawns, under
sidewalks or through the
basement at the rate of
30 to 150 feet every hour,
depending upon the soil
through which it is working
and upon the energy of
the man behind the pusher.
It not only lays the pipe
but pulls out damaged pipe
as well.

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 687
A Trainman's Flashlight
A Bay City, Michigan, man recently has invented a flash­
light intended for the use of trainmen or workmen whose
duties make it necessary for them to use signals at night.
The device is a regular flashlight in appearance, being only
9 inches long and IK inches in diameter. Each end con­
tains an enclosed bulb and a specially made switch in the
center of the battery container operates the desired light.
The lens in one end is red and the other is white.
Register for Nickel
Telephone
A new device intended for
use with nickel tele­
phones has a register
which shows at a glance
how many calls have been
made and how many more
1 eniain of those that must
be paid for. The user
pulls a chain when the
call is made; this causes
the register to show in
black one more call made
and in red one less re­
maining. The register
run-, up onlv t" thirty, but
when the minimum num-
r is higher than that
: register may be used
by allowing it to repeat
itself. The register at­
taches to any telephone
by nwans of a clip.
Put a Meter on Your Stenographer
To measure the work done this meter i> attached to the
escapement wheel of the typewriter; since it is known that
a certain number of strokes is required to revolve this
wheel once, we know by the readings just how much has
been done.
The average rate of pay has been found to be $4.11 for
one hundred thousand strokes of the keys on ordinary
work. One firm which installed counters for its entile
staff of fifty typists saved practically four thousand dollais
a year by a readjustment of salary whereby the fast typists
were paid more according to their ability and the slower
ones reduced.

U. S. EXPERTS FIND NEW
WAYS OF SAVING MILLIONS
By WILLIAM NELSON TAFT
HARD times are here. The majority of citizens is willing to econodogs
of war possess insatia- mize in all directions, is showing the
ble appetites ; while they eat way; every department is waging war on
their fill of our resources, waste with every ounce of its strength.
the belts of all men must be As a broad, general example of the
tightened to the last notch. manner in which real accomplishment
It has been the summit of patriotism has come in this campaign, we may
to fight and die for one's country. A consider the manner in which the Govcentury
ago all that could be asked ernment has solved the paper problem
from a nation in war time was a pleni- through the utilization of waste.
tude of willing
soldiers.
Today, however,
patriots
behind the van
of battle are
even more
necessary.
Every man,
woman, and
child of the
commonwealth
now possesses
the opportunity
either to devote
all intelligence
and
strength of will
in staving oft*
starvation or
to continue in
wasteful indulgence
and
thereby c o mm
i t acts of
treason which
are no less
damnable because
they are
undiscovered.
The United
States Government,
believing
that the vast
6SS
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This leek ss Refrigerator Is Guarantees to Keep Foe d Cool
on the Hottest of Dog 1 >ays
Out in Mont
a n a, Minnesota,
and the
Dakotas fanners
raise every
year 1,400.000
tons of flax
straw, a byproduct
of their
flax industry.
This, up to a
short time ago.
was regarded
as nothing
more than
waste matter,
either to be
burned in the
fields or to be
sold to upholstering
firms at
a price of $3 a
ton, delivered.
A number of
enterprising
paper manufacturersattempted
to utilize
this cheap
product in
paper making.
but in v a i n.
The straw,
they found,

With these in-.ii
NEW WAYS OF SAVING MILLIONS 689
contained entirely too much wood fiber
to make it available for this purpose.
When the price of paper began its
upward flight, however, the Department
of Agriculture, always keen to
find some new way to use waste products,
determined that something ought
to be done to reduce the cost of paper,
and Dr. Jason L. Merrill, in charge of
the Paper-Plant Investigation Bureau,
was instructed to tackle the problem.
After several months of patient work,
lie succeeded in devising an entirely
new machine—for which a public service
])atent has been applied—which
eliminates the woody fiber from the
American flax straw and makes the
major portion of this huge crop available
for paper manufacture.
Thus, out of waste—formerly burned
in the fields—the Government has succeeded
in evolving a valuable product
which will mean an added revenue to
the flax region of between $10,000,000
and $15,000,000 a year, in addition to
being of incalculable benefit to the
people at large by materially reducing
the price of paper.
At the same time, the Department's
A PAPER PROVING SET
rnrm-nt showed tile worth of the paper made from waste- substances.
chemists are trying to utilize other
"waste" products, such as broom corn,
hemp hurds, corn stalks, yucca granca,
and zacaton (the last two being wild
grasses which flourish in the Southwest),
in paper making. The Government's
experiments have been so satisfactory
than in the case of the hemp
hurds and zacaton. bulletins on the
value of these products have been
printed on paper made from them, and
the attention of paper manufacturers
called to the excellent quality and low
price of the resultant substance.
But Uncle Sam's endeavors to extract
wealth from waste, to utilize
"even the squeal of the pig", as they
say in packing houses, do not stop with
paper making.
Consider, for example, the cider industry
which the Government has
saved from commercial disaster and
has placed upon a safe economic footing
through the ingenuity of its experts.
Not long ago. the cider manufacturers
of the Northwestern States had
about come to the conclusion that,
owing to the high cost of transporta-

690 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
tion on their product, commercial success
over an extended territory was impossible.
Freight rates were so high
that it was extremely difficult to market
cider at the price that people were
willing to pay for it and at the same
time collect even a reasonable profit.
Inasmuch as water forms at least
eighty per cent of cider, the manufacturers
agreed that if they could produce
a concentrated product of a bulk
equal to one-fifth of the original liquid,
they could afford to market this syrup
at a fair price because the transportation
charges would be much less.
The problem, therefore, was the apparently
simple one of producing this
concentrated cider. But, in practice,
the difficulty appeared insurmountable.
The moment that heat was applied
to the cider in order to decrease its bulk,
the liquid lost its delicate taste, and
the resultant syrup was of such a
nature that it could not be marketed.
Chemists connected with several of the
big cider companies tried their hands
Machinery in the Fruit and Vegetable Utilization Laboratory in
Washington
at the problem, but all failed. So far
as they could discover, cider was intended
by nature to be bulky, and the
moment you meddled with it you
spoiled it.
Some one then had the bright idea
i >f appealing to the Government for
assistance and, accordingly, samples of
cider were submitted to the Fruit and
Vegetable Utilization Laboratory of
the Department of Agriculture, with a
request that Uncle Sam get busy and
see if he could devise a method for concentrating
the apple juice without impairing
its flavor.
The Department's chemists first
tried the application of heat, as had the
cider men. and with the same effect.
Heat having failed, the Government
scientists then experimented with the
effect of low temperatures, freezing the
cider into a solid cake of ice. This ice
was then crushed and placed in a centrifugal
machine, such a.s is used in the
extraction of cane sugar. After a few
moments of rapid whirling, it was
found that a thick red-brown
syrup exuded from the ice
and, after about fifteen minutes,
this syrup accumulated
until it was equal in bulk to
one-fifth the original volume
of the cider. In other words,
all the water remained in the
ice. and the "cider essence"
was torn away by the rapid
centrifugal motion.
Upon further examination
it was found that this syrup,
when mixed with four parts
of water, makes a delicious
cider, in all respects similar
to the original apple juice
and, moreover, that it will
remain sweet and unchanged
for an indefinite time if carefully
stored in a cool place.
Therefore, by the simple
expedient of following a
course of action exactly oppo­
site to that which had been
previously tried and found

NEW WAYS OF SAVING MILLIONS 691
wanting, the Government was able to
supply the cider manufacturers with a
new product, readily marketable at a low
transportation cost and capable of use at
any time, thus indefinitely extending
the "cider season" and tending to
popularize this palatable and healthful
fruit beverage.
Fired by their success in producing
concentrated cider, the Government
chemists then determined to try the
same experiment with grape juice, another
product upon which transportation
charges are high on account of its
bulk. At present—on the old basis of
transportation charges—a quart of grape
in ice retails at from thirty to sixty cents.
The result exceeded even the most
sanguine expectations. Not only was
a clear, beautifully colored and highly
concentrated grape juice secured, but
tests showed that all the "argol"—the
substance which is responsible'for the
bitter taste of the grape—remained in
the ice. The syrup contained onl) the
essence of the grapes, readily convertible
into commercial grape juice by the
addition of four parts of water and
capable of a multitude of other uses
as a flavoring for confections and ice
creams. The process practically adapted
the grape to the soda fountain.
In addition, this chance discovery
HARVESTING HEMP HURDS. A "WASTE PRODUCT" FROM WHICH THE GOVERNMENT IS
NOW MAKING A FINE GRADE OF PAPER
opens up a large new field for grape
juice manufacture, in that it will
permit the utilization of varieties of
grapes formerly considered unfit for
grape juice on account of their high
percentage of argol. It will also mean
new life for rundown or unused icefactories,
which, at least in grape and
apple growing districts, are certain to
be in demand for the production of Llic
concentrated fruit juices.
It is in the Smith that some of the
most important work of' the Department
of Agriculture has taken place,
both in the prevention of waste and in
the utilization of waste products which
would otherwise seriously impair the
economic efficiency of the whole Dixie
country.
The States Relations Service, for
example, now lias more than four hundred
women agents employed in fifteen
of the Southern States, instructing the
residents of the rural districts in the
construction and use of labor-savin;
devices which render housework far
{Continuedon pag

692
BULLET-PROOF ARMOR
FOR AMERICAN SOLDIERS
The Strength of His
Convictions
Dr. Guy Otis Brewster of
Dover, New Jersey, is the
inventor of this plate armor.
He also is the man behind
the steel in each of these
photographs. Dr. Brews
ter, in bringing: his invention
before the War Department,
advanced claims
to the effect that the armor
would stop or deflect service
bulletssatisfactorilyat adistance
of sixty feet or more.
To support his contention,
he volunteered to stand up
behind the armor and he
peppered by a sharpshooter
selected by the army officials.
The War Department
took him up, and conducted
the test as shown
here. So well did the armor
stand up under the rain of
bullets, that not even a
dent appeared in the plates.
Our soldiers who go to the
first line trenches abroad
may be equipped with this
protection.

A KNOCK-DOWN AUTO­
MOBILE BODY
H E R E is a novel type of automobile
body which can be
knocked down for shipment
or assembled within a few
minutes. It is the invention
of a young British Colonial, Robert
Booth, of Johannesburg, South Africa.
The body, now being exhibited in New
York, was built in England under the
greatest difficulties, owing to
the concentration of that
country upon war suplilies.
There are points of
practical advantage to the
car owner in this
device, among them
the provision for replacing
a panel injured
in a collision
or other accident, at
the slightest possible
cost and delay.
composed of seven
"he body is
flat sections ;
any one of these may be removed
and a new one substituted in
less than an hour. The upholstery is
attached permanently to the panels, so
that no removal of leather work is required
in making the change: the flaps
that conceal the joints are turned back,
a few bolts are loosened, and the panel
can then be removed.
The entire rear section may be taken
off as a unit and set to one side, while
in its place may be set a delivery box or
other commercial body. An attachment
to take a trailer may be substituted, or a
metal boot may be placed in to convert
the touring body into a runabout. This
is possible because the body parts are
bolted upon sills running the length of
the chassis. The arrangement has the
additional advantage
of forming a
stronger union, less
subject to vertical
and side strain.
For the manufacturer
of cars, the
device is a matter of
huge saving in
freighting, storing,
and manufacture.
The body, when
packed flat, requires
The Body Parts, no more space than
Ready to Assem- . '
the chassis alone, as
the illustration indicates.
When a number of cars
are shipped, the number of cubic feet
taken up by each car is greatly lessened.
The car body is in less danger
of injury in the handling, as it can be
boxed readily. The saving in space
upon rail or shipboard means a saving
in dollars and greater facilities in making
prompt delivery.
693

694
< • •
MAKING ROPE EQUIPMENT
FOR THE NAVY
s
a.
IP
tz
' • ' ^
M //
The Hemp Artisans
In the navy yard at Charles-
town, Massachusetts, a large
force of men now is working
feverishly, turning out thou­
sands of pieces of woven rope
equipment for our battleships.
Each vessel demands a tre­
mendous supply of devices for
protection against the shock of
collision with docks or smaller
craft, rope webs by which ham­
mocks are swung, and deck
mats for every door on each
deck of the ship. The upper
photograph at the left shows
two men at work on the ham­
mock clews which spread the
"downy couches" for our sailor
boys. Each of the operators
makes fifty-five of these clewsa

MAKING ROPE EQUIPMENT FOR THE NAVY 695
. !*•••••« i" ;;
SSLffl
r»«i«s;::t araa
V:ss:"viV{sl
S»«SSsvS
W« r
day. Below this photograph is
a snap of another worker weav­
ing an anchor bumper mat,
which keeps the huge irons
from scraping the sides of the
ship. The upper photograph
on this patrc depicts the process
of making deck mats. Heavy
wire is used [or the bases, and
one inch Manila rope then is
woven in and out between the
meshes. At the right, a col­
lision mat is in the making; it
will be thirty bv nineteen feet
and will be made ol the heaviest
i ,m\ as and hemp. Whenever
a h.iiileship seems about to
si rapi "i lot 'i pier, or another
vessel, the sailors bring out
these collision mats, lower them
from the tails, and Ihus absorb
the shock >»l impact. mi
Wr. /
\

MEETING THE SUBMARINE
PROBLEM
By E D W A R D LYELL FOX
T H E submarine is Germany's
last powerful play. There
are—were rather, before Germans
openly began ruthless
submarine warfare in February
of this year—12,000,000 tons of shipping
in the world which the Allies could
use to bring food, raw material, and the
finished products of war to their ports.
The German Admiralty's plan was
to sink this shipping at the rate of
1,000,000 tons a month. We know that
after their February campaign, the Germans
announced a toll of half a million
tons of ships. We know that several
weeks after that announcement, there
came a second bulletin from the Imperial
Admiralty which said that the
actual amount of shippin
sunk in February was
nearly a million tons.
This new estimate was
based upon reports
from submarines,
which, the Germans
said, had not returned
to port by the time the
first statement was
issued; therefore,
they explained,
what
these submar
i n e s had
sunk had not
been known
at the time of
the 5 00,000
ton announcement.
Our naval
officers do not
take the submarinemenace
lightly.
696
Their plan is to build a Yankee merchant
fleet of three thousand ships. One
thousand of these merchant ships of small
tonnage can be built in half a year. The
yards have been selected already. The
vessels are being built in sections and
assembled just as that little automobile,
a household word in America, is built
and assembled.
The plan is to bridge the Atlantic with
wood or steel steamers, each one bringing
supplies to the Allies, without which
supplies Germany would triumph. The
Atlantic will be bridged; for were this
line of communication to British and
French ports to be cut, it would be like
cutting the aorta of the Allied cause.
How many submarines
has Germany? I
do not profess
to know. lean,
though, give
the estimates
of men who are
in a position to
know. Last
October, I was
told that Germany
could
turn out six
COPYRIGHT tNTERWAT. FILH GERVICf
"Schrecklichkeit!"
In our estimation, this camera
portrait of a German
undersea sailor personifies
exactly the spirit of piratical
ruthlessness that has
driven the United States
into the war on the side of
England.
submarines a
week. We are
told that they
are losing
more submarines
than

this. We are told by
Americans returning
from England that several
hundred have been
sunk or captured. I have
in mind a particular
story. A man said there
were two hundred submarines
lying in one
English harbor. I have
good reason to believe.
however, that reports of
the number of German
submarines lost are
grossly exaggerated and
that since the beginning
of the war and up to tinfirst
of May. H)ij, not
mure than one hundred
in all failed to return to
their bases!
There are, in (icrmany,
today, at least
five hundred ways upon
which submarines can
be constructed. This includes
all the ways in
the Germania shipyards
at Kiel anil in the big
MEETING THE SUBMARINE PROBLEM 697
yard at Dantzig. That
means that if Germany
disregards the constructs
m of every other type
of ship, she could always
have five hundred submarines under construction.
I know also that sites have
been selected in Germany for the laying
down of five hundred more ways for the
construction of submarines, should it
ever be decided to turn out such a staggering
number.
Now. as to her ability to build these
ships; to lay the hull is easy, but the construction
of the engine is more difficult.
Remember, though, that Germanv can
build the Diesel engine quicker and better
than any other country. A third
point of construction is the delicate accessory
apparatus—the periscope and the
gyroscopic compass. Neither of these
accessories can be turned out as quicklv
as the hull or the engine. They require
Missed by Ten Feet!
This remarkable photograph was snapped by the officer of a French passenger
steamer recently. No submarine had been seen, and no warning had been given.
Suddenly this death shark of the deep appeared irom behind, traveling twice the
speed of the steamer. The officer took the photograph, expecting that moment
would be his last, but providentially, the torpedo became deflected slightly, and
missed.
extremely delicate and extremely long
labor. The fourth and last point to consider
in regard to Germany's ability to
produce submarines is the matter of
equipping the craft with officers and
men. Any mechanism of war is worthless
unless it is in the hands of trained
intelligence. In such hands, it becomes
terrible. To train officers and men to
operate submarines takes many weeks.
This is another check on Germany's
ability to cram the oceans with U-boats.
I know, however, that Germany has
no difficulty in obtaining officers and men
as submarine recruits. There is always
a long waiting list. The German sailors
like the life because on the submarine
they get better food than they do with

698 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
the bottled-up High
Seas Fleet.
The science of Germany
is helping them
in their "frightfulness".
H. G. Wells, the brilliant English
writer, puts in the mouth of one
of his characters these words:
"They are insane baboons with the
science of the world in their hands."
Of course, he meant that the me
chaiiical genius of Germany is
being linked to "frightfulness" by
Prussianism.
Let us see how that mechanical
genius has aided "schrecklichkeit."
One day in November of last year,
U-117 left Kiel. The German'Ac
miralty was more than interested
in this particular
trip of U-117. It wouk
await the homecoming
eagerly. The submarine
passed out into the North
Sea, charging its
electric batteries,
which it uses while
running submerged,
by the revolutions of
the oil engine that
propel it on the surface.
Not a merchant
ship was to be seen.
From the deck of a
submarine the range
of observation is not
as far as. for example,
from the
crow's nest of a merchantman.
German
science had decided
to lengthen this
range of observation
: over the horizon
unseen merchant
ships might be slipping
past. So a balloonette,
just big
enough to carry the weight
of one man, was inflated on
the deck of U-117. It was
held flown by a stout
steel cable wound round
a windlass. A sailor
got into the little basket.
The windlass,
connected up with the machinery
down below, began to turn, and the
balloonette climbed into the air. It
rose to a height of one thousand
feet. From that altitude, ships
unseen to the officers on deck were
visible to the sailor aloft. A telephone
wire led down, along the
cable, from the balloon basket to
the bridge of the submarine.
"Steamer smoke south southeast,"
the sailor telephoned.
The windlass began to turn,
the balloonette was pulled
down tu the deck, deflated.
and put in its proper
place inside the submarine.
The hatchways
of steel were
clamped tight and
U-117 changed its
course to south
southeast and came
upon a merchantman,
as the sailor in
the balloonette reported,
that otherwise
would have
slipped by. And
again the horror—
the torpedoed ship,
a few life boats,
swamped with men,
tossing on the heavy
seas, bodies floating
around, and U-117
gliding away in
search of more prey.
That is one of the
devices by which
German science has
made the submarines
mi ire effective. And
they have another
clever scheme. The
Germans have submarines which
while running submerged, cai

co.yma"!—i
MEETING THE SUBMARINE PROBLEM 699
THE 820,000 U-BOAT SWATTER
This little cralt is shown here making 26 miles an hour in a Government tria
lay mines. These submarines sneak
down outside a port where the shipping
is particularly heavy. Each submarine
can carry twelve mines. These
mines are connected one to another by
verv lieavv cable, also from each mine
is a lighter cable attached to an anchor.
The mines are dropped overboard one by
line, the submarine running submerged.
The anchor falls, catches on the bottom
of the harbor and holds the mine in place ;
the mine is now submerged. Then the
OUR LAST "CLOSE-UP" OF A U-BOAT
This craft, the U-53, visited Newport Harbor before the breaking of diplomatic relations, and was visited bv Admiral
Glcaves "f our navy.

700 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
. Humanity
In splendid comparison with German methods, this scene, showing two drowning
German seamen being rescued by a British submarine, gives a noble retort to the
Baralong charges.
submarine goes five hundred yards farther,
drops a second mine, and so on
until the twelve are laid.
What happens is this. A steamer
comes out. Its bow hits the big cable
connecting two mines. The lighter cable
connecting these mines to the anchors
cannot stand the strain and pulls loose
from the anchor. That leaves the two
mines loose. The steamer's bow, pressing
against the heavy cable, pulls these
two mines into the sides of the steamer,
like a fan closing, and on coming into
contact with the hull, the mines explode.
Then the submarine, watching the operation,
deliberately shows its periscope to
create the impression that the steamer
was sunk by a submarine.
These mines, five hundred yards apart,
made a chain 6,000 yards long, the location
of which the steamer knew nothing.
Much of the sinking of merchantmen reported
as the work of submarine torpedoes
was accomplished by this clever
device—that little dust-throwing trick of
for submarines.
the submarine showing
its periscope as if to say
"I did it."
The experience of
Great Britain in fighting
the submarine peril is of
great benefit to us. Submarine
war defense is
divided into two parts,
operations close to land
and operations on the
seas. The English have
been particularly successful
near their coast
line. That is because
there is much shallow
water and the bottom is
quite light along the
coast of the British Isles.
British seaplanes have
spotted submarines in
the Channel. In the
waters near the English
Coast the English Navy
has placed steel mesh
traps and they have
dragged with steel nets
They also have fenced off
lanes in the English Channel. They laid
heavy steel nets across the Channel, from
England to France. On each side of the
barrier was a gate which opened to permit
their own and neutral ships to pull
through. How successful this method
has proved is obvious from the fact that
no steamer carrying troops from England
to France has ever been sunk.
Considering a German submarine attack
on our coast, we find that we have
no English Channel as a line of communication.
Our problem is more difficult.
We can use the English wire net
system in our harbors and bays to prevent
submarines getting in. We cannot
lay steel nets, though, to convoy steamers.
The Atlantic is too big and too deep
to be fenced off like the Channel. This
makes our naval war one of fighting submarines
on the seas. Now guns on the
deck of a merchantman will not protect
our merchantman. The Aztec, one of
(Continued on page 780)

JUST SYMPTOMS
»HQT06 CO^YBISHT UNGEBWOOD i UND£*"WOOD
SCOURfNG THE COUNTRYSIDE
Any day you may see little groups like this standing in a barnyard or beside a fence. Representatives
of the Government are visiting farms, towns, and hamlets, and telling all whom they meet the best ways
in which to "do their bit".
PRESENT ARMS!
Even the colored caddies ol the Palmctte Golf Club, Aiken, South Carolina, demanded a chance to train
Their desires were granted, and while rifles were being secured, they were drilled with drivers and
brassies.
701

7 ui
"YOUR SPECIAL ORDERS ARE—"
Establishing sentry posts on railroad bridges is now done in the East by a noncommissioned officer on ;
hand car. As the sentry stands at "port", the officer delivers his final instructions.
TENSE MOMENTS
Before the guard is posted, each man's clothes and equipment are scrutinized most closely. If there is a
speck of rust, dust or grease in the barrel of his rifle, he is in lino for a reprimand.

THE FRONTMOBILE—A NEW
IDEA IN AUTOS
E X C E P T for a few freak racing
cars and experimental machines,
this new front-drive automobile
is an entirely new departure
in motor mechanism. All
the power and transmitting machinery is
grouped together under the bonnet in
order to be easily accessible; the motor
and the transmitting members, including
the differential, gear shift, radiator,
bracket and starter, are all incorporated
in uiie assembly.
The back of the chassis is unencumbered
by any gears, shafts or other working
parts, and the rear axle, no longer
used fur propulsion, is lightened considerably.
The structural formation of the front
All the Mechanism is Arranged Compactly
Much weight and several parts necessary on old style
cars are done away with on the front drive machine
wheel driving mechanism enables it to
perform the dual function of driving and
steering. Until recent years mechanical
construction difficulties were the obstacles
to tiiis method, which is most
natural. These difficulties now are overcume.
Greater efficiency is secured with
the front drive ; skidding is almost eliminated
; steering is made safer ; there is a
greater tractive effort, and the dropped
frame back of the power plant, making a
lower center of gravity, prevents overturning.
The car is believed t>> have passed the
experimental stage. For two years it has
been subjected to exhaustive road tests
under all sorts of conditions.
The performance of the front drive
has demonstrated that it rides easier than
the conventional rear drive car, because
all the suspended members, when the car
is in action, are under tension which entirely
eliminates the jolting of the car
produced when a car is being pushed by
the rear wheels, putting all the members
under compression. Hence, a front drive
car can be constructed much lighter, and
still have greater strength mechanically,
as it offers less strain on the framework.
703

FREEING THE OPERATOR
A N interesting example of the de-
/\ machinization of the count-
/ \ ing-house employe by machin-
/ % izing his work is furnished
by the money-order section
of the Chicago post office. Reckoned
by the number of individual accounts
handled, it is the largest counting
house in the world. Over 100,000
items a day are handled by this office
during the slack season, while, during
the Christmas rush, when the great
Chicago mail order houses receive
daily floods of money orders for their
Christmas sales, the number of individual
slips rises well above 200,000 a
day, yet you will find no plodding
human adding machines there.
Each money order, when it is received,
is sent to the punching sections.
Here girls, seated before small and un-
The OnlyHuman
Element
This girl may make
a mistake — she
rarely does, in fact
—but after t hecards
leave her
hands everything is
done by machinery.
There is absolutely
no chance for error.
704
lOQ^OOO
'MM •
- •
The Money Order Cards Look and Act Much Like
the Punched Music Rolls of a Pianola
impressive punch machines, with very
simple keyboards, translate the accounting
items of the money order into
punch holes on cards. These punch
cards are covered with figures in divisions,
the number punched out in each
division counting as one digit of the
figure.
The whole occupies but a few seconds,
and the card, which now looks
ike the pianola translation of something
which the advertisements urge
you to try on your piano, works on
exactly that principle. In stacks, the
cards are fed into huge accounting machines,
where the information corresponding
to the punch marks is typewritten
pneumatically, with carbon
copies, on loose leaf ledger pages.
The machines classify the cards,
tabulate the information in typewritten
columns, add up the amounts of money,
foot up the totals and carry them over
for the next page without effort and
without error.
John T. Hubbard, head of
A the money-order section at
the Chicago post office,
phrased the matter rather
accurately, when he remarked
: '
"Our. employes are not
machines but intelligent operators
of machines". And
this could well be taken as a
slogan by the heads of all
business corporations.

TRAINING OUR BOYS
FOR NAVAL DEFENSE
DURN IT! THERE GOES REVEILLE!
Because the famous "I can'tgittemup" call sounds at the misty hour of five A. M„ the bugle corps gets
many nouns and adjectives not to be found in Webster's Unabridged, hurled at it. By the time collar
clips and shoelaces are adjusted, however, the enthusiasm of youth has overcome sleepiness.

706 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
As the Sun Rises
When reveille formation is dismissed,
the blue jackets wash,
comb their hair and then clean up
their tents and equipment as shown
in the upper photograph. Then
comes mess call, mess formation,
and they all march in to partake of
fruit, porridge, bacon and potatoes
—getting up at five sharpens the
appetite to a keen-cutting edge.

TRAINING OUR BOYS FOR NAVAL DEFENSE 707
' • "•/•--'r-'r?^ 3 ^:
The Strenuous Part of the Day Begins
After breakfast, battalion formations come. Then
from nine o'clock until eleven the jackies have signal
drill, as shown in the lower photograph, and other
company exercises such as Butt's Manual with the
guns, which is being run through in the upper picture.
Then comes a short resting period.
••«-•-•-

708 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
LETTERS FROM HOME
At 11:45 the morning mail is distributed, and there is not a man jack in the camp who doesn't line
up eagerly to find out whether the mother or the girl hasn't remembered him. A great deal of
good-natured joshing—some of it tinged with envy—comes to the man who invariably draws his
pink or blue missive at these gatherings.

TRAINING OUR BOYS FOR NAVAL DEFENSE 709
After the dinner hour comes formation and boat drill. The recruits spend from
o'clock learning how to manage the oars of dories without "catching crabs.'* The
similar to the practice work in a shell of a varsity eight.

710 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
THE INSTRUCTION PERIODS
After boat drill, the recruits spend the two hoursuntil four o'clock with seamanship drill—shown
in the upper picture—and with practical instruction in the arts and implements of sea warfare. In
the lower photograph an officer is demonstrating a machine gun.

TRAINING OUR BOYS FOR NAVAL DEFEXSK 711
AND GOSH! WHAT AN APPETITE!
\\ hen call i>> evening mess sounds its "Soupee-soupee-soupet—with not a single bean," the sail­
ors respond with an avidity they never exhibited when working behind roll-tops. It is impossible
to find a mess slacker in the whole camp.

712 ILLUSTRATED WORLD

Take the HgvSpeed Sidewalk!
How the Humble Roller Skgte
May Free the Straphanger
F E E T are going out of date.
Business and pleasure today
both demand rapid transit;
wherever flivvers, street cars,
subway trains, elevated railroads,
or camel caravans are possible
means of transportation, shoe leather is
spared. Every man, woman, and child
today is geared up to an eight-cylinder,
direct-drive exi.stence, and woe comes
unto him who walks. His leisurely path
leads straight to the Grotto of Rack
Numbers.
The penalty? Scientists mope, and
forecast a generation of nervous wrecks
who, with palsied fingers, scarce can set
down coffee cups safely as they start
their dash for the 7:54. Be that as it
may. Even if feet atrophy and become
near-rudiments like our appendixes, we
cannot obstruct progress.
Comfort, and in some degree, health,
however, can be improved materially by
changing the conditions of travel. Let
us accept speed as a necessary evil. Let
us do away with the health-destroying
concomitants of speed, as they exist
today, however, and by the same means
make business men and pleasure seekers
a thousand per cent more comfortable.
Modern city and business life have
demanded wheels. Very well! Let us
put men and women on wheels! Only,
instead of packing them like so many
anchovies into fiend-manned tunnel
busses, or making them cling desperately
to dirty straps in garlic-saturated trams,
or forcing them to use football tactics to
cram themselves into the last jitney that
goes their way, let them wear their own
wheels and use their own boulevards!
This is not the inspiration of a dope
fiend; it is transportation evolution.
Street cars, elevated railroads, automobiles,
subways, and railways have made
big cities possible. Cities now have
turned about and are making these methods
of transportation impossible. There
is no room on, above, or below the
streets for these bulky conveyances. Because
the limit has been reached, today
men are trying to raise the coefficient of
elasticity of human flesh—trying to
crowd more people into cars than the
cars are capable of holding. It cannot
go further.
The remedy ? It is suggested by many
of our up-to-date factories. The employes
of these establishments, having
to make time over miles of floors, and
not being able to use mechanical carriers
of any kind, have adopted roller skates.
The minute they start work they don
skates, and until closing time at night
they use no other means of transportation.
The big city of tomorrow is going to
adopt this plan. Besides the ordinary
sidewalks as we know them, which
doubtless will remain for the use of the
lame, the halt, and the blind, high-speed
sidewalks will be constructed. These
probably will be built above the present
walks and will be limited to wheeled
human traffic moving in one direction.
The walks will be of some smooth ma-
713

714 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
terial, probably Trinidad Lake asphalt,
that is adapted to rapid transit on small
wheels.
These high-speed sidewalks, railed or
fenced to prevent accidents, will link all
the business establishments of the city.
Like the strands of a spider web they
will stretch out in all directions, regardless
of what passes beneath. It is probable
that time will see them on each story
of a skyscraper section of the city, with
elevators to take the wheeled pedestrians
from one floor to another.
Not only will these sidewalks solve the
city's problems of transportation, commerce,
and shopping, but also they will
make life in the suburbs much cheaper,
much more bearable, and more possible.
Instead of poky train service, with its
lung-corroding smoking car, the commuter
will don blithely his seven-league
skates, hop on to the high-speed suburban
sidewalk, and whizz his merry way
to the office at the rate of fifteen or
twenty—yes, thirty, if he wishes—miles
an hour! Cheeks will glow with health,
muscles will lose their softness and lethargy,
and brains will be snapping with a
dynamic energy that mere work cannot
exhaust. Then, too, the yearly bill for
car fare will be cut, enabling the commuter's
family to live better on the same
income.
Even if it were necessary to use the
old-fashioned ball-bearing steel roller
skate, this system would be adopted
eventually. The benefits are great and
the drawbacks nil. As great speed as I
have mentioned in this article would not
be possible to maintain with this old
skate, however. It would be possible
only to double the present pedestrian
rate, without helping the straphanger out
of his difficulty entirely.
Two kinds of skates are on the market,
now, though, which solve the problem.
The first is an unmotored speed skate
which uses the weight of the operator as
a propelling force in addition to the forward
force he exerts while sliding his
feet forward. On the base of this skate,
under the wearer's toes, is a flange of
metal which moves up and down, actuated
by pressure from the shoe as the
operator's weight is taken off and put on
again. The flange is attached to an
arrangement which resembles the pedal
and sprocket of a bicycle. The sprocket,
however, is the front wheel of the skate
itself, and the pedal is the arm which attaches
this to the metal flange. A device
for disengaging this sprocket arm is included,
which frees the flange when the
skate attains the speed of approximately
twelve miles an hour. If the wearer
wishes to go faster, he gets assistance
from the weight of his own body.
This skate, because of its remarkable
ease of operation, its speed, and its lightness
of weight, should be the most in
evidence on the high-speed sidewalks of
the future. No hardship would attach
to taking care of these, and a pair should
last a man at least five years under ordinary
conditions.
For those far suburbanites who could
not depend upon their own weight and
leg-power to get them to the office on
time in the morning, the motor skate
recently invented by Mr. Bruce S.
Eytinge should be the best bet. This is
a three-wheeled skate which is gasoline
motored and completely self-controlled.
Its wheel base is twenty-five inches, and
the wheels themselves are five inches in
diameter and rubber-tired.
Only tbe right skate is motored. It
carries a double-opposed two-cylinder
motor which is belt-connected to the
front wheels. The motor base and crankcase
are made in one aluminum casting.
A three-pound flanged flywheel whirls
between the cylinders. A two-bearing
crankshaft is used, the bearings in the
outer walls of the crank casing being
eliminated to save weight. A steering
post extends upward from the engine;
owing to the dual front wheels, steering
is effected by inclining the post to one
side or the other. Attached to this post
is the gasoline tank, while within—it is
hollow—lubricating oil is carried and fed
to the parts that require it.
The skater carries four dry cells on

TAKE THE HIGH-SPEED SIDEWALK 715
Not Only Business Men in a Hurry, but Women
with Shopping to Do Would Find the Roller Skate
High-Speed Sidewalk a Convenience
ese are connected to the
engine by two wires reaching from a
switch at his belt.
In spite of the completeness of this
motor skate outfit, and the fact that an
operator can make thirty miles an hour
with it easily, the entire weight is only
thirty pounds, three pounds of which the
skater must carry on his back.
Of course, there are many other types
iif roller and motor roller skates—a set
which runs by electricity and
which makes the operator carry
a huge storage battery on his
lack, a set which has a single
cylinder motor on each skate.
and so on—but the two described
are by far the best.
When the high-speed sidewalk
reaches through to your suburb,
you will undoubtedly try
on one of the two kinds.
At that time, however, when
this method of quick transit has
passed the experimental stage,
there is little doubt that better
skates will be offered immediately.
The Yankee inventor
possesses marvellous ingenuity
when need presses: it is not an
overestimation of his abilities
to say that if there were a concrete
demand for ten-pound motor skates,
he would have patents taken out on this
device within six months. And if tenpound
motor skates did appear, they
probably would be dangerous rivals, not
only for automobiles, but for suburban
traffic on railways, and even for long distance
passenger service.

R t u r 1 n g
these
instruments of
destruction, of
various sizes
and patterns,
the ingenuity
of the ordnance
experts being
exercised in the
task of improving
on the best
European models.
Most attention
is being
given to the
development of
716
Pre pared
for Arminp
OUR ARMY'S NEW HAND GRENADE
Assembled
FIFTY-SEVEN VARIETIES
OF BOMBS
By RENE BACHE
EALIZING that bombs are destined
to play a very important
part in future warfare, our
War and Navy Departments
are busily engaged in manufac-
Thi
"drop bombs", for use by military and
naval aeroplanes.
It is worth mentioning, by way of
parenthesis, that every one of the big
fighting ships to be built under the program
recently
authorized by
Congress will
carry a flying
boat, and will
be provided
with means of
launching it at
sea. These
boats, collectivelycomposing
a rather
formidable
aerial navy,
Rifle Grenades for Close Fighting That Will Be Carried
by Our First Expeditionary Force
will be meant
primarily for

FIFTY-SEVEN VARIETIES OF BOMBS 717
scouting at sea, but will be furnished,
now that war has come, with drop bombs
for attacking hostile craft—particularly
submarines.
Inside of the fuselage of the air-boat
where the aviator sits, the
bombs, suspended one above
another on either side of
him, will be so adjusted-—
by an arrangement similar
to that adopted in our newest
military warplanes—as
to be electrically released
one after another when a
button is touched. Provision
thus is made for carrying
ten bombs of sixteen pounds
each.
The military drop bombs,
for obvious reasons, will be
much more varied in size
and pattern than those used
by the navy. One type that
has been adopted provisionally
by the War Department
weighs twenty-two pounds,
with its load of high explosives,
and has the shape of a
pear. At the top of it is a
metal cylinder which contains a
small steel contrivance resembling
a propeller, set horizontally,
and adjusted upon the
thread of a vertical screw.
When the missile is dropped,
the resistance of the air through
which it passes causes the pro­
peller to revolve, unwinding
itself from the screw and falling
off. By this means the
firing mechanism is released,
The Twenty-Two-
Pound Drop Bomb
and the
bomb, on striking the target, explodes.
Other types of bombs are altogether
different in character and mode of construction.
There is the kind that bursts
into a multitude of fragments, for the
killing of men : the "aerial mine" (carrying
a huge load of high explosive),
which is meant to demolish buildings or
other structures; the "pyrotechnic", for
use at night, which illuminates the landscape
far and wide with a brilliant mag-
nesium light, revealing to the aviator a
favorable place to make a landing; and,
not least remarkable, the bomb that buries
itself in the earth and discharges from
its rear end an explosive projectile
which breaks into an umbrellashaped
shower of missiles.
Meanwhile the navy is developing
a special kind of bomb for attacking
submarines from the air.
The undersea boat travels at only
a moderate depth, rarely
more than fifty feet below
the surface, and its shadowy
shape, like that of a gigantic
fish, is easily seen from aloft
in o r d i n a r i 1 y tranquil
weather. Accordingly, it
may be assailed to advantage
with drop bombs that are
provided with a "delayaction"
fuse, in order that
they may not explode until
they reach the swimming
target.
The most remarkable contrivance
of the sort, however,
is an automobile bomb
that is now under experimental
test by the navy. It is
discharged from a gun somewhat
resembling a torpedotube,
falls upon the water, skims
along the surface, then rises
ligh into the air, and finally
ilunges downward upon the ship
aimed at.
The small hand-bombs
adopted for use by the War
Department, which are more
properly called "grenades", are steel
tubes that contain five ounces of high
explosives, and which are set off by a
percussion cap and fulminate of mercury
detonator. They have tails of ravelled
cord which serve the same purpose as
the feather of an arrow, keeping the tube
business-end foremost in flight. Similar
explosive missiles, to be fired from
rifles, are provided with steel rods in
place of tails, which also determine the
range at which the grenades are effective.

718
"WEALTH"
PRICE OF ADMISSION—SEVEN TIN CANS!
Because cans have become so scarce, this Indiana photoplay theater recently decided to educate its
patrons to a knowledge of the wealth they waste daily. The admission price was changed, therefore.
Coin of the realm now will not admit a spectator, but seven legitimate tomato cans will.
HERE'S A MILLION DOLLARS IN GOLD!
Fifty thousand double eagles, count 'em! Huge crowds passed into this San Francisco exhibit for
glimpse at the yellow pile; nine-tenths of the multitude departed, determined to be misers.

THE NEW IDEA IN PRISON
BUILDING
THE PLAN OF THE NEW PENITENTIARY AS DESIGNED BY A CHICAGO ARCHITECT
A N old time convict, if transported cular dining room is placed in the cen­
/\ tu the new penitentiary builil- tral portion ; surrounding this are eight
/ \ ings now being constructed circular cell houses for the prisoners, all
j % near Joliet, Illinois, would connected with the dining room by cor­
rub his eyes and wonder. In ridors. Between these radiating corri­
place of the old style cells, arranged in dors are the kitchen, bakery, private
straight rows tier above tier, damp, dining room, office, and guard rooms, all
cheerless, and insanitary, he would find opening directly into the dining room.
a circular arrangement, with well lighted, Two large work rooms are placed far
well ventilated cells that are as sanitary in the rear, but are also connected with
as cleanliness and care can make them. the dining room by a corridor. The
A glance at the bird's-eye view of the warehouses for the storage of raw ma­
buildings, shown in the accompanying terial and manufactured products are
illustration, will show to what extent the just in the rear of the work rooms. At
arrangement of the buildings marks a one side is the chapel, with a stage, a
new departure. The administration large auditorium, and separate rooms for
building at the entrance suggests the con­ those of the Catholic and Jewish faiths.
ventionalarrange­ Opposite this is the
ment, but everything
hospital, with special
else is radically dif­
wards for those with
ferent. The buildings
tuberculosis and con­
are grouped so as to
tagious diseases.
secure the greatest
The 1 a u n d ry and
convenience in ad­
shower baths are in
ministration. As all
a building at the left
must eat. even in a
of the long corridor
prison, a large cir- Cross-Section of One of the Cell Houses to the work rooms.
719

7Z0
The Bird and Flower Lover
Can Combine Her Pets in
This One Corner Outfit
v •¥/" -""1
NEW WRINKLES IN
This Ornamental
Stand Conceals
the Telephone
Not Only Porch
and Sun Parlor,
but Living
Room and Music
Room Are
Furnished in
This Style. This
Attractive
Phonograph Is
Very Popular
This Sprint:
Even the Wastebasket Is of Wicker
A Wicker Tea Cart

SUMMER FURNITURE
Make the Goldfish
Scintillate
Below the bowl are two
tinted electric bulbs,
which make the fish glitter
with reflected light.
A Decorated Wicker Bathtub
for the Baby
DUCKS AND WATER LILIES
riie lamp, the crib, the screen, the soiled clothes hamper and the bathtub above are decorated in this manner to plea^
baby.
•••I .'
721

A DOG PATROLMAN FOR
EVERY BEAT
By A R T H U R B. JONES
G E R M A N shepherd dogs first
became conspicuous in the
town of Hildesheim, Germany,
about twenty years
ago, by being placed as members
on the police force of that community.
In the years that followed, up
to the outbreak of the European struggle,
the idea grew, until in 1914 over two
thousand dogs were actively engaged in
German towns and cities in active guard
and police duties.
Other European countries took up the
idea. Then, finally, America began to
see the advantage of this four-footed
sleuth and guardian of the peace. There
has been for several years now one section
of Brooklyn that has a squad of
these dogs attached to the local police
station. Belgian shepherds were chiefly
used at first. Now the German shepherd
is finding his place here also. Various
small towns have introduced the animals
to supplement their inadequate police
force.
71Z
A Noble Type of Dogthe
German Shepherd
The German police dog is a gaunt yet
sinewy animal, with large, erect ears and
a head somewhat resembling that of a
wolf. The adult weighs fifty pounds or
more.
The animal is intelligent and is relatively
easy to train. Perhaps this statement
may make some of the canine instructors
smile, for at best the task of
drilling a four-footed animal is by no
means free from difficulties.
The first essential is to inculcate obedience.
The greater the intelligence the
greater the difficulty sometimes of teaching
the animal to go through a certain
routine. His own individuality is likely
to assert itself. Here is where the skilled
master uses discretion.
Under proficient instruction, police
dogs soon learn
to give tongue
w hen the
dummy quarry
y
— a specially
hired individual"
—b r e a k s from
cover and dashes
away. Also they
learn to curb their
hunting instincts
and stop abruptly
at the cry or
whistle of command.

A DOG PATROLMAN EOR EVERY BEAT 723
Where resistance is offered,
they are taught to leap at the
wrist or throat of the fugitive.
For the purpose of practical
instruction, a special outfit, consisting
of three suits of clothes,
two of them heavily padded, a
couple of pairs of gloves, and
special neck mufflers, is used.
The man encased in this armor
starts to run, and the police dog
is sent in pursuit. Sometimes
the dog will catch the fugitive
by the leg and trip him. Sometimes
the dug will lea]) through
the air and take him on a flying
tackle. At other times the animal
will leap at the throat.
Usually, for this practice work
muzzles are used.
With a dog thus trained it is
no easy thing for a thief to ply
his illicit business in a neighborhood
where one of these animals
is mi patrol. 1 le has been taught
to respect men dressed in uniform,
to go to the aid of a policeman
win i is attacked or in
distress, and to bite or throw
(lie policeman's assailant. One
of these dogs, therefore, makes a
most valuable companion to a
These dogs
policeman in an outlying or especially
dangen HIS neighborhood.
While prowling on his beat by himself.
this dog will rout out from the hushes
and shadows all marauders. Hence, all
evil characters quickly learn to shun a
neighborhood so guarded.
As night watchmen and as guards
around lone dwellings, these dogs are
invaluable. It is no easy feat for a thug
to lure one of these animals from his
duty. In the education they receive they
will refuse all fond, even when hungry,
that is offered by strangers. Their early
education has been of a character to lead
them to suspect all strangers. So neither
poisoned nor drugged food nor blandishments
can seduce one of these animals.
Tie cannot be intimidated, coaxed, or
lured. The properly trained police dog
They Hang on Like Grim Death
vill t.tick to the suspect they arc pursuing no matter what
obstacles are thrown in their way.
is irreproachable in morals, mien and
manners.
He will face pistol tire unflinchingly.
On such occasions he is at his fiercest
and will leap savagely to the attack.
He is taught also to leap over most
obstacles so that he can keep close to the
quarry, even in a country where manyfences
have to be negotiated. It is no
difficult feat for one of these dogs to
clear a seven-foot obstacle or to broadjump
a twelve or fifteen-foot creek.
His education enables him to ferret out
hidden goods: to find coins that have
been dropped, in fact, to search out every
clue to the criminal that may be of service
in leading to eventual discoverv and
arrest.

724
THE CHARGE OF THE
BIKE BRIGADE
THE CYCLES GIVE GOOD COVER
Like the horses of cavalry, these steel mounts are called upon to shelter their riders when exigency re­
quires. From behind the makeshift ramparts a squad of these soldiers can pour a galling fire.
AND THEN IN LESS THAN TEN SECONDS-
They jump up, mount the motorcycles, and whirl away toward the enemy in a fifty-mile-an-hour charge.
Because the ninety cycle units in this division are so mobile, they are able to accomplish a great deal of
destruction with little loss to themselves.

CULTIVATING CORN BY
TRACTORS
THIS TRACTOR STRADDLES THE CORN ROWS, AND NEVER NIPS OFF THE SUCCULENT
LEAVES LIKE HORSES LOVE TO DO
W I T H more than 100,000,-
000 acres of corn planted
annually, the task of cultivating
fields and freeing
them from weeds
until the corn has been "laid by" has
been Herculean, necessitating the services
of several hundred thousand
horses. Until the past year, the task
was never done by other than animal
labor. But just as horse-power long
ago supplanted man-power and cornhoeing
gave way before the sulky
plow, now tractor power has supplanted
horse- and mule-power.
It is estimated that the series of
demonstrations cost the tractor manufacturers
close to a million dollars,
one concern alone spending $20,000 to
display its makes. But each demonstration,
lasting a week, was visited by
from 10,000 to 15,000 farmers each day,
thus warranting the heavy expense.
In all the demonstrations no single
thing attracted more widespread attention
than the possibility of the
tractor in corn cultivation. A tractor
which straddles the corn rows, pulling
the cultivating shovels behind it, and
is guaranteed never to nip off the
green, succulent leaves—as the horses
and mules invariably do—proved its
worth at every demonstration and was
welcomed eagerly by the corn farmers.
A speed of five or six miles an hour
can be maintained, the corn field being
cultivated much more quickly than bv
horse labor.
725

•^ by IJdward C. Crossmarii
STEERING HIM INTO THE NET
I
a M completely helpless," spoke up
the puzzled stranger; "my past
experience won't take me out of
the babes in the wood class when it
comes to fishing tackle. What I
want is a man with a heart, a family,
and a Christian raising; a man who'll
neither try to sell me jeweled hilt rods
nor load me up with department store
flies that look like feather dusters. Are
you such a man?"
"I am," grinned the tackle seller; "I'm
all that and more because, when needed,
I constitute myself an advisory committee
of one to the unwary, refusing to
sell them the things they don't need as
well as selling them the things they do
need. What's on your mind, tarpon or
brook trout?"
"Trout and bass, I gather from my invitation.
I've a friend in the nut class
of the fishing bugs. He's written me to
come up this summer to his uncouth and
uncurried hangout near the Canadian
line, and he says that I'll get bass in a
726
lily-pad pond nearby and trout within a
short drive—brook trout. I've got a little
time at last, and a little money, and I feel
the fishing thing taking worse every day.
You pick me the outfit that'll not bring
on more than the normal amount of criticism
from another fisherman, that'll last
more than one season, that'll be good and
yet not flossy or de luxe, and I'll write
the check. Is that fair ?"
"It is," agreed the stout person on the
other side of the case; "just waltz this
way, and we'll begin with a trout rod
that'll make your hair curl. After we
get everything necessary together for the
entertainment of Brother Trout, we'll
go into this bass thing—bad idea to get
your head going round and round with it
the very first thing."
"Trout rods," he went on, as he
flanked long cases full of beautiful flies
and horrific rubber creatures with festoons
of hooks along their bellies, "are
made in grades from one ducat to sixty
sequins, while I saw one the other day

with jewels and gold and other equally
appropriate fittings that cost two hundred
iron men. We might as well get
this price thing straight before we go on,
and what T say will go also for the rest
of the outfit. It is true, as every once
in a while some boob arises to remark,
that the dollar rod will catch nearly as
many fish as the twenty dollar rod. It
is also true that the seven dollar, malleable
iron, single barrel shotgun will kill
a limit nearly as well as the hundred
dollar Parker, but there never was a
shooter with a brain in his head who'd
go afield with tbe seven-dollar lemon if
he could afford the hundred-dollar boy.
HE GOES A-FISHING 111
"Trout rods," explained the tackle
man, taking down one from the ceilingscraping
cluster, "can be had in good
reliable make for five dollars, and for the
chap with limited, very limited appropriation,
I'd suggest this one. But the
experienced fisherman wouldn't take it;
he'd walk to save car fare and cut out
sodas, to get a rod he knew had the
fittings and construction he wanted. We
want German silver mountings, split
bamboo material, solid cork hand-grip,
snake guides—these little hickeys
through which the line runs—agate tip
guide, and ferrules that are serrated and
welted. Most of these things we can aret
"A POUND AN' A HALF. AN" HE FOUGHT LIKE A MUSKIE!
Catching fish, as somebody remarks, is
not all there is to fishing; killing poor
bobwhite is not all there is to shooting.
t lather me?"
"I do," said the stranger, "you're right
from the first word to the last one.
Down with the dollar, the two-dollar,
and the three-dollar rod. Prom that on,
I'm lost."
for ten dollars, but I'd suggest this
fifteen-bone grade of the celebrated
celestial make. The name is one at which
no bug can turn up his nose, and the
maker doesn't know how to put out a
poor rod. Sure, they look a lot alike,
regardless of price, but you won't fish
a month before you will know the difference
as surely as vou can distinguish

728 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
between the before mentioned malleable
iron single barrel and fine double hammerless.
"Now here's a beauty little buggywhip
of a rod, weighs 2^ ounces, and is
9 feet long. Nice to handle, eh? Naw,
don't just do a flag-drill stunt with it;
put a little snap into it and see how it'd
feel if you were striking little troutie.
That's the extreme on the light side; a
beautiful little weapon in the hands of
the expert—on little trout, of course.
Your best bet for a one-rod equipment is
this boy, weight S l /2 ounces, length 9j^
feet. Ginger enough to put out line in
the face of the wind and to handle even
a four-pounder; long enough for nearly
any water, and too long for some. Of
course, the first dratted fisherman you
meet will disagree on one ground, and
the next one will disagree on another,
but you'd have to take along my whole
stock to suit even half of those you'll
meet; the rest want stuff made to order,
"YE-AH! SIX OF 'EM! AIN'T YOU JEALOUS?"
combination rod, one rod for both sorts
of fishing. The bass is a big-mouthed,
big-shouldered, Bob Fitzsimmons sort of
fish, that runs heavier than the trout.
He's tempted from his lair by baits, ordinarily,
artificial and natural, and these
baits are heavy and are handled in a different
manner from the trout fly. Sometimes
bass will take the fly, but for this
the trout rod is good enough. To handle
the heavy baits used, the rod is short and
stiff, usually about S l /> feet long instead
of 9y2 feet like the trout rod.
"You see, in hoisting out a tempting
viand to this black-bass roughneck, you
cast from the reel, that is, the artificial
minnow or pork rind or whatever you
use is dangling with about a foot of line
from the tip of the rod. You give a
good hearty overhead or side-swing
with the reel running free and your
thumb on it to check overenthusiasm,
and send that bait whizzing anywhere
from 50 to 100 feet through the air to
with, say, an eighth-ounce more in the the spot you suspect of harboring a bass,
second joint.
This is no stunt for the trout rod; don't
"The bass rod is a horse of another use a good rod that way, either, or you'll
shade of red—mebbe you'd prefer a take the pep out of it.

"Here's a compromise affair,
like a gun with a shotgun barrel
above and a rifle barrel below
for either moose or bobwhite.
The experienced shooter wouldn't
take such a gun for either
game—but let that go."
"Gimme the trout rod we
picked," interrupted the stranger.
"That nut wouldn't lemme stay
in camp overnight with anything
iif the sort; I know him—and
yet I can see the good points of
the combination affair."
"It's got 'em," said the dealer,
positively; "I mind me of getting
into a deep and lonely
canyon out in Oregon two years
ago, with a creek that was wide
and deep and chock full of trout
—big ones, that'd never seen a
man, smelled an automobile, or
tasted a fly. I was deer bunting
and didn't have a sliver of tackle
along with the pack train, but I
bought me one of these trunk
rods just for times when the full
length boy couldn't go along.
These undiscovered and unfished
creeks are the things the trout
man dreams of.
"Now, here's a bully good bait
rod and it costs only ten bucks.
They come a lot higher, but there's no
sense in sticking a lot of money in
one : there's mighty little action to a bait
rod because of the stiffness, and any of
them are strong enough until bad luck
lights on the bow of the boat. She's Syi
feet long, two jointed, with the joint
well down the butt section, giving more
spring and strength to the rod at the cost
of a trifle longer package when it is
taken down. It comes from the shops
of the famous Jimheddon over at the
town with the funny name, and it's
plentv rod for you. In fact, for the first
year or so I'm not sure this one for six
dollars wouldn't do: it's all rod and a
'yard wide' and good enough for anybody
but the blamed shark."
"Gimme the ten dollar one," demanded
HE GOES A-EISUING 729
Fishing a Mountain Riffle
the stranger, "I can feel this fishing
thing coining over me worse every minute."
"All right, we'll finish up that trout
layout, before we talk any more bass.
Next song on the program is a reel.
Here, again, we ought to have two, one
for each sort of fishing. Any old reel
is good enough for trout; it is mostly a
line-holder anyhow after you learn; it
isn't merely a blasted steam winch for
dragging in the trout, as the beginner
thinks. I'm going to hand you this one
for two dollars, which'll make the first
fishing crank crossing your path throwthree
fits without pausing. It's cheap but
it's plenty good, and mighty light.
whence its name. Holds in theory a hundred
yards of line, which means 45 yards

730 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
of trout enameled line. You won't use
that much, ordinarily; you tie ten cents'
worth of cheap cotton line to the trout line
and wind it on the reel first for a filler,
leaving space for more line if you want
to fish a wide river, and giving a bigger
reel and faster winding. Also it's single
action, wdiich means that the spindle
turns once for every revolution of the
handle, instead of being geared up.
"Lines? A half-dozen 'level' enameled
lines, size F, and one 40-yard size E.
There are tapered lines, but you'll get
ir.to that stuff as you get deeper into the
game. The half dozen I'm putting in are
75 feet long—and, as I told you, a core
of cheap cotton line must be wound on
the reel ahead of this one to use up the
extra room with the 75 foot length.
"Flies? If you had, say, a week, I
think by cutting down on time for meals
and sleep, we might get fairly into the
subject—and probably into an argument
if some other fisherman overheard us.
Without reasoning with you I'll put in a
good solid leather fly-book that'll cost
you two fifty and is worth it. Holds
eight dozen flies and some leaders and is
covered with pig-skin. Got cheaper
ones; one here for a dollar and a quarter
that's not pasteboard and glue like some
of these lemons, but you'll finally get the
bigger and better one, anyhow. Also a
dozen leaders and a leader box with pad
to keep them moist. A dry leader is
slightly harder to handle than a coil of
trolley wire and won't stand so much
abuse. And now the flies. You can get
them out of stock costing a dollar and a
half a dozen ; good ones—good enough
and to spare for a tenderfoot to lose on
overhead boughs and underfoot snags—•
cost a dollar. For a starter, a half dozen
each tied on No. 10 hooks; anything
needing a bigger hook will probably separate
you from your leader and flies anyhow,
at first. Of the kind—taking six
of each under the impression that you
can mooch on your friend when you lose
all you've got—we'll put in Coachman,
Grizzly King. Queen of the Waters,
Brown Hackle," White Miller, Cahill,
Silver Doctor, and Professor. They'll
be enough to exhaust the diet possibili­
ties of the trout, coupled with what
patience you've got.
"That'll take care of the trout end of
the game, although I could say ten or
twenty thousand more kind words of
advice if you had time.
"Now, for the rest of the bass-teasing
layout. The bait-casting reel is the important
part of the outfit, just as the
reel isn't in the trout equipment. When
you hurl a two-ounce bait a hundred
feet or so through the air and the reel
has to supply the line needed, it turns
about one thousand R.P.M. to keep up
with the demand. Also it immediately
comes into action retrieving the line—
and maybe the fish when things break
right. So we want a good reel, and for
the sake of quick action, a multiplying
reel, which means that for every turn of
the handle the spindle turns four times.
"When the bait hits the water and the
line quits running, the reel, having an
elegant start and a speed like an electric
fan, keeps on running, winds the line
the wrong way or unwinds it all over the
place, and presents you with what is
called a backlash—usually with qualify­
ing adjectives. You'll never talk like
a fisherman until you've had one or two.
If a fish will kindly strike in the midst of
your snarl, the occasion becomes a bright
spot in your memory. To squelch this
tendency, reels are made that automatically
brake at the right time, and are
termed anti-backlash. You can let this
sort go until your education has reached
a higher plane and in the meantime
learn to use your thumb for a brake and
use it at the right time, which brings the
skill of the bait-caster into play.
"A respectable reel costs $5.00, and
is worth it. Good ones have accurately
cut and finely adjusted steel gears and
bearings; finer ones have their bearings
jeweled like a watch. There is not a lot
of difference between the really good
bait-casting reel and a watch, at that.
"I'm going to start you in with this
(Continued on page 782)

FLIES, FLEAS, AND HEAT
CIRCUMVENTING INSECTS IN MESOPOTAMIA
There novel were as in.my Hies, tle.is, gnats, ticks, chiggers, beetles and other polylegged pests in any oneplace in the
world before as there are in Mesopotamia today. This sleeping machine was designed by an English lieutenant, in an
endeavor to secure a lew hours o( precious sleep.
731

WOTOS COPYBPGHT-
MANHATTAN'S NEW
STEAM HEATING PLANT
Mighty Near the Stars
While these stacks were
under construction workmen
used this method of
rapid transit through space
to reach the top scaffolding.
The Woolworth tower
is seen in the background.
The Mysterious Black Stacks
For many weeks, people crossing Brooklyn Bridge have whispered specula­
tions regarding the six immense black tubes that have been in the process
construction in lower Manhattan. The stacks have been accused of being
new instruments for destroying hostile airplanes, and of having many othe
sinister purposes, but the cat is out of the bag now. They arc parts of th
new steam power plant which is to heat the skyscrapers of the city. Nine
hundred tons of coal are to be consumed daily in keeping the chimney busy.

SUMMER PASTIMES
The School Where No Child Plays
Hookey
At Venice, California, is a grammar
school conducted entirely outdoors.
The furnishings of a regular classroom
have been installed on the warm sands.
and the children follow the usual rou­
tine, except that at recess-time all the
kiddies and the winsome teacher. Miss
Lillian Bishop, take a dip in the surf.
The only difficulty encountered thus
far, we suspect, has been that of limit­
ing the class to children.
Romeo Takes It on High
This remarkable tomcat delights in
being "jounced" just as high as his
mistress can throw him. He positively
pleads for this treatment, and when
Miss Katherine Lawler, his owner,
accedes, Romeo shows his gratefulness
by sheathing his claws as he comes
down.
733

TODAY THE WHOLE INDUSTRIAL LIFE OF FLORENCE. LARDERELLO. LEGHORN,
RECEIVING THE IMPETUS OF RENEWED LIFE FROM THE SUPER-
T H R E F hundred years ago the
flames which leaped about the
mouth of Vesuvius were emblematic
of the flaming brimstone
through which sinners
might expect to pass on their painful
way to Paradise. The center of the
earth with its molten lakes and superheated
steam chambers was the Hades
people knew and feared. The boiling of
geysers of Iceland were merely the
safety valves for the boilers of Satan's
extensive Turkish bath.
Had a practical inventor of that day
suggested harnessing one of these
geysers to do man's work, or the piping
of power away from a volcano, the
fanciful one would have been burned to
the stake as a sorcerer.
Today, however, a scientific sorcerer,
unhampered by superstitions of this kind,
has tackled and solved the problem of
utilizing the vast resources of heat that
are present in the bowels of the earth.
T lis home city, Florence, Italy, draws
734
power for its munitions factories by clay
and for lighting purposes by night from
a real inferno, raging, blazing and boiling
beneath the thin crust of ea^th on
which Florence stands.
Great jets of superheated steam issuing
from that cauldron supply power to
drive a plant of 15,000 horsepower,
which generates electricity sent along
overhead conductors to Florence, Larderello,
Leghorn, Volterra, Grosseto, and
other neighboring towns in the prosperous
industrial section of Central Tuscany.
From the standpoint of engineering
science this is an epochal achievement,
eclipsing the dreams of the greatest
scientific thinkers of this age. It offers
to mankind, for immediate use, a concealed
source of power sufficient to do
the work now done by artificially generated
power. And fortunately, it comes
at a time when we are within sight of the
exhaustion of our coal and other fuel
supplies—the catastrophe which alarni-

Earth's Interior Drives Engines
bu C.W.Person O
VOLTERRA. GROSSETO AND DOZENS OF SMALLER TOWNS IN CENTRAL TUSCANY IS
HEATED STEAM CHAMBERS BELOW THE CRUST OF THE EARTH
ists always have pointed out as the cause
that ultimately would bring about the extinction
of the human race.
For countless centuries, steam under
terrific pressure has been spouting with
great violence and constancy from blowholes
and volcanic vents in the ground
near the little town of Larderello. It
has brought to the surface a large quantity
of boric acid, borax, and other mineral
substances of less importance. Until
recently, the steam itself was lost, having
no local application.
This brings us to the distinguished
Italian engineer of the present project.
Prince Ginori-Conti, who erected a borax
plant on the site several years ago. The
steady continuance of the superheated
steam jets proved to him that ancient
volcanic energies were still alive there.
although lava, ashes, and fire no longer
belched forth.
Consequently, in 1903, he turned his
attention to the utilization of these
powerful jets for motive power.
As good fortune would have it. he succeeded
at the first attempt in making the
captured steam drive a little rotary
engine. The results thrilled him. He
tried again. This time he made the
steam drive a modest reciprocating
steam engine attached to a dynamo, and.
to his joy. sufficient current was derived
to light his entire borax plant. Spurred
on by this success he continued his experiments
until, in l^Oo. the same superheated
steam was driving an engine of
forty horsepower.
At this stage difficulties arose. So far
as the mechanical power of the steam
was concerned, it gave satisfactorv results
; but it was so highly charged with
boric acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, and
sulphuric acid that it seriously corroded
the iron parts of the engine and made
frequent repairs necessary. But the
Prince, already familiar with his source
of power, was amply prepared for the
emergency.
Dissatisfied with the supply of steam
735

736 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
which came voluntarily from the natural ago, as president of the engineering sec­
vents and cracks in the rocks, he sunk tion of the British Association, predicted
boreholes, lined with iron pipes, down that man in the near future would be
to depths of from three hundred to five obliged to resort to the slumbering vol­
hundred feet, penetrating a subterranean canoes and to the thermal stores of the
ledge or stratum of hard rock, from be­ earth's interior to obtain power to run
neath which the steam issued.
his engines. Never did a prediction of so
The holes made were from twelve to startling a significance bear fruit in so
twenty inches in diameter, and it was short a time.
found that, provided they were not Thus, in their hour of need, the earth
placed nearer than fifty feet apart, a con­ itself has opened up to help the Allies!
tinuous supply of thermal energy could At the moment you are scanning this
be obtained. Indeed, the steam came page, three great groups of turbo-gener­
hissing up the iron pipes at temperatures ators, each of 3,000 kilowatts, are em­
of from 300° F. to 375° F. Each hole ploying the volcanic steam in the way
yielded from one thousand to two thou­ just described. They are generating cursand
horsepower an hour.
rent at 6.500 volts, stepped up through
Then came the war, and Italy's par­ an oil transformer to 36,000 volts, and
ticipation in it, with a resultant shortage transmitted by overhead cable to the
of coal which crippled the industries of towns above named. One of the 3,000-
Central Tuscany, concentrated at Florkilowatt sets has been at work since
ence, Larderello, Leghorn, Volterra, January last, and the second since April,
(irosseto, and other smaller towns. The while the third has just been started in
manufacturers looked to Prince Ginori- the past month.
Conti for relief. Something had to be Think what that means, not only to
done and done quickly to keep the wheels Tuscany in Italy, but to our own United
of industry moving. Again his ingenuity States of America, with more than a
saved him.
quarter of the active steam jets, vol­
At the very moment his country was canoes, and geysers on the globe within
in the thick of the fight and the cry from her territory! Is it not possible that we
all Italy was for coal, the difficulties that of this generation will live to see the day
arose from the chemical impurities of the when the vast potential power sources
volcanic steam he had harnessed—diffi­ lying restive under the surface of our
culties considered insuperable at first— country—the geysers and similar phe­
were splendidly mastered.
nomena of Yellowstone Park, the active
In a word, he ceased to apply the steam volcanoes of Alaska, the Aleutian
directly to the engines. Instead, he made Islands, the Philippines, Hawaii, Nic­
it act as fuel in place of coal. That is aragua, and the hot springs of Arkansas,
to say, instead of burning coal to heat Colorado, California, and Virginia—will
water in his boilers, the superheated feed our industries with electrical en­
steam from the earth was turned round ergy?
the tubes of the boilers to heat the pure Why not a center of dynamos obtain­
water and convert that, in turn, into ing their driving force from the precious
steam. This arrangement completely steam wasted by the liquid rock of
avoided corrosion, which was the real mighty Kilauea, or of Lassen's Peak, or
problem to be solved in order that great of slumbering Mt. Tacoma, Mt. Hood, Mt.
power might be secured.
Shasta, and of the entire Yellowstone
But what, today, is the remarkable fact district ? Under their roots should be
in the eyes of British engineers is that the eternal fires and the compressed
this potential 'energy is used to drive the gases of the geologic past, in quantities
steam turbine, the engine invented by Sir greater than is contained in all the coal
Charles Parsons, who, thirteen years deposits of the world.

A STUNT OR TWO
By WALTER LEE
\Y/E had driven one of our rear wheels into a mud
hole and we instantly lost all traction in that wheel.
Lacking any dry material to place under the helpless
wheel, and unable to use a jack to lift it out of the hole
and build a platform under it, we stuck a strong bar
between the spokes of it and held it so that it could not
revolve at all. The man who was holding the bar fully
expected to be thrown off his feet when the clutch was
dropped "in". But to his astonishment, the other wheel,
the one on the solid ground, received the whole impulse,
and the car moved forward, the jammed wheel sliding
in the mud until it reached the dry earth. Then the man with the bar got the
benefit of the engine thrust. The bar broke in his hands, but the car was on terra
firma once again, with both wheels.
Another expedient for getting out of a mud hole is to use a long rope (which is
an article every tourist should carry in the equipment), and a convenient tree or
post. Tie the rope to the tree and carry the other end once around the brake drum
of the wheel that spins, and fasten it to a spoke. Then "put her in reverse and
give her nine". The rope will wind up on the brake drum and pull the car out
of the hole, backward. A new device—a worm and gear that brackets to the front of
the car—is now on the market that does this same work in a still more efficient
manner.
* * *
A PIECE of binding wire wrapped around the end of a
**• bolt and securely twisted tight, will temporarily replace
a lost nut, but it is nothing more than a makeshift way to get
to the nearest hardware store or garage, and would be a
dismal failure as a permanent fixture. There is many a time,
however, when the motorist does not worry about permanent
repairs; to get home at all is the main question.
* * #
DLOWOUTS on the side walls of your tires are probably
caused by interference with curb stones. The
rubber covering of the tire is very thin at that point
and a very little grinding against the curb will so
weaken it that it will become porous, wdiich allows
water to seep in upon the cotton fabric. That in turn
causes decay of the carcass along the side walls. Hence,
the blowout. Much the same sort of wear is induced
by driving a car for a long distance through crushed
stone, although in this case not only the sides but the
whole tire is weakened. Moral—Don't grind the tires
against the curb or in crushed limestone.
737

738 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
IF the nut or bolt is rusted in so tightly that no amount
of "elbow grease" will loosen it, then chloroform it.
It is really surprising what miracles this treatment will
*-Q •'"*/ perform in such cases. A few drops of chloroform
i? s, ]\ ^ V~_y placed on the nut or bolt, so that they soak into the
^i\)J~~ f~4 threads, will loosen them so that the nut may be turned
O O >J °^ ver ^ eas 'ty- Kerosene, used in the same way, will
accomplish the same result, but requires about ten times
as much time. Ether also will do the trick, as will
carbon disulphide.
CPEAKING of anaesthetics in connection with automobile
troubles, it is well to mention that a mixture of halfand-half
ether and gasoline used as a prime, will often start
an obstinate engine when all other means fail.
* * *
T\ O you pay any attention to the balancing of your car
when you are loading passengers into it? If you use a
little judgment in this respect you will find that your
steering gear works with more freedom and you will lessen
the danger of skidding on slippery pavements.
"THE other day I saw a car being driven down
the street with one of its hind wheels broken,
and the broken spokes resting on a two-wheeled
dolly. A broken rear wheel is usually a symptom
requiring a tow rope and another car to
furnish the motive power. But in this case the
driver had simply lashed the broken spokes to
the frame of the dolly in such a way that the
axle on that side of the differential could not be
turned. The result was that all the power of
the driving shaft was delivered to the other
wheel, and the damaged car made a speed of
nearly fifteen miles per hour from the scene of
its breakdown to the repair shop.
[ RECENTLY saw a chauffeur using an ingenious device for
cleaning his spark plugs without getting his fingers soiled,
and getting the job over with a great deal sooner than by the
conventional way of taking the plug to pieces and then scrubbing
it with a brush and scraping it with a knife. He had a
small cylinder with one open end, into which was fitted a bushing
with threads corresponding to those on the end of the plugs.
He filled the cylinder half full of gasoline and then threw in a
couple of dozen old phonograph needles. Then he screwed the
plugs into the cylinder one at a time and shook the whole thing
violently. After a moment or so of this action, he removed
the plugs, and they were cleaned more thoroughly than if he
had spent twenty minutes with each in the old fashioned way.

MY ESCAPE FROM MORPHINE
T H E R E I was, without a friend
in the world, immured for life
in a New England town that
had been going down hill ever
since the Civil War. I had
nothing to do, nobody to talk to, and no
hope that anything would ever be better.
The only unattached man in the whole
place was the ticket-agent at the railway
station. Every other male person of
marriageable age either was
married already, or hopeless.
For a while
1 made a pretense
of exerc
i s i n g my
horses. I even
made two or
three attempts
to sell the m.
Then I took to having hea
aches. Often I spent the whole
day indoors without once dressing
for the street. I took morphine first
because I had a sick headache. Then I
took it because it seemed better than
committing suicide. When the supply
my father had left was gone I got more
from the druggist. He knew that I
knew he was a victim himself and he did
not dare refuse me. Of course I made
desperate attempts to escape. Twenty
times that first year I quit. And then
when a headache or a black mood descended
on me I began again. What
was the use of quitting? Life wasn't
worth living. And the more morphine
I took the less worth living it seemed.
Then one day as I was sitting in the
bow-window I saw a strange young" man
pass. He was tall, with a fine lean face.
I liked his looks. I turned and looked
at myself in the mirror at the end of the
room. I was pale—a kind of yellow
paleness—and thin. There was a drawn
look about my eves. But worst of all I
looked as if I had been tired for vears.
I was twenty-two years old, a girl who
had never been ill in bed in her life, and
yet I had all the abounding vitality of a
—dish-cloth.
I took to watching for that young
man. The contrast between his springwalk
and my slumping obsessed me. In
the course of a week I found out that
he was a civil engineer wdio was superintending
construction work on the railway.
There was a big bridge
to be built and a short tunnel to
be run within
four or five
miles of our
town. I wanted
more than anything
else in
the world to
meet that
young man on terms of equality.
I quit taking morphine so I
could—perhaps not a very high motive,
but the truth, nevertheless.
In a way that is the whole story of
my escape. It was a case of love at first
sight I suppose. At least it was a case
of arousing a motive stronger than the
desire for morphine.
I say the motive was stronger because
it eventually conquered. It wasn't
stronger all at once. Three days after
I had decided to quit I yielded again.
The craving was intolerable. I had not
the energy to move. I had an ache in
every bone. I could not eat. My mood
grew blacker and blacker. My hope of
knowing the young engineer, of at last
having some one to talk to who came
from the city and who could share my
interests and enthusiasms, seemed absurd.
Why should he be interested in
me ?
The relief of the white tablet? was
almost instantaneous. If it required an
hour for the drug to take its full effect
-.30

740 ILLUSTRATED WUKLU
on my body the knowledge that it would
take effect was present immediately I
had taken a dose. Morphine produced
in me a state of exaltation. I had that
sense of being alive in every nerve, of
tasting life
with every
fibre of my
being and finding
it good,
that a completely
healthy
young person
with nothing
to worry him
has occasionally
when the
day is perfect.
In a w o r d,
morphine gave
me exactly the
thing I most
wanted. The
only trouble
was that it also
gave me the
very opposite.
When the
sense of perfect
health, of glorious well-being wore
off I went down into the depths.
In one of my best moods, after doing
without morphine for three days, until
my nerves were on edge and my head a
hollow ache, but also after seeing that
tall, fine-faced young man walk by the
house, I worked it all out. I decided
that I would spend twelve or fourteen
hours a day out-doors, that whenever I
felt the craving for morphine coming on
I would jump up instantly and go outdoors.
Full of my resolve, I decided I
would definitely cut off my supply. I
threw all the tablets I had on hand in
the fire. Then I went down to the drug
store. I waited until the druggist was
alone. I whispered to him:
'If you ever sell me another grain of
morphine I'll shoot you."
It sounds like an absurd threat. But
it scared him. And I no longer felt that
I had only to walk into the drug store
m»
to renew my supply. I had raised one
obstacle.
When I got home I went out into the
back yard with a spade to start a garden.
I suppose I turned over twenty spadefuls
before I had
to sit down. I
was so comp
1 ete 1 y exhausted
that I
could not begin
again. The
next day I did
twenty spadefuls
and then
harnessed a
horse. I drove
till noon. Then
I came home
and took the
other horse. I
drove until
dark. I hadn't
strength
enough to take
the horse out
of the shafts.
I had to leave
the poor beast
standing in his harness all night. But
if he didn't sleep I did.
Day after day I dragged myself up in
the morning by sheer will. When it
seemed that I couldn't get out of bed I
got up, dressed, hitched up the buggy
and set out. That summer was one long
physical torture. I made it that. As I
acquired a little strength and energy I
increased my exertions. I did not go to
bed once except when I was tired out.
I wanted to be strong again; above all I
wanted something to occupy my mind
when I was awake and something to
make me go to sleep without the aid of
morphine.
It was a cruel grind, but I won at last.
Today a white tablet—whether it is morphine
or just plain aspirin—causes a
shudder of revulsion to course my spine.
The engineer? That reminds me! I
must get his supper ready. He'll be
home in twenty minutes.

TRUNK AND TIRE CARRIER
INSTEAD of using one special place on
the rear of the automobile for tires,
and another special place for the motor
trunk, accessory manufacturers are combining
the two, and making them utilize
The Round Trunk Is Manufactured to Fit "the Hole
in the Doughnut*'
the same space. The round trunk is just
as efficient as the older square kind for
use on cars, and the space saved by the
arrangement illustrated is considerable.
CAR STETHOSCOPE
TF you wish to get right down to business
on your motor when you don't
like its sound and yet can't quite diagnose
the trouble, use a homemade stethoscope.
This can be made of an ordinary telephone
receiver. Attach to it a long iron
rod. The rod can be soldered
ijHll to the diaphragm of the tele-
This Easily Made Device
Enables the Motorist
to Locate Trouble
Quickly and Surely
TIPS
phone receiver. The rod should be long
enough so that it can touch the motor at
the other end. The diagnostician can
accomplish his task easily with this
stethoscope, as he can detect the vibrations
through the receiver as they pass
through the motor up along the rod to
the receiving diaphragm.
J*
REMOVES BROKEN SCREWS
AND STUDS
THHAT most annoying of jobs in a
repair shop—removing broken screws
and studs—is reduced
to a pleasant pastime,
unless the claims of a
well-known tool company
for its new device
are false. The idea
back of the new device
is simplicity itself. A
small hole is bored
into the offending
screw, and the tool
screwed in. Since its
motion is the reverse
of that followed by the
screw around its
threads, as soon as the
tool takes hold, the
screw begins to turn
out, and a few twists
bring it forth.
The tool has the
obvious advantage of
never placing the
The Screw Remover
threads, in which the broken screw is
set, in danger.
AUTOMATICALLY APPLIED
NON-SKID CHAINS
A DEVICE now is on the market
which has for its purpose the elimination
of the disagreeable task of attaching
mud chains. These can be ap-
741

742 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
With This
Chain-Applyi
n g Mechanism
There Is
No Need to
Labor Knee-
Deep in Mud
plied to the tires
from the driver's
seat by the mere
pressure of a lever.
The chains are
contained in steel
cone housings. By
pulling a lever the chains are released,
and the housing comes in contact with a
flat friction ring attached to each rear
wheel. This causes the cone to rotate,
and produces a swirling motion of the
chains, which swing by centrifugal force
under the rear wheels. Another pull on
the lever withdraws the contact, stops
the motion of the chains, draws them into
and inverts the cone.
J*
DETACHABLE GAUNTLET
GLOVE
TTIIIS detachable gauntlet glove is the
height of fashion nowadays. Formerly
it was considered proper when
motoring to look just as formidably
"roadish" as possible, and as a result
As Soon as He Desires to Leave the Car, the Motorist
May Take Off These Detachable Gauntlets. Still
Retaining His Gloves
monstrous goggles, dusters and veils
were created. Now, however, it is the
purpose of the fashionable motorist to
disguise the fact of his motoring, and to
get clothes which are practical for motor
wear, but which also are stylish and presentable
on the street.
These gloves have gauntlet attachments
which snap on to keep out the
wind when driving, but which are made
into ordinary street gloves in an instant.
KEEPING THE PUMP NOZZLE
CLEAN
A NY motorist who has had occasion
•^^ to use his foot pump while on unpaved
country
roads has probably
noticed that the
pump tubing is just
about the right
length and stiffness
to dip continually
in the sand, unless
special caution is
used.
A western motorist
has hit upon
the simple scheme
of fastening a loop
of twine to the
connecting end of
the tube. This
loop can be hung
easily and quickly
over the pump handle,
thus keeping
the nozzle from
the ground.
The Handy Loop
A rubber band also may be used in an
emergency, but will not last long, as
grease and oil soon destroy rubber.
HEAD LAMP FOR AUTO-
MOBILISTS
IF the doctor or surgeon needs a head
lamp for accurate diagnosis and work
on a patient, certainly the repairman
needs one for finding out in the easiest
way what is the matter with his car.

Sometimes he wishes he had many
hands, but at any rate, this new lamp
which attaches to his head, at least
leaves him his two hands free to work.
The light simply is slipped through a
band which fixes itself firmly on the
head, and the little lamp is so arranged
as to throw the strongest rays at a level
Light Right Where You Wish It
with the eyes. The la«iip operates from
a battery which can be carried in the
pocket, or any other convenient place.
AUTOMOBILE TIPS
A REAL AUTOMOBILE LOCK
\Y7HILE this new lock has been on the
market but a few months, the
American Detective Agency, the International
Harvester Corporation, the In-
The Combination Lock
743
The Combination Lock Takes Up Little Space; It
May Be Installed on the Dash or Under the Seat
spector of the Post Office Department,
and other expert critics on locks have
published the fact that they consider this
lock mechanical perfection against the
thief or meddler.
The lock is small and unobtrusive
when on the instrument board of the car ;
if desired, it can be placed under the
seat, entirely out of sight. It takes only
an instant for the owner to set the lock,
and best of all there is no fumbling or
searching for a key, as it works on the
principle of a safe combination.
St
IMPROVEMENT FOR THE
WINDSHIELD
"THE windshield which we demand
nowadays must be separated in the
middle so that free ventilation may be
had at any time. This weather strip of
When Fresh Air Is Desired, the Transparent Celluloid
Strip Bends Backward. Allowing Ventilation
transparent celluloid is made to cling to
the windshield along this opening. It is
wind- and water-proof, and does not interfere
with the vision. When it is desired
to bend the windshield for ventilation
the strip is removed easily and can
be put on just as easily.

744 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
WASHABLE, LIMP CUFF GLOVE
FOR DRIVING
A WASHABLE glove for motorists
now is being sold, a feature of
which is the limp cuff which fits natu-
This Glove Can Be Washed Every Week of Its Use
rally over the coat sleeve, keeping out
dust, wind and dampness.
The fact that it is washable, however,
is its greatest advantage. The average
driving glove after a week's use or even
less, is not fit for driving. Either it is
so dirty on the outside that it gets everything
in the car dirty, the driver's clothes
included, or if the driver takes it off to
tinker with the engine, he gets his hands
dirty, so that when the glove is put on
again, the inside also is rendered unfit.
St
FOLDING TABLE FOR
TOURISTS
HTHIS folding table for automobilists'
use on camping and picnic trips has
been built by a California motorist—you
can do the same.
The table is designed to be carried
under the cushion of the back seat, raising
the cushion only two inches, that
being the thickness of the table when
folded. The two back corners of the
This Is an Ideal Picnic or Tourist Lunch Table
table top are rounded to conform to the
shape of the cushion. The legs can be
folded under in the same manner as a
card or sewing table.
The dimensions are: length 47 inches,
width 20 inches, thickness 2 inches
(when folded), height 30 inches, weight
10 pounds. The table top was made
from thin box boards. Nails, put
through the side, or long edge strips,
act as pins for folding in the legs.
St
A NEW MUD HOOK
"PHE new mud hook is equipped with
side flanges, which, it is claimed, are
more efficient than any on the market
for getting the car out of the mud. It
This Device. Applied to Both Back Wheels. Digs a
Car Out of the Mud or Sand Quickly
lifts the car out instead of digging it in
deeper. It is supposed to work equally
well in sand and snow as in mud.
St
CLEAN THE ENGINE WITHOUT
GETTING DIRTY
'"PHIS cleaner requires six pounds of
air pressure and one quart of kerosene
to operate. It will clean any size
motor. It is bound not only to save
repair bills on the car because grit is kept
out of the mechanism, but to clean parts
that cannot be reached any other way.
This Little Power Kerosene Cleaner Cuts Off the
Dirt Like Magic
With its use there is no need of soiling
the hands, or of donning overalls when
cleaning the motor.

HOW TO GET ON
A Business Series of Practical
Inspiration
NT
ORIGINALITY
1 LOOKED
PAYS BEST
by T. Sharper Knowlson
EVEN THE GRIM TRUTH BEHIND THIS NOVEL ADVERTISEMENT WILL NOT
DAMAGE ITS PULLING POWER
into the New York to- teries of tobaccos—for I must tell you
bacco shop window and read with the "Y P's," and "G D's" are brands of
astonishment, "We sell Yellow cigarettes—and I cautiously invested in
Perils, Gaspers, and Green Deaths." a packet of "Yellow Perils."
Here, surely, was something new, "Are these your own names?" I inand
curiosity being aroused, I entered quired.
to investigate. "Gaspers" did not attract "Certainly; and I never used my
me, but I was anxious to know the com- brains to better purpose than when I
parative merits of "Yellow Perils," and thought them out, although they are
"Green Deaths," so I put the question to nothing very striking in themselves."
the Proprietor behind the counter. He "Do you mean they brought you pub- 745
discoursed at length on the innate mys- licity?"

746 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
"Why yes. See here," and he showed
me a newspaper paragraph—then another—and
produced evidence to show
that his new names for brands of cigarettes
had attracted a good deal of attention.
"Originality pays, evidently," I remarked.
"I'm only just beginning," he remarked
with an air of confidence.
"There'll be something else by and by."
Every man in business—any kind of
vocation—will find that, whilst it pays
to do good work on the old lines, it pays
better to do good work on newer lines.
There are three points in every act of
originality. First, there is the existing
material; next, the individual mind at
work; lastly, the new product. It is not
difficult to trace these three in the case
I have just quoted. There have been
brands of cigarettes for years and years,
with names that possess nothing distinctive.
These form the existing material
A Monkey Is One
of the Most Faithful
Imitators in
the Business.
Have You Simian
Tendencies?
on which the individual mind must work
in order to produce the new result.
Naturally, the individual mind is the
most important item.
The greatest pull in life is the pull of
imitation. Fashion in wearing apparel,
—the power which suggests we must
follow the methods of our leaders,
whether we like them or not—has its
analogy in everything else. Thus when
we write letters we subscribe our signatures
at the end, causing the reader to
look there first in order to discover who
is the writer. If John Smith were to
adopt the old style and say, "John Smith
to Thomas Brown, greeting," people
would say "How absurd;" and yet it is
far more sensible than putting the address
first, the recipient's name next;and
the writer's name last of all. But that
is the fashion and we all imitate.
If a tobacco firm puts a new brand on
the market and calls it "Doughboy's
Friend," another firm will come out with
"Guard's Delight," and still another with
"Canteen Mixture." The two latter represent
imitation pure and simple; the
former stands for the individual mind,
which needless to say is the higher type.
You can easily decide your mental status
by asking how much thinking in your
business is your own, and how much
borrowed. Most men's quality could be
pictured thus:—
BORROWED THOUGHTS
MY OWN IDEAS
A few could be graphed in
this way:
MY OWN IDEAS
BORROWED THOUGHTS

The latter are the men
who, as a rule, reap the reward.
Take as an illustration
the career of an Englishman,
Mr. H. A. Humphrey,
inventor of the explosion
pump. From the days of
Torricelli the principle of all
pumps had been practically
the same, but Mr. Humphrey,
instead of producing a variation,
resolved to work on a
new principle. The Metro­
politan Water Board was
faced with the serious problem
of raising 180,000,000
gallons of water, every 24 hours, from
the River Lea to a large reservoir at
Chingford. The inventor believed his
new method could accomplish this task
better than any other, and he tendered
for it, agreeing to pay a forfeit of
£20,000—$100,000—in case of failure.
The scheme was successful and nobody
was more impressed than the King of
England when he opened the new Station
and saw the explosive pump in
act imi. It would take too long to describe
the technical parts of the machine,
but the method is that of forcing water
upwards by means of an explosion of
gas, just as in motor engines an explosion
causes the revolution of a wheel.
Mr. Humphrey's achievement advanced
the already high reputation of his country
in engineering, and of course
brought fame and fortune in its wake.
It is a brilliant instance of the individual
mind at work.
Carlyle said originality lay in sinceritv,
sincerity considered in its broad
sense, i. e. the self, unhindered by others.
The Humphrey pump is the result of a
brain effort that put aside the previous
thinkings of clever men about pumps,
and arrived at a new conclusion.
This brings me to what I want to say
most of all. Modern education in school,
college, and university, is too retrospective
; it is based on the notion that to
know what others have said and done is
to be educated. As a consequence the
ORIGINALITY PAYS BEST 747
Some People Cherish the Delusion That a Few Personally Conducted
Tours Through Weighty Tomes Furnish a Complete Education
individual mind is neglected; it is made
into a receptacle for the thoughts and
deeds of other minds. This is quite
wrong. Montessorian methods, which
are in danger of leading us too far in
the opposite direction, are a protest, and
a needed protest. The reason why
critics bemoan our lack of great men;
the reason wdiy the G. E. Ry. Co. of
England had to go to America for a
General Manager; the reason wdiy we
have a high average in most of the arts,
as well as in industry, but a dearth of
genius—is because the selfhood of youth
is crushed during its most formative
years; it is trained to imitate, not to be
its sincere self, in other words, to be
original.
Let there be no mistake about the possibility
of originality in your calling,
whatever it may be. New methods of
doing things may be devised; new styles
of window dressing; new advertising;
new goods, and new forms of selling
and production. As this point is of some
importance, I will dwell on it a little
longer. The importance lies in this
mental law: that actions depend on beliefs.
Take an illustration from sport.
Just recently Bombardier Wells was
afraid he could not beat Carpenter at the
National Sporting Club, and he did not.
I do not say that if he had believed he
could, he would have been successful;
that is not my point. I want merely to
show that the inward conviction has a

748 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
direct result on the outward action; to
believe that we can, gives us impetus to
act; to believe that we can't, holds us
back from doing what otherwise we
could have done.
Take another form of the same principle:
that we have learned all we can
about our business or profession, and
that there is nothing new to be thought
of. I heard of a young English lady
recently who affirmed she had nothing
more to learn about the French language
; a most immodest
confession to
make, seeing there are
many Frenchmen, professors
of philology,
who are still studying
their own tongue, and
learning something
new concerning it.
To have reached
finality is really to begin
to go back. In a
similar manner
it is true
that if you
believe you,
in your business,
have
got as far as
you can, improved
your
advertising
so that no
further
improvement is possible, and, in general,
have reached the apex, you begin to go
back. Fight against this feeling, or
rather conviction. Advancement can
only come if you believe it is possible to
advance; that is the mental law. Note
its action in the world of literature. The
novelist who says, "There are no new
plots," is not likely to startle the world
with a brilliant story, and the man who
denies a profitable variation in his business
will be a "jogger" to the end of his
days. Originality, for you, is consulting
yourself, thinking out ideas without the
aid of other people. At first this originality
may not be worth much because
Even if a Man's Ideas Are a Bit "Cranky", Let 'em Outl
you have stultified your powers by copying
your competitors, or accepting what
custom has given; it may even cause
laughter. But if you persevere you gain
confidence; and with confidence new
ideas of real value insinuate themselves.
The belief that we are either original in
our thinking or not, is foolish. Originality
is a growth.
Of course it is not possible for a man
to start out in a new line of business—
knowing: nothing of that line—and expect
to make a
success through
original ideas
alone. Once in
a blue moon this
is accomplished,
but even when
it is a c c o mplished
the fact
is self evident
that success
would have
come more
easily had the
adventurer possessed
a sound
knowledge of the
rudiments of the
business and its history
before attempting
to apply his own
creative genius. The
ordinary man must
serve his apprenticeship,
whether the line of business he is
entering is selling bird cages or building
Panama Canals. He must learn to use a
spade before delving into original research
in the use of that spade.
But the difficulty with ordinary men
has been and is that they allow sound
fundamentals to kill off their individuality.
Their ideas become atrophied in the
school of experience; imagination succumbs
to fact. The ideal combination—
one which makes surely for success in
the long run—is sound business training
coupled with the ability to lift one's self
from the rigid rut now and then, and
look at the stars.

FLOODING ALKALI SOIL
TO SAVE IT
By JOHN Z. DAVIDSON
O N E of the fears that has beset
some growers in the
irrigated regions of the
West is that eventually the
alkali with which the surrounding
country in many places is impregnated
will gradually be brought in
upon the soil through the medium of
floods or by the irrigation water itself,
thereby ruining the soil and that what
was once a rich and fertile area will be
reclaimed by the desert.
A test that was recently performed by
the Agricultural Experimental Station
located at Berkeley, California, would
seem to offer proof that not only this
condition can be remedied but that pronounced
alkali districts that have been
passed by as unavailable for cultivation
may be reclaimed.
A tract of land near Fresno, California,
was abandoned as unprofitable because
of the accumulation of alkali in the
soil. The land had been planted originally
to grape vines. The alkali destroyed
the vines. The owner then attempted to
save his soil by planting first alfalfa,
then grains. These proved a failure, too.
The land was then abandoned agriculturally
for several years.
In 1913, however, it was proposed that
the land be scientifically reclaimed. The
basis of the idea was to drain off the
alkali. To that end a drainage system
was installed. At an average depth of
seven feet a series of drain pipes were
put in. They varied in diameter from
six to twelve inches. The fall allowed
was comparatively slight, being only one
foot in a thousand feet.
At the lowest part of the area a sump
was dug. Here, as the water collected
from the land, it was pumped out by
means of a motor-driven pump.
The next step toward putting the land
in shape was by repairing or restoring
the original system of irrigation canals.
The cost of doing this was approximately
sixty-six dollars an acre.
From time to time, the 150-acre tract
was flooded, the water covering it varying
in depth at different times.
Attempts to grow grain proved slightly
successful. The cost of sowing the seed
and of harvesting the crop pretty nearly
paid for itself.
With this much encouragement, the
workers renewed their efforts and the
following year thoroughly flooded the
area as before. Only, this time, the
period of irrigation was kept up continuously
through the spring and summer
months into the fall.
This process of flooding was repeated
the next year. The additional cost over
the first year of flooding approximated
one hundred dollars an acre. There
were some unusual features involved,
however, which caused the increase in
cost; otherwise it would not have been
above that of the first year.
Last year, 1916, one hundred tons of
hay were grown on the one hundred and
fifty acres. An alfalfa crop is expected
for the year 1917. The land can be improved
still further by methods similar
to those here described, and can be made
to bear excellent crops.
The cost probably would not have been
nearly so great if the work had been
undertaken immediately after the discovery
of the presence of alkali.
Here is a method that if applied in
time will save many an area of valuable
land. It is based on the simple principle
of solution, that is, most soil alkalis are
capable of being dissolved in large quantities
of water. Then, when the water
is drained away, they naturally are carried
with the solvent.
M$

HINTS F
RIBLESS UMBRELLA
A NEW and useful umbrella has been
invented by Joseph Peyser of Mount
Vernon, New York. This invention provides
for an umbrella without ribs. The
The Radial Fold Umbrella
cover and its supporting member are
made so that, when closed, they will be
brought into interfolded relation, maintaining
a perfect folded or creased condition
necessary for the successful manipulation
of the umbrella. The cover of the
umbrella is made of a stiff waterproof
material or paper which is crimped to
form alternating radial ridges and furrows.
The cover is permanently secured
to a stick at the point where the ridges
and furrows issue. The supporting member
is also crimped to form alternatingridges
and furrows. The number of
ridges and furrows in the supporting
member correspond to the number in the
cover so that they will interfold when the
umbrella is closed. The supporting member
is secured to the cover with the
ridges inverted by means of tabs fastened
to the outside of the cover. The supporting
member is secured at its center from
which the ridges and furrows issue to a
collar. This collar is adapted to slide
freely upon the stick, and is held in place
at one end of the stick by a resilient
latch. One, similar in construction, is
750
adapted to receive the collar in its inner
position. The movement of the collar
controls the supporting member and
cover, making the opening and closing
of the ribless umbrella easy.
St
WETS. SWEEPS, SCRUBS, AND
DRIES
A MACHINE to go hand in hand with'
^^ the vacuum cleaner for home use
long has been wanted. There still remains
the drudgery of wiping up the:
floors.
This machine wets, sweeps, scrubs, and
dries a floor in one operation, and with
clean water—all by electricity.
A tank of clean water is carried on the
machine, the amount to be distributed
being controlled from the handle by the
operator. This water immediately is
swept up by a cylinder brush which is.
driven by a quarter-horsepower motor..
All dirt and water are carried by the
brush over an apron into a receiving pan
so that the scrubbing
is done always
with clean
water.
It is claimed'
The Housewife's
Friend
No more ge 11 i n e
down on your knees
in dirt and water!
This machine scrubs
a floor in five minutes
that used to take half
an hour by the "elbow-grease"
method.
that if the attendant
pushes the
machine forward
at the rate of one
mile an hour, the
machine will
scrub 100 square
feet of floor every
minute of its use..

RADIAL DISTRIBUTOR FOR
DESK
A DEVICE to save the need of cluttering
up the top of the desk when assorting
correspondence or doing similar
work has a metal base with metal sheets
radiating in such a manner that from
eight to twenty compartments for the
different lots are provided. The distributor
rests on one corner of the desk
so that only a fraction of the top is
required. The radial arrangement enables
the user to have ready and easy
access to any paper he needs, and at the
same time does not offer the difficulties
encountered with baskets or trays. The
radial plates may be removed or inserted
as needed.
St
AUTOMATIC SPRING-OILING
PAD
JUST a little pad in this new oiler does
the work of oiling the springs auto­
matically. It is a felt pad with an oil
reservoir contained in a rustproof metal
case. This case snaps over the main leaf
of spring. The case is constructed so
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 751
that different degrees of pressure are
brought to bear on the felt pad, making
the ends perfectly tight and oil proof.
When pressure is put on the sides of the
felt, a very slow seepage of oil is allowed,
and this fills the grooves along
the entire side and underneath the surface
of the spring leaves.
The oilers are made to fit all cars.
STRANGE LAWN CHAIR
LJERE is a type of lawn chair that only
a Zuni Indian or a boy under twelve
would have thought of. The essential
thing about it is that it is comfortable.
It will be noted first of all that the knees
are brought up closer to the chin than
would be considered good form in the
drawing room. Also that the back has a
very tempting slope. As a consequence,
the weight of the body is distributed
from knees to shoulders. Wide arm rests
complete all the requisites for an enticing
lounge. This chair is manufactured
by an enterprising New York concern.
A SUITCASE TABLE
A CONVENIENT and useful suitcase
for travelers and those camping out
is one which may be used as a table,
recently invented by A. Eades of California.
This suitcase comprises three
compartments, each in the form of a
complete case and provided with a

752 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
This Suitcase Transforms Itself into a Substantial
Picnic Table
hinged device adapted
to be held in close adjustment.
A special
advantage is the hinged
leaf on the middle compartment
which holds
a mirror.
When the suitcase
is used for a table,
four supporting legs are extended from
guideways which line with the two outer
compartments. When the suitcase is to
be folded, the legs are forced within
shortening sections.
St
THREE-IN-ONE BED
I7VEN if we do live in a two-by-four
one-room apartment we have still
clung to the idea that we must have a
place to sit down, a place to sleep, and
a clean place in which to keep our clothes.
The built-in wardrobe beds have helped
us in this respect of course, but they are
not as sanitary as this new three-in-one
bed which can be put into the sunshine
and sterilized as often as desired.
This bed when closed is a compact,
comfortable window seat. When it is
fully opened it is a really comfortable
and commodious single bed, and its many
uses do not prevent its perfect comfort
for sleeping. By
slight pulling of a lever
at one end there is in
easy access a sanitary
wardrobe box underneath.
When the bed
is down, the cover of
the wardrobe box is
completely closed so
that no dust can enter
the wardrobe.
When the bed is made into the window
seat the mattress does not have to be removed
as it is specially built to fold
over on itself, and to still retain its shape
under the daily wear and tear of folding.
THE ENGLISH SIDE CAR
"T^ON'T let that complexion be ruined
by the dust and dirt of the road!"
seems to be the first thought of the
The Side Car Windshields
Britisher even when considering the
humble motorcycle with its side car.
Here is shown a favorite type equipped
with two windshields, one for the rear
seat as well as for the front. The little
seat in front is intended for a child.
Thus the whole family is protected, ex-

cept the head of it. Perhaps it is presumed,
though, that his heavy goggles
are sufficient.
j»
CLOCK THAT SPEAKS THE
TIME
A CLOCK that will "speak the time"
^^ every fifteen minutes has been invented
by a well known civil engineer.
This clock differs very little from the
ordinary clock, having the same face and
standard works, with the exception that
to the minute shaft of the clock is fastened
an automatic lever and cam, which
is actuated every fifteen minutes by the
minute wheel.
This lever acts upon a second lever
attached to a drum carrying a phonographic
film. The action of the first
upon the second lever starts an electric
motor, causing the film to move. When
the film begins to move the stylus of the
phonographic reproducer is acted upon
and the time is vocally announced or
spoken. Of course, the film is so made
as to announce the time in accordance
with the adjustment of the machine.
The phonographic reproducer is fitted
with a small horn which intensifies the
Don't Count the Strokes
This little clock announces the hour in an audible tone.
sound. The clock is also fitted with a
repeating device so as to repeat the hour
any number of times.
In the making of the film the voice
impression is recorded for the twelve
hours. These impressions are made
upon a soft wax drum, which is covered
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 753
with graphite and put into a copper
electro plating bath. A sufficiently
heavy coat of copper is put on and the
wax melted off, leaving a thin copper
ring containing the voice impression.
St
FLASHLIGHT HELMETS
(~\N account of the war, English police
^ are equipped with electric lights in
their helmets. These are of the flashlamp
type, and can be switched on and
off rapidly for signaling purposes, so
that during a Zeppelin raid, when the
streets are pitch black, their use is apparent.
They also appear to provide a
satisfactory method of communicating
with other policemen in the event of
riots, street fights, and other such disturbances.
The light is supplied with current
from a small battery carried on the belt.
St
HUMIDITY HEALTH INSUR­
ANCE
IT is hard to realize, but it is true,
nevertheless, that when an ordinary
living room is heated to a temperature
of seventy degrees, an artificial climate
is created drier than that of any desert.
If we were on a desert, however, we
would hardly be surprised at the harm
done to the mucous membrane in the

754 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
This Inconspicuous Humidifier Will Neutralize the Dryness in Your
Apartment
nose, throat and lungs, by the lack of
moisture.
Dr. Henry Mitchell Smith, in a paper
entitled "Indoor Humidity", read before
the Brooklyn Medical Society, says:
"The point to be emphasized is that
every time we step out of our
houses during the winter season,
we pass from an atmosphere
with a relative humidity
of about thirty per
cent into one with a relative
humidity of, on an average,
seventy per cent. Such a
sharp and violent contrast
must be productive of harm,
particularly to the delicate
mucous membranes.
For the sum of three dollars
those interested in better
living conditions can secure a
new humidifying appliance
which is inserted between the
radiator coils. The main body
of this appliance is made of
coated sheet metal, and there
is a glass container for water,
which remains in view at the side.
It is interesting to watch and time
the air bubbles as they go through
the water to the top of the glass container.
When this little device is working
on your radiators, you will mark an
appreciable diminution of the number of
"colds in the head".
PRESSED WHILE YOU
WEAR THEM
COON the man in a hurry
will be able to go into a
shoe shining establishment
and be asked "Shoes shined
or pants pressed" just as
methodically as he is asked
"shave or hair cut" in the
barber shop.
This invention
consists
of a crease
defining device
which
is inserted
into the
trouser leg while it
is worn. There is a
slender flange in this
creasing device
which is heated, and
the two metal rolls
are passed
slowly
over this
flange, on
the outside
of the
trousers, so
This Presser Does the
Work in a Jiffy, and
Does It Thoroughly
that the heated part is underneath
and there is no danger
of injury to the fabric.
St
SIGNAL LAMP FOR
THE IRON
'T'HE new signal lamp
for the electric iron is
"memory proof". It is
used not only for electric
irons, but for any electrical
device. It is a combination
of an attachment plug
and a miniature lamp socket, constructed
as a unit. The lamp is
enclosed in an electrically welded
guard, and gives a warning light as long
as the current is on. The current consumption
is so small that it does not
lessen the efficiency of the device that is
being operated.

The Brush-Dust Pan
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 755
HANDY BRUSH
AND SHOVEL
A LITTLE article
has been
brought out which
combines the brush
and dust pan. It
will be found very
handy, as it is not
necessary with its
use to hunt either of
the articles when
using one. Its convenience
will recommend
itself to housewives,
and the price
is very low. These
little articles retail
for ten cents at most
notion stores.
NEEDLE THREADER
'"TIMS is the latest optical lens, which
magnifies the eye of a needle, or any
object, about three and
one-half times. The
magnifying glass turns
into any desired position.
The lens is adjustable
and is one and
one-half inches in diameter.
The instrument,
which is nickel,
fits into any size spool
of thread.
The needle threader
can be used for removing
splinters from
hands, is very useful in
botany work, or in
studying maps and in
embroidery work.
J*
IRONING BOARD
DISGUISES
The Lens
Needle
Threader
T'lE reason for disguising ironing
boards just because of their looks
has no real foundation, as they are
the easiest pieces of furniture to put out
This Kitchen Chair
Wou
pec
an
of the way, but furniture manufacturers
seem determined to do this for another
reason. By combining
them with other pieces
of furniture, ironing
boards can be disguised
completely and made
to form supports, as
they may be actually a
part of another piece
of furniture.
For instance, the
new combination of
ironing board and step
ladder provides a firm
support for the ironing
board, doing away with
the necessity of placing
the board over a chair
and the stove. When
the board-and-ladder combination
is not in use, it can be
folded into as compact an
article as the ironing board
alone.
Still another manufacturer makes the
ironing board do daily duty in the kitchen
by serving as a kitchen chair.

756 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
VEGETABLE DICER AND
SLICER
LJOUSEWIVES of today, and some
very good ones at that, object very
much to the time necessarily taken up in
preparing vegetables, and also to the
dirtiness of the job, and the ruining of
their hands. In fact, that is a great
reason for the vogue in canned goods,
where a great deal of the nourishment is
lost. The housewife would
rather open a can of beans
or peas for dinner than pre­
pare potatoes, carrots, turnips,
or beets.
This new vegetable cutter
is reasonable in price, and
would be a saving of time
This Handy Vegetable Cutter Should Find a Place
in Every Kitchen
and hands, even in the small family.
In a moment, it dices, slices, French
fries or cuts the whole potato, turnip,
carrot, beet, or apple.
St
SANITARY BRUSH
A N E W brush which sells for the nor-
^"^ mal price of ordinary brushes on
the market has the added capacity of
being thoroughly sterilized and washed
without the brush coming apart. All the
parts can be exposed to the sun and air.
The frame is made entirely of an aluminum
composition, and each individual
tuft of bristles is everlastingly bound
into this frame with silvered wire.
The brush can be bought with a cover
This Hair Brush Is a Pleasure to Keep Clean
which is an integral part of the handle,
if desired, and when the brush is to be
cleaned, a single pressure of the forefinger
and thumb on the back or handle,
lets the brush part drop out. By holding
under the faucet all the dandruff and
dust will be washed away instantly.
.at
HOLDER FOR STRAW HATS
C"OR forty cents the automobilist can
purchase this little straw hat holder,
secure much peace of mind, and save
from two to ten dollars on the price of
a new straw hat.
The straw hat that has taken a ride
in an automobile for any distance and
has remained in good condition is yet
to be seen. It either has to stay on the
head of the driver or passenger, has to
be jammed down, get discolored, and
look ridiculous besides, or it has to be
held by someone in the tonneau, or go
rolling around the floor, or get crushed
This Hat Holder Keeps a Straw in Good Condition
While Touring

etween two persons. Of course the
holder applies equally well to any other
kind of a hat, but the straw hat in an
automobile has hitherto been exceptionally
de trop.
St
TREES PLANTED BY MACHINE
THE United States Forestry Service
has adopted a new invention which
plants from 10,000 to 15,000 forest tree
seedlings a day. Previously the planting
has been done by hand at the rate of 1,200
to 1,500 trees each day per man.
The machine was designed to set out
cabbage and tomato plants, but works
equally well with trees. It is about the
size of an ordinary mowing machine and
is operated by three men and two horses.
One man drives the team while the other
two handle the seedlings. The machine
makes a furrow in which the trees are set
at any desired distance, and an automatic
device indicates where they should
be dropped. Two metal-tired wheels
push and roll the dirt firmly down
around the roots. This is a very desirable
feature, because the trees are apt to
die if this is not well done. Two attachments
make it possible to place water and
fertilizer at the roots of each seedling.
Another attachment marks the line on
which the next row of trees is to be
planted.
This Machine Plants
Seedlings at the Rate of
1,000 an Hour
No cost figures are available yet, but
forestry officials say that the cost will be
much less than when the planting is
done by hand.
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 757
NON-BURNING FRYING PAN
l_JERE is a frying pan which should
give a nice brown "fry" to any pork
chop or slice of bacon, but which takes
away all danger of scorching or burning.
As burned pork chop, or hard, burned
meat is not really a desirable thing for
digestion, and as burned bacon is regarded
by some people as actually
poisonous, this new pan, which costs no
more than the old kind, is an economy.
Tiny depressions in the pan serve as
little wells for fat. When meat, eggs,
or cakes are being fried, an even distribution
of fat is insured, and even
though the pan is inclined from the
proper horizontal position, such a frequent
condition on the ordinary gas
stove, it is still insured against the
scorching process.

758 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
COMBINATION CEREAL
COOKER AND TEA KETTLE
THIS new cereal cooker saves space
on the gas stove and is economical
also in its use of gas. It is merely a
double boiler for cereal, rice, or the like,
but a tea kettle forms the base. This tea
kettle does all the work necessary to its
usual duties, but at the same time the
steam it exudes cooks the cereal.
TO MASSAGE THE GUMS
A SMALL appliance suitable for massaging
the gums in order to keep
them'in good condition is shown in the
accompanying illustration. It is so sim­
ple that it can be used by a child, and
effective enough to appeal also to the
adult. It can be used to reach the nooks
and corners about the teeth, and is helpful
in preventing pyorrhea by keeping the
gums in good condition.
St
HOLDS TOOLS AND TABLE
SILVER
THIS auto kit is the last word in compactness.
It contains screw driver,
wrench, file, and other necessaries on one
side, and knife, fork, and spoon on another.
Two handles similar to ordinary
knife handles of bone or celluloid come
with the kit, and each tool as it is used
is slipped into one of these. When
closed, the whole outfit fits easily a
A Compact Outfit of Tools and Eating Utensils
pocket in a man's coat, or in the average
lady's hand bag.
H COIN-OPERATED
PHONOGRAPH
COME people who patronize nickel-inthe-slot
music machines would prefer
to hear a phonograph than they would a
player piano or organ. Such a machine
now is on the market, a machine that will
play any standard disc record. It can be
used in the home and made to pay for
itself very easily.
The volume of sound to be derived
from the little machine for the small
sum of one nickel is quite sufficient for
a large sized room—or even for a dancing
pavilion.

PERFUMED LINGERIE CLASPS
"THE lingerie clasp is a necessity to
the modern woman who wears Georgette
crepe blouses. The newest style
of clasp has a little compartment containing
absorbent felt, and lady's favorite
perfume or sachet on the absorbent
When She Has That Lingering, Evanescent Perfume
About Her—This Is the Answer
produces a delicate perfume which while
lasting, has not the "over-done" effect of
perfume on the waist or handkerchief.
CANNER FOR HOME USE
YY7IIILE most fruits can be put up by
the old "open kettle" method, most
vegetables, meats, soups and fish require
a different process. For this purpose the
canning factory of household size has
appeared. The vegetables or meats are
packed into tins or jars, which are
cooked within the canning outfit until
absolutely sterile, then the containers are
sealed or soldered airtight. This is particularly
economical on the farm where
good foods often go to waste because of
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 759
You Need This Outfit for Your Summer Canning
distance from market or because the surplus
is too small each day.
St
JUVENILE POWER EXPRESS
WAGON
YV/ITH little folks, work and play are
very distinct things if so named,
but they may appear the same if work is
given under the guise of play. Is there
anything a small boy likes better than a
red and black wagon which he can propel
rapidly by hand or foot power? Yes,
it is having something to do with the
wagon. One popular model has a dumping
car at the back in which sand, gravel,
kindling, or dry leaves can be conveyed

760 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
and emptied, or the pets and favorite toys
or parcels for mother can be carried.
The vehicle can be propelled with any
length of stroke from 5 to 15 inches.
St
EGG OR POTATO SLICER
LJERE is a little device that will be
found of value to the housewife in
the preparation of salads, sandwiches or
any dainty dishes for afternoon tea or
evening refreshment. The contrivance
cuts hard-boiled eggs, boiled potatoes
and other products into eleven uniform
slices in one operation.
The cutting tray is of aluminum and
the cutting handle nickel plated with
automatically strung piano wires. It retails
for seventy-five cents.
St
CRIB AND SWING COMBINED
grown-up. It can be bought in either
four- or six-foot lengths.
HANG THE BABY IN A DOOR­
WAY
I70R one dollar, the mother can secure
this rock-a-bye swing, made of heavy
duck and set on strong steel frames. A
set of screw hooks comes with the swing,
and these can be put around in the different
places where the mother wishes to
"hang" the baby—in doorways, from the
porch ceiling, or low tree branches. The
metal frame below serves also for making
the swing into a comfortable bed
suitable for everyday use.
St
TABLE AND ITS LEAVES
TOGETHER
T H E leaves of this dining room table
always are ready for use. Just by
pulling down the door on one side of the
table they can be lifted out and used immediately.
This is not only a saving in
space, but a considerable work saver at
times.
With This Dining Table, the Leaves Are Always
Right Where Needed

The Gripping Arms
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 761
WATER-BOTTLE CARRIER
" T H E handle's
the thing"
when it comes to
carrying objects
that are heavy,
slippery, or of awkward
shape. In
some places the
supplying of purified
plain water, of
natural mineral
water, or of manufacturedcarbonated
waters is quite
a business. With a
good strong handle
more weight
of liquid can be carried by the delivery
men, and the saving of broken bottles or
wasted contents more than pays for the
inexpensive accessory. The handle
works much like ice tongs. When placed
about the lip of the bottle, the steel gripping
arms are tightened.
St
PROTECTION FOR RARE
FLOWERS
N
O W that all large cities make an
event of their annual flower show,
it is very important
that
the original
color of the
rare flowers
exhibited be
retained. This
is almost impossible
in the
late summer
and early fall.
The intense
light of the
summer sun
bleaches the
first fresh tint
of some of
the strongly
colored
flowers, and
the danger of
early frost is another factor to be taken
into consideration.
European gardeners always have protected
their rare flowers by some covering
device, but in this country one now
can obtain flower protectors in packages.
The little protectors unfold and make a
substantial covering even for the very
largest flowers. They are made of
water-proof cloth stretched on an iron
frame. They can be adjusted to any desired
height. By this means all the delicate
gradations in the color of the flower
are retained.
St
COOK IT IN THE LAMP SHADE
T H E adaptation of electricity to cooking
purposes has resulted in the invention
and manufacture of many unique
yet practical devices
whereby
many simple
dishes may be
prepared on
short notice.
One of the latest
of these devices
is a combination
electric
lamp and stove.
On removing
the shade and
inverting it, it
screws into the
socket and
forms a cooking
bowl, in which
water can be
boiled, milk
d T h e Lamp Stove
or
soups heated. The base of the stand is
hollow and contains a toaster, receptacle,
and grill. These may be removed and
fitted within the inverted bowl.
During the past few months, manypeople
living in "non-housekeeping
rooms" have purchased these lamps in
order to be able to enjoy little snacks
from time to time without having to
borrow a kitchen, or use an open gas
flame and a hatpin.

"SUPERCRITTERS"
By JULIUS R. ROBERTSON
T
""\HE famous wolf of Gevaudan,
France, in the course of ten
months' time was said to have
eaten scores of people, to
have attacked mounted men
at noon on the king's highway, and it is
a fact that a reward of ten thousand
francs—two thousand dollars—was
placed upon his head. When he was
shot finally he was found to be a wolf
of common breed and of less than average
size. Robert Louis Stevenson, in
commenting upon this famous beast,
said: "If all wolves had been as this
wolf, they would have changed the history
of man."
We have to admit that this animal
must have had a creative mind and spirit
of his own and showed unmistakable
signs of superiority over all others of
his species—in other words, that he had
the ear marks of wdiat we are accustomed
in men to designate as genius.
After all, what is genius in man?
Does it depend upon extraordinarily
quick foot work, combined with a funny
face, as with Charlie Chaplin? Upon a
peculiarly shaped voice box—purejy a
physical endowment, as with Caruso ?
Upon superb quickness of mind backed
by an astounding dexterity and nimble-
762
Lady Eglantine Was a Wonder Woman to All the Dapper
Young Cockerels
Dan Patch, the King of Pacers
ness of the fingers, as with Kellerman,
the magician ? Upon the ability to stand
and deliver hard knocks, as with Jess
Willard ? Yet each of these men is so
far superior to all other men in the same
fields that we are obliged, if for no other
reason than the want of a better term, to
call their top-notch ability a kind of
genius.
If it includes all these things, the
physical as well as the mental qualities,
then certainly there are a number of
animals, who, together with these men,
seem to have the right to be considered
in that rare class of creation
known as genius.
Our wolf of Gevaudan was
an instance of the superbeast
of the past generation. We
don't have to go outside our
own times, however, to find
illustrious examples.
The first candidate for the
laurel crown is a quiet and
lowly quadruped whose name
is already famous to a greater
number of farmers than is
that of many a man who be­
lieved his glory imperishable.
Her name—for it is a "she"

—is Murne Cowan, the greatest cow the
world has ever known.
In one year's time this remarkable
animal produced 1098.18 pounds of butter
fat and a milk yield of 24,008
pounds. As milk from the dairy herd
of which she is a member fetches ten
cents a quart, if her twelve-month output
had been sold merely as raw milk,
a gross income of three dollars a day,
or over a thousand dollars a year, would
have been secured from this one animal
alone.
Remarkable ? Rather ! Still more rein
a r k able
perhaps, that
d u r i n g her
heifer days,
M u r n e
Cowan was
not regarded
as anything
u n usual. In
fact she was
disposed of
by her unsu
specting
owner for a
song. She
was sold as a
member of a
drove of
nine, the lot
fetching
only eleven
hundred dollars.
O. C.
Barberton, of Barberton, Ohio, was the
fortunate purchaser. At the age of six,
under her new owner, she was developing
an unusual reputation. At this time
her annual yield was 16,729 pounds of
milk and 845.41 pounds of butter fat.
February 19, 1915, she leaped into the
limelight with the astounding record as
first stated.
Murne Cowan is a Guernsey. In making
her record she wrested the championship
title from another of her own
breed. May Rilma.
One Tilly Alcartra, a Holstein cow
and a native of California, made a claim
"SUPERCRITTERS" 763
of contesting, for a little while, Murne's
record. Tilly could show a record of
annual production of 30,452.6 pounds of
milk. Under old time methods of computing
milk values Murne would probably
have had to take second place.
Modern scientific methods, however, are
used in judging records. In spite of her
large yield in pounds Tilly could claim
only 951.3 pounds of this as butter fat.
Then, too, it cost more to feed Tilly,
and the actual profit off Murne was the
greater.
This matter of feeding so as to get
the most out
of an animal
has also of
course been
reduced to a
science.
Again, however,
the pers
o n a 1 equation—not
of
the feeder,
b u t of the
animal—must
be taken into
consideration.
Just as some
humans are
thin, starved
and of uncertaintemperament,
so it is
Murne Cowan Was a Phenomenal Butter Fat Producer
with animals.
The restless,
nervous animal usually looks "poor".
Then there is the other extreme, the
animal that seems to make every atom
of food go far. Such animals grow fat,
or give great quantities of milk. Usually
it will be found, too. that these animals
are of equable dispositions. Race, and
breeding, and care will count of course
as factors in producing remarkable animals,
but sometimes an unknown equation
enters, that mysterious thing known
as the personal element, and the result
is a genius in the animal world.
It costs about two hundred fifteen
dollars a year, or 59 cents a day, to feed

764 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Murne Cowan. Here are some comparative
figures showing feeding costs and
milk yields as compiled by the United
States Department of Agriculture:
Number ol
Cows
Average Yield per
Cow in Pounds
o! Milt
16 .... 2,349
33 .... 3,648
78 .... 4,596
111 .... 5,450
109 .... 6,445
60 .... 7,514
36 .... 9,049
FEED COST
Per Cow Per 100
Yearly Lbs. Milt
$43.93 $1.87
49.47 1.36
55.00 1.20
59.91 1.10
62.85 .98
70.38 .94
80.45 .89
These figures show that the cost of
feeding per one hundred pounds of milk
decreases rapidly up to about six thousand
pounds yield, after which the decline
in cost is very slight. The lesson
to be derived from this fact (according
to the Department of Agriculture) is
that it is of much greater importance to
increase the milk yield up to between six
and seven thousand pounds than it is to
attempt to get the yield above this figure,
as far as the economy of the use of food
is concerned. It is easier to increase the
quantity of milk when it is low than
when it is high.
These figures also show how impossible
it is to produce a genius in the cow
world merely by stuffing it with food.
It can no more be done in the quadruped
kingdom than it can be done in the
domain of man by stuffing the mind with
learning. Genius, whether among; men
or cows, will out of itself.
Aside from crossing the road, a hen's
function in life seems to consist in laying
eggs. More than one hen has proved
that genius may show itself in the latter
humble field. The most conspicuous instance
of this was the famous hen, Lady
Eglantine. Lady Eglantine was a product
of Maryland. She is one of the few
instances in the world's history where a
physical genius actually was developed.
Her owner went on the theory that fine
feathers do not make necessarily fine
birds. Therefore he discarded poultry
show ideals, and bred for a producer.
He selected a father whose mother had
an excellent reputation as an egg producer.
Both of Lady Eglantine's parents
were of highly inbred stock. She came,
too, of a stock that had been accustomed
to eating and assimilating enormous
quantities of food. Lady Eglantine was
a proof positive that careful breeding of
egg layers pays. In one year she made
the remarkable record of having brought
forth three hundred fourteen eggs. It
wasn't leap year either. A score of her
sisters made a record of an average of
two hundred thirty eggs apiece for the
same period.
Lady Eglantine was white leghorn.
She left at her demise but twelve known
offspring, nine roosters and three hens.
She is the type of fowl that makes the
eugenists clamor loudly as an example
for human beings to follow. But hens
are much easier to breed right than men.
Those with brains won't permit themselves
to be used for scientific purposes
and all others are worthless.
When we are discussing genius among
animals we are on safest ground, apparently,
when we consider the horse.
Here we will find deeds and temperament
going hand in hand. The racinghorse
has all the sensitiveness of the
artist.
Horse racing in America probably
reached its zenith in the year 1903. That
may not have been the year when the
public took the most interest in the sport,
but it is the year that some of the most
phenomenal trotting and pacing records
were made.
Take the case of Dan Patch. Dan

Patch, as the sporting world knows, was
the most remarkable horse this country
ever produced. On October 22, 1903,
he smashed the world's pacing record
(his own) by doing the mile in 1:56^.
He began his remarkable career in 1901,
being at that time five years old. In that
year the pacing record was held by Star
Pointer, made back in 1897, 1:59}4. In
1902 Star Pointer still held the record.
In August of that year Dan Patch set a
new record of 1:59.
He had a rather irregular pedigree behind
him. Flis father, Joe Patchen, and
his mother Tellica, while of good stock,
did not come of spectacular ancestry.
Personality, instead of pedigree, was
being considered more in horse breeding
in the closing years of the nineteenth
century.
His mother was a fast
trotter, but of a disagreeable
temper. Dan Patch
was the only one of his
line that seems to have
escaped this curse of temperament.
Also he seems
to have been the only one
that was really a superior animal, all his
brothers, sisters, and offspring, showing
no real speed, but plenty of crankiness,
thereby proving that genius and irritability
may be incompatible, after all.
In the same year that Dan Patch electrified
the sporting world by his fleetness
at Memphis, Tennessee, Lou Dillon
smashed all trotting records. Her pedigree
is well worthy of note, being decidedly
short on her dam's side. She had
distinguished ancestors on her father's
side, but her granddam is unknown.
In 1892 Nancy Hanks established a
"ibiJPERCRITTERS" 765
new trotting record of 2:04. It took
nine years to reduce this to 2:02^4, made
by Cresceus, in 1901.
In 1903, the great year, Lou Dillon
cut the record down to 1:58^. Cresceus
that same year had brought his record
down to 1:59j4, but Lou Dillon quickly
regained the title.
In the horse racing world there is the
story of two mares, whose personality
triumphed over apparent physical defects.
They had been thrown into the
discard, but they lived to prove that just
as genius does not necessarily beget
genius, so even among horses the imperfect
may be the parents of prodigies.
The story is, that over thirty years ago
a telegraph operator was bitten by the
racing bug. He had little money and
no opportunity therefore to
acquire a "blooded" animal.
About this time, the Stout
Brothers, lumber merchants,
had established one of the
most famous stock farms in
America. They had bought a
famous stallion Nutwood and
a stable of pedigreed mares.
Two of these were considered worthless
either for racing or breeding purposes,
one being what is known as "curbylegged",
the other of doubtful ancestry
and of no particular appearance so far as
racing was concerned.
Both were bought by the telegraph
operator, for the price of $225. The new
owner, whose name was Williams,
shipped them to Kentucky. With this
handicap of parentage, nevertheless,
these mares had for offspring, Axtel and
Allerton, in their time two famous racers
and sires.

No Time for a Loaf
SOME time ago, when a local corps was reviewed
by Sir Ian Hamilton, one officer was
mounted on a horse that had previously distinguished
itself in a bakery business. Somebody
recognized the horse, and shouted,
"Baker I" The horse promptly stopped dead,
and nothing could urge it on.
The situation was getting painful when the
officer was struck with a brilliant idea, and
remarked, "Not today, thank you." The procession
then moved on.
Those Short Skirts
BUTLER—"Miss Van Smythe asks, sir, if you
will step in the next room, as she wishes to
come down stairs."
His Boast
ARGUS boasted. "I can stand the eye for an
eye policy longer than anyone else," he cried.
St
What He Didn't Know
A COUNTRYMAN, in town for the day, grew
so bewildered in crossing a crowded street
that he stepped in front of a slowly moving
trolley car and was knocked down before it
could be stopped. More confused than hurt,
he scrambled to his feet right in the path of a
motorcycle coming on the other side of the
car, and was again bowled over. As he once
more got up he looked at the car and then at
the motorcycle.
"Huh!" he said. "I didn't know the blamed
thing had a colt."
766
Above the Footlights
"EVER notice the expression on the ballet
dancer's face?"
"No!"
"Look at it the next time!"
St
Causation
LAW PROFESSOR—"State briefly two grounds
for divorce."
STUDENT—"Jitney income, and limousine
wife."
Now They Don't Speak
"WHAT did you say that your age was?" he
asked between dances.
"I didn't say," smartly returned the girl,
"but I've just reached twenty-one."
"Is that possible !" he consoled. "What detained
you?"
Down-Trodden Sex
"Bv gorry, I'm tired."
"There you go! You're tired! Here I be
a-standin' over a hot stove all day an' you
wurkin' in a nice cool sewer!"
Scratched
"SOLOMON had a thousand wives."
"Then I bet he never carried his precinct."

Recovery Paid
IN times of peace Smith might have been
an author who had drifted into some useful
occupation, such as that of a blacksmith, but
just now he is cook to the Blankshire officers'
mess. Smith sent Murphy into the village to
bring home some chickens ordered for the
mess.
"MURPHY," said Smith, the next day, "when
you fetch me chickens again, see that they are
fastened up properly. That lot you fetched
yesterday all got loose, and though I scouted
the village I only managed to secure ten of
them."
"SH !" said Murphy. "I only brought six."
J«
The Patriot
"I DON'T see how you can justly say that I
am blind to the best interests of our country,"
fumes the man with the badges on his coat.
"Didn't I march in the preparedness parade,
and ain't I going to send these blankets to the
national guard just as soon as I get the rest
of my European war orders filled?"
Si
The Usual Story
She said 'twas naughty, wasn't nice.
She said she would resist him—
Each ancient feminine device—
And then, of course, she kissed him.
J*
Harem Scandal
FIRST TURKISH MATRON—"It is positively
indecent how transparent these young women
are wearing veils !"
SECOND TURKISH MATRON—"Yes. The first
thing you know they'll be discarding their
trousers!"
BLOWING OFF STEAM 767
How the Indian Got His Receipt
W H E N Francis E. Leupp was Indian Commissioner
a Choctaw brave paid him a debt
of fifty dollars for professional services. Mr.
Leupp thanked him for the money, but the
Indian stood with arms folded, evidently waiting
for something else. The Commissioner,
therefore, asked the red man what he wanted,
and received the reply:
"Waiting for receipt."
"What do you want a receipt for?" asked
Mr. Leupp; "are you afraid that I will ask
you for this money a second time?"
The Indian shrugged his shoulder and said:
"When I go meet the great Father Saint
Peter he will want me to show receipt for
fifty dollars which I paid you, before I can
enter heaven. I want to show receipt when I
come to the gate; I don't want hunt all over
hell to find you."
The Indian was given his receipt.
St Sweet Reassurance
"AND will you love me to the end?" she
asked, cuddling in his arms, after their first
quarrel.
"Yes," he replied with all the fervor of his
soul, "no matter how soon it may come."
St
No Telling
A RATHER patronizing individual from town
was observing with considerable interest the
operations of a farmer with whom he had put
up for a while.
As he watched the old man sow the seed in
his field the man from the city called out
facetiously:
"Well done, old chap. You sow; I reap the
fruits."
Whereupon the farmer grinned and replied:
"Maybe you will. I am sowing hemp."
St
Dangerous
"TAKE it away! Take it away!" said the
editor, handing the amateur poet's poem back
to him.
"What's the matter? Why are you so disturbed?"
| "Take it away! Your meter is so leaky that
I'm afraid to tackle it without a gas mask."

LIGHTING THE MOVIE
STUDIO
By F. A. MURPHY
I N the United States today are more
than a hundred motion picture concerns,
more than five thousand regularly
employed motion picture
actors, and countless casuals and
"supes", and the amount of money invested
mounts up to many millions.
To protect this investment, the photographynecessarily
has
to be superb,
and
perfect
photography
demands ext
raordinary
lighting equipment.
The motion picture
camera makes sixteen exposures
to the seconc
This high rate of speed requires
a lighting that will
act unerringly on the sensitized
film. The quality
and quantity of light must
be uniform and constant as
long as the camera man
turns the crank. Satisfactory
light does not necessarily
mean the mellow
glow of sunshine. Half
the studios are today
equipped with mercury arc
lighting apparatus that
casts a greenish, sickly hue
upon the countenances of
the actors. Whereas the
motion picture theater-goer sees a fair
damsel of creamy skin and light fluffy
hair, happily folded in the arms of a
noble, bronzed hero, the camera man, the
director and all, in fact, who are taking
part in the production see only the pallor
of green anemia upon the cheeks of the
768
cooing pair. In fact, no movie heroine
is beautiful to her leading man.
Overhead are great batteries of
Cooper Hewitt lights—strong but cool
lights—scores upon scores of them, and
from every wall the overhead batteries
are reinforced by others equally formidable.
The ideal light is actinic, that is,
rich in the green, blue and violet rays.
It has not the glare of the ordinary
electric light because the light is diffused
everywhere, not
concentrated, not
coming from a point;
it comes from an area.
An elaborate mechanism
is required in
conjunction with the
lights of a motion picture
studio. The batteries
are suspended
from a trolley system
so that they may be
run back or forth
across the huge stage
to any position that
may be required. This
necessitates a great
deal of changing and
moving about of the
lights, so a unit that
is easily handled is a
prime necessity. The
battery illustrated
here has proved itself
The Cooper-Hewitt Battery to be most satisfactory.
It can be connected or disconnected
in a hurry, and wheeled over to the
place where an exciting scene is being
filmed without summoning a whole staff
of porters and electrical experts to do
the moving—one efficient electrician can
tend a dozen batteries.

,*• *.* f " «*•*'
J"WfcW^"
WINTER PROSPECTORS ABOVE "FORTY-MILE"
THE GOLD PROSPECTOR
OF TODAY
By H. CORT LOWE
Y E L L O W gold with its dull. to better advantage. And to all comes
satiny glow virgin from the the quiet satisfaction of a living wrested
earth, irregular shaped, is from the most taintless of soutces and a
something that comparatively virile life spent at Nature's own door­
few people, outside of mining way. And there is always just around
camps, have seen. There is a lure in its the corner the lure of the big strike,
yellow depths, a call to possession, that urgent and haunting, as potent as at any
amounts almost to a fever. The stories time since the white man discovered a
that come down from the North of the yellow metal in the North.
discovery and the romance and the ad­ The procedure of the small operator
venture of the ceaseless search, the call is fascinating. Ground forty, sixty, two
that leads men to live the lives of her­ hundred feet deep is worked. At a depth
mits, of moles burrowing under ground, of two hundred feet the gravel is frozen
risking rheumatism, accident and frost­ as firmly as at the surface. No tembite,
are as glamorous today as was the perature at that latitude, of course,
lurid call of the Klondike and the Forty- could freeze this ground down from the
Mile country, the call that first led men surface. It has been frozen layer upon
into the frozen North.
layer as it steadily worked itself into
The big operator today moves yards place in the eons of time since the mas­
more of gravel than were dreamed of in todon roamed the same hills and valleys.
the olden days and more efficiently and Incidentally, it has been the lot of scores
quicker. But the little outfits, two or of miners to dig up on bedrock mam­
three men working together, work also moth tusks and bones of the same extinct
769

770 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
quadruped, specimens perfect and flawless
that museums the world over would
gladly welcome to their galleries.
Let us follow, in a hurried way, the
procedure "Long Shorty" and "The
Malamute" take as a sample of the
present day prospecting in deep ground.
A spot is selected where experience
shows the dirt to be not over fifty feet
deep to bedrock. Gold usually lies from
one to five feet just above the original
rock. A steam prospecting boiler of
from four to eight horsepower, light,
portable and simple, is set up. This is
connected by rubber hose to a common
cast iron pipe three-quarters of an inch
in size. A tripod of three timbers tied
together is set up and the pipe placed
horizontally against this with one end on
the ground at the spot wdiere the shaft
will be sunk. Steam is turned on and
as the live steam, shooting from the pipe
into the ground, thaws the frozen muck
and gravel, the pipe is twisted and
pushed down with the aid of wrenches.
Deeper and deeper it goes, gradually
working to a depth of fifteen or twenty
feet. Then another pipe of sufficient
length is coupled to it and the twisting
continues. This process is kept up until
the pipe is worked down to bedrock.
Steam tl.en is left turned on in the pipe
for a length of time, varying with the
kind of ground being worked, usually
from two to four days. By this time the
gravel is thawed for a distance of three
feet all around the pipe. The pipe then
is pulled out and the shaft is ready to
be "mucked out."
A windlass is set up over the hole on
a cribbing of poles a few feet high and
one of the partners, protected against the
biting cold by "parka" and packshoes,
takes his place at the handle. The other
goes into the hole and the mucking is
started.
P.ucket after bucket is taken out and
dumped just over the edge of the cribbing,
and as the pile of muck grows, the
man in the hole works deeper and
deeper. Progress is usually from five to
ten feet a day.
After two weeks of this alternate
freezing and sweating the hole has
progressed close to bedrock and hope
rises and falls in the hearts of the partners
and the gravel is watched closer
and closer and analyzed and discussed—
and sometimes cussed. This is the time
to begin to pan. All water is frozen and
to put the hands into cold water outside
is to invite frost-bite. So a sample of
the gravel is taken to the cabin and there
in the warmth and comfort is panned in
a tub and the result is made known.
Hope is never abandoned until the original
bedrock is reached.
Then it is either a case of black looks
all around, a realizing of the futility of
aspirations and endeavors and a burrowing
into the robes for a two or three
days' sleep or else a general rejoicing of
all hands. Each celebrates after his individual
style; the siren is tied open, the
bar is wrecked and the doxology is sung.
Only in this case "God save the King"
or the Swedish national air is apt to
take the place of the doxology. Strange
as it may seem there are comparatively
few Americans in the country. British,
Scotch, and Swedish predominate.
If the pay justifies it then a larger
boiler is secured and a small steam hoist
is set up, and the process known as
"taking out a winter dump" is started.
As mentioned before, no water is to be
had, and the pay dirt is hoisted and
dumped on a pile which grows with the
result of each day's work and remains
there until the break-up in the spring.
Securely established under ground
with the one man who remains on top
housed in the engine-room and out of
the cold, all can laugh at the marrowfreezing
weather now. The temperature
fifty feet below the surface, winter
and summer, remains about the same,
just below the freezing point.
Here steam is requisitioned again and
this time forced horizontally into the
dirt through "points", little more than
hollow pipes with driving heads attached.
These points are driven into
the frozen gravel abotit two feet apart

and two above the bedrock. They are
allowed to steam from ten to twenty
hours and when withdrawn leave a
thawed section of gravel about five feet
high, as deep as the length of the points,
usually ten feet, and of different lengths.
Wheelbarrows are then called into play
and this thawed section is picked and
wheeled to the bucket and sent to the
surface. As one thaw is being lifted out
the points are in at another place and
this thaw is in turn hoisted and the
points driven again.
Few miners once initiated into the
mysteries of a "gravel-mine" will ever
return to other kinds of mining and,
HOW WE BUILT OUR HOUSE 771
although the work is of the very hardest
and the life the plainest, it all holds a
fascination hard to overcome.
With the longer days and the warmer
sunshine of the spring the frozen water
is loosened in one big rush and the
sluice boxes are set up and the dirt
shoveled in and the clean-up made.
These are the happiest days of the
miner's life. With the merry swirl of
the water in the boxes and the dull
gleam of the "colors" between the riffles
he is made to forget his hardships of the
winter passed. His troubles are about
over. The snows will be gone soon and
the blueberries ripe.
HOW WE BUILT OUR HOUSE
OUR OKLAHOMA HOME TODAY
IRAN a pumping station on the M., in Texas. There were five of us in the
K. & T. R. R. Wages were only family. After a time we bought a small
S60.00 per month, but fish and property near the pumping station. At
game were plentiful, and we saved once, it seemed, the town began to grow
a little money. hi the opposite direction, and in three
Then I was transferred to a station years our property had depreciated.

772 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
About this time I joined a so-called
"Co-operative Colony", the officers of
which had surveyed a "townsite" on
Puget Sound, in Washington. I got together
what little cash I could and we
went to the "new country."
For a time it seemed as though I was
to be successful at last, for the first time
since my marriage. Then the "bubble"
burst, the colony split up and—I was left
with less than $100, and no employment.
Finally I got work, and a few months
later I filed a claim on a 160-acre tract
of Government land, about four miles
from the nearest village.
Again, things seemed to pick up. We
lived on and did the required amount of
work, "proved up" on it at $1.25 an acre,
then sold it for $3,000 cash.
Then it was that I imagined I heard
opportunity loudly knocking on the door.
I invested our entire little fortune in
"city lots", in the town of Port Angeles,
which, just then, was booming.
For a short time the boom continued,
then went to pieces. I could not sell at
any price. Taxes soon ate up what little
I had saved.
Thoroughly disgusted with booms, we
moved again, to the mining region of
Missouri. Here, wages were good; I
made on an average of $100 a month,
but rent and other living expenses also
were high. We had to pay $35 a month
for rent.
Here is how we stood at the end of
one year:
Amount earned $1,200
Rent $420.00
Heat and lighting (gas) .. . 36.00
Groceries 480.00
Taxes, personal and road. . 10.00
Clothing (I bought nothing
for myself) 165.00
Other small necessities. .. . 30.00
Car fare, to work and
back, at 10c a trip 31.00
Doctor bills 22.00
Pleasure 000.00
1,104
Savings $6.00
You will notice that pleasure is
marked "zero", and advisedly so, for we
had none—not even an extra car ride or
picture show.
This would never do. We talked the
matter over and decided upon a plan—
something that our neighbors smiled at,
secretly.
We had an ingrained horror of going
into debt—my wife wouldn't agree to it
at all. Finally she modified her ideas
sufficiently to let me do this:
In a bustling little mining town of
Oklahoma, thirty miles away (a "town"
of tents and shanties, as yet), they were
selling large building lots for fifty dollars
each, on payments of five dollars a
month. The lots were heavily timbered.
Our rent was paid up for two weeks
and my family had enough to live on
that length of time. Myself and boy secured
the lot and began the erection of
a log hut. We had plenty of timber.
Roof, floor, part of the walls, and doors,
were made from clapboards split from
oak timber by means of an ax and froe.
In wet seasons the water stood in the
hollow (one corner of lot), so we built
the shack on a high foundation of logs.
There were three rooms. Nails and windows
(all the material we bought) were
purchased at a total cost of five dollars.
Inside of twelve days we had finished
and moved into our new home, and I
again went to work at same wage I had
received in Missouri.
This was the turning point in our fortunes.
The house we built has paid us
well, both in comfort and as an actual
investment. We have had two good
chances to sell it for $2,500, but we have
preferred to hold on to it.
We now have $2,400 in the bank,
$2,000 of it drawing four per cent interest,
and as property has advanced in
value greatly, our fifty-dollar lot and
$2,500 home would easily bring $4,000.
But we have no intention of selling—
Oklahoma is plenty good enough for
us.
That is the way we got our home—
and we are proud of it.

RECOVERING A TORPEDO
773

174
WET JOBS
THE CORNISH (GREAT BRITAIN) CLAY PITS ARE NOW WORKED BY WOMEN
WASHERS EXCLUSIVELY
THESE HEAVY STEEL NETS ARE BEING SUNK AS PROTECTIONS FOR ALL BRITISH
HARBORS, AND ALONG "SUBMARINE AISLES"

THE ENGLISH "MILKMAN"
>3 Skirts Are Becoming
Obsolete
All over the British Isles,
women arc adopting trousers,
blouse and puttees as regular
costume. This makes more
easy their transformation into
the "milkman," chauffeurs,
motormen, cabbies, farmers,
and laborers, who are doing the
ork of the nation at
17,

WARTIME ODDITIES
The New German Staff Cars
These, because of the shortage of rubber in the Empire,
are equipped with the all spring wheels shown in the
above photograph.
[RWCGD 4 UNDtHWOOD
WHEN THE WIRELESS FAILS
The first reliable wartime messengers were carrier pigeons, and though today the wireless phone and telegraph
have supplanted these winged "A. D. T.'s", in large measure, they still are kept on hand to be used in case of
breakdown.
116

FRUIT FOR TOURISTS
By V. W. KILLICR
A ROADSIDE FRUIT STAND NEAR SAN JOSE. CALIFORNIA
T H R O U G H O U T Southern
California, along the sides of
its splendid macadamized automobile
highways, fruit
ranchers lately have been
adopting a new method of selling their
products to visiting tourists.
Some of the ranchers have erected attractive
displays of their fruits on their
property abutting the roadways. Bunting
is extensively used for decorating in
many cases while all the stands are provided
with canopies to protect the fruit
on display from the sun's rays. Four or
more upright posts set in the ground
with a frame of light wood on the top
for stretching a plain sheet of canvas
forms a good canopy or in the more pretentious
stands a permanent pergola with
a lathed top thatched with palm leaves
serves this purpose. Xo attempts are
made at constructing houses; the displays
are open to the weather. Oranges,
lemons, grapefruit, melons, peaches and
grapes are displayed frequently on
wooden racks which show them ofF to
advantage. Small baskets and boxes of
fruit are placed about the ground in an
ornamental manner.
During the winter season, when the
orange market is at its height, and the
tourists are thickest in California there
are sometimes as many as five or six attendants
waiting on customers in some
of these booths. Fruit is sold every day
in the week, and Sunday is always the
busiest day.
At one of these farmer's fruit stands
on a popular highway connecting the
cities of Glendale and Pasadena, the
owner reported that as many as two
thousand automobiles pass by his place
in a day and upon one particular Sunday
afternoon the stopping of so many visitors'
cars before his stand blockaded
the traffic. A police officer was sent out
from Glendale to systematize the traffic
confusion and was forced to remain on
the highway the remainder of the afternoon
directing the passing cars.
This rancher also stated he has sold
as much as $500 worth of oranges at his
stand in a month while his most profitable
day brought $97.
777

778 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
NEW WAYS OF S WING MILLIONS
(Continued f
easier and more sanitary methods of
carrying on this work.
These home-made labor-saving devices,
in which this branch of the Government
specializes, are of two varieties,
those designed to save time and
trouble and those which turn waste
products into usable and valuable material.
To the first class belong such utensils
as the "scrubbing chariot", a small,
three-sided box on wheels or casters,
with a receptacle for soap attached to
one side, on which the scrubber can
kneel and cover a large area of floor
space in about one-third the time it
would take her to do it in the oldfashioned
way ; the dustless mop ; the
wheel tray, a home-made adaptation
i if the afternoon tea tray of society;
the tireless cooker; and the iceless refrigerator.
The iceless refrigerator, of which
several thousand were constructed last
year under governmental direction, is
an adaptation of the basic idea that
evaporation will produce a low temperature
almost as readily as will ice.
The Indians, for centuries past, have
cooled their tepees by hanging watersoaked
blankets over the entrance; and
the porous water bottle, wdiich works
on the same principle, is today a familiar
object in the tropics. Canteens
for use in the Sahara Desert are constructed
in this manner.
The iceless refrigerator is formed
by enclosing three or four shelves in
wire screening—to keep out flies—and
then mounting the whole upon legs,
four or five inches high. One side of
the screening is hinged and acts as the
door to the refrigerator. All that
then remains to be done is to place the
"ice box" in a large pan, put a pan
containing water on top of the box, and
hang strips of flannel so that they will
cover the four sides and dip into the
om page 691)
water above the shelves. The water
is absorbed by the flannel, as if by
wicks, and slowly flows downward into
the pan below, at the same time cooling
the entire contents of the refrigerator
by evaporation. The process is
enhanced, of course, if the refrigerator
is placed in a current of air, but it has
been found to work admirably in the
hottest and most sultry weather, even
when shut off from the cooling effects
of drafts.
To the second class of home-made
devices which are being boomed by the
Government—that which includes the
utilization of waste materials—belong
the easily constructed waterworks for
the home, simple machinery for butter
making, and the canning and preserving
of "waste" fruits and vegetables. Dr.
Bradford Knapp, chief of the States
Relations Service, is authority for the
statement that this latter class of work
alone results in a saving to the United
States of at least $10,000,000 in materials
which would otherwise be thrown
away or allowed to rot as so much waste.
An idea of the value which the Government
places upon this work may be
obtained from the fact that more than
$575,000 was expended last year in
teaching the housewives in rural districts
how to save their time and their
labor.
"But," says Dr. Knapp, "this money
is well invested, for it is already bearing
interest at the rate of two or three
hundred per cent and, in a few years,
we confidently expect that this expenditure
will result in a saving of $5,000,-
000 a year to the rural population of
the United States—a saving which can
be traced directly to the labor-saving
devices, apart from the canning and
preserving activities, and which cannot
but be reflected in the cost of all products
which have their source on the
. farm."

SNAKES BATTLE TO DEATH
FOR SCIENCE
By H A R R Y DUNN
STAGING real battles between
poisonous a n d nonpoisonous
snakes of the United States has
become one of the leading
occupations of the staff of the
Department of Clinical Medicine of
Tulane University in New Orleans.
These battles between "sluggers" and
"wrestlers" of the reptile world—for all
poisonous snakes kill by striking and all
their nonpoisonous relatives by constriction—have
been the center of interest
for Louisiana scientists, students, and
physicians during the last summer, and
will be continued for some time to come.
From these battles the experimenters
are learning, in the first place, just what
harmless snakes are inimical to the poisonous
members of the family, and thus
should be encouraged on the farms of
the South, where the death toll by snake
bite is heavy each year. Next they are
practically convinced, from their experiments
that the poison of the water moccasin,
which is responsible for most of
the deaths from snake-bite in Louisiana,
and of the rattler and the coral snake
has no bad effect on the nonpoisonous
king snake, the "gopher" snake, or the
black snake, all of which have been
found to be consistent enemies of the
poisonous varieties.
It would appear, also, from these experiments,
that the nonpoisonous snake,
once he is fanged by a poisonous snake,
sheds his skin within a few hours. This
is interesting, as it may be shown to have
an intimate connection with the apparent
immunity of the harmless varieties.
The latest and most interesting contest
was arranged by Jules Ledieu, the laboratory
technician and assistant. Jules
carefully "trained" a full-grown king
snake, about thirty inches in length, and
a water moccasin nearly four feet long,
for this fray by giving them no food for
a month. Then, on a sunshiny afternoon,
the young scientist picked up the
moccasin with a gentle but firm grip
applied just behind the ears and dropped
him into a net-covered pit in which the
king snake was enjoying the warmth of
the September day.
Immediately the moccasin, which, it
should be said, is better known to Jules
as agkistrodon piscivorus, crawled over
to the king snake, wdiich Jules calls lampropeltis
sayi, and, without waiting for
the formality of coiling, as poisonous
snakes always have been supposed to do
before they strike, fanged the king just
where better formed creatures have their
necks.
The king, it appears, was in contented
mood, though unfed, and wriggled off to
the other side of the pit. There the moccasin
followed and again pricked his remote
relative with his fangs.
This was too much ; the king threw
himself into a coil, and the killer from the
swamps immediately took up his favorite
fighting attitude, his body looped like the
letter O. his head drawn back within the
coil, ready to strike. The king feinted
as a boxer at one side of the mudcolored
body, and the moccasin struck at
him. This was wdiat the king wanted,
and before his enemy could withdraw his
armed head to striking position, the little
constrictor had him by the lower jaw,
and had leaped from his coil to wind
about the writhing body of the moccasin.
The backward-slanting teeth of the
king sank slowly into the moccasin's jaw
until the poison-bearing fangs were
powerless to strike, and the whip-like,
gray-green body of the smaller snake began
to draw tight around the intruder.
719

780 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
MEETING THE SUB
(Continued ft
our first armed merchantmen, was sunk
off a French port. It was in command
of a picked officer from the United
States Navy and it had a gun crew of
picked men from the Atlantic Fleet. Yet
it never had a chance. It was hit by a
torpedo before it knew that a submarine
was in the vicinity.
Consider what a steamer mounting
three-, five- or six-inch guns to protect
itself has to shoot at in a periscope.
Have you ever seen a periscope at, say,
800 yards? It looks like a bottle. If you
hit it with a shell, you are lucky. To the
man in the submerged submarine the
image of your ship reflected down by the
periscope is a good target; and remember
a submarine can discharge a torpedo
without showing its hull above water; it
has only to push its periscope above
water. And remember that the range of
a modern torpedo is forty-five hundred
yards; that it goes through water at express
speed; that even if a steamer's
lookout sees its white wake, it is impossible
for the steamer to dodge.
All this would indicate that an armed
merchantman has small chance against
submarine attack unless the submarine
comes up and shows its hull, presenting
a target, and opens a regular naval engagement.
By that I mean that when
the submarine rises, a six-inch gun on a
disappearing platform comes up too.
Then begins a fight between the gun on
the submarine and the guns on the
armed merchantmen. In such a fight,
the merchantman has the advantage because
its gun platform is more level; the
men can aim better. But a submarine
isn't going to open gun fire on an armed
merchantman, and thus expose itself,
unless it has used up all its torpedoes.
Thus, by technical fact and procedure of
submarine warfare, an armed freight
steamer has little chance with a subtna- ,
rine.
What, then, are we to do? How are
the steamers of the United States and
the Allies to bring supplies to Europe?
MARINE PROBLEM
m page 100)
Obviously the steamers must be convoyed
and the United States Navy is not
going to convoy merchant steamers with
dreadnaughts for the reason that the
dreadnaughts wouldn't have any more
chance of dodging a torpedo than a
steamer would. Remember that one of
the functions of torpedo-boat destroyers
is to protect dreadnaughts from submarine
attack. In Europe, each dreadnaught
is allowed four destroyers. In other
words, dreadnaughts have to be convoyed
to be protected against torpedo
attack.
The proper convoy for merchant
steamers is the submarine chaser. The
principle is the same as outlined. Just as
the destroyer protects the dreadnaughts
from submarines, so do submarine
chasers protect merchant ships from submarines.
The chaser was evolved by this
war. It is a boat about one hundred
feet long and is fast and agile enough to
dodge torpedoes. It carries light guns
that can sink a submarine—a five pound
shell will do it. These chasers will be
used to convoy merchant steamers in
fleets to Europe. We will not use our
naval destroyers for this work, for the
very excellent reason that we haven't
enough destroyers in our navy to protect
properly even our dreadnaughts from
submarine attack. But the chasers can
be turned out quickly: they are now
being built by the thousands. They are
being obtained also from the thousands
of pleasure craft owners of this country..
Seaworthy motorboats are being transformed
into submarine chasers.
On May twelfth, as this article was
being written, a cryptic announcement
appeared in the papers which stated, in
effect, that a newly invented means for
destroying U-boats was in the hands of
the British Admiralty and the United
States Navy Office. What this new and
terrible means may be we cannot surmise,
but some basis of fact must exist
else the public would not be given this
new straw of hope.

AN AUTOMATIC BARGAIN
BASEMENT
T H O U G H Boston holds many- Some of these prizes have been paid,
surprises for the traveler go­ but in each case the error was traceable
ing East, he always has his to the oversight of an individual, and
eyes opened when it comes to not to any flaw inherent in the system
shopping in Boston. Some­ itself.
one in Boston, sooner or later, tells him Usually there are groups of bargain
to go to the automatic bargain basement seekers waiting for the basement doors
which has become quite a feature of the to open. Nearly all are equipped with
city. This is located in one of the large the morning newspaper in which the
department stores, and applies an en­ goods have been advertised.
tirely new business principle.
The system, after five years, began to
The managers of this store recog­ make money. The first year the system
nized that basement trading is done was started the store lost thousands of
by all classes of people; it is an amaz­ dollars. In the second year it learned
ingly large section for profit. The people to avoid certain lots, and by watching
who buy in the basement do not neces­ the first prices carefully, managed to
sarily buy there because they think break about even. The next three years
the goods are going to be cheaper, showed a profit, and the people of Bos­
but because everything is for sale on ton, as well as the store itself, acknowl­
one floor, and the necessity for runedged that the goods were bargains—
ning for elevators in crowds is elim­ real bargains.
inated. As this basement had an en­ Say the managers, "In the lapidaries
trance on the subway, drawing large of Amsterdam, where the diamonds of
crowds, as much care was taken in its the world are cut and polished, there are
arrangement as upstairs.
always odd pieces of precious stones that
Before the store was opened, Boston remain after the larger stones are cut.
read in its papers that the bargain base­ These pieces are of the same quality as
ment was to be automatic ; that is. if goods the larger gems, yet they bring propor­
were not sold after twelve selling days, tionately far less. They are the 'chips.'
twenty-five per cent was deducted from So, in the wholesale garment making of
their cost: if unsold after eighteen days, this country and abroad, between produc­
fiftv per cent was deducted : and at the tion and distribution there is an overlap­
end of twenty-four days a discount of ping, and models and samples, large and
seventy-five per cent was deducted. But small, surplus and odd lots, are con­
if thev were not sold within thirty selling stantly left on the manufacturer's hands
days, they were given away. The to be disposed of in other than the reg­
readers were skeptical, because they ular course of business. With thousands
thought the first price would be exorbi­ of manufacturers in America and abroad
tant. People asked, "Where are you go­ to whom this condition was applicable,
ing to get the underprice merchandise to it is obvious that there was a rich field
keep such a system going day after day ?" from wdiich the automatic bargain base­
The answers were satisfactory. In adment could be supplied at less than regdition,
the store published offers of prizes ular prices—manufacturers' surpluses,
to be paid in the event of any one's dis­ sample lines, odd sizes, and entire stocks
covering failure to reduce prices at the of manufacturers or retailers going out
tunes called for by the schedule of reduc­ of business." And these are what the
tions.
"automat" sells.
•n

782 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
HE GOES
patent take-down reel, weighing 7 ounces
and costing six dollars. You'll want to
see how it works anyhow and you can
take care of it after you abuse it. Later
you'll sniff at one costing less than
fifteen, but just the same this one is
plenty good.
"Bass fishermen get absolutely violent
on the subject of baits. The first bait I
ever used was a live frog, and next, a
piece of pork rind, but now the artificial
baits are coming more and more into
fashion. Look at this one. Looks like
the bone handle of a shaving brush but
longer, with two big hooks dangling at
the back end and five little red dots
painted on the bow. Here's another, in
appearance nothing but a doll's size flatiron
painted white on the bottom and
having a couple of hooks aft. Yet this
thing catches oodles of bass—while
you're right in your conclusion that the
fish that would bite on such a contrivance
ought to have his head examined.
"Bass baits are divided roughly into
surface or floating baits and sinking or
underwater. The old and historic baits
are the live frog and the pork rind. The
live bait—frog and minnow—are often
the last resort in the hot days of summer
when old prize-fighter bass seeks the
deep holes and loses his pep and refuses
to strike at the former attractive red and
green and white and splashing lures.
The floating lures, however, are the
easiest for you to handle because they
stay on top the water and hold the
line on top while you're getting switched
around and ready to reel in instead of
sinking to the bottom and dating up
some old snag or collection of weeds for
the rest of the day.
"The bass has a big mouth and is a
big shouldered, powerful customer.
Hooks, for him, are large, No. 5 or still
larger, against 8 and 10 for trout. We'll
put in a few flies to be used with the
trout rod for Brother Bass, a dozen made
up of Scarlet Ibis, Royal Coachman,
Silver Doctor, and Grizzly King. You'll
A-FISHING
(Continued j rom page 130)
probably use bait most of the time, but
the fly way of enticing Mr. Bass into your
parlor is becoming more and more popular.
Outside of the flies -and according
to his mood and the time of the year
and water conditions, the bass will strike
live bait, from mice and frogs and minnows
to crawfish ; artificial minnows that
are as big as some of the trout you'll
catch; ungodly shaped things like the
crab wriggler and the Maxixe and the
plug: preserved natural baits—see 'em
in these jars like the famous 57 varieties of
pickle—such as pickled pork rind ; pickled
frogs, crawfish, and minnows ; fresh pork
rind, cut minnow shape; spoons, these
flashing spoonshaped bits of nickel plate
and copper : rubber frogs and minnows
and crawfish and helgramites, and
crosses between the spoon and the fly.
Also, some incurable designed an artificial
pork rind, made of cork, with red
felt wings and tail—a combination
submarine and aeroplane bait—to catch
the bass either through deceiving him
into thinking it a fly, or a minnow—
which is the idea with pork rind.
"So I'll put you in a little of everything
to try at the advice of your accomplice
—a can of preserved minnows, others
of pork rind, crawfish and frogs, some
rainbow minnows, a couple of the Maxixe
dancing bass deceivers, and a line of
Jimheddon minnows including surface
and underwater standard sorts.
"If I knew where and when and in
what sort of water you were going to
fish, I could specialize a bit more, but
you'll try all these things sooner or later.
and not get a nibble at that at times.
I'll add a couple of spoons, and a pair
of the combination spoon-and-fly rigs.
which with a dozen or so plain hooks
for live bait, and some leaders, will let
you out, temporarily.
"And now, if you'll amble down this
way, I'll introduce you to Mr. Jones.
who'll rig up for you a correct line of
duds and take away any little money
you happen to have left."

THAT PRIVATE GARAGE
By DAVID WALES
I T is not so long since a goodly
percentage of automobile owners
might not have been able to answer
the classic question, "Which came
first, the egg or the hen?" But they
did know that the advent of their car was
preceded by a mortgage on the home.
Frequently, before the private garage
could be built, there was a mortgage on
the car, and to keep the motor in gasoline
sometimes meant a mortgage on the
garage. It was a vicious circle of indebtedness
that was almost beautiful in
its perfection.
Finally, honest bankers who didn't
want to ruin the leading citizens, and the
town with them, began to refuse mortgages
when the money was to go for
automobiles, and the installment method
of paying for cars came in. Lowerpriced
cars and the waning of the custom
of carrying guests in the tonneau to
devour expensive meals at road-houses
also contributed in putting the purchase
of an automobile on a less hazardous
basis. The building of a private garage
was not an additional nightmare in the
phantasmagoria of motor bankruptcy.
Read}' money really was at hand to put
into such a structure.
To own one's garage is a matter of
comfort, convenience, and economy. Ten
to thirty dollars a month merely for the
housing of a car is extravagant. That is
the price the public garage man usually
extracts from the car owner's pocket.
But the cost of housing is by no manner
of means all. Going to the public
garage is a bad habit. It is a bad habit
because it creates a leak in one's pocket
book. Tf you go to the barber shop every
day to be shaved, you will find that you
are getting hair-cuts more frequently
than necessary and that shampoos, hair
tonics, facial massages, and manicuring
are the rule. Barbers condemn the safety
razor, not because to all intents and pur­
poses it puts the wielder in the same
class with themselves, but because it
makes the customer's visits to the shop
for other purposes rare.
So, likewise, if your car is in a public
garage, it means minor repairs that you
could do yourself if it were not so convenient
to call help.
Again, it is not the most pleasant
thing in the world to walk on a rainy or
blustery night a half mile or more to get
out the car. Even the heat of a summer
day may inhibit the exertion of going for
the car to take a pleasure ride. Undoubtedly
there are many advantages in having
the garage on your own premises.
Of course, there is the matter of expense
in getting the materials and in
putting them together. If you own a
small car, you can have secure housing
for as low a sum as fifty dollars. For
three hundred you may secure a commodious
and very convenient garage that
will take care of a good sized touring
motor. In any circumstance, you will
find that the investment pays in the long
run.
In constructing your garage, the size
and kind of materials are the first considerations.
It should not be built on the
square plan. The car is longer than it
is broad. Hence a proportion of from
one to one and one-half or one and
three-fourths will be found most satisfactory.
This will give sufficient space
always to work about the car. for you
must remember that when you decide to
dispense with the services of the garage
man you thereby enlist in the ranks of
the mechanic. It also will give you the
requisite space for your garage equipment.
Let us say your car is six feet
wide. You will need about three and
one-quarter feet of space on each side.
or a total inside width of twelve and
one-half feet. The length of the garage
then would be twenty feet.
(Continued on page786) '*•*

784 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
33.000 sq.^
Additio "'
Come to Detroit
The Automobile
Center
ail

ILLUSTRATED WORLD 785
.OUT Country woods compotonttrainod
i
Auto Mochflnics in tho
Quartormflstor's
J)opt.'iiL d Signal
Corps
The United
States needs thousands
of truck, trana
port, aeroplane and motorcycle
drivers. Trained competent
men are needed, men who can take care
of the machines, men who know how to keep
them in service. Any piece of motor driven machinery
the government owns or will own must be in
service. Preference will be given to trained men. No
matter what service the Army is doing it must be fed. If it is
on the firing line it will need thousands of rounds of ammunition.
The importance of trained men is very evident. Food and ammunition
must be delivered regularly. Then too, the army must often be transported.
Quartermaster Department The and Michigan Signal
State Auto
Corps Needs Trained Men
School trains men thoroughly.
A Packard Truck
Used By The
U.S. Government
This is the kind of men Our Government wants and is
Every student learns pleasure cars, trucks, motorcycles and
daily enlisting. Trained men who will be efficient them­
gasoline motors of every kind from AtoZ. Graduates of
selves and keep every bit of motor driven equipment in the
the Michigan State Auto School are in big demand by the
most serviceable condition.
leading Automobileplants in Detroit. These factories know
This branch of the Army Service pays good salaries. There
from actual experience that our men are thoroughly, com­
are wonderful opportunities for clean, clear headed, trained
pletely and practically trained. No matter what happens to
men to advance in the service and certainly now is the
a truck or pleasure car, a Michigan State Auto School
time to train.
graduate is competent to repair it. Cars in the care of a
graduate give highest efficiency.
^^t^^^i gsSeS*^ ^
Aerial View of Motor Truck Group at Ft. Sam Houston, Texas. Major F. H. Pope, Cavalry, Commanding
This view gives on Hen of the large number of transport trucks that will be used in our Army. Thousands of trai
n led and will be needed to care for these machines and keep them operating up to their highest efficiency. Trained men will
be given preference and men who graduate from the Michigan State Auto School are now and have been holding big, responsible
jobs in Detroit and over the country and will be able to serve their country In the moat efficient way.
You Can Serve Your Country Best as a Trained Man
TRAINED Auto and Motor Mechanics are always in big
demand. Men who have learned motor mechanics from
beginning to end at the Michigan State Auto School can
take care of every type of motor, motorcycle, automobile,
truck, motor boat, aeroplane and stationary engines, and
are capable of filling any of the positions in the Army
where competent men are needed.
You can serve your country better as a trained man and
draw more money. You can complete your course in from
10 to 12 weeks and there will be a place waiting for you.
Trained men are needed most and will be paid highest
salary. You can serve both your country and yourself best
and certainly in these times of preparation, you shou'd do
your part. Men who can drive and keep up motor transport
trucks are needed by the Quartermaster Department.
Motorcycle and Auto Mechanics and drivers will be
needed by the Signal Corps and in every branch of the
service as chauffeurs for officers'cars and as messengers.
Motor Mechanics will be needed for Aeroplane work —
this branch of the service is very important.
Motor Mechanics will be needed on the "Mosquito Fleet"
of "U boat chasers." "Tanks," tractors and trench digging
machines will need Trained Motor Mechanics.
Train NOW to do your part right.
Learn a Business That You Can Use When Peace Comes
By training to serve Your Country best you are preparing advertisements asking for men who know their business.
yourself in one of the best paying businesses of today. You The men get from $75.00 to $300 a month and many
can readily see your country's need. After Peace comes you foremen and superintendents get more. Good pay is the
will find plenty of jobs —and hundreds of good locations rule but the best pay always goes to the trained man.
to go into business for yourself. There will always be The work is interesting as well as profitable — new things
Automobiles in abundance — trucks of every size are being are coming on the market continually; there are hundreds of
used more and more each year, the newspapers are full of new, interesting problems coming up in the work.
TRAIN NOW AND SERVE YOUR COUNTRY BEST
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
i

786 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
(Continuedfront page 783)
Now as to materials.
Wood is the cheapest material and is
permissible if the local ordinance will
sanction. Always about a garage, however,
there is the highly volatile and
highly inflammable liquid, gasoline.
Fire-proof materials always are most
satisfactory for this reason. Concrete,
stucco, brick, or cement plaster on
metal lath, according to your purse or
inclination, will prove eventually to be
much better.
The location of the structure will depend,
of course, upon the amount of
ground space you have at your disposal,
accessibility to the driveway, and the
position of any other building that may
be on the property. Of course, the
factor of convenience to the door of your
dwelling must never be overlooked.
This always is of prime importance.
Whether you actually put the materials
together with your own hands or
employ men for the purpose, whether or
not you use your own plans and ideas
or those of an architect or contractor,
one thing you can always insist upon,
and that is that you get sufficient lighting.
Two skylights of good dimensions
are advisable. Then, too, you should
have three windows on each side and two
in each the back and the front. And
by the same token it is the poorest sort
of penny-wisdom to be chary of artificial
lighting equipment. Have your garage
ablaze at night with electric lights as
though you were about to hold a ball or
reception.
Ventilation is one of those points that
too infrequently receive the right amount
of attention. Heavy gases sink low. and
for that reason, ventilation should be
provided, not only in the roof or high
up on the walls for the exit of warm
foul air, but close to the floor as well for
the escape of the fumes of gasoline and
oils.
The heating plant, whether it be connected
with your dwelling or especially
provided, should be generously efficient.
It certainly does not contribute to the
health or comfort of the owner to enter
a damp chilly garage. Neither does it
add to the running qualities of your
motor to let it repose in a frosty atmosphere.
This is one of the mistakes commonly
made in otherwise well-constructed
and well-maintained private
garages. Of course, it goes almost without
saying that there should be no open
flame in the garage.
So much for the character of the
structure itself. Now, as to working
equipment proper. You will find it very
desirable to be able to lift the car off the
floor. A stout beam should therefore be
built in overhead. Iron or wood can be
used for this. Block and tackle can be
rigged to hoist the car for lifting the
body from the chassis or for taking out
the engine, and for other similar tasks.
Many auto owners do not think a turntable
desirable but prefer a pit. A pit,
however, is unsatisfactory in numerous
ways. The car may slip into it; and
besides, the pit offers an opportunity for
the accumulation of gasoline, which,
becoming vaporized, may ignite. This
last possibility is really serious, for it is
a rare garage, indeed, which is never
entered by a careless smoker.
In the absence of a turntable, the floor
should incline gently toward the center
to the outlet which always is provided
for draining off the gasoline and other
oils that inevitably drip from the car.
The outlet should be equipped with a
safety trap to keep gasoline from flowing '
into the sewer. A concrete or cement
floor will prove to be the best.
The gasoline and oil tanks should
never be in the building. These must
be built underground, outside. The connecting
pipe will terminate at the faucet
in the garage.
As has been previously stated, when
the autoist undertakes the responsibility
of maintaining his own garage, he must
remember that he becomes at the same
time a workman. He must see to it that
he has adequate work benches, lockers
for his working clothes, and chests or
cupboard for his tools, waste, and supplies.

ILLUSTRATED WORLD 787
Boa
Hundreds of Caille Owners have asked to become our
agents,—they have seen how easy it is to sell Caille
Speed Master Motors. They wanted to represent us in their
vicinity because everyone who saw the Caille
perform wanted one. We are going to give
everyone a chance to be an Owner Agent and
sell the Caille 5 Speed outboard motor. No previous selling experience
is necessary. No office or shop is needed. Anyone can easily understand
and operate a Caille 5 Speed Outboard Motor. Be first in your neighborhood.
Special Owner Agent Offer
We will give a special "Owner Agents" discount to one in each community.
Our best advertisement is the Caille in operation. Owner Agents
sell from 1 to 12 Caille Motors a year easily among friends and acquaintances. Buy
yours at discount and sell all you can. We want a Cattle Owner Agent in your vicinity.
2 Speeds Forward — Standstill — 2 Speeds Reverse
Without Stopping Motor
The Caille 5 Speed Motor Starter operates with a quick, easy pull,— women and children
operate it easily. There are two speeds forward^two reverse or standstill without stopping
l he motor. This makes the Caille so flexible that anyone can use it for hunting, fishing.
pleasure in fresh or salt water. The Caille is simple in construction, made of best materials and is fully Guaranteed.
FREE Catalog, Special Owner Agents Discount. Booklet " Installation-Operation and Care of
2 Cycle Motors and Equipment." all absolutely FREE. Here's a chance to earn while you play.
Caille Perfection Motor Co., 67 Caille Bldg., Detroit, Mich., U.S.A
The Exceptional Car
We make a complete line of Inboard Marine Engines E from 2
If interested ask for catalog, giving
l /z to 30 A. p.
dimensions of boat.
See these new Mitchell models. See a truly complete
car. See how strong a lifetime car should be.
See how beautiful a car can be.
You will find many unique attractions;
31 features which nearly all cars omit, luxuries and
beauties far excelling any other car in this class.
Vital parts built 100 per cent overstrensth.
Mitchell Motors Company, inc.
Racine, Wis., U. S. A.
SIXES
TWO SIZES
MITCHELL —A roomy, 7-passenper Six.
wiili 127 inch wheelbase and a highly developed
48-horsepower motor.
$1460
MITCHELL JUNIOR — A 5-passeneer
Six on similar lines, with 120-inch wheelbase
and a 40-horsepower motoi—H-inch
smaller bore.
$1195
Prices F. O. B. Racine
WHITING-ADAMS
RUSHES
ALL GRADES
FOR THE GREAT CARRIERS
OF THE WORLD
The requirements of Railroads and Steamships
demand best quality, long wearing
bristle brushes.
WHITING-ADAMS BRUSHES
have for many years been in use for Railroad
and Marine work by the most exacting artisans.
Toughest and best quality bristles used
in them. Desirable styles. Vulcan Rubber
Cemented method of holding bristles pre­
vents shedding or failure.
Send for Illustrated Literature. Dept.G
John L. Whiting-J. J. Adams Co.
Boston, U.S.A.
Brush Manufacturers for Over 1-00 Years
Whiting-Adams Brushes Awarded Gold Medal and Official Blue
Rlbooo, the Higheit Award at Panama-Pacific Exposition. 1916
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

STRANGE EFFECT OF PHOTO­
PLAYS ON SPECTATORS
By ERNEST A. DENCH
T H A T motion pictures affect
spectators in a strange manner
is not to be wondered at.
Indeed, considering the immense
popularity of the cinema,
it would not be natural otherwise.
Charles D. Wardlaw, coach at Leal's
School of Plainfield, New Jersey, gave
his team the option of quitting motion
pictures or basketball, and the players
chose the latter. It appears that when a
Charlie Chaplin or a Mary Pickford
photoplay was shown at the local theater,
the number of baskets shot by the forwards
was reduced by one-half. Wardlaw
attributed this to the effect of the
flicker on the eyes.
An exhibitor of my acquaintance
found a set of false teeth left on one of
the "tip-ups" after the evening performance.
Next day he was visited by an old
lady, who explained that a comedy made
her laugh so much that her teeth dropped
out unbeknown to her.
An engagement in South Carolina was
speeded up by the movies. Two lovers
were present at a Wadesboro theater,
where they saw a romantic love story. It
occurred to them to apply the same philosophy
to their own case, so they hurried
to the rector for the ceremony. When
it was over, they returned calmly to the
theater to view the rest of the interesting
program.
Another romance, tinged with sadness,
had its bright side also. The man in the
case admitted, at a breach of promise
suit, that after a visit to the movies the
girl seemed to change suddenly for the
better, and said: "I have been nice to
you, why don't you be nice to me?"
The photoplay version of Trilby
affected a spectator at a New Yorktheater
so much that when the night
788
watchman went the rounds, he found a
woman in a trance. It became known
when a physician from a nearby hospital
restored her to consciousness, that she
lost her senses after Svengali did the
hypnotizing stuff.
One parson who summoned up courage
to see "Quo Vadis" evidently did not
realize that effects are produced by the
orchestra, for, to quote his own words,
"What impressed me most was the roar
with which the lions bounded into the
arena!"
An absent-minded California highschool
teacher announced to the class
that "Maurice Costello has written the
best essay on the life of Lincoln." The
pupil's name was Maurice Maret, hence
the mistake.
Charlie Chaplin has countless impersonators
in real life. A Finnish sailor
on shore leave was hailed before a magistrate
for knocking a young woman
down in Battery Park, New York, while
pulling off Chaplin stunts. He demonstrated
before the magistrate by kicking
his left foot in the air and manipulating
a pencil like a cane. The magistrate
laughed and ordered the culprit's release.
Probably the most remarkable incident
occurred in Liverpool, England, however.
Corporal Robert Beck, formerly a
Chicago motorcycle policeman, was deaf
and dumb for eight weeks from fighting
for the British "somewhere in France."
One night while on leave from the military
hospital he spent the time in a
Liverpool photoplay theater. On the
program was a Billy Ritchie picture,
which caused him to laugh as heartily as
his wounded comrades. "Gee, that's
funny," he exclaimed, and he was so
overjoyed at recovering his speech that
an intermission had to be declared.

ILLUSTRATED WORLD 801
OU CAN DO THIS
M
*/
FTER HOME STUDY
3622 TO $10022 A WEEK
You can earn $36 to $10.0 a week and more as an Expert Electrician.
If you have a common school education I can train you in a few
months at home. Big lighting and power companies, municipalities, and
manufacturers are always seeking trained men to handle their Electrical problems.
I Guarantee Satisfaction
Every student receives our Sealed Guarantee Bond, which
guarantees to return every penny of his money if he is not entirely
satisfied. No other school has made this wonderful offer, but I know the
success I have brought to hundreds of my students, and I know what I can
do for any ambitious young man who will give me a little of his spare time each day.
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CHICAGO ENGINEERING WORKS J^V/
Dept. 39, Illinois and Cass Sis., Chicago. III. /

ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Vol. XXVII AUGUST, 1917 No. 6
PICTORIAL FEATURES
Mascot of the Marines 805
Our Women Get into the War Game 812
Trying Their Wings 813
The Submarine Eye 820
Just Being Glean 821
Learning to Take the Long Jump 822
Insignia of the Lafayette Escadrille 823
Camouflage 824
A Victim of the U-Boats 825
King of the Air 826
Builders of a World 827
The Products of German Evil Genius 832
Little Oddities of Life 839
New Trees from Old 850
First Aid to the Flivver 858
Built-in Garages . . .' 859
Science, Mechanics, Invention 865
America Asks for Her Best-Loved Sons 877
Testing the "Punch" of Our Atlantic Fleet 878
The Cross of the Legion of Honor of France 879
Americans—That's All! 880
Each "Doing His Bit" 881
Roadster to Touring Car—a Jiffy 884
When a Big Shell Runs Amuck 890
Sidelights 931
Little Known Phases 934
PERSONAL SERVICE
Keeping the Soldier Fit W. T. Walsh 806
How to Dry Vegetables at Home Rene Bache 816
The Dollar Value of Patriotism .... George Holmes Cushing 833
Analyzing Your Child Harold Cary 845

TABLE OF CONTENTS 803
He'll Tell You How! Robert H. Moulton 856
How to Become a Sharpshooter .... Edward C. Crossman 891
How to Preserve Eggs at Home .... Harold Everett Burton 897
Hints for Practical People 899
Automobile Tips 915
What Is a Precious Stone Worth—and Why? . Martin D. Stevers 920
Making the High Cost of Living Higher 952
A Life Income from Wild Water Fowl . Frank G. Moorhead 956
How to Can Meats 958
SCIENCE
Making a Fort of the Automobile Hinton Gilmore 849
Men in Iron Masks D. C. Shafer 853
Seeing Wireless Messages William A. Corey 873
Stage Lighting by Zones F. B. Rae 875
Giant Towers for Raising Sunken Ships . . . Harry Knowles 882
Branding Oranges H. C. Kegley 885
Out of the Trenches H. S. Edgar 912
Civics Classes as Sanitary Inspectors O. R. Geyer 914
Does a Nation Deteriorate ? Martin G. Stanton 928
Re-education for Paralyzed Soldiers 936
Providing the Army's Water Supply Felix J. Koch 954
THE WORLD TODAY
Trapping the Pirate U-Boat Anthony M. Rud 828
What a Transport Is Like Rene Bache 862
Black Smoke K. H. Hamilton 886
Arrived—the $12,000 Car Celeste St. Pierre 929
One Man's Idea of Service W. F. French 938
The Little Country Theater 950
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ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Publication Office: k T. MILLER. Jr.. Publisher Eastern Advertising Office:
Drexel Avenue and *>X!li St.. Chicago Flatiron Building. New York
Copyright, 1917, by Illustrated World
Published monthly—Entered at the Poitoffice, Chicago. 111., as second-class mail matter

804 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
With American soldiers and
American guns on the firing
line in France, it is absolu
necessary that an unfailing,
continuous stream of supplies and
ammunition be fed them. How
are we going to bridge the Atlantic
Ocean in the face of Germany's
deadly submarines?
One solution of the problem is so natural
and obvious that most of us have hopped
right over it in our quest of something startling
and spectacular. And the remarkable
part of it is that Germany herself has shown
us how to do it.
It is all in the September issue of Illustrated World, whi
will be on sale everywhere about the middle of August.
In that same issue will appear a wonderfully interesting
article showing exactly what goes on inside of a torpedo
from the moment it starts on its career of destruction
until it reaches its mark.
Tell your newsdealer to save your copy of Illustrated World for
you every month, or send us $1.00 for an eight months' subscription,
starting with the September issue.
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

IHJLPSmffiEP
«L©
Vol. XXVII AUGUST, 1917 No. 6
MASCOT OF W» "^^ THE MARINES
Five-year-old Robert Bonner has been adopted as a comrade and'mascot by the United States Marine
Corps. The lad wears his sergeant's uniform and sharpshooter's medal so proudly that he is reluctant
even to undress for bed. "Real soldiers never take off their clothes!" he protested to his mother.
While this may be stretching the truth, there is something in his statement if we consider the men
in Europe's trenches.

KEEPING THE
What
"The Best Gift She Can Make to Her Country Is to Show a Gen
uine Interest in Some Soldier—"
W H E T H E R a man is a
"went" or a "sent",
whether he volunteers or
is drafted, upon his age
depends his military efficiency.
A division of boys will take a
position that the same number of older
men would shrink from attacking. An
army without youth contains no flower,
and unless it is one big bouquet it is
useless for a really aggressive campaign.
The bulk of a successful army is made
up of men under thirty.
But youth, despite its ardor, is at times
easily depressed. Its confidence may be
shaken ; its faith in itself dissolved. Yet
upon the mental state—the morale—of
the individual members of his forces depends
largely a general's success. Next
to keeping the men physically fit the
great task is to keep them mentally satisfied.
If that can be accomplished the
campaign is half won.
How then can this morale—the enthusiasm
of youth, the love of doing, the
fighting spirit—be maintained in the per-
806
son of our young soldier, whom Can we may
call John Robinson, aged twenty-three,
taken abruptly from his desk as assistant
sales manager of the West End Real
Estate Company, for service against the
enemy Various ways may
themselves to the thoughtful.
J. M. Barrie, the Scottish
dramatist, answers the question
in his play "The Old
Lady Shows Her Medals".
Says a brawny Highlander
in the course of the action:
"Chiffon ! That's what the
men in the trenches are thinking of—
not the Kaiser, nor bombs, nor keeping
the home fires burning, nor Tipperary—
just chiffon." This statement is an epitome
of woman's never-relaxing hold
over man, whether the man be soldier or
civilian.
Be camp conditions what they may, in
the last analysis John Robinson's success
as a soldier depends more than anything
else upon the girl back home.
Every man in his heart is a medieval
knight. His lady's token upon his sleeve
—figuratively speaking—gives him a
higher courage and confidence when he
plunges through the smoky lines of
battle. Every girl, if she does not know
this, ought to know it. She should fully
realize that her whole duty in this great
war is not done when she assembles, as
one of a bevy, to kiss some soldier goodbye,
and to cut a button from his
coat as a souvenir to show her less fortunate
girl friends. Urging the youthful
susceptibles to enlist, coercing reluctant
tightwads to invest in liberty bonds, smil-

SOLDIER FIT
The Girl Back Home
Do for Him.
By W.T.Walsh.
ingly pinning Red Cross tags upon flus­ German lin^s and along the famous
tered pedestrians—these services do not Unter den Linden in Berlin.
constitute her full duty.
In pursuance of this plan it would be
The best gift she can make to her a magnificent thing if two million girls
country is to show a genuine and in the United States would each single
thoughtful interest in some soldier lad out an enlisted man and start to corre­
after he is at the army camp and more spond with him. In order that the thing
particularly after he has arrived at the be done right they should unite them­
front. It is up to her as a patriotic duty selves into a national organization.
to see to it that John Robinson does his There would be nothing unwomanly
duty by his country and by himself. about it. The soldier would understand
Before the war is over the nation the patriotic purpose behind the letters,
probably will have enlisted fully two mil­ which would maintain, or even elevate,
lion men. Many of these will have femi­ his ideals, keep him from drink, from
nine acquaintances to whom thev may gambling or worse evils of the soldier's
write fully and freely. Many others will life, and would give him something to
not. Yet every one of these soldiers
should be able to write to one girl back- 4fl ^^ "Every One of the Soldiers
home. Every one of them should receive
thoughtful, sympathetic, bright letters in
return. This does not mean that the girl
^H
MmM
^^T
^B
Should Be Able to Write to
One Girl Back Home—"
necessarily should be the soldier's sweetheart.
It does not mean even that the
two should ever have seen one another.
The matter would be arranged on the
basis of national service. The purpose W
would be to keep the
soldier's mind in the
most wholesome and _^^fl
i heerful \ ein, and hence ^_ fl
to bring, indirectly, his
work as a soldier up to
Wjj is*
a high standard. Yes.
it's the influence of the
girl living in Yonkers.
Keokuk, or Walla Walla
that may send General
Pershing's c o m m a n d
straight through the
£07

808 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
"Her Whole Duty in This War Is Not Done When She Kisses Some
Soldier Good-bye—"
think of in the quieter moments. I believe
that if the idea were seriously taken
up the organization would have tremendous
influence. It would go down in history
as one of the big war contributions
made by women.
This organization could do much
more, however, than merely to send
bright, breezy messages. To some extent
it could look after the
soldier's food. Napoleon
said that the "Soldier
marches on his
stomach." No army is
efficient that has not a
satisfactory food supply.
The commissary is the
most vital thing in an
army. Upon satisfying
the men in this respect
frequently depends an
officer's success in leading
his men. A full
stomach makes a cheerful
fighter.
Hannibal, the Carthaginian
general who battled
with the Romans
more than two hundred
years before the Christian
era, on one occasion
fed his army before
dawn and attacked the
enemy before they had
time to breakfast. From
this simple strategy resulted
one of his greatest
victories.
Civilians, it is true,
cannot hearten the army
by sending shiploads of
Swift's, Armour's, or
Libby's best beef. They
can, however, send chocolates,
dried fruits and
similarly condensed delicacies.
Army rations at
best make a man frequently
more homesick
for waffles and sirup, hot
mince pie, and custard
puddings than one can
well imagine. He grows desperate for
sweets. An army diet does not satisfy.
In Belgium, Hoover found that the
under-nourished people preferred to
make pastries out of their ration of flour
rather than turn it into the less expensive
and more easily digested bread. The
demand in Berlin and Paris for candies,
no matter what the price, has been enor-

KEEPING THE SOLDIER FIT 809
•A FULL STOMACH MAKES A CHEERFUL FIGHTER"
Usually, however, the army diet does not satisfy.
mous. The populace craves sweets as
ardently as a black bear does honey. If
a girl won't single out a soldier as a
recipient of letters, at least
she can single him out as a
mark for a bom! rdment of
sweetmeats.
A man who knows he is
well regarded by some one
back home
•—h e has
proof of it
in the form
of letters ;
who is well
fed; his
sweet tooth
satisfied —
will go into
battle with a
greater determination.
A man who
is isolated
and melancholy
may
be so sick of
life that he
will welcome the chances of death. For
all that his fighting will by no means
equal that of the man who has really
something to live for.
The best and bravest of
JJM troops are subject to panic
at times. Of disheartened
troops nothing can be expected
As an instance:
In Cuba,
in 1898, a
regiment of
o u r volunteers,
worn
out and discouraged
by
heat, a diet
of canned
beans, and
inferior
beef, were
seized with
panic and
bewilderm
en t. and
stood ex­
The Opportunities for Recreation Are Few
The nirl back home can supplement this rough sport with more refined
amusements.
posed to the
enemy's fire.

810 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
"Every Man in
His Heart Is a
Medieval Knight
— His Lady's
Token — Figuratively
Speaking—
Upon His Sleeve"
"Move on or lie down," yelled
the regiment behind them and
the soldiers flung themselves
on the ground, thus permitting their
comrades to charge over to victory.
More seasoned troops under more
favorable conditions have been seized
with demoralizing fear. In one of his
many engagements General Grant's men
in the trenches showed keen uneasiness.
To reassure them, he climbed out of his
shelter, and sitting on a powder keg and
calmly smoking a cigar he exposed himself
to the enemy's fire. This act of ap­
parentfoolhardiness brought
forth a rousing
cheer from his
command, and
the soldiers set-
11 e d cheerfully
down to the business
of defeating
the "rebs".
Something
may have gone
wrong with the
army's commissary
that day,
their food may have disagreed
with them or the
supply may have been inadequate.
Napoleon's defeat
at Leipsic in 1813 has
been attributed to the fact
that he had been made ill
on onions and was unable
to follow up his victory,
just gained at Dresden,
with his usual skill and
decision.
It is for those back
home to look out for the
soldier's stomach just as
it is their duty to see that
the Red Cross has the money with
which to take care of him in the hospital
if he is wounded, and to write
letters to cheer his dreary and dangerous
clays.
A third element in the success of an
army lies in the quantity and kind of
amusement or recreation it gets.
Baseball behind the lines, or the rough
sport of tossing a man in a blanket
are some of the recreations our men are
going in for. The opportunities for
physical sports, however, are few and
the commanders strive to improve conditions
by giving motion picture shows
and improvised musicales. Artists,
actors, and musicians contribute their
share as occasion permits in keeping up
their own and their comrades' spirits.
Any one who has conversed with a
soldier from the front will understand

KEEPING THE SOLDIER FIT 811
.jrrfStar
/&Ms**~*
The American Soldier, in His Hour of
\ M n
V
Recreation. Instinctively Goes In for Base­
ball
thoroughly the significance of this.
One Canadian officer told me that the
constant hammering day by day of shells
about their position was a hammering on
the men's nerves as well. The most
sensitive type are the first to be affected.
Some men lose their reason under the
unremitting strain. An enemy aeroplane
suddenly appearing overhead may prove
to be the final factor in breaking an overwrought
soldier's selfcontrol.
One instance he recalled
was that of a private who
ran down the trench, his
revolver drawn and shooting
wildly, while he cried
that he was responsible
for the war and the
avenger had found him at
last.
Sometimes a man will
look furtively about him
to see if he is observed
and then leap screaming
up out of the trenches, a
fair mark for the snipers' fire.
Our two million girl volunteers
can here perform a big"
work—books, playing cards,
writing materials, camp accessories,
all sorts of comforts
and knickknacks — both
for direct practical serv­
i=r--
ice and for amusement—will do wonders
in maintaining the army's morale—and
if these are contributed directly by one
girl to one man, and not from a common
store and from unknown individuals, the
appreciation of the gift will be
all the keener, and its beneficial
effect all the greater.
There was a certain Irishman
serving in the British army.
Unaided, he killed seven Germans
and captured a machine
gun that was murdering
his comrades. "The
one thing I thought
of," said he, "when I
went after those
Bodies was, 'My, won't
mother be proud of me
when she tells the
neighbors!' " It w a s
some one back home—
"just chiffon"—that incited
him to that act of
One Soldier's Inspiration
A picture in a watch proved
directly the cause of the death
seven Germans.
valor.
He was later killed
in action.

812
OUR WOMEN GET INTO
THE WAR GAME
EVEN IN THE MOST TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS
This photograph of a woman acetylene welder but typifies the tremendous advance made by the so-
called "weaker sex" in industry because of the war. It has come to be a slogan in England that "What
a man has done a woman can do," and there is little doubt that a year of actual conflict will see much
the same utilitarian watchword adopted here in America.
csa

TRYING THEIR WINGS
The Army Aviation Camp at Ashburn, III.
A Picture Snapped at Eighty Miles
an Hour
The above photograph was taken from the
machine of Army Aviator Instructor Louis
Gertson, while it was traveling at full speed. It
shows army plane No. 260, driven by Captain
Ralph Royce. inflight dead ahead. The pic
ture shows wonderfully, how an enemy plane
appears to a flyer when an aerial battle is in
progress, and the aviators are maneuvering for
position.
Commander of the Aviators
This is Captain Christie, himself a noted air
pilot and now instructor in-chief of the bird-
men who are in training at the Ashburn camp.
Under his tutelage, the rookies are progressing
rapidly.
m
813

814 ILLUSTRATED WORLD

TRYING THEIR WINGS 815
know his machine
as thoroughly as a
shoemaker k nows
his awl, forcontinually,
in war time,
repairs are neces-
The Flying Face
This extraordinary photograph of Instructor
Gertson was made by the
photographer in the front seat, four
feet ahead, while the airplane was at an
altitude of 2,500feet, and going seventy
miles an hour. Gertson is shown peering
over the windshield dash of the
machine.
iSL^a-.*

HOW TO DRY VEGETABLES
AT HOME
By RENE BACHE
DRIED vegetables have special advantages for the urban housewife.
During the season when these necessaries are relatively cheap she
can lay in a stock and put them away for winter use. Only the
edible parts being thus preserved, and reduced by evaporation to a
fraction of the original bulk, the space required for storage is small.
The drying mav be done in the sun, or over the kitchen range, or before an
electric fan-the sole object in view being to remove from the vegetables the
water they contain. First-rate vegetable-driers may be bought ready-made, but
home-made ones of simple construction are cheaper and do the work equally well
The idea of drying vegetables may seem strange to the present generation, bu
it was familiar enough to our grandmothers. In a measure, it is a lost art; but
the existing food situation cannot fail to revive it.
Even today there are many housewives who prefer dried sweet corn to the
canned article, and who say 'that dried pumpkin and squash have a superior
excellence for piemaking.Snapbeans
often are
strung on threads
and dried above
the stove.
Indeed, many
every-day food-
. .~„ „»—r AMF* ci crTBir FAN COMBINATION IS EXCELLENT FOR DES-
K S ^CSm-1^^- STANDS
LESS CHANCE OF SPOILING THAN WHEN HEAT IS USED
816

HOW TO DRY VEGETABLES AT HOME 817
stuffs are dried before they come to
market—for instance, beans and peas,
as well as food-preparations like
macaroni, tapioca, and cornstarch; not
to mention cocoa, coffee, and tea.
Drying vegetables in the sun is simple
and easy. It is necessary merely to
spread the fresh-cut slices or pieces on
sheets of paper; or, if they are liable
to stick, on old pieces of muslin held
down with stones.
Bright, hot, sunny days should be
chosen for the purpose, and a close
watch kept to see that no rain or dew
wets the product. If there are many
flies or other insects about, it will be
judicious to throw a mosquito-bar over
the material. Once or twice a day the
slices should be stirred or turned over
with the hand, and the thin ones
(which dry quickest) removed.
The Department of Agriculture, in
a little book it will soon publish on this
interesting subject, calls attention to
the fact that sun-drying requires no
expenditure of fuel, and there is no
danger of scorching the vegetables—as
may happen, unless care is taken, when artificial heat is used. But one must look
out that insects have no good chance to lay their eggs upon the drying vegetables,
because, if this happened, the larvae hatched from them would riddle the material
later on, when stored in the pantry, and make it unfit to eat.
A better way of drying vegetables in the sun is to spread them (suitably
sliced or chopped) on large trays of uniform size, so made that they can be
THE MECHANICAL PEELER IS SIMPLY CONSTRUCTED; IT CAN BE TAKEN APART IN A
FEW SECONDS FOR CLEANING PURPOSES

818 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
stacked on top of one another and protected
from rain by a cover of oilcloth,
canvas, or roofing-paper. Such trays
can be home-made
with wood strips two
inches wide and
three-fourths inch
thick (for the sides
and ends), and bottoms
of laths spaced
o n e-e i g h t h inch
apart for free passage
of air.
Suppose, however,
that you have
an electric fan in
the house. It will
do the work all
r i g h t. You ca n
place your sliced or
chopped vegetables
in a stack of shallow
trays with wire-
A Kitchen Stove Drier with
a Flue
mesh bottoms, and turn on the wind. As the "forced draft" of air passes
over them, it sucks the moisture out of them so rapidly that in twenty-four hours
or less they are reduced to the requisite condition of desiccation.
There are cookstove vegetable-driers on the market. One type consists of a
series of shallow trays on which the slices and cut scraps are meant to be spread—
never too thick, be it observed, lest the passage of air through them be impeded.
That is to say, the layers
(as in the fan-drying process
) must not be too deep.
The trays are placed in a
skeleton framework, one
above another, so that the
whole affair forms a sort of
box through which the
heated air from the stove
rises, carrying off moisture.
THIS IS THE IDEAL MACHINE FOR SLICING SWEET POTATOES; IT ALSO CAN BE USED
TO ADVANTAGE WITH ONIONS, BEETS, TURNIPS, AND PARSNIPS

A home-made drier
for use over the kitchen
range may be constructed
by any boy handy with
tools, the trays being simple
frames of wood strips
half an inch thick, with
bottoms of small-mesh
wire net. The skeleton
box containing the trays
is suspended over the
stove—preferably so arranged
that it can be
raised out of the way, or
swung to one side, when
the range is wanted for
cooking.
Indeed, vegetables
may be satisfactorily
dried on plates or suitably-made
trays in the
cookstove oven. If the
oven is very warm, however,
the door should be
left ajar and the temperature
carefully watched,
lest the material scorch.
Most vegetables, to be
dried quickly and satisfactorily,
must first be
shredded, sliced, or cut
HOW TO DRY VEGETABLES AT HOME 819
i%»*
A Contrivance of Lath and Wire Net for Drying Vegetables Over
the Kitchen Range
into small pieces. When dried by artificial heat, they should be exposed at the
beginning to a moderate warmth, and later to higher temperatures. At highest,
the temperature ought not to go above 140 degrees. A thermometer is indispensable.
The drying can be accomplished in some forms of apparatus in two or three
hours—the time required varying with the sort of material subjected to the
process. It is a kind of work in which experience is the best teacher.
The reason why sun-drying is popularly believed to give vegetables a better
flavor lies probably in the fact that in the sun they are never scorched.
For slicing or shredding the vegetables, as a preliminary to drying, suitable
machines can be bought for a small price. A common meat-grinder serves
excellently for shredding potatoes. The common kraut-slicer will cut large vegetables,
such as potatoes and cabbages, into thin slices. A sharp kitchen-knife may
be used when no handier instrument is available.
Care should be taken that the material is sliced thin enough but not too thin.
From one-eighth inch to one-fourth inch is usually a fair thickness.
If dried products of fine quality are to be obtained, the vegetables must be
fresh, young, tender, and perfecth' clean. The earthy smell and flavor will
cling to dried roots (such as potatoes and carrots) if they are not thoroughly
washed before slicing. It is best to peel the larger root vegetables before slicing
them.

THE SUBMARINE EYE
More of the Williamson Brothers* Undersea
Miracle Pictures
In this film, staged at the bottom of the ocean
off Bermuda, the diver is sent down to open a
treasure chest of iron. He is watched all the
time by the underwater periscope shown at tbe
left of the upper photograph. In lifting the
heavy iron lid his 6ngers get caught, and he is
rescued only after nearly reaching the exhaus­
tion point, by a Negro diver who goes down
after him unprotected by armor.

JUST BEING CLEAN
SWABBING OUT RUST AND GREASE
Inspection of rifles at West Point is most exacting; the officer who inspects goes over each firearm with
a finger of his white gloves. If sufficient dirt, rust or grease is present to soil the glove, the cadet is in
line for a reprimand.
^P
m

LEARNING TO TARE
THE LONG JUMP

h°
•
. f \ i • • < v • " • '
V
SV #-"3 3
•-r
"\ 4 \ ~i S
^K
32
LI -V
THE INSIGNIA OF THE LAFAYETTE ESCADRILLE
Tins branch ol the French war aviation service, composed entirely of Americans, has adopted this emblem for
the wings of all planes. The design was made by Corporal Edward F. Hinkle of Cincinnati, and the notations
are in his handwriting.
833

824
CAMOUFLAGE—THE ART
OF DECEIVING AN ENEMY
"Ti ••-,»•' FILM ',(«. C!
JOKES THAT HAVE SOLEMN BAISONS D'ETRE
In the photograph above, French soldiers are constructing a foliage shield, which is intended to protect
the road from hostile observation. Many important transport links have been kept from the enemy's
knowledge, in this manner, for weeks, while the train of munition carriers and ambulances have passed
on in their steady line undisturbed. Below is another interesting instance of this war-born art. Two
American members of the foreign legion, Arthur Barry and Harry Claude of Boston, Massachusetts,
are adjusting a dummy figure which they are about to set up in a conspicuous place to draw the German's
rifle fire.

A VICTIM OF THE U-BOATS
WHERE SECONDS COUNTED AS LIVES
These photographs, two of the most remarkable any magazine has published since the outbreak of
the war, picture vividly the conditions which ensue during the desperate moments in which tbe crew
of a torpedoed vessel attempts to escape in the lifeboats. The sinking shown occurred in the Mediterranean
Sea. approximately two months ago.

—
KING OF THE AIR

BUILDERS OF A WORLD
The 80,000-Square-Foot World Map
On the rijjht is a general pen drawing perspective, while
below are photographs of the work, nearing completion.
The first photo shows a glimpse of the Mediterranean,
looking into Africa, while below, the boys arc giving the
last touches to the Arctic Circle, in Canada.
Wish They'd Done It This Way Thirty Years Ago!
One of the aims in Boyland, Prince Hopkins school for
boys in California, is to give the pupils a working know!
edge of their studies, and in carrying out this idea many
unique methods have originated. On one and a half acres
the boys are building a huge relief map of the world measuring
400 by 2(XJ feet. The oceans contain real water. Excavations
to a depth of i!4 feet are made and faced with
cement. The continents are constructed of brick and
cement in the form of islands in this large basin. In the
oceans the boys swim or row small boats, following the
great steamship lines to all countries, this fixing in their
minds forever the things that are so hard to remember
from books.
1-C
5KSS i
•T' - £1

828 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
THE TORPEDO BUOY
A line of these small machines, stretching from the southernmost coast of Norway to the nearest point of Scotland, has
been suggested by an American inventor as a means of walling in Germany's submarines,

TRAPPING THE PIRATE
U-BOAT
By ANTHOTSfY M. RUD
T O date there have been three
general means suggested and
tried for nullifying the disastrous
work of the German
undersea fleet. They are :
1. The building of nets, either with
or without explosive accessories, of sufficiently
great extent to seal the Straits
of Dover and stop up the 250-mile
stretch of water that
intervenes between Scotland
and Norway, or by
blocking off a portion
of the North Sea itself,
by plugging the entrances
of Wilhelmshaven,
Zeebrugge, the
Elbe River and the
Baltic Sea.
2. By allowing the
submarines free range,
and then by means of
huge "mosquito fleets"
and squadrons of destroyers
and a r m e d
merchantmen, make the
U-boat mortality greater
than the shipping loss
involved, thus draining
Germany's resources at
a faster rate than she
could retaliate with
upon the Allies' grain
and m u n i t i o n carriers.
3. By combining the activity stated
above with a plan for constructing
merchantmen of a type that could
evade U-boats successfully—in short,
the Simon Lake 5,000-ton submarine
freighter.
Up to the present moment, the first
two projects have been worked upon in
a small way—with small success. Allied
shipping has been setting sail steadily
for Davy Jones' Locker at the rate of
six millions of tons gross a year. True,
the astounding and appalling rate set
during the fifth week—that of fifteen
millions a year—has diminished, but
from the low water mark—three million
tons a year—which was established soon
after, the destruction records have
mounted steadily week by week, until
The "Submarine Swatter"—a Makeshift Method of Making Germany's
Piratical Undersea Warfare Expensive
now they threaten to raise the average
appreciably.
One is apt to deprecate the losses,
since they are not now as large as they
were at one time, but this is indeed the
height of folly. If Germany continues
her operations as successfully in the
future as she has done in the past, Great
Britain will be starved into submission
just as surely as there is a rock at
Gibraltar! The English press denies
829

830 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
*jJpHWW5S»**' *
» fc ». %mJT
&S&
A SCENE THE SUBMARINE MAKES COMMON
This was one of the boats of the Sontay. a French liner, which was sunk in the Mediterranean about two
months ago. The heavy seas swamped this dory; the photograph shows it going under with its load.
that the state of affairs is as bad as
this, for pessimism must not be allowed
to grow in the British Isles, but on this
side of the water we can afford to look
the facts in the face. We must!
The third plan suggested, that of
building an enormous fleet of graincarrying
submarines, probably is sound.
If we were preparing for an exigency
two years in the future, this might well
be worth serious consideration. Because
we have 'no facilities for building such
craft in large numbers, however, these
vessels probably will remain an untried
resource.
The second idea is a makeshift, pure
and simple. Although six score or more
of the undersea pirates have been sunk
by Allied "swatters", destroyers and
merchantmen since the beginning of the
war, Germany has replaced the lost
U-boats five-fold, at least, in the same
space of time.
In addition to these figures, which
sketch the fallacy of the plan—which,
indeed, is much like sending policemen
to each of the buildings of a village
which an incendiary is about to attack,
in the hope that the torch-carrier may
be apprehended before he burns more
than half the village—the actual loss in
shipping facilities is so deadly serious
that even if we win the war, it will be
years before the commerce of the world
can be carried as satisfactorily as before.
This elimination leaves but the first
plan to work upon. In part it is entirely
sound, and the remainder suggests another
possible solution in the form of
an amendment and complement.
The Straits of Dover have been sealed
satisfactorily; this has been demonstrated
by the fact that not one single
submarine has been seen in the English
Channel since the big net was placed.
During the first few weeks several German
commanders attempted to cut
through this obstruction, but the venture
proved so fatal in every case that now
even the Germans have abandoned it.
But the net to Norway! This is not
in place, although engineers, under the

TRAPPING THE PIRATE U-BOAT 831
DIAGRAM OF THE TORPEDO BUOY SYSTEM
Each buoy has one torpedo tube of small size, one rapid-fire gun. and a switch for each of from eight to
fifteen tri-nitro-toluol mines.
supervision of the English Government,
have experimented on the project.
The alternative, a closure of Wilhelmshaven,
Zeebrugge, the Elbe and the
Baltic is near to the impossible, because
of the distance to be bridged, and because
such nets, being practically within
gunshot of the German batteries, would
be subject to continual attack and probable
demolition.
This turns us back to the proposed
250-mile net from the north coast of
Scotland to the southernmost point of
the western Scandinavian peninsula.
From the standpoint of engineers, the
construction of a steel net bomb curtain,
consisting of toughened strands of tenfoot
mesh, with twenty-pound tri-nitrotoluol
bombs sprinkled plentifully enough
up and down the two-hundred-foot depth
and vast width to insure the destruction
of any inquisitive U-boat, is quite simple
in reality, though of course the expense
would be gigantic.
The rub comes not in the building, but
in the maintenance, as in the case of the
W'illielmshaven net, though in the former
instance, from an entirely different
source.
The stretch of water which intervenes
between the two rocky coasts named.
possesses an unenviable reputation for
sudden and violent storms. It approaches
a certainty that once this gigantic
net were placed some storm would
arise that would undo the intensive planning
and work of months. Considering
the speed of construction necessary, the
stretches of wire and bombs would have
to be supported by towers placed far too
sparsely to give any margin of safety.
Then, too, the Germans probably
would perfect the wirecutting contrivance
about wdiich they are boasting now
—this is a spiral many-bladed knife that
projects twenty feet in front of the prow
of the U-boat, and which is engine
driven—for when the German has his
back against the wall for the lack of a
mechanical device, he is not apt to remain
long in that uncomfortable position.
One American inventor, out of the
hordes who now are working upon the
project, has advanced an idea which
may have sufficient practical worth to
merit its being tried out. This plan is,
succinctly stated, instead of the wire and
bomb curtain, which would be at the
mercy of storms and of German ingenuity,
to set a line of buoys across.
(Continued on page 946)

832
THE PRODUCTS OF GERMAN
EVIL GENIUS
THE U-65 STOPPING A SPANISH MERCHANTMAN
This is probably the only photograph in existence which shows a German undersea vessel in the act of
holding up a vessel. The U-65—one of the latest and largest types constructed by the Teutons—hailed
the ship—a liner belonging to the Compania Transatlantica Espanola—forty miles out from Barcelona,
Spain, in the Mediterranean. The captain immediately rowed over to the side of the grim sea monster,
presented his papers which proved that he was not bound for the war zone, and was allowed to proceed.
While the parley was taking place, Sir Ramon Marti-Beila, one of the liner's passengers, took a hasty
shapshot of tbe submarine from the shelter of a lifeboat. Note the wireless apparatus on the U*boat,
the stationary-mounted six pounders on the deck—which are not taken into the vessel when submerging,
but are covered with waterproof casings—and the short, arched railings at either end of the deck for easy
reach when mounting from the interior of the submarine.
CATAPULTS LIKE RICHARD COEUR DE LION USED IN ASSAULTING ACRE
To conserve giant powder, the Germans have brought this method of destroying peasants' cottages and
whatever edifices they happen to desire to destroy, into use. By means of the cumulative effect of force - v
applied in this manner, one man can raze a house singlehanded.

THE DOLLAR VALUE OF
PATRIOTISM
By GEORGE HOLMES CUSHING
B Y practical patriotism at this time I mean a willingness on your (capital's
) part to bring out the efficient machine the patent on which you killed
because you had money invested in an older device. I mean a willingness
on my (labor's) part to lay aside the rule which makes a little
work go a long way among many men. I mean a willingness on the
other fellow's part to adopt a new routine to save time.
To illustrate, I reach the print shop every Friday morning about a quarter
to nine. The last page of our trade paper is sent to press by half past eleven.
In those two hours and forty-five minutes, the type columns are fitted into place ;
the illustrations placed, the headlines set, the proof read and the corrections made.
There is no hurry : no one gets excited; we merely work fast.
A short while ago, I went to another print shop in another city to "make up"
a paper of identical size. We started on it on Friday morning and finished it,
after a fashion, Tuesday night. We worked Saturday afternoon and I worked
part of Sunday. During those four days, the place was in an uproar.
To explain the difference is easy. In our shop all the type is set at night.
When the make-up man comes in the morning, he finds all of it in his racks.
He arranges it in logical order and, after placing his illustrating plates, fits the
type to the remaining space. He takes about five minutes, on the average, to
each page.
In the other shop there was no system. Xo order. The typesetter, the makeup
man and the adjuster were all working at one time. The type was scattered
all over a big room ; when we wanted an article, we had to issue a search warrant
I u

834 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
for it. Sometimes a long hunt revealed the
fact that the typesetter was still working on it,
and we had to putter and kill time until the
machines caught up. Several times, proofreading
revealed the fact that whole columns
were lost and hours were spent in making the
required readjustment.
Get my notion straight! Suppose we put
the whole thing on a cash basis. Both shops
charged the same price for the same job.
()ne, by moving the work rapidly, made a
twenty-five per cent profit on it. The other,
by moving the work slowly, allowed the labor
cost to eat up the profit and to add a loss.
One shop made money ; the other failed.
To go a little deeper into the
subject, the superintendent of our
printing plant said:
"We have more work than we
can get men to do. Our men
know they are never going to be
laid off. Because speed today
does not mean
idleness tomorrow,
our
men will 'pull
out'."
The other
perintendsaid:
"You can't
c e this
£. You are wasting
time to try
If He Is Giving His
Best to His Work He
Can Count Himself a
True Patriot
An Evil to Be Eradicated
He would work hard and constructively
—if materials were to be had. Because
of poor organization, however, part of
the laborer's time is deliberately
wasted. This is to be remedied by examining
thr system, not by cursing the
man with the hod.
the next bi
another three or four days. They are
going to try to make this one last until that one comes."
That, I believe, is a familiar picture of America
before the war. In a few tense districts there was
more work than there were men. In most places there
was not enough work to go around. This fact dictated
speed and profit in some places and loitering and loss
in others.
The Federal Trade Commission has made one astoundg
discovery but I believe it has misinterpreted the facts.
found that of 250,000 business concerns in the United
States, fully 100,000 never paid a dollar in dividends. It
elieved that these concerns had not charged enough to
cover cost. I believe they charged enough but that costs ate
up the profits because the men killed time while waiting for
the next job to come in. We were a nation of commercial
dawdlers and dissipated our earnings by wasting time.

THE DOLLAR VALUK OF PATRIOTISM 835
Now all that is going to change—it must
change. We have in three years failed to get
some 2,000,000 workers from Europe because of
the war. We are about to lose 2,000,000 or more
of our own to the United States Army. With a
working force that is below normal by 4,000,000
men, we propose to start at an already high level
of production and reach still higher levels!
And there is but one possible way of doing it.
Every man must reach the height of efficiency in
his own way. I le must gather his
material and tools about him in an
orderly fashion, and then work
without a lost motion. If this
task is to be finished, America
must reform those dawdling
shops which now spend four
clays over a job which can be
done easily in a forenoon.
And, American workers must
consent to strike and hold
the new, orderly pace.
While I do not pretend
to measure America's
productive capacity, a few
incidents, taken at random,
will indicate what
it is.
New York, recently,
decided to put down a new
sidewalk on Broadway
above Thirty-sixth Street.
One gang tore up the old
walk and forgot about it.
During ten days that fol­
l\^
lowed, several gangs of men went several times to put down the new one.
They went away each time because material had not arrived. They wasted hours
each time.
Chicago had such a job to do recently. The contractor was a man by the name
of Lee. Before even tearing up the old walk he caused three cars to be placed
on the railroad siding near where the job was to be done. One of these contained
broken stone, another sand and a third cement. Near them he placed a rocking
cradle device on stilts. The preliminaries finished, workers filled the device with
broken stone or sand. When the auto truck came they rolled the cradle over it
and spilled its contents into the truck. Next they threw a few bags of cement on
top of the load and the truck started to where the paving had to be repaired.
While this was going on. another gang of workers had torn up the old
sidewalk and had made ready to lay the new. A few put down the "footing"
while a few more mixed the cement. As fast as one job was finished another
was begun. The raw material was always at hand ready for use. In this way,
Chicago did a job in one morning, that New York had dawdled over for more
than ten days.
1
Where a Fifty Per Cent Saving Often Can Be Made
areful planning, many of those "two-man jobs" can b.- done as well
by one worker.

836 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
EVERY MINUTE WASTED IS A BLOW AT THE NATION
Now is the time for laborers and skilled artisans to give of their very best. Dawdling and loafing are treason in
only less degree than spying for the enemy.
Mr. Lee told me that he would have made a good profit if he had charged
for his Chicago job as little as one-half what its New York counterpart had cost.
I le said also, that this orderly marshaling of material trebles the amount of work
which a given number of men can do as compared with the haphazard method
usually employed.
Last fall, I saw two contractors start to build two houses on adjoining lots.
One of them finished his house in five months. The other had his done in three
months. I studied the methods of both and know the difference. The one who
worked rapidly had calculated ahead of time exactly the kind and amount of
materials he would require. He had it on hand when the men started to work.
Also, it was so arranged in piles that the workers would come to what they
wanted just as they needed it.
The other contractor started the men to work before he was ready for them.
He depended on being able to get the material "at any old time" he wanted
it. But, he didn't get it and so the men waited.
Incidentally, one of the contractors made ten per cent. The other confessed
to me he lost $750 on his house.
A plumber came to my house to fix a faucet. He had brought neither tools
nor material. The misspent effort of returning to the office for tools and
material took this skilled worker out of his zone of usefulness for four hours.
The work itself took fifteen minutes. He wasted fifteen minutes for every one
he put in at work. And all this because he failed to carry his tools and materials
with him and because he refused to telephone for them instead of going after them.
Almost half the time of the nation's workers is being wasted because no
studied effort has been made to save time. This waste can be stopped and their
output almost doubled, if the materials they are to use are mobilized properly.
As a big concrete example, the Western Electric Company of Chicago, one of
the biggest factories of its kind, saved more than half the time formerly taken
to manufacture each unit by changing the arrangement of its plant. By the new
plan, the raw material comes in the factory and is hoisted to the top floor. The

THE DOLLAR VALUE OF PATRIOTISM 837
finished product leaves the factory from the bottom floor. Each step in the manufacturing
process is so taken that the raw material is moving precisely toward
the finished stage and in the direction of the shipping door.
It is not necessary to say, I believe, that, with this faster routine established,
the business saves time and makes vast sums of money. Thus to marshal material
properly not only will help the nation to get the things it must have—my
definition of practical industrial patriotism—but it gives the factory owner
economy wdiich has, now and hereafter, a measurable dollar value.
The production record and earning power of the Ford factory and the Elgin
watch works support both assertions as to the time saving and economical value
of this business plan.
What lias been said up to this point has concerned itself with saving the time
of the workers that the nation may not suffer because 2.000,000 are going to war.
This proposed routine will help, hut if the nation is to avoid disaster, we must
do something more than produce. We must distribute. That raises the question
of handling of materials.
Nowhere are the good and bad methods more vividly portrayed than on the
docks. To see the bad method under the spotlight, I advise you to go to the
wharves at New Orleans or Mobile. There merchandise for transshipment is
brought in by trains and wagons. It is unloaded and dumped indiscriminately ;
it is put wherever the clock foreman happens to see an empty space when something
must he got rid of. After a few hours of such work, the wharf is a litter.
When the ship arrives and the loading begins, it seems that everything is
directly in the way of everything else. Often, the work that was hastily or
thoughtlessly done has to be done over and over again.
By contrast, R. C. Martens, a Russian with a business in New York, is a

838 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
scientific shipper. He divides his warehouse and wharves into departments and
assigns each space to each class of goods. He has departments for merchandise,
machinery, bulky goods, crated goods, and so on. Each department, he designates
by a color. The plans work this way. We will assume that the color of
the machinery section is green. As the factory ships a machine to the Martens
warehouse, a green paper label is pasted on. When the clock workers see that
color, they know, without detailed instruction, just where to put the machine.
When the ship arrives, the goods are loaded according to this color scheme;
certain colors invariably take certain places in the hold. The heavier materials,
for example, always are on the lower decks.
By following this orderly plan, the Martens organization can load a ship in a
clay. While using the more cumbersome plan, Gulf docks use up a week or more
in loading one.
I have seen within a few weeks in some of even the better railroad depots in
Chicago, freight handlers still using the old hand trucks while unloading and
loading cars. It is the slowest way possible and wastes space, effort and men.
A better way to do the same work is that used in the Curtis Bay warehouse
of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at Baltimore. It has an overhead railway on
which run many small locomotives. From each is hung a pair of chains with
grappling hooks at the lower end. One man in his locomotive cab and one on the
floor cause that locomotive to pick up the heaviest package and carry it to any
part of the warehouse or into the car or ship.
Such methods as those used by Martens and the Baltimore & Ohio speed up
the routine of merchandise distribution. If we speed up production, we also
must expedite distribution, else the flood of production will dam itself. Therefore,
these methods are not only advisable. They are necessary.
As important as these improved methods are. we cannot adopt them until
both capital and labor have consented to look at things from a new point of
view. To be specific, labor has refused to use either modern inventions or efficient
ways of working lest it cut itself out of employment. Two incidents illustrate
the labor attitude.
During the coal shortage last winter, my dealer could deliver me only a' ton
at a time. The driver of the coal wagon said he was glad of it because making
many small deliveries instead of a few big ones, gave him steady work.
Again, an electrician was wiring a house recently.
I noticed that he still cut the insulation from the wire
with his penknife and asked him why he did not use
the new device wdiich strips such wire in a second.
He replied that that would save too much time and
cut him and other electrical workers out of jobs.
The superintendent of a coal mine says that
if his miners would use certain time saving
devices, he could get out twenty-five per cent
more coal and cut the cost of production fifteen
cents a ton. But, the men will not work faster
lest they have to lie idle more days in a year
than now and lest the mines should decide
to use fewer men.
Capital has been and still is afraid to
use some of the newer and faster machines.
It has large sums of money tied
If You See Him Sitting Around Like This. ,„ . . „,„
Brand Him as a Slacker! He Deserves H {Continued on Page 944)

A Nebraska Dogcyele
When Herman Rickert lost his left loot
in a switching accident, years ago, the
railroad gave him a place as crossing Han
man. Getting to work was a problem,
however, for riding a cycle up and down
the strep Grand Island grades was dif
ficult, when one leg only could be used
for pedalling. Tine, Mr. Rickert'sfaiih
ful dog, was called upon, therefore, to
furnish the necessary added motiw
power. Since that day the journey has
heen accomplished twice daily in the
manner shown in the above photograph.
Heads ot Solid Wood
Croquet sets nowadays are not mete
b.ilIs. mallets, wickets, and stake-.
Each piece has an individuality; some
of the faces are from Mother Goose,
while others remind one strongly of the
friends Little Ahce met in Looking
Glass Land. In this particular set we
surmise that the two stakes are images
of the Duchess,
MBBHMMHMI
839

840 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
EH5EI •Z3
The White House Jack-of-AIl-Trades
Yesl He is official janitor of the White House at Wash­
ington, and earns the munificent salary of $1.75 a day for
caring for five boilers, a kitchen range, a fireplace, and
doing the ordinary sweeping. He works eight hours a day,
and has no Sundays or holidays off. To piece out his in­
come, Mr. Williams hustles outside jobs.
C0Pf«'."T B06T0H fWOTO NEWS
A Shooting Box in the Clouds
The shotgun artists of this club became tired, recently, of
peppering at clay pigeons which never flew directly over­
head, so they built this structure. From a height of
seventy-six feet the discus-like targets now are hurled,

EnEE
Dentist to Big Maud
This elephant, an inhabitant of the
Grant Park Zoological Garden at
Atlanta, Georgia, recently developed
an ulcerated tooth. The
molar had to come out, but the job
is a ticklish one at best, lor
while Maud ordinarily is
the best natured of pachydermettes,
an ulcerated
tooth and a dentist with
forceps that look like ice
tongs are not jokes. After
a great deal of persuasion,
Maud allowed Keeper
Leonard and P r.
Davies to remove the
offending tooth.
tf •
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 841
How to Keep Corners Clean
The workmen in this factory all chew tobacco.
The management racked its brains
for some scheme that would prevent expectoration
in the room corners; finally
they painted all of them pure white. Now
there is no trouble.
- > > , .

842
j»»J

EHEE
Street Car Homes for Consumptives
The Toronto, Canada, Free Hospital
for Consumptives, is the only institution
of its kind in the world where disused
street cars are used as living
apartments for consumptive patients.
One man resides in eachcar, and thereby
obtains plenty of fresh air while
still living indoors. There is also a
vegetable garden connected with the
hospital which is cultivated solely by
the patients. The street along which
these t.irs are lined goes by the name
of "Street Car Alley." Some of the
patients who can afford it have their
cars fitted up in palatial style.
Handcuffs Prisoners to Suitcase
Sheriff Charles A. Berry of Kent county,
Michigan, basso much respect for the
feelings of his prisoners that he never
leads them through the streets from the
jail to a court or train, handcuffed to an
officer. They are handcuffed to a suitcase
full of bricks, weighing many
pounds, and their coat sleeves hide the
shackles, giving them the appearance
of casual travelers. The number of
bri( ks in the case is proportioned to a
schedule kept at the jail which is graduated
according to the seriousness ol
the offense.
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE
843

844 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
22 Ems
Adopting the British method of public
CARDS OF HONOR
knowledgment of enlistment, the United States Marine Corps will place hereafter
a placard on the home of each man
who joins the service. The placard
bears the following announcement, in
letters of scarlet:
"A Man from This House Is Serving
in the United States Marine Corps."
The first consignment of these "cards
of honor" was issued recently and the
men who have been admitted to the
Marine Corps and who will be accepted
in the future will have cards mailed to
their friends and relatives.
To those who apply for enlistment but
who fail to meet the somewhat stringent
physical requirements of the Marine-
Corps, a printed card bearing the signature
of the recruiting officer, the seal of
the corps, the location of the recruiting
office where issued, the date, and the
name of the man, is given. The printed
text is as follows:
This is to certify that Mr. John Doe has
patriotically offered his services to the
United States Marine Corps, but has
been rejected for physical disabilities.
Yesterday and Tomorrow
On the left is Mrs. Marion B. Clifton, the
oldest member of the Actor's Home on
Staten Island, New York, while on the
right, beside her, is little Ethelmary
Oakland, the young Tannhauser star.

ANALYZING YOUR CHILD
By HAROLD CARY
0.MHH.HI—tJNr{fl*C-

846 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Manhattan, and it gives this impression to a mere
adult immediately. There are no knickknacks, but a
good vase or two, an open bookcase lines one wall,
the colors are in good harmony, the desk is not too
orderly, and the chairs are deep and comfortable.
Mother and child were at home very quickly.
After a few minutes' talk Mrs. Scott invited the
youngster to come downstairs to the playroom.
The child in question was extremely nervous,
anaemic, easily startled and very shy. He stood at the
door and watched his mother and Mrs. Scott with big
round eyes, too shy to enter the gorgeous playroom.
Mrs. Scott then went to one of the shelves and took up a
Russian wooden egg. brightly painted, and brought it
over to the lacquered green octagon table in the center
of the room. Without saying anything she opened the
egg and disclosed a slightly smaller ovoid within, painted
Bad Table Manners
Ten chances to one the fault does not lie with the child
but with the parents themselves.
a different color. Then
she opened that and disclosed another. By the
time she had come to the third the child was
beside her, watching with pitiful intentness.
"Guess what color the next will be?"
she invited, in a kindly tone.
The youngster was silent while
another egg appeared, but before
another was ready he had assimilated
the idea completelv, and
shouted, "Red!" in a delighted
voice.
The ice was broken. Mrs.
Scott gave him the egg, which
contained seventeen others, and
left him to his own devices. To
open and close the combination egg
again required some manual skill, coordination
of muscles, and eye for size
and order and other important mental
and physical abilities. This child was
deft. He played with the egg for an
hour and a half, during which time
his mother annoyed him continually
by pointing out other things he
might play with, suggesting that he
build castles with the halves of eggs
which he took off, and asking him
foolish questions about the colors.
Yet the child went on until he was
perfectly satisfied about that egg.
He tried to ignore his mother while he
found out how the toy worked, what
colors there were and what he could
*

ANALYZING YOUR CHILD S47
do with them. Xot once did he drop
even a section, so absorbed was he.
This example of diagnosis is unfairly
shortened and shows general
principles only, but what did this
much show? That the child's nervousness
was caused by a nagging
mother, who loved him very much but
who refused, because she loved him
so, to let him alone to develop his
own character, to play independently.
It made the youngster feel and be disobedient, dependent and
extremely nervous. Constructively it showed that he was
clever with his hands but most of all that he was persistent
and able to concentrate his mind for long periods of time, and
be very happy doing so.
The child was left in the playroom to amuse himself, a new
experience which he enjoyed hugely, while Mrs. Scott and
the mother talked over his whole life history, his relations
with persons at home, servants, relatives, the father. The
agreement was. as always, that the mother was to report to
You Can Bank upon It That Your Baby Is Trying
with All His Plucky Little Heart to Understand
You. Do Your Part
Mrs. Scott once a
week for six
week s, du r i n g
which time the
written diagnosis
was given out, and
suggestions for
the treatment of
the child were
made. These cannot
be duplicated
e x c e p t for
specific cases
and in the form of shorthand notes,
but their effort is to make the parents
understand the child, know
why he is wilful, what he means by
what he sa\s. what he thinks—
even his philosophy of life.
"We must learn to realize and
recognize," says Mrs. Scott, "that
behind the most undesirable faults
in our children may be splendid
qualities, wonderful strength : behind
the most vicious fit of temper is will
power, originality, emotional energy
—powers which if directed constructively
make the unusual personality,
the adult genius. If we treat it arbitrarily,
blindly, cruelly, then we pervert
these qualities into destructive

848 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
forces that we must
reckon with later."
Then whose fault
is it when Mr. or
Mrs. Thirty orders
something done and
Mr. Six stamps his
small foot and says
wilfully, "I won't"?
It is the fault of the
person who is training
the child, the fault
of the three dollar a
week nurse girl with
whom he plays, or
the mother who fails
to understand him or
the father who says,
"Take that kid to bed,
I'm tired."
When a child is two
years old he is "cute" when
he swallows father's watch
or throws soup at the butler.
Four years later this
very ebullition is an act of
Satan who unaccountably
has got into the child in
spite of his kind and loving
parents. But it is not.
You laughed with the baby
who was energetic with the
Constant Nagging
Brings Out Objectionable
Qualities, while
a Real Attempt to Sympathize
and Help Ordinarily
Is Rewarded Out
of All Proportion to the Effort
Required
soup but you punished the child who later did the same thing, so you established
a cross in his mind. The later psychologists have proved that a child or a man
never forgets anything, though he can recall only the smallest part of his experiences
at will. Back in his mind he knows that you once approved that action and
now disapprove of it. He says nothing, and probably thinks nothing about it,
but he forms what the Freudians call a "complex" or a "neurosis", a misunderstanding
which perverts the energy and makes him develop a wild temper or some
other "bad" trait.
We all suffer from our childhood training because, as Mrs. Scott and the
great educators of today believe, our formative years are from birth to six. It
is during these years that we are forming our personality, will-power, high
spirits, desire for mental and physical activity, curiosity, initiative, concentration,
imagination and emotional strength.
In diagnosing the minds of the youngsters Mrs. Scott merely watches them
at play as she did the concrete example of which we spoke above. The ordinary
child comes bouncing into the room and is pleased at the right to do as he
pleases. Everything is in order in its place and to get playthings he must take
them out. Does he put them back? What sort of a toy interests him? According
to this his personality expresses itself for those who know how to understand.
Is he honest? There is a game of Russian jackstraws (Continued on page 94?)

MAKING A FORT OF THE
AUTOMOBILE
By HINTON GILMORE
T H E use of a motor car a.s a
special fortification for scouting
parties now is being given
consideration by Uncle Sam.
At San Francisco recently.
Captain S. S. Ross of the coast artillery
corps conducted experiments that indi-
cently made was with an ordinary car of
light weight.
Army officials believe the plan to use
small cars in this manner is not without
its pracfical value. As a case in point
thev sav that the massacre of the troopers
of the Tenth Cavalry under Captain
THIS BREASTWORK IS READY AT A MOMENT'S NOTICE
The scouting* party jumps out, tilts up the machine, and is firing within five seconds of the time the enemy i
discovered.
cate the value of the automobile under
such circumstances.
The utility of the car is in advancing
a special body of soldiers to the extreme
front for purposes of reconnoissance and
in providing cover in case of a sharp
Boyd at Carrizal, Mexico, would have
been prevented had the reconnoissance
been made in automobiles, because the
massacre was due, at least indirectly, to
the fact that horses became stampeded
and broke awav. leaving the doomed
rifle skirmish. The demonstration re- troopers no means of escape.
849

NEW TREES FROM OLD
How Botanist-Surgeons A re Saving Our Shade Giants
fuli^f :^m The Finished Froduct
Because the tree shown on the
left would still be exposed to the
elements, and would decay still
further if not protected, the surgeons
filled all of the cavities in
the trunk and around the bands,
with concrete. This made the
giant much more sightly, and
kept out the borers and parasites
that bad made the life of the
arboreal veteran burdensome-.
REINFORCED WITH STEEL SUPPORTS
This tree had what might readily be called cancer of the heart. The
disease had so weakened and rotted the giant that it was but a question
of days before a wind strong enough to fell it completely should
arise The surgeons removed all the diseased wood, drove in a steel
piling support, and bound the heavy branches of the old oak to this by
steel bands aT*d bolts. With this done, the tree has eastly another
century's lease on life.
850
ye* ,

NEW TREES FROM OLD 851
Grafting
The work uf tree surgeons by no means con­
fines itself to saving old landmarks and beau­
tiful shade trees. On the left is shown a Texas
tree doctor, grafting grapefruit twigs on to an
orange tree. Above is shown the fruitbearer
upon which this interesting operation was
performed.

852 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
A USELESS LIMB
The tree surgeon has no patience with branches that are not producers; the moment one shows a sign of deadness. off
TRANSPLANTING SHADE TREES
The doctors also take charge of transplanting full grown trees, and do it very successfully.

T H E Man in the Iron Mask
mystified all Europe for many
years, and is still the subject
of considerable romance and
legend, but in our great industries
men in iron masks are not at all
uncommon.
In the rather new process of arc welding,
iron masks are necessary to protect
operators from the terrific heat and dazzling
light. The electric arc is about the
hottest thing in the whole world and
almost as bright as the sun itself. The
temperature of the arc is approximately
3.500 degrees Centigrade, and as the heat
is confined to a comparatively small
space directly in contact with the arc,
the light therefrom is blinding.
Welding by the means of the electric
arc is accomplished by fusing the surfaces
to be welded by means of the high
temperature of the arc and then filling in
with additional material which also is
melted. This in effect is really a method
of casting, and unlike other forms of
welding, the use of mechanical means in
causing the parts to unite is unnecessary.
In some instances the joint is hammered
while hot but this is only for the purpose
of increasing the ductility of the
metal. When the carbon electrode is
used, the filling metal is fed into the arc
by the operator at a rate depending on
the work being done.
The metal on which the welding is to
be done is connected to one side of the
circuit and the electrode, with a suitable
holder, is connected to the other. Then
the operator dons his protective helmet.
The electrode is connected to the negative
side of the circuit and the piece of
work to the positive, for the reason that
the greater amount of heat is generated
at the positive terminal; this prevents a
too rapid consumption of the electrode.
Furthermore, carbon from a graphite
electrode is prevented, to a great degree,
from being carried over into the work,
and thus hard welds are largely eliminated.
The fact that the greater part of
the heat is liberated at the positive electrode
means that the work directly in
853

854 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
USING THE ARC WELDER
This grotesque mask protects the workman from the blinding light,
terrific heat, and from flying particles of molten metal.
•>\
w "
contact with the arc is quickly brought
to a high temperature, and locally to a
state of fusion, which makes possible
very rapid welding.
The arc is established by touching
the electrode momentarily to the work
and then withdrawing it a
short distance, in a manner
similar to the operation of
an arc lamp in starting.
Practice is necessary in
order to manipulate the
electrode so as to maintain
an approximately constant
m\ ^sr-za
s«*s
c'^m---""
:
#9r^
length of arc while welding. This point
is important as variations in the length
of the arc cause corresponding
variations in the
r- 1 current. After the arc is
established it can be
moved about over the
work merely by moving
the electrode from side to
side.
y*£ '-:,;
-^^i^ssft-^ -"*
WELDING AIR COMPRESSOR
INTERCOOLERS BY THE
ELECTRIC ARC PROCESS

NAVAL SERVICE INSIGNIA
TSZS-
26
SYMBOLS YOU MAY WISH TO RECOGNIZE
Master at arms.
Boatswain's mate; coxswains.
Quartermasters.
Blacksmiths; ship fitters.
Sailsmakers' mates.
Printers.
Carpenters' mates; plumbers, litters and
painters.
Turret captains.
Gunner's mate.
Chiol yeoman.
Yeoman; 1st, 2nd, 3rd grades.
Electricians.
Machinists' mates; boiler makers; water tenders;
coppersmiths and oilers.
Hospital stewards; hospital apprentices (rcc
cloth).
Bandmasters; musicians.
Commissary stewards
Ship's cooks and bakers.
Bupler.
Grenade corps.
Gun captain mark.
Gun pointer mark.
Gun pointer, 1st class, same as No. 21, wit
star.
Navy E. gunner making high trun score: - .
Radio operator.
Torpedoman.
Apprentice mark.
85S

856 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
DIXIE CARROLL-PISCATORIAL ADVISER EXTRAORDINARY
Are you a novice in the fishing came, and do you want a good "lead" on where to battle successfully for forty pound
muskies? Are you a crack, and do you desire to know what flies the brook trout of Colorado prefer? Are you lost in
the mazes of doubt as to whether pork rind, Dowagiacs, wecdless lures or worms are the best medicine for bass in Jack-
the-horse Lake, Itasca County, Minnesota? Are you looking for a quiet, unfished pool in the wilds, away from tin
lizzies and Panama hats, where the northern pike and the pickerel jostle one another in their fight for your bait? Ask
Dixie Carrolll He's a jolly good fellow, and perhaps the wisest man in North America on the ways of the finny tribe.

HE'LL TELL YOU HOW!
By ROBERT H. MOULTON
T H E world is full of people who
are not only willing but actually
aching to give you advice
on any subject under the sun,
from playing the stock market
to raising gooseberries, but, so far as
is known, the only man to wear the title
of piscatorial adviser extraordinary to
the citizens of the United States is Dixie
Carroll, of Chicago.
Dixie, indeed, is a national institution
and holds a position unique in the annals
of sport. For many years now he has
been the trusted counselor of innumerable
veterans of the rod and reel, and the
tutor-in-chief of countless youngsters
just graduating from the bent-pin stage
of the game.
When the Wall Street Banker decides
to switch temporarily from pursuit
of the elusive dollar to the still more
elusive rainbow trout in the wilds of
Canada, he writes to Dixie and forthwith
receives what is, in effect, a passport
to the choicest fishing grounds of
the region he wishes to visit. In a
heart-to-heart talk Dixie explains everything
in minutest detail: just where
and when to go, how to get there,
what to take and what not to take in the
way of equipment, the whole illustrated
with sundry diagrams, which, if followed
faithfully, invariably lead to certain tried
and tested pools where one may be morally
certain of finding the largest and
scrappiest specimens of the finny tribe.
If the small boy writes in to ask
whether worms should be hooked
through the end or the middle, he receives
from Dixie the same kind of
"pal-to-pal" letter, not only giving the
desired information but a wealth of other
suggestions which are calculated to be
of value in teaching the young idea how
in angle successfully along the lines of
true sportsmanship.
That's the charm of Dixie's style. He
makes you feel that he has no other object
in life than to help you catch that
"big fellow", or to solve whatever angling
problem confronts you. Fishing lore
fairly oozes from him, and he is so eager
to impart it to others that he has been
known to postpone his own vacation in
the middle of the very best fishing period
merely to help a brother fisherman decide
the momentous question of whether
he should buy a landing net or a gaff,—
which is some sacrifice for the dyed-inthe-wool
fisherman to make.
Needless to say, Dixie's services as
official guide and companion are eagerly
sought by those who want to take no
chance of failure in locating and landing
a forty pound muskellunge or an old
grand-daddy bass, and he probably could
spend the rest of bis life in comfort at
this kind of job. "But no more of that
stuff for me." he says. "I've been chief
mourner at enough fish funerals, and I'd
rather help fifty fellows by proxy than
one in person any day."
There are books galore on fishing.
But shall the man who wants to know
whether pork strips for bait should be
cut thick or thin wade through the entire
contents of weighty tomes to gain this
simple information ? Not any more than
the one who is sick needs to peruse a
history of medicine to find out what is
the matter with him ; he merely goes to
a doctor who points out the trouble and
prescribes the remedy. Similarly, the
anxious fisherman writes to Dixie, and
at the expense of a two-cent stamp is
relieved of all his worries.
Dixie is strong for the observance of
all fishing laws and the throw-the-littlefellows-back
stuff. "Don't be a cradlerobber,"
is one of his pleas. "Give the
infant fish a chance to grow up, and if
you do happen to hook one, send him
back to school to complete his education.
tS7

FIRST AID TO THE
FLIVVER
AN AMBULANCE FOR WRECKED AUTOMOBILES
Whenever a twelve-, eight-, six- or four-cylinder chicken chaser runs amuck, within a one-hundred-mile radius of Port
Chester, N. Y., and tries to push its tin nose through concrete walls or telephone posts, Mr. Meehl and his flivver-saver
—shown above—arc called. This is a remarkably well equipped truck; with its aid, Mr. Meehl can do for a car what all
the king's horses and men failed to do for Humpty DumpU—gather it up and put it together again. The lower picture
858
shows some of the more badly dented, in the process of reassembling.

When Nature Forgot
The Builder of Things
made this slight hill an
ideal location for a
home, but made the ordinary
sort of
garage an architecturalimpossibility.
The owner
solved the
problem, while erecting
his home, by excavating
a few feet of the
hillside, and putting his
garage in the basement.
BUILT-IN GARAGES
UNDER THE SUN PARLOR
Instead of wasting the space entirely, as had been the original plan, the salesman-owner of this beautiful stucco home
859
decided to take advantage oi the English basement, and placed a steel fireproof garage under his sun parlor

860 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Architectural Artistry
In the above picture the indoor
garage is made the foundation of
an artistic pergola. The garage
is on the south side of the house,
heavy oak woods lying directly
across the street, giving a magnificent
vista and cooling air
in the summer time. The
roof of the garage is tiled, while
there are deep "window seats"
in the south end of the pergola.
Entrance to the bower is through
a heavy, plate-glass door leading
from the living room of the
house. Electric light bulbs, of
frosted glass, are placed at each
corner of the pergola.
On a 45 Degree Angle Lot
A garage was thought impossible
here, because the lot sloped upward
forty feet from the alley to
the street. The ingenious owner
overcame this difficulty by excavating,
and not only did he secure
a serviceable garage thereby, but
he planted sod and filled in dirt
on the roof. Now his children
have a back yard to play in which
they lacked before.

BUILT-IN GARAGES 861

WHAT A TRANSPORT IS
LIRE
By RENE BACHE
THE War Department owns
below the main deck) and the corre­
fifteen big steamships and six sponding half of the orlop deck, immedi­
smaller ones, which compose ately beneath. The crew, numbering
a regular little navy in themselves.
But, when the time
comes for sending large numbers of
troops to Europe, many additional vessels
will be chartered or purchased. It
will take a large fleet to carry our
armies across the Atlantic, contingent
following contingent, and to transport
the immense quantities of munitions,
guns, and supplies of all sorts they will
require.
At present our four biggest transports
are the Logan, the Thomas, the Sheridan,
and the Sherman. They are of fiftyseven
hundred to fifty-eight hundred
tons' displacement, and each of them has
a cargo capacity of more than 5,000 tons.
Each of these four vessels can carry
comfortably 1,600 soldiers. At a pinch
two thousand might be crowded aboard
(a full-strength infantry regiment comprises
two thousand and fifty-five men
and officers) ; the problem is one of
bunk-capacity.
The bunks for troops occupy the forward
half of the 'tween deck (next
862
Cross-Section of a United States Transport

Nn horsi
WHAT A TRANSPORT IS LIKE 863
THE ANIMALS HAVE THEIR OWN VESSELS
rried on the troop transports, as the space on the carefully guarded steamers is too valuable
about 200, are berthed separately, in the
after part of the ship.
The bunks are arranged in tiers of
three, built of iron stanchions, which are
connected by iron pipes. The pipes form
the sides of the berths, and sheets of
canvas are laced across to furnish the
equivalent of a mattress or hammock.
The soldiers' dining-room is a large
space, forward of the middle of the main
deck, reserved for that purpose. Their
meals are cooked in galleys (the nautical
term for kitchens) on the same deck.
For convenience, all the tables are made
collapsible, so as to be stacked in small
compass when not in use. and the
benches used in lieu of chairs are folded
up.
The crew mess by themselves. For the
officers there is a "dining saloon" on the
upper deck, which is immediately above
the main deck.
Suppose that the Logan, for instance,
were to carry to France -.000 troops.
They would take with them all of their
equipments, including the "packs" they
must shoulder in the field, their rifles,
tents, wagons, and field-artillery. But
no mules or other animals. To transport
horses and mules there must be other
vessels, specially fitted up for the purpose.
Xo ammunition for the field guns or
other munitions (barring the cartridges
in the soldiers' belts) are carried on the
transport. They will go separately, in
cheaper and less important ships, so that
if the latter are sunk by submarines, the
loss will be minimized.
Rut how about the food supplies for
the voyage ?
The food, for the troops, will be the
regular army "travel ration." For two
thousand men, it would be for each day
2.000 pounds of hard-bread, 1,500
pounds of corned beef, 500 pounds of
baked beans, 1.000 pounds of canned
tomatoes, 175 pounds of jam, 140 pounds
of coffee. 300 pounds of sugar, and 62
pounds of evaporated milk.
Of course, great additional quantities
of food supplies might be carried as

864 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
cargo, to "subsist" the troops after their
arrival on foreign soil, but this is a matter
that would be determined by circumstances.
Let us suppose the Logan started on
her perilous trip across the Atlantic with
two thousand fighting men on board.
They are under the command of an army
colonel. But his function is purely disciplinary.
He has nothing to do with
the management of the ship. In fact, he
is merely a passenger, and his soldiers
have the same status.
The management of the ship is exclusively
in the hands and under the control
of its captain, a civilian officer who is
responsible only to the War Department,
his employer.
But there his authority ends. On
board is an officer of the regular army, a
"transport quartermaster", who holds
the vessel's purse. He pays the wages of
the captain and the crew. When the ship
arrives at a port, he buys the supplies
with drafts on the United States Treas­
ury, and manages the finances of the
men.
The transport quartermaster is the real
commander of the transport, because he
holds the purse-strings. But he has also
the authority to govern the course of the
voyage, and even to negotiate, as a quasi-
THE BUNKS
During their voyage across, the men will sleep in "stacked" beds as shown above. The equipment is hung
alongside on racks.
diplomatic officer, with foreign governments.
In this respect his functions correspond
to those of the captain of a
warship.
It should be explained that on a big
transport, such as the Logan, only about
sixty-five men are required to work the
vessel. But one hundred thirty-five or
thereabouts, in addition, will be needed
for the guns—including, that is to say,
ammunition-handlers and others who act
as helpers. This raises the number of
the crew to two hundred, as already
stated.
Just how many guns will be carried by
each transport crossing the Atlantic, and
what their calibers will be, is at present
a military secret.

"iiniiiililiiitntiiiiiiiiii
SCIENCE ^MECHANICS* INVENTION
• ••l||llt:iUi*JHMilJ»Si*5HtB'BSIl*f?J
THE FIRST OUTDOOR PIPE ORGAN
In the new four-million-dollar public park of San Diego a mammoth pipe organ has been constructed—the first of its
kind to be built in the open air. The organ, a gift to the city from John D. and Adolph B. Spreckels, millionaire
brokers, possesses four manuals, each of which constitutes a separate organ. The pedals have a range of 2%. octaves.
and 86 organ stops change the tone quality of the pipes controlled by the four manuals.
A New Kelp Harvester
A Chicago packing firm recently launched this
queer crait at San Diego, California. Its mission
is to dig up kelp from the sea bottom, which now
is being used in the making of fertilizer. The
vessel is fitted with three working levels, is driven
by two 250-horsepower engines, and has a cruising
radius of 200 miles. It can carry 500 tons of kelp.
865

866 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
\'.\ '\
1 nHB^S9El -

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 867
EHHE35 TF^l
For a Fire in the Vessel's Hold
This new multiple nozzle is used
on a length of hose when a ship's
cargo burns. The force of water
revolves the sprinklers, covering
a radius of 100 feet with a shower
of Ifi.OOO gallons of water a minute.
How a Popular Song
Manufactured
Here is Earl Carroll, the composer
of songs for "So Long Letty,"
"Canary. Cottage," and "The
Love Mill," working with AI Matthews,
his arranger, in hammering
out a new whistleable melody.
Any hourof the day or night Carroll
is likely to get a "hunch" so
AI Matthews has to be with him
every minute, in order to catch
any possible musical dictation.
»-.

868 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
SEE
Portable Fan Run by Motor
A new form of fan for the household will prove welcome in
places where electricity is not available, as it can be driven
very cheaply by kerosene, gasoline, alcohol, or gas so as to set
the air in motion as well as the best electric fans. This portable
fan is so low-priced that it may be used where conditions
do not justify the purchase of an electric fan. The lamp is in
the lower part of the frame, where it is out of sight and protected
from air currents.
Grooves Hardwood Floors Quickly
This interesting machine, used in the
Chicago Postoffice, cuts a slot in
floors sufficiently large to accommodate
electric feed wires. This eliminates
tearing up large expanses of valuable
floor, as has been the practice in
the past. A man operates the hand
wheel, which feeds the cutter automatically
as the groove is made, and at the
same time keeps the pressure constant.

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 869
\E3X ,:< ..'i
No Water Can Enter This Ventilated Life Boat
A novel life boat of the enclosed type with several entirely
new features has just been invented by a man in
Hampton, Virginia. The boat was approved recently by
the inspectors of the Department of Commerce.
Oneof the main features is a water-proof air valve which
operates in such a manner that while ventilation is constant,
no water can enter. This valve is made of a rubber
ball supported on small pins inside a cast iron ball, with
pipes opening from both ends. One end opens to the outside
air and the other inside the boat. The air travels
around the ball and thus enters the boat, but water floats
the ball and closes the opening. Another clever device is
a water-tight oar lock, which is closed to the sea by a canvas
sleeve attached around the oar and slipped over an
oval collar which surrounds the lock opening.
The passengers enter through manholes, which are then
closed and locked. In case there should be difficulty in
freeing the boat from the davits or cradles, all restraining
ropes and cables can be freed from the interior of the boat
by simply pulling a lever.

870 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
New Ladder for Picking
Fruit
This ladder is mounted on four
wheels, two of which are swiveled,
by means of which it may
be moved readily around a tree
or all about the orchard, by one
man. Besides having the advantage
of being portable it is much
safer than any other kind of ladder,
as it will keep its position without
resting against any support. The
frame to which the wheels are attached
is made of steel pipe and is heavy
enough to prevent the ladder's tipping,
even when two men are working on it.
This being the case, the ladder may be
pushed up among the outer branches,
which cannot readily be reached from an ordinary
ladder without taking grave risks of a
fall.
JL
,
m
&
$ • :
,w
A Pump That Makes Him Breathe
SEES
A resuscitation device much simplerin its operation than
the pulmotor has been invented by a Memphis man who
believes that its general use will greatly reduce the num­
ber of deaths through accidental drowning, asphyxiation,
and similar perils.
The device consists of a cone shaped cylinder attached
to a sheet of rubber. This sheet is attached to the chest
of the patient and the handle of the cone shaped cup is
worked up and down. The downward stroke permits the
elastic sheet to make its "purchase" upon the chest and
the upward stroke, by creating a vacuum, makes a bellows
of the chest wall. By this continued process the respira­
tion of the patient may be renewed even after death seems
to have taken place.

SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 871
P~FT znis
MAKING THE MINUTES COUNT
Gordon J. Gordon, a San Francisco business man, uses one of the most novel time-saving systems in existence. Because
he lives an hour's ride from his office, he carries a stenographer—with her typewriter—with him going and coming,
and dictates all of his letters of the day while en route.
INVENTORS OF AMERICAN CAMEMBERT
These experts of the Department of Agriculture, E. J. Matheson—at the left—and F. R. Cammack, have discovered processes
whereby domestic cheeses superior to the foreign product can be manufactured. Chief among the cheeses they
have invented is a wonderful Camembert.

872 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
EZEX
Curing the Stammer or Lisp
After years of study, Mrs. Mabel F. Gifford, vocal specialist
of the school department of Oakland, California, has
perfected a mirror, flashlight, and candle process which
enables children to correct these faults quickly. In the
smaller photograph above Mrs. Gifford is shining the flash
into a girl's mouth, and explaining, by means of the mirror,
just what is the matter. With some stammerers, she
uses a lighted candle held close to the mouth while speaking.
If the candle iis blown out, the child gets ocular
demonstration that there is something wrong.
•[35S33
Making Bees Work in Winter
This colony is suspended from the roof of a vegetable
greenhouse which is kept warm all the time. The chief
function of the bees in this position is to aid in the pollenization
of plants. In this house the little creatures work in
the blossoms of cucumber vines and thus perform a valuable
breeding service, and incidentally supply a small
amount of honey at the same time.

M R.
SEEING WIRELESS
MESSAGES
By WILLIAM A. COFEY
THE "SIGHT AND SOUND" TEACHING APPARATUS
GEORGE E. RIGGINS,
formerly connected with the
radio service of the United
States Navy on the Pacific
Coast, later in charge of the
navy radio exhibit at the Panama Pacific
International Exposition in San Francisco,
has perfected recently a device to
assist beginners in radio work. It consists
of an omnigraph and an electrical
attachment thereto that flashes, one by
one, the letters of the alphabet.
There is perfect synchronization between
the omnigraph and the attach­
ment : the latter flashes the letter at the
same instant that the former sends the
signal through the buzzer to the student's
ears.
The prospective wireless operator, in
the very beginning, is introduced to the
buzzer and the flasher. He is seated
before the apparatus and shown how to
adjust the receivers over his head. Then
the omnigraph is plugged into the circuit,
the flasher is switched on and his education
is under way.
At first the student does nothing but
sit still, listen to the buzzer and watch
the electric lights behind the little glass
squares as they faithfully keep step with
the signals coming to his ears. He
quickly learns to associate sight and
sound. He sees a certain letter and he
hears at the same instant a certain number
and arrangement of dots and dashes.
Then he takes pencil and paper and, still
watching and listening, begins to write
down what he sees and hears. Thus his
hand gets into the game and begins its
education. At first the flasher moves
back and forth in measured and regular
order and it is easy for him to follow it.
Then the speed is increased and he has
to screw up his concentration.
The lights behind the glass squares
begin to jump about here and there and
873

874 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
R-U-S-H S-U-P-P-L-I-E-S!
As the crashing of the spark sounds to these learners, the letter being transmitted is seen; this enables them to learn
to send and receive much more quickly.
it becomes harder still to follow them.
But all the time his ability to recognize
by ear certain signals is increasing, together
with his facility in getting down
what they mean on paper. He begins to
depend less and less on the eye and more
and more on the ear and hand. Presently,
he is able to dispense with the
flasher altogether and graduates to another
circuit where the ear needs no
assistance.
The advantages of this simple device
are at once apparent. The student is no
longer compelled to burden his conscious
memory by visualizing a large
number of confusing combinations of
dots and dashes. He scarcely ever needs
to see the dots and clashes at all. His ear
and hand do the memorizing and continued
repetition in time makes the
action subconscious and mechanical.
The device has been adopted by the
government naval authorities and is in
use at the LTiiited States Naval Training
Station on Goat Island in San Francisco
Bay. Mr. Riggins soon expects to extend
his flash-light attachment so as to
include the numerals from zero to nine,
the names of the marks of punctuation
and the stock calls and abbreviations.

STAGE LIGHTING BY ZONES
By F. B. R AE
A N E W system of stage lighting
has been perfected, known as
the "zone system", which promk
ises to revolutionize the art
of theatrical illumination. It
has been designed by Glenn Marston, of
New York, after several years of study
of the shortcomings of present-day
methods.
Numerous trials have been made of
the zone system of lighting by Mr.
Marston, and a full equipment was recently
used in an elaborate production
of the "Merry Whirl of 1916", an amateur
performance given by society people
in Southampton, Long Island. Some of
the leading spirits in the "Merry Whirl"
had seen the extraordinary effects which
Mr. Marston had been able to secure at
other pharity entertainments, and gave
him instructions to provide the best possible
lighting, regardless of the cost incident
to doing it to the last degree of
perfection.
However, one of the important
features of the "zone system" is that its
cost is verv low. Aside from two spot­
lights, the entire stage of the "Merry
Whirl", larger than the stages of most
theaters, was adequately lighted with
only eight lamps! With these eight
lamps most wonderful effects were produced,
there being a constant melting of
one color into another, making of the
stage a veritable fairyland.
The principle on which the "zone system"
is designed is the absolute prevention
of waste light. No light goes up
into the air nor does any escape in any
other direction. Every single light wave
is captured and made to contribute its
share to the general result.
In the "zone system" of stage lighting,
each lamp lights a certain area of the
stage, and no more. Special mirror reflectors,
scientifically designed to utilize
every ray of light, turn the rays all upon
this limited area. Thus a lamp whose
rays usually are cast in every direction,
technically called "spherical illumination",
have all those rays turned back
from their natural direction and pointed
at one particular place.
Mr. Marston states that in ordinary
875

876 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
BACK OF THE SCENES
Thi* photograph shows the temporary zone system wiring usrd in producing the 'Merry Whirl".
usage, the regular silvered-glass reflectors,
now used widely for window lighting,
are quite practicable for stage use,
a variation in result being obtained by
variations in the location of the filament
of the lamp in the reflector. That is, a
small sized lamp of the stereopticon type
placed in a deep reflector will give a
highly concentrated beam. On the other
hand one of the long-stemmed nitrogen
lamps in the same reflector will give
more spread to the illumination and light
a larger area, where the latter form of
illumination is desired.
The "Merry Whirl" was given in a
tent, with a large stage at one end. Instead
of scenery, growing trees and
shrubs in tubs were used along the sides
of the stage, while the back was left
open, giving a distant view of some beautiful
old trees bending over a hedge of
roses and other flowers. This distant
background was specially lighted, making
the vista from the audience like some
fairyland of light.
On the ground before the stage, at
either side, was a stand supporting a
silver-glass reflector containing a 250-
watt nitrogen lamp. These lights took
the place of the usual footlights, and
lighted the first zone of the stage. The
shadows cast by one lamp were taken
out by the light of the opposite lamp.
Just back of a low flower-box on either
side of the stage was a metal box containing
two reflectors, so mounted as to
be slightly movable. This mounting
made it possible to have both reflectors
cover a single area, or to separate their
rays so that each covered a different
area. Half way back, on either side,
was a stand six feet high, supporting a
reflector which lighted the rear portion
of the stage. These reflectors were adjustable,
so that the light could be
focused to a strong beam or spread into
a flood, as the occasion might demand.
They also could be pointed in any direction.
Most of the action in any performance
takes place at the front of the stage,
and these rear lights were merely to light
the performers as they made their entrances
and exits, also they gave an
ethereal transparency to many of the costumes
by lighting them slightly from
behind.

AMERICA ASKS FOR HER
BEST-LOVED SONS
A SHINING TESTIMONIAL FOR YANKEE ATHLETICS
The gridiron, the diamond, the court, and the links today are justifying themselves as sports never have
been justified before. Leaders in these pastimes have flocked to the van in the big, noble game of protecting
the native land. Men who have distinguished themselves, during past athletic campaigns,
have made themselves especially remarked because of their intense patriotism. Here are three who
would not need introduction, except for changes that uniforms make. They are—from left to right—
Charley Brickley. Billy Lynch and Sam Felton. three of Harvard's best.
877

TESTING THE "PUNCH"
OF OUR ATLANTIC FLEET
C0PYR1JHT M08EH-
WHETTING THE DREADNAUGHTS APPETITES
Somewhere on the Atlantic, recently, a great inventory, testing and overhauling of the battleships of our
eastern fleet took place. Every cannon that could be called into action was tried out thoroughly on targets,
and every man jack was examined, to see that there should be no weak link in the chain of our
offense by sea.
-

THE CROSS OF THE LEGION
- OF HONOR OF FRANCE
AN AMERICAN RECEIVES THIS DECORATION
Piatte Andrew, in tins photograph having the coveted French emblem bestowed upon him by a French
officer, distinguished himself as chief of the American Ambulance Corps in the desperate days that preceded
the great Somme drive.

880
AMERICANS—THAT'S ALL!
0OPTRI8MT—unr.E"WOUl> * UWDtRWOUQ
THEY PLAY HARD, WORK HARD. FIGHT HARDI
This camp of the 1st Engineers is typical; when our soldier boys haven't stern duty of some kind, they
demand rough and masculine sport.

HE ONLY HOPES THEY'LL CALL HIM
This is a photograph of the youngest licensed first class wireless operator in the world. Walter Siddel of
Washington, D. C. In spite of the fact that he is but fourteen years of age, he has offered his services
to the Government.
N ?>
Sf OliQ'C
M&
THE NAVY'S STRONG MAN GOES AFTER RECRUITS
This photograph, taken on Boston Common, shows James White, fireman of the U. S. S. Virginia, exhibiting
his athletic prowess to attract recruits. He drew an automobile one hundred yards with his
teeth.
n»iot cor,..-'— '.ii'"'. nu u»«'ct 881
M
__

GIANT TOWERS FOR RAIS­
ING SUNKEN SHIPS
By HARRY KNOWLES
V A S T fortunes amounting to
many millions of dollars, nowlying
unclaimed on the bottom
of the sea, to which are
being added constantly the
ships and cargoes destroyed by submarines,
may be salvaged by the portable
submarine fort invented by Carl J. Lindquist.
At the same time this peculiar
salvaging device with auxiliary equipment
is capable of fighting and destroying
subn arines. It has been endorsed
already b/ experienced shipmasters on
the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts as well a.s
United States Navy officers, and doubtless
will become standard equipment in
the course of time.
Briefly described, the Lindquist portable
submarine fort consists of two hollow
cylinders, constructed of. either steel
or wood, the outer of which is secured
pivotally to a portable pontoon base.
Power for salvaging ships is obtained
by admitting water into the inner cylinder
and hen pumping it out. This raises
the cylinder and. in turn, tightens a network
of cables that is fastened to the
wre^k. For defence against undersea
boat.- depth mines are attached to the
cables at various distances.
The cylinder, or buoyant chamber, or
882
sleeve—as it is variously called—is made
in sections that are twelve feet high and
fifteen feet in diameter. Between the
inner and outer cylinder there'is a sixinch
space. The pontoon ba'SeT'to which
two buoyant chambers are secured, may
be constructed of either wood or steel.
It is hollow and, when in use, the bottom
clings to the ocean bed like a vacuum
cup. Additional anchorage is assured by
a- flange which projects downward about
the pontoon and cuts the pressure of the
water as the latter rises through holes in
the flange. The tenacity with which the
base clings to the floor of the ocean is
comparable with that of a stone that has
become embedded in sand under water.
While the portable submarine fort is
approaching the supposed location of a
sunken ship, the operators begin preparations
for salvaging the vessel. They first
let out the lines and open seacocks in the
pontoon base, which fills with water and
begins to settle. As the base sinks the
buoyant chambers are brought into an
upright position, because they are lighter.
until the angle between the two sections
is ninety degrees or greater. The pontoon
base is prevented from scraping on
the bottom by a drum at one end.
Ait operator within the inner cylinder

directs placing the submarine fort in a
position favorable for raising the sunken
ship. I le makes his observations through
portholes and is aided by a powerful
searchlight which is supplied with current
from the towing vessel. In some
respects an operator in the bottom of the
inner cylinder is comparable to a diver in
an old-fashioned diving bell. Any system
of signals previously agreed upon can be
used. By the time the pontoon base has
RAISING SUNKEN SHIPS 883
such is the case, the cables may be swept
under the hull by means of an auxiliary
force in the cylinders, or the main power
derived by pumping out the water, or,
if necessary, a "sand-sucker" or propeller
may be employed for tunneling.
Finally the other end of the network of
cables is fastened to the top of the inner
buoyant chamber of another fort located
on the opposite side of the wreck.
Now everything is in readiness for
RECLAIMING THE OCEAN'S LOST TREASURES
We ''lay expect tosee this apparatus used soon by parties searching for every type of sunken bullion vessel, from the
Spanish galleons of 6ld to the new victims of German undersea pirates.
. . .«• .
filled with' water it is resting evenly on raising the submerged vessel without re­
tiie ocean bed. In this location it is not moving its valuable cargo. Seacocks
affected by ocean currents. ' Nor is the have been opened to admit water into the
buoyant chamber, now upright in posi­ inner cylinder which is then forced out
tion, affected by the movement of the through an opening at the top by motor-
water any more than an upright spar is. •
The next operation is getting the network
of cables under the vessel One
end is made fast in a clutch at the top
of the outer cylinder. Then the cables
are passed under the bow or s r ern of the
wreck, which is rarely difficult since it is
seldom that any ship settles into the sand
so that both fore and aft are buried. It-
driven pumps. This makes the inner
cylinder lighter and. therefore, it begins
to rise. At the same time this operation
tightens the hawser passing under the
shipwrecked vessel. As a rule the buoyant
chambers raise the shipwreck from
25 to 50 feet, after which they are refilled
with water, lowered, and another
bee on the cables is taken.

884
ROADSTER TO TOURING
CAR- -^, A JIFFY

BRANDING ORANGES
By H. C. KEGLEY
E L E C T R I C I T Y has come to the
rescue of Southern California
orange growers; it will be used
in protecting their fruit in tbe
markets of the world. Cooperative
growers in the California Fruit
(irowers Exchange have been spending
four hundred thousand dollars per year
to popularize their famous Sunkist brand
of oranges, and now they are going to
spend thousands to protect the brand.
An Alaskan, whose name is Ahlberg,
has invented an electric branding machine
which has been tried out experimentally
for the past two years. The
California Fruit Growers Exchange has
taken an option on the device for the
purchase of the United States and Canadian
rights, and for the right to use it
exclusively upon the fruit that they ship
to England and Australia. In case the
Exchange decides to use the machine it
is probable that five hundred will be
placed in operation this year.
The branding machine is simply
a large wheel with eighteen
spokes. At the end of each
spoke is a foot which carries a
delicate die which bears the word
"Sunkist" upon its face. This
die is heated by electricity to a
degree of temperature
which, when the die is
pressed down upon
the cheek of an
orange, causes the letters
to be pressed into
the skin of the fruit.
There is a certain
amount of wa.x in the
skin of an orange,
and the heat from the die melts the wax
as the die is pressed against the orange.
The wax runs into the imprint of the
die, forming a hard base upon the surface
of which the indelible ink on the
face of the die is left as the die is with­
drawn. This makes a pleasant-appearing
and permanent imprint.
The ink is placed upon the dies automatically
as the big wheel rolls around.
Each die passes under an ink container
The Electric Orange Branding
Machine and Three Samples of Its
Work
which drops upon
its face a drop
of the ink. The
die rolls under a
ribbon which distributes
the ink
over its face, and
then it travels on
to the next orange. The branding wheel
makes twenty revolutions a minute and
brands two boxes of fruit in that time.
It is capable of turning out approximately
two carloads of fruit in a working:
day.
us

The Underfeed Principle
Blowing through the unlighted end of a cigar produces
little smoke.
P H Y S I C A L L Y , smoke does not
give your lungs a square deal.
Financially, if you live in one
of the great or middle-sized
cities, King Smoke helps himself
to enough money from your pocketbook
every year to pay for cleaning
seventeen suits of clothes with five pairs
of gloves thrown in. This is your share
of the loss charged to Uncle Sam. The
entire sum would build the five great
bridges connecting New York City with
its boroughs, four times, and have eight
million dollars left over.
Chicago alone spends a sum equal to
$3.00 a year for every man, woman and
child in the State of Illinois. For the
privilege of giving its own citizens an
interior decoration of their human bellows,
and filling their eyes with more or
less pulverized coal, it costs $8.00 a year
for every person. This loss does not
include the tremendous soot damage to
merchandise, one State street merchant
charging $200,000 to this detriment
every time twelve months roll around.
Escape from this public nuisance
seems almost impossible. In Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Buffalo, St. Louis, Baltimore,
Louisville, the Smoke Sovereign will
hound you still. As a business block
886
BLACK
What Does It
By K. H.
owner in Louisville, Kentucky, you must
pay your share of the $37,000 required
to keep office buildings, hotels and hospitals
clean for a year.
Washington, D. C, will be more considerate
in this respect of your money
than most cities. The principal source
of smoke here is the railroads, but they
control it so wonderfully well, that very
little complaint can be made.
We come now to a clean city—New
York. Here the City Fathers simply
say: "There must be no dense smoke."
It is not a question of permitting chimneys
to smoke during certain periods, as
many ordinances allow, but the command
is absolute. As a consequence railroads
entering New York are electrified, and
hard coal is burned under boilers.
Where then does the famous "Smoky
A Nuisance That
These are the chimneys of the National Tube Company's
fore the installation of underfeed stokers in the furnace

SMOKE
Cost You?
HAMILTON
City" of Pennsylvania stand in the list
of smoke extravagance? The day of
miracles has not passed. Pittsburgh has
lost so much of its smoke that it has outgrown
its sobriquet—a name that made
its smoke famous. Concerning conditions
in this city today Chicago's health
man has made this statement: "I went
to Pittsburgh. The Commissioner of
Health took me to the top of the tallest
building. I looked out over the city.
As far as I could see not a stack was
belching smoke." There is a reason for
this statement. Smoke has been reduced
fully 75 per cent. By its reduction, and
we mention but one of the items, a saving
to citizens in the cutting down of
laundry bills averages $2.00 a year for
every person. This has been possible
by the elimination of smoke from rail-
V iS*^'
p
Has Been Obviated
plant, at MacKeesport, Pennsylvania, photographed bi
rooms. Now there is almost DO perceptible smoke.
The Old Way
Placing the lighted end of a cigar in your mouth and th^ri
blowing produces a cloud of smoke—half burned fuel.
roads. Smoke at its worst cost every
Pittsburgher about $20.00 a year.
Deserving special mention, is the
smokeless operation of locomotives in
and about Pittsburgh. In a yard, storing
from thirty to forty locomotives with
steam up ready for instant service, every
engine fired with soft coal, conditions
are worthy of praise and surely an end
for which other cities, not contemplating
electrification, should strive with success.
Watchdogs of the smoke situation in
Pittsburgh, have named their organization
Bureau of Smoke Regulation—not
prevention. There is a distinction.
Regulation does not seem to imply the
use of the "Big Stick," and so far this
Bureau has not resorted to any prosecutions.
"How is it done?" This question
has come from scores of cities in the
United States and even from England,
and Australia. "There is no one cureall."
is the reply, and we are further informed
that catching smoke after it is
made is wrong in principle and expensive
in practice. Their best scheme, they say,
is to induce the manufacturer to adopt
devices that lead to the complete combustion
of fuel.
Aside from injury to merchandise, the
disfigurement of buildings, discoloration
v*-

888 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
An Underfeed Installation
This principle allows every particle of the coal to be burned—onlv
trace goes up the chimney as smoke.
of metals, injury to plant life, and the
general increased cost of household
cleaning, smoke has a marked effect upon
the ability of men and women to resist
certain diseases. When you entered this
world your lungs were as beautifully
pink as the tinted petals of a hot house
rose. Are they now? Tell us where
you have lived and we will tell you how
black your lungs are. Thousands upon
thousands of Chicago lungs, and especially
those that have been taken to the
center of business activities daily, are
black from carbon taken into them by
breathing smoke-polluted air.
That which we see and call
smoke, is in reality carbon.
Medical History tells us we can
live a number of days without
food; that we can live a number
of days without water, but if our
air supply is cut off, we pass to
the beyond in from three to four
minutes. From these facts then,
we believe we prefer our unconsumed
coal in the food we eat, or
the water we drink, for our
chances of living the allotted
three score and ten would then
be better.
Continued inhalation of coal
smoke produces a pulmonary affection
known to specialists as
anthracosis. Every city dweller
suffers from it to a certain extent.
Blackening your lungs
with carbon starts you on the
straight road that leads to bronchial
trouble, pneumonia, and
ofttimes tuberculosis. Sunlight
is one of our best germ killers,
but how can we get it if we are
enveloped in a curtain of smoke ?
Big business is hiding behind
clouds of smoke, only waiting
for Captains of Industry to discover
it. We burn every year in
the United States over four hundred
million tons of coal. Its
valuation is placed at over $460,-
000,000. Twenty per cent of
this amount floats away in
the smoke clouds of wasted wealth.
When the smoke nuisance was at its
worst in Pittsburgh the sulphur content
of the gases escaping from steel furnaces
was estimated at five hundred thousand
tons a year. Through chemical action
upon structural steel this amount would
be able to destroy totally 265,000 tons,
or about twenty-nine trains of fifty gondola
cars each. Besides this, it could
render useless scores of tons more.
The steel industry was until a few
years ago our most prolific waster of
wealth. At this time a series of experi-

merits were started that had for their
chief object the harnessing of gases
driven off in this manufacture. Such
gases now are collected and used as fuel
for huge engines which drive dynamos
and produce electrical energy, not only
for operating the plant, but for lighting
purposes for surrounding territory. As
a result of the manufacture of steel there
remains a product known as slag. The
mind of the chemical reformer did not
forget this. He found a way to use it
in the manufacture of cement, and probably
now you could find it in that concrete
house of yours.
These instances of wanton waste are
merely drops in the proverbial bucket.
Salt Lake City throws away $10,000
daily from the fine dust carried up tbe
flues with smelter smoke. In Waterbury,
Connecticut, the brass business
flourishes. A study of this business re­
BLACK SMOKE S89
gained in the recovery of this waste,
within a year or two, you and your family
and a few of your relatives' families
could sidestep the poor house and roll
past in limousines. Waste in smelter
smoke has another disadvantage aside
from monetary. Often the fumes given
off are of a poisonous nature, such as
arsenious oxide. This settles on surrounding
vegetation and often as a result
some farmer's stock is stricken from
grazing on such pasture and the verdure
killed.
When smelters have taken advantage
of Professor Cottrell's invention for the
electrical precipitation of chimney fumes
there will be a new order of things.
Some smelters in the West have already
installed this system. It is one of the
most ingenious devices of the age. Its
installation cost one plant over a million
dollars but it effected a saving to the
THE "SMOKY CITY" AS IT APPEARS TODAY
Pittsburgh no longer deserves this opprobrious title; its smoke nuisance has been mitigated to an almost
unbelievable extent.
veals the fact that this town throws away
seventy-five hundred pounds of zinc
every day. As this floats from the stacks
it is in the form of zinc oxide. At the
time this is written zinc has a market
value of ten cents a pound. Figure this
out and be convinced that with the wealth
company of over $372 each day the plant
was operated. The Pennsylvania railroad
has been experimenting with the
system for the removal of carbon from
its engine smoke. This being the first
one. some trouble has been experienced,
but it is doing the work effectually.

WHEN A BIG SHELL RUNS
AMUCK
More Startlin
th
The family—that
ploye at Indian
seated at the din
there was a ten
Walls were shatter
down, dishes fell
chandeliers rattli
gaping hole sho
house, down and
piazza—shown in
big 16 inch shells
ment Proving Gro
another shell in fli
selected the home as its mark
890

HOW TO^
BECOME A
SHARPSHOOTER
by Edward C. Crossman
T
HEWS of the ox and the
strength of Samson are fine
for weight lifting, or for an
argument with another person
of sorts, but strength is not
in the makeup of a sharp-
necessary
shooter.
Not muscle, but the condition of being
fit, spells success with the rifle.
A slight, wiry chap there was at the
National Rifle Matches of the Government
at Jacksonville, Florida, last fall—
a member of the schoolboy rifle team
from Washington, D. C. He boasted of
sixteen years, he weighed possibly one
hundred pounds, he was not a great deal
taller than the short brown rifle of
Uncle Sam, which he carried.
But he was fit. his little wires of
muscles were hard, his eyes were bright,
his "coordination" of eye, muscles and
rifle was perfect. Therefore this little
slip of a chap sat down on a flexible
right foot at the end of a willowy ankle.
when rapid fire from the kneeling position
was on the program, and slammed
ten shots out of the twenty fired into
the cringing eight-inch bullseye two
hundred yards away, whilst all about
him the full grown men of the crack
militia and civilian rifle teams also in the
great competition labored and grunted
and puffed and cursed. His name stood
far up the list of the best shots of the
A Steady Aim
This sitting position, for the lean shooter who wears the
brogan type of shoe, is almost as dependable as the prone.
country at the end, merely because he
was fit.
Not strength, but physical fitness, not
bulk but the smooth response of the
muscles to well-controlled nerves, not
necessarily even experience but the
power to concentrate intensely on the
task of hitting the thing to be hit, mark
the successful rifleman. Some men shoot
well in spite of poor condition ; no man
shoots as well in this shape as he would
were he fit.
No man ever hit a thing repeatedly
that he couldn't see. No man ever shot
straight who couldn't define clearly the
rifle sights. Wherefore, let us consider
friend eye.
The first article of agreement our
potential sharpshooter must sign with
himself is that the eye must be taken
care of, and bad habits causing eyestrain
must cease. On the taboo list we
chalk down reading at night to any considerable
extent, reading in bed or lying
down, .excessive reading at any time,
much attendance at "movies," and using
the eyes when facing a bright light. The
men of the service rifle teams are always
examined by a competent oculist, and the
891

892 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
slightest errors of the eyes are corrected.
Out of fifty husky young chaps, using
their eyes but little and leading an outdoor
life, the oculist finds about forty
whose vision for
rifle shooting can be
aided by glasses.
Rifle shooting is the
test of the human eye.
The wise rifleman
"dopes" his eyes
morning and night
with a lukewarm solution
of boracic
acid and water, say
a tablespoon to the
half-glass, and with
an eye-cup for applying
it.
I am persuaded at
the end of ten years'
critical observation of the developing
rifleman that of all men who have trouble
learning how to shoot the military rifle,
the chap of obese architecture and the
usual soft muscles has the worst time
of it.
He's too fat to get flat on the ground
in the prone position, he's so heavy that
he holds up an agonized and protesting
shoulder against the recoil of the rifle
where the slighter man would "give",
and the perspiration oozes from every
pore from the effort necessary. Wherefore,
envy not the whale and if you run
to the whale variety yourself, consider
every pound of weight that is not hard
muscle as a pound of very much excess
baggage.
Many expert riflemen go through a
regular course
of gymnasium
training before
Dig in the Heels!
This position is used by many
of the crack shots of the
country, but it is unreliable
unless two points are ob­
served carefully. The heels
must sink firmly into the
ground and the elbow must
rest inside the patella (knee­
cap), not upon it. Then the
rifle is held nearly as steadily
as in a machine rest.
the rifle season, and keep in trim
by the same means. Plenty of sleep,
plenty of exercise in the open air or in
the gym, plenty of water—but little other
liquid—to drink, and as good a digestive
system as Nature will allow you—that's
the preliminary stuff. Smoking never
helped any rifleman, but far better a
smoker than the grouchy, snappy,
drawn-faced wretch who has given up
an established and a mighty comforting
habit in the delusion that he is helping
his shooting thereby. "Wind" has little
to do with successful rifle shooting, save
the skirmish run, which is little used,
and the man used to smoking had better
continue to smoke at least a little.
Coffee has without question a deleterious
effect on both eyes and nerves,
and many team captains
frown on its use
Freakish, but Approved by Some
This method of aiming makes it difficult for the beginner to
obtain the proper alignment of sights and eye, but several
good men use it habitually.
save by the addicts to this form of drug
habit who cannot break away from it.
The man who is unused to it, and who
drinks it at night or before a shoot where
nerve is required comes under the heading
of common or garden variety of

HOW TO BECOME A SHARPSHOOTER 893
idiot. So much for the physical side of
the sharpshooter.
Now with our sharpshooter in full
possession of his rifle and some ammunition,
his first desire is to make tracks
for the target range. He feels that the
way to learn to shoot is to shoot.
But alas, it isn't, save as a hard and a
costly, and a former-of-bad-habits way.
Not in the American, the German, the
British, or in any other army is the
embryo rifleman allowed to fire his rifle
until he has gone through a course of
sprouts with weapon guiltless of cartridge,
and then with the humble .22 or
else lightly loaded "tcilmunition", as the
Teutons call their preliminary practice
cartridges for the Mauser.
hirst, the mark you must set for yourself.
Ammunition companies and the Government
arsenals use the machine rest
for testing the accuracy of rifles and
ammunition. This is a contrivance of
solid concrete base, heavy steel plate,
heavy clamps to fit the rifle, and accurate
ways on which the clamps may slide in
recoil and return to the firing position.
It merely enables the delivery of a series
of shots from a rifle, absolutely uniform
in pointing and support for each shot.
So fixed, it will shoot the Government
cartridge repeatedly into a circle six
inches at 500 yards.
That's your model, the machine rest.
The good shot merely has learned to
hold his rifle in the same way each time,
with the same pressure against the shoulder
and the same pull on the sling, with
the sights accurately aligned on the same
WAIT THREE MONTHS BEFORE YOU TRY THIS!
The amateur invariably tries to learn to shoot by shooting; he goes to a target range and blows up many pounds of
good ammunition trying to pink the pasteboard deer, when he should be practicing nothing but aiming and triggerpulling.
spot, and with the trigger pull so smooth
and so devoid of tendency to move the
rifle the least bit, that he's made a machine
rest of himself! "Wind doping"
and light judgment are merely higher
mathematics, the differential calculus to
your present desire to learn the multiplication
table.
So, snugly beyond the reach of embarrassing
stares and fear of the kick
of the rifle, you lay yourself down to
learn the first and most important position
in shooting the fighting rifle, the
prone. First you pin up on the wall
under a good light, a little white card
with a little black ink spot on it for a
bullseye, so it will look roughly the
width of the front sight from where you

894 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
The Prone Position, with All
Equipment
Note the manner in which the sling is wrapped about the
relt arm. and the manner in which the coat elbows are
padded.
practice. This is all the target you need
at first.
The sling strap is the most important
aid to holding the rifle steadily. All well
conducted rifles have them. If the rifle
is by chance the Government rifle, the
upper half of the sling is so adjusted by
the hook as to form a loop from the
upper swivel to which it is fastened, long
enough to reach back to about the
"comb" of the stock, which is the raised
part back of the grip of the right
hand.
Then the left hand is put through the
loop from the right
side as it hanp-s from
its swivel, the loop is
Stewart Edward
White's Offhand
Position
Whenever this crack
shot takes a sudden
snap at a mountain
goat or charging rhinoceros,
his arms assume
this supporting
position.
pushed well up the
arm to the arm-pit,
then the left hand is
swung up over the
sling near its junction with the rifle
and the rifle is grasped as near the
swivel as possible, with the sling passing
around the right side of the stiffened
wrist.
The sling, to be of any value, must be
tight. When the body is prone, the left
elbow should be under the rifle, so a
plumb-bob, dropped from the rifle, would
fall in the crook of the left elbow. The
sling must be so tight that it is difficult
to get the rifle to the shoulder. The left
hand must be well under and around the
rifle, so it lies down snugly in the bony
structure of the palm, from the base of
the index finger past the base of the
thumb. Always does the tyro grasp it
gingerly in his fingers and hold it there
trembling like the affrighted
birdie. Properly
held, the rifle will lie
steady and motionless at the shoulder,
with the right hand not touching it, and
the fingers of the left hand wide open. In
firing of course they are clasped around
the stock to aid in holding.
Now with the sling properly adjusted,
and the rifle held steadily at the shoulder
by its pull, see that the body is not
behind the rifle, but to the left of the
line of its barrel thirty degrees or more.
Thus the poor shoulder can give back
like a spring, without having the body
solidly behind it. The sling, properly

MOW TO BECOME A SHARPSHOOTER 895
THE SANDBAG REST
This is allowed in army target contests, but it does not make unnecessary any of the ordinary precautions in regard to
concentration.
tight, takes up most of the kick. See with the peep. If the rear sight is an
that the body is just as flat to the ground open sight, a notch in a bar, then draw
a.s you can get it. About this time of the the front up until its tip is just level
game your elbows begin to protest, and with the horizontal line of the bar in
you grasp the beaut)- of the thick rug which the notch is cut. Then don't vary
under them when practicing on the floor, this from shot to shot. Absolute uniformand
the padded coat or shirt when firing ity in sighting is the price of accuracy in
on the rifle range. The pad for the rifle fire.
shoulder does not matter much, but pads Touch the bottom of the bull with the
for the elbows and a little extra layer tip of the front sight, and don't in your
around the left arm where the sling tries effort to get it right in this respect,
to cut into the muscles is the plan for change its relation to the rear sight.
the coat of every expert rifle shot. Then squeeze slowly and softly that
Now put the right thumb outside the most important little slip of steel, the
grip of the rifle, not across it pistol-grip trigger, making up your mind that you
fashion, else the same thumb, when you won't move the rifle in squeezing it off,
really fire cartridges, will commit and that you won't quit holding steadily
mayhem against your nose. Pull back on the bottom of the bull merely because
the thumb, double it up, until you press the striker or hammer of the rifle goes
its end down against the stock. Then "click".
you can squeeze off the trigger smoothly Never close the aiming eve as the
and softly and gently without moving hammer falls; keep it focused sharply
the rifle in the least and without moving on the front sight and its relation to the
the rest of the hand. bull as the sharp click comes. The tar-
Having gotten st) far, raise the leaf of get—in this case your little aiming card
the rear sight, catch the front sight —is supposed in rifle parlance to be the
through the rear peep or notch, then face of a watch, hung up vertically by
touch the bottom of the bull with the tip the stem. Thus the top of the target is
of the front sight. If the rear is a peep, 12 o'clock, the bottom is six o'clock, the
let the tip of the front sight always ap- right side, straight out on the horizontal
pear in the exact center of the little line, is three o'clock, and the left nine
round hole. It will tend to go there by o'clock. This is to enable the rifleman
itself unless you intentionally pull it to speak intelligently and explicitly of
away. There is no fine or coarse sight' the location of a shot or of the front

896 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
One of the Millions of Faulty Positions
This is artificial and unsatisfactory; it looks as though thr
person using it cared more for "form" than results—and
results usually bear out this condemnation.
sight, instead of saying vaguely that the
shot went high left which may mean
more or less high and more or less left.
Alas, when your hammer fell, the
front sight instead of staying calmly in
its position at six o'clock, touching the
bull, gave a little jump, and as the clickcame
you noted that it leaped up to one
o'clock, above the bull, and a bit to
the right.
Now is the time to stop and talk it
over seriously.
The final trigger pull of the rifle is
the one stumbling block of the neophyte
rifleman. Nine-tenths of all puffs of
wind, changes of light, poor ammunition,
inaccurate rifle and prevaricating
marking boy at the target, are nothing
more than that fatal little tenth of a
second when the hammer of the rifle
falls on the firing pin. It boots not that
you have held the rifle like unto
a rock for ten minutes previous
to the release of the hammer, it
boots not that you held the rifle
like a machine rest to within a
tenth of a second of the time the
trigger slipped back
and the hammer fell.
If you didn't hold the
rifle motionless, undisturbed in
the slightest by the fact that you
felt the trigger slip, and if the
rifle was moved by anything save
the recoil of the cartridge, then
you're hopeless until you quit
that most fatal habit—letting go just as
the trigger comes back. As the rifleman
says, "you quit holding, and pulled the
trigger".
You must hold that rifle steadily and
undisturbed by the fall of the hammer
or striker, wherefore the extreme value
of the practice with the empty rifle, and
then with the humble .22, the recoil of
which won't serve to cover up your
trigger squeezing faults. Were you
shooting full service loads, the kick of
the gun would have covered up that
jump of the front sight from the fall of
the hammer—really from your own failure
to continue to hold the rifle—and
you'd be all at sea and go to fussing
around and blaming the rifle and ammunition
or changing your sights.
Make yourself, from the very first
snap of the hammer of the empty rifle.
first tell yourself or your instructor
where the front sight was when the
hammer fell and whether or not it
moved; second, release that trigger
without affecting in the slightest your
calm, steady aim. Get in the habit of
holding the rifle motionless three or four
seconds after the hammer falls, and
never blink the eye or take it off the
front sight. This will help you avoid
that most common habit and that most
fatal habit of what the rifleman knows
(Continued on page 940)

HOW TO PRESERVE EGGS
AT HOME
By H A R O L D EVERETT B U R T O N
EFORE cold storage came into
use in this country, a man
named Levi Hoyt started preserving
eggs. When he started
the venture, he had nothing in
the way of money. After borrowing a
comparatively small sum, he bought, the
first year, one thousand dozen eggs.
Three years afterward he died, leaving
an estate of over twenty thousand dollars.
During his lifetime no one succeeded
in getting any information about how his
little fortune was made, except that by
preserving and selling these eggs he was
able to live these last three years in comfort.
Even after his death no one could
secure the secret formula. It was not till
a number of years later that his executor
came across an old yellow slip of paper
on which was written this formula in
code form. It is published here with
other methods of preserving eggs, all of
which are reliable, depending upon the
care with which the directions are followed.
Next winter, if one of these formulas
is used, the housewife may take from
her storeroom eggs which are exactly as
wholesome as the kind bought in winter
for seventy-five cents a dozen, but which
will cost only twenty-five cents a dozen
at the very highest if bought during the
spring season.
First, as to the number of eggs to buy
for the year for the average family of
four, let us figure that there are eight
months in the year when eggs are almost
prohibitive in price. During May, June
and July one may buy eggs in two dozen
lots without feeling that he has signed a
lease on his soul. These months are
only one-third of a year, however, so
during this time we must provide for the
other two-thirds of the year. If the
average family of four uses three dozen
eggs a week, in eight months it will use
approximately one hundred dozen.
The housewife can take her choice of
four ways of preserving eggs. If she
doesn't feel that she can afford to buy
one hundred dozen at one time—an expenditure
of from twenty to twenty-five
dollars—she had better choose the
method which is the easiest and cheapest
for preserving smaller quantities of the
eggs. She can then get twenty-five
dozen in May, fifty dozen in June, and
another twenty-five dozen in July. But
if possible, it is cheaper to get them all
at once.
The first method is by cold storage.
The possibilities of cold storage for
housekeepers are becoming greater and
greater, a large number of cities nowhaving
facilities for renting cold-storage
space. By keeping whole, uncracked
eggs at a temperature of thirty-two degrees,
and by not taking them from storage
until they are to be used, no one can
complain of their good-tasting qualities.
Second, by immersing eggs in a solution
which will completely cover them
and prevent the entrance of air, the great
germ carrier, the same result can be obtained.
Third, coating the shell with some
substance that will make it impervious
is satisfactory.
Fourth, destroying the germs by the
use of the X-ray is the very newest
method.
People in the past have had success
with methods of covering the eggs with
salt, wood ashes, and even with plaster
of Paris, but while eggs packed in this
way are good for a comparatively short
period, this method cannot be depended
807

S9S
ILLUSTRATED WORLD
upon surely for many months of preservation.
For family use, eggs that are preserved
in lime and salt are probably the
best. This method requires the least expenditure
of money, the mixture is easily
prepared, and the process can be absolutely
depended upon. A safe rule in
mixing this is to allow one quart of solution
to each dozen eggs. First, stir three
pounds of quicklime in three gallons of
boiled water. It is well to slake the lime
in a part of this water, adding the remainder
afterward. Next stir in one-half pound
of common salt and let the whole mixture
stand for about ten hours. Separate the
clear liquid from the sediment and dissolve
in this about one-fourth of an
ounce of boracic acid. The mixture
should be kept in earthen, glass, or clean
wood receptacles, and the eggs should be
immersed in this mixture completely,
allowing two inches, or even more,
above the eggs. The receptacles should
be kept in as cool a place as possible, and
the eggs should not be taken out of
the mixture until they are needed. This
amount of solution will cover about
twelve dozen eggs.
Levi Hoyt's method of preserving
eggs was given to the public recently in
a little pamphlet on "How to Preserve
Eggs, and Why." Herewith is given the
recipe he used to obtain his fortune. It
is taken from the code form.
"To unslaked lime 'add water till it
forms a thin slush. Now strain it
through a fine sieve into a forty-gallon
barrel or vessel, washing out all the
strength of the lime. Dissolve three
quarts of salt and add to the solution.
In this dissolve 2 ounces bicarbonate of
soda, 2 ounces cream of tartar, 2 ounces
borax, and one ounce of saltpetre."
He stirred this mixture and added water
to the amount of twenty gallons. Then he
filled the vessel with eggs to within four
inches of the top. To exclude outside
air from the mixture, he covered a hoop
with cloth which was immersed in moist
lime and placed this hoop just inside the
top of the barrel. Shortly before he sold
the eggs, Mr. Hoyt took them out of the
barrel and packed them in oats to dry.
He made it his business religion to have
absolutely perfect, fresh eggs to begin
with, because no amount of doctoring
will make a bad egg good.
Another method of preservation coming
into favor is the use of water glass.
Water glass is silicate of soda, which is
made by fusing together quartz, sand,
and soda ash. It is about the consistency
of molasses, and is translucent but not
transparent. The price, however, is too
high for the average housekeeper because
if she bought it at retail, it would
cost six cents a dozen to preserve the
eggs. If a number of women in a neighborhood
could club together and buy in
five gallon lots from a wholesale druggist,
the price would be reasonable, and
the method of using it is "nicer" than the
lime and salt. It is as follows: To nine
parts of boiling water, add one part of
water glass. Stir this with a stick, and
when the mixture becomes cool, but not
cold, immerse the eggs. They should be
kept in earthen crocks or galvanized iron
tubs. After a while this mixture coagulates
and turns white, but this does not
injure it.
The Italians have a unique method of
preserving eggs but, on account of the
high and increasing cost of the preserving
product, it probably would not be
feasible in this country. They cover the
eggs with lard to completely exclude the
air from the pores in the egg shell. The
lard is slightly warm when used but not
sufficiently, however, to cook the eggs.
Other lard preserving methods are used
also; for instance, the eggs are rolled in
lard on a marble slab until all the surface
is covered. The principle of all is the
same, however; if air is excluded from
the albuminous contents, decomposition
is delayed appreciably.
Experiments with the X-ray have
shown that eggs exposed to its rays will
keep fresh, but they must be kept in a
dark place until needed because the
bright light counteracts the effect of the
X-ray.

HINTS [roR^^ftj\Li PEOPLE
i,——y^ ^s, /^ /is .v.?^.'si ,—i
GIVES THE COV/ FREE RANGE
A N old carriage wheel and axle are all
^^ that the resourceful farmer needs
with which to make a device for giving
a tethered cow or horse the full length
of its rope the entire time the animal is
tied out. The axle is set upright and
It Is Impossible to Get "Wound Round the Peg" as
with the Stake System
the wheel slipped over, the wheel thus
being free to rotate in a horizontal plane.
The tether rope is attached to the rim
of the wheel, and the device is complete.
No matter how much the cow may roam
about, she cannot wind the rope upon
the stake, because at the least pull the
wheel turns and keeps the rope free from
entanglements.
OIL CAN WHERE YOU
WANT IT
""THIS holder for an oil can is designed
to be attached to the dash
of an automobile, under the hood,
which is the most convenient place to
keep an oil can. It then is
ready for instant use for oiling
motor parts. The oil is
kept warm, and will flow
freely in coldest weather. It
is made to fit a 3^-inch
diameter oil can. The price
is twenty cents.
COMPLETE BREAKFAST ON
THE TABLE
""THERE is a new electric stove on the
market which has three compartments.
Three distinct cooking operations
are accomplished at the same time,
and at the same cost as one. The stove
is provided with two shallow pans, one
deep vessel with a grid for broiling, and
an egg poacher with four egg cups. The
shallow pans a.e used as griddles, as
covers for the deep vessel, and as heat
reflectors.
One of the best advantages of this
stove is that it toasts both sides of the
toast at the same time. You can fry
eggs jn the griddle on top, toast in the
toaster drawer, and broil bacon or chops
in the deep vessel below, all at the same
time. In fact, the new stove broils, boils,
This Compact Electric Stove Will Prepare an Ordinary
Breakfast—Eggs, Toast and Chops or Bacon—
Right on the Table
toasts, fries, poaches, steams, or performs
any process that does not require
an oven, and all on the breakfast
or lunch table, if desired. It is
made of pressed steel, finished in
polished nickel, and weighs eight
pounds ready for shipping.
The busy commuter's wife
will find that it cuts a good
five minutes from the time
required to prepare hubby's
breakfast—which is a real
item to reluctant suburban
risers.
899

900 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
COMBINED BATHING CAP AND
SUIT BAG
""THIS new bathing cap is very efficient
as a bathing and diving cap. But
that is not all. When inflated, it is a
regulation football. When not inflated,
it can be untied and utilized as a suit bag
Take Me with You to the Lake! I'll Carry Your Suit,
Protect Your Hair, and Play Water Polo with You!
for the wet bathing suit. The cap is so
arranged, with its hooks and ties, that it
can be used as a life saver or as water
wings.
COMBINED WATCHCASE AND
VANITY BOX
""THE fad for combining everyday useful
articles has another expression in
the combined watchcase and vanity box,
Case Is Right Handy
You Look at Your
Watch
the inventor working on the theory that
the user of the vanity box has recourse
to the powder puff as often as she does
to her watch; so the two are ever ready.
The watchcase and vanity box are separated
by a mirror.
A SHOWER BATH FOR
NOTHING
A NON-SPLASHING, perfectly ef-
•^^ fective shower bath that can be
made by anyone at no expense is shown
in the picture. Take an eight-foot section
of discarded garden hose and slit one
end an inch and a half deep in four
places, thus making four strips about tys,
of an inch wide. Cut out two alternate
strips leaving the other two. Fit a tight
plug to the depth of the cuts and bind
the two strips about the hose at about
three feet from the end, making a loop
a foot or so in diameter. Punch oneeighth
inch holes about two inches apart
on the inside of the loop, hang it about
The Homemade Non-Splasher
your neck, slip the other end of the hose
over the end of the bath-tub faucet, turn
on the water, and keep cool.
Si
CLEANING BY ELECTRICITY
"T JNPLEASANT" and "thankless"
are proper adjectives to apply to
the job of cleaning silver. For years we
have been pestered at our back doors by
old women, young boys, etc., all swearing
that their compounds would shine anything,
down to lead.

There is now an electrolytic method of
cleaning silverware quickly, no matter
how soiled or discolored it may be. Here
is the recipe. Purchase a small aluminum
pan, which may be of any shape, just so
it is made of aluminum. Put into the
pan a sufficient quantity of water and
bicarbonate of soda to give a saturated
solution. Place this on the kitchen stove,
so that it will be kept thoroughly hot
while the discolored silverware is immersed
in the solution. The silver must
rest on the bottom of the pan, and the
pieces must not touch each other but
must invariably touch the aluminum vessel.
An electrolytic action is set up so that
current passes between the aluminum
container and the silver pieces, and the
latter being positive to the aluminum,
causes in consequence an extremely
slight amount of the silver to be disintegrated
from the ware. The blackish
deposit adhering to the sides and bottom
Cleaning a Silver Spoon
of the aluminum vessel is silver oxide
and other matter which has been removed,
leaving the silver in a practically
new condition.
Contrary to general opinion, this process
is not injurious to the silverware.
The amount of silver disintegrated or
deposited in the bath is so very slight
that it amounts practically to nothing.
jt
PRESSED WHILE YOU SLEEP
DROP.ABLY the mattress alone proved
unsatisfactory for the young man
who invented this home trouser pressing
arrangement. It is made of light board.
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 901
>4
This Simple Device Cuts Down Pressing Bills or
Labor to Next to Nothing. If Done Every Night the
Trousers Are Kept Creased Perfectly
The trousers are laid on the middle
board, and the two outer boards fastened
over them, completely covering the legs
of the trousers. The metal holders fasten
down over the boards and are securely
clamped on each side.
When the trousers are fastened inside
the whole arrangement can be hung up
by a hook at the back.
SANITARY DISH WASHER
T H E device is simple in operation. A
faucet connection is fastened permanently
by three little screws. Into it the
hose nipple is screwed, and the water
turned on. The water flows through a
chamber containing soap, and soap suds
come down through the brush with
which the dishes are scrubbed. A pressure
of the thumb on a button gives a
stream of clear water to rinse with, and
Banishes the Dirty Dishpan

902 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
the dishes are then put in the dryer to
drain.
The soapsuds keep the brush clean and
the device is sanitary in every way. A
larger and stiffer brush also may be obtained
to clean pots and pans, at a slight
extra cost.
UNION PAJAMAS
THESE new union pajamas retain their
tailored appearance of two pieces,
yet they are in one and are made to
Even if There's a Fire You Can't Lose These;
They're Made in One Piece
avoid the discomfort of the two-piece
suit with its binding around the waist.
PRESS PROTECTOR
T H E need of protecting the hands of
the workman who operates a punch
press, as well as the purse of his employer,
is met by a press protector in the
form of a collapsible latticed gate which
forms a guard in front of the descending
punch. Unless the gate is fully extended
in front of the punch and die, the press
cannot operate. The moment the operation
is completed, the gate folds and
springs up out of the workman's way.
The open style of the protector permits
seeing the work clearly through it.
\\lien the worker is relieved of fear, he
can do more and better work, while the
employer is relieved of damage suits or
insurance payments to a degree which
more than compensates for the low cost
of the protector.
St
A SOAPY BATH MITTEN
THE participant in the Turkish bath
remembers as the most pleasant thing
about it, or rather, the least unpleasant,
the soapy lather rub given by the masseur
after the sojourn in the chamber of perspiring
horror. With a lot of work and
rubbing, this soapy lather could be made
in the bath at home, but this new mitten
makes all the lather without the extra
hard rubbing or the stopping to rub the
You May Have That Rub in the Tub at Home

soap on the wash cloth. The mitten is composed
of waterproof elastic material with
a series of perforations or holes, so that
a cake of soap may be held in the hand
inside the mitten, and the skin rubbed,
while a copious flow of lather exudes
constantly.
Si
BRUSH AND COMB IN ONE
THIS new combined hair brush and
comb has been designed for use in
The Brush-Comb Combination
milady's boodle bag, hand bag, or vanity
case. The brush folds over neatly against
the comb and can be put in a very small
space. The combination can be bought
with a case to cover, in which there is
also a sufficient space for holding a toothbrush.
St
ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR
PHONOGRAPHS
A S yet there is no "touch system" in
vogue to enable us to play the
phonograph in the dark, and play it
right. So the next best thing is the little
electric light attachment which is placed
just above the needle. The miniature
electric light is attached to the reproducer,
and is capable of being operated
from a flashlight battery.
When the switch provided is pressed
downward in a forward direction, a mo-
Lights Up the Needle
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 903
mentary contact is secured, lighting the
lamp for the replacing of needles when
playing in the dark. When the switch is
thrown backward, the circuit is permanently
closed until thrown upward again.
The light is very small; it is just
enough to read the names of the records
by, and can hardly be seen across the
room.
Si
NEW VACCINATION SHIELD
THIS new invention performs a double
function. First, it prevents the vaccine
virus from being rubbed off. Sec­
ond, it guards the wound from any danger
of infection. It is applied very
easily, as the illustration indicates.
PERFECT GARMENT HANGER
A GARMENT hanger should be a
simple thing, but heretofore not one
has been made that has been entirely
satisfactory. The simple ones did not
hold the trousers or skirt securely, and
the more complicated ones took too much
time to adjust. This hanger is made per-

904 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
THE IDEAL CLOTHES
HANGER
feet by putting a band of clock-spring
steel across the hanger bars, and adjusting
it in such a way that when it is
pushed down on a pair of trousers or a
skirt it holds them firmly in place.
The inventor worked for years on the
idea, simple though it may appear. His
problem was to secure the necessarily
complicated machinery that would force
a piece of steel into the wood without
breaking that wood and to make a hanger
that could be sold as cheap as the simplest
forms on the market. He seems to
have solved the problem satisfactorily.
AIR FRICTION SPEEDOMETER
AND WATCH
THIS new speedometer has long been
promised in the automobile world.
It is a combination automobile watch and
speedometer, and works by
air friction. The speed measuring
portion is composed of
two cups, one of which telescopes
the other within the
air gap separating the two.
This air friction between the
cups is directly proportioned
to the speed of the revolving
cup. By this method uniform
calibration is made possible.
The instrument includes
season and trip odometers.
registering 999.9 and 99,999.9
miles.
The obvious difficulty
would seem to lie in the fact
that a head wind might increase
the apparent registered
speed unduly, but this has
been overcome to some extent
by the placing of mechanism.
L_J
The Air-Driven Speedometer
A MODEL UNION
T H E professional artists' models of
Los Angeles are planning to form a
"models' union". Miss Mabel Foncy
Harvey, one of the best-known models in
the United States, is the originator of the
idea.
"Our work is no longer an appendage
of Bohemianism, it is a sober business,"
she said the other day referring to the
posing of an artist's model. "In Southern
California, especially Los Angeles,
there are many models. Their number is
being augmented. There seems to be
something in the California air that
draws the artists, and of course where
the artists are, there must the models
be also. So we have a large number of
them, and we have decided to organize."
"What will be the object of the organization?"
she was asked.
"Many of the girls are
young, and need the protection
of their older sisters,"
replied Miss Harvey. "While
a number of our models have
won an enviable reputation in
the eastern centers, yet there
are many here who are struggling
for place. Naturally
this condition invites impostors
to advertise themselves
as artists in order to trap the
girls in one way or another.
We shall ferret out these, and
by the use of legal means,
when necessary, crush out the
snakes. A lawyer of our sex
is helping to draft the bylaws
of the association. The
idea will be to look after our
girls and assist them in any
way they may desire or need.

HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 905
In other words, the society will feel an keeper if he gets pepper instead of salt.
interest in each girl; there will always be When he wishes pepper he pushes a little
available a chaperon. Then too," added indicator on the top of the cellar to the
Miss Plarvey, "we shall make oppor­ left, and when he wishes salt he pushes
tunities for the intellectual improvement the same indicator to the right.
and social pleasure of our members—•
Si
opportunities that I know will be seized SANITARY GARBAGE CAN
eagerly."
I_JERE is a garbage can that is the lat­
St
est thing in convenience and sanita­
A REAL SPORTS HAT
tion. To remove the cover it is not
T H E newest sports hat has a view to necessary to touch it with the hands, as
practicality, though it looks as if it this can be clone by a slight pressure of
were made for winking purposes. The the foot upon a pedal under the can.
The waste being emptied into the pail,
This Decoration Has an Alarmingly Flirtatious
Appearance
object of this particular hat is to protect
the brows and eyes of the wearer and
at the same time to allow a view of objects
in advance.
St
COMBINATION SALT AND
PEPPER CELLAR
THIS combination salt and pepper
shaker puts the responsibility up to
the user. He can't blame the house-
Salt and Pepper Shakers in One
the foot pressure is released and the top
closes by itself, and is locked automatically.
The overturning of the pail is of
little moment since the contents will not
spill if it is knocked over. The fall of
the top causes a disinfectant, contained
therein, to be sprayed over the contents
of the can, and keeping down the dis-

906 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
agreeable odors so common around this
receptacle.
This sanitary can is suitable not alone
for the home, but will be found of practical
use in doctors' and dentists' offices,
and in hospitals.
St
KEEP TOOTHBRUSHES CLEAN
A LITTLE device which is ornamental
as well as very useful in the bathroom
is the toothbrush holder. This
little article will accommodate four toothbrushes,
a can of tooth powder, a bottle
of mouth wash, and a tube of tooth
paste. Besides its convenience it has the
added attraction of keeping the brushes
from being placed on ledges, mouldings
or even on the shelves of cabinets, where
dust collects and disease germs may
gather.
This little device is of sheet steel and
enameled in either gloss or satin white.
Si
BATHTUB ALARM
TURN on the water in your bathtub,
put in this bathtub alarm, and then
go in peace to do any other work you
wish to do until the tub is filled the way
you want it. The bell will ring and
you can go and turn off the water.
The apparatus consists of a wooden
strip shaped like a cane, which is hung
over the tub. There is a float attached
which can be adjusted to any height desired,
and when the water rises as high
as the float, the circuit is closed.
St
AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM FOR
THE HOME
A N Englishman believes that when a
fire is at hand, the occupants of the
house should have a foolproof device at
hand so that the news of the fire will be
automatically sent to a central station.
He has patented such a device, which
can be attached to any telephone.
A Fusible Link Gives Way
Under Heat, and the Message
Is Phoned to Central

When the receiver is handled in a certain
way, the alarm is automatically energized
by the breaking of an electric circuit
containing one or more fusible links,
and at the same time the automatic
throwing into circuit of the telephone
completes the alarm and transmits it to
the central station with which the telephone
is connected.
St
HOW CONGRESS COULD SAVE
MONEY
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 907
pONGRESS could have saved fifty-six
days at its last session if it had dispensed
with roll calls—so estimates an
enterprising member of that body, who
has a clear idea of efficiency, and a head
for figures.
Well, in place of the roll call, this congressman
would install a method of voting
by electricity. Upon a big board
visible to all, would be placed the names
of all the members together with one
red bulb and one white bulb for each
name. At each seat there would be two
electric buttons controlling the lights in
the bulbs. Thus, a forty minute roll
could be recorded mechanically in
34 seconds. Seventy miles of copper
would be required. This method of voting
is not altogether new, but the figures
afe very illuminating". A saving of
$50,000 in light, heat, and telegraph service
would be a sufficient result. Furthermore,
there is to be added the time of
the Congressmen, wdiich is presumed to
be of some value.
Si
"SAFETY FIRST" FOR NUT
CRACKERS
VY7HEN the nut cracker cannot be
found, fingers and hammer are
usually substituted, frequently with baneful
results to the former.
Without any cost whatever, a very
simple substitute may be made within a
few minutes' time. Take a piece of wood
from eight to twelve inches long, and of
a size that may be easily held in the
hand, for a handle, and whittle it down
at one end until it is of a diameter of
about one-half inch. Bore a hole in this
end. Take a stout wire, or an extra large
hairpin, if it is heavy, will do. Bend the
hairpin to a loop in the middle, twist the
two ends together up to the loop, and
then drive it into the hole, up to the loop.
The loop will then fit very nicely over the
nut, care being taken to construct this
little holder with reference to the general
size of nut you wish to crack. A hammer
and a flat iron for an anvil complete the
nut-cracking outfit.
Si
A BABY COOP THAT SWINGS
THE baby nowadays has his porch
swing also, but it must be a special
contrivance. This one is enclosed in
screening, and the framework is of the
best white enamel. When not to be used
as a swing, the coop may be lifted easily
down from the frame, set on its casters,
and wheeled about the house or porch.
Baby Loves the Gentle Oscillation; It's Just Like
Being Soothed in Mother's Arms

908 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
ELECTRICAL CLOCK
THIS little clock, kept near the bed at
night, gives quite a comfortable
feeling, when one wakes up in the middle
of the nieht.
No Need to Lie
and Wonder
Whether the
Single Stroke of
the Hall Clock
Means One
O'clockorHalf-
Past Twelve.
When This
Clock Is Near
Just by pressing a button, the face of
the clock is lighted up, or darkened.
Si
"TOUCH-A-BUTTON" GAS-
RANGE LIGHTER
A
WORTH-WHILE accessory to a
gas range is a lighting arrangement
which can be installed in a few minutes
and which is ready thereafter to light
any one of the open-flame burners by
the touch of a button. A little pilot light,
consuming so little gas that it is not
This Device
Eliminates the
Necessity for
Matches on the
Kitchen Range
noticed in the gas bill, burns at the center
of the set of burners. Its casing has
holes in the sides, through which, when
a button is pressed, a line of flame darts
toward the burner to be used, the valve
opens, and the burner is lighted. Exit
matches with their dangers!
St
ROOF PITCH FINDER
A FOLDING instrument which meas-
^"^ ures the angle from the horizontal
and the inches of pitch to the horizontal
foot is now being offered by an eastern
inventor. The device, when open, consists
of radial arms and an arc, the whole
frame resembling a cut of pie. Pivoted
at the center, or "point of the pie", is
a pointer arm bearing a spirit level.
When the owner of the instrument desires
to know the pitch of a roof or any
Placed on Any Roof, This Appliance Shows Immediately
the Angle of Deviation from the Horizontal,
and the Inches of Pitch to the Horizontal
Foot
sloping surface, he rests one edge of the
"pie" on the surface, moves the pointer
up until he centers the spirit level
bubble, and under the pointer on the
circular edge will be the figures giving
the pitch in degrees, and the number of
inches measured along the surface that
would be set off by perpendiculars rising
from either extremity of a line a foot
long set beneath the surface. When not
in use, the instrument folds up into compact
form in such a way that the spirit
level is surrounded by the different metal
parts and thus completely protected.

NEW BATH FOR BABY
IT is impractical to put some babies into
a tub of water. It is injurious to some
who are sick, and again, some babies
simply will not submit to it without a
terrible fuss.
The shower or spray is really the
cleanest way to bathe anyway, but in an
ordinary bath tub, with the use of the
spray, one is not sure at all times but that
the water will become suddenly very hot
or very cold and shock or burn the baby.
The new baby bath provides either a
special tub for the baby or an adjustable
table to fit to any tub, so that the mother
or the nurse does not have to reach way
This Bath Spray Device Possesses a Perfect Thermostatic
Mixing Valve, Which Keeps Water Always
at the Desired Temperature
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 909
This Extension Adjusts to Fit Any Child's Leg
Length
metal frame and are adjustable to the
needs of the individual child. When
once the adjustment is properly made, the
child can attach and detach it easily and
quickly. The desired height of the child's
pedals above the pedals of the piano
itself is obtained by adjusting extension
rods under the foot part.
St
PROTECTOR FOR EAVES
TROUGH
A N eaves trough protector covers the
^"^ entire trough in such a manner that
it keeps out leaves, trash carried by
sparrows and other birds, and rubbish
of all kinds that might cause stoppage
of the outlet. The gutters and troughs
down to get at the baby in the tub. There
is an absolutely accurate thermostatic
mixing valve attached to the plumbing
in the tub, and by this means the water
is kept at the same temperature, so that
the baby can be "spray bathed" without
fear.
St
PIANO PEDAL EXTENSION
VY/E are growing reasonably familiar
with the automobile pedal exten­
The Eaves Protector
sion to accommodate short women, but
have you heard of the piano pedal exten­ should be cleaned and painted at the time
sion made for little girls and boys who the protectors are installed, as afterward
are beginning the study of music? The the system is kept in thoroughly sanitary
pedals are borne upon a black japanned condition,

910 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
BED AND PLAYHOUSE COM­
BINED
THE bed pictured here was designed
in the first place for hospitals, where
a great deal of trouble was experienced
in the wards in letting down the sides of
the bed, which were either always out
of order, or when let down, interfered
with the next bed, leaving no room for
the doctor or the nurse to stand. Also,
children often tampered with the mechanism
at the side and fell out of bed.
When this bed is let down, the whole
As a Playhouse-Crib
This bed for baby transforms itself quickly into a safely
railed space in which to romp. This change is effected
merely by raising the sides.
top comes down and forms a table which,
in the hospital, may be used as an examining
table and, in the home, as an easy
place for the mother to dress the baby.
With just a slight lift of the finger the top
is pushed up again and locks itself into
place. This lock is out of the way of
the child and cannot be played with by
him. It works up and down on a spring,
in the same way that the roller of a window
shade operates.
When the bed is down, it forms an
ideal play yard for the baby while the
busy mother is doing her work around
the house.
For the Examination
When a doctor is to attend the child patient, the sides of
the crib are let down. Nothing then is in the physician's
way.
HUMANE CONVEYANCE FOR
THE SICK
ANY people who have undergone
major surgical operations, when
asked about them later say, "Oh, I didn't
mind the operation so much, but that
awful ambulance—I thought I should die
before I got to the hospital."
With this new humane conveyance the
patient may be adjusted to any position.
Going down the stairs, he may lie down,
or if he has a form of heart trouble, he
may sit up, and be perfectly comfortable
as far as the carrier is concerned.
The conveyance rolls on soft rubber
tired wheels into the ambulance, and is
adjusted without any discomfort to the
patient.
This Adjustable Chair Minimizes the Patient's Discomfort
on His Trip to the Hospital

HANDY PLIERS
COR the sum of fifty cents one can save
many times that amount in patience
and laundry bills by the use of these
pickup pliers. They are handy for auto-
The Pick-up Pliers
mobile use, such as picking out wrenches,
spark plugs, screwdrivers, bolts, nuts, or
anything that might drop in the pan,
transmission case, or gas tank. They can
also be used for cleaning the motor by
placing a piece of waste in the end and
dipping in gasoline, thereby reaching any
part of the motor. They are made of
good material, nickel plated.
St
THE TILLAGE MOTOR
^•IIARLES E. SACKETT, of Danbury,
Connecticut, has devised a new
type of farm implement—the tillage
motor. The invention is, however,
equally applicable to a horse-drawn till­
Runs with Horse or Motor
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 911
age machine. It combines with plows a
large pulverizing wheel that tears apart
and aerates the freshly turned soil, thus
accomplishing the work of plowing and
harrowing with one machine and in one
operation.
The pulverizing wheel somewhat resembles
an old-fashioned water wheel,
but with the added feature of inwardprojecting
spikes that tear the sod to
pieces as it is received by the pulverizing
wheel from the subsoil plow. The machine
has two plows, the one in advance
being a pilot plow that opens the furrow
and the other a subsoil plow that turns
the main furrow over to the pulverizing
wheel.
St
NEW HOT-AND-COLD-WATER
MIXING VALVE
TROUBLES ordinarily arising from
securing a proper mixture of hot and
cold water by means of two valves are
eliminated completely in a new form of
mixing valve now being offered by an
eastern concern. The new valve is controlled
by a single handle which moves
from left to right and thereby gives any
mixture from the coldest to the hottest
the supply pipes afford.
The device is so arranged that cold
water always flows first, thereby avoiding
the danger of a rush of scalding hot
water. Furthermore, there are no spots
where there is a sudden jump in the
temperature of the mixture—a common
trouble with the ordinary type of valve.
The valve is so designed and built that
there are no corners to gather dirt.

T H E war is adding greatly to
the world's knowledge of
medicine and surgery and of
functional disturbances of the
human system. Rare or
hitherto unknown diseases have become
recognized, and cures tabulated. Indeed,
a physician and surgeon might set
himself up as treating only such maladies
as have become prominent since August
first, 1914, and find himself consecrated
to a wide field of practice. Unquestionably
we shall find that while many of
the arts and sciences have been standing
still perforce while the nations of the
world are fighting out to a finish their
racial mistrusts and economic differences,
the science of healing will have
taken a great stride forward.
One of the new diseases hitherto not
to be found in medical lexicons is
"shellititis". If you have been in Canada
since large numbers of soldiers, on furlough
or discharged, have returned from
the front, you will have had ample opportunity
to observe this very distressing
912
OUT OF THE
New Diseases Science
Because
By H. S.
malady. Suddenly snap shut a book
in a club or reading room, and you
are likely to see one of these returned
soldiers jump violently. His eyes will
stare or his eyelids quiver, his limbs
tremble and perspiration will break
out upon his face. Riding on a street
car you will be likely to see similar
manifestations, but in even more distressing
form. The sudden bang or
report of the switch above the motorman's
head may cause a passenger to
fall over, half-fainting and prostrated.
Service in the trenches has unmanned
the victims.
The constant popping of rifles, the
din and crash of exploding shells, the
horror engendered by being constantly
under fire for hours or days, is responsible
for this new human affliction. It
was noticed in previous wars, it is true,
but in no such numbers or in such painful
degree. In fact, it was not sufficiently
common to call for special attention
or a special name.
Death sometimes is preferable to being
constantly in fear of it; men whose
nerves have been tortured by the incessant
clamor and the constant bursting of
high explosives about them have not infrequently
become so crazed that they
have rushed eagerly forward in their
frenzy and have recklessly charged toward
the enemy's trenches through a
hail of shot, shell and projectiles. Other
men have taken the easiest and quickest
way out by shooting themselves with
their own revolvers. One of the extreme
forms of shellititis is this form of insanity.
Indeed this is one of the most
serious problems that have to be considered
by the French and British military
officials.

TRENCHES
Has Discovered
of the War
EDGAR
The explosion of a high powered
shell also may cause, along
with other troubles, deafness.
This deafness may be due to
actual injury of the internal ear
or it may be solely functional.
In the latter cases prompt and
accurate diagnosis and efficient
treatment may restore the pa- \
ticnt's hearing.
Another form of malady that is quite
curious has developed from winter life
in the trenches. Men's feet have become
frost-bitten where there was no frost!
And so badly have many of these men
been afflicted with this paradoxical malady
that amputation of the afflicted members
has not been at all uncommon.
Death actually has occurred in some instances.
On a damp night, even though the
temperature may be a little above thirtytwo
degrees, Fahrenheit—that is, above
freezing—a man standing in a watersoaked
trench is not likely to feel comfortable
in his feet. Add to this the low
circulation that inevitably follows tight
fitting shoes and the lethargy of inaction,
and a man's feet will be as cold and
swollen and chapped as if he were standing
guard on a night with the temperature
way below zero. Obviously then
the remedy consists in easy fitting shoes
and in keeping the feet dry and warm.
There is more to this odd affliction,
too. French surgeons were by no means
satisfied that the low temperature was
the sole cause. They passed their doubts
along to two bacteriologists, Messrs.
Raymond and Parisot. These scientists
found another contributing cause, at least
in the more severe cases. They found
that the cold, damp trenches made an
ideal culture medium for a species of
fungus.
With mud oozing through any seam
or crack in the soldier's shoe, the fungus
found entrance, and the fissures in the
frost-bitten foot offered the last breach.
This fungus with cruel discrimination,
preferring to work about the roots of the
nails, proceeds to set up a most painful
form of inflammation and swelling. If
the temperature is sufficiently low, the
life of not only the foot but of the whole
body—the man himself—is endangered.
Thorough cleansing out of the afflicted
parts with camphorated soaps will eradicate
this fungus pest. The swelling
ordinarily will subside within a few days.
The severe nerve pains that this affliction
usually sets up may not pass away
however for from two to three weeks.
This disease, which the war has
brought to light, is by no means confined
to those serving in the trenches. It also
is an affliction with which any one working
around stables or out in the cold, wet
fields may find himself afflicted. In a
diagnosis of "frost bite" the physician
should examine very particularly into the
possibilities of the aggravation being
caused by Scopulariopsis Koningii, as
this pernicious fungus growth is known
among scientists, or its equally pernicious
and pestilential cousin, the fungus Sterigmatocystis.
913

CIVICS CLASSES AS SANI­
TARY INSPECTORS
By O. R. GEYER
S T U D E N T S in the civics classes
of the three high schools of Des
Moines, Iowa, have been enlisted
for service as sanitary
inspectors in a "Making Citizens"
course conducted by their instructors
as a means of bringing home more
clearly some of the problems found in
the textbooks. Armed with cameras,
hundreds of boys and girls, members of
high school improvement leagues and
civics students, spend several weeks of
each semester in an investigation of sanitary
conditions, which extends over practically
the entire city. Incidentally they
have discovered violations of city health
laws which no one dreamed existed, and
the new interest they have taken in their
classroom work promises well for the
citizenship of the future.
Des Moines is said to be the first city
in the country to adopt such a plan, and
the school authorities are preparing a
bulletin which will be given wide circulation
among the schools. The investigations
made by the students included
almost every phase of city life—such as
crime and punishment, child labor, a
census of the occupations of the parents
of the high school pupils, public health,
public utilities, public recreation, public
buildings, educational institutions, poverty
and pauperism, and dependents and
their care.
Some of the evils of uncleanliness
were brought home to the pupils in pictures
taken by the investigators. These
pictures included almost everything in
the range of what a city should not have
—unsightly and unsafe holes in paving,
overflowing garbage cans, and poorly
kept back yards and alleys. Dairies,
bakery shops, candy shops, grocery
stores and other business houses cooperated
with the schools by opening their
914
doors for the civics class student inspectors.
One of the most interesting discoveries
made by the students was the extensive
use which housewives made of empty
milk bottles as receptacles for vinegar,
kerosene, and gasoline. These bottles
were traced back to the dairies, where,
it was found, they were washed in common
with bottles collected from all parts
of the city, thus threatening the milk
supply of several neighborhoods with
acetic acid impurities.
During the school year the civics students
extended their investigations to
include housing conditions among the
poor, and the workings of the police
court. City officials are cooperating in
this work of making better citizens, and
plans are being considered for the enlargement
of the work of the junior
leagues.
This work assumes even greater importance
today, for while thousands of
the men who have portions of this duty
on their shoulders normally, are away to
war, the boys and girls will have to step
forward and fill the gap. In every city
a league of the high school and grammar
school students should be formed.
In the all-important problem of supplying
sufficient food to our Allies and
ourselves, waste is a positive crime. The
careful watching of sanitary conditions
should help tremendously in minimizing
waste.
Miss Alice E. Moss, a prominent educator
of Des Moines, was the originator
of the system. She has been behind it
from the beginning, and deserves a great
deal of praise for her efforts. In the
course of the next few years she doubtless
will see many other cities fall in line,
training their youth just as Miss Moss'
charges have been trained.

FROSTING HEADLIGHTS
M O W that a number of States and
municipalities throughout the Union
have passed laws requiring the dimming
of headlights, on certain occasions, a
demand has arisen for frosted headlight
glasses, particularly for glasses in which
the upper half is frosted.
To do the work a box is required, as
shown, with half of the top of glass.
The rest of the top and the upper part
of the front of the box are of cloth. A
sand box or pail is suspended from the
Frosting the Glass of a Headlight
ceiling and a pipe is led from it to join
the compressed air pipe, which is horizontal.
The glass that is to be frosted
is placed in the back of the box and the
sand and compressed air turned on. The
powerful stream of fine sand is shot
against the glass. If half of the glass
is to be frosted, a piece of pasteboard
may be pasted over the other half. If
fancy designs, initials, or other patterns
are to be frosted on the glass, a piece of
heavy paper, in which the pattern has
been cut, is pasted over the glass, and
the sand stream is then turned on.
There is good money in such work,
and it is a cheap, but effective outfit, that
will do all the work demanded of it.
St
SOMETHING NEW FOR SPARK
PLUGS
A LL the slow and messy job of clean-
^^ ing spark plugs of carbon deposit
and encrusted oil is now a bore belonging
to bygone days, according to the manufacturers
of another handy device for
motorists. The new instrument consists
of a heavy glass tube, closed at one end
and threaded at the other to take the
spark plug exactly as would the cylinder.
The tube is loosely packed with long
heavy needles, and is half-filled with
gasoline before the dirty spark plug is
screwed in.
When the spark plug is in place, the
whole is shaken up and down vigorously
for a short time, and the job is completed.
The long needles striking against
the face of the plug pick off the oil,
and the splashing gasoline washes it
away. The device is very inexpensive
and comes packed in a wooden box as a
protection against heavy blows of any
sort.
St
MOTORCYCLE SEAT FOR TWO
THERE is probably no motorcycle
made which is not strong enough to
carry more than one person. This new
double seat can be attached easily and
quickly. It is comfortable and easy to
ride on, allows passenger and rider to sit
side by side, and it will fit any machine.
It has but one point of fastening. It is
so balanced that it will carry one person
just as safely as two. It has a three-point
bearing on the frame of the machine.
915

916 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
RUBBER FILLER FOR AUTO­
MOBILE TIRES
A S much of the trouble and expense in
the upkeep of automobile tires comes
from the inner tubes, one manufacturer
NEW TIRE CARRIER
T H E extra tire or wheel on automobiles
is a necessary nuisance. Every car
is provided with some means or other
for carrying this nuisance, and most of
the means provided are practical enough,
Does Away with Inner Tubes
but they do not provide protection to the
is offering a substitute for the inner tube
tire from dirt and dust. The neat ap­
and its cushion of elastic air. This conpearing
covers, made for the latter pursists
of short cylindrical sections of rubpose,
are all right until they have been
ber, treated, molded, and vulcanized by
a special steam process. The rubber segments
can be placed "side by each" to
fit the different sizes of casings. When
the tire itself wears out, the rubber filling
can be transferred to the new casing.
The makers claim for the rubber all the
easy-riding qualities of the air-filled tire,
together with a considerable reduction in
cost and a savins: in convenience.
LOCKING SPARE WHEELS
A NEW design in motor bodies at-
^^ tempts to lock spare wheels to the
car by covering them up. The spare
Makes Sure of the Spare Wheel
wheels or tires are carried within the
body; a locked door covers them. The
space allotted to the spare wheels is that
formerly given to carrying auxiliary
seats; this maker places the auxiliary
seats in the doors themselves with a special
latch to prevent sagging.
St
removed two or three times. After that,
they are unsightly, because they get torn
and bruised in the handling.
A new arrangement for
carrying tires, rims, or
wheels, has just been patented.
The left fender of
the car is made with a
depression in it, about the
depth of half the diameter
of the wheel. A cover,
of the same material and
appearance as the fender,
is placed over this and
held to one side with
hinges. The other side
has a patent locking device,
which requires a
special tool to operate it.
The tire is set into the

depression in the fender, and the cover
is put over it, and locked. The tire is
then protected from dirt and water, as
well as from the tire thief who is making
himself quite well known at this particular
time.
Still another invention along similar
lines, has been patented recently. This
inventor has gone two or three points
further, and made the tire carrier serve
as an illuminated license plate, a semaphore
to warn the man behind that the
The Above Metal Casing: Protects the Spare Tire
Against Deteriorating Influences. The Lower Device
Keeps the Tires Down Out of the Way and
Allows a Great Deal of Baggage to Be Carried
car is going to turn to the right or to
the left, and a huge speedometer for the
benefit of the policeman who may be
curious about the speed of the driver—
though motorists as a general rule are
not any too anxious to adopt the lattermentioned
feature of the device. It
is fastened to the rear of the body by
a bracket, and the tire, or tires are fastened
around the outside of it. The interior
contains the speedometer mechanism,
the lights for illuminating the number
plate, and the working parts of the
semaphore hands.
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 917
COMPRESSES TIRES TO
CARRY THEM
A N E W type of carrier which holds
tires securely so that they will not
slip out and chafe in the container, is
now being offered motorists. The holder
With This Compressor Clamp, the Tire Cannot Slip
appears to be of the usual type, but it
contains a clamp which compresses the
tire, thus preventing movement of any
sort. This clamp is provided with a
lock, and by closing this lock the motorist
can insure that his tires will not be stolen.
The device carries any size of tires without
change, and may be attached without
machining or extra work except the task
of bolting the clamps in place.
St
SIGHT-SEEING TRAILER
/CALIFORNIA, of course, must necessarily
have plenty of sight-seeing
vehicles, so an automobile concern in that
State is manufacturing what it calls a
"flexible" car. The car is made to seat
from fifteen to twenty-five persons, according
to the model, and the engine
number may be any type, gasoline or
electric.
The load is carried principally by the
rear wheels, and a special device is fitted
to insure that the rear wheels track directly
in the path of the front wheels, to
make the vehicle easily run in crowded
streets. It may be adapted to use the
trolley where it exists, and to run on its

91S ILLUSTRATED WORLD
own power to outlying districts. In case
anything happens to the engine member,
necessitating repairs, the power may be
easily disconnected from the rest of the
vehicle, and another engine substituted,
so that the whole vehicle will not be out
of commission.
SAFE GARAGE DOOR HOLDER
A CONVENIENT garage door holder
locks the door automatically when
open to 95 or 135 degrees. To release
the door, a slight pull on a chain is required.
By removing a screw, the holde*
serves as a lock or top bolt. It can be
applied to right- or left-hand doors or a
pair of doors can be bolted and locked by
the use of no other hardware than two
of the holders. Doors so locked cannot
be opened from the outside.
When This Holder Is Used, the Door Cannot Slam
In upon the Entering Car. If the Owner Desires.
the Holders May Be Used as Efficient Locks, Also
FOR THAT COLD CARBURETOR
A COLD carburetor means difficulty of
^^ combustion, and a device that will
warm the carburetor also warms the
motorist's heart. A little mechanism that
is clamped around the air intake pipe
consists of a collar, connected up with
the battery, whence it derives its heat.
A button on the dash controls the current.
St
AUTO TRAFFIC SIGNAL AND
MIRROR
IN winter, when your car is closed and
the curtain buttoned up, it is not very
easy to comply with the traffic law, when
to do so, you have to take your hand off
the wheel, stick out your arm, and let in
the wind, the cold, or the sleet. To obviate
all this, a novel warning signal in
the shape of a red hand concealed in a
mirror on the wind shield has been invented.
In case of accident, with the use of
this hand, evidence of giving warning
can be proved, because the red hand stays
out until you withdraw it. All that is
required is a little push of the finger on
the knob below your wheel on the steering
column, and the red hand of safety
shoots out warning to the approaching
car on the left.

CHEAP SELF-STARTER
A MANUFACTURER has now cut
the cost of self-starters in half, and,
in addition, has produced a starter which
cranks the motor in the natural way.
The device is a two-unit electric starting
and lighting system and weighs but
twenty-two pounds, while the starter and
generator combined
weigh only thirty-two
pounds.
The unique point of
the system is that the
starter is concentric
with the crankshaft,
and cranks the motor
as the driver would
crank it. Because it
goes directly on the
crankshaft, the installation
of the starter
does not disturb the
construction of the
motor, and obviates any
necessity for chains.
It does not produce any
weight on one side of
the motor, providing a constant strain,
but being concentric with the crankshaft,
really forms an integral part of the
power plant. Tests of the starter show
that it will turn the stiffest motor of a
new Ford car 190 revolutions
per minute, and attached
to a motor which
provides normal resistance,
the starter will revolve the
motor 240 revolutions per
minute.
The instrument board
operating the starter is
equipped with a two-button
lighting switch and a battery
indicator. Pushing
one button of the switch
lights the tail and head
lights, the latter being
dimmed for city driving and for
standing at the curb. The second
button is for the head lights.
The starting switch is mounted
under the floor of the car and is
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 919
The New Adjustable Auxiliary Seat
entirely out of sight with the exception
of the push button. A slight pressure of
the foot on this button throws the starting
motor into engagement and connects
it with the battery. Thus the motor is in
motion only when starting the engine.
Its price is $55.00—approximately half
of the former cost.
A NEW AUXIL­
IARY SEAT
THIS new auxiliary
seat in one of the
1917 motor cars is the
neatest on the market.
There is very little
"underground" w o r k
required in installing
it, and few hinges. It
simply pulls out from
the wall, or front of
the tonneau, and when
closed can hardly be
discovered.
AUTOMOBILE CLEANING
BRUSHES
"THERE are now more than "57 varieties"
of special brushes on the market,
each of a shape and type of bristle
suited to a special purpose.
One which will appeal to
both men and women—hecause
cleanliness gives
beauty and preserves the
finish of a car—is an automobile
wheel brush of black
China bristles held in
twisted wire and tapering
in form to permit reaching
odd corners. It will stand
water and much friction
and outlast ordinary
sponges. A second form
consists of a straight brush
with another smaller brush
of horsehair attached on
the other side of the handle
for cleaning mud and
cleans the Car grease from the hub.

'Only One Wesselton in a Thousand Has That Living Firel It
Is Really a Superdiamond!"
r-
"*\HE polished young clerk bows
most courteously, perhaps
even with a touch of most
courteous sadness in his manner.
"Ah, yes," he says, in his soft tones.
jp m qj
1
"You are quite right; the price is somewhat
over current figures for a stone of
that weight. But we feel justified in
asking it, because of the unusual quality
in the stone. Only one Wesselton in a
thousand has that living fire. This is
really a superdiamond!"
He takes it from the velvet, and twirls
it tentatively. Veritable tongues of quivering
flame shoot out from it, as he dexterously
catches the light upon it; it is,
indeed, a beautiful stone. He moves as
though to replace it.
"Would you be interested in some
other stone—something closer to normal
grades in the same weight ?"
You would not, and tell him so. After
all, it is "one Wesselton in a thousand"
—and you can save something on the
mounting. So after more soft-toned talk,
you complete the transaction; the clerk
bows you to the door; the uniformed
footman obsequiously swings it open
before you; and you step out on the
street, owner of "one of the finest bluewhite
stones of the weight ever produced
920
WHAT IS
STONE
AND
By MARTIN
in South Africa." You tell your
friends about it on occasion;
and ever and anon you look at
the diamond, and reflect that of
all the Wesseltons in the world,
only one in every thousand has
a lustre to compare with that of
yours. And you are thoroughly
satisfied with your bargain.
Well—so be it! That is one
angle to the precious-stone
game; and offhand one would think that
it goes to prove that lustre is the thing
when the matter of evaluating gems of
a given weight is concerned. And perhaps
that would be right—only if it is,
rubies are most unsatisfactory and rebellious
stones.
You can take two rubies that are the
same in every respect—weight, cutting,
lustre, and all the rest—to a man who
knows the ruddy stones, for evaluation,
and after a few moments with a lens or
a microscope, he may tell you that one
is worth, say, forty dollars and the other
four hundred. Astounded, you ask him
what is the matter—is one an imitation?
"No," he answers with a whimsical
smile, "they are both rubies."
"Then what is wrong with the one?"
you ask, perplexed.
If he is of a literal frame of mind,
he may tell you forthwith. If not, and
if in addition he is a friend of yours, so
that he is willing to let you see behind
the scenes a bit, he may show you the
two under the glass. Both will have
minute air bubbles in them; but in one
stone these bubbles will be distorted and
will seem to flow along definite lines,
while in the other they will be spherical,
and more probably will be arranged concentrically
about the center. Also in one,

A PRECIOUS
WORTH-
WHY?
D. STEVERS
minute shadings in color will flow
along lines, while in the other this
is not the case. You mention this
difference, and he smiles.
"Yes, you have hit it. One was
mined in Burma—that is the one
with the bubbles and colorings in
lines. The other was made in a
laboratory."
"But then it is an imitation," you
protest.
"No it is not," he answers. "It
is a genuine ruby—same chemical
composition, same structure, same
properties. Only instead of being
produced from its constituent elements
by natural heat, it has been
produced by artificial heat in a
Verneuil blow pipe. It is a synthetic
ruby."
And that matter of origin is absolutely
all that determines the difference
in value. In matters of lustre, cut, hardness,
durability—the points which are
said to determine the value of a gem—
the two are equal, or—as will often be
the case—let us say that the synthetic
ruby may even be the better of the two.
To the logical mind, it would seem that
either the synthetic stone should be given
a greater value than that of the mined
one, as a premium for its excellence, or
that the mined one should be appraised
at a figure lower than that for the synthetic
one, as a penalty for inferiority.
But no; you and I will pay ten times the
price for the inferior stone, merely because
it was dug from the earth.
After all, the matter of evaluating
precious stones is a great deal like forecasting
the weather, in that both tasks
still seem to be altogether in the realm
Each Precious Stone Has a History; Before Ever It Is
Offered for Sale It May Have Cost the Lives of Many Men.
The Natives Who Grub for It in the Bowels of the Earth
May Have Killed Each Other for the Wealth That Its
Scintillating Depths Would Bring. If It Is an Exceptional
Diamond. Some Adventure of This Sort Almost Certainly
Heralded Its Discovery
of guesswork. There are as many twists
and turns to the matter of evaluating
gems as there are to the task of understanding
women's preferences in fashions.
The fundamental element of value in
any gem is its beauty. None of us
would buy a diamond that had no fire,
no matter how finely it were cut, how
flawless its texture might be, no matter
how expensive it might have been to
mine and prepare. The prime essential
of a diamond is that it shall "live", shall
be a point of fire, shall radiate cold flame
when disposed about your person; and if
it does not do that, it is valueless to you
and therefore to everyone else. So also
with other stones; pearls must have their
lustre, opals their glow, rubies, sapphires,
and emeralds their depths of liquid red,
blue, and green light.
921

922 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
The next element
in importance is durability.
Gems are
prized because every
one of them, except
the opal and pearl,
is hard, and will
wear indefinitely—
may be passed from
father to son, from
mother to daughter,
and acquire interesting
histories, sometimes
of murder,
theft, and assassination,
as in the case
of crown jewels and
other noted stones.
This is the quality in
genuine stones which
puts paste imitations
so hopelessly out of
the running; paste is
puttylike in its softness
when compared
to the real gem, and
will wear and lose
its beauty even from being rubbed
against garments during wear, and
worse, will deteriorate rapidly even when
left in a jewel case. It cannot live and
gather associations, memories, or become
known as "one of Mrs. Smith's beautiful
emeralds" or "the solitaire my husband
gave me when we became engaged, forty
years ago."
The third point is genuineness, upon
which we have already touched. It
seems that no matter how fine a stone
may be, it must have come from nature
and have undergone only the processes of
cutting, polishing, and mounting; otherwise
its value is discounted heavily. But
more of that later; such matters belong
in a discussion of imitations and not in
the problem of evaluating real gems. In
this connection, all we need to remember
is that a stone does not count, if anything
more has happened to it than the
processes we have mentioned.
These are the three main determining
points in evaluating jewels, and the
The Expert Buyer Figures Each Stone into Its
Certain Place in His Retail Showcase. As He
Purchases He Knows Whether a Gem Is to Be
Set in a Solitaire, a Bracelet, or Is to Be the
Jewel of Honor in a Brooch, and the Price He
Offers Varies According to His Demand
chief of them is
beauty, for the
others are more or
less constant factors
for any one kind of
gem. Weight, o f
course, is a big factor,
and many people
think it is almost the
sole criterion; but
really it is not, except
in that the
larger stone of similar
grade is more
beautiful than the
smaller. That is
why it is worth
more, except in the
case of stones so
large as to be unique,
which we are not
discussing. But
when it comes to
working the matter
out in terms of dollars
and cents on a
price card, it is another
story altogether. The application
of these principles becomes a matter of
almost infinite complexity; and it is
quite probable that not even the most
expert judges of precious stones can tell
you exactly how they know that a certain
gem is worth what they say it is.
Take the case of diamonds. These
gems classify roughly into yellow-white
and blue-white. The former class is
typified in the mind of everyone interested
in the matter, by the Brazilian diamond,
although many South African
stones are yellow-white ; and perhaps the
most conspicuous example of blue-white
stones is found in the product of the
Wesselton mines in South Africa. At
the present time, yellow-white stones
rank under blue-white in value, and no
jeweler will ask as much for a typical
Brazilian stone as he will for a Wesselton
of similar weight and grade.
Long experience and an acute artistic
sense enable him to judge whether the
lustre of the stone is inferior, equal, or

WHAT IS A PRECIOUS STONE WORTH? 923
superior to the average run of gems in
each class and weight. He then will
figure on it in some such terms as this
(for, although these phrases and ideas
may not actually pass through his mind,
they will underlie the thoughts that do
make up his mental process) :
"This stone will work up into an
unusually beautiful cluster scarf-pin.
We sell about three such pieces a week
—and perhaps one in twelve of our customers
for that class of jewelry will pay
as much as seventy-five dollars extra for
the superiority in beauty this stone
would give such a cluster over one made
from the average grade of stuff in this
weight and class. So I could get rid of
this stone within a month or six weeks.
"Those two Brazilians I got from
Lewinsohn would go well with this. And
I'd need about three more; can get them
for about ninety dollars. Workmanship
and profit—hm—yes, I can make a profit
on this stone at ninety-five dollars."
And so he makes an offer of ninety
dollars to the wholesaler salesman.
Now that gentleman had been thinking
somewhat the same thoughts, only in
terms of "he can" instead of "I can", and
of a brooch instead of a cluster scarfpin.
Also he has been telling himself, "I'm
pretty sure Jacobs will give me eightyfive
for it, and he might well go to a
hundred. But then he might be loaded
up by now—Jackson had just about
what he wanted a few days ago—and no
one else will go to a hundred. If this
chap goes above eighty-five, I might
better close than pass him up and perhaps
have Jackson cut in while I'm skating
around." So when the offer of ninety
dollars comes, the salesman probably will
throw out a feeler for the hundred dollar
price, and then, depending upon his certainty
of his ability to sell Jacobs, his
fear of Jackson, and similar considerations,—and
also his guess as to whether
our friend, the buyer, will stand a
raise above ninety dollars—he will
decide either to close the deal, or go
on. Let us say he
closes, and follow )
the course of the deal from this point to
the end.
The buyer turns in the stone, and the
cluster is made up. Five weeks later
the cluster is sold—at the price the
buyer thought could be obtained for it.
Then the rub comes. If that purchaser
afterward finds that no one else would
pay him a price commensurate with what
he paid, he will be furious, and in so far
as his personal influence counts, the reputation
of the house selling him the
cluster goes down. If, however, he
finds that he can realize a commensurate
price, he is satisfied with his bargain—
and boosts. The growth of the house
from an ordinary business to a national
institution such as Tiffany's, depends
upon whether this silent influence
exerted by its customers is for good or
bad.
This process is sufficiently complicated
as I have stated it, and there is a lot
more to it. One of the determining factors
we used was minimum price of production
; but that depends, not only upon
working conditions, but changes in demand
which affect the number and grade
of stones that can be sold. The whole
process is far too involved for a short
article; values, in the long run, are
worked out by balancing up the million
and one elements which influence the
thousands of men directly concerned in
the business. Market prices of gems
represent an average of a million opin-

924 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
ions—and many a dealer loses his all
because he loses his intimate feeling for
this subtle current of price movement.
But even this complicated situation
becomes simple when compared with the
situation that exists because of artificial
stones. Artificial stones fall into two
classes—imitation, and synthetic stones.
The imitation stones of the transparent
type—that is, diamonds, emeralds, sapphires,
rubies, and the like—are generally
made of "paste"—that is, a special
glass, colored to imitate the stone. Synthesized
stones are genuine in every way
except their origin—they are made in
man's laboratory instead of Nature's,
and that is all. Each type will serve in
many ways as a satisfactory substitution
for the genuine article—and every substitution
that becomes possible or popular
affects the market price of the genuine
article by cutting down the volume
of demand.
Paste stones are readily distinguishable
from the genuine by the fact that all
spurious gems of this sort are soft. They
can be scratched by a piece of quartz,
and no real gem of the transparent sort
can. This softness makes them subject
to rapid deterioration, and the only
legitimate use for them is in work not
intended to be permanent—theatrical
costumes, temporary furnishings and
ornamentations, and the like. Their
effect upon values is not great.
It is true that even diamonds will show
wear. If a solitaire ring is worn for
years while a great deal of work is done
with the hands, the facets will not be as
sharp as the day they were cut. Where
jewels are handed down from generation
to generation, it often becomes
necessary in the end to have them recut,
and they lose their ability to refract
light in the same degree because of the
rounding edges. This wearing, however,
is a slow process, and may be disregarded
largely, where the owner's lifetime is the
span to be considered.
The imitation pearl is something
radically different. It is made by coating
the inside of a small hollow glass
sphere with a preparation made from
fish scales, and then filling the globule
with wax. The resulting product is distinguished
readily from the genuine not
only by the presence of the hole, but by
the fact that a small drop of ink on the
imitation gives a reflection from the
inner surface of the glass. Except for
the fact that they are not genuine, however,
these pearls should be worth more
than their counterparts of equal grade,
for they are harder and hold their lustre
better. They are factors to be counted
on in figuring prices.
Synthetic stones, however, are the
genuine pests, when it comes to price
determination. There are two of them
—sapphire and ruby—and except in the
matter of bubbles already mentioned, are
practically indistinguishable from the
genuine. They are made by introducing
either the dust from cuttings and inferior
genuine stones or the raw material
-—pure aluminium oxide—into the flame
of an oxy-acetylene blowpipe, and then
directing a slow flame upon a platinum
table. The melted mineral comes out in
the form of a globule, which builds up
as the process is continued. It will be
red, thus making a ruby, if chrome alum
be added to the material used, and blue,
thus becoming a sapphire, if titanium
oxide be added. Except for the fact that
titanium oxide is not the coloring matter
used by nature, these processes duplicate
the natural method of creating the gems
in question.
Naturally, perfect imitations such as
this have a pronounced effect on market
values. They exercise a peculiar influence,
reducing the value of smaller
genuine stones, by reason of competition,
and enhancing the value of larger and
more rare types, both by increasing the
minimum income necessary from each
stone because of the lowered profit in
cheaper genuine grades, and by making a
really genuine stone something even
more "classy" than if there were no good
artificial ones. That follows naturally
from the fact that one of the reasons
why men buy jewelry is their desire to

WHAT IS A PRECIOUS STONE WORTH? 925
show that they can spend big sums to with the requisite proportion of copper
gratify personal likes—and what more sulphate, and subjecting the precipitate,
thoroughbred spender is there than the while moist, to hydraulic pressure.
man who pays a big price for the mined The opal cannot be imitated success­
article, when he could get an equally fully. The genuine opal consists of
good synthetic stone for much less ? So "colloid silica"—that is, silica in amor­
"up with the price on good rubies and phous state, combined with water—with
sapphires—they'll be glad of the chance a structure of thin and very, very slightly
to spend more!" reasons the producer separated layers, which break up the
and seller of gems—and he is entirely light and thus create the fiery effect
right.
characteristic of the gem. The man who
Artificial diamonds and emeralds can­ would make opals that will hold up at all
not yet be made in any size artificially. must duplicate this structure—and so far
The diamond is carbon, crystallized by no one has been able to do it. The best
great heat and pressure, and any arti­ anyone has done is to surface glass with
ficial process probably must depend upon a property of iridescence, and the re­
these two features. Moissan developed sulting fraud is easily detected even by
such a method by heating iron which was the uninitiated, because it has no depth.
saturated with carbon and plunging the All these imitations and synthetic
red hot mass into
H
water, whereupon
the heat and pressure
in the iron
crystallized bits of
carbon into genuine
diamonds. But
the largest of these
stones is barely
discernible by the
naked eye, and so
far no one has
been able to devise
a means of handling
larger masses
of carbon, principally because of carbon's
well-known tendency to combine with
oxygen at high temperatures—a difficulty
not encountered in the case of corundum
(aluminium oxide), which is the basic
material of sapphires and rubies.
Emeralds likewise cannot be synthesized
as yet. There is one trick about
emeralds, however, that is well worth
watching. That is the French emerald,
which consists of a thin slice of the
beryl (emerald is a type of beryl) overlaid
on a glass base. If cleverly
mounted, the joint cannot be detected,
and the resulting "jewel" is exceeclingly
hard to detect.
Turquoises may be made by precipitating
hydrated phosphate of aluminium
m
Genuine Diamonds Possess a Living Fire That the
Paste Gems Never Can Attain
stones must be
counted in as elements
in the price
of gems. So, take
it all in all, unless
you are familiar
with all these conditions,
you could
not do better than
pick an honest
jeweler, and pay
his price. After
all, when everything
is said and
done, the value of
gems does depend upon what people will
pay for them, so you needn't feel that
you are being an "easy mark" of any
sort. If it appeals to you, if any special
qualities it may have make you satisfied
with possessing it and reconciled to having
paid the price you did, you have
obtained full value for your money. The
shrewdest buyer on earth couldn't do
better; and if the price was greater than
that others would pay, you have the
greatest value of all—the satisfaction of
having spent your money without stint,
to get something you wanted. But never
make the absurd mistake of buying
merely as an investment; profitable resale
is next to an impossibility for the
individual.

Has This Happened to You?
"OH, Henry, look! What a perfectly dear
Boy Scout!"
St
These Modern Minervas!
HE—"My love, you are fairer and brighter
far than yonder star."
SHE—"Well, I should hope so! That one
has been extinct a thousand years."

Never Lost Ground
ONE evening a panhandler sidled up to
William Collier as the player was walking
around to the theatre, and addressed him thus:
"Sir, I began life poor and in hard luck.
I—"
"Don't say anything more, my man," interrupted
Collier, as he slipped the man a quarter.
"It's worth money to learn how well you
have held your own."
The Capture
St
GLADYS left the whist table suddenly, accompanied
by an admiring suitor. Rushing up to
her mother she cried: "Oh, mother, I've captured
the booby."
"Well, dear," returned her mother, "come
and kiss me, both of you."
Jit
What the Boss Did
"YES," said the determined man, "when that
waiter resented the smallness of my tip I took
the case to the proprietor of the restaurant."
"And what did the proprietor do?"
"He gave the waiter some money out of
his own pocket and apologized to him for
having such a customer."
St
With the Movies
"WHAT are you filming now?"
"Story of Jonah and the whale, in 24 exteriors
and 16 interiors."
BLOWING OFF STEAM 927
His Chance
"SCIENTISTS say that blondes will disappear
in a few years."
This gave the golden-haired girl her opportunity.
"Well, if you want one," said she sweetly,
"you'd better speak up now."
Jt
Who They Are
JONES—"And who are the O'Briens' ancestors?"
O'BRIEN—"What's that?"
JONES—"I mean, whom do the O'Briens
spring from?"
O'BRIEN—"The O'Briens spring from no
one; they spring at them."
St
Told in an Epitaph
AN automobile accident resulted in the death
of the driver and the injury of two passengers.
The coroner summoned several witnesses,
among them a farmer living near the scene
of the accident. There was voluminous testimony
regarding the high speed at which the
car traveled. Witnesses said, too, that the
road was in bad repair. The coroner finally
reached the farmer, who lived near the scene.
"What would you say about this accident,
Mr. Swiggert?" the coroner asked.
"Well, if I was writin' that young man's
epitaph," the witness drawled, "I'd say he died
tryin' to get 60 miles out of a 10-mile road."
<
Home from the Ball
STUDE—"See this chalk on my shoulder ?"
ROOMMATE—"Yeh."
STUDE—"Well, that ain't chalk."
St
Fourth Speed
VrviENNE—"Bill and Helen are fast friends,
aren't they?"
ALBERT—"Yes, he is one of her fastest."
St
Taking No Chances
BESS—"Why, do you know, he calls on me
oftener than he did before I refused to marry
him."
JESS—"The coward I"

DOES A NATION
DETERIORATE?
By MARTIN G. STANTON
A N American biologist of interna- 1789 to 1815, known in history as the
f\ tional repute for over twenty wars of the French Revolution and the
J \ years has fought war as being Napoleonic wars, are alleged to have
/ % more dangerous to the human been of smaller stature than were their
race than smallpox, yellow progenitors, and it is said that as a race
fever, or bubonic plague.
the French never have regained their
He does not attack armed conflict on stature or their stamina.
moral or commercial grounds. He does That was both the popular and scien­
not decry war as murder, nor as a distific idea of the French up to September,
organizer of industry. His hostility to 1914, when the Germans, under von
war is based almost solely on the theory Kluck, were hurled back from the
that it is inimical to the physiological Marne. Later, when for six months the
structure of the various individuals that French successfully defended Verdun,
make up mankind. War, he asserts, calls the physical endurance of the race could
for the healthy, the vigorous, the young, no longer be questioned. The French
and the brave ; war kills, cripples, or other­ nation no longer could be called decawise
renders physically defective. Also dent.
he points out that the evil therein lies In recent years too, the eugenists have
not in the generation of the disaster but been casting considerable doubt upon the
in the generations that follow. Poverty old-fashioned belief in youthful parent­
of widows and orphans, incapacity to hood. There is a tremendous accumu­
earn a living on the part of the dependent lation of evidence to prove that the off­
survivors, commercial distress and genspring of mature parents over thirty
eral national disorganization are serious, are at least as strong of body and more
though after all mere passing phases. vigorous of mind than those of parents
The tremendous and permanent harm in the late 'teens and the early twenties.
that war does is that the nation's fittest, Now in the first call for troops,
being snatched away, cannot reproduce. whether for volunteer or by conscrip­
The middle-aged, the unsound, those tion, it is the young men between eigh­
lacking in strength, courage, and energy teen and twenty-five who respond.
alone are left to perpetuate the life of Where an entire nation like France or
the race.
Germany is in arms, men up to forty-five
Thus if wars are very bloody, or if are called into service; it is the younger
they continue over along period of years, men, however, who bear the brunt of the
the nations so involved have taken a fighting and who are thereby subjected
backward step. The children may be to the highest mortality. The older sur­
expected to be of less physical vigor and vive and breed, and eugenists tell us,
of less mental vigor too than the war­ as has been stated, that the mature parlike
generation from which they thements produce the better offspring almost
selves sprang.
invariably.
This in substance has been the argu­ Physical harm of war, while a terrible
ment of one group of pacifists who have thing, is not quite the terrible thing that
ardently opposed war. The French peo­ some would have us believe. It is not
ple, both during and after the prolonged necessarily detrimental to the physical
wars lasting almost continuously from well being of the race.
928

ARRIVED—THE TWELVE
THOUSAND DOLLAR CAR
By CELESTE ST. PIERRE
HERE IS A MOTOR FOR THE MAN WHO DESIRES THE ULTIMATE IN AUTOMOBILE
LUXURY AND IS WILLING TO PAY BIG FOR IT
Y O U may call this twelve thousand
dollar car a traveling
fortune, the millennium in
automobiles, the height of
1 u x u r y—nevertheless, it is
easy to sell to some people.
The makers themselves acknowledge
that we can be happy without it. They
acknowledge that other cars costing half
as much are luxurious. They acknowledge
that other cars costing half as much
will go as fast. But they merely show the
automobilist the car. If he wants the
perfection that goes with this car, they
are not averse to taking his money for it.
The evolution of the car is interesting.
Four brothers are in charge of this company,
and step by step they have made
every type.of automobile pay. First, the
older brother started the little line of tiny
white automobiles that run on the sidewalks
in Lincoln Park, Chicago. The
charge is 5c for the ride through the
park, and the small engine carries behind
it four side seated little trailers.
Another brother has a system of automobiles
running on scheduled route
through San Francisco, Oakland, and
Los Angeles. Each automobile carries
fifteen to eighteen passengers, and the
service is in close competition with the
street cars, because of its reliability,
fresh air advantage, and speed.
The two other brothers, whose ideas
probably soared higher than this, are
artists, and they combining their superb
taste with the business instinct and engineering
ability of the other two have
made the perfect car.
Luxury to the nth power has been their
inspiration, and examination of this car
gives us an accurate definition of true
automobile elegance, which today is
something more than style, something
more than comfort, something more than
speed. It is more than a combination of
these three.
The engine is the Hall-Scott Aviation
Powerplant, which has excelled in every
known test for speed and endurance.
One of these motors in a recent test was
placed on a test stand and run continuously
for 64 hours at 1300 R. P. M., developing
130 brake horsepower. At the
929

930 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
end of this run every part was examined
and found to be in perfect condition.
The six cylinders are cast separately
from a special mixture of gray and
Swedish iron. The inner walls and valve
seats are hardened and ground to a
mirror finish, which adds durability to
the cylinder and diminishes the excess
friction. The crank shaft is of the
seven-bearing type, and the cam shaft is
View from the Tonneau
of one piece, enclosed in an aluminum
housing. Two six-cylinder high grade
magnetos are provided, and one can run
independently of the other.
The forward end of the chassis is narrowed
to 29 inches, allowing a short
turning radius.
The radiator is very different. It has
a slant at an angle of fifteen degrees: six
triangularly curved ventilators tilt upward
and backward for a length of six
inches. The rear openings may be closed
at will with a waterproof door, controlled
by a hand lever on the dash, making the
hood entirely waterproof. The ivory
handles which lift the hood are charming
to look at, and practical too, as they open
and lock the hood to the body.
The control of the car is almost a
thinking machine. The control levers
are located so that the driver will naturally
drop his hand from the steering
wheel to the emergency brake, or the
gear control lever. The left pedal operates
the clutch and the right pedal the
service brake. Ivory mounted levers
operating in a quadrant
are located in the center
\ of the wheel and are
connected with the carburetor
and magnetos
by rattle proof ball joints
and rods. Taking out a
little ivory plug on this
control shuts off the gasoline.
Another right at
hand turns on the head
lights, turning it another
way extinguishes them
and puts on smaller
lights used when the car
stands still. The tail lights,
lights for the tonneau, and
steps are also controlled
with this little ivory plug,
right under the hand, without
a stoop.
The instrument board
would be the joy of any
connoisseur. It is severely
plain and very aristocratic. The
usual method of mounting each
instrument separately has been eliminated,
and in its place is used a single
panel through which the recording hands
of the different instruments extend, and
over which a single piece of plate glass
is placed.
Two beautiful ivory handles are all
that can be seen on the windshield—no
nuts and bolts.
The spare wheel carrier is made so
that the wheel is carried in a vertical
position, with absolutely no unsightly
braces or projections. When the wheel
is not carried, the cover and cables can
be removed, so that nothing projects
above the running board.

SIDELIGHTS 931
MAKING DOUBLE TARGET BALLOONS
Women run this British factory, turning out several hundreds of these balloons a month. They are usi-d in the tr.nnine
of aviators, who fire at them, while in rliyht, just as they fire later at enemy planes.
QUO 4 lOOtlWUI
s.
Wa shday on the U. S Rtcrui t
This land k ttlcship, moor •d on Union Sqi are, Ni w
Vo ik City has all the rou tin • 0 f a regular hehUT

932 ILLUSTRATED '"---.Z
What Profession Shall a Man
a Woman Take Up Today?
Opportunities Offered by the Revolution
In Drugless Healing
"Only a few years ago," said a successful
practitioner to a patient, "I would have
flooded your system with drugs and trusted
to God to bring you out whole. Now you
see I am not using a drug of any kind and
you are getting well."
Is the ancient and honorable profession
of medicine undergoing a revolution ? Are
new opportunities opening for men in a science
of healing which has discarded the
methods of antiquity and is performing in
every day practice what would once have
been called medical feats?
Take the evidence from the great men of
the "old school". Let those whose standing
is such that they can speak with authority
and without fear tell you how the practice
of medicine is going through the process of
remaking, which means the use of natural
methods instead of drugging and blind experiments—the
elimination of dosing.
A physician of world-wide fame, the head
of the medical department of a famous university,
says: "The best physician is the one
who knows the worthlessness of most medicines."
A noted Scotch professor announces
that "Nine times out of ten, our miscalled
By Jno. A. Snyder
remedies are injurious to our patients." One
of the most popular of all medical writers
states that "next after disease, the struggle
of the coming doctor will be against drugs."
And says a former President of the American
Medical Association: "Drugs with the exception
of two are valueless as cures."
The fallacy of trying to club people back
to health by the use of drugs was really discovered
over a hundred years ago by a group
of physicians in Bohemia. These scientists
found that the cause of practically all disease
lies in the pressure of misplaced vertebrae on
the nerves which pass from the spinal cord
to the affected parts of the body; and that
removal of this pressure brings relief and cure.
And now comes the great profession of
Chiropractic organized by American doctors
upon the principles discovered by these
Bohemians, which discards drug treatment
and cures its patients by reaching the very
seat of the trouble, relieving the abnormal
pressure and re-establishing the normal nerve
currents.
This great system of drugless healing has
brought to the human race relief from the
treatment of mere symptoms and freedom
from dosing with nauseous, poisonous compounds
which so often have left in their train
ailments more serious than those they were
supposed to cure.
Again we find the most progressive of the
"regular" M. D.'s bringing their testimony
to support the cause of drugless healing as
presented by Chiropractic. Here are some
of the statements made by medical men who
are broad minded enough to acknowledge the
short-comings of old methods and to recognize
what has been accomplished by this better
way of curing disease.
"It is the most logical and scientific
method of curing ills," says the former Chief
Surgeon of one of our greatest hospitals.
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

"Diseases are but the result of 'impinged
nerves'," is the statement of an eminent professor
of medicine in a leading university.
"An exact and scientific method", reports a
noted New York lecturer on medicine. And
to further demonstrate the revolution in
medicine, it must be observed that many
established doctors have taken post graduate
work in Chiropractic.
And the public has not been behind the
medical profession in recognizing the superiority
of this school of drugless healing.
The doctor of Chiropractic finds his clientele
waiting for him. The principles of Chiropractic
are so logical and their application
so successful that those who have once experienced
or seen the results will never again
consent to be drugged. The speedy relief,
which comes as a result of the skillful spinal
adjustments by the Doctor of Chiropractic,
need be experienced but once to convince any
intelligent person that this is the true method
of relief for physical ailments.
The "regular" doctor, as a rule, has to
struggle for a practice because there are too
many of his kind and because the public is
becoming more and more skeptical of the
"drugging" process. Just as the Professor of
Surgery in a leading medical college says:
"Of all science, medicine is the most uncertain."
While Dr. Schweiniger, Bismarck's
physician, plainly said: "The practice of
medicine is a farce; the so-called curing by
drugs is a fraud." The people are fast learning
all this by experience.
It is the usual thing for a Doctor of
Chiropractic to step at once into a comfortable
practice and then to find a steady increase
in his income. Reports received from
practitioners show that incomes for the first
year often run as high as $4800 to $6000.
The average old-school doctor would consider
this a very good return in the tenth year of
his practice.
The course of study in Chiropractic given
by the American University is training men
and women to enter upon this profession
with prospects of success unsurpassed in any
other technical calling. Under this system,
no special preliminary education is required
and as the course is given by mail the student
need not give up any present occupation.
And for a limited time, a very remarkable
offer is being made to those who register.
Twenty lessons of the course and two sets of
valuable Anatomical and Nerve and Pain
Area Charts are to be given free.
.^USTRATED WORLD 933
The lessons teach how to make spinal
adjustments for Headache, Indigestion, Epilepsy,
Constipation, Rheumatism, Neuralgia,
Lumbago, Pleurisy, Jaundice, Dyspepsit,
Neuritis, Catarrh, Fevers, Paralysis,
Asthma and many other ailments. They show
what a simple yet remarkable system of healing
Chiropractic is.
The charts give a complete view in colors
of the anatomy of the human body. The
value of these charts alone is $31.50. But on
this special limited offer, they cost nothing.
This offer is made for the present by the
American University to interest a number of
ambitious men and women at once. There
are hundreds of localities which are in need
of Doctors of Chiropractic and the demand is
such that more graduates must be provided.
If you want to change from a monotonous,
small paying position to a highly remunerative
profession, send the coupon for
information and do it while this special offer
holds good. Let us tell you about the opportunities
presented to Doctors of Chiropractic
and how you can master Chiropractic
in your own home, receiving the degree
of D. C. Also ask us about the arrangement
we are now making by which you can pay
for the entire course of instruction on easy
monthly terms. The work which this University
is doing to bring competent men and
women into this profession is planned to open
the doors not only to those of means but also
to those whom fortune has not yet favored.
Our ambition is to see every community
benefit from the services of skilled Chiropractic
doctors. Therefore this special opportunity
is presented for a limited time. Your
request implies no obligation upon you. You
can begin now or any time later. But the
time to write is now. The coupon will bring
all the facts. Address, American University,
Dept. 958, Chicago, 111.
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY,
Dept. 958, Manierre Bldg., Chicago.
Please send me information about your course
in Chiropractic and tell me how I can take it up
on easv terms of payment. Also send particulars
about the free offer of twenty lessons and two
sets of charts worth $31.50. All this without obligation
on me.
Name
Address
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

RE-EDUCATION FOR PARA­
LYZED SOLDIERS
R E - E D U C A T I O N is a phase of
volunteer war work for paralyzed
soldiers that has been
undertaken by Doctor Goldwin
Howland and other practitioners
of the University of Toronto. Fifteen
soldiers have already been treated
by this method with success.
Among those treated by Dr. Howland
was one soldier injured last June. A
piece of steel helmet crushed the skull,
destroying that part of the brain which
controls the movements of the legs, and
causing paralysis.
Treatment was commenced in August.
At first only a slight movement of the
legs was possible. Then he learned to
twist his toes in bed. Later he learned
to creep behind a chair. Then he learned
to walk by pushing a chair. After three
months of continued treatment he was
restored to nearly normal.
Treatment consists of massage or
stroking and vibration. Massage is employed
to make the contracted muscles
flexible. For the same reason, the
hand is shaken or vibrated until there is
a loosening of the muscles. Movements
of the arm are produced passively. The
first two methods are employed to make
possible the third, which is that of trying
to get the patient to use the muscles in
simple activities.
Some knowledge of the muscles involved
and their functional relation to
the other parts of the body, and an ability
to stimulate the patient's interest in
his improvement are the requirements of
one giving treatment.
Re-education is the result of the pioneer
work of Doctor Shepherd Ivory
Franz, Scientific Director, Government
Hospital for the Insane. Observations
made upon animals agree with observations
made upon man with the exception
that paralysis is not permanent in animals.
These observations suggested to
934
Doctor Franz the possibility that the
conclusions reached by the medical profession
were inaccurate and unscientific.
Tests made by him upon patients
afflicted with paralysis for periods of
twenty, ten and three years proved that
recovery was possible, and that not
enough attention had been given to socalled
chronic cases.
One of the cures made by Doctor
Franz which might be accounted almost
as remarkable as the healing of the man
lame from birth recorded in the Bible,
was that of a woman fifty-eight years
old, who had been paralyzed for a score
of years. At the time treatment was
commenced, the patient could not raise
her arm in any direction, neither could
she move her wrist nor use her fingers.
Massage of the muscles was employed
first. Then the hand was grasped and
shaken until there was a distinct loosening
of the muscles.
She was then given a ball to hold.
After repeated trials she was able to
grasp it, acquiring the use of her fingers.
After that she learned to use her thumb
and forefinger. She was given a needle
and thread to determine her ability to
sew. Her movements at first were
awkward and slow. The stitches were
large and uneven. During the first week
she averaged twenty-two stitches in five
minutes, but the fifth week she averaged
thirty-three stitches in five minutes, and
the stitches were short and even.
Shortly after she had learned to use
her hand she was given a fan. She
grasped it properly, but in her first
trials she could not make the necessary
combination of movements of arm and
hand. In a few days however she succeeded
so well that she was able to fan
herself with the so-called paralyzed arm
better than she could with her perfect
one.

$2500 $4000 YEAR
Here's the chance you have been waiting for—the
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ISTRATED WORLD 935
HAYWOOD'S
Comefolndianapolis
I'll Teach You the
TireRepairBusiness
If you determine to go into the
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nd every man, rcgnrdless
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LITTLE KNOWN PHASES
The determined men shown in the above photograph came all the way irom Fiji to fight lor the
Allies. These natives are courageous and muscular, and make the very highest type of soldiers.
The picture below depicts the manner in which Italian Alpine fight»rs guard themselves from their
greatest enemy—the sun. They cover their skin with black grease, and their eyes with smoked
glasses.

. -USTRATED WORLD 937
Stop Forgettin
Prof.
Henry
Dickson
America's foremost
Authority on Memory
Training, Fublic
Speaking Self Expression
Lecturer and
Principal of the Dickson
Memory School, Hearst
Building, Chicago.
The Executive
Mr. William H Weeks. District
Attorney of Putnam County, >T.
Y.. writes:
"After a thorough trial of your
method of mental and memory
training, 1 find it to be not only
first class—simply wonderful. I
can truthfully say that I would not
be again without the benefits I
have received from your study for

ONE MAN'S IDEA OF SERVICE
By W. F. FRENCH
T O 'have 'hustling business men
(Arop rn on him at unthought
of hours and demand that their
sadly neglected clothes be
whipped into presentable
shape in express time was a well formed
habit with Achterberg, the tailor. Day
after day they appeared. Sometimes it
was to have a suit pressed, sometimes a
seam stitched or a spot removed, a button
moved or a lining patched. Always
the service was necessary, the time short
and the demand urgent.
The smiling Achterberg didn't begrudge
the service—but it was strenuous
and mostly gratuitous. Good customers,
you know. But we'll have to give him
credit for looking at it from the business
man's side, through the eyes of the
fellow that is caught unprepared and
who faces embarrassment. It was tough
on them. Most of them didn't have any
idea when they might be called upon to
attend a meeting, dinner or business
conference, and they were universally
unprepared. Those with clubs nearby
were in better circumstances, especially
if they had a locker full of clothes on
tap. But, as a matter of fact, few of
them had.
"Now," reasoned tailor Achterberg,
"if I could just give those men the kind
of service they deserve I'd be the most
popular man in Chicago. Suppose, for
instance, that I furnished them valet
service, and took care of their clothes as
well. Suppose my patrons knew that in
an emergency they could come to my
shop, clean up and find fresh clothes
awaiting them. Suppose they could get
a shave right here while we were pressing
their clothes. Suppose—" but he
did a lot more than suppose—he took a
chance!
For a modest tailor to quadruple his
expenses in order to serve his patrons
hints of nerve, and the fact that this
93S
man's Service Club contains about eight
thousand dollars' worth of fittings justifies
the assumption that he took a big
chance.
The Service Club is incidental to his
big job of tailoring, but it is original
and interesting. This club contains
about three hundred individual lockers
with Yale locks, wherein the members
keep fresh linen and the like. It has
four private dressing rooms and four
private showers. It has a members'
clothes closet with a capacity of three
thousand suits. It has a manicurist and
barbers, and also a well-equipped shoe
shining parlor.
The cost of membership is two dollars
and a half a month and the privileges
are: all the clothes brushed and pressed
desired; all the shines desired—two a
day if wanted—all minor mending that
is needed, and the free use of showers.
For manicure and barber services a regular
charge is made.
Most of Achterberg's patrons are
members of the club and receive full
valet service. One does not have to be
a patron of his tailoring shop to join the
club—he figures that an acquaintance:
will bring the business.
As a usual thing the members keep>
two or three suits of clothes in the big
closet or wardrobe, safe in the knowledge
that they are always ready, pressed 1
and in perfect condition. The instant a.
suit is taken off it is brushed, pressed'
and hung in the wardrobe.
The value of this club to the average
business man is almost unlimited. To be'
able to dash into the "Service Club, at a
minute's notice, take a bath, change linen'
and put on a fresh suit of clothes (or
the same suit freshly pressed)—that is
worth while. It is a special boon to theman
that lives miles from his place of
business, the man who cannot "dodge"'
home and make a change.

Learn a Paying Profession
. assures wm a good income and position for life. For
nty.four years we have hucces. fully taught
PHOTOGRAPHY
the
Photo- Engraving and Three-Color Work
- ffraduati'i earn $20 lo $r>o a week. We j,sKi*t
rn to secure tlu*H«* poMltioiiK. Learn how yon can
>rni- Buccecsful. Terms easy — living inexpen.nive.
be f'»r catalogue —NOW I
ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF PHOTOGRAPHY
lira I. fil'i Wabagh Ave., I 111 iiL'harn. III.
^.Permanent Position
$125 a Month to Start
Men 18 to 55 Years lor
Traffic Inspectors—trained men are
sought by railroad and street railway
companies to fi.1 positions of responsibility.
You can live wherever you
like, or travel with r 11 expenses paid
over the United States — South in
Winter—the hikes or ocean in Summer.
Your work keeps you in personal
touch with railroad executives.
If y u are earnest, your opportunities
for advanc* ment are unlimiied.
We teach you by ma I in a few weeks
and assure you a position at once.
Write now for booklet K3 and record
of what our graduates have done.
FRONTIER PREP. SCHOOL
Buffalo. N. Y.
SEXOLOGY
by William H. Walling, A.M., M.D.
imparts in a clear, wholesome
way, in one volume:
Knowledge a Young Man Should Have.
Knowledge a Young Husband Should Have.
Knowledge a Father Should Have.
Knowledge a Father Should Imparl to His Son.
Medical Knowledge a Husband Should Have.
Knowledge a Young Woman Should Have.
Knowledge a Young Wife Should Have.
All in one volume, Knowledge a Mother Should Have.
Illustrated. Knowledge a Mother Should Impart lo Her Daughter.
$2.00 postpaid Medical Knowledge a Wife Should Have.
Write far ' 'Other People's (Opinions'' and Table ol Contents.
PURITAN PUB. CO., 770 PERRY BLDC, PHILA., PA.
USTRATED WORLD 939
'Beyond.
Icour Jab!"
"There is not a man in power at the Bethlehem
Steel Works today," says Charles M. Schwab, in
the American Magazine, "who did not begin at
the bottom and work his way up. Eight years
ago Eugene Grace was switching engines. His
ability to out-think his job, coupled with his sterling
integrity, lifted him to the presidency of our
corporation. Last year he earned more than a
million dollars Jimmie Ward, one of
our vice-presidents, used to be a stenographer.
The fifteen men in charge of the plants were selected, not
because of some startling- stroke of genius, but because
day in and day out, they were thinking beyond their jobs. "
If you want to be somebody, to climb to a position of responsibility,
get ready for it. Do what you are doing now
better than the men beside you, and train for the job ahead.
You can do it—in spare time — through the International
Correspondence Schools.
For 25 years men with ambition and I. C. S. help have
been making spare hours the stepping-stones to successful
careers. Last year more than 5,000 reported that their
studies had won for them advancement and increased salaries.
Over 130,000 men in offices, shops, stores, mines and
mills and on railroads all over America are preparing in
COPY THIS SKETCH
and let's see wh :an do with it. Cartoon-
Ists and illuttrai—„ n (rum $J0.00 to f 125.00
or more per week. Mv practical system of pt.
sonal Individual lessons by mail will develop
your talent. Fifteen years' sua essful work f"r
newspapers and magazines qualifies me to teacli
jrou. Sendsketi li ol Um leSam with 6c tn stamps
for test lesson plate ; also collection of dra« ings
•honlno nncslhtllflMc l.,r Vi II ' "•' J.V VOUf (lIFt,
The Landon School llustrating
& Cartooning,
1465 Schofield Building, Cleveland, O.
the I. C. S. way to take the next step upward.
DELECTR1CAL ENGINEER
SALESMANSHIP
Join "3 Electric them! Lighting All you need is just ordinary brains, the
ADVERTISING
will ^Electric to do, and Railways the firm resolve to think Window ahead Trimmer of the job you
Electric Wiring
now
Telegraph
hold. The
Engineer
I. C. S. are ready Show to make Card the Writer rest easy.
Make H Telephone your start. Work Mark and mail this Sign coupon. Painter
m
I—« —• MECHANICAL — — ——— ENGINEER — TEAM OUT HCHC Railroad •• Trainman — — — —" •"" *
1 Mechanical Draftsman
ILLUSTRATING
INTERNATIONAL Machine Shop Practice CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS
Cartooning
Gas Engine BOX Operating 5424, SCRANTON, BOOKKEEPER PA.
Explain, CIVIL ENGINEER without obligating me, how Stenographer 1 can qualify and for Typist the portion,
Surveying or In the and subject, Mapping before which I Cert. mark X. Public Accountant
MINE FOREMAN OR ENGINEER TRAFFIC MANAGER
Metallurgist or Prospector Railway Accountant
STATIONARY ENGINEER
Commercial Law
Marine Engineer
GOOD ENGLISH
ARCHITECT
Teacher
A SUGGESTION
Contractor and Builder
Architectural Draftsman
Concrete Builder
Structural Engineer
Common School Subject*
Mathematics
CIVIL SERVICE
Railway Mail Clerk
Q When you are par tic ularly impressed by any article in
PLrURING iMi HEATING
AUTOMOBILE OPEJUTISO
ILLUSTRATED
iniercsted in it,
WORLD, mention it to those who might be
Sheet Metal Worker
Textile Overseer or Supt.
Auto Repairing |
Narration
0] We shall always be glad to send a sample copy to any of your 3 CHEMIST
AG Kit TLTrRE
friends if you will send us the name and address and mention the
title of the article you wish your friend to see.
Name
City-
Present
_^ Poultry RaislDK
Occupation
Street
:
Kindly mention
and No
Illustrated World when writing advertisers.

940 ILLUSTRATED Vv'O
HOW TO BECOME
(Continuct
as the bad let-off—every amateur's chief
trouble.
There is nothing in the fall of the
hammer of the empty rifle to move it in
the least, there is practically no jar;
if the front sight jumps, that is your
fault, the nervous response of your
strained nerves to the click, the sudden
release of your strained muscles. Only,
just as sure as you do let your nerves
respond, just as sure as you release your
muscles at this instant, just that sure
will you shoot inaccurately and stand
still on the path to becoming an expert.
DON'T LET THE RELEASE OF
THE TRIGGER MOVE THE RIFLE!
DON'T QUIT HOLDING STEAD­
ILY JUST BECAUSE THE HAM­
MER FALLS!
That's all there is to accurate rifle
shooting.
If you align the sights the same every
shot, which is acquired by care and practice,
if you grip the rifle the same every
shot and if you let the hammer fall without
letting it affect your hold in the
least, then you're an expert rifle shot.
Quicker firing, greater control of the
trigger, the various positions, all come
from practice, but until that fatal obstacle
is surmounted, you'll never get
anywhere.
In the standing position there is but
one sensible hold. It is a position that
is unsteady at best, and in which the
sling does no good. Pull the rifle hard
against the shoulder with the right
hand, gripping the rifle firmly, then run
the left hand well out on the barrel, not to
a strained position, however. Keep the
left elbow well under the rifle, not out
to the left, and make the right hand do
most of the work of holding. If the
left hand is not on a strain, the rifle can
be held much more steadily. Then get
off smoothly as the sight touches the bull
for an instant. The position is one for
quick and shotgun-like shooting. Postpone
it until you've mastered the prone
position.
A SHARPSHOOTER
from paee 896)
The kneel is much used by soldiers.
In it the sling is of the utmost value.
Its adjustment is precisely the same as
for the prone position. Point the left
foot directly at the target, point the
right foot at right angles to the left, and
get the right knee as far to the right as
possible, sitting well back on the right
foot. The sole of the shoe ought to be
heavy, of the brogan type, for comfort.
Sitting is nearly as steady as prone,
when the sling is used correctly, which
is precisely as for the prone. Either dig
two holes by a couple of good kicks, for
the heels, or else cross the feet, putting
the right foot under the left ankle. In
either case sit ten to twenty degrees to
the right of the line of the target. Put
the elbows, both of them, inside the
knees, not on the knee-caps.
The four positions, with most attention
devoted to the prone, take care of
all rifle shooting needs, although in the
Navy they use also the homely squat,
sitting on both heels Indian fashion.
Only remember, that you can learn
nine-tenths of the things necessary to
make a good shot of yourself, with the
empty rifle, you can pass the worst
stumbling block with the empty rifle
better than with the loaded one, and you
snap the rifle empty in hard, thoughtful
practice, a hundred shots with profit, to
one shot with real cartridges.
And as you value success, concentrate,
concentrate to momentary exclusion of
all other things on earth on that few
seconds' aim and that trigger release—
"concentrate though your coat-tails be
on fire."
And if you want to go farther with
the rifle, to learn the Navy and the Marine
Corps way of doing it, write the
best friend of American riflemen, Major
W. C. Harllee, Navy Department, Washington,
D. C, and ask him as a learner,
for a copy of the Small Arms Firing
Regulations, United States Navy. No
man is so stupid that he cannot learn to
shoot the rifle from that book alone.

these
books!
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 941
brings
Automobile Engineering
A TWO-CENT STAMP is all that it will cost you to get the five-volume
/*\ library of Automobile Engineering delivered, prepaid, to your door—for seven days'
free examination. The new 1917 edition is just off the press, and explains every
practical repair method in simple, easily-understood English.
Hundreds of pages describe all the up-to-date systems of ignition, starting
and lighting. Welding, vulcanizing, and commercial garage equipment and operation is
thoroughly covered. Carefully cross-indexed, so that the information you want can be
Partial List of Subjects:
referred to instantly. Handsomely bound in flexible morocco leather, gold stamped, these five Explosion volumes Motors. should Weld­ be
owned by every man interested in automobiles. They contain the combined knowledge of the ing^ greatest Motor Construction experts in
the business. 2,200 pages (5}£x8 in.) and 2,000 illustrations, tables and explanatory diagrams. ana Repair. Carbureters
And now a great introductory offer is open to those who will send the coupon at once.
ond Settings, V ation. slvea, Fly.
Cooling",Lubrication, h, Trans- Fly.
The regular price of this brand-new edit ion will be S25.00, but you can get the complete library Wheels. Clutch, >il Drive.
(or only Slti. a- payable at the rate of SOc A WEEK !
mission. Final aes, Tires,
Steering, Frames, *i
Shipped
To those
Free
who send the coupon im­ Vulcanising. IjrnltlL_.
mediately we will send the complete Starting- and Lighting
five volumes without a penny; deposit— ex- System*, W i r Ing Diapress
prepaid. Then yon can use the books for seven full days - see what they are going to mean to
grams, __, Shr»D Com Kinks. morel Com­
Trucks, mercial Glossary.
Garage DeelgQ
you. After the trial—if yon thirJs you can got alone without them — eend them back to us at our and Equipment, Elec-
expense. The trial doesn't cost you a penny. But if yon decide-to buy—send only $2.00 and then $2.00 f iea. Storage Batteries,
a month—Cue a week—until tbe specially reduced price of $16.80 has been paid.
American Technical Society
On 7 Days'
FREE Consulting Service!,/
{•anmrnnmiv
DepLA*127C Oiago,U.S.A.
Please send me the 6 volume Auto-
Membership With each in the set American we give Technical you, Soeiety. absolutely The free, regular a price years is Consulting $12.00, but > / .?±i,°Jxrufifc

942 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
ANALYZING
{.Continued f\
which Mrs. Scott plays with a child and
this tells a story of honor and sometimes
even of honesty. If the child plays very
carefully and is fairly quick to obey the
rules, he has already developed an idea of
honor which will never leave him and
which will probably insure him from
ever spending time behind barred windows
in his after life.
Honor and honesty, like all the other
character traits, are developed by the
child's environment. The mother who
constantly makes promises which she
never fulfills is making her child into a
dishonorable man whose word you can
never believe. Threats, bad table manners
by father, quarrels before the child,
displays of temper are reflected in the
mirror which a child forms.
One cannot depend much on heredity
because a child is only partly the son of
his parents. He is the son of a long
line of parents, each of whom contributes
his mite to the youngster. But you
can control his environment and develop
his character and personality by every
move you make before him. You must
take him seriously, for already life is the
most serious thing he knows. When
you treat him as a child—talk baby talk
and feed him milk from a spoon after
he is old enough to drink it himself,
laugh at his pranks and snicker when he
calls grandpa a liar you are seeing him
from your point of view and not from
his. The oldest chestnut in the world
speaks of this: "When in Rome do as
the Romans do."
If a child is "good", his case may be
more serious than that of a bad one.
"We must see through children's virtues,"
said Mrs. Scott shrewdly. "We
must not be too content with our good,
our docile, our quiet child, who never
causes us any serious thought. That
child may turn out the most serious
problem. That child may be lacking.in
initiative, originality and self dependence."
So Mrs. Scott's laboratory is an indict-
YOUR CHILD
•om page 848 )
ment of parents. When someone goes
to her it is an admission that they have
failed, at least at present, although she
hopes that the time will come when no
mother will bring up a child until she
has had advice from an expert.
When Mrs. Scott, who is a Russian,
asked Tolstoi who the greatest American
of today is, he answered her, "John
Dewey".
It is to John Dewey that she gives
credit for her basic ideas. He is a professor
of education and child study in
Columbia University, a man so shy himself
that he has effaced himself from the
public yet whose writings have had a
greater influence upon teachers in the
whole world than any other work. He
is ranked as one of the three great philosophers
of the time. His books and
his courses of study are tremendously
difficult and they are of course for teachers
and not for parents. Mrs. Scott is
one of the advance outposts of his work,
although her basic ideas are really all
which she owes to him.
You can do a great deal for your own
child by applying the ideas sketched in
this article. Try to look at things from
his point of view instead of from your
own and try to read between the lines of
his speech. He says but a part of what
he means. We have a world populated
with persons who are subnormal—able
to use one-third to a half of the abilities
with which they were endowed at birth.
You have felt it yourself in those momentary
flashes of brilliance which astound
you and reveal hidden depths in
your own mentality. If you could use
those flashes all the time, turn them into
a great stream of light you could make
twice the salary you now enjoy, perhaps
a hundred times as much because the
great and the little are divided by an
extremely narrow gulf. It may be too
late for you to help yourself, but how
about the youngster? Give him a
chance; think in his terms and talk his
language.

WSTRATED WORLD 943
Be a
Hundreds of Caille Owners have asked to become our
agents,—they have seen how easy it is to sell Caille
5 Speed Master Motors. They wanted to represent us in their
vicinity because everyone who saw the Caille
perform wanted one. We are going to give
everyone a chance to be an Owner Agent and
sell the Caille 5 Speed outboard motor. No previous selling experience
is necessary. No office or shop is needed. Anyone can easily understand
and operate a Caille 5 Speed Outboard Motor. Be first in your neighborhood.
Special Owner Agent Offer
We will give a special "Owner Agents" discount to one in each community.
Our best advertisement is the Caille in operation. Owner Agents
sell from I to 12 Caille Motors a year easily among friends and acquaintances. Buy
yours Speeds at discount Forward and sell all you — can. Standstill We want a Caille — 2 Owner Speeds
Ancnt in your vicinity.
Reverse Without Stopping Motor
The Caille 5 Speed Motor Starter operates with a quick, easy pull,— women and children
operate it easily. There are two speeds forward—two reverse or standstill without stopping
the motor. This makes the Caille so flexible that anyone can use it for hunting, fishing.
pleasure in fresh or salt water. The Caille is simple in construction, made oi best materials and is [ully Guaranteed.
FREE Catalog, Special OwnT Agents Discount. Booklet " Installation-Operation and Care ol
2 Cycle Motors and Equipment," all absolutely FREE. Here's a chance to earn while you play.
Caille Perfection Motor Co., 68 Caille BIdg, Detroit, Mich., U. S.
We are miners and shippers of Crude Asbestos in any
quantity. We produce all grades at our world famous
Bell Asbestos Mines, in Canada. We also card fibres,
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products.
For anything you want in Asbestos, turn to
KEASBEY 4. MATTISON COMPANY
DEPT. S-2 AMBLER, PENNA., U. S. A.
Owners of the world's largest Asbestos Mines
Send 2 Cents in U. S.
stamps to pay postage and we will send you
FREE a SAMPLE COLLAR of our New
Style "Copley." State size wanted.
REVERSIBLE COLLAR CO, Dent. W, BOSTON, MASS.
We make a complete line of Inboard Marine Engines from 2 X % to 30 A. p.
if interested ask for catalog, giving dimensions of boat.
Acetylene Blow Torch
Pre€t- O-Torch
uicker and cheaper than
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factories, repairshops, linemen, dentists,
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or send order now. Money refunded if not satisfied.
The Prest-O-Lite Co, Inc. TJS
Canadian General OSes, Dept. A.10, Tc
Iwav
is. Ind.
Ont.
DEAFNESS IS MISERY
I know because I was Deaf and had Head
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Writefor Booklet and
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Suit©254,150 5tli Ave.; N. Y. City
"RED DEVIL" COMBINATION PLIER
7 Practical Tools in One
SMITH & HEMENWAY CO., Inc.
Kindly mention Illustrated ll'orld when writing advertisers.
102 Colt St.
Irvington, N.J.

944
ILLUSTRATED WO.
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The regular price of the books is $50.00.
AH About Business
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Shipping, Export Shipments, Business Statistics, etc.
VOL. II—Purchasing and Stores. Catalogues, Time-Keeping, Cost Analysis,
Shop Management, Practical Manufacturing Methods, etc.
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Corporations, Securities, Contracts, Leases, etc.
VOL. IV—Methods of Bookkeeping, Principles of Accounting, Trial Balance,
Corporation Methods, Voucher Systems, etc.
VOL. V—Special Accounting, Systems, Inventories, Stock Brokerage, Recording
and Billing. Handling Bankruptcy Proceedings, etc.
VOL. VI—Auditing, C. P. A. Requirements, Corporation Corporate Business,
Specialized Forms for Corporation Auditing, etc.
VOL. VII—Banking, Savings and Safety Deposit Accounting, PubllsbT-?'
Accounting, Installment Sales and Collections, Advertiamw and Subscriptions,
Practical Accounting Problems, Magazine Records, etc.
VOL. VI11—TIrewers' Accounts. Retail Store Accounting, Mail Order
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VOL. IX—Insurance, Real Estate, Loans, Rentals, Abstracts, Contractors'
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paid. If books fall to please. M |n , „lhotlheS60.oobookB«nd»24.oo
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£nse.These books contain / «*%£$, S S T f e ^ M l ^ S
i_ f. ._««1 . .r, that. tnetinU M Bet ** ,u information that means M •£„ thom alter 7tJaj'8etyoujeipeutw.
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"r,iw.
Reference..
THE DOLLAR VALUE OF
PATRIOTISM
{Continuedfrom page 838)
up in the old ones and fear that the newer
ones would nullify this old investment.
This is true in every industry but one
case is especially pointed. I know of one
new coal mining machine that would cut
the cost of production about forty cents
a ton. It would make each room of the
mine yield 100 tons a day, whereas each
now yields about eight. The mine
owners will not use it because it endangers
their investment—in some mines
this amounts to $100,000—in machines
of an older design.
The workers and their employers must
abandon these points of view if we are
to get the big results upon which national
safety depends. In times of peace the
nation can afford to be tolerant of these
peccadilloes, in order to oil the wheels of
industry even at the expense of some
national economic loss. Today, however,
every delay, every particle of waste
effort, is a straight blow at the nation.
Every man is duty bound to fan the spark
of patriotism in his own breast, even if
it goes against the grain and apparently
militates against his pecuniary advantage.
As matters stand now, the nation has a
stupendous industrial task before it.
This must be accomplished with about
4,000,000 men less than would be used
in normal times. On first thought, it
seems insane optimism even to hope for
success. Even so, vastly more can be
done with the men and machines we have
if only the wasteful routine can be forced
into a discard. To reform business in
this way is, as I believe, industrial
patriotism. If that were the only incentive,
I would not dare hope for success.
But since both labor and capital
will profit hugely by the change both
now and hereafter, maybe something of
the sort will come.
My notion is that industrial patriotism
as expressed in business short cuts, has a
cash value four times that of wasteful
routine and time-killing as practiced in
peace times.

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946 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
TRAPPING THE
(Continued J, 'om page 831)
These buoys, spaced two hundred
yards apart, would be, in fact, stationary
submarines and lookout posts combined.
Each would be a floating steel or iron
shell, ovoid or spherical in shape, and
large enough to contain just one man as
"crew" and the necessary apparatus.
The apparatus which the observer
would have at his command would be
one miniature torpedo tube, capable of
firing a missile sufficiently large to destroy
an enemy submarine or any other
small vessel that might approach. Besides
this, a one-pound rapid fire gun
would be mounted on the surface.
This much would enable one man to
give a good account of himself in any
fight on the surface, and at the same
time, to give the alarm.
Because the major portion of his work
would consist in lookout duty, the torpedo
buoy would have to be equipped
with a small periscope, both above the
water and below. The underwater periscope
doubtless would have to be long
enough to enable him to see clearly all
that was going on under him. In some
cases this would mean an extreme length
of somewhat over one hundred feet, but
fortunately, the ocean floor between
Scotland and Norway rarely is this far
below the level of the waves.
Finally, the last and most important
of the torpedo buoy's defensive apparatus
would be a storage battery and a
system of wiring reaching from a
switchboard inside the buoy to a series
of explosive mines set at varying depths
about the one hundred yard radius to be
guarded.
The moment a submarine raider was
spied, the man in the buoy would judge
whether to attempt to destroy the vessel
with a torpedo, or to wait until it came
near to one of the explosive mines. In
the latter case, the lone sea sentinel
would have the choice of fifteen or
twenty explosion centers from which to
attack his submerged enemy. Because
the crushing force of a mine explosion
PIRATE U-BOAT
under water creates a disturbance, irresistible
to the thin plates of a U-boat,
over a wide horizontal plane and all the
way to the surface in a vertical direction,
the submarine, once sighted, would have
almost no chance of escape.
Other forces, also, were set in motion
at the time the underwater pirate was
seen. A distress signal was flashed—
heliograph or any other previously deterrr.ned
means would do—along the
line of buoys to the place where destroyers
and "swatters" were waiting. Even
supposing that the enemy submarine
slipped past, the squadron, with its aeroplane
assistance, would locate and destroy
him.
To establish this chain would require
approximately 2,200 of these buoys and
33,000 of the tri-nitro-toluol bombs.
This seems enormous, but when it is
considered that the expense would probably
be less than one-tenth the amount
that Germany is putting into submarines,
that 2,200 men with an equal number
of reserves to spell them off as alternates
and a thousand extra to replace
losses could hold the line successfully.
and that this would release the most
powerful of our allies from the vital
danger which now threatens her, it does
not seem like extravagance.
Another of the plans which was followed
earlier in the submarine campaign
with some success, and wdiich still lures
a few of the more unsophisticated German
U-boat commanders into fatal difficulties,
is the "blind pocket" net.
For this a decoy vessel, usually a
dummy merchantman, is used. A circle
of steel nets, a mile in diameter, is submerged.
The mouth is left open. The
dummy merchantman cruises about
until it is suspected that a submarine is
in close chase; then it heads into the
circle of nets. Immediately it becomes
a certainty that the enemy has fallen
into the trap, the mouth of the nets is
closed. Then there is no alternative-to
{Continued on page 948)

.^U ST RATED WORLD 947
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948 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
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All About Electricity
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(Continued from page 946)
destruction but instant surrender for the
submarine.
The reason why this does not work
on a large scale is because the Germans,
whatever else we may say of them, are
not lacking- in guile. The sight of two
or three "innocent" fishing smacks cruising
about—the net raisers—is enough to
make them very circumspect. Then, too,
when finally encircled, it is obvious that
the decoy vessel also is caught in the
same trap, and is for the moment, at the
mercy of the sea pirate. Many German
vessels thus caught have simply sent the
decoys to the bottom first, and then
taken their own medicine, which makes
the process of destruction of submarines
rather costly for the Allies.
Another idea, which has been featured
quite extensively in the United States,
but which contains little of practical
value, is typical of the wilder plans for
protecting the merchantmen themselves.
The inventor of this process proposes
that each ship carry an apparatus for
throwing steel discs—like phonograph
records—into the water beside the vessel,
at such an astounding rate that the
ship is enclosed completely by a thin wall
of steel through which a torpedo cannot
pass without exploding. This is, of
course, thoroughly Utopian, as no vessel
could afford the expense of using these
plates at all times, even were the apparatus
proved to be practical, and no
ordinary ship can tell with any accuracy
—unless protected by aeroplanes—when
an underwater attack by a German submarine
is about to start.
Literally thousands of such ideas have
been advanced in the past few months,
but it is probable that ninety-nine per
cent have not even been tried out,
although doubtless all have received
serious consideration. It is probable that
the U-boat problem will be solved
ultimately by the application of old principles,
and not by any astounding new
invention. The torpedo buoy is such an
application, and though it may not be the
best way, it has possibilities.

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THE LITTLE COUNTRY
THEATER
By JOSEPH C. GLERUM
N O W A D A V S, when young
Hiram Scroogs takes his
Samantha Jane to the show
or to the movies, he must
drive to the nearest town
showing these attractions, which sometimes
is ten or fifteen miles away ; and
it costs him several dollars for an evening's
entertainment. In the future he will
not need to travel so far nor spend the
time and money that he now does for his
entertainments. The little country theater
movement will put shows right in
his neighborhood.
The object of the little country theater
is to produce such plays as can be
staged easily in a school house, the basement
of a country church, in the parlor
of a farm home, in the village hall, or
in any similar place where people meet
for social betterment. One act dramas
and comedies adapted to amateur acting
will predominate, with an occasional play
of greater length. Plays depicting the
modes of life among various foreign peoples
will be of especial interest to the
people of the Northwest, while plays
taken from the scenes of the American
Revolution will interest people of the
New England States ; likewise Civil War
plays will interest people of the Dixie
Land. In fact every community will be
served with plays that will interest that
particular locality.
The first little country theater was
built at North Dakota Agricultural College
at Fargo, N. D., under the direction
of its founder, Mr. A. G. Arvold, a member
of the faculty of the college. This
theater will serve as a model for others
now planned to be established throughout
North Dakota. The theater at the
Agricultural College, which has been in
operation the past year, is about the size
950
of the average town hall with a seating
capacity of two hundred. The stage is
thirty feet wide and twenty feet dee]).
The proscenium opening is ten feet high
and fifteen feet wide. There are no
boxes or balconies. All decorations, being
homemade, are simple and inexpensive.
The scenes are made of light wood
painted on both sides and hinged in the
middle to admit of compactness in shipping.
The admission fee is five or ten
cents and with all the seats sold the receipts
are more than sufficient to pay all
the expenses, since there are no high
salaries of managers and actors, no rent,
no advertising or traveling expense to
boost the overhead.
Most of the costumes, scenery, and
stage furniture are homemade. The
Agricultural College now owns a complete
motion picture outfit whereby the
students expose their own films and
show them in their theater. It is the
plan of the originators to send out films
and cameras to the country theaters.
thus extending the educational features
of the movies to the country.
A careful canvass of all the farming
people in any county of the United States
undoubtedly would show that the majority
were looking forward to the time
when they could move to town. There
is the desire to get away from the monotony
of the farm and enjoy the social
activities of the city. Men who made a
study of this migration from farm to
town have discovered the fact that the
development of scientific farming must
be accompanied by a development of the
social side of life. In the words of Mr.
Arvold, the founder of the little country
theater, "to tell people how to produce
better crops and not tell them how to
live is absolutely foolish."

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Buyers." Randolph . C.
PATENTS BIUNO Riches; Protect Your
Inventions. Attorney's fee payable when
patent allowed. Plain advice and "Patent
Facts" free. Trade-marks registered.
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MAKING THE HIGH COST OF
LIVING HIGHER
T H E R E are numerous "stunts"
employed by the average
housekeeper which masquerade
under the title of economy.
They are practiced solely for
the sake of economy, and yet they are
the causes of some of the high cost of
living.
One of these is the ice blanket. The
ice blanket is advertised extensively
at the beginning of the summer season,
and continued until winter time. It is
the rare housekeeper who does not succumb
to the temptation of paying only
ten cents for one, when the advertisement
says that one-half as much ice may
be used when the ice blanket is applied.
This is perfectly true. The ice lasts
beautifully. But does the food? Surely
the housekeeper does not buy ice merely
to keep it. The ice keeps, and the food
spoils, and the longer the ice keeps, the
quicker will the food spoil. Other people
put newspapers over the ice, which also
does the work of keeping ice and spoiling
food. But these things stop refrigeration,
and refrigeration is the very thing
that ice is bought for. So the purchase
of an ice blanket, costing ten cents, and
the saving weekly of a few cents worth
of ice, results in a loss all the way from
two to five dollars worth of food every
month of the year.
Another so-called economical stunt is
to save bread for bread pudding. Once
in a great while we meet a man who says
he likes bread pudding. But this species
is rare, and when he has said he likes it
he has probably been fed on bread pudding
that was disguised as far as possible,
by costly food products.
In the first place, if we are to have
true economy, there should not be even
a slice of bread left for bread pudding.
The finest of homes in France never have
a bit of bread wasted, because no bread is
9S2
cut unless it is to be eaten then and there.
The whole loaf is put on the table, and
the bread is either broken off or cut off
only when a slice is to be eaten.
In Italy, a whole long loaf is passed
around the table and each person breaks
off the amount he wishes. This method
might not be as desirable from the point
of sanitation, as the cutting off with a
knife by one person at the head of the
table, but at least, the Italians do not
have to eat bread pudding, and their
pocketbooks are saved a portion of the
steady drain that American breadwinners
must stand day in and day out.
Let us suppose, however, that a few
slices of bread are left over. A bread
pudding is decided on. This bread pudding
takes for four people, about a quart
of milk, two, or three eggs, almost a cup
of sugar, and in the case of a fancy
edition, this pudding is filled with raisins,
has a meringue on top, and on top of the
meringue is a bit of jelly. This makes
the bread pudding cost from thirty to
thirty-five cents at least, including gas,
and after all this trouble, it is still a bread
pudding. For fifteen cents for four
people, one can have a delicious souffle
of dates or prunes, a dainty custard, an
attractive blancmange, or a gelatin dessert,
or tapioca pudding in one of its inviting
forms.
Still other people cheat themselves in
the matter of frying bacon. In some
cook book they have read that bacon
should be fried crisp. So they go to
work and exaggerate this crispness so that
all the fat of the bacon has gone from it.
Bacon has no advantage as far as food
value is concerned, unless it has the fat
which it originally contained. The price
is high for it at best, but if it is fried
too crisp, so that no fat is left, it is a
dear article of food, even for indulgent
millionaires.

Everything the
Boss Knows
Here, in these new books you have all the
knowledge that gave the boss his job. All the
problems he had to work out by actual experience are
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Just think what it would mean if you knew
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Modern Shop Practice
In these six volumes you have all the information you
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You can be the man who gives the money saving — time saving
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They are bound in genuine Bagdad leather, limp
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page plates, tables and diagrams, all cross-indexed Important for quick
reference. The regular price of tbe set Subjects is £30.00 Covered but for a
limited time we areoffenng a few sets at Machine $17.80—about Shop Work—Modern half
price. And you can pay this low price at Manufacturing the rate of — §2.00 Machine a
month. This offer is made to every man. within Shop Management—Melal-
the boundaries
of the United [States and Canada.
Use Them Seven Days
Uponyoursimple request we will
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for free examination. Use them
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US?2.00aft«r Use them seven tho trial days—and and then $2.001 see foryour-
until eelf you what have they pj'i'l 117.80 are going And to too, mean .. „ to
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away a golden opportunity send them back.
lurgy—Welding—Diesiting—Tool Making—Ton. Jeslgn—Foundry
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tern send y\tn, Please send me tho Bet of Modconsulting
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50c Send the Coupon a Week f^r&Jspx? n gaarte? 1 lias
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of
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fully paid for. Other­
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prepaid, for your examina- J
tion. Act quick —beforo f
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Dept. H1S70 •* ADDRESS.
CHICAGO. U.S. i. /*
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IS
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PROVIDING THE ARMY'S
WATER SUPPLY
N O T all the marvels of army
organization have to do with
the actual fighting, of course.
Far from least important in
the details demanding attention
is the providing of an adequate supply
of water when in the camp. Not
alone this, but because armies, when in
the field, are hardly liable to be stable
quantities this system of providing the
water for the encampment must be of
such sort as to allow of easy transport
and, incidentally, to occupy an absolute
minimum of space.
In the National Guard camps last year,
the soldier had a bathroom, large and
spacious, set out on the field quite near
his tent. The bathroom consisted of
minimum numbers of boards to form a
frame, each board numbered so that the
veriest tyro could set it in position according
to diagram. Over these boards
stretched canvas, cut to size and provided
with hook-and-eye devices, so that the
four walls to the bathroom were up in a
trice.
The water supply itself came through
piping, each section plainly numbered,
each section fitting quickly to its neighbor,
and each section joining others
within a minimum of space.
Properly bathed and dressed, the
soldier-boys want breakfast, of course,
and drinking-water must be provided.
The piping therefor is laid to the side
of the enscreened mess tents, and connects
directly with great filters, so that
filtered water is at hand on demand.
Nor does one wish a drink only at meal
times, and so, after carefully studied
plans, the piping is extended over the
camp, and, at frequent intervals, wee
hydrants rise, that the thirsty soldier may
take a drink, or draw water.
954
By F L L I X J. K O C H
Not the least of these uses to which
the universal liquid may be put have, of
course, to do with washing one's various
belongings—scrubbing leggings, perhaps,
and the like. System, with eye to compact,
enters even here; wherefore boxes,
in which certain of the items of camp
equipment are shipped, are built so that
they may be turned upon their sides and
used as very satisfactory washboards.
A tin basin, with water from the
hydrant near; the scrubbing-brush, from
inside the box aforesaid, and it is indeed
remarkable what a soldier-boy can do
toward tidying up and making his possessions
shipshape!
Nor do the tin basins, so easy to compact,
each in each, go to these ends only.
They are converted into miniature washstands
for the men as well. With the
army equipment there go stakes, and
near the tents where the men sleep these
stakes will be thrust in series of threes,
each three to support a basin.
Round the Red-Cross tents compactness
is, above all else, the rule. The
folded stretchers form tripods before the
door. But here, again, water is necessarily
close at hand and just to the rear
of such tent you are sure to find piping
and hydrants, such as to assure a most
abundant flow.
Simple as it may seem to tell about,
this matter of the water supply is always
the result only of the most careful
planning.
In time of war, where siege has been
laid and the stay is likely to be protracted,
experts will gather at their folding
table with their chairs beneath the
trees and work it out to the last detail.
What results they can and do achieve,
then, with the material at hand is little
short of marvelous.

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12 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, nfinois
Bush Car Delivered Free
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BUSH MOTOR COMPANY, Bush Temple. Address CbJcaco. J II E?sb. HI, i
'Y'HE best magazines at lowest prices are
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Writ* to-day for full particulars.
STRATED WORLD 955
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A LIFE INCOME FROM WILD
WATER FOWL
By FRANK G. M O O R H E A D
B E C A U S E he kept his eyes open,
even when he was hunting
amusement, Clyde B. Terrell, a
22-year-old farm boy of Wisconsin,
is assured a good income
for life from a hitherto neglected
source.
Twenty years ago the first specimens
of wild celery were brought to Wisconsin
by Mr. Terrell's father, John Terrell,
from Chesapeake Bay. There was no
thought in the elder Terrell's mind of
ever developing the wild-celery industry.
He was a Nature lover and he knew,
by long observation, that the wild celery
plant attracts certain kind of wild game
birds more than anything else. He
transplanted the wild celery in order to
stock the marshes and ponds along the
Fox River, where he located, with game
birds.
The boy proved to be more practical
than his father. Sitting in the tall reeds
and rushes along the edges of the Butte
des Morts marshes and bayous, with his
father as his teacher and companion, the
boy began to realize the immense commercial
possibilities of the rankly-growing
weed-grass which attracted the canvasbacks,
redheads, widgeons, bluebills
and other water fowls to the region in
such great number. That his ideas were
practical is evidenced by the fact that no
longer ago than last November the 22year-old
Wisconsin boy went back to
New York to supervise the planting of a
game preserve on the 40,000-acre estate
of W. A. Harriman, son of the late railroad
magnate, E. H. Harriman. On this
estate, wild ducks, Canadian geese, deer
and other game are being established in
large number. The young Wisconsin lad
was sent for because he had inexhaustible
quantities of the wild celery and
knew its value in luring certain kinds of
956
ducks to creeks and ponds of the rich
man's estate.
From a little handful of Chesapeake
Bay seed scattered over the waters, the
wild celery of the Fox River has spread
over a vast area until today there is an
inexhaustible supply. Mr. Terrell explains
its value in this manner:
"Thousands of wild ducks and other
water fowls will come to your marshes,
ponds, lakes, rivers or overflowed lowlands,
if you plant the natural food they
love. Careful study proved to me that
the following are among the very best
and most attractive foods for wild water
fowl: duck potato or wapatoo, wild rice,
wild celery, peppergrass, water cress,
and so on. Not all of these foods are
eaten by all kinds of ducks. For instance,
wild rice is a food of the marsh
ducks, mallards, teal and pintails; while
wild celery is a food of the diving or
deep-water ducks, like the canvasback,
redhead and bluebill. By planting the
proper quantities of the various foods
wild water fowl can be attracted and
maintained at almost any place desired."
It is to this work, in an untrodden
field, that Mr. Terrell has set himself,
with pecuniary profit and personal honors
already achieved. On the celery
which grows wild, in profusion, on his
father's farm, seed-bearing pods appear
during the late summer or early autumn.
The young man gathers these and finds
a ready market for them among hunting
clubs and sportsmen generally. The wild
celery is a perennial plant, sending out
runners in all directions, like a strawberry
plant. A bushel and a half of seed
planted to an acre of marsh land or
bayou will insure a steady supply of the
very food which the canvasback duck
and other wild water fowl crave, and
attract these game birds inevitably.

ALL ABOUT
CARPENTRY
Here, in ten volumes, is explained in simple,
easily-understood English, everything in carpentry and
building from the first rough sketch of the architect to
the acceptance of the finished structure. Includes wood,
stone, steel and reinforced concrete construction, estimating
and contracting, interior finishing and decorating,
modern house lighting and sanitation. No one interested
in the building profession can afford to be without these
books—they increase incomes. Valuable ft] ike to the handyman,
the experienced carpenter, and the contractor and
builder. And—we will send you the entire set of books without
a penny down, HO you can see them for yourself.
Mr. Fletcher Cunningham, Shreveport, La., writes]
"After receiving the book* I decided that with
their help - Partial I could Table go into of the Contents contracting - bust*
Mechanical, Freehand, Perspective and Architectural Drawing
ness for myself. I have just closed a contract
on which I expect to clear about S J 12.00 for
two weeks' work.
1 , letter-
In |r. Pen and Ink Henderlnp, The. Orders, Hnperlntendence, Strength
'•f Mni. rial-, H&Ni-inry, Reinforced Concrete., Carpentry, Steel Square,
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Shipped Free
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own home. This offer is open to every person living
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rnceof $24.80 has been paid. The regular price of these books is
*>p.00, but you get them at the special price of $24.90, a saving
pi more than one-half. The set consists of ten volumes, bound
in naif black morocco, stamped in gold. 4.760 pages (7x10
inches): 4,000 illustrations, full-page plates, building plans
diagrams, ete. See it for yourself before you decide to bay. '
* MAIL American Technical Society
/ Dept. R1270 Chicago, U. 9. i.
-_-, . —m 2 . Architecture, Please send Carpentry me a complete and Bulld- set of
Don't IttlS send UOUPOII us a single f ing for seven days' examination. I
/ will ."•» send .nine-volume $2.00 within Cyclopedia seven days and ol
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DOOM for seven days free to pass until [ully paid.
M
trial. You don't hnve to #
come to a decision until *
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carefully for seven full §
aaya. Sand tho coupon N AM K
DOW. t
AMERICAN /
TECHNICAL / ADDRESS.
Qicna,U.i>.A. SOCIETY / / RBrKRBNCB..
Dept. B1S70 »
•RATED WORLD 957
Sl§
W
m
K>
OUT
KIT of
carpenters' tools by
adding the measuring
tools shown here.
Few tools are as handy
to use about the home,
at the bench, or on the
job as these
IStafrcff
Toots
[for carpenters. Wrier'
ever accuracy is important
in squaring up, laying out,
or working on stock,
these fine measuring instruments
are necessary.
Other Starrett Tools
include rules, squares,
levels, protractors,
calipers and dividers,
micrometers, vernier
calipers, height and
depth gages, test indicators,
and hack saws.
catalog
The L. S. Starrett
To. World'. Grutert 1
Athol, Mass
Kindly mention Illustrated Wtrld when writing advertisers.

HOW TO CAN MEATS
E
^VERY watchful housekeeper
knows that at certain times she
can get excellent round steak
. for seventeen cents a pound,
which is twenty-eight cents a
pound another time. At times rabbit is
plentiful and cheap. It is possible to get
squabs for eighteen cents apiece at certain
seasons, which are eighty cents another
season. Also chicken is way out
of reach most of the time.
If a woman keeps house for thirty
years, and meat is served twice a day
she prepares meat 21,900 times. If she
uses meat she puts up herself, the saving
she will make will mount into the thousands
of dollars in this time. As far as
taste is concerned, meat preserved in jars
is every bit as good as meat cooked in
tireless cookers. The flavor is preserved.
and no food sterilized four hours and
immediately made air tight in jars can
deteriorate in a year.
Undoubtedly the most money could be
saved in canning meats, if a half or
quarter of beef could be purchased, but
since this is not practicable for the
greater number" of housewives, almost
as much can be saved by getting smaller
amounts of meat whenever they can be
bought at the most reasonable market
prices.
A great deal was learned by watching
a woman in the country who purchased
a hind quarter of beef at ten cents a
pound, which she would have paid
twenty-four cents for, buying from day
to day. She put the beef into a covered
roaster after sawing the bone, and covered
it with three quarts of boiling
water. When it was half done she
salted it. When it was roasted to a turn
she cut some of the meat in large pieces,
and cut all the rest of the meat in small
pieces, as for a meat stew, put the bones
to soak in a jar, and added a teaspoon of
salt in each jar of meat. Some brown
gravy was made in the roasting pan,
95S
I
By JANE NESBITT
with the drippings. The large pieces of
meat were put into the larger jars, and
the smaller pieces into the smaller jars.
The brown gravy was poured in till all
crevices were full, and jars were level
full. The lids were adjusted, but nut
quite tight.
Now came the important part. She
filled her wash boiler, which held twentyeight
quarts. On the bottom of the
boiler she laid the first tier of jars, and
poured over them cold water, up to their
necks. She put the second tier directly
on top of the first, being careful not to
displace any clamp in the slightest. She
packed also a smaller zinc tub with
twenty-two more jars in the same way,
and by three o'clock in the afternoon,
after boiling these jars for four hours,
she had fifty jars of wholesome, delicious
meat.
When rabbit is most plentiful she preserves
it in the same way, sometimes
mixing it with chicken. She adds a
teaspoon of salt to each jar, and boils
for four hours. Nothing goes to waste
in the house. Her sausages she makes
herself, and preserves in the same way,
defying detection from fresh sausages.
I ler delicious chicken salad and creamed
chicken all comes from home-preserved
chicken, bought when chicken is cheapest.
In the spring, when smelt are most
plentiful she buys from fishermen at
about half the market price. After
cleaning and rinsing, she sprinkles them
lightly with salt, and packs them in pint
jars, alternating with light sprinkles of
mixed spices. She pours over them
vinegar till each jar is full, adjusts the
lids, and boils an hour and a half.
This woman is not a household
drudge. She never wears a kimono in
the kitchen, she belongs to three women's
clubs, attends them in her own little
sedan, and firmly believes that it is up to
women to a large extent to cut the high
cost of living.

3 181