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Judge: "I don't see why they should<br />
check it or how they can do it. Selling<br />
merchandise is an interstate business."<br />
Lawyer: "You're probably right. I'll<br />
admit. The States can't very well put<br />
the 'kibosh' on legitimate interstate<br />
business."<br />
Judge: "Certainly not. The States<br />
cannot hold up arbitrarily any directby-mail<br />
transaction, such as the payment<br />
of life-insurance premiums by<br />
mail."<br />
Lawyer: "How's that?"<br />
Judge: "Policies are written for people,<br />
'direct,'and have been for years.<br />
The United States Supreme Court has<br />
decided unanimously that life-insurance<br />
premiums on such policies are<br />
exempt from State taxes. The usual<br />
license-fees and charges also do not<br />
apply. All this helps policyholders."<br />
Lawyer: "Oh, you refer to the Postal<br />
Life?"<br />
Judge: "Yes, that Company hasn't<br />
any agents and never has had. The<br />
applicant deals direct, personally or by<br />
letter. The method is good common<br />
sense as well as sanctioned by law."<br />
USTRATED WORLD 5<br />
Life Insurance Without<br />
Agents is a<br />
Distinct Public Service<br />
Postal Life Method Sanctioned by<br />
the United States Supreme Court<br />
TIMELY TALK ON A<br />
VITAL SUBJECT<br />
(Scene: Pullman smoking compartment. Judge Kirkland and<br />
Lawyer Roberts continuing a conversation begun at dinner.)<br />
Judge: "Well, this business of selling things direct- Lawyer: (laughing) "Guess you're right. I wrote the<br />
by-mail is surely growing."<br />
Postal once myself just to find out how the Company<br />
did business, but never followed it up."<br />
Lawyer: "Yes. but some of my clients say that in the<br />
interests of local merchants, the States ought to find<br />
(laughing) "I go you one better; I not only<br />
some way to check it."<br />
wrote them, but took a policy nine or ten years ago<br />
and have carried it ever since."<br />
Lawyer: "How's the cost?"<br />
Judge: "Lower than in other companies<br />
for the same kind of insurance—<br />
legal reserve—and besides that they<br />
give me a free medical examination<br />
each year just so I can keep in trim."<br />
Lawyer: "That's pretty god. You<br />
live in Idaho and deal with a New York<br />
company by mail. Did you ever look<br />
the Company up?"<br />
Judge: "Only to know that it is chartered<br />
and licensed by New York State,<br />
whose laws are very strict, and the<br />
Company is subject to the United<br />
States Postal Authorities.<br />
Lawyer: "Believe I'll write them to<br />
figure on a policy for me."<br />
tPudge: "Don't think you could do better.<br />
Life insurance without agents is<br />
a distinct public service. The Postal<br />
simplifies the business, saves you<br />
money, safeguards your health and<br />
will treat you right in every way. I'd<br />
take another policy myself if I hadn't<br />
passed the age-limit."<br />
That tells the story. Thoughtful insurer* like Judge Kirkland take policies<br />
with the Postal and not only hold on to them but are disposed to take new insurance,<br />
while those like the lawyer Roberts, who at first write out of curiosity,<br />
at last find they can save money by taking a Postal Policy and they do it.<br />
Find Out What You Can Save<br />
You should take advantage of Postal benefits and economies. Call at the Company's<br />
office or simply write and say: "Mail insurance particulars as mentioned<br />
in ILLUSTRATED WORLD for March."<br />
In your letter be sure to give:<br />
1. Your full name. 2. Your occupation. 3. The exact date of your birth.<br />
You will receive full information based on official reports regular!v filed with the New<br />
York State Insurance Department. Writing places you under no obligation and no agent<br />
will be sent to visit you. The resultant commission-savings go to you because you deal direct.<br />
POSTAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY<br />
WM. R. MALONE, President<br />
511 Fifth Avenue, New York New Postal Life Bldg., 511 Fifth Ave.<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World ichat uriting advertisers.
6<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Vol. XXVII MARCH, 1917 No. 1<br />
PICTORIAL FEATURES<br />
The Destruction of a German Dragon 20<br />
Cutting the High Cost of Homes 21<br />
Queer Delusions 27<br />
Preparing the Cocoa Crop of Trinidad 28<br />
Mardi Gras of the Snows 30<br />
The Battle of the Suds 33<br />
The H-3 Goes Ashore 40<br />
Science, Mechanics, Invention 41<br />
The Gliding Auto-Sled A Compact Wireless "Ear" Have Your Toothpicks<br />
"Submarine" Oil Tanker Sleeping During School Clean<br />
A Pump-Gun Camera Hours NewTrapforSneakThieves<br />
Sure Death for Flies Make the Auto Wash Itself The Tell-Tale Photograph<br />
A Fume-Cleaner for Fire- Sleeping Comfortably Any- Cocoon Life Preserver<br />
men where Alaskan Fish Wheels<br />
Extension Barrel Makes Making the Family Car Typewriting to Ragtime<br />
Police Revolver a Rifle Pull Stumps A Novel Writing Guide<br />
A New Rival for the Lewis Adjustable Rain Shield for Luxurious Furniture Made<br />
Gun Windows of Old Logs<br />
100$ Mentally Perfect His Own Automobile A Promising Industry<br />
In the Lonely Antarctic 59<br />
Target Practice by Telephone 64<br />
Little Oddities of Life 65<br />
Mechanical Bucking Bron- An Attachable Desk A Trunk Garage<br />
chos In Spite of Handicaps How Greece Gets Torpedo<br />
A Dog Chauffeur on The Smallest Electric Auto Boats<br />
Broadway She Cooks for "Bugs" Newspaper Printed on a<br />
Measuring the Pathway to Models Made with One Shingle<br />
Peace Thumb! Donkey Jake Trails Deadly<br />
A Strange Steed San Francisco to Columbus Rival<br />
She Sees Snakes Daily by Scow A Populous Apartment<br />
Safety Last! 78<br />
Balancing Life Against To Amuse the Circus Where Stanley Feared to<br />
Death Crowds Tread<br />
He Handles Bombs for a<br />
The Last of a Daring Air Negotiating Falls on the Living<br />
Man Athabasca River Playing on the Railroad<br />
The March of Progress 87<br />
A Munition Volcano 88<br />
Signaling Five Hundred Trains 92<br />
Not Guilty! 93<br />
PERSONAL SERVICE<br />
How Your Automobile May Be Stolen . . . . E. C. Crossman 34<br />
The Cost of Motoring One Thousand Miles . C. H. Claudy 54<br />
Your Opportunities in Alaska Monroe Woolley 81<br />
(Continued on page 8)
.^^^TRATED WORLD<br />
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TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
(Continued from page 6)<br />
A Stunt or Two Walter Lee 97<br />
Automobile Tips 100<br />
Music While You Drive Shovel and Jack Base Pocket Vulcanizer<br />
Unusual Use of Runabout Switch Control for Auto -p This on Your Cold<br />
Make Your Ford Saw Wood Spotlight „<br />
Save Your Tires Painting Auto Radiators at<br />
Electric Garage Pump Home Tells You When to Stop<br />
New Things for Children 106<br />
Novelties in Furniture 107<br />
Five Thousand Dollar Job Goes Begging . . . Homer Croy 108<br />
What Care Do You Take of Your Eyes? . . . J. E. Wetherby 110<br />
Hints for Practical People Ill<br />
Powder Puff in Shoe Folding Chair Carried Like Chiffonier With Writing<br />
Sanitary Dishwasher Brush Umbrella Desk Drawer<br />
Grease Pot with Drainer Toy Fire Truck with Ideal Ironing Board<br />
Flexible Cleaner and Pneumatic Tires Many-Purpose Cabinet<br />
Scraper for Pans Lifter and Fork Combined Circular Rake<br />
Bring Back the Bellows The Largest Milk Bottle Small Torch Producing In-<br />
Loading Hay by Machine Homemade Side Car tense Heat<br />
Three - Cornered Playing Folding Emergency Cot Movies in a Suitcase<br />
Card Bed Springs with Side Vest Pocket Tool Kit<br />
Metal Lath for Plaster and Guards Nail That Won't Come Out<br />
Stucco Typewriter Roll Support Economical Dental Floss<br />
Pen on Finger Folding Morris Chair of New Nut Cracker<br />
Automatic Furnace - Draft Rattan Baby Satchel<br />
Regulator Adjustable Seesaw Messenger's Bag with<br />
Throw Away That Eye Twenty-Hour Foot Compartments<br />
Shade Warmer Carry Your Radiator<br />
Crib That Folds An Improvised Sprayer Around the House<br />
New Appliances for the Sick Room • . . 124<br />
SCIENCE<br />
New Cure for Stuttering J. R. von Lenz 25<br />
Four Hundred Degrees Below Zero .... Raymond F. Yates 72<br />
Submarine Millinery Rene Bache 90<br />
THE WORLD TODAY<br />
Cut Out by the "Movie" Censor William T. Walsh 14<br />
Kiddie-Kar Makes Inventor a Million H. Cary 51<br />
Wireless News on the Farm F. G. Moorhead 76<br />
Oddities in Auto Names Frank Mason 105<br />
New Use for the Movies Walter Lee 123<br />
Blowing Off Steam 126<br />
Running Haircuts on Schedule O. R. Geyer 128<br />
Illustrated World should be on the news stands on the 17tb of the month preceding the date of issue. If unable to get the magazine<br />
on the 17th you will confer a favor by notifying 1 the Circulation Manager. News-stand patrons should instruct their News-dealer to reserve<br />
a copy of Illustrated World, otherwise they are likely to find the magazine "sold out".<br />
TERMS: Si.50 a year; 75 cents for six months; 15 cents a copy. Foreign postage, 75 cents additional; Canadian postage, 25 cents<br />
additional. Notice of change of address should be given thirty days in advance to avoid missing a number.<br />
Publication Office:<br />
Drexel Avenue and 58th St., Chicago<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
R. T. MILLER. Jr.. Publisher<br />
Copyright. 1917. by Illustrated World<br />
Published monthly—Entered at the PostofSce. Chicago. 111., as second-dais mail matter<br />
Eastern Advertising Office:<br />
Flatiron Building, New York
EimnjiTrManffi) ;<br />
Vol. XXVII MARCH, 1917 No.<br />
rW^ r<br />
THE SUPER-DREADNAUGHT PENNSYLVAXIA<br />
Thi is our largest and best equipped first line battleship now in commission.
CUT<br />
"MOVIE"<br />
''''EDITOR'S NOTE: Americans are<br />
extremely jealous of their rights to indiiitWual<br />
liberty in thought, no matter<br />
whether-•iltc medium of expression for<br />
'ifi'is is (he-.printed page, the forum, the<br />
&tngc oi^-eaiivas.<br />
'"The photoplay today, however, is in<br />
the novke'class. It is fighting for recognition,<br />
for-"freedom, for its rights as a<br />
legitimate medium of expression.<br />
I HAD a double purpose. I wished<br />
to follow the film as the projecting<br />
machine unfolded it to my view,<br />
and also I desired to watch the<br />
faces and actions of the eight<br />
censors as the fleeting drama on the curtain<br />
met their fancy or incurred their<br />
displeasure.<br />
The story was trite, but it insisted<br />
upon my interest nevertheless. It was<br />
the old, old story of beauty and poverty<br />
matched against wealth and desire, but<br />
the heroine was so convincing in her<br />
part of tempted virtue that she won all<br />
my sympathies.<br />
Not so with the eight dark shadows<br />
beside me. Now and then in the semitwilight<br />
I saw one of the eight make a<br />
memorandum in his notebook. As this<br />
happened time and time again, I began<br />
to fear for the play. Was it to be censored<br />
completely, or would it merely<br />
suffer emendation?<br />
At the end of the exhibition I received<br />
a partial answer. 'What do you<br />
think of the last film?" I asked of the<br />
censor nearest me.<br />
His lips set in a firm line. "Personally<br />
I think it should be thrown out root<br />
and branch!" he answered with conviction.<br />
"It is undoubtedly immoral."<br />
"But why? What do you object to?"<br />
He pursed his lips. "We-el," he began,<br />
"perhaps I can tell you better by<br />
illustration.<br />
"Some little time ago there passed<br />
/'<br />
OUT BY<br />
by William T. Walsh<br />
before us here a drama that reminded<br />
me of some of the best work of Russian,<br />
Hungarian, and Polish short story<br />
writers. It got down to some of the<br />
most serious problems of life. The<br />
theme was presented simply, sympathetically,<br />
artistically. The scenario<br />
writer evidently told his story as he felt<br />
it. I liked it. It rang true. It roused<br />
in me a feeling of pity and compassion.<br />
But—I could not pass it.<br />
"Two girls—sisters—come from the<br />
country to the city. Life here, however,<br />
does not prove itself the great adventure<br />
that they expected. Their stock of money<br />
is slender. They have difficulty in getting<br />
work. Then one of them falls sick.<br />
Time passes and with it, of course, their<br />
meager store of resources. Seeking<br />
charity, the sisters, not knowing the<br />
regular channels for relief, are repulsed.<br />
In despair, one sister sells herself for<br />
the need of the other. And her agony<br />
in so doing, the genuineness of the need,<br />
and the unselfish sacrifice of the one girl<br />
for the other stirs the heartstrings of<br />
the spectators.<br />
"Now, from such an exhibition let us<br />
see what may readily happen. Let us<br />
take a case that easily may be typical.<br />
A girl is employed in a factory. One
day one of her girl friends displays on<br />
her linger a diamond. It is large and<br />
shiny, it may not be a diamond at all.<br />
It may be paste. Nevertheless, so far<br />
as the girl is concerned, to all intents<br />
and purposes it is a diamond. Girls and<br />
boys gather admiringly around the fortunate<br />
possessor.<br />
"Our little girl also craves attention<br />
and admiration. She too wishes she<br />
owned a diamond. She isn't making<br />
very much money, perhaps eight dollars<br />
a week. Still all her money is not spent<br />
for necessities, for she lives with her<br />
parents, who do not take all her money.<br />
She knows that diamonds can he bought<br />
on time. She can afford, perhaps, to pay<br />
out one dollar a week. She goes to an<br />
installment house and buys a diamond<br />
on credit. Several weeks pass and so<br />
far she has made her payments promptly.<br />
"Then perhaps for a few days she is<br />
ill and can't meet her next payment.<br />
She goes to the diamond house with her<br />
story. The credit man listens unsynipatheticallv.<br />
That's his business. Ikhas<br />
been chosen for the job because of<br />
his lack of sympathy. Wry likely he<br />
threatens the girl, telling her that unless<br />
she pays he will demand the money from<br />
her father. It being Saturday, the girl<br />
knows that it is her father's pay day.<br />
She knows her father is likely to he<br />
drunk, that he will be in a had humor,<br />
and that if the credit man does keep his<br />
threat she is in danger of being beaten<br />
and even thrown out of the house.<br />
"She is desperate and ready to do<br />
almost anything to get that dollar. She<br />
is only an ignorant little girl. She can't<br />
reason, and she has no friends, at least<br />
none whom she feels she can ask for a<br />
dollar, or who has the dollar even.<br />
"Crime or sin requires three factors—<br />
need, opportunity, and a weak moral<br />
nature. Wherever these three factors<br />
come together evil consequences are<br />
pretty sure to follow.<br />
"A night or two before, she has seen<br />
the photo drama of the girl who went<br />
wrong for her sister. That suggests to her<br />
a similar opportunity. That play too has<br />
helped to blunt her sense of right and<br />
wrong. She could not but help observe<br />
the sympathy of the audience for the<br />
self-sacrificing sister. The terrible thing<br />
she purposes doing isn't so terrible after<br />
all. And the opportunity is easy. It<br />
usually is easy for a girl on the crowded<br />
streets of a large city. You can finish<br />
the story for yourself.<br />
"Every one knows that the purpose of<br />
motion picture censorship is to conserve<br />
public morals, to prevent there being<br />
shown scenes that would suggest crime<br />
to the weak-willed. That little storv of<br />
is
16 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Killed by the Censor<br />
Intimate scenes of motherhood, such as this, are taboo<br />
along with dice games, in Pennsylvania. Some other<br />
states are no less particular.<br />
a film and the little story<br />
of what may follow the<br />
exhibition of that film present<br />
in a nutshell the case<br />
for censorship."<br />
* s|e * * s(s * #<br />
As was to be expected,<br />
the motion picture producer<br />
approached the subject<br />
of censorship from an<br />
entirely different angle. As<br />
I sat in a chair in his office, he<br />
thrust into my hands a book<br />
entitled, "The Rise and Fall of<br />
Free Speech in America," the<br />
work of the famous producer,<br />
David Wark Griffith.<br />
"Mr. Griffith," said the motion<br />
ucture man, "is conceded even<br />
by his enemies to be a big man.<br />
Such productions as 'The Birth<br />
of a Nation', and 'Intolerance'<br />
are more than noteworthy. They<br />
show a wonderful grasp of the basic<br />
principles of the drama. His conceptions<br />
are daringly original, imaginative,<br />
and proclaim him a man of large intelectuality.<br />
Such productions as 'The<br />
lirth of a Nation' and 'Intolerance' are<br />
really stupendous. Aside from all that.<br />
however, many thoughtful people regard<br />
him as a moral force. Yet 'The Birth<br />
of a Nation' had to be dragged through<br />
the courts and Ohio has kicked it outside<br />
its boundaries.<br />
"The charge against it was that it<br />
would stir up race hatred and bitterness.<br />
Yet it was only a faithful representation<br />
—based on Thomas Dixon's 'Clansman'<br />
—of conditions in the South during the<br />
reconstruction period.<br />
"Look here," and the producer<br />
grabbed the book and turned to an extract<br />
from the New York Globe:<br />
This [referring to the expulsion of the play<br />
from Ohio] is absolutely against the spirit of<br />
the Constitution, against the very life and<br />
essence of what should be true American and<br />
Democratic ideas. The mere fact of the races<br />
constituting the population of the United<br />
States being shown in an unpleasant light is<br />
no argument whatever. If this factor is to be<br />
seriously considered, there is hardly any limit<br />
to which censorship may not go.
CUT OUT BY THE "MOVIE" CENSOR 17<br />
He picked other extracts for me:<br />
If such a spectacle must be forbidden, then<br />
there is no room on the stage for "The Merchant<br />
of Venice" or any other play that may<br />
be unwelcome to a relatively small element of<br />
the public in a given community. (From the<br />
Westerly, R. I., Sun.)<br />
"I am pointing these out," explained<br />
the producer, "to show the unreasonableness<br />
of censors. They urge their activities<br />
on the ground of maintaining public<br />
morals. It seems to me it is not a question<br />
here of morals at all.<br />
"But take it for granted that it is.<br />
That issue was raised in Chicago, and<br />
Judge Cooper of that city wisely disposed<br />
of the matter in these words<br />
[again quoting from Griffith's book | :<br />
Every night in every fair-sized community<br />
in this broad land, where the stage instructs or<br />
entertains, each and every play has its good<br />
characters and its bad characters portrayed,<br />
both of which arc essential to a play in the<br />
rounding out of the moral of the play, and<br />
without which moral a play is of no educational<br />
value. If all the plays in which a villain<br />
had played were stopped, the theater as<br />
an educator and entertainer of the people<br />
would become a memory.<br />
"Motion picture censorship is a repressive<br />
moral force. It tends to senti<br />
THE DOOR WAS LOCKED!<br />
This was the ODe elemeDt the censors objected to.<br />
mentality, mushiness, and the exposition<br />
of the unrealities of life. It tends to<br />
suppress knowledge, to conceal the fact<br />
that there is wickedness in the world.<br />
"Pennsylvania and Ohio, which have<br />
state boards of censorship, seem to be the<br />
worst offenders.<br />
"In Pennsylvania, for example, women<br />
in society are not permitted to drinkeven<br />
a sloe gin fizz; underworld scenes,<br />
opium dens, questionable resorts must<br />
he shown in such a way that 'no one may<br />
he stimulated by the example to similar<br />
adventure or conduct'. The use and<br />
effect of habit-forming drugs 'is not considered<br />
by the Board a legitimate subject<br />
for motion pictures'. Respect for officers<br />
of the law must be shown—policemen<br />
must never be grafters—even though,<br />
for example, Chicago is at present having<br />
one of the most gigantic police scan<br />
dals in its history.<br />
"Babies are unmentionable creatures<br />
in Pennsylvania. The representation of<br />
prospective motherhood is regarded as<br />
highly improper. Take, for example,
18 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
No One Can Play Poker in the Cinema<br />
Of course gamblers can be portrayed, but not the games<br />
they play! The theory is that the element of chance is<br />
made to appear too attractive.<br />
where the actress Clara Kimball Young<br />
in the play, 'The Foolish Virgin', is<br />
shown, some time after marriage, taking<br />
a baby sock from a sewing basket. That<br />
scene was ordered cut out.<br />
"And you can't look at snakes. The<br />
kind of creature that tempted Eve in the<br />
Garden of Eden is not permissible.<br />
"Neither will Ohio permit snakes to<br />
be seen ; nor will it permit a bandit to<br />
be exhibited, unless his nefariousness<br />
has brought him to a timely end.<br />
"The whole motion picture world is<br />
still laughing over the Ohio Board of<br />
Censors' cutting out a motion picture of<br />
Villa from the Selig-Tribune News reel.<br />
on the ground that 'the picture might<br />
have a bad effect on the young'. This<br />
action was taken notwithstanding the<br />
fact that the same photographs, of Vftlai;<br />
were published in newspapers '"all over<br />
the land.<br />
"That's what I mean when I say the<br />
censors are moral obstructionists rather<br />
than conservators of morals. I'm going<br />
back to Pennsylvania for further proof.<br />
"A wave of prohibition is sweeping<br />
the country. Over half the states are<br />
now dry, and out of the twenty-eight<br />
hundred counties in the forty-eight states<br />
of the Union, twenty-five hundred are<br />
officially dry. Anything that would<br />
complete the crushing drive on booze,<br />
would, one might think, be approved by<br />
thinking people.<br />
"The poet informs us that 'Vice is a<br />
monster of so frightful mien', that we<br />
hate it on sight. The Pennsylvania<br />
board of censors evidently does not<br />
think so, however. It seems to think<br />
that even a sermon on drink is dangerous<br />
to the morals of the community. Take<br />
the film play 'John Barleycorn' from the<br />
late Jack London's book of the same<br />
name. This book, as most of us know,<br />
is a treatise in spectacular form on the<br />
evils of alcohol and shows how under<br />
the present system of free access to drink<br />
it is a constant menace to society—from<br />
boyhood up. It presents clearly and<br />
powerfully the firm conviction of a<br />
strong man—London—who could be regarded<br />
by no one as a mollycoddle, that<br />
alcohol is something to be strictly let<br />
alone. Its lesson strikes home to the<br />
rough and ignorant, as perhaps no other<br />
could: Yet, in' Pennsylvania, it is illegal,<br />
a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of<br />
from twenty-five to one hundred dollars<br />
to show this film in any motion picture<br />
house.<br />
"Again, every one will admit that<br />
children make for the happiness and<br />
sanctity of the marriage relation. Let<br />
us consider the case of 'The Valley of<br />
Decision'. Let us also consider this film<br />
in the light of the agitation now raging<br />
on the subject of birth control.<br />
"Arnold Gray, according to the story,<br />
is ambitious to become governor of New<br />
York State. Gray marries a writer, also<br />
very ambitious. Mrs. Gray is blessed<br />
with the.prospects of motherhood. This<br />
affirst is pleasing to both husband and<br />
wife. However a clubwoman friend.
CUT OUT BY THE "MOVIE" CENSOR 19<br />
Rhoda Lewis, points out<br />
that a child would interfere<br />
with their ambitions. Gray<br />
consults Dr. Brainard, his<br />
old family physician. The<br />
latter earnestly urges the<br />
parents to let nature take its<br />
course. He shows that no<br />
worldly achievement can<br />
equal that of parenthood.<br />
"But the physician's advice<br />
is not heeded. Sorrow<br />
and wretchedness follow,<br />
to be terminated by the<br />
husband's waking, for the<br />
latter half of the story had<br />
been only a dream.<br />
"The Pennsylvania censors<br />
objected to this photoplay because<br />
it had reference to prospective motherhood,<br />
which is, as I have already<br />
stated, something apparently abhorrent<br />
to those behind Pennsylvania's<br />
censorship laws.<br />
"Then the censors suggested this little<br />
joke—that the theme of the last three<br />
reels be changed from the discussion of<br />
parenthood to that of child labor in factories<br />
or mines.<br />
"Am I not right," asked the producer,<br />
"when I say that censorship as it works<br />
Great Snakes!<br />
They won't let you look at 'em in Okio or Pennsylvania.<br />
Verboten!<br />
Little boys may be seen—but not at the throttle of a locomotive in Ohio.<br />
out too frequently is a negative rather<br />
than a positive moral force?"<br />
Well, there are the two points of view<br />
—that of the censor and that of the<br />
producer. The former professes to be<br />
broad-minded, fair, and acting only<br />
under the law; the latter to be the victim<br />
of absurd, badgering and conflicting<br />
decisions.<br />
But even the producer quoted above<br />
has not shown the worst side of censorship.<br />
There is a tendency—especially in<br />
the smaller cities and towns—to go a step<br />
farther. Faddists and self-constituted<br />
reformers here get a chance to harass the<br />
industry. Theory and whim want to<br />
have their way without reference to rule<br />
or regulation.<br />
Only a little while ago a dozen members<br />
of a woman's club in a town in Iowa<br />
called upon the local censor. They had<br />
a grievance against a production then<br />
running. A bride was shown seated at<br />
breakfast in a superbly furnished home.<br />
Inasmuch as the husband in the storywas<br />
"only on a salary," these twelve<br />
women thought it a dangerous situation<br />
to set before the young women of the<br />
town! They might be tempted to lead<br />
their husbands (when they got them)<br />
into home expenditures beyond their<br />
means:<br />
There is no exaggeration here. The<br />
{Continued on page 138)
20<br />
THE DESTRUCTION OF A<br />
GERMAN DRAGON<br />
•<br />
© O<br />
HOW THE CREW ESCAPED<br />
4*+<br />
Incendiary bombs, fired by a hostile French plane, ignited the volatile gases in the envelope of this<br />
dragon observation balloon. At the moment the fire started the two observers jumped for their para<br />
chutes. They can be seen in the first photograph, idling down through space, while above them, the<br />
gaseous monster transforms itself into a fiery comet.
CUTTING the HIGH<br />
COST of HOMES<br />
They Rent a Few Feet of Roof Space<br />
This "skyscraper bungalow" cost two young<br />
Brooklyn men less than $25 for all the materials.<br />
They built it themselves, thus saving labor costs.<br />
It is situated upon the roof of a tall apartment<br />
building in Brooklyn—the two owners thus are assured<br />
of a plenty of fresh air and sunlight. Their<br />
"lot" costs them only ten dollars a year.<br />
mm<br />
A $5 Residence in Washington<br />
That's all the nails and window glass cost—<br />
all the other materials came from the virgin<br />
forest, and all of the labor was supplied bj<br />
the members of this economical family.<br />
Built to Fit a Pay Envelope<br />
It cost $150 all told, and it is built substan<br />
tially enough tn last fifty years. This cabin<br />
home was put up by a California mechanic,<br />
who with his wife devoted his week-ends for<br />
one month to its construction.
22<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Six Room Frame House for<br />
$1,000<br />
When he decided to build, this<br />
Minneapolis workman got estimates<br />
on this house. The lowest<br />
price made was $3,000. He decided<br />
that he could do it all himself at<br />
considerably less expense. This<br />
was the result! Includinga liberal<br />
allowance for his time and labor.<br />
the residence cost him in all but<br />
$1,000.<br />
BUILT OF DISCARDED PAVING BLOCKS<br />
This far-sighted home-builder could not afford the high prices asked for lumber. A street was repaved<br />
a short distance away, and he found out that he could have as many of the old blocks as he desired for<br />
the mere hauling. He took them, needless to say, and erected this home—with the aid of his wife only<br />
—at a cost of less than $85.
CUTTING THE HIGH COST OF HOMES 23<br />
How We Built Our Home on $15 a<br />
Week<br />
"Why not build our homeP" asked Mrs.<br />
Pollock of Cincinnati, one evening while she<br />
and her husband, Hiram, were figuring out<br />
just what a modest little home would cost.<br />
That evening she sat down to the kitchen<br />
table and with paper and pencil began plan<br />
ning their future home. She sketched it out<br />
to scale in lead pencil and the next two eve<br />
nings put it in ink. Hiram thought her plans<br />
were fine and so the next morning she<br />
took them down to the City Hall and se<br />
cured a building permit. It was for a five-<br />
room house, with bath, laundry, summer<br />
kitchen attached in the rear, finished eel<br />
lar, and plastered attic. A home like that<br />
would cost about $5,500 if they bought it<br />
from the- builder and took out a loan from the<br />
building association—and at the end of 99<br />
years they would have it almost paid for.<br />
They built it themselves on Hiram's $15 per.
24 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
HOW JOHN RODHAM GOT A HOME<br />
It was a Washington wilderness, but this man made it a town, and got himself this home and an acre lot<br />
for the sum of $585 thereby. He got together fifty would-be settlers into a "building club", made an ad<br />
vantageous time contract with a building company whereby the fifty would "chip in" enough to pay for<br />
one home each month, and immediately the company built these houses.<br />
$90 IN ALL<br />
This was built out near Grand Crossing, South Dakota, where sod houses were the rule and frame houses<br />
were rarities. All told, with labor cost included, the "makin's" of this two-room shack fell short of a<br />
century note.
NEW CURE FOR STUTTERING<br />
By J. R. VON LENZ<br />
O N L Y one man is in the public<br />
eye today who does not<br />
stutter occasionally. Not a<br />
single man exists whose<br />
mind could not be made to<br />
work faster. Stuttering is cured and<br />
minds are speeded up tremendously by<br />
a system lately laid down by Dr. Walter<br />
B. Swift, a physician and student of research<br />
at Harvard.<br />
Dr. Swift discovered in the course of<br />
his psychological research that the one<br />
man he knew who did not stutter had<br />
wonderful images in his mind's eye of<br />
everything which he thought or talked<br />
about. That man was Billy Sunday, the<br />
evangelist.<br />
Billy Sunday's flow of conversation or<br />
sermon is as fast as the most greedy<br />
listener can assimilate, and it is colored<br />
with marvelous word pictures.<br />
At the same time Dr. Swift found that<br />
one man he knew who did stutter did not<br />
have a picture in his mind as he talked;<br />
the doctor connected up these two facts,<br />
"As a Picture Book His Mind is a Blank"<br />
"If He Will Stop and Trv to Visualize. His Stammering<br />
Will Cease"<br />
added them and found that they pointed<br />
to a conclusion. Then he went to work<br />
to prove his conclusion.<br />
Among fifty stutterers whom Doctor<br />
Swift examined not one of them ei'er<br />
had mental images! That is, when a<br />
stutterer thinks about a dog crossing the<br />
street he does not have an image in his<br />
mind's eye of a dog crossing the street.<br />
As a picture-book his mind is a blank.<br />
Every person who sees clear mental<br />
images is an individual whose mind<br />
works rapidly. This speed is such an<br />
easy thing to cultivate that everyone<br />
whose images are hazy and indefinite<br />
ought to practice by the use of will<br />
power until he sharpens up his power of<br />
imagery, and hence his mind.<br />
Stuttering can be caused by anything<br />
that disturbs the mind, such as a transfer<br />
from right to left-handedness, a<br />
blow on the head, a violent mental shock<br />
of any kind, fear, embarrassment or<br />
anger. It can be cured in almost evencase<br />
by willing the appearance of mental<br />
25
26 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
images of what you want to talk about.<br />
This is true whether or not you are an<br />
habitual stammerer or just an occasional<br />
offender.' When the boss<br />
calls you on the carpet<br />
and says in thunderoui<br />
tones that you must speed<br />
up your work, you prob<br />
ably stutter, "Y-Y-Y-ess-s-s-S-S-S-Sir-r-r,"<br />
and<br />
back out of the room. But if you stop<br />
then and visualize your own desk in the<br />
outer room, how hard you have to work<br />
every day and how small your salary<br />
looks in the weekly pay envelope—you<br />
will find yourself able to talk to him<br />
much more clearly.<br />
In the training of children it is necessary<br />
always to show them pictures—<br />
merely because it gives them something<br />
to visualize and carry away with them.<br />
Dr. Swift has found that you can do<br />
more. He holds exercises in which he<br />
tells stories line by line and demands<br />
that the youngsters see pictures of what<br />
he is telling them. He asks them, "Is it<br />
your own dog you see crossing the<br />
road?" If the child has none of his own,<br />
Dr. Swift asks him whose dog he sees.<br />
Often it will be some animal the child<br />
has never seen—a composite of half a<br />
dozen dogs. Soon the children's minds<br />
are racing to see who can see the finest<br />
pictures.<br />
It is easy at first to start the imagery<br />
by letting a stammerer look for a moment<br />
or two at a photograph and then after<br />
taking it away from him, asking him to<br />
describe it. But it will take long work<br />
to get him in the habit of seeing pictures<br />
of what he is conversing about, because<br />
of the disturbance in his mind about<br />
choice of words; his self-consciousness<br />
in regard to his necktie; or his embarrassment<br />
in talking to members of the<br />
opposite sex.<br />
Billy Sunday, who gave the inspiration<br />
to Dr. Swift, has wonderful mental<br />
motion pictures which he describes well,<br />
and herein is his power over his audiences.<br />
He describes the drunkard going<br />
home so vividly that every person in the<br />
audience sees the imaginary sot wabbling<br />
homeward. Then in a flow of language<br />
the orator describes how the intoxicated<br />
one goes home and kicks his<br />
infant to death, and later is hanged for<br />
this offense. The speaker has told his<br />
story and needs to add no invective to<br />
drive the lesson home to his hearers.<br />
What happens ? The next time every<br />
person who heard the sermon passes a<br />
saloon, the marvelous picture which Billy<br />
Sunday drew for him, immediately<br />
springs to his mind. He hears it all over<br />
again, and he does not go in for a drink!<br />
There is the secret of the power of this<br />
evangelist.<br />
Such is mental imagery. Try it, it<br />
does not cost a cent and it may boost you<br />
up the ladder of success.
QUEER DELUSIONS<br />
California's "Emperor" Dies<br />
On the outskirts of Stockton, California,<br />
is the architectural nightmare<br />
shown in the photograph above.<br />
It belonged to Joseph Brenz, selfstyled<br />
emperor of Austria, who died<br />
just recently. The rococo castlewas<br />
the pride and joy of this fantastic<br />
lunatic, who spent all of his time<br />
building queer ornamental additions<br />
out of tin cans, scrap iron, colored<br />
rags, wagon wheels, and many miscellaneous<br />
articles of junk.<br />
The Walking Arsenal<br />
Mike Inik, always considered harmlessly<br />
insane, felt the spur of a quixotic<br />
impulse a short time ago. Leaving<br />
his home in Hammond, Indiana,<br />
dressed in a suit of homemade armor<br />
—hammered out of dishpans and<br />
washboilers—and carrying revolvers,<br />
clubs, and hatchets galore, Mike invaded<br />
the Hammond county courthouse<br />
and shot up the court of Judge<br />
Charles E. Greenwald. The lunatic<br />
wounded the judge himself, the court<br />
bailiff and a juror before he could be<br />
subdued.
ZH<br />
A COCOA "HUSKING BEE"<br />
They aro stripped away with knives not unlike Cuban machetes. The pinkish pulp of the five cells is<br />
silted with the finders, and the raw seeds separated. These then are fermented to destroy the mucilaee<br />
they contain, and ameliorate the bitter taste.
DRYING AND POLISHING THE BEANS<br />
Wter fermentation is completed, the beans are stretched out in thin layers on boards in the sunlight.<br />
They are stirred constantly. Sliding roofs are provided for quick adjustment in case of showers. When<br />
nearly dried the beans are "polished" in the manner shown in the lower photograph. The negroes<br />
tramp on them with their bare feet and kick them about industriously. This removes any remaining<br />
particles of dried mucilage and imparts a shine to the beans.
THERE WERE RACES OF ALL KINDS<br />
The speedy motor sled shown in the above photograph was the<br />
winner in its class. Over the smooth glare of ice it attained a<br />
speed of 58.4 miles an hour. This sport is even more exciting<br />
than iceboating, for the frail bob bounces and sways with every<br />
inequality, and at the high speed attained the driver and<br />
mecanicien have to be balancing acrobats in order to keep<br />
themselves and the machine right side up.<br />
^tarf!^<br />
§P§!»<br />
\.<br />
«**> **<br />
NEW WINTER SPORT FOR WOMEN<br />
Pushball in the snow is exciting and exhilarating. Seven girls on each side endeavor with all their<br />
strength to shove the b.ill across the opposing goal lines.<br />
31
32<br />
PUSHBALL ON SKATES<br />
This is even more strenuous than hockey. The<br />
contestants have little purchase when standing<br />
still, so the "correct thing" is to retire a short<br />
distance from the ball, then skate at full speed<br />
ahead right into the ball, giving all possible impetus.<br />
When two or more contestants hit the<br />
ball simultaneously from opposite directions—a<br />
spill is the natural consequence.<br />
THE TOBOGGAN-AN ETERNAL FAVORITE<br />
A steep slide of sheer ice, a comfortable sled, a pretty girl cuddled up close . .<br />
and join us next winter!<br />
Oh, come up
HOW YOUR AUTOMOBILE<br />
MAY BE STOLEN<br />
By EDWARD C. CROSSMAN<br />
T H E new automobile owner returned<br />
shamefacedly to the<br />
abiding place of his friend<br />
Bill, who sold motor cars for<br />
a living.<br />
"Say, Bill," quoth he, "that dratted<br />
lemon-seed out there by the curb is<br />
locked and blamed if I haven't gone off<br />
and left my keys home. Suppose we can<br />
unlock her without 'em ?"<br />
"Locked and your keys home," roared<br />
Bill, "how in the name of jumpin' jitnson<br />
could you lock any white man's auto<br />
lock with your keys home; it isn't a<br />
spring lock, is it, idiot ?"<br />
"Sure it is," admitted the victim,<br />
"what's the matter with a spring lock on<br />
a motor car?"<br />
"Sit down and rest your head," im-<br />
34<br />
• The Bolt Cutters Stuck Their Snouts Peeringly<br />
Down at the Little Padlock"<br />
Only Two Seconds Delay<br />
Any mechanic can sever in a jiffy the stoutest chain now<br />
in use for locking the front wheels.<br />
plored Bill. "Maybe the reason why will<br />
occur to you in an hour or so. Charley,<br />
bring out a pair of bolt cutters."<br />
From the dark mysteries of the repair<br />
shop beyond, there presently appeared<br />
Charley, bearing a pair of long handles<br />
that wound up in a pair of keen-edged<br />
snouts. Followed by the abashed owner<br />
he approached the car.<br />
The car was locked by a hinged<br />
bronze cuff that encircled gear shift and<br />
emergency brake, preventing the movement<br />
of either. The ends of the cuff<br />
were locked together by a common padlock.<br />
The bolt cutters stuck their snouts<br />
peeringly down at the little padlock, took<br />
a gentle nibble, closed firmly on the hasp,<br />
and bit it in two with ease and nonchalance.<br />
Under pressure the hasp sprang
HOW YOUR AUTOMOBILE MAY BE STOLEN' 35<br />
If the Thief Doesn't Want Your Whole Car. He Is Apt to Jack Up<br />
the Wheels and Steal Your Tires<br />
out of its recess in the lock and fell on<br />
the floor board.<br />
"Shucks, 1 didn't need any bolt cutters<br />
for that sort of a padlock," sniffed Charley.<br />
"Any padlock that hasn't got a<br />
notch in the end of the hasp that is free,<br />
won't stand two good raps with a hammer."<br />
"Is that all that kept some crook from<br />
stealing my car?" demanded the amateur<br />
car owner. "That's all," said Charley.<br />
fe<br />
A perfectly new auto lock<br />
whizzed up the alley.<br />
"Xot two nights ago," yelped<br />
the peeved auto beginner.<br />
"some crook jacked up the rear<br />
end of a car outside the house<br />
I was visiting, stole both tires<br />
off the rear wheels, stole the<br />
spare tire, stole all the tools in<br />
the car and some wraps tucked<br />
under the cushions—and didn't<br />
appear to have hurried at that.<br />
An' I've been kidding myself<br />
that my car was locked, when<br />
it takes a horny-handed mechanic<br />
less time to cut off the<br />
lock than it took those crooks to unscrew<br />
one bolt in the rim!"<br />
He returned to the office of his friend<br />
Bill, where he was welcomed with roars<br />
of derision.<br />
"Now listen," said. Bill, "I'll tell you<br />
about this stealing car business. You'll<br />
be running around leaving your car unlocked<br />
altogether or else log-chaining it<br />
to a fire-plug if I don't give you a lookin<br />
at the losric of the automobile lock.<br />
CHANGING RADIATORS IS ONE OF THE EASIEST METHODS OF DISGUISING A CAR:<br />
AUTOMOBILE THIEVES USE IT CONSTANTLY
36 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
"Firstly, man can always undo what<br />
man has done, and this applies to unfastening<br />
anything somebody else has fastened<br />
up. An expert mechanic can<br />
unfasten any lock some other expert<br />
mechanic has evolved—if he has time<br />
enough. It is this time and trouble business<br />
that makes any sort of auto lock<br />
efficient usually because the average thief<br />
hasn't much time and isn't looking for<br />
trouble.<br />
"Last month in this town of four hundred<br />
fifty thousand, one hundred fiftyone<br />
cars were stolen. Just one hundred<br />
twenty-one of these cars were<br />
recovered by the second of the next<br />
month, which is this<br />
one. Probably more<br />
will turn up later.<br />
This means that at<br />
least 80 per cent of<br />
the cars taken<br />
were taken by joyriders,<br />
car-borrowers,<br />
soused auto-mechanics<br />
and tough kids<br />
who know how to<br />
run a car. The professional<br />
car-stealer,<br />
the crook who does it<br />
for a living and has<br />
to get away with the<br />
car for good if he expects<br />
to eat, is getting<br />
comparatively rare.<br />
"The police have<br />
learned from New<br />
York crooks just the<br />
tricks those crooks<br />
found useful, and<br />
they've got the wise ones pretty well<br />
scared out. Here's another set of figures<br />
for you.<br />
"The police say that from 85 to 90 per<br />
cent of the machines taken without your<br />
leave are taken from the crowded business<br />
districts where cars are plentiful<br />
—where choosing is simple, and where<br />
also there isn't much chance to tinker<br />
with a motor lock if there is one on the<br />
car. This is why a lock on a car. no<br />
matter how easily tinkered, usually is<br />
An Ignition Lock Stops a Mechanic-Thief<br />
Less than Ten Seconds. He Lifts the Hood.<br />
Makes a Connection, and Speeds Away<br />
effective—it offers just enough trouble<br />
to the thief to make him pass on to one<br />
not locked at all.<br />
"But, that doesn't prove that an expert<br />
thief—most of these regular thieves are<br />
good automobile mechanics—can't jimmy<br />
practically any form of auto lock if he<br />
has a chance to use a little time and to<br />
operate unobserved. Some of these<br />
crooks operate with another car, and<br />
they've been known to trot around in a<br />
service wagon with a fake firm name<br />
painted on it to fool any wise coppers<br />
who notice them fooling, or even towing<br />
a car away with them.<br />
"Just the same, the risky place is in<br />
front of your own office<br />
building, and still<br />
more risky is around<br />
the theatre, because<br />
you're usually at the<br />
theatre at night and<br />
the joy-rider usually<br />
feels most joyful at<br />
the same time. Here<br />
the unlocked car is a<br />
direct invitation to<br />
some tough kid to<br />
hop in and pick up a<br />
girl and go whooping<br />
through the country<br />
on your gas and tires.<br />
Because of the short<br />
time they keep the<br />
car, and the darkness,<br />
and the slowness of<br />
the authorities in get<br />
ting out the word as<br />
to what car is missing,<br />
these car-borrowers<br />
rarely are caught, whereas if they<br />
held to the auto for a day or two, they'd<br />
be taking mighty big chances.<br />
"As an obstacle, a delay, and a probable<br />
discouragement to the potential joyrider,<br />
the auto lock is all right, and<br />
should be used always, but the innocent<br />
trust some of these rummies put in them<br />
makes me laugh.<br />
"Some of them are so simple they<br />
make the crook blush to beat them—<br />
when he gets a chance for a couple of
HOW YOUR AUTOMOBILE MAY BE STOLEN 37<br />
HERE'S A HARD ONE TO DETECT<br />
ild a business body on to a stolen pleasure car. With this disguise it sells readily.<br />
minutes' unobserved work. For instance,<br />
there's the old-fashioned chain around a<br />
wheel and axle, the rings at the end<br />
fastened with a padlock. Charley can<br />
cut chain so heavy it'd hold a tug-boat<br />
with those bolt-cutters of his, and with<br />
a lot of these padlocks, a rap with a<br />
hammer will knock the hasp out of engagement<br />
with the lock, without any old<br />
bolt cutter. I'm talking now of the<br />
crook operating from another car and<br />
having stuff with him. Those fellows<br />
who stole the tires off Brown's machine<br />
had of course another car and beat it<br />
nil' when they got the tires.<br />
"Ford owners take out the switch key<br />
nn the coil box and go strutting off as if<br />
they'd locked the car in a safe deposit<br />
vault. The first half-baked auto mechanic<br />
who needs a Ford can slip in another<br />
key and depart via the jitney route<br />
without paying his fare. The same<br />
holds true of a lot more auto locks of<br />
this sort, with key on the ignition. A<br />
Yale lock is harder to beat because duplicate<br />
keys to Yale locks don't hang on<br />
every bush. The weak point to all these<br />
locks on the ignition and starting<br />
switches and buttons is that the wiring<br />
is accessible elsewhere and any halfeducated<br />
auto mechanic can lift the hood<br />
and do the trick at the engine.<br />
"Here's one lock, for instance, that<br />
prevents the starter button from being<br />
depressed and so prevents the thief from<br />
starting the engine from the seat. Only,<br />
here, behind the instrument board, are<br />
the wires and their binder posts. Mr.<br />
Thief merely reaches around under the<br />
edge of the board, unscrews a wire,<br />
makes contact with another, and presto!<br />
here goes your old starter with the button<br />
still locked.<br />
"Any of them can be beaten by lifting<br />
the hood and using a piece of wire at<br />
the magneto if the lock is on the ignition<br />
system. Naturally, a man knowing<br />
enough about motor cars to repair such<br />
an ignition system can beat any old lock<br />
that's installed. The point is that with<br />
plenty of cars from which to choose,<br />
the half-hearted thief, the joy-rider,<br />
passes up the one that requires fiddling<br />
around, beating locks, because the owner<br />
might stray out. or some copper might<br />
stop to watch the fun—and coppers
38 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
make some of these thieves nervous in<br />
their work. Not all of them, however.<br />
I know one thief who needed a rear axle<br />
for a Pope Hartford. He drove up beside<br />
a Pope, belonging to a friend of<br />
mine, parked in front of a theatre. He<br />
took off the hubcap<br />
and just naturally<br />
sneaked out<br />
the axle, then replaced<br />
the cap and<br />
drove off.<br />
"Mr. Friend<br />
pretty near swore<br />
himself blue in the<br />
face trying to<br />
make that car go,<br />
before finally he<br />
ferreted out the<br />
trouble.<br />
"Once in a while<br />
you see a car of<br />
non-starter t y p e,<br />
like the common<br />
variety of jitmobile,<br />
with the crank<br />
locked. 'Crank<br />
locked, engine no<br />
go,' the owner<br />
figures out. If the<br />
thief wants that<br />
car, he merely lets in the Ford clutch, lets<br />
off the brake, shoves the car along until<br />
it starts the engine, then in he hops and<br />
sails off with the crank still locked. Or<br />
as they used to do, he jacks up the rear<br />
end, starts the engine by using a rear<br />
wheel with the clutch in, and leaves<br />
behind him a parking space full of woe<br />
and desolation.<br />
"Some of these locks might as well be<br />
signs 'This Car is locked.' If the thief<br />
doesn't choose to believe in signs he goes<br />
right ahead and takes the car. One I<br />
saw the other day, a padlock fastening<br />
the Ford throttle and spark levers together<br />
on the steering wheel. The fool<br />
thing still allowed plenty of play so the<br />
engine could be started, even if it didn't<br />
permit giving her all the gas she could<br />
use.<br />
"A lot better scheme is the lock on the<br />
steering wheel, which is not jipped in a<br />
hurry and which puts the steering gear<br />
absolutely out of commission. The first<br />
principle of the auto lock is that no padlock<br />
or other easily cut or broken form<br />
of lock be used, and this is true with the<br />
lock that is an integral<br />
part of the<br />
steering column.<br />
"You sabe now<br />
why I laughed at<br />
the idea of a spring<br />
lock on a motor<br />
car. It permits the<br />
absent-minded cuss<br />
to lock the car and<br />
then find that the<br />
keys are home.<br />
With the other<br />
sort of lock, the<br />
keys must get lost<br />
after the car is<br />
locked; that's a<br />
cinch.<br />
"The thief really<br />
after a car, with<br />
the complete pro<br />
fessionalequip- The Best Protection<br />
ment, is a bird that<br />
is hard to head off.<br />
He's got nerve<br />
enough to tow off a car if he and<br />
his pals cannot beat handily the ignition<br />
or starter lock. I'll bet that two dirtyfaced<br />
mechanics in a wagon that looks<br />
like a garage service wagon can tow a<br />
stolen car around this town all morning,<br />
with the number in the hands of the<br />
police as stolen. Couple of years ago<br />
we lost a car from in front of the garage<br />
here, and turned in the number and description.<br />
It was a good car—worth real<br />
money—so we set out after it immediately<br />
in earnest.<br />
"The nervy joy-rider who stole it, took<br />
it up that night and left it in front of the<br />
police station. It stood there all night,<br />
while every copper in town had its number<br />
and description into the bargain.<br />
Finally an officer who had noted the car<br />
when he went on duty that night, saw it<br />
again in the morning and had the bril-<br />
This spike makes a terrific racket and leaves a plain trail<br />
on any pavement. Because of the reward offered, the<br />
thief is likely, also, to be arrested by the first policeman.
HOW YOUR AUTOMOBILE MAY BE STOLEN 39<br />
liant flash of inspiration to look over it<br />
and take its number. Then they found<br />
the missing car. So much for what the<br />
police sometimes see—when the object<br />
searched for even is directly under their<br />
official noses.<br />
"The old game of stealing a car and<br />
altering it and its serially numbered parts<br />
until its own maker wouldn't know it,<br />
is pretty well played out. One reason is<br />
the fact that the tricks are all known,<br />
another is the fact that cars have gone<br />
down so much in price, and the profit in<br />
peddling a stolen, disguised and secondhand<br />
car is little compared with what it<br />
used to be. The crooks do steal and get<br />
away with a tremendous number of the<br />
road-louse make of car because they lookall<br />
alike, there are so many on the road<br />
that there's no watching for stolen<br />
models after the number is doped around,<br />
and they sell more readily second-hand<br />
than any other make. So far as a car<br />
going for good is concerned, I'd be more<br />
afraid of losing a jitmobile than I would<br />
a big $2,000-eight, painted robin's egg<br />
blue. The latter might be worth a thousand<br />
second-hand, all right, but a man<br />
might as well steal a torch-light procession<br />
so far as concealment is concerned,<br />
and it would be a blame sight harder to<br />
sell because chaps with a thousand are a<br />
lot scarcer than chaps with a couple of<br />
hundred.<br />
"The crooked automobile mechanic<br />
really after the coin is more likely to do<br />
like the fellows who frisked Brown's car<br />
for its tires and its tools and maybe its<br />
magneto and loose accessories. There's<br />
not a trace after they get a block from<br />
the robbed car, few distinguishing marks<br />
on the stolen goods, and a good sale for<br />
them. A job pulled off every night makes<br />
a nice little income.<br />
"Without question the most efficient<br />
form of lock is this new heavy heattreated<br />
malleable iron band that locks<br />
around the front wheel of the machine<br />
on the side nearest the curb, and which<br />
carries a heavy pointed steel stud. When<br />
the machine is rolled with this on the<br />
wheel it raises the whole wheel with a<br />
beautiful thumping noise, and it makes<br />
a plain trail in any pavement. Speed is<br />
impossible without half tearing the car to<br />
pieces; the noise is like a cable car going<br />
over a quadruple crossing, and the 'sign'<br />
left by the car is plain to read.<br />
"Best of it is that you can't get it off<br />
in a hurry. It is heavy and heat-treated,<br />
and it takes a good mechanic a quarter of<br />
an hour or so to hack-saw through it.<br />
The lock is fool-proof and covered up by<br />
the heaviest part of the steel. Also,<br />
which is last, but not least, the would-be<br />
thief fooling with it is doing it in plain<br />
sight, on the outside of the car, and the<br />
company making it has placarded the city<br />
with signs announcing a reward of $100<br />
for the arrest and conviction of a person<br />
stealing a machine so equipped. That<br />
makes the plain ordinary citizen take<br />
notice if he finds some fellow fussing<br />
with one of these devices. All in all, it<br />
is about the best protection that can be<br />
secured at this time, when quack remedies<br />
for automobilists' ills are in the<br />
great majority.<br />
"Its weak point is that you're out of<br />
luck if you lock your car with it and lose<br />
your keys. The company furnishes a<br />
certificate that you're the owner and have<br />
a right to run the car with it on, or they<br />
will send up a man with a duplicate key,<br />
but you can't cut it off with a pair of bolt<br />
cutters and you sure make a beautiful<br />
spectacle driving a car with it on, to<br />
say nothing of the ambitious gents who<br />
pinch you twice to every block in hopes<br />
of the hundred. Also it suffers from the<br />
laziness of the average man, who'd rather<br />
turn a key in a lock on the instrument<br />
board than climb out and clamp the<br />
hickey around the tire, because the latter<br />
makes a demand upon his energy.<br />
"The next best lock is probably that<br />
on the steering wheel, preventing any<br />
control of the car, and hard to jimmy.<br />
The third best is a good Yale lock on the<br />
instrument board on either ignition or<br />
starting system. Only this Ford switch<br />
key thing makes me tired because that<br />
doesn't discourage even the joy-rider.<br />
Any old thing will replace that."'
GROUNDED ON THE SANDS OF SAMOA<br />
Recently the United States submarine H-3. commanded by Lieutenant Commander H. R. Bogusch, encountered<br />
an impenetrable fog off the island of Samoa. The periscopes became useless, so the submersible's<br />
engines were shut down and she was using just enough power to keep her headed. Before the<br />
peril was realized, however, the submarine was washed into shallow water, and the breakers pushed her<br />
far up on the beach. Below is a photograph of the crew taken just one hour after the rescue.
p<br />
^ M<br />
SCIENCE ^MECHANICS^ INVENTION<br />
The Gliding Auto-<br />
Sled<br />
This is one
42<br />
A PUMP-GUN CAMERA<br />
This photographic machine, looking like and operated like a repeating shotgun, is designed to allow<br />
the operator to follow wild birds in flight, and snap them exactly the instant he desires.<br />
A Fume-Clearer for<br />
Firemen<br />
The Cincinnati Fire Department<br />
now is equipped<br />
with this device; it consists<br />
of nostril and mouth<br />
pieces opening into tubes<br />
that lead to a three-chamberedcylinder.<br />
Alltheair<br />
the men inhale passes<br />
through these chambers;<br />
chemicals clear all harmful<br />
fumes from the air.<br />
Sure Death for Flies<br />
Two English inventors recently<br />
conducted a demonstration,<br />
at the Hotel Mc-<br />
Alpin, New York City, of a<br />
new method for fighting the<br />
fly pest. Their agent is a<br />
new chemical compound.<br />
used with a spray gun.<br />
With this apparatus it is<br />
possible to spray a large<br />
room—killing every solitary<br />
fly—in about two minutes.<br />
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EXTENSION BARREL MAKES POLICE REVOLVER A RIFLE<br />
An Oakland inventor now offers a new style of policeman's billy, which, at a pinch, can be adjusted to the<br />
muzzle of the officer's revolver, thus forming an accurate rifle for long distance shooting.<br />
A NEW RIVAL FOR THE LEWIS GUN<br />
This light, one-man machine gun has been submitted to the Armament Board o f the United States Army.<br />
Recent demonstrations on the State range at Wakefield. Massachusetts, showed that this new weapon is<br />
capable of ten shots a second, Including the time required for changing magazines.<br />
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44<br />
100 Per Cent Mentally Perfect<br />
Just before his death. Professor Hugo Munsterberg of<br />
Harvard examined each of the 340 members of his<br />
psychology class in all the ways known to modern science.<br />
The class average was 24 percent. This one voungman,<br />
T. J. Abernethy, of West Pembrook, Maine (class of'17),<br />
was adjudged absolutely perfect.<br />
A Compact Wireless "Ear"<br />
The engineering laboratories of one of<br />
our Eastern colleges have invented this<br />
compact and inexpensive instrumentwith<br />
which wireless messages. Government<br />
weather reports, time signals and wireless<br />
telephone conversation can be heard.<br />
Anv amateur can make it at a cost of less<br />
than five dollars.<br />
SLEEPING DURING SCHOOL HOURS<br />
Fresh air is recognized as being of such superlative importance to the well-being of school children in<br />
New York today, that all pupils are required to take short naps, morning and afternoon, with the<br />
windows thrown wide open<br />
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Make the Auto Wash Itself<br />
Where high water pressure is not available,<br />
this device will please. Just jack up the<br />
wheel, remove the hub cap, attach the<br />
pump to the axle with the hose behind in a<br />
cistern, start the motor, and use the 100pound<br />
pressure afforded.<br />
Sleep Comfortably Anywhere<br />
Campers and vacation specialists take<br />
noticel Here is a bag that is waterproof<br />
and coldproof, and which is provided with<br />
adequate means for discouraging the attacks<br />
of mosquitoes. It folds into a compact<br />
bundle. Don't you want one with you<br />
in the North Woods?
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His Own Automobile<br />
A nine-year-old boy did this. He took his<br />
play wagon, attached a one-tenth horsepower<br />
auto-starting motor, a renovated battery, a<br />
rheostat, and an ordinary bicycle chain for<br />
the transmission, and now has a sure-enough<br />
car of his own which will do its twelve miles<br />
an hour.<br />
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li'inriiiiiiiiilililitiiiiiiiiininiiHuiuiiiirmiiiiiimiiiiiiMimniiiii
iniiiiiiiiiuimi'iiriiiiuMiiiniiuiiiniiiuTrnrH'iiii'iMiiriiiiii'i'ii'iiniiiiiuriii.<br />
6 f r — - — . •. . — - — — • %w&<br />
COCOON LIFE PRESERVER<br />
When the ship starts to sink, all a passenger must do is to step into this preserver, pull it up over his<br />
head, and jump. It is very buoyant, waterproof and warm, though when folded it takes up little more<br />
space than the ordinary preserver.<br />
ALASKAN FISH WHEELS<br />
Fishing with wheels in Alaska is not sport but it is a sure way of getting the finny tribe from the water<br />
into the pan. A fish wheel works with the current of the stream while the prospector or settler is off<br />
on other business. The fish go into the net-like cups of the wheel-paddles and are thrown into wickerwork<br />
boxes at either side.<br />
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48
TYPEWRITING TO RAGTIME<br />
In order to induce the class of girls to attain speed on the machine, the instructor at the (Imaha Commercial<br />
High School plays popular music on a phonograph during school hours.
A PROMISING INDUSTRY<br />
Not all mattresses are made of excelsior, cotton, or hair. If you live in the Southland, you may find the<br />
graceful Spanish moss, which is so injurious to the cypress trees of the Louisiana swamps, has been<br />
used to ease your reclining hours and help you woo the drowsy god. The moss is picked in the swamps<br />
by the negro, delivered in bales at the wharves of New Orleans, from thence transported to cabin<br />
homes, where it is shaken out, sorted, and, with the help of the whole family, made up into neat mattresses<br />
which sell readily.<br />
£<br />
m<br />
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lilillllill
KIDDIE EAR MAKES<br />
INVENTOR A MILLION<br />
By H A R O L D C AR Y<br />
T H I S is the story of Clarence<br />
White of North Bennington,<br />
Vermont, just as he told it.<br />
It is worth hearing because<br />
in July, 1915, he was on the<br />
high road to the poorhouse and because<br />
in January, 1917, he had built up a million<br />
dollar business that is not affected<br />
either by war or peace.<br />
Said Mr. White:<br />
"I belong to a family of Yankee<br />
manufacturers. We have a $90,000 factory<br />
in North Bennington, in addition to<br />
all the smaller buildings we owned before<br />
it was constructed.<br />
"Our business, in 1904, was the making<br />
of stereoscope pictures for Sunday<br />
schools and Sunday parlors. We had<br />
four hundred agents throughout the<br />
United States and we turned over approximately<br />
half a million dollars every<br />
year. In 1904 the business took a sud-<br />
den spurt and we were forced to bring<br />
in more workers and build the new building<br />
of which I spoke above. In 1905<br />
our business began to die of a most terrible<br />
disease. It was attacked by motion<br />
picturitis, and v\es laid in its grave before<br />
winter. We did what we could to<br />
save the patient but the only doctor who<br />
had the proper medicine was the Public.<br />
He was engaged in the new infant industry<br />
of the motion picture.<br />
"Johnny's remark to his Sunday<br />
school teacher explained the whole situation<br />
:<br />
" 'I saw a wonderful movin' picture<br />
of Japan last night all colored.' He<br />
The Children of<br />
Plainfield. New<br />
Jersey, Gave the<br />
First Welcome to<br />
the Kiddie Kar<br />
spurned the stereoscope and our beautiful<br />
'still* pictures. Because Johnny was<br />
fascinated by this new art our agents<br />
wired their resignations to us at the rate<br />
of two a day.<br />
"We struggled along as best we could.<br />
supplying such districts as did not yet<br />
have the motion picture, but the decline<br />
was steady and so positive that it was<br />
heart-breaking. Bennington is so located<br />
that the manufacture of most products<br />
si
52 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
is out of the question because of the<br />
situation and the lack of raw materials<br />
or good transportation. We tried a kind<br />
of cheap stereopticon and made enough<br />
money during one Christmas season to<br />
enable us to keep a large proportion of<br />
our employes busy for a year, but that<br />
project failed finally because of the lack<br />
of demand.<br />
"The town declined in spirits and the<br />
White family struggled on attempting to<br />
find the one thing which would put both<br />
the people and our immediate dependents<br />
back in the business game. Father<br />
worked incessantly, but the problem<br />
seemed impossible to solve. We could<br />
find absolutely nothing to manufacture<br />
at a profit and before a great length of<br />
time we were practically ruined. The<br />
new ninety thousand-dollar building was<br />
a white elephant on our hands.<br />
"But the change came. Those lean<br />
years have now slipped off the shoulders<br />
of Bennington and it has become the<br />
"oiliest, happiest town in New England.<br />
My son, aged four, is the cause behind<br />
the results which we have obtained in<br />
the year of 1916.<br />
"I came home one evening and found<br />
that the boy was cross and crying. His<br />
mother explained to me that he insisted<br />
on riding atop his hose cart—one of the<br />
little cast iron toys to be found in almost<br />
any family. He had broken his fire<br />
engine because it would not hold up his<br />
weight and his mother had forbidden<br />
him to ride the hose cart because she<br />
knew he would be heartbroken if that<br />
also was demolished.<br />
" 'Shucks,' I told him, 'I can fix that<br />
for you. I'll make you a regular cart<br />
at the factory tomorrow'. He went to<br />
sleep content, and I fulfilled my promise.<br />
"I found a piece of hard pine in the<br />
woodworking shop where we had once<br />
made stereoscopes. I fastened an upright<br />
handle on the front of the board<br />
and attached three wooden wheels, each<br />
about four inches in diameter. The<br />
whole job, with the aid of a band saw,<br />
took me about two hours, and that night<br />
I carried the cart home to the boy.<br />
"He was delighted with it. He put<br />
one foot on the board and propelled himself<br />
about the house" with the other. The<br />
cart was so light that he could carry it<br />
about and it was not hard on the furniture<br />
when he lost control of the steering<br />
apparatus.<br />
"The next evening there was more<br />
trouble. The boy was crying his eyes<br />
out because the neighbor's child had<br />
taken the cart away from him and was<br />
running it up and down the sidewalk.<br />
Our good neighbor came into our house<br />
with it a little later and apologized. She<br />
complained, however, that her child<br />
would not go to sleep without such a<br />
cart and would it be too much trouble<br />
to have one made for him?<br />
"I said, no, and the next day had a<br />
carpenter make two or three of the little<br />
carts for the boys of our neighborhood.<br />
The kids went crazy over them while<br />
father and I became studious. It dawned<br />
on us that here was the product which<br />
we had searched for and in which our<br />
salvation might lie. I made up two<br />
dozen carts, painted them with a glossy<br />
mixture of colors and took them down<br />
to New York.<br />
"You must remember that our firm<br />
had no reputation in business outside of<br />
what was left of us in the stereoscope<br />
trade. So I took my samples to a cousin<br />
in New York City who was in touch<br />
with the metropolitan retail trade. He<br />
welcomed me and we placed our samples<br />
on the floor in the toy department at one<br />
of the biggest retail department stores.<br />
We gave a few to a retail toy dealer on<br />
lower Manhattan and awaited results.<br />
My cousin reported to me just four days<br />
later.<br />
' 'The toy buyer at the department<br />
store wants ten gross immediately and<br />
the opportunity to double his order at<br />
once,' was the basis of his report. He<br />
told an interesting story, too. The first<br />
cart had been sold to a woman from<br />
Plainfield. New Jersey, a suburb of New<br />
York City. She saw it as it was being<br />
unpacked to be placed on the floor, and<br />
carried it home under her arm. Three
KIDDIE KAR MAKES INVENTOR A MILLION 53<br />
days later every car was gone, and most<br />
of them had been sold to women from<br />
Plainfield, New Jersey, who had seen the<br />
one which the first woman to buy had<br />
brought home with her.<br />
"Of course we went to work as fast<br />
as we could. Father improved the car<br />
by making the board in the shape of a<br />
figure 8 so that a youngster could pick<br />
it up between his legs and walk either<br />
up or down stairs with it. Then he went<br />
to work on machines which could be<br />
adapted to our form of manufacture. In<br />
the meantime we went to work by hand.<br />
man and woman for whom we had room<br />
in the shop, and all the time father<br />
worked his head off on the machines<br />
which would increase our production<br />
and cheapen our costs. He succeeded.<br />
"A small wooden device such as ours<br />
might seem simple to make, but there are<br />
twenty operations. Father devised a<br />
machine to do every one of them, and<br />
each machine saved us a cent on every<br />
piece of work that it did. He procured<br />
application patents so that we need not<br />
fear competition.<br />
"The first year of operation did not,<br />
THE INTERIOR OF THE WHITE FACTORY AT BENNINGTON<br />
This plant was transformed trom a stereoscope factory into a live manufacturing plant where just this one<br />
children's vehicle toy now is made.<br />
"We made a profit that was interesting,<br />
to say the least, making the car by<br />
hand. Orders came in until we had<br />
enough at our rate of production to keep<br />
us busy for a year. In my old business<br />
the most expensive executive department<br />
was that devoted to collections. In this<br />
venture I had to employ expensive experts<br />
to return money on orders which<br />
we could not hope to fill. The town was<br />
swept to prosperity on the demand for<br />
ni)- 'invention'. We employed every<br />
of course, result in large profits because<br />
we spent the first $125,000 on machines<br />
to help along. But the town itself was<br />
put back upon its feet and we had no<br />
fear of the wolf. Our production now<br />
is fifteen hundred a day and the average<br />
retail price is two and a half dollars.<br />
The reason for our success is simply<br />
that we have supplied a demand. We<br />
have manufactured a product which has<br />
actually produced a new method of<br />
transportation, for children, at least."
"•Yep. All It Cost Was<br />
Gasoline and Oil"<br />
o<br />
NE thousand miles, and<br />
all it cost was the gasoline<br />
and oil! No more railroad<br />
trains for me. as<br />
long as the old boat runs<br />
and the roads are good !"<br />
Thus many an owner cries in jubilation<br />
after finishing a tour in his car.<br />
And far be it from the intentions of the<br />
present scribe or this magazine to say<br />
that a thousand miles in an automobile<br />
isn't far more pleasant and profitable,<br />
even at the price, than a similar number<br />
spent in a plush chair being showered<br />
with cinders! But Truth is mighty<br />
and will prevail over the car owner, if he<br />
but look her in the face.<br />
Who thinks a thousand miles of touring<br />
costs only gas and oil is fooling himself.<br />
Let us take off the lid and look at<br />
Truth where she nestles in carburetor<br />
and tires, in wheels and bearings, in the<br />
insurance man's pocket and the repair<br />
man's maw!<br />
54<br />
The COST of<br />
MOTORING<br />
1000 MILES<br />
by CRClaudy<br />
EDITOR'S NOTE: Haven't you<br />
considered a trip to Niagara Falls, or to<br />
Seattle, or to Florida at some time or another,<br />
and drawn back because you could<br />
not figure the costs exactly? Well, here<br />
thev are, all marshalled into a formidable<br />
battalion for your inspection.<br />
I run a little six-cylinder boat which<br />
cost a thousand dollars. You run a big<br />
eight or twelve or seventeen or something<br />
which cost, let us say, two thousand<br />
dollars. We start off together on<br />
a thousand mile tour. At the end of that<br />
tour, if we look honestly at our expenditures,<br />
we have spent, you and I; a heap<br />
more money than we paid for gas and<br />
for oil. I have paid out $95.25 and you<br />
have paid $166.00—paid, none the less<br />
surely though we may have each of us<br />
started with much less than that in our<br />
pockets.<br />
What ? Most assuredly I am not<br />
counting hotel bills and what we have fed<br />
the living machine! If we take eight<br />
days for the tour and average seven<br />
dollars a day for food and lodging, newspapers,<br />
cigars and an occasional dampening<br />
of our whistling apparatus with soda<br />
water, then we spend fifty-six dollars<br />
each in addition to the former amounts<br />
named.<br />
Prove it? That's easy. The trouble<br />
with the average car owner is that he<br />
doesn't look beyond the expenditure of<br />
the moment. He doesn't figure the<br />
things which cost money on a tour be-
nil-. COST OF MOTORING ONE THOUSAND MILLS 5,5<br />
cause he has paid for them in advance!<br />
But the cost is there, nevertheless.<br />
For instance—tires. Tires, motorist's<br />
nightmare! Shoes for the car cost a<br />
heap more than shoes for the children,<br />
and rubber isn't going down any in price ;<br />
neither is cotton nor labor.<br />
It costs me $21.00 a shoe, for a<br />
medium-priced—well, if you want to call<br />
it so, a cheap tire. I manage six thousand<br />
miles out of my thirty-two-by-four<br />
tires. That makes my tires cost $0,014<br />
a mile. For a thousand miles I have<br />
spent $14.00 in rubber and fabric, just<br />
as surely as if I dribbled fourteen mills<br />
over the side of the car for every mile I<br />
drove.<br />
Your tires cost twice as much. Let<br />
us say then $45.00 per shoe. But you<br />
doubtless will get ten thousand miles out<br />
of your big tires. I figure your mileage<br />
cost, then, as $0,018 and charge you with<br />
$18.00 against your thousand mile tour.<br />
What ? Oh, come now! Of course<br />
I know I am guessing. That is, you<br />
may get 11,579 miles or only 9,652<br />
miles, or maybe you will get 14,974<br />
miles from a tire. But I am stating a<br />
fair average. I have taken 10,000 from<br />
a 32x4, on a rear at that, and I have<br />
blown up at 3,700. I average the six<br />
thousand I mentioned. All this story is<br />
an average. No two cars, no two drivers,<br />
are alike. You can't discomfort me by<br />
pulling a special instance, and if you are<br />
really going to play fair, you won't!<br />
How do I figure gasoline? Well, I<br />
don't figure it by the "average" the<br />
ordinary motorist brags about. I used<br />
to, when I was young and inexperienced.<br />
I'd fill up the tank on a hot summer's<br />
day, get 19 miles to the gallon, and forever<br />
after that 19 miles was my "average".<br />
It's different now. I have<br />
stopped fooling myself. The gasoline I<br />
use on a tour is the gas I pay for. I<br />
start with a full tank, I end with a full<br />
tank, and the total gallons used divided<br />
into the distance, gives the real "average".<br />
I find that with starts, stops, city<br />
work, second gear in ruts and mud,<br />
mountain climbing, etc., considered together,<br />
the average $1,000.00 car which<br />
"BE GOOD AND GENEROUS WITH OIL. FIRST. BECAUSE IT IS A HEAP CHEAPER THAN<br />
BEARINGS; SECOND. BECAUSE IT'S CHEAP ANYWAY"
56 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
the average driver tours over the averometer, takes your mileages, does some<br />
age run, averages about 15 miles to the figuring and tells you what he may allow<br />
gallon. Your big boat is going some if if the car is all right.<br />
it averages 10. At present price gas What he probably does is this. He<br />
runs from 20 to 27 cents a gallon accord figures on the car depreciating at least<br />
ing to geography and greed, an average 30% the first year. That's a conserva<br />
of 23^ cents, and my gas for the thoutive figure, but never mind. If you<br />
sand miles cost $15.75—yours $23.50. depreciate 30% on a $2,000 car in a<br />
I'll be good and generous with oil, vear and run eight thousand miles in<br />
first, because oil is a heap cheaper than that year, then your depreciation cost is<br />
bearings : second, because it's cheap, any $0,075 per mile. Mine is half that, beway.<br />
I'll use about 10 and you about 20 cause of my cheaper car—$0.037.1. As<br />
quarts. Charge—$1.50 for me, $3.00 a matter of sober fact your depreciation<br />
for you.<br />
is greater than mine because the market<br />
Then there's insurance. I am suppos for second hand inexpensive cars is<br />
ing you carry it. I can't sleep o' nights greater than the market for second hand<br />
without it. Fire, theft, explosion, per big boats—but let that go. For your<br />
sonal liability—/ don't want to stand in thousand mile tour, then, you have paid<br />
court and have the old apple woman $75.00 in depreciation and I but $37.50.<br />
who walked into me and skinned her "Interest on investment?" Why, of<br />
knee, limp across to the witness stand course I'm going to figure it! I have<br />
and have a jury of my peers say, "Oh. one thousand dollars tied up in my boat<br />
he's a rich auto owner—give her a thou and in a year that thousand would easily<br />
sand dollars!" Not for me. So I give yield me $60.00 in any one of half a<br />
up about $40 a year and I'll suppose you dozen sound preferred stocks. Your two<br />
lay out $100 a year (the insurance men thousand would yield you $120. But I<br />
rather stick the big car fellows, you am not going to let you off with eight<br />
know).<br />
days' interest. A car doesn't give you<br />
Now, the average car runs about 8.000 days of time, but miles of travel. So I<br />
miles a year. Some of them do their figure that in your tour you ran an<br />
thirty thousand and some their three eighth of your yearly distance and<br />
thousand, but the average fellow—the charge you with an eighth of your total<br />
you and I sort of chap—runs around interest on investment, or $15.00. My<br />
8.000 miles in 365 days. So my insur charge is $7.50.<br />
ance cost is Yi cent a mile and yours is Then there's the matter of repairs and<br />
$0,012. For our thousand miles I have adjustments, filling grease cups, repair<br />
paid $5.00 and you $12.50 for insurance. of a puncture, etc.—no one can figure it<br />
We have each of us stabled our car because no two tours are alike. But I<br />
eight nights in a garage and paid $8.00 put it $4.00 for me and $7.00 for you—I<br />
for the privilege. I have squandered am generous, you see, in not doubling<br />
$2.00 in tips for an extra fine wash and up on you all the time.<br />
you $4.00 for the same—sure, you are Now. of course, you want to know<br />
no more generous but you have more why I haven't figured the mileage-cost<br />
and so tip more. How do I know ? Man, of brake-bands, and the mileage cost of<br />
am I not giving you credit for a $2,000 bearings and the mileage-cost of the<br />
car?<br />
grease in the differential and gear box<br />
Then there is depreciation. What ? and the wear on the springs and the<br />
Don't figure depreciation ? Of course leather and the top and the storm cur<br />
you don't! But it's there just the same. tains and the varnish on the steering<br />
Go into the place you bought your car wheel! Of course, I could. But I<br />
and try to trade it for a new one. Watch haven't, because depreciation takes care<br />
the manager. He goes to the speed of those matters fairly. You can add a
THE COST OF MOTORING ONE THOUSAND MILES 57<br />
dollar if you want to for wear and tear<br />
on grease—as a matter of fact, if you<br />
treat your car as a white man should,<br />
you'll empty the sump of the motor of<br />
old oil at the end of your tour and fill<br />
it up with seven quarts of new oil and<br />
charge a dollar five against the expense<br />
of the trip.<br />
And now let's add it all up and find<br />
out what the trip really cost you and me,<br />
remembering that I am averaging as<br />
well as many years of experience of car<br />
booking will allow. Well I know the<br />
trip can be made for more, but that it<br />
can be made for less—except by a<br />
greater annual mileage to cut down the<br />
depreciation charge per mile—and a<br />
greater gas and tire mileage—I do not<br />
believe. 1 have tried it myself many<br />
times, and friends of mine have tried it,<br />
but the results all have been discouraging<br />
so far as greater economy has been concerned.<br />
One more word before we list these<br />
various expenses. A car depreciates not<br />
only by mileage but by time. A car<br />
which has run five thousand miles a year<br />
"I HAVE TAKEN 10.000 MILES FROM A TIRE. AND ^<br />
ON THE OTHER HAND I HAVE BLOWN LP AT 3.700. f*"^<br />
THE AVERAGE IS AROUND 6.000"<br />
isn't worth second-hand—as a commercial<br />
proposition—much, if any, more<br />
than one which has run ten thousand<br />
miles. It oughtn't to be so, but it is so<br />
—ask any second hand dealer! A car<br />
depreciates at least 30 r/ , the first year<br />
and comes pretty near 25% the following<br />
years. True, a car four years old,<br />
according to these figures, is worth<br />
something less than nothing, whereas<br />
four year old cars can be. and are, sold<br />
for a hundred or two dollars. But for<br />
all figurable purposes—for all accounting<br />
of costs, the percentages given are<br />
under, rather than over, and that holds<br />
whether your second-hand market be<br />
San Francisco or New York, Oshkosh<br />
or Timbuctoo. The private sale to the<br />
unsuspecting friend who knows not<br />
values cannot be figured, and selling a<br />
second hand car for more than it's worth<br />
to some one who can be gold-bricked, in<br />
no way alters the truth of the touring<br />
figures.<br />
Now, to the table—
58 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
$1,000 CAR<br />
$2,000 CAR<br />
Four tires at $21.00 each. .$84.00<br />
Four tires at $45.00 each. . $180<br />
Average mileage 6,000<br />
Average mileage 10,000<br />
Tire cost per mile $0,014<br />
Tire cost per mile $0,018 •<br />
Tire cost per 1,000 mile tour $ 14.00 Tire cost per 1,000 mile tour $ 18.00<br />
Average miles per gallon<br />
Average miles per gallon<br />
of gas 15<br />
of gas 10<br />
Gallons per 1,000 mile tour 67<br />
Gallons per 1,000 mile tour 100<br />
At 23^ cents, total cost of gas. . 15.75<br />
Ten quarts of oil 1.50<br />
At 23y2 cents, total cost of gas. . 23.50<br />
Twenty quarts of oil 3.00<br />
Insurance $40.00<br />
Insurance $100<br />
Average yearly mileage. . . 8,000 Average yearly mileage. . 8,000<br />
Insurance per mile $0,005<br />
Insurance per mile $0.0125<br />
Insurance per 1,000 mile tour. . . 5.00 Insurance per 1,000 mile tour. . . 12.50<br />
Garage, 8 nights 8.00 Garage, 8 nights 8.00<br />
Garage tips 2.00 Garage tips 4.00<br />
Depreciation, 30% $300<br />
Depreciation, 30% $600<br />
Depreciation per mile,<br />
Depreciation per mile,<br />
8,000 average $0.0375<br />
8,000 average $0,075<br />
Depreciation per 1,000 mile tour. 37.50 Depreciation per 1,000 mile tour. 75.00<br />
Interest on investment at 6%—<br />
Interest on investment at 6%—<br />
$60.00 per year.<br />
$120.00 a year.<br />
Per tour, y8 of year's mileage... 7.50 Per tour, % of year's mileage... 15.00<br />
Repair allowance 4.00 Repair allowance 7.00<br />
$ 95.25<br />
If living is included, 8 days at $7<br />
per day 56.00<br />
$151.25<br />
V<br />
K<br />
W<br />
$166.00<br />
If living is included, 8 days at $7<br />
per day 56.00<br />
$222.00
IN THE LONELY ANTARCTIC *
(50
6Z<br />
^BHUIHlB<br />
Elephant Island<br />
On this inhospitable<br />
spot the members<br />
of the crew<br />
lived while waitingfor<br />
rescue. In the<br />
foreground can be<br />
seen the members<br />
of the expedition<br />
skinning- the penguins<br />
which were<br />
their sole food and<br />
fuel for 4H months.<br />
The End of the<br />
Endurance<br />
This photograph<br />
was taken just as<br />
the good ship took<br />
her final plunge<br />
into the black water<br />
between the ice<br />
floes that bad<br />
crushed her. All<br />
the crew watched<br />
with sinking- hearts.<br />
Even the "huskies"<br />
seemed depressed.
\.. -<br />
. , _ •<br />
vS«f<br />
5K*
M<br />
TARGET PRACTICE BY<br />
TELEPHONE<br />
THE STATE RIFLE<br />
RANGE AT AU<br />
GUSTA. GEORGIA<br />
In front of each target is a cast-iron buzzer box<br />
with a buzzer and terminal strip, while in the<br />
middle of the pit is a telephone b*ox equipped<br />
with a hell that can be operated from any<br />
of the firing lines. The firing lines are located<br />
at 200, 300, 500, 600, 800, and 1,000 yards, each<br />
line being provided with a cast-iron telephone<br />
box connected with the telephone station in<br />
the pit.<br />
Thus, when a company or squad of men are<br />
on any of the firing lines for practice shooting<br />
or making records, an officer is stationed at the<br />
phone box in the pit. At each of the tarpets,<br />
with its buzzer, a man is put on duty to<br />
answer the buzzer signals for sashing the targets<br />
and noting the position of the shots fired.<br />
Cn the tiring line, particularly in contests, the<br />
marksmen are assigned to positions in line<br />
with a certain target at which they are to fire.<br />
A man is detailed to handle the telephone and,<br />
with everything connected up, stands ready to pass<br />
instructions from the men firing, to sash or mark targets<br />
that they specify. The man at the telephone<br />
pushes the corresponding number of the button<br />
of the target called. In the pit, the man hearing the<br />
buzzer immediately pulls down the sash bearing the<br />
target and locates where the ball has struck.<br />
The hit scored on the target just pulled down is indicated<br />
to the scoring officers and men on the firing<br />
line by holding a disk over a similar position on the<br />
target just pulled up and being shot at.
Little Oddities of Life<br />
MECHANICAL BUCKING BRONCHOS<br />
These are hobby horses with more "pep 1 ' than the nursery could contain. They are electrically operated<br />
horses that really walk and carry riders.<br />
A Dog Chauffeur on<br />
Broadway-<br />
He is trained to the<br />
part, and enjoys his<br />
daily five-mile-an-hour<br />
ride up the thoroughfare<br />
just as much as his<br />
watchful mistress.
Measuring the Pathway to Peace<br />
"Count your footsteps and see how quickly<br />
they run into miles and health," advises<br />
Tacitus Hussey of Des Moines, Iowa, poet,<br />
pedestrian, newspaper reporter, archer and<br />
historian, who, at the age of 83, is a worthy<br />
pupil of Edward Payson Weston's school of<br />
walkers. Having measured every step he<br />
has taken during the last ten years with his<br />
pedometer, he is an authority on footsteps.<br />
During this period he has traveled 15,000<br />
miles and discovered some of the following<br />
truths:<br />
That the average man travels from 50,000<br />
to 75,000 miles on foot during a lifetime of<br />
three score years and ten.<br />
That every footstep is a drop of nature's<br />
best medicine and health restorer and that a<br />
walk of from three to five miles daily is the<br />
best insurance policy a business man can<br />
carry.<br />
That a man's years are measured by the<br />
miles he walks, and that a doctor's visits are<br />
regulated by the lack of miles.<br />
A STRANGE STEED<br />
This is one of our most popular motion-picture actresses, out riding over the grounds of the California<br />
studio of her company, behind her pet ostrich. The long-legged bird is capable of a pace that would<br />
satiate 'Pop*' Geers.
She Sees Snakes Daily<br />
Mrs. Learn is in the snake business. She is a<br />
professional catcher, tamer, trainer and seller. She<br />
knows snakes from the tip of their forked tongues<br />
to the last rattles and the buttons on their tails.<br />
She has handled more snakes than Honus Wagner<br />
has hot grounders, because she has been in the<br />
snake business, whole ale and retail, for thirty<br />
years.<br />
Early in life, Mrs. Learn discovered that she was<br />
immune to the venom of the whole snake family.<br />
A snake bite to her is no more than a mosquito bite.<br />
Possessing such an unusual immunity, Mrs. Learn<br />
long ago saw the opportunities in the business.<br />
She <strong>org</strong>anized a company to capture and sell<br />
snakes to zoos, shows, to scientists for experi<br />
mental purposes and to householders for pets and<br />
An Attachable<br />
Desk<br />
No matter where<br />
you go you may<br />
have a desk—if you<br />
use this device. It<br />
clamps to the back<br />
of any ordinary<br />
chair.<br />
fireside companions.<br />
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 67
68 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
/<br />
v£W:<br />
^^f^-4<br />
.<br />
In Spite of Handicaps<br />
Little Ethel Toussaint was one of the victims<br />
of the great infantile paralysis scourge. She<br />
can do nothing with her poor, shrunken hands,<br />
yet because she possesses an indomitable spirit<br />
she refuses to give up. She follows her desire<br />
to be an artist by drawing pencil pictures all<br />
day long, with the pencil gripped between<br />
her teeth.<br />
The Smallest Electric Auto<br />
Master Vernon Roberts, whose father is an<br />
officer of the Cunard line, is the owner of the<br />
smallest electric auto<br />
known. This auto is reconstructed<br />
from a regular<br />
pushmobile, the electric<br />
apparatus and engines<br />
having been installed by<br />
mechanics employed by the<br />
Cunard line at pier at 14th<br />
Sheet and Hudson River,<br />
New York. Master Roberts<br />
thoroughly enjoys this auto<br />
and has learned to run it<br />
quite as handily as most<br />
professional chauffeurs<br />
manage its big brothers.
.'•r [i /. ! & UNDEBWOOD<br />
She Cooks for "Bugs'*<br />
Miss Agnes Quirk of the United States<br />
Depart men tof Agriculture is the strangest<br />
chef in the world.<br />
The boarders for whom<br />
she cooks mount in numbers<br />
into billions and<br />
trillions—they are the<br />
bacteria used by the Department<br />
of Plant Pathology.MissQuirkprepares<br />
their dinners from<br />
cocktail to cordial; as a<br />
matter of fact the food<br />
is simply sterilized culture<br />
media—often agaragar.<br />
Miss Quirk averages<br />
about 40.000 tubes<br />
of culture media a year.
SAN FRANCISCO TO COLUMBUS BY SCOW<br />
This building, the Ohio exhibit at the San Francisco Fair, was adjudged worthy of preservation. It was<br />
put on board a scow in the harbor, and started upon its long journey behind a tug. When it arrives it<br />
will be used as an historical museum.<br />
HOW GREECE GETS TORPEDO BOATS<br />
The Grecian Government'raises the money for two new torpedo<br />
boats each year by selling lottery tickets to all of its people.<br />
Many patriotic citizens buy tickets and then tear them up. If<br />
by chance one of these tickets wins a prize the money reverts<br />
to the government.<br />
COPYRIGHT BROWN 4 DAWSON<br />
Cowiltz County Advocate<br />
^y|ir.p^£i>.a' i %iie'<br />
Newspaper Printed on a Shingle<br />
Because of the high cost of news<br />
print paper, the Cowlitz County-<br />
Advocate, a paper printed at Castle<br />
Rock, Washington, came out recently<br />
with its supplement printed<br />
on shingles. The purpose of this<br />
odd arrangement was to make concrete<br />
a protest against the high cost<br />
of living and the low selling price<br />
of shingles, the product of that<br />
particular section of the country.
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 71<br />
"JAKE" TRAILS HIS DEADLY RIVAL<br />
The donkey "Jake" had to be a member of the camping party because the automobile could not nego<br />
tiate the last twenty miles of Oregon mountain trails. For this reason Jake was built into a crate, leaving<br />
only his head exposed, and bundled atop the tents and other luggage on the trailer. The donkey is a<br />
beast without even a vestige of pride, seemingly, for he showed not the slightest sign of wishing to avenge<br />
the insult; he watched the passing scenery imperturbably.
FOUR HUNDRED DEGREES<br />
BELOW ZERO<br />
By RAYMOND FRANCIS YATES<br />
I N the wintertime, when the mercury<br />
approaches the much-dreaded zero<br />
mark, we don extra wraps, cover<br />
our ears, and exclaim, "Goodness,<br />
what a terribly cold day it is!"<br />
But let us go on down the Fahrenheit<br />
temperature scale until we reach a point<br />
that is 400 degrees below the markwhere<br />
frost really bites our fingers and<br />
toes, and we will be in a new realm,<br />
almost devoid of heat and in which all<br />
states of matter are contracted into<br />
solids.<br />
In this extreme degree of coldness,<br />
there is nothing upon earth that cannot<br />
be robbed of heat, whether it is a piece<br />
of tin or a piece of ice from the exact<br />
location of the north pole. A tin cup<br />
may be frozen and contracted to such a<br />
degree that if it is struck a sharp blow,<br />
it will break into pieces much as a<br />
Two Dewar Flasks Filled with Liquid Air<br />
So violently does the fluid seek the warmth of the surrounding room,<br />
that a thick coat of frost forms on the beakers instantly, making them resemble<br />
fancy sundaes.<br />
ALL PHOTOGRAPHS C0PY8I0HT ,818 BY SAY A8ANCIB V<br />
73<br />
china cup is shattered by a jar or fall.<br />
In the production of low temperatures,<br />
the scientist has learned some of nature's<br />
most cryptic secrets—secrets that have<br />
yielded only to the determined and undiminished<br />
attacks of great minds.<br />
Behind the closed doors of the laboratory,<br />
temperatures so low have been<br />
produced that the very air breathed has<br />
been frozen to a solid mass! Every<br />
known gas has been brought from the<br />
invisible to the visible, by coldness so<br />
intense.<br />
By the scientific mind, all matter,<br />
whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, is regarded<br />
as being composed of myriads of<br />
infinitesimal particles called molecules.<br />
These molecules are all in a state of<br />
rapid vibration and the degree of this<br />
vibration determines the temperature of<br />
the particular substance formed by the<br />
molecules. Thus, if the molecules<br />
are vibrating extremely<br />
rapidly, we say that the substance<br />
is hot, and if they are<br />
caused to vibrate less rapidly,<br />
we say the substance is "cold".<br />
But, there is no such a thing<br />
existing as "coldness", as this<br />
condition is only so named<br />
when there is little heat present.<br />
Ice has some heat in it<br />
but not as much as substances<br />
at a more normal temperature,<br />
hence, we call it "cold".<br />
When water is boiled, part<br />
of it passes away as vapor—<br />
its molecules rise and pass off<br />
into the atmosphere. If we<br />
cool this vapor, it returns again<br />
to its natural condition, water.<br />
Thus we see that it is a revers<br />
ible operation, and this is true of<br />
any substance upon our planet,
Mercury Can Be Frozen<br />
into a Serviceable<br />
Hammer by Immersion<br />
in Liquid<br />
Air<br />
FOUR HUNDRED DEGREES BELOW ZERO 73<br />
that is, when heated they tend to assume<br />
the gaseous or vaporous state and when<br />
cooled they return to the solid or liquid<br />
state. Of course it is extremely difficult<br />
to solidify or liquefy some gaseous substances,<br />
while others change their state<br />
very quickly.<br />
Water offers a perfect illustration.<br />
Naturally it is a liquid. If we boil it, it<br />
becomes a vapor and if we cool this<br />
vapor, it returns to a liquid state. What<br />
happens if we cool it further? It becomes<br />
ice. This law is followed strictly<br />
in nature, although there are certain substances<br />
that pass directly from the solid<br />
to the gaseous state and vice versa. In<br />
that case they entirely avoid the intermediate<br />
liquid state.<br />
We will start with a simple example<br />
of super-cooling. If we pucker our lips<br />
(as in whistling) and blow our breath<br />
upon the hand, we will find that the<br />
gaseous matter emanating from our<br />
mouth actually is cool when it strikes<br />
our hand, although it was quite warm<br />
before leaving our body. We find that<br />
the temperature of this exhaled breath is<br />
much lower than that of the surrounding<br />
atmosphere.<br />
The simple little experiment proves a<br />
great law that was laid down by scientists<br />
some years ago. It states, in its<br />
most simple form, that if a gas, when<br />
stored under pressure, is allowed to<br />
expand freely through a small orifice,<br />
it actually cools itself. This is called<br />
the "self-intensifying method" of producing<br />
low temperatures.<br />
It is by this method that every gaseous<br />
substance upon our planet has been<br />
brought into the liquid and solid state.<br />
If it is desired to liquefy air, the air is<br />
forced by a pressure pump into a small<br />
coil of pipe arranged in the form of a<br />
helix; at the end of this coil of pipe<br />
there is placed what is known as an expansion<br />
valve. The air upon emanating<br />
from the pipe expands freely. The<br />
coiled pipe is housed in a durable steel<br />
cylinder and the air expands in this.<br />
Now it readily will be understood that<br />
the air that is coming out of the valve<br />
will be colder (contain less heat preferably)<br />
than the air that is flowing further<br />
back in the pipe. Then, at the expansion<br />
valve, the gas cools and as the ex-
74 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
LIQUID AIR CAUSES TERRIFICALLY HEIGHTENED COMBUSTION<br />
The demonstrator is hold ng a red-hot steel rod in liquid air. This causes the steel to burn energetical!<br />
panded gas cools, it fills the steel chamber<br />
containing the coiled pipe and therefore<br />
also cools the gas that is on its way<br />
through the pipe. Then, when the gas<br />
that is coming through the pipe reaches<br />
the expansion valve, it will cool still<br />
more and will therefore be much colder<br />
than the gas that is already in the cylinder.<br />
Thus, it will be seen that, after<br />
about thirty minutes continuation of this<br />
process, liquid air will be flowing in the<br />
pipe.<br />
When any substance at ordinary temperature,<br />
or even at the temperature of<br />
ice, is brought into contact with a liquid<br />
gas, such as air, the liquid will be found<br />
to boil furiously until it actually subtracts<br />
all the available heat from the substance.<br />
The result is that some of the<br />
liquid gas boils itself away and regains<br />
its natural state. It may be rather confusing<br />
for some to conceive of the meaning<br />
of "boiling" as it is used here. But<br />
when it is mentioned that liquid air boils<br />
at a temperature of 382 degrees below<br />
zero, it will readilv be understood that<br />
this "boiling" takes place without any<br />
perceptible heat. That is why any substance<br />
at ordinary temperature will cause<br />
liquid air to "boil" and subsequently to<br />
vaporize. In fact it is utterly impossible<br />
to devise any means whereby liquid air<br />
can be preserved any length of time,<br />
owing to its gradual "boiling" away.<br />
Nature is calling it back to its original<br />
state of existence but. to regain this<br />
state, it needs a specific amount of heat<br />
which it greedily robs from its surroundings<br />
as fast as possible and vaporizes.<br />
Thus it will be seen that liquid air, or<br />
any liquid gas, cannot be kept in a stoppered<br />
container. If a kettle full of liquid<br />
air was placed on a cake of ice. it would<br />
be found to boil as fast as water on a hot<br />
stove.<br />
Scientists were indeed surprised when<br />
it was found that barley seed, after<br />
being kept for twelve hours under liquid<br />
hydrogen, did not lose its ability to grow,<br />
and when planted, after being subjected<br />
to that terrific degree of coldness,<br />
sprouted in a perfectly normal manner.
FOUR HUNDRED DEGREES BELOW ZERO 7.S<br />
EVEN TIN AND RUBBER GET BRITTLE<br />
Imi ersed in liquid air, this rubber cork and tin cup splintered when struck sharp blows, just as if they had been composed<br />
of glass and porcelain respectively.<br />
Still more were scientists surprised when the professor if he could not have the<br />
it was found that bacteria were abso- frozen egg to show to his room-mate,<br />
lutely unaffected by the low tempera- who was not a member of the class. The<br />
ture of liquid hydrogen.<br />
Curiosity would natturally<br />
inspire one to<br />
ask, "What would happen<br />
to human flesh under<br />
the influence of such<br />
exceedingly low temperatures?"<br />
After a fraction<br />
of a minute's immersion<br />
in liquid air,<br />
human flesh would become<br />
frozen so hard<br />
that it could be cracked<br />
and broken much as a piece of<br />
solidified plaster of Paris. Of<br />
course, flesh so treated would not<br />
remain in that frozen condition and<br />
w o u 1 d rapidly "thaw<br />
out" in a normal atmosphere<br />
and gradually<br />
decay.<br />
A college professor, at<br />
Cornell University, once<br />
froze an egg in liquid<br />
air before a class in<br />
physics, and one of the<br />
students was so impressed<br />
that he asked<br />
request was granted,<br />
and, with the egg in his<br />
pocket, the student departed<br />
for the dormitory,<br />
but when he arrived, he<br />
found, much to his dismay<br />
and astonishment,<br />
that the egg had broken<br />
and become considerably<br />
softer from the heat of<br />
his body and was slowly<br />
draining through his<br />
pocket in a normal condition.<br />
What benefit has humanity<br />
gleaned from<br />
these discoveries of<br />
methods for producing<br />
low temperatures? It<br />
must be remembered<br />
that science has been<br />
wandering and exploring<br />
a new realm and is<br />
mustering its forces for<br />
more extended research<br />
in this field. What the<br />
future holds we do not<br />
know.
NEWS BY WIRELESS<br />
FOR FARMERS<br />
By FRANK G. M O O R H E A D<br />
T O D A Y as one drives westward<br />
from the city of Clinton<br />
and approaches the town of<br />
Maquoketa, Iowa, he is surprised,<br />
at a turn in the road,<br />
to see a large sign stretched across the<br />
roadway. It can be read at a glance,<br />
but it conveys such novel information<br />
that most drivers stop and re-read it, in<br />
order to be sure.<br />
"Eat Honey. For sale here. Today's<br />
weather report by wireless on<br />
next curve. Archie Banks."<br />
Two or three rods farther on, the bulletin<br />
board is in evidence, eight feet wide<br />
and five feet high.<br />
"Rain or snow tonight, cold wave<br />
coming, lowest temperature tonight, 5<br />
degrees below zero.<br />
"Corn, No. 2, yellow, 9534 to 96/2c;<br />
No. 4, yellow, 93>4 to 95j4c: No. 4,<br />
white, 84 to 85c.<br />
"Oats, No. 3, white, 54% to 55j4c;<br />
standard, nominal.<br />
76<br />
"Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria<br />
died today.<br />
"Deutschland arrives at New London<br />
with million-dollar cargo on its second<br />
trip."<br />
So run the bulletins (weather forecasts,<br />
market reports, world news) on<br />
the bulletin board by the side of the<br />
road.<br />
That the service is appreciated not<br />
only by the receiver, Mr. Banks himself,<br />
but likewise by all the farmers of his<br />
neighborhood, is evidenced by the fact<br />
that two or three score neighbors, for<br />
miles around, are in the habit of telephoning<br />
Mr. Banks every day to find out<br />
what the weather is to be in the next<br />
twenty-four hours, what the market<br />
quotations are and the latest news of the<br />
war and of the world. They are not<br />
even obliged to drive over and read the<br />
bulletins on the board, by the side of the<br />
road; they are served promptly and<br />
without charge by means of the rural
NEWS BY WIRELESS FOR FARMERS 77<br />
telephone lines with which the<br />
country is gridironed.<br />
While he is a genuine, allaround<br />
farmer, working 160<br />
acres of fertile Iowa land, Mr.<br />
Banks has two particular hobbies<br />
—electricity and bees. He is a<br />
good business man and realizes<br />
that those who stop to read his<br />
news bulletin rarely leave without<br />
buying his honey. Up to<br />
Thanksgiving of last year he had<br />
sold 150 cases of honey, aggregating<br />
more than 3,000 pounds,<br />
at a good market price, largely<br />
as a result of his sign across the<br />
road and of his news service,<br />
patrons being attracted in this<br />
manner invariably returning to<br />
him because of the high quality<br />
of his honey.<br />
Mr. Banks employs a one-step<br />
amplifier which amplifies signals<br />
from 10 to 100 times. He copies<br />
messages from all over the<br />
world ; from Hanover, Germany ;<br />
Mare Island, California; San<br />
Diego, California; Guantanamo Bay,<br />
Cuba; Arlington, Virginia; New York<br />
City, and so on. New York messages<br />
are received so loudly they can be heard<br />
all over the farm house.<br />
The news service comes through a re-<br />
Government Licensed WIRELESS<br />
Station9.A.G.D.ArchieBanks<br />
OPERATOR, mTM&MCRT TODAY<br />
Getting the Last Report<br />
The Banks' Wireless Bee Farm<br />
ceiving set which copies nothing but<br />
spark stations, the bulletins coming daily<br />
from Springfield, Illinois, and Ames.<br />
Iowa. Mr. Banks is in touch with hundreds<br />
of other stations, as far away as<br />
Key West, Florida. By this means, although<br />
out on the farm, he is kept advised<br />
of world happenings better than<br />
the average city man but a square from<br />
the large metropolitan newspaper offices.<br />
So successful has the Banks' wireless<br />
news system become that<br />
both Iowa and Illinois now<br />
offer free wireless service to<br />
any one who will install a<br />
modest receiving set,<br />
weather reports being sent<br />
out daily at noon and news<br />
bulletins at noon and 8:30 in<br />
the evening. Another step<br />
has been taken in the campaign<br />
to rout the isolation<br />
and loneliness of the farm<br />
and to bring town and countrv<br />
still closer together.<br />
J
?ETYLAST
I To<br />
V<br />
Amuse the Circus<br />
Crowds<br />
The large, hot air balloons rise<br />
quickly to a great height, and<br />
descend just as quickly when<br />
their contents cool. It is the<br />
main chance for the hardy performer<br />
who takes the risk of<br />
ascension to release his parachute<br />
before the fall begins.<br />
Whin he does this he is trusting<br />
himself to the frail parachute.<br />
If bv any chance it refuses<br />
to open . . .<br />
Negotiating Falls on the<br />
Athabasca River<br />
For five months of the year<br />
these sturdy Canadian voyageurs<br />
or scowmen, as they<br />
are more familiarly known,<br />
stand guard over immense,<br />
twenty-foot sweeps and guide<br />
their lumbering flat boats, provision<br />
laden, down the rapid<br />
strewn waters of the Canadian<br />
northland in Alberta and Mackenzie<br />
land. Every hour they<br />
risk their lives. The white<br />
water reaches the tremendous<br />
mill race speed of twenty miles<br />
an hour, often little falls mark<br />
the rivers' courses, but daringly<br />
the "whitewater" men accept<br />
the challenge.<br />
79
80<br />
Playing on the Railroad<br />
"Safety Last" could very well be the motto of<br />
the thousands who trespass daily upon the<br />
track of railway companies. In the last<br />
twenty years, records show that 86.733 have<br />
been killed and 94,646 have been injured by<br />
railroads. These totals do not include those<br />
who have been killed in wrecks, but merely<br />
those who have been killed or injured while<br />
crossing tracks, stealing rides, gathering coal<br />
and doing other things that fall in !he general<br />
classification of trespassingon rai'road property.<br />
Railroad officials estimate that of the<br />
thousands who are killed each year along<br />
railroad lines, less than ten per cent are engaged<br />
in the perilous pastime of "hoboing";<br />
most of the casualties result from the negligent<br />
action of men, women, and children in<br />
walking, working, or playing along railroad<br />
tracks.
YOUR OPPORTUNITIES<br />
W H E N the home country<br />
gets crowded, and Big<br />
Business seems to have<br />
possession of all the big<br />
chances, the man with<br />
small means unconsciously thinks of<br />
trying his luck in a new field. For the<br />
American this field is Alaska.<br />
Alaska is the last frontier American<br />
land, and that is where every American<br />
now has his one great chance to "get in<br />
on the ground floor". When affairs begin<br />
to hum in the far North, as they<br />
will shortly, Alaska will want men for<br />
her farms, her mines, her railroads, her<br />
fisheries, her lumber camps; she will<br />
need storekeepers, dentists, moving-picture<br />
operators, hardware merchants,<br />
school teachers. Whoever can qualify<br />
will have his chance.<br />
The gigantic opportunities open to<br />
him may be guessed from a few simple<br />
comparisons. Alaska is nearly as large<br />
as Germany, France, and Spain combined.<br />
Norway, Sweden, and Finland,<br />
to which Alaska is more than favorably<br />
comparable in climate, and the area of<br />
which is only three-quarters that of<br />
Alaska, sustain a permanent population<br />
of eleven millions, while poor, overgrown<br />
Alaska, weighted down with wealth, can<br />
IN ALASKA<br />
By M O N R O E W O O L L E Y<br />
boast of less than one hundred thousand<br />
inhabitants, native and white, and man)<br />
of the latter are there only when the<br />
seasons are salubrious!<br />
This scarcity of population is the reason<br />
why Alaska will be so good a prospect<br />
for live men within the next few<br />
years. A multitude of raw products<br />
which we lack within the continental<br />
limits of the United States will be supplied<br />
to us from the overgrown territory<br />
bought for a song by the sharp and sensible<br />
Seward. We have no tin mines,<br />
a material in demand every day all over<br />
the world, but Alaska has loads of tin.<br />
W r e can never go bankrupt for the want<br />
of coal with which to keep the wheels of<br />
industry churning, so long as we retain<br />
the Alaskan fields; and with famine<br />
strutting over the home country we can<br />
never starve with Alaska flourishing<br />
with cattle ranges, salmon shoals, and<br />
farming fields. And then there is timber.<br />
fur, gold, copper—wealth unbounded.<br />
Alaska offers a rich harvest to those who<br />
will go and reap.<br />
As we have seen, Alaska can furnish<br />
the world with agricultural and livestock<br />
products; minerals of all sorts, including<br />
gold, tin, copper, iron, coal, and probably<br />
petroleum and petroleum products:<br />
u
82 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
w<br />
A HOME FOR THOSE WHO LOVE MOUNTAINS-<br />
This scene on the Copper River is typical of Alaska's rough country.<br />
fish, fur, and timber. As time goes on,<br />
Alaska will also furnish manufactured<br />
articles of the simpler sort made from<br />
these materials. The amount of these<br />
commodities which Alaska will send out<br />
depends upon how well her transportation<br />
facilities compare with the facilities<br />
from competing districts. Thus, Alaska<br />
will supply either iron ore to the new<br />
smelters of the Pacific Coast or finished<br />
iron and steel to Pacific Coast trade, as<br />
soon as transportation makes Alaskan<br />
metal (adding to the cost of producing<br />
and carrying the ore, the selling cost<br />
involved in supplanting the eastern<br />
goods) cheaper than the product of the<br />
eastern mills. So in figuring on the<br />
possibilities in any one place, always<br />
watch out for transportation facilities<br />
and the chances that they will create.<br />
Within the territory, there will be<br />
room for all the men engaged in these<br />
various industries, and also for the commercial<br />
and professional men who supply<br />
food, clothing, dentistry, moving pictures,<br />
etc., to the producing classes. The<br />
size of each town will depend upon two<br />
'*<strong>m*</strong>-<br />
factors. The first is the number of men<br />
it needs to conduct its share of Alaskan<br />
industry—that is, if it is a shipping town,<br />
upon how much shipping will be needed<br />
to handle the goods for which there is a<br />
demand produced in the territory about<br />
it or connected with it by railroad or<br />
river. The second factor is the number<br />
of commercial and professional men required<br />
to meet the needs of the town<br />
and the surrounding territory.<br />
As an example we can take the problem<br />
which many prospective settlers are<br />
considering right now—"Will Anchorage<br />
or Seward be the bigger city ?" A glance<br />
at the map will show that both towns<br />
are located on the great government railway<br />
being built into the heart of Alaska<br />
—Seward directly upon the Pacific, and<br />
Anchorage tucked in behind a peninsula.<br />
One or both will develop shipping, manufacturing,<br />
and commercial enterprises,<br />
because they stand at the threshold of<br />
Alaska: which one will pull ahead of the<br />
other will depend largely upon the transportation.<br />
ff Seward js able to get goods from
YOUR OPPORTUNITIES IN ALASKA 83<br />
—OR FOR THE FARMER PLAINSMAN<br />
These plant (ten-pound) cabbages attest the virgin fertility of Alaska's soil.<br />
the States and ship them into Alaska<br />
more cheaply than Anchorage can,<br />
Seward will pull ahead as a commercial<br />
center. If Anchorage can get goods out<br />
of Alaska and ship them more cheaply<br />
than Seward can, or if it develops better<br />
harbor facilities, it will pull ahead of<br />
Seward as a shipping center. A combination<br />
of these two elements with those<br />
of power supply and available building<br />
sites, will give one or the other the advantage<br />
as a manufacturing city. And<br />
so it goes; they may be even with each<br />
other in these matters, and so run "neck<br />
and neck", as, in a way, Seattle and Tacoma<br />
are running neck and neck; or one<br />
may pull ahead of the other, as in the<br />
old days, Chicago pulled ahead of Milwaukee.<br />
Time, conditions as they develop,<br />
and the relative enterprise of the<br />
two places, will decide; but just now,<br />
anyone on the ground, who has the intelligence<br />
necessary to get pertinent information<br />
and use it, can make his own<br />
forecast. All professional and business<br />
men should consider these problems in<br />
picking a location.<br />
Then, of course, there is the personal<br />
factor in each man's problem. A prospective<br />
settler's first decision must con<br />
cern itself with how much he wishes to<br />
attempt. Obviously, if he has plenty of<br />
capital, or knows that he is, so to speak,<br />
a business genius, he is justified in trying<br />
for the "big game". So also, he can<br />
undertake to compete with established<br />
business, if there is or will be enough<br />
in the community to warrant his own and<br />
the other fellow's enterprise. Otherwise,<br />
lie would do well to seek fresh fields.<br />
The case of an enterprising dentist<br />
illustrates this point. This man could<br />
find no opening for one of his profession<br />
in any of the older towns or settlements.<br />
If a place was large enough to<br />
support a resident dentist, some one had<br />
arrived ahead of him to gobble up the<br />
field. Me was quick-witted, and he<br />
thought of a method to help him to what<br />
he wanted—to become a permanent<br />
Alaskan. I Ie decided to become an<br />
itinerant, or traveling dentist.<br />
Then there are the opportunities for<br />
the farmer. Congress passed the Alaskan<br />
Homestead Act in 1903, and the provisions<br />
for acquiring land are unusually<br />
liberal. Any person qualified to make<br />
entry at home may take up land in<br />
Alaska. The maximum amount to be<br />
taken up is 320 acres. While proving-
84 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
up, fresh meat may be had for tlie taking,<br />
as nowhere is game of all kinds and sizes<br />
so plentiful. Homesteading is no more<br />
difficult there, as a rule, than it is in<br />
timbered, isolated sections of the continental<br />
United States. Timber is plentiful<br />
so that, with tools, the settler may<br />
hew his home from the forests.<br />
Many homesteads have been entered<br />
since the beginning of the government<br />
railroads, and each year will see the<br />
number increasing rapidly. Claims<br />
should be taken up as close to towns and<br />
settlements as possible, in order to have<br />
a market for produce. When transportation<br />
is more common, homesteads may<br />
be taken up anywhere, and the choice<br />
claims brought under the plow.<br />
Alaska now has many fine farms, and<br />
the government has established four or<br />
five big experimental farms to show<br />
Alaskan farm folk the way to success.<br />
The experimental farms have produced<br />
nearly everything grown on the average<br />
American farm, and some of the<br />
crop specimens, in size and quality,<br />
were prize winners. Of<br />
course some crops do better in<br />
Alaska than others, and as soon<br />
as it is determined what these<br />
crops are, they are specialized in.<br />
Near Fairbanks, about 350<br />
homesteads have already been<br />
taken up. There are 250 homesteaders<br />
in the Matanuska and<br />
Susitna valleys. The value of<br />
farm produce raised near Fairbanks<br />
in a recent year, within<br />
120 miles of the arctic circle, was<br />
$150,000. The government has<br />
surveyed and sectionized more<br />
than 200,000 acres in the<br />
Susitna, Tanana, and Copper<br />
River Valleys, and all this vast<br />
plain is open to homestead entry<br />
in chunks of 320 acres. Prospective<br />
farmers must not picture<br />
miles of waving grain fields, as<br />
at home. Contrarily, they must<br />
seek for diversified crops, so<br />
that they may feed themselves<br />
and others without depending on<br />
imports. Thus, to begin with, gardening<br />
should be the main thing. Vegetables<br />
of nearly all classes do well in<br />
Alaska.<br />
Pasturage is so promising on many of<br />
the off-shore chains of islands, and along<br />
the coasts, that capitalists are acquiring<br />
holdings on which to found immense<br />
cattle ranches.<br />
Alaska's fishery products are to food<br />
what the country's gold is to the world's<br />
mineral wealth. It is but recently that<br />
the succulent clam found its way into<br />
cans here at home, but hot on the heels<br />
of home industry, Alaska is now canning<br />
clams. All the world knows of her<br />
salmon wealth. To this may be added<br />
a never-ending supply of herring, cod,<br />
and bountiful halibut banks. More than<br />
two hundred fifty kinds of edible fish<br />
abound in her waters, besides trout and<br />
grayling in the lakes and streams. Large<br />
numbers of whales are found, and these<br />
are butchered and prepared for shipment.<br />
Main Street, Skagway<br />
This town is a real boom center.
tj^r * . Sj^;<br />
* Aj f*§fc*<br />
"VS. • »<br />
YOUR OPPORTUNITIES IN ALASKA 85<br />
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86 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
justify such plants, but that grain production<br />
will eventually make institutions<br />
of the kind necessary cannot be doubted.<br />
The country has countless streams where<br />
power may be harnessed for industrial<br />
purposes, and within another decade or<br />
so we may hear of Alaskan flour and<br />
other pulverized cereals.<br />
Alaskans who live far north require<br />
considerable heavy clothing to resist the<br />
rigors of winter. Furs are popular when<br />
Jack Frost gets unduly familiar, yet<br />
nearly all this class of clothing comes<br />
from abroad, despite the fact that the<br />
raw material in the form of hides or<br />
pelts is produced on the ground. Tanners<br />
should find the field profitable and<br />
full of opportunities.<br />
As a Mecca for tourists, Alaska probably<br />
will be eternally a paying proposition.<br />
No other country on earth can<br />
exactly duplicate the territory's wonderful<br />
scenes. Up there mountains under<br />
12,000 feet are looked upon as foothills.<br />
The immense glaciers are as awe-inspiring<br />
as the Grand Canon, and the panorama<br />
is one of never-ending spectacular<br />
surprises for the traveler.<br />
The fur business is an important industry<br />
in Alaska, and anyone who has<br />
experience in this line of endeavor stands<br />
a good chance to win fortune. Native<br />
hunters and trappers take their prey<br />
from nature's supply, but Americans<br />
have gone into raising furs much as farmers<br />
raise wool. Fox farming is a lively<br />
and developing industry, and many men<br />
are growing rich at the business. Begun<br />
in Alaska, the business has been transported<br />
to the United States until the<br />
west now has more than a dozen such<br />
institutions.<br />
Mr. Michael O'Kee, a North Dawson<br />
(Yukon Territory), gardener, is making<br />
a reputation for himself as the Luther<br />
Burbank of the northland. He is specializing<br />
in berry culture, and he has proved<br />
to the world that berries may be grown<br />
around the arctic circle, as well as in<br />
sun-kissed California. Mr. O'Kee secured<br />
his seeds from Mr. Burbank. He<br />
has grown cabbages weighing eighteen<br />
pounds each, with their heads hard and<br />
sound.<br />
The raising of reindeer is fast becoming<br />
an important industry in Alaska<br />
where pasturage for these animals may<br />
be always had. Reindeer steaks have<br />
long since been quoted regularly on the<br />
Seattle market. The meat is superior to<br />
beef, in the opinion of many people.<br />
That reindeer will some day figure in our<br />
meat menu cannot be questioned. Already<br />
the big packing concerns here have<br />
sent representatives to Alaska to investigate<br />
it. But just now, so it is said, the<br />
cost of production makes it unprofitable<br />
for shipping in.<br />
Judge Martin F. Moran, of the Kobuk<br />
district, thinks, with many others, that<br />
the Angora goat industry should thrive in<br />
Alaska. He is making plans to import<br />
a large herd to feed on the rich reindeer<br />
moss, a grazing food which grows abundantly<br />
in the tundra of western and<br />
northern Alaska. Angora ranchers in<br />
the west are netting fortunes in supplying<br />
mohair, since importations have been<br />
cut down because of the war, and nowhere,<br />
probably, are conditions so favorable<br />
for goat raising as in Alaska. The<br />
judge is located twenty miles north of<br />
the arctic circle, but this fact doesn't<br />
dampen his enthusiasm for his pet livestock<br />
whim.<br />
In the past Alaska produced a lot of<br />
gold and salmon, and, incidentally, a new<br />
lot of novelists. In the future her<br />
output will be considerably broadened.<br />
It is her input and not so much<br />
her output which is to work wonders<br />
from now on. It is the settlers who<br />
are going to flock along the rightsof-way<br />
of the railroads, far away from<br />
the towns and cities, who will be the<br />
making of the land. A young United<br />
States is blossoming, and the blooming<br />
will be a source of pride and profit to<br />
future generations. She can and will<br />
make a multitude of men rich, happy, and<br />
prosperous.<br />
Now is the time to get on board.<br />
Tradition allows the early bird to catch<br />
the fattest worm.
THE MARCH OF PROGRESS<br />
AN AEROPLANE WITH WIRELESS TORPEDO CONTROL<br />
The Burgoss-Curtiss Company of Marhlehead, Massachusetts, just has completed this flyer for Mr. John<br />
Hays Hammond. Jr. It is fitted with wireless that will enable the operator to direct a speeding torpedo<br />
to its mark.<br />
THE LAST OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY PASSES<br />
The edict has cone forth from the New York City Public Service Commission that April first of this<br />
vi'ar will be the last dav of horsecar service in the American metropolis.<br />
87
88<br />
wmmmammm<br />
A MUNITION VOLCANO<br />
THE LURID NIGHT OF JANUARY ELEVENTH<br />
On the evening of this day the enormous munitions plant of the Canadian Car and Foundry Company<br />
near Rutherford, New Jersey, exploded. The din was terrific, much like a series of gigantic bombardments,<br />
and the fire that followed was so fierce that the efforts of the hose companies were completely<br />
futile.<br />
NEXT MORNING<br />
Where the huge plant and storage warehouses had been there remained only the scattered, smoking wreckage.<br />
In the midst of the fiery circle wero the tri-nitro-toluol magazines, but these were so well pro<br />
tected by their concrete buttresses that they did not explode.
L<br />
A LOADING PIER BEFORE THE CATASTROPHE<br />
Early in October the photograph above was sold to ILLUSTRATED WORLD with a caption that predicted<br />
another "Black Tom" catastrophe. This forecast had been made by the New York Board of Fire<br />
Underwriters Bureau of Surveys and was fulfilled in every detail.<br />
THE HILL THAT SAVED TWO TOWNS<br />
Back of the smoke to the right is a ridge that shielded Kingsland and Rutherford from the full force of<br />
explosion. Had it not been for this protection it is likely that both towns would have been demolished.<br />
89
m<br />
We Used to Import This<br />
These beautiful marine hydroids<br />
used to be brought<br />
into the United States from<br />
abroad, and cost American<br />
milliners fancy prices—who<br />
in turn, of course, levied<br />
upon their women patrons.<br />
Now we make the belated<br />
discovery that our own river<br />
bottoms and ocean sands<br />
are covered with even finer<br />
varieties of the same<br />
growths, which can be secured<br />
for use on artistic<br />
millinery creations at a<br />
fraction of their former<br />
price.<br />
Five Varieties<br />
In the left upper corner is a<br />
spray of deep-sea hydroid,<br />
dyed a beautiful green. To<br />
its right is a "sea lily"—the<br />
piece of honor in many a<br />
mermaid's bouquet. In the<br />
center is one of the more<br />
highly developed hydras.<br />
At the bottom on the left is<br />
the "mermaid's parasol",<br />
while on the right is a delicate<br />
feathery tuft from the<br />
Potomac River that bids fair<br />
to assume the place of poplarity<br />
that ostrich plumes<br />
formerly held.
SUBMARINE MILLINERY<br />
By RENE BACHE<br />
A VAST natural deposit of valut\<br />
able millinery material! Ex-<br />
Ljk quisite stuff in inexhaustible<br />
/ \ quantities for the adornment<br />
of women's hats. Think what<br />
such a discovery means!<br />
Every woman, and nearly every man,<br />
is familiar with the so-called "sea-moss"<br />
that is so commonly used (most often in<br />
combination with artificial flowers) on<br />
hats. It has been imported hitherto from<br />
Germany, hundreds of tons of it annually<br />
; but the war has cut off the<br />
supply.<br />
This "sea-moss" comes from the Baltic<br />
Sea. But it is not moss, and it is not a<br />
plant. It is an animal—or, more correctly<br />
speaking, a plant-like growth,<br />
fronded and feathery, that is in reality<br />
a colony of tiny animal creatures. Naturalists<br />
call it a "hydroid".<br />
The Government Fisheries Bureau,<br />
however, just has made the important<br />
discovery that this very species of hydroid<br />
grows in many places along our<br />
own Atlantic Coast. In fact, it occurs<br />
much more plentifully in our waters<br />
than in the Baltic; and—especially to be<br />
noted—American varieties are far superior<br />
to the European.<br />
The finest variety of all, exquisite in<br />
its feathery texture, has been found<br />
growing on the bottom of Chesapeake<br />
Bay, in water from ninety to one hundred<br />
fifty feet deep. It occurs there<br />
in vast beds, not yet'explored to any<br />
great extent, but doubtless covering<br />
many thousands of acres. The plant-like<br />
growths, about a foot high, are attached<br />
to stones, oyster-shells, and whatever<br />
other solid objects they find suitable for<br />
their support.<br />
The species of hydroid in question<br />
(whether imported or native) is called<br />
argentea, meaning silvery. Sometimes<br />
it attaches itself, in shallow water, to<br />
piles and wharf-supports, and its arbor<br />
escent masses, seen from above, have a<br />
beautiful metallic sheen. For millinery<br />
use it is dyed, usually green.<br />
The Chesapeake beds were discovered<br />
only a few weeks ago by the Fisheries<br />
Bureau steamer Fish Hawk, which is at<br />
present engaged in their further exploration.<br />
It has already raked up the hydroids<br />
in considerable quantities, using<br />
for the purpose an extemporized contrivance<br />
somewhat resembling an oldfashioned<br />
straight-toothed farmer's harrow—the<br />
implement, however, being<br />
provided with hooks on the ends of the<br />
teeth. By this simple means the growths<br />
are torn loose from the bottom and<br />
brought to the surface.<br />
The imported "sea-moss" is just a bit<br />
spiky and scraggy, comparing unfavorably<br />
with the soft, delicate, and fern-like<br />
fronds of the Chesapeake variety. In<br />
natural color the latter (like the material<br />
from the Baltic) is silvery gray. For<br />
millinery use, it has to be put through<br />
certain processes.<br />
It is not dried ; if that were done, it<br />
would be rendered brittle and useless.<br />
On the contrary, it is taken in a fresh<br />
state and saturated with a non-drying<br />
substance that keeps it very slightly<br />
moist for years. The process, though a<br />
trade secret, is fortunately known to<br />
American manufacturers. Finally, it is<br />
dyed. It takes any color well.<br />
The price hitherto paid for the imported<br />
article by wholesale dealers in<br />
millinery supplies in this country has<br />
been two hundred fifty dollars a ton.<br />
Obtained from the Chesapeake, the superior<br />
variety will undoubtedly be far<br />
cheaper—perhaps less than one hundred<br />
dollars a ton—the available supply,<br />
readily accessible, being practically inexhaustible.<br />
This, of course, is a matter<br />
interesting not only to the millinery<br />
trade, but to every woman who admires<br />
herself in a becoming hat.<br />
9/
02<br />
SIGNALING 500 TRAINS<br />
^^^H fo*M<br />
THE LARGEST SIGNAL AND SWITCH TOWER IN THE WORLD<br />
Half a thousand trains come into the great Pennsylvania terminal daily, and this tower manages thrm<br />
all. On the wall is the whole track system in miniature, with moving lights to correspond to the incoming<br />
trains.<br />
'J
NOTGUIOyf<br />
Where the Jury Exonerate/ theMeterist<br />
THE "MIDDLE OF THE BLOCK" FANATIC<br />
The motor car was passing along at a conservative twelve miles an hour. The victim dashed out from<br />
behind another car that was parked at the side of the street, just in time to be caught by the over-rushingr<br />
car. The motorist could not help the accident.<br />
OFF A BRIDGE INTO THE CHICAGO RIVER<br />
It was a dark night, the abyss was unguarded and poorly lighted, and the automobile, filled with passengers,<br />
plunged into the river's murky depths before either the driver or occupants knew what had<br />
occurred.
94<br />
•• M •<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
WHEN THE WHEELED MESSENGER IS LAZY<br />
It is very pleasant, if you are a cyclist, to "hitch on" to a passing car and let the automobile do your<br />
pumping for you. The trouble is that the car often swerves suddenly, spilling the bicycle rider. Then,<br />
because our boulevards are so well packed with vehicles that most often only twenty feet or so separates<br />
the one in front from the one behind, the cyclist who takes an unexpected tumble is very apt to<br />
be run down by the following car.
THE DARING MOTORCYCLIST<br />
Because the rider of a motorcycle can "pick small<br />
holes" in heavy traffic, he often grows careless, and<br />
"cuts in" too sharply across the fender of a car he is<br />
passing or underestimates the speed of a machine<br />
he tries to precede. The slightest brush of a fender<br />
or bumper means a fall to him, and a fall means<br />
being run over by the heavier vehicle.<br />
1<br />
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" W
IN THE FLOOD-LIGHT<br />
A<br />
N effective illumination of the<br />
national flag has been arranged<br />
N '<br />
/ \ on the roof of one of Chicago s<br />
/ % tall office buildings. The<br />
flood-lighting system of illumination<br />
is used, special apparatus being<br />
necessary and the effect secured is highly<br />
satisfactory.<br />
The lighting apparatus consists of six<br />
search-light projectors of the X-ray type,<br />
only four of the lights being used at any<br />
one time. Two of the projectors are<br />
equipped with 500-watt lamps and four<br />
with 250-watt lamps. They are placed<br />
on the roof at intervals around the flag<br />
pole. No matter what direction the flag<br />
may be turned by the wind, the illumination<br />
remains effective and because special<br />
light is focused upon the dark background<br />
of the stars in the corner of the<br />
flag, the entire emblem is made plainly<br />
visible at all times.
A STUNT OR<br />
TWO<br />
By WALTER LEE<br />
"VJT/RIST pins often cause trouble at a time<br />
or place where it is impossible to make<br />
or obtain new bushings and pins. The thing<br />
to do in that event is to remove the pin and<br />
bushing, and with a hack saw cut one side of<br />
the bushing through. Replace the pin and turn<br />
the set screw up tight. This eliminates the<br />
knock and you may drive until it is more convenient<br />
to put in new material, but the wear<br />
will eventually make the bearing lopsided.<br />
* * *<br />
DRAKES that do not hold properly may often<br />
be made as good as new by removing the<br />
wheels and applying a blowtorch to the bands<br />
until all the grease and foreign matter is burned<br />
out of the fabric. This would not avail in a<br />
case where the bands were so worn that there<br />
could be no pressure against the drums.<br />
* * *<br />
A GOOD carbon antidote is water, injected<br />
into the gas mixture every few days.<br />
Have the engine good and hot and running at<br />
a brisk rate. Then with a fine nozzle squirt<br />
gun inject slowly into the air inlet of the carburetor<br />
about a cupful of hot water. The<br />
explosion of it during the combustion in the<br />
cylinders does the desired work.<br />
* * *<br />
YY/ITH the usual types of carburetors installed<br />
in standard makes of cars, there is<br />
a good chance of saving yourself when you<br />
run out of gasoline out on a country road. One<br />
always can get kerosene at any farm house.<br />
The float top of your carburetor can be unscrewed<br />
; put what gasoline remains in the bottom<br />
of the tank into the carburetor. After<br />
the carburetor is filled with the remaining gasoline,<br />
if there is still any gasoline left, mix this<br />
with kerosene and pour it into the tank. Start<br />
the engine on the gasoline in the carburetor,<br />
and after it is started it should run on the<br />
mixed gasoline and kerosene in the tank.
98 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
"THERE is a popular notion among motorists<br />
that tires will become overinflated on hot<br />
summer days from the expansion of the air by<br />
heat. So they very carefully see that the pressure<br />
in them is reduced on such days from<br />
five to ten pounds. When it is remembered<br />
that heat does expand air this conclusion is a<br />
perfectly natural one, but the fact of the matter<br />
is that the increase in pressure from this cause<br />
even in the hottest weather is so slight that it<br />
is barely perceptible on the gage. When a<br />
figure like five to ten pounds is allowed the<br />
tires will be under-inflated. This is a greater<br />
cause of damage to them than hot weather<br />
expansion possibly could be. The proper pressure<br />
is the one recommended by the manufacturers<br />
and which is usually marked on the tires<br />
when they are sold. At that pressure the tires<br />
will "stand up round" without any passengers<br />
in the car. One of the tire companies sells a<br />
gage in the form of a caliper and this is said<br />
to be more accurate than the sort which registers<br />
in pounds per square inch, since it is seldom<br />
that there are two of the latter sort in<br />
accord with each other. The caliper is placed<br />
over the top of the wheel so its two points will<br />
hug the sides of the tire. It is then placed<br />
over the rim of the wheel at the bottom so the<br />
points can slip over the sides of the tire there<br />
too. The points should clear both sides of the<br />
tire at the bottom with the same adjustment<br />
as at the top. If they will not pass it shows<br />
that the tire bulges at the bottom and is therefore<br />
insufficiently inflated.<br />
* * *<br />
VT7HEN the engine has been standing a long<br />
time in a cool room it is often so hard<br />
to start that it tries the patience of any man.<br />
An expedient that has seldom failed in such a<br />
case is to remove some or all of the spark plugs,<br />
invert them and fill them with gasoline and set<br />
fire to them. When the gasoline has burned<br />
out the plugs will be hot. Replace them in the<br />
cylinders before they cool. If there is nothing<br />
besides the cold preventing the engine from<br />
starting it will now fire without difficulty.<br />
* * *<br />
]W[IX a quantity of soapstone in gasoline<br />
and add a little glue or cement, and paint<br />
the inside of the wheel rims with it. The tires<br />
will then come off and go on with ease.
A STUNT OR<br />
COME time your carburetor may take fire<br />
from a back-fire or a sticking intake valve.<br />
This is the usual cause of automobile fires<br />
under the hood. It makes a very alarming<br />
sight and is often the cause of a panic which<br />
in turn is the cause of complete destruction of<br />
the car. In reality it is not so bad as it looks<br />
provided prompt action is taken. This prompt<br />
action does not consist of pulling out the chemical<br />
fire extinguisher and dousing the carburetor<br />
with it. The contents of the extinguisher<br />
will certainly put out the fire and it is well to<br />
have it in readiness in case the flame gets<br />
beyond control. The first thing to do is to<br />
remember that it is fatal to get excited and run<br />
away. The writer has seen a large number of<br />
these carburetor fires and only once has the<br />
following program failed to put out the blaze.<br />
Shut off the gasoline supply, then turn on the<br />
ignition, and try to start the engine. It may<br />
start or it may not but in any event the turning<br />
of it causes a powerful suction from the carburetor<br />
to the cylinders and this draws the<br />
blazing gasoline up into the engine where it<br />
belongs, and then the fire is out. Do not use<br />
the fire extinguisher until it is seen that the<br />
above treatment will not work.<br />
* # #<br />
VY/HEN the aluminum running boards and<br />
other plates become stained and tarnished,<br />
a strong solution of hyposulphate of soda will<br />
remove the stain and tarnish where ordinary<br />
metal polish will fail.<br />
* * *<br />
D OAD oil that has been on the body of the<br />
car so long that gasoline or kerosene will<br />
not remove it, can be taken off with a paste<br />
made of rotten stone and turpentine. Care<br />
should be taken, however, not to rub too hard<br />
as the friction tends to destroy the varnish.<br />
Rather rub the begrimed parts gently and do it<br />
a longer time.<br />
* * *<br />
A TELEPHONE receiver attached to a steel<br />
^^ rod is a very good device for locating<br />
knocks. The rod is rigidly attached at one<br />
end to the body of the receiver and a wire is<br />
led" from it to the diaphragm like a phonograph<br />
reproducer. The other end of the rod is placed<br />
against suspected parts of the engine and the<br />
receiver applied to the ear.
MUSIC WHILE YOU DRIVE<br />
XTUMEROUS devices have been in-<br />
^ vented for the motorist, devices<br />
intended to increase his bodily comfort,<br />
and make it possible for him to tour<br />
without suffering the inconveniences<br />
which make motor trips unpleasurable.<br />
Tour to Ragtime<br />
With this accessory in place, the driver can provide music<br />
as well as fresh air to his passengers.<br />
Now he can satisfy, in part, his desire<br />
for music, for with the "Autola" he can<br />
regale himself with music as he speeds<br />
along the country road. This instrument<br />
is of small size and light weight,<br />
and is attached to the running board.<br />
It is operated by electricity and can be<br />
connected to any storage battery in a<br />
few minutes. The key board has a universal<br />
clamp to fit any steering column.<br />
UNUSUAL USE OF RUNABOUT<br />
N electric runabout with an eight-foot<br />
A<br />
ladder pivoted upon its bonnet is one<br />
of the odd vehicles to be seen in the<br />
streets of Fall River, Massachusetts.<br />
This machine, the only one of its kind,<br />
was designed to serve the lamp inspector<br />
and repair man of the Fall River gas<br />
company, and it proved so practical that<br />
it replaces two horses, two wagons and<br />
their drivers. The unusual feature of the<br />
machine is an ingenious swivel in front<br />
too<br />
Hl^iTIPS<br />
of the driver's seat which supports a ladder<br />
of the proper length to extend from<br />
the car to the lamp cluster on top of the<br />
Easy for the Lamp Inspector<br />
He climbs to the top of the pole and descends without<br />
having to clamber to the pavement.<br />
pole. When ready for use, the driver<br />
can ascend it without leaving the machine,<br />
which is a convenience in wet or<br />
stormy weather. After completing his<br />
task, the driver turns the ladder upon its<br />
swivel and lays it back over the seat,<br />
where it projects over the rear.<br />
MAKE YOUR FORD SAW WOOD<br />
NEW tool-driving attachment which<br />
A<br />
can be applied quickly to any auto<br />
mobile has been devised by Henry L.<br />
Briggs of Salem, Oregon. The device<br />
consists of a wood saw (a grinding, burnishing,<br />
or other tool could be substituted<br />
for the saw) mounted on a shaft at the<br />
opposite end of which is mounted a balance<br />
wheel and a pulley.<br />
The pulley is connected by a belt with<br />
a larger pulley that is clamped for the<br />
purpose to the hub of the hind wheel of
The Practical Car Made More Practical<br />
Even the arduous task of sawing wood does not dismay its indomitable<br />
engine.<br />
the automobile from which the power is<br />
obtained. The supporting frame for this<br />
attachment is secured to the automobile<br />
by means of two sill bars that are supported<br />
from the front axle by hooks that<br />
engage over it and from the control shaft<br />
by means of a bearing box that is<br />
clamped loosely on that shaft. A saw<br />
guard and an adjustable work support<br />
are also useful parts of the attachment.<br />
The most important part of the invention<br />
is the hub or belt wheel by which the<br />
automobile may be belted quickly to any<br />
stationary or portable machine within the<br />
limit of its power. It can be put on or<br />
taken off in about two minutes and it<br />
does not deface the wheel. The wheel<br />
to which the pulley is clamped then is<br />
jacked up and with the belt in place the<br />
attachment is ready to operate.<br />
The balance wheel<br />
has the effect of a gyroscope<br />
and keeps the whole<br />
framework steady when<br />
the device is operated. The<br />
entire attachment weighs<br />
less than 300 pounds and<br />
can be carried readily from<br />
one place to another at<br />
tached to the automobile<br />
(the belt of course being<br />
removed).<br />
Several interesting experiments<br />
have been made<br />
by the inventor. He has<br />
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 101<br />
The Jack<br />
Tire-Saver<br />
M<br />
driven up to the attachment,<br />
made connections, driven around<br />
a city block, sawed a cord of<br />
wood, detached the sawing attachment,<br />
and driven away with<br />
the automobile within a period<br />
of fifteen minutes. With the aid<br />
of two other men, he has sawed<br />
five cords of heavy fir wood with<br />
the attachment in less than an<br />
hour, two cuts being made in<br />
each length of wood. He has<br />
had no additional repair expense<br />
for the automobile on which the<br />
attachment has been used now<br />
for several months.<br />
The Wood-Sawing Attachment<br />
J*<br />
SAVE YOUR TIRES<br />
OTORISTS do not always recognize<br />
that the strain on a tire does not end<br />
with the stopping of the<br />
motor. The weight of the<br />
car itself is by no means<br />
to be disregarded. Especially<br />
if the tire is wet is<br />
this so, for it will not dry<br />
readily. The car should be<br />
jacked up to relieve the<br />
weight borne by the tires,<br />
every night if this is possible.<br />
A simple jack for<br />
the purpose is shown herewith.<br />
It is placed in position<br />
as indicated under the<br />
hub, and the lever raised<br />
and locked.
102 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
ELECTRIC GARAGE PUMP<br />
THIS electric pumping plant, set on<br />
wheels, is ready to be rolled to any<br />
place where compressed air is desired,<br />
and put into operation simply by connecting<br />
to the next lamp socket and turning<br />
the starting switch. It consists of an<br />
air compressor, set of gears, motor, tank,<br />
manometer, connecting wire to lamp<br />
socket and a steel-covered<br />
hose to connect<br />
to tire. All that is<br />
necessary to do is<br />
watch the gage.<br />
This Electric Pump Enables<br />
the Motorist to Keep His<br />
Tires at the Correct Inflation<br />
Point with a Minimum<br />
of Trouble and Worry<br />
CONVERTIBLE TRACTOR<br />
X" invention by which an ordinary<br />
automobile can be converted into a<br />
farm tractor with little work and little<br />
expense, has been demonstrated in the<br />
Pacific Northwest. The transformation<br />
is effected by the removal of the body<br />
and the mud guards from the machine,<br />
and the attachment of small pinion gears<br />
to the axles in place of the rear wheels.<br />
This gear works in turn on large internal<br />
gears on heavy steel tractor wheels. The<br />
front tires are removed and by means of<br />
a clamp, six-inch steel rims are substituted.<br />
The tractor is capable of doing<br />
the work of four or five horses, and will<br />
pull disc harrow, plow, or manure<br />
spreader. On test the tractor pulled, on<br />
dirt road, three wagons loaded with wet<br />
slab wood, a load of approximately ten<br />
tons.<br />
The power of the car is multiplied ten<br />
times by gear reduction, and when working<br />
in the fields at three or four miles an<br />
hour, the engine speed is no more than<br />
would be required for eighteen to twenty<br />
miles an hour on the road. All work is<br />
done on high gear so that the strain of<br />
pulling and carrying is taken by the<br />
heavy tractor wheels, the motor and<br />
frame being relieved of all of the extra<br />
strain.<br />
The tractor, with little work, may be<br />
made into a pleasure car again.<br />
This Tractor May Be Put Together<br />
and Taken Apart by<br />
Any Small Car Owner
SHOVEL AND JACK BASE<br />
IN the case of any repair to the car, or<br />
the changing of tires, where it is necessary<br />
that the machine be raised from the<br />
ground, difficulty sometimes is found in<br />
placing the jack so that it will not sink<br />
into the soft earth. This condition<br />
usually obtains on bad roads.<br />
Does Your Jack Cause Trouble?<br />
This cheap metal base will ensure you purchase when you<br />
are caught out on a soft macadam road.<br />
A combination auto shovel and jack<br />
has been designed especially to meet this<br />
condition, as the shovel can be used to<br />
level the ground; the jack then rests<br />
upon it, insuring a firm base. This device<br />
is made of heavy galvanized steel and is<br />
nine-by-six inches in size, sufficiently<br />
large to afford proper support for the<br />
jack.<br />
The price of the article is fifty cents.<br />
POCKET VULCANIZER<br />
NTO gasoline or alcohol is needed to<br />
work this little vulcanizer for making<br />
a permanent tire repair on the road<br />
or in the garage. It consists of a chemically<br />
treated disc, a little larger than a<br />
silver dollar. When a lighted match or<br />
cigar touches it, the disc burns without<br />
You Can Do Your Own Vulcanizing in Five Minutes<br />
with This Outfit<br />
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 103<br />
flame, and generates the right amount of<br />
heat to effect a perfect puncture cure.<br />
Six discs come with the little vulcanizer.<br />
The price of the vulcanizer itself is $1.00.<br />
SWITCH CONTROL FOR AUTO<br />
SPOTLIGHT<br />
T H E accompanying drawing shows an<br />
automobile spotlight with a particularly<br />
ingenious method of controlling the<br />
current to the lamp. Heretofore, it has<br />
been necessary to control the lighting of<br />
this lamp either by means of a switch on<br />
the dash, which is somewhat inconvenient,<br />
or else by means of a loose plug<br />
extending from the lamp, which is not a<br />
very reliable or durable<br />
switch used, similar to that which has<br />
been used in tool handles, as well as in<br />
handles of electric vibrators and vacuum<br />
cleaners. This method of operation<br />
makes it easy for the same hand that<br />
moves the lamp in the various directions<br />
to control the current of the lamp simply<br />
by pushing the button. When the light<br />
button is pushed the current is "on"—<br />
there is light; and when the dark button is<br />
pushed the current is "off". The switch,<br />
sometimes called a tool-handle switch, is<br />
placed inside the small neck of the lamp<br />
similar to method shown on the attached<br />
sketch.
104 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
PAINTING AUTO RADIATORS<br />
AT HOME<br />
P)ON'T take all the time and waste<br />
all your energy trying to paint your<br />
automobile radiator in a hurry, and<br />
making a poor job of it.<br />
The Spray Painting Outfit<br />
-S S-^__^ K.<br />
If you have an oil can and a foot<br />
pump, combine the two and make an<br />
up-to-date spraying device that will<br />
make easy the job of painting.<br />
Take a one-half gallon oil can, and<br />
make it into an atomizer by attaching to<br />
it a tire pump, as shown in the illustration.<br />
Mount a small brass<br />
pipe in one side of the can,<br />
the upper end of it extending<br />
a short distance outside<br />
of the top. Mount a second<br />
piece of pipe in a horizontal<br />
position in the top<br />
of the can. If the can has<br />
had a handle, the first pipe<br />
can easily go through that<br />
opening. Solder both pipes<br />
to the top of the can, and<br />
use a screw top to make it<br />
tight.<br />
When the air is forced<br />
through the horizontal<br />
tube, and caused to pass<br />
across the opening in the<br />
upper end of the vertical<br />
tube, the liquid in the can<br />
is drawn up and forced out<br />
in a fine spray. A mixture<br />
for spraying the radiator<br />
This Pressure Gage Enables the<br />
Motorist to Keep His Tires at<br />
Precisely the Right Poundage<br />
may be made of lampblack and turpentine.<br />
A sheet of paper should be placed<br />
back of the radiator to protect the engine,<br />
and around the outer edge, to prevent<br />
the liquid from spattering the brass<br />
finish.<br />
TRY THIS ON YOUR COLD FEET<br />
UXURIOUS surroundings are not<br />
consistent with cold feet; so we find<br />
that in motordom the inventors are<br />
working overtime to make the limousine<br />
so deliciously warm that milady will feel<br />
as snug and cozy as in her boudoir. A<br />
portable electric radiator now comes to<br />
bat to show what it can do to raise the<br />
general average of heating devices. It<br />
has a voltage range of from sixty to one<br />
hundred and twenty-five volts and can<br />
be operated on the voltage of the storage<br />
batteries on the car or from an ordinary<br />
lamp socket in the house.<br />
TELLS YOU WHEN TO STOP<br />
T H E R E is a great deal of comfort<br />
given the average driver of a car<br />
when he knows that he has an air pressure<br />
of 80 pounds if his tires are Ay by<br />
35, and a pressure of about<br />
65 pounds if he is driving<br />
a Ford. If he pumps his<br />
tires up too hard there is<br />
an excessive strain on the<br />
fabric, and if he pumps<br />
them not enough, the<br />
fabric is worn away even<br />
more. To keep them at the<br />
right point has entailed a<br />
•great deal of trouble.<br />
This new tire-testing<br />
pump connection permits<br />
the driver to measure the<br />
air in the tires without disconnecting<br />
the pump. It<br />
solves the problem of<br />
when to stop pumping,<br />
without attaching and reattaching<br />
the pump and be<br />
ginning all over again if it<br />
is found that enough air is<br />
not pumped in.
ODDITIES IN AUTO NAMES<br />
By<br />
FRANK M A S O N<br />
T H E chauffeurs running automobiles<br />
today actually seem a<br />
part of their machines, but the<br />
first chauffeurs on earth had<br />
nothing to do with motor cars.<br />
If they had, they would have made their<br />
get-away without being punished, and<br />
coming to the sad end they did. For<br />
they were really a band of brigands in<br />
France, and this band worked a great<br />
graft scheme in France during the revolutionary<br />
period of 1789. They seized<br />
travelers, carried them away, and burned<br />
their feet, in order to compel them to<br />
reveal where their money was hidden.<br />
But the reign of the chauffeurs was not<br />
long, for they were expelled from the<br />
country, or hanged. Gradually, because<br />
the word chauffeur in French means "to<br />
burn", the name was applied to men in<br />
charge of furnaces or boilers, partly in<br />
ridicule, partly under the popular supposition<br />
that they had to tend a fire, to<br />
the first drivers of motor cars.<br />
From the foregoing, there seems to be<br />
no excuse for the name "chauffeur" as<br />
applied to automobile drivers, unless it<br />
is the taxicab driver, who burns up our<br />
money.<br />
Where do our automobile inventors<br />
get the word "tonneau"? The word in<br />
French means "barrel". As most readers<br />
will remember, the back part of the<br />
earlier automobiles was round, and because<br />
of its supposed resemblance to a<br />
barrel, was called a tonneau, and consequently<br />
the name is now applied to that<br />
part of the body behind the front seats.<br />
France seems to have baptized most of<br />
our motor car parts, even though the first<br />
automobiles were not made there. So far<br />
as we know, the first automobiles were<br />
made in England, but on account of the<br />
severe laws in that country, automobiles<br />
had to make pretty slow progress. It is<br />
said that the few early automobiles which<br />
traveled the streets in England were<br />
compelled to have a man walk in front<br />
of them carrying a red flag in the day<br />
time, and a red light at night—for danger.<br />
France has also given us the pleasant<br />
sounding word "limousine". But the<br />
first limousines were not those luxurious<br />
warm, winter cars that we are acquainted<br />
with nowadays. The first<br />
limousines were wearing garments.<br />
Limousine is an old province of central<br />
France, and in that province a very original<br />
designer of clothes made a unique<br />
cloak which was taken up and worn by<br />
the inhabitants of that province, and<br />
finally called the "limousine". The term<br />
was later extended to the covering of a<br />
carriage, and then to the enclosed motor<br />
car body.<br />
The original meaning of "garage", another<br />
French word, was "to garage", or<br />
to put a car or vehicle in a station. So<br />
"garage" is really a verb, which finally<br />
became in both French and English a<br />
noun.<br />
Nowadays the word "chassis" seems to<br />
mean everything about an automobile except<br />
the body. But the original word,<br />
also of French derivation, meant merely<br />
the framework of a wagon. Later the<br />
term was applied to the framework of a<br />
locomotive, and the term should properly<br />
apply merely to the metal framework of<br />
an automobile, which receives the motor,<br />
gearset, and controlling mechanism.<br />
The poppet valve we will give England<br />
credit for, in the automobile world.<br />
Although this valve is continually popping<br />
up and down as the cam turns, the<br />
word "poppet" is really a corruption of<br />
the word "puppet". The popping up and<br />
down of the puppets in the Punch and<br />
Judy shows in England is responsible for<br />
the name of the "Puppet" or poppet valve<br />
in the automobile.<br />
tos
106<br />
This 'Carpenter" Is in Reality<br />
a Boy's Tool Chest<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Flowers and Fruit? No!<br />
Whisk Broom Holder!<br />
The Night Light-<br />
"Sherlock Holmes"<br />
New Things for Children<br />
THERE is an exclusive shop in New<br />
York which devotes its entire energies<br />
in making furniture and accessories<br />
for children. These accessories must not<br />
be ordinary, for everything in the shop has<br />
a "double meaning" to the child. Also<br />
every article has a piece of poetry in<br />
nursery rhyme fashion written on the back,<br />
which is supposed to stimulate the frequent<br />
use of all of the articles.<br />
As an example, there is the little night<br />
light which is made in the shape of a dog.<br />
Electric lights are in his eyes and his name<br />
is "Sherlock Holmes." This poetry is written<br />
on his back:<br />
There was little Tommy Tucker's dog,<br />
And Old Dog Tray,<br />
But this, our little Sherlock Holmes,<br />
Keeps Bogey Man away.<br />
This Nurse Hides a<br />
Medicine Cabinet<br />
A Kitty-Cat<br />
Brush, Comb,<br />
and Mirror<br />
Set<br />
<strong>m*</strong> mi ILIJIBS<br />
'
The Three-Drawer<br />
Cabinet, Closed<br />
Novelties in Furniture<br />
Summer time is something which money cannot<br />
buy, yet it is something that we seem very anxious<br />
to imitate as closely as possible all the year round.<br />
If spring hats are put into the fashionable shops<br />
Very much eflrlier, there will soon be no winter hats<br />
worn at all. A few years ago we started putting<br />
wicker and summer furniture into our sun parlors,<br />
but now there are whole charming apartments and<br />
homes furnished completely in summer furniture<br />
for year-round use.<br />
The bird cage itself has evolved into an article<br />
of summer furniture; it no longer detracts from<br />
the harmony of a room by its hard brass wires.<br />
This bird cage stand comes in any finish to match<br />
any color scheme of the summer room, and the<br />
cage itself can be either round or square as desired.<br />
Then there is a combination floor lamp and<br />
flower or plant vase, which also makes a charming<br />
addition to a sun parlor or living room. Its lines<br />
are good, it serves a double purpose, and the<br />
hostess at a wedding or party who is looking for<br />
novel effects will find a third use for it by using<br />
different colored lamps in the top, shedding their<br />
rays on the flowers beneath.<br />
The telephone stand which remains a telephone<br />
stand is another practical novelty. The chair is<br />
movable from the telephone stand, yet it cannot be<br />
taken more than two feet away because of the pivot<br />
attachment.<br />
; fTi The Martha<br />
Washington Sewing<br />
Table<br />
NOVELTIES IN FURNITURE 107<br />
The Cabinet Jewel<br />
Case Open<br />
The Telephone Table<br />
with Folding Chair<br />
The Combination<br />
Floor Lamp<br />
and Vase<br />
The Circle Bird Cage<br />
of Wicker
FIVE THOUSAND<br />
DOLLAR JOB<br />
GOES BEGGING<br />
by Homer Croy<br />
'OULD you like pleasant indoor work, with hours nine to five, at<br />
one hundred dollars a week and a chance to advance ?<br />
If interested, read on.<br />
The job is hunting - you just as eagerly as you are hunting the<br />
job. All you will have to do is to animate cartoons—the newest<br />
profession and the only one in the world that is not overcrowded. In fact,<br />
instead of being overcrowded it cannot get enough men!<br />
Just make these simple little drawings that look so much alike. That's all<br />
there is to it—and you get your pay every Saturday.<br />
It has all come about on account of the movies. When a bear takes after a<br />
IF IT TAKES FOUR OF THESE DRAWINGS FOR THE ARTIST TO GET LITTLE JEFFS<br />
HAND OUT OF HIS POCKET-<br />
man and the man takes a long run and jumps to the moon, it is probably an animated<br />
cartoon. Anything in the world can happen in an animated cartoon; in<br />
fact, the whole untouched possibilities of the universe are at the command of the<br />
pen-and-ink man.<br />
108
A FIVE-TIIOUSAND-DOLLAR JOB GOES BEGGING 109<br />
At almost any movie show you can see one or more of such famous folk as<br />
Mutt and Jeff, the Katzenjammer Kids, the Boob Family, Jerry on the Job, Krazy<br />
Kat, and our old friend, Col. Heeza Liar. All there is to any one of them is a lot<br />
of lines, but people get just as excited over them as they do over Douglas<br />
Fairbanks or H. B. Warner.<br />
Now, somebody has to make these black and white people of the film. Bud<br />
Fisher, Ge<strong>org</strong>e McManus, Rube Goldberg, Fred Opper, J. R. Bray, and the rest<br />
of them? Hardly. Not if you knew how much work it takes to follow, say,<br />
Col. Heeza Liar for five hundred feet. The aristocrats just mentioned originate<br />
the ideas and then—then the hundred-dollar-a-week men come in.<br />
For instance, if Rube Goldberg by himself wanted to execute five hundred<br />
feet of the Boob Family he would have to make something like 3,000 drawings.<br />
It would take him a month and the Boob Family comes out once a week. That's<br />
the rub and so in comes the animator. The animator takes the funny idea and<br />
the principal situations and makes the characters move. Before us we have<br />
Jeff taking his hand out of his pocket, which requires four drawings. That<br />
simple little operation of Jeff taking his hand out of his pocket requires four<br />
separate and distinct drawings. You can imagine how much paper and ink<br />
is consumed when trudging down a lonely road Jeff meets a bear!<br />
Animating movie cartoons is a new and growing business, and needs more<br />
men than it can get, but it has one objection. Only about one person in a hundred<br />
can do the work. The more you have studied and the more prizes you have<br />
taken in the Latin Quartet the surer you are to fail. Many an artist with a<br />
national name has picked out his lots on Long Island and gone into animating<br />
A SIMPLE SIGN-LANGUAGE LOVE SCENE BETWEEN TWO DEAF MUTES WOULD<br />
COVER TEN REAMS OF THE FINEST TISSUE<br />
cartoons and then suddenly moved to the Bronx. Then on the other hand,<br />
a number of men and young women have left their cutting board at the shirt<br />
waist factory and made good. It all depends on whether or not you can see<br />
continuous action and see it comically.
WHAT CARE DO YOU TARE<br />
OF YOUR EYES?<br />
By JOHN EARL WETHERBY<br />
W H E T H E R or not an acquired<br />
characteristic, that<br />
is, a positive ability or<br />
power—one which is not<br />
inherited but which is<br />
made a part of the mental or physical<br />
capital just as a friendless orphan may<br />
in the long run by his own efforts gather<br />
to himself a fortune—may be transmitted<br />
to posterity is a moot question with<br />
scientists. It is a positive fact, however,<br />
that physical handicaps and defects may<br />
be passed on to an unwilling but helpless<br />
succeeding generation. It is hard to say,<br />
of course, if this is true in all cases. The<br />
less serious ailments usually are not on<br />
record, scientists concerning themselves<br />
more with the most serious, most interesting,<br />
and most melodramatic of the<br />
afflictions of mankind.<br />
Eye troubles are well worth serious<br />
study in heredity. The eyes abused by<br />
protracted use in office or laboratory,<br />
under artificial light or even in the light<br />
of day, are irritated at night by the<br />
flicker of the motion-picture film, by the<br />
direct glare of electric lights in the home,<br />
by the unmasked lamps of automobiles,<br />
and by the flashing of swiftly moving<br />
electric lighted signs. It is indeed a wonder<br />
that we are not a race of blinking<br />
neurotics. Astigmatism, myopia or nearsightedness,<br />
and other similar evils afflict<br />
the vision.<br />
To what extent is posterity going to<br />
suffer not only from its own evils in its<br />
own generation but from the evils inflicted<br />
upon it by a careless ancestry? A<br />
spectacled race, a race prone to headache<br />
or dizziness under moderate eye stress,<br />
can hardly survive the test of a eugenic<br />
"once-over." Such a race should leave<br />
to others the task of being the fathers<br />
of men. Possibly long investigation<br />
no<br />
might disclose the fact that defective or<br />
weakened vision may be transmitted,<br />
even though such defects are acquired<br />
during the life time of the individual and<br />
are not innate. It is a well-known fact<br />
that color-blindness—which is not an acquired<br />
affliction, but which is solely<br />
hereditary—is transmitted from father to<br />
grandson, but not from father to daughter.<br />
The evil of misusing the eyes may<br />
find its fruitage in a succeeding generation.<br />
This is not a proved fact. Merely<br />
an unsubstantiated theory.<br />
In any case, the moral of all this is<br />
that common sense practice would do<br />
much to obviate the evils of eye abuse.<br />
Hard, bright lights are bad for the eyes.<br />
On the other hand neither are overshaded<br />
lights good for the vision. The<br />
eyes of one accustomed to shadowy lighting<br />
will flinch from the normal light of<br />
day.<br />
Concealed lighting is the ideal—no<br />
shadow on the book—no glare on the<br />
paper—but the light should be of sufficient<br />
candle-power to illuminate the<br />
room. An artificial duskness is as bad<br />
for the eyes as that provided by nature<br />
for romantic lovers.<br />
Reasonable rest for the eyes should be<br />
had. One whose eyes are wearied from<br />
the strain of keeping books by electric<br />
lights should avoid the kind of novel that<br />
simply won't let the reader put it down<br />
until it is finished.<br />
Above all, fine intensive work, whether<br />
it be the sewing of fine stitches, or the<br />
repairing of watches, is not the kind of<br />
use to which the eye of man ever was<br />
intended to be put, by nature. If we do<br />
not care to conserve our own vision, let<br />
us nevertheless reflect that we may be<br />
doing posterity a gross injury and consequently<br />
a gross injustice.
HINTS FOR<br />
POWDER PUFF IN SHOE<br />
TTIIE woman who does not carry a<br />
handbag need not go without her<br />
powder puff nowadays. The manufacturers<br />
of one of the most widely advertised<br />
lines of ladies' shoes has introduced<br />
a novel method of carrying this concealed<br />
When You See Her Slyly Reaching Down—<br />
You will know she's after her powder puff. It is worn<br />
in the shoe nowadays.<br />
weapon. The back of the left shoe is<br />
made with a strapped pocket which can<br />
be opened easily and quickly whenever<br />
the wearer desires. In this pocket can<br />
be carried a tiny mirror and puff, and<br />
chamois skin if desired.<br />
SANITARY DISHWASHER<br />
BRUSH<br />
A NEW type of brush that catches the<br />
^^ eye of the cook is a sanitary dishwasher<br />
that renders far less burdensome<br />
the task of cleaning up after the meal<br />
dishes that have been returned to the<br />
kitchen. The first thing to be said in<br />
favor of the device is that it eliminates<br />
PEOPLE<br />
the smelly, greasy, and wholly insanitary<br />
dishrag. The second is that it completes<br />
the job of dish-washing thoroughly,<br />
quickly, and easily. The brush<br />
has a receptacle for soap; also a tube is<br />
attached designed to be fitted to the<br />
faucet. The water passes over the soap,<br />
and as the cook rubs the brush<br />
back and forth over the dishes,<br />
there is a constant supply of<br />
clean, soapy water which cuts<br />
into and completely removes<br />
every vestige of grease and<br />
food. The device sells for two<br />
dollars.<br />
J*<br />
GREASE POT WITH<br />
DRAINER<br />
A GREASE pot with a wire<br />
^^ drainer, lately marketed,<br />
is very useful in frying doughnuts,<br />
French fried potatoes,<br />
and other foods requiring deep<br />
fat. The material is placed in<br />
the strainer, which is then<br />
lowered into the fat; when it has cooked<br />
to the required extent, the strainer is<br />
lifted out and attached to the pan in<br />
such fashion that the grease drains out<br />
without further attention from the user.<br />
The grease pots provided with drainers<br />
are made in various sizes.<br />
You Don't<br />
Have to Spear<br />
Them<br />
When sinkers<br />
or French fried<br />
potatoes are<br />
browned they<br />
can be lifted<br />
from the fat by<br />
means of the<br />
wire drainer.<br />
til
112 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
FLEXIBLE CLEANER AND<br />
SCRAPER FOR PANS<br />
A KNIFE with a flexible blade and<br />
peculiarly shaped point enables the<br />
housewife to reach any square or round<br />
corner in cleaning pans. The knife may<br />
also be used to loosen sticky pie or cake<br />
from tins, or for cleaning other kitchen<br />
utensils that often give trouble.<br />
J*<br />
BRING BACK THE BELLOWS<br />
IF you look for bellows in house furnishing<br />
or hardware stores, as a part<br />
of their regular stock, you will be disappointed.<br />
About the only places you<br />
would come across them are in rare curio<br />
shops, gift shops, and stores specializing<br />
in art objects. Some of them are very attractive<br />
indeed when they are trimmed<br />
with oriental designs and red tassels but<br />
if they were taken into the kitchen and<br />
kept with the house cleaning utensils<br />
they would be many more times as practical<br />
as they are pretty to look at. Theyi<br />
are wonderful helps under and behind<br />
the bathtub, all around and between the<br />
steam coils, behind heavy pieces of furniture,<br />
inside the kitchen range, in fact,<br />
Blow the Dust Out!<br />
For the every-day cleaning, this apparatus will be appreciated.<br />
It is particularly valuable in cleaning out behind<br />
radiators and bathtubs.<br />
there is no room in the house where the<br />
little bellows will not get the dust and<br />
lint out of the places that cannot be<br />
reached with a vacuum cleaner or broom.<br />
LOADING HAY BY MACHINE<br />
•"THE rapid loading of hay can be accomplished<br />
easily with this new hay<br />
stacker presented by a South Dakota inventor.<br />
The hay is dumped under the<br />
cradle of the stacker. A derrick then is<br />
set into operation and the hay swung<br />
aloft and dumped onto the stack as<br />
shown in the accompanying illustration.<br />
This Gigantic Fork Loads a Wagon Ten Times as<br />
Fast as Men Can Do It by Hand
THREE-CORNERED PLAYING<br />
CARD<br />
^V/HETHER the triangle-shaped playing<br />
card will be more lucky or not<br />
is a question, but it should enable the<br />
player to hold a bigger number of cards<br />
in his hand and yet see with no difficulty<br />
An Attractive Novelty<br />
These cards are easily seen and easily handled; they<br />
should meet with the public's approval.<br />
everything he has in his hand. As yet<br />
the cards are truly novelties.<br />
METAL LATH FOR PLASTER<br />
AND STUCCO<br />
A WIRE mesh which is flexible and<br />
** easily handled takes the place of the<br />
old-fashioned lath for building purposes.<br />
This Metal Lath Comes in Rolls Like Wire Netting<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 113<br />
The metal roll is covered with fire clay<br />
and baked under heavy pressure so that<br />
it presents a terra cotta surface.<br />
PEN ON FINGER<br />
IN order to make up a pen that can be<br />
fitted directly on the end of the finger<br />
and not need a penholder, a European<br />
inventor makes use of a stamped metal<br />
blank in which the pen and the finger<br />
clamp are all in one piece, thus allowing<br />
the device to be made cheaply. The<br />
blank has a middle part or main body<br />
and carries the pen at the lower end,<br />
also having a set of four tongues for<br />
bending around and making the finger<br />
clamps. It is claimed that by using the<br />
Makes Writing Easy<br />
The inventor of this finger pen claims that it reduces the<br />
fatigue of writing materially.<br />
pen on the end of the finger it is less<br />
fatiguing to write than when a penholder<br />
is used.<br />
J*<br />
AUTOMATIC FURNACE-DRAFT<br />
REGULATOR<br />
A N automatic draft regulator attends<br />
to your furnace for you. It is the<br />
invention of Samuel H. Hess, Bramford,<br />
Pennsylvania. It has a chain connected<br />
with the furnace damper and door. This<br />
chain is run over rollers and attached<br />
to a pivoted rod which is connected by<br />
a cord with an alarm clock. At the hour
114 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
set, the regulator is operated by the<br />
clock.<br />
THROW AWAY THAT EYE<br />
SHADE<br />
LJERE'S a light that can't hit you in<br />
the eye. If you are a worker who must<br />
use artificial light most or all the time<br />
that's a fact you will appreciate. The<br />
book-keeper may discard his eye shade,<br />
the student his cumbersome, umbrellalike<br />
covering on his light, merely by putting<br />
a new kind of protection on the<br />
lamp. This is a shade with a parabolic<br />
reflector. The light thus is concentrated<br />
exactly where desired—where the eye<br />
falls.<br />
FOLDING CHAIR CARRIED<br />
LIKE UMBRELLA<br />
A COMFORTABLE folding chair<br />
^^ when folded occupies a space<br />
only three inches by four inches by<br />
three feet, and as it weighs only six<br />
pounds may be folded and carried like<br />
an umbrella. The construction is such<br />
that the chair easily supports a weight<br />
For Your Camping Trip<br />
11 you want a chair at all you want this chair. It can be<br />
carried just like a walking stick.<br />
of three hundred pounds, and yet the<br />
parts adjust themselves to the body. The<br />
seat is of fine quality fancy ticking or<br />
duck with fast colors.<br />
J*<br />
TOY FIRE TRUCK WITH<br />
PNEUMATIC TIRES<br />
A NEW toy that will delight youngsters<br />
is a completely equipped auto<br />
fire truck. The truck is an exact replica<br />
of the real fire fighter, carrying ladders,<br />
lanterns, a bell, and all other appliances.<br />
The wheels are equipped with pneumatic<br />
tires. A foot pedal supplies the motive<br />
power.
CRIB THAT FOLDS<br />
A NEW utility and convenience for<br />
parents, and a novelty for the children<br />
is this new crib which can be transported<br />
easily from room to room, or out<br />
of doors on the porch or lawn.<br />
If the ordinary child's bed is not too<br />
small for it to sleep in for five or six<br />
years, it is too large to push through the<br />
ordinary doors between the different<br />
rooms. When the mother wants the<br />
baby to sleep on the porch, or in a more<br />
sunshiny room she has to take the whole<br />
Goes through m<br />
Door<br />
This crib folds into<br />
a compact bundle<br />
for purposes of<br />
moving from place<br />
to place.<br />
bed apart to get it through the door.<br />
This bed can be folded easily into an incredibly<br />
small space when not in use, or<br />
can be moved readily to any place in the<br />
house.<br />
The bed can be bought with a substantial<br />
heavy canvas bottom, or with a wire<br />
fabric bottom supported by strong helical<br />
springs at both ends. It can be finished<br />
in bronze, aluminum, oxidized, or white<br />
enamel.<br />
J*<br />
LIFTER AND FORK COMBINED<br />
A BOUT the two busiest articles<br />
around the kitchen stove during<br />
meal time are the fork and the lifter<br />
for hot pans. Sometimes while a search<br />
is being made around the kitchen for<br />
either one in a hurry, some article of<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 115<br />
Hint for the Housewife<br />
When frying steak this<br />
lifter-fork saves much trouble<br />
and many burned<br />
fingers.<br />
food is burned. This new invention combines<br />
the fork and lifter. The fork is<br />
ideally shaped so that steaks and roasts<br />
can be easily handled with it, and the<br />
lifter itself is cast in one with the fork.<br />
It is hard enough to find just the right<br />
fork in a hurry, and the same is true of<br />
the lifter but this one solves both difficulties.<br />
THE LARGEST MILK BOTTLE<br />
A DAIRY company in Toronto, Canada,<br />
has erected a new 25,000 gallon<br />
water tank in the form of a huge<br />
milk bottle. It stands at the top of a<br />
sixty foot tower and can be seen for
116 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
miles around, a striking advertisement.<br />
The bottle was designed and constructed<br />
by the Chicago Bridge and Iron Works.<br />
Presumably there is no sinister meaning<br />
behind the fact that this gigantic symbol<br />
of the milk-man's trade holds nothing but<br />
pure water.<br />
HOMEMADE SIDE CAR<br />
•"THIS homemade side car to hold twins<br />
•*• was designed by Benjamin Potter of<br />
South Glens Falls, New York, and was<br />
A Joy Ride<br />
The twins make<br />
Dad work hard in<br />
his leisure mo<br />
ments.<br />
made of pieces of thin boards, two pieces<br />
of galvanized pipe, and a few pieces of<br />
steel. The cost of the material outside<br />
of the bicycle wheel was less than two<br />
dollars.<br />
St<br />
FOLDING EMER<br />
GENCY COT<br />
""THIS new folding cot<br />
*• that occupies little<br />
space when not in use is<br />
an effective means of<br />
meeting the emergency<br />
when an extra bed is<br />
necessary. It also is useful<br />
for the sleeping porch, the summer<br />
cottage, or the camp. The cot folds<br />
Folds into Small Compass<br />
This cot can bo leaned against<br />
the wall out of the way when<br />
not in use.<br />
automatically when the side strap on<br />
either side is lifted. The frame is<br />
strongly made of steel and the top of<br />
strong brown canvas. The springs at the<br />
end make it comfortable. The cot when<br />
extended is more than six feet long, but<br />
when folded it occupies a space only five<br />
inches thick and forty inches in length,<br />
fitting snugly against the wall.<br />
BED SPRINGS WITH SIDE<br />
GUARDS<br />
A NEW form of bed spring is<br />
**• provided with guards on<br />
the side to prevent the slipping or<br />
spreading of the mattress. The<br />
guards are of woven wire, and extend<br />
just high enough to hold the<br />
mattress without projecting above<br />
it. By preventing friction, tearing,<br />
and bending, they serve to lengthen<br />
the life of the mattress and at the same<br />
time assure a comfortable position at all<br />
times. People who toss restlessly at<br />
night will find these guards a great help<br />
to their comfort.<br />
With This Set of<br />
Springs the Mattress<br />
Cannot Slip
With This Support a Continuous Roll of Paper Is<br />
Used<br />
TYPEWRITER ROLL SUPPORT<br />
""THIS device, the typewriter roll support,<br />
is the invention of Mr. John<br />
II. Lamoy of Glens Falls, New York. It<br />
is intended for use in taking dictation<br />
with typewriter—such as receiving news<br />
from distant cities by long distance telephone.<br />
This attachment supports a roll<br />
of paper over the typewriter platen so<br />
that the copy may be run continuously<br />
without having to insert new sheets when<br />
a long story is being typed.<br />
FOLDING MORRIS CHAIR OF<br />
RATTAN<br />
A QUAINT adaptation of the Morris<br />
chair folds into a small space when<br />
not in use. The chair has an extension<br />
foot rest. It is made of rattan and is<br />
therefore very light and comfortable;<br />
reinforcement at the points where<br />
strength is necessary make the chair<br />
durable.<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 117<br />
This ChnirCombines All the<br />
Comforts of the Old Morris<br />
Chair with the Beauties of<br />
Rattan Furniture<br />
ADJUSTABLE SEESAW<br />
""THIS adjustable seesaw is designed to<br />
meet the requirements of children of<br />
various ages. Three adjustments may<br />
be made so as to accommodate children<br />
from two to fourteen. The board<br />
may also be adjusted so that a light<br />
and heavy child may play together.<br />
The tapering off of the board near the<br />
ends provides a comfortable seat. By<br />
turning the board over and adjusting<br />
it at the highest level, the older children<br />
can get a merry-go-round effect.<br />
For Children of Assorted<br />
Ages<br />
It does not matter with<br />
this seesaw, whether<br />
the two children using<br />
it are of equal weight.<br />
The center board can<br />
be adjusted on the lever<br />
principle so that even<br />
large discrepancies in<br />
weight are equalized.<br />
The board is eight, nine,<br />
or ten feet long, according<br />
to model desired.<br />
TWENTY-HOUR FOOT<br />
WARMER<br />
"TTIIS new foot warmer is not a thing<br />
of beauty exactly, when we look at it,<br />
but if you have ever waked up at two<br />
o'clock on a winter morning and discovered<br />
that the hot-water bag had leaked,<br />
and your feet were cold and wet, the<br />
utility of this foot warmer would<br />
mean more to you than beauty.<br />
Even if the old hot-water bag, or<br />
the metal hot-water container, does<br />
not spring a leak, its use as a hotwater<br />
container is gone within half<br />
an hour.<br />
This foot warmer is made of<br />
specially prepared potter's clays,
118 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
The Foot Warmer<br />
then glazed. It<br />
retains its heat<br />
after filling with<br />
three quarts of very<br />
hot water, for<br />
twenty hours. It<br />
cannot corrode, and<br />
is easily cleaned, also<br />
practically unbreakable.<br />
It cannot roll<br />
over. If it is not<br />
beautiful to look at<br />
we surely can call it<br />
companionable.<br />
CHIFFONIER WITH WRITING<br />
DESK DRAWER<br />
A CHIFFONIER provided with a<br />
^"^ writing desk drawer makes unnecessary<br />
a separate writing table<br />
if it is desired to do writing in the bedroom.<br />
The drawer containing the writing<br />
compartment looks like the others<br />
when the drawer is closed, but when<br />
opened the outside drops down to provide<br />
extra space for writing.<br />
A Great Space Saving<br />
Many homes have not room for an extra<br />
desk; this desk-chiffonier solves the problem.<br />
AN IMPROVISED SPRAYER<br />
T H E sprayer shown in the illustration<br />
was made to take care of a few plants<br />
in a home garden. With one pumping<br />
it will discharge two quarts of liquid,<br />
enough for forty heads of cabbage. A<br />
one-gallon syrup can, with an air valve<br />
taken from a discarded bicycle tube, and<br />
a stopcock made from a short piece of<br />
Make This<br />
Sprayer at<br />
Home<br />
One filling is<br />
sufficient for<br />
forty heads of<br />
cabbage.<br />
wire and an empty 22 shell, was<br />
used as a tank. There was no need<br />
to solder for the syrup remaining<br />
in the can tightly calks the seams.<br />
A bicycle pump compresses the air.<br />
IDEAL IRONING BOARD<br />
A NEW ironing board may now<br />
^"^ be had by the housewife,<br />
which is complete in itself, having<br />
a substantial iron base, on which the<br />
large board rests firmly, and is<br />
equipped with a patented swivel<br />
sleeve board, iron rest, sponge, and<br />
water cups.<br />
One of the principal faults to be<br />
found with the ordinary electric<br />
iron is the fact that the cord is al-
ways in the way, and interferes largely<br />
with the movements of the operator. This<br />
fault has been eliminated in this device<br />
by means of an upright with an arm<br />
extending outward so that the cord<br />
hangs perpendicularly over the board and<br />
the material to be ironed, giving the<br />
operator free movement of both hands,<br />
and making it possible to iron with comfort<br />
on either side of the board.<br />
J*<br />
MANY-PURPOSE CABINET<br />
A MANY-PURPOSE cabinet for the<br />
^^ bedroom or bathroom has three<br />
drawers, three adjustable shelves, and a<br />
hinged top in which is encased a ten-byfourteen<br />
French mirror plate. The mirror<br />
may be fastened in a vertical position<br />
when it is in use for shaving or other<br />
purposes; at other times it folds down<br />
out of the way. The shelves are made of<br />
glass so as to be clean and sanitary;<br />
these are intended for medicines and<br />
toilet articles or for use as a sideboard.<br />
The drawers are twelve inches deep, and<br />
serve to hold towels, clothing, and the<br />
like.<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 119<br />
CIRCULAR RAKE<br />
A W O M A N invented this farming and<br />
^^ garden implement and the war had<br />
nothing to do with its invention, because<br />
it was made in the U. S. A. for farms<br />
in the U. S. A. One day her rake received<br />
a very severe blow from a tractor<br />
on her farm and the rake was wedged<br />
in the ground in such a way that one end<br />
became bent around, but it did not hinder<br />
her doing a good job of raking with it.<br />
It was in use for a year however, before<br />
the fact was impressed on her that when<br />
raking was done with the ends slightly<br />
curved it was done much more thoroughly<br />
with much less effort. So she has<br />
Rakes More Efficiently<br />
Because the leaves tend to move<br />
toward the middle instead of slipping<br />
through the teeth, this circu<br />
lar rake is a labor-saver.<br />
patented the round rake recently and it<br />
promises greatly heightened efficiency to<br />
its buyers.<br />
You Will Welcome This Cabinet in Your B3thro.n1
120 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
SMALL TORCH PRODUCING<br />
INTENSE HEAT<br />
A SIMPLE device for obtaining intense<br />
heat is made in this way:<br />
Procure an old gallon bottle from a<br />
druggist and a rubber stopper to accommodate<br />
two glass tubes. Place the glass<br />
tubing in their relative positions and<br />
lengths, as shown, and connect<br />
the shorter one to an<br />
stove burner—one with<br />
lating attachment—with<br />
of rubber tubing.<br />
old oil<br />
a regua<br />
piece<br />
Now dilute some sulphuric<br />
acid four or five to one,<br />
and fill the bottom of the<br />
bottle two or three inches<br />
deep.<br />
For the decomposing element,<br />
use zinc. For the<br />
best results it should be<br />
treated in the following<br />
manner:<br />
Melt a quantity<br />
metal until it flows<br />
freely, then pour it<br />
slowly into a basin<br />
of water. The<br />
resulting formations<br />
are very thin<br />
and have a large<br />
surface to be<br />
exposed to the<br />
action of the<br />
acid.<br />
Now drop a<br />
handful of the<br />
"zinc drops" into<br />
the bottle and<br />
cork securely. If the burner is<br />
closed, some of the liquid will<br />
begin to rise in the glass tube.<br />
After it has raised several inches, open<br />
the burner until the acid in the tube<br />
stops rising. When the gas issuing from<br />
the burner is ignited, it will burn with an<br />
intense, steady flame, that will melt all<br />
common metals in quantities.<br />
To obtain greater pressure shut off the<br />
flame until the acid in the tubing has<br />
reached a higher level.<br />
MOVIES IN A SUITCASE<br />
l_JERE is probably the lightest motionpicture<br />
projector that yet has appeared.<br />
It weighs but nineteen pounds<br />
and may be carried about in a suitcase.<br />
It may be operated from any electriclight<br />
socket, either direct or alternating<br />
current. All that is required to<br />
start the operation is to put the<br />
connecting plug in the socket and<br />
press a button. It is equipped<br />
with an incandescent lamp—an<br />
innovation. It may be used with<br />
lamps of 100, 250, 400, or 500<br />
watts. As a consequence, it may<br />
be readily operated in any church,<br />
hall, or home, where electricity is<br />
available. All the inconveniences<br />
and perplexities of carbons and<br />
rheostats thus are obviated. The<br />
machine, which may be carried<br />
from place to place already assembled,<br />
need not be placed in a<br />
carrying case, unless desired, so<br />
light, compact, and wellconstructed<br />
is it. A daylight<br />
screen goes with the<br />
machine so that it may be<br />
operated in the daytime<br />
by salesmen or others who<br />
wish to make a demonstration.<br />
In addition to<br />
the advantages of such a<br />
machine being of value<br />
to the salesman, scientific<br />
lecturer, or for h o m e<br />
entertainment, it offers<br />
the manufacturer an excellent<br />
opportunity to have<br />
made at relatively small cost a<br />
record of the various processes<br />
and motions required in his shops to perform<br />
certain operations.
VEST POCKET TOOL KIT<br />
A MAN doesn't have to wear blue<br />
overalls when he carries his tool<br />
kit nowadays. The new style of kit goes<br />
in the vest pocket.<br />
There is not a half inch of space<br />
wasted in this little group of tools. The<br />
bottle opener makes the base to which all<br />
the other tools are attached, such as the<br />
button hook, cork screw, and various<br />
other implements that are in daily<br />
demand.<br />
Jt<br />
NAIL THAT WON'T COME OUT<br />
A NEW idea in the way of a nail for<br />
boxes—one that cannot come loose<br />
—is shown in our drawing. By its use<br />
it is claimed that all trouble caused by<br />
the loosening up of nails will be avoided,<br />
so that boxes or other work will always<br />
be held tight. Instead of being straight,<br />
the nail is made with a long screw thread<br />
by the use of a special machine which<br />
forms part of the present patent. Such<br />
a nail is easy to drive, but in order to<br />
come out, it is necessary for the nail to<br />
turn around, but the friction of the wood<br />
This Nail Comes Out with All the Reluctance of a<br />
Screw<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 121<br />
opposes this, and the nail remains tight<br />
in place, about as a screw would do, except<br />
that the nail has the advantage of<br />
being driven in by a hammer.<br />
Jt<br />
ECONOMICAL DENTAL FLOSS<br />
T H E price of dental floss seems quite<br />
high when we come to use it as often<br />
as is recommended. An economical dental<br />
floss can be made for ten cents which<br />
will last ten times as long as the drug<br />
store spools. One spool of number 60<br />
white linen thread, and one piece of pure<br />
beeswax rubbed over the thread offer a<br />
satisfactory substitute, and if desired, the<br />
homemade dental floss can be sterilized<br />
simply with listerine, which would be a<br />
desirable thing to do anyway, because<br />
even drug store dental floss is not sterile<br />
once it is removed from the spool cover.<br />
J*<br />
NEW NUT CRACKER<br />
A NUT cracker and bowd in one now is<br />
offered for sale, with which nuts<br />
This Cracker Catches the Nuts as They Break<br />
may be cracked satisfactorily. The meat<br />
may be extracted whole, and the litter of<br />
small pieces of shell and particles of meat<br />
is done away with. The nut is cracked<br />
from the ends and falls into the bowl,<br />
this operation being done by the mere<br />
twisting of a screw. The bowl is covered<br />
on the bottom with soft felt so that<br />
no injury will result to the finest furniture<br />
from contact with it. The metal<br />
parts of this device are nickel-plated, and<br />
the bowl and cracker are very attractive<br />
in appearance. It retails for $3.50.
122 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
BABY SATCHEL<br />
A BABY satchel made of leather is a<br />
^^ convenient and novel means of carrying<br />
a baby. The satchel itself weighs<br />
only eight ounces, and is so small that it<br />
can be folded into a bundle that slips<br />
into a man's coat pocket or a woman's<br />
hand bag. With the satchel two people<br />
can distribute the child's weight between<br />
them instead of putting the weight all on<br />
one, and in addition the child is more<br />
comfortable than if held in the arms.<br />
The satchel enables two persons to carry<br />
the child over rough, muddy, or sandy<br />
places where a go-cart cannot be operated.<br />
In the park the satchel may be<br />
suspended as a swing for the child.<br />
MESSENGER'S BAG WITH<br />
COMPARTMENTS<br />
A BAG designed for use by messengers<br />
is divided into compartments so that<br />
the papers to be delivered at the different<br />
places are easily kept separate from each<br />
other. The bag is made with either fif<br />
No "F<strong>org</strong>ot<br />
ten Parcels"<br />
With this file<br />
system in the<br />
bag, a messen<br />
ger cannot get<br />
his errands con<br />
fused. They are<br />
always separate<br />
before him.<br />
teen or thirty compartments.<br />
The outside walls are made of<br />
canvas and sheet steel riveted<br />
together with copper rivets, thus<br />
assuring durability. The partitions<br />
between the compartments<br />
are made of high quality pressboard<br />
so as to secure lightness.<br />
The bag is particularly useful<br />
where papers are distributed<br />
among the different departments<br />
of the same establishments, but<br />
is well adapted to miscellaneous<br />
uses. Every enterprising messenger<br />
boy should own one.<br />
CARRY YOUR RADIATOR<br />
AROUND THE HOUSE<br />
A N electric radiator that is portable<br />
makes an appeal to every home<br />
lover. It will take the chill off any cold<br />
room in the house, because it may be<br />
fitted in a trice to any lamp socket. It is<br />
especially desirable where there are cases<br />
of sickness and it is necessary to get up<br />
in the middle of a cold night in a fireless<br />
room. For temporary use where the furnace<br />
has gone out it should prove a boon.<br />
It is the sort of device that removes some<br />
of the anxieties and annoyances of married<br />
life.
NEW USE FOR THE<br />
MOVIES<br />
By WALTER LEE<br />
I T does not always take the health department<br />
and the pure food agitators<br />
to make us go up in the air over<br />
sanitation and the prevention of disease.<br />
A large Eastern furniture<br />
dealer recently showed an exciting moving-picture<br />
scenario to large groups of<br />
furniture salesmen from all over the<br />
country. The usual dime admission fee<br />
was omitted, yet every man who left the<br />
exhibition looked as firmly resolute as if<br />
he had seen a real vampire picture.<br />
The theme of the scenario is "Feather<br />
pillows, and where they come from." Of<br />
course in the furniture line the health<br />
appeal to the public is not as strong as<br />
in the food line. One kind of piano or<br />
chair is about as healthful as another.<br />
But since one-third of our life is spent<br />
in bed, and the child's more than that,<br />
we can't say that one bed is as safe as<br />
another. Children usually sleep with<br />
their faces half buried in pillows.<br />
What's in the pillow? The mother<br />
doesn't know. She has her bed clothes<br />
washed regularly and thoroughly. She<br />
encases her pillows in spick-and-span<br />
slips. But as to the contents of the<br />
pillows, she doesn't know and neither<br />
does the clerk who sold the pillows to her.<br />
The first scene in the sanitary movie<br />
shows a pillow being sold as "new" in a<br />
large department store, and upon this<br />
incident is based the story of the film. It<br />
pictures scenes in a city's slums. The<br />
pillows and feather beds are leaking<br />
feathers at every pore and exposed to all<br />
the dirt, filth, and germ life imaginable;<br />
garbage cans become the receptacles for<br />
pillows too worn out to be used any<br />
longer.<br />
Garbage can to rag-picker, to junkdealer,<br />
to pillow factory—such is the<br />
route traveled by the decayed, contami<br />
nated, and abominable mass of feathers.<br />
Of course this material "cleaned" and<br />
"washed" is re-sold to the trade and to<br />
the trusting public as "new" pillows.<br />
Enlarged pictures are shown to these<br />
furniture salesmen of worms, bugs, decayed<br />
quills, broken feathers, and dirty<br />
foreign matter.<br />
The salesman does not f<strong>org</strong>et this picture.<br />
When he comes to sell pillows he<br />
is going to warn the customers about<br />
insanitary pillows. So this wise furniture<br />
man proceeds to make a sequel to<br />
the film, with the story based on how<br />
pillows should be made—how his pillows<br />
are made.<br />
Thousands of pure white ducks and<br />
geese are seen cavorting on the banks<br />
of rivers in China, where the feathers<br />
come from that are used in this dealer's<br />
pillows. Then there is the unloading in<br />
New York, and other features, following<br />
one another across the screen in rapid<br />
and entertaining order. Next comes the<br />
weighing of the new feathers, mixed as<br />
they are with dirt. After this the scenes<br />
are laid in the modern factory and show<br />
how the feathers are treated—how the<br />
foreign matter is separated front them,<br />
by the dry process, the swishing, swirling<br />
bath among the churning mill-wheels and<br />
the air current separating device, the<br />
white-clad employes finishing the pillows.<br />
The film does not show the secret electrical<br />
process which destroys the animal<br />
matter inside the quill, but it does show<br />
the result, and by magnification of six or<br />
seven times, the inside of the quill is<br />
plainly shown—clean, sweet, and sterilized.<br />
Already several States have passed<br />
sanitary feather laws compelling the<br />
labeling of pillows to show the contents,<br />
whether new or second hand.<br />
123
124 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
auillllllMllMlff^<br />
New Appliances<br />
Inventors now are devoting their ingenuity to<br />
removing discomfort from the sick room. All of<br />
the appliances illustrated here have made their<br />
appearances in hospital wards and private homes<br />
during the past year.<br />
This hinged chair back is useful when the<br />
patient isableto sit up. When the top is dropped<br />
it permits perfect freedom in dressing the hair,<br />
putting on or taking off bandages, or in making<br />
examinations of the head. With the upper portion<br />
upright, a comfortable rest for the head is<br />
provided.<br />
A truck that converts any chair into a wheel<br />
chair is a remarkable contrivance. It is particularly<br />
useful for the chronic invalid or for the person<br />
whose convalescence is slow. The truck is<br />
provided with adjustable clamps at the rear into<br />
which the legs of the chair are clamped; the legs<br />
are held firmly to obviate the danger of accidents.<br />
As the front wheels work on a swivel, the truck<br />
The Hinged Chair Back<br />
This device with the top of<br />
the back dropped is shown<br />
on the facing page. This<br />
feature enables the attendant<br />
to dress the hair or ap-<br />
I'lv bandages or dressing<br />
without being hindered by<br />
the high back.
The Adjustable Leg Rest<br />
Chair<br />
This appliance is adapted especially<br />
for use in the long<br />
period that necessarily elapses<br />
while a broken leg is mending.<br />
The side not in use may be<br />
folded down out of the way.<br />
NEW APPLIANCES FOR THE SICK ROOM 125<br />
/g^iummnuifflmmmi
"If a Little Is Good—" Not Far Wrong<br />
A SHY young man in an Ohio town had<br />
been calling on "the sweetest girl in the world"<br />
for many moons, but by reason of his bashfulness<br />
his suit progressed slowly. Finally she<br />
decided it was time to start something; so the<br />
as *I jf A<br />
next time he called she pointed to the rose<br />
in the buttonhole of his coat and said:<br />
"I'll give you a kiss for that rose."<br />
A crimson flush overspread his countenance,<br />
but the exchange was made after some hesitation<br />
on his part. Then he grabbed his hat and<br />
started to leave the room.<br />
"Why, where are you going?" she asked in<br />
surprise.<br />
"To the—er—florist for more roses," he<br />
called back from the door.<br />
Devilish!<br />
The train it is a wicked thing,<br />
The engine smokes all day,<br />
And drags along the chew-chew cars,<br />
And tanks up by the way.<br />
J*<br />
Nothing Happened<br />
THE cub reporter assigned to "cover" a local<br />
wedding sauntered back into the editorial<br />
rooms of his paper.<br />
"Where's your 'story'?" called the impatient<br />
city editor. "Hand it across!"<br />
"Sorry!" said the cub, nonchalantly, "but<br />
there was nothing to report! The bridegroom<br />
never turned up!"<br />
126<br />
JAMES was halting and stammering his way<br />
through a Latin translation, and the teacher<br />
was deftly trying to assist his laggard memory.<br />
"Sinister" was the word she wanted.<br />
"Come, come, James," she urged. "You<br />
know the Latin for 'left,' surely?"<br />
James scratched his head for a moment, then<br />
looked up triumphantly. "Spinster," he<br />
offered.<br />
J*<br />
There Are Husbands and Husbands<br />
THE YOUNG WIFE—"Some women don't like<br />
to have a husband hang around the house all<br />
the time, evening after evening. I'm sure I<br />
don't mind it, do you ?"<br />
HER MARRIED FRIEND—"Whose husband?"<br />
Caution<br />
"ARE you going to Mrs. Tyresum-Clymer's<br />
dinner?"<br />
"No. I have a subsequent engagement."<br />
"A subsequent engagement ?"<br />
"Yes. One that I made as soon as I heard<br />
Mrs. Tyresum-Clymer was going to give a<br />
dinner."<br />
J*<br />
Paid in Full<br />
DONALD and four grown-up relatives attended<br />
divine service one Sunday morning.<br />
Donald selected the aisle seat, and when the<br />
contribution-plate was passed deposited in it<br />
the combined offerings of his family. The<br />
vestryman, not realizing this, moved as though<br />
to pass the plate to the others in the pew,<br />
when he was arrested by a highly pitched, distinctly<br />
audible stage whisper announcing:<br />
"I paid for five."
Couldn't Tell<br />
BLOWING<br />
JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY had just reached<br />
his hotel one day when he was called to the<br />
telephone and told that it was "Miss Jones,"<br />
a reporter, talking and would he please give<br />
her a little information? Then there followed<br />
a series of personal questions about his work<br />
and his habits of living. Finally she asked:<br />
"And where is Mrs. Riley?"<br />
"She may be at the other end of this telephone,"<br />
he answered; and the receiver went<br />
up with a bang.<br />
S<br />
Precocious<br />
LITTLE Hattie, determined to give her hero<br />
full credit for his achievements, wrote the following<br />
in a history examination:<br />
"Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,<br />
1809, in a log-cabin he built himself."<br />
J*<br />
Pro Rata Grace<br />
PASSENGER (whose foot has been trodden<br />
on) : "You are very clumsy with your feet,<br />
conductor."<br />
CONDUCTOR—"What d'ye expect for a<br />
'alfpenny a mile, Pavlowa?"<br />
Indeed He Oughtn't<br />
SHE—"Can a man tell when a woman loves<br />
him ?"<br />
HE—"He can, but. he ought not to."<br />
He Understood<br />
A CERTAIN Church of England bishop, desirous<br />
of effecting economy, was traveling in a<br />
third-class carriage with a rather rough-looking<br />
workman. The latter exhibited surprise<br />
at sucli superior company, and, consumed by<br />
curiosity, inquired :<br />
"I suppose you are a poor curate, sir?"<br />
"Kr—no," weakly replied the bishop, "not<br />
exactly—but—but I was once a curate."<br />
"I see," commented the other; "that 'orrid<br />
drink again."<br />
OFF STEAM 127<br />
His Criterion<br />
GRANT ALLEN was sitting one day in the<br />
shade of the Sphinx. Turning for some point<br />
of detail to his Baedeker guide book, a sheik<br />
looked at him sadly and shook his head.<br />
"Murray good," he said, in a voice of warning;<br />
"Baedeker no good."<br />
"Oh," answered the novelist, "why do you<br />
object to Baedeker?"<br />
The sheik crossed his hands and looked down<br />
on him with the pitying eyes of Islam. "Baedeker<br />
bad book," he repeated. "Murray very,<br />
very good. Murray say, 'Give the sheik half<br />
a crown.' Baedeker say, 'Give the sheik a<br />
shilling.'"<br />
The Boy's Idea<br />
RECRUITING OFFICER—"But what would a boy<br />
like you do in the army?"<br />
LAD—"Don't you need a caddie to carry the<br />
swords and things?"<br />
Magna Cum Laude<br />
LADY—"And you say you are an educated<br />
man?"<br />
WEARY WILL—-"Yes, mum, I'm a roads<br />
scholar."<br />
What Must Hot Coffee Be?<br />
A PREACHER was describing the "bad place."<br />
"Friends," he said, "you've seen molten iron<br />
running out of a furnace, haven't you? It<br />
comes out white hot, sizzling and hissing.<br />
Well—" (the preacher pointed a long, lean<br />
finger at the congregation). "Well," he continued,<br />
"they use that stuff for ice cream in
RUNNING HAIR CUTS<br />
ON SCHEDULE<br />
By O. R. GEYER<br />
S O M E years ago, while studying<br />
the problem of how to dispose<br />
of waiting customers without<br />
losing their business, P. W.<br />
Wenger, a barber of Des<br />
Moines, Iowa, conceived the idea of<br />
using a card index.<br />
Each customer of the Wenger shop<br />
was listed on two cards, one for the<br />
alphabetical list of customers and the<br />
other for the daily list. Each visit to the<br />
shop was noted on these cards, and a<br />
notation was made of the approximate<br />
time for the next visit to the shop, long<br />
experience having taught the author of<br />
the system to gage most accurately the<br />
time when nature will make another visit<br />
to the barber imperative. The hair cuts<br />
vary from once in seven days to once in<br />
three months—the latter case being that<br />
of a man almost completely bald. Shaves<br />
are listed from "daily" up to "fort-<br />
Hair Cut Is<br />
ext Saturday,<br />
Four-Thirty"<br />
Suited to the Customer's Convenience<br />
Havinif a definite time set eliminates waiting; most men are more than willing to<br />
be indexed.<br />
tza<br />
nightly." Needless to say, the last is a<br />
meager job of blonde fuzz.<br />
The cards were filed according to the<br />
day of the month, and on each day<br />
Wenger looked over his appointments for<br />
the day and stepped to the telephone to<br />
call his customers. Smithers was told<br />
that he was due at 11 o'clock for a hair<br />
cut, and Thompson learned that it was<br />
time for a facial massage and that the<br />
hour of his appointment was 12:15<br />
o'clock. When these customers arrived<br />
they invariably found the barber waiting<br />
for them.<br />
At the end of a month's time Wenger<br />
can tell exactly the value of each customer.<br />
He knows just what each customer<br />
expects, and if Smith looks upon<br />
massages and hair tonics as an extravagance<br />
the subject never is mentioned to<br />
him. On the other hand, Jones is a<br />
customer who always desires this service,<br />
and the work is done without questions<br />
being asked. On leaving the shop Jones'<br />
name is put down for a date and hour<br />
two weeks later for another hair cut.<br />
Each customer's trade, therefore, is conducted<br />
on its card value.<br />
The system has caused widespread<br />
comment and has been adopted quite<br />
generally over the country in recent<br />
months. Traveling men<br />
from other cities visiting<br />
Des Moines call the barber<br />
on reaching Des<br />
Moines and make an<br />
appointment, and the<br />
time saved these busy<br />
customers is one reason<br />
why Wenger has been a<br />
success. The fact that a<br />
man never is bothered<br />
for attentions he does<br />
not desire, is another<br />
big factor.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 129<br />
How I Raised Aiy Earnings<br />
fio<strong>m*</strong>30to s 1000awk<br />
The Story of a Young Man's<br />
Remarkable Rise, as Told by Himself<br />
T H R E E years ago I was earning $30 per<br />
week. With a wife and two children<br />
to support it was a constant struggle to<br />
make both ends meet. We saved very little,<br />
and that only by sacrificing things we really<br />
needed. Today my earnings average a thousand<br />
dollars weekly. I own two automobiles.<br />
; My children go to private schools. I have just<br />
purchased, for cash, a $25,000 home. I go<br />
hunting, fishing, motoring, traveling, when-<br />
' ever I care to, and I do less work than ever<br />
t before.<br />
What I have done, anyone can do—for I am<br />
,( only an average man. I have never gone to<br />
college, my education is limited, and I am not<br />
"brilliant" by any means. I personally know<br />
'• at least a hundred men who are better business<br />
jl men than I, who are better educated, who are<br />
•, better informed on hundreds of subjects, and<br />
', who have much better ideas than I ever had.<br />
Yet not one of them approaches my earnings.<br />
f I mention this merely to show that earning<br />
capacity is not governed by the extent of a<br />
man's education and to convince my readers<br />
1 that there is only one reason for my success—<br />
S' a reason I will give herein.<br />
One day. a few years ago, I began to "take<br />
1(,f stock" of myself. I found that, like most<br />
oilier men, I had energy, ambition, determina-<br />
'•'tion. Yet in spite of these assets, for some<br />
' : reason or other I drifted along without getting<br />
l«l anywhere. My lack of education bothered me,<br />
,j. and I had thought seriously of making further<br />
[ sacrifices in order to better equip myself to<br />
''earn more. Then I read somewhere that but<br />
it few millionaires ever went to college. Edison,<br />
jke Rockefeller, Hill, Schwab, Carnegie—not one<br />
I of them had any more schooling than I had.<br />
, One day something happened that woke me<br />
St up to what was wrong with me. It was nece<br />
sary for me to make a decision on a matter<br />
,ywhich was of no great consequence. I knew<br />
/in my heart what was the right thing to do,<br />
l ' ; but something held me back. I said one thing,<br />
Wthen another; I decided one way, then another.<br />
hi I couldn't for the life of me make the decision<br />
Ji;[ knew was right.<br />
I lay awake most of that night thinking<br />
about the matter—not because it was of any<br />
great importance in itself, but because I w-as<br />
beginning to discover myself. Along towards<br />
dawn I resolved to try an experiment. I decided<br />
to cultivate my will power, believing<br />
that if I did this I would not hesitate about<br />
making decisions—that when I had an idea I<br />
would have sufficient confidence in myself to<br />
put it "over"—that I would not be "afraid"<br />
of myself or of things or of others. I felt that<br />
if I could smash my ideas across I would soon<br />
make my presence felt. I knew that heretofore<br />
I had always begged for success—had always<br />
stood hat in hand, depending on others to<br />
"give" me the things I desired. In short, I<br />
was controlled by the will of others. Henceforth,<br />
I determined to have a strong will of<br />
imy own—to demand and command what I<br />
wanted.<br />
But how shall I begin ? What shall I do<br />
first? It was easy enough for me to determine<br />
to do things—I had "determined" many times<br />
before. But this was a question of will power,<br />
and I made up my mind that the first step was<br />
to muster up enough of my own will power to<br />
stick to and carry out my determination.<br />
With this new purpose in mind I applied<br />
myself to finding out something more about<br />
will power. I was sure that other men must<br />
have studied the subject, and the results of<br />
their experience would doubtless be of great<br />
value to me in understanding the workings of<br />
my own will. So, with a directness of purpose<br />
that I had scarcely known before, I began my<br />
search.<br />
The results at first were discouraging.<br />
While a good deal had been written about the<br />
memory and other faculties of the brain, I<br />
could find nothing that offered any help to me<br />
in acquiring the new power that I had hoped<br />
might be possible.<br />
But a little later in my investigation I encountered<br />
the works of Prof. Frank Channing<br />
Haddock. To my amazement and delight I<br />
discovered that this eminent scientist, whose<br />
name ranks with James, Bergson and Royce,<br />
Kindiy mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
130 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
had just completed the most thorough and constructive<br />
study of will power ever made. I was<br />
astonished to read his statement, "The will<br />
is just as susceptible of development as the<br />
muscles of the body!" My question was answered<br />
! Eagerly I read further—how Dr.<br />
Haddock had devoted twenty years to this<br />
study—how he had so completely mastered it<br />
that he was actually able to set down the very<br />
exercises by which anyone could develop the<br />
will, making it a bigger, stronger force each<br />
day, simply through an easy, progressive course<br />
of Training.<br />
It is almost needless to say that I at once<br />
began to practice the exercises formulated by<br />
Dr. Haddock. And I need not recount the<br />
extraordinary results that I obtained almost from<br />
the first day. I have already indicated the<br />
success that my developed power of will has<br />
made for me.<br />
But it may be thought that my case is exceptional.<br />
Let me again assure you that I am but<br />
an average man, with no super-developed powers,<br />
save that of my will. And to further prove<br />
my contention, let me cite one or two instances<br />
I have since come across, which seem to show<br />
conclusively that an indomitable will can be<br />
developed by anyone.<br />
One case that comes to my mind is that of a<br />
young man who worked in a big factory. He<br />
was bright and willing, but seemed to get nowhere.<br />
Finally he took up the study of will<br />
training, at the suggestion of Mr. W. M. Taylor,<br />
the famous efficiency expert of the Willys-<br />
Overland Company, and in less than a year<br />
his salary was increased 800%. Then there<br />
is the case of C. D. Van Vechten, General<br />
Agent of the Northwestern Life Insurance<br />
Company, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Just a short<br />
time after receiving the methods in will development<br />
suggested by Prof. Haddock, he felt<br />
that they would be worth from $3,000 to $30,000<br />
to him.<br />
Another man, Mr. H. D. Ferguson, residing<br />
in Hot Springs, Ark., increased his earnings<br />
from $40 a week to $90 a week in a remarkably<br />
short space of time after he began the study<br />
of will training. These are but a few—there<br />
are many other equally amazing examples<br />
which I personally know about. And aside<br />
from the financial gain, this training has enabled<br />
thousands to overcome drink and other<br />
vices almost overnight—has helped overcome<br />
PELTON PUBLISHING COMPANY<br />
25-F Wilcox Block, Meriden, Conn.<br />
sickness and nervousness, has transformed unhappy,<br />
envious, discontented people into dominating<br />
personalities filled with the joy of living.<br />
Prof. Haddock's lessons, rules and exercises<br />
in will training have recently been compiled<br />
and published in book form by the Pelton Publishing_<br />
Co. of Meriden, Conn. Mr. Pelton has<br />
authorized me to say that any reader who cares<br />
to examine the book may do so without sending<br />
any money in advance. In other words, if<br />
after a week's reading you do not feel that<br />
this book is worth $3, the sum asked, return<br />
it and you will owe nothing. When you receive<br />
your copy for examination I suggest that you<br />
first read the articles on: the law of great<br />
thinking; how to develop analytical power; how<br />
to perfectly concentrate on any subject; how to<br />
guard against errors in thought; how to<br />
drive from the mind unwelcome thoughts;<br />
how to develop fearlessness; how to use the<br />
mind in sickness; how to acquire a dominating<br />
personality.<br />
Some few doubters will scoff at the idea of<br />
will power being the fountainhead of wealth,<br />
position and everything we are striving for,<br />
and some may say that no mere book can teach<br />
the development of the will. But the great<br />
mass of intelligent men and women will at least<br />
investigate for themselves by sending for the<br />
book at the publisher's risk. I am sure that<br />
any book that has done for me—and for thousands<br />
of others—what "Power of Will" has<br />
done—is well worth investigating. It is interesting<br />
to note that among the 150,000 owners who<br />
have read, used and praised "Power of Will,"<br />
are such prominent men as Supreme Court<br />
Justice Parker; Wu Ting Fang, Ex-U. S. Chinese<br />
Ambassador; Lieut.-Gov. McKelvie of<br />
Nebraska; Assistant Postmaster-General Britt;<br />
General Manager Christeson, of Wells-Fargo<br />
Express Co.; E. St. Elmo Lewis; Governor<br />
Arthur Capper of Kansas, and thousands of<br />
others.<br />
As a first step in will training, I would suggest<br />
immediate action in this matter before you.<br />
It is not even necessary to write a letter. Use<br />
the form below, if you prefer, addressing it<br />
to the Pelton Publishing Company, 2S-F Wilcox<br />
Block, Meriden, Conn., and the book will come |<br />
by return mail. This one act may mean the<br />
turning point of your life, as it has meant to me<br />
and to so many others.<br />
I will examine a copy of "Power of Will" at your risk. I agree to remit $3 or remail the book<br />
5 days.<br />
Name .<br />
Address.<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
,\ WILL<br />
iff'' IPOWER 1<br />
rap*<<br />
/RASPING/<br />
_ ' / VWORRY"'<br />
i fir. ANI><br />
WOCABA......;•«)•. yll ^M<br />
[HAZY<br />
MD6A5 / )<br />
\l<br />
:/,„<br />
[STAGE'"<br />
[FR1CHT ,<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD \2>\<br />
'
132<br />
A MOTOR-DRIVEN WIRELESS SET FOR HEAVY DUTY<br />
The gasoline engine on the left provides sufficient power for extended sending- by the station to the right.<br />
oomiaHT—rrjic<br />
THE ARMY WATER-WAGON<br />
Several of these seeming sprinklers are in service supplying the troops with drinking water. They are<br />
employed not only in the desert regions, but elsewhere when the medical authorities suspect the purity<br />
of the water. U. S. Q. M. C." refers to the "United States Quartermaster Corps."
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 135<br />
Former United States<br />
Senator Mason<br />
Pioneer in Pure Food and Drugs Legislation, Father of<br />
Rural Free Delivery System<br />
Takes Nuxated Iron<br />
to obtain renewed strength, power and endurance after the hardest<br />
fought political campaign of his life in which he was elected Congressman<br />
from the State of Illinois. The results he obtained from taking<br />
Nuxated Iron were so surprising that<br />
SENATOR MASON NOW SAYS<br />
Nuxated Iron should be made known to every nervous, run-down,<br />
anaemic man, woman and child.<br />
Opinion of Dr. Howard James, late of United States Public Health<br />
Service, who has prescribed and thoroughly tested Nuxated Iron<br />
in his own private practice.<br />
Dr. Sauer, a Boston physician who has studied abroad in great European medical<br />
institutions, said: "Senator Mason is right. As I have said a hundred times<br />
over, <strong>org</strong>anic iron is the greatest of all strength builders.<br />
"Not long ago a man came to me who was nearly half a century old and asked<br />
me to give him a preliminary examination for life insurance. I was astonished<br />
to find him with the blood pressure of a boy of twenty and as full of vigor, vim<br />
and vitality as a young man; in fact, a young man he really was, notwithstanding<br />
his age. The secret, he said, was taking <strong>org</strong>anic iron—Nuxated Iron had filled<br />
him with renewed life. At thirty he was in bad health; at forty-six he was careworn<br />
and nearly all in. Now at fifty, after taking Nuxated Iron, a miracle of<br />
vitality ami his face beaming with the buoyancy of youth. Iron is absolutely<br />
necessary to enable your blood to change food into living tissue. Without it,<br />
no matter how much or what you eat, your food merely passes through<br />
you without doing you any good. You don't get the strength out of it, and<br />
as a consequence you become weak, pale and sickly looking, just like a plant<br />
trying to grow in a soil deficient ui iron. If you are not strong or well, you<br />
owe it to yourself to make the following test: See how long you can work or<br />
how far you can walk without becoming tired. Next, take two five-grain tablets<br />
of ordinarv nuxated iron three times per dav after meals for two weeks. Then<br />
test your strength again, and see how much you have gained. I have seen dozens<br />
of nervous, run-down people who were ailing all the while double their strength<br />
and endurance and entirely rid themselves of all symptoms of dyspepsia, liver<br />
and other troubles in from ten to fourteen days' time simply by taking iron in<br />
the proper form. And this, after they had in some cases been doctoring for<br />
months without obtaining any benefit. But don't take the old forms of reduced<br />
iron, iron acetate or tincture of iron simply to save a few cents. The iron demanded<br />
by M tit her Nature for the red coloring matter in the blood of her<br />
children is, alas! not that kind of iron. You must take iron in a form that can<br />
In- easily absorbed and assimilated to do you any good, otherwise it may prove<br />
u orse than useless. Many an athlete and prizefighter has won the day simply<br />
because he knew the secret of great strength and endurance and filled his blood<br />
with iron before he went into the atfray; while many another has gone down in<br />
inglorious defeat simply for the lack of iron."<br />
Dr. Schuyler C. Jaques, Visiting Surgeon of St. Elizabeth's Hospital, New<br />
York City, said: "I have never before given out any medical information or<br />
advice for publication, as I ordinarily do not believe in it. But in the case of<br />
Nuxated Iron I feel I would be remiss in my duty not to mention it. I have<br />
taken it myself and given it to my patients with most surprising and satisfactory<br />
n Mills. And those who wish quickly to increase their strength, power and<br />
endurance will find it a most remarkable and wonderfully effective remedy."<br />
NOTE—Nuxated iron, which is prescribed and recommended above by physicians<br />
in such a great variety of cases, is not a patent medicine nor secret remedy,<br />
hut one which is well known to druggists and whose iron constituents are<br />
widely prescribed by eminent physicians both in Europe and America. Unlike<br />
the older in<strong>org</strong>anic iron products it is easily assimilated, does not injure the teeth,<br />
make them black, nor upset the stomach; on the contrary, it is a most potent<br />
remedy in nearly all forms of indigestion as well as for nervous, run-down<br />
conditions. The manufacturers have such great confidence in nuxated iron that<br />
tiny otter to forfeit $100.00 to any charitable institution if they cannot take any<br />
man or woman under 60 who lacks iron, and increase their strength 200 per<br />
cent or over in four weeks' time, provided they have no serious <strong>org</strong>anic trouble.<br />
They also offer to refund your money if it does not at least double your strength<br />
and endurance in ten days' tune. It is dispensed in this city by all good druggists.<br />
Former United State* Senator<br />
Wm. E. Mason, recently elected<br />
Member of the U. S. Congrets<br />
from Illinois<br />
From the Congressional Directory, published<br />
by the United States Government—<br />
"Wm. E. Mason, Senator from Illinois,<br />
was elected to the 50th Congress in 1887,<br />
to the 51st Congress in 18°1—defeated lor<br />
the 52nd Congress 1892—Elected Senator<br />
to the 55th Congress 1897 to 1903."<br />
Senator Mason is now Congressman-<br />
Elect from the State of Illinois.<br />
Senator Mason's championship of Pure<br />
Food and Drugs legislation, his fight for<br />
the rural free delivery system, and his<br />
strong advocacy of all bills favoring labor<br />
and the rights of the masses as against<br />
trusts and combines, made him a national<br />
figure at Washington and endeared him<br />
to the hearts of the working man and the<br />
great masses of people throughout the<br />
United States. Senator Mason has the<br />
distinction of being one of the really big<br />
men of the nation. His strong endorsement<br />
of Nuxated Iron must convince any<br />
intelligent thinking reader that it must be<br />
a preparation of very great merit and one<br />
w hich the Senator feels is bound to be of<br />
great value to the masses nf people everywhere,<br />
otherwise he could not afford to<br />
lend his name to it, especially after his<br />
strong advocacy of pure food and drugs<br />
legislation.<br />
Since Nuxated Iron has obtained such<br />
an enormous sale — over three million<br />
people using (t annually —other iron<br />
preparations are often recommended as a<br />
substitute for it. The reader should remember<br />
that there is a vast difference between<br />
ordinary metallic iron and the<br />
<strong>org</strong>anic iron contained in Nuxated Iron.<br />
therefore always insist on having Nuxated<br />
Iron as recommended by Dr. Howard<br />
James, late of the United States Public<br />
Health Service; Dr. Schuyler C. Jaques,<br />
Visiting Surgeon of St. Elizabeth's Hospital,<br />
New York, and other physicians.<br />
In this connection Dr. Howard James<br />
says:<br />
"Iron to be of the slightest value to the<br />
human system must be in a combination<br />
which may be easily assimilated. In the<br />
case of metallic salts of iron, iron acetate,<br />
etc., it is very doubtful if sufficient actual<br />
iron can betaken up and incorporated into<br />
the blood to be of any service, especially<br />
in view of the disadvantages entailed<br />
by its corrosive action upon the stomach<br />
and the damaging effect upon the dental<br />
enamel. When, however, we deal with<br />
iron in <strong>org</strong>anic combination, such for in*<br />
stance as albuminate, or. better still,<br />
Nuxated Iron, a far different story is told.<br />
We will observe no destructive action<br />
upon the teeth; no corrosive effect upon<br />
the stomach. The iron is readily assimilated<br />
into the blood and quickly makes<br />
its presence felt in increased vigor, snap<br />
and staying power."<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
W. H. FOWLER, PLANT<br />
WONDER-WORKER<br />
N O visitor to any World's Fair<br />
but pauses open-eyed over the<br />
great glass jars of California<br />
fruits, flowers, and vegetables.<br />
The size of each product surprises<br />
us, but more amazing is the fact<br />
that they are not packed in as in ordinary<br />
"canning". Each fruit, each flower,<br />
each vegetable is seemingly swimming in<br />
an absolutely transparent liquid. How<br />
is it done? How done so perfectly that<br />
not a petal is broken nor the faintest<br />
tinge of color gone ?<br />
Here is the maii| who could tell us—<br />
if he would! IV. H. Fowler, processor.<br />
There are only some fifteen processors<br />
in the world, and this young man, who<br />
has done and is doing the work for<br />
Southern California, is making the rest<br />
of the fifteen open their eyes with his<br />
experiments and successful productions.<br />
He has been at it for eight years, coming<br />
from Santa Cruz to Los Angeles at the<br />
urgent call of the directors of Exposition<br />
Park, where is now the finest permanent<br />
state exhibit ever assembled. In the<br />
basement of Exhibit Hall Mr. Fowler<br />
has been given every equipment and<br />
facility for his work, and here he is continually<br />
experimenting as well as preserving<br />
each season's products as they are<br />
brought in from the farms and orchards.<br />
Of course the processes are sacred<br />
secrets, invaluable, but these bits of information<br />
he gave me:<br />
"Not a drop of alcohol is used. The<br />
jars are not even air-tight." He lifted<br />
the glass top over one filled with fairylike<br />
narcissus as he spoke. "Each color<br />
in flowers must be treated with a different<br />
chemical, the blue shades being the<br />
hardest to preserve. And it is strange<br />
that no two years' products in fruits and<br />
vegetables can be kept by exactly the<br />
same treatments, so I have no formulas.<br />
Besides, I am working with some that<br />
136<br />
no other processor ever has imagined or<br />
attempted."<br />
In an immense jar beside me was half<br />
of a thirty-inch watermelon, cut lengthwise,<br />
that was two years old, yet so red<br />
and sugary-looking that I exclaimed, "O,<br />
I want to eat that!"<br />
"Well, you had better not," he said<br />
with a smile. "But preserving that was<br />
easy—all porous fruits and plants are.<br />
That is, they are more quickly done.<br />
Solid fruits and vegetables, particularly<br />
apples, take a long time—from six<br />
months to a year sometimes, and during<br />
that time they must be treated frequently<br />
and regularly. I keep an exact record of<br />
each jar," waving his hand over the<br />
crowded shelves and tables of the laboratory<br />
where the jars were in all stages<br />
of done-ness.<br />
"One peculiar thing that I have never<br />
been able to solve, is that flowers of one<br />
kind and color—red roses, for instance—<br />
do not respond to the same treatment. It<br />
is as if each variety had taken in different<br />
elements from sun and soil. Here<br />
is a jar that has lost its record. I would<br />
give almost anything to know just how<br />
it was done!" wistfully turning toward<br />
the light one filled with heavenly blue<br />
larkspur as fresh as though blooming in<br />
the open air.<br />
Then we walked through the classified<br />
exhibit room. What peaches! What<br />
immense bunches of grapes ! What marvels<br />
from the gardens! There were<br />
chayotes, lemon cucumbers, cherry peppers,<br />
Chinese cabbage, date blossoms,<br />
seeds and fruit, Rosella plants, and ever<br />
so many we have seen only in seed catalogues<br />
as well as all our old gardenfriends.<br />
Here is a bride's bouquet of orchids<br />
and lilies submerged in moonlight and<br />
trapped in glass! Don't you wish you<br />
were the man that could do it ?
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 137<br />
i**a£3?e<br />
Everything the Chief Knows!<br />
H E R E in seven volumes is all the knowledge you need to pass the examination for a Stationary<br />
or Marine Engineer's license, or to obtain a position as Locomotive Engineer. Every fact on steam engineering<br />
is tabulated and carefully cross-indexed so it is always at your finders' tips. Those great books were<br />
written by 27 experts. Seven volumes; MuO pages (7 by 10 inches); 2J00 illustrations, full page plates, diagrams, etc.<br />
Hundreds of valuable tables and formulas. Handsomely bound in half red morocco, gold stamped. Covers the<br />
construction and operation of stationary, locomotive, marine engines, and boilers; the use of gas and gasoline engines<br />
for power and locomotion; the transformation of steam and gas power into electricity, and the application of steam<br />
and gas power to refrigeration, compressed air, etc.<br />
Steam Engineering<br />
138 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
CUT OUT BY THE<br />
(Continued.<br />
case is typical, one out of hundreds<br />
such.<br />
There are as many different laws covering<br />
motion picture supervision as there<br />
are covering divorce. There are as many<br />
different kinds of censors as there are<br />
religious denominations. And daily almost<br />
a.s many people attend the silent<br />
performances as go to shop, factory or<br />
office.<br />
With the whole nation interested in<br />
the screen drama, need we wonder that<br />
there is such a divergence of opinion as<br />
to what should or should not be exhibited;<br />
as to whether there should be<br />
any interference—beyond the laws that<br />
govern the printing press, the speaking<br />
stage, and the mails ?—with this marvelous<br />
power that is able to influence the<br />
thought, feeling and action of every man,<br />
every woman and every child in the<br />
United States?<br />
The motion picture film is the democratization<br />
of art. Every one feels, therefore,<br />
that if it is not precisely an expression<br />
of his views it should not be a contradiction<br />
of them. But what ten individuals<br />
have the same views ? What ten<br />
men would ordinarily agree that a certain<br />
thing was immoral or subversive of<br />
public morals ? Hence the conflict of the<br />
censors with the motion picture producers<br />
; of the views of both with those<br />
of the public. As a consequence of all<br />
this a very lively war at this moment is<br />
being waged throughout the length and<br />
breadth of the land.<br />
In the city of Chicago, with its two<br />
and a half millions of population, ten<br />
thousand motion picture films flash<br />
monthly before the eyes of the official<br />
censors. In the State of Ohio, during<br />
a year's time, eleven thousand reels are<br />
passed upon. This is no attempt at a<br />
comparison between the volume of business<br />
clone by the two boards. But this<br />
is the point we wish you to take due<br />
notice of: The eliminations made by the<br />
Chicago censors are few and far between.<br />
On the other hand an official of<br />
"MOVIE" CENSOR<br />
f rom page 19)<br />
the Ohio board in a letter to me says:<br />
"During the last fiscal year, from July<br />
1st, 1915, to June 30th, 1916, this Board<br />
[Ohio] censored approximately thirtyone<br />
thousand reels. Of this number approximately<br />
eleven thousand reels were<br />
actually screened, all others being duplicate<br />
copies. Of the total number of reels<br />
censored there were approximately 616<br />
reels rejected in their entirety and 9,000<br />
reels contained objectionable scenes<br />
which were ordered eliminated." This<br />
means that about ninety per cent of the<br />
production offered in Ohio by the photoplay<br />
producers of the country were subject<br />
to emendation—in many instances<br />
were bodily suppressed. And remember<br />
practically the same offerings are made<br />
in Chicago and Ohio.<br />
Could there be a wider divergence of<br />
opinion than this ?<br />
Federal censorship has been proposed.<br />
But Federal censorship, with general<br />
supervision from Washington, would in<br />
all likelihood be, on the whole, no more<br />
satisfactory than Stale censorship seems<br />
to be.<br />
The remedy really rests with the public<br />
itself. The tastes, principles, and<br />
wishes of the patrons of motion picture<br />
theaters will be the deciding factors in<br />
the long run.<br />
The simplest way to satisfy all and at<br />
the same time to remove obstacles in the<br />
way of the development of cinema art<br />
would be to divide motion picture plays<br />
into two classes. First, those which<br />
minors were forbidden to see. Second,<br />
those open to all classes and all ages.<br />
This second would be those which had<br />
passed the censors. The other would be<br />
beyond the jurisdiction of censorship—<br />
made for adults, and subject to no law<br />
except the already existing police laws,<br />
which governed our theaters long before<br />
motion pictures were ever dreamed of.<br />
The public would thus be made the real<br />
judges, and rightly so, for public opinion<br />
on matters of morals is usually safe and<br />
sane.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 163<br />
m 1 1 • •1<br />
•3w 'Vffl I,TV* -.-1 1<br />
B&BHC^BinraK )!J^SL' "Msvt'Wf •<br />
« #$T '^TRaifi'.:<br />
/«s*- "r •—^••••;SB<br />
' .A,.V- |-
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Vol. XXVII APRIL, 1917 No. 2<br />
PICTORIAL FEATURES<br />
Make-Up in the Movies •. . 178<br />
Wreckage of the Seas 182<br />
War Weapons the United States Needs 188<br />
Science, Mechanics, Invention 193<br />
A Convertible Road Grader A Substitute for Metal Lath For Clearing Stumps<br />
and Snow Plow Novel Method for Painting j± Machine That Catches<br />
A Rotary Skate Tractor Golf Balls Boll-Weevils<br />
FlushingwithaTrainofCars Feeding "His Babyship" A r- u- T-> T D<br />
. -r- b r>, , , ., .• c • =.£ ,, r A Folding Dark Room<br />
A1 lme-Clockfor Machines Scientifically b<br />
Calendar and Clock Com- A Collapsible Palace for Picturing the Voices of<br />
bined Baby Opera Stars<br />
Making Calves Measure An Electric Coffee Mill A Gurgle-Less Canteen<br />
Themselves Hair Dryer for the Home Roller Towel for Individual<br />
Shower Bath for Pigs "Beauty Shop" Use<br />
Making Mechanical Swallows 209<br />
Fire on the Wyoming 224<br />
Just Prophecies 229<br />
The Finest of Dog Houses 230<br />
Through Leaden Hail 231<br />
Little Oddities of Life 235<br />
A Philippine Superstition The First Horse Meat A Philippine "Snoozing<br />
Buzzing Bees and Buzz Butcher Shop Machine"<br />
Wagons<br />
Tenderloin of Whale The Sleeping Porch of the Official Sunshine<br />
He Lives with a Cow Shining Rails She Invented Her Own Job<br />
For Speed and Safety 242<br />
Guarding New York's Bridges 246<br />
Our Subsea Resources 249<br />
PERSONAL SERVICE<br />
The Dollar Value of Moral Fiber in Business . Ge<strong>org</strong>e H. Cushing 203<br />
What Can Be Done to Prevent Baldness? . William Brady, M. D. 213<br />
The Essentials of Big Success Max Rittenberg 225 .<br />
Carelessness—And Your Auto Tires Albert Marple 254<br />
Automobile Tips 257<br />
New Tire Carrier Carry Your Own Road Efficient Auto Cleaner<br />
Shutters for Auto Radiators Novelty in Deflectors A Saving in Oil<br />
Automatic Gatefor Autoists "Helping Henry" Helps Glove Fingers as Valve Caps<br />
Papier-Machfi Lamp Dim- the Farmer Another Question Anmers<br />
Practical Road Sign swered<br />
Financing Your Family's Future Frank Mason 263<br />
(Continued on page 166)
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
M e $25 to $50 Per Wee,<br />
NOT ONE<br />
CENT IN<br />
ADVANCE<br />
egin now to masr<br />
machine shop<br />
ractice. You can<br />
y this easily<br />
id quickly<br />
Ith records<br />
f actual<br />
ractice.<br />
ve the Machine<br />
lop Liary<br />
sent<br />
you free<br />
r ten<br />
,s' trial.<br />
nail<br />
nnthly<br />
lyments<br />
you are<br />
tisfied.<br />
N the world's history no such activity in machine shop work as that of today<br />
cent.<br />
'cGraw-Hill Book Co., inc.<br />
uotishers or" Books for Machinist* Since 1876<br />
19 W. 39th Street, NEW YORK<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when uniting advertisers.<br />
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has ever before been recorded. And as we look forward into the future we see a never-ending<br />
increase in this unheard-of activity. Therefore the demand for the efficient machine shop<br />
rker is almost inconceivable. Both small and large shops throughout the country show a shorti<br />
of men. America is the country that will more and more be looked to by the other<br />
;ions for all those products which originate in our inexhaustible sources of metal supply, t M<br />
such opportunities in any field of endeavor have ever before presented themselves to eft*<br />
i ambitious man who will train himself properly in machine shop work.<br />
nm it the time to pet readv Today is the day t0 start P re P arin g ^<br />
U W Id l#IC ll/He IU gel I C U U / yourself for a position in the machine in- A'*<br />
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tributed to by over two hundred other expert shop men of America, is now accepted as the stand- flfc^^<br />
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rything you need to know about machine shop<br />
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Machine Shop Library.<br />
rv illustration was drown especially for these books,<br />
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ne volumes, charges<br />
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im them for any reason whatsoever. We will not<br />
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Ible for onyone in the machine profession, or anyone can earn $25 to $50 per v V / satisfactory i w<br />
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n first glance it can be readily observed that they<br />
ish the essentials of success in machine shop work.<br />
» Payments t££jt»gSfi<br />
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•.or. *»>..« « fnr,T J~II„ w until I have paid the price of<br />
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week, if you will give Jkj4 f not what : want# \ win write you<br />
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turn this coupon<br />
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risk one<br />
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TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
(Continued from page 164)<br />
3 for Practical People 269<br />
Electricity and Vanity Substitute Alcohol Lamp Wheeled Cabinet for Pho-<br />
Prevents Stealing Current New Massage Glove nograph and Records<br />
Boiling without Water Homemade Clothes Dryer Doing Away with the<br />
To Attract Buyers for Oil Stove Kitchen<br />
Umbrella Clothes Bar Records Phone Calls Ever Ready Mucilage<br />
Invisible Sewing Machine Ice from an Electric-Lamp Exit the Hot Water Bag<br />
Cream Separator for the Socket Squeezer to Hasten Jelly<br />
Home New Auction Table Making<br />
Lawn Clothes Pin Combined Mail-Box and Little Scale with Big Ca-<br />
Novel Garbage Collector Milk-Bottle Holder parity<br />
Tuberculosis Among Fruits Rolling Swing First Aid to Movers<br />
and Vegetables Economical C1 e a n'e r for Simple Metal Scaffold<br />
Lath Like Lightning Teeth Arm Rest Ledger Stand<br />
How to Use-Paint Elizabeth G. Stokely 279<br />
SCIENCE<br />
Aero-Auto-Craft—The Car of the Future ... C. H. Claudy 172<br />
Make and Project Your Own Movies . . . MerwinDelaway 186<br />
Camphor—A New American Industry .... W. F. French 218<br />
Are Hen's Eggs Worth Eating? Rene Bache 222<br />
Wire-Dragging the Ocean's Bottom .... Stanley W. Todd 240<br />
Dusty Rainstorms and Sunsets W. C. Dumas 243<br />
Watch Locates Neighboring Farmers .... W. F. French 247<br />
Electric-Eyed Sea Monsters Arthur H. Fisher 250<br />
Don't Throw Away Your Waste Paper! Walter Lee 253<br />
Racing for a Week 256<br />
Seeing Things at Night 262<br />
Old-Fashioned White Bread as a Food 268<br />
What Is Magnetic Transmission ? Walter Lee 281<br />
New Telephone Appliances 285<br />
THE WORLD TODAY<br />
Smoke Gun Baffles U-Boats Joseph A. Massal 180<br />
Tubing the English Channel David Wales 183<br />
Let Left-Handedness Alone! /. /. Terrell, M. D. 190<br />
Gas-Driven Ocean Freighters Monroe Woolley 232<br />
Blowing Off Steam 286<br />
Boom! Eight Cents to the Good 288<br />
Illustrated World should be on the news stands on the 17th of the month preceding the dare of issue. If unable to get the magazine<br />
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a copy of Illustrated World, otherwise they are likely to find the magazine "sold out".<br />
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additional. Notice of change of address should be given thirty days in advance to avoid missing a number.<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Publication Office: R. T. MILLER. Jr.. Publisher Eastern Advertising Office:<br />
Drexel Avenue and 58th St., Chicago Flatiron Building, New York<br />
Copyright, 1917, by Illustrated World<br />
Published monthly—Entered at tbc Postoffice, Chicago. 111., as second-class mail matter
Vol. XXVII APRIL, 1917 No. 2<br />
TORPEDO DEFENSE PRACTICE<br />
While the searchlights flare in the niffht. the busy guns seek out their targets.
The CARoMeFUTUfiE<br />
i HE aeroautocraft of<br />
the future will roll on<br />
the road, cleave<br />
through the water,<br />
fly through the air.<br />
Its owner will start from his garage or hangar, travel<br />
streets or roads at will, cross streams or lakes that lie in his<br />
path, rise in the air and fly over a hill, a valley, or woods, to another<br />
road, all at his pleasure.<br />
This is not the prediction of a dreamer, but the logical development<br />
of present day tendencies. With the memory of Morse's first forty<br />
miles of line less than a hundred years ago and comprehension of the<br />
network of cables and wires which enmesh the earth today—with<br />
recollection of Bell's toy in the Philadelphia Centennial, and a long<br />
distance call three thousand miles long an accomplished fact forty years<br />
after—recalling Edison's first inefficient electric light, now lost in the<br />
dazzling rays of the present day electrical illumination—is it hard to<br />
believe that the motor car of today, a fact—the aeroplane of today, another<br />
fact—the motor boat of today, a third fact, may be—nay, »n/jfbe.<br />
combined to form the universal vehicle of the not far-distant future?<br />
Already the aeroplane and the motor boat have coalesced. We had<br />
hydroplanes before aeroplanes, although hydroplane meant then<br />
only a motor boat which rode on, rather than in, the water. The<br />
flying boat—or hydroaeroplane, as it is called—which can soar or<br />
swim is an everyday fact in 1917. What more logical than the addition<br />
of the automobile, that the three modes of travel known to man may be<br />
combined ?<br />
To visualize the product is not especially difficult; even its structure<br />
and details can be supposed with but a minimum chance of error.<br />
The body will be a combination of the lines we now know only in separate<br />
entities. It will have the enclosed glass top of the pleasure car,<br />
the stream lines of the best yachting practice, and the lightness and<br />
strength of the aeroplane fuselage. Attached to the top will be a pair<br />
of not too large monoplane wings from which will be evolved a nose<br />
173
174 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
or prow, which streams into the body. power function, this is a mechanical pos<br />
On either side of this prow will be hinged sibility about the feasibility of which<br />
pressure rudders, designed to swing out there scarcely can be any discussion.<br />
ward. If the one on the right is pushed It is possible that the front wheels may<br />
forward, even a little, air resistance be mounted upon the familiar steering<br />
will be increased and the craft will swing knuckles, at least on those aeroautocraft<br />
to that side. Elevation and depression in which are to be used in city traffic, in<br />
the air will be managed by tilting the order to provide for easy steering at very<br />
monoplane wings, exactly as in the aero low speeds. Ordinarily, mechanical<br />
planes of today.<br />
steering will be unnecessary. All that<br />
In the water, the planes will be tilted will be necessary to turn a corner will be<br />
just enough to make the aeroautocraft the slight elevation of the monoplane<br />
ride high in the waves. Steering, edge, the touch of the button which<br />
whether in the water, on the land, or in pushes forward the right resistance vane,<br />
the air, will be controlled always by the and the consequent swinging of the<br />
vane rudders forward. For land travel whole vehicle, the front wheels an inch<br />
the aeroautocraft will have four wheels or so in the air, about any corner or turn<br />
also, to be used for alighting from the in the road.<br />
air, or for crawling out of the water on Propulsion for all three modes of<br />
to a difficult beach. These will be in travel will be effected by an aerial profinitely<br />
lighter and probably smaller than peller in front. More effective design of<br />
familiar automobile wheels. They will propeller blades, the possibility of super-<br />
be subject to comparatively little stress. speed and all the power needed, will in<br />
because at speed on land, the wings will crease the efficiency of the aerial pro<br />
take most of the weight from them. peller's pull and at the same time de<br />
Moreover, the wheels will be mounted on crease its noise. Moreover, by the elim<br />
elevating arms, so that the touch of a butination of all differentials, gear-boxes,<br />
ton in the driver's reach will swing them heavy gasoline motor and the heavy rigid<br />
up and out of the way when a water ex steel chassis of the present cars, a degree<br />
pedition is in prospect.<br />
of lightness will be attained which will<br />
As the wheels are for support and make aerial propulsion more efficient than<br />
rolling only, and have no steering or present rear wheel traction. The aero-<br />
THE HYDROAEROPLANE OF TODAY<br />
This versatile machine flics or skims the waves with equal ease.
'AERO-AUTO-CRAFT"—THE CAR OF THE FUTURE 175<br />
THE GERMAN "AUTO-LAUNCH"<br />
It hits forty miles an hour on land or twenty knots on water; and the Teutons are using it constantly.<br />
autocraft will know neither hills nor there will be speed levels, the slower<br />
skidding, and the principal talking point near the ground, the faster ones higher<br />
will be, not the grades it can climb, but up. And lastly, there will be no acci<br />
the minimum coasting angle at which it dents, save such as are due to faulty con<br />
will descend with the power shut off. struction of the aeroautocraft itself, for,<br />
The aeroautocraft will have no gas, no matter how many may flit through the<br />
water or oil tanks, no gasoline motor, air, there will be room, always, up above!<br />
starter, gear shift or steering wheel! A Structurally, the aeroautocraft will be<br />
lapboard attached to a flexible cable, will light, but strong. It will have a steel-<br />
place a series of buttons in front of the braced aluminum frame, unless some<br />
operator, who will control every action of method of tempering aluminum to the<br />
his means of transportation with a finger strength of steel be found. But because<br />
touch.<br />
it will have the minimum of machinery<br />
The present trouble makers on aero and avoid the road shocks and stresses<br />
planes, boats and automobiles will be no which the present automobile must with<br />
more. There will be no brake in the fustand, it will not need to have the weighty<br />
ture—the two steering vanes together and massive strength of the chassis of<br />
will stop the aeroautocraft in two lengths. today. Its body will be weather-tight, of<br />
There will be nothing to oil, save a few course, and its conveniences remarkable<br />
ball bearings twice a year. Tires will in their simplicity. It will not look in<br />
wear for thousands of miles,—probably side, like the engine room of a U-boat,<br />
fifty to a hundred—because they will get but like a pleasure house. Xor will it be<br />
so little wear. There will be no such difficult to drive, for automatic stabil<br />
thing as traffic congestion in cities, beizers—a fact today—will prevent upsets,<br />
cause streets will be used only for land and as power failure will be impossible,<br />
ing and starting—travel will be over danger will be nil.<br />
head !<br />
Power? Electricity! The propeller<br />
There will be no speed laws—instead, will be driven with a light electric motor
176 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
of sufficient capacity to do anything demanded.<br />
And the source of the current which<br />
the motor uses will be falling water!<br />
In the age when this aeroautocraft dots<br />
the landscape, rides the lakes and rivers<br />
and darts through the air, every waterfall<br />
"in the land—indeed, every waterfall<br />
the world over—will be harnessed, and<br />
will deliver wireless power to the ether.<br />
Whoever will, may tap this constant<br />
stream of power, and use it as much, as<br />
often, and as long as he likes. Unquestionably<br />
the use will be limited by law,<br />
and a fee paid by every operator of any<br />
wireless power craft, proportioned to the<br />
size of his motor. But because the<br />
stream of power will be constant, there<br />
can be no circumscribing a journey by<br />
time, distance or lack of supplies.<br />
If the reader has followed this prediction<br />
to this point without finding any impossibility<br />
in the proposed structure, let<br />
him not lay down this article in disgust<br />
merely because while we have automobiles,<br />
motor boats and aeroplanes, we<br />
have not, as yet, wireless power. Let him<br />
recall the enthusiastic ridicule given<br />
Marconi when he proposed wireless<br />
messages from continent to continent, and<br />
the nonchalance with which these same<br />
sceptics read their wireless-informed<br />
newspaper on shipboard or sell stocks<br />
in London via wireless from New York,<br />
today. Let him remember that it was<br />
mathematically demonstrated that a<br />
heavier-than-air mechanism never could<br />
fly—but it does! Let him recall the famous<br />
prediction of a world-renowned<br />
scientist, before a scientific congress, that<br />
"it was axiomatic that man could never<br />
know the composition of stars or sun because<br />
he couldn't get to them, or them to<br />
him." Then came Fraunhoffer, the spectroscope,<br />
and now we know as much<br />
about what composes the most distant<br />
stars as we do about what composes the<br />
earth!<br />
But if it appeals as a poor argument<br />
that because the impossibility of one year<br />
is the fact of the next, let him consider<br />
this fact. We already transmit power by<br />
"wireless—wireless telegraphy and telephony<br />
were otherwise impossible.<br />
When it is demonstrable that nature<br />
can accomplish anything, it is reasonable<br />
to suppose that man can accomplish the<br />
same thing. For years the argument<br />
"well, birds fly, but man can't" was the<br />
answer to this. It is so no longer. And<br />
The Aeroautocraft Will Banish These Fuel<br />
Troubles
"AERO-AUTO-CRAFT"—THE CAR OF THE FUTURE 177<br />
if nature can show us that power—vast,<br />
irresistible, boundless power, is conveyed<br />
through the ether, there is nothing whatever<br />
unthinkable in the idea that we<br />
can learn to transmit power through the<br />
ether. Heat—which is power—comes to<br />
us in unthinkable amount, via the ether.<br />
Is wireless-power, man made, so unthinkable?<br />
The aeroautocraft of the future will<br />
have a wireless power receiver upon the<br />
upper surface of the monoplane and will<br />
draw its ability to fly, to run, to swim,<br />
from the power currents sent out from<br />
countless central stations, very much<br />
as the trolley car of today takes its power<br />
from its central station anywhere on its<br />
line. The difference will come in the<br />
elimination of the wire!<br />
Is it hard to conceive? If so, it is because<br />
of the habit of thought which<br />
makes what isn't harder to comprehend<br />
than what is. If it were possible to bring<br />
any of the great and intelligent thinkers<br />
of the past, back to the present—Plato or<br />
Hero or Socrates or Euclid, and ask him<br />
which he would consider more difficult—<br />
to project the human voice through the<br />
THE THIRD COMBINATION—THE CURTISS AUTOPLANE<br />
On previous pages we have illustrated an aeroplane that swims, a launch that is also an automobile; here is a practical<br />
automobile, put out by a reputable designing and manufacturing firm, that is also an aeroplane. Here are the three<br />
prerequisite machines; dare anyone say that the aeroautocraft, combining three instead of two qualities in one. is an<br />
idle dream f<br />
air a hundred miles, or power to lift a<br />
man's weight or kill a dog through the<br />
same distance—what would he answer ?<br />
If you told him he might accomplish both<br />
with or without a single strand of fine<br />
wire strung on poles, would it alter his<br />
inability to answer by so much as a single<br />
thought? Of course not! But today we<br />
know power is transmitted only mechanically,<br />
by belts, or electrically, over wires.<br />
and never think that to send ten thousand<br />
horsepower through two slender copper<br />
cables is no whit less astonishing than to<br />
send the same through the ether!
178<br />
r."TT^ • -~r-<br />
"MAKE-UP" IN THE MOVIES<br />
1
Would You Treat Your Wife This<br />
Way?<br />
Of course Ralph Ince, the motion picture<br />
director shown in the photograph<br />
at the right, did not have the "knockdown,<br />
drag-out" fight with Lucille Lee<br />
Stewart—his wife—that her appearance<br />
would seem to indicate. Below is<br />
shown what really happened to Miss<br />
Stewart. The official make-up men<br />
took her when she was looking her<br />
prettiest, robhed her of a few necessary<br />
hairpins, and then daubed her artistically<br />
from head to foot with a paint<br />
brush so her attire would seem suffi<br />
ciently disreputable. When she appeared<br />
in the cinema every fan believed<br />
that she really had been through the<br />
milt.<br />
"MAKE-UP" IN THE MOVIES 179
SMOKE GUN BAFFLES<br />
U-BOATS<br />
By JOSEPH A. MASSAL<br />
NOT at all like a gun is this device. It, to all indications, is an ordinary<br />
ventilator, but Captain Mitchell, commander of the Donaldson freighter<br />
Lakonia, is authority for the statement that the would-be ventilator is<br />
the outlet of a chemical smoke generator,<br />
and has been officially named by the British<br />
Admiralty—"The Smoke Gun."<br />
The "smoke gun" is chemically fired, that is, the<br />
smoke emitted from it is a chemical process smoke, the<br />
kind that is stifling and blinding. It is of a dense<br />
black, is heavy, and hangs low over the water. Unlike<br />
the smoke generated by soft coal, it is lasting- and<br />
forms a thick, impenetrable wall. To<br />
use the expression of Captain Mitchell,<br />
"you would have to chop your way<br />
through it with an axe."<br />
At the base of the smoke gun is a<br />
great copper vat, with two large tanks<br />
attached. Each of these tanks holds<br />
approximately 100<br />
gallons of chemical.<br />
In another<br />
compartment of<br />
the vessel is a reserve<br />
supply of<br />
1,000 gallons of<br />
acid.<br />
By a purely me<br />
This "Funnel Ventilator"<br />
Is in Reality the Smoke Gun<br />
That Releases the Horrid<br />
Clouds of Black Fumes<br />
chanical process<br />
these acids are released<br />
into the vat<br />
from the pilot<br />
house or the bridge,<br />
Albert Barber. Who Stood Ready with His 3-Inch<br />
Gun if the Smoke Contrivance Failed<br />
and immediately upon mixing, generate the smoke that vomits<br />
forth, making a most effective screen for the merchantman,<br />
as well as blinding those on board the U-Boat, and causing<br />
this craft to lose her bearings temporarily.<br />
But, what about those on board when the wind is head on,<br />
and the smoke is held close to the vessel? That is where the<br />
British Admiralty has again made adequate provisions for the<br />
crew of these vessels. In the first place, the crew is equipped
SMOKE GUN BAFFLES U-BOATS 181<br />
with smoke helmets, not unlike those used in the trenches to offset the use of the<br />
deadly gas bombs of the Germans. These are to be donned immediately. All<br />
doors and windows of the Lakonia must be closed tightly to keep the smoke out,<br />
and the Captain of the vessel must rise to the occasion, and change the course of<br />
his vessel in order that the smoke will be carried away from it. The changing of<br />
course is not an unfrequent occurrence in these days of submarine warfare. With<br />
the impenetrable smoke wall shielding it and the submarine helpless, the would-be<br />
victim is enabled to take any course its master chooses, and by continually throwing<br />
out the smoke screen, keep the waters masked for days at a time.<br />
THE DONALDSON FREIGHTER, LAKONIA<br />
Captain Mitchell would not reveal the nature of the chemicals used in generating<br />
this smoke veil. In fact he declared he could not do so, for the nature of them<br />
or their names have never been made known to him. He said he was notified that<br />
the British Admiralty was about to install a new apparatus aboard, and did so.<br />
He and his officers were then instructed in the use of it. The turning of a small<br />
lever on the bridge or in the pilot house automatically released the acids, and so<br />
long as the valve is open, the acids continue to drain slowly into the smoke vat.<br />
That the Lakonia is at Baltimore and not among the scores of vessels sent to<br />
the bottom of the Atlantic by a torpedo fired by a German submarine is due to<br />
the smoke gun. One day out, a submarine gave chase. The U-Boat was making<br />
for the Lakonia when Captain Mitchell ordered the smoke gun fired, and the little<br />
lever in the pilot house was turned. The chemical reaction started immediately. For<br />
a few moments only a thin curl of smoke poured from the "gun," but within the<br />
next couple of minutes as more acid was fed into the vat, the smoke increased in<br />
volume, until it was vomiting forth and covering the sea. It was not long, before<br />
the entire vessel was on one side of the smoke cloud and the submersible on the<br />
other.
m<br />
WRECKAGE OF THE SEAS<br />
AFTER TEMPTING THE CLAWS OF THE BRITISH LION<br />
This vessel, the German torpedo boat destroyer V-69, stole out of harbor one evening in company with<br />
eleven other sister ships. After a brisk engagement with the British light sea forces, the V-69 was disabled,<br />
and forced to put in for repairs at the harbor of Ymuiden, Holland, near Amsterdam.<br />
COPYHlGHT tJNOIHWSOO & UNDlRWOOt<br />
WAITING FOR RESCUE-OR DEATH<br />
Crowded together on a flimsy raft, these survivors of the torpedoed Cunard liner Ivernfh, faced the buffeting<br />
of the icy Mediterranean Sea for twenty-two hours before they were rescued by a trawler. Of the<br />
remainder of the crew and passengers, one hundred fifty-three perished.
TUBING THE ENGLISH<br />
CHANNEL<br />
By DAVID WALES<br />
D O V E R , England, is within<br />
gunshot of Calais, France.<br />
The German 42-centimeters<br />
could drop a shell across the<br />
22 miles of water that intervene.<br />
The floor of the Straits of Dover<br />
is white chalk, underlaid by a stratum of<br />
chalk and clay. Beneath, to a depth of<br />
208 feet, lies a ledge of gray chalk, very<br />
solid, of the same general character as<br />
that quarried in France for use in making<br />
cement. This substance is easy to<br />
bore, is self-sustaining, and is practically<br />
water-tight.<br />
Had it not been for the groundless<br />
fears of the suspicious British long ago,<br />
this is the course a tube would undoubtedly<br />
have taken to join the island to the<br />
mainland. Many a time must the minister<br />
of munitions, the board controlling<br />
transport, and the generals in the field<br />
have cursed the spirit that had given<br />
England her "splendid isolation".<br />
But for that spirit, a continuous stream<br />
of trains and railway carriages, as unbroken<br />
as the now famous stream of<br />
motor trucks that maintained Verdun in<br />
munitions and men, when General Petain<br />
for so many weeks resisted the German<br />
onslaught, would have borne its tens of<br />
thousands of men and its hundreds of<br />
thousands of tons of supplies to the<br />
Western front; hundreds of vessels<br />
would have been released for over-sea<br />
service, and, best of all, an overwhelming<br />
German naval victory would not have<br />
meant starvation for England, nor quick<br />
dissolution of the armies on the Somme<br />
through inability to furnish further men<br />
and supplies. England has paid high,<br />
and may pay more dearly still for a century<br />
of superstitious distrust.<br />
As far back as 1802, a French engineer<br />
of quick, practical mind and farseeing<br />
imagination, proposed to Napoleon,<br />
baffled in his conquest of the<br />
world by the Straits of Dover, that his<br />
armies enter England not as men, over<br />
the water, but as moles, from underground.<br />
For a few hours the great<br />
leader toyed with the idea, then realizing<br />
its impracticability, he dismissed the suggestion<br />
and diverted his energies into a<br />
great campaign against his enemy,<br />
Austria, instead.<br />
The years went by and then the restless<br />
French mind in the person of Thome'de<br />
Gamond, also an engineer, proposed in<br />
1834, that a great tube of sheet iron be<br />
sunk to the bottom of the sea, as a high-<br />
1S3
184 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
way for men on horseback, and men in<br />
wagons, between the two countries. As<br />
alternatives he offered a bridge to cost<br />
$80,000,000—doubtless a chimera—and<br />
the more practical idea of two riprap<br />
jetties, each five miles long, with ferry<br />
boats operating between, and a continuous<br />
causeway, broken for sea commerce,<br />
by three drawbridges.<br />
Lastly, in 1856, the tunnel scheme was<br />
eagerly advanced by him as the real solution<br />
of quickening traffic between the two<br />
nations. The invention of the steam<br />
locomotive stimulated interest in the<br />
value of the idea.<br />
Ten more years went by. Then in<br />
1866 de Gamond offered an artificial<br />
island in mid-channel, with a shaft for<br />
entrance to the tube at that point. Experts<br />
pointed out the vulnerability of the<br />
island if attacked by a hostile fleet, and<br />
de Gamond then omitted this feature<br />
from his plan. By 1869 interest in the<br />
idea had so waxed that a joint Anglo-<br />
French committee was appointed seriously<br />
to consider the plan and to make a<br />
detailed report on its findings.<br />
Efficiency experts were not altogether<br />
unknown in those days, for it was estimated<br />
that if $40,000,000 were spent to<br />
put through the project, a revenue of<br />
$10,000 would be derived over operating<br />
expenses. This, in a day when $3,000,000<br />
per mile is expended by a railway in<br />
straightening its line and when more<br />
than this sum is appropriated for the<br />
construction of a railway station, does not<br />
seem like a huge figure.<br />
Neither were the projectors of the<br />
Cross-Sections of the Proposed Tunnel<br />
enterprise scared by the cost. In both<br />
nations, companies were <strong>org</strong>anized by<br />
law. It was agreed that the British corporation<br />
was to complete its half while<br />
the French were similarly engaged upon<br />
the Continental side.<br />
The outlook for the project looked<br />
bright. Six hundred thousand dollars<br />
actually was spent in boring a tunnel<br />
from either shore.<br />
Now, if the English and French really<br />
had been awake to the seriousness of the<br />
war, if they had started boring two years<br />
ago, the project would be over half<br />
finished. For as soon as the franchise<br />
was granted, the French company bored<br />
a tentative tunnel 6,033 feet long, seven<br />
feet in diameter. The British company<br />
sank two shafts, one 2,641 feet long; the<br />
other 6,075 feet long. Both companies<br />
have maintained these tubes in good condition,<br />
keeping them free from water by<br />
pumping. A word from the French and<br />
British Governments, and the work could<br />
be resumed at once, finished perhaps, before<br />
the conclusion of the war; it would<br />
serve as an artery to pump the last ounce<br />
of British energy into the western armies.<br />
Or, if the war were over, it would bind<br />
together the Anglo and French peoples<br />
in a bond that would cause any power to<br />
think twice before launching an attack<br />
upon either.<br />
Because coal-burning locomotives<br />
would in a short time make such a tube—<br />
of such length, and hence so difficult to<br />
ventilate—dangerous to human life, a<br />
scheme to employ a compressed air type<br />
of locomotive was worked out. De<br />
Gamond had ingeniously attempted<br />
to make use of the<br />
tides in putting through this<br />
idea.<br />
Today, if the tunnel were<br />
in operation, the electric<br />
locomotive would obviously<br />
provide the tractive power.<br />
In 1906, the French, who<br />
have always been keenly desirous<br />
of seeing the tube put<br />
through, made a last appeal<br />
to the British public who
•SM<br />
i w<br />
WWW<br />
J,i.<br />
4<br />
0<br />
•<br />
'A^Hk.<br />
TUBING THE ENGLISH CHANNEL 185<br />
rj|<br />
3| mt/JL. % '<br />
. . . . s • •».<br />
•wirntf r ' i - r ^ ^<br />
V<br />
4<br />
/<br />
V<br />
xU M<br />
L ^B • . -to.<br />
THIS PNEUMATIC BATTERY TUNNELING MACHINE. GIVEN ITS INITIAL TRY-OUT ON<br />
THE NEW YORK SUBWAY LATELY, WILL DOUBTLESS BE USED IN THE NEW TUBE<br />
had been so clamorous that in 1882 the that this seepage at no time would ex<br />
idea had bee.n to all intents and purposes ceed 26,500 gallons a minute for a double<br />
abandoned. The fear of the English had tunnel. Each tunnel would be about<br />
seemed to be that the French could eighteen feet in diameter. Drainage tun<br />
quickly rush an army through the tube, nels would be connected with these two<br />
seize London, and, in short, make a traffic tunnels. According to an authori<br />
speedy conquest of Britain. As a guartative engineering publication, the diffiantee<br />
that they had no such motives, the culties of boring these tubes would in<br />
French proposed to elevate a section of all likelihood not be so great as that of<br />
the approach along their coast line, so as completing the Astoria gas tunnel under<br />
to offer a fair target to the British fleet. the East River in New York City. It<br />
International, as well as internal poli is expected that the tunneling machines<br />
tics, make rapid changes as the years fly can each dig 3.7 miles per year. As it is<br />
by, and today the British would be the intended to work from several points at<br />
last to seek a bombardment of the French once by making use of the drainage gal<br />
coast.<br />
leries to drive cross drifts, whence new<br />
Meantime the French have been busily bores may be started on the main tunnel,<br />
at work bringing the plans up to date. it is believed the entire job could be<br />
The total distance from the Paris-Calais finished in five years.<br />
railway to the London-Dover line is 37 The cost of such a task would be not<br />
miles. Of this distance 32 would be less than $2,000,000 a mile. The French<br />
underground. In mid-channel the floor engineer, Albert Sartiaux, says it would<br />
of the tunnel would rise from each side be wise to estimate an expenditure of<br />
to a hump, so as to permit the drawing $77,000,000 in all. Five to seven per<br />
off of such seepage water as would be cent would be realized annually on this<br />
certain to find its way in. It is estimated investment.<br />
•v
MARE AND PROJECT YOUR<br />
OWN MOVIES<br />
By MERWIN DELAWAY<br />
Compact and Plain, but Serviceable<br />
This photoplay camera, retailing at slightly less than<br />
thirty dollars, takes extraordinarily good pictures.<br />
k T last the person interested either<br />
f\ in movies or in photography<br />
/_jk has a real chance to follow his<br />
/ % bent for one of the two and<br />
at the same time get enjoyment<br />
from the other interest.<br />
A complete outfit, including<br />
raw film, camera, and projector,<br />
is now being manufactured<br />
and offered to the<br />
public at a price which<br />
makes those who bought<br />
outfits in times gone by, think<br />
that Millennium has come.<br />
The new outfit is the invention<br />
of a former Edison<br />
Service man who had contributed<br />
to the mechanism<br />
of motion-picture work before<br />
developing the present<br />
home apparatus. It has been<br />
designed and is built solely<br />
for amateur use, being made<br />
"fool proof" and almost<br />
automatic, so far as adjustments<br />
are concerned. In<br />
186<br />
fact, it is quite as simple as the matter<br />
of amateur photography; turn the crank<br />
to take the picture, turn it again in another<br />
machine to show the picture—and<br />
that is all there is to it.<br />
The cost of the motion-picture camera<br />
always has been the stumbling-block in<br />
the way of developing a popular-priced<br />
movie outfit, and it is this problem<br />
which the inventor, responsible for the<br />
new apparatus, has solved so happily.<br />
Some idea of his success may be gained<br />
from considering the fact that the best<br />
grades of professional camera—those<br />
used for high-grade studio work and big<br />
out-of-door scenes—cost from $1,100 to<br />
$2,000, while the medium-priced instrument<br />
used in news work—an invention<br />
by this same man, incidentally—was<br />
brought out originally for $325. The<br />
camera in this new amateur outfit is<br />
priced at $29.75!<br />
The instrument can be sold at this<br />
"Yes, Jessie. That Was Your<br />
A library of films such as this goes a long, long way toward making life<br />
yourself and your playmates, and more sentiment in seeing the animated<br />
entertain-
price solely and simply because of<br />
the many simplifications embodied<br />
—simplifications some of which<br />
were invented for the purpose,<br />
while others resulted from leaving<br />
off parts necessary for the more<br />
exacting photographic technique of<br />
professional filming. The resulting<br />
camera is about the size of a standard<br />
book—seven inches long, five<br />
inches high, and two and one-half<br />
inches thick. It may be carried in<br />
the hand like the ordinary camera,<br />
and except for the crank, looks like<br />
the typical amateur "box".<br />
The projector is designed to run<br />
on ordinary house current, and to<br />
give a brilliant screen picture at distances<br />
ranging from twelve to fifteen feet. A<br />
special non-inflammable film has been<br />
developed to meet the universal underwriters'<br />
and police prohibition against<br />
the use of ordinary film in homes, and<br />
the company furnishes it in fifty-foot<br />
reels through dealers and agents. The<br />
film takes almost twice as many pictures<br />
to the foot as the professional material,<br />
and is so prepared in spools that daylight<br />
loading, unloading, and handling is as<br />
practicable as with film used for ordinary<br />
"still" work. The combination of a spe-<br />
Mother Twenty-five Years Agol"<br />
worth living. There is more actual fun in looking at childhood pictures of<br />
portraits of those dear to you, than cap be secured from any other means of<br />
men!.<br />
YOUR OWN MOVIES 187<br />
The Projecting Outfit<br />
Every point has been simplified to the greatest degree to make for<br />
the utmost in economy and practicality.<br />
cial size camera, film and projector is the<br />
big point which makes the new apparatus<br />
practicable, for it enables the amateur to<br />
take and show his own pictures without<br />
getting into trouble, since most of the<br />
apparatus offered heretofore has either<br />
lacked one of these three essentials, or<br />
has employed a standard size film, use<br />
of which is prohibited in homes.<br />
The home that owns and uses this<br />
compact little outfit constantly is laying<br />
up a wealth of thrill and happiness for<br />
the future. Think of the pleasure, in<br />
after years when your son or daughter<br />
grows up and leaves home,<br />
of having a complete film<br />
record from cradle days up!<br />
Think what a generous filming<br />
of the scenes of your<br />
honeymoon would mean to<br />
y o u no w ! The greatest<br />
single pleasure that it is possible<br />
to store up for the days<br />
of old age is a wealth of<br />
reminiscences of happy<br />
hours spent in youth with<br />
comrades or people you care<br />
for in a sincere and lasting<br />
way. The old people of today<br />
have only their dimming<br />
memories to depend on;<br />
those of tomorrow will have<br />
libraries of this film. This<br />
camera ought to add greatlv<br />
to the joy of every family.
THE<br />
NEW<br />
CAR<br />
mini •minium—<br />
WAR WEAPONS THE<br />
UNITED STATES NEEDS<br />
The Brain of the Modern<br />
Zeppelin<br />
In the upper photograph is<br />
shown in diagrammatic contrast,<br />
the new super-Zeppelin<br />
car, with its engine and accoutrements,<br />
and the tiny boat<br />
of the first air dreadnaughts.<br />
The Deadly Air Wasp<br />
This swift monoplane—fitted<br />
out for a constant speed of one<br />
hundred miles an hour—carries<br />
an automatic machine gun that<br />
fires a steady stream of lead<br />
between the blades of its propeller.<br />
A "Mother" for Damaged<br />
Submarines<br />
Very often when a submersible<br />
gets "pinked" in an engagement<br />
it cannot seek out a drydock<br />
for repairs. This floating<br />
dry-dock, which can go i<strong>m*</strong><br />
mediately to the scene of the<br />
catastrophe, is an absolute necessity.
lit
LET LEFT-HANDEDNESS<br />
ALONE!<br />
By J. J. TERRELL. M. D.<br />
ALITTLE four-year-old girl surprised everybody the other day by writing<br />
quite plainly on a piece of paper, "Six bars of window soap". The<br />
little girl is left-handed. She could not read what she had written. On<br />
i investigation it was found that she had received no instruction in<br />
writing but had watched her mother writing these particular words on<br />
an order blank a few days previously. She had reproduced the picture from memory.<br />
The little girl will go to school next year and her teachers will probably wish to<br />
break her of what they deem the bad habit of left-handedness.<br />
Should the teachers be permitted to consummate their purpose, such genius or<br />
brilliancy as the child may possess will be seriously restrained. In fact, educators<br />
who have studied the question assert that an artificial transfer from left-handedness<br />
to right-handedness imperils a child's mental development.<br />
The teachers are generally slow to learn. It is as hard to teach a teacher as it<br />
is to doctor a doctor or nurse a nurse. A little boy who has been in school a<br />
whole term was brought to me the other day for advice. Throughout the boy's<br />
first term he has been using his left hand. He now enters his second term under<br />
a new regime of penmanship and the teachers reluctantly decide that they must<br />
make the boy right-handed, after all. Their ruthlessness in this determination<br />
has made the poor little fellow nervous, and that is why he comes under medical<br />
observation. Measurement of the ulna-plus shows that the left arm is the one<br />
Nature intended the boy should use. He therefore receives a certificate from the<br />
family physician, stating that it would be detrimental to the boy's nervous system<br />
and brain development to insist upon a transfer to right-handedness. And the<br />
teachers will have to shake" their heads in grave doubt every time they notice that<br />
190
LET LEFT-HANDEDNESS ALONE! 191<br />
poor, misguided left-handed<br />
child standing out conspicuously<br />
from the right-handed line of scho<br />
ars. Perhaps it is only fair to state<br />
that the boy attends a public school where<br />
outdoor recess is never granted unless parents<br />
or physicians take a hand, and whispering<br />
is considered a penal offense worthy of half an<br />
hour of detention of the inhuman culprit.<br />
Something like four per cent of people are naturally<br />
left-handed. A small minority of these born left-handers ;<br />
broken of the habit and educated as right-handed individu;<br />
The brain centers which control the most delicate movements<br />
the hands and fingers are closely related with the center of<br />
speech. The speech center, in right-handed individuals, is<br />
situated in the left third frontal convolution under the I<br />
temple. This explains why a cerebral hemorrhage (stroke<br />
of paralysis) which involves the left side of the brain<br />
paralyzes muscles on the right side of the body and also '<br />
the function of speech; whereas a hemorrhage on the right<br />
side of the brain paralyzes muscles on the left side only. I<br />
Expression, both facial and bodily expression, is most fli<br />
highly developed in people who are well educated, and it<br />
Tris Speaker of the Cleveland Indians Has Not<br />
Found Left-Handedness a Bar to Success<br />
is feeble in those of untrained or feeble mind. An experienced physician, or<br />
any other good observer, can form a pretty reliable opinion of an individual's<br />
mental status by a mere glance at his face and body when he is talking. Training<br />
the hands to do fine or delicate work is sure to develop<br />
the power of speech at the same time, and vice versa,<br />
because of the intimate associations between the controlling<br />
centers of these functions.<br />
Now there is no doubt whatever that a latent speech<br />
center does exist on the right side as well as the left,<br />
in a right-handed person. We know this because in<br />
certain cases of apoplexy (cerebral hemorrhage) in<br />
which speech is destroyed, the victims have uttered<br />
words or sentences under great emotional excitement,<br />
as in a fire, for example. Likewise persons whose<br />
speech has been completely destroyed by a stroke of<br />
apoplexy may be taught again to speak, just as one<br />
teaches a baby, by patience and perseverance, pointing<br />
out objects or familiar things and naming them over<br />
and over, etc. Of course such speech remains inadequate,<br />
yet it is speech of a kind sufficient for the<br />
unfortunate to make known his simpler wants. Only<br />
by assuming the existence of a latent speech center in the right<br />
side of the brain can we explain this fact.<br />
A measurement of the "ulna-plus", referred to above, appears<br />
to be a reliable indication of right-handedness or left-handedness<br />
in a child. It was described in<br />
He Will Do Better, and ILLUSTRATED WORLD for September, 1916,<br />
Have a stronger Nervous as applied by Professor W. Franklin<br />
System, if Allowed to T • - - , __<br />
WorkLeft-Handed Jones, head of the Department ot
192 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Education in the University of South Dakota. The length of the ulna-plus (practically<br />
the length of the forearm from point of elbow to first joint of little finger)<br />
is greater in the arm Nature intends to be used, according to Professor Jones.<br />
He detects right-handedness or left-handedness even in young babies by this<br />
measurement.<br />
With this readily obtained anatomical evidence of left-handedness or righthandedness,<br />
as the case may be, we are in a position to talk turkey to the schoolma'ams,<br />
and turkey is the language to use if you wish to teach a teacher something.<br />
The proposition is clear: Given a child with expression centers situated in<br />
the right cerebral hemisphere (that is, a left-handed child), may we safely insist<br />
upon the training of the latent expression centers in the child's left cerebral hemisphere—supposing<br />
latent centers are there ?<br />
The answer is No. Don't try to buck Nature. Let left-handedness alone.<br />
An artist born left-handed was compelled by ignorant teachers to use his right<br />
hand at an early age. As an artist he is right-handed, never painting with his<br />
left. He has unusual artistic sense, which is certainly a heritable characteristic,<br />
but his technique is inferior to his artistic sensibilties. This is the result of the<br />
unnatural transfer to right-handedness. The latent left-brain centers have been<br />
developed to a reasonable degree by education, but the artistic sense must be<br />
over on the neglected right side of that man's cerebrum.<br />
Landseer, the modeller of the lions of<br />
JimVaughn.aPort-Sider. ., r AT i . • T i<br />
Has Been the Pitching the famous Nelson monument in London,<br />
Mainstay of the Chicago was luckier. He could and did use his<br />
Cubs for Several Seasons .<br />
left hand. He was famous for his technical<br />
skill. He could work with tremendous rapidity,<br />
and do finished work, too, and he astonished a group of<br />
artists once by simultaneously drawing excellent pictures<br />
with both hands—a stag's head with one hand and a<br />
horse's head with the other. As a painter he was rapid<br />
but sure and deft with the brush. His school teachers<br />
evidently did not suppress the left-handed propensities<br />
of this great genius.<br />
I have particularly inquired into the history of a large<br />
number of patients of the nervous, restless, miserable,<br />
uncontented, neurotic or neurasthenic type, and it has<br />
been a great surprise to find that much more than<br />
four per cent of them were naturally left-handed<br />
but forced to suppress the right cerebral development<br />
and train the right hand to do what Nature<br />
intended the left to do, early in life.<br />
Some educators who have investigated the thing<br />
at great length go so far as to say that artificial<br />
transfer from left-handedness to right-handedness<br />
is likely to render the child an imbecile. This is an<br />
exaggeration, as observation amply shows. But a<br />
forced transfer certainly can do the nervous system<br />
no good. A careful study of the problem from<br />
all angles, and extending over a term of years,<br />
has forced me to the conclusion that the only<br />
safe way is to follow this common sense and reliable<br />
axiom:<br />
Let left-handedness alone!
° ~~^~~~~~~~~I^~~~~~~~<br />
SCIENCE ^MECHANICS® INVENTION<br />
iiiiiiiiiiiiii.Mi»U)is)iunmn)tiiilftni 17m<br />
A CONVERTIBLE ROAD GRADER AND SNOW PLOW<br />
This dual purpose machine is the recent offering of a Minnesota inventor, and is now being used by<br />
the city of Minneapolis. The diagonally arranged scraper or plow blade may be raised or lowered by<br />
the hand levers. It also may be tilted to a slanting position for working on the side of an arched<br />
roadway. The improved supporting frame by which the scraper is pivotallv supported in proper<br />
position when the machine frame is tilted prevents breakage of the parts.
194 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
:<br />
A ROTARY SKATE TRACTOR<br />
The latest and most unusual construction in tractors is being operated at Grand Rapids, Michigan,<br />
by the inventors, Frederick K. Burch and Joseph West. It is designed for use over snow and ice and,<br />
in substance, is a rotary skate with powerful propulsion. The frame of the tractor is mounted on two<br />
drums, right and left, bisected transversely, and set on a heavy shafting. The drums are made of<br />
sheet iron, over a basswood frame, on which are set numerous pieces of channel iron. The left-hand<br />
drum rotates clockwise and the right hand drum, counter-clockwise, thus neutralizing the power<br />
along the line of progression. One single runner in front, connected by steel cable through pulleys<br />
to the wheel, makes accurate steering possible.<br />
FLUSHING WITH A TRAIN OF CARS<br />
A train of cars, or carriages, flushes the streets of Buffalo and keeps the asphalt spotlessly clean.<br />
When the new device is being hauled up the street to a new location it looks the part of the<br />
fabled sea serpent, but it is in reality the most efficient means yet invented for scrubbing on a large<br />
scale. It is a means for moving the curb hydrants into almost any desired position, by means of an<br />
attachable steel pipe line with many nozzles.<br />
inniiiiiMini.Mi)nniMiini'niHiiiii,iiinmiiui.iii)n.UJ.i.ii!ii.ii.i.i()iii.i.iiiii[iui
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 195<br />
w<br />
M'fiiiiiiiiiitiiihfiiiiiMKnjiiJifitiUiinMiniiitiiinn<br />
A Time-Clock for Machines<br />
Factory machines can no longer loaf on the<br />
job, now that a mechanical "time-clock" has<br />
been perfected to record their operation.<br />
When a certain machine down in the factory is<br />
started up a calorite wire in the time-clock is<br />
heated to the scorching point by electricity.<br />
and a line starts instantly on the paper roll.<br />
When the circuit is broken by the stopping of<br />
the machine, the wire cools and the line ceases<br />
to be. Breaks of even one minute duration are<br />
read easily by the time keeper. As many<br />
"pens" can be used as desired, as the clock<br />
will easily keep tabs on a large factory of 375<br />
machines. Only one small wire runs from the<br />
machine to the clock, all having a common<br />
return. With this little clock the superintendent<br />
can see at glance just how many<br />
machines are running in the plant. If a machine<br />
does not earn its "keep" it is easily detected<br />
and "fired". Incidentally, it also prevents the<br />
machine operator from taking a rest during<br />
the working dayl<br />
Calendar and Clock Combined<br />
A calendar attachment for clocks<br />
has been invented by William W,<br />
Bass, of Willernie, Minnesota.<br />
Each day the calendar is turned<br />
forward automatically by the clock<br />
so that the correct date always appears<br />
through aside opening in the<br />
lower portion of the clock. The<br />
calendar iscontained on an endless<br />
roll run over two drums and operated<br />
by a ratchet mechanism, which<br />
in turn is operated by the hands of<br />
the clock. The indicating web<br />
bearing the calendar is successively<br />
shifted at the end of each twentyfour<br />
hour period. Once each year<br />
the calendar must be adjusted to<br />
provide for the odd or three hundred<br />
and sixty-fifth day.<br />
rmiillllimiliil.n. n 111 mum Hl.lllln '""'"" nimuii m irm<br />
""""""" "
196 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
MAKING CALVES MEASURE THEMSELVES<br />
Whole milk is getting far too valuable to use as cattle feed, so Purdue University is conducting a<br />
series of experiments to determine the effect of skimmed milk and milk substitutes. It's easy to<br />
weigh the calves, but measuring their growth is quite another proposition. In order to accomplish<br />
this, the unruly little beasts are driven before this ruled board weekly, and photographed.<br />
SHOWER BATH FOR PIGS<br />
These New York City swine are rapidly living down the reputation that centuries have bestowed upon<br />
them. Instead of living in stinking sties, they have clean, comfortable quarters, and spend a great<br />
deal of their time cleaning their pink-white skins in this shower bath.<br />
MlilllllllllllMIMII)IHMIIMII)lllll'lill|||.||Jinil1|.l|lll.l.l.llll|||,l.l.linHlllilllllLI.I-.l
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 197<br />
NOVEL METHOD FOR PAINTING GOLF BALLS<br />
A novel device for painting golf balls has been invented by Ge<strong>org</strong>e H. Lambert of Asheville, North<br />
Carolina. The golf ball is slipped into place between wires projecting upward from the cover<br />
ol the device. This cover then is inverted and the golf ball is dipped intothecan of white paint.<br />
Then the cover is reversed and any excess paint drops down on to the cover and flows through an<br />
opening at its sloping central portion, to the paint can. The painting is done quickly and the hands<br />
are not soiled when this method is used.<br />
I llinlll iifil.l .111:<br />
m Oil*<br />
MAM* utkiirLsmsmsmsmstttsttm
198 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
FEEDING "HIS BABY-SHIP" SCIENTIFICALLY<br />
Your baby, the neighbors' twins, or the hospital hundreds can have this adjustable trolley bar set<br />
across the top bars of the crib. From this support hang two sliding * wings to which is attached a<br />
wire holder for the bottle, which may have a cloth cover to keep the warm milk from cooling. The<br />
cords are easily changed in length to bring the bottle in position before the rosebud lips of the infant<br />
lying down or the older kiddie sitting up for his "dairy lunch."<br />
A COLLAPSIBLE PALACE FOR BABY<br />
A late contribution to the convenience of babies is a folding crib, which is. in effect, a cozy cage<br />
whereby the baby maybe wheeled into the fresh air and the sunlight and permitted to romp luxuri<br />
>u*ly in a small enclosure without possibility of the danger incident to an unprescribed plav room.<br />
When not in use, the crib can be folded up and place 1 away in the closet. In its collapsed state it<br />
measures only 6 by 25 inches. The equipage is finished in white enamel with nickel trimmings.<br />
w<br />
lI!IIIIIIIIIIII,MMI.IUI).''lliniHllll'M,l.U'.lll).I.MHIIIt)lliMlllllllllll.)|i|IIIIMIilLI:
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 199<br />
fllJlM
200 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
^m<br />
FOR CLEARING STUMPS<br />
The machine shown in the picture consists of a band saw operating over two narrow wheels, being<br />
driven by a small gasoline engine, the whole located on a movable platform. The machine thus is<br />
pulled from one stump to the next. The band saw swings on a pivot and is forced through a stump<br />
so rapidly that it is possible to cut off a three foot stump level with the ground in two or three minutes.<br />
A MACHINE THAT CATCHES BOLL-WEEVILS<br />
Mounted on two wheels and pulled by on« animal which walks between the furrows, this machine is<br />
designed to straddle the cotton row. The cotton stalk passes through a slit in the bottom of the<br />
machine, and thus inclosed between its sides, is agitated vigorously by a (an, which is moved by a<br />
cog arrangement. All insects, as well as the infected squares, are disengaged, and striking, of necessity,<br />
the sloping walls, fall into receptacles at the bottom of each wall. These receptacles contain<br />
kerosene oil, which kills the insects, and renders infected squares inflammable, so that they are<br />
burned easily when receptacles are full.<br />
m.<br />
am<br />
m<br />
iMiiiiuiininri.iiHii'MiiMi»M.iH'.'iilii.|i.iij.UtllM.Ul.lJiJUi.i.iiiii!.ii,i..iiiii!ii!.ii.ii.
m<br />
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 201<br />
H111 H I i IU111111 i 111!!> 1 (! 11;',<br />
W71<br />
A Folding Dark Room<br />
A clever contrivance has<br />
been patented which will<br />
permit an amateur photographer<br />
to change plates<br />
or develop exposed plates<br />
without using a dark room.<br />
The device is constructed<br />
in the shape of a large<br />
square. The sides fold up<br />
and the top and bottom<br />
sections ari; light-tight<br />
trays which fit over the<br />
sides when ready for use.<br />
An opening in front of the<br />
box containsasheet of ruby<br />
glass which allows the entrance<br />
of enough light to<br />
discern all necessary movements.<br />
A curtain on the<br />
inside of the box regulates<br />
the light passing through<br />
the ruby glass. A peep bole<br />
is pined on the top section<br />
of the box toward the rear<br />
and is protected by an eye<br />
shade which is hinged so as<br />
to allow its being folded up<br />
tl.it mi the top of the box.<br />
PICTURING THE VOICES OF OPERA STARS<br />
Delegates to the Congress of Scientists saw the voices of Caruso, Tetrazzini, and A mato dance before<br />
their eve-, on the wall of a darkened room. The phonodeik—the device is shown above—consists of a<br />
supersensitive diaphragm of a gauze-like material, through which the soun I waves pass, causing vibration.<br />
A series oi highly polished mirrors reflects the vibrations to a revolving triangular mirror disc.<br />
which in turn reflects them upon a screen. The sound wave reflections appear upon the screen magnified<br />
40,000 times the size of the vibrations upon the diaphragm. Caruso's voice is pictured through<br />
the phon deik. varied from a clearly outlined curved line to a shadowy blue as his voice rises from a<br />
low, natural note to a high burst of volume. The voice of Tetrazzini was as different from Caruso's as<br />
d,iv from night, The voices of four opera stars are charted on the wall back of the machine*.<br />
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202 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
A GURGLE-LESS CANTEEN<br />
The large nozzle is blocked up by a sheet of the material of which the canteen is made, leaving an<br />
elliptical shaped opening to fit the mouth. Secondly, there is a hole punched back of this mouthpiece<br />
at right angles to the direction of the water flow, to admit air to replace the flowing water.<br />
When the cap is screwed on, the airhole is covered up against leakage. From this a man can drink<br />
without seeming to bathe.<br />
ROLLER TOWEL FOR INDIVIDUAL USE<br />
A unique towel case has recently been perfected by a concern of Los Angeles. This case keeps the<br />
soiled towels out of sight entirely. A twenty five yard roll of toweling is wound on a roller at the top<br />
of the case and is unwound by means of a hand lever, whenever desired.<br />
11 H i n 111 n T n i (u n; i i H n H i u) n, 111 n i \ • n • i \ rj i u i j I i 111 u.i 1111111.1. n 11 \j n 11
THE DOLIAR VALUE<br />
OF MORAL FIBER<br />
IN BUSINESS^ 6 " 0 al e 4<br />
T H E biggest thing in American<br />
life today is that children are<br />
not being disciplined. They<br />
are not given moral training.<br />
Every man notes the result<br />
but only a few the cause.<br />
The first visible result is lack of respect<br />
for the parent and wholesale disobedience.<br />
This comes to seed in impudence<br />
to older persons generally and<br />
disregard for the rights of others.<br />
The second expression of the same<br />
thing is the absence of any sense of<br />
responsibility. This is the root of the<br />
lack of application which is almost universal<br />
in the younger generation.<br />
The third expression of the same thing<br />
is the feverish demand for excitement<br />
and extravagant amusement. In this respect,<br />
the younger generation is abnormal.<br />
It cuts loose from all forms of<br />
restraint.<br />
The three things combined tell why<br />
the younger generation is wholly unfitted<br />
for business and why business men are<br />
complaining everywhere that they cannot<br />
get dependable helpers. The fact is that<br />
the American youth lacks stamina. He<br />
cannot and will not stick to anything,<br />
merely because he has no moral strength.<br />
The adage is that "as the twig is bent,<br />
so is the tree inclined." If the business<br />
men complain about the present-day<br />
youth, they must think they were trained<br />
differently. If they were, it would show<br />
in their present conduct.<br />
To get an idea whether their dissatisfaction<br />
is justified, I selected for study<br />
fifteen men in several businesses. Of<br />
these, two were merchants; three were<br />
railroaders: and ten were owners of factories.<br />
I put them all to this acid test<br />
of business morality. Do the same ethical<br />
standards govern when business is bad,<br />
is good, and is excellent? That is, in<br />
hard times, would they "cut a competitor":.,<br />
throat?" In excellent times would<br />
they disregard contracts and use the<br />
stolen merchandise to gouge the public?<br />
In a word, had they the stamina to take<br />
203
204 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
a severe financial loss and yet keep their<br />
word ?<br />
For example, I knew that the hard<br />
times of 1914 would bring out the worst<br />
or the best in all of them. My record<br />
shows that of the two merchants, one<br />
stood by his policy. He gave consistent<br />
quality and paid his bills. The other announced<br />
frequent bargain sales and sold<br />
shoddy goods at big prices over the bargain<br />
counters. 1 bought from his store<br />
"a $5.00 Blank hat" for $2.90. When I<br />
got it home, it turned out to be an ordinary<br />
$2.00 hat.<br />
Of the three railroad men, one maintained<br />
his road in excellent condition and<br />
paid for the repairs out of earnings. To<br />
do so, he had to cut two per cent off his<br />
dividends. The other two robbed their<br />
roads and paid big dividends to attract<br />
Wall Street.<br />
Of the ten manufacturers,<br />
eight maintained the quality<br />
of their product at the old<br />
standard and went without<br />
profit. Two didn't. One put<br />
composition soles on his shoes<br />
and sold them for leather.<br />
The other made tools of<br />
highly polished soft metal and<br />
sold them as steel tools.<br />
After that, came the boom<br />
times of 1916 when nearly<br />
anything would "go". The<br />
one merchant admitted that<br />
dyes were hard to get but<br />
guaranteed his colors just the<br />
same and then charged moderate<br />
prices. The other sold<br />
"English all wool clothing"<br />
that was made of Carolina<br />
cotton and Texas wool, woven<br />
into cloth in New England.<br />
He even advanced the price<br />
sharply, saying:<br />
"England has advanced the<br />
price on cloth because Australian<br />
wool is hard to get;<br />
labor is scarce in England,<br />
and taxes there are high."<br />
During this boom one railroad<br />
man served all patrons<br />
alike, giving to each shipper Lis share<br />
of the few cars available. The other<br />
two moved only those goods which paid<br />
the highest rates and told the other shippers<br />
that a shortage of cars kept them<br />
from doing any better.<br />
The record of the ten manufacturers<br />
shows that eight filled contracts to the<br />
last letter of the last syllable. The other<br />
two stole goods from contract customers<br />
and sold them on the "open market" at<br />
fancy prices.<br />
The cash value of this business morality<br />
is not buried. It does not have to be<br />
exhumed for measurement and identification.<br />
For example, the railroad that was,<br />
in 1914, maintained in good condition,<br />
had the most facilities to hire out to shippers<br />
in 1916 when the car shortage<br />
struck. It earned money proportionately.<br />
The merchant who in<br />
1914 guaranteed the<br />
colors in his fabrics<br />
had the bulk of the<br />
msiness in 1916. And,<br />
the manufacturers who<br />
have filled all their contracts<br />
since July 1.<br />
1916, already have<br />
signed contracts which<br />
"I've Gotta Have Five Dollars. Dad<br />
^<br />
assure them the cream<br />
of the business for<br />
]')\7. It was not, therefore,<br />
a case of casting<br />
jread on the water<br />
promiscuously in hope<br />
that it might come<br />
back.<br />
If it is true that "as<br />
the twig is bent so will<br />
the tree incline", we<br />
may say that, of fifteen men, five evidently<br />
had been bent to the side of unmoral<br />
conduct when young. Ten had<br />
been trained carefully and patiently to<br />
ilo the right thing. But, in such an important<br />
matter, 1 could not assume. I<br />
must know. So 1 put a direct question<br />
squarely to one of them, and he said:<br />
"When I was a boy my father used to<br />
gather us children around him on Sunday<br />
afternoon and teach us the Bible. Every<br />
morning we had family prayers. At<br />
every meal, grace was said. We had such<br />
a steady diet of religion and morals, I<br />
grew tired of it. At times, it seemed<br />
that rebellion and flight were the only<br />
things left. Several times I started to<br />
run away from home. I am no cowan<br />
now. I was not then. But 1 didn't run<br />
away because I couldn't. The drill had<br />
been too thorough. I could no more run<br />
away than a German soldier can turn<br />
coward and desert.<br />
"Today, I can't play truant from any<br />
business obligation. Often, if I consulted<br />
my wishes, I would quit midway in a big<br />
campaign. The burden seems too heavy<br />
compared with the returns. When 1<br />
think of it. the duty T owe to my men<br />
and the other stockholders demands my<br />
attention. So, T don't run away.<br />
T suppose it is because I was<br />
trained not to quit."<br />
To get the cash value of this<br />
program to this man, I went<br />
over his business record. Ten<br />
years ago his capital was $15,-<br />
000. Today, it is $5,000,000.<br />
With his statement and record<br />
in mind, I questioned and investigated the<br />
other fourteen men. My record shows<br />
thai seven of them had been drilled about<br />
the same as had been the first one. Their<br />
drill had not been so severe but still it<br />
was thorough. Two more had been<br />
drilled by parents or friends in the works<br />
of the great philosophers. Thus 100 per<br />
cent of those who had stuck by their<br />
guns in a business sense said they did so<br />
because they had been trained in morality<br />
and could not desert the way they had<br />
been "brought up."<br />
MORAL FIBER IN BUSINESS 205<br />
And, 100 per cent of them had scored<br />
a financial success. They all said their<br />
success was due to the fact that they had<br />
played the business game cleanly.<br />
From that, I went into a study of the<br />
moral and financial record of the five<br />
who had quit—sold out when trouble<br />
came. I found that not one of them had<br />
had any serious moral training. Two<br />
said they were members of a church, but<br />
they smiled and winked when the}' said<br />
it. The only thing about it which seemed<br />
worthy of mention was that the minister<br />
was "liberal".<br />
The Indulgent Father Is Responsible forthe Majority<br />
of Our Dissolute Youth
206 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
• The other three laughed at the very<br />
idea of morality in business. One said<br />
a man had to decide between principles<br />
and profit. The second said that Roosevelt<br />
preached morality in business but<br />
did not dare try to practice it. The third<br />
said that religion is now obsolete and he<br />
had no time for dead issues.<br />
Then, I studied the business record of<br />
those five men. This showed that they<br />
were the ones who had abandoned their<br />
own business policy and their regular<br />
customers the instant trouble or hope of<br />
a large but unmoral profit appeared.<br />
Also, of the five two headed properties<br />
which had no standing. One had passed<br />
through a fire of suspicious origin anrj<br />
had become a bankrupt when no one<br />
believed he had failed. One was prosperous<br />
because he had a clean <strong>org</strong>anization<br />
behind him. The fifth was, admittedly,<br />
a great success. Of him it was<br />
said:<br />
"He is the cleverest man in his line.<br />
He has to be clever to keep out of<br />
jail."<br />
In October, 1916, a woman at the<br />
head of a department of a big school at<br />
Evanston, Illinois, announced to the students<br />
one morning that the floor of the<br />
chapel had been refinished and waxed<br />
that dances might be held there in future.<br />
One of the students exclaimed, when he<br />
heard the announcement:<br />
"Gee, wouldn't the old Methodists,<br />
who started this school, turn over in their<br />
graves if they could hear that?"<br />
The woman who made that announcement<br />
hastened to explain to the reporters<br />
:<br />
"Times have changed, you know, since<br />
this school was founded. Young people<br />
are going to dance; there is no use trying<br />
to prevent them, for everyone is dancing<br />
now. If they must learn, I prefer it<br />
should be here under proper influences."<br />
The astounding; thine: about this inci-<br />
THE GAME" IS MUCH MORE FASCINATING. BUT IT DOES NOT MAKE<br />
FOR CHARACTER
MORAL FIBER IN BUSINESS 207<br />
JOY RIDING MAKES A VERY BAD IMPRESSION ON A YOUNGSTER<br />
dent is not the fact of departure from<br />
the "blue laws" of stricter days but the<br />
admission by the school's principal that<br />
efforts to control students now are hopeless<br />
and hence had been abandoned. The<br />
incident, as I said, is but a bit of flotsam,<br />
but the principle involved drops like a<br />
plumb line into the center of the modern<br />
system of child control. It implies that<br />
the student shall be allowed to dictate<br />
what he wants to learn regardless of<br />
whether or not it is best for him. The<br />
whole idea is to please the youth and<br />
amuse him, this being in contrast with<br />
the old notion of improving him without<br />
reference to his personal feelings or desires<br />
for amusement.<br />
My personal opinion is that you can't<br />
build a Sandow on skimmed soup and<br />
French pastry. And, you can't develop<br />
an Abraham Lincoln, a John Hay, or a<br />
Theodore Roosevelt in a dance hall and<br />
a moving-picture house with sex stories<br />
and plays filling the gaps.<br />
While the logic of these circumstances<br />
seems irresistible, I know that the Evanston<br />
experiment is not exactlv new. although<br />
it is a most striking example.<br />
America has been trying it for almost<br />
a generation. It started perhaps—I<br />
make no claim to being a historian—•<br />
with the introduction of the institutional<br />
church. This was to religion what<br />
homeopathic medicine was to a world<br />
drugged by the allopathic method. It<br />
put a sugar coating on moral training<br />
I<br />
and tried to fill its pews and Sunday<br />
School classes on the Sabbath by teaching<br />
pool and bowling during the days of<br />
the week.<br />
To find what influence this new idea<br />
has, I have studied for a few years five<br />
young men in Chicago. They were, when<br />
I first knew them, about seventeen or<br />
eighteen years old. Now they are past<br />
twenty-two. When I first began to observe<br />
them, they were typical of the new<br />
order of things. The mother of one was<br />
a divorcee. That of another kept a<br />
Pomeranian poodle. The parents of a<br />
third gave him money and left him to his<br />
own devices while they went 10 the picture<br />
show.<br />
Soon I noticed something truly significant.<br />
These same boys were always<br />
at the picture shows when I went there.<br />
I learned they went nearly every day.<br />
On those nights when some vulgar slapstick<br />
farce was to be seen, they were<br />
sure to be on hand. And. when any<br />
glaringly sentimental thing was offered<br />
on the bills, the managers could count<br />
on them as patrons.<br />
Also, they were to be seen playing<br />
pool in the neighborhood barber shop<br />
whenever I went out for an evening<br />
walk. In nearly five years, I never have<br />
seen one of them read anything but a<br />
newspaper. Even then it was some<br />
crime, the sporting section, or the page<br />
of comics, which attracted—never an<br />
article or even a fiction storv that one,
208 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
by any stretch of the imagination, could<br />
consider worth while.<br />
These five boys were getting energy<br />
from their food. But, instead of using it<br />
to any purpose, they were playing it out.<br />
Not one, in youth, was going through<br />
the drill that would make of him a man<br />
who could stand the gaff in business. I<br />
saw the truth of this when the time arrived<br />
when these boys tried to go to<br />
work. One of them has had inconsequential<br />
jobs intermittently: mostly he<br />
has been idle—at his employer's suggestion.<br />
A second one went, into an office.<br />
His employer tells me he lacks application<br />
: has in six months about reached the<br />
limit of his capacity to grow : and, is a<br />
clock watcher. The third thinks he is<br />
clever because he has learned a way of<br />
getting money without working for it.<br />
On two occasions he has sought a job<br />
in a commercial house during its dull<br />
season. When he got it, he was assumed<br />
to be learning the business and the stock.<br />
Having been paid for doing no work for<br />
several months, he deserted when the<br />
rush season came and when the work<br />
became hard.<br />
The fourth boy came to me one day<br />
to ask a question. It was rather an intelligent<br />
question and I was delighted<br />
because it indicated that I had misjudged<br />
him. I began to answer. He listened<br />
for a few moments and then broke in<br />
with:<br />
"I hope you are enjoying yourself. It<br />
doesn't even amuse me."<br />
He then turned on his heel and walked<br />
away.<br />
The fifth of these boys presents a<br />
peculiarly striking example of my point.<br />
His father met a misfortune in business<br />
some time ago. and. for months, was<br />
terribly "hard up". Although the boy is<br />
now of age. he displayed not the slightest<br />
indication that he felt any responsibility<br />
for helping to keep the family together.<br />
Assuming obligations was clearly not in<br />
his line. But he did complain bitterly<br />
because the home table was not supplied<br />
with the delicacies which he enjoyed.<br />
These five boys have had no such<br />
training as will develop any strength of<br />
character or build for financial success.<br />
I am wondering what they will do when<br />
forced to get into business to support<br />
themselves. I am wondering how they<br />
will stand the gaff when subjected to the<br />
ordeal where success can be won only by<br />
close application and by taking hard<br />
knocks. I wonder whether they will<br />
stand by those principles which alone can<br />
win, as did the ten men, or whether they<br />
will turn out as did the other five—unprincipled,<br />
unreliable, and without any<br />
real success to their credit.<br />
As I see this great business game, success<br />
comes at the end of an enduring<br />
contest. To endure, however, one must<br />
have strength, but the essence of strength<br />
is stamina and the life of stamina is<br />
moral training. Because it is the first<br />
requisite of business success, I say that<br />
moral training is the most valuable of<br />
all training. I say further that the youth<br />
of the present generation are being<br />
taught to be business failures because<br />
they are getting no moral education at<br />
all. Instead, by precept and example,<br />
they are drilled to be mentally dissolute<br />
and easy going—life from the start is<br />
satiated with sensuous luxury. And. we<br />
cannot build character and hence business<br />
success on that.<br />
I am no stickler for church-going, although<br />
I regard it highly. I do say,<br />
however, that every penny's worth of<br />
strict morality that is added to a young<br />
man's capital before he reaches the age<br />
of twenty-one is bound to bring him a<br />
dollar's worth of business success. The<br />
moral prostitute can make only a prostitute's<br />
hire: that always is a miserable<br />
pittance, and exacts an agony of discontent<br />
in later years far greater than its<br />
worth. The unmoral may prosper in exceptional<br />
cases; the)- doubtless would<br />
prosper immeasurably better if they had<br />
a working capital of sterling honesty to<br />
fall back upon. Usually—and you and I<br />
cannot think of ourselves as exceptions—<br />
the straight man, the man with strict<br />
moral training', is the big business success.
-3^<br />
MAKING MECHANICAL<br />
SWALLOWS<br />
MAKING AND ASSEMBLING THE WINGS OF A FLYER<br />
The expert workman above chisels out the staunch wing ribs from the<br />
strongest, finest-grained and lightest wood to be had. Then every surface<br />
is smoothed to a finish comparable to that on fine furniture, and the parts<br />
pass on to the assembling plant. The photograph below slmws the half<br />
i .1 plane nearly completed.
210 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
t^<br />
THE STRUTS AND THE LANDING SKIDS<br />
Between the planes of an aircraft the strong supports of ash shown<br />
above are placed. These hold the wings rigidly together. Below<br />
are a pair of landing skids which are built to absorb the shock<br />
when the aeroplane lights a little harder than usual.<br />
'ma&ms*~,- *
MAKING MECHANICAL SWALLOWS 211<br />
THE METAL WORKERS<br />
Steel and aluminum play a prominent role in the fuselage of<br />
the modern biplane and monoplane. These parts are carefully<br />
worked and calculated to withstand the maximum of stress I- r<br />
the minimum of weight. Below, workmen are assembling the<br />
skeleton of a speed monoplane.
212 ILLUSTRATE. ^
WHAT CAN BE DONE<br />
TO PREVENT BALDNESS ?<br />
by William Brady M.D.<br />
k LOPECIA, as physicians call it our friend the barber in his tonsorial<br />
f\ —they always tack a fancy title operations.<br />
/_» n a disease when they know The baldness of children is a rare con<br />
/ % little or nothing about it— dition in which there is a congenital<br />
comes in many forms. There absence of hair follicles or an arrested<br />
is alopecia adnata, which signifies that development of the hair follicles or roots.<br />
some people are born bald. Then we We know nothing of the cause, and can<br />
have alopecia senilis, implying that a give no advice in regard to escaping it.<br />
favored few live long enough to achieve The baldness of old men, beginning<br />
it. But the most painful, the most well along past middle age, is an expres<br />
cowardly type of baldness is alopecia sion of general lowering of nutrition and<br />
prematura, which is thrust upon us bv tendencv to atrophv incident to advancing 1<br />
"The Frequency of a Shampoo Is Insignificant—<br />
It Must Be Done Often<br />
Enough to Keep the Scalp Clean"<br />
#<br />
J
214 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
'Baldness Is More Frequent Anions Brain Workers than Among<br />
Manual Laborers'*<br />
years, appearing earlier or later according<br />
to the physiological and not the<br />
chronological age of the individual.<br />
A fourth form of baldness is called<br />
alopecia areata, baldness in irregular<br />
spots, due, in some cases, to a parasitic<br />
invasion of the denuded area ; in others<br />
apparently caused by grave nutritional<br />
disturbance accompanying some serious<br />
ailment of the nervous system, and in<br />
still others being - a symptom of constitutional<br />
disease.<br />
Theories in explanation of premature<br />
baldness are put forward in bewildering<br />
array by numerous authorities, not including<br />
the barbers themselves, and most<br />
of the theories have some foundation in<br />
fact. The subject is comparable with<br />
tuberculosis. It may be granted that<br />
there are innumerable contributing or<br />
predisposing factors which tend to lower<br />
resistance in one way or another, but<br />
only one essential factor for the transfer<br />
of the disease, namely, infection.<br />
Thus, Dr. Pincus dwelt upon the<br />
hereditary factor, which he said was inherently<br />
a tight or stretched scalp<br />
muscle peculiar to certain families.<br />
Indeed, Pincus considered this the<br />
only predisposing cause of premature<br />
baldness.<br />
Professor Jamieson vigorously<br />
upheld the theory that premature<br />
baldness is more frequent among<br />
brain workers because the same<br />
nerves supply brain coverings and<br />
the scalp itself and irritation or<br />
congestion of the brain reflexly disturbs<br />
the nutrition of the scalp.<br />
Plausible, isn't it, brainy reader?<br />
Dr. King, however, puts forward<br />
the compression theory, attributing<br />
baldness to the compression by<br />
hatbands and tight caps of the<br />
frontal, temporal and occipital<br />
arteries which nourish<br />
the scalp. He ascribes to<br />
differences in the shape of<br />
the head the varying areas<br />
of baldness in different individuals,<br />
insisting, for instance,<br />
that the tuft often<br />
preserved in the middle of the forehead<br />
owes its life to the fact that it is nourished<br />
by two little arteries which escape<br />
pressure by passing up the forehead in<br />
concavities between the frontal eminences.<br />
Others take issue with him, and<br />
ascribe the persistent forelock to the fact<br />
that it lies over the belly of the scalp<br />
muscle, is freely movable, and has a less<br />
tense substratum for its bed.<br />
Professor Ellinger considers the daily<br />
wetting of the hair an important cause<br />
of premature baldness. Water forms an<br />
emulsion with the natural oil or sebum<br />
of the scalp and hair, and this emulsion<br />
dries and plugs the hair follicle, damming<br />
up the sebum in the follicle and so producing<br />
atrophy or wasting of the hair<br />
root. Every theory, you see, is as sound<br />
as a dollar. Any one of them is sufficient<br />
to sell a hair tonic or commend a new<br />
treatment.<br />
The abnormally tight or stretched<br />
scalp which Pincus deems the important<br />
factor may be brought about, he asserts,<br />
by anxiety of mind, depression of spirits<br />
which the subject struggles against,
WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT BALDNESS? 21;<br />
though not by reverses which the subject<br />
takes philosophically. This theory does<br />
not fit well with the popular idea of the<br />
good-naturedness of bald-headed men—<br />
but as a matter of fact bald pates are no<br />
better natured than men with movie<br />
adornment of the loveliest kind. The<br />
foolish, apologetic smile on the countenance<br />
of a bald-headed man is no criterion<br />
of the way he treats his wife.<br />
Dr. Parker, some years ago, presented<br />
a strong thesis in support of the idea<br />
that certain toxins formed in the lungs<br />
when breathing is habitually shallow or<br />
the subject confined in bad air, are concerned<br />
in the production of premature<br />
baldness. He declared that insufficient<br />
expansion of the upper part of the lung,<br />
the apex, was accountable for the<br />
trouble, and that women, being chest<br />
breathers perforce, seldom go bald.<br />
Getting down to the real science of<br />
alopecia, there are three characteristic<br />
stages. First, unnatural oiliness of scalp<br />
and hair, which is called seborrhoea,<br />
that is, excessive flow of sebum from the<br />
oil glands which discharge their secretion<br />
"Brushing the Scalp Is a<br />
Measure of the Utmost<br />
Value in Postponing Baldness"<br />
upon the base of the hair shaft, and normally<br />
keep the skin and hair soft and<br />
pliable. Second, dandruff, known as<br />
seborrhoea sicca, drying of the secretion<br />
and the unsightly scales and crusts that<br />
fall upon the shoulders. Finally, falling<br />
of the hair.<br />
Lassar and Bishop contributed to our<br />
knowledge the contagious character of<br />
dandruff. They took dandruff scales<br />
from the head of a student who was<br />
losing his hair, mixed them with a little<br />
vaseline and rubbed the material into the<br />
back of a guinea pig, much as a barber<br />
might massage your scalp for you, if you<br />
were foolish enough to let him. The pig<br />
presently became bald. Professor Sabouraud<br />
rallies to the support of his colleagues<br />
by discovering that the whole<br />
business, seborrhoea, dandruff and falling<br />
hair, is caused by a very minute parasite<br />
which burrows its way down alongside of<br />
the hair shaft, reaches the oil gland always<br />
connected with the hair shaft, sets<br />
up chronic irritation and inflammation of<br />
the gland, causing its excessive outpouring<br />
of oil, and finally arrives at the fol-
116 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
This Exercise Loosens the Scalp and Keeps It Healthy<br />
licle or hair root, which it proceeds to<br />
destroy, not so rapidly, of course, but just<br />
as surely in the end as does the electric<br />
needle. Upon this pestiferous microbe<br />
Sabouraud has conferred the title microbacillus<br />
Sabouraitdii. And it is the most<br />
tenacious little bug a man ever got in<br />
his bonnet!<br />
Now we. have the whole matter before<br />
us as clear as any one could wish. Resistance<br />
lowered by heredity, faulty personal<br />
hygiene, unhygienic clothing, bad<br />
care of scalp. Bugs gratuitously contributed<br />
by the barber, who doesn't know<br />
how to be sterile or aseptic, in the first<br />
place, and sees no need of it in the next<br />
place—for unfortunately Sabouraud's<br />
ubiquitous little germ is as invisible as<br />
"cold" microbes in the gentle spray of an<br />
open-face sneeze.<br />
We've got the bug. What are we<br />
going to do about it ? Just rub in some<br />
antiseptic and kill it? That would seem<br />
the simplest thing in the world to any but<br />
the medical mind. Alas, it can't be done.<br />
As a matter of fact, no antiseptic substance<br />
has yet been discovered which<br />
will destroy germs in the living tissues<br />
of the body (in, not on the surface)<br />
without dangerously injuring the tissues.<br />
We have no antiseptic powerful enough<br />
to kill germs in the skin without destroy<br />
ing the skin itself. Many a remedy purports<br />
to accomplish this miracle, it is true,<br />
but it can't be done. Such germs as may<br />
have invaded the hair follicles must be<br />
destroyed, if at all, by the natural defensive<br />
forces of the body.<br />
Our preventive effort<br />
should be directed toward<br />
aiding these natural defensive<br />
forces and warding<br />
off further invasions and<br />
reinforcement of the enemy.<br />
If there is an agent<br />
which, without seriously injuring<br />
the scalp, possesses<br />
real germicidal power in<br />
the tissue of the scalp, it is<br />
light. All the sunlight the<br />
scalp will stand, short of<br />
sunburn or sunstroke, is beneficial<br />
to the vitality of the hair. The reason<br />
why dark-haired people more commonly<br />
become bald than light haired<br />
people is that dark hair excludes light<br />
from the scalp. Yet the Indians did<br />
not go bald—but, then, they never visited<br />
a barber shop, so they harbored no microbacilli<br />
to destroy their hair. Possibly<br />
ultra-violet (not the violet ray) light may<br />
be a good substitute for sunlight. The<br />
ultra-violet light may be applied cold,<br />
thus making- a larger dose applicable than<br />
the subject can stand in the heat of the<br />
sun. Of course, sunlight includes ultraviolet<br />
as well as violet rays.<br />
Cleanliness aids nature's defensive<br />
forces by removing irritation. A shampoo,<br />
however, is rather an evil necessity<br />
of civilized life and not particularly beneficial<br />
to the hair. Animals living wild<br />
require no scrubbing to keep themselves<br />
perfectly clean. The dust and grime of<br />
civilization, retained upon the body by<br />
clothing, makes bathing and shampooing<br />
more or less essential for cleanliness.<br />
The frequency oi a shampoo is insignificant—it<br />
must be done often enough to<br />
keep the scalp clean. The kind of soap<br />
is also insignific.r.t—any soap fit for the<br />
skin is fit for the "air and scalp. But it<br />
is very important to rinse *;he scalp and
WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT BALDNESS? 217<br />
hair several times to remove all soap, tightness of the scalp, as we have already<br />
with several changes of first warm and explained. Massage, therefore, should<br />
then cooler water. It is also important loosen the scalp by lifting it up in folds<br />
to dry the hair and scalp as thoroughly and rolling these folds between the<br />
and promptly as possible, and then to rub fingers. It is an exercise, and better<br />
into the scalp any oil, such as vaseline, in when done by the individual himself.<br />
small quantity, just sufficient to replace Grasp the scalp with the wide open hand,<br />
the oil removed by washing. Medica forcibly draw the fingers toward the<br />
ments may be incorporated with this oil)' palm, heaping up a little fold of scalp<br />
application, such as salicylic acid or sul under them. Go over the entire scalp in<br />
phur or resorcin (\'/i or 2% of either) this way, changing hands occasionally,<br />
for excessive oiliness of the scalp and for the hand soon tires, until the whole<br />
hair, or higher proportions for more head glows.<br />
troublesome dandruff.<br />
A modern method which is of un<br />
Brushing and massage are measures of doubted potency in the treatment of pre<br />
the utmost value in postponing baldness. mature loss of hair is the ultra-violet ray.<br />
From the very ease with which a man's This must not be confused with the com<br />
hair is dressed he neglects to brush it paratively useless violet ray lamp. The<br />
enough to stimulate the scalp. Some ultra-violet ray is colorless; it is the<br />
thing like a hundred strokes of the brush actinic or chemical ray beyond the violet<br />
each night and morning would be a fair in the spectrum, and capable of inducing<br />
amount of brushing for the average scalp. powerful physiological changes which<br />
The hair brush should be one which is the violet light cannot produce at all.<br />
not injured by boiling. There are at least The ultra-violet ray is obtained from a<br />
two popular brushes which meet this powerful electric light which is passed<br />
demand—the so-called prophylactic and through a lens in which cold water con<br />
the ideal. The former is better for men's tinuously circulates, absorbing the heat<br />
hair and the latter for women's. The but not the light. The cool ray is then<br />
brush should be shampooed as often as focused upon the area to be treated<br />
the seal]), and at least dipped in boiling through a quartz lens, not an ordinarv<br />
water to disinfect it. A man should lose glass lens. The ultra-violet apparatus<br />
no time in getting home from the barber simply places the power of sunlight,<br />
shop to take a thorough shampoo, includ which we know is the greatest germicide<br />
ing the hair brush.<br />
and the strongest stimulant of growth<br />
Massage of the seal]) is the remedy and nutrition man can endure, within the<br />
which has given more than one alleged control of the physician at any time of<br />
hair tonic a reputation. Outside of a few any kind of day or night. In the average<br />
medicaments which seem to exert some case of falling hair, when there is not an<br />
effect upon oily and dry dandruff, it is excessive seborrhoea (oily condition of<br />
foolish to imagine that irritants or chem scalp or dandruff), three treatments with<br />
icals of any sort can improve the growth the ultra-violet ray. given fortnightly,<br />
of the hair. A "hair tonic" is about as stop the process. In more advanced<br />
logical a thing as a tooth tonic, a skin cases further treatments are desirable.<br />
tonic, a nail tonic or a brain food. And Perhaps the ultra-violet ray—which of<br />
pasting a French name on it doesn't alter course no barber or other unskilled oper<br />
the fact in the least.<br />
ator can manage—and massage offer the<br />
It is questionable whether the manipu greatest hope to the victim of premature<br />
lations a barber calls massage are worth loss of hair.<br />
while. The purpose of scalp massage Eternal cleanliness is the price of a<br />
is to increase the nutrition of the hair good head of hair. Premature baldness<br />
follicles by improving the blood supply. will prevail until the coming of the asep<br />
Tin- bio • 1 supply is poor because of the tic barber anil the aerated lid.
CAMPHOR-A NEW AMERICAN<br />
INDUSTRY<br />
By W. F. FRENCH<br />
PRIMITIVE CAMPHOR STILLS USED ON THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA<br />
w<br />
HEN Germany said to her<br />
chemists: "Make us a<br />
synthetic product to break<br />
the monopoly of Japan",<br />
an army of industrial<br />
investigators and constructive chemists<br />
entered the field, and within an<br />
amazingly short time not only was synthetic<br />
camphor being made on a commercial<br />
basis in Germany, but also in France<br />
and America. The result of this compaign<br />
was almost instantaneous and<br />
within a year the Japanese were compelled<br />
not only to abandon their idea of<br />
steadily increasing the price of camphor<br />
but actually to sell their product at about<br />
half what they were charging when the<br />
synthetic material was first placed on the<br />
international market.<br />
One of the most interesting developments<br />
of these investigations was the<br />
'».V<br />
discovery that the only chemical difference<br />
between camphor and turpentine is<br />
that camphor (C10H10O) contains one<br />
atom of oxygen, while turpentine<br />
(C10H1C) does not. Therefore the problem<br />
of making camphor resolved itself<br />
into the process of adding one atom of<br />
oxygen to pure turpentine. This process,<br />
however, is by no means as simple as<br />
may appear. But indefatigable science<br />
conquered and synthetic camphor was<br />
produced which in no way differed from<br />
the finest product being imported from<br />
Japan.<br />
So it would seem that at last this commercial<br />
maverick had been branded by<br />
science, had been harnessed in its proper<br />
place in industry, and had finally been<br />
labeled accurately and card-indexed. But<br />
apparently the temperamental Laurus<br />
Camphora had no intention of surrender-
*^<br />
CAMPHOR—A NEW AMERICAN INDUSTRY 219<br />
f<br />
The Leaves and Berries<br />
These give two per cent of crude<br />
camphor when boiled.<br />
A Cake of Refined Camphor<br />
as It Is Sold Commercially<br />
ing its personality<br />
and permitting itself<br />
to be ground out by<br />
machinery, much<br />
after the fashion of<br />
bologna sausage.<br />
Consequently it opened a new<br />
chapter of its romance by presenting<br />
a new angle that completely<br />
put out of business the<br />
commercial concerns that had<br />
wielded the synthetic product<br />
to break the Japanese monopoly. And<br />
so the maker of artificial camphor followed<br />
the other victims of this commercial<br />
Lorelei, the native camphor-gatherer,<br />
the head-hunter and the Japanese monopolist,<br />
into oblivion. While some of<br />
the manufacturers of synthetic camphor<br />
indicate their determination to<br />
hold on, most of them quietly struck<br />
their tents and sought other fields.<br />
The efficient German was first into<br />
the field and first out. Because<br />
of the tremendous demand<br />
for turpentine, because<br />
of its constantly increasing<br />
cost, and because of the growing<br />
scarcity of the pine tree<br />
from which turpentine is se<br />
cured, the Germans realized<br />
some time ago that the latest<br />
development in camphor production made<br />
it i.nwise to continue the manufacture of<br />
synthetic camphor.<br />
As may be expected the latest kink in<br />
the production of camphor effects as<br />
radical a revolution in the industry as<br />
any of its previous eccentricities.<br />
Some years ago a Yankee agricultural<br />
student got a notion that if there was<br />
camphor in the camphor tree there was<br />
camphor in the camphor brush. So he<br />
planted camphor trees and then cut them<br />
down when the brush reached a height<br />
of about two feet. Sure enough, he<br />
found traces of camphor in the cut brush,<br />
but not in quantities sufficient to justify<br />
its harvesting as a commercial<br />
proposition.<br />
But, figured other<br />
Americans, and Englishmen,<br />
too, if there is camphor<br />
in the brush there<br />
must be camphor in the<br />
leaves and the twigs. So<br />
tests were made almost<br />
simultaneously in America,<br />
in Malaya and in<br />
East Africa. The test camphor<br />
wood, twigs and leaves were<br />
shipped from Jamaica for the<br />
American experiments and determinations.<br />
The results obtained<br />
at the University of Kansas<br />
showed the following percentage<br />
Chopping a Camphor Tree to Pieces for the Purpose of Distilling<br />
the Chips—the Aboriginal Method
220 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
of crude camphor secured from the various<br />
parts of the camphor tree:<br />
Wood 0.61%<br />
Twigs 1.50%<br />
Green Leaves 2.37%<br />
Dried Leaves 2.52%<br />
Dead Leaves 1.39$<br />
And further, the camphor tree is made<br />
to bear profitably at the age of six or<br />
seven years by giving up its leaves and<br />
twigs, and to bear annually. So instead<br />
of waiting until the tree becomes fifty<br />
years old and then killing it the modern<br />
process is to harvest yearly, thus securing<br />
many times as much camphor without<br />
destroying the tree. In fact, when<br />
the trees are correctly placed to form<br />
hedges and then properly trimmed they<br />
not only yield a satisfactory harvest of<br />
camphor each year but also afford a<br />
'most desirable ornamental or shade tree.<br />
Although camphor can be secured by<br />
distilling the fallen leaves, for the actual<br />
benefit to the tree, for its appearance and<br />
for the quality and quantity of camphor<br />
secured it is much better practice to trim<br />
back the trees each year and immediately<br />
distill the fresh trimmings. In this connection<br />
the United States Department of<br />
Agriculture has to say :<br />
"After the spring growth begins there<br />
occurs the fall of the leaves twelve and<br />
eighteen months old. Under normal<br />
conditions all leaves remain on the tree<br />
one full year. Distillations made from<br />
leaves of different ages showed a slight<br />
decrease in camphor content after maturity<br />
is reached, but a large proportion<br />
of the camphor remains in the leaf until<br />
it falls. Distillations from dead leaves<br />
fallen from the tree gave a yield of two<br />
per cent of oil of camphor. The loss of<br />
camphor in the leaf as it matures and<br />
dies is greater, however, than the percentages<br />
show, since there is also a loss<br />
of water and a consequent decrease in the<br />
weight of the material.<br />
"With the twigs the difference is still<br />
greater. At the close of the growing<br />
season the twigs were found to contain as<br />
high a percentage of camphor as the<br />
leaves on them, but the yield from older<br />
twigs was very low. This is due to the<br />
fact that in the twigs the camphor is in<br />
the bark and almost none is localized in<br />
the new wood." (This is because there<br />
is practically no camphor in the wood of<br />
the tree until after it reaches the age of<br />
ten.)<br />
"These experiments show that if the<br />
hedges are trimmed at the end of each<br />
growing season a maximum quantity of<br />
camphor is obtained with a minimum of<br />
useless material to handle. The hedges<br />
can be trimmed by machinery, so that the<br />
cost of harvesting will be small, and with<br />
some minor changes some types of machines<br />
now in use can be utilized. The<br />
Department of Agriculture is working on<br />
the problem, but as yet the tests are incomplete.<br />
After cutting, the trimmings<br />
should be taken to the distilling plant at<br />
once, since if they are allowed to dry in<br />
the sun or remain exposed to the dew<br />
and rain there is some loss of camphor."<br />
Camphor finds about as ready sale as<br />
steel—it is in ever increasing demand.<br />
It is easier to enumerate what camphor<br />
is not used for than what it is used for.<br />
It is not used for many things that it<br />
can be used for and will be used for when<br />
America is producing camphor. At present,<br />
however, camphor is perhaps the<br />
most widely used of any drug, its medicinal<br />
uses are innumerable; it is a great<br />
insecticide, it is famed as a purifier, it is a<br />
fever remedy. Tremendous quantities of<br />
camphor are used in the conversion of<br />
cellulose nitrate into celluloid and it is a<br />
most important item in the pyroxylin<br />
plastic industry in the United States. It<br />
is used extensively in the manufacture of<br />
artificial leather and for imitation rubber.<br />
The photographic film manufacture alone<br />
could practically use up the entire camphor<br />
product at present, in consideration<br />
of the volume of movie films being manufactured.<br />
That the world at large is rapidly<br />
awakening to the value of camphor is<br />
emphasized by the fact that England has<br />
planted the camphor tree in large quantities<br />
in many of her provinces and is<br />
using every method to facilitate the
CAMPHOR—A NEW AMERICAN INDUSTRY 221<br />
better growth, harvesting and refining of<br />
camphor. Right now camphor is grown<br />
in Japan, Formosa, Ceylon, Borneo,<br />
Jamaica, East Africa, India, the United<br />
States, and perhaps in many other countries.<br />
Now as to the growing of the camphor<br />
tree in the United States. The camphor<br />
tree is hardy, it can stand a temperature<br />
that falls to fifteen degrees above zero.<br />
In fact it can stand a good deal colder<br />
weather than can the Southern and Western<br />
fruit groves. A frost that is severe<br />
enough to kill fruit trees will only kill the<br />
smaller branches and twigs of the cam<br />
phor tree, and then the parts killed can be<br />
distilled and turned into camphor. Even<br />
if the whole trees were frozen and killed<br />
to the ground they would renew themselves<br />
from the roots in one year, according<br />
to S. C. Hood. And even then the<br />
camphor secured from the deadwood<br />
would title the grower through until his<br />
new crop came into bearing, in all<br />
pri 'liability.<br />
The Department of Agriculture estimates<br />
that camphor trees planted in<br />
hedges, fifteen feet apart with the<br />
plants six feet apart in the row.<br />
grown and trimmed to eight feet high,<br />
will give about eight thousand pounds of<br />
trimmings per acre for each two cuttings,<br />
making a total of eight tons per acre each<br />
year. This will give from one hundred<br />
seventy-five to two hundred pounds of<br />
marketable camphor per acre. The usual<br />
yield of pure gum camphor from leaves<br />
and twigs, according to the government<br />
figures, is from 1.35 to 1.50 per cent, calculated<br />
on the green weight of the material.<br />
Just now pure gum camphor is<br />
wholesaling at about eighty cents a<br />
pound. According to the estimate above<br />
THIS HUSKY CAMPHOR TREE IS A FLORIDA PRODUCT<br />
mentioned this would mean that about<br />
$150.00 an acre could be obtained from<br />
the camphor hedges.<br />
Of course these figures are only estimates,<br />
but they are worth the attention of<br />
the farmer who has sandy spots on his<br />
southern land that he might wish to<br />
utilize, especially as a competent authority<br />
predicts that within the next ten years<br />
the camphor industry of the Lmited<br />
States will likely reach twenty-five million<br />
dollars, or even more. It is a matter<br />
well worth considering.
ARE HENS' EGGS WORTH<br />
EATING?<br />
By RENE B ACHE<br />
EGGS SHOULD DE SOLD DY WEICI1T<br />
This representative half dozen, culled from three crates in one grocery store, shows how widely ordinary eggs vary in<br />
size. Seven eggs, of the size of the one on the extreme left, make a pound, while nineteen to a pound was the count of<br />
the "marble" on the right end of this array.<br />
I N order to answer this question in a<br />
way that will be useful to the<br />
American housewife, the Government<br />
Office of Home Economics has<br />
devoted to it an exhaustive study.<br />
It has reached the conclusion that the<br />
most important usefulness of eggs in the<br />
diet is as a substitute for meat. Beef<br />
and eggs are much alike in composition.<br />
But eggs, even at a rather high price per<br />
dozen, are cheaper than meat and equally<br />
satisfying.<br />
They require less time, less fuel, and<br />
less labor for cooking than most other<br />
foods, and for this reason their use as a<br />
hot dish at a meal may often be an<br />
economy. Without question a reason for<br />
the popularity of eggs in most households<br />
is that they can be so easily and<br />
quickly prepared in appetizing ways.<br />
A dietary study of one hundred fifteen<br />
women college students showed that,<br />
when one principal dish was served at a<br />
meal, the quantity required to satisfy all<br />
appetites was, of beefsteak, thirty-six<br />
pounds; of mutton chops, forty-five<br />
pounds; of hamburg steak, twenty-four<br />
pounds; of sausage, thirty pounds; and<br />
of eggs, only fifteen pounds.<br />
Nearly three-fourths of an egg is<br />
222<br />
water. It contains 13^> per cent of<br />
protein (the stuff that makes blood and<br />
muscle), 10,^2 per cent of fat, and 1 per<br />
cent of mineral matter. The fat is concentrated<br />
fuel for running the body machine<br />
; the mineral matter goes to make<br />
bones and other tissue.<br />
Sirloin steak is 54 per cent water, 16}/S<br />
per cent protein, 16 per cent fat, and 1<br />
per cent mineral matter. The refuse is<br />
a trifle more than in the case of eggs.<br />
Thus one sees that there is no truth<br />
in the commonly-accepted notion that an<br />
egg contains as much nutriment as a<br />
pound of meat. Indeed, a pound of beef<br />
contains more nutriment than a pound<br />
of eggs; and it takes eight average eggs<br />
to weigh a pound. But the percentage<br />
composition of the two is approximately<br />
the same.<br />
The white of an egg is practically pure<br />
albumen; but the yolk is composed of a<br />
great variety of substances, including<br />
fatty matters, phosphorus, iron, calcium,<br />
magnesium, and half of 1 per cent of a<br />
pigment that gives it its yellow color. No<br />
wonder, then, that eggs are so valuable<br />
as food for man.<br />
One constituent of the egg albumen,<br />
by the way, is sulphur. It is this min-
ARE HENS' EGGS WORTH EATING? 223<br />
eral element that stains the egg-spoon<br />
black—the sulphur combining with silver<br />
to form a sulphide of the latter metal.<br />
The housewife prefers eggs that have<br />
yolks of a deep-yellow color. She thinks<br />
that they give to her cake or custard<br />
more richness. Nor is her idea on this<br />
point without reason ; for such yolks have<br />
a higher flavor.<br />
This desirable color, it appears, is contributed<br />
chiefly by green feed. If hens<br />
have not enough of this kind of feed, the<br />
yolks of the eggs they lay will be of a<br />
pale tint. This is a useful hint for producers<br />
who cater to the "fancy" market,<br />
where deep-colored yolks are at a<br />
premium.<br />
The fancy market also demands eggs<br />
whose whites shall, when cooked, be as<br />
white as possible, and not tinged with<br />
color. It is even important that the<br />
whites shall match. The head-waiter in<br />
a high-class restaurant nowadays would<br />
make a row in the kitchen if two poached<br />
eggs were served to one of his patrons,<br />
one of t h e m<br />
clear white and<br />
the other<br />
greenish-white<br />
or yellowishwhite.<br />
These of<br />
course are<br />
mere details,<br />
but they have<br />
market importance.<br />
In New-<br />
York City, by<br />
the way, eggs<br />
w i t h white<br />
shells command<br />
five cents more<br />
a dozen than<br />
brown - shelled<br />
f&G tV///r£T<br />
H/SS0/./E:<br />
224<br />
PUTTING OUT A SMALL FIRE<br />
conflagration got an energetic start, but because of thorough fire drill the iackies had it out fifteen<br />
minutes after it was discovered.
HOW TO GET ON<br />
A Business Series of Practical<br />
Inspiration<br />
I.<br />
THE ESSENTIALS<br />
OF BIG SUCCESS<br />
By Max Rittenberg<br />
(Au thor of Swirling Wa ters. The Modern<br />
Chesterfield,' The Mind Reader,etc)<br />
O N E of our foremost financiers,<br />
speaking of his career,<br />
once made an observation<br />
combining modesty with a<br />
very profound truth of human<br />
nature. "I attribute my success,"<br />
he said in effect, "to having gathered<br />
around me men who were more capable<br />
than myself in various specialized directions."<br />
That statement would probably hold<br />
good for ninety-nine per cent of our<br />
field-marshals of industry. Their own<br />
special ability has been their faculty for<br />
picking out the special abilities of others<br />
— recognizing, choosing, fostering,<br />
moulding, co-ordinating. They have<br />
made their fortunes by their shrewdness<br />
in judging, and their tactfulness in handling,<br />
the raw material of human nature.<br />
In the complex of modern business, no<br />
man but a super-genius could hope to<br />
combine in himself the ideals of buyer,<br />
sales manager, advertising manager, accountant,<br />
credit man, works' superintendent.<br />
There may have been a time when<br />
a business could be run with a cast of<br />
one "star" and a company of "supers,"<br />
but emphatically it is not so today. The<br />
big employer aims to find men cleverer<br />
than himself in specialized directions; to<br />
train them, to mould them on the lines of<br />
his general policy, and to treat them so<br />
generously that loyalty need not be<br />
strained or ambition feel stultified.<br />
There are men who possess by nature<br />
the gift of character-reading. There are<br />
many.others who have trained themselves<br />
to judge character, crystallizing their<br />
observation into definite rules for their<br />
private guidance. A certain superintendent<br />
in a large factory engages all hands<br />
himself. His procedure is to keep a line<br />
of applicants waiting outside his private<br />
office for a full half-hour. Then, unexpectedly,<br />
he comes out from the office<br />
and walks rapidly down the line, looking<br />
for:<br />
Drinkers.<br />
Men with an open sign of disease.<br />
Men who do not meet his glance direct.<br />
Men who are standing slack-kneed.<br />
Men who shuffle their feet.<br />
He eliminates all applicants with those<br />
22i
226 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
stigmata, and then interviews<br />
privately, one<br />
by one, the remainder.<br />
For the engaging of<br />
workmen, it is a shortcut<br />
system towards se-<br />
1 e c t i n g the efficient.<br />
For clerks or shopassistants,<br />
elimination<br />
would be based on<br />
other factors as well.<br />
The staff superintendent<br />
of a big department<br />
store tells me that he<br />
lays great stress on<br />
healthy teeth, as a<br />
physical symptom, and<br />
well-cared-for hands,<br />
as a mental symptom.<br />
Another manager uses<br />
as a mental test the<br />
questions: "What work<br />
do you like best?"<br />
"What is your ambition<br />
?"<br />
Unquestionably the work which a man<br />
likes best will be, in the long run, the<br />
work he will do best. The red-blooded<br />
workers are the happy workers. The<br />
happy workers are those who have found<br />
congenial occupation. The enthusiasm of<br />
youth or the rhythmic, steady drive of<br />
middle-age is only harnessed fullpowered<br />
to the work which gives joy in<br />
the doing. And consequently, the employer<br />
who looks beyond the immediate<br />
present is anxious to give to his men<br />
and women employes, so far as practicable,<br />
the work that each feels most congenial.<br />
In that counting-house with its<br />
row of young men bending over ledgers,<br />
there will be some who have a natural<br />
liking for the recording of the results of<br />
other men's efforts, and there will be<br />
some who vastly prefer to be the effortworkers<br />
and let others record. One boy<br />
would shrink from the snubbings and the<br />
humiliating experiences of the embryo<br />
traveler; another would feel a keen<br />
pleasure in the making of sales against<br />
the obstacles of circumstances.<br />
It is for the employer to watch ' for<br />
Everywhere Youth and Age Are<br />
Busily Engaged in Seeking the<br />
Golden Opportunity<br />
signs of specialized ability, and deliberately<br />
to make opportunity for the man or<br />
woman with the latent talent. In too<br />
many small businesses repression is the<br />
order of the clay. That brand of employer<br />
is eternally afraid of demands for<br />
increased salary. He frowns on the<br />
ambitious. He discourages suggestions<br />
from underlings. He makes entrance to<br />
his private office a most uncomfortable<br />
ordeal.<br />
But the really big business men, with<br />
whom I have had the privilege of coming<br />
in contact, work on a very different<br />
policy. Having - studied human nature,<br />
they recognize that ambition in an employe<br />
is a positive asset to the business;<br />
that it pays better to pay large salaries<br />
to the capable than small salaries to the<br />
mediocre; that generosity begets generosity<br />
and loyalty begets loyalty.<br />
Further, they cultivate what has been<br />
termed "a wise blindness to weaknesses."<br />
No man is perfect. Human nature is<br />
always a patchwork quilt. So long as<br />
the foibles do not affect integrity or<br />
loyalty, the far-sighted business man
THE ESSENTIALS OF BUSINESS SUCCESS 227<br />
schools himself carefully to overlook<br />
them.<br />
So far I have touched on one phase<br />
only of the study of human nature: the<br />
employer's relation towards his assistants.<br />
Three men start grocery shops. One<br />
remains all his life a one-shop grocer;<br />
the second comes to own several establishments<br />
in the same town; a third<br />
develops to the ownership of a chain of<br />
shops scattered over the whole country.<br />
The latter sits in his central office in the<br />
metropolis, and by his knowledge of<br />
human nature in general, directs the policy<br />
of hundreds of shops which he may<br />
only visit in person once in several years.<br />
This is made possible because human<br />
nature in one town is much the same as<br />
human nature in another.<br />
I have in mind<br />
one such instance of<br />
a multiple- shopowner.<br />
The general<br />
policy of the business<br />
is to secure<br />
only a cash trade.<br />
No credit is given.<br />
Therefore a definite<br />
class of customer is<br />
obtained. A selling<br />
scheme, a plan for<br />
window display, a<br />
simple advertisement<br />
with an appeal<br />
to that definite grade<br />
of customer—these<br />
are devised in New<br />
York and applied<br />
b r oa d c a s t with a<br />
sure faith in the law<br />
of average.<br />
But while the<br />
business man can in<br />
private regard his<br />
customers as so<br />
much average human<br />
nature, in his<br />
public relation toward<br />
them he must<br />
'real them as individual<br />
units. Thev<br />
are persons of importance; their prejudices<br />
of taste are matters to be noted and<br />
remembered; even their hobbies are of<br />
moment. A manager of a large wholesale<br />
house keeps a card-index record of the<br />
personal affairs of each of his customers,<br />
and to this are added clippings from local<br />
papers made by an assistant who searches<br />
for items affecting the trade of different<br />
towns. When a retailer comes to the city<br />
and enters the establishment, his name is<br />
at once 'phoned up to the manager. A<br />
glance at the card-index file then gives all<br />
the essentials for a personal chat where<br />
the manager can convey the impression<br />
that the customer has been constantly in<br />
his memory ever since the last meeting.<br />
Another business man keeps a special<br />
note of his customers' hobbies, and makes<br />
a point of posting to them any newspaper
228 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
clippings or items of information likely to<br />
be of interest.<br />
And it is no secret that much of the<br />
"royal memory" which brings popularity<br />
to king or emperor is based on systematic<br />
recording and indexing. The subjects<br />
of a nation are the "customers" of the<br />
king, and in treating everyone with<br />
whom he comes in contact as an individual<br />
of importance, he is carrying into<br />
another sphere of life a principle which<br />
has helped many a business man to success.<br />
Tact—that little word which bulks so<br />
large in human relationships—is in<br />
essence a knowledge of human nature<br />
applied in daily life.<br />
There are those who are born with<br />
intuitive understanding of the right thing<br />
to do or say; there are many others who<br />
have deliberately trained themselves.<br />
Tact is unquestionably trainable. It follows<br />
on the systematic endeavor to understand<br />
the other man's point of view ;<br />
to regard it sympathetically even if one<br />
does not agree with it; to be prepared to<br />
make the minor concessions readily and<br />
cheerfully. To be tactful does not mean<br />
that one sacrifices one's principles or<br />
habitually gives more than one receives.<br />
It means the conceding of those little<br />
points which count for so much with<br />
average humanity.<br />
Very often the ambitious young man<br />
fails to realize the importance of cultivating<br />
tact. Possessing cleverness, he<br />
assumes that others will recognize and<br />
defer to brains. But, on the contrary,<br />
average humanity resents cleverness.<br />
The leaders it loves and follows are those<br />
who make no claim to be other than<br />
common clay. As Kipling phrased it in<br />
his splendid poem on leadership:<br />
. and yet not look too good nor talk too<br />
wise."<br />
I was once discussing with a railway<br />
manager the question of the scope for an<br />
ambitious young man in the head offices<br />
of a railway company. He said : "When<br />
we are promoting, we rank initiative<br />
before knowledge, and tact before<br />
brains." He proceeded to expand that<br />
theme. A man's working-day, he pointed<br />
out, consists of eight or ten hours. However<br />
clever he may be, his brain-output is<br />
inexorably limited by time. But the less<br />
clever and more tactful man can get<br />
others to follow his line of thought and<br />
carry out his plans with loyalty and harmony.<br />
He can multiply himself in the<br />
work of other men. He can thus create<br />
for himself a working-day of fifty, a<br />
hundred, a thousand hours. It was a<br />
forcible illustration of the administrative<br />
value of tact.<br />
For the young man in business, it is<br />
a most valuable character exercise to test<br />
how far he can make his personal influence<br />
extend. Whether he can persuade<br />
others to work in harmony With him.<br />
Whether he can get ready service from<br />
subordinates. Whether he can "make<br />
friends" quickly and easily. If he cannot<br />
do so, it is a sure sign that he is wanting<br />
in tactfulness, and a warning that in the<br />
future his administrative influence may<br />
be very limited unless he can acquire tact.<br />
An immensely valuable training can be<br />
secured if a young man is privileged to<br />
work in the same office and within sight<br />
and hearing of a tactful chief. The<br />
"open - office" system is not usual in England,<br />
though in America, for instance, it<br />
is a commonplace of business. There are,<br />
however, instances in England where a<br />
farsighted business man who wishes to<br />
train his subordinates allows them to<br />
watch how he handles his callers.<br />
Human nature is not a "book" subject<br />
It cannot be learnt in the simple routine<br />
manner of the student at college or technical<br />
institute. On the other hand, its<br />
study is free to all without expense. The<br />
volume of life is open. Its teachings are<br />
ubiquitous. Its laboratory is the whole<br />
world.<br />
Study the workings of the minds of<br />
men and women ; endeavor to understand<br />
their points of view with a tolerant sympathy<br />
; learn to concede those minor<br />
points which otherwise would make friction<br />
like dust in machinery; and you will<br />
acquire the most important mental asset<br />
for success in business life.
JUST PROPHECIES<br />
irmHPIAT FILM '.tnviCE<br />
THIS PIPE DREAM CAME FROM A GERMAN MEERSCHAUM<br />
Jin- United States could run one boat a month past the submarine blockade about France—if that boat<br />
tarried no contraband and was painted from how to stern in this ridiculous fashion. Such was the decree<br />
of Germany a short time ago.<br />
A NEW WAY TO DESTROY BATTLESHIPS AT ANCHOR<br />
Diver Barringer lately attempted to demonstrate how he could attach a bomb to a warship at anchor:<br />
bis trial was a failure, however, owing to the coldness of the water at the bottom of thi- Hudson River.<br />
129
230<br />
THE FINEST OF DOG<br />
HOUSES
CorrfliOMr—UNDt«woOO * UrlOEHWOOO<br />
BROUGHT HOME BY THE SEARCHLIGHT<br />
Uninjured by the storm of bullets that pursued him, this French aviator returns in his Bourget plane<br />
from a night scouting trip over the German trenches. His guiding beacon was the powerful searchlight<br />
shown at the left of the photograph.
GAS-DRIVEN OCEAN<br />
FREIGHTERS<br />
By MONROE WOOLLEY<br />
T R A V E L E R S from Norway<br />
report that the population of<br />
the country is ship mad. The<br />
fact is, marine mania is a<br />
world malady now, and the<br />
masses are ready to take "flyers" in ship<br />
investments. In Norway everyone, from<br />
the servant girl to the capitalist, is investing<br />
eagerly all surplus savings in<br />
ships.<br />
This craze is working such damage to<br />
other industrial projects, due to a pronounced<br />
scarcity of capital for other enterprises,<br />
that the Norwegian Government<br />
has been compelled to forbid the<br />
purchase of additional ships by its citizens<br />
without the government's permission.<br />
What is taking place in Norway is<br />
being likewise enacted in our own country.<br />
Especially is this true in the far<br />
west. In olden times the ports of the New<br />
England States held the palm as the shipbuilding<br />
center of the country. Now this<br />
reputation has swept across the continent<br />
to the Northwestern States, with a revival<br />
of sailing ship construction. Before the<br />
war sailing ships were about to give up<br />
the ghost for good before the onslaughts<br />
2K<br />
of the modern steamship. They were<br />
then as much out of place as horse-drawn<br />
vehicles are now in automobile parades.<br />
But scarcity of over-ocean carriers and<br />
an over abundance of cargoes has served<br />
not only to resurrect dilapidated sailers<br />
from seaside cemeteries, but it has developed<br />
an unprecedented era in the building<br />
of old-fashioned wooden ships of a<br />
new type—the modern American motorship<br />
!<br />
The motorship is the most economical<br />
type of carrier to operate. It is a wonder<br />
the type did not come into general<br />
use long ago. The ships cost far less to<br />
build than steamers, cost less to operate,<br />
and carry more cargo. They are the last<br />
word in marine efficiency.<br />
There are two types of these ships:<br />
full-powered craft built for speed to<br />
compete with big steel steamers, and the<br />
auxiliary motorship. It is the latter type<br />
which is just now creating a craze in the<br />
West, and the world over for that matter,<br />
in marine investments. When winds are<br />
favorable the cost of their operation is<br />
negligible; with adverse winds or no<br />
winds at all, auxiliary power from<br />
cheaply operated Diesel oil engines will<br />
THERE IS A MINT OF MONEY IN MOTORSHIPS NOWADAYS<br />
This fleet of vessels, most of which are of the small wooden sailing schooner type, are in violent<br />
demand at present. Each boat carries, in addition to its sailing equipment, a sturdy gasoline motor<br />
to drive it through the calms it encounters.<br />
irfci'r « t ^ ,..,„ ifeffet
GAS-DRIVEN OCEAN FREIGHTERS<br />
THE BOATS SPRING UP LIKE MUSHROOMS<br />
Literally in a night these inexpensive freighters take shape, and in the course of two weeks to a month at most they are<br />
ready for launching.<br />
help the craft to a rapid passage. The<br />
famous submarine merchantman Deutschland<br />
is a motorship of the Diesel type.<br />
Although old, dilapidated sailing ships<br />
are selling readily just now for $250,000<br />
(worth only $15,000 before the war) fine,<br />
large wooden motorships, new and fit,<br />
are now turned out, almost overnight, in<br />
Pacific Coast yards, for from $150,000 to<br />
$200,000. The fuel consumption of a<br />
vessel of this latter type costs only about<br />
one-fifth that of a steamship, and cargo<br />
capacity is greater, with a much smaller<br />
crew.<br />
Here is an instance showing how builders,<br />
as well as owners and operators, are<br />
making massive fortunes out of motorships.<br />
Before the war a firm of brothers<br />
operated in Seattle a little one-horse shipbuilding<br />
yard. They were quick to see<br />
the possibility of the return of wooden<br />
sailing ships, powered with oil engines.<br />
They mortgaged their homes, borrowed<br />
all the money they could, hired ship carpenters,<br />
and put every cent they had in<br />
one wooden motorship. At a banquet<br />
given in the little yard in celebration of<br />
the launching they sold the boat for<br />
At-<br />
$90,000, a price which enabled them to<br />
redeem their homes and to leave sufficient<br />
surplus to build other craft of the kind<br />
for sale at even greater figures. They<br />
are keeping on at such a rate that a year<br />
from today these enterprising brothers<br />
will be rated as millionaires.<br />
A standard for motorships of the<br />
wooden sailing vessel type, having auxiliary<br />
power, is about as follows: length.<br />
250 feet; breadth, 43 feet; depth of hold,<br />
18 feet; moulded, 21 feet; gross tonnage,<br />
1600; net, 1300: dead weight tonnage,<br />
2600; cubic capacity, 123,489 feet approximately:<br />
draught, 20 feet; masts, 4;<br />
decks, 1 : 'tween decks, beams only; deck<br />
plan, clear; poop, 42 feet: forecastle, 58<br />
feet: bulkheads. 1 ; holds, 1; bow ports,<br />
2: hatches, 2, 14x32 feet; boilers, 1<br />
auxiliary; working pressure, 150 lbs.:<br />
heating surface, 1100 feet; furnaces, 1;<br />
grate surface, 19 feet; electric lighted,<br />
and speed eight knots. These are the<br />
approximate figures of the Peninsula<br />
Shipbuilding Company of Portland, Oregon,<br />
one of the biggest building concerns<br />
of the kind in the business. Ships of this<br />
standard are equipped with twin Diesel
234 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
engines, one right and one left, with twin<br />
propellers. The engines furnish 600<br />
brake or 950 indicated horsepower, 200<br />
revolutions per minute, and estimated to<br />
consume 25 barrels of crude oil per day<br />
of 24 hours. Just now all the western<br />
yards have orders for ships far ahead,<br />
but are taking more orders and are enlarging<br />
their plants as new business<br />
comes to them.<br />
The largest fleet of sailing ships under<br />
the American flag will depend on wind<br />
for their motive power no longer. Word<br />
now comes that the Alaska Packers' Association<br />
will modify its famous windjammers<br />
by making modern motorships<br />
out of all of them.<br />
An old sailing schooner, recently converted<br />
into a motorship, has had its<br />
cargo-carrying capacity enlarged by 600<br />
tons, whereas the ordinary land-lubber<br />
would think exactly the reverse condition<br />
might prevail. On top of a bigger cargo<br />
Built Where Steel Is More Plentiful than Wood<br />
This is a common type of the full powered gasoline freighter now very<br />
popular in Europe.<br />
space the ship's efficiency is increased<br />
tremendously.<br />
But shipbuilding today, as it was in<br />
the days of the Vikings, is a haphazard<br />
affair. We should not stop with our<br />
new and important creation, the wooden<br />
motorship. Shipbuilding has undergone<br />
less improvement with the march of time<br />
and discovery than perhaps any other<br />
building line. Building needs to be<br />
standardized. A modern shoe factory,<br />
minus a standardization of styles, patterns,<br />
and sizes would get nowhere in<br />
business. It is the same with the automobile.<br />
Automobiles have been wonderfully<br />
cheapened because the product has<br />
been standardized. No two ships are<br />
alike. Each builder must have his own<br />
plans and specifications. We need to<br />
turn out ships of standard pattern, with<br />
machines, just as Mr. Ford turns out his<br />
cars. There is no reason why one ship<br />
should not be just like another, for ships<br />
are not made for looks. If<br />
we could turn out ships today<br />
in any such fashion as<br />
we turn out cars, we might<br />
do the world a kindly turn,<br />
relieve the frightful cost of<br />
living, and make a millionaire<br />
a minute in the process.<br />
Just now anything that<br />
can stow a cargo below and<br />
hoist a sail aloft, with a<br />
sturdy gas engine kicking up<br />
foam aft, when the "wind's<br />
not willin'", fills a double<br />
office of helping and "bringing<br />
home the bacon" in the<br />
form of bank balances.<br />
The prospectuses of newly<br />
formed motorship companies<br />
having stock to sell to investors<br />
read like romances.<br />
Yet every statement is<br />
backed up by statistical facts<br />
that on the face forestall<br />
denial. As we said before,<br />
poor men are to be made<br />
rich and rich men richer in<br />
doing the whole world's<br />
carrying.
Little Oddities ofLi/e<br />
A Philippine Superstition<br />
Forty years ago, the native chieftain<br />
who earned this skull on his<br />
shoulders stole the wife of Guanu,<br />
another tribal chief. The<br />
latter retaliated with a battleaxe,<br />
and took this skull as a<br />
trophy of his revenge. Upon<br />
Guanu's death, the grinning<br />
mask was placed upon his grave<br />
as a tombstone, when immed<br />
ately an orchid sprang from the<br />
cleft in the frontal bone that had<br />
been cut by Gu nu's battle-axe.<br />
The natives guarded it zealously,<br />
thinking it the spirit of their dead*<br />
chief, but in 1902 a traveler passing<br />
through the village saw it,<br />
stole flower, skull and all, and<br />
shipped it back to a florist of<br />
Rutherford, New Jersey.<br />
; e\—<br />
*•*»; x<br />
J35
236 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
BUZZING BEES AND BUZZ WAGONS<br />
An enterprising Pennsylvanian makes his garage serve the extra purpose of housing his bees and<br />
the combination proves successful from the standpoint of the chauffeur as well as the bees, since the<br />
bees are not disturbed by the humming of the motor nor the chauffeur by the humming of the bees.<br />
TENDERLOIN OF WHALE<br />
The photograph above shows Captain J, D. Loop and one of the gray whales he has brought in<br />
for the market at Long Beach, California. His advertisement asserts that each whale gives five tons<br />
of tenderloin; that the meat is free from fat and waste, and that it should tickle the public's palate at<br />
fifteen cents a poundl
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 237<br />
THE FIRST HORSE MEAT BUTCHER SHOP<br />
New York City now can eat porterhouse from the shanks of old Dobbin, if it desires. A butcher shop<br />
has opened which deals in horse meat exclusively, and at present it enjoys a lively patronage.<br />
He Lives with a Cow<br />
This eccentric old Irish<br />
man believes in bovine<br />
company. His stone and<br />
sod house shelters both<br />
him and his faithful cow.<br />
Whenever either of them<br />
wants fresh air, they poke<br />
then heads through a hole<br />
in the roof.
238 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
THE SLEEPING PORCH OF THE SHINING RAILS<br />
Railroad presidents may have their million dollar palaces with luxurious palm-bordered sleeping<br />
porches on the side, but here is a section hand's version of the sleeping porch-de-luxe. Walking<br />
along the railroad tracks any hot summer night in the vicinity of a train of work cars one will see the<br />
top of nearly every car occupied by an audibly sleeping form. How some of the most strenuous sleepers<br />
ever retain their original equilibrium is a genuine mystery.<br />
A PHILIPPINE "SNOOZING MACHINE"<br />
You must have either a combination of alligator hide for skin and steel wires for nerves, or else you<br />
must seek your rest in a complicated mechanism in the Islands. These "snoozing machines" are<br />
equipped to guard the wooer of Morpheus from the attentions of beetles, mosquitoes, gnats, ticks,<br />
lice, deer-flies, mice, rats, chameleons, and lazy bouse snakes who have a predilection for nesting on<br />
the warm bosoms of humans.
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 239
WIRE-DRAGGING THE<br />
OCEAN'S BOTTOM<br />
Bv STANLEY W. TODD<br />
T<br />
u<br />
DISCOVERING UNCHARTED NEEDLE ROCKS<br />
Pulled by two small vessels, and held up by intervening buoys, this wire drag catches all the sharp projections of the<br />
ocean's floor.<br />
N O sensible mariner would feel<br />
safe in traversing the coasts<br />
of the United States if he<br />
were not well provided with<br />
charts made by the government.<br />
There are so many hidden rocks<br />
and shoals, particularly along the Eastern<br />
States and in Alaskan waters, that<br />
if he did not know the "lay of the land",<br />
his ship would eventually come to grief.<br />
Surveys of all coast waters have been in<br />
progress for many years, but ships have<br />
grown so rapidly in size and displacement<br />
that new surveys constantly have<br />
been made necessary. So important is<br />
this duty of the government that the<br />
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in the<br />
Department of Commerce maintains several<br />
surveying parties always making<br />
new observations and charts.<br />
This work has been greatly facilitated<br />
in late years by what is known as the<br />
"wire drag" process, which makes such<br />
observations all the more sure. The old<br />
way was to use a lead line from a moving<br />
vessel. This was all right for sandy<br />
portions of the coast, but it was not a<br />
conclusive method along rocky coasts,<br />
for often lines would escape many pin<br />
240<br />
nacle rocks, sharp ledges and boulders<br />
that must be located in order to make<br />
shipping safe. The obstructions sometimes<br />
cannot be seen and are very easy<br />
to miss with a single line.<br />
The "wire drag" consists chiefly of a<br />
wire, called the "bottom wire", towed at<br />
a certain distance below the surface of<br />
the water, to find the location of any<br />
hidden dangers to navigation. The other<br />
parts of the* apparatus consist of additional<br />
wires pulled down with weights<br />
attached to the bottom wire and supported<br />
by buoys, large and small, attached<br />
to the surface wires dragged by<br />
two motor launches.<br />
The drag set is so constructed that it<br />
keeps the bottom wire at a constant<br />
known depth and allows changes to be<br />
made to conform with the tides or pass<br />
over shoals. If a part of the drag is<br />
caught on a shoal, the rest of it is prevented<br />
from sinking by stopping the towing<br />
boats, and if there is a break, two<br />
parts of the bottom wire at least will<br />
hold in place. If there is any accident,<br />
the broken portions of the drag can be<br />
replaced.<br />
One of the launches used in operating
WIRE-DRAGGING THE OCEAN'S BOTTOM 241<br />
the wire drag is known as the guiding<br />
launch and the other as the end launch.<br />
The first directs the operation while the<br />
second keeps the drag taut. As may<br />
readily be imagined, it requires a good<br />
deal of skill on the part of the government<br />
surveyors to do this work, for there<br />
are currents to be considered, rough<br />
weather and high winds. Sometimes the<br />
drag will get caught somewhat after the<br />
manner of a boy's fish-line. It may be<br />
loosened suddenly, or it may be necessary<br />
to cut it in order to let the rest of<br />
it loose.<br />
Uncle Sam has several wire drag<br />
parties continually patrolling the east and<br />
One of the Buoys<br />
Tbi >e. placed at intervals of thirty feet, hold the wiredragr<br />
at ao even depth.<br />
A Leaded Drag<br />
This weight holds down the transverse wire or cable.<br />
west coasts of the country, and particularly<br />
the dangerous Alaskan shores.<br />
Every once in a while you will hear of<br />
the discovery of a new pinnacle rock and<br />
its location is immediately recorded officially<br />
by the U. S. Coast Survey. This<br />
information is immediately passed in<br />
bulletin form to mariners who are constantly<br />
applying for the latest charts and<br />
data relative to the sea-lanes through<br />
which they travel. The importance of<br />
the wire drag work cannot be overestimated,<br />
for it is year by year freeing<br />
ships from hidden dangers underneath<br />
the sea.
Z42<br />
FOR SPEED AND SAFETY<br />
CDPYH.aMT—UrifJtfiWOOOi imOEAWOi<br />
REPLACING THE PICK AND SPADE CORPS<br />
This powerful tractor, now coming into use in the French army, digs up a three-foot trench with breastworks<br />
at the rate of six feet in five minutes.<br />
OUT OF THE ENEMY'S RANGE<br />
The periscope finally has found a practical adaptation to infantry use; this little machine attaches to the<br />
stock of a rifle, and enables the soldier to aim and fire without exposing any part of his body.
DUSTY<br />
RAIN<br />
STORMS<br />
and<br />
SUNSETS<br />
by W. C. Dumas<br />
DUST has been for so long the<br />
enemy of the house-wife, the<br />
cause of municipal legislation<br />
and the bearer of disease,<br />
that it is seldom thought of as<br />
being a beneficial as well as an indispensable<br />
factor in life on the earth. This<br />
despised substance gives us the azure<br />
vaults of heaven, the crimson and golden<br />
glories of sunrise and sunset, the beauty<br />
of the summer clouds, and the rain itself.<br />
A closer examination of the phenomena<br />
due to dust will convince us that<br />
it is absolutely necessary to us even in<br />
our daily lives.<br />
What we call dust has been formed<br />
primarily in all cases by abrasion or friction,<br />
be the origin vegetable, animal, volcanic,<br />
or cosmic. It has been distributed<br />
through several agencies. Dust of course<br />
exists everywhere even up to enormous<br />
heights in the air, and the minutest particles<br />
are floating as high as twenty-five<br />
lo thirty miles. These were carried to<br />
such enormous heights by the atmospheric<br />
currents which keep the particles<br />
from settling. Volcanoes are the cause<br />
of large quantities of this dust which fill<br />
vast regions of atmosphere.<br />
In one eruption of Cotopaxi, dust and<br />
ashes to the*estimated weight of two<br />
million tons were thrown into the air.<br />
The vast volcanic forces completely shatter<br />
these ejected materials into minute<br />
particles which are carried by winds and<br />
currents of air to enormous distances.<br />
The eruption of Krakatoa in the Indian<br />
Ocean filled the higher stretches of<br />
atmosphere with immense quantities of<br />
dust. For a long time afterwards, this<br />
dust caused brilliant sunsets in different<br />
parts of the world.<br />
This atmospheric dust is of microscopic<br />
dimensions, probably less than one<br />
one-thousandth of a millimeter, or one<br />
twenty-five thousandth of an inch in<br />
average diameter. The scientist, Arrhenius.<br />
has given us an interesting computation<br />
in regard to this cosmic dust. He<br />
imagines each cubic kilometer of space<br />
out to the distance of the nearest fixed<br />
star to contain only one hundred particles<br />
evenly distributed. Then at this<br />
distance, the light of the stars would be<br />
cut off completely from our view by dust<br />
particles!<br />
The presence of dust up to immense<br />
heights can be demonstrated by the use<br />
of 'gelatine plates sent up on kites or<br />
balloons. The exposed surfaces of these<br />
plates catch and hold the minute particles<br />
which afterwards can be identified by<br />
243
244 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
When Dust Is Present<br />
Condensation of the water vapor takes place on cooling when dust particles<br />
are there to furnish nuclei to the saturated air.<br />
means of microscopical examination. Of<br />
course in such an experiment, the plates<br />
must be protected in some suitable way<br />
from the dust that would settle on them<br />
in the lower strata of atmosphere. Microscopic<br />
examination of such plates has<br />
shown the presence of pollen-grains,<br />
vegetable fibers, hair particles, mineral<br />
and rock fragments, and iron both free<br />
and in combination with sulphur.<br />
We are in part, if not altogether, indebted<br />
to dust for rain. Nuclei are<br />
necessary for condensation. Now, the<br />
dust particles at great heights are cooled<br />
quickly by radiation, and then serve as<br />
excellent points for condensation. The<br />
electric charges on these dust particles<br />
also play a part in cloud formation.<br />
These facts can be shown very simply<br />
by the following experiment: Take two<br />
bell-jars or large bottles and pump the air<br />
out of them. Then fill one with dust free<br />
air containing water vapor, and the other<br />
with ordinary air containing water vapor.<br />
As has been said before, all ordinary air<br />
contains dust. Now if both jars are<br />
cooled suddenly, a dense white cloud will<br />
form in the bottle containing ordinary<br />
air, while no cloud will be formed in the<br />
second bottle although it contains the<br />
same water vapor. But if a little air<br />
from the room is pumped<br />
into the bottle in which no<br />
cloud formed and which was<br />
dust free, a cloud will<br />
quickly form. This experiment<br />
shows that nuclei of<br />
some kind are necessary to<br />
start condensation from<br />
vapor saturated air.<br />
In dew formation, dust is<br />
not necessary because the<br />
sharp points and edges of<br />
leaves and grasses which<br />
have become cooled by radiation<br />
serve as points of condensation.<br />
Perhaps many of us have<br />
wondered why the sky is<br />
blue and the sunset and sunrise<br />
red and golden, and we<br />
would not at first think that<br />
these phenomena are also due to dust.<br />
The blue color of the sky is dependent<br />
on the dust which very high up reflects<br />
and refracts the short blue waves of<br />
light to us.<br />
The influence of dust on light can be<br />
understood from a simple experiment.<br />
Ordinary air which contains dust is first<br />
passed over heated platinum coils, then<br />
washed by bubbling through water, and<br />
dried by bubbling a second time through<br />
strong sulphuric acid. This process gives<br />
air free from particles. The dust freed<br />
air is then passed into a long cylinder.<br />
When a ray of light is passed into the<br />
cylinder from end to end in a dark<br />
room, the cylinder remains dark when<br />
viewed laterally. The path of the ray is<br />
plainly visible in the outer air just before<br />
it enters the cylinder and just after it<br />
leaves it. If a small amount of ordinary<br />
air is admitted gradually to the air<br />
within the cylinder, a slight blue haze<br />
slowly forms which gradually deepens<br />
into blue, and on the admission of still<br />
more air this blue fades into a light blue<br />
and soon becomes the color of the light<br />
from the source of illumination.<br />
Ordinary air contains many particles<br />
varying in size, wdiich reflect all the rays<br />
of light and give white light, but in pure
air there are no particles to<br />
reflect light, so in the cylinder<br />
there is at first a dark<br />
space. When a little air<br />
which has not been completely<br />
purified is allowed to<br />
enter, a few very small<br />
motes of dust are introduced.<br />
These very small<br />
pieces reflect the blue light<br />
waves, and then the space<br />
within the cylinder takes on<br />
the blue haze. On the other<br />
hand, when a little more<br />
ordinary air is admitted,<br />
larger particles are added<br />
which reflect nearly all rays,<br />
giving white or yellow light.<br />
When the sun is near<br />
the horizon, either at sun<br />
DUSTY RAINSTORMS AND SUNSETS 245<br />
rise or sunset, we have the beautiful<br />
red, orange, and golden colors. We<br />
look through dense strata of atmosphere<br />
near the earth wdiich are filled with<br />
the larger particles of dust. These reflect<br />
the longer rays of light to us. Blue is<br />
first reflected by the smaller particles,<br />
leaving yellow; then the coarser dust<br />
reflects green, leaving orange; then still<br />
coarser pieces reflect orange and yellow,<br />
leaving red. There are various combinations<br />
of these colors, often intensified<br />
by banks of clouds wdiich aid in the reflection<br />
from their under surfaces.<br />
The absence of dust from our atmosphere<br />
might cause more serious troubles<br />
than depriving us of the main colors<br />
due to it. Without the minute particles<br />
above, the sky would appear black just<br />
IB<br />
I<br />
A<br />
An Experiment in Refraction<br />
The cvlinder A (I will glow when filled with ordinary air, containing dust particles.<br />
hut will rema n black when containing dust-free air. B and (1 are stop-cocks. E<br />
contains water lot washing, D holds sulphuric acid for drying the air<br />
When There Is No Dust<br />
Altli ..h then- is just as much moisture in the air contents of this flask as<br />
then- is m tin llavk on the facing page, no cloud forms. This is because no<br />
dust is present to aid condensation.<br />
as our cylinder did when light was passed<br />
through its dustless air. In a dustless<br />
world, rain would seldom fall in sufficient<br />
quantities to do plant life good.<br />
and evaporation would be rapid, aiding<br />
the formation of moisture-laden air and<br />
arid tracts of land.<br />
While dust is beneficial, its presence<br />
may also be dangerous. Very fine dust<br />
of any kind mixed with the right proportion<br />
of air is explosive, and many of the<br />
explosions in our flour mills, grain elevators,<br />
and coal mines are due to this<br />
cause. Sometimes the dust-laden air of<br />
a
m<br />
COPYRr'aMT UHCEflWOOD * UNOE<br />
IN THE SHADOW OF BROOKLYN BRIDGE<br />
Because of the impending foreign crises, these guards are ajways on the watch to prevent meddling.<br />
Ready for Any Contingency<br />
Equipped with rifles and rapid<br />
fire guns, the Second Battalion<br />
of the New York State naval<br />
militia is detailed to the task of<br />
keeping cranks and overwrought<br />
foreign sympathizers<br />
from damaging our traffic links.
WATCH LOCATES NEIGHBOR<br />
ING FARMERS<br />
By W. F. FRENCH<br />
B O X 41, R. F. D. 1, Bloomfield,<br />
Colorado (all the address he<br />
had) was wdiat farmer J. B.<br />
l'lato wrote to eastern buyers<br />
wdien they advised that they intended<br />
visiting his farm to purchase certain<br />
registered live stock. He tells of<br />
this experience in this way:<br />
"The week passed and no buyers appeared.<br />
Then I got a letter—delivered<br />
as promptly as you like. It was from the<br />
men I had expected. They had made the<br />
trip to Bloomfield, had asked everybody<br />
about the town where my farm was<br />
located and found that, except to the<br />
postmaster, I was a total stranger. This<br />
individual volunteered the<br />
information that 'Plato gets<br />
his mail through this office,<br />
all right. Don't know where<br />
his place is. It's out on Bill's<br />
route somewhere. Bill's<br />
gone for the day though, and<br />
you'll have to wait till morning<br />
to see him.'<br />
"My buyers, however,<br />
weren't the kind to wait till<br />
morning. They took the<br />
afternoon train back to Denver<br />
and went on their merry<br />
way. They put a nice little,<br />
polite paragraph on the end<br />
of their letter saying that<br />
they regretted being unable<br />
to make a deal with me, but<br />
that 'it took time to find my<br />
place' and they were not able<br />
to wait.<br />
'"That killed a mighty<br />
profitable bargain for me—<br />
ami if pressed I'd have to<br />
confess that I've said some<br />
lurid things about Box 41.<br />
R. F. D. 1, Bloomfield.<br />
"Naturally, that got me thinking about<br />
rural addresses—if you can call them<br />
that. Always having lived in the city I<br />
could not realize how any farmer, backto-the-lander<br />
or country estate owner<br />
could submit to having his place lost<br />
under an R. F. D. alias that only he and<br />
the mail carrier could decipher. It pestered<br />
me to desperation. So far as actual<br />
location was concerned my address<br />
would just as well fit on to the box of<br />
any farm within a radius of about fifteen<br />
miles.<br />
"Anyhow, it got under my skin, and<br />
set me devising new methods of numbering<br />
farms. I didn't know anything<br />
NOjtTM<br />
DlVIOINO LINE BETWECN TOWNS SECTION NUMBEBS J<br />
A Diagram of the Watch System of Rural Address<br />
The figure twelve points north, three east, six south and nine west. The<br />
intermediate figures correspond to the other points of the compass. The<br />
dotted concentric circles are the miles from the center, and are represented<br />
by the second digit ot the number. For instance the 2 of the number 52<br />
means that the address is two miles southwest by south from the center.<br />
247
248 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
about mapping, but I did know that if<br />
the problem was to be solved through<br />
mapping, as it is done by the experts,<br />
the big map houses would have had the<br />
answer long ago. So I realized that it<br />
could be mastered only by the introduction<br />
of an entirely new element of location,<br />
one that would be applicable without<br />
the use of a map or chart of any kind<br />
and that would, at the same time, be<br />
universal. What could furnish universal<br />
location? The compass. Surely, but<br />
even that was too indefinite, or rather<br />
technical, for the average farmer to work<br />
from. Besides, I wanted a key that<br />
would be instantly available to everyone.<br />
" 'Takes time to find your house.'<br />
That kept running through my mind.<br />
And, of course, every time that phrase<br />
came to mind there appeared a mental<br />
picture of a watch or clock—and that<br />
was my solution. I realized it one day,<br />
when my own watch had stopped. As I<br />
stood scowling into its face it smiled<br />
back my answer—the solution of my<br />
problem. It was a key that everyone<br />
carried, it was familiar to the smallest<br />
child.<br />
"Turn the figure twelve to the north<br />
—there you have the universal key.<br />
Twelve then points straight north, three<br />
straight east, six straight south and nine<br />
straight west. The other figures give the<br />
intermediate points. For instance, one is<br />
northeast by north, five is southeast by<br />
south, ten is northwest by west, eleven<br />
northwest by north, etc. Instantly I had<br />
my basic key—the rest was easy.<br />
"I had the directions—next thing was<br />
to get the distances. That was simple<br />
enough. If a man lived a mile out I<br />
would give him number one for distance.<br />
I would combine the figures for direction<br />
and distance to get the man's house number,<br />
or location number. The direction<br />
would come first, the distance next.<br />
Thus if a man lived four miles west of<br />
his postoffice his number would be 94<br />
(nine for west and four for distance).<br />
If he lived two miles south his number<br />
would be 62. When I struck upon this<br />
combination I knew I need look no fur<br />
ther—that I had made it possible for the<br />
American farmer to shake his R. F. D.<br />
lottery hoodoo. So I set about without a<br />
moment's hesitation to perfect and patent<br />
my discovery."<br />
Mr. Plato accomplished his work and<br />
now holds a basic patent on the "Clock-<br />
System" of rural address, which, with<br />
the addition of the lettering scheme that<br />
he later devised, will enable a man to<br />
determine, from its rural number, the<br />
exact location, within a few hundred<br />
feet, of a house situated in another State,<br />
or country for that matter. The letter<br />
affixed in the numbering scheme divides<br />
a mile into various parts. A to L are<br />
used for houses in the first half-mile<br />
and M to Z for houses in the last halfmile.<br />
Thus 32A would mean that the<br />
house was just two miles east, 32K<br />
would mean it was about two and a half<br />
miles east, 32T would mean it was about<br />
three-cjuarters of a mile beyond the two<br />
mile mark, and 32Z would mean it was<br />
at the very limit of the two mile division,<br />
or practically 33—three miles east from<br />
the courthouse of the town.<br />
When Mr. Plato brought his invention<br />
before the government a Post Office official<br />
told him that he had exactly what<br />
the Department had been looking for for<br />
years, and that they would be glad to<br />
incorporate it in their system.<br />
Of course, however, the big advantage<br />
derived from this invention will not be<br />
to Uncle Sam, but to the rural residents<br />
who are given the numbers. It individualizes<br />
their farms, summer homes,<br />
mines or whatever they may have in the<br />
country. For instance, when a farmer<br />
wants to sell some stock he need only<br />
put his rural address number (without<br />
explaining how many turns to make,<br />
wdiether to pass the spotted cow in the<br />
triangle pasture or the broken reaper or<br />
to go right on over the broken culvert)<br />
at the bottom of his advertisement. The<br />
prospective purchaser knows, from the<br />
description contained in that number,<br />
within a hundred yards of where the<br />
farmer's house stands, and knows it<br />
without pulling down a map, too.
OUR SUBSEA RESOURCES<br />
THE NEW ONE-MAN SUBMARINE<br />
This is the newj-l at anchor at Naples. California. It weighs only two tons, is 25 feet long 7>i feet deep<br />
and 2& inches wide. Its crew' consists of just one man. It is expected to revolutionize naval warfare.<br />
SUBMARINES WE COULD SEIZE<br />
In ease ol war, the United States could take over these vessels, now being constructed for foreign power'<br />
in the Boston Navy Yard.
Electric-Eyed Sea<br />
Monsters<br />
By ARTHUR H. FISHER<br />
PRIOR to the sailing from England<br />
of H. M. S. Challenger,<br />
on her remarkable four year<br />
cruise around the world, the<br />
sum of human knowdedge, concerning<br />
the mysteries of the deep, and<br />
particularly about the deep-sea fishes,<br />
was meagre indeed, there being only<br />
about thirty of these species of fish<br />
known.<br />
As a result of the thorough scientific<br />
investigations carried on by these several<br />
explorations, we are now able to know<br />
not only the fishes themselves, but also<br />
to understand under what physical conditions<br />
they live, and thus determine to<br />
a considerable degree, the reasons for<br />
their strange and weird characteristics.<br />
Naturally, our first thought when we<br />
consider these submarine monsters, is<br />
the enormous pressure they must be able<br />
to withstand, for we know that at the<br />
From a Painting by Bade<br />
Potyipnits Nitttinga<br />
This fish's abdomen is covered with little "electric light<br />
bulbs."<br />
ISO<br />
From a Painting by Bade<br />
The Anomalous Palpebratus<br />
lust below the eyes of this strange fish are light <strong>org</strong>ans<br />
that flash a strong ray.<br />
most profound depths at which they are<br />
taken, this pressure equals thousands of<br />
pounds to the scmare inch. In consequence,<br />
and in order to maintain a balance,<br />
that they may be as solid as those<br />
fishes existing at the surface, their tissues<br />
are permeated with fluids, and very tender<br />
and loosely knitted together. The<br />
bones for the same reason, are especially<br />
cartilaginous. When they are brought<br />
up from the abysmal deep, and the<br />
tremendous pressure under which they<br />
live is removed, the exploding gases<br />
within their bodies bulge out the eyes,<br />
and quite often the viscera is blown out<br />
through the mouth, while with the collapse<br />
of the muscles, they become as soft<br />
and flabby as moist rags.<br />
Another condition of utmost importance,<br />
is the dimness of light, and at the<br />
most extreme depths, the utter darkness<br />
of the sea. Let us imagine ourselves<br />
being lowered into the sea. As we descend,<br />
we see the light becoming dimmer<br />
and dimmer, until finally a depth is<br />
reached, where no light can penetrate,<br />
and all the icy deep beyond is eternal
Fnrji a Painting bv Bade<br />
The Deep Sea Angler (Gigantactis Vanhoejfeni)<br />
r. t the end of a long slender antenna this denizen of the<br />
depths carries a strong flashlight with which it searches<br />
out its prey.<br />
tlarkness. Naturally enough, all of the<br />
fishes inhabiting this semi- or total darkness,<br />
have been greatly modified in regard<br />
to vision. While in some instances<br />
the eyes have become very small, in<br />
others they have entirely disappeared,<br />
while again in many, the skin and scales<br />
have grown over where naturally the<br />
eyes should be found.<br />
Strange to say, other species of these<br />
ultra-submarine creatures, have been<br />
affected by the lack of light in quite an<br />
opposite manner, for instead of being<br />
doomed to blindness, or very tiny eyes at<br />
best, their <strong>org</strong>ans of sight have greatly<br />
increased in size, as if in attempt to catch<br />
any feeble rays of light that might remain<br />
to them. In some cases this has<br />
been carried to such an extreme, that the<br />
eyes have become like huge goggles.<br />
In one shape or another, most of the<br />
deep-sea fishes are possessed of<br />
luminous <strong>org</strong>ans, so that they<br />
manufacture their own light, this<br />
characteristic answering much<br />
the same purpose as the powerful<br />
headlight of a motor-car. In<br />
some varieties, the whole body<br />
glimmers, the coating of slime<br />
that exudes from the pores and<br />
lateral canals, emitting a soft<br />
silvery glow. Other species have<br />
flashing lights on the head, and<br />
rows of luminous <strong>org</strong>ans running<br />
along the sides of the<br />
bodies. When we think of these<br />
wonderful creatures, moving<br />
silently through the blackness<br />
ELECTRIC-EYED SEA MONSTERS 251<br />
of the secluded abysses of the deep,<br />
we can conjure in our minds some fain<br />
craft, sailing noiselessly through the<br />
night, her tiny searchlight lighting her<br />
unknown path, and her port holes aglow,<br />
twinkling in the darkness, as she makes<br />
for her unknown, uncharted harbor.<br />
There are some of these fishes, the<br />
Angler fish being a typical example, that<br />
carry a luminous <strong>org</strong>an at the end of a<br />
long antenna-like tentacle attached to<br />
the head. This is waved to and fro as a<br />
lure to attract its prey.<br />
We are now confronted by a most pertinent<br />
question: How do these fishes<br />
glow and glimmer, since no human eye<br />
has ever beheld them in their sable<br />
homes? On those sultry nights in the<br />
tropics, when the black clouds hang so<br />
low that sky and sea blend in utter darkness,<br />
and over all prevails a perfect calm.<br />
it is then that one sees glimmering fishes,<br />
darting out from the path of the boat,<br />
their silvery, ghostlike forms silhouetted<br />
for a fleeting moment against the ebon<br />
sea.<br />
This effect is mainly due to the oxidiz- '<br />
ing of the slimy secretions covering their<br />
bodies. Why therefore, shall we not<br />
readily believe that a similar phenomenon<br />
obtains with the deep-sea fishes, with<br />
their highly evolved slime pores and<br />
canals, wdiich of necessity must exude<br />
these secretions in large quantities? As<br />
a matter of fact, this has been plainly<br />
oiu a Paintintr by Bade<br />
The U-Boat of the Deep iGizantura Ckuni)<br />
This is one of the most fiercely carnivorous of all deep sea<br />
monsters.
252 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
A GROUP OF FISHES DREDGED FROM THE DEPTHS<br />
These queer creatures, owned by the American Museum of Natural History, live from one hundred to two thousand feet<br />
below sea level. They vary in appearance from long, narrow, eel-shaped creatures to those having whale-like heads.<br />
A mixed school of these monsters appearing in New York harbor would be likely to cause as much alarm as a flotilla oi<br />
hostile submarines.<br />
demonstrated on many deep-sea expeditions,<br />
where fishes have been brought to<br />
the surface from profound depths and<br />
placed in water. They were then seen to<br />
flash lights from the ends of their tentacles<br />
or the phosphorescent pores, precisely<br />
as we could well expect from a<br />
careful study of these <strong>org</strong>ans. Major<br />
Alcock makes mention of this strange<br />
phenomenon in his interesting book, "A<br />
Naturalist in Indian Seas", and relates<br />
of a specimen brought up from a great<br />
depth, which "glimmered like a ghost as<br />
it lay dead at the bottom of a pail of<br />
turbulent sea-water". There can be no<br />
doubt that the light given off at the surface<br />
is no measure of that produced<br />
under normal conditions at the bottom of<br />
the ocean. At great depths one of these<br />
fishes undoubtedly gives off an effulgence<br />
that makes visible to the finny<br />
denizens a large area of the sea bottom.<br />
This absence of sunlight has brought<br />
about still another most important consequence.<br />
It being a well established<br />
fact that no vegetable life can exist under<br />
conditions of darkness, there is to be<br />
found, therefore, no plant life of any<br />
form in the abysmal depths of the sea.<br />
In consequence, all of the deep-sea fishes<br />
are carnivorous, the more powerful<br />
species preying upon the weaker. The<br />
idealist who writes of the eternal beauties<br />
of nature might well turn his attention to<br />
some of its less gentle phases, for in this<br />
never ceasing conflict, the "survival of<br />
the fittest" is encountered in its most<br />
terrible form, and deepest significance.<br />
In these somber depths, the world is<br />
cold and black indeed, and might rules<br />
supreme,
DON'T THROW AWAY YOUR<br />
WASTE PAPER!<br />
By WALTER LEE<br />
I F you throw away your newspapers,<br />
magazines, wrapping paper, or<br />
scratch paper nowadays, you are<br />
throwing away money, and no one<br />
should have "money to burn" in the<br />
shape of waste paper.<br />
The big Sunday newspaper will soon<br />
be practically worth its weight in paper,<br />
and when we have read it we can re-sell<br />
it to the paper stock dealers. The ordinary<br />
fifteen-cent magazine nowadays<br />
costs its publishers from seven to twelve<br />
cents a copy for paper alone. It can be<br />
resold for from one to two and one-half<br />
cents as waste paper when read.<br />
Why is this? Yes, the war. Our paper<br />
wood pulp comes from Canada, and the<br />
liritish Government during the course<br />
of the war has prevented its exportation,<br />
thus sending nur domestic market<br />
sky high.<br />
I hit if we want to sell our waste paper<br />
tn paper stock dealers we can't simply<br />
throw it in a hunch and have a dealer<br />
call for it. It must he graded into three<br />
classes.<br />
First, mixed paper—This includes anything<br />
made of paper, pasteboard l«i\t'\<br />
strawboards. and so forth. The only<br />
requirement is that they be kept absolutely<br />
free from dirt, strings, and foreign<br />
matter, so that the buyer has as<br />
little cleaning as possible to do.<br />
Second. newspapers—This simply<br />
means the old newspapers of every<br />
kind, folded and kept in good condition<br />
and baled, if you have access to a baler.<br />
11 not baled or folded well, these take<br />
up much space in proportion to weight.<br />
Third, magazines or white book—This<br />
includes high grade book paper, either<br />
in magazines, circulars or book form. In<br />
case you are baling this grade, do not<br />
fail in tear off pasteboard hack or other<br />
portions of cheap paper. This cardboard<br />
back will, of course, go into your mixed<br />
paper. This magazine or white book<br />
stock is the most valuable kind.<br />
Do not throw excelsior strings or rubbish<br />
into your paper as it will ruin its<br />
sale, without adding a great deal to the<br />
weight, even if undetected.<br />
In every city of any size there are<br />
paper stock dealers, or paper mills.<br />
When you have a quantity of paper to<br />
sell, it is well to write for the prices you<br />
will receive for the paper from either<br />
the paper mill, or the paper stock dealer.<br />
It is better to negotiate through a paper<br />
stock dealer if possible, because the stock<br />
dealer makes it a business to grade and<br />
prepare the paper for the mill.<br />
Selling your waste paper to the ordinary<br />
alley brand of junk dealer is not<br />
a very profitable proposition, usually.<br />
Although the man may be perfectly<br />
honest, he is working for just as large<br />
a profit as he can secure, and it is unpleasant<br />
to haggle over the small price<br />
that he will pay. His ordinary rate is<br />
usually from one-half to one cent a<br />
pound, depending upon the grade; he in<br />
turn sells this at from two to three times<br />
the amount he paid.<br />
Then, of course, the chances are all<br />
against his scales giving correct weight<br />
—and it is a matter of absolute certainty<br />
that they do not overweigh. The amateur<br />
paper seller is all too likely to find.<br />
if he deals with this sort of man. that<br />
he is selling two hundred pounds of<br />
super-calendered paper magazines for<br />
some ridiculous sum such as twenty-five<br />
cents.<br />
It is far more profitable to go direct<br />
to the paper stock dealer. From him you<br />
will get the same amount he would pay<br />
the junk dealer.<br />
253
CARELESSNESS—AND YOUR<br />
TIRES<br />
By ALBERT MARPLF<br />
T H E average motorist is not a<br />
millionaire and for this reason<br />
the tire question is very important.<br />
The majority of<br />
folks haven't time nor money<br />
to spare to be buying and repairing casings<br />
all the time, and for this reason it<br />
will be found to be a wise move for the<br />
car owner to give a little thought and<br />
study to the few rules which govern the<br />
care and repair of the modern automobile<br />
tire casing.<br />
Overloading and under-inflation of<br />
tires are short cuts to trouble. These<br />
have about the same effect on the casing.<br />
Symptoms consist of wavy condition of<br />
the tread, rim cut, and a host of other<br />
Watch for Rim-Cuttinjc of the Fabric; Your Carefulness<br />
Will Save You Many Tires<br />
154<br />
"high sign s".<br />
Keep the pressure<br />
of the tire<br />
at the mark set<br />
by the manufacturer—he<br />
ought<br />
to know. Use a<br />
tire gage—it is<br />
cheaper than a<br />
new c a s i n g—<br />
don't kick the<br />
tire and say,<br />
"Oh. that's tight<br />
enough!" The<br />
rim-cut tire is<br />
an easy victim<br />
to blow-outs,<br />
then too, do not<br />
over-inflate. A<br />
This Stone-Bruise — Shown<br />
on the Right Side of theTire<br />
—Is Invisible from the Outside,<br />
but Is the First Symptom<br />
of a Blow-out, Nevertheless<br />
tire carrying too much air is liable<br />
to stone-bruise if it connects sharply<br />
with the boulder or the curb. Stonebruises<br />
cut the fabric, but not the<br />
tread, so that, not being seen from the<br />
outside, they are often overlooked and<br />
nearly always result in blow-outs. Faulty<br />
alignment of the wheels should also be<br />
guarded against. Running a tire out of<br />
true alignment may ruin it in as little<br />
as 50 miles—ordinarily it takes longer,<br />
but ruin it, it is bound to do. Misalignment<br />
may result from a bent axle or<br />
steering knuckle, or improper adjustment<br />
of the steering apparatus. Running<br />
against a curb at an angle is sometimes<br />
sufficient to knock the wheels out of line.<br />
Remedy: have the wheels put in line by<br />
an expert at a reliable garage.<br />
Another source of trouble is running in<br />
ruts and car tracks as well as running<br />
the tires against the sides of curbs. The<br />
result of this is the wearing of the rubber<br />
from the sides of the tires, thereby<br />
exposing the fabric to its many enemies
CARELESSNESS—AND YOUR TIRES 255<br />
:V.<br />
This Sort of Wear Is Caused by the Tires Being<br />
Out of Alignment<br />
and inviting blow-outs. Unnecessary<br />
skidding is another way of adding to the<br />
tire costs. Taking the corners too fast,<br />
and viciously engaging the brakes cause<br />
skidding. This may be all right for the<br />
rich man, but the poor man can't afford<br />
it. It tears the tread away in strips.<br />
Repair all cuts in casings, even to<br />
puncture holes. The open hole permits<br />
tlirt, moisture, ami air to get a chance at<br />
the fabric, this latter resulting very often<br />
in blow-outs. When discovered, the hole<br />
should be cleaned thoroughly with gasoline<br />
and plugged with one of the various<br />
plastic compositions that are being made<br />
for this purpose.<br />
Don't use a straight-sided tire on a<br />
clincher rim, or vice versa. This practice<br />
always results disastrously. The<br />
beads on tlie casing are so different that<br />
no one should mistake one for the other.<br />
The ordinary motorist has a perpetual<br />
grouch against tire companies because<br />
they refuse to sell him racing tires. One<br />
naturally believes that a tire that will<br />
"stand up" under a grind of 500 miles<br />
at tremendous speed must of necessity<br />
be a good road tire for him, but such is<br />
not the case. Racing tires are made hard<br />
and brittle by over-vulcanizing, and cannot<br />
stand the roughness of touring. The<br />
motorist can see just what this kind of<br />
tire would mean to him by running his<br />
car a hundred miles on sandy roads some<br />
summer day, when the temperature is<br />
one hundred in the shade. His tires will<br />
over-vulcanize with this treatment, and<br />
their life will be less than half normal.<br />
Remember that rubber has a few natural<br />
enemies, such as sunlight, oil, air, and<br />
water. Sunlight relieves rubber of its<br />
life—its enduring qualities; therefore it<br />
should be kept out of the sunlight as<br />
much as possible. The "spare" should<br />
be carried within a tire cover. Oil and<br />
grease soften rubber, and for this reason<br />
the tire should be thoroughly washed once<br />
in a while with soap and water.<br />
The following of these simple suggest<br />
i o n s is no<br />
more than<br />
applying the<br />
"golden rule"<br />
to the tire.<br />
If the motorist<br />
will keep<br />
his tire as he<br />
should, the<br />
casing will<br />
give him<br />
good mileage.<br />
If all of these<br />
rules are<br />
broken the<br />
owner should<br />
not begin to<br />
howl "defective"<br />
when a<br />
b 1 o w- o u t,<br />
which he has<br />
been inviting<br />
by his actions, Just a Little Bit of Patching<br />
occurs.<br />
Would Hav * Sai : e £ T his Cas "<br />
ing. a Week Earlier
RACING FOR A WEEK<br />
T H E six-day bicycle racer is<br />
probably the best life insurance<br />
risk extant. In spite of<br />
the fact that he undergoes the<br />
most terrific physical strains<br />
which have ever been devised for sports,<br />
not one of them has ever died, although<br />
six-day racing has been an annual entertainment<br />
for twenty-four years. Insurance<br />
rates show that of the hundred odd<br />
men who have partaken steadily of this<br />
form of exercise eighteen<br />
should now be<br />
dead.<br />
A six-day race comprises<br />
this: teams of<br />
two men each ride<br />
twenty-two pound bicycles<br />
continuously for<br />
day for one man during the New York<br />
race in December, 1916, was: two dozen<br />
soft boiled eggs, six undercut tenderloin<br />
steaks, fifty slices of buttered toast, ten<br />
cups of hot meat broth, thirty side dishes<br />
of fresh vegetables including spinach,<br />
string beans, potatoes and peas, ten<br />
quarts of milk, a little beer and ale, cigarettes<br />
and sweetmeats. A rider gains<br />
from three to four pounds during the<br />
race and is able to make just as much<br />
speed on the sixth night as on the first,<br />
according to<br />
s t a t i sties.<br />
The average<br />
distance<br />
covered<br />
every hour<br />
is over nine-<br />
SIX-DAY RACING IS FAR FROM A DEADLY GRIND<br />
144 hours around a board track in an enclosure,<br />
spelling each other in such a way<br />
that each takes shifts of from fifteen minutes<br />
to four hours. Each man spends a<br />
large proportion of his time off the track<br />
in eating ten meals every twenty-four<br />
hours and snatching sleep for the remaining<br />
time off watch. The dietary for one<br />
256<br />
teen miles. Each rider demolishes about<br />
five tires during the six days of his<br />
strenuous work.<br />
The riders live in a colony at Valesburg,<br />
a suburb of Newark, New Jersey,<br />
where they race twice a week for the six<br />
summer months, drawing larger crowds<br />
than professional baseball.
^^^iail^inps<br />
NEW TIRE CARRIER<br />
TTHIS tire carrier eliminates all straps,<br />
lugs and nuts, and uses nothing but<br />
a lever to operate it.<br />
The attachable set is adapted for cars<br />
that are provided with a fellow-band for<br />
the purpose of carrying one tire only.<br />
This set can be attached to the fellowband<br />
by means of three bolts. The nuts<br />
This Tire Carrier Is Operated by a Single Lever<br />
Only, and Holds the Tire Firmly<br />
being counter sunk when drawn up tight,<br />
the end of the bolt is riveted into the<br />
counter sunk portion of nut, making it<br />
absolutely safe. In placing tires on or<br />
off of the tire carrier the only operation<br />
necessary after unlocking the padlock is<br />
to pull down the lever, wdiich raises the<br />
shoe at the bottom, permitting the tires<br />
to be taken off. When placed on the<br />
carrier, throw the lever in position, which<br />
clamps the shoe at the bottom on to the<br />
rim of the tires. Placing a padlock in<br />
the lever ami right bracket prevents any<br />
one from releasing the lever. It is impossible<br />
for the lever to open through<br />
any jar on the road, as when closed the<br />
expanding bar is thrown slightly beyond<br />
the center.<br />
The standard set is adapted for cars<br />
not provided with a fellow-band and<br />
takes the place of the usual carrier using<br />
clips and straps. The operation of this<br />
is the same as the attaching set, and this<br />
also applies to the heavy type of carrier.<br />
J*<br />
SHUTTERS FOR AUTO RADIA<br />
TORS<br />
T" 1 11E shutter is in style on one type of<br />
car now, in place of the curtain.<br />
When you want to regulate the air current<br />
and heat in the motor, don't get out<br />
and pull down the radiator cover. Stay<br />
in the car, and push a button. This<br />
closes or opens the shutter to any width<br />
desired.<br />
The shutter operates just exactly as a<br />
window shutter, and prevents air from<br />
flowing through the radiator cells, so<br />
that the engine may be warmed quicker<br />
and may be kept warm after stopping.<br />
This new shutter costs $15.00. A<br />
motometer from wdiich to regulate the<br />
shutter is obtainable with it.<br />
"Blanket It" in Winter<br />
257
258 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
AUTOMATIC GATE FOR<br />
AUTOISTS<br />
JNVENTORS are constantly at work to<br />
develop further comforts and conveniences<br />
for mankind generally, and a<br />
large proportion of these inventions are<br />
directed toward the abolishment of sun-<br />
is Gate Swings Open as the Car Approaches<br />
dry inconveniences suffered by those<br />
owning and driving motor cars. One of<br />
•the latest efforts has for its result the<br />
perfection of a gate which can be opened<br />
and closed by the driver of a car without<br />
his having to alight from the car. The<br />
weight of the car on the barrier extension<br />
on either side of the gate makes<br />
the action of the gate automatic.<br />
Another feature of this gate is that it<br />
can be raised as much as eighteen<br />
inches, a pin inserted in the brace bar<br />
holding it in place.<br />
PAPIER-MACHE LAMP<br />
DIMMERS<br />
Y O U R law-defying glaring automobile<br />
lights may now be dimmed quickly<br />
by an inexpensive attachment for the<br />
lamps.<br />
A special composition of papier-mache<br />
Papier-Mache Discs Attach to the Lower Halves<br />
of the Lamps<br />
can be applied on the lower half or removed,<br />
in a few seconds. These discs<br />
mellow all upward rays and give intensity<br />
to the reflected downward rays.<br />
J*<br />
CARRY YOUR OWN ROAD<br />
V7/1TH the rapidly increasing number<br />
of automobiles, and the ever-widening<br />
radius of touring, attachments and<br />
devices are constantly being evolved to<br />
safeguard the motorist, and insure<br />
against inconveniences and delays en<br />
tour.<br />
One of the greatest bugaboos to touring,<br />
and one calculated to take the "joy<br />
out of life" is being stuck in the mud.<br />
And, unless one has provided for this<br />
contingency, he may find himself gathering<br />
sticks, brush, and wood, or fence<br />
rails, trying to find some material to<br />
This Device Provides Traction in That Mud Hole<br />
which the rear tires will cling, and the<br />
car go forward under its own power.<br />
A device known as the "Little Giant<br />
Causeway" makes it possible for the<br />
motorist to lay his own road when confronted<br />
with the above situation. Being<br />
a series of raised steel strips, joined<br />
together, and flexible, it will accommodate<br />
itself to uneven surfaces and stick,<br />
so that the car wdieels will take a grip,<br />
and the car go forward under its own<br />
power.<br />
It can be carried in the car, rolled up<br />
and used as a foot rest, or under the running<br />
board, where a couple of bolts will<br />
hold it ready for immediate use.<br />
This device should prove especially<br />
useful for trucks, eliminating the neces-
sity of unloading before they can get<br />
under way after being stalled in some<br />
hole.<br />
NOVELTY IN DEFLECTORS<br />
C 1 VERY car driver knows that glaring<br />
lights on the other fellow's car are a<br />
dangerous nuisance, and on his own car<br />
a daily invitation to arrest.<br />
Of the many devices introduced to<br />
overcome this drawback to satisfactory<br />
night driving, one with a projecting<br />
horn-shaped shield is decidedly different.<br />
The shield intercepts the upward rays<br />
and deflects them downward upon the<br />
roadway, just where the light is wanted.<br />
The roadway is illuminated not only<br />
ahead of the car, but directly in front.<br />
A touch of novelty is added by a green<br />
I W ~~^' ' L- • • < S<br />
jewel in the right deflector and a red<br />
jewel in the left.<br />
"HELPING HENRY" HELPS<br />
THE FARMER<br />
« LJ ELPING HENRY" is a most promising<br />
ally of the man who runs an<br />
up-to-date farm, for he links up the<br />
Ford, Overland, or other motor car engine<br />
to the various machines about the<br />
place. "Helping Henry", in brief, is a<br />
frame which is run under the rear wheels<br />
en an automobile, jacks up the car, takes<br />
off power from the wheels and delivers<br />
it by means of a pulley and belt wherever<br />
desired.<br />
The contact by which power is taken<br />
is made by pressing two large drive<br />
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 25S<br />
This Device Transforms a Small Car into a Useful<br />
Power Plant for the Farm<br />
wheels against the automobile tires, and<br />
the force of friction is relied upon to<br />
drive the "Helping Henry" mechanism.<br />
In order to insure that this force is<br />
effective, the device not only jacks up<br />
the car, but causes it to settle back somewhat,<br />
so that the rear tires rest firmly<br />
against the driving wheels of the device.<br />
The device has the further advantage<br />
that it can be strapped to the runningboard<br />
and taken to a neighbor's or into<br />
the field—anywhere, in fact, that the car<br />
can go, where machinery is ran.<br />
260 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
"good road" system for that vicinity.<br />
Road signs giving sketches of the country<br />
as this one does are great improvements<br />
over the usual type.<br />
J*<br />
EFFICIENT AUTO CLEANER<br />
A CCESSORY shops are crowded with<br />
all sorts of automobile cleaners,<br />
polishers, dressings, and patent cleaning<br />
cloths. But most of these are as powders<br />
and cold creams to the face. There are<br />
lots of times wdien nothing would be as<br />
satisfying in the way of cleaning a car as<br />
getting at it with a brush.<br />
One of the best garage helps on the<br />
A Good Help in Currying Your Tin Lizzie<br />
market is a brush attached to a hose.<br />
With the use of the brush, plenty of<br />
water can be applied, but only where it<br />
is needed. For washing the wheels, and<br />
other inaccessible parts the brush is especially<br />
valuable. This style brush can be<br />
bought already attached to a hose or by<br />
itself, with an attachment to be applied<br />
to any hose.<br />
A SAVING IN OIL<br />
A LOT of money has been put into<br />
devices for saving oil, and a lot<br />
of literature has been put out on ways<br />
of saving it, after it has been applied to<br />
the automobile, but let us go back a little<br />
This Holder Will Save Its Cost in Two Months<br />
further into the garage, and figure how<br />
much oil is wasted by spilling an awkward<br />
can of oil around the garage, and<br />
how dirty the garage looks afterward.<br />
An oil can tipper and holder is only a<br />
little thing, and very inexpensive, but<br />
will give a great deal of satisfaction in<br />
a practical way as well as an esthetic<br />
way, to the man who likes to save on oil.<br />
jt<br />
GLOVE FINGERS AS VALVE<br />
CAPS<br />
N English motorist tells us that he<br />
A once used a finger from a worn out<br />
glove to prevent the leaking of a valve<br />
in one of his tires, when he was caught<br />
out on the road without any extra cores.<br />
The valve, he says, was leaking so badly<br />
that it would exhaust the tire in less than<br />
ten minutes. Necessity being the mother<br />
of invention, this man<br />
took an old glove<br />
finger, and after packing<br />
it with clay from<br />
the roadside, tied it<br />
securely around the<br />
stem of the leaking<br />
valve, which effectually<br />
sealed the leak,<br />
until he got home,<br />
and for several days<br />
thereafter.<br />
In a Pinch, an Old Glove<br />
Finger Will Stop the Leak
The same motorist also tells of a time<br />
when he wanted to light his gas headlights<br />
and found that the generator had<br />
mysteriously disappeared. As he had to<br />
have light and his lamps would burn<br />
nothing but gas, he was obliged to make<br />
the gas in some way or other. So he<br />
procured two tin cans, one with a top<br />
and a bottom, and the other with only<br />
a bottom. In the one with both top and<br />
bottom, he made a very small hole, and<br />
in the side of the other, he put a piece<br />
of threaded pipe, fastened by two nuts,<br />
one on either side of the metal. To this<br />
pipe he attached the hose that fed gas to<br />
the headlights. Then, filling the latter<br />
can with carbide, and the other with<br />
water, he fastened them together, one<br />
above the other, with rubber bands, so<br />
the water would leak out of the top one<br />
upon the carbide in the lower one. The<br />
nature of the calcium carbide and the<br />
water did the rest, and he went on his<br />
way rejoicing.<br />
ANOTHER QUESTION<br />
ANSWERED<br />
M C H A L L we take the limousine, or the<br />
tow near'" That is a question often<br />
asked, in the home of the man who is<br />
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 261<br />
fortunate enough to have a sample of<br />
each kind of those two city cars. This<br />
article will not be of any interest to that<br />
man. But there are men who can afford<br />
to have a limousine, or a town car, but<br />
not both of them. Those men can now<br />
have their choice of either at a moment's<br />
notice.<br />
For the designers of automobile<br />
bodies, in their effort to produce something<br />
that is new, and at the same time,<br />
something that will appeal to the greatest<br />
number of people, have now brought<br />
forth the limousine that can be converted<br />
into a town car in two minutes, or a<br />
town car that can be made into a perfectappearing<br />
limousine in the same length<br />
of time.<br />
There is a break in the roof of the<br />
limousine, just where it covers the partition<br />
between the driver's part and the<br />
passenger's part of the car. This break<br />
is practically invisible, and the car is just<br />
the same in appearance, as any other<br />
limousine. When it is desired to use it<br />
as a town car, the roof over the driver's<br />
part of the car can be removed at the<br />
break and at the place where it joins the<br />
windshield, in less time than it takes to<br />
put up a side curtain. There are two<br />
patent catches at the rear end and two<br />
others at the front end, so all the man<br />
has to do, is lift the roof off, when he<br />
has unlocked the four catches, and set it<br />
away until the limousine is called for.<br />
The Adjustable Limousine—Town Car
263<br />
BTC^IKK<br />
MATCH BOR<br />
Even in electrically lighted<br />
homes the luminous match box<br />
would be a great convenience.<br />
Some of our mad efforts to<br />
locate a match quickly, knocking<br />
over furniture, breaking<br />
dishes, and running into open<br />
doors, would be quite unnecessary<br />
with this match box giving<br />
its permanent and "costless"<br />
light.<br />
_X<br />
mmmmm^tmBrmzmw^m^fm^<br />
That there is nothing new<br />
under the sun might be true<br />
in a sense, but here is something<br />
that is really new when<br />
the sun has gone down. A<br />
Chicago corporation has succeeded<br />
in making, by some<br />
mysterious process, some of<br />
our most useful articles fully<br />
as useful at night as they are<br />
in the daytime. We can see<br />
the time at night without<br />
striking matches or turning<br />
on the electricity, we can<br />
find the pull-chain or switch<br />
to our electric light without<br />
groping around in a circle,<br />
and even the match box itself<br />
shines out with an intense<br />
luminosity, and the darker it<br />
is, the better one can see the<br />
articles.<br />
There is a small luminous bulb to attach to the pull<br />
chain, if the electric lights are turned on that way.<br />
The little bulb is permanently luminous, and like the<br />
switch plate does not run up a meter for its permanent<br />
light, because it charges itself in the daytime with<br />
natural light.<br />
•zmyBt<br />
This is a white plate made in<br />
standard size to fit any pushbutton<br />
switch plate and is<br />
simply screwed on in place of<br />
the old switch plate. One can<br />
go directly to it and turn on the<br />
room lights without any delay<br />
or groping annoyance, and the<br />
saving in soiled walls is also<br />
considerable.<br />
'••••<br />
I<br />
fit<br />
I<br />
I
FINANCING YOUR<br />
FAMILY'S<br />
FUTURE<br />
by Frank Mason<br />
T l IE following letter was received<br />
recently by the financial<br />
editor of a large metropolitan<br />
daily:<br />
"I am twenty-six years of<br />
age and have just become a father for the<br />
second time. I have a few dollars in the<br />
bank and have thought of investing, but<br />
am not quite satisfied as to the best investment<br />
medium. I feel that there must<br />
be some best way of planning my family's<br />
financial future, and would like your<br />
advice on the subject."<br />
Just how the financial editor answered<br />
this significant letter of inquiry, we do<br />
not know. The importance of the reference<br />
lies in the fact that the situation is<br />
typical; that nearly every married man,<br />
regardless of his business experience, or<br />
of his income, would like to have as much<br />
light as possible thrown upon this subject.<br />
First in importance comes a man's<br />
real capital, what might be called his<br />
personal capital—that is, himself. It is<br />
obviously of prime importance that this<br />
basic capital be safeguarded. Most prudent<br />
men do so safeguard it by life insurance.<br />
The advantages of life insurance<br />
are too well-known to need repetition<br />
here. As to whether a man will take out<br />
"straight life", twenty payment life, or<br />
endowment insurance depends upon his<br />
bent of mind. Some want "protection"<br />
only, others protection plus investment.<br />
The reasonable thing, of course, is to<br />
take out that kind of insurance which<br />
will make the least drain upon a man's<br />
income, and wdiich will give him certain<br />
protection—in other words, "straight<br />
life" insurance.<br />
Any honest insurance agent who understands<br />
his business can explain the<br />
advantages of this type of insurance over<br />
any other kind of life insurance. Unless<br />
a man is of a spendthrift disposition,<br />
endowment insurance will prove to be the<br />
less satisfactory investment. Its one advantage<br />
is that it compels even the most<br />
careless to save against his will.<br />
There is a very important factor most<br />
men f<strong>org</strong>et in taking out insurance. Few<br />
men drop dead suddenly. Death, even<br />
where it results from some untoward<br />
accident, is preceded frequently by a<br />
period of helplessness at home or in the<br />
hospital. Most men are sick more than<br />
once during a lifetime. When a man is<br />
sick his earning capacity obviously ends.<br />
?&5
264 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
and unless he has an unusually generous<br />
employer, he is likely to find himself in<br />
severe financial straits. Life insurance,<br />
therefore, is not sufficient. Every married<br />
man ought to carry both health and<br />
accident insurance. Taking out such insurance<br />
is a necessary step in financing<br />
one's family's future.<br />
There remain three factors : Provision<br />
for the children's education; a home for<br />
the future; an income in one's declining<br />
years.<br />
Up to high school age, most parents<br />
are able, somehow or other, to keep their<br />
children in books, clothes, and other<br />
necessaries. After the grammar school<br />
days are ended, however, expenses increase.<br />
First of all there is the additional<br />
cost for clothes. The high school<br />
child if not a snob, is at any rate "more<br />
particular" in his dress: doubly so in the<br />
case of a girl. Nor is this a thing that<br />
properly can be disregarded. Where a<br />
boy or girl is not dressed as well as his<br />
or her companions he or she is thereby<br />
unduly humiliated. Humiliation of this<br />
sort is not good for the spirit.<br />
Again, books are more expensive than<br />
in the grammar school. Frequently there<br />
are laboratory fees. Also there often is<br />
street car fare, for high schools are not<br />
always as near home as the grammar<br />
school. Lunches frequently must be provided<br />
for. About this time, too, children<br />
insist upon a certain amount of social<br />
life. This means the expense of little<br />
outings. Then also there is the expense<br />
incidental to buying baseball, football,<br />
gymnasium suits and other athletic fittings.<br />
The normal, healthy boy or girl<br />
in the 'teens today is a very live, a very<br />
complex and a rather expensive animal.<br />
Then after high school there is the<br />
possibility of college. Even on a basis<br />
of moderate expenses it probably costs<br />
today twenty-five hundred dollars to put<br />
a boy or girl through college. The average<br />
at Yale is over four thousand dollars<br />
a student for the four years.<br />
The average parent in all probability<br />
looks at the situation in about this way.<br />
"John or Kate is still very young. There<br />
is plenty of time to consider arrangements<br />
for the child's education. When<br />
college time arrives, if I can afford it,.<br />
the child shall go. I hope to be fairly<br />
prosperous by that time."<br />
This, however, is the wrong way to<br />
look at the matter. Educating one's children<br />
is as much a duty as feeding or<br />
dressing them. Lack of education admittedly<br />
is a handicap. If the parent<br />
cannot afford to provide an education<br />
there is a strong likelihood that the child<br />
will never be able to provide it himself.<br />
It is true, that there is a large percentage<br />
of young men and young women who<br />
are working their way through college.<br />
If this work can be done under favorable<br />
conditions before college, or during vacation,<br />
perhaps working one's way through<br />
does not put the young man or woman<br />
at a very great disadvantage. Working<br />
one's way through and carrying on<br />
studies at the same time, however, in<br />
most cas°s, is a severe handicap.<br />
"EDUCATING THE CHILDREN IS AS MUCH A DUTY AS DRESSING AND FEEDING THEM"
FINANCING YOUR FAMILY'S FUTURE 265<br />
Normally, a child enters<br />
college today at the<br />
age of eighteen years.<br />
That means that at that<br />
age you will be called<br />
upon to pay out six or<br />
seven hundred dollars,<br />
and an equal amount for<br />
each of the three years<br />
that follow. Say, for<br />
convenience of computation,<br />
the time at which<br />
you would require<br />
twenty-five hundred or<br />
three thousand dollars<br />
would be when the child<br />
is twenty years old.<br />
From five to seven<br />
dollars a month, placed<br />
at the credit of the child<br />
from the time it is a day<br />
old will give something<br />
like the required amount<br />
at the end of twenty<br />
years. If instead of permitting<br />
the money to<br />
remain in the savings<br />
bank, it is judiciously invested<br />
in bonds paying five per cent, you<br />
will have accumulated the necessary<br />
amount at the time it is needed.<br />
Now how about a permanent home?<br />
In considering his family's financial<br />
future, every man always has in some<br />
recess of his mind an idea for a house<br />
of his own. In time of financial stress,<br />
or in his old age, he wants a place to<br />
shelter him; where the rent collector<br />
cannot intrude. Some hope to do a<br />
double turn in one stroke—to make an<br />
investment, as well as to provide a secure<br />
harbor in stormy weather. Land or<br />
house bought in this fashion should,<br />
how r ever, never be regarded as an investment.<br />
The value of a certain bit of<br />
property depends in large measure<br />
upon economic conditions and upon the<br />
whims of the neighbors. A house that<br />
is worth twenty thousand dollars when<br />
built, may be worth but half that sum<br />
ten years later. Stores or factories or<br />
apartment buildings next door may have<br />
A Mao's Personal Capital Is Himself<br />
ruined the original house<br />
so that it can neither be<br />
sold nor rented at a<br />
profit—even though it<br />
has been maintained in<br />
perfect condition. The<br />
rapid change in real<br />
properties in such cities<br />
as Cleveland, Omaha,<br />
Denver, Chicago, San<br />
Francisco, and even the<br />
more staid communities<br />
of the East attests to the<br />
truth of this statement.<br />
Not infrequently a house<br />
that cost ten thousand<br />
dollars to build and that<br />
should rent for sixty<br />
dollars a month cannot<br />
find a buyer at anything<br />
more than salvage<br />
value; or a renter for<br />
much more than enough<br />
to pay the taxes.<br />
However, in spite of<br />
all this, many persons<br />
wish to own a home. It<br />
gives them a sense of<br />
comfortable security. Again, conditions<br />
may change so that the value of the<br />
property is greatly enhanced. In many<br />
cases it encourages cheerful saving<br />
where such saving might otherwise seem<br />
irksome.<br />
If it be decided then that the ownership<br />
of a house is advisable or desirable<br />
one should go to a building or loan association<br />
or to an individual who is interested<br />
in developing new building sections.<br />
For from fifteen hundred to three<br />
thousand dollars you should be able to<br />
get a piece of land fifty by seventy-five<br />
feet or larger. If you have in mind the<br />
idea of plenty of open space and plenty<br />
of fresh air for the children and a vegetable<br />
garden or chicken yard, you may<br />
want as much land as an acre. In any<br />
event, you will doubtless wash to select<br />
a location readily accessible where the<br />
comforts of plumbing and gas or electric<br />
lighting are available and where the
266 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
neighbors are of the kind you consider<br />
congenial.<br />
As has been stated, the price of the<br />
land on which you would like to build<br />
will vary considerably, according to the<br />
part of the country or quarter of the<br />
community you may select. Suppose,<br />
however, that you feel you could spend<br />
altogether about eight thousand dollars<br />
(in the course of a number<br />
of years) for a home.<br />
Five thousand dollars<br />
will probably satisfy<br />
your longing and that of your wife and<br />
children for a well-built, roomy, comfortable<br />
place of abode.<br />
Brick or concrete is desirable, though<br />
doubtless you will find wood the cheapest.<br />
That is, however, a matter of detail.<br />
With what you want clearly in mind<br />
your next step is to go to your real<br />
estate man or real estate company. You<br />
will find, in all probability, that by paying<br />
cash one-tenth the value of the<br />
house and land, you can have built and<br />
obtain possession of your house. Also<br />
that you will have the privilege of paying<br />
for the same within the course of perhaps<br />
ten or fifteen years by giving two<br />
mortgages, one for five, the other for the<br />
longer period. You will be asked to pay<br />
from six to eight per cent interest.<br />
And what will then be the total cost<br />
of the property? Well, it has been<br />
roughly estimated that in purchasing<br />
property on such terms as this you pay<br />
"Every Man Has in Some Corner of<br />
His Brain an Idea for a Home of His<br />
Own"<br />
during the period of purchase<br />
about one and a half times the<br />
rent you would have been likely<br />
to pay in that period for similar<br />
accommodations. Thus, many<br />
real estate agents to the contrary,<br />
it is not cheaper to purchase than<br />
to pay rent. Even after your place is<br />
paid for, repairs and taxes will probably<br />
eat up twenty-five dollars or thereabouts<br />
a month—probably more. No, a home<br />
today is not exactly an investment. But<br />
the process of buying it, however, is frequently<br />
stimulating, and ownership has<br />
other advantages, too.<br />
Suppose, even after we have made<br />
provision against your death, sickness, or<br />
accident, provision for the education of<br />
the children, for the purchase of a home,
you still had a surplus to<br />
spare that you could put<br />
in the savings bank. Or<br />
suppose you decide to accumulate<br />
a capital and<br />
forego a home; or even<br />
without a home or bank<br />
savings, you should wish<br />
to invest your children's<br />
education fund to the best<br />
advantage.<br />
It is the common consensus<br />
of opinion that<br />
all things considered,<br />
bonds make the best form<br />
of investment. A farm<br />
mortgage has its disadvantages.<br />
For one thing,<br />
frequently it is difficult to<br />
FINANCING YOUR FAMILY'S FUTURE 267<br />
obtain ready money upon<br />
it when wanted.<br />
Of course all bonds are<br />
not equally good, some being less remunerative,<br />
but safer than others. A type of<br />
bond that requires careful attention is that<br />
upon a flat, office, or factory building.<br />
Suppose for example, that an office building<br />
is bonded for sixty thousand dollars.<br />
This may be an exaggerated valuation, as<br />
the building may be worth but fifty thousand—or<br />
ten thousand dollars less than<br />
the bonds. Or suppose there is no inflation<br />
of values and the building burns. It<br />
is frequently difficult to recover in insurance<br />
the full valuation of the building.<br />
Or again the building may not rent and<br />
may be sold at a greatly reduced figure<br />
at a forced sale. You see how you run<br />
here a fair chance of losing perhaps<br />
seventy-five cents or more on the dollar<br />
invested.<br />
If the investor is wise, he will select<br />
bonds issued by an old town located in a<br />
well-settled and prosperous farming<br />
community. Such a town always is safe.<br />
Trade always will be carried on here,<br />
for the farmers will use this as a business<br />
center. And where trade is carried on<br />
prosperous business men always will be<br />
found to pay interest, in the form of<br />
(axes, on bonds.<br />
Where people in an old community<br />
"Will Your Bank Balance, Invested Regularly, Mount Large Enough to<br />
Care for Your Declining Years?"<br />
are dependent upon a gas plant or electricity<br />
or street car service, bonds issued<br />
by any such corporations generally are<br />
good. There will, in all probability,<br />
always be a demand, an increasing demand<br />
for the public service. Bonds of<br />
such a concern usually pay from five to<br />
five and one half per cent, and may be<br />
considered as containing a minimum of<br />
risk to the investor.<br />
If then you can provide your family<br />
with surety against want in case of your<br />
death or disability, have made provision<br />
for your children's education, have carefully<br />
invested any surplus that may remain,<br />
and are in possession of a home<br />
wdiere you may retire from the world<br />
and for wdiich, until it crumbles over<br />
your head, you pay nothing except taxes<br />
—repairs are not always imperative, except<br />
to keep up appearances and value—<br />
you have made a most excellent provision<br />
for your family's future. In fact, if you<br />
show such care and foresight in all these<br />
important matters of life, the chances are<br />
that—barring any unforeseen calamity—<br />
you will so thrive and prosper in your<br />
business that your family will have no<br />
need of the safeguards you have reared<br />
about it.
OLD-FASHIONED WHITE<br />
BREAD AS A FOOD<br />
H A S any person ever cornered<br />
you, begged and implored<br />
you not to eat white bread ?<br />
Has any member of the<br />
family forsaken it with scorn<br />
and insisted on being fed altogether on<br />
whole wheat bread, bran bread, or some<br />
new fangled kind of "health bread"?<br />
You yourself may like white bread, in<br />
fact, you don't feel that a meal is complete<br />
without it but your friends who<br />
"read up" on carbohydrates, protein,<br />
and the other food elements say that<br />
you shouldn't eat it.<br />
If you like it then, by all means eat it<br />
in peace, and remain in peace for it will<br />
not kill you.<br />
A while ago a New York paper printed<br />
a sensational article called "Don't Give<br />
Him White Bread", and gave the following<br />
table, to show the relative food<br />
values of the several articles named:<br />
Barley bread<br />
83.3<br />
Whole wheat<br />
...81.7<br />
White<br />
.. 54.9<br />
Rye<br />
... 57.2<br />
Swedish speise bread. . 87.0<br />
Zweiback<br />
. ..85.2<br />
Macaroni<br />
.. .86.9<br />
Corn<br />
...80.0<br />
At this rate, white bread would be the<br />
least beneficial of them all, and Swedish<br />
speise bread the most nourishing. Now<br />
for war times, Swedish speise bread and<br />
zweiback are fine, because they do not<br />
contain water. When we buy white<br />
bread we buy 35 to 45% of water, but<br />
then white bread with its water is not as<br />
expensive as speise bread and zweiback,<br />
and it would be dry and harsh to us<br />
without water.<br />
One woman, when asked if she<br />
planned her meals with reference to the<br />
right proportions, that is, a certain<br />
amount of carbohydrate,—starch and<br />
?6S<br />
sugar, a certain amount of fat—butter<br />
or cream, and bacon, a certain amount of<br />
protein—meat, eggs, fish, vegetables, a<br />
certain amount of salts—soups, lettuce,<br />
salads, etc., said "My land, No! My<br />
husband said if I fed him those things<br />
he'd leave home." Here was friend husband's<br />
menu for one dinner—<br />
Fried oysters<br />
Mashed potatoes<br />
Lima beans<br />
Cottage cheese<br />
Corn starch pudding—<br />
all perfectly good things in the right<br />
place. Well, the man was sick a few<br />
times every month, and devoured oranges<br />
at a great rate at each attack. The carbohydrates<br />
seemed to prove too much for<br />
him without acids, salts in fresh vegetables,<br />
and fresh lettuce to balance.<br />
It is perfectly true that whole wheat<br />
bread, bran bread, Swedish speise bread<br />
contain ten per cent more of the above<br />
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins than<br />
white bread contains, but they also contain<br />
a larger proportion of crude fiber.<br />
The fiber portion of these flours are of<br />
little value as food, and so much of the<br />
protein and carbohydrate is so incorporated<br />
in the woody fiber that it is not<br />
digested, nor made available for use of<br />
the body. While only ninety per cent of<br />
the dry matter of wheat meal—that is,<br />
meal used to make whole wheat bread<br />
and speise bread—is digestible and nourishing<br />
to the body, nearly the whole of<br />
the dry matter of wheat flour, used for<br />
white bread, is available for the use of<br />
the body.<br />
This is true not only of the white flour<br />
of wheat, but also the white flour of rye,<br />
corn, barley, oats, etc. Moreover, the<br />
coarse woody fiber of bran and brown<br />
breads produces a mechanical irritation<br />
of the intestines, which makes it less<br />
valuable as an extensive article of food.
HINTS IFOR<br />
••<br />
ELECTRICITY AND VANITY<br />
A S far as the average woman is concerned,<br />
electricity could not be applied<br />
in a more pleasing way than in this<br />
combination mirror and electric light.<br />
By throwing a strong light on the ob-<br />
' ject to be reflected the mirror<br />
does its best work. Possibly<br />
it will be an aid to a few of<br />
the gentler sex when they<br />
wish to add just a "touch of<br />
rouge". As a shaving' mirror,<br />
also, it is ideal.<br />
The light is obtained from<br />
a self-contained dry cell bat- //<br />
terv. and the frame can be<br />
made of ivory, white, pink, or<br />
blue finish.<br />
S<br />
PREVENTS STEALING<br />
CURRENT<br />
A SIMPLE interrupter, placed in an<br />
electric eircuit. will prevent the use<br />
PEOPLE<br />
of current for lighting purposes and allow<br />
it to be used only for heating or<br />
power. The little invention breaks the<br />
circuit for two seconds, at intervals of<br />
every twenty seconds, by means of clockwork.<br />
Power appliances or heating units<br />
will continue to run during the brief time<br />
that the current is shut off, but lights will<br />
go out completely for the length of time<br />
no energy is supplied. Lights which<br />
were placed on such a line would be intolerable<br />
but units for which it was intended<br />
would be efficient. Current sold<br />
at a cheaper rate for heat and power,<br />
could not be used for lighting, against<br />
the wishes of the company furnishing the<br />
energy, when this device is used.<br />
BOILING WITHOUT WATER<br />
U" GGS may now be boiled and the<br />
baby's milk heated without putting<br />
either the eggs or the bottle directly into<br />
the water. A new electric cooker makes<br />
this possible. The electric current is<br />
passed directly through the water and<br />
only a very limited quantity of the liquid<br />
is required. To boil a couple of eggs<br />
for breakfast a spoonful of water is<br />
ample. The process is consequently rapid<br />
Because of the Fact That a Spoonful of Water Is All<br />
That Is Required, Boiling Takes Place Almost In<br />
stantly<br />
269
270 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
and requires an astonishingly small quan<br />
tity of current.<br />
The device<br />
consists of a<br />
heater containing<br />
a porcelain<br />
dish with a<br />
cover. Carbon<br />
electrodes prevent<br />
the form<br />
a t i o n of<br />
metallic salts.<br />
The water<br />
from the steam<br />
on condensing<br />
is gathered and<br />
held in a<br />
groove where<br />
the top fits on<br />
the porcelain.<br />
A metal plate<br />
The Step-Savin<br />
Clothes Bar<br />
over the porcelain is the holder for<br />
whatever is to be cooked or heated in the<br />
device.<br />
Jl<br />
TO ATTRACT BUYERS<br />
I7ROM the street it seems like the<br />
searchlight of a miniature lighthouse,<br />
casting its curious eye<br />
across the sidewalk. It<br />
can be seen from a long<br />
distance up the street,<br />
and it attracts the attention<br />
of every passerby.<br />
It is the new oscillating<br />
lamp for store windows.<br />
The device is made by<br />
attaching a small incandescent<br />
lamp to an<br />
oscillating electric fan.<br />
A separate electric circuit<br />
is attached to the<br />
lamp, and the fan blades<br />
removed. This makes<br />
the movement of the<br />
light much more i apid<br />
than that of the swinging<br />
fan. The construction<br />
of the little machine<br />
is a short job for<br />
anyone handy with tools.<br />
W %Te h d s £ T 0 a t c £e n<br />
UMBRELLA<br />
CLOTHES BAR<br />
A NEW form<br />
of drier<br />
that is useful in<br />
the laundry,<br />
kitchen, or<br />
nursery has a<br />
number of arms<br />
that r a d i a t e<br />
from a common<br />
center like the<br />
ribs of an umbrella.<br />
These<br />
arms revolve<br />
about the center<br />
so that all may<br />
be filled without<br />
taking a step.<br />
The arms opera<br />
t e independently<br />
of each other: each is made of<br />
one piece of wood so that there are no<br />
parts to come off. Each arm is two feet<br />
in length; the driers are made in different<br />
sizes with eight, twelve, or sixteen<br />
arms.<br />
e Is Not in Use It<br />
Evidence<br />
INVISIBLE SEW<br />
ING MACHINE<br />
HE sewing machine<br />
T is not a thing of<br />
beauty at best. Neither<br />
is it the best tonic in the<br />
world for aching backs<br />
and general muscular<br />
pains, when it comes to<br />
operating one. It takes<br />
up as much room as<br />
some really beautiful<br />
and useful article of<br />
furniture which we<br />
would rather have in its<br />
place.<br />
There is a new sewing<br />
machine on the market<br />
wdiich is a real sewing<br />
machine, standard make<br />
and up-to-date in all its<br />
accessories, which takes<br />
up about one-twentieth
of the old machine's space, which works<br />
by a tiny foot motor, and which can be<br />
put up on the shelf when not in use. Its<br />
electric motor is mounted permanently<br />
on the machine head, and the cost of the<br />
machine, motor and all, is less than that<br />
of the ordinary high-class sewing machine<br />
with its cumbersome cabinet. The<br />
machine in its carrying cover is no<br />
heavier than a suit case, and it can be<br />
brought down and used on the diningroom<br />
table, the window sill, and it can<br />
even be tried on the piano. Any electriclight<br />
socket will furnish the power.<br />
Jt<br />
CREAM SEPARATOR FOR<br />
THE HOME<br />
•"PHE average family uses the cream<br />
from the top of the bottle of milk.<br />
It is a difficult matter to pour the cream<br />
from the top of the bottle satisfactorily,<br />
as with it comes a large portion of the<br />
milk.<br />
A little device, which is designed to<br />
separate thoroughly the cream from the<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 271<br />
milk, is now on the market. The price is<br />
but thirty cents for use in pint bottles,<br />
and fifty cents for the quart size.<br />
This device consists of a wire attached<br />
to a rubber disc. The disc is a little less<br />
in circumference than that of the inside<br />
of the bottle at the bottom, and a little<br />
larger than the circumference of the bottle<br />
at the arch. The disc is inserted in<br />
the neck of the bottle, folded, and gently<br />
lowered until it reaches a level where it<br />
the arch of the bottle, coming between<br />
the cream and the milk. The cream then<br />
is poured off readily.<br />
LAWN CLOTHES PIN<br />
THE sketch shows a simple clothes pin<br />
recently devised for preventing the<br />
Held Down Like This, Cloths Cannot Blow Away<br />
blowing away of linens spread on the<br />
lawn to bleach. It is made from a fiveinch<br />
length of heavy wire. In use it is<br />
pressed firmly into the sod.<br />
NOVEL GARBAGE COLLECTOR<br />
W/1LLIAM M. WALSH, highway<br />
commissioner at Grand Rapids,<br />
Michigan, employs a unique device, on<br />
which he holds patents, in connection<br />
spreads. Q It then is raised till it reaches<br />
with his garbage collection system.<br />
To any ordinary dump wagon a movable<br />
crane is attached, mounted with bolts<br />
and bars just behind the seat. A handle<br />
controls the mechanism, easily operated<br />
from the ground. From the handle a<br />
set of gears communicates with a drum<br />
wdiich governs a steel cable passing<br />
through pulleys in the arm of a crane<br />
and terminating in a yoke with two ironhooked<br />
arms. These hooks fit over iron<br />
nubs attached to specially constructed<br />
cans. A second cable, terminating in a<br />
crooked piece of steel, completes the<br />
outfit.
272 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
When the driver draws alongside the<br />
cans, filled with garbage and rubbish by<br />
the white wings, he swings the crane to<br />
either side, as demanded, the swivel<br />
being governed by a short bar operated<br />
from the seat. The yoke is then lowered<br />
and the hooks are attached to the iron<br />
nubs of the cans. The can then is drawn<br />
above the wagon and the hook of the second<br />
cable is attached to the iron rim at<br />
the bottom. A shift of gears allows the<br />
driver to operate the second drum and<br />
the can is quickly tipped, the rubbish<br />
dropping into the wagon. The operation<br />
goes on until all cans have been emptied.<br />
TUBERCULOSIS AMONG<br />
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES<br />
DECENT scientific investigation has<br />
confirmed the theory that fruits and<br />
vegetables are afflicted with tuberculosis.<br />
T. J. Burrell, working upon the blight<br />
of the pear and apple in 1879, was the<br />
first to attribute a plant disease to bacterial<br />
origin. His work has been confirmed<br />
and his conclusions more fully<br />
established by S. O. Swinton, a recent<br />
investigator.<br />
According to Mr. Swinton, the predisposing<br />
conditions which contribute<br />
toward the development of tuberculosis<br />
in fruits and vegetables are similar to<br />
those of the human body—insufficient<br />
nourishment and exposure to extremes of<br />
heat and cold. If fruits and vegetables<br />
are not properly fertilized and watered<br />
they are not nourished and suffer in consequence.<br />
Tuberculosis manifests itself<br />
particularly in fruits<br />
and vegetables but every<br />
part of the plant—root, stem,<br />
leaf, flower, fruit, bark,<br />
wood, veins—is subject to<br />
the disease.<br />
Although there is only a<br />
slight resemblance between<br />
the human body and a vegetable<br />
or fruit, the latter may<br />
be likened to the human<br />
body. What the bones are<br />
to the human body, the core and seeds<br />
are to fruits and vegetables. The disease<br />
attacks core and seeds. There is no<br />
discharge, but the core is discolored and<br />
spongy. The fruit is bitter; the vegetable<br />
tasteless. Unless the general public<br />
is aroused to plant protection this disease<br />
will continue to spread and increase until<br />
the value of the product is diminished or<br />
totally destroyed.<br />
LATH LIKE LIGHTNING<br />
/~\LD-TIME lathers who prided themselves<br />
on their speed in lathing a<br />
house, will soon be able to double their<br />
pace when the invention of a Westerner,<br />
Mr. C. S. Boden of Palo Alto, California,<br />
gets on the market. Inventors are always<br />
striving to perfect new tools which increase<br />
man's speed and efficiency, and<br />
Mr. Boden has achieved both these<br />
This Automatic Lathing Hammer Spits<br />
Out Nails Like a Gun Spits Bullets<br />
points in his automatic lathing and tack<br />
hammers.<br />
The automatic hammers spit out tacks<br />
or nails, and drive them much as bullets<br />
come from a gun. They are more efficient<br />
than the human hand, and rarely if<br />
ever drop or bend a nail or tack. The<br />
nails are fed into the hammer on paper
strips, and a trigger on the hammer<br />
handle enables the operator to stop the<br />
feeding of nails or tacks when he desjres<br />
to strike more than one blow in driving,<br />
or wishes to pound on something.<br />
J*<br />
SUBSTITUTE ALCOHOL LAMP<br />
'X'FIE top of a Mason jar exactly fits<br />
into the space allotted to the alcohol<br />
lamp under the chafing dish. Some day<br />
if you happen to be minus an alcohol<br />
This Contrivance Will Be Found a Good Substitute<br />
for the Alcohol Lamp<br />
lamp get a Mason jar cover and twist<br />
some wire, yes even a hairpin will do,<br />
across the top so that it fits into the<br />
grooves on either side. In the middle<br />
of the cover attach some absorbent cotton<br />
to the wire, and saturate it with wood<br />
alcohol. When lighted it will prove to<br />
be as good as any alcohol lamp ever<br />
made. Outside of its use for the chafing<br />
dish it is practical for emergency heating.<br />
J*<br />
NEW MASSAGE GLOVE<br />
""THERE is a glove now on the market<br />
for the masseur or masseuse wdiich<br />
promises added comfort<br />
to the victim being<br />
massaged and less<br />
work for the masseur.<br />
The little circles<br />
on the<br />
fingers of the<br />
glove are<br />
small raised discs<br />
of solid yet flexible<br />
rubber. Between<br />
these little<br />
raised discs are smal<br />
holes. The glove is<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 273<br />
first filled with the material to be massaged<br />
into the skin, and the glove is<br />
closed around the wrist of the wearer.<br />
When the little round discs are worked<br />
on the skin, the massaging fluid comes<br />
out through the small holes. In this<br />
way none of the fluid goes to waste, and<br />
the temperature is more nearly body<br />
heat than in the average rub.<br />
J*<br />
HOMEMADE CLOTHES DRYER<br />
FOR OIL STOVE<br />
A CLOTHES rack for drying clothes<br />
^"^ over an oil stove can be made at<br />
home from stiff wire by a person with<br />
little skill. At the lower end each piece<br />
of wire is bent into the form of a hook;<br />
by means of sliding rings at the center<br />
This Dryer Can<br />
Be Made to Fit the<br />
Top of Any Oil<br />
Stove<br />
and upper end a rack<br />
is formed which can<br />
be fitted to the stove<br />
as shown in the illustration.<br />
By sliding<br />
the retaining rings<br />
the wires may be disengaged<br />
from the<br />
stove, collapsed, and<br />
stored in a small place.<br />
RECORDS PHONE CALLS<br />
A DEVICE for recording telephone<br />
calls received when the telephone<br />
owner is absent has been invented by<br />
C. E. Bedeaux, an efficiency expert at<br />
Grand Rapids, Michigan. It consists of<br />
a steel shelf bolted to the battery box of<br />
a telephone. At one end a clock works<br />
is mounted which operates through the<br />
medium of a cogged rod and a large cog<br />
and a celluloid covered cylinder. On<br />
this cylinder rests an ingeniously constructed<br />
pencil which, through several<br />
steel wires and a pinion, is connected to
274 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Even if You Are Away from Home This Device Will<br />
Record Your Phone Calls<br />
the clapper of the bell. With every<br />
vibration, secured with the minimum of<br />
pressure on the clapper, the pencil operates<br />
and registers the code marks on the<br />
cylinder. This revolves when a governing<br />
clutch is set by the phone owner.<br />
ICE FROM AN ELECTRIC-<br />
LAMP SOCKET<br />
T H E electric ice man has arrived at<br />
last! He has come via the same<br />
route that the electric stove, electric fan,<br />
and electric light arrived; that is, from<br />
the electric-lamp socket. For the price<br />
of a few pounds of ice, say for example<br />
eight cents a day where the electric rate<br />
is ten cents a kilowatt, he will keep your<br />
ice box at a far lower temperature<br />
than ice even in the hottest weather,<br />
will not track up your floors with<br />
mud and water and will furnish<br />
cubes of ice frozen from your own<br />
drinking water.<br />
The new attachment is complete<br />
in one unit. It consists of an electric<br />
motor of one-eighth horsepower,<br />
a compressor to wdiich the<br />
motor is belted, and tinned cooling coils.<br />
To attach it to any refrigerator it is only<br />
necessary to cut a small hole in the top<br />
of the refrigerator, put the cooling coils<br />
in the ice compartment, and attach a<br />
plug to the nearest electric-lamp socket.<br />
The cooling is done by abstracting heat<br />
from the ice box through the tinnedcopper<br />
ice-making coils in wdiich liquid<br />
sulphur is being boiled by the heat extracted<br />
from the ice chamber of the refrigerator.<br />
The sulphur steam, unlike<br />
ordinary water steam, is formed at the<br />
low temperature of fourteen degrees<br />
Fahrenheit. It passes into the electric<br />
condenser where it is again compressed<br />
into a liquid and loses the heat it has<br />
gathered. Thus the same quantity of<br />
liquid is compressed and boiled over and<br />
over again. Each time it goes through<br />
the process it gathers a certain amount of<br />
heat from the refrigerator and radiates<br />
it through the compact coils on top of the<br />
ice box.<br />
Economy of operation is secured by a<br />
thermostat wdiich starts and stops the<br />
motor wdien the temperature rises or<br />
lowers above the temperature it is desired<br />
to maintain. The temperature<br />
inside the ice box remains practically the<br />
same, the variation being less than one<br />
degree. The first cost of this device is<br />
rather high, but afterward it is economical.<br />
Freedom from the Ice Tyrant<br />
When you have this installed, the Silent Giant makes your<br />
ice for you as you need it.
The Score Is Always in<br />
Sight in the Glass-Covered<br />
Drawers<br />
NEW AUCTION TABLE<br />
""THERE is a new auction table sold at<br />
the large department stores, which<br />
would seem to make bridge, more than<br />
ever, a very serious matter.<br />
At the right hand of both scorekeepers<br />
there is a glass-covered drawer which<br />
contains an auction score pad and pencil.<br />
To note the score, the scorekeeper does<br />
not need to remove the pad. It just is<br />
pulled out, the score recorded, and the<br />
drawer closed, the pad out of the way,<br />
and the score visible at all times.<br />
This is a mahogany table with foldinglegs,<br />
and the top is of green baize. It is<br />
31 inches square by 27 inches high, and<br />
easily portable.<br />
•J*<br />
COMBINED MAIL-BOX AND<br />
MILK-BOTTLE HOLDER<br />
A COMBINED mail-box and milk-<br />
•^^ bottle holder has been invented recently<br />
by Piter Maczuzak of Keiser.<br />
1 ~ *"1<br />
p<br />
MAIL<br />
-L J-»<br />
!<br />
I<br />
No One Can Steal Either the Milk or Mail<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 275<br />
Pennsylvania. The object of this invention<br />
is to prevent both the milk bottles<br />
and mail from being stolen, and to be<br />
conveniently accessible for receiving the<br />
milk from the vender and the mail from<br />
the postman. This invention consists of<br />
a case divided into two compartments,<br />
one of wdiich serves as a mail box normally<br />
locked ; the other as a milk-bottle<br />
receiver normally opened for the reception<br />
of a bottle, the same being automatically<br />
locked upon placing a bottle<br />
within. Access to the bottle is had<br />
through the mail compartment when the<br />
bottle compartment is closed. The mail<br />
compartment is made secure by lock and<br />
key.<br />
J*<br />
ROLLING SWING<br />
pHARLES M. CALHOUN of Greenwood,<br />
South Carolina, has invented<br />
a unique and safe amusement device for<br />
As Much Fun as a Ferris Wheel<br />
children wdiich can be manufactured at<br />
small cost. It consists of a pair of large<br />
wheels connected by any suitable framework<br />
and having swung chairs suspended<br />
in offset relations to the hub of the traction<br />
wheels. These swing chairs are<br />
hung pivotallv after the fashion of Ferris<br />
Wheel swing chairs so that the child is<br />
swung alternately up and down as the<br />
vehicle is rolled along. The carriage can<br />
be made from either wood or metal.
276 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
ECONOMICAL CLEANER FOR<br />
TEETH<br />
"THIS little device contains inside a<br />
spool of floss wdiich is made of a nonmetallic,<br />
highly polished resilient substance,<br />
and as only a half-inch or a little<br />
With This Handy<br />
Little Device the<br />
Spaces Between<br />
the Teeth May Be<br />
Cleaned Quickly<br />
and with a Minimum<br />
of Dental<br />
Floss<br />
more of floss<br />
needs to be used<br />
with this spool at<br />
one time, it is much<br />
more economical<br />
than the ordinary dental floss. When the<br />
half-inch is used, it is cut off by a little<br />
attachment on the spool.<br />
J*<br />
WHEELED CABINET FOR<br />
PHONOGRAPH AND<br />
RECORDS<br />
A NEW cabinet for the phonograph<br />
and records which<br />
can be moved easily from place<br />
to place has two wheels and two<br />
legs. When it is desired to<br />
move the cabinet, pushing down<br />
on the handle raises the legs so<br />
that the cabinet may be moved<br />
on the two wheels. This cabinet<br />
should meet the approval of all<br />
phonograph owners who use<br />
their machines both inside the<br />
house and on the piazza in summer.<br />
DOING AWAY WITH THE<br />
KITCHEN<br />
TN the modern two-room apartment the<br />
bedroom usually folds into the wall<br />
and the bed comes out from a well constructed,<br />
airy closet. The bedroom is<br />
used at least half of the twenty-four<br />
hours, and the kitchen is used less than<br />
ten per cent of this time. The logical<br />
thing to eliminate first then, is the<br />
kitchen.<br />
The new style of kitchen is "compressed"<br />
as much as possible into the<br />
small space behind these mahogany<br />
doors. It is not even necessary to enter<br />
another room or go on the porch for the<br />
refrigerator, as that is very snugly cared<br />
for under the supply cabinet. The cabinets<br />
are made of steel, white enameled.<br />
The enamel is baked on to stay, and<br />
should surely be sanitary.<br />
The "kitchens" come to the purchaser<br />
complete, including either an electric<br />
stove or gas stove, and a tireless cooker.<br />
The recess for the stove is porcelain<br />
enamel lined over walls that have an air<br />
space and are insulated with asbestos to<br />
eliminate all radiation of heat. The compartments<br />
are perfectly ventilated by connection<br />
with a flue in the wall. This<br />
connection can be made easily.<br />
This Kitchenette Is Remarkable for Its Compactness<br />
and Step-Saving Utility
EVER READY MUCILAGE<br />
""THE comparatively few times that the<br />
average person uses mucilage does<br />
not reconcile him to buying a whole jar<br />
The Mucilage Won't Dry Up<br />
It comes in leaves, which are usrd simply by moistening<br />
and applying.<br />
for ten or twenty-five cents, only to find<br />
that when he wishes to use it again it has<br />
dried up.<br />
The newest kind of mucilage comes in<br />
sticks and leaves. It is put up in jars, or<br />
in little books, the "pages" of which are<br />
mucilage. By simply moistening the<br />
sticks or leaves they are ready immediately<br />
for use.<br />
EXIT THE HOT WATER BAG<br />
t*r\ON'T use a hot water bag for that<br />
pain" is the latest admonition.<br />
"Use an electric pad instead." All you<br />
have to do is to attach a plug to your<br />
electric light socket, and almost immediately<br />
you have the soothing heat right on<br />
the sore spot. The pad can't leak as<br />
does, all too frequently, the hot water<br />
bag. Time doesn't have to be taken to<br />
get the water and fill the bag.<br />
The Electric Pad "Hot Water Bag"<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 277<br />
SQUEEZER TO HASTEN JELLY<br />
MAKING<br />
II I II I<br />
The Method of Using the Squeezer<br />
be extracted within a few minutes after<br />
the cooking is complete, and the operation<br />
completed the same day; in addition,<br />
the juice is more completely extracted<br />
than is possible by draining. A<br />
thick cotton or wool cloth should be used<br />
with the squeezer to prevent "cloudy"<br />
jelly.<br />
LITTLE SCALE WITH BIG<br />
CAPACITY<br />
""THIS little scale is for grown-ups and<br />
babies too. A glance down shows<br />
the correct weight instantly. It is small
278 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
This Scale Is Powerful Enough for All Household<br />
Uses<br />
enough to be kept in the most diminutive<br />
bathroom. The scale operates on the mechanical<br />
principle of the automobile<br />
speedometer, and a revolving dial clearly<br />
marked with the regular graduations is<br />
enclosed in glass.<br />
FIRST AID TO MOVERS<br />
VV7FIEN you move you will find it very<br />
convenient to pack a suitcase or<br />
handbag with hammer, screwdriver,<br />
tacks, nails, screws, cleaning brush, dust<br />
cap, apron, and any other articles you are<br />
likely to need at once. If you have room,<br />
add common silver, salt, pepper, sugar,<br />
napkins, paper plates, and cups for your<br />
first meal. Take this with you, and it will<br />
save the time of unpacking, and the cost<br />
of buying articles you own already.<br />
SIMPLE METAL SCAFFOLD<br />
A DEVICE to lessen the expense of<br />
building operations and to eliminate<br />
the unsightly and dangerous wooden<br />
scaffolding is the simple metal scaffold.<br />
The device is a folding steel bracket having<br />
two supporting legs wdiich are braced<br />
against each other at the outer end to<br />
prevent any side motion. The brackets<br />
take hold of the studding directly so as<br />
10 prevent motion at the inner end. The<br />
bracket itself weighs only fourteen<br />
pounds, but supports a greater weight<br />
than will be put upon it in ordinary operations.<br />
The scaffolds can be very quickly<br />
put up and taken down, and are easily<br />
moved from place to place.<br />
J*<br />
ARM REST LEDGER STAND<br />
T H E latest device for holding corporation<br />
ledgers and office books of any<br />
size or dimension is the Larson Book<br />
Rack, wdiich adjusts books automatically<br />
to arm rests.<br />
The rack is made in various sizes, of<br />
wood and steel material, and automatically<br />
adjusts itself to the use of any book<br />
that it is applied to, by means of screws<br />
at the end of the leather straps which<br />
extend from one end of the rack to the<br />
other. In turning the leaves of the book,<br />
the face is always brought up to the level<br />
of the arm rests, wdiich are along the<br />
entire length of the rack. The device has<br />
a bridge-like appearance and is portable,<br />
but not collapsible. It is made to sell at<br />
a moderate price.
HOW TO USE PAINT<br />
BY ELIZABETH G. STOKELY<br />
T H E three chief problems in<br />
paint that confront the average<br />
private householder today<br />
have relation to laying the<br />
preservative on wood, concrete,<br />
or iron. Right consideration of<br />
each individual problem means long-lasting<br />
results, the preservation of the good<br />
looks of, and above all. the longevity of<br />
the object painted.<br />
The bogies that pursue the painter—<br />
even occasionally the professional, and<br />
too frequently the amateur—are cracking,<br />
scaling, peeling, "checking" and<br />
"alligatoring".<br />
Pretty nearly everyone has an idea of<br />
what the first three terms signify.<br />
"Checking" and "alligatoring" are<br />
usually regarded as whimsical variations<br />
of the cracking problem. There are,<br />
however, distinct and preventable causes<br />
for the latter phenomena. "Checking"<br />
has reference to the development of fine<br />
interlacing lines on the surface of the<br />
paint. "Checking" on an extensive scale<br />
is known as "alligatoring".<br />
One paint authority says with reference<br />
to these phenomena: "The outer<br />
coats of varnish anil paint always tend<br />
to shrink greatly in volume and to become<br />
progressively harder and more<br />
coherent, thus producing either of two<br />
possible effects—one, the rupturing of<br />
this outer coat with consequent alligatoring<br />
or checking; the other is. the outer<br />
coat becomes thinner without rupturing<br />
—wdiich effect occurs depends on the<br />
under coat. If it is soft, the outer coat<br />
in oxidizing and shrinking will draw up<br />
and slip over it with consequent rupturing.<br />
If the under coat is sufficiently<br />
hard, the outer coat does not slip over it,<br />
and simply becomes thinner by shrinkage,<br />
and no rupturing occurs. Alligatoring<br />
also occurs whenever a paint is applied<br />
over another paint that inherently<br />
will not dry hard, as in the case of a<br />
harder paint applied over a yellow ochre,<br />
or an asphaltum paint."<br />
The remedy suggested for these twc<br />
evils is to have the under coat of paint<br />
as hard as practicable. On the other<br />
hand, checking is sometimes the lesser of<br />
two evils. When the film of paint has so<br />
great tensile strength that its surface<br />
remains completely unbroken, the expansion<br />
and contraction of the material<br />
wdiich the paint covers may result in<br />
cracking and loosening the paint, the result<br />
being "scaling".<br />
Every paint requires a drying oil. If<br />
this drying oil is to have satisfactory<br />
results it should possess the property of<br />
being oxidized readily into a solid substance.<br />
Since linseed oil is the most<br />
satisfactory oil for the purpose, substitutes<br />
should by all means be avoided.<br />
Checking and alligatoring are surface<br />
manifestations. Cracking goes deeper—<br />
to the foundation, in fact. Scaling will<br />
usually, as a matter of course, follow<br />
cracking.<br />
Cracking is caused as a rule by moisture<br />
in the fiber of the wood base. As<br />
this moisture dries out, the fibers contract,<br />
forcing the paint surface to contract<br />
with it. Consequently the paint<br />
contracting with and across the grain,<br />
is torn asunder. That is, cracked. The<br />
mischief by no means ends here.<br />
These cracks permit more moisture to<br />
enter the wood. This moisture travels<br />
under the film of paint, and literally lifts<br />
or forces the paint up from its foundation.<br />
Hence scaling follows. Moisture<br />
under an unbroken paint surface in like<br />
manner results in peeling.<br />
A thick layer of paint inclines more<br />
readily to crack and scale. Old layers<br />
of paint therefore should always be removed<br />
before new coatings are applied.<br />
Sandpapering, of course, will remove the<br />
old paint.<br />
It is also an excellent idea to have the<br />
279
280 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
wood as seasoned and dry as possible<br />
before laying the paint.<br />
When it comes to painting that iron<br />
gate, or ornamental bench on the lawn, or<br />
that galvanized iron piping a new problem<br />
presents itself. Here however, as<br />
in the case of wood, it is best to remove<br />
all of the old paint first. Ordinary paint<br />
has an annoying tendency to scale' off<br />
iron. If it is not practicable to remove<br />
the old coating, the surface may be prepared<br />
by using the mixture of various<br />
ingredients. Dissolve in one-half gallon<br />
of water, one ounce of chloride of copper<br />
and the same quantity of nitrate of copper<br />
and sal ammoniac. For mixing, an<br />
earthen, not a metal pot or jar should be<br />
employed. Next add one ounce of crude<br />
hydrochloric acid. The mixture should<br />
be applied immediately, a flat brush being<br />
used for the purpose. If this has been<br />
properly done the iron surface in the<br />
course of several hours will turn black<br />
and when thoroughly dry will be gray.<br />
Within twelve or fifteen hours' time<br />
brush the surface with a dry brush.<br />
This is to remove all particles that have<br />
not stuck. Now all is ready for the<br />
paint. The first coat should be of red<br />
lead or mineral brown. Red lead must<br />
be bought in dry form and mixed. It is<br />
useless when kept in mixed form.<br />
One or possibly two coats will be sufficient.<br />
For the extra care and pains<br />
taken in preparing the surface and for<br />
securing the right paint, the reward will<br />
be a coating that will be twice or three<br />
times as long-lived as the coating applied<br />
in the ordinary way.<br />
Today the concrete house presents a<br />
problem to the painter. The dull monotony<br />
of concrete requires relief in<br />
color. But it is difficult for the uninitiated<br />
to make the paint film stick. It is<br />
obvious that if the particles of pigment<br />
are to stick they must penetrate an<br />
infinitely large number of pores of the<br />
concrete wall's surface. The pigments<br />
should be mixed with ground cement and<br />
oil. The purpose of the oil is to form<br />
an adhesive, after it has dried out, for<br />
holding the ground particles of concrete<br />
to the broad expanse of concrete wall<br />
surface.<br />
Ordinarily a certain amount of alkali<br />
eventually works its way out of a concrete<br />
surface. The elements eventually<br />
will dispose of this. Some time should<br />
be allowed to elapse therefore, to permit<br />
the concrete to become weatherbeaten<br />
before laying on paint.<br />
Here is an excellent method of preparing<br />
the concrete surface preparatory to<br />
applying the paint. Take equal portions<br />
(by weight) of zinc sulphate and water.<br />
When thoroughly mixed, this solution<br />
should be applied vigorously with a stiff<br />
brush, over the concrete surface. A fine<br />
coating is thus formed. In three days'<br />
time at most, this coat will be hard. The<br />
zinc sulphate incorporates itself with the<br />
paint<br />
CREOSOTED PILING<br />
/"\N the Pacific Coast the problem of<br />
preserving the piles driven in water<br />
is largely that of rendering them immune<br />
to the attack of various marine borers.<br />
It is a field that well could occupy the<br />
attention and time of both construction<br />
engineer and chemist, so great is the<br />
economic loss from this one source<br />
alone. There can be no better time than<br />
now seriously to consider this matter.<br />
Engineers, so far as the experiments that<br />
have been made show, agree upon these<br />
points:<br />
First: Perfect pilings should be<br />
selected, not the cracked, knotted, or<br />
otherwise defective.<br />
Second: Creosote oils, though not<br />
wholly satisfactory," are the best with<br />
wdiich to protect the wood.<br />
Third: These oils should be of the<br />
best.<br />
Fourth: In installation, great care<br />
should be taken to prevent any exposure<br />
of untreated woods below the water line,<br />
where the borers can assail it.<br />
Fifth: Only conscientious experts<br />
should be permitted to oversee the work<br />
in all its stages, from the selection of the<br />
piling to the finished creosoted product.
WHAT IS MAGNETIC<br />
TRANSMISSION?<br />
By WALTER LEE<br />
T H E best way of describing the<br />
magnetic transmission is to<br />
begin with what we all understand—the<br />
little horse-shoe<br />
magnet, and a piece of steel.<br />
The magnet is mounted on a stand so<br />
that it will turn freely, and a crank<br />
handle is attached to the curved end with<br />
which to revolve it. The piece of steel<br />
is mounted on another stand, so it will<br />
be supported between the two ends of<br />
the magnet, without, however, touching<br />
it at any point.<br />
Then, wdien the magnet is revolved<br />
by means of the crank handle, it is seen<br />
that the piece of steel will turn with it,<br />
although there is no physical contact<br />
between them. Now then, if the crank<br />
handle is changed into a gasoline engine,<br />
and a collar-like arrangement of ware,<br />
DEMONSTRATING THE MAGNETIC PRINCIPLE<br />
called a field substituted for the magnet,<br />
and another arrangement of wire called<br />
an armature substituted for the piece<br />
of steel, we can apply more readily the<br />
idea to the automobile.<br />
The engine revolves the field and the<br />
field, becoming a magnet on account of the<br />
revolution, then revolves the armature,<br />
wdiich is connected rigidly to the drive<br />
shaft of the car. Thus we have the<br />
direct drive, or "high". A cylindrical<br />
controller then is put in, wdth its operating<br />
handle in a convenient location. By<br />
means of this controller the magnetic<br />
energy generated in the field can be cut<br />
out so that it will have no effect on the<br />
armature at all. wdiich gives "neutral".<br />
It is, of course, necessarv to provide<br />
for intermediate speeds, and this is done<br />
by changing the relation between the<br />
281
282 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
"It Permits a Steady Application of Power Which Is<br />
Obtainable in the Mechanical Transmission Only by<br />
a Multiplicity of Cylinders"<br />
field and the armature, so that when it<br />
is so desired the field may be revolved<br />
at a greater rate of speed than the armature.<br />
The means by which this change<br />
in relation is accomplished through the<br />
electric controller is quite simple to anyone<br />
who understands an electric circuit,<br />
as it is nothing more nor less than a<br />
cutting out of more or less resistance in<br />
the field.<br />
When it is desired to run in the high<br />
or direct speed there is no difference in<br />
speed at all between armature and field.<br />
When running in the lower speeds there<br />
is a difference, just so much as is provided<br />
for by the position of the controller<br />
lever. Thus it is seen that all the effects<br />
of clutch and gears are gained without<br />
the use of them.<br />
To carry it still further, it is known<br />
that whenever there is a difference in<br />
speed between armature and field a certain<br />
amount of electric energy is gener<br />
ated there, just as heat is generated and<br />
wasted in a slipping clutch. But in the<br />
magnetic transmission this energy is not<br />
allowed to go to waste. A second set<br />
of armature and field is put in a little<br />
further back on the driving line. The<br />
field is rigid on the car frame and stationary,<br />
the armature rigid on the drive<br />
shaft, and may turn with it. Between<br />
these two sets is placed a commutator or<br />
series of collecting rings and brushes to<br />
run in them. These collect the electrical<br />
energy which otherwise would be wasted,<br />
and apply it to the second set, which is<br />
nothing more nor less than an ordinary<br />
electric motor. This gives electric power<br />
to the car as well as engine power when<br />
it is most needed. The greater the difference<br />
in speed between armature and<br />
field, the more electric energy for the<br />
motor is generated, so that when the<br />
car is running in a very low speed the<br />
motor is doing almost all the work, but<br />
with all the power of the engine behind<br />
it just the same.<br />
The necessity for a separate starting<br />
device is altogether eliminated. The<br />
transmission itself is a very efficient engine<br />
starter. The current from a storage<br />
battery is turned into the unit. It excites<br />
the field wdiich then revolves about the<br />
armature and turns the whole of the<br />
engine with it.<br />
This battery is charged when the car<br />
is running in high speed by the current<br />
generated in the second motor, which is<br />
then a dynamo, or it may be charged<br />
when the car is stationary by using the<br />
neutral effect plus a means of diverting<br />
the current from the collecting rings to<br />
the battery cells.<br />
Another natural result of this construction<br />
is the fact that when the controller<br />
lever is brought to the neutral<br />
position while the car is traveling at any<br />
speed above a given minimum, the revolution<br />
of the rear wheels sets up a reverse<br />
potential in the second motor which<br />
acts on the car as a very efficient and<br />
dependable brake. This effect is gradually<br />
lost as the speed is reduced but<br />
grows more powerful if the tendency
WHAT IS MAGNETIC TRANSMISSION' 28c<br />
of the car is to increase its speed, such as<br />
in descending a hill. Thus when going<br />
down hill the magnetic brake may be<br />
applied by simply putting the controller<br />
lever in the neutral position and the car's<br />
speed wall be held at the set minimum.<br />
regardless of the degree of steepness of<br />
the incline.<br />
But how has this intricate mechanism<br />
worked out practically? 1 Has it given<br />
real satisfaction during the three years<br />
it has been embodied in automobiles ?<br />
Even as we find expert opinion on<br />
the subject to be at wide variance, so<br />
do we find the ideas of the users. One<br />
states that it is a wonderful thing and<br />
the car of the future ; has had no trouble<br />
with it and foresees none. Another says<br />
he has had no peace of mind at all since<br />
taking possession ; that the "darned thing<br />
is always out of fix" and even when it<br />
is in perfect order he gets very poor<br />
results. One claims with great enthusiasm<br />
that he could climb the Washington<br />
Monument if he could get the traction,<br />
while another says disgustedly that<br />
he cannot get up the Chicago north shore<br />
ravines. One tells us that it is simplicity<br />
itself while another declares it is a complicated<br />
mess that only an expert may<br />
understand.<br />
This brings up a question. Are these<br />
transmissions like pigs bought in a poke?<br />
Are some of them all that the makers<br />
claim for them while others are rank<br />
failures? Or is the trouble to be found<br />
in the drivers themselves? The writer<br />
is inclined to the latter point of view, for<br />
there have been instances of drivers who<br />
had no success with the transmission and<br />
who surrendered the wdieel to others only<br />
to see the same cars perform every stunt<br />
claimed for them by the makers.<br />
The magnetic transmission is as different<br />
a piece of mechanism from the<br />
sliding gear and clutch type as a bowd<br />
of soup is different from an ear of corn.<br />
One does not handle a bowl of soup in<br />
the same manner as he does an ear of<br />
corn in order to get the desired results<br />
without tlisaster. This naturally brings<br />
up another question. Is the magnetic<br />
transmission so complex that it requirespecial<br />
aptness and knowledge to handle<br />
it? Of course it is. So also is the sliding<br />
gear and clutch transmission. No<br />
person can take any type of automobile<br />
out on the streets and roads and get safe<br />
and sane results until he has learned<br />
how. And it does not follow that when<br />
he has learned the art of handling one<br />
sort of machinery he is then fitted to<br />
handle expertly another entirely different<br />
sort.<br />
The writer believes that any man wdio<br />
might learn to handle a magnetic car<br />
without any previous experience with<br />
gears and clutches, would be in a hopeless<br />
muddle if he undertook to handle<br />
a mechanical transmission. It is a poor<br />
rule that will not work both ways.<br />
The care wdiich must be taken of any<br />
car is another point to consider. The<br />
average owner or driver does not understand<br />
the "works" of his transmission<br />
at all. He is told he must put in plenty<br />
of oil and he is also told where to find<br />
the hole in which to put it. He obeys<br />
this mandate and then, thanks to the<br />
wonderful efforts of the makers of steel<br />
gears and shafts, the transmission takes<br />
care of itself. In the magnetic transmission<br />
he is told that he must not put<br />
The Way the Transmission Works<br />
Call the crank a gasoline engine, and the axis of the cylinder<br />
the driving shaft. As the crank is turned slowly, the<br />
cylinder revolves under influence of the magnet, turning<br />
the axis shaft.<br />
in any oil, which pleases him so much<br />
that he does not hear the mandate about<br />
some other simple little thing that he<br />
must do.<br />
Fie must use a little sandpaper occasionally,<br />
and the sandpaper in one case
284 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
is as essential as the oil is in the other.<br />
Without the use of it the car will soon<br />
begin to give very poor results, even as<br />
the gears will give trouble if they are<br />
run dry. These parts requiring attention<br />
are easily accessible and the necessity of<br />
such attention is very easily seen in little<br />
burns and collections of foreign matter<br />
wdiich must be removed by abrasion,<br />
with sandpaper and not with anything<br />
else. The job is done in a very few<br />
minutes and in total absence of the black<br />
muck and grease characteristic of the<br />
gear box.<br />
The magnetic transmission eliminates<br />
gear shifting which is often nerve racking<br />
and noisy. It eliminates clutch operation<br />
which is irksome. It eliminates the<br />
auxiliary starting motor and generator,<br />
thus doing away with two complex machines<br />
often out of order and almost<br />
always noisy. It permits an application<br />
of power through a cushion of air, wdiich<br />
absorbs all the shocks of vibration and<br />
acceleration. It permits a steady application<br />
of power, which is obtainable<br />
in the mechanical transmission only by a<br />
multiplicity of cylinders, most nearly approached<br />
in the double six. This, of<br />
course, gives a steady control of the<br />
engine wdiich allows the machine to<br />
mount obstacles very easily, and provides<br />
a magical "pick-up".<br />
To illustrate the foregoing point, the<br />
car may be placed with its front wdieels<br />
against a ten inch curb, and then slowly<br />
and steadily driven up and over it. No<br />
rigid mechanical transmission will permit<br />
that. It may be moved "in high" so<br />
slowly that the movement is barely perceptible<br />
and from that speeded up to the<br />
point where the motorcycle police begin<br />
to take notice, wdthout any seeming effort<br />
at all.<br />
The car may be placed on a forty per<br />
cent incline, and with one of the lozuer<br />
magnetic speeds engaged, stand perfectly<br />
stationary without the use of any brake!<br />
Then, if the motor speed is increased<br />
the car will start and climb the hill, or<br />
if, instead, the motor speed is reduced<br />
the car wdll back down the hill slowly.<br />
Another great feature is the magnetic<br />
brake, wdiich is a natural result of this<br />
construction. Descending a hill, this<br />
brake, applied by simply placing the controller<br />
lever in the neutral position, will<br />
check the speed of the car to about fifteen<br />
miles per hour, regardless of the steepness<br />
of the hill.<br />
Still another is the fact that the engine<br />
exerts its power upon the car only in a<br />
propulsive manner. By that is meant<br />
that the engine is free to slow down<br />
under a closed throttle, without pulling<br />
down the car's speed with it. Removing<br />
one's foot from the throttle pedal instantly<br />
permits the engine to idle, without<br />
regard to the momentum of the car<br />
until the car loses its own headway either<br />
by braking or by being permitted to coast<br />
its speed out. When the car's speed has<br />
diminished to the same relative speed as<br />
the idling motor the two are automatically<br />
reunited and the engine again propels<br />
the car.<br />
There are disadvantages to the magnetic<br />
transmission perhaps, but the<br />
writer, practically experienced on both<br />
types, has not<br />
found the magnetic<br />
transmission a bad<br />
buy.
New Telephone Alliances<br />
285
Curiosity Only<br />
AN elderly farmer from the border .'of the<br />
country wandered into a town dry-good 1 store<br />
where a sale in nightshirts was in progress.<br />
Picking up one of the garments, he gingerly<br />
loosened its folds, curiously inspecting it.<br />
"Can I sell you a nightshirt?" asked the<br />
salesgirl.<br />
"No," said the farmer, his articulation somewhat<br />
impeded by a "chew", '-you couldn't sell<br />
me one, but they do say ther/'s thousands that<br />
wear 'em."<br />
Two Rules for a £lappy Family<br />
1. Mother the baby.J<br />
2. Baby the mothe?.<br />
Tne Limit<br />
"Do YOU think *, man's wife ought to go to<br />
his office?" e<br />
"Why, I woul] just as soon think of taking<br />
my stenographed home with me."<br />
A Qu.-stion of Understanding<br />
"No BACFELOR can understand a woman," declared<br />
Mrr. Stubkins.<br />
"Huh, you don't say so!" replied Stubkins,<br />
with a s' ort. "What else in the world do you<br />
suppos^makes a man a bachelor?"<br />
»V £<br />
r In 1950<br />
WE STYLE—"Why did they discharge their<br />
cook ?"<br />
GUNBUSTA—"Every night they found her in<br />
the hangar on their roof courting a biplane<br />
cop."<br />
286<br />
She Knew Better<br />
MICKY FLANIGAN came home one day sniffling.<br />
"Ye got licked!" cried his mother with conviction.<br />
"Naw, I didn't neither, maw," Micky retorted.<br />
"But the doctor was at our school<br />
today, tryin' to find out if there was anything<br />
the matter with any of us, an' he says I got<br />
ad'noids."<br />
"Ad'noids? What's them?" Mrs. Flanigan<br />
demanded.<br />
"They're things in your head, maw, what has<br />
to be took out," said Micky in a doleful tone.<br />
"He's a liar," Mrs. Flanigan cried hotly,<br />
"an' it's me that isn't afraid to tell 'im so. I<br />
finecomb your head iv'ry Sattaday night, an'<br />
•' f 's niver a ad'noid kin I find !"<br />
An Animated Hat<br />
THE Taihr has the following account of a<br />
nearsighted old gentleman who lost his hat in<br />
a sudden gale. The old gentleman started in<br />
pursuit of his fast-disappearing headpiece, and<br />
finally thought that he saw it in a yard behind a<br />
high fence. Scrambling over with great difficulty,<br />
he started to chase it, but each time he<br />
thought he had caught it it seemed to move<br />
away. Then a woman's angry voice broke on<br />
his ears.<br />
"What are you doing there?" she demanded<br />
shrilly.<br />
He explained mildly that he was only trying<br />
to retrieve his hat.<br />
"Your hat!" she said. "Well, I don't know<br />
where your hat is; but that's not a hat you're<br />
chasing; it's our little black hen!"
Dampened His Ardor<br />
THE pretty girl of the party was bantering<br />
the genial bachelor on his reasons for remaining<br />
single.<br />
"No-oo, I never was exactly disappointed in<br />
love," he meditated. "I was more what you<br />
might call discouraged. You see, when I was<br />
very young I became very much enamored of a<br />
young lady of my acquaintance; I was mortally<br />
.afraid to tell her of my feeling, but at last I<br />
screwed up my courage to the proposing point.<br />
I said, 'Let's get married.'<br />
"And she said, 'Good Lord! Who'd have<br />
us!' "<br />
Only One Thing for Him<br />
A THREE-HUNDRED-POUND man stood gazing<br />
longingly at the nice things displayed in a<br />
haberdasher's window for a marked-down sale.<br />
A friend stopped to inquire if he was thinking<br />
of buying shirts or pyjamas.<br />
"Gosh, no!" replied the fat man wistfully.<br />
"The only thing that fits me ready-made is a<br />
handkerchief."<br />
A Lesson in History<br />
"WHO was this 'ere Nero, Bill?" asked a<br />
coster of his friend as they gazed into the<br />
picture shop. "Wasn't 'e a chap that was<br />
always cold ?"<br />
"No, that was Zero," was the answer. "Another<br />
bloke altogether."<br />
In These Diaphanous Days<br />
"THE modern girl leaves little to be desired."<br />
"Yc-es. I suppose you have in mind 'if you<br />
don't see what you want, ask for it.' "<br />
W5<br />
BLOWING OFF STEAM 287<br />
Why Pat Balked<br />
SOFTLY the nurse smoothed the sufferer'^<br />
pillow. He had been admitted only that morning<br />
and now he looked up pleadingly at the<br />
nurse who stood at his bedside.<br />
"An' phwat did ye say the docther's name<br />
was, nurse, dear?" he asked.<br />
"Dr. Kilpatrick," was the reply. "He's the<br />
senior house surgeon."<br />
"That settles it," he muttered, firmly, "that<br />
docther won't get a chanst to operate on me."<br />
"Why not?" asked the nurse in surprise.<br />
"lie's a very clever man."<br />
"That's as may be," the patient said. "But<br />
me name happens to be Patrick."<br />
All Out of Style<br />
WHISTLER, the artist, one day was standing<br />
bareheaded in a hat store while his hat was<br />
being ironed into shape.<br />
• M<br />
An irate customer entered and, thinking<br />
that Whistler was a salesman, tackled the imperturbable<br />
"Jimmie" with "Here's a hat you<br />
made for me. It doesn't fit me in the least."<br />
Whistler regarded him calmly. "You're<br />
quite right," he answered suavely. "It doesn't.<br />
But as for that, neither does your coat; your<br />
trousers need pressing; and your waistcoat is a<br />
crime."<br />
A Mystery<br />
"SHE seems like a reserved girl."<br />
"I wonder whom for."<br />
Perfectly Natural<br />
FIVE-YEAR-OLD Leila was given a teddy bear<br />
with eyes sewed on so crookedly that the bear<br />
looked cross-eyed. The next Sunday, on coming<br />
home from Sunday school, she was heard<br />
to call the bear "Gladly."<br />
"Why, what a queer name!" said her mother.<br />
"Where did you get it?"<br />
"This morning in Sunday school," Leila replied.<br />
"We sang 'Gladly a Cross I'd Bear.' "<br />
Thoroughly Tamed<br />
MR. HEN PECK—"I don't want to butt into<br />
your affairs, Mary, but what am I going to<br />
do this evening?"
BOOM! EIGHT CENTS TO<br />
THE GOOD<br />
P R A C T I C A L L Y every<br />
time a cannon goes<br />
"Boom !" along the battle<br />
front in Europe,<br />
from eight to twelve<br />
cents goes "clink" into the pocket<br />
of Captain Semple, U. S. A.,<br />
retired.<br />
It is not at all unusual to read<br />
that in one day along a certain<br />
front "Fifty thousand shells<br />
were fired over a certain<br />
area." Striking an average of ten cents<br />
a shot in royalties, that day's battle along<br />
only one section of the front netted<br />
Captain Semple $5,000. A very fair<br />
day's profit, especially when it was all a<br />
matter of royalty on one patent alone.<br />
This is one of the striking incidents<br />
of the many war-made fortunes. But in<br />
this particular instance Captain Semple<br />
did not attempt to take advantage of war<br />
conditions in Europe. As a matter of<br />
fact he invented<br />
the<br />
little device,<br />
which brings<br />
him from eight<br />
to twelve cents<br />
every time a<br />
cannon is fired,<br />
long before the<br />
war started.<br />
This tiny dev<br />
i c e — it is<br />
about the size<br />
of a hickory<br />
nut — is a<br />
plunger used<br />
Reaping the Harvest<br />
in connection<br />
with time<br />
fuses. It sells<br />
for about 40 cents, and the captain<br />
merely sits back and lets others manufacture<br />
and sell it, while he takes the<br />
royalties.<br />
288<br />
While the Krupps, Skodas, "Jack Johnsons," and other pieces of<br />
heavy artillery keep on with their ceaseless uproar, a steady stream of<br />
silver pieces flows into the lap of the fortunate inventor.<br />
This interesting bit of mechanism<br />
goes in the base of the time<br />
fuse so that, in case the timing<br />
The Mechanism<br />
This little piece of brass weighs only about two<br />
ounces, yet it is an essential feature of every<br />
high explosive shell fired on the battlefields of<br />
Europe.<br />
part of the mechanism fails, the<br />
fuse will work as soon as the<br />
shell strikes. The ingenious part<br />
of it is the manner in which it is<br />
made safe until the shell is fired, so that<br />
should a careless handler drop the shell it<br />
would not explode and annihilate everyone<br />
in the vicinity. When this plunger is put<br />
in the fuse it is set at "safety", with the<br />
firing point carefully turned down out of<br />
the way. This pin is held down by two<br />
little plungers, with small springs which<br />
hold them in place and hold the firing<br />
pin in safety. As soon as the shell starts<br />
out of the gun it commences to revolve<br />
rapidly. This<br />
w h i r 1 i n g<br />
throws the<br />
small plungers<br />
out by centrifugal<br />
force and<br />
the heavy end<br />
of the needle<br />
piece flies out<br />
because of that<br />
same natural<br />
force. This automatically<br />
sets<br />
the firing pin<br />
with the busi<br />
ness end out<br />
and as soon as<br />
the fuse strikes<br />
anything the<br />
whole plunger shoots forward and sets<br />
off the percussion material. Then something<br />
happens—the giant tri-nitro-toluol<br />
is unleashed to do his worst.
_ ILLUSTkATED WORLD 289<br />
Why the Average American<br />
Dies at Forty-three<br />
"He Feeds His Stomach with Tasty Junk," says E. E. Rittenhouse<br />
By R. W. Lockwood<br />
T H E presidents of life insurance companies<br />
with perhaps twenty billion dollars insurance<br />
on the lives of Americans, recently<br />
met in convention at the Hotel Astor in New<br />
York, and in their discussion brought out some<br />
of the reasons why the average American dies at<br />
about forty-three years of age.<br />
According to the press reports, Mr. E. E. Rittenhouse,<br />
Commissioner of Public Service and Conservation<br />
of the Equitable Life Assurance Society,<br />
said: "The average American would not think<br />
of mixing bricks or scrap iron or gravel with<br />
the fuel for his furnace, yet he feeds his stomach<br />
with all sorts of tasty junk, much of which cannot<br />
be fully digested ... he is seriously overstraining<br />
his heart, arteries, kidneys, nerves and<br />
digestion, as the rapidly increasing death rate<br />
shows."<br />
This statement from such an authoritative<br />
source—from a man who makes it his business<br />
to study both vital statistics and the causes<br />
behind them—sounds a warning which should be<br />
heeded by every man and woman.<br />
Indeed, there is no longer a doubt among<br />
intelligent people that many of the foods and<br />
combinations of foods which we are most accustomed<br />
to eat are the direct cause of much sickness.<br />
Yet how few of us heed the early warnings<br />
of illness, such as acid-stomach, fermentation, or<br />
constipation. I venture to say that nine out of<br />
ten persons suffer to a greater or lesser extent<br />
from one or more of these three symptoms, which<br />
are in many cases the forerunners of more serious<br />
sickness.<br />
Stomach medicines and laxatives are plentiful,<br />
but of what avail are they? The only thing that<br />
a stomach medicine can do is to temporarily<br />
neutralize the extra amount of acid in the stomach,<br />
because it is stronger than the acid. And<br />
this injures the stomach, usually bringing the<br />
acid back worse than il was before. A laxative<br />
is just as bad, if not a little worse; not only is<br />
its effect temporary, but all laxatives are habitforming<br />
and are required in ever-increasing<br />
doses<br />
If neglected, a simple case of acid-stomach<br />
may lead in a short time to fermentation with<br />
of Equitable Life<br />
President of the Corrective Eating Society Inc.<br />
gas, and constipation. The fermenting food forms<br />
poisons which are absorbed into the blood, causing<br />
auto-intoxication, nervousness, mental depression,<br />
and a host of other unpleasant symptoms.<br />
Is it any wonder that the officers of large<br />
insurance companies sound a warning against the<br />
evils of wrong eating?<br />
* * * * * * * *<br />
But just as wrong eating is the cause of 90<br />
per cent of common illnesses, so will correct<br />
eating create and maintain both bodily vigor and<br />
mental energy. And by right eating I do not<br />
mean freak foods—I mean just good every-day<br />
foods properly combined. In fact, to eat correctly,<br />
or follow a course of Corrective Eating<br />
it is not at all necessary to upset your table.<br />
Eugene Christian, the well-known food specialist,<br />
has proved the efficacy of Corrective<br />
Eating in thousands of cases. Entirely without<br />
the use of drugs or medicines, men and women<br />
suffering from almost every conceivable non<strong>org</strong>anic<br />
ailment have been returned to health and<br />
vigor by following his simple directions in regard<br />
to their eating.<br />
In a recent talk with Eugene Christian he told<br />
me of several interesting cases which had<br />
recently come under his care. One was that of<br />
a woman prominent in Woman Suffrage work<br />
in New York City. She had come to him with<br />
stomach and intestinal fermentation and gas,<br />
auto-intoxication, mental depression and anemia,<br />
vertigo, and threatened heart failure. She was<br />
very much over-weight when she commenced,<br />
but reduced her weight thirty-seven pounds during<br />
the treatment. He showed me a letter she<br />
had written him afterward, in which she said:<br />
"I am sure you will be gratified to hear that<br />
I continue to improve—it seems sometimes that<br />
I must have been made over, and it is difficult<br />
to remember that less than eight months ago I<br />
was a feeble old woman depending upon daily<br />
doses of strychnia for what little strength I had.<br />
When I came under your treatment, I weighed<br />
one hundred and ninety-seven pounds, was hardly<br />
able to walk, and was subject to most serious<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
290 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
heart attacks upon the slightest exertion. And<br />
now I am so well, so strong, that my family and<br />
friends maintain that it is a miracle which has<br />
restored me to strength and vigor of life—certainly<br />
in my case the cure is most remarkable<br />
because of my sixty-seven years."<br />
Another was a well-known minister who<br />
had been out of his pulpit for twenty-two<br />
months, unable to preach or conduct the simplest<br />
service. He was about twenty-five pounds<br />
under-weight, anemic, nervous, had superacidity,<br />
and could not assimilate his food; and<br />
his heart action was very irregular. He had<br />
gradually declined for two years although<br />
treated by one of New York's leading physicians.<br />
Three months after he placed himself under<br />
Eugene Christian's care, he preached the first<br />
sermon he had been able to preach in nearly<br />
two years. This was over three years ago.<br />
He has gained about twenty-five pounds in<br />
weight and since has not missed a day from his<br />
arduous clerical work. He has steadily gained<br />
in strength and vitality and is to-day healthy<br />
and athletic.<br />
But Eugene Christian's own case is perhaps<br />
the most interesting of all, for it shows<br />
how he discovered the beginnings of the methods<br />
which he has since pursued so successfully with<br />
others—methods of selecting and proportioning<br />
one's meals so as to overcome conditions brought<br />
about by wrong eating.<br />
Twenty years ago he was at death's door;<br />
for several years previous he had suffered<br />
all the agonies of acute stomach and intestinal<br />
troubles, until his doctors—among them some<br />
of the most noted specialists in the country<br />
•—gave him up to die. As a last resort, he<br />
commenced to study the food question himself.<br />
As a result of what he learned, he suc<br />
Eugene Christian is to-day nearly sixty<br />
years old—or shall I say young? For he has<br />
more vitality, more ginger, more physical<br />
endurance than most youngsters in their teens.<br />
During the past fifteen years he has not had even<br />
so much as a cold.<br />
Since the remarkable success of Eugene<br />
Christian has become known, people have<br />
sought his advice in such rapidly increasing<br />
numbers that he has found it necessary to<br />
put his methods in printed form. He has<br />
written a series of 24 Little Lessons which<br />
tell you exactly what to eat for health, strength<br />
and efficiency.<br />
These lessons contain actual menus for<br />
breakfast, luncheon, and dinner, including<br />
corrective menus for almost every condition<br />
of health and sickness from infancy to old<br />
age, for all occupations, climates, and seasons.<br />
With these lessons at hand it is just as though<br />
you were in personal contact with this great<br />
food specialist, because every point is so thoroughly<br />
covered and so clearly explained that you<br />
can scarcely think of a question which isn't<br />
answered. You can start eating the very things<br />
that will help to produce the increased physical<br />
and mental energy which you are seeking the<br />
day you receive the lessons. And you are quite<br />
likely to feel some results after your very first<br />
balanced meal.<br />
If you would like to examine these "24<br />
Little Lessons in Corrective Eating," simply<br />
write the Corrective Eating Society, Inc., Dept.<br />
144, 450 Fourth Avenue, New York City. It<br />
is not necessary to enclose any money with<br />
your request. Merely ask to have the lessons<br />
mailed for five days' trial with the understanding<br />
ceeded in literally eating his way back to health<br />
that you will either send the small price asked,<br />
without drugs or medicine of any kind, and in a<br />
$3, or remail the books.<br />
remarkably short space of time.<br />
Merely clip out and mail the following form instead of<br />
writing a letter, as this is a copy of the official blank<br />
adopted by the society and will be honored at once<br />
CORRECTIVE EATING SOCIETY Inc., Dept. 144, 450 Fourth Avenue, New York City<br />
You may mail me the "Lessons in Corrective Eating" for examination. Five days after I<br />
receive them, I will either send you $3 (full payment) or remail them to you.<br />
Name Local Address<br />
City<br />
State<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 291<br />
CMMMI<br />
Reach Out for Big Salary<br />
Become a TRAFFIC MANAGE<br />
Digest of Traffic<br />
The Association hai<br />
compiled the only digest<br />
of traffic ever produced.<br />
This work required the<br />
co-operation of over<br />
three hundred trafflo experts—took<br />
Ave veara and<br />
over S100.000 has been<br />
expended. This great<br />
reference and working<br />
—and a Member of This Association<br />
G<strong>org</strong>ed — Shipments<br />
library Is for the exclusire<br />
use of its members.<br />
Tj pff Iff) The shipments of food*<br />
• • c ** " I * supplies, manufactured<br />
articles, munitions of war, etc., for European<br />
and other foreign delivery, are so<br />
LARGE that the shipping departments of<br />
thousands of factories—railroads—warehouses—seaboard<br />
wharves—areGORGED.<br />
In addition our Interstate shipping is tied<br />
up. Shippers are crying for help.<br />
Trained Men, Only<br />
These thousands of positions are for<br />
TRAINED men ONLY—men who understand<br />
TRAFFIC — shipping. Men are<br />
wanted who are fully informed—who know<br />
how to get QUICK ACYlON-whoknow<br />
how to SAVE freight money.<br />
American Commerce Assn.<br />
The great European war has suspended the commerce<br />
of several of the great nations. America hae profited thereby<br />
immensely. The U. S. has won the trade thus lost by the European<br />
nations and is now supplying the greater part of the world with food,<br />
supplies and manufactured articles. It is also furnishing the warring<br />
nations with vast quantities of munitions. MEN are REQUIRED<br />
who KNOW how to SHIP goods.<br />
Thousands of Positions Now Waiting<br />
Never before have there been such a variety and number of splendid<br />
opportunities for young, and middle aged, men. This is especially<br />
true in manufacturing and in SHIPPING. Live men who START<br />
NOW are assured of GOOD salary.<br />
SME YOU Association<br />
Don't Delay- Apply<br />
the time— / Name---- 3<br />
NOW ZV<br />
It is not /<br />
difficult to make good—if you don't it / Occupation<br />
will be YOUR OWN fault. Send the ,' *^<br />
COUPON now for complete instruc- /<br />
tionB by RETURN MAIL. / Address<br />
SALARY<br />
The salary of trained<br />
traffic men is from<br />
$2,500 to $10,000 a year.<br />
The work is always interesting<br />
because it is<br />
not routine work. The<br />
traffic man is an eieeutive—<br />
not a subordinate.<br />
f,<br />
American Commtrct<br />
D.H 101 20C So. W.baih *.«.,<br />
f CHICAGO, ILL.<br />
Our Association will instruct you—tell yoa ' Send me FREE—and with.<br />
JUST WHAT is required—and JUST HOW out obligation — complete<br />
to do it. We give you individual "coaching" . information concerning: the<br />
and TRAIN YOU by our "experience" / Association and how 1 cart<br />
method. ff train as a traffic man.<br />
(OepL\<br />
V 101 I<br />
206 So. Wabash .'<br />
Ave., Chicago.III. ,•<br />
City- State-<br />
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292 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
|?(fe£ , %£w»S<br />
Z&ta*<br />
PASSING THE IDLE HOURS<br />
German captives in France, in order to puncture the deadly monotony, spend their time making toys out<br />
of egg shells, paper, and bread crusts, for the peasant children.<br />
THREE EXAMPLES OF OVO-ART<br />
On the left we have a Russian soldier ogling a bottle of vodka—the label on this bottle had to be translated<br />
twice in order to appear in English. On the right is the brother-in-law of Lewis Carroll's March Hare.
$1150<br />
F. o. b.<br />
Racine<br />
Mitchell Junior—a40h. p. Six<br />
120-inch Wheelbase<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 295<br />
llllillilWIilllill<br />
SIXES<br />
IJiliJaiiiiiiiiilllllllllll<br />
•HLM<br />
$1460<br />
F. o.b.<br />
Racine<br />
7-Passenger— 48 Horsepower<br />
127-inch Wheelbase<br />
mm<br />
$4,000,000 In Extras<br />
You will find in Mitchells many<br />
extras not found in other cars. Hundreds<br />
of them which, on this year's output,<br />
cost us $4,000,000.<br />
31 unique features—<br />
24 per cent added luxury—<br />
100 per cent over-strength.<br />
These things are paid for by factory<br />
savings, due to John W. Bate. He<br />
has built and equipped this mammoth<br />
plant to build this one type economically—way<br />
below what this car would<br />
cost elsewhere.<br />
His methods save us the $4,000,000,<br />
which pays for these added attractions.<br />
Our new body plant<br />
this year brings<br />
another big saving,<br />
which pays for this<br />
added luxury—24 per<br />
cent.<br />
One result is a complete<br />
car—no wanted<br />
feature lacking.<br />
Another is such<br />
luxury and beauty as<br />
you rarely see.<br />
^1<br />
"«»--V%««*<br />
*99EJJSJ<br />
But the greatest result is a lifetime<br />
car, due to this double strength. We<br />
have doubled our margins of safety.<br />
Over 440 parts are built of toughened<br />
steel. All safety parts are vastly oversize.<br />
All parts which get a major<br />
strain are built of Chrome-Vanadium.<br />
Several Bate-built Mitchells have<br />
already exceeded 200,000 miles. In<br />
two years not a single Bate cantilever<br />
spring has broken.<br />
New $1150 Size<br />
There are now two sizes—Mitchell<br />
and Mitchell Junior. But the smaller<br />
size has 120-inch wheelbase. See<br />
which size you like<br />
best, which body-<br />
TWO SIZES<br />
style, which price.<br />
roomy, 7-passensrer<br />
Mitchell" Compare these cars<br />
Six, with 127-inch wheel-<br />
with cars which lack<br />
base and a highly - developed 48 • horsepower<br />
motor.<br />
these extras. You<br />
Price SI 460. /. o. b. Racine are bound to choose<br />
Mitchell Jumor-s»£ES£25S the Mitchell car, if<br />
lines, with 120*lnch wheelbase and a 40- you do that.<br />
horsepower motor— % -inch smaller bore.<br />
Price SI ISO. f. o. MITCHELL b. Racine MOTORS<br />
Alsoslx styles of enclosed and convert COMPANY, Inc.<br />
ible bodies. Also new Club Roadster. Racine, Wis., U. S. A.<br />
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296 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
GERMAN SOLDIER AND FRENCH PIG<br />
The censor has interfered with the explanation; we can only guess whether the artist would have called<br />
this pleasant scene "Pals" as a satire upon his living condition, or merely "The Commissary's Delight".<br />
GERMAN SOLDIER WITH FRENCH CAPTIVE
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 299<br />
FREE for Six M °i<br />
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300 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
d by studying the successes of any of<br />
.r big money makers.<br />
teresting and inspiring are several cases<br />
at have come to my personal attention,<br />
cause the same methods are open to us<br />
I no matter how young or how old we<br />
ay be.<br />
ne is that of a man who was $6,000 in<br />
:bt three years ago. Since then he has<br />
cumulated $200,000 without speculating<br />
id today is earning $1,000 a week. He is<br />
lly one of many who frankly credit their<br />
jod fortune to Prof. Frank Charming<br />
addock and his very remarkable book,<br />
'ower of Will." Another is a young man<br />
ho worked in a big factory. One day he<br />
et Mr. W. M. Taylor, the noted efficiency<br />
;pcrt, who advised him to read "Power of<br />
Yill." lie did so, applied himself to the<br />
aining of his will, and in less than one<br />
ear his salary was increased lo more than<br />
-lit times what he had been earning.<br />
I lien there is the case of C. D. Van Vech-<br />
'ii. General Agent of the Northwestern<br />
ife Insurance Company. After his first<br />
camination of Prof. Haddock's methods<br />
id lessons in will power development, as<br />
lblished in "Power of Will," he told the<br />
ithor that they would be worth $3,000 to<br />
30,000 to him.<br />
nother man, Mr. H. D. Ferguson, residig<br />
in Hot Springs, Ark., increased his<br />
irnings from $40 a week to $90 a week in<br />
remarkably short space of time after he<br />
:gan the study of will training. Will<br />
iwer training by Haddock's system has<br />
labled thousands to conquer drink and<br />
her vices almost overnight—has helped<br />
.-ercome sickness and nervousness—has<br />
ansformed unhappy, envious, discontented<br />
ELTON PUBLISHING COMPANY,<br />
25-J Wilcox Block, Meriden, Conn.<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 331<br />
people into dominating personalities filled<br />
with the joy of living.<br />
In this new book Prof. Haddock, whose<br />
name ranks with Bergson, James, and<br />
Royce in the scientific world, has given to<br />
the world for the first time a practical, simple<br />
system of rules and exercise for will<br />
power training that has completely revolutionized<br />
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For the will is just as susceptible to exercise<br />
and training as any muscle of the body.<br />
"Power of Will" is being distributed by<br />
the Pelton Publishing Co. of Meriden,<br />
Conn. Any reader who cares to examine<br />
the book may do so without sending any<br />
money. If, after five days, you do not feel<br />
that this book is worth the $3 asked for it,<br />
return it and you will owe nothing.<br />
Some few doubters will scoff at the idea of<br />
will power being the key to wealth and<br />
achievement. But intelligent men ami<br />
women will investigate for themselves by<br />
sending for the book at the publisher's risk.<br />
Among the 150,000 owners who have read,<br />
used, and praised "Power of Will," are<br />
such prominent men as Supreme Court<br />
Justice Parker; Wu Ting Fang, ex-U. S.<br />
Chinese Ambassador; Lieut.-Gov. McKelvie<br />
of Nebraska ; Assistant Postmaster-General<br />
Britt; General Manager Christeson, of<br />
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Lewis ; Governor Arthur Capper of Kansas,<br />
and thousands of others equally prominent.<br />
As a first step in will training, act on your<br />
present impulse to write a letter or address<br />
this coupon to the Pelton Publishing Company,<br />
25-J Wilcox Block, Meriden, Conn.,<br />
and the book will come by return mail.<br />
This one art may mean the turning point<br />
of vour life. Do not hesitate.<br />
I will examine a copy of "Power of Will" at your risk. I will remail the book in<br />
days or send you S3 in payment for it.<br />
ame<br />
.ddress<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
.M<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Vol. XXVII<br />
MAY. 1917<br />
PICTORIAL FEATURES<br />
No. 3<br />
Designers of the New Coins 344<br />
The "Mole Detector"<br />
Science, Mechanics, Invention 353<br />
351<br />
Every Pennsylvania Oars- Training the New Troops The "Red Bug" Makes Its<br />
man His Own Coach The Eyes of Our Aerial Bow<br />
The Trophy of a Life and Service The Longest Bridge in the<br />
Death Battle A Sun-Power Sanatorium World<br />
Diamonds in Automobile Searching for "Wellesley's Learning to Drive without<br />
Manufacture Best" Damage<br />
It's a Wise Ewe That Giant Park Sprinkler Testing an Aeroplane in a<br />
Knows Her Own Lamb New Fish-Line Guide 75-Mile Gale<br />
New Kind of Watch Pocket Kitchen Boiler Serves as Taking It Out on a Dummy<br />
Making Dikes of Orchard Diving Helmet Training Our Aviators in<br />
Heaters For the Left-Eyed Shooter Night Flying<br />
New Portable Asphalt Adjustable Radiator Foot- New Metal Concrete Form<br />
Heater Rest Listening to the Footfalls of<br />
A New Cheap Speedster A Lifeboat That Telescopes a Fly<br />
Up to the Minute 369<br />
Gas Masks in Industry 382<br />
Torpedo Finds Its Prey 384<br />
Making X-Ray Tubes *<br />
Her Jeweled Comb 394<br />
Teaching Life-Savers 399<br />
389<br />
Evolution of a Bottle<br />
With the Airmen 404<br />
Little Oddities of Life 407<br />
400<br />
"Wow-Wow" Delivering by Motor Cara- Apartment House Built on<br />
315 Miles in "Reverse" van Stilts<br />
For the Life of a Cat All She Is Wearing IsStock- Getting Mail to the Azores<br />
k "Higher in Hawaii"—and ings! Islands<br />
Here A Dangerous Photoplay A Box Car General Store<br />
When You Meet This on a Scene Body Armor of Today<br />
Country Road, Don't Vacuum-Cleaning an Ele- The Mascot of the Aus-<br />
Shyl phant tralian Battalion<br />
Crusaders Approach the Holy City 454<br />
PERSONAL SERVICE<br />
Hints for Practical People 419<br />
Efficient Protector for New Way to Wear Perfume Pen Extractor<br />
Watch Crystals Every Man His Own Ven- Disappearing Table<br />
Ice Cream without Work triloquist Sleeping Knapsack for<br />
Invisible Vanity Case . Shovel Truck Campers<br />
A Whole Meal on One Homemade Camp Stool Cookies as Beautiful as<br />
Burner<br />
Really Hygienic Window "Tasty"<br />
W* 11 * 4 * Plck P° cket Convenient Thumbpurse Sanitary High Chair<br />
Can t Get r r, .._,,..<br />
Clothes Drying Rack Washing Plant for Farmers' Electric Gas Lighter<br />
Telephone Appliance for Wives Safety Can for Waste<br />
Noisy Places Carry Your Desk with You Staging a Motor Car
TABLE OF CONTENTS 333<br />
Personality: An Asset Ge<strong>org</strong>e Edgar 431<br />
Automobile Tips 435<br />
Magnetic Lamp Keeps Auto Springs Lubri- Whispering to theChauffeur<br />
Free Bookkeeping for Au- cated Auto Heel Protector for<br />
tomobilists New Type of Wheel Women<br />
Gasoline as a Prize Digs Your Car Out of the Long-Handled Jack<br />
Don't Let Your Motor Mud A Better Radiator Cover<br />
Catch Cold Bike Attachment Drives New Types of Windshields<br />
Short Radius Truck At- Motor Car Keeping the Inside of the<br />
tachment Non-Glare Spot-Light Car Clean<br />
Less Noise for the Motorist New Lock for Fords Carry the Oven Along<br />
Adjustable Windshield Demounts Rims in One Don't Wait for the Oil to<br />
Paper Has Another Use Minute Run<br />
A Good Pin Money Job for Youngsters . . . Monroe Woo/ley 448<br />
SCIENCE<br />
Science Learns to Control Sex 352<br />
Toilers Under the Sea Robert G. Skerrett 371<br />
Getting the Range of an Enemy Warship . William N. Taft 376<br />
With and Without Rails 388<br />
New Method of Healing Desperate Wounds . Martin S. Daniels 395<br />
How Much Does a Pound Weigh? W. A. Dill 402<br />
What Is Color? Rene Bache 405<br />
A New Interior Telephone 452<br />
Locomotive Weighs Itself 456<br />
A Steam-Kerosene Car 458<br />
THE WORLD TODAY<br />
Is New York in Danger? EdwardLyell Fox 338<br />
Damming Our Black River of Waste . . . William T. Walsh 346<br />
Barney Oldfield's New Safety Racer . . .Edward C. Crossman 366<br />
Hunting the Howler P. Griswold Howes 385<br />
Hatching Our "Mosquito Fleet" Harold Cary 390<br />
Latest Wrinkles in Motor Cars David Wales 413<br />
Paris Again Fashioning the Fashion World . . . Jane Nesbitt 428<br />
Assassins of Silence Marc N. Goodnow 443<br />
Blowing Off Steam 446<br />
Illustrated World should be on the news stands on the 17th of the month preceding the date of issue. If unable to pet the magazine<br />
on the 17th > ou will confer a favor by notifying the Circulation Manager. News-stand patrons should instruct their News-dealer to reserve<br />
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ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Publication Office: R. T. MILLER. Jr., publisher Eutern Advertising Office:<br />
Drexel Avenue and 58th St.. Chicago Flatiron Building. New Yorlc<br />
Copyright. 1917. by Illustrated World<br />
Published monthly—Entered at the Postotficc. Chicago. 111., as second-class mail matter
334 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Now that War is here,<br />
every American man,<br />
woman, and child will<br />
want to know just how<br />
we are going to win it.<br />
In other words, how Yankee<br />
brains will successfully combat<br />
German preparedness.<br />
Starting with the next (June) issu<br />
Illustrated World will specialize in<br />
war inventions, war science, and<br />
war mechanics.<br />
Ask your newsdealer to hold your copy for<br />
you every month. That's one way to be<br />
sure of getting it.<br />
Or, if you prefer to subscribe, one dollar sent today will<br />
bring you Illustrated World for eight months, starting<br />
with the June issue.<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
El<br />
T? T?<br />
Vol. XXVII MAY, 1917 No. 3<br />
THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPH OF THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON TAKEN ON<br />
THE NIGHT AFTER THE INSTALLATION OF THE NEW ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
IS NEW YORK<br />
DANGERby<br />
Edward Lyell Fox<br />
331<br />
N O W that unwelcome war is forced<br />
upon us can Germany do any material<br />
harm to our shores? Can<br />
her submarines sink our coastwise<br />
traffic ; blockade our ports ; can her<br />
Hio-h Seas Fleet escape the British cordon,<br />
and bombard our Atlantic Coast cities? Can<br />
her Zeppelins cross the seas, topple over the<br />
Woolworth Building, smash Brooklyn Bridge,<br />
and blow up Wall Street?<br />
These are some of the contingencies that<br />
at the time these lines are written worry our<br />
seacoast cities. In particular is New York<br />
perturbed. Obviously the center of population<br />
and finance would offer a tempting mark.<br />
Germany might do some of these things.<br />
It is extremely improbable that she could do<br />
them all. Her position is too isolated. More<br />
than likely the submarine menace could be<br />
handled effectually by our navy's coast patrols.<br />
The only possible base for the U-boats on this<br />
side of the water would be along the shares of<br />
Mexico or Colombia. A submarine warfare<br />
prosecuted so far from home and under such<br />
hazardous conditions would be hardly effective<br />
so far as our merchant marine is concerned.
II «•>• \ '<br />
[ « i\'i I t<br />
' l»<br />
We may take it for granted, too, that, after<br />
being penned in for nearly three years the<br />
Imperial High Seas Fleet can hardly escape<br />
the vigilant British Navy, in any dash for the<br />
Atlantic.<br />
The one danger—and a very possible one—•<br />
is that a few fast battle cruisers might individually<br />
creep out, escape to the north around<br />
Scotland, and then make a "bee line" for our<br />
shores. With the aid of Zeppelins, they could<br />
undoubtedly do serious damage to our coasts<br />
and even threaten New York City, before our<br />
fleet had located them. Even then unless they<br />
were taken by surprise it is improbable we<br />
could capture them. The fast German cruisers<br />
Goeben and Breslau, taking refuge in Constantinople<br />
in the summer of 1914, and later entering<br />
the Black Sea, have so far evaded the<br />
slower vessels of the Russian fleet. Our<br />
armored cruisers could not stand up against<br />
a battle cruiser in fair fight. She could<br />
quickly show a clean pair of heels to our<br />
speediest dreadnaught, and we have no battle<br />
cruisers to meet the situation.<br />
A couple of such ships could convoy a small<br />
squadron of Zeppelins which had joined them<br />
i<br />
i<br />
I<br />
3M
340 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
by simply crossing the English Channel<br />
and flying over the British Isles. If the<br />
weather were fair, a crossing of the Atlantic<br />
could be effected by the Zeppelins<br />
in less than four days. This, of course,<br />
would not be practicable. The fuel supply<br />
would have to be replenished from<br />
the store on board the attendant battle<br />
cruisers. The pace of the water craft<br />
would be that set for the air squadron.<br />
By avoiding the customary sea lanes,<br />
this hostile force could readily take New<br />
York City by surprise.<br />
At the close of a cloudy summer's day<br />
several of these huge craft could swoop<br />
down upon the metropolis, locate by their<br />
unmistakable outline the chief buildings,<br />
and drop bombs upon them until the supply<br />
of explosives was exhausted.<br />
Such a feat would be inconceivably<br />
The Zeppelins could come down so low<br />
as to strike a building with every bomb.<br />
New York City would not be destroyed,<br />
but hundreds of lives and millions<br />
of dollars in property would be sure<br />
to be destroyed. How easy this would<br />
be is evident when we picture in our<br />
mind's eye one of these battleships of the<br />
air. It is so large that inside of it could<br />
be put the biggest American steamer<br />
sailing to Europe. Think of this huge<br />
cigar-shaped thing, not as a gas bag<br />
but rather as a bird cage, divided into<br />
more than a score of compartments, each<br />
containing an individual gas bag. Think<br />
of this enormous framework covered<br />
with both fire- and water-proof cloth.<br />
Visualize on the "roof" of this a platform,<br />
upon which are mounted five machine<br />
guns.<br />
THE TARGETS FOR A ZEPPELIN<br />
This photograph, snapped from the rear car of one of the air pirates, shows how easy it would be for Germans to make<br />
targets of our skyscrapers or munition plants.<br />
easy: the city taken by surprise; daz- Conceive of this gigantic thing and<br />
zlingly conspicuous because of its blaze then consider that a single twelve-inch<br />
of lights; only a few aeroplanes, and no gun weighs two tons more than it<br />
anti-aircraft guns, to beat off the attack, weighs! Think that the anchor of the
IS NEW YORK IN DANGER? 341<br />
EIGHTY MILES AN HOUR DEAD AHEAD FOR NEW YORKI<br />
battleship Pennsylvania contains one ton<br />
more metal than there is in one of these<br />
super-Zeppelins! Six hundred eighty<br />
feet long, seventy-two feet in diameter,<br />
the new Zeppelins dwarf the passenger<br />
carrying dirigibles of peace time. You<br />
need hardly ask yourself. Are they a<br />
menace ?<br />
Now let us imagine New York City in<br />
danger from another source. What if<br />
the Russian resistance should collapse;<br />
the Duma make peace with Germany;<br />
the Western allied powers—England,<br />
France, and Italy—come to terms with<br />
the Central powers? Suppose, in other<br />
words, we find Germany thwarted but<br />
not beaten, deprived of her influence in<br />
Asia Minor, her African colonies lost,<br />
seeking compensation in South America,<br />
and eager to turn the storm of her wrath<br />
against the United States? What would<br />
be the situation of our Atlantic seaports?<br />
Undoubtedly they would be in grave<br />
danger.<br />
Picture a strong foreign fleet steaming<br />
toward the American Coast. Where<br />
will it strike? At what point along<br />
that great unfortified seaboard from<br />
Florida to Maine? The coast cities<br />
are in a panic. Our naval officers,<br />
schooled in the strategy of war, know<br />
that the enemy fleet will not attack a city<br />
until it has destroyed the American fleet.<br />
They know that the enemy will send out<br />
scouts to ascertain the location of our<br />
fleet. We are sending out scouts—fast<br />
small craft to find the direction the enemy<br />
is coming from.<br />
One night off the coast of Maine, with<br />
our fleet steaming along in darkness, the<br />
deck officers hear, above the swirl of inky<br />
water, the clatter of propellers. The<br />
enemy's seaplanes have spotted our fleet!<br />
Up from the decks of our battleships<br />
our own seaplanes are catapulted. The<br />
rattle of machine guns splits the night.<br />
In the air the battle between dragon flies<br />
is on. The enemy planes try to escape<br />
with the information they have secured.<br />
Our officers see the flash of signal<br />
lights from the enemy's seaplanes and<br />
then, as three of them fall blazing from<br />
the sky, the others turn tail and run.<br />
Our searchlights sweep the heavens but<br />
find nothing! Persistently, the long<br />
white inquiring beams from every<br />
battleship and cruiser cross and recross<br />
the black spaces but nothing is revealed.<br />
The searchlights have a range of only<br />
twenty-five hundred yards, so just above<br />
the dim tips of their long fingers unseen,
342 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
A BATTLE BETWEEN THE -KINGFISHER AND THE HAWK'<br />
hover the Zeppelins. To the enemy up<br />
there, black as the night itself, the position<br />
and number of our ships is known<br />
clearly.<br />
Our wireless men intercept strange<br />
messages in code. We do not know<br />
from whence they are coming. Voices<br />
somewhere in the night are whispering<br />
unintelligible, sinister things.<br />
In the darkest hours of the early<br />
morning the attack comes. From the<br />
heavens there falls upon our astounded<br />
fleet a deluge of green and red signal<br />
lights. The Zeppelins are dropping<br />
rockets to tell the enemy destroyers just<br />
where our fleet is. Taking us by surprise,<br />
the destroyers close in, speeding<br />
thirty miles an hour and launching their<br />
torpedoes. Our five-inch guns whip the<br />
water. There is the yelp of explosions.<br />
Enemy's destroyers in twos and threes,<br />
split open, their inwards burning, hissing<br />
like living things in anguish, as<br />
the ocean pours in engulfing them. But<br />
the boom of heavy explosions rolls<br />
through the night. Some of their torpedoes<br />
have hit the mark. Three of our<br />
great battleships have their insides blown<br />
open. They glare; then scream with<br />
escaping steam. They hunch and splash<br />
monstrously under the closing seas.<br />
At daybreak we find fragments' from<br />
ten of the enemy's destroyers. But they<br />
have done their work. The enemy<br />
Admiral has judged it worth the price,<br />
for three of our dreadnaughts are down.<br />
And somewhere, high in the sky, out of<br />
range of our strongest anti-aircraft<br />
guns, the Zeppelins are sailing. Through<br />
them, and them alone, was it possible to<br />
discover the American fle'et, to find its<br />
exact location without betraying their<br />
own presence. Monstrous vultures,<br />
soaring high in the heaven, they peered<br />
down upon our ships advising their own<br />
fleet by wireless of our every movement.<br />
Twice during the night we have tried<br />
to drive them off with our seaplanes but<br />
we have not enough. What chance have<br />
those few little planes against six battleships<br />
in the sky, each sweeping the air<br />
with the fire from nine machine guns;<br />
each capable of rising quicker on<br />
vertical than its little foe?<br />
Out of such a situation would gn<br />
perhaps, the greatest menace to IS
York. With our battle fleet<br />
crippled, sunk, or scattered,<br />
eventually the city would be<br />
subject to bombardment—<br />
certainly from the sky—more<br />
than likely from the sea. The<br />
damage to life and property,<br />
in such an event, the imagination<br />
alone can picture.<br />
It would be incalculable.<br />
Zeppelins are not primarily<br />
for blowing up fortresses.<br />
As a matter of fact, at such<br />
work they are a failure. I<br />
have seen one of the Antwerp<br />
forts upon which a<br />
Zeppelin bomb was dropped.<br />
The result was no better<br />
than that caused by the explosion<br />
of an ordinary sized<br />
shell. In Russia I was at<br />
the fortress of Novo Ge<strong>org</strong>iewsk<br />
after it was captured;<br />
A Zeppelin bombarded Novo<br />
during the infantry attack.<br />
One Zeppelin bomb made a<br />
hole in the roof of a storehouse<br />
and blew it to smithereens—an<br />
achievement of no<br />
military value. Another<br />
bomb landed in the park<br />
where the farming implements<br />
of the fortress were<br />
kept. A perfectly good<br />
Cyrus McCormick harvester only was<br />
destroyed.<br />
No, let us f<strong>org</strong>et the Zeppelins for<br />
blowing up fortresses; let us f<strong>org</strong>et them<br />
for annihilating columns of troops. The<br />
trouble is that fortresses invariably have<br />
powerful anti-aircraft guns. To keep out<br />
of range, a Zeppelin has to fly too high to<br />
drop bombs accurately. Modern artillery<br />
fire is much more effective and<br />
scientific. But the Zeppelin has its use.<br />
That use contrary to popular opinion is<br />
not for raiding England, and spilling<br />
bombs upon theatres and ale houses. To<br />
understand the real use of these Zeppelins,<br />
we must go back to last May.<br />
On the fortified Island of Heligoland,<br />
the doors of great sheds opened, and the<br />
IS NEW YORK IN DANGER? 343<br />
Finis!<br />
The airman above has succeeded in igniting the huge gas balloon with an<br />
incendiary hook bomb.<br />
sharp beaked warbirds emerged. Four<br />
Zeppelins of the German Navy took the<br />
air, rising gracefully into the gray North<br />
Sea sky and skimming with the speed of<br />
express trains toward England. A half<br />
hour passed. The man sitting in the<br />
naval wireless station at Cuxhaven gave<br />
a start. "I G N."<br />
One of the code calls of the German<br />
navy was coming in—from out of the<br />
sky somewhere. The officer in command<br />
of the station clapped on the telephone<br />
headpiece. He called headquarters of<br />
the Admiral. "Important Message."<br />
In flashed the warning from somewhere<br />
in the sky. "Admiral Beatty's<br />
battle cruiser squadron is separated from<br />
(Continued oti page 462)
344<br />
DESIGN<br />
I the NEW<br />
There are many things to be considered in<br />
making a relief for the face of currency. It is,<br />
in fact, unlike the producing of any other medallion<br />
or medal. In the first place, the coins<br />
must be made so that they will "stack". No<br />
matter how beautiful the work may be, if this<br />
practical point is not considered the result is<br />
failure.<br />
It was James Earl Fraser—shown in the<br />
two photographs at the right—who made the<br />
design of the buffalo nickel. Many think that<br />
the Indian head on the five-cent piece is a portrait<br />
of an individual Indian, but Mr. Fraser is<br />
very definite in his denial of this. The head<br />
is a composite made from five different models,<br />
and is the sculptor's ideal of an American Indian.<br />
Before the work on the relief even was<br />
begun, portrait busts were made from each of<br />
the mod Is, then portrait reliefs; this means<br />
that ten distinct portraits were completed before<br />
our new coin design was started.<br />
It seems to be the ambition of every sculptor<br />
to make a Lincoln. Many have been fortunate<br />
enough to have their attempts placed in public,<br />
but the portrait of Abraham Lincoln, made by<br />
VictorD. Brenner—at the<br />
left, bottom—is the most<br />
widely known of any. It<br />
is doubtful if there is a<br />
man or woman in the<br />
United States, rich or<br />
poor, who has not seen<br />
I this work, for it is on the<br />
penny. The beauty of<br />
L this coin lies in its utter<br />
A simplicity, the simplicity,<br />
»\ it would seem, that was<br />
jgA one of the great man's<br />
va\\ greatest qualities.<br />
1<br />
Mr. Victor<br />
David Brenner<br />
and His Relief<br />
of Lincoln<br />
Which Was<br />
Used on the<br />
Cent<br />
On many of our paper<br />
money designs there are<br />
portraits of statesmen but<br />
this is the only coin, so<br />
far, to bear one. The<br />
large relief made by Mr.<br />
Brenner for this purpose<br />
is considered one of the<br />
best Lincolns extant.<br />
The figure on the half<br />
dollar made by Adolph<br />
Weinman—at the left, top<br />
—is one of peace and prosperity.<br />
Her right hand is<br />
extended toward vast<br />
spaces in an attitude of<br />
welcome. In her arm she<br />
carries a sheaf of laurel,<br />
her hand is dressed in a
ERS of<br />
COINS<br />
martial way, but behind her floats the American<br />
flag throwing the figure into relief. The<br />
handling of the drapery is free and masterful<br />
and the whole poise of the figure gives one the<br />
impression of freedom and grace, this not d<br />
tracting from the suggestion of the strength in<br />
the work. On the other side of the coin is th<br />
American eagle in all his feathen d glory. By<br />
the way the artist has used the wings, the sug<br />
gestion of movement that is found in the Lib<br />
erty is not lost.<br />
The dime, on which Mr. Weinman was work<br />
ing when photographed, has the same head<br />
only in larger size.<br />
Hcrmon A. MacNeil's quarter holds a Lib<br />
erty of a different character. In fact this migh<br />
well be termed "Preparedness 1 ', and again one<br />
might think of it as typifying Peace through<br />
Strength.<br />
The figure, that of Miss Doris Doscher, who<br />
posed for Mr. MacNeil and is known now and<br />
forever as the "American Coin Girl," is coming<br />
down a flight of stairs. With her right hand<br />
she invites and welcomes the stranger to<br />
America, but on the left<br />
arm is buckled a shield,<br />
and though she offers<br />
laurel in token of peace<br />
and protection her shield<br />
carries forth the idea of<br />
strength.<br />
Uncle Sam has become<br />
very careful about the<br />
corners and crevices in<br />
new money. It wasneces<br />
sary to recall one piece<br />
because it was found,<br />
alter the coining, that the<br />
relief was made in such a<br />
way that it wis possible<br />
for dirt to accumulate on<br />
its surface. This is found<br />
tn be detrimental to public<br />
health, and one can<br />
readily see the danger of<br />
such a condition when giving<br />
a moment's thought<br />
to the number of hands<br />
that the coins pass in a<br />
short time. The cent,<br />
the quarter, the dollar<br />
which you carry in your<br />
pocket this minute may<br />
easily have come to you<br />
direct from the hand of a<br />
scarlet fever, measles, infantile<br />
paralysis or smallpox<br />
patient.
THE HEART OF "GAY PARIS" AT NIGHT NOWADAYS<br />
The French have learned to save their coal. Their experience has taught them that electric street lighting is, in<br />
the main, an unnecessary luxury.<br />
DAMMING OUR BLACK RIVE<br />
OF WASTE<br />
By WILLIAM T. WALSH<br />
A S the United States goes to war, the fleet, for fuel in steel and munition<br />
f\ the first act should be the tak- plants, the black diamonds contributed<br />
/ \ ing over of the control of the coal tar, from which high explosives<br />
I % railways by the Federal were manufactured by the Allied na<br />
Government.<br />
tions.<br />
The second act should be a similar In spite of the fact that the British<br />
control of the coal mines of the nation. Government practically took over the op<br />
The first act is prerequisite to the seceration of coal mining, industry was<br />
ond. It has a direct bearing on the coal seriously handicapped. This was due,<br />
industry. The situation abroad helps to first of all, to strikes in Wales, subse<br />
explain this.<br />
quently settled through the tact and good<br />
When Great Britain went to war, the sense of Lloyd Ge<strong>org</strong>e; and second due<br />
first thing the government did was to to the fact that the army found many<br />
commandeer all the best steam and do eager recruits among the coal miners.<br />
mestic coal in the United Kingdom. The Presently it was discovered that the<br />
situation was too critical to permit of any normal output of coal, despite the in<br />
consideration at that time of the needs creased demand for the product, had<br />
of private industry. England's first and been reduced by about twelve per cent.<br />
last line of defense was her fleet. There Only skilled miners could make up this<br />
fore, coal for her naval units was the deficiency. Thereupon, the British Gov<br />
first consideration.<br />
ernment called back from the trenches in<br />
Besides the need of coal for operating Flanders and northern France those<br />
346
DAMMING OUR BLACK RIVER OF WASTE 347<br />
AN UP-TO-DATE COAL-CUTTING MACHINE<br />
In regard to actual mine equipment we arc well advanced. Pick and shovel methods largely have been superseded by<br />
these mechanical cutters.<br />
whose occupation in times of peace had<br />
been coal digging.<br />
Results did not justify expectations.<br />
It was found that patriotism needs the<br />
stimulus of uniforms, music, and military<br />
glamour. Men do not pull on overalls<br />
with the ready enthusiasm that they display<br />
in donning khaki uniforms. Those<br />
who came back from the battle line did<br />
not wield picks with the ardor they<br />
served machine guns. So England, even<br />
at the present time, is not turning out<br />
her normal output of coal.<br />
To add to the difficulty, England is<br />
also obliged to furnish her allies, Italy<br />
and France, with coal. When the Germans<br />
overran northern France, they occupied<br />
the rich coal and iron fields of<br />
that country. Thus at one stroke France<br />
found these vital resources gone. England,<br />
in spite of her own diminished supply,<br />
took steps to make up the deficiency.<br />
She has had great difficulty in doing this,<br />
and the French have been hard put to it<br />
at times to keep their factories in operation.<br />
So stringent, indeed, has this shortage<br />
become that few electric lights are now<br />
being lit at night in the French capital.<br />
Tin's means, too, a limiting of street car<br />
traffic. There is not the coal to spare<br />
for the generating of electricity for<br />
civilian purposes. Moreover, theaters<br />
are only permitted to give performances<br />
on certain specified nights of the week,<br />
and this regulation holds true also of<br />
motion picture theaters, which are required<br />
to close at ten o'clock.<br />
It is a curious sight to the outsider,<br />
who in times past has walked down the<br />
brilliantly lighted boulevards of Paris, to<br />
survey spring fashions through the shop<br />
windows illuminated only by feeble candlelight.<br />
Similar conditions prevail, of course,<br />
in the other cities and towns of France.<br />
All of Italy is in a like predicament.<br />
The feverish prosecution of the submarine<br />
warfare has practically cut off.<br />
for the time being at least, shipments of<br />
coal from the United States to Europe.<br />
Both China and Japan produce a<br />
mediocre quality. Australia is comparatively<br />
rich in fields that compare<br />
favorably with our best Pocahontas<br />
product. Indeed, this quality is so good<br />
that for some years our own Pacific<br />
Coast has been supplied largely from the<br />
Australian mines.<br />
However, the sea lanes are still too<br />
dangerous to transport coal from the Far<br />
East to England and France. Few of
348 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
the freight vessels sailing via the Suez to be a shortage of cars. All normal<br />
Canal and the Mediterranean would be freight schedules are sadly disarranged.<br />
likely to reach port.<br />
Whatever the patient public knows as<br />
French scientists, therefore, have been to the causes, it is sure that it feels the<br />
vigorously seeking ways and means to effects. We have the coal, if it only can<br />
meet the deficit. There is a poor quality be shipped. The whole world knows it.<br />
of coal in central France, which was re That is why the French commission is<br />
garded formerly as not being worthy of seeking to make a contract with certain<br />
serious consideration. The French, producers to ship annually five million<br />
finding, like the Germans, that coking is tons of steam coal to France. This com<br />
essential to getting every by-product out mission is now negotiating also with the<br />
of the coal, tried to put this supply owners of mines in Colorado to get as<br />
through the regular process. But it much as possible of the output of that<br />
proved to be the despair of factory man region.<br />
agers. However, scientists got busy and The world-wide shortage is likely to<br />
invented a method which made coke de continue. Not until the war is over can<br />
rived from this inferior product of much Europe solve this problem. And in the<br />
greater value. Still the supply is far United States we shall more than likely<br />
from adequate and at the present time a experience coal hunger, not only next<br />
commission of French engineers is in winter but the winter after.<br />
the United States trying to buy up suf With a war on our hands the coal<br />
ficient coal for the needs of their country. problem cannot be trifled with. We shall<br />
The supply in the United States is have to employ means as arbitrary as<br />
short now. This condition of affairs, of Great Britain found necessary. Coal ex<br />
course, is not necessarily permanent, but perts say that counting the working year<br />
has been brought about owing to peculiar as three hundred days, the mines this<br />
business conditions.<br />
past year were unnecessarily idle nearly<br />
It appears to be rather difficult to get one-third of the time. If the mines had<br />
at the underlying difficulty. We know produced their normal output, all the<br />
freight congestion exists. There seems nations of the world, including the<br />
THE INTERIOR OF A WELSH MINE<br />
Even now these mines are not producing up to their full peace-time capacity.
DAMMING OUR BLACK RIVER OF WASTE 349<br />
United States, could be supplied adequately<br />
with the product and still leave a<br />
surplus of forty million tons. The coal<br />
operators insist that the shortage has<br />
been due to lack of shipping facilities.<br />
mineral at all it was necessary originally<br />
to cut down through various strata of<br />
earth and soft rock. This soft formation<br />
required a most ingenious and elaborate<br />
system of bracing the walls and<br />
CANDLES ARE COMING BACK<br />
Because of the ban on the waste of electricity, Paris shop windows are illuminated now by arrays of wax tapers.<br />
Production is useless without cars to haul ceilings. In their retreat, the Germans<br />
the coal. The freight congestion would<br />
seem to bear out their explanation of the<br />
shortage. That is why we say the government<br />
must commandeer the .railways<br />
at the firing of the first shot. If the<br />
railways cannot discharge satisfactorily<br />
the responsibilities they have assumed,<br />
the war powers vested in the National<br />
Government should force them to do so.<br />
But even after the war is over the coal<br />
shortage problem will not be solved for<br />
some time. Europe will make all' the<br />
coal contracts she can with the United<br />
States. France and Belgium, in particular,<br />
will have to get coal abroad, for the<br />
mines of those regions are ruined, probably<br />
for years to come.<br />
In northern France the coal mines lie<br />
very deep underground. To get at the<br />
indiscriminately destroyed these supports<br />
with explosives, so that in the<br />
blowing up of the pillars countless tons<br />
of debris fell, closing up the mine shafts.<br />
This was an obvious piece of military<br />
strategy, designed not only to spoil all<br />
chance that France might have of utilizing<br />
these mines during the war, but possibly<br />
with the idea in view of crippling<br />
French industry after the war. In any<br />
event, such will be the effect, for it may<br />
take years to restore these mines to their<br />
original working condition.<br />
It appears, then, as if the world, after<br />
the war, will have to look to the United<br />
States for its coal supply. Oriental<br />
fields, the only other source the world<br />
may turn to, are not sufficiently developed<br />
to be counted upon for supplying
350 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
more than a drop in the bucket. Can<br />
this country sit idly by and let the coal<br />
and railway industries in their inefficient<br />
way attempt to supply the needs of the<br />
nations? For our own sakes, if not for<br />
the remainder of humanity, the government<br />
will have to control coal and perhaps<br />
railways for some time. High<br />
prices with a surplus of coal waiting to<br />
be removed from the ground seem<br />
absurd. Inadequate transportation facilities,<br />
in like circumstances, seem equally<br />
absurd. Till the great world crisis and<br />
its aftermath are over, it looks as if these<br />
two great industries in the United States<br />
must go on under temporary government<br />
ownership.<br />
Two vital reasons, then, require Federal<br />
control of mines. The first is a war<br />
measure; the second is an industrial<br />
measure—after the war. Our own<br />
needs demand the first; the needs of the<br />
world demand the second.<br />
But why will war so greatly increase<br />
the already huge and insistent demand<br />
for coal?<br />
Progress in chemical science is the<br />
answer. Scientists and efficiency engineers<br />
are unanimous in declaring that for<br />
every ton of raw coal that is fed into the<br />
furnaces, the smelters, the heating systems<br />
of the United States today—costing<br />
approximately six dollars per ton—between<br />
two and three dollars' worth of<br />
valuable by-products that could have been<br />
saved with little or no detriment to the<br />
fuel qualities of the coal are ignorantly<br />
wasted.<br />
In case of war, the United States<br />
would have a tremendous need for the<br />
low-temperature distillation products of<br />
coal. These products are many, but the<br />
ones most needed are coal tar and coal<br />
gas. The first is the crude material<br />
from which the giant powder is made<br />
that bursts the huge shells fired from<br />
the mouths of our cannon. The second<br />
is an invaluable illuminant and fuel.<br />
Neither is to be had in any quantities<br />
in this country today, because we never<br />
have considered a coal shortage or a war<br />
of serious importance in the light of<br />
present-day probability. Consumers have<br />
demanded raw coal; private industry—<br />
represented by the coal dealers—has not<br />
seen fit to educate the public up to using<br />
coke. This condition also has been fostered<br />
by the deplorable fact that we have<br />
not known what to do with our coal derivatives.<br />
We have been throwing<br />
literally precious millions into the street<br />
by converting all our low-temperature<br />
distillation products into paving pitch.<br />
An inertia and ignorance exists in private<br />
industry, which the United States,<br />
in the present exigency, cannot afford to<br />
wait to cope with. One of the very best<br />
preparedness measures which we could<br />
inaugurate today would be an immediate<br />
confiscation of all coal properties.<br />
This would be temporary, of course, and<br />
would imply a complete reimbursement<br />
of all present owners for such loss as<br />
they would suffer.<br />
Then would come complete re<strong>org</strong>anization.<br />
It is a problem for the war department<br />
and its corps of chemical experts,<br />
largely, but it is probable that the re<strong>org</strong>anization<br />
would mean the establishment<br />
of huge distilling plants in each of<br />
the coal-mining States; these plants<br />
would send out every particle of coal in<br />
the form of coke, and would divert to<br />
government uses all the valuable distillation<br />
derivatives that now are being<br />
wasted.<br />
It may be presumed then, that, as a<br />
wise precaution, with the outbreak of<br />
hostilities the Federal Government will<br />
take over the operation of all our coal<br />
mines. In like manner it may be presumed<br />
that the Federal Government will<br />
take over the operation of all our railway<br />
systems.<br />
With that much accomplished, the<br />
maintenance of such control after our<br />
war for as long a period as necessary,<br />
should not be found to be particularly<br />
difficult.<br />
This much, we feel certain all will concede—that<br />
to leave these matters in the<br />
hands of private industry during the<br />
period of strife would be a great mistake,<br />
fraught with peril to the nation.
THE "MOLE DETECTOR 11<br />
AS THE SAPPERS APPROACH INCH BY INCH<br />
At various noints below ground in the French trenches are stationed these silent detectives, each with a<br />
microphone. They listen all day long for the incessant "pick-pick" which will tell of an enemy sapping<br />
expedition—a party of human moles who burrow beneath the trenches to plant mines.<br />
m
SCIENCE LEARNS TO<br />
CONTROL SEX<br />
A LTHOUGH this Japanese scien-<br />
/V tist, working in the University<br />
/ \ of California's department of<br />
/ \ entomology, has confined his<br />
•!*• *" experiments so far to the<br />
small insects, aphids, or plant lice, he<br />
hopes soon to verify his findings by experiments<br />
on the blow fly, pomice fly.<br />
amphibia, and on such high forms of<br />
animal life as the pigeon and the chicken.<br />
The results of these investigations, he<br />
believes, will prove that sex can be controlled<br />
even in the human<br />
family.<br />
The discovery by Shinji<br />
was made as the result of an<br />
accident. In 1912 he started<br />
his experiments on aphids<br />
with the primal idea of producing<br />
winged and nonwinged<br />
forms of the insect by<br />
means of chemical treatment.<br />
After experimenting with<br />
many kinds of chemical salts, he<br />
found magnesium chloride best<br />
suited his purposes, and this he<br />
uses exclusively. While working<br />
on the effect this chloride<br />
had on the wings of the aphid,<br />
he noticed that those which he<br />
had treated gave birth only to<br />
the male sex. Experimenting<br />
further he alleges to have proved<br />
that in all cases of reproduction<br />
without the male cell the offspring<br />
to the second generation<br />
of aphids, which had been<br />
treated with magnesium chloride,<br />
turned out males.<br />
In theorizing upon the source<br />
of the effects of magnesium<br />
chloride, Shinji points out that<br />
in the process of cell production<br />
and division in the maturation<br />
process the cells ordinarily divide<br />
in groups of twelve. This even<br />
352<br />
division, he believes, can be changed into<br />
a group with a ratio of sixteen to eight<br />
instead of twelve to twelve, by the addition<br />
of very minute quantities of magnesium<br />
chloride.<br />
Shinji claims that the magnesium<br />
chloride removes the water from protein<br />
substances. As water is the chief cellforming<br />
substance, its removal, he finds,<br />
so deranges the normal maturation<br />
process that male offspring are bound to<br />
result.<br />
Shinji at Work in His Laboratory
SCIENCE ^MECHANICS® INVENTION<br />
iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiHMuniiiiiiiiMMiiiiMin»»»MUMi»inimm>n><br />
EVERY PENNSYLVANIA OARSMAN HIS OWN COACH<br />
Coach Joe Wright has installed a mirror, like the one shown above, at the side of each rowing machine<br />
in the gymnasium of the University of Pennsylvania. The theory is that the oarsman's personal pride<br />
in his development is greatly stimulated.<br />
THE TROPHY OF A LIFE AND DEATH BATTLE<br />
This plaster cast, being prepared for a New York museum, has for its subject an eighteen-foot devilfish<br />
or Mania, which was killed, after a terrific struggle, in the Gulf of Mexico.<br />
S<br />
353
354 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
•«£JL£n<br />
DIAMONDS IN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURE<br />
The photograph above* shows $6,000 worth of rough diamonds used for trueing emery wheels, grinding<br />
crankshafts, camshafts and other parts requiring very accurate and delicate work. Below is a diamond<br />
adjustment in the Willys-Overland factory in Detroit.<br />
y_i "i
ID:<br />
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION<br />
It's a Wise Ewe That Knows<br />
Her Own Lamb<br />
Large sheep misers of the West<br />
have adopted the lamb blanket<br />
shown in the upper photograph, as<br />
ng the best protection against<br />
late spring storms. The big difficulty<br />
lies in the fact that the blanket<br />
is ;ill too apt to make a lamb an<br />
orphan, because it destroys the individual<br />
scent by which the mother<br />
recognizes it—and there is no such<br />
indignant critter in the world as a<br />
ewe who suspects that she is being<br />
required to furnish nourishment to<br />
some other lady's lambkinl<br />
New Kind of Watch Pocket<br />
Handier than the wrist-watch is the<br />
new garment pocket devised by<br />
Joseph C. Brehl ol Columbus, Ohio.<br />
XT H<br />
ZEE<br />
355
356 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
&<br />
MAKING DIKES OF ORCHARD HEATERS<br />
In order to keep the storm flood waters of San Antonio Creek from washing away a forty-acre lemon grove<br />
near Lordsburg, California, it was necessary to sacrifice five thousand dollars' worth of property in the<br />
form of orchard heaters. These, used to combat frost among the trees, are similar to galvanized washtubs,<br />
with cone-shaped covers for the flues. They were stacked six deep to form a wall against the<br />
angry waters.<br />
NEW PORTABLE ASPHALT HEATER<br />
A portable heater, recently invented by Wilfred G. Chausse of Detroit, Michigan, makes it possible to<br />
repair asphalt pavements quickly. The heater comprises a spring-supported main frame, which, when<br />
in operative position, is supported in a horizontal frame near the ground. When not in operation this<br />
horizontal frame is folded back over the main frame to facilitate transportation. The heater has a battery<br />
of burners—as many or as few as required.<br />
~J2L XE
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 357<br />
u -*„.—»- 1<br />
^*-i__«^£<br />
A NEW CHEAP SPEEDSTER<br />
This high-geared, three-wheeled automobile.<br />
designed by Frederick E. Fisher, a Baltimore,<br />
Maryland, inventor, can make from seventy-<br />
live to ninety miles an hour. Because the<br />
center of gravity is so low the machine can cut<br />
around sharp corners at thirty miles an hour<br />
without overturning. The car is built to sell at<br />
a very moderate price.<br />
TRAINING THE NEW TROOPS<br />
To aid the troops in gaining a knowledge of motorized warfare, the Chalmers Motor Company of Canada<br />
has loaned a Chalmers chassis to the Scottish Borderers. A Lewis rapid firing gun has been mounted<br />
on the chassis and the machine gun operators have practiced shooting while moving along the road at<br />
the dizzy pace of 50 miles per hour.<br />
TT TL
358 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 359<br />
A Sun-Power Sanatorium<br />
The first step in taking a treatment in this tiny<br />
sanatorium is to lie down in the glass cabinet<br />
shown above. Only the patient's In'ad<br />
projects. The rest of his body is baked to a<br />
turn by the hot rays of the sun. Then he is<br />
led into a "solar shower-bath"—a bath apparatus<br />
whose water is warmed by the solar ray<br />
heater shown on tin- roof of the building below.<br />
Searching for "Wellesley's Best"<br />
The girl students at Wellesley College latels<br />
havi been subjected to measurement by this<br />
•r instrument the thoracimeter, a recent<br />
ution. The apparatus records the line and<br />
tion ,s points i>t each figure, the posture, inhalal'lo,<br />
, exhalation, and the flexibility of the chest.<br />
-.. the girls are given accurate data winch<br />
intended to enable them to better their<br />
personal appearances.<br />
TT
360 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Giant Park Sprinkler<br />
This park sprinkler was designed<br />
for watering large areas and operates<br />
very effectively and economical<br />
ly , producing a continuous<br />
artificial shower. When the sprinkler<br />
is in operation the two spray<br />
arms revolve slowly, spreading the<br />
water uniformly in a fine, dense,<br />
rain-like spray over an area having<br />
a diameter of from 80 to 150 feet.<br />
The capacity of the sprinkler varies<br />
from 100 to 200 gallons of water a<br />
minute, according to the operating<br />
pressure, and is about fifty times<br />
that of any ordinary lawn sprinkler<br />
now on the market.<br />
New Fish-Line Guide<br />
To obviate the annoyance to the fisherman<br />
of having his catch escape because of the<br />
IP<br />
snarling of the line, a new and simple fish line<br />
guide has been devised by a Michigan man. It<br />
is made of wire, looped to engage the handle<br />
of the fishing rod to guide the fish line. A<br />
weight at the lower end of this wire guide keeps<br />
it in an upright position. This device should<br />
appeal strongly to disciples of Isaak Walton<br />
who have not as yet attained the skill of true<br />
experts.
££<br />
Kitchen Boiler Serves as Diving<br />
Helmet<br />
The remarkable home-made diving<br />
helmet illustrated herewith is made<br />
of one end of an ordinary kitchen<br />
boiler notched to fit the shoulders<br />
of a man, and weighted with<br />
chain. Using an ordinary duplex<br />
auto pump it is possible for a man<br />
using this helmet to stay down<br />
fifteen minutes at a depth of 30<br />
feet. There is no window in the<br />
helmet, but this is no special hard<br />
ship inasmuch as the outfit is used<br />
in the East River, New York, where<br />
the silt and sewage render the sense<br />
of sight useless.<br />
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 361<br />
Adjustable Radiator Foot-Rest<br />
With this new radiator foot rest devised by Ellis N. Webb,<br />
Geneva. New York, it is possible to dry one's feet as easily<br />
as in an oven and without the likelihood of getting burned.<br />
Che rest has a T-shaped arm that is slipped in between the<br />
radiator pipes, then turned from a vertical to a horizontal<br />
position where it acts as a brace that holds securely the<br />
resl in extended position in front of the radiator. When<br />
not in use the foot rest can be raised and a hook engaged<br />
over the upper portion of the radiator, thus holding the<br />
device securely against the radiator.<br />
n<br />
For the Left-Eyed Shooter<br />
For the man who has learned to shoot<br />
a rifle or shotgun from the right shoulder,<br />
and who is forced by circumstances<br />
to use his left eye for sighting, this<br />
contrivance has been marketed.<br />
TT
362<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
UJ_<br />
«ip— 331<br />
/<br />
^ • ^ , ;/-•<br />
The "Red Bug" Makes<br />
Its Bow<br />
This little car attained<br />
great popularity at the<br />
ach resorts during the<br />
latter part of the winter<br />
just past. It consists of a<br />
light frame set on bicycle<br />
wheels, and driven by a<br />
motor wheel attachment in<br />
the rear. In the beach<br />
races, these little cars<br />
showed their ability to<br />
make twenty-five miles an<br />
hour.<br />
THE LONGEST BRIDGE IN THE WORLD<br />
Above is a diagram of the proposed San Francisco Oakland bridge which is to be built immediately by<br />
the counties of San Francisco and Alameda, California. The bridge will be two hundred feet in height and<br />
five and one-half miles in length, and is to cost $22,000,000.<br />
mm EE IX •
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 363
364 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
•man^T*<br />
Taking It Out on a Dummy<br />
Didn't you ever wonder how<br />
your dentist got the callous<br />
mannerisms he exhibits when<br />
going after one of your cherished<br />
and tender wisdom teeth?<br />
Well, the secret is out! Here<br />
is a student at the New York<br />
Dental Infirmary, getting a little<br />
experience on a dummy<br />
patient.<br />
Testing an Aeroplane in a 75-Mile Gale<br />
YZi , "¥<br />
The Washington Navy Yard I as now a wind tun<br />
nel, where by means of huge fans and a 500 horse<br />
power motor a regular hurricane can be generated<br />
if desired. In this tunnel the models of aeroplanes<br />
under consideration for use in Government service<br />
are tested out.<br />
Training Out Aviators in<br />
Night Flying<br />
As a preliminary to the training<br />
of airmen in night flying there has<br />
been erected at the Mineola, Long<br />
Island, flying field a wooden stand<br />
which mounts three searchlights<br />
and twelve flood-lighting lamps, the<br />
latter being of the same type as<br />
those employed in the illumination<br />
of building exteriors. The floodlights<br />
are intended to cast a path<br />
of light across the flying ground, so<br />
that the airmen can find the field<br />
and safely alight at night. The<br />
searchlights, two of which are of<br />
the portable trench t>pe and the<br />
remaining one a 36-inch type, are<br />
intended for picking up hostile<br />
craft. Aside from training the<br />
Army aviators in flying and alighting<br />
at night, it is planned that the<br />
men will be taught nocturnal battling<br />
in the air.<br />
»W«»»I:J 3«ll
New Metal Concrete<br />
Form<br />
This device makes it<br />
possible to erect any<br />
sort of a concrete wall<br />
with a continuous air<br />
space contained, with<br />
solid corners or solid<br />
pilasters at any point.<br />
and of any desired<br />
thickness from two to<br />
fourteen inches. It will<br />
eliminate the expense<br />
of wasted lumber in<br />
making' forms, as well<br />
as the time employed.<br />
The photographs show<br />
the start of a wall where<br />
the flexible forms were<br />
used.<br />
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 365<br />
LISTENING TO THE FOOTFALLS OF A FLY<br />
Two University of California physicists lately have completed a new and sensitive sound magnifying<br />
instrument whereby the pittcrpatter of a fly's footsteps on the ceiling, the wiggling of a woodborer in the<br />
heart of an old oak, the beating of the human heart and many other small sounds are made plainly<br />
audible.<br />
TX IT
BARNEY OLDFIELD'S NEW<br />
SAFETY RACER<br />
By E D W A R D C. C R O S S M A N<br />
T<br />
HIS is what the crowd at Ormond<br />
Beach will see this summer<br />
if the fates don't step in<br />
and snarl up the plans of the<br />
reat and original Barney<br />
Oldfield<br />
and such other automobile racetrackspeed<br />
demons.<br />
One of them is being built purely for<br />
the breaking of the straightaway record,<br />
A MODEL OF THE THREE-MILE-A-MINUTE CAR<br />
In case this machine turns turtle, the metal case protects the driver and mecanicien from injury.<br />
In a wonderful car of 1600 pounds<br />
weight, driven by a 12-cylinder 300horsepower<br />
aeroplane motor of less than<br />
600 pounds, with the driver and mechanic<br />
completely enclosed by a strong aluminum<br />
body, Oldfield plans to shoot the<br />
existing Ormond record so thoroughly<br />
to pieces that it will be replaced only by<br />
the Oldfield record for the next ten<br />
years.<br />
His new car is to make 180 miles an<br />
hour, according to present figures, the<br />
only obstacle being the possibility of not<br />
getting sufficient traction at that speed<br />
with the light weight of the car. Former<br />
speed monsters have been over 2000<br />
pounds, Resta's great Peugeot weighing<br />
2400 pounds, for instance.<br />
The existing record for a straightaway<br />
mile is 26 seconds. Barney says he'll<br />
make it in 20 seconds.<br />
Two cars of this submarine-body type<br />
are now being built for Oldfield from<br />
special parts at the shops of the Harry<br />
Miller Company in Los Angeles, grooms<br />
to the cars of Resta, Aikin, Rickenbacher,<br />
366<br />
and is to be fitted out for that sole purpose<br />
with the 12-cylinder aluminum<br />
aeroplane motor, to be finally installed<br />
in the air craft of DeLoyd Thompson,<br />
the aviator. The cylinders of the motor<br />
are 5 by 6 inches, and the whole develops<br />
300 horsepower at 1600 revolutions.<br />
A peculiarity of the great engine is the<br />
presence of four magnetos, two on each<br />
side, and two sparks to each cylinder to<br />
guard against ignition trouble. There<br />
will be practically no flywheel, and the<br />
drive will be straight through to the rear<br />
wheels, no transmission and no moving<br />
parts dragging on the shaft, the gearing<br />
down being done in the rear axle, where<br />
the motor will be stepped down at the<br />
ratio of one and one-half to one.<br />
The cylinders of the motor are of the<br />
lightest possible weight vanadium steel,<br />
so thin that they hardly look adequate to<br />
the work. The entire engine is one casting<br />
of aluminum.<br />
The other car, for Barney's use on the<br />
speedways, such as Indianapolis, Chicago,<br />
and Sheepshead, is the permanent vehicle
BARNEY OLDFIELD'S NEW SAFETY RACER 367<br />
in which the veteran driver<br />
expects to clean up on the races<br />
during 1917. Of the same lines<br />
as the great 12, it will have a<br />
four-cylinder, 16-valve Miller<br />
motor, developing 130 horsepower,<br />
with its 3?,s x 7-inch<br />
cylinders. The entire engine is<br />
cast out of aluminum, the<br />
pistons and connecting<br />
rods being installed<br />
and removed<br />
from the bottom,<br />
and t li c r e being<br />
therefore no removable<br />
side plates.<br />
It is the bo d v,<br />
however, that will<br />
make the railbird sit<br />
up and try to keep<br />
both eyes from popping<br />
out. Many motor-racing<br />
injuries and fatalities occur<br />
from the car rolling over and pinning<br />
driver or mechanic below. Barney says<br />
you can roll his car over without any<br />
fatalities to those inside!<br />
Instead of the familiar racing body,<br />
these two cars are completely enclosed,<br />
strong aluminum plates carrying the<br />
stream line of the hood right up over<br />
the driver and mechanic and continuing<br />
One of the Gigantic Cylinders of the Racer's<br />
Motor<br />
''<br />
ll<br />
down to the taper tail. The<br />
spectators will see no man at all,<br />
nothing but the gray lines,<br />
broken in front by a thin, screencovered<br />
slot through which the<br />
driver looks.<br />
This slot runs<br />
around the curved<br />
body in front of the<br />
driver, like the slot<br />
in a conning tower<br />
on a battleshi p.<br />
Strong, fine screen<br />
covers the slot, to<br />
keep out pebbles and<br />
other objects that<br />
are thrown up by<br />
other cars, and<br />
which at high speed<br />
of car. hit like bul<br />
lets. Behind the<br />
wire runs a strip of<br />
celluloid that winds on rollers at either<br />
end. This the driver or mechanic can<br />
wind up and unwind to remove the dirt<br />
and oil that gather on it. The fine screen<br />
breaks the wind pressure enough to permit<br />
the use of the flexible celluloid.<br />
Instead of sitting beside the driver, the<br />
mechanic sits ten inches behind him and<br />
slightly to his right, which makes for a<br />
narrower body and less air resistance and<br />
obviates the swaying against the driver<br />
caused by taking sharp curves. The<br />
WHEN THIS TWELVE CYLINDER MOTOR HELPS ESTABLISH A NEW RECORD. IT WILL<br />
BE INSTALLED IN AN AEROPLANE<br />
|
368 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
complete car is stream line, air resistance<br />
cut down to the last possible pound, even<br />
the axles being blade shape with the thin<br />
edge toward the front. The exhaust<br />
pipe runs<br />
through an<br />
insulated<br />
passage in<br />
the body of<br />
the car and<br />
opens at the<br />
very tail, so<br />
not one object<br />
breaks<br />
the smooth<br />
of the submarine car.<br />
Double steering arms are used instead<br />
of only one, so the bad luck of the auto<br />
driver may break either arm or the tierod<br />
on the wheels, and the car still will<br />
hold the course.<br />
tends to thrust the head of the driver<br />
backward as if some strong person were<br />
pushing it back with his hand, and when<br />
it does give back a little, the driver can<br />
hardly straighten up again.<br />
The great feature is the added<br />
security for the driver and mechanic.<br />
The rate at which a car rolls over<br />
doesn't put the weight of the machine<br />
on the top of the body; in fact<br />
many a car has gone over and over<br />
without even wrecking the wheel or<br />
seats. The shape of this body will<br />
impel the car to go on over and not<br />
stop with the wheels the wrong way up.<br />
In fact, it is expected that the final roll<br />
will land the car on its wheels again.<br />
As before hinted, Barney has no intention<br />
to make his car roll over every time<br />
it passes the grandstand merely to let<br />
• The radiator is as much V-shape as is the crowd feel that it is getting its fifty<br />
possible to make it and still give cooling cents worth, nor will his life be a bit<br />
surface, and there isn't a line on the car better risk if he insists on cutting down<br />
that hasn't been studied and tapered down trees or knocking over brick houses with<br />
to prevent air resistance from cutting his car. But, with the double steering<br />
down speed. Consider the fact that a gear, the roll-over body, the light weight<br />
speed of 180 miles an hour means facing of the car, and his experience and daring,<br />
the same air pressure that one would get the old driver will have even Resta and<br />
from a gale blowing at the same speed Aiken glancing fearfully over their<br />
with the car motionless. Oldfield says shoulders as the gray submarine sneaks<br />
that at 120 miles an hour the air pressure up beside them.
UP TO THE MINUTE<br />
Interesting Subjects Caught by the Camera<br />
GETTING OUT THE CARGO<br />
A Cunarti freighter crashed into this four-masted schooner, the Dustin G. Cressy, overturning her in New<br />
York Harbor. i.rk of d just been started when the photograph was taken.<br />
tf>ViA<br />
DID YOU "BITE" ON A TEN-CENT PETTICOAT?<br />
Half a million women so far have been victimized by this fraud, which pretended to give a five-dollar silk<br />
petticoat in exchange for a dime and a list of five other ladies who might be interested also in securing<br />
such a garment. The United States postal service is now swamped in the attempt to return the dimes to<br />
their senders.<br />
A RECORD-BREAKING EXPRESS CRUISER—SHADO W III<br />
This little boat made a new world's record in her class recently in the ten-mile race at Biscayne Bay,<br />
Florida. She covered the distance at an average rate of 30.1 miles an hour. Her owner, Mr. Carl G.<br />
Fisher of Indianapolis, has offered her to the Government for use as a submarine chaser.<br />
369
370 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
TOILERS UNDER THE SEA<br />
By ROBERT G. SKERRETT<br />
THE deepest any man ever has generally that under-water workers could<br />
flescended into the sea and go safely to much more than half such a<br />
survived is 306 feet. This submergence, and the achievement was<br />
was not done within the shel- due very largely to innovations in the<br />
ter of a sturdy submarine of shape of apparatus perfected by the exsteel,<br />
or experimentally, but in the waters perts of our naval service. Up to a short<br />
of the Pacific outside of Honolulu harbor while back, as the history of the art goes,<br />
in helping to salve the submarine F-4 air was supplied to commercial divers by<br />
which sank there two years ago. means of hand-operated pumps, and<br />
Up to that time, it was not believed strange as it may seem, it was less than<br />
FLOATING THE WASMNGTON1AN<br />
Several pumping tue.s and mans lines of hose will he used to fill all the sound compartments with air. This will cause<br />
the vessel to come to the surface on her side.<br />
•'1
372 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
AFTER THE MERWA'S SILVER BULLION<br />
For greater safety the divers work in pairs when seeking out the strong room of this treasure ship.<br />
ten years ago that these were discovered<br />
to be inefficient.<br />
Through one cause or another pumps<br />
leaked and air supply was insufficient<br />
when the diver was toiling at his maximum<br />
depth—100 to 150 feet below the<br />
sea's surface. Not only that, but the<br />
pressure gage, which served as a guide<br />
for the men at the pump cranks, was<br />
proved to be a treacherous index of the<br />
measure of air being forced down into<br />
the ocean's depths for the man or men<br />
at the other ends of the armored hose.<br />
No wonder, then, that divers found themselves<br />
short of vitally necessary air when<br />
slipping to added depths of only a few<br />
feet while working around sunken<br />
wrecks, or that the men thus were dazed<br />
or made incapable of giving the proper<br />
signals that might have saved them from<br />
death.<br />
Because of certain discoveries, the
TOILERS UNDER THE SEA<br />
British Admiralty insisted upon better<br />
workmanship and more reliable performance<br />
on the part of the pumping equipment,<br />
but the English authorities still<br />
held to the hand-driven apparatus. Investigators<br />
in the United States Navy,<br />
however, did much better than this.<br />
They made a long stride forward by introducing<br />
another link in the safety chain<br />
devised for the security of the Government<br />
divers. Now, instead of using hand<br />
pumps they use steam or electric-driven<br />
air compressors, and these store the air<br />
in suitable tanks at high pressure.<br />
As a result, our naval divers, instead<br />
of drawing their air directly from pumps,<br />
have their supply hose connected to the<br />
reservoirs that hold enough of this vital<br />
element in reserve to meet all needs for a<br />
long time after the compressors are<br />
stopped. This removes the hazard of inattention<br />
on the part of surface attendants<br />
and dependence upon the continual<br />
operating of either hand-worked pumps<br />
or compressors. More than this, the<br />
diver is emboldened, and he sinks<br />
to the far-away sea bed in confi-<br />
373<br />
from the helmet, after it has come down<br />
tii the diver for breathing purposes, goes<br />
directly out into the enveloping water—<br />
unless the dress be of the self-contained<br />
sort in which the exhaled air is drawn<br />
through a cartridge of caustic soda so as<br />
to save the unused oxygen for re-inhalation.<br />
The air escaping into the sea commonly<br />
makes a good deal of noise in the<br />
helmet. This is a disadvantage, because<br />
it interferes with the best use of the<br />
submarine telephone which is recognized<br />
now of such practical importance. Our<br />
naval divers have their helmets equipped<br />
with an improved regulating escape<br />
valve, and this is so constructed that it<br />
greatly lessens these objectionable noises,<br />
and telephonic communication is therefore<br />
made more nearly perfect.<br />
Today, divers can drop to the sea bed<br />
almost with the speed of falling stones<br />
without fear of being crushed to death<br />
by the rapidly-increasing pressure of surrounding<br />
water. They can do this because<br />
the air supply, when<br />
drawn from tanks highly<br />
charged, is so abundant<br />
HIS SUIT A RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER IN ITSELF<br />
"A" is the compressed air tank. "B" and "D" are parts of the chemical apparatus for cleansing exhaled air for further<br />
use, and "C" is the telephone connection. By means of the net of cloth-covered chain the suit is made to serve as a<br />
recompression chamber.<br />
deuce, knowing that if he takes proper<br />
care his air supply will not fail him.<br />
An abundance of air is fundamentally<br />
the secret of successful and safe deep<br />
submergences.<br />
In most diving suits, the air escaping<br />
and continuous that it offsets at every<br />
foot of submergence the growing hydrostatic<br />
pressure. This means that the<br />
underwater worker can reach the point<br />
where he wishes to operate with the least<br />
exhaustion in getting there. But nature
374 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
A "CLOSE-UP" OF THE APPARATUS<br />
This is the steam air compression plant of a modern salvage expedition, with storage tanks for the divers.<br />
objects to any further trifling with the<br />
physical limits of endurance which she<br />
has set.<br />
l*"or instance, after a diver has got that<br />
far down in the realms of ocean deeps<br />
it is not possible for him to exert himself<br />
except to a very restricted extent. That<br />
is to say, the lifting of a trifling weight<br />
or the muscular effort of pulling a small<br />
rope may nearly cause his undoing later<br />
even though he may feel no distress at<br />
the time. This happened with one of our<br />
naval divers at a depth of 306 feet. lie<br />
returned to the surface after a submergence<br />
of something like half an hour, apparently<br />
in good condition, but collapsed<br />
shortly afterwards and needed three or<br />
four days in which to recover his<br />
strength—though he was a splendid<br />
physical specimen.<br />
The cause of this exhaustion is primarily<br />
due to the excess of nitrogen<br />
which permeates the blood and fluid substances<br />
of the body, and which, if not<br />
properly checked by means of the hospital<br />
lock or recompression chamber,<br />
leads to attacks of the "bends", more or<br />
less general paralysis, and possibly to a<br />
frothy condition of the blood which is<br />
almost certain to produce death.<br />
Not long ago, one of America's foremost<br />
salvors said: "Make it practicable<br />
to send a diver down to a depth of two<br />
hundred feet and more so that he can<br />
really work there, and millions of dollars<br />
can be made." This is no idle boast, and<br />
probably one of the immediate aftermaths<br />
of the present war will be the<br />
<strong>org</strong>anizing of scores of wrecking enterprises<br />
bent upon recovering some of the<br />
enormous wealth carried to the bottom<br />
of the seas by U boats, mines, and other<br />
agencies during the period of conflict.<br />
It is true, that a great many of the<br />
stricken vessels have been sunk in waters<br />
much deeper than 300 feet, but it is<br />
equally certain that hundreds and hundreds<br />
of these craft have gone to their<br />
graves at lesser depths.<br />
Estimates vary, but there is every<br />
likelihood that the war's toll will reach a<br />
total of 100,000,000 tons of shipping before<br />
the dire struggle comes to a halt.<br />
In the Adriatic, in the Mediterranean, in<br />
the North Sea, and in other waters along<br />
the coast of Europe and about the British<br />
Isles vessels have been sunk that lie submerged<br />
a good deal less than 300 feet,<br />
and engineering enterprise will not halt<br />
until a fair measure of these have been
TOILERS UNDER THE SEA 375<br />
marie to yield up the treasure carried safe, but salvage operations abroad will,<br />
down in them. Two notable salvage un unquestionably, in many instances, be<br />
dertakings right here upon our Atlantic centered upon refloating the foundered<br />
Coast are suggestive of what may be craft. Again, American exploits in this<br />
done later. One of them illustrates how sort of recovery work have blazed the<br />
facilities designed primarily for another way. We know already what com<br />
service can be made to help the wreck pressed air skilfully used will do in rais<br />
hunter.<br />
ing submerged ships, but most of these<br />
The steamship Merida, bound north tasks have had to do with vessels resting<br />
ward from the West Indies, collided upon the bottom in land-locked or rela<br />
with another steamer in May, 1911, and tively sheltered waters. The most ambi<br />
sank in the open Atlantic at a point tious exception is that of the Americanestimated<br />
between fifty and fifty-five Hawaiian liner Washingtonian which<br />
miles east from Cape Charles. Cape collided with a big five-masted schooner<br />
Charles is the northern limit of the en off the Capes of the Delaware and sank<br />
trance to the Chesapeake Bay. She went in 90 feet of water something like fif<br />
to the bottom in water ranging from 250 teen miles seaward. No vessel has ever<br />
to 300 feet in depth, but as she foundered been refloated from anything like that<br />
during a fog it was not possible to estab depth when exposed to the broad sweep<br />
lish her exact position. We all have heard of the sea, and especially when of such<br />
of the wire-drag by which the U. S. size. The Washingtonian is more than<br />
Coast and Geodetic Survey explores 400 feet long and of 6,650 gross tons.<br />
navigable waters and, by a "sweeping" The salvors had no trouble in finding<br />
process, succeeds in locating submerged the wreck. She lies over on one side at<br />
obstacles that might otherwise escape the an angle of 75 degrees, and rests upon<br />
sounding lead.<br />
the injury which carried her to the bot<br />
The wire drag was employed by the tom. Again, a fickle season brought<br />
salvors bent upon finding the wreck of operations to a halt, but with the return<br />
the Merida, but the submerged area in of mild weather this spring work will be<br />
which she lies is so vast that the treasure resumed. Compressed air will be<br />
seekers were not able to finish their task pumped into the vessel so that it will<br />
during fair weather last summer. As pocket itself inside of her and raise her<br />
soon as the season moderates, the salvage to the surface while still lying over on<br />
fleet will start again upon its quest, and her side. This posture must be main<br />
if the wire-drag engages a submerged tained until the ship is towed into Dela<br />
obstacle at a depth not exceeding 300 feet ware Bay and there allowed to settle<br />
then the divers will be sent down to deter again upon the bottom in shallow water.<br />
mine its character. In this way. it is If the vessel should right herself before<br />
hoped to locate the foundered liner and then the compressed air would burst<br />
then to recover the $225,000 worth of through her decks and let her sink in a<br />
silver bullion in the purser's strongroom, position which would make it well nigh<br />
which can be reached through the purser's impossible to refloat her in the open sea.<br />
office opening out upon the saloon deck. The salvors are confident that thev can<br />
This undertaking is interesting because carry this project to a successful con<br />
it indicates in a general way how the clusion, and their plans are carefully laid<br />
wire-drag will probably be used abroad and ripened by last year's experience.<br />
upon the restoration of peace in determin The case of the Washingtonian is indicaing<br />
the whereabouts of sunken vessels tive of what will be essayed with some of<br />
worth while.<br />
the ships sunk in European waters. Suc<br />
In the case of the Merida. the one decess would richly repay the venture, besire<br />
is to reach the silver bullion and such cause for some years to come ocean<br />
valuables as may be locked in the purser's going steamers will be at a premium.
GETTING THE RANGE OF<br />
AN ENEMY WARSHIP<br />
By WILLIAM NELSON TAFT<br />
Y<br />
OU may fire when you are<br />
ready, Gridley!"<br />
This phrase, used by the<br />
late Admiral Ge<strong>org</strong>e Dewey<br />
in signaling the commencement<br />
of the Battle of Manila Bay in May,<br />
1898, will doubtless go down in history<br />
along with the other slogans of our national<br />
heroes; but the Commander of an<br />
American Fleet today would probably<br />
find it too cumbersome and time-wasting.<br />
With his binoculars to his eyes, the<br />
American Admiral of today would snap<br />
into the telephone receiver immediately<br />
in front of him the terse command:<br />
"Commence Firing!" and the signal<br />
would be instantly transmitted by wireless<br />
to the other vessels of the Fleet. A<br />
moment later the 14-inch guns would<br />
belch forth their tons of projectiles at<br />
intervals of half a minute.<br />
When it is remembered that, according<br />
376<br />
to the best naval opinion available at this<br />
time, in a duel between two battleships<br />
of the first line, one of them ought to be<br />
out of commission within five minutes<br />
after the first shot is fired, it will be seen<br />
that even the second or two consumed in<br />
using Dewey's command, in place of the<br />
more laconic one now in vogue, might<br />
have a serious effect upon the outcome<br />
of the battle.<br />
The aim of the Navy is two-fold:<br />
Efficiency and—more efficiency. Therefore<br />
every superfluous word and every<br />
unnecessary movement is eliminated as<br />
far as possible. Not only seconds, but<br />
fractions of seconds, count in modern<br />
naval warfare and the officers and men<br />
are continually drilled in the art of lopping<br />
off fifths of a second in all operations<br />
connected with the handling of the<br />
big guns.<br />
When it is considered that the modern<br />
battleship is expected to go into action
at a range of 18,000 yards—more than<br />
ten miles—no matter if the weather is so<br />
rough that the big ship is tossed about<br />
like a plebe in a blanket, the landsman<br />
may well inquire: How do they manage<br />
to score hits at such a distance and under<br />
such weather conditions?<br />
The answer may be made in a single<br />
phrase—constant and unremitting practice,<br />
plus the highest grade of men,<br />
munitions and material.<br />
What practice will accomplish is apparent<br />
at once from a comparison of the<br />
results achieved by our Navy in the<br />
Spanish War and in more recent times.<br />
Prior to 18^8 target practice in the<br />
American Navy was more or less, considerably<br />
more than less, of a joke. In<br />
the battle of Santiago, the only engagement<br />
in the open sea fought by the<br />
"modern" American Navy, '\000 shots<br />
were fired by our gunners. Of these<br />
GETTING THE RANGE 377<br />
only 3yi per cent, or about 300 shots,<br />
took effect. The others either buried<br />
themselves on the Cuban shore or fell<br />
harmlessly into the ocean. It should also<br />
be remembered that the firing upon this<br />
occasion took place under ideal weather<br />
conditions and that the enemy was unable<br />
to retreat, owing to their proximity<br />
to the Cuban Coast. Moreover, the range<br />
was only 3,000 yards—which today<br />
would be considered point-blank. But,<br />
notwithstanding these circumstances,<br />
8,700 of the 9,000 shots failed to reach<br />
their mark !<br />
SIGHTING ONE OF THE U. S. S. PENNSYLVANIA'S BIG GUNS<br />
Now let us consider the situation today.<br />
The Navy's target practice—held<br />
under conditions which as nearly as possible<br />
simulate those which would be<br />
present in time of battle—ranges from<br />
12,000 to 18,000 yards, from four to six<br />
times the distance at the Battle of Santi-
378 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
ago. One of the South Carolina's turrets<br />
'recently scored sixteen hits out of sixteen<br />
shots in 4 minutes and 31 seconds—in<br />
1898, five and one-third minutes were<br />
allowed between shots—and the Arkansas<br />
made six perfect shots with her 12-inch<br />
guns in 57 seconds. Both of these records<br />
were made at long ranges and the<br />
fact that they have been duplicated by<br />
other ships of the Navy proves that they<br />
are not due to unusual luck.<br />
In short, the efficiency of the Atlantic<br />
fleet has risen from 3.5 per cent in 1898<br />
at 3,000 yards range to approximately<br />
95 per cent today, at 14,000 yards. This<br />
tremendous increase is, of course, partly<br />
due to the improvement in the guns, the<br />
powder, the appliances for "pointing"<br />
and the other instruments of precision<br />
used in connection with these: but the<br />
major portion of it may be traced to the<br />
great increase in target practice and the<br />
incessant effort to obtain efficiency in<br />
every unit of the fleet.<br />
In going into battle the officer in command<br />
is held directly responsible for the<br />
moment of opening fire. Upon his judgment<br />
hangs the question of risking his<br />
ammunition at a long range, so as to<br />
score the first hit, or reserving it until<br />
he is sure that his guns will register a<br />
vital shot. If he chooses the first course,<br />
he runs the risk of wasting his ammunition<br />
and not having a sufficient supply<br />
when the battle grows more furious. If<br />
he elects to wait until the range is<br />
shorter, he may be raked by the longrange<br />
fire of the enemy. He is expected<br />
to choose the psychological moment, the<br />
exact safety line between the two alternatives,<br />
and then issue the order which<br />
will send the big projectiles on their<br />
way.<br />
Meanwhile, ever since the first indication<br />
of the enemy's presence, an officer<br />
stationed at a long horizontal tube known<br />
as the range-finder has been calling off<br />
the distances mechanically indicated by<br />
this device, in wdiich the angles sighted<br />
at the two ends of a base line of known<br />
length are used to calculate the distance.<br />
The range is transmitted by telephone to<br />
the gun turrets and the muzzles of the<br />
big 14-inchers are elevated or depressed<br />
to correspond with this information.<br />
The instant the order "Commence<br />
Firing!" is received, a single shot, known<br />
as the "ranging shot," is fired and, from<br />
his post high up in the skeleton mast, an<br />
officer known as the spotter watches the<br />
flight of this projectile through his<br />
binoculars. Of all the individual positions<br />
on a battleship this is probably the<br />
most important, for upon the judgment<br />
of the spotter depends the accuracy of<br />
the shots which follow. By years of<br />
constant practice, however, he is able to<br />
tell with a wonderful degree of precision<br />
just how far the ranging shot missed its<br />
mark and instantly to direct the degree of<br />
change necessary in the positioning of<br />
the guns.<br />
During the trials on the San Marcos<br />
(formerly the Texas, of Spanish War<br />
fame) in 1911, the last time that an<br />
American Fleet ever fired upon a battleship,<br />
the North Dakota opened fire at a<br />
ten mile range and scored a perfect hit<br />
with the "ranging shot". Then the Delaware<br />
placed 33 per cent, out of a possible<br />
43 per cent, of her shots in vital portions<br />
of the old Texas at ranges of from seven<br />
to ten miles and the official report of the<br />
New Hampshire's firing upon this occasion<br />
reads : "The Nezv Hampshire placed<br />
her salvos anywhere she wanted to and<br />
when the gunners wished to have some<br />
hits in the conning tower and the turret<br />
armor, in order to observe their effect,<br />
they had no trouble in placing these shots<br />
at from 10,000 to 12,000 yards range precisely<br />
at the point desired."<br />
And this, it should be remembered,<br />
was six years ago. The Navy's target<br />
practice has improved greatly since then.<br />
While the spotter is reporting the<br />
changes necessary on account of the<br />
results of the ranging shot and those<br />
which follow, the man who operates the<br />
range-finder is also calling off the increasing<br />
or decreasing distances between<br />
the two ships, paying especial attention<br />
to the speed of his own vessel and that<br />
of the enemy—the former being a known
quantity and the latter one which has<br />
already been figured within a few moments<br />
after the opposing craft has been<br />
sighted. It is the duty of the man at<br />
the range-finder to calculate from these<br />
data and the observations of his extremely<br />
accurate instrument the precise<br />
range and to make corrections at intervals<br />
of at least half a minute thereafter.<br />
This information, coupled with<br />
that of the spotter, enables the men in<br />
charge of the "master sight"—an English<br />
innovation attributed to Sir Percy<br />
Scott, wdiich has now been adopted by<br />
every first-class naval power in the world<br />
—instantly to manipulate the delicate<br />
mechanism which raises, lowers and deflects<br />
every one of the big guns. The<br />
introduction of the master sight has enabled<br />
a single corps of trained men to<br />
direct the entire broadside of a dreadnaught<br />
upon a particular point, thus approaching<br />
a greater degree of efficiency<br />
than would be possible under the old<br />
regime where each gun pointer was responsible<br />
for the direction of each gun.<br />
The delicate mechanism of this invention<br />
causes all the 14-inchers instantly to<br />
respond and insures a maximum of effi<br />
GETTING THE RANGE 379<br />
ciency, provided the data received from<br />
the rangefinder and the spotter are absolute!)'<br />
accurate, a condition which can<br />
THE DELAWARE AND THE ARKANSAS FIRING SIMULTANEOUS BROADSIDES<br />
only be approached by long and constant<br />
practice.<br />
Owing to the "percentage of dispersal"<br />
of each of these guns—estimated at about<br />
400 yards for each gun or 600 yards for<br />
an entire salvo—a broadside from eight<br />
or twelve of these 14-inchers has an<br />
effect analogous to that of a load from<br />
a shotgun. The several projectiles cover<br />
a considerable area of fire and, theoretically<br />
at least, more than fifty per cent<br />
of the shells take effect.<br />
The "percentage of dispersal" is due<br />
to the fact that it is mechanically impossible<br />
at the present time to make every<br />
gun perform equally well with every discharge,<br />
minute differences in the powder<br />
and in the handling of the gun, not to<br />
mention the changes in rifling wdiich follow<br />
every shot, producing varying conditions<br />
of fire which result in an average<br />
difference of 200 yards over or below the<br />
target. But, while this would tend to<br />
militate against the efficiency of a single<br />
gun. the firing of a salvo with every gun<br />
trained at precisely the same point makes
380 . ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
it mathematically probable that at least<br />
half the shots will strike home.<br />
It is for this reason and also because<br />
of the smoke nuisance which ensues<br />
when guns are handled singly, that instantaneous<br />
salvo firing has replaced individual<br />
firing in all the navies of the<br />
world. In order to secure this instant<br />
precision, the "gun pointers" are required<br />
to fire within one second after<br />
the signal is given. This requires a great<br />
deal of concentration and continual practice,<br />
coupled wdth the most intimate and<br />
thorough knowledge of the electrical<br />
gears by which the guns are controlled.<br />
When it is remembered that the pointers<br />
operate the controlling levers of the<br />
enormous 60-ton guns and of the turrets<br />
weighing 500 tons each, making them<br />
follow the peculiar and mystifying roll<br />
of the ship, it will be seen that constant<br />
training and exceptional skill are necessary.<br />
In handling the big guns on a modern<br />
dreadnaught the tendency is to keep the<br />
control as concentrated as possible, so<br />
as to minimize individual errors. The<br />
introduction of the master sight is the<br />
latest move to secure this concentrated<br />
control, although, in case the master<br />
sight mechanism is disabled by the<br />
enemy's fire, the old-fashioned apparatus<br />
for the individual sighting of each gun<br />
would be called into play.<br />
In salvo or broadside firing the theory<br />
is that all guns should be discharged at<br />
intervals of half a minute. The precise<br />
determination of this time and the instant<br />
for the firing of the next salvo depends<br />
upon a single officer, wdth assistants to<br />
take his place in case of his disability.<br />
The gun pointers and the men in charge<br />
of the master sight are responsible for<br />
keeping their guns trained on the target,<br />
but they are allowed no individual latitude<br />
in the question of firing because this<br />
would disrupt the entire salvo or simultaneous<br />
system.<br />
The entire scheme of modern naval<br />
gun fire may therefore be said to hinge<br />
upon the data supplied by the spotter and<br />
the range-finder, transmitted to the men<br />
in charge of the master-sights ; for, if the<br />
guns are kept trained on the target, with<br />
due allowances for the changing range,<br />
the matter of firing upon a given signal<br />
is purely mechanical and the operations<br />
of the men who actually handle the big<br />
guns are reduced to a minimum, a condition<br />
wdiich is absolutely essential to<br />
rapid, accurate and simultaneous salvos.<br />
An interesting feature of salvo firing<br />
and one which adds to the difficulty of<br />
effective shooting is the result produced<br />
by the recoil of the big guns, a 12-inch<br />
broadside causing the largest dreadnaught<br />
to roll through an arc of five<br />
degrees, while the 14-inch guns produce<br />
an even greater swing. This effect is<br />
counterbalanced by firing the next salvo<br />
while the ship rolls toward the target.<br />
If a series of salvos were fired while the<br />
ship was rolling away, the vessel would<br />
be completely overturned by the cumulative<br />
effect of the recoils. This rolling<br />
motion, added to the natural swell of the<br />
sea, or, in rough weather, to the waves,<br />
makes it difficult for the men in charge<br />
of the big guns to keep them always on<br />
the target, but so expert have they become<br />
that even the stormiest sea has but<br />
little effect upon their efficiency.<br />
In time of battle, the big guns would<br />
at first be trained amidships on the<br />
enemy's vessel, the theory of dispersal<br />
being that some of the shots would land<br />
in the superstructure—thus putting the<br />
spotter's lookout and the fighting tops<br />
out of commission—while others would<br />
penetrate the magazines and the turrets<br />
or seriously damage the ship below the<br />
water line. After the first two or three<br />
minutes of firing, however, it is probable<br />
that the guns would be trained on whatever<br />
portion of the enemy appeared to be<br />
unharmed. After ten salvos, provided<br />
our guns had not been disabled in the<br />
meantime, the attacking ship ought to be<br />
out of commission.<br />
The range at which an American fleet<br />
would open fire would depend in large<br />
part upon the nature of the enemy's<br />
squadron. In the case of battle cruisers,<br />
which rely mainly on their speed for pro-
tection, our vessels would commence<br />
firing at the longest efficient range, from<br />
18,000 to 20,000 yards, in order that the<br />
enemy might not immediately escape.<br />
But, in the event of meeting dreadnaughts<br />
of equal armament and speed,<br />
fire would probably be reserved until<br />
within a range of from 14,000 to 17,000<br />
yards—care being taken at all times to<br />
COFYMISHI—uMCtnwiCD & UNOHIWOOC<br />
score the first telling shot, wdiich is just<br />
as important in a naval battle as in a<br />
personal combat. But weather conditions,<br />
the number of ships in the opposing<br />
squadron, the advantage of holding<br />
the enemy until reserves can arrive and,<br />
above all, the personal judgment of the<br />
commander would tend to make every<br />
engagement an individual problem, presenting<br />
its own peculiar phases and<br />
angles.<br />
The recent Congressional appropriation<br />
for the building of warships<br />
equipped with eight 16-inch guns—more<br />
than are possessed by any land fort in the<br />
world—naturally brings up the question<br />
of the ultimate limit of range at which<br />
naval battles can be fought. Ordnance<br />
experts declare that the only limit for<br />
the future is that of visibility, now ranging<br />
from 20.000 to 30.000 yards, according<br />
to atmospheric conditions. The 16-<br />
GETTING THE RANGE 381<br />
inch guns are expected to be efficient at<br />
23.000 yards, but there is good reason to<br />
suppose that other and larger ships will<br />
carry 18- and 20-inch guns. If experiments<br />
which are now being conducted<br />
with aeroplanes as range-finders prove<br />
successful, naval battles of the future<br />
may be fought with the opposing fleets<br />
entirely out of sight of each other beyond<br />
THE REAL SIZE OF A 12-INCH GUN<br />
Twenty-three jackies can find seating space on the projecting barrel.<br />
the curve of the horizon, for the trend<br />
of land and sea fighting is inevitably toward<br />
distance and invisibility, coupled<br />
with efficiency.<br />
As the Navy Department's target prac<br />
tice instructions phrase it: "The measure<br />
of the battle efficiency of any vessel<br />
is her ability to deliver the greatest number<br />
of hits in the shortest possible time<br />
and with the least expenditure of ammunition."<br />
The increase in this efficiency in our<br />
Navy is apparent from official figures<br />
wdiich show that, in 1910. one battleship<br />
received an Excellent rating at target<br />
practice: two were Good : five were Fair<br />
and twelve were Unsatisfactory. The<br />
ratings for last year, at longer distances<br />
and under more difficult conditions,<br />
were: Excellent—five: Good—four;<br />
Fair—two: Poor—four; and only three<br />
Unsatisfactory.
382<br />
Gas Masks<br />
in<br />
I Industry<br />
EQPYFliGHI KAOEL & HERBERT<br />
Where Fumes Are Deadly<br />
In the past many thousands of<br />
these men have suffered silently<br />
from the many occupational diseases<br />
caused by the acrid erases<br />
of chemicals used. Today, largely<br />
through the developments in<br />
masks and respirators caused by<br />
the European War, these evils<br />
are greatly mitigated. On the<br />
left a workman thus protected is<br />
repairing pipes in a suffocating<br />
atmosphere of ammonia gas.<br />
BETTER THAN DEPENDING ON A LIGHTED CANDLE<br />
In the old days it was the custom to lower a taper into any hole or compartment suspected of containing<br />
either explosives or poisonous gas. If the candle went out, oran explosion resulted, the suspicions were<br />
confirmed. Today, however, the workman gaily dons a mask and respirator and goes to work in the<br />
sewer or down to repair a leaky gas main, without a qualm.
GAS MASKS IN INDUSTRY 383
384<br />
An Engine of Death Able to<br />
Distinguish Friend from Foe<br />
Professor Montraville Wood of Chicago,<br />
Illinois, has just come forward<br />
with this invention which is—if it can<br />
live up to the claims made for it—the<br />
most remarkable war mechanism yet<br />
imagined. The torpedo possesses<br />
"ears" and a "brain" which enable<br />
it to follow the peculiar hum of the<br />
propeller of any vessel at which it is<br />
unched, striking and sinking the •<br />
aft no matter what the latter may<br />
). If the vessel should stop, the<br />
torpedo would stop also, submerging<br />
to a certain depth; then when the<br />
vessel started again — exciting the<br />
torpedo's microphone ears by the<br />
same sound—the deadly mechanism<br />
would start its hunt again.<br />
THE SECRET OF THE "BLOODHOUND" TORPEDO<br />
The upper photograph shows the polished front surface of the torpedo. The two circular appendages on<br />
the sides are the microphones. These, by means of electrical connections, connect with the propelling<br />
and steering mechanisms. When tuned to the hum of any particular propeller, these microphones manage<br />
the steering and propelling in such manner that the torpedo speeds surely to its mark.
HUNTING THE HOWLER<br />
Monkey-Shooting in the Forests of British Guiana<br />
By P. GRISWOLD HOWES<br />
T H E R E is one voice of the<br />
South American jungle that<br />
is terrible to even the experi<br />
enced woodsman. It is the<br />
raucous, shuddering wail—<br />
the cry of the banshee, the squalling<br />
laugh of the hyena and the shriek of the<br />
screech owl combined and magnified—<br />
of the bull howling monkey as he calls<br />
his triumph and defiance through the<br />
echoing forest aisles. You may hear it<br />
a thousand times, but the thousandth time<br />
you start just as nervously<br />
as the first, the same shiver<br />
ripples up your spine, and<br />
you raise your rifle involuntarily.<br />
You are in no personal<br />
danger, of course, but your<br />
nervous system refuses to<br />
remember it.<br />
In April Hartley and I<br />
started our hunt. We found<br />
the monkeys feeding on the<br />
sweet pulp of a fruit • we<br />
named the "vermilion nut".<br />
They were in the very highest<br />
branches, from one hundred<br />
to one hundred fifty<br />
feet above the ground in<br />
the tallest part of the surrounding<br />
jungle.<br />
There were several ways<br />
of locating the troupes. If<br />
we heard them howling it<br />
was an easy matter to work<br />
gradually beneath them,<br />
using the compass to find<br />
our way out to the trail<br />
again. At other times we<br />
located them by watching fruit-bearing<br />
trees, especially the vermilion nut tree,<br />
for wdiich they hail a particular passion.<br />
The odor of howders is very distinct<br />
and powerful. We could smell them a<br />
long way off and often ran down bands<br />
of them in this way.<br />
They sleep a great deal in the tree<br />
tops, completely hidden from below.<br />
Twice we sat down in the silent forest,<br />
believing the trees to be feeding grounds<br />
to which the monkeys would return<br />
eventually. We waited for hours, scanning<br />
every possible bower among the<br />
foliage, without results. Hartley suggested<br />
shooting off a gun. On the instant<br />
of the discharge, howlers, big and<br />
'KOTOS 8' MOWIS<br />
Head of an Old Bull Howler<br />
This male, the leader of a band numbering<br />
sixty or more, weighed fortyeight<br />
pounds.<br />
385
3S6 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
small, appeared on every side. They had<br />
been sleeping or resting unconcernedly<br />
above us and now made off in all directions,<br />
grunting.<br />
This was an off day. Our first fusillade<br />
netted us only a shower of dead<br />
wood and leaves. The howlers were now<br />
all hiding again and it commenced to<br />
pour as only it can in the Guiana forest.<br />
At length, through the fog of the<br />
moisture Hartley located a small specimen.<br />
It dropped twenty feet at the<br />
report of his gun, caught a lower limb<br />
by its tail and there it hung, dead, for<br />
an hour before we were able to shoot<br />
the limb through with a rifle. Later we<br />
This Old Fellow Has<br />
Just Been Weaned<br />
The younger these wizened<br />
Beesa monkeys are,<br />
the more carewonT and<br />
world-tired they arc jn appearance<br />
and action. This<br />
ittle chap carried himself<br />
with an air of resignation<br />
that would melt the heart<br />
of a Stoic.<br />
succeeded in bringing down<br />
a large female, but only<br />
after a number of shots.<br />
We found them all very<br />
tough and difficult to bring<br />
to earth. Several shots were<br />
generally necessary unless<br />
by chance the bullet pierced<br />
the skull or heart. Many of<br />
the old males would cling<br />
desperately to a limb although<br />
badly wounded. It<br />
»l was pitiful to see their struggles<br />
against a terrible unknown<br />
enemy that fought<br />
with fire from below, won-<br />
Typical Monkey Jungle (lerftll to watch their heroic<br />
The native in the picture is seated at the base of a one-hundred-eight-foot battle against Certain death.<br />
vermilion nut tree. °
Monkeys cling to life. That is the sad<br />
part of it. We wanted the specimens, so<br />
did the Museum in New York, yet I must<br />
confess that often after the hunt I felt<br />
a pang of regret. They would hang<br />
head down by the tail, wounded and<br />
bleeding, watching every move that we<br />
made on the forest floor below. Their<br />
strength ebbing, their hold on the limb<br />
gradually growing less secure. At length<br />
the final terrible<br />
plunge would<br />
come, a hundred or<br />
more feet, through<br />
branches that set<br />
them spinning—a<br />
fearful crashing,<br />
the thud of<br />
a broken<br />
body accompanied<br />
by a<br />
h e a r t <br />
rending<br />
death cry,<br />
then the<br />
lasting hush<br />
of the dimly<br />
lighted<br />
j u n g l e<br />
frightened<br />
into ghastly<br />
silence. We<br />
s k i n n e d<br />
most of our<br />
specimens where they fell. In the jungle<br />
one does not worry about the disposition<br />
of a carcass. Myriad forces of destruction<br />
set to work almost as the victim<br />
breathes its last. Vultures, by some unknown<br />
sense, soon find the carrion. They<br />
fly high above the trees, whose dense<br />
foliage the human eye cannot pierce, vet<br />
within a few hours of the hunt thev are<br />
g<strong>org</strong>ing and squabbling at the scene of<br />
carnage. There are great metallic horned<br />
beetles, some blue, others red, capable of<br />
burying a large animal unaided. By night<br />
'possums take their share, and in a day<br />
or two, a few clean-scraped bones and<br />
perhaps a bleaching skull are all that<br />
mark the spot.<br />
We saw many other monkeys besides<br />
HUNTING THE HOWLER 387<br />
the Red Howler. Black Capuchins were<br />
occasionally seen in large and small<br />
troupes. One member of our party saw<br />
a mother Capuchin with her baby. She<br />
would allow it to venture out on tiny<br />
limbs, too delicate to bear her greater<br />
weight, where fruit grew r beyond her<br />
reach. The youngster would gather a<br />
luscious handful whereupon the old one<br />
would promptly avail herself of his hardearned<br />
breakfast.<br />
We saw a few<br />
specimens of the<br />
Beesa monkey in<br />
small family<br />
parties. Of these<br />
"old men of the<br />
forest" we learned<br />
very little, owing<br />
to their scarcity.<br />
Sakis were common<br />
in big troupes<br />
and a young one<br />
captured by Indians<br />
and<br />
brought in<br />
\ to lis, became<br />
very<br />
tame and attachedhimself<br />
to Cart<br />
e r, the<br />
A Male Beesa MonV-ey Shot Near Bartica, British Guiana<br />
m a m m a l<br />
man of the<br />
expedition.<br />
The roar of howders carries for miles<br />
through the forest. It is all but impossible<br />
to describe the sound. Starting with<br />
a series of terrific belches, it develops<br />
into a deep-toned roar with the quality<br />
of a lion's voice.<br />
The voice of the howding monkey is<br />
heard more often at night or in the early<br />
morning hours. From our observations,<br />
I should judge that the greater part of<br />
the day is spent in rest or sleep. They<br />
appear also to be more active during the<br />
rainy season than during the hot dry<br />
months of winter. After the rains came,<br />
one was much more apt to run into the<br />
troupes and their voices were heard more<br />
often.
WITH AND WITHOUT RAILS<br />
W H E N a contractor is called<br />
upon to construct a highway<br />
he often starts wdth a<br />
handicap. This disability<br />
is generally the difficulty<br />
in transporting the stone, sand, cement,<br />
brick, curbing, and other material from<br />
the base of supply to the scene of action,<br />
the place where all of these are to be<br />
used. He either has no roadway for his<br />
transport service or the available road is<br />
of such a nature that the teams and trucks<br />
can do their work only against the odds<br />
comprised in the mud and gullies common<br />
to bad roads. This means loss of time.<br />
The obvious remedy is to construct a<br />
temporary road that will permit an uninterrupted<br />
supply of materials until the<br />
enterprise is completed. The usual form<br />
of such a road is a miniature railroad of<br />
a gage of about twenty-four inches, over<br />
which cars, each containing about one<br />
and one-half yards, or say, two and onethird<br />
tons of bulk material are propelled<br />
either by horse, steam, or mere man<br />
power. The road bed on which these<br />
rails are laid is as narrow as it can be<br />
made adequately to serve its purpose,<br />
thus eliminating any unnecessary grading.<br />
In the vicinity of Sioux City, Iowa,<br />
there is being built a sixteen-foot concrete<br />
highway which is being completed<br />
at the rate of about five hundred to six<br />
388<br />
hundred linear feet a day. This rate of<br />
construction requires a rapid delivery of<br />
material and the ordinary methods were<br />
found too slow. To maintain this speed<br />
the contractors have built a narrow gage<br />
railway such as has been indicated but the<br />
motive power failed to make the round<br />
trips within the required time. To overcome<br />
this difficulty they had recourse to<br />
the powerful auto truck which is shown<br />
in the illustration. This truck is one in<br />
which the power is applied to all four<br />
wheels thus enabling it to move freely on<br />
a roadway that would be all but impossible<br />
for any other tractive power.<br />
THE TRUCK RUNS ON THE GROUND. WHILE THE CARS FOLLOW ON THE RAILS<br />
When this picture was taken the motor<br />
was hitched to twelve loaded cars carrying<br />
a total of twenty-eight tons of<br />
material. To this should be added six or<br />
seven tons of dead weight of the steel<br />
dump cars.<br />
By this method the contractors were<br />
enabled to make from ten to twelve round<br />
trips on a three and one-half mile haul in<br />
a ten-hour day, depending on the length<br />
of the wait for loading at the loading<br />
point. The work was started at the extreme<br />
end of the haul and as it progressed<br />
at the two-mile distributing point<br />
the number of trips was gradually increased<br />
until a movement of six hundred<br />
tons of material was considered a fail<br />
ten hours' effort for the motor and cars<br />
combination.
MAKING X-RAY TUBES<br />
Each Tube Is a Masterpiece<br />
The cut on the right shows one of the highly<br />
skilled glass blowers fashioning one of ihe intricate<br />
glass mechanisms. The work rou>t be<br />
done hurriedly, and yet it must be accurate in<br />
all essentials. When the glass has cooled it is<br />
taken to the first testing laboratory, shown<br />
above. Here all the electrical connections are<br />
installed and tried out. The lower photograph<br />
shows the final test; each tube must demonstrate<br />
its ability to cast perfect shadows upon<br />
the fluoroscope screen.<br />
%'i
HATCHING OUR "MOSQUITO<br />
FLEET"<br />
By H A R O L D CARY<br />
NE week following a decla-<br />
Oration of war by the United<br />
States, one hundred fully<br />
manned gasoline - driven<br />
motorboat scouts of from<br />
forty to eighty feet in length, capable of<br />
thirty miles an hour in a seaway, will<br />
CUPYHIBHT *ME"ie*M PRET'. ."•*<br />
take to the water for the defence of New<br />
York harbor. That in itself will be a remarkable<br />
achievement but it will be a<br />
trifle in comparison to the furious activities<br />
which will follow. The American<br />
boat builder today is constructing countless<br />
war vessels in the guise of pleasure<br />
TESTING OUT POWERFUL GASOLINE ENGINES FOR THE NEW SPEED BOATS<br />
390
HATCHING OUR "MOSQUITO FLEET" 391<br />
THE CENTER OF INTEREST AT THE NEW YORK SHOW<br />
Patrol boat number 10, the Chingachsook, clipping oft twenty knots an hour.<br />
yachts. These can be converted quickly<br />
for remarkable work. One factory alone<br />
today is turning out a thirty thousand<br />
dollar motor boat every twenty-four<br />
hours and has completed five hundred<br />
fifty of these submarine killers which<br />
have been shipped to England and Russia.<br />
Chicago boasts a builder who has<br />
standardized a fifty-foot military cruiser<br />
which he is selling to millionaires for use<br />
on the Great Lakes and other inland<br />
waters of the Middle West. When the<br />
time comes he will not only increase his<br />
output, but each boat which he has sold<br />
will be shipped to one of our coasts with<br />
its already trained crew, ready for the<br />
commands of the power squadron. Even<br />
FROM NEW YORK TO NOVA SCOTIA AND RETURN<br />
This little vessel navigated the choppy seas with utmost ease, burning, kerosene for the whole distance.
392 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
THOUSANDS OF THESE VESSELS ARE BUILDING TODAY IN AMERICAN SHIPYARDS. THEY<br />
WILL BE OUR SUBMARINE CHASERS IN CASE THE UNITED STATES GETS INTO WAR<br />
where intended for fresh water uses each<br />
of these boats carries in addition salt<br />
water chemical equipment.<br />
Galvanized by the conditions of the<br />
day the motor boat game has become a<br />
naval adjunct almost overnight. Who<br />
are guarding English and Russian channels<br />
and harbors ? English and Russian<br />
yachtsmen, trained by rigorous pleasure<br />
sailing have spread their yachts under<br />
naval commanders in fan shaped units<br />
capable not only of scouting but of destruction<br />
of any submarine yet built and<br />
of many a larger and more powerful<br />
boat. These are the reasons for the warlike<br />
exhibits which were the center of<br />
attraction at the New York Motor Boat<br />
Show early in 1917.<br />
Racing has slipped into the background<br />
because of the naval aspirations.<br />
For the first time in history a hydroplane<br />
passed the sixty-mile-an-hour point in a<br />
race, yet Miss Minneapolis, the heroine<br />
jbf this achievement, scarred by her<br />
'furious battles for the Gold Cup, stood<br />
almost unnoticed in the Grand Central<br />
Palace while the crowds climbed all over<br />
patrol boat number 10. Chingacligook,<br />
and the other military cruisers that were<br />
on exhibition.<br />
There have been no new ideas in<br />
racing craft but the much desired sixty<br />
miles was achieved with old design,<br />
lighter construction and lighter, more<br />
powerful engines. After winning the<br />
Gold Cup, Miss Minneapolis ran a series<br />
of one mile tests at an average speed of<br />
sixty-six miles an hour.<br />
The Chingacligook, patrol boat number<br />
10 of the power boat squadron,<br />
painted a Russian gray, was decorated<br />
with a quick firer both fore and aft,<br />
wireless apparatus, armored pilot house,<br />
signal flags and speed cones. She is sixty<br />
feet long, V-bottomed, capable of thirty<br />
miles an hour, able to keep to sea with a<br />
crew of eight men for a week or more at<br />
a time.<br />
She is a privately owned pleasure craft<br />
on the lines of the Russian submarine<br />
swatters, ready at a moment's notice for<br />
service in the United States Navy. From<br />
the viewpoint of the Navy department<br />
she is one of the hundreds which would<br />
be built for the uses described in the<br />
event of hostilities, and for which the
HATCHING OUR "MOSQUITO FLEET" 393<br />
department is thankful because she is<br />
training men who could then be placed<br />
in charge of boats like her. The men<br />
are the great necessity and those who<br />
have taken a craft like the Chingacligook<br />
through heavy seas and fog at breakneck<br />
speed, are the men about whom the<br />
new anti-submarine motor boat service<br />
will be built.<br />
Half a dozen builders are constructing<br />
standardized military cruisers under the<br />
specifications laid down last summer by<br />
the Navy Department. Four different<br />
classes of patrol boats and hornets were<br />
adopted. These are of varying lengths,<br />
one class from forty to sixty feet long,<br />
the other three sixty feet and more. The<br />
boat squadron, learn the signals, brush<br />
up on your navigating code and rules.<br />
Learn to signal; know your gas engine.<br />
Drive your dory through the worst sea,<br />
in the blackest night, through the most<br />
dense fog that your waters can produce.<br />
That is the condition under wdiich you<br />
will work when the Navy calls and puts<br />
you in charge of a forty-mile boat and<br />
sends you dashing fearlessly out into the<br />
night to scout and to attack whatever<br />
vessels of the enemy may appear.<br />
In England they laughed at the idea<br />
of motor boat defense but the leaders<br />
called for just such workers to protect<br />
the coast line. The yachtsmen thought<br />
it could not be done, but they thought it<br />
THE CH/XGACHGOOK'S GUN<br />
When fighting submarines this linht piece is sufficient stintr for any "mosquito"<br />
specifications were adopted to guide<br />
builders in producing various priced<br />
boats which would be at the same time<br />
suitable for training the men upon whom<br />
the Department lately has laid so much<br />
stress.<br />
The navy is the thing and you need no<br />
thirty thousand dollar craft to be serving<br />
your country. The Department<br />
wants men to be trained. Join the power<br />
was more to their taste than a night in<br />
the trenches up to their waists in mud<br />
and water. So it was done and when<br />
the war is over the story will be written.<br />
The deadly sameness, the machine character<br />
of war will never touch the sea:<br />
there, always, will lie the romance of<br />
doing battle. Even w ireless-directed torpedoes<br />
and guns that destroy foes beyond<br />
the horizon, cannot change this.
.-" "<br />
HER JEWELED COMB<br />
Mounting the Stones<br />
In the manufacture of the<br />
elaborately studded tor<br />
toise-shell back and side<br />
combs so much in demand<br />
today, the first process is<br />
illustrated by the photo<br />
graph below. An operator<br />
with an electric drill pains<br />
takingly cuts out a tiny set<br />
ting for each jewel in tin-<br />
intricate pattern. Then a<br />
"placer"—usually a girl—<br />
sets in the stones with<br />
tweezers, heating t b e m<br />
upon an electric stove and<br />
cementing them a trifle to<br />
make them stick.
NEW METHOD OF HEALING<br />
DESPERATE WOUNDS<br />
By MARTIN S. DANIELS<br />
W H I L E the most terribly turned back, the knee cap being taken<br />
destructive battles known with it, and turned up on the upper leg.<br />
to man are fought out be The joint proper then was cut open,<br />
tween the opposing Euro cut apart completely, was left open and<br />
pean armies, an equally uncovered until the patient died or recov<br />
tremendous battle for human welfare has ered. In case of recovery, the surgeons<br />
been won behind the lines. This is the did their best to put together the dis<br />
recently announced victory won by Dr. sected joint. This only was accom<br />
Alexis Carrel, of the Rockefeller Instiplished if the infection was strictly con-|<br />
tute, over malignant infection in deep fined to the immediate neighborhood of<br />
and extensive wounds.<br />
the wound ; if X-ray photographs showed<br />
Gas gangrene is a hideously danger the entire joint to be involved, the whole<br />
ous malady, and one that becomes a pro leg would be amputated forthwith, belific<br />
cause of death in war times. It is cause bitter experience had taught the<br />
caused by a bacillus that is carried into surgeons that the "airing" method de<br />
the deep tears and holes in human flesh scribed could not save the patient.<br />
made by the projectiles of modern war The appalling destruction caused by<br />
fare, and brings about a typical gangrene this dread disease in the past may be<br />
—that is, decay and death of tissue in a realized when one considers conditions<br />
living body. It is distinguished<br />
by a gas arising<br />
from the decay<br />
process—a gas which<br />
filters through the tissues<br />
and is a sure harbinger<br />
of death to any<br />
animal structure with<br />
which it is in contact.<br />
At the time Dr. Carrel<br />
began work, the only<br />
known method of fighting<br />
the disease consisted<br />
in laying the tissues open<br />
to the air, and keeping<br />
them open until infection<br />
disappeared—or the<br />
patient died. A typical<br />
operation was the treatment<br />
for infection of the<br />
knee. A deep cut would<br />
be made on each side of<br />
the knee joint, and another<br />
beneath the joint.<br />
This flap then was<br />
Madame Carrel Flushing a Wound<br />
The sodium hypochlorite solution is forced into all parts of the wound by gravity.<br />
395
396 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
that were. If infection spread from the<br />
original wound in a limb, by the time the<br />
patient reached a base hospital, the limb<br />
had to be taken off at a considerable distance<br />
above the wound. If the infection<br />
spread from a wound in the trunk or<br />
head, so that cure by amputation was<br />
manifestly impossible, the patient was<br />
moved forthwith to the ward for hopeless<br />
cases, and no more time was wasted on<br />
him. The chances for spreading may be<br />
guessed when one considers that practically<br />
no patient reaches any place<br />
where careful surgical attention may be<br />
given him for at least thirty-six hours<br />
after receiving his injury, and that the<br />
usual period is from forty-eight to seventy-two<br />
hours. This was the deadly<br />
disease which Doctor Carrel set himself<br />
to conquer.<br />
When the war broke out, Dr. Carrel<br />
left his work at the Rockefeller Institute<br />
and placed himself at the disposal of his<br />
native country, France. Luckily for the<br />
world, the French have a sense of values,<br />
and did not lose that sense even in the<br />
turmoil and chaos produced<br />
by the onrush of the German<br />
war machine; so they<br />
did not attempt to waste<br />
Dr. Carrel's genius by<br />
using him as a military surgeon.<br />
Instead, they gave<br />
him a free hand to do whatever<br />
he desired toward improving<br />
the science of military<br />
surgery.<br />
The most omniscient<br />
Fate could not have devised<br />
a better opportunity for<br />
snatching good out of evil.<br />
Dr. Carrel had been astounding<br />
the medical world<br />
for years with his work of<br />
transplanting living tissue<br />
from one animal to another<br />
—not mere skin grafting,<br />
and the like, but transplanting<br />
entire <strong>org</strong>ans, legs, and<br />
eyes.<br />
And here was more human<br />
material with which<br />
to work than he had guinea pigs before<br />
—and human material on which it was a<br />
mercy to work, for according to the best<br />
existing practice the men were doomed<br />
anyway, and anything he might do could<br />
not injure them.<br />
Backed by the Rockefeller funds, he<br />
set up a hospital at Neuilly, near Paris,<br />
and commenced work. He started with<br />
the assumption that the best way to attack<br />
the infection was to keep washing<br />
out every nook and cranny of the wound,<br />
just as the customary practice was to<br />
air every portion of it constantly. In<br />
order to do this, he had to conquer two<br />
difficulties. One was the fact that no<br />
common antiseptic could be used; the<br />
other was the lack of a suitable method<br />
for getting the antiseptic infused<br />
throughout the wound, and sustaining a<br />
fresh supply of it. The first problem he<br />
assigned to the English chemist, Henry<br />
D. Dakin, who now hails from New<br />
York. The second he appropriated for<br />
himself.<br />
Dakin perhaps had the harder job.<br />
Dr. Alexis Carrel at<br />
Work in the Laboratory<br />
of His Hospital at<br />
Neuilly, France
NEW METHOD OF HEALING DESPERATE WOUNDS 397<br />
PERFORATING THE RUBBER IRRIGATION TUBES<br />
Common antiseptics either were not<br />
powerful enough, or they were too<br />
powerful; that is, none of them that had<br />
"punch" enough to put the gas bacillus<br />
out of business could be used for general<br />
and steady irrigation of tissue, because<br />
they would burn or shrivel the<br />
tissue as well. Eventually, however, he<br />
hit upon the substance, and thus one of<br />
Dr. Carrel's two difficulties was removed.<br />
The substance was sodium<br />
hypochlorite.<br />
In the meantime, Doctor Carrel was<br />
going after the problem which specially<br />
challenged his skill as an operating sur-\<br />
geon—the problem of getting antiseptic<br />
into the wound. Pouring it over the surface<br />
would not do, for when a man has<br />
been standing near an exploding shell,<br />
for instance, half his leg or arm may<br />
resemble hamburger steak more closely<br />
than it does human tissue, and no substance<br />
poured over the surface of the<br />
ghastly mass would trickle or seep<br />
through in sufficient quantity to do any<br />
good.<br />
Dr. Carrel knew this, and as a starter<br />
he tried "sucking" it into the wound by<br />
inserting a number of rubber tubes leading<br />
from a vacuum pump into the depths<br />
of the torn flesh and relying on this suction<br />
to draw the fluid into the tissue.<br />
Before long, however, he decided to<br />
reverse the process in effect—that is, he<br />
forced the antiseptic through the tubes<br />
into all parts of the wound, and allowed it<br />
to drain away as it would. The scheme<br />
worked—worked wonderfully—and gas<br />
gangrene was beaten, so far as the<br />
patients fortunate enough to come to<br />
Dr. Carrel's hospital were concerned.<br />
The bacilli simply had no chance to survive<br />
against the flood of antiseptic that<br />
searched them out throughout the wound<br />
every two hours, and the rapidity with<br />
wdiich they were wiped out may be<br />
judged from the fact that one could see<br />
the mangled flesh changing from the<br />
u gl}' greens, yellows, and purples which<br />
denote the destructive work of gas<br />
gangrene into the rose and pink of<br />
healthy tissue, as the wound was flooded<br />
every two hours.<br />
But that was not the end of the
398 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Making a Drawing of a Wound<br />
achievement, by a long way. Something<br />
even more marvellous, at least to the<br />
mind of the layman, was yet to be done.<br />
Dr. Carrel loves to complete a job—to<br />
do it up brown, work out every detail,<br />
get every last point exactly in order.<br />
Accordingly, now that he had worked<br />
out this method, he wanted exact and<br />
complete conclusions concerning it; and<br />
since nothing to him is impossible, he<br />
instantly made a demand that was appalling<br />
in its boldness. He summoned in<br />
a Monsieur Pierre Lecomte du Nuoy, a<br />
brilliant young physicist and mathematician,<br />
handed him the huge mass of data<br />
covering the history of every case<br />
treated, and demanded that the young<br />
man furnish some law, some formula,<br />
by which the history of any wound<br />
treated by the process could be predicted.<br />
A stupendous task it was, but du Nuoy<br />
accomplished it—worked out superbly.<br />
Before long, his genius had evolved a<br />
mathematical formula and a chart, and<br />
these two embodied the complete solution<br />
of the problem. The chart was ruled off<br />
into squares, the horizontal lines from<br />
top to bottom representing<br />
decreasing areas of wounds<br />
in square centimeters, and<br />
the vertical lines from left<br />
to right being marked by<br />
decimal figures—the "Index<br />
of Cicatrization", these figures<br />
were called. On the<br />
chart were plotted curves,<br />
each curve being marked<br />
with an age in years.<br />
Now when a wounded<br />
man comes in, the area of<br />
his wound is measured by<br />
laying over a sterilized sheet<br />
of transparent celluphane,<br />
tracing the shape of the<br />
wound, and then measuring<br />
the area of the tracing. A<br />
pointer is then run out along<br />
the corresponding horizontal<br />
"area" line to the point<br />
where the line cuts the curve<br />
for the age of the patient. A<br />
vertical line then is dropped<br />
to the base- —and the particular decimal<br />
it strikes is the "Index of Cicatrization"<br />
for that wound. The "index" is inserted<br />
in the formula, and the formula is<br />
worked out. The answer is—the number<br />
of days the wound will take to heal and<br />
how much it will heal day by day. And<br />
every wound so far has healed on<br />
schedule time!<br />
The value of this method is stupendous.<br />
A curve is plotted for every<br />
patient who comes in, and the chart is<br />
kept for comparison with actual results.<br />
If on some one day, the healing process has<br />
not progressed as far as the chart shows<br />
it should have, the attending surgeon<br />
becomes watchful. If next day it lags<br />
behind the same amount or more, he<br />
knows that something is wrong, and immediately<br />
sets to work on the task of<br />
finding and eliminating the trouble. No<br />
such instantaneous warning is given by<br />
anything previously known to the healing<br />
sciences, and the advantage of possessing<br />
it is obvious to everyone who has<br />
had the slightest experience in hospital<br />
or field medical and surgical affairs.
TEACHING LIFE-SAVERS<br />
399
400<br />
TWO OF THE FIRST PROCESSES<br />
The lower photograph on this page shows the ground glass, broken bottles, and the new mixture being<br />
shovelled into the great smelter. Here it is all reduced to a molten state, after which it is ready for the<br />
moulds shown above. Three moulds are on the. table, the one at the left being open to admit the liquid<br />
glass. When this has entered, the mould is put in the compressed air machine at the right, which blows<br />
out the glass into the form of a bottle. .
EVOLUTION OF A BOTTLE
HOW MUCH DOES A POUND<br />
WEIGH?<br />
By W. A. DILL<br />
T H A T a "pound's a pound the<br />
world around," is true enough<br />
for all ordinary business<br />
transactions, but not for the<br />
Coast and Geodetic Survey.<br />
That department of the government has<br />
had a man in the Pacific Coast region for<br />
several months conducting experiments<br />
to determine exactly the variations that<br />
actually exist in the weight of a body at<br />
different altitudes. In computing these<br />
differences, the Survey man measures<br />
distances in terms of one ten-millionth of<br />
an inch, and time in one hundred-thousandths<br />
of a second.<br />
Speaking in broad terms, a mass that<br />
weighs 400 pounds at sea level will weigh,<br />
by spring balances, 399 pounds at an<br />
elevation of five miles. A mass weighing<br />
400 pounds at the equator will weigh 402<br />
pounds at the poles, since the poles are<br />
nearer the center of the earth than are<br />
points on the equator, and the poles are<br />
less affected by centrifugal force than<br />
are points on the equator. Besides these<br />
two large factors which affect the intensity<br />
of gravity, there are local causes,<br />
such as the presence of mountains, or of<br />
materials in the earth's crust of more or<br />
less the average density.<br />
Scientists have discovered that the<br />
greater the pull of gravity the slower a<br />
pendulum of a given size will swung,<br />
hence the relative intensity of gravity<br />
can be determined by comparing the rate<br />
of oscillation of a pendulum at different<br />
localities.<br />
The apparatus with which the experiment<br />
is conducted consists of the pendulum<br />
within its case, three chronometers,<br />
a small box containing an electric light<br />
with a shutter that can be made to<br />
flash a light with each second-beat of a<br />
chronometer, and a telescope for observ<br />
403<br />
ing light flashes as they are returned<br />
from the swinging pendulum. On the<br />
top of the pendulum is mounted a small<br />
mirror, and on the support of the pendulum<br />
is another similar mirror. These<br />
catch the flash of light from the lamp and<br />
reflect it back to the telescope. When the<br />
pendulum is exactly perpendicular, the<br />
reflected light from its mirror exactly<br />
coincides with the reflected light from<br />
the stationary mirror. The pendulum is<br />
known to have a period of slightly less<br />
than one second. The problem is to<br />
ascertain exactly the period of oscillation<br />
by observing the time which elapses between<br />
the moments at which the two reflected<br />
lights coincide exactly. When<br />
this time is determined, the time of a<br />
single oscillation can be computed<br />
readily.<br />
This simple computation, however, is<br />
far from being" the perfected work of the<br />
observer. Even though he has extended<br />
his observations over a period of half an<br />
hour, and has observed the coincidence of<br />
the lights four or five times, and has<br />
taken the average of the readings, he is<br />
far from that degree of accuracy for<br />
which he strives. In the first place, his<br />
$500 chronometer may not have been absolutely<br />
correct. If it were losing only<br />
four seconds a day, of course there would<br />
be a fraction of a second of loss in the six<br />
or seven minutes between the co-incidences<br />
of the lights that marked the location<br />
of the pendulum in a vertical position<br />
at a second-interval. To correct the time<br />
of the chronometer it is connected with the<br />
telegraph instruments as they are sending<br />
the "time" at noon, and the comparison<br />
of indentures made in a line on a revolving<br />
drum shows the variations from<br />
the true time as kept for the Pacific<br />
Coast by the master clock at Mare Island.
HOW MUCH DOES A POUND WEIGH? 403
The "Det" Tractor and Its Tester<br />
The United States Government lately employed<br />
this airman, Lawrence W. Brown, to<br />
test out fully a new biplane for military service.<br />
So successful did the machine prove,<br />
under his expert management, that twelve such<br />
aeroplanes were purchased immediately and a<br />
further consignment ordered.
WHAT IS COLOR?<br />
By RENE BACHE<br />
THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS LABORATORY<br />
Investigators using the spectrophotometer to measure the rednessof railway signal lamp glass.<br />
L^iCK of definite color standards has<br />
been the cause of so much trouble<br />
that an effort is being made by<br />
. the government to establish<br />
-* them.'<br />
Such standards for specifications are<br />
urgently needed where colored fabrics<br />
are concerned, for paints, and for many<br />
other things that are bought and sold.<br />
Even rosin, so largely used in the making<br />
of varnishes, is priced largely according<br />
to its color.<br />
The attention of the Bureau of Standards<br />
at Washington has been called especially<br />
to the matter of cottonseed oil,<br />
which for market purposes is graded<br />
chiefly by color. It is used largely as<br />
a substitute for olive oil, and for other<br />
purposes which require that it shall be<br />
bleached, and the bleaching process costs<br />
money. The crude oil is yellowish red.<br />
To take the color out of it means much<br />
expense for chemicals.<br />
Accordingly, the purchaser demands<br />
an allowance for the amount of color that<br />
has to be removed from the oil. So there<br />
must be a color scale, to serve as a basis<br />
for grading, and for this purpose the<br />
refiners and dealers have depended during<br />
the last twenty years upon glasses<br />
which were supposed to represent standards<br />
of color.<br />
All of these glasses come from a single<br />
manufacturer in England. They are<br />
packed in boxes, each containing some<br />
hundreds of glass strips of different<br />
colors, neatly arranged in such a way as<br />
to be kept separate and in due order<br />
according to shades. Each refiner or<br />
dealer has such a test box.<br />
405
406 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
The Colorimeter<br />
The light in the upper right corner throws a ray into the<br />
tube above which contains the standard sample, and<br />
another ray into the tulje below which contains the calcite<br />
prism and quartz disk.<br />
Nevertheless, there have been constant<br />
disagreements in this matter of cottonseed<br />
oil grading, with claims for rebates<br />
based upon allegations that the product<br />
did not correspond to specifications, and<br />
so forth. An appeal was made finally to<br />
the Bureau of Standards, which was<br />
asked to test the glasses. It undertook<br />
the task, and found that the glasses in<br />
different boxes did not match. In many<br />
instances the differences between those<br />
supposedly alike—as indicated by their<br />
labels—were greater than the differences<br />
over which refiners and dealers had been<br />
disputing.<br />
In order to assist the cottonseed oil<br />
chemists and dealers out of these<br />
troubles, the Bureau of Standards conducted,<br />
at the request of and in co-operation<br />
with the Society of Cotton Products<br />
Analysts, an extensive investigation of<br />
the color of cottonseed oil for the purpose<br />
of devising a satisfactory and practicable<br />
method of grading the oil by its<br />
color. The transmission and absorption<br />
of light of different colors by many different<br />
samples of oil are being deter<br />
mined by the spectrophotometer and by<br />
photometers with selected color screens.<br />
The color of these samples also is specified<br />
and recorded by means of an instrument<br />
called the Arons Chromoscope.<br />
One feature of this investigation has been<br />
the design and construction by the<br />
Bureau's experts of a new instrument<br />
based on the same principle as the Arons<br />
Chromoscope, but embodying several improvements<br />
and especially adapted to<br />
measure the color of the cottonseed oil<br />
of commerce.<br />
The essential feature of the instrument<br />
is a combination of two Nicol prisms with<br />
a plane disk of quartz crystal. These<br />
prisms have the property of polarizing<br />
light, that is, all vibrations passing<br />
through them are thrown into one plane.<br />
The quartz disk will cause this plane to<br />
revolve, optically speaking, and the<br />
colors of which the light is composed are<br />
thereby split up, because all of them do<br />
not respond equally to the optical effect<br />
of the disk of quartz.<br />
It is not possible here to give an adequate<br />
description of the colorimeter. But<br />
it will suffice to say that the standards of<br />
color it establishes are absolute and invariable,<br />
being expressed in terms of the<br />
angle between the principal planes of the<br />
Nicol prisms and the thickness of the<br />
quartz disk. The thicker the disk, the<br />
more it will twist the plane of light rays<br />
coming through it. One looks through<br />
the eye-piece and sees a bright circle, onehalf<br />
of wdiich shows the color of the sample,<br />
while the other half shows a color<br />
which can be slowly changed and made<br />
to match it by rotating the Nicol prism.<br />
When both halves match perfectly, the<br />
circle is all of one color. The reading<br />
of the circle on the instrument together<br />
with the thickness of the quartz plate<br />
then furnishes a definite specification of<br />
the color.<br />
It wdll be observed that color specifications<br />
of this kind can be preserved in the<br />
form of a few simple figures, so that<br />
color standards can be maintained without<br />
depending upon the permanence or<br />
"fastness" of colored materials.
Little Oddities of Li/e<br />
"WOW-WOW"<br />
In the public square of Kilwanga, B. C, the town of the "people of the rabbits", this curious totem stands.<br />
Wow-wow's homely visage is supposed to warn away all the evil spirits likely to lurk about the village.<br />
315 MILES IN "REVERSE"<br />
This performance surely ought to be a world's record. On a transcontinental automobile tour with his<br />
family, Mr. Abraham Toube, the owner of the car pictured here, had the misfortune to strip the gears of<br />
.ill three forward speeds while fording an Arizona stream. Because he was financially unable to replace<br />
the gears, the car was made to negotiate the 315 miles back to Los Angeles on reverse.<br />
m
408 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 409<br />
HEH^HBHEBSBHBHB<br />
WHEN YOU MEET THIS ON A COUNTRY ROAD, DON'T SHY!<br />
It is not a deadly war machine sent over by the Germans to encompass our destruction—no, simply a<br />
bufre automobile in the shape of a spark plug that is used by an Indianapolis concern for the sake of<br />
advertising.<br />
mf 1 \<br />
-'
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
A DANGEROUS PHOTOPLAY SCENE<br />
On the precipice at the left a "cave man" struggle was filmed. That was dangerous enough for the actors,<br />
but the photographer on the balanced rock at the right had a still more ticklish job. Whenever the<br />
wind blew, the boulder on which he stood swayed back and forth.<br />
U<br />
Vacuum-Cleaning an<br />
Elephant<br />
The giant pachyderm<br />
does not mind<br />
at all; the cleaner<br />
probably does not<br />
; v e n tickle his<br />
tough hide.
Apartment House Built on<br />
Stilts<br />
So valuable is New York City land<br />
that even the side of a precipice<br />
must sooner or later become the<br />
site of an apartment house. Re<br />
cently the owner of several lots<br />
situated on the steep slope of a hill<br />
overlooking the Hudson River de<br />
cided to build an apartment house<br />
on his land, despite the fact that at<br />
the street end his land was thirty<br />
feet below the level of the side<br />
walk, falling rapidly to a depth of<br />
some seventy feet at the farther<br />
end. The architects in charge of<br />
the designing and erecting of the<br />
apartment house did the only thing<br />
that could be done under the cir<br />
cumstances. They constructed<br />
stone walls or "stilts" ending level<br />
with what would ordinarily be the<br />
basement or cellar of the house,<br />
on level ground.<br />
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 411<br />
/-<br />
emS^uZ<br />
GETTING MAIL TO THE AZORES ISLANDS<br />
This croup is too small to be a stopping-place for transatlantic steamers, but the inhabitants must receive<br />
their mail. In order to accomplish this, the mail for the Azores is gathered aboard ship and placed in a<br />
small, substantial kee, This is sealed hermetically. A wee flagstaff is then set up with a wisp of red<br />
cloth at each end to float on high, no matter how the keg may turn in the ocean. Nearing Fayal, the<br />
siren sounds and instanter craft of every sort come out in a mad race for the prize.
412 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
A BOX CAR GENERAL STORE<br />
In the heart of an Arkansas pine forest, five miles from any other mercantile establishment, stands this<br />
odd general store. It has been manufactured from a cast-off railway freight car. On its four hundred<br />
square feet of floor space may be found all commodities, from hairpins to mule feed, that are likely to be<br />
desired by lumberjacks and their wives.<br />
Body Armor of Today<br />
The coat of mail which the<br />
knight of chivalry used to<br />
wear has been greatly improved<br />
for the modern soldier<br />
in a modern suit of<br />
armor which is so constructed<br />
that it presents an<br />
armor face for all parts of<br />
the body at an angle of<br />
from 90 to 115 degrees to the<br />
line of fire. Thereby, in<br />
many instances, stray<br />
shrapnel, rifle bullets, and<br />
bayonet thrusts are deflected.<br />
The head piece,<br />
the body portions, and the<br />
upper and lower leg portions<br />
of the armor are<br />
hingedly connected to each<br />
other so as to permit free<br />
movement.<br />
mam<br />
The Mascot of the Australian Battalion<br />
Sandy"—as the opossum is called by his antipodean soldier friends<br />
—is almost too tame and inquisitive for comfort.<br />
• •* .
LATEST "WRINKLES" IN<br />
MOTOR CARS<br />
By DAVID WALES<br />
T H E woman with the artistic<br />
temperament exclaims, "Don't<br />
show me an automobile with<br />
that horrid-looking top on it;<br />
neither do I want to see an<br />
ugly looking spare wheel spoiling the<br />
so that we can conceal things by it. Last<br />
year the taboo was strongly put on any<br />
suggestion of machinery showing. But<br />
this year we must completely conceal the<br />
spare wheel, the tool boxes, the top<br />
itself, on the touring cars and runabouts.<br />
ONE OF THE MOST STYLISH FOURSOMES<br />
In this dashing model the running board has been eliminated completely, adding grace to the streamlines.<br />
lines of an otherwise good looking car!<br />
And by all means, leave out the suggestion,<br />
even, of those hideous tool boxes,<br />
disfiguring the running board !"<br />
"Well, madam," answers last year's<br />
automobile body designer, "what are<br />
you going to do when it rains—with no<br />
top; what will you do when your<br />
car breaks down, and you have no<br />
tools, or need a spare wheel ?"<br />
To the rescue comes this year's<br />
auto m o b i 1 e body designer.<br />
"Madam, you may have all these<br />
things, but no one except you and<br />
I ever will know that you have<br />
them."<br />
In fact, the automobile seems to<br />
be presented to us this year mainly<br />
and last but not least, one automobile<br />
completely conceals its tonneau.<br />
Body designers, although they have<br />
not greatly changed the general shapes<br />
of cars this year, have put in some very<br />
busy days in refining patterns already<br />
prevailing. First, they are co-operating<br />
A Franklin Design Calculated to Lessen Wind<br />
ResiMance
414 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
The Spare Wheel on This Model Fits Snugly into a Receptacle between<br />
the Springs<br />
more and more with engineers in designing<br />
low-hung, powerful looking cars,<br />
without crude, ugly breaks in their lines.<br />
And at last the great majority of them<br />
are coming to realize that there are no<br />
horses in front<br />
of the car, that<br />
is, that it is not<br />
necessary to<br />
build a car high<br />
up in the air.<br />
The high-built<br />
car is a relic<br />
merely of by<br />
gone days of the<br />
old coach, when<br />
the passengers<br />
had to sit high in the air that they might<br />
see over the horses' backs.<br />
The spirit of the Spartan has come to<br />
the designer, and severe smoothness and<br />
plainness prevails. This spirit has compelled<br />
the designer to conceal<br />
all handles, hinges, horns, tires,<br />
and wheels, leaving long, unbroken<br />
lines. A few of the designers<br />
have even gone so far as<br />
to entirely eliminate the running<br />
board. The "runningboardless<br />
car" has merely a<br />
metal step for getting into the<br />
car. One landaulet brougham, in<br />
fact, is "so English" that it must<br />
have a separate step of<br />
metal for the chauffeur,<br />
and a patent leather carriage<br />
step for the other<br />
occupants of the car.<br />
One designer has<br />
brought out a brand new<br />
car, with a brand new<br />
name, and "exclusive"<br />
price—the Phianna, but<br />
he has made the style as<br />
old as possible, to resemble<br />
the old-time<br />
fashionable coach.<br />
One concern has combined<br />
the idea of the<br />
touring car and the<br />
coupe, calling the result<br />
the "tourcoupe", a very<br />
comfortable-looking, and powerful car.<br />
Most all of the manufacturers have<br />
agreed that there must be a double cowl.<br />
One designer in particular is so emphatic<br />
in this regard that he makes the double<br />
cowl completely<br />
cover the width<br />
of the rear door,<br />
and also the feet<br />
of the passengers.<br />
In fact, in<br />
order to get into<br />
the tonneau at<br />
all, it is neces<br />
sary to swing<br />
the rear windshield<br />
around on<br />
a pivot, enter, and then swing the windshield<br />
back.<br />
A great number of cars have completely<br />
disappearing tops, and very efficient<br />
ones too, but the most startling dis-<br />
On This Paige Model There Is a Glass Partition between the<br />
Front Seats and the Tonneau<br />
The Duckboat Body Plan Is Carried Out in the Rectangular<br />
Surface between Front Seats and Tonneau
LATEST "WRINKLES" IN MOTOR CARS 415<br />
appearance of the year is the disappearing<br />
tonneau. A comfortable<br />
roomy tonneau is completely covered<br />
over in half a minute's time. The<br />
practical advantage of this, the saving<br />
of the tonneau from the dust, need<br />
. not be enlarged upon, but its other<br />
advantages might occur to some. For<br />
quite a while past a wild cry has gone<br />
up among automobile hosts, "Does it<br />
cost you more to feed your tonneau<br />
than it does your engine?" Numbers<br />
of people reason that if one has money<br />
enough to buy a car in the first place.<br />
he can stand cheerfully for a tonneau<br />
full of people, all meals at road<br />
houses, toll charges, evening papers,<br />
hot chocolate at the country drug<br />
stores, hair nets, and a fresh injection<br />
of gasoline on the way back.<br />
This Pathfinder Can Be Either a Roomy Touring Car or<br />
But may we not reason also that be Can Close Up the Tonneau to Form a Gigantic Roadster<br />
cause he bought the motor, and in addition<br />
when only is standing two instead the of upkeep four have of that<br />
incite>r, he may not have so much money planned to go riding.<br />
left for these<br />
T he wire<br />
other things,<br />
wheels which<br />
and might pos<br />
came into gensibly<br />
appreciate<br />
eral use last<br />
it if some of the<br />
year are more<br />
guests in the<br />
popular than<br />
tonneau w o u 1 d<br />
ever. This year,<br />
chip in once in a<br />
however, there<br />
while ?<br />
In This Car the Top Slides Slowly and Impressively Up from a is a new wheel<br />
Going back to<br />
Compartment in the Rear, at the Pressure of a Lever , ,. , .<br />
the disc wheel,<br />
this disappearing tonneau: this also is but this is on only a few of the more<br />
fitted with an efficient top, which knows expensive cars.<br />
when to disappear with the tonneau, In the past, the manufacturer did not
416 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
A Classy Model with<br />
Disc Wheels and<br />
Tonneau Windshield<br />
sell his car with an extra spare tire; later<br />
he gave a tire and a rim, but f<strong>org</strong>ot to<br />
arrange a place to carry it. The Pathfinder<br />
has solved this difficulty in a way<br />
to please the artistic, and also the practical.<br />
The solving of the problem somewhat<br />
changes the appearance of the car,<br />
but to its advantage,<br />
and leaves a neater,<br />
cleaner and<br />
smoother appearance.<br />
The spare<br />
wheel is completely<br />
concealed in a revolving<br />
tire rack on<br />
the back of the car.<br />
This rack is part of<br />
the car itself, and is<br />
Another Idea in Spare Wheel Compartment<br />
not merely attached. Both the wheels<br />
and the top disappear in the back of the<br />
car, in their separate compartments, and<br />
are completely protected from accidents<br />
and dirt.<br />
Other cars have places built on specially<br />
for wheels, but the Pathfinder<br />
seems to be the most satisfactory.<br />
The Stutz raceabout<br />
screws the tire into a recess<br />
built in the back. Another car<br />
has a store room on the<br />
back for both<br />
wheels.<br />
tools and spare<br />
Last year, as far as interior<br />
finish was concerned,<br />
we thought we were merely<br />
lucky American<br />
citizens. Interior<br />
decorators started<br />
specializing on interior<br />
decorating<br />
of automobiles.<br />
But this year they<br />
have more than<br />
started, and we<br />
have suddenly bec<br />
o m e presidents,<br />
czars, and potentates,<br />
and have<br />
ceased to be bewildered<br />
at the perfection<br />
of the interior<br />
finish. In<br />
some cases the ceilings of the cars are<br />
paneled with the rarest woods, and the<br />
perfect harmony of the velvet, tapestry,<br />
and brocade upholstery, combined with<br />
the outside finish, makes one think "let<br />
me just sit back and rest—a master hand<br />
has already perfected this color schemethere<br />
is nothing that<br />
I can do to improve<br />
it."<br />
Vanity cases,<br />
smoking sets, writing<br />
desks, first aid<br />
outfits, are all cleverly<br />
concealed in<br />
their appropriate<br />
places in the tonneau,<br />
and even the<br />
robes over the rail match to perfection<br />
the upholstery. One make of limousine<br />
is even equipped with a dictaphone.<br />
When the occupants in the tonneau<br />
merely press a little button, the chauffeur<br />
hears everything said there, without the<br />
use of a speaking tube.<br />
A Pathfinder Limousine
LATEST "WRINKLES" IN MOTOR CARS 417<br />
A Detachable Top for the Chauffeur<br />
Tools are receiving more attention this<br />
year also. They must be concealed. Appropriate<br />
pockets are made in the doors<br />
for the tools which are used most fre-<br />
The White Four-Cylinder Engine<br />
The feature that appears this year is the development of<br />
sixteen valves.<br />
rate compartment in the car (not on the<br />
running board) for the tools used in<br />
mending tires, and a separate compartment<br />
for those used on other parts of the<br />
car.<br />
The seating arrangements are not<br />
much changed, except in one model, the<br />
extra seats come from the front of the<br />
rear seats, instead of from the rear of<br />
the front seats, leaving that space for<br />
DIAGRAM OF A NEW MODEL WHICH COMBINES THE FEATURES OF DISAPPEARING<br />
TOP AND FOLDABLE TONNEAU<br />
quently. One manufacturer has been so<br />
farsighted that he has designed a sepa-<br />
Oueer Effect Obtained in an English Brougham by Breaking<br />
the Running Board<br />
wardrobe purposes, compartments for<br />
gloves, veils, rubbers, shoes, hats, etc.<br />
Practically the only change in<br />
engines is the adoption by probably<br />
the highest class automobile maker,<br />
of sixteen valves to four cylinders.<br />
The engineers contend that by<br />
using a double set of small valves<br />
in each cylinder of the sixteenvalve<br />
"four", the capacity of the<br />
valves is actually greater than that<br />
of the single valves which are<br />
twice the size.
WHY DIDN'T I THINK OF<br />
THAT?<br />
By F. E. M ASHBURN<br />
THERE has probably never<br />
been a compiler of statistics<br />
so enthusiastic as to make a<br />
specialty of counting up the<br />
value of jewels that have<br />
been lost on wash-stands in a year, but<br />
the amount probably is very large. The<br />
loser states "why I just put my rings<br />
there while I washed my hands, and I<br />
can't understand how I f<strong>org</strong>ot them."<br />
Instead of laying down your rings, take<br />
a hairpin out of your hair, slip the rings<br />
on it, and pin them securely in your hair,<br />
where you can see them in the mirror,<br />
until you are ready to wear them again.<br />
* * *<br />
There is no reason why a child as<br />
soon as it understands anything at all,<br />
should dislike a doctor, that is, a good<br />
doctor. But even some good doctors<br />
manage to get disliked by hordes of<br />
little children when they stick spoons<br />
down their throats so that they can examine<br />
their tonsils, and in the case of<br />
babies, it is an especially insulting thing<br />
to pry open their mouths, because they<br />
simply refuse to straighten out their<br />
tongues or open their mouths wide<br />
enough for a thorough examination.<br />
There is a way of getting around this<br />
insulting treatment to the little ones.<br />
Drop some honey on the tip of the child's<br />
chin, and get him to lick it off. The<br />
process of licking it off gives a good,<br />
unhurried view of a straight, extended<br />
tongue; the mouth opens so wide that<br />
there is a good view of the tonsils and<br />
back of the throat.<br />
* * *<br />
If you have ever gone on an automobile<br />
trip and collided with a peddler,'a<br />
wagon, or another automobile, and have<br />
been innocent of the fault which caused<br />
4 u<br />
the accident—for instance if the other<br />
party hugged the wrong side of the<br />
road—you surely have wished for witnesses.<br />
But most of the time, there are<br />
no witnesses in these cases, outside of<br />
the principals. To make sure of winning<br />
your case and proving your innocence,<br />
take a camera along on any and every<br />
trip, and have it always ready. If the<br />
camera does not serve its purpose in the<br />
court room, the case never coming to<br />
court, it at least prevents blackmail.<br />
* * *<br />
Women always seem to be having<br />
trouble about the mechanism of their<br />
sewing, crocheting, and knitting. The<br />
spools are always running around where<br />
they shouldn't. Just wd:y some enterprising<br />
young man has not invented a square<br />
spool is a mystery. There is absolutely<br />
no reason at all for spools being round,<br />
that is, the top and bottom of the spool.<br />
One woman, as soon as she gets a spool<br />
of thread pastes a square bit of cardboard<br />
to one or both ends, and she is never<br />
troubled with her thread rolling under<br />
the couch. This woman believes also in<br />
using every inch of crochet cotton and<br />
knitting wool, for she took an ordinary<br />
ten-cent funnel turned upside down, and<br />
brought the wool out through the neck.<br />
* * *<br />
Every person of both sexes has also<br />
lost a few drams of temper trying to<br />
bore a hole through leather in a hurry.<br />
One woman was having an awful time<br />
trying to put a hole in her machine strap,<br />
to loosen it. The instructor for the<br />
sewing machine company came in a short<br />
while later after the job was given up<br />
by the lady, and she simply heated a hat<br />
pin until it was red hot, and then ran it<br />
through the leather.
HINTS FOR<br />
EFFICIENT PROTECTOR FOR<br />
WATCH CRYSTALS<br />
TPHE men who wear wrist watches—<br />
aviators, explorers, and soldiers—<br />
and others who subject open-face timepieces<br />
to careless or rough handling,<br />
may now practically eliminate any chance<br />
Guards Against<br />
Knock*<br />
This metal cover saves<br />
the watch crystal without<br />
interfering with the<br />
watch's usefulness.<br />
of breaking the watch crystal by using a<br />
new type of watch-face guard. The<br />
guard is a metal framework resembling<br />
somewhat the spokes of a wheel, which<br />
fits over the face, and rests upon the<br />
metal case of the watch. This framework<br />
receives all blows which otherwise<br />
would fall upon the crystal, and transmits<br />
them to the metal case, which in all<br />
except the dainty varieties of timepieces,<br />
can stand anything short of a blow from<br />
a club or a fall from an upper story<br />
window upon a pavement. The open<br />
spaces between the "spokes" are so designed<br />
that the hour figures and the<br />
hands can be seen as readily as though<br />
the framework were not in place. The<br />
new guard is winning great favor among<br />
the Canadian troops now in training,<br />
among whom, a few weeks ago, it was<br />
given its initial tryout as a commercial<br />
proposition.<br />
PEOPLE<br />
ICE CREAM WITHOUT WORK<br />
P\ON'T break your back and tire your<br />
arms out making ice cream. Don't<br />
wait for the men to come home and turn<br />
the freezer. Don't give up and get your<br />
ice cream at the corner drug store, either.<br />
For this is the day of more ice cream<br />
and no work for it. The auto vacuum<br />
freezer freezes ice cream hard and<br />
smooth in thirty minutes, without a bit<br />
of turning. Just fill it and set it aside,<br />
and f<strong>org</strong>et about it until you wish to<br />
serve it.<br />
This freezer has but three parts to<br />
clean, and nothing to get out of order,<br />
and the vacuum makes the ice spend its<br />
force against the cream chamber, and<br />
not against the side of the freezer.<br />
Three cents' worth of ice makes twelve<br />
portions of cream. There is no chance<br />
for ice or salt falling into the cream,<br />
because the cream is put into one end,<br />
and the ice and salt pack together into<br />
the other.<br />
When going on an auto trip start the<br />
ice cream in the freezer, and after you<br />
have been driving for half an hour your<br />
ice cream is ready for you. It stays<br />
frozen for eight hours without refilling<br />
the ice chamber.<br />
Haven't You<br />
Dreamed of<br />
This?<br />
When you turned<br />
the crank laboriously<br />
through<br />
most of a torrid<br />
afte rnoon last<br />
August, didn't<br />
you wish for a<br />
freezer that would<br />
tend itself?
420 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
A WHOLE MEAL ON ONE<br />
BURNER<br />
A STEAM cooker that<br />
can cook a whole<br />
meal over one burner<br />
will be welcomed in<br />
many kitchens and will<br />
add, too, to the pleasures<br />
of camp life.<br />
This cooker can be<br />
used upon, and fits any<br />
kind of stov e—coal,<br />
wood, coal oil, gas, or<br />
gasoline—in fact, can be<br />
used any place where<br />
there is a fire with sufficient<br />
heat to boil the<br />
water in the lower vessel.<br />
The cooker has three<br />
vessels, two cooking<br />
compartments and the<br />
lower vessel, which contains<br />
the water. The<br />
cooking is done by steam<br />
vapor generated by the<br />
boiling water in the<br />
lower vessel and passes<br />
up through a small pipe<br />
on the inside. The<br />
cooker is of heavy tin and has a copper<br />
bottom. It contains an<br />
enameled pudding pan, and<br />
a double compartment of<br />
large capacity arranged<br />
above it.<br />
The cooker economizes<br />
space, as it occupies only<br />
one hole on any stove, and,<br />
for camping, a small-sized<br />
fire can be used. The food<br />
cooks quickly and cannot<br />
burn. It needs no watching<br />
nor stirring. Because<br />
the food is steam cooked,<br />
all of the nutritious qualities<br />
are retained.<br />
INVISIBLE VAN<br />
ITY CASE<br />
TN order to have always<br />
handy a brush, comb.<br />
For Gas Economy<br />
This steam cooker is one hundred per cent<br />
more efficient than the old method of spreading<br />
the meal over the surface of the stove<br />
and wasting most of the heat.<br />
The Leg-Clasp Vanity Case<br />
mirror, powder, soap and rouge and still<br />
do away with the necessity of carrying<br />
a huge shopping bag,<br />
manufacturers of vanity<br />
articles are selling this<br />
little case which buckles<br />
around the limb.<br />
CLOTHES DRYING<br />
RACK<br />
A DRYING rack of<br />
^"^ great capacity for<br />
its size which occupies<br />
practically no space<br />
when not in use and is<br />
ready for use at a moment's<br />
notice, can be<br />
made as follows:<br />
Out of H" stuff make<br />
8 pieces yi" wide by 2'<br />
9" long, and 4 pieces 12"<br />
long. From these make<br />
two reinforced rectangular<br />
frames, drill<br />
holes in the end pieces<br />
for the screws, and use<br />
thin and rather long<br />
screws. If this is done<br />
carefully, and the ends of the long pieces<br />
are all square, the frame will be substantial.<br />
Then drill two<br />
holes large enough<br />
for a fishline through<br />
each end piece near<br />
the corner. Cut four<br />
pieces of line from 4' to 8'<br />
long, depending on the<br />
height of the ceiling, knot<br />
each piece near the end, slip<br />
the lines through the holes<br />
in the first frame and knot<br />
them again 12" to 15" higher<br />
up, slip them through the second<br />
frame, and tie each two<br />
separately and firmly, providing<br />
a loop so the rack can be<br />
hung on small hooks above<br />
the stove. For best results, it<br />
ishould be hung so as to be<br />
right square above the stove
and from 2' 6" to 3 above<br />
it. Provide a hook in the<br />
wall and the two frames<br />
can instantly be folded<br />
against each other and<br />
hung there, out of the way<br />
and yet within convenient<br />
reach.<br />
In using the rack, always<br />
put several diapers or<br />
towels over the top frame<br />
so as to catch the heat in<br />
the "box" thus formed.<br />
The amount of clothes<br />
that can thus be hung and<br />
dried on this small rack is<br />
only less astonishing than<br />
the speed with which they<br />
are dried at a low flame.<br />
WALLET THE PICK<br />
POCKET CANT GET<br />
A N enterprising inventor has come to<br />
the rescue of the prosperous and has<br />
designed a wallet that cannot fall or be<br />
picked out of the pocket. If you carry<br />
the wallet in your hip pocket it sometimes<br />
will work its way out when you go to sit<br />
down, but this new invention<br />
eliminates that<br />
danger. This wallet<br />
has a strip of metal attached<br />
to the outside<br />
with an extension on<br />
either end. These extensions<br />
are released<br />
by pressing the button<br />
seen in the center.<br />
When the button is<br />
pressed the extensions<br />
shoot out with the aid<br />
of springs. The extensions<br />
are pressed inward<br />
and the wallet is<br />
placed in the pocket.<br />
Then the button is<br />
pressed and the extensions<br />
shoot out, holdthe<br />
wallet very<br />
in<br />
firmly and<br />
the pocket.<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 421<br />
The Stethescope Phone Ears<br />
Safely in If Your Pocketbook Is Worth More Than a<br />
Fountain Pen. Why Not Guard It Just as<br />
Well?<br />
TELEPHONE AP<br />
PLIANCE FOR NOISY<br />
PLACES<br />
A N Y O N E who often is<br />
^^ obliged to use a telephone<br />
in a noisy place will<br />
appreciate the device<br />
shown herewith which enables<br />
him to hear much better<br />
than with the ordinary<br />
receiver, and to eliminate<br />
the endless requests for<br />
repetitions. When a call is<br />
received, the person answering<br />
places the two end<br />
pieces to his ears and with<br />
one hand applies the telephone<br />
receiver to the block<br />
at the base. This leaves the<br />
other hand free for writing,<br />
and enables the person to<br />
listen with both ears.<br />
EVERY MAN HIS OWN<br />
VENTRILOQUIST<br />
T'HE professional ventriloquist who is<br />
a top liner on the vaudeville program<br />
must soon go out of business, or expect<br />
a substantial cut in his weekly stipend,<br />
for invention is going<br />
to make his art a common<br />
one. If the inventor<br />
had kept his<br />
secret to himself, instead<br />
of rushing the<br />
idea to the patent office,<br />
he might have induced<br />
some enterprising theatrical<br />
manager to book<br />
him for a long contract<br />
K<br />
on the variety show<br />
circuit.<br />
The innovation consists<br />
of the usual<br />
"dummy" but with attachments<br />
of telephone<br />
receivers and transmitt<br />
e r s. The "ventriloq<br />
u i s t"—w ho need<br />
never have learned the<br />
art of voice throwing—<br />
on the stage, speaks his
422 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
lines, which are carried by the apparatus<br />
to an assistant below the boards. This<br />
assistant then makes the answer called<br />
for—the sound emitting from the receiver<br />
concealed in the breast of the<br />
manikin.<br />
NEW WAY TO WEAR PERFUME<br />
'T'HE latest novelty for the lady who<br />
would suggest roses or violets to her<br />
friends is a perfume ball, a jewelry conceit<br />
worn attached to a black ribbon<br />
sautoir. The pendant is of sterling silver<br />
finished in gilt and ornamented with<br />
dainty blue or pink enamel. Within the<br />
hollow ball is a felt pad upon which g<br />
the favorite perfume is dropped.<br />
This permits just the proper hint of<br />
flower fragrance to escape. j<br />
SHOVEL TRUCK<br />
D Y simply attaching two oneinch<br />
truck casters to the back<br />
of a square-point<br />
shovel the tool was<br />
converted into a<br />
handy truck used in<br />
moving heavy sacks<br />
of flour, grain, and<br />
feed about the store or warehouse.<br />
Near the front edge, about<br />
one inch from either side, a<br />
pair of one-eighthinch<br />
holes were drilled<br />
through the bottom of<br />
the shovel, and each<br />
caster was then fastened<br />
on with two<br />
The Shovel Truck<br />
small stove bolts.<br />
When the shovel is<br />
needed for other purposes than a truck<br />
these attachments are easily and quickly<br />
removed.<br />
HOMEMADE CAMP STOOL<br />
A CAMP stool which can be con-<br />
^^ structed by any person at all handy<br />
with tools, which is strong enough to<br />
support a large man and capable of being<br />
The Perfume<br />
Ball<br />
folded into a compact bundle not much<br />
larger than an umbrella, is shown in the<br />
accompanying illustration.<br />
It may be made from four pieces of<br />
hardwood broom handles 24 inches long,<br />
but it is worthy of having the legs turned<br />
up in an ornamental manner, as shown<br />
in the drawing.<br />
The joint in the middle should be a<br />
brass casting, a pattern for which may<br />
be whittled out easily. This casting may<br />
be finished up with a file if a lathe is not<br />
at hand. The 5/16 inch trunnions are to<br />
pass through 5/16 inch holes bored in<br />
the legs. The 3/16 inch studs on the<br />
ends of the trunnions are to receive<br />
a washers, after which these studs are<br />
to be headed down, so that the legs<br />
will move smoothly with just enough<br />
«fj friction to hold them in place. The<br />
a<br />
si<br />
Here's<br />
Camp i<br />
Mak<br />
should be made of two pieces of<br />
ing cloth 12 inches square,<br />
hed together, with the weave<br />
running in opposite directions<br />
for strength. It should be bound<br />
around the edges with braid or<br />
with pieces of the same material.<br />
The top should be fastened down<br />
with a wood screw in each corner,<br />
turned into one end of each<br />
leg and passing through a large
flat washer to keep the cloth from tearing<br />
out.<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 423<br />
REALLY HYGIENIC WINDOW<br />
JUST why we have continued to use<br />
the old-style window all these years is<br />
what we wonder when we see this new<br />
style; in fact it would be hard to tell<br />
which one of its good points is the best.<br />
This window can be cleaned entirely<br />
from the inside, so that we may say farewell<br />
to the old drudgery and danger of<br />
sitting on the outside on the window sill.<br />
There is no middle sash to catch the<br />
many brands of dust that gather there<br />
in the old-style window, because when<br />
closed each sash fits the other closely,<br />
and the window is perfectly air-tight.<br />
The window locks with a clever little<br />
burglar-proof lock.<br />
There are no weights and pulleys to<br />
deteriorate and get out of order, and<br />
perfect ventilation can be maintained<br />
without draft. Its operation is very simple.<br />
Its appearance is good—much more<br />
symmetrical than the old-style window,<br />
since one sash fits above the other with<br />
no breaking lines. The cost is the same<br />
as the ordinary window and it is a matter<br />
of little time and money to exchange<br />
the old window for the new.<br />
CONVENIENT THUMBPURSE<br />
A VERY convenient device for women<br />
^"^ is a purse that fastens over the<br />
thumb and around the wrist in such<br />
fashion that the fingers are left entirely<br />
free. The purse is attached simply by<br />
Your Money Is Handy. Without Encumbering You<br />
in the Least<br />
passing the thumb through a Y-opening<br />
and buckling the strap over the hand.<br />
The purse has several compartments.<br />
For horseback riding, motoring, golf,<br />
and shopping it can be shifted easily to<br />
the back of the hand. The handkerchief<br />
may be tucked into the palm of the hand<br />
under the strap.<br />
WASHING PLANT FOR<br />
FARMERS' WIVES<br />
IF the town housewife thinks that she<br />
has a big "wash" to dispose of Monday<br />
morning, she should be sorry for the<br />
woman living in the country, who has a<br />
job something like this on her hands:<br />
All the clothes that are customarily<br />
washed by every woman, multiplied<br />
several times over—outdoor work necessitating<br />
an entire change of garments<br />
once or even oftener daily, especially in<br />
harvest time—heavy overalls, house<br />
aprons, and dresses, in unusual quantities<br />
—manifold duties indoors and out<br />
quickly soiling these garments.<br />
Notwithstanding all this, today it is
424 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
the country woman who in reality should<br />
pity the city woman on wash day. The<br />
case of one farmer's wife shows why.<br />
This woman has a washer with a wringer<br />
attachment and a gas engine. The first<br />
was obtained at a cost of $22, the latter<br />
at $35. A driving belt cost an additional<br />
$3. At a total investment of $60, apparatus<br />
was obtained that did the entire<br />
week's washing in less than two hours,<br />
through every process, from removing<br />
the dirt to rinsing, bluing, starching, and<br />
hanging out on the line to dry.<br />
All the hand work is done by the<br />
engine, which requires no attention. An<br />
especially valuable feature of this small<br />
outfit is that the machine can be run by<br />
itself or in combination with the wringer;<br />
likewise, the wringer can be operated<br />
alone.<br />
CARRY YOUR DESK WITH YOU<br />
COME people simply can't write letters<br />
unless they are comfortably seated at<br />
their own writing desk. This new kind<br />
of writing desk which folds away can<br />
be packed in a trunk, and taken right<br />
along on a visit. Also, one-room apartment<br />
dwellers might investigate this desk<br />
with profit.<br />
It is made of solid mahogany, and the<br />
necessary fittings are made of fine morocco<br />
leather. The top of the desk when<br />
it is opened is 23% inches by 11%<br />
inches.<br />
The Desk That Packs in a Trunk<br />
PEN EXTRACTOR<br />
A DEVICE that removes the pen from<br />
the holder without the necessity of<br />
touching it with the fingers is popular<br />
with stenographers, office boys, and executives<br />
who have had the experience<br />
of getting ink on their fingers in removing<br />
the old pen. The pen is pushed<br />
through a small metal loop in the device,<br />
which is then pressed down with<br />
the other hand; this holds the pen firmly<br />
so that it can be extracted by a pull on the<br />
holder. The device can be easily installed<br />
in any office so that it may be used by the<br />
clerks as needed.
DISAPPEARING TABLE<br />
1WJOST of us have been in the fashionable<br />
small kitchens now in vogue all<br />
over the United States. In some of them<br />
there is barely room for a table. But if<br />
there is room enough for a table, there is<br />
room enough for a kitchen cabinet in its<br />
place, but it is impossible to have them<br />
This Table Slides into the Cabinet<br />
both. The ordinary kitchen cabinet does<br />
not really serve as a table, as they would<br />
have us believe when we buy one. It<br />
cannot be used for the emergency breakfast<br />
in the kitchen without great discomfort.<br />
This new kitchen cabinet will fit into<br />
the smallest, most fashionable kitchen.<br />
J*<br />
SLEEPING KNAPSACK FOR<br />
CAMPERS<br />
A YOUNG woman of Pasadena, California,<br />
has devised a unique knapsack<br />
that serves almost every conceivable<br />
m<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 425<br />
need for camping in the open. The knapsack<br />
weighs only a fraction over six<br />
pounds, being made of No. 10 army canvas.<br />
With a few moments' labor it can<br />
be changed into a poncho, or raincoat, a<br />
hammock, a sleeping bag, or folding cot,<br />
an army tent, or a canoe. The knapsack<br />
is about 9 l /2 feet in length, of double<br />
covering, and thoroughly waterproof.<br />
When used as a poncho, the wearer's<br />
head is slipped through a narrow slit<br />
made for that purpose. The canvas then<br />
hangs in folds about the body, affording<br />
an excellent protection against the rain.<br />
The knapsack is changed into a hammock<br />
by stretching the double covering<br />
wide and attaching ropes to either end,<br />
these being attached to some tree or support.<br />
When used as an army tent the<br />
canvas is<br />
stretched out<br />
and thrown<br />
over boughs of<br />
wood.<br />
In order to<br />
turn the knapsack<br />
into a<br />
canoe, one side<br />
has been made<br />
thoroughly<br />
waterproof bybeing<br />
painted<br />
black. Rough<br />
sticks of the<br />
proper size and<br />
shape are used<br />
as the framework<br />
and when<br />
the canvas is<br />
stretched over<br />
these, the fisherman<br />
or voyageur<br />
camper<br />
is in possession<br />
of an ideal<br />
This Versatile<br />
Device Can Be<br />
Anything<br />
V^ from a Rain-<br />
M i coat to a<br />
||"j Sleeping Bag<br />
at a Moment's<br />
Notice
426 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
light, and evenly-balanced canoe. The<br />
young woman inventor used the contrivance<br />
almost a week as a canoe, permitting<br />
it to remain in water over night.<br />
At the end of the week it was still intact<br />
and showed no signs of leaking.<br />
As a sleeping bag the contrivance furnishes<br />
the most important usage. A large<br />
flap extends over the sleeper's head,<br />
which protects from wind or rain, though<br />
it permits her plenty of air.<br />
J*<br />
COOKIES AS BEAUTIFUL<br />
AS "TASTY"<br />
/""\NE of the "drawing cards" of the<br />
professional baker is the attractive<br />
appearance which he gives his wares.<br />
The home cook easily can become his<br />
rival if she will acquire some of his tools,<br />
among them the fancy cookie press. The<br />
cold cookie dough is put into a cylinder.<br />
Beyond it is one of a choice of dies with<br />
a small opening of fancy shape. Behind<br />
it is the pressure of a plunger worked by<br />
a handle. The dough has no alternative<br />
but to come out in a continuous line of<br />
ornamental surface. The cook then cuts<br />
the cookie dough ribbon and forms it<br />
into bars, circles, twists, or "what-not"<br />
and bakes it into crisp confections which<br />
make one hungry to behold.<br />
J*<br />
SANITARY HIGH CHAIR<br />
T H E tray on the average high chair is<br />
very far from "sanitary", in fact, if<br />
the ordinary wooden tray were kept absolutely<br />
sanitary there wouldn't be much<br />
left of it, with its cracks and crevices in<br />
which food accumulates and decomposes.<br />
The newest high chair has this porcelain<br />
finish tray, and when the child is<br />
removed from the chair, the tray is taken<br />
out and cleaned just as a dish is cleaned.<br />
The inside of the tray measures eight<br />
by twelve inches.<br />
ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTER<br />
THIS gas lighter is so simple that anybody<br />
can make one in a few minutes.<br />
Not only is it cheaper than matches,<br />
but it is cleaner and quicker to use.<br />
The lighter resembles a small soldering<br />
iron having a carbon tip attached to a<br />
piece of stiff wire, which is covered<br />
with an insulated handle. It is then connected<br />
with the house lighting circuit.<br />
The two carbons in the jar of water<br />
act as a resistance coil, so that when the<br />
stove is touched with the lighter, an arc<br />
is formed.<br />
It is always ready for use. To light<br />
the gas merely turn handle and touch the<br />
lighter to the stove over the burner or on<br />
it; the arc ignites the gas.
SAFETY CAN FOR WASTE<br />
A MACHINE-GUN addition to the big<br />
battery of fire prevention devices<br />
with which every well-<strong>org</strong>anized manufacturing<br />
plant is equipped today is to<br />
be found in a new waste can for rub-<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 427<br />
Killing the Germ<br />
of Spontaneous<br />
Combustion<br />
When oil-soaked<br />
rags are thrown in<br />
a corner and left to<br />
pile up. one upon<br />
another, they have<br />
a peculiar ability of<br />
accumulating heat.<br />
Let this go on long<br />
enough and they<br />
will smoulder and<br />
burst into flame.<br />
This safety can is<br />
provided to lessen<br />
the temptation of<br />
throwing such rags<br />
about indiscriminately.<br />
bish and especially oil-saturated rags.<br />
This can, made of galvanized steel, is<br />
opened by foot pressure. When this<br />
pressure is relieved the lid of the can<br />
automatically closes and locks. There<br />
is no possibility of the dangerous waste<br />
material being scattered about on the<br />
floor by careless overturning.<br />
STAGING A MOTOR CAR<br />
A MOTOR car illusion, one of the<br />
^^ most effective pieces of "realism"<br />
ever staged, is to be found in the popular<br />
play "Turn to the Right" which had a<br />
successful run at the Gaiety Theater,<br />
New York.<br />
In the last act the company, in accordance<br />
with the plot, is assembled on<br />
the darkened stage—in a late twilight<br />
effect. Two of the characters are missing.<br />
They have gone to journey by<br />
motor car to a house shown to the audience<br />
in the distance. Presently the<br />
audience sees the car on its way up-hill<br />
to the house. Then a light appears in<br />
the lower windows of the house. This<br />
goes out, but almost immediately the<br />
upper windows are lighted. Then the<br />
curtains in the little house are lowered.<br />
The automobile is not an automobile<br />
at all. It is made of pasteboard, with<br />
a wooden base, and glides in a curved<br />
groove. A bit of string wound on a<br />
spool by a crank "operates" the car. A<br />
dry battery furnishes the light.<br />
The house on the hill is, of course,<br />
painted canvas, with holes for the lights.
PARIS AGAIN FASHIONING<br />
THE FASHION WORLD*<br />
By JANE NESBITT<br />
'':-.'<br />
Two-Piece Suit of Novelty<br />
Form<br />
Jacket of pearl gray broadcloth<br />
soutached in self-color. Draped<br />
skirt of black liberty satin.<br />
You Will See Her at Newport<br />
This Summer<br />
A'bathing suit of maroon jersey<br />
with white jersey trimmings, and a<br />
rubber cap with a detachable straw<br />
brim.<br />
I F she were completely shut off from<br />
communication with the rest of the<br />
world, if even all the women were<br />
at war, and all the factories for<br />
clothing purposes shut down, Paris<br />
would still find some ingenious way of<br />
dictating the fashions to us. If she did<br />
not do this of her own accord,<br />
we would demand that<br />
she do it.<br />
While last year the United<br />
States managed to exist without<br />
a great deal of aid from<br />
Paris as to new designs, this<br />
year Paris is become again<br />
more mindful of the opportunities<br />
offered by American<br />
importers and consumers, and<br />
is showing a very conciliatory<br />
attitude in this regard.<br />
428<br />
A New Boot with Uppers<br />
of Flowered Cloth<br />
A Coat of Ecclesiastical<br />
Design<br />
Model developed in old blue satin<br />
cire, lined with deeper shade of<br />
blue. Open pocket slashes embroidered<br />
in gold.<br />
Again, there have been recent announcements<br />
of the establishment of New York<br />
branches by certain important Paris<br />
houses, which is another indication of the<br />
Paris dressmaker's appreciation of the<br />
American market—women here are really<br />
better spenders than the French.<br />
The war is responsible for<br />
a few changes in designs, also.<br />
Never before have Paris<br />
dressmakers worked so in<br />
unison to crystallize the styles<br />
and lines along which fashion<br />
develops, a move which makes<br />
the world styles very distinct.<br />
Another change blamed to<br />
the war is the edict against<br />
the wearing of decollete<br />
• PARISIAN AJITIBT<br />
dresses at the theater, or in<br />
other public places. So Paris
PARIS AGAIN FASHIONING THE FASHION WORLD 429<br />
gives us few evening dress designs. But<br />
she has taken out her energy in designing<br />
new materials and fabrics and creating an<br />
enthusiastic vogue for afternoon dresses<br />
of unique design. This increase in newly<br />
designed fabrics also has made her determined<br />
to use all of them. As a re -<br />
Separate Coat in Directoire<br />
Style<br />
Coat of gray tussah, indicating<br />
curved fitted figure, with slightly<br />
lifted waistline.<br />
The "Tonneau'' or Barrel<br />
Skirt of Suedene<br />
the newest suits are made from two different<br />
materials and colors, that is, the<br />
jacket may be white or gray and of very<br />
elaborately designed material, while the<br />
skirt may be of a dark, plain rich material.<br />
A new style she has given us this year<br />
is the "tonneau" or barrel skirt. When<br />
tailored, this skirt is cut in two circular<br />
portions, an upper part extending from<br />
the hip to the knee, and a<br />
lower part from hem to<br />
knee, these circular pieces<br />
being joined in a seam at<br />
their widest spread. This<br />
leaves the skirt narrow at<br />
the waist and hem. and<br />
wide at the knee. The<br />
fashion designers of this The Lotus<br />
skirt claim to have taken<br />
A distinctive Centemeri novelty in<br />
glove embroidery.<br />
the idea from the dress of the Hindoos<br />
and Great Britain's Oriental troops in<br />
France.<br />
The vital question. "Are the skirts to<br />
be longer or shorter," is answered definitely.<br />
Paris endorses the skirt two<br />
inches above the ankle. Of course the<br />
Sport Coat. Checked and Plain<br />
A startling combination in high<br />
colors is featured in this sport coat.<br />
Vivid green and white are the<br />
colors.<br />
new barrel skirt requires a somewhat<br />
greater length, because such a skirt naturally<br />
cups in a little, and draws around<br />
the ankles, and it would look ridiculous<br />
if too short.<br />
An interesting result of the war, on<br />
clothes and their designs, is the fact that<br />
there are so few male operatives who<br />
have the skill for tailoring that dresses,<br />
or untailored suits and loose coats, are<br />
mostly in vogue, in place of<br />
the suit, and these dresses<br />
are all made by women.<br />
We don't know whether<br />
the war has also created the<br />
vogue for new colors, but<br />
anyway we must call these<br />
newly designed dresses by<br />
different names than before,<br />
such as clav. beaver.
430 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
platinum gray, rooky,<br />
watercress green, citron,<br />
orchid, and the rose of<br />
Sharon pinks.<br />
For the last two years,<br />
the word "sports" has<br />
come to be quite an important<br />
one in the style<br />
world. Some years ago<br />
one might say, "I'll just<br />
put on a sweater and go<br />
out and play some golf",<br />
and still be in style.<br />
But this is a thing of the<br />
past. Now the sports<br />
idea in dresses, coats,<br />
waists, hats, is assuming<br />
alarming proportions.<br />
When a department<br />
store merely places a<br />
(T<br />
The New Golf-<br />
Coats Have<br />
"Pivot Sleeves"<br />
—That Is. the<br />
Shoulder Plait<br />
Gives Freely<br />
with the Stress<br />
of a Stroke<br />
sign over a waist or coat as a "sports"<br />
one, it doubles its selling value immediately,<br />
and this year nothing is too expensive,<br />
provided it fits in with the sports<br />
idea. Sports clothes are now "elaborate<br />
simplicity" itself, and are made of the<br />
most beautiful materials imaginable, and<br />
usually of striking color combinations,<br />
and they must fairly shriek with style.<br />
The sports idea is also making the<br />
bathing suit a wonderfully<br />
c o m p 1 icated<br />
mechanism.<br />
The new bathing<br />
hat has a detachable<br />
straw brim<br />
for a complexion<br />
saver. This is<br />
easily slipped off<br />
A New Bag Design<br />
when the bather desires<br />
to perform in<br />
the water.<br />
Naturally, Paris hats have a touch of<br />
the military about them.<br />
In gloves a new departure has been<br />
made. The backs of some of them are<br />
embroidered in lotus flowers, or unique<br />
designs never used before on them.<br />
New fancy bags instead of the old stiff<br />
hand bags are rigid necessities, and<br />
Paris of course puts out some "different"<br />
designs.<br />
It is a painful thing to<br />
mention "the scarcity of<br />
leather" problem, and it<br />
is still more painful to<br />
think that the shoes are<br />
going not only higher in<br />
price, but also in height,<br />
even for summer. Not<br />
even the low shoe will be<br />
low any more for some<br />
shoe designers, for it has<br />
been raised in height a<br />
few inches, and another<br />
strap added. The newest<br />
designs are irresistible,<br />
and it hardly can be imagined<br />
that the fashionloving<br />
woman is going<br />
to say, "No, leather is<br />
too scarce for me to indulge<br />
in such beautiful shoes", so the<br />
shoes will be sold, and more demanded.<br />
After Paris creations are obtained,<br />
another problem is, how are we<br />
going to keep them in their best condition<br />
when traveling? Paris helps out in<br />
this respect this year and offers a new<br />
trunk especially designed for millinery,<br />
lingerie, and shoes. This trunk holds six<br />
or more hats, keeping them in perfect<br />
condition, twelve pairs<br />
of shoes, or twentyfour<br />
pairs of slippers,<br />
and the tray in the top<br />
is for lingerie.<br />
Another distinctly<br />
new invention for<br />
men's clothes comes<br />
out in the sport coat.<br />
It is called the "Pivot"<br />
sleeve, especially designed<br />
for golf. The<br />
sleeve is equipped at<br />
the shoulder with<br />
plaits that open and<br />
expand to each stroke<br />
requirement, without<br />
the slightest suggestion<br />
of restraint. The<br />
plaits are invisible<br />
when the arm is in<br />
< ... A Smart Light Coat of<br />
normal position. Military Cut
HOW TO GET ON<br />
A Business Series of Practical<br />
Inspiration<br />
PERSONALITY :<br />
AN ASSET<br />
by Ge<strong>org</strong>e Edgar<br />
T O D A Y where you find leaders really physical strength. I dined at a<br />
of men, there in the main are club in London, which draws together<br />
the dominating personalities. men who count in their particular activi<br />
It has always been true that ties. The membership list includes some<br />
personality with ability will go of the most distinguished workers in<br />
further than ability alone. The modest London.<br />
efficient man gets a good place and is I recall that the guest of the eve<br />
well found in work and wages, but he ning was the late Lord Strathcona, per<br />
rarely occupies the center of the stage haps Canada's greatest personality, who<br />
where leaders monopolize the limelight. carried a wonderfully successful career<br />
The magnetic personal qualities of the over a span of years seldom vouchsafed<br />
successful man have been apparent in to man, and died rich in honor at the age<br />
every age and generation, and among of ninety-four. Around him were men<br />
all nationalities. The value set on personality<br />
today stands higher than ever it<br />
did before, in a world tending to stand<br />
who had succeeded in many walks of life.<br />
ardize everything and everybody. The<br />
habit of referring to groups of a thousand<br />
workers as "hands" is not without<br />
significance.<br />
Personality is a mixture of many influences,<br />
but the manner of its employment<br />
certainly implies an individual outlook<br />
and the self-consciousn-ess which permit<br />
a man to determine his actions zrithout<br />
being too much obsessed by precedents.<br />
When one looks at the conventional definition,<br />
an important fact emerges. Personality<br />
is really a matter cf physical<br />
strength and fitness.<br />
I recall the first direct impression I received<br />
that the secret of personality is<br />
m
432 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
There were present a distinguished explorer,<br />
a popular judge and many well<br />
known members of the bar; leaders in<br />
music, the theater, art, literature and<br />
journalism—all men who had succeeded,<br />
and were cutting considerable figures in<br />
the world.<br />
It forcibly struck me then, and has<br />
remained an abiding impression ever<br />
since, that these men had personal qualities<br />
different from those possessed by the<br />
average man. When one analyzed the<br />
impression, the qualities could be explained<br />
in physical terms. If you take<br />
a group of successful men you will find<br />
they have in common the power to suggest<br />
unusual strength and physical<br />
energy. They have bigger heads, usually<br />
bigger features, large eyes set wide apart,<br />
longer or more prominent noses, big<br />
strong mouths, fine teeth, very often they<br />
have even larger ears than the average<br />
man.<br />
As a rule, size for size they will<br />
average out heavier men than most of<br />
their fellows, though the rule of bulk<br />
does not always apply. I do not mean to<br />
suggest that exceptional ability is a matter<br />
of beef, or logically any fat bartender<br />
would be a genius. My idea is, the personality<br />
of successful men radiates a note<br />
of physical capacity. They look able to<br />
work long hours and maintain a high<br />
quality of concentration during the<br />
period of activity. When they are about<br />
their pleasures and go in for hobbies<br />
or amusements they appear more receptive<br />
in their leisure than other men. You<br />
rarely find a man who looks the sissy or<br />
the mollycoddle in high position. If my<br />
reading of the riddle is right, personality<br />
is most of all a matter of efficient physical<br />
make-up.<br />
Only a few weeks ago the world<br />
smiled over an advertisement put out by<br />
a firm wanting traveling salesmen.<br />
There is nothing very amusing about a<br />
firm desiring traveling salesmen, but<br />
there was something essentially human<br />
in the demand they made for stout men.<br />
Interviewed by the press, the originators<br />
of the advertisement stated they em<br />
ployed many travelers and in their experience<br />
stout, prosperous, and goodtempered<br />
looking men produced more<br />
business than thinner viorkers on the<br />
same field.<br />
When one stops to remember how<br />
the fat man is frequently the butt of the<br />
world's humor, the demand for stout<br />
salesmen would seem to be carrying an<br />
appreciation of the effect of personality<br />
to extremes. But the attitude of that<br />
firm is by no means so absurd as it seems<br />
to be at first sight. They are in a position<br />
to judge exactly what type of personality<br />
carries weight in their market,<br />
and since their returns prove that stout<br />
travelers secure more business than thin<br />
ones, they are justified in using this effect<br />
of personality in selecting all new men<br />
who join the outside staff.<br />
Naturally, men who get on in life see<br />
the value of personality early in their<br />
careers, and try to analyze a force counting<br />
for so much. One now well-known<br />
business man landed in New York with<br />
hardly enough money to tide him over a<br />
week. He immediately began a search<br />
for employment and met with nothing<br />
but rebuffs. Finally the stranger hit up<br />
against an advertising agency where he<br />
received the usual cold douche in the<br />
shape of a definite turn-down.<br />
The situation was becoming desperate.<br />
He had to find work and income or<br />
starve. He turned to the man in control<br />
of the department who was administering<br />
the turn-down for the fifth time that day,<br />
and asked if there was any task in the<br />
office which the staff had failed to accomplish.<br />
In so many words he invited<br />
the manager to give him the most difficult<br />
task in the office and to test his right to<br />
a place, by his power of carrying out the<br />
work others had failed to do. By a<br />
strange coincidence this advertising<br />
agency had been trying to let advertising<br />
in a handbook, and advertisers had<br />
fought distinctly shy of giving orders.<br />
Although the printing date was overdue,<br />
few advertisers had supported the venture.<br />
Every canvasser in the office had been<br />
tried on the task and had failed.
PERSONALITY: AN ASSET 433<br />
"ANOTHER EMPLOYER SIMPLY ASKS EACH APPLICANT WHAT HE WOULD DO UNDER<br />
A CERTAIN SET OF UNFAMILIAR CIRCUMSTANCES"<br />
The manager jumped at the game offer<br />
of the caller, turned the particulars of the<br />
handbook over to him, and told the<br />
visitor to return with sufficient orders to<br />
fill the publication. His life and future<br />
depended upon his success in this venture,<br />
so he put into his fight for advertising<br />
every ounce of his energy, every<br />
bit of his physical strength, every<br />
iota of his personality. He fought,<br />
begged, wheedled and intrigued his way<br />
into the private offices of advertisers, and<br />
once there he simply refused to muzzle<br />
his guns until he had succeeded in obtaining<br />
space for the booklet.<br />
The opposition of reluctant advertisers<br />
broke down and faded before his virile<br />
personality. In three days he came back<br />
with the necessary orders. The commission<br />
he drew was a liberal salary in itself.<br />
The advertising agency then was all too<br />
glad to take the newcomer on the staff.<br />
In twelve months he was partner in the<br />
undertaking and his success in a larger<br />
field has carried him to the highest rung<br />
of the ladder. He is certainly an illustration<br />
of a man who deliberately uses<br />
his personality, and his faith in himself<br />
has been justified by the results he has<br />
obtained.<br />
Employers who attach importance to<br />
personality can be found by the hundred.<br />
One employer tests new applicants by<br />
their power to sit upright in a chair. If<br />
they slouch during the interview they are<br />
never engaged no matter what credentials<br />
they possess.<br />
Another employer simply asks each<br />
applicant what he would do under a certain<br />
set of unfamiliar circumstances. He<br />
does not expect an inspired answer to<br />
every question. The value of the test is<br />
its capacity to reveal the man who will<br />
pit his mind at any problem off the<br />
beaten track. Personality reveals itself<br />
in answer to advertisements offering situations.<br />
A familiar test among employers<br />
is to state specifically what they<br />
need and to refuse an interview to all<br />
who do not give exactly the information<br />
for which they are asked. It is a curious<br />
sidelight on the prevailing confusion of<br />
ideas in most minds that of a hundred<br />
applications to an advertisement asking<br />
applicants to state age, previous experience,<br />
and qualifications, fully eighty per
434 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
:yv<br />
V*BIS<br />
':^.<br />
'•Zs/giW 1 1<br />
k<br />
l \<br />
'CHI Au/r«nCie<br />
"PERSONALITY IS REALLY A MATTER OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH AND FITNESS<br />
cent of those who reply withhold some part a man's personal effect on other men to<br />
of the necessary information. Personality set him any task performed by the trav<br />
reveals itself to the employer in carriage, eler or the canvasser. Among canvassers<br />
address, and even in such small matters there are men who can be turned down<br />
as the performance of details of the by the office boy. There are others who<br />
toilet.<br />
have the knack of getting to the depart<br />
One employer I know boasts that he mental managers but have not the ability<br />
never has taken into his service a man to state clearly the advantages of the pro<br />
who obviously did not trouble to maniposals they make. There are other men<br />
cure his hands. Employers of great per who get directly in touch with the heads<br />
sonality seem always to be looking for of departments, put up good selling talk,<br />
personality. As a final extreme example yet just miss carrying conviction.<br />
worthy of ranking with the demand for And there is a rare race of men who<br />
fat men, I might cite the newspaper because of the magic of great person<br />
editor who would never dream of startality, march into offices almost as if they<br />
ing a reporter who had not a long nose. were ambassadors, who deign to see no<br />
In his advertisements he always put the one but principals and rarely make a<br />
significant phrase, "Wanted a reporter business acquaintance without securing<br />
with a nose for news," and when the an order. The man who fails, speaking<br />
period of interviewing came round the of the man who succeeds, says he gets<br />
phrase was not a symbolical expression. his business by a combination of luck and<br />
The successful applicant had actually to impudence. These things, however, are<br />
have the nose itself, and a good sized one not accidental and when a man gets busi<br />
at that.<br />
ness consistently, it may be taken for<br />
Personality perhaps counts even more granted that he is not achieving his end<br />
among the men who have to go direct either by luck or impudence, but has<br />
to the customer and obtain support in brought to bear upon his task a battery<br />
the form of orders. It is a great test of of important personal qualifications.<br />
N
MAGNETIC LAMP<br />
"THIS little lamp for use in automobile<br />
repairing and trouble seeking will<br />
stick on any steel or iron part of the<br />
machine. It has an electro-magnet in<br />
No Matter Where the Repairing Must Be Done, This<br />
Little Electro-Magnetic Lamp Will Attach Itself<br />
and Shed Its Light<br />
its base. Its light rays are shed wherever<br />
they are required, and as it takes up<br />
such a very small space, it can be used<br />
in the closest quarters of the car to great<br />
advantage. The device operates from the<br />
six-volt battery of the car. It is equipped<br />
with a ten-foot connecting cord, which<br />
gives sufficient radius of use.<br />
J*<br />
FREE BOOKKEEPING FOR<br />
AUTOMOBILISTS<br />
JUST as a man in business finds that<br />
he has to have an expert bookkeeper<br />
on account of his increasing work, just<br />
so will the speedometer be replaced by<br />
the quite wonderful new bookkeeping machine<br />
which is a speedometer, a gasoline<br />
gage, and many other things, combined.<br />
First, it records the mileage secured with<br />
each tire. It tells accurately the oil and<br />
gasoline consumed. By a glance at it,<br />
the driver is instructed regarding the<br />
adjustment necessary for every 500 or<br />
1000 miles. It gives speed indications.<br />
It also give- the trip mileage, and the<br />
TIPS<br />
season mileage. And all this in one instrument<br />
no larger than the speedometer !<br />
This instrument is built for every make<br />
of car, and is operated by a single driving<br />
cable, just as the speedometer is operated.<br />
For the first time, every motorist<br />
may get, scientifically and accurately.<br />
a check on the service he is getting from<br />
every part of his car, and learn at a<br />
glance just what it is costing for every<br />
item of operation.<br />
Its operation is simple—by turning the<br />
movable dial ring so that the reading<br />
desired shows on the face of the ring<br />
directly opposite the setting knob at the<br />
right. For instance, turning it to the<br />
point indicating any tire you desire<br />
checked up, gives you the totals immediately.<br />
Turning the dial ring to the<br />
point marked "trip" shows mile by mile<br />
The Dial of the New Automobile Bookkeeping<br />
Machine<br />
on the dial. Turn to the point marked<br />
"total" and the total mileage for the season<br />
shows up instantly.<br />
J*<br />
GASOLINE AS A PRIZE<br />
A WHEEL of fortune with two winning<br />
numbers, and gasoline as a<br />
prize is the device which is used by a<br />
dealer in automobile supplies to stimulate<br />
business. It is not gambling; the owner.<br />
Mr. E. E. Taylor of Marion. Ohio, is<br />
43S
436 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
very emphatic on that point. The reason<br />
it is not gambling is that no one has to<br />
pay to get a chance to spin the wheel,<br />
the only condition being the purchase of<br />
fuel from the near-by gas pump. If the<br />
purchaser has the good luck to see his<br />
turn of the wheel result in the arrow<br />
pointing to the numerals one or five, he<br />
is rewarded with an equal number of gallons<br />
of gasoline.<br />
J*<br />
DON'T LET YOUR MOTOR<br />
CATCH COLD<br />
"VY/E don't know whether anyone yet<br />
has applied a hot-water bag to his<br />
automobile engine in winter, but almost<br />
every other means has been, and will be<br />
used to keep this important member of<br />
the family in good working condition.<br />
Anyway, after<br />
all the books<br />
and magazines<br />
have said on the<br />
subject of how<br />
the battery is<br />
less efficient in<br />
winter than in<br />
summer, and<br />
about the in-<br />
The Electric Heater<br />
—an Easy Method<br />
Your Purchase Premium Is a Chance to Win More<br />
Gasoline<br />
When you buy one gallon or more at this pump, you<br />
thereby are entitled to whirl the wheel at the left. If the<br />
dial comes to rest at one or five, respectively, you win one<br />
or five gallons of gas. If you do not win, however, the<br />
trial costs you nothing extra.<br />
ferior gasoline now on the market not<br />
readily vaporizing when cold, suffice it<br />
to say the engine has simply got to be<br />
kept warm. So how shall it be—by electricity,<br />
gasoline, gas, kerosene, or by<br />
radiator covers ?<br />
Of course the radiator cover in some<br />
form is as important in winter as is the<br />
horse blanket. A number of manufacturers<br />
are making covers in two parts,<br />
so that the hood can be raised without<br />
necessitating the removal of the cover.<br />
For the man whose garage has a gas<br />
supply there is a new gas heater that<br />
lights itself, without matches, and keeps<br />
the engine warm. By simply turning a<br />
knob the. heater starts<br />
its work. It is simply a<br />
small warm-air furnace,<br />
the heat radiating from<br />
the top. It has nonconducting<br />
sides, and<br />
may be placed close to<br />
a car without<br />
scorching it or<br />
damaging the<br />
finish.<br />
If electricity<br />
is preferred<br />
there is the<br />
small electric<br />
heater which
works on the<br />
lighting circuit<br />
of the car, and<br />
simply is<br />
slipped under<br />
the hood.<br />
Probably the<br />
best heater of<br />
all, because it heats both the garage and<br />
the circulating system, is the kerosene<br />
heater. This heater has a water tank<br />
which delivers warm water into the radiator<br />
at the top. This water passes<br />
through the pipes, and is returned to the<br />
heater through a tube attached to the<br />
radiator drain cock. It is conveniently<br />
portable and absolutely safe.<br />
J»<br />
SHORT RADIUS TRUCK AT<br />
TACHMENT<br />
""THIS truck attachment has recently<br />
been brought out by a company of<br />
Patcrson, New Jersey. When connected<br />
to a runabout or to a touring car with<br />
the back seat removed, it transforms the<br />
latter into a high-speed truck of fifteenhundred-pound<br />
capacity.<br />
The change from one type of vehicle<br />
to the other can be accomplished in a<br />
very few minutes. The ten-foot flareboard<br />
body is attached to the runabout<br />
by means of four lock hooks and two<br />
steering rod clips. The four hooks are<br />
released by a single jack placed at the<br />
center of the body while the two spring<br />
clips at the ends of the rods are detached<br />
by thumb levers.<br />
The rear end of the trailer is supported<br />
by a pair of wheels which swivel<br />
in the same manner as the<br />
front wheels on a<br />
runabout and are<br />
connected to the<br />
steering column by<br />
two rods running<br />
full length of the<br />
car. In turning corners,<br />
the rear wheels<br />
move in opposite direction<br />
to the front<br />
wheels, which en-<br />
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 437<br />
The Truck Attachment<br />
ables the long<br />
body to turn in<br />
the same<br />
radius as the<br />
original runabout.<br />
If the<br />
car is required<br />
to back in a<br />
congested district, the rear wheels do the<br />
steering and no trouble is experienced,<br />
as in the case of an ordinary trailer.<br />
LESS NOISE FOR THE<br />
MOTORIST<br />
NTO matter how much adjusting is done<br />
to screws and clamps on the top<br />
of the car, it seems an impossibility at<br />
times to get away from some little irritating<br />
noise. This new device clamps the<br />
upper bow and the lower bow, holding<br />
them rigid, and leaving no possible<br />
excuse for rattling.<br />
ADJUSTABLE WINDSHIELD<br />
""THERE is really no reason why the<br />
windshield should be used only by<br />
the occupants of the front seats. Again,<br />
after we have given the occupants of<br />
the rear seats a windshield why should it<br />
be faced so as to protect the passengers<br />
from the wind from only one direction?<br />
It is just as likely to be blowing from<br />
the other side. The newest type of windshields<br />
protects passengers from the wind<br />
blowing in any direction. The shield is<br />
strong, neat in appearance, and is attached<br />
easily to the top<br />
iron of any car in five<br />
minutes. It is held in<br />
position by friction<br />
joints. If it is not<br />
needed in the front<br />
or at the side, it can<br />
be swung around in<br />
back to deflect the<br />
dust or check the<br />
chilling wind that<br />
often cuts across<br />
passengers' necks.<br />
A Windshield for the Tonneau
438 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
KEEPS AUTO SPRINGS<br />
LUBRICATED<br />
A N inexpensive device now being marketed<br />
keeps the spaces between the<br />
leaves of the ordinary automobile body<br />
spring thoroughly lubricated, and requires<br />
no attention from one end of the<br />
season to the other. This steady lubrication<br />
eliminates squeaking due to dry<br />
plates, keeps out rust, and reduces materially<br />
the wear and vibration due to<br />
faulty spring action, and also retards materially<br />
the tendency of the springs to<br />
crystallize.<br />
The device consists of a metal oil container<br />
which is held flat against the side<br />
of a spring by means of adjustable bolts<br />
across the top. Between this container<br />
and the spring itself is a felt pad, which<br />
is kept saturated by the container and<br />
which, by contact with the springs, feeds<br />
oil between the leaves. The flow is very<br />
A Diagram of the Automobile Spring Lubricators<br />
Attached<br />
slight, and the motion of the spring itself<br />
works the oil uniformly throughout the<br />
spaces between the leaves.<br />
PAPER HAS ANOTHER USE<br />
IT seems quite sad that just when we<br />
have begun to get the greatest use out<br />
of paper in the greatest number of ways.<br />
it should take such a jump in price.<br />
For it has found a new use in the garage.<br />
If the car is to be stored for any length<br />
of time it always should be covered. This<br />
cover should be made of paper. The new<br />
style cover is made of imported paper,<br />
strongly reinforced. The car is protected<br />
not only from dust and dirt, but the<br />
paper also efficiently shields it from<br />
dampness and sudden changes in temperature,<br />
and preserves the finish. It is<br />
also claimed that the life of the tires is<br />
lengthened by the exclusion of light.<br />
The Disc Wheel<br />
Instead of wire or wooden spokes some of the new cars are<br />
equipped with wheels that have solid metal centers.<br />
NEW TYPE OF WHEEL<br />
THERE is a new kind of wheel on the<br />
market for the up-to-date, more expensive<br />
cars. It is still round, to be sure,<br />
and still keeps its pneumatic tires, but it<br />
is made of pressed steel and is a single<br />
disc. The rim is clamped to the edge<br />
of the disc, and this enables the disc to<br />
be made very thin at this point, as there<br />
is no definite strain set up as would be<br />
the case if the disc were bent, or turned<br />
parallel to the base of the rim. This, in<br />
conjunction with the particular method<br />
of dishing the disc at a point intermediate<br />
to the hub, and flange, and rim, gives<br />
the wheel its lively action, and also freedom<br />
from local strain.<br />
DIGS YOUR CAR OUT OF<br />
THE MUD<br />
1V/IOST drivers of cars, either pleasure<br />
or commercial, are confronted<br />
sooner or later with the problem of getting<br />
their car out of mud or a ditch.<br />
Skidding of the car or turning out of a<br />
narrow road for another vehicle to pass<br />
may bring about the situation where the<br />
driver's ingenuity will be taxed to get<br />
his car back on the road without in some<br />
way straining the mechanism or damaging<br />
the car.<br />
A device, recently on the market, will
When Your Wheels Slip<br />
Around in Mud or Sand, Attach<br />
This Handy Catch<br />
enable the driver to extricate<br />
his car in a few<br />
minutes. A metal paddle<br />
is clamped to each rear<br />
tire, giving extra traction,<br />
and enabling the<br />
driver to pull the car out<br />
of any mud hole. The<br />
device can be applied to<br />
both rear wheels in a<br />
considerably smaller<br />
time than would be required<br />
to put on the less<br />
efficient tire chains.<br />
BIKE ATTACHMENT DRIVES<br />
MOTOR CAR<br />
LJERE'S a new way of creating a<br />
motor car out of a few pieces of<br />
lumber and metal, four rubber tired<br />
wheels, and a steering wheel plus a<br />
motor. One of the motor manufacturing<br />
concerns is doing that very thing now,<br />
and is turning out a very inexpensive<br />
miniature automobile as a consequence.<br />
This type of motor attachment brings the<br />
motor car within reach of many a boy,<br />
and grown-ups too, for that matter.<br />
These Little Cars. Known<br />
as "Red Bugs." Are Very<br />
Popular at the Winter Resorts<br />
NON-GLARE SPOT-LIGHT<br />
DATENTS recently granted to a Pittsburgh<br />
concern cover a new design of<br />
parabolic reflector which gives a nonglare<br />
beam without the dark center produced<br />
by the ordinary spot-light, and at<br />
the same time increases the efficiency of<br />
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 439<br />
the lamp and extends its<br />
field of usefulness. The<br />
new light embodying<br />
this principle is called<br />
the "Parabolite", and is<br />
on sale in all large automobile<br />
accessory<br />
houses.<br />
This construction produces<br />
a beam that conforms<br />
fully to all city<br />
ordinances and State<br />
laws, since nothing but<br />
reflected rays are projected<br />
and no direct<br />
light from the bulk can<br />
enter the eyes of opposing<br />
drivers. Since all of<br />
the light is confined<br />
within the beam, the full power can be<br />
used on a surface of defined area without<br />
any glare beyond.<br />
J*<br />
NEW LOCK FOR FORDS<br />
/"\NE of the most satisfactory locks for<br />
^^ Ford cars that has been devised is<br />
When Locked, the Steering<br />
Wheel Will Not<br />
Turn<br />
now being put on the market by<br />
a Los Angeles concern. It consists<br />
of a plunger, operated by a<br />
key, engaged and disengaged<br />
with the cogs of the gear case.<br />
When the device is locked the<br />
plunger is raised up and engaged with<br />
the cogs. This locks the steering gear<br />
and will not allow the car to be guided<br />
to the right or to the left, leaving it free<br />
to go straight forward or straight backward.<br />
Of course it would be impossible<br />
to steal a car under these handicaps.
440 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
WHISPERING TO THE<br />
remove any demountable split rim within<br />
CHAUFFEUR<br />
one minute, and without using other<br />
""THERE is a new telephone for the<br />
tools. When not in use, the tool folds<br />
automobile on the market. When<br />
into compact form and may be carried in<br />
you wish to give directions to the driver,<br />
the tool kit.<br />
The new tool will remove rust-locked<br />
rims without difficulty, and cannot injure<br />
the inner tube in any way. It is designed<br />
for use with any type of rim on the market.<br />
The total weight of the device is<br />
three pounds.<br />
Jt<br />
The Slightest<br />
Whisper Can Be<br />
Heard by the<br />
Man at the<br />
Wheel<br />
only a whisper is necessary, or at most,<br />
the ordinary, natural tone of voice, and<br />
the chauffeur can hear as well as if he<br />
were standing at the door. It is claimed<br />
that noises of street traffic make no difference—that<br />
he can hear the small voice<br />
just as well.<br />
DEMOUNTS RIMS IN ONE<br />
MINUTE<br />
A CINCINNATI manufacturer offers<br />
^^ a new rim tool which he claims will<br />
The Handy Demounting Tool<br />
AUTO HEEL PROTECTOR FOR<br />
WOMEN<br />
A DEVICE that fits over the heel of<br />
the shoe protects the heel and<br />
counter from soiling and scuffing when<br />
the wearer is driving the automobile.<br />
ThisProtectorKeeps French<br />
Heels from Scuffing When<br />
the Brake or Clutch Is<br />
Pressed<br />
The protector is quickly and easily attached<br />
and detached, and when not in use<br />
takes up little space. It is held firmly in<br />
place by a strap around the instep. With<br />
the rapid increase in the number of<br />
women who drive their own cars and the<br />
general custom of wearing shoes that are<br />
easily soiled or scuffed, the protector<br />
has come to fill a most important<br />
need.
LONG-HANDLED JACK<br />
IT seems strange that a jack with a long<br />
handle was not manufactured years<br />
ago, for use on automobiles. This new<br />
jack, which has a thirty-six-inch handle,<br />
is merely pushed under the car, and<br />
operated entirely from the outer end of<br />
the handle. The driver does not have<br />
to get under the car in the dirt, to pull<br />
out the jack. If it is desired to raise the<br />
device, the handle is pushed all the way<br />
into its socket, and for lowering, it is<br />
pulled back in the socket, being free to<br />
move only three-eighths of an inch. The<br />
jack is held in position by a spring<br />
catch, which must be released before re-<br />
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 441<br />
With This Jack It Is<br />
Not Necessary to<br />
Crawl Under the Car<br />
moving the handle from the jack.<br />
jack comes in any size desired.<br />
The<br />
Jt<br />
A BETTER RADIATOR COVER<br />
VV/HILE it is rather late in the season<br />
to discuss winter protection for the<br />
automobile, there is always another winter<br />
on the way and preparedness is the<br />
topic of the times anyway. Radiator<br />
covers are not a new thing at all. But<br />
the trouble with all the covers seen on<br />
the market until recently has been that<br />
the curtain which rolls up in front has<br />
been built to cover either all the surface<br />
or only the top part. The new cover has<br />
two curtains. One rolls up to the top<br />
and the other rolls in the opposite way,<br />
so that the driver may cover all the surface<br />
if he likes or just the lower half.<br />
Inasmuch as the coldest water is always<br />
at the bottom it is well that that part<br />
This Cover Enables the Autoist to Enclose Either<br />
the Top. the Bottom Half, or the Whole Radiator<br />
should receive the most protection. The<br />
coldest water is at the bottom because<br />
it naturally settles there. And the bottom<br />
of the radiator is the part that<br />
always freezes first.<br />
NEW TYPES OF WINDSHIELDS<br />
M O W that the cylinder question, that<br />
is, the number of cylinders, has been<br />
settled, automobile manufacturers seem<br />
to be taking out some of their energy on<br />
Two of the<br />
Newest Styles<br />
of Wind<br />
shields
442<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
the windshield. This year there are many<br />
new shapes and kinds. The spectacle type<br />
is one of the newest styles. This style<br />
is so new that it is certainly stylish at<br />
the present time, but it is also so new<br />
that its practicability over the other type<br />
has not been demonstrated.<br />
Many drivers will succumb to the new<br />
type of individual shield which is attached<br />
to the steering column of the<br />
roadster, or racer. •>«<br />
KEEPING THE INSIDE OF THE<br />
CAR CLEAN<br />
IT takes an individual half a second to<br />
* spoil the looks of a clean car by stepping<br />
into it with muddy, snowy, or wet<br />
feet, and it takes hours to restore the<br />
upholstery or rug to its former condition<br />
of cleanliness.<br />
It is true, the brush on this mat leaves<br />
no room for the word "welcome", but<br />
It Doesn't Take a Second<br />
to Use This Brush.<br />
and It Saves the Upholstery<br />
and Rugs<br />
mmmmmm<br />
CARRY THE OVEN ALONG<br />
T H O U G H the running board and other<br />
available space in an automobile<br />
seem to be many times taken up with all<br />
the new accessories, it is really no hardship<br />
on space in the auto if one wants to<br />
take along an oven, and bake before an<br />
open fire. This oven folds into a flat<br />
case. The case also holds a folding<br />
grate. There even is room for water to<br />
be carried, for with the outfit comes a<br />
This Efficient Oven Folds Flat When Not in Use<br />
canvas bag for holding water, fitted with<br />
a handle.<br />
DON'T WAIT FOR THE OIL<br />
TO RUN<br />
A N D if you have to make it go up hill,<br />
** especially! An enterprising man, out<br />
in the wild and woolly West, has invented<br />
an oil can that makes the oil go<br />
up hill or along a straight line, or in any<br />
other direction desired. It has a pump<br />
in it which the oiler works with his<br />
thumb. That feature in itself is not particularly<br />
new, but this pump forces the<br />
oil upward as well as outward, and the<br />
pump itself is easily removable, if for<br />
any reason it should fail to work, and the<br />
oil may then be<br />
squirted in the good<br />
old fashioned way.<br />
the pleasure to the guest on getting into No more<br />
the clean car, outweighs this fact. When must you<br />
it is not necessary for the brush to be turn your au<br />
used, it folds up neatly to the side.<br />
tomobileupside-down to<br />
oil the<br />
under part /^=5\<br />
o f i t<br />
works.<br />
This Oil Can<br />
Will Work<br />
Just as Well<br />
When the<br />
Spout Is Up<br />
as When It w<br />
Points Downward
ASSASSINS OF<br />
SILENCE<br />
By MARC N. GOODNOW<br />
O N E of the first impressions<br />
the tense, modern citydweller<br />
who journeys into<br />
the country has forced upon<br />
him is the absolute quiet<br />
that reigns there. Let him strike out away<br />
from the beaten paths of the motor car<br />
or the steel threads of the electric or<br />
steam railway and he enters a new world<br />
—the world of silence. For awhile it is<br />
a welcome relief, but soon it becomes<br />
actually oppressive.<br />
Life without noise is<br />
nowadays a horrid bore<br />
to thousands who have<br />
known little else. Existence<br />
minus the grind<br />
of wheels, the screech of<br />
machinery, the toot of<br />
whistles, the shrill call<br />
of the newsboy or the<br />
alley peddler, the nasal<br />
twang of the leatherlunged<br />
sidewalk or street<br />
vendor is beyond their<br />
ken. The city child of<br />
today seems fated to have no sounds<br />
upon his ear-drums but those of rumbling,<br />
chugging, puffing grunts, growls,<br />
squeaks or squawks. A medley of confusion<br />
surrounds<br />
his life from the<br />
cradle to the grave<br />
— unless he is<br />
called by chance or<br />
choice to one of<br />
those queer resorts<br />
in the country<br />
which we call a<br />
village and which<br />
one sensitive artist<br />
has termed a<br />
"paradise of quiet."<br />
It is, forsooth, a noisy age; the assassin<br />
of silence in some one of his various<br />
guises seems always at one's elbow, endeavoring<br />
to split one's ear-drum and<br />
torture sensitive nerves. When I think<br />
of Paris the news vendor's call of "La<br />
Patrie, La Patrie"—the afternoon newspaper—sounds<br />
in my ears with haunting<br />
disquietud e.<br />
Rome, before<br />
the great war<br />
Isn't It One of<br />
Your "Pet Peeves"<br />
to Have Your Restaurant<br />
Table<br />
Within a Few Feet<br />
of One of These<br />
Double - B - Flat<br />
Bass Accomplices<br />
of Chaos?<br />
at least, was<br />
one of the<br />
noisiest tourist<br />
centers of all Europe, with the<br />
street gamins and "facchinos"<br />
who haunt the central station<br />
keeping up their unseemly<br />
commotion all through the night. In<br />
Germany—Berlin—I found less noise<br />
than in any other large city on the continent.<br />
The German authorities seemed to<br />
have some consideration for a sensitive<br />
traveler's nerves.<br />
London noises are hideous and seemingly<br />
age-long in their duration, lifting<br />
heavenward in one great roar from every<br />
part of that huge center. The noises<br />
there were even multiplied by the very<br />
devices which were employed to reduce<br />
noise. It is pointed out, for example,<br />
that in London and other large towns,<br />
but especially in London, the smoothness<br />
and silence of better systems of street<br />
paving, instead of reducing the noise of<br />
at
444 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
more fierce, until at the<br />
end the whole room—<br />
the customers, the<br />
waiters, the maitre<br />
d'hotel — will all be<br />
shouting at the tops of<br />
their voices, and the<br />
band will be playing like<br />
demons."<br />
Little is heard nowadays<br />
of the cries of<br />
London. The once familiar<br />
phrase has almost<br />
passed out of use. It is<br />
not because the cries are<br />
obsolete. The other day<br />
by the attentive ear the<br />
cry, "Who will buy my<br />
sweet lavender ?" was<br />
discernible. There are<br />
many left of the old<br />
And on the Street the Teamsters, the Trams, the<br />
Elevated, the Small Shopkeepers . . .<br />
cries but amid the all<br />
prevailing riot of sound<br />
they are no longer audible.<br />
Little is heard now of that grievance<br />
of former times, the street hawker's<br />
traffic to residents on the main thorough raucous bellow. That also has become<br />
fares, have so multiplied vehicular traffic inaudible, except on Sunday mornings<br />
that the noises are a thousand times and at other quiet traffic intervals. The<br />
worse than before.<br />
cats' meat man still calls out, "Meat,<br />
How silence creates noise is explained meat", in the suburbs, but with double-<br />
by the director of a fashionable restaudecker tramway cars clanking down the<br />
rant. "A good restaurant", he said, "will road, even the cats cannot hear him.<br />
be established in a quiet place. The floors A special chapter might easily be writ<br />
will be softly carpeted, the well instructed ten on the noises of Holland. At 6 A. M.<br />
waiters will learn to make as little sound you are awakened by the banging of the<br />
as possible, and everything will be done bakers' and butchers' wagons; the men<br />
for silence. And then we find it is so slam the lids of their little carts after they<br />
silent that our patrons can hear one an have delivered their orders. It is like<br />
other talking. More, it is so silent that the continual popping of rifles. Then<br />
every little sound outside disturbs them. the dogs begin to bark—they are<br />
"So in order to cover these sounds we strapped under the various vehicles both<br />
must have an orchestra which will be for draught and protection purposes.<br />
soft or loud, according to the varying The beating of rugs and carpets in the<br />
degree of noise which the patrons will streets and open squares follows. It is<br />
make in eating. But when the orchestra the custom of centuries.<br />
plays the patrons must then talk more As man advances in culture he invents<br />
loudly, and the more loudly they talk the melodies, Dr. Frank Crane has declared.<br />
more loudly the orchestra must play, for Still further along he makes harmonies,<br />
they are artists and desire to be heard. sequences, applying mathematics to tones,<br />
Thus you have a contest which grows their relation and duration, and bringing
the art of expressing sentiment in sound<br />
up into the realm of intelligence and creative<br />
genius.<br />
The progress of the race is measured<br />
by the span from the crazy sun dance of<br />
the savage to the Beethoven symphony.<br />
But we have not yet felt any serious<br />
pressure toward making street sounds<br />
musical. Iron tire trucks still rattle over<br />
cobblestones with din and thunder.<br />
Street cars roar, screech and clang.<br />
Vocal advertisements aim to attract<br />
attention, even as billboards, electric<br />
signs and street car advertisements, by<br />
the impact of their impudence and their<br />
annoying quality upon the spirits of the<br />
passers-by aim to catch the wearied eye.<br />
Everybody knows what an assassin of<br />
silence the motor speed demon can be as<br />
he races through a quiet suburban street<br />
late at night with his muffler cut out.<br />
It is at such moments that the tired commuter<br />
prays for the most vicious brand<br />
of government control.<br />
But this is an age of noise; one can<br />
almost believe that people enjoy it, so<br />
tenaciously do they cling to their pet<br />
discords. Nowadays there is no quiet<br />
even in the forest, where, in the loneliest<br />
camp, there is likely to be a gramophone.<br />
On the placid bosom of the distant pond<br />
is a chug-chug boat. Here<br />
is a specimen of the desire<br />
for speed in the very<br />
midst of nature's most<br />
deliberate moments—and<br />
noise is the invariable and<br />
inevitable corollary of<br />
speed.<br />
"Boston is probably the<br />
noisiest city in the world,<br />
noisier even than Naples",<br />
wails one who has spent<br />
his life there dodging<br />
motor cars by day and<br />
trying, by night, to crowd<br />
in eight hours of undisturbed<br />
sleep between the<br />
last sporting extra and<br />
the resounding thud of the milk bottle<br />
on the door step. "In what other<br />
city would such thunderous street<br />
ASSASSINS OF SILENCE 445<br />
cars be allowed ? In what other city<br />
would night-working garages be permitted<br />
near dwelling houses ? In what<br />
other town would night-work on the<br />
streets be allowed to torture the sick in<br />
their beds or all those needing sleep?<br />
But in the midst of it all our larger<br />
cities are beginning to adopt anti-noise<br />
ordinances as if they were awaking to<br />
the situation. Washington, Baltimore,<br />
Boston, New York, Buffalo, Cincinnati,<br />
Cleveland, Hartford, Kansas City, Brooklyn,<br />
Little Rock, Louisville, Minneapolis,<br />
Milwaukee, New Bedford, St. Louis, San<br />
Francisco, Omaha, Erie, Grand Rapids,<br />
Jacksonville and Portland, Oregon, have<br />
all begun systematic work for comparative<br />
city quiet. Among nuisances and<br />
noises coming under the ban in most of<br />
these cities are the hand <strong>org</strong>an pest,<br />
hornblowers, soapbox orators, street<br />
hawking, roosters, sirens, steam whistles<br />
and the like.<br />
Some day, perhaps, we will know from<br />
study the psychology of noise and its<br />
effects upon the human system. Will<br />
ear-drums and sensitive nerves eventually<br />
become useless ? Or will the city of the<br />
future add to human longevity and happiness<br />
by changing all these to beauty<br />
and music?<br />
The Diners, the Waiters, the Syncopated Jaz Bands<br />
and the Brass-Lunged Cabaret Shouters Combine to<br />
Make an Inferno of Any Bright-Light Cafe
Turned Around<br />
NOTHING more clearly expresses the sentiments<br />
of Harvard men in seasons of athletic<br />
rivalry than the time-honored "To hell with<br />
Yale!"<br />
Once when Dean Briggs, of Harvard, and<br />
Edward Everett Hale were on their way to a<br />
game a friend asked:<br />
"Where are you going, Dean?"<br />
"To yell with Hale," answered the Dean<br />
with a meaning smile.<br />
J*<br />
Retrenchment<br />
"MY DEAR," says the husband, "I told you<br />
that we simply had to economize—and here<br />
you are wearing a new afternoon suit."<br />
"I know, honey," she soothes. "But I have<br />
put mothballs in the pockets so every one will<br />
think it is an old one."<br />
Tell It. Ge<strong>org</strong>e<br />
HE—"I'm afraid this story will shock you."<br />
SHE—"It will if I haven't heard it."<br />
It Struck One, Too<br />
HORRID BORE—"I rise by an alarm clock."<br />
PRETTY GIRL—"I retire by one. There it<br />
goes now!"<br />
J*<br />
Equivocal<br />
"AND did you often think of your promise<br />
to be true when you were down there among<br />
those beautiful Balkan women?"<br />
"Why, of course, dear. I kept repeating it<br />
again and again."<br />
440<br />
The Obvious Inquiry<br />
THE Higgins family were moving from<br />
Twenty-sixth Street to Thirty-sixth Street.<br />
Three vans had carried all their belongings<br />
during the afternoon, except Mrs. Higgins'<br />
mother's cut-glass bowl, which Mrs. Higgins<br />
wanted to carry because it was not easy to<br />
pack, and the grandfather's clock that was<br />
never trusted to the moving-vans. Higgins<br />
always carried it.<br />
Holding it with both arms, Higgins walked<br />
down the front steps like an amateur tightrope<br />
dancer and started up the avenue. It<br />
demanded all of his strength, breath, and<br />
attention.<br />
At Twenty-eighth Street Higgins set the<br />
clock down carefully and mopped his face.<br />
"Shay, old man," said a blear-eyed individual<br />
who had been staggering up the avenue<br />
behind him. "Shay, why don't you get a<br />
watch ?"<br />
The Acme of Belief<br />
SHE—"Mr. Smitli has great faith in his<br />
fellow men."<br />
HE—"Yes. He even writes 'Personal' on a<br />
postal card."<br />
Automatic<br />
"MANDY, what fo' you gib dat baby a big<br />
piece ob po'k to chaw on? Don' you-all know<br />
de po' chile'll choke on hit?"<br />
"DINAH, don' you see de string tied to dat<br />
piece ob fat po'k? De oder end's tied to de<br />
chile's toe. Ef he chokes he kick, an' ef he<br />
kicks he'll je'k de po'k out. Ah reckon you-all<br />
don' learn me nothin' 'bout bringin' up chil<br />
luns."<br />
BLOWING OFF STEAM 447<br />
In the Fifth Avenue Bus<br />
THE BABY — "Googly — gooly — goo-goo —<br />
googl."<br />
THE MOTHER—"Yes, indeed, darling! that's<br />
the Public Library!"<br />
A Difference<br />
THE class in spelling was asked to stats the<br />
difference between "results" and "consequences."<br />
One bright-eyed little miss replied: "Results<br />
are what you expect, and consequences<br />
are what you get."<br />
Not So Poetic<br />
THEY were dancing the one-step. The music<br />
was heavenly. The swish of her silken skirts<br />
was divine. The fragrance of the roses upon<br />
her bosom was intoxicating.<br />
"Ah," she smiled sweetly, with an arch look<br />
gffi<br />
up into his face, "you remind me of one of<br />
Whitman's poems."<br />
A sudden dizziness seemed to seize liim. It<br />
was as if he were floating in a dream. When<br />
he had sufficiently gained his breath he spoke :<br />
"Which one?"<br />
"Oh, any one," she replied. "The feet are<br />
mixed in all of them."<br />
Too Many Traces<br />
"I HEAR that Gayboy's wife is kicking over<br />
the traces." "Yes. Gayboy should have seen<br />
to it that his coat was more thoroughly<br />
brushed."<br />
Quite Transparent<br />
JOHN (angrily)—"Now I see through youi<br />
subterfuge."<br />
MARIE—"Well, that's only because there's<br />
a very bright sun."<br />
The Wonder of It<br />
"SHALL I teach you to make doughnuts?"<br />
asked grandma.<br />
"Yes. I am terribly interested. I can't<br />
understand how you arrange the inner tubes."
A GOOD PIN MONEY JOB<br />
FOR YOUNGSTERS<br />
H A V E you ever gone into a<br />
drug store to buy a package<br />
of old-fashioned quill toothpicks?<br />
If you have done so<br />
you have found them neatly<br />
put up in circular packets tied with colored<br />
string, twelve to the bundle. If<br />
you inquired of the pharmacist you found<br />
out, probably to your amazement, that<br />
these, so common in raw form on every<br />
farm, are imported from the busy communities<br />
of<br />
geese farmers<br />
of ContinentalEurope.<br />
Herein<br />
you have<br />
been confronted with a<br />
striking example of<br />
American shiftlessness.<br />
A by-product of almost<br />
every barnyard is thus<br />
thrown away. It is<br />
absurd to think that so<br />
By M O N R O E W O O L L E Y<br />
simple a commodity as<br />
quill toothpicks should<br />
come from foreign<br />
countries, notably<br />
thrifty France, far over<br />
seas. The quill toothpick industry<br />
should furnish a lucrative field for juveniles—for<br />
American farm boys and girls<br />
to make clean side money for their wants,<br />
by means of less labor than would be required<br />
by any of the ordinary, underpaid<br />
pin money occupations.<br />
Any dentist will tell you that nothing<br />
in the way of a toothpick is better to rid<br />
one's teeth of food particles after a meal.<br />
Many dental treatises recommend the<br />
use of this kind of toothpick. Indeed,<br />
in some quarters, the toothbrush is getting<br />
to be looked upon with disfavor as a<br />
448<br />
Old-Fashioned, but Still Popular<br />
Neatly cleaned and packed in bundles such as<br />
the one shown above, quill toothpicks find a<br />
steady and lucrative market in the United<br />
States.<br />
producer of irritated and sore gums. In<br />
some cases it is better to cleanse the<br />
teeth of particles of food with a quill<br />
pick and then thoroughly rinse the mouth<br />
with a wash in which emetine is an ingredient.<br />
France, like China, is notorious as a<br />
producer of geese. The French get out<br />
of their geese all they can. They sell<br />
the eggs, the oil, the flesh, the feathers,<br />
and the quills. The quills they put up<br />
in dozen<br />
bundles of<br />
two sizes,<br />
one large<br />
and one<br />
small size,<br />
for feminine<br />
and masculine use<br />
respectively. These<br />
they export after<br />
stocking the retail<br />
stores at home.<br />
There is no reason<br />
why we should im<br />
port a single quill<br />
toothpick from<br />
abroad. Although<br />
we have no big<br />
goose farms similar<br />
to those of France and Germany,<br />
geese are quite common on many farms.<br />
and if it is inadvisable to build up a<br />
national industry covering this common<br />
commodity, boys and girls should find a<br />
ready market for such quantities of<br />
sharpened quills as they can manufacture<br />
and sell through local drug stores. All<br />
that is necessary to do in preparing the<br />
quills is to cut off the feathered end,<br />
leaving about two inches of quill, clean<br />
out thoroughly the animal matter from<br />
within, and then with one stroke of a<br />
sharp knife prepare the point.
1 L^L-, UJ TRATED WORLD si 451<br />
Automobile Engineering<br />
For Driver and Repairer'<br />
W E have a new set of books that every automobile driver and<br />
repairer will want to own. It is called "Automobile Engineering,"<br />
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Almost two entire volumes are devoted to ignition, starting^nd lighting systems. Welding,<br />
vulcanizing, and public garage equipment and operation are thoroughly covered. Five<br />
thick volumes, 53£x8% inches, flexibly bound in genuine morocco, gold stamped. 2,200 pages; 2,000 illustrations.<br />
Written in simple, easily-understood English; carefully cross-indexed for quick reference.<br />
And for a limited time we are making an astounding offer. The regular price of the<br />
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However, you must act nowl This offer can't be continued indefinitely.<br />
Partial List of Subjects:<br />
Shipped Free<br />
Explosion Motors. Welding,<br />
Motor Construction<br />
uqmpur, Carbureters<br />
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Cool ing. Lubrication, Flywheels,<br />
Clutch, Tranamlaslon.<br />
Final Drive,<br />
Steering, Fra-nee, Tires,<br />
VulcaniilDB. Ignition,<br />
Starting and Lighting<br />
To those who send the coupon imme Systems. Wlr Inc Dia<br />
Only 50c A diately WEEK we will send the if complete five you volumes without buy!<br />
grams, shop Kinks. Commercial<br />
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send only $13.00 and then $2.00 Dept a month—50c A-1275 B Chicago, a week—until U. S. A.<br />
the specially reduced price of $16.80 ith oonVi has been C£»f paid. nrn s^ Please sendmethe6 volume Aato-<br />
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y 112.00 consulting membership are mine and<br />
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AMERICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY, Chicago, U.S.A.<br />
0 Rtfmnce^<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
A NEW INTERIOR<br />
TELEPHONE<br />
By F. E. MASHBURN<br />
A N E W and improved system of<br />
interior telephone service is<br />
now on the market. The instru-<br />
L ment itself is known as the<br />
"Select-o-phone".<br />
This telephone has many features<br />
which are decided improvements upon<br />
the styles of interior phones in use heretofore,<br />
and in addition has incorporated<br />
many new features which have not been<br />
a part of the systems<br />
installed up<br />
to this time.<br />
The service<br />
takes its name of<br />
the "Select-ophone"<br />
from the<br />
fact that to secure<br />
connection<br />
45:<br />
with any desired number or department,<br />
all that is necessary to do is to turn a<br />
dial upon the base of the instrument to<br />
the number of the station desired, and<br />
the lifting of the receiver automatically<br />
forms the connection, and rings the bell<br />
of the party or department wanted.<br />
One of the important features of this<br />
system is the possibility of holding conferences<br />
over the phone. If an executive<br />
desires a conference with two or more<br />
departments, he calls the parties wanted,<br />
asking them to connect at the conference<br />
point, and by connecting his own instrument<br />
he can have an immediate conference<br />
without calling any man from his<br />
department, or waiting for him to walk<br />
from one office to another.<br />
Another feature of this service is the<br />
locating by a general call any man who<br />
is absent temporarily from his own department.<br />
To find a party the dial is moved<br />
to "general call" and a signal thereupon<br />
is sounded throughout the plant, hearing<br />
which the party answers from the nearest<br />
station.<br />
In order to do this, of course, a system<br />
of buzzer calls has to be determined<br />
upon beforehand, so that when the<br />
phones all over a plant buzz "three shorts<br />
and a long"—Mr. Smith's signal—every<br />
one in the building will know immediately<br />
that the general manager desires to<br />
see Mr. Smith. As makeshifts<br />
for this efficient system<br />
are in vogue throughout<br />
the business world, however,<br />
no difficulty will be encountered.<br />
The switchboard is automatic,<br />
very simple and compact,<br />
and can be placed upon<br />
the wall or hidden from<br />
view in a small closet.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 453<br />
.1 » »K<br />
Look!<br />
21 Ruby and Sapphire<br />
Jewels —<br />
Adjusted to the second—<br />
Adjusted to temperature—<br />
Adjusted to isocbronism<br />
—<br />
Adjusted to positions—<br />
25-year gold strata<br />
case —<br />
Genuine Montgomery<br />
Railroad Dial—<br />
New Ideas in Thin<br />
Cases.<br />
Only<br />
A Month<br />
And all of this for $2.50—only $2.50<br />
per month—a great reduction in watch prices<br />
—direct to you—positively the exact prices<br />
the wholesale dealer would have to pay. Think of<br />
the high-r;rade, guaranteed watch we offer here at<br />
such a remarkable price. And, if you wish, you may pay<br />
this price at the rate of $2.50 a month. Indeed, the<br />
days of exhorbitant watch prices hare passed.<br />
You don't pay<br />
a cent to any<br />
See It First<br />
body until you<br />
See the watch. You don't buy a Burlington<br />
Watch without seeing it. Look at the splendid<br />
beauty of the watch itself. Thin model, handsomely<br />
shaped — aristocraLic in every line. Then look at the<br />
works! There you will see the masterpiece of the watch<br />
makers* skill. A perfect timepiece adjusted to positions,<br />
Every ftehtinp; vessel In the U. S. Navy has the Borlineton Watch aboard. Many<br />
temperature and isochronism.<br />
have over 100 Burlingtons — a few over 200. This includes every torpedo boat-*<br />
every -submarine 03 well as the big Dreadnoughts.<br />
Send Your Name on<br />
This Free Coupon /<br />
Get the Burlington Watch Book by sending this £<br />
coupon now. You will know a lot more about watch buying £ Na,<br />
when you read it. You will be able to "steer clear" of /<br />
the over-priced watches which are no better. Send<br />
' the coupon today for the watch book and our offer.<br />
/<br />
Burlington Watch Co.<br />
19th St. & Marshall Blvd., Dept. 1275 Chicago, III. »'<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.<br />
/ Burlington Watch Co.<br />
>* 19th Street and Marshall Blvd.<br />
.• Dept. 1275 Chicago, III.<br />
£ Please send me (without obligation and<br />
* prepaid) your free book on wotcbeg<br />
& with full explanation of your ca-=h ot<br />
$2.60 amonthotf er on the Burlington Watch,
CRUSADERS APPROACH<br />
THE HOLY CITY
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 455<br />
What lies back of the<br />
brilliance of a MAZDA<br />
lamp? All the facilities<br />
of the world's greatest<br />
lamp-makers supporting<br />
the standards set by<br />
MAZDA Service. :: ::<br />
MAZDA<br />
"Not the name of a thing,<br />
but the mark of a service"<br />
The Meaning of MAZDA<br />
MAZDA is the trademark of a world-wide ecrvicoto certain<br />
lamp manufacturers. Its purpose is to collect and select B< ientific<br />
and practical information concerning progress and developments<br />
in the art of incandescent lamp manufacturing<br />
and to distribute this information to the companies entitled<br />
to receive this Service. MAZDA Service is centered in the<br />
Research Laboratories of the General Electric Company at<br />
Schenectady, New York. The mark MAZDA can appear only<br />
on lamps which meet the standards of MAZDA Service. It ia<br />
thus an assurance of quality. This trademark is the property<br />
of the General Electric Company,<br />
J GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated ll'orld when writing advertisers.<br />
4640
WEIGHING A LOCOMOTIVE<br />
W H E N a railroad is to buy<br />
a new locomotive there<br />
are three questions considered<br />
before the purchase<br />
is made. These are:<br />
the weight, the distribution of the weight<br />
and the effect of the weight upon the<br />
tracks and bridges.<br />
The first question is, apparently, not<br />
hard to answer as the dead weight may<br />
easily be ascertained by placing the locomotive<br />
upon a huge scale. However it<br />
is important that this weight be so distributed<br />
that the rails, the roadbed, its<br />
bridges, culverts and other structures<br />
will be able to withstand the stresses imposed<br />
by the modern locomotive in<br />
motion. Each wheel of the locomotive<br />
the distribution of the pressures on the<br />
roadbed. This variation of the weight<br />
also affects the adjustment of the springs<br />
of the locomotive.<br />
To ascertain the various weights<br />
which go to make the total weight of<br />
the locomotive a special scale has been<br />
designed. In order to determine the proportionate<br />
bearing value it requires one<br />
scale for each locomotive wheel as<br />
shown in the accompanying photograph.<br />
At the end farthest from the scale<br />
beam a heavy main lever projects beyond<br />
the frame a sufficient distance to catch<br />
IN ORDER TO DETERMINE EXACTLY THE WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION. EACH WHEEL HAS A<br />
SCALE OF ITS OWN<br />
bears its due proportion of the weight<br />
and therefore each wheel has a direct<br />
relation to the stress placed upon the<br />
roadway.<br />
Engineers have found that the bearing<br />
weight over each wheel varies greatly,<br />
even on opposite wheels attached to the<br />
same axle, so the dead or axle weight of<br />
the locomotive as taken on the ordinary<br />
scale would not be a criterion in testing<br />
4S6<br />
under the wheel and permit the weighing.<br />
Here a pivot is set for receiving<br />
the wheel, the frame bears upon the base<br />
of the rail at which point all of the<br />
weight is concentrated. By turning the<br />
hand wheel located below the beam upward,<br />
the bearing pivot can be placed to<br />
its lowest position and pushed under the<br />
wheel. The frame, bearing upon the rail,<br />
is leveled by the other hand wheel.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 457<br />
FREE—Six Big Issues of<br />
Investing for Profit<br />
If you will simply send me your<br />
name. Special Introductory FREE<br />
Offer. Six fine Monthly Issueseach<br />
worth $10 to SI OO to you.<br />
How much do you know about the Science of Investment? Do you know the Real<br />
Earning Power of your money? What is the difference between the Rental Power<br />
and Earning Power of your money? Do you know how $100 grows into $2200?<br />
ing Why my six you issues should of get Investing Investing for for Profit. From<br />
cover to cover it contains the fundamental<br />
Profit: Only one man in a thousand<br />
principles of investment it has taken a life<br />
knows the difference between the time to gather —from my own experience and<br />
rental power and the earning power of from every available authoritative original<br />
his money. Few men know the un source of information.<br />
derlying principles of incorporation.<br />
Not one wage earner in 10,000 knows<br />
how to invest his savings for profit, so<br />
he accepts a paltry 2% or 3% from his<br />
bank, while this same bank often earns<br />
from 10% to 30% or more on his money<br />
—or he does not know the science of<br />
investing and loses his all.<br />
Russell Sage said: "There is a common fallacy<br />
that, while for legal advice we go to<br />
lawyers, and for medical advice we go to<br />
physicians, and for the construction of a great<br />
work, to engineers—financing is everybody's<br />
business. As a matter of fact, it is the most<br />
•profound and complicated of them all."<br />
So let me give you just a glimpse of the<br />
valuable investment information you will get<br />
The Science of Investment. Capital Is Looking for a Job.<br />
The in my Root six and big Branch issues, of the "The The Little REAL Earning Schoolmaster<br />
Power of<br />
of Investment the Science Tree. of Investment," Your Money. a guide to<br />
How to Judge a Business Enter<br />
money-making:<br />
prise.<br />
Where New Capital Put Into a<br />
Corporation Really Goes.<br />
"Watering" -Its Significance.<br />
Idle Money vs. Active Money.<br />
Investment Securities Are Not<br />
Investment Opportunities.<br />
The Actual Possibilities of Intelligent<br />
Investment.<br />
The Capitalization of Genius and<br />
of Opportunity.<br />
Wait till you see a good thing—but don't<br />
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You are now face to face with your opportunity-<br />
if you have the courage to enter the<br />
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I believe you will find much interest in read-<br />
If You Can Save $5 a Month or More<br />
Don't invest a dollar in anything anywhere<br />
until you have read my wonderful magazine.<br />
Investing for Profit is for the man who intends<br />
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Use This Coupon for the Six Issues and<br />
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If you know how to invest your savings—if you know<br />
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H. L. BARBER, Publisher, Chicago<br />
Mail This Now<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
A STEAM-KEROSENE CAR<br />
I N the engine of this car there are<br />
only eleven moving parts, and in the<br />
whole car only twenty-two moving<br />
parts. The gear set, clutch, and<br />
drive shaft are missing. A few seconds<br />
make it ready to start, even when<br />
the motor is cold, and when started it<br />
will travel 1200 miles on 25 gallons of<br />
water.<br />
Those who have always favored the<br />
steam car of other clays because of its<br />
easy riding qualities and lack of noise<br />
have been dissatisfied with many things<br />
however, mainly the steam generator or<br />
boiler. The steam generator on this<br />
"job" is made of twenty-eight identical<br />
sections placed in an insulated casing.<br />
Eight of the sections are used as the<br />
economizer, and the remaining twenty<br />
for the actual generation of steam. Underneath<br />
this steam generator are the<br />
combustion chamber and the exhaust for<br />
burned gases. The intake water manifold<br />
delivers water simultaneously to the<br />
economizer sections through the lower<br />
headers, and the water is forced in by<br />
a crank-driven plunger pump.<br />
The hot gases rise from the combustion<br />
chamber, giving up their heat to the<br />
closely grouped vertical tubes, pass over<br />
a three-quarter inch wall of heat insulating<br />
material, and a large number of their<br />
remaining heat units are absorbed by the<br />
relatively cool water flowing slowly up<br />
through the economizer sections.<br />
There are many reasons for the efficiency<br />
of the engine. It is of una-flow<br />
construction, the steam traveling through<br />
it in one direction only. This makes it<br />
thermally efficient, because cylinder con<br />
THIS NEW STEAM MOTOR CAR SEEMS TO HAVE OVERCOME MOST OF THE FAULTS<br />
THOUGHT INHERENT IN THIS TYPE OF AUTOMOBILE; BESIDES THIS, THE MOTOR IS<br />
SIMPLICITY ITSELF<br />
4S8<br />
densation is overcome. There is no loss<br />
of steam due to leakage, because the<br />
valves are flat slide valves, accurately<br />
fitted. There are no exhaust valves.<br />
Lubricating oil is introduced into the<br />
water, with the result that scaling is prevented<br />
in the boiler, and the cylinders are<br />
lubricated automatically and continuously.<br />
The power is transmitted to the rear<br />
axle by means of two spur gears. There<br />
are no change speed gears, and no clutch,<br />
and the engine has more power than is<br />
needed to spin the wheels from rest on a<br />
dry pavement.<br />
The lighting, horn, and combustion<br />
system is taken care of by a dynamo<br />
located on the rear of the crank case, and<br />
is driven from the main axle driving<br />
gear.
CRATED WORLD 459<br />
Nuxated Iron to Make New Age of<br />
Beautiful Women and Vigorous Iron Men<br />
Say Physicians—Quickly Puts Roses Into the Cheeks of Women and Most Astonishi<br />
Youthful Power Into the Veins of Men—It Often Increases the Strength<br />
and Endurance of Delicate, Nervous "Run Down" Folks<br />
100 Per Cent, in Two Weeks' Time.<br />
A Wonderful Discovery Which Promises to Mark a New Era in Medical Science<br />
Since the remarkable discovery of <strong>org</strong>anic iron, Nuxated<br />
Iron or "Fer Nuxate." as the French call it. has<br />
taken the country by storm. It is conservatively estimated<br />
that over three million persons annually are taking<br />
it in this country alone. Most astonishing results are<br />
reported from its use by both physicians and laymen.<br />
So much so that doctors predict that we shall soon have<br />
a new age of far more beautiful, rosy-cheeked women<br />
and vigorous iron men.<br />
Dr. Ferdinand King, a New York physician and<br />
medical author, when interviewed on the subject, said:<br />
"There can be no vigorous iron men without iron.<br />
Pallor means anemia. Anemia means iron deficiency.<br />
The skin of anemic men and women is pale. The flesh<br />
flabbv. The muscles lack tone; the brain fags and the<br />
memory fails and often they become weak, nervous,<br />
irritable, despondent and melancholy. When the iron<br />
goes from the blood of women, the roses go from their<br />
cheeks.<br />
"In the most common foods of America, the starches,<br />
sugars, table syrups, candies, polished rice, white bread,<br />
soda crackers, biscuits, macaroni, spaghetti, tapioca, sago,<br />
farina, degerinitiated corn-meal, no longer is iron to be<br />
found. Refining processes have removed the iron of<br />
Mother Earth from these impoverished foods, and silly<br />
methods of home cookery, by throwing down the wastepipe<br />
the water in wdiich our vegetables are cooked, are<br />
responsible for another grave iron loss.<br />
"Therefore, if you wish to preserve your youthful vim<br />
and vigor to a ripe old age. you must supply the iron<br />
deficiency in your food by using some form of <strong>org</strong>anic<br />
iron, just as you would<br />
not enough salt."<br />
use salt when your food has<br />
Dr. E. Sauer, a Boston physician who has studied abroad<br />
in great European medical institutions, said: "As I have<br />
said a hundred times over, <strong>org</strong>anic iron is the greatest<br />
of all strength builders. If people would only take<br />
Nuxated Iron when they feel weak or run down, instead<br />
of dosing themselves with habit-forming drugs, stimulants<br />
and alcoholic beverages I am convinced that in<br />
this way they could ward off disease, preventing it becoming<br />
<strong>org</strong>anic in thousands of cases and thereby the<br />
lives of thousands might be saved who now die every<br />
year from pneumonia, grippe, kidney, liver, heart trouble<br />
and other dangerous maladies. The real and true cause<br />
which started their disease was nothing more nor less<br />
than a weakened condition brought on by a lack of iron<br />
in the blood.<br />
"Not long ago a man came to me who was nearly half<br />
a century old and asked me to give him a preliminary<br />
examination for life insurance. I was astonished to find<br />
him with the blood pressure of a hoy of twenty and as<br />
full of vigor, vim and vitality as a young man; in fact,<br />
a young man he really was, nothwithstanding his age.<br />
The secret, he said, was taking iron—Nuxated Iron had<br />
filled him with renewed life. At thirty he was in bad<br />
health; at forty-six he was careworn and nearly all in.<br />
Now at fifty, after taking Nuxated Iron, a miracle of<br />
vitality and his face beaming with the buoyancy of youth.<br />
Iron is absolutely necessary to enable your blood to<br />
change food into living tissue. Without it, no matter<br />
h.>u much or what you eat, your food merely passes<br />
through you without doing you any good. You don't<br />
get tlie strength out of it, and as a consequence you<br />
become weak, pale and sickly looking, just like a plant<br />
trying to grow in a soil deficient in iron. If you are<br />
nut strong or well, you owe it to yourself to make the<br />
following test: See bow long you can work or how<br />
l,ii vmi can walk without becoming tired. Next take<br />
two five-grain tablets of ordinary nuxated iron three<br />
times pef day after meals for two weeks. Then test<br />
your I were have strength ailing seen all dosens again the ami while of see nervous, double how much their run-down you strength have people and gained. who en<br />
durance and entirely rid themselves of all symptoms of<br />
dyspepsia, liver and other troubles in from ten to fourteen<br />
days' time simply by taking iron in the proper form.<br />
And this, after they had in some cases been doctoring<br />
for months without obtaining any benefit. But don't<br />
take the old forms of reduced iron, iron acetate, or<br />
tincture of iron simply to save a few cents. The iron<br />
demanded by Mother Nature for the red coloring matter<br />
in the blood of her children is, alas! not that kind of<br />
iron. You must take iron in a form that can be easily<br />
absorbed and assimilated to do you any good, otherwise<br />
it may prove worse than useless. Many an athlete and<br />
prize-fighter has won the day simply because he knew<br />
the secret of great strength and endurance and filled his<br />
blood with iron before he went into the affray; while<br />
many another has gone down in inglorious defeat simply<br />
for the lack of iron."<br />
Dr. Schuyler C. jaques, Visiting Surgeon, St. Elizabeth's<br />
Hospital, New York City, said: "I have never<br />
before given out any medical information or advice for<br />
publication, as I ordinarily do not believe in it. But<br />
in the case of Nuxated Iron I feel I would be remiss<br />
in my duty not to mention it. I have taken it myself<br />
and given it to my patients with most surprising and<br />
satisfactory results. And those who wish quickly to<br />
increase their strength, power and endurance will find<br />
it a most remarkable and wonderfully effective remedy."<br />
NOTE—Nuxated Iron, which is prescribed and recommended above by<br />
physicians in such a great variety of cases, is not a patent medicine nor<br />
secret remedy, but one which is well known to druggists and whose iron<br />
constituents are widely prescribed by eminent physicians both in Europe<br />
and America. Unlike the older in<strong>org</strong>anic iron products, it is easily assimilated,<br />
does not injure the teeth, make them black, nor upset the stomach;<br />
on the contrary, it is a most potent remedy in nearly all forms of indigestion<br />
as well as for nervous, run-down conditions. The manufacturers have<br />
such great confidence in nuxated iron, that they offer to forfeit SI00.00 to<br />
any charitable institution if they cannot take ai y man or woman under 60<br />
who lacks iron, and increase their strength 100 per cent or over in four<br />
weeks time, provided tbey have no serious <strong>org</strong>anic trouble. They also<br />
offer to refund your money if it does not at least double your strength and<br />
endurance in ten days' time. It is dispensed by all good druggists.<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
THE FRAUDULENT MISS<br />
M O<br />
THERS, fathers, or guardians,<br />
would you take pleasure<br />
in feeding a child<br />
carpenter's glue; or ground<br />
up material such as soap<br />
stone or talc, whose real place is within<br />
a shoe of an automobile to keep the inner<br />
tube from chafing? Would you feed a<br />
child paraffin which has its place as an<br />
illuminant for the manufacturing of<br />
candles, or shellac containing a quantity<br />
of arsenic which painters make good use<br />
of? Would you go out in the garage<br />
and get some radiator lacquer and feed<br />
the child?<br />
No! Of course not. Not if you<br />
knew it. But you are doing just this<br />
thing when you allow the child<br />
to eat lollypops and "all-day<br />
suckers".<br />
Some time ago Professor<br />
Daniel R. Hodgdon was walking<br />
down a street in Newark,<br />
New Jersey, when he passed a<br />
little child about<br />
three years old,<br />
sucking a very<br />
highly colored,<br />
dirty looking lump<br />
of glucose known<br />
as an "all day<br />
s u c k e r". H e<br />
passed many others<br />
as he neared the<br />
school, eating these<br />
and similar cheap<br />
candies. So he<br />
gave one of the<br />
little girls five<br />
cents to go into the<br />
store and buy as<br />
much candy of as<br />
many different<br />
kinds as she could.<br />
She returned with<br />
a variety of brilliantly<br />
dyed candies<br />
which proved to be<br />
colored with such<br />
460<br />
Every Glaring Color of This Doll's Clothes Meant<br />
a Drop of Poison for Some Child's Stomach<br />
material as an artist might use to paint<br />
pictures; but however, too cheap for<br />
even an amateur artist to use.<br />
Professor Hodgdon, after examining<br />
all these varieties of cheap school candies<br />
decided that the most forceful way to<br />
prevent children eating these candies was<br />
to give them the object lesson of the<br />
"Fraudulent Miss." He subjected the<br />
candies to quantitative analysis in his<br />
laboratory.<br />
The "Fraudulent Miss" is pictured<br />
here. Every color of her garments is<br />
dyed with the dyes coming from a few<br />
cents worth of cheap school candies.<br />
The inner clothes and stockings are colored<br />
with coal-tar dyes obtained from<br />
lollypops. The shoes are blackened<br />
with lampblack extracted<br />
from licorice candy. The shoes<br />
are made to shine with shellac,<br />
which was used on peach pits<br />
which sell five for<br />
one cent. The hair<br />
was glued on with<br />
carpenter's glue,<br />
obtained from "all<br />
day suckers". The<br />
stocking at the side<br />
is dyed a bright<br />
rose color, the<br />
poisonous coloring<br />
from one piece of<br />
candy that sells to<br />
school children at<br />
four pieces for a<br />
cent. The copper<br />
plating for the<br />
knife came from a<br />
can of peas. All in<br />
all she is a glaringly<br />
colored example<br />
of the criminal<br />
methods used<br />
in "making attractive"<br />
thousands of<br />
varieties of cheap<br />
candies sold to<br />
children.
$1150<br />
F. o. b.<br />
Racine<br />
Mitchell Junior—a40 h. p. Six<br />
120-inch Wheelbase<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 461<br />
$1460L&<br />
7-Passenger—48 Horsepower<br />
127-inch Wheelbase<br />
Plus 31 Extras<br />
In the Mitchell there are 31 extras added to<br />
the usual type of fine car. Each is something<br />
you will want.<br />
These extras will cost us, on this year's output,<br />
about $4,000,000. They cost you nothing,<br />
because they are paid for by factory efficiency.<br />
The Mitchell now offers, in every vital part,<br />
100 per cent over-strength. That is twice our<br />
old margin of safety.<br />
This means a lifetime car. Several Mitchells<br />
have been run over 200,000 miles each. It<br />
means a safe car, a car of low upkeep. Over<br />
440 parts are built of tough<br />
ened steel.<br />
Due to<br />
John W. Bate<br />
The Mitchell extra values<br />
are due to John W. Bate.<br />
He built and equipped this<br />
45-acre plant to build this<br />
one type economically. His<br />
methods have cut our factory<br />
cost in two.<br />
TWO SIZES<br />
TMi-lv-l-ICkll - a 7-passenger Six with<br />
1V111L11CU 127-inch wheelbase and<br />
a highly - developed 48 - horsepower<br />
motor. 31 extra features.<br />
Price SI 460, f. o. b. Racine<br />
Mitchell Junior - a r 5 ^ 5S£<br />
120-inch wheelbase and a 40-horsepower<br />
motor. 26 extra features.<br />
Price SI 150. f. o. b. Racine<br />
Also six styles of enclosed and convertible<br />
bodies. Also new Club Roadster.<br />
This year our new body plant brings another<br />
big saving. And from it we've added<br />
24 per cent to the cost of finish, upholstery<br />
and trimming. The Mitchell is now the<br />
beauty car of its class.<br />
They Are Unique<br />
Mitchells are unique in over-strength, in<br />
beauty and equipment. The body styles are<br />
exclusive—designed by our artists, built by our<br />
own craftsmen. No attraction is omitted.<br />
Mr. Bate has traveled half the world to gain<br />
ideas for Mitchells. In 1913 he spent a year in<br />
Europe. He has worked<br />
out more than 700 improve<br />
ments.<br />
Go see the results of his<br />
methods. See what a Six<br />
$1150 buys in the Mitchell<br />
Junior. See the many features<br />
in the larger Mitchell,<br />
which other cars omit. The<br />
difference will amaze you.<br />
MITCHELL MOTORS<br />
COMPANY, Inc.<br />
Racine, Wis., U. S. A.<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
462 ILLUSTRATE.,<br />
IS NEW YOR:<br />
(Continued<br />
the main British fleet. It is now in latitude<br />
x, longitude y. It is steaming northeast.<br />
Weather conditions, sky graying,<br />
mist rising off Jutland. Wind conditions,<br />
thirty knots. Breeze blowing from<br />
northeast, heavy water developing along<br />
line of Beatty's course. Will keep in<br />
touch with him and report."<br />
The message was from one of the<br />
Zeppelins that had left Heligoland.<br />
"Attack," ordered the German Admiral.<br />
Ready for just such a moment, the German<br />
High Sea's fleet got under way,<br />
moving like a perfect peace of mechanism.<br />
It was as if the wireless message<br />
from the Zeppelin touched a button, setting<br />
things in motion. Surrounded by<br />
his staff the German Admiral studied the<br />
information in the message. The Zeppelin<br />
had told him the latitude and<br />
longitude Admiral Beatty's fleet was in<br />
at the moment of the observation.<br />
It had given him the time the observation<br />
was made. It had given him the<br />
direction the English fleet was steaming.<br />
The rest was a simple calculation. He<br />
knew how fast the English fleet could<br />
steam. Therefore, he knew that at such<br />
and such an hour following such and<br />
such a course, it would be in a given<br />
place. The Zeppelin had told him where<br />
the water was rough, the direction of the<br />
wind, the fact that there was a mist<br />
rising off the Danish Coast. That made<br />
everything very simple.<br />
The German Admiral's problem was<br />
to take his fleet to a part of the North<br />
Sea where it would be hidden in gathering<br />
mist banks, yet where it would come<br />
in contact with the British. He also had<br />
to select such a position that would give<br />
the British rough water to fight in—for<br />
rough water seesaws the decks of a ship,<br />
and makes it more difficult to aim a gun.<br />
What else happened you have read in<br />
the newspapers. How with overwhelming<br />
odds in their favor the German's<br />
High Seas Fleet caught Beatty's battle<br />
cruiser squadron and played havoc with<br />
it until the British main fleet could come<br />
L IN DANv.<br />
rotn page 335)<br />
up to the rescue, J. have also read<br />
that the Germans made their escape to<br />
Cuxhaven before the big English fleet<br />
under Jellicoe could get them. Have<br />
you ever wondered why? Was it luck<br />
that they just got the Germans away in<br />
time ?<br />
But after all, the question that agitates<br />
the American public at present is not the<br />
problem whether Zeppelins can harass<br />
and help destroy the United States Navy,<br />
but whether our Atlantic Coast cities are<br />
in any danger from an invasion of these<br />
monstrous air dreadnaughts. Is New<br />
York, is Boston, is Baltimore, is Atlanta<br />
threatened seriously ?<br />
London has had a number of airship<br />
raids as we all know. At no one time,<br />
however, did more than six Zeppelins<br />
appear in the sky above London, and<br />
these remained for only a short space of<br />
time. It is probable that the purpose of<br />
sending out these expeditions was more<br />
for psychological effect than for the<br />
actual damage the air-craft could inflict.<br />
Millions of dollars worth of property<br />
was destroyed, of course, and a few lives<br />
were sacrificed, but on the whole these<br />
airship raids cost England less than they<br />
cost Germany.<br />
At the time I left Germany, there were<br />
ninety-eight Zeppelins in commission.<br />
Even if all of this fleet—a great number<br />
of which are used constantly for border<br />
scouting work and cannot be released—<br />
were to assault London, they could not<br />
demolish the whole city, because of the<br />
limited bomb equipment which they<br />
could carry.<br />
Even supposing that this whole fleet<br />
could be released to attack New York<br />
City, that it could negotiate the transatlantic<br />
voyage intact, and it should<br />
appear in the skies of our Eastern<br />
metropolis with the intention of doing the<br />
greatest possible damage, the result would<br />
be a catastrophe for certain property<br />
owners in New York City but would<br />
disturb the welfare of the whole city very<br />
little.
ILZ'STRATED WORLD 483<br />
These Little Lessons, which are sent for troubled with fermentation and constipa<br />
examination to any one on request, contain tion, had to take something every day to<br />
the boiled down experience of Eugene move my bowels, my weight was normal<br />
Christian's twenty years' study of foods but I had no strength. I followed your<br />
and their relation to health and efficiency, directions and am much better. Do not<br />
and give actual mentis covering every con take any laxatives—bowels move every day<br />
dition of health and sickness, for every age and am much stronger."<br />
and for all seasons, climates, and occupa These are only a few, but they are typical<br />
tions.<br />
of letters that come almost every day from<br />
The letters received by Eugene Christian users of the Little Lessons, and the message<br />
from users of these lessons telling their ex is always the same. As one woman writes:<br />
periences with Corrective Eating are as "Corrective Eating has relieved me of much<br />
startling as they are full of interest.<br />
suffering—in fact, I think it has saved my<br />
Just the other day he received a letter life, for which I am so grateful." And then<br />
from Mr. I. J. Ayres, head of an insurance she tells the whole story of how after every<br />
agency in Hutchins, Texas, who wrote: thing else had failed and she was growing<br />
"My health began to fail about one year worse each day the Little Lessons showed<br />
ago. Up to this time I had enjoyed rea her the way to health and strength.<br />
sonably good health all my life—am 58 Truly these lessons are doing a remark<br />
years old. I had, however, been troubled<br />
able work in putting Eugene Christian's<br />
with constipation nearly all my life. My scientific knowledge of food in the hands<br />
health grew worse and I lost in weight<br />
of so many thousands of sufferers through<br />
from 140 to 120 pounds. When I began<br />
out the country.<br />
using the Little Lessons I began to improve<br />
from the first, and now for months I have<br />
With these lessons at hand it is just as<br />
felt better than I have for years past, and<br />
though you were in personal contact with<br />
am completely cured of constipation. My<br />
this great food specialist, because every<br />
restoration to health is due to the Little<br />
point is so thoroughly covered and so<br />
Lessons in Scientific Eating."<br />
clearly explained that you can scarcely think<br />
Another letter of interest just received is<br />
of a question which isn't answered. You<br />
from a prominent Manchester, New Hamp<br />
can start eating the very things that will<br />
shire, man. He writes : "At the time I sent<br />
help to produce the increased physical and<br />
for the Little Lessons I was troubled with<br />
mental energy which you are seeking the<br />
a very bad acid stomach, fermentation, etc.<br />
day you receive the lessons. And you are<br />
My stomach pained me as badly as any<br />
quite likely to feel some results after your<br />
ulcerated tooth. After receiving them (the<br />
very first balanced meal.<br />
lessons) I followed directions and in about If you would like to examine the 24 Little<br />
ten days the pain grew less. In two weeks Lessons in Corrective Eating, simply write<br />
I was free from pain. Gradually I grew the Corrective Eating Society, Inc., Dept.<br />
stronger, also gaining weight. Weight was 146, 450 Fourth Avenue, New York City.<br />
112—now 130. Last June it was an effort It is not necessary to enclose any money<br />
for me to walk one mile. Since last Novem with your request. Merely ask to have the<br />
ber I have been in the woods almost daily lessons mailed for five days' trial with the<br />
hunting and walking from four to fifteen understanding that you will either send the<br />
miles per day." And he says "the lessons small price asked, $3, or remail the books.<br />
did it."<br />
Merely clip out and mail the following form<br />
Another interesting letter is from the instead of writing a letter, as this is a copy<br />
head of a manufacturing concern in Fill of the official blank adopted by the Society<br />
more, New York, who writes: "I was and will be honored at once.<br />
CORRECTIVE EATING SOCIETY, Inc.<br />
Dept. 146, 450 Fourth Avenue, New York City<br />
You may mail me the "Lessons in Corrective Eating" for examination. Five days after I receive<br />
them 1 will either send you S3 (full payment) or remail them to you.<br />
Name Address.<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when ivriting advertisers.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Vol. XXVII JUNE, 1917 No. 4<br />
PICTORIAL FEATURES<br />
The Aerial Nemesis of the Submarine 492<br />
Midnight Plowing 499<br />
War Sidelights . . . . • 500<br />
The Blood-Red Flag 501<br />
Kite Winch Balloon for Observation 504<br />
Pictured History 507<br />
The Avalanche Starts 513<br />
Little Oddities of Life 531<br />
Lanky Bob Fitzsimmons Quintuplets? A Blue Sky Tonsorial<br />
Dons the Gloves Again Will This Help Solve the Parlor<br />
Haven't You Often Won- H. C. of L. ? The Oldest Active Preacher<br />
dered? "Call for Mr. Orville New Theory of the Uni-<br />
Congo Has More Sense Ortmeier!" verse<br />
Than Some of Us Marking El Camino Real The Only Safe Place to Live<br />
Saving Man Power 540<br />
With the Caisson Crew 546<br />
The Manufacture of Fine Mirrors 554<br />
Science, Mechanics, Invention 558<br />
A "Reverse" Warning An Electric Floor-Waxer Sanitary Dust Bag for Vac-<br />
A Clear Window for the Moves House Over Seven uum Cleaners<br />
Engineer Miles'Cross Country Automatic Air and Steam<br />
An Occupation for War For the Night Owl Connection<br />
Cripples Raising a Switchboard One New Gasoline Rotary Soil<br />
A Trailer Fire Engine Floor Without Stopping Tiller<br />
Combined Sprayer and the Telephone Service Safety Nets for Skyscraper<br />
Cultivator Handy Ice-Shaving Device Men<br />
Guarding Against "Super-Enthusiasts" 570<br />
"Above Suspicion" 573<br />
Pistol Billiards 576<br />
PERSONAL SERVICE<br />
What to Plant in Your Back Yard W. T. Walsh 493<br />
Gasoline Selling Cheatery Rene Bache 502<br />
Best Methods Thomas J. Barratt 550<br />
Riches—Or Just a Competence? David Wales S77<br />
Hints for Practical People 583
TABLE OF CONTENTS 455<br />
I Shrink-Saving Sock Forms Swinging Window Cup- Twelve-Pounder for Chil-<br />
Press Trousers Without board dren<br />
Heat New Mangle Guard Motor Pump Outfit<br />
, Sanitary Bottle Top Helping the First Breath Complete Portable Picnic<br />
' Lightning Necktie System Compactness in the Kitchen Alarm Clock Thermostat<br />
Iceless Icebox Space-Saving Cabinet Range To Make a Safety Razor<br />
Motor Bench for the Cheap and Efficient Battery Space-Saving Swing<br />
Player-Piano Tester New Checkerboard Game<br />
What a Patent Office Fire Would Do H. S. Edgar 591<br />
92 How to Make a Phonograph Walter Lee 595<br />
95 Automobile Tips 598<br />
An Oil Cup That Gets There For the Garage Man Running Board Tent and<br />
Charging Your Battery at Electric Imitates the. Gas Bed<br />
'Ai Home Machine Wheel Liner for Autoist<br />
Automatic Stop for Motor- Jacks Up Cycle Front New Self-Opening Doors<br />
'Ai cycle Engine Wheel New Auxiliary Seat<br />
Plans for Building a Ford Compact Gear, Wheel, or Let Everybody See!<br />
'tfj Racing Body Pulley Remover A Traveling Cinema<br />
j|i Novelties in Jewelry Arthur Duclos 604<br />
•ii New Household Screens . 608<br />
SCIENCE<br />
A Target That Scores Itself E. C. Crossman 490<br />
When a Cable Snarls C. L. Edholm 505<br />
ri« What Is Hunger? Herman Bacher Deutsch, Ph. D. 525<br />
,„ Turning Collegians into Fighters B. W. Elsom 537<br />
Our Rifle of the Future E. C. Crossman 542<br />
Thirty Man-Power Postal Sorting Machine . . . D. H. Bach 556<br />
Training Our Air Scouts J. R. Weiss 565<br />
New Dust Counter 571<br />
Crossing the Desert by Gasoline Camel . . . Davia Williams 574<br />
Marvelous New Cure for Burns 582<br />
Tricks of the Air Trade Frank Mason 603<br />
-, THE WORLD TODAY<br />
Why Should I Save? The Editor \%%<br />
Our Forts on Wheels Rene Bache 508<br />
A Corner in Sweets W.F. French 593<br />
Blowing Off Steam 606<br />
]? Illustrated World should be on the news stands on tbe 17th of the month preceding the dare of issue. If unable to get the magazine<br />
' on the I7lh vou will confer a favor by notifying the Circulation Manager. News-stand patrons should instruct tbeir News-dealer io reserve<br />
,rt a copy ol Illustrated World, otherwise they are likely to tind tbe magazine "sold out".<br />
'" TERMS: $1.10 a year; 7$ cents for six months; 11 cents a copy. Foreign postage. 75 cents additional; Canadian postage, 25 cents<br />
_ additional. Notice of change of address should be given thirty days in advance to avoid missing a number.<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
> Publication Office: R. T. MILLER. Jr.. Publisher Eastern Advertising Office:<br />
Drrxel Avenue and 5Stb St., Chicago Flatiron Building. New York<br />
Copyright. 1917. by Illustrated World<br />
Published monthly—Entered it tbe Postoffice. Chicago. 111., as second-class mill miner
486 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Can America overcome<br />
the menace of the<br />
deadly submarine?<br />
we raise, train, an<br />
transport to Europ<br />
enough men and officers<br />
to win the war?<br />
These are important questions,<br />
of vital interest t<br />
every American. They are<br />
answered in the next (July) issue<br />
of Illustrated World and in succeeding<br />
issues.<br />
As announced last month, Illustrated<br />
World will specialize in war<br />
inventions, war science, and war<br />
mechanics. Tell your newsdealer to save<br />
your copy Kindly for mention you Illustrated every World when month, writing advertisers.<br />
or send us<br />
$1.00 ing with for the an eight July issue. months' subscription start
SHOULD<br />
HE world is short of food. Your child at the dinner<br />
table knows it. He sees rice where only the other day<br />
his huge steaming baked potato melted a generous lump<br />
of butter. Af the breakfast table creamed toast takes<br />
the place of a former generous serving of bacon and<br />
eggs. And—miracle of miracles in this prodigal generation!—he is<br />
admonished if he leaves a crust of bread upon his plate.<br />
This nation is short of other important materia 1 resources—timber, and<br />
timber products, such as paper; dyes, leather, woolens, and a thousand and<br />
one other commodities the careless American but yesterday regarded as<br />
free, almost, as water, air, or sunshine.<br />
Labor, skilled or otherwise, also is scarce. Manufacturers will tell you so.<br />
Farmers repeat the tale. Office managers add their story in corroboration.<br />
Shortage of labor in the United States has been due to a condition we<br />
can readily understand. In the years immediately preceding the Great War,<br />
Europe fed us its raw labor to the extent of a million human beings annually.<br />
By August first, 1917, or on the completion of the third year of conflict, we<br />
shall be short three million immigrants, mostly workers.<br />
The impoverished nations—now our allies—too busy fighting for very life<br />
to attend to the ordinary needs of existence, must have our foods. They<br />
must have our steel, our coal, our manufactures of all kinds. And now their<br />
latest demand is for our men in the trenches as well as in the factories.<br />
Under these circumstances, to waste in any way the thinnest slice of<br />
potato; to wear high leather boots or shoes; to utilize the services of workers<br />
in furthering our purposeless extravagances—all these things are a wanton<br />
misuse of the nation's restricted resources.<br />
England laughed at such ideas as this and commercial London proudly<br />
boasted, "Business as usual." But that was back in 1914. The forests that<br />
have been Great Britain's pride for a thousand year.s today are falling before<br />
the axe of the lumberjack imported from western Canada. The cherished<br />
private game preserves of her landed classes are given over to raising the<br />
food that may save the nation from starving.<br />
The pernicious slogan, "Business as usual," has already begun to be raised<br />
in the United States. The argument is advanced that business will prosper<br />
if money is freely in circulation. There is a vast difference, however, between<br />
buying carefully as our needs demand, and buying extravagantly according
I SAVE ?<br />
to our whim and the vagaries of fashion. Everyone knows that the<br />
French are among the world's most frugal people. Everyone knows<br />
too that the French are—or were prior to the German invasion—one of<br />
the world's most wealthy nations. Free-spending does not necessarily<br />
make for sound business.<br />
An oil king on a desert island, surrounded by his chests of gold, cannot<br />
command the use of a pair of shoes, regardless of the price he may<br />
offer, if there is no pair of shoes on the island. This point of view is as<br />
old as the institution of private property. Its antiquity only emphasizes<br />
its truth. All of us know today that money is not wealth, but only a<br />
representation of wealth. Money means merely purchasing power. How.<br />
then, can we carry on "Business as usual" when world conditions are unusual?<br />
The business of life no longer consists in buying and selling. It consists in<br />
fighting for existence, with limited resources to draw upon.<br />
With everything going out of this country—from wheat to men—and<br />
nothing coming in ; with the exigencies of war demanding more and more of<br />
our vital resources and powers; with our necessities on the increase because we,<br />
too, must fashion guns, make high explosives, build a vast fleet of merchantmen,<br />
construct innumerable motor trucks, and maintain in food, clothing,<br />
shoes, and weapons a vast army of our own, no one other than a selfish<br />
parasite could have in mind any thought but Save.<br />
Legislation will doubtless do its part in checking extravagances. Individual<br />
sanity and honesty also will do their part. There still, however, will remain<br />
those excesses that law cannot govern, and that the conscientious individual<br />
apparently cannot control or influence because they are perpetrated in the<br />
person of another. Against such individuals as will not heed the welfare<br />
of the state, there may always be brought the incalculably powerful pressure<br />
of public opinion.<br />
When a famous prima donna, some months ago in Paris, dared to flaunt<br />
her lavish purchases of laces and silken lingerie, the indignant French women<br />
expressed themselves emphatically and effectually by invective and ostracism.<br />
When the pampered darlings of our neighborhood boast their dozen pairs<br />
of shoes it is an obvious act of patriotism to give the offending individuals<br />
the cold shoulder. It will help to conserve those material things upon which<br />
the lives of our men at the front and the existence of our freedom itself<br />
may, in the long run, depend. THE EDITOR.
A TARGET<br />
THAT SCORES<br />
ITSELF<br />
By E. C. CROSSMAN<br />
N O W comes a west coast exnavy<br />
commander with a rifle<br />
target that scores itself, a<br />
device tried out by the United<br />
States Army and Navy, and<br />
used extensively by both branches of the<br />
service.<br />
It consists of nothing more complicated<br />
than a vertically arranged set of<br />
steel plates, actuating electric contacts<br />
behind them which in turn drop ordinary<br />
As the Target Appears<br />
The bull's-eye is an eight-inch plate, the "four rins" a<br />
twenty-six inch circle, the "three ring" has a diameter of<br />
forty-six inches, while the "two ring" comprises the rest<br />
of the twenty-four square feet of target.<br />
490<br />
The Mechanism<br />
Electrical contacts are made as bullets impinge. For instance,<br />
if a shot hits the bull's-eye it forces back the eightinch<br />
plate against a contact knob. This circuit causes an<br />
annunciator hand to drop on the dial at the shooting box,<br />
whereupon the scorer speaks the welcome news, "A bull'seye<br />
for Private Higgins!"<br />
hotel style annunciators on a corresponding<br />
board at the firing point. When the<br />
service rifle bullet smashes into one of<br />
these plates, it moves back, establishes<br />
for an instant an electrical contact, closing<br />
the circuit of that annunciator, and<br />
drops the right annunciator at the firing<br />
point. Then a spring returns the plate,<br />
and the circuit is broken.<br />
The "A" target for instance, much<br />
used in the army, has a bull's-eye of 8<br />
inches, a "four" ring of 26 inches in diameter,<br />
a "three" ring of 46 inches, and<br />
a "two" ring consisting of the rest of<br />
the target, which is 4 by 6 feet. To make<br />
the self-scoring target register the hits<br />
on this mark, the makers arrange their<br />
plates thus:<br />
The bull's-eye is one round plate of<br />
eight inches; the four ring consists of<br />
twelve plates, arranged like the hour divisions<br />
of a clock face, the three ring of
twelve more plates, and the two ring of<br />
twelve plates of irregular shape to conform<br />
with the shape of the rectangular<br />
target.<br />
If the marksman hits the paper target,<br />
which is set up about six feet ahead<br />
of the machine, in the four ring at a<br />
spot that would be one o'clock of the<br />
clock face, that particular plate moves<br />
back under the blow, makes the contact,<br />
and drops the annunciator on a corresponding<br />
target in miniature at the<br />
tiring point. Whereupon the scorer says<br />
"Private Blank, a four at one o'clock,"<br />
and presses a button which resets the<br />
annunciator.<br />
Like the colored gentleman's load of<br />
shot which was there as soon as it<br />
started, the whole process takes less<br />
than two seconds from the bang of the<br />
rifle to the fall of the annunciator, and<br />
the next man may fire as fast as the<br />
scorer can call off the shots and reset the<br />
annunciator.<br />
A TARGET THAT SCORES ITSELF 491<br />
The great value of the device is in the<br />
time and labor saving it makes possible.<br />
At the official test at the Army School of<br />
Musketry, a company of 64 men fired<br />
10 shots each in one hour and twenty<br />
minutes with four targets in operation<br />
under the old pit and hand-marking system.<br />
The same company of men fired the<br />
ONE TARGET KEEPS FOUR SHARPSHOOTERS BUSY<br />
Each shot, from the pulling of the trigger of a rifle to the resetting of the annunciator dial—shown on the left—by the<br />
pressing of a button held in the officer's left hand, takes but two seconds.<br />
same number of shots in one hour and<br />
forty minutes on one single self-scoring<br />
target without any crew required, with<br />
scores that averaged 3 points higher per<br />
man out of the 50 points possible to<br />
make.<br />
This is a patent economy, besides offering<br />
what appears to be a far better opportunity<br />
for good scores.<br />
Any old spot may be used for such a<br />
target, provided there is room behind for<br />
stray bullets. Marshes, rocky land, and<br />
hillsides are plenty good enough for the<br />
location of the newly invented self-scoring<br />
target.
49Z<br />
THE AERIAL NEMESIS OF<br />
SUBMARINES<br />
HUNTING THE UNDERSEA PIRATES<br />
This remarkable photograph depicts clearly the type of small dirigible now being used by the French<br />
and British in hunting German submarines. The gas bag is short and stubby when compared to the<br />
latest rigid types of Zeppelins, and as a result, great speed is not possible. Thecaris the same as<br />
that used on English battleplanes, modified to an extent which allows slightly greater carrying<br />
capacity.
WHAT TO PLANT<br />
IN YOUR BACK<br />
YARD<br />
By W. T. WALSH<br />
T H E other morning before<br />
seven o'clock 1 discovered my<br />
next door neighbor, who is<br />
notorious in our block for<br />
indolence, busily engaged in<br />
digging up his back yard.<br />
His shoulders were bent sturdily to<br />
the task, he threw his whole weight—no<br />
slight one—upon the blade of the spade.<br />
and every now and then he paused not<br />
so much to breathe or rest as to wipe off<br />
the drops of perspiration that constantly<br />
beclouded his spectacles.<br />
"What are you going to plant?"<br />
I asked, by way of encouraging<br />
him for his display of feverish<br />
energy.<br />
"Potatoes." he answered,<br />
without looking up, as he attacked<br />
viciously an obstinate<br />
clod of turf. "It's the only<br />
crop worth raising. Look<br />
where the price stands—over<br />
a dollar a peck. Got to do<br />
something for my family and<br />
feel as if I was doing my bit<br />
for my country, too."<br />
"Know anything about raising<br />
them ?"<br />
"Nope, except what the<br />
seed catalogue says. That's<br />
enough, I guess," and as it<br />
was once more time<br />
to wipe his glasses, he<br />
stopped and stared at<br />
me. his face flushed<br />
and swollen from exertion.<br />
"This gardening's a<br />
great thing. I tell<br />
you," he continued.<br />
l*3(KWO00 *<br />
Didn't know there was so much fun to<br />
real, physical labor. Got the whole family<br />
interested in it. Wife cuts out the<br />
eyes of the potatoes before she cooks<br />
them. That is where we get<br />
part of the seed. The rest of<br />
it comes from the man who<br />
brings the vegetables. Guess<br />
I'm going to disappoint him<br />
this summer. He'll be surprised<br />
how well this garden's<br />
going. Says I'm likely to have<br />
trouble with it."<br />
"What makes him say<br />
that?"<br />
"Well, he thinks the soil<br />
isn't right. Says it ought to<br />
be sandy. Tells me I'm not<br />
going to have much luck with<br />
those potato eyes, because I<br />
don't know whether they come<br />
from a prolific strain or not.<br />
Maybe they're diseased, too.<br />
I stand a good chance of<br />
planting seed from plants that<br />
have some kind of scab.<br />
Then, again, they might have<br />
been frost-touched. Oh,<br />
there's lots of other troubles<br />
besides, that I can have."<br />
. "Cheerful chap," I commented<br />
sympathetically.<br />
"That isn't all, either."<br />
went on the enthusiast. "This<br />
same gardener said potato<br />
seed under no circumstances<br />
should be planted untreated.<br />
493
494 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
V '"V-v,:,<br />
.-.-- VSr><br />
\ ^MP"^<br />
m: w.<br />
THIS IS HOW AN EXPERT INSTRUCTOR CAN TEACH A WHOLE NEIGHBORHOOD<br />
Recommended a solution of formaldehyde<br />
for soaking the potato seed. But<br />
only an expert knows what seed to select<br />
anyway in the first place, so what difference<br />
does it make ?"<br />
"That about all the croakings this<br />
expert offered ?"<br />
"Pretty near, I guess. No, one more!<br />
Said you couldn't expect any kind of<br />
potatoes from a sodded field. Plant it to<br />
something else the first year. I know<br />
he's wrong, though, because a friend of<br />
mine in the suburbs is trying out a formula<br />
for growing potatoes in freshturned<br />
sod. He sent the formula to the<br />
College of Agriculture at the University<br />
of Illinois. Strange, too, the way those<br />
fellows acted out there. Seems to me<br />
they're just like my truck man—jealous.<br />
Said the formula was no good."<br />
This amateur gardener is typical, perhaps,<br />
take him all in all, of the hundreds<br />
of thousands of other amateur gardeners<br />
who, for the first time in their lives, this<br />
year are planting anything outside of<br />
flower pots. They take it for granted<br />
that all they have to do is dig and sow.<br />
The lore of the technical men, acquired<br />
only after years of patient labor and experimentation,<br />
they are inclined to re<br />
gard as something not for them. "I am<br />
not looking for a bumper crop, just a<br />
fair yield, you know," is the common<br />
statement made. But what is good for<br />
the successful professional gardener and<br />
for the agricultural college expert is unquestionably<br />
good for the amateur as<br />
well. There are no secret formulas<br />
to agricultural success. All the worthwhile<br />
knowledge extant can be had at<br />
any of our State Agricultural colleges.<br />
Bulletins in abundance of great practical<br />
value are handed out for the asking.<br />
What the amateur gardener told me<br />
about his prospective difficulties with his<br />
potatoes was quite correct. The potato.<br />
no matter how valuable it may be considered<br />
this year, is not a vegetable suitable<br />
for cultivation by the unskilled. It<br />
is not very difficult to grow potato vines<br />
in abundance. The science consists in<br />
so growing the vines that eventually<br />
potatoes will be found at the roots.<br />
Unless conditions are right, the labor,<br />
pains, and care will be out of all proportion<br />
to the results. Plowing, harrowing<br />
and fertilizing of the land the autumn<br />
previous to spring planting—all good<br />
crop-growers regard as essentials. These<br />
various steps ar.e particularly necessary
WHAT TO PLANT IN YOUR BACK YARD 495<br />
in potato culture—the crop usually selected<br />
by the ambitious.<br />
Therefore, if the amateur gardener<br />
looks upon his efforts as being not merely<br />
an unusual way to take exercise, but as a<br />
method of increasing the food supplies<br />
of his household, no matter what the<br />
crop may be he intends to plant, he will<br />
set about his task in as systematic and<br />
scientific a manner as possible.<br />
His first step in enrolling himself in<br />
the new volunteer army of national gardeners<br />
should be to learn something<br />
about the soil at his doorstep. The soil<br />
in any specified neighborhood or community<br />
is likely to be much the same. It<br />
would be best, then, for all the amateur<br />
growers in the neighborhood to get together<br />
in a simple informal <strong>org</strong>anization<br />
and obtain the advice of some practical<br />
individual upon the situation. This<br />
gardener could, doubtless, advise them as<br />
to the kind of crops to sow, and more<br />
especially as to the kind and quantity<br />
of fertilizer the soil in question requires.<br />
Stable manure, always highly desirable,<br />
has never been easy to get outside<br />
of rural communities, and today<br />
its high market value makes its use by<br />
the city-dweller or suburbanite unusually<br />
difficult. Hence, commercial<br />
fertilizers will have to be used instead.<br />
Taking it for granted that the right<br />
advice as to the soil and its enrichment<br />
can be obtained in<br />
one's immediate vicinity,<br />
the real question, "What to<br />
plant?" now looms up.<br />
This is no year for fancy<br />
vegetables and one should<br />
seek solid nutriment from<br />
the garden. At the same<br />
time it is well to remember<br />
a certain variety of appetizing<br />
garden produce is<br />
conducive to one's physical<br />
well-being.<br />
For general purposes a<br />
choice of the kinds to be<br />
grown might well be made<br />
from the following list:<br />
Beans (both the string variety and in<br />
the pod J, beets, carrots, turnips, radishes,<br />
spinach, peas, tomatoes. From this you<br />
may find some of your favorites missing.<br />
But the list as given is a safe and conservative<br />
one. You should be able to<br />
satisfy all the needs and cravings of the<br />
body for "fresh vegetable food."<br />
Unless you live in a northerly clime,<br />
or the season is unusually backward for<br />
your latitude, it may be a little late, by<br />
the time this magazine is in your hands,<br />
to plant peas. In the latitude of central<br />
Illinois peas ordinarily should be planted<br />
about the tenth of April; farther south,<br />
a week earlier; farther north, a week<br />
later.<br />
Keeping in mind the time and latitude<br />
schedule with reference to peas, here is<br />
the season for planting other vegetables:<br />
Beets, April tenth; string beans, May<br />
first; lima beans, tomatoes-, May fifteenth<br />
: string beans, June first; turnips,<br />
UNDEBW000 & UNCE»WO0D<br />
Grain Cultivation<br />
and Heavy Work<br />
on the Farm Are<br />
Not Now Recommended<br />
for the<br />
City Girl<br />
The nation may yet<br />
need her for just<br />
this sort of thing<br />
and back lot gardening<br />
is an excellent<br />
way to make<br />
her fit.
496 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
The School Girl with Her Abounding Energy and<br />
Live Enthusiasm Can Well Take Up a Part of the<br />
Nation's Burdens Back of the Lines<br />
radishes, July twenty-fifth: spinach,<br />
August fifteenth.<br />
Now, some of the statements in this<br />
schedule may sound wrong to the average<br />
practical gardener. Experience,<br />
practice, and his knowledge tell him<br />
some of these may be planted also at<br />
later dates. That is quite true. We are<br />
here considering the production of the<br />
earliest crops normally possible. There<br />
are in all thirty-seven common vegetables<br />
that gardeners are accustomed to harvest<br />
in the autumn, and some of these yield<br />
crops to the number of three or four, in<br />
the days between spring and autumn.<br />
All these are by no means practicable,<br />
however, for our back lot gardener.<br />
Prof. John W. Lloyd, of the Department<br />
of Agriculture, University of Illinois,<br />
has this to say with reference to this<br />
phase of the subject:<br />
"Since planting must be close, and<br />
a large amount of edible product<br />
secured from each square foot of<br />
ground, it will be necessary to omit<br />
from a garden of this kind some of<br />
the larger-growing vegetables which<br />
yield a relatively small edible product<br />
for the amount of space occupied.<br />
Predominance should be given to the<br />
vegetables which produce the largest<br />
amount of edible material in proportion<br />
to the space occupied by the plant<br />
and the length of time this space is<br />
occupied. Sweet corn, melons, and<br />
squashes will therefore be omitted,<br />
and the garden devoted chiefly to such<br />
crops as lettuce, radishes, parsley,<br />
cress, mustard, beets, chard, carrots,<br />
string beans, and turnips. Peas, peppers,<br />
tomatoes, and even cucumbers<br />
may sometimes be included. If tomatoes<br />
and cucumbers are grown they<br />
are trained in an upright position, so<br />
that comparatively little<br />
ground space is occupied.<br />
Tomatoes are most readily<br />
mmrni<br />
supported by tying each<br />
plant to a single stake five or six feet<br />
high, while cucumbers can be trained on<br />
a slightly slanting trellis made of strings<br />
stretched from stakes in the ground to<br />
nails in the top of the fence. In the<br />
case of string beans and wrinkled peas.<br />
larger yields can be obtained from the<br />
same space by growing the tall, rather<br />
than the dwarf varieties, and giving<br />
them the needed support.<br />
"The close planting advised calls for<br />
an abundance of tillage, as well as plant<br />
food and water. Since the rows of the<br />
smaller vegetables are usually too close<br />
together for the use of a rake, a narrowbladed<br />
hoe and a three-fingered weeder<br />
attached to a long handle, are the most<br />
useful tools for working among the<br />
plants. The general principles of tillage<br />
and other care of the growing crops are<br />
the same as in any garden, but the details<br />
of the work are adjusted to meet the<br />
conditions of intensive gardening."<br />
Aside from a tendency to overlook the<br />
necessity of keeping out harmful insects
WHAT TO PLANT IX YOUR HACK YARD 497<br />
and of extirpating weeds—his neglect of<br />
either seriously reducing or even ruining<br />
the crop—the amateur gardener frequently<br />
fails to get all possible production<br />
out of his land. He is largely content<br />
with a few fresh vegetables in<br />
spring and the early summer. As the<br />
heat of July and August begins to envelop<br />
the land, he too frequently abandons<br />
his miniature farm, or at best gives<br />
it but desultory attention. Drought converts<br />
his green patch into sun-baked<br />
earth, wilted vegetable plants, and a<br />
flourishing forest of weeds.<br />
This backsliding on the part of the<br />
gardener is the height of unwisdom. He<br />
is in a position, if he but knew, to reap<br />
the benefit of his early enthusiasm and<br />
assiduity. His labor is really an investment.<br />
With moderate attention and<br />
fresh planting he could have fresh vegetables<br />
up to frost time. Some of these<br />
he could preserve for winter use.<br />
Such neglect will be especially reprehensible<br />
under present conditions. In<br />
the late summer and fall, in spite of that<br />
being the harvest season, garden produce<br />
—in this year of stress and strife—is<br />
very likely to command high prices.<br />
Especially is this neglect to be deprecated,<br />
when we recall that the back yard<br />
gardener usually has access to unlimited<br />
quantities of water from his hydrant that<br />
will carry him through any kind of<br />
drought.<br />
Here is a partial list of the common<br />
vegetables that may be harvested in the<br />
autumn. Some of them are impracticable,<br />
of course, for the back lot gardener.<br />
They are here enumerated to<br />
show the possibilities: Kale, onion, carrot,<br />
chard, parsley, parsnip, salsify, lima<br />
beans, muskmelon, watermelon, okra,<br />
squash, tomato, late cabbage, sweet corn,<br />
eggplant, pepper, late potatoes, sweet<br />
potato, celery, cucumber, beets, string<br />
beans, lettuce (leaf), winter onion,<br />
radish, spinach.<br />
Back-yard gardening, no matter what<br />
it may have been formerly, passes this<br />
year out of the field of fad. It has become<br />
a national duty. If you possibly<br />
can, serve your country with the spade<br />
and the hoe.<br />
BROOKLYN STREET CAR MEN GET THE GARDEN "BUG"<br />
Their spare moments are no longer spent in the recreation rooms pro*<br />
vided but in helping along Uncle Sam's 1917 crop.
408
499
500
THE BLOOD-RED FLAG<br />
v liiua<br />
The Rebirth of Russia<br />
Autocracy is doomed. The Czar<br />
of all the Russians has abdicated;<br />
the government is in the hands of<br />
the army and the workmen's <strong>org</strong>anizations.<br />
It is too early to<br />
tell whether another Reign of<br />
Terror is necessary that true democracy<br />
may come to needy<br />
Russia, but one thing is certain,<br />
The awakening has come! Above<br />
is a picture of a fighting mob on the<br />
Nevsky Prospect, at the left are<br />
two revolutionary soldiers and<br />
their flags. Below is a photograph<br />
of a street in Petrograd. A machine<br />
gun has just opened up from<br />
the roof of one of the houses.<br />
•-<br />
SOI
GASOLINE SELLING<br />
CHEATERY<br />
T H E government Bureau<br />
of Standards<br />
says that you have<br />
just one chance in<br />
five of obtaining full<br />
quantity of the gasoline you pay<br />
for. On an average, the shortage<br />
will be a little less than five<br />
per cent.<br />
These conclusions are drawn<br />
from an elaborate and systematic<br />
inquiry conducted in many parts<br />
of the United States by Uncle<br />
Sam's experts. They tackled the<br />
problem in towns and cities;<br />
they studied it in villages along<br />
the touring roads. Everywhere<br />
the situation was found to be the same;<br />
few gas-vending machines were accurate,<br />
and their errors were nearly always<br />
against the consumer.<br />
At various places along the most<br />
popular motoring roads in Illinois tests<br />
were made of ninety-six gasoline pumps,<br />
and all but six of them gave short meas-<br />
By RENE BACHE<br />
The Ideal Arrangement<br />
A short hose which declines into the gasoline tank helps the buyer to secure<br />
full measure.<br />
soz<br />
"Item—Half Gallon Wasted!"<br />
This amount is apt to remain when the dealer disconnects a hose of<br />
this length.<br />
ure. In one town where there were<br />
twenty-two pumps, all certified as correct<br />
by the local sealer, only four allowed<br />
the purchaser a square deal. One<br />
robbed the consumer of a gallon out of<br />
every three bought, and another stole<br />
from him two gallons in every five.<br />
The car-owner rarely suspects anything<br />
wrong. He takes<br />
it for granted that he<br />
MBm can trust the garage<br />
jK^fr 'uan or dealer, and the<br />
mechanism of the vending<br />
apparatus is to him<br />
a mystery. Often the<br />
pump has a dial or other<br />
counting device attached<br />
to it, but this little contrivance<br />
for the protection<br />
of the customer<br />
(according to the observation<br />
of the government<br />
inspectors) is in a<br />
great majority of in<br />
stances disconnected by<br />
the thoughtful dealer.<br />
Thus disputes are
avoided, and, very often, a substantial<br />
margin of excess profit added.<br />
The Bureau of Standards is of opinion<br />
that it is the exceptional dealer or garage<br />
man who really means to defraud the<br />
consumer. But, as a rule, the seller of<br />
gasoline is indifferent to errors of<br />
measurement so long as they do<br />
not operate against himself. What<br />
he is anxious about is that the<br />
pump shall not deliver m-ore than<br />
the correct quantity.<br />
Very often it is the fault of the<br />
pump. This leaves the factory correct,<br />
but after a time, owing to<br />
wear, it acquires a tendency to deficiency,<br />
which steadily becomes<br />
more marked. But why bother?<br />
Nobody is ever punished for selling<br />
short measure of gasoline.<br />
The method of intentional fraud<br />
most commonly adopted is that of<br />
"short-stroking," the pump-handle<br />
being so operated that the piston<br />
fails to reach the stops. It is well<br />
worth the consumer's while to<br />
watch and see that the handle hits<br />
the stops both ways. Also let him<br />
make sure that a metal collar is not<br />
clam p e d upo n the<br />
piston in such fashion<br />
as to prevent it from<br />
getting to the bottom<br />
of the cylinder.<br />
GASOLINE SELLING CHEATERY 503<br />
Another thin g h e Sometimes the Pump Is Tampered With<br />
should be on his guard<br />
about is the hose. This ought to be<br />
short and with a high attachment at the<br />
pump—that is, high enough to be above<br />
the level of the gas-tank of the car, so<br />
that all the fluid may drain out of the<br />
hose into the tank. If a long hose with<br />
a low attachment is used, half a gallon<br />
of the gasoline the buyer pays for may<br />
remain in it and be lost to him.<br />
But the garage men and dealers,<br />
honest or dishonest, are generally accustomed<br />
to alter the adjustment of their<br />
pumps to suit what they understand to<br />
be their own business requirements. In<br />
this way they modify the measurement<br />
—in other words, determine how much<br />
gasoline shall make a gallon—to please<br />
themselves. Sometimes they adjust the<br />
pump according to a gallon measure<br />
they have at hand, and which may be<br />
incorrect; often they fix it in such wise<br />
as to insure their "coming out even" in<br />
their dealings with the oil companies.<br />
There are 231 cubic inches in<br />
a gallon. If (as has been proved<br />
to be the fact) the consumer<br />
suffers an average loss of ten<br />
cubic inches for every gallon he<br />
ouys, he comes out considerably<br />
jehind in the course of a year.<br />
The Bureau of Standards<br />
reckons this loss<br />
to motorists as amounting<br />
to $530,000 a year<br />
in Illinois alone; so<br />
that, for the whole<br />
United States, it must<br />
run up to many millions<br />
of dollars annually.<br />
The Bureau recommends<br />
that all makers<br />
of such vending apparatus<br />
be required to<br />
provid° " simple device<br />
by which the adjustments<br />
(used to correct<br />
or alter the delivery)<br />
can be securely wired<br />
in place—much like the<br />
seals on a freight car—<br />
to prevent tampering. Provided then<br />
that the scale inspectors are zealous in<br />
seeing to it that these seals are unbroken,<br />
the consumer should stand a much better<br />
chance of obtaining all the gasoline he<br />
pays for. As the system has been up to<br />
now—even where dealers were strictly<br />
honest—the consumer has had to pay<br />
for all waste, and, because of this, fuel<br />
waste has accounted for a good percentage<br />
of his motoring bills. Then—and<br />
this is the sorest point—the dealer has<br />
contrived to save this "necessary waste"<br />
by dumping back into the tank the pint<br />
—or quart, as it is in some cases—which<br />
remains in the hose.
504<br />
A KITE WINCH BALLOON<br />
FOR OBSERVATIONS<br />
fc<br />
y^<br />
V<br />
4<br />
DIRECTING THE BIG GUNS<br />
This unit power-driven winch and balloon combination, the new portable observation station which<br />
will boused in France by the first United States detachment to cross the water, is simply a large sausage<br />
type gas bag, carrying a "tail" to keep it headi'd in the wind, and controlled by an automobile motor, a<br />
winch and a "dead man" pulley. The observer sits in a swinging basket, forty feet below the balloon,<br />
and there directs—by telephone communication with the ground—the fire of cannon or the movement of<br />
troops.
"A DIVER WAS SENT TO EXAMINE THE WRECKAGE"<br />
WHEN A CABLE SNARLS<br />
C. L. EDHOLM<br />
By<br />
W<br />
HAT happens when a submarine<br />
cable is dragged<br />
by a ship's anchor is<br />
shown in the accompanying-pho-<br />
tographs; this accident<br />
and one hundred eighty feet of chain<br />
remained entangled in a confusion of<br />
twenty cables. As may be imagined,<br />
the results were disastrous, as seventeen<br />
occurred to the New<br />
York Telephone Company's<br />
connections bet<br />
ween B r o o k 1 y n and<br />
1 o W e r Manhattan. A<br />
steamer, trying to make<br />
its pier, was carried too<br />
far by the swift current<br />
under the Brooklyn<br />
B ridge. Dropping its<br />
anchor, it caught the<br />
cables lying on the bottom<br />
beneath the bridge.<br />
When the captain discovered<br />
his mistake, he<br />
o r d e r e d the anchor<br />
chain cut, so the anchor<br />
This Was the Mess He Found on the Bottom<br />
sos
506 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
At Both of the Terminals the Confusion of Wrecked Wires and Pulled<br />
Out Cables Was Amazing<br />
of these cables contained 3,500 pairs;<br />
Brooklyn and lower Manhattan were<br />
abruptly disconnected.<br />
From the Brooklyn side, the cables<br />
together with the large beam to which<br />
they were chained were pulled into the<br />
stream for a distance of thirty or forty<br />
feet and the cable house near the bridge<br />
was so filled with a tangle of wires that<br />
it was impossible to enter; the complicated<br />
connections had been pulled violently<br />
out of place. On the New York<br />
side things were not so bad, but two<br />
cables had been dislodged and the heavy<br />
piles which secured<br />
them were broken.<br />
While the confusion<br />
was being cleared up<br />
at the cable houses,<br />
and while emergency<br />
measures were taken to<br />
route messages by a<br />
circuitous way, a diver<br />
was put to work in the<br />
river bed, examining<br />
the wreckage on the<br />
bottom. It was found<br />
impossible to unchain<br />
the cables separately<br />
so that they could be<br />
pulled back one at a<br />
time, for they were so<br />
entangled that the whole<br />
mass must be raised at<br />
once. This had to be<br />
done with the greatest<br />
care in order to avoid<br />
pulling out the remaining<br />
cables, which were<br />
held in place only by<br />
the lead sheath.<br />
The current was<br />
swift where the snarl<br />
lay in the stream, and<br />
the diver could not<br />
work to advantage. A<br />
rope was sent down to<br />
him which he attached<br />
to one of the ring<br />
bolts, and after a number<br />
of these wire cables<br />
had been fastened to<br />
the mass, it was raised slowly by power<br />
from the cable boat. The tangle that<br />
was raised alongside the vessel seemed<br />
absolutely hopeless, but by hard work<br />
the cables were separated, unchained<br />
from the beam and pulled back one at a<br />
time to the cable house and terminated.<br />
For a period of four or five days men<br />
worked constantly in the cable houses,<br />
one shift following another immediately.<br />
In completing the task, these employes<br />
had to endure the most terrible hardships,<br />
for working conditions were particularly<br />
severe.
THE FRENCH COMMISSION ARRIVES<br />
This photograph, snapped at the moment when General Joff re and ex-Premier Viviani, with their American<br />
reception committee, were descending the gang plank, illustrates one of the most momentous events<br />
of our history—another nation gives of her best brains and experience to help us make war efficiently.<br />
ONE REASON WHY WE'LL WIN<br />
Over one million signatures are affixed to this petition; they were gathered hastily by the National<br />
Security League in an endeavor to speed the passing of the just and democratic Conscription Bill.<br />
507
OUR FORTS ON WHEELS<br />
By RENE B ACHE<br />
A GIGANTIC SHAM<br />
This make-believe monster was not the grownup brother of t lie British terror ihat its appearance might indicate; it was<br />
a mere motion picture "property." Upon the chassis of a tractor, somewhat similar to the one used in the English fort<br />
on wheels, was erected an imposing edifice of imitation armor plate—in reality only wood and tin. with pegs masquerading<br />
as rivets. The guns it carried were no more dangerous than so many baseball bats.<br />
T A K E an ordinary touring car.<br />
Sheathe it with armor-plate.<br />
Build a citadel on top of it,<br />
with a revolving turret and a<br />
machine-gun inside. You<br />
have then a fort on wheels.<br />
This is an idea on which the War Department<br />
has been working for some<br />
time past. We soon shall have whole<br />
squadrons of such armored cars. Doubtless<br />
we shall send them in numbers to<br />
the fighting line in France.<br />
It costs $2,000 for the alterations.<br />
The vehicle, when used for war purposes,<br />
is expected to have a speed of<br />
from forty to fifty miles an hour.<br />
sos<br />
As a preliminary to its equipment for<br />
war purposes the touring-car is stripped<br />
down to chassis. Then it is clothed with<br />
plates of ^4-inch metal—not ordinary<br />
sheet steel, but manganese steel armor,<br />
proof against a rifle or machine gun<br />
bullet at one hundred yards.<br />
The citadel with its turret is clad in<br />
the same thickness of armor. It is expensive<br />
stuff, this kind of steel plating:<br />
the War Department is paying close to<br />
$1 a pound for it. But, in buying it<br />
under contract, no requirement is made<br />
as to composition. All that is demanded<br />
is that it shall pass successfully a test<br />
to which it is subjected by firing rifle
OUR FORTS ON WHEELS 509<br />
BUT THE GIANT CAME TO GRIEF<br />
The movie tank—which appeared in "Patria" and is illustrated in action on the preceding pagi—interested officers of the<br />
United States Army. They had it taken out and put through its paces. It lumbered about the landscape clumsily, but<br />
with a modicum of success, trundling through river beds, ditches, and trenches, and over rocks and other obstacles with<br />
grotesque ease, A bit of loose earth on an embankment gave way beneath it, however, and after turning two somersaults,<br />
it ended up in the heap of wreckage shown here.<br />
bullets at it. If, at one hundred yards, it<br />
stops the bullets, it is accepted; otherwise,<br />
not.<br />
A converted automobile of this description<br />
is reinforced to some extent,<br />
the strength of many parts being increased<br />
to enable them to withstand<br />
nearly double the stress of peace service.<br />
The War Department has contracted,<br />
also, for the quick delivery of great numbers<br />
of armored cars, built for fighting<br />
purposes from the ground up. These are<br />
quite a different proposition. They are<br />
true automobile forts, completely clad in<br />
quarter-inch steel plate, and mounted on<br />
the chassis of a truck.<br />
There is—as in the other case—a revolving<br />
turret on top. At one side is a<br />
steel door, for entrance and exit. In<br />
front of the driver's seat is a steel shutter,<br />
which can be lifted to enable him<br />
to look out. The gasoline tank is be<br />
neath the vehicle. The machine carries<br />
three men, the driver, a gunner and an<br />
assistant sjunner. A traveling; fort of<br />
A Remodeled Touring Car<br />
Tbe alterations (or this vehicle cost in the neighborhood of<br />
52.000.
510 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
One of the "Big Boys"<br />
This formidable machine cost approximately $3,000 to build.<br />
men as a "crew," and has two fighting turrets, placed one<br />
this pattern can "do" about twenty-five<br />
miles an hour only.<br />
Such an armored motor-car costs<br />
$5,000. There is, however, a larger and<br />
more formidable type, costing $8,000,<br />
which has two turrets, providing for two<br />
machine-guns, and carrying a "crew" of<br />
five or six. The front turret is higher<br />
than the rear turret, so that the gunner<br />
inside of it can fire over the<br />
after turret if there is occasion<br />
so to do—as, for instance,<br />
while running away from a<br />
pursuing enemy.<br />
The mechanism of<br />
this superior type of fort<br />
on wheels is so modified<br />
that power is applied to<br />
all four of the wheels.<br />
Thus it is enabled to<br />
run over much rougher<br />
ground than would be<br />
practicable otherwise.<br />
The newest wheeled<br />
forts of this description<br />
have a second steel shutter<br />
at the back, with a<br />
rear seat for the driver.<br />
This provision is made<br />
in order that the vehicle,<br />
if desired, may be driven<br />
rear end first. In fact,<br />
one of the most important<br />
advantages of this<br />
It carries five or six<br />
above the other.<br />
type of armored motor<br />
is that it can run backward<br />
as readily as for<br />
ward, and at an equal speed. It is, in<br />
effect, a "double-ender"—a great convenience<br />
in an emergency, when it may<br />
not be easy or safe to negotiate a turnabout.<br />
THE CAR OF LAST YEAR<br />
This type of armored fort is owned by the New York National Guard—a present to them from private business—and also<br />
by Northwestern Military Academy.
OUR FORTS ON WHEELS 511<br />
THE COAST ARTILLERY TRIES OUT A TANK<br />
In a sham battle, recently, this tank, turned out by a manufacturing company located on the Pacific Coast, was<br />
given a chance to win its spurs. It plowed its way indefatigably through sand, brush and barbed wire, driving the de<br />
fense from the sandhills and trenches. Although not quite as heavily armored as some of the machines now in use<br />
abroad, the sloping sides have a tendency to deflect bullets more readily. The tank, with complete armament, weighs<br />
slightly over fifteen tons. The United States is very apt to avail itself of the product of this factory, which is at present<br />
fifty cars a month.
groups are hiding in cel<br />
Looking Up into the Fighting Turret of a Fort on<br />
Wheels<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
lars and behind walls. In<br />
a retreat, it can linger as<br />
the "point" of the rear<br />
guard and retard the<br />
progress of an advancing<br />
foe. If Napoleon had<br />
possessed a bare half<br />
dozen of these machines,<br />
his retreat from Russia<br />
could have been accomplished<br />
with a loss of not<br />
over one thousand men.<br />
Even today, when means<br />
of attacking such monsters<br />
are tremendously<br />
better, they still are vitally<br />
important, as the British<br />
troops have proved. Also,<br />
just as these machines<br />
are used in the rear<br />
guard, they can be used<br />
in advance guard formation.<br />
The usual custom<br />
has been for the soldier in hot fighting<br />
to be nothing more or less than a free<br />
target for the enemy's fire. In case he<br />
Attached by straps to the rear end of came upon a detachment of the enemy,<br />
each fort are a pickaxe, an axe, and a he was almost certain to be killed. The<br />
spade-shovel, which, if the military tank or armed fort is to change this,<br />
motor happens to get stuck in the mud, however.<br />
can be used to dig it out.<br />
There is also a lantern,<br />
set inside of an armorplate<br />
bucket that is riveted<br />
to one of the steel<br />
plates -at the back.<br />
In the present war the<br />
fort car has proved a<br />
most valuable fighting<br />
auxiliary, being utilized<br />
to advantage in a great<br />
variety of ways. Being<br />
proof against anything<br />
but artillery, it ventures<br />
boldly into the zone of<br />
rifle and machine gun<br />
fire. Its occupants are<br />
safe against "snipers,"<br />
and it can run fearlessly<br />
through the Streets of The Single Turret Type<br />
irillirr^ In nrlnVT-i «t-iomir This is a transformed automobile, with armorplate of sufficient thickness to stop<br />
Villages in WniCn enemy a service bullet at one hundred yards, riveted on.
THE START<br />
OF THE AVALANCHE<br />
Our War Units Mobilize<br />
THE fT,J//TAKES HER PLACE WITH THE FIRST LINE SHIPS<br />
This vessel, though by no means a match for ships lite the Pennsylvania, still is an efficient war<br />
machine, and will be useful to us in the coming naval campaign. The terrific amount of naval<br />
building we are starting now is not on this type of ships, but on a squadron of one-gun, eighty-<br />
five foot submarine chasers.<br />
513
514 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
THE AVALANCHE STARTS 515<br />
OH FOR A HUNDRED OF THESE!<br />
The little boat in the center, framed by the fighting deck and one of the guns of the Utah, is the<br />
destroyer U. S. S. Davis. These little scorpions of the seas are the best offense and defense<br />
against U-boats, but we have only a handful of them. As Germany possesses over two hundred<br />
submarines at the present moment, and has at least a thousand in the course of construction,<br />
we find it necessary to supplement our destroyer fleet by a flotilla of "swatters"—the onegun<br />
motor-boats that now are being made ready for action.<br />
CLEAR DECKS FOR ACTION!<br />
At this magic signal, the twelve hundred young men who comprise the crewof the U. S. S. Pennsylvania<br />
leap to their appointed places. Tackle is adjusted, ropes are pulled, and the superdreadnaught<br />
assumes the bare appearance of a fighter.
516 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
BEFORE THE CURTAIN WAS DRAWN<br />
It is not likely that a photographer could secure this picture now, for it shows the "big<br />
section of the Naval Gun Works at Washington, D. C. In this picture several of the twelve-<br />
and fourteen-inch rifles are set in the metal lathes, and are in the process of completion<br />
day this plant is busy turning out the sixteen-inch guns that are to occupy the turrets o<br />
superdreadnaughts of year after next, besides doubling the normal output of the twelve-and<br />
fourteen-inchers. A guard is stationed at each entrance, and pickets keep all nocturnal wa<br />
derers from approaching too near, no matter what their missions.
CO*V»r«MT UNM*W9C<br />
THE AVALANCHE STARTS 517<br />
BUT THE REAL FEVER OF WORK IS HERE!<br />
Our campaign now is to be directed almost entirely against German submarines, for it is un<br />
thinkable that the Teuton High Seas Fleet either could escape the British cordon, or overcome<br />
it. For this reason, this section of the Naval Gun Works, which is given over to the manufacture<br />
of rifles from six inches in caliber down to the tiny one-pounders, is working three shifts. The<br />
eport has it that each of the "submarine swatters" we are putting out is to be armed with a six-<br />
pounder. All of the thousand or more wooden merchant ships are to have two guns apiece—<br />
either 3-inchers or 4.7-inchers. and most of these weapons have to come from this plant
518 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
GETTING READY FOR A CRUISE UNDER "SEALED ORDERS"<br />
All the battleships recently put in huge supplies of provisions of all sorts. Rumor says that<br />
shortly a large increment of the Atlantic Fleet will be ordered to European waters, in order to<br />
release a number of the smaller units of the British fleet for anti-submarine duty. In this pic<br />
ture, kegs of salt meat are being hoisted on board the U. S. S. Texas. When on an extended<br />
cruise this is a chief article of diet for the tars.
THE AVALANCHE STARTS 519
520 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
THE TELL-TALE TRAIL OF WINGS<br />
Seagulls are the worst enemies of submarines, and often they are not relished even by larger<br />
vessels. In regard to the submersibles. however, they are particularly deadly, for the very life<br />
of a submarine depends upon its ability to escape unseen, and gulls seem exceptionally perverse<br />
on this score. They hover above the vessel, pointing it out to enemy destroyers.<br />
HOW OUR BABIES WILL BE CARED FOR<br />
Yes! We are coming to it! If the present war endures two years, most of our munitions factories<br />
and many other industries will have to be run by women to allow men to go to the front. In this<br />
event, institutions like the French day nursery for the children of working women will have to<br />
be established in all of our big plants.
THE AVALANCHE STARTS 521
522 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
A GIANT PLANE<br />
The aircraft above is one of the largest<br />
ever built in the United States. Its wing<br />
spread is 73 feet; it is driven by two engines<br />
of 130 horsepower each. Five persons<br />
and three guns can be carried.<br />
THE GREATEST AEROPLANE<br />
FACTORY<br />
No outsider knows even approximately<br />
the number of aeroplanes turned out daily<br />
by this immense plant—the Curtiss brothers'<br />
factory, which is half in Canada and<br />
half in the United States. Until a short<br />
time ago. the whole of this output—which<br />
a conservative estimate places at one hundred<br />
machines a day—has gone to England<br />
and France. Now, however, the<br />
United States is going to have to requisition<br />
a portion of it, at least, in order that<br />
our naval forces may have "eyes" as well<br />
as stings.
THEY SIGHT THE BIG<br />
GUNS<br />
The photograph above shows a<br />
pair of range finders on board<br />
the U. S. S. Virginia.<br />
FIELD SERVICE<br />
These marines are the boys<br />
upon whose sturdy shoulders<br />
the brunt of sudden trouble<br />
falls. Whenever there is foreign<br />
service on a quick alarm, the<br />
marines are sent. This photograph<br />
shows them on afield practice<br />
hike at Cuantanamo, Cuba.<br />
THE AVALANCHE STARTS 523<br />
THE LARGEST RIFLE RANGE IN THE<br />
WORLD<br />
This range, built and kept up for the use of our<br />
marines at Guantanamo, Cuba, will accommodate<br />
nearly a thousand men, firing at the same time.
524 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
THE STRAW THAT BROKE THE CAMEL'S BACK<br />
When this American freighter, the steamship Vigilancia, was torpedoed without warning by a<br />
German U-boat off the Scilly Islands, causing the loss of several of the crew, even President<br />
Wilson's sublime forbearance could last no longer. Three weeks later—as soon as the official<br />
reports were placed before Congress—the United States declared war.<br />
RETRIEVING A PRACTICE TORPEDO<br />
When firing at a target that is not to be demolished, the navy uses this "Whitehead blank".<br />
It does not carry any explosive, nor any detonating head, hut otherwise it is the same as the<br />
weapon.
GRAPHING HUNGER CONTRACTIONS<br />
Dr. Anton Julius Carlson (on the left) has a patient swallow a rubber balloon. This then is inflated and attached to<br />
the moving lampblack cylinder illustrated. As the stomach of the patient contracts, a paper finder writes a jay^ed<br />
record on thu cylinder. (See page 527.)<br />
WHAT IS HUNGER?<br />
By HERMANN BACHER DEUTSCH. Ph.D.<br />
F R I >M the time when the first<br />
cave-baby yelled for a piece of<br />
underdone tiger-steak, while<br />
tiger kittens all around were<br />
yowling for double portions of<br />
cave-baby rare, the members of the human<br />
race have experienced hunger.<br />
I lunger is not only one of the primitive<br />
sensations, but the primitive sensation,<br />
which has actuated all protoplasm, from<br />
the original protozoan up to the flat-<br />
Cm .ted biped who dignifies and flatters<br />
himself with the zoological name of<br />
Homo sapiens.<br />
And yet—ask yourself what hunger is,<br />
or rather, try to answer that question.<br />
If you are a normal human being, there<br />
probably have been very few days in<br />
your life when you have not experienced<br />
hunger in some degree. More than this,<br />
you have never been in doubt about the<br />
sensation, have never confused it with<br />
any other desire, but have always been<br />
able to recognize it instantly.<br />
For the past four years, Professor<br />
Anton Julius Carlson, of the Department<br />
of Physiology of the University of Chicago,<br />
has been studying the problem of<br />
the hunger mechanism, not only in man.<br />
but in the lower animals as well. Dr.<br />
S25
526 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
The Man with No Esophagus<br />
This patient swallowed caustic when a child; his esophagus closed up. Since<br />
then he has been compelled to take nourishment through this rubber tube, thrust<br />
through a hole in his abdomen and into the fundus of his stomach.<br />
Carlson has just published the results of<br />
his study and of his exhaustive experiments<br />
(Carlson, A. J., "The Control of<br />
Hunger in Health and Disease," The<br />
University of Chicago Press, Chicago,<br />
1916), together with a hopeful conclusion<br />
that similar study will lead ultimately<br />
to the absolute control of hunger<br />
mechanism.<br />
Dr. Carlson's work has involved the<br />
accurate measuring of hunger "contractions"<br />
through experiments which would<br />
have got him burned at the stake as a<br />
sorcerer in Galileo's day. Lie has measured<br />
carefully the pressure and the<br />
amount of stomach contraction in human<br />
beings during health and sickness, during<br />
waking periods and during sleep,<br />
during repletion and during starvation,<br />
in new-born infants, in dogs<br />
of high and low degree, in rabbits,<br />
guinea pigs, pigeons, turtles, frogs and<br />
snakes. By inserting into the stomach a<br />
double-walled rubber<br />
balloon, with bismuth<br />
paste between the two<br />
walls, he actually has<br />
seen the movements of<br />
the stomach and photographed<br />
them by means<br />
of the X-ray. To test<br />
the sensitiveness of the<br />
inner stomach wall to<br />
touch, he has scrubbed<br />
out the inside of his<br />
stomach with a stiff<br />
brush attached to a<br />
strong piano wire. He<br />
has gone without food<br />
for days to measure the<br />
stomach reactions during<br />
starvation. He has<br />
tested himself after a<br />
cold bath in which the<br />
water was only a few<br />
degrees above the freezing<br />
point and in which<br />
he remained "as long as<br />
was deemed safe, despite<br />
discomfort and<br />
pain." He has measured<br />
accurately the effect of<br />
smoking on hunger, or the effect of constricting<br />
the belt.<br />
How can such tests be made? If<br />
hunger is merely the feeling of hunger,<br />
how can it be measured accurately? In<br />
general, the following method, devised<br />
by Dr. Carlson, was employed in the<br />
various experiments.<br />
The subject of the experiment is<br />
directed to swallow a small rubber balloon,<br />
to which is attached a very flexible<br />
tube of rubber. The balloon is inflated<br />
after it reaches the stomach, and the rubber<br />
tube is slipped over one end of a<br />
glass tube which has been bent into the<br />
shape of a "U". In this L T -tube there<br />
is a liquid—usually chloroform or<br />
bromoform—and on the surface of the<br />
liquid in the arm of the "U" opposite<br />
the one to which the rubber tube is attached,<br />
there is a float. From the top<br />
of this float there rises an upright, to<br />
the top of which a light marker is at-
WHAT IS HUNGER? 527<br />
AFTER BREAKFAST<br />
These are the lampblack graphs prepared by the apparatus shown on page 525. The above specimen, consisting of<br />
vertical lines which represent respirations and slight unevennesses. is made by an experiment upon a man who just had<br />
breakfasted on bacon and eggs.<br />
MODERATE HUNGER<br />
'Ibis is a picturization bf the same stomach four hours later. While the respirations continue the same—eighteen i<br />
tlir mill tit,—the breaks are becoming pronounced, signifying that the stomach is beginning to demand lunch.<br />
WHEN HE MISSED LUNCH<br />
This is violent hunger; the patient in question went without food until six o'clock in the evening. The contractions<br />
became extreme, until—at the right of the graph—it will be noted that they ended in a violent tetanus, or cramp.<br />
tached. This marker is so placed that it<br />
brushes against a recording surface<br />
which is wound around a revolving<br />
drum. As the drum turns, the marker<br />
records an even, straight, horizontal line<br />
on the recording surface. If the stomach,<br />
however, contracts, it compresses<br />
the balloon, which acts like any other<br />
rubber bulb when it is squeezed by shooting<br />
"lit the contained air: this pushes up<br />
the liquid in the I'-shaped tube so that<br />
it raises the level in the arm bearing the<br />
float and its marker, and this marker<br />
traces a sharp upward curve on the recording<br />
surface as the drum revolves.<br />
Thus each contraction of the stomach<br />
makes a definite measurable record of its<br />
duration and intensity.<br />
Dr. Carlson has for one of his subjects<br />
a young man, who, as a boy, was unfortunate<br />
enough to swallow accidentally a<br />
strong solution of caustic soda. As a<br />
result of this, the esophagus was closed.<br />
?o that no food could pass from the<br />
mouth to the stomach. An opening<br />
therefore was cut through the abdom-
528 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
WHEN HUNGER HAS BEEN SATISFIED<br />
This is an X-ray picture of the stomach at rest. A bismuth balloon was inserted to make the stomach stand out<br />
sufficiently to be photographed.<br />
inal about wall thirty into seconds the stomach, each, while and all the food en<br />
taken is placed in the stomach through<br />
this opening, which is large enough to<br />
admit a rubber tube three-fourths of an<br />
inch in diameter. In this way, the man,<br />
who is now thirty-one years old, has<br />
been feeding himself for over twenty<br />
years. In all other respects, he is perfectly<br />
normal; he is a healthy, muscled<br />
man, lacking only that zest for fine food<br />
that taste-sharpened appetite—and nothing<br />
else—can give.<br />
Through this opening or fistula, Dr.<br />
Carlson has been able to make direct<br />
inspections of the stomach by putting<br />
an electric light into it, or inserting<br />
balloons to make the pressure records<br />
described above.<br />
According to these experiments, what<br />
actually happens when we are hungry is<br />
this: As soon as the stomach is empty,<br />
a series of weak or slight contractions,<br />
gradually becoming stronger, takes place.<br />
On an average, these contractions last<br />
tire contraction period occupies from<br />
thirty to forty-five minutes. At first the<br />
individual contractions are definitely separated,<br />
coming from two to five minutes<br />
apart, but toward the end of the period,<br />
the more vigorous contractions follow<br />
one another immediately and without interruption.<br />
Indeed in young and vigorous<br />
individuals the contractions come so<br />
rapidly toward the end of the period<br />
that they form a "tetanus", or cramp, of<br />
uninterrupted contraction, which endures<br />
for several minutes. This is the "hungry<br />
stomachache" that was such a common<br />
affliction in our knickerbocker days.<br />
This period of contractions is the<br />
hunger period, and each individual contraction<br />
is a hunger pang. The periods<br />
come anywhere from half an hour to two<br />
and a half hours apart in normal, healthy<br />
adults. In infants, where Professor<br />
Carlson has measured the hunger contractions<br />
by this same balloon method,
WHAT IS HUNGER? 529<br />
HUNGER CONTRACTIONS<br />
This remarkable photograph—probably the only clear negative of its kind ever mad,—shows the rigors of fierce hunger.<br />
The wave contractions pass in an unending succession from one end of the greedy stomach to the other.<br />
the contraction periods come much more<br />
frequently, and sometimes will cause<br />
babies to show restlessness, wake up, and<br />
cry.<br />
"The recording of the gastric hunger<br />
contractions of the new-born human infant<br />
offers no great difficulties." Dr.<br />
Carlson states, "if one uses delicate rubber<br />
balloons IS cubic centimeters in<br />
capacity, and very flexible rubber tubes<br />
2 millimeters in diameter. Most of<br />
the infants swallowed this apparatus<br />
without difficulty or even violent protestation<br />
and went to sleep in our arms<br />
during the observation periods."<br />
There is no doubt but that stomach<br />
contraction produces hunger sensations.<br />
The sensation as recorded in the minds<br />
of the people experimented with and the<br />
stomach contractions as recorded on the<br />
revolving drum, run absolutely hand in<br />
hand. In fact, where Dr. Carlson induced<br />
artificial contractions of the stomach,<br />
such contractions were felt by the<br />
subjects of the experiment as hunger,<br />
and were defined as such.<br />
One of the points which Dr. Carlson<br />
has brought out is the fact that a sharp<br />
distinction must be drawn between<br />
hunger and appetite. Appetite is a matter<br />
of memory in the individual, the<br />
pleasurable thoughts of past enjoyment<br />
of edibles naturally causing us to seek<br />
similar enjoyable experiences. It is<br />
through this medium that "appetizers"<br />
work. The general belief has been<br />
heretofore that such substances increase<br />
the vigor of the hunger contractions.<br />
On the contrary. Dr. Carlson has shown<br />
that they temporarily allay these contractions,<br />
but produce a sensation which<br />
tempts us to get "more of the same."<br />
At the height of a hunger contraction,<br />
Dr. Carlson introduced moderately cold<br />
water, beer, wine, weak alcohol or weak<br />
acids into his stomach through a tube,<br />
so that the liquids did not touch the<br />
mouth, throat, or the esophagus.
530 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
"A pleasant tingling sensation is felt there is external pressure on the abdom<br />
in the stomach," he reports. "One feels inal muscles, the stomach contractions—<br />
perfectly at ease, but the thoughts tend that is, hunger pangs—are very notice<br />
to revert to the dinner table. At first ably abated. This is due in part to the<br />
we were not able to say what this sen distraction of attention from the stomach<br />
sation was like, although it was a famil to pressure on the other <strong>org</strong>ans of the<br />
iar one. After paying close attention to abdomen, and in part to the fact that the<br />
the sensation experienced at meals just sensation of abdominal pressure leads to<br />
after a few mouthfuls of good food or a feeling of satiety. Of course, true<br />
drink had been swallowed, we became satiety comes from a feeling of internal<br />
convinced that the two sensations are pressure outward. The feeling of com<br />
very much alike, if not point for point pression resulting from the tightness of<br />
identical.<br />
the belt over the abdomen leads in a<br />
Every one has read tales of ship feeble way to the same feeling of tightwreck<br />
and the horrors of starvation, ness resulting from an old-fashioned<br />
with the increasingly intense and raven g<strong>org</strong>e of rich food.<br />
ous desire for food. Dr. Carlson and one Dr. Carlson has found that smoking<br />
of his assistants voluntarily have under inhibits hunger pangs to a marked exgone<br />
periods of starvation of five days' tent. This is particularly true of the<br />
duration to determine accurately what people who are not habitual smokers.<br />
takes place. It is true, there is a slight Habitual smokers, however, must turn<br />
increase throughout the starvation period from mild cigars or cigarettes to very<br />
of the hunger contractions. The records strong cigars or pipes before the hunger<br />
of these experiments show this to be the contractions, as recorded by the balloon<br />
case. But after the first three days the method, are diminished. This is Nature's<br />
desire for food diminishes, and some way of insisting that her needs be met.<br />
times turns to revulsion at the sight of In the same way, it has been found<br />
edibles! All discomfort from the ex that exercise, prolonged cold baths and<br />
periment disappeared after the first meal the like, increase hunger, although they<br />
following the fasting period, and from do not, necessarily, increase the hunger<br />
the second day thereafter, Dr. Carlson contractions, as Dr. Carlson points out.<br />
states that he felt as though he had had They do, however, increase the nervous<br />
"a pleasant month's vacation in the excitability of the individual, so that he<br />
mountains."<br />
becomes more acutely conscious of the<br />
"Civilized man has traveled far from hunger "pangs" which follow the typical<br />
the conditions of life among wild ani hunger contractions.<br />
mals and primitive man," he goes on to Tests were made on men, who were<br />
say, "where periods of starvation were kept standing for several hours, on<br />
not uncommon. Occasional periods of others immediately before and after<br />
starvation, say once or twice a year, in violent tennis games or before and after<br />
the case of healthy adult persons, may six- to twelve-mile walks. They were<br />
not only add to the joy of life, but to the also made on dogs, who were kept run<br />
length of life."<br />
ning in a treadmill while the experi<br />
With a definite measurable inaex as to ments were being performed. It was<br />
the strength of hunger, it is possible ac found that during' the violent work itself,<br />
curately to determine the results of vari the hunger contractions were very much<br />
ous external factors on the hunger sen inhibited, but that after the cessation of<br />
sation. For instance, the old cure of the period of labor, the contractions re<br />
tightening one's belt during cases of exturned in more intense form than ever—<br />
treme hunger, can be tested out abso the worn-out muscle cells evidently telelutely.<br />
That is what Dr. Carlson has graphing" nerve impulses for quick<br />
done. He finds that in subjects where hunger contractions.
Litile Oddities of Li/e<br />
Lanky Bob Fitzsimmons Dons the<br />
Gloves Again<br />
Not against Jess Willard, however. This<br />
tune Ri»l> has tackled even a sturdier and<br />
more wiry foe—His Satanic Majesty. Mr.<br />
Fitzsimmons has announced his intention<br />
nl starting a career as an evangelist.<br />
Hereare 'Bill".<br />
but vou ni.iv tak<br />
3? # m<br />
*"*>, v ••!i*' "Hill". "Will", fh<br />
QUINTUPLETS?<br />
and John Smythe of Oklahoma. John has his back turned.<br />
our word for the (net I ha this face "matches". What is vour explanation of thisextraordinarv<br />
photograph?<br />
S.U
532 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
HAVEN'T YOU OFTEN WONDERED?<br />
When two automobiles suddenly seem to go crazy, whisking in and about each other, backing and jumping<br />
like no sane flivvers could act, haven't the mechanics of the process interested you? Well it's fairly<br />
simple. Each picture is taken separately. This enlargement shows one stunt that looks most convincing<br />
in the camera.<br />
CONGO HAS MORE SENSE THAN SOME OF US<br />
This baby hippopotamus of the Central Park Zoo. New York, has no desire to see circus life. Although<br />
he has been sold to such a concern, he refuses absolutely to desert his mother's "apron strings" for the<br />
lure of the sawdust circle.
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 533<br />
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WILL THIS HELP SOLVE THE H. C. OF L.?<br />
Near Manchester, New Hampshire, a certain N. J. Nassikes has started a large goat farm ahd dairy, pur<br />
posing to enter into active competition with the bovine product. When a goat is milked, the hind legs<br />
must be held firmly, or an "accident" results.<br />
"CALL FOR MR. ORVILLE ORTMEIER!"<br />
This sentence, breathed distinctly, yet in a soft, musical tone, will be heard in the lobby of the McAlpin.<br />
New York City, soon. The management of this hotel believes that bellhops should "page" without be<br />
coming obtrusive or annoying, and in accordance with this belief has engaged Miss Edna Baily, an<br />
elocution teacher, to train the boys' voices.
534 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Marking EI Camino Real<br />
Marking the path of the padres<br />
between the Mission San Diego<br />
and Mission Sonoma, seven hundred<br />
miles north, are seven hundred<br />
of the oddest road signs in the<br />
United States. They are in the<br />
form of mission bells, such as hang<br />
in the belfries of those of the California<br />
missions which have withstood<br />
the wear and tear of time.<br />
The upright bearing the bell carries<br />
also a plate giving the name by<br />
which this path was known nearly<br />
a century and a half ago, ElCamino<br />
Real—The King's Highway—and<br />
also the distance to the nearest<br />
mission in each direction.<br />
And a right royal road this is today<br />
since it has been made a part<br />
of one of two state highways running<br />
the length of California, one<br />
through the coast counties and one<br />
through the middle of the state.<br />
Most of it has already been paved<br />
and all of it will one day be, and<br />
even now El Camino Real is a<br />
Mecca for motorists who find a<br />
sentimental interest in the chain of<br />
missions, in ruins or restored, that<br />
show where the ruthless hand of<br />
civilization was first laid upon the<br />
ahorieinal American son the Pacific<br />
Coast. The road as traveled by the<br />
Franciscan fathers connected their<br />
twenty-one missions, three pueblos<br />
and four presidios, the latter being<br />
the military establishments which<br />
were the secular contribution of<br />
ambitious Spanish colonizers toward<br />
the conquest of the Indian inhabitants.<br />
The photographs shown<br />
here were taken on the day that the<br />
connecting links of this modernized<br />
highway were completed and the<br />
bells raised to mark the event of<br />
opening the road.
^M y _<br />
W%<br />
w<br />
A BLUE SKY TONSORIAL PARLOR<br />
Jim Ryan's clientele consists entirely of "knights of the road"', and for this reason he hns to be situa<br />
within easy loafing distance of the railway. Because the hobos object to enclosed barber shops, R\ an<br />
i lips and shaves mit under the sun. Porhaps it is more sanitary, anyway<br />
^L | 1 LC-P""^ 1H1 PVH<br />
THE OLDEST ACTIVE PREACHER<br />
Mr-. > l.u \ Godd.ml, tin<br />
Unite*<br />
1 minister of this liiilr Quaker church at Brunswick, Maine, was 30m before the<br />
1 States entered the war of 1812 she is 107 years of age. Since Lee surrendered si e has preached<br />
in this same church.<br />
-<br />
T_ _^-l_ t^H JL<br />
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iiWk<br />
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536<br />
New Theory of the Universe<br />
The Copcrnican idea is all wrong<br />
—we live, not on the outside of the<br />
earth but inside its hollow shell; the<br />
sun, moon and stars arc all contained<br />
within this shell, which comprises<br />
all there is of the Universe. This<br />
is the remarkable theory propound<br />
ed by a sect called the Korcshans,<br />
a theory which seems to be made<br />
plausible by a unique model now<br />
being exhibited in Washington.<br />
The maker is Mr. L. B.Webster.<br />
one of the leading men in the faith.<br />
This model is a large, hollow glass<br />
globe. It represents the crust of<br />
the earth, the land and water being<br />
painted on the inside of the sphere.<br />
The configurations of the land and<br />
water of the world are correctly<br />
represented as if seen on the inside<br />
of the globe, so that to get a proper<br />
idea we must imagine ourselves<br />
viewing the concavity from a point<br />
inside its sides.<br />
• •••-. ••„.,<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
^#S**te<br />
The Only Safe Place to Live<br />
Strolling tigers, panthers, and other<br />
hungry wild animals make sleeping in<br />
a hut on the ground in the province of<br />
Assam, British India, a very risky<br />
proposition. The hut on the earth's<br />
surface makes open doors and windows<br />
a necessity—even during the night the<br />
thermometer often registers well over<br />
TURNING COLLEGIANS<br />
INTO FIGHTERS<br />
By B. W. ELSOM<br />
BEFORE AND AFTER<br />
This student was afflicted with a decided curvature ol the spine, and could n r have been accepted (or military service.<br />
How well this was corrected in a short space ol time shown by the photograph at the right.<br />
W H E N Canada issued her<br />
call for troops two years<br />
ago, it was the young<br />
men of her colleges and<br />
universities who were first<br />
In throng to her enlisting stations.<br />
Today the United States has toppled<br />
over war's precipice. Will not our country<br />
look to the same source for the heart<br />
of her volunteer army? Certain it is<br />
that our college halls contain thousands<br />
of the finest young men of the land.<br />
W'hv should not the United States depend<br />
on these?<br />
We arc a nation of optimists, so we<br />
hear those on all sides who shout "Yes"<br />
to this question, and who then proceed<br />
In call to our minds how eagerly the<br />
young men of Revolutionary times gath<br />
ered about Ge<strong>org</strong>e Washington in time<br />
of need. But there is one point that<br />
these enthusiasts overlook; sometimes<br />
"the spirit is willing, but the flesh is<br />
weak." The young men of today are<br />
not of the mold of their forefathers<br />
who rallied fresh from the vigorous life<br />
of farm and woods. For the most part<br />
they are city men, and city life has decreased<br />
their fitness for the hardships of<br />
army life. If our college men of todav<br />
fail to make good soldiers, they will fail<br />
not from lack of patriotism, but from<br />
lack of physique. This statement is not<br />
a mere theory; it is a stubborn fact.<br />
We may prove for ourselves to what<br />
extent it is true by looking at the physical<br />
examination records taken at some<br />
of the universities. The Universitv of<br />
537
538 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Wisconsin has within<br />
the past five years given<br />
thorough physical examinations<br />
to more than<br />
five thousand men upon<br />
entrance. From these<br />
records we may get an<br />
idea of how many of<br />
these men are unable to<br />
pass the physical requirements<br />
for army enlistment.<br />
These requirements<br />
are: fairly robust<br />
health, good eyes, sound<br />
heart, lungs, and no<br />
serious skeletal defects<br />
or chronic disorders.<br />
Out of these five thousand men. as<br />
they entered the University, seventy-five<br />
per cent had nasal abnormalities, fiftyfive<br />
per cent had defects of vision, fortyeight<br />
per cent had throat trouble, fortyseven<br />
per cent had skeletal deformities.<br />
and twelve per cent defective heart and<br />
lungs!<br />
These percentages are startling. Of<br />
course, it is but fair to say that the university<br />
examination is far more exacting<br />
than the army examination, and that a<br />
great many of the defects noted in the<br />
university records are not serious<br />
enough to catch the enlisting officer's<br />
eye. But still it is evident that far too<br />
great a percentage<br />
of<br />
young men as<br />
they enter college<br />
would actually<br />
be rejected<br />
at the<br />
enlisting station.Universities<br />
realize<br />
this condition.<br />
What have<br />
they done to<br />
help these student<br />
s during<br />
the four years<br />
of their college<br />
life?<br />
Every mod-<br />
The Footprint on the Right Was Made<br />
by a Flat Foot; After Treatment for a<br />
Month the Print Took Shape as Shown<br />
on the Left<br />
ern university has a<br />
physical education department<br />
for the purp<br />
o s e of maintaining<br />
health among the students.<br />
The criticism<br />
that has been raised of<br />
these departments is that<br />
they benefit only students<br />
who are normal<br />
physically, and neglect<br />
the subnormal. So today<br />
some of the more<br />
progressive universities<br />
have gone further and<br />
established a department<br />
for the special purpose of<br />
correcting the defects of subnormal students<br />
by adapted exercise, with an eye<br />
directly to making their men fit for military<br />
service. The University of Wisconsin<br />
has been blazing the trail in this<br />
new field, and is today the only university<br />
which employs a specialist to devote<br />
his whole time to this work. It has a<br />
separate gymnastic room and employs<br />
the most modern apparatus for corrective<br />
work. Between two and three hundred<br />
students who are handicapped- by<br />
physical defects receive special attention<br />
under the direction of Dr. J. C. Elsom.<br />
This is one of the most interesting<br />
departments of the university, for it is<br />
actually a human<br />
repair<br />
shop. Here<br />
backbones are<br />
being straightened,<br />
fallen<br />
arches are<br />
being raised.<br />
and round<br />
shoulders are<br />
being squared.<br />
These repairs<br />
are not miracles<br />
: they are<br />
the carefully<br />
calculated re<br />
Curing Round Shoulders<br />
Walking about thi gymnasium with a brick on thi head is one of the<br />
very best "setting up" exercises.<br />
sults of proper<br />
exercise. Nor<br />
are these results
TURNING COLLEGIANS INTO FIGHTERS 539<br />
accomplished over night, but time and<br />
persistence are a small price to pay<br />
for the wonderful results that are obtained.<br />
For example, a man comes to<br />
Dr. Elsom with a bad case of flat feet.<br />
His arches have fallen so completely<br />
that even walking is extremely painful to<br />
him.<br />
The cut at the top of page 538 is a<br />
record of just such a case. The righthand<br />
imprint is an impression of this<br />
man's foot when he came to the university.<br />
After a month of special exercises<br />
for strengthening the weak muscles and<br />
ligaments, this<br />
same foot gave<br />
the imprint<br />
shown at the<br />
left. Flis foot<br />
is beginning to<br />
have a natural<br />
arch again, and<br />
the pain has<br />
d i s a p peared<br />
entirely. Uncle<br />
S a m has<br />
gained a potential<br />
soldier.<br />
Or let us<br />
look at another<br />
kind of cor<br />
rective work—<br />
straightening<br />
crooked backbones.<br />
In the<br />
left photograph on page 537 is a case<br />
of spinal curvature, as Dr. Elsom found<br />
it. This curvature indicated that the<br />
muscles surrounding the spinal column<br />
were out of adjustment. Fortunately, the<br />
University of Wisconsin is getting hold<br />
of young men with such backbones, and<br />
using the magic of corrective exercise<br />
before it is too late. The right-hand<br />
picture shows what just six weeks of this<br />
magic did to straighten out that kink.<br />
A glimpse of one of the corrective<br />
classes at work reveals a scene of bewildering<br />
activity. Here are men hanging,<br />
and stooping, and lifting, and twisting<br />
into all sorts of queer shapes. Other<br />
meii .ire working at rowing machines,<br />
chest weights, and strange contrivances<br />
such as we have never seen before. Perhaps<br />
we may see a man walking about<br />
with a brick on his head.<br />
"No," Dr. Elsom answers our look of<br />
inquiry, "he is not doing that because<br />
there is anything wrong with his head,<br />
though I don't blame you for suspecting<br />
it. Carrying a weight on the head is an<br />
excellent exercise to straighten round<br />
shoulders. The minute that man f<strong>org</strong>ets<br />
to walk erect and straight, the brick will<br />
fall off."<br />
Several years ago a young man came<br />
to Dr. Elsom<br />
seeking to be<br />
excused from<br />
gym work altogether.<br />
He was<br />
a frail, timid<br />
sort of fellow<br />
who had been<br />
lost in the<br />
shuffle of the<br />
general gym<br />
classes, and<br />
w h o because<br />
of lack of selfc<br />
o nfidence<br />
avoided what<br />
he m o s t<br />
Learning Muscular Co-ordination<br />
Walking these unevenly spaced bricks makes the muscles alert to all<br />
calls from the brain and other nerve centers.<br />
needed—plenty<br />
of physical exercise.<br />
Dr. Elsom<br />
became<br />
interested in his case, took him in<br />
hand, and began helping him to help<br />
himself. Soon this young man was<br />
working enthusiastically to build himself<br />
up, and in two years he had become one<br />
of the best runners in the university.<br />
It is a great work that corrective<br />
gymnastics are doing at Wisconsin. It<br />
will not be long before all the large universities<br />
are following her example, and<br />
making sure that they do not send forth.<br />
their graduates hampered by physical defects<br />
which might have been removed.<br />
Wisconsin surely is practicing true<br />
patriotism, for what better way is there<br />
than to make physically strong citizens?
540<br />
SAVING MAN POWER<br />
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m.<br />
Super-Machines That<br />
Have Replaced Men in<br />
the Automobile Industry<br />
Labor is high and scarce at<br />
any price; manufacturers<br />
of automobile parts, there<br />
fore, have extended their<br />
heartiest welcome to the<br />
two mechanisms pictured<br />
here. The photograph<br />
above, taken in the Toledo<br />
factory of -the Willys-Over<br />
land Company, has for its<br />
subject a new automatic<br />
turret lathe which performs<br />
twenty operations in fifteen<br />
minutes on a flywheel, re<br />
moving twenty-four pounds<br />
of rough stock. At the left<br />
is a spindle drill in the<br />
same factory; this machine<br />
bores eighty-one holes in<br />
an aluminum crank casein<br />
one ciperation.
SAVING MAN POWER<br />
541
OUR RIFLE OF THE FUTURE<br />
By EDWARD C. CROSSMAN<br />
O N our fateful Good Friday<br />
of this year, eight hundred<br />
thousand short brown rifles<br />
rested on the shoulders of<br />
our boys in "olive drab",<br />
or encumbered the shelves of our great<br />
stone arsenals.<br />
These rifles are the backbone of our<br />
present military equipment. Are they<br />
worthy and efficient? If we<br />
supply the huge new army we<br />
are raising with similar<br />
weapons, is there any<br />
danger that the enemies<br />
this force will have to<br />
oppose will be better<br />
equipped ?<br />
Reluctantly we must<br />
admit that these rifles are<br />
not up-to-date, and that if<br />
a division of our troops<br />
were to advance against<br />
a wing of the German<br />
line in France, the defenders<br />
w o u 1 d oppose<br />
them with superior<br />
weapons.<br />
The model of 1903 is<br />
fourteen years old. Fourteen<br />
years have seen the<br />
gradual evolution of a military<br />
rifle that operates itself<br />
save for pulling the trigger<br />
—a machine gun in so far as<br />
the recoil or gas from a port<br />
542<br />
The Bolt Action Rifle<br />
When firing this weapon the infantryman must relea]<br />
his hold upon the pistol grip, jerk up and back the<br />
bolt—ejecting the fired cartridge and bringing in a new one—and then<br />
jam it back into place before aiming. This is inconveniently slow when<br />
repelling a charge upon the trenches.<br />
in the barrel does all the work of ejecting<br />
the fired cartridge case, cocking the<br />
striker, inserting a new cartridge and<br />
closing the bolt again.<br />
The exigencies of trench fighting, of<br />
mass attacks, of increasing courage of<br />
men who refuse to abide by the old rules<br />
and hesitate when a certain per cent, even<br />
as small as 10 per cent, of casualties<br />
have been inflicted by the attacked force.<br />
have made most desirable a rifle for the<br />
Lieutenant Ge<strong>org</strong>e<br />
Mortimer (World's<br />
Champion Long Range Rifle Shot)<br />
Demonstrating the Speed of Fire<br />
of the Ross Canadian Service Rifle<br />
nfantry that can fire rapidly<br />
and continuously—up nearly<br />
tii machine-gun speed—at a<br />
critical moment.<br />
Our New Springfield, the<br />
"short brown rifle", is a turnbolt,<br />
a modified Mauser, and,<br />
being a turn-bolt, is akin to<br />
the military rifle every other<br />
nation has used to the present<br />
time. After the shot is fired<br />
the soldier seizes the bolthandle<br />
sticking out on the<br />
right side of the rifle,<br />
turns it up, unlocking the<br />
bolt lugs from their engagement<br />
with the frame
of the rifle, then draws the bolt<br />
in the rear four inches or so, yanking<br />
"ill the fired shell and cocking the rifle.<br />
The reciprocal motion pushes in a new<br />
cartridge, closes the boll, and the final<br />
turn-down of the bolt handle locks the<br />
bolt ready to fire.<br />
Training makes the motion of opening<br />
and closing the bolt a fast one, but just<br />
the same there remains the fact that the<br />
soldier must release his grip of the rifle<br />
with the right hand to go through the<br />
motions described. The maximum rate<br />
of fire of such a rifle is twenty-five<br />
aimed shots a minute.<br />
But, while the rate of fire of the present<br />
hand-operated rifles is higher than<br />
is required for ordinary fighting, the<br />
same rate is not high enough for repelling<br />
a charge, or for stopping the sudden<br />
eruption of masses of running men from<br />
the position of the enemy a short distance<br />
away, Reports from the east war<br />
front—from Russian sources—have it<br />
that the German Mausers, formerly fiveshot<br />
rifles, have been converted to<br />
twenty-five-shot rifles by the addition of<br />
deep magazines.<br />
The Mauser, like the Springfield, is<br />
charger-loading, the five cartridges beingheld<br />
together at their bases by a brass<br />
strip and the five being swept out of the<br />
brass strip into the magazine as the soldier<br />
places the five with their clip in a<br />
slot in the receiver of the rifle and<br />
presses his thumb down against the top<br />
of the five. The operation is very<br />
speedy, taking no more time than reload-<br />
The New Yankee Ritle Ought to Have<br />
a Good Receiver Peep Sight Like This<br />
ing an ordinary rifle with one cartridge.<br />
The writer has performed the operation<br />
OUR RIFLE OF THE FUTURE 543<br />
including dropping rifle from shoulder<br />
and throwing it up again, reloaded with<br />
five cartridges, in five seconds.<br />
Rut, at the pinch, even this time is<br />
costly if the other chaps cover several<br />
yards of precious ground therein.<br />
Our ideal man-killing rifle would be<br />
therefore a rifle to hold many cartridges,<br />
giving twenty-five shots a minute in<br />
regular use, which is ample for the ordinary<br />
fighting fire at distant enemies, but<br />
also giving a tremendous speed of fire<br />
for a few seconds when the critical moment<br />
has arrived.<br />
Before war broke out, the great Paul<br />
Mauser at Oberndorf, -Germany, had<br />
perfected several types of automatic infantry<br />
rifles. Our own Army Ordnance<br />
Department had tried out many designs<br />
and had started the attempt to build a<br />
successful one.<br />
Now comes the authentic report that<br />
German arsenals are building, at top<br />
speed, ten-shot automatic rifles to supplant<br />
the old five-shot Mauser on the<br />
firing line, the new rifle being one of<br />
those which Mauser had evolved before<br />
his death two years ago.<br />
As fast as the exigencies of war supplies<br />
will permit, other nations will have<br />
to follow suit.<br />
To let the ordinary soldier do his<br />
fighting with an automatic—self-loading<br />
the mor%. correct term—infantry rifle<br />
would be to waste precious ammunition<br />
without adding to the results obtained.
544 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
It is difficult even with the hand-operated<br />
rifle to hold troops down to a reasonable<br />
fire rate. The tendency is to<br />
speed up, to fire ten or even twenty shots<br />
a minute when this is not at all necessary.<br />
And if the soldier does this, presently<br />
he finds himself without supplies<br />
for the "hard winter" that may follow<br />
when the enemy gets closer or when he<br />
gets closer to the enemy, because he cannot<br />
carry more than three hundred<br />
rounds, and at ten shots a minute his<br />
three hundred last only half an hour.<br />
So the correct self-loading rifle for<br />
infantry is hand-operated in a manner<br />
akin to the present hand-operated bolt<br />
rifle until the critical moment arrives,<br />
then the pleased infantryman has but to<br />
aim and pull the trigger for each shot<br />
until his magazine runs empty. Also the<br />
hand-operation is essential in case the<br />
rifle fails to operate through the recoil<br />
mechanism or the gas from the barrel<br />
port used to function some types.<br />
The privilege of merely aiming and<br />
pulling the trigger creates less disturbance<br />
in the aim, lets the soldier watch the<br />
enemy all the time, and of course makes<br />
a speed of fire so great that the ten shots<br />
combined with the self-loading rifle. A<br />
ten-shot magazine is almost inadequate,<br />
a fifteen-shot would be better still. The<br />
fire of a regiment so armed would be<br />
about three times as efficient in the last<br />
hundred yards of a charge as the fire<br />
of a regiment armed with the present<br />
accepted type of military rifle.<br />
Because the cartridge is lighter and<br />
smaller and more of them can be carried<br />
by a soldier and accommodated in a<br />
magazine of given size, our new rifle<br />
ought to fire the .25 caliber cartridge<br />
instead of the present .30. True, our<br />
present ammunition reserve is all of .30<br />
caliber, and our tools and fixtures in the<br />
arsenals are for the .30, and our machine-guns<br />
are for the .30—saving a<br />
small matter of 300 we bought chambered<br />
for the British cartridge at the<br />
time of the border mobilization. But<br />
when we took up the Krag in 1893, we<br />
didn't try to make it shoot the old .45<br />
because we had a lot of the .45 on hand;<br />
and when we got the present rifle we<br />
didn't try to make it shoot the out-ofdate<br />
Krag cartridge because we had<br />
some of them left over. Progress in<br />
military firearms cannot be sat upon by<br />
The Slowest of All<br />
This single shot Remington model still is being turned out<br />
to fill French emergency orders, not because of quality.<br />
hut because even a single shot rifle is better than dirksand<br />
rapiers nowadays.<br />
Old Lady Economy, because the old<br />
may be fired with accuracy in as many<br />
dame wouldn't permit any war preparation<br />
at all if she had her way. War<br />
preparation always is costly and wasteful.<br />
seconds.<br />
The Austrians, facing Italian .25 cali<br />
••'The fact of this high speed—and the ber bullets, expressed themselves as<br />
urgent necessity for it at times—makes entirely satisfied that no man ought to<br />
the old five-shot magazine silly when get in the way of one of them. The
festive Turk, facing Greek<br />
.25 caliber bullets, wrote that<br />
they were delightful in that<br />
the True Believer could so<br />
often ride on one of them to<br />
the houris of the Mohammedan<br />
Paradise. The Russian<br />
in 1904, finding that the Japanese<br />
were tickled with his<br />
huge size as a target for their<br />
.25 caliber rifles, promptly<br />
evacuated position after position<br />
on his way to the Jap-less<br />
regions of upper Manchuria.<br />
Using, m o d e r n sharp-point<br />
bullets, the .25 caliber cartridge<br />
can be made to weigh not more<br />
than three-quarters as much as<br />
the present American cartridge,<br />
which means that the soldier can<br />
carry thirty-three per cent more<br />
ammunition. The cartridge can<br />
be smaller, and more of them<br />
can be put into a rifle magazine<br />
of given size. In actual efficiency<br />
there is no difference.<br />
So our next Yankee rifle—<br />
maybe not so far away as we<br />
imagine—will be a combination<br />
of hand-operated and self-loading<br />
or automatic rifle, with a<br />
magazine holding not less than<br />
ten cartridges, and better yet 15, preferably<br />
.25 caliber instead of .30 caliber, with<br />
the present 24-inch barrel instead of the<br />
unwieldy 30 of many foreign armies. It<br />
will be boxed in completely with wood<br />
for the protection of the hands from the<br />
hot metal, and for the protection of the<br />
rifle from damage. It will operate as the<br />
present rifle for ordinary work, and it<br />
will function automatically when the<br />
pinch arrives, giving a speed of fire<br />
nearly akin to the machine gun. A regiment<br />
so armed could pour in a blast of<br />
jacketed lead without a parallel in the<br />
fire of the highest trained regiment<br />
armed with the present type of rifle.<br />
Our Yankee rifle will have a generousopening<br />
peep sight on the frame close to<br />
the eye like the sight of the sportsman,<br />
not the foolish, hard to see and hard to<br />
OUR RIFLE OF THE FUTURE 545<br />
ejects<br />
the used cartridges automatically.<br />
use open sight of the<br />
European and the present<br />
American rifle. The soldier<br />
will see the front<br />
sight and the mark, the<br />
peep, like all well-placed<br />
peeps, practically taking<br />
care of itself when the<br />
eye is opposite.<br />
Turning out a rifle<br />
which will be duplicated<br />
by the million<br />
for the use of troops<br />
is a ticklish and slow<br />
business. One mistake<br />
is duplicated a<br />
million times, one mistake<br />
trots along in<br />
twenty million<br />
dollars' worth of<br />
rifles. So far our<br />
own country has<br />
had trouble finding a rifle of the<br />
self-loading type that will stand the<br />
dirt and abuse of the trenches, the<br />
heat of rapid fire that tends to jam a<br />
rifle, that will function both with the<br />
hand and with the automatic mechanism,<br />
and that is simple enough to let the<br />
horny-handed infantry trench-digging,<br />
non-expert private pull it apart without<br />
tools and clean it after an ordeal in mud<br />
and bad weather. Taken all in all,<br />
though we may expect the new rifle before<br />
many campaign weeks have passed<br />
into history, our first European detachment<br />
doubtless will not have it. These<br />
soldiers, whether they are the enthusiastic<br />
mob of volunteers that many agitators<br />
and patriots desire to send to the<br />
trenches, or drafted divisions, will carry<br />
on their shoulders rifles of our oldfashioned<br />
"New" Springfield model.
546<br />
BURROWING UNDER NEW YORK'S RIVERS<br />
These human moles face, fight, and conquer difficulties in respect to their working conditions in laying<br />
a tunnel that seem beyond man's capabilities. The photograph below shows one of the caissons start<br />
ing down. Note its heavy construction and the beginnings of the openings through which the shields<br />
will be pushed. The upper photograph was snapped in the compressed air chamber of the same caisson.<br />
The pressure here was forty-four pounds to the square inch—very near to the legal limit, which is fifty<br />
pounds maximum in New York State. Workers can stay in this pressure only forty-five minutes at a<br />
stretch, after which they are compelled to spend over half an hour in the recompression chambers, getting<br />
back to normal, before they can rest.
WITH THE CAISSON CREW 547<br />
"RUNNING A LINE THROUGH AN AIR LOCK"<br />
When the tunnel shield is driven ahead, foot by foot, by the score of pneumatic hammers, each delivering<br />
blows of 340,000 pounds weight, constant engineering survey work is necessary to keep the shield in line.<br />
For the safety of the engineers and the other workers in the pressure area, flying gang-ways, safety<br />
screens and emergency locks are located high in all tunnels, so escape will not be cut off in case of a<br />
"blow" or flooding. Medical locks also are provided with rest rooms, bathing facilities, and hot coffee.<br />
The time spent "in the air" depends on the pressure. The human system is so constituted that it ex<br />
periences no ill effects or discomfort, except for pressure on ear drums, from a quick increase of pressure,<br />
hut a quick reduction in the same may result in great physical discomfort with serious after-effects,<br />
sometimes fatal. The prevention of compressed-air sickness, known as the "bends", has reached a state<br />
whi-ie the illness is less frequent than formerly.
548 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
SINKING THE HARLEM RIVER SUBWAY TUNNELS<br />
This was the first time in engineering annals that the method of sinking the cast-iron cylinders into the<br />
prepared river bed was used. After beingfloated into position they were lowered by decreasing the pressure<br />
in the air tanks. Below is a photograph showing a shield and the erector placing a section of tunnel<br />
lining. The rings are built of flanged segments bolted together to form a circle. The circular rings are<br />
bolted together to form the tunnel lining, and rendered watertight by lead caulking and grouting.<br />
». *. 3'^-<br />
,<br />
w<br />
V<br />
" m\
A "SAND-HOG" VOLUN<br />
TEERS<br />
This photograph shows a novel ex<br />
periment resorted to in a tunnel<br />
under the East river. A "blow<br />
out" had occurred—the compressed<br />
air had escaped and ten feet of<br />
water had replaced it. The tun<br />
nel was on a down grade and the<br />
valve on the blow pipe was located<br />
near the shield, at the lowest point.<br />
If it could have been reached and<br />
opened, the water could have been<br />
blown from the tunnel heading<br />
without installing pumps or new<br />
blow lines. A sand - hog volun<br />
teered to don a diving suit and go<br />
down into the heading under com<br />
pressed air and open the valve. He<br />
made a successful trip down the<br />
tunnel but, because of mud, could<br />
not reach the valve.
HOW TO GET ON<br />
A Business Series of Practical<br />
Inspiration<br />
m.<br />
BEST METHODS<br />
by Thomas J. Barratt<br />
Managing Director for 50 Years of Pears'<br />
Soap and Chairman of the Company<br />
I T is a mistake to think<br />
that good qualities<br />
alone will enable a<br />
man to prosper.<br />
Thoreau, long ago,<br />
dreamer though he was,<br />
saw through the insufficiency<br />
of this gospel of<br />
goodness as an equipment<br />
for success in a world of<br />
struggle and practicality.<br />
"Be not merely good," he<br />
said, "be good for something."<br />
To maintain this is<br />
in no sense to deprecate<br />
goodness or any of its component<br />
elements; but over<br />
and above the cardinal virtues—if<br />
ever any man was<br />
saint enough to possess<br />
them all—for success there<br />
must be present in a man's<br />
nature a forcefulncss of<br />
character, a capacity<br />
f<strong>org</strong>ing ahead, and a<br />
persistency of pur<br />
for<br />
pose that can surmount<br />
obstacles and<br />
make rough places<br />
smooth in his arduous<br />
course toward h i s<br />
.ssc<br />
The Shirker's Motto: "Labor as Little as<br />
Possible .<br />
HEALTH AND BRAINS<br />
These two essentials<br />
come by nature, but many<br />
a fragile frame has been<br />
safeguarded and tended to<br />
a condition of strength by<br />
good sense and care-—the<br />
strenuous Roosevelt, for<br />
instance; while in regard<br />
to brain it does not cease<br />
to grow until senility sets<br />
in. Physical health and<br />
mental power are so<br />
closely allied that only in<br />
abnormal cases are they<br />
dissociated. But, with<br />
Juvenal's oft-quoted<br />
"mens sana in corpore<br />
sano" realized, or as<br />
near as may be, the<br />
process of successequipment<br />
can go merrily<br />
forward, for, as<br />
has been well said, "If<br />
a healthy body con-<br />
^ tributes to the<br />
health of the<br />
mind, so also a<br />
. healthy mind<br />
keeps the body<br />
w e 11." Both<br />
body and mind
have to be exercised<br />
into efficiency, or<br />
stagnation of the<br />
one and apathy in<br />
the other will follow,<br />
and, as Shakespeare-says,<br />
"Your<br />
dull ass will not<br />
mend his pace by<br />
beating."<br />
Knowledge and<br />
experience are the<br />
feeders of the brain.<br />
.All the school<br />
knowledge that can<br />
be obtained should<br />
be taken advantage<br />
of, or the coming days will be saddened<br />
by regrets over lost opportunities. But<br />
so much of our school knowledge is a<br />
matter of rule and rote, and insufficiently<br />
memorized, that it must be backed up<br />
and eked tint by an unwearying effort<br />
to add to the stock from every proper<br />
source—especially by constant courses<br />
in the college of experience. By resolving<br />
to learn something new and useful<br />
every day, however, by cultivating an<br />
inquiring habit of mind, and by practicing<br />
one's powers of observation until<br />
the faculty of seeing the practical side<br />
of things is developed, the equipment of<br />
knowledge soon grows to goodly proportions.<br />
It is what you observe that tells.<br />
"Two prisoners looked from the prison<br />
windows.<br />
One saw the stars, the other the mud."<br />
Always look above the mud. Among<br />
the lessons one learns in life's course.<br />
those of adversity have been said to he<br />
sweet, but the fewer lessons one takes<br />
in this direction the better. Adversity<br />
never lingers long with the man who<br />
has in him the makings of success.<br />
SUCCESS-ABILITIES<br />
Briefly, I think, these may be brought<br />
into some such classification as the following:<br />
Cap-ability, work-ability, responsibility,<br />
adapt-ability, and practicability.<br />
If you examine these, you will<br />
find that there has not been much left<br />
BEST METHODS 551<br />
. . . And Get as Much<br />
as Possible for It"<br />
nut. Of these only one need detain us,<br />
and that is work. The others explain<br />
themselves, and are partly dependent<br />
upon circumstances. Work-ability is the<br />
bravest item in a man's equipment for<br />
"getting on" in business. The founder<br />
of the house of Rothschild, who propounded<br />
many business maxims for the<br />
guidance of his successors, wound up the<br />
lot with this injunction: "Follow these,<br />
then work hard, and you will be certain<br />
to succeed." Thinking, however, is the<br />
chief part of work from nearly every<br />
standpoint. Even tKe hardest physical<br />
labor is eased when thought accompanies<br />
it: for the stroke of a mattock, the blow<br />
of a hammer, or the trundling of a<br />
wheelbarrow, when guided by thought as<br />
well as by bodily strength, has its laborstrain<br />
lightened and relaxed; and the<br />
man who thinks over his manual labor<br />
will be sure one day or other to work<br />
himself up to a better level.<br />
THE WORKING CONSCIENCE<br />
Many are wanting in what I may call<br />
the "working conscience"—that is. the<br />
natural, inborn stimulus for work. There<br />
are still men so little afraid of work that<br />
they even dare to go to sleep beside it.<br />
or at least allow themselves to lapse into<br />
a half-slumberous condition, when super-
552 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
intendence is not active and insistent.<br />
There are still youths who regard "shutting<br />
up shop" as the main thing to desire,<br />
and who believe that the true worka-day<br />
motto is "Labor as little as possible<br />
and get as much as possible for it."<br />
But these are the people who stick in the<br />
ruts and do not "get on." There is another<br />
motto that is much better worth<br />
keeping in mind and that is "There is<br />
no fun like work." It is an axiom of an<br />
old friend of mine, the creator of an<br />
enterprise of world-wide repute, Sir<br />
Thomas I. Lipton. What he means is<br />
that to work well and take an interest in<br />
what you are doing makes the hours pass<br />
pleasantly and profitably; whereas, to<br />
the come-day-go-day idler, who shirks<br />
and yawns and is forever glancing at the<br />
clock and wishing the day was over,<br />
minutes seem like hours; he lives in an<br />
atmosphere of drag and lag, and should<br />
in the familiar phrase either "get on or<br />
The "wait and see' policy—the policy<br />
of Micawber<br />
—is not one<br />
to recommend<br />
to the "getting<br />
on" aspirant.<br />
"Find<br />
out" is a better.<br />
In some<br />
rural districts that I know, "Find out," is<br />
a common rejoinder to anyone who asks<br />
how a thing is to be done. It is astonishing<br />
how much knowledge can be acquired,<br />
and how much the sense of responsibility<br />
can be quickened by this simple<br />
plan of finding out things for yourself.<br />
Revelations await you at every stage.<br />
The young man who does things without<br />
wasting time in asking or waiting for<br />
help is soon recognized as of the "getting<br />
on" type, and is rewarded with advancement.<br />
APPLICATION<br />
Once having acquired or got into line<br />
with the right sort of equipment, there<br />
is still the lesson of its application to<br />
learn. Knowledge, without the power to<br />
use it. is of little avail; capability that<br />
does not shape itself for action has nothing<br />
to exercise itself upon; the will and<br />
the desire to make them operative must be<br />
there or little success will result. Still,<br />
whatever you do or omit doing, never<br />
f<strong>org</strong>et the time-honored virtues hallowed<br />
by a thousand inspiring memories. Sometimes<br />
they are voted old-fashioned, but,<br />
all the same, they are of imperishable<br />
wear and a shining ornament to those<br />
who possess them. Truth, honesty, diligence,<br />
are qualities which should always<br />
be kept in the foreground of life's perspective<br />
; not imitations or dilutions of<br />
them, but the realities. It is not<br />
sufficient to be up to the half-standard<br />
of the American farmer who on<br />
being asked how his son was getting<br />
on replied. "Oh, John's a very good<br />
boy; he may lie a<br />
)it and he may<br />
thieve a bit; but<br />
when you've said<br />
lat vou've said
all: my son John's a very good boy on<br />
the whole."<br />
METHOD, MANNERS, AND PERSONALITY<br />
Method is a necessity to business "getting<br />
on." It is the outcome of the orderly<br />
spirit operating through the ages<br />
and applying the lessons of experience<br />
to the economizing of time and effort in<br />
any department of business action. To<br />
master the<br />
be one of man's first endeavors.<br />
Business manners are also an important<br />
matter. A man can be and ought to be<br />
polite and considerate, no matter how<br />
great his hurry. Even with panting<br />
motors waiting to bear one away, with<br />
telephone calls sounding incessantly<br />
around one, and the endless stir and hubbub<br />
of modern activities assailing at<br />
every point, the habit of courtesy should<br />
never be laid aside. Office manners are<br />
one thing, however, and workshop manners<br />
another; but the principle and the<br />
effect should be the same in both.<br />
"There is always time enough for<br />
courtesy," said Emerson. It requires<br />
personality and character, however, to<br />
BEST METHODS 553<br />
rise to the best on all business occasions;<br />
but with these to his equipment a man<br />
can go forward with a good heart, and<br />
he will not fail.<br />
Yesterday you have done with, except<br />
to remember its lessons. Today is yours:<br />
make the best of it. Think always how<br />
you can employ it to the best advantage<br />
to yourself and your employers. Today<br />
is your present direct, assured concern;<br />
if you make the<br />
best of it you score<br />
a success and<br />
every successful day is a stepping-stone<br />
to higher successes. There can be no<br />
happier feeling at the end of a day than<br />
to know that you have put all your duty<br />
into it: it will be pleasurable to recall it,<br />
and will make of tomorrow a bright<br />
today, for the light of good achievements<br />
extends far into the future. It may be.<br />
as the poet has it, that "tomorrow never<br />
comes ;" still, it is well always to be looking<br />
forward to and preparing for it. He<br />
who is a slacker today cannot expect a<br />
commission tomorrow, whether his field<br />
of endeavor be the army or the ranks of<br />
business; this is a stern truth and a comforting<br />
motto, for preparedness is bound<br />
to win recognition as surely as chronic<br />
laziness is bound to fail.
THE MANUFACTURE OF FINE MIRRORS 555<br />
possible—lower right picture—<br />
after which such holes are cut<br />
as the frame requires, and the<br />
smoothed plate goes to the<br />
"silver chamber", for its many<br />
coats of backing. After these<br />
have been applied and allowed<br />
to set sufficiently, the original<br />
piece of plate glass has been<br />
transformed into a magnificent<br />
mirror or cbeval glass, worthy<br />
to be set in mahogany and made<br />
the chief accomplice of any fair<br />
lady's beauty machinations.<br />
b&t<br />
—rSn'<br />
•••'- • 'imrr
AS FAST AS HE CAN READ<br />
Tap-tap-tap go the keys, and with each of tbe staccato sounds a letter flashes away to the operator's left, borne by<br />
the metal vane.<br />
THIRTY MAN-POWER POSTAL<br />
SORTING MACHINE<br />
By D. H. BACH<br />
INSTALLED at the Chicago postoffice<br />
is a new and striking machine<br />
for distributing mail. It looks like<br />
a monster typewriter attached to a<br />
belt conveyor, and is the first mechanical<br />
letter distributor to be adopted<br />
by any post-office.<br />
Since postal distribution was instituted,<br />
there never has been any other<br />
system for distributing letters but by<br />
hand. A clerk stands in front of a<br />
pigeonhole case and dockets the letters<br />
according to the proper separation<br />
scheme, or else before a rackful of open<br />
sacks, pouching the letters or bundles of<br />
letters by throwing them into the proper<br />
receptacle. In practical post-office work<br />
in large cities, all mail matter is divided<br />
into twenty-eight "primary" separations,<br />
each separation being then redistributed<br />
a given number of times until the final<br />
"direct" packet is made up. But the new<br />
556<br />
machine is changing all that; it is simplifying<br />
the distribution process as much<br />
as Whitney's cotton gin simplified the<br />
cotton seed separation.<br />
The post-office "tank" consists of a<br />
key-board of 256 keys, which control a<br />
sort of switch-track of four little rails.<br />
Above these little rails and beside the<br />
key-board, travels an endless belt, on<br />
which are set upright at regular intervals<br />
large flat metal receptacles, open at<br />
the ends near the key-board. These receptacles<br />
look like huge envelopes with<br />
one end open. Projecting from the bottom<br />
of each receptacle are four small<br />
rods, each of which can take four different<br />
positions. Thus the combination<br />
of four units, each of which has four<br />
possible movements, gives a combination<br />
of 256 possible positions.<br />
The positions of these small rods are<br />
determined by the position of the four
levers of the switchtrack mentioned<br />
above, and this, in turn, is controlled by<br />
the 256 keys of the man-operated typewriter<br />
key-board.<br />
Below the belt is a double set of<br />
pigeonholes. Each pigeonhole is so set<br />
that one of the metal receptacles passing<br />
above it, as it travels over a drum at the<br />
end of the machine along the belt, can<br />
open out over it, and drop the contained<br />
letter in. But each of the various<br />
pigeonholes corresponds to only one of<br />
the 256 combinations of positions which<br />
the rods on the metal receptacles can<br />
assume.<br />
The operator sits in front of the keyboard.<br />
The letters are stacked before<br />
him automatically. He reads the address<br />
on the front envelppe. depresses the<br />
corresponding key, and this key shoots<br />
the letter from the front of the stack on<br />
to a moving vane which fans the letter<br />
POSTAL SORTING MACHINE 557<br />
into the side opening of one of the metal<br />
receptacles. At the same time the depression<br />
of the key has set the switchtrack.<br />
This shifts the rods on the bottom<br />
of the receptacle to the proper position,<br />
so that it will open out and drop<br />
the contained letter into the proper<br />
pigeonhole beneath. Shooting away the<br />
top letter, of course, exposes the next<br />
letter, and so forth, until all are taken<br />
care of. An employe runs a separate<br />
jogging and facing machine which keeps<br />
constant the supply of letters.<br />
A separate machine arranges the letters to be sorted, and they are held in place before the operator by means of a spring.<br />
There are two big advantages of this<br />
method over the old. In the first place,<br />
it is mechanically much faster than the<br />
hand-distribution of letters. In the second<br />
place, with 256 primary separations<br />
instead of 28, it is possible to eliminate<br />
at least sixty per cent of the rehandling<br />
and redistribution which letters now<br />
receive.
0 "'HiHlMmimiitM«»M»«»»a*>nimnim9f4tYiU*f*\„<br />
A Clear Window^ for the Engineer<br />
Effective means for keeping a locomotive cab window free<br />
from frost and mist has been devised by Peter G. Olson,<br />
of St. Paul, Minnesota. Perforated pipes are run up alongside<br />
the window pane. The compressed air emanating<br />
from these pipes, one of which is outside the window and<br />
the other inside, prevents frost from accumulating. The<br />
invention becomes an important safety device when the<br />
engine is running through a storm.<br />
558<br />
A "Reverse" Warning<br />
Because many pedestrians each year are<br />
run down by cars suddenly thrown into<br />
reverse gear by their drivers, this new<br />
automatic warning signal should meet<br />
an urgent need. The contrivance, invented<br />
by a California girl, consistsof an<br />
electric horn that is thrown into circuit<br />
by a contact plate on the gear-shifting<br />
lever. Whenever the chauffeur throws<br />
the lever into reverse, the horn shrieks a<br />
a warning to all who may be behind the<br />
car.
An Occupation for War Cripples<br />
This is a legless, deaf, one-eyed, one-armed<br />
man trained by Frank B. Gilbreth. an<br />
efficiency engineer, to show a new form of<br />
occupation for crippled soldiers. Mr. Gilbreth<br />
has presented the Allies with information<br />
as to how these men may be put to<br />
work as dental nurses to conserve the<br />
world's teeth. After an exhaustive investigation<br />
Mr. Gilbreth has proved that his<br />
scheme is practical and that these cripples<br />
may earn a livelihood by cleaning and observing<br />
teeth. It, incidentally, will save<br />
the working man lots of money and enable<br />
the underpaid worker to get the benefit of<br />
dental attention at a small figure, and at<br />
the same time be told when he needs work<br />
done.<br />
A Trailer Fire Engine<br />
A Minneapolis firm has recently placed on<br />
the market a singular fire pump. It is designed<br />
to be coupled to the rear of any<br />
other fire apparatus and pulled to the required<br />
place for use. Only one man is<br />
required to operate it. A gasoline motor<br />
is geared direct to a fire pump and the<br />
combination is mounted on a light weight<br />
chassis. By the time the length of hose<br />
has been laid and coupled, the machine is<br />
ready to pump 500 gallons of water in a<br />
minute at a pressure of 120 pounds, as long<br />
as the engine is permitted to run.<br />
MECHANICS, INVENTION
560 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Combined Sprayer and Cultivator<br />
A spraying attachment that is operated in<br />
connection with the gangs of a cultivator<br />
has been devised by Frank Oldham, of<br />
Dallas, Texas. The gangs of the cultivator<br />
serve as supports or conductors of the spraying<br />
liquid from the tank to the nozzles. The<br />
machine was designed primarily for cotton<br />
fields but does effective work on all crops<br />
which are planted in rows and plowed with<br />
a riding cultivator. As the plants are cultivated<br />
and sprayed at the same time, pestiferous<br />
insects are given a finishing treatment.<br />
An Electric Floor-Waxer<br />
An electric device has been perfected recently that will polish waxed<br />
floors without the back-breaking labor of doing it by hand. The old<br />
method took hours besides considering the unpleasantness and<br />
drudgery of getting on one's knees and polishing in this slow manner.<br />
This new device works without the slightest effort. It consists of a<br />
massive bristle brush which revolves at the rate of 3000 revolutions<br />
per minute, giving the floor a hard, glossy finish. It is also econom<br />
ical, for less wax is used. A switch on the handle enables one to start<br />
and stop the motor instantly. This machine fastens to any electric<br />
light socket and is ready to use at a moment's notice.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 561<br />
MOVES HOUSE OVER SEVEN MILES 'CROSS COUNTRY<br />
A remarkable and unusual feat was performed recently by motor trucks at Camp Stewart on the Mexican border. When<br />
the last of the National Guard were ordered home, truck company No. 20 was transferred to Motor Truck Park. El Paso,<br />
seven and one-half miles from Camp Stewart. It was necessary to move one of the company houses which had been<br />
erected by the Army and the problem was a big one, as to how to move it the seven and one-half miles without knock<br />
ing il down and re erecting it.<br />
Il was finally decided to load it on four motor trucks, one at each corner. To do this, of course, it was necessary that<br />
the trucks at the rear corners should drive<br />
backward and on reverse gear. In addition<br />
l this difficult v, the building being twenty<br />
lift wide by forty six feet long, it was im<br />
possible to travel on the roads, because of<br />
telegraph poles, trees, and other obstruc<br />
tions. Therefore, it was necessary to make<br />
the trip across the fields and through the open<br />
country, up hill and down, through gullies<br />
and ditches. In spite of these difficulties, it<br />
was possible to accomplish this unique task<br />
in a little less than an hour and three-<br />
quarters.<br />
For the Night Owl<br />
A new device has been invented which will<br />
guide your key right into the keyhole no<br />
matter bow late at night—or early in the<br />
morning—you may turn in. All the usual<br />
annoyance of stabbing at a keyhole in the<br />
dark is obviated, for the cone-shaped plate<br />
which is attached over the keyhole unerr<br />
ingly guides your key to the lock. The de-<br />
\ u e 1^ made of a single piece of metal bent<br />
to the desired shape and fastened to the door<br />
|.\ screws. It is only necessary that you be<br />
able to place the key within a radius of one<br />
inch From the keyhole to succeed in get<br />
ting in, and even in stormiest seas a sailor<br />
should preserve this much accuracy—in fact.<br />
this i~- necessan to make harbor at all.
562 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Sanitary Dust Bag for Vacuum<br />
Cleaners<br />
YesI this is a vacuum cleaner. But the<br />
dust bag on this machine instead of being<br />
of cloth is made of strong fiber paper.<br />
While the operation of a vacuum cleaner is<br />
very satisfactory, in that it does the work so<br />
much more efficiently than was the case<br />
by the old methods, y.et the cleaning or<br />
emptying of the dust bag of the vacuum<br />
is a very disagreeable task. For when the<br />
bag is emptied, dust flies and germs arc<br />
scattered. Hence when the paper bag,<br />
which is made to fit all sizes of machines,<br />
has become filled with dirt and dust it is<br />
removed and destroyed, and a clean bag<br />
(fh<br />
put on.<br />
Raising a Switchboard One Floor<br />
without Stopping the Telephone<br />
Service<br />
The novel expedient of raising a main<br />
switchboard from the first to the second<br />
floor of the telephone exchange at West<br />
Palm Beach. Florida, was accomplished<br />
recently without at all interfering with<br />
the telephone service. The telephone<br />
company had added a floor to the build<br />
ing and then decided to get the switch<br />
board up on it in such a way that the<br />
change would not embarrass the sub<br />
scribers.<br />
The decision to do this was made before<br />
the floor had been completed, so that a<br />
large opening was kit among the rafters of the new<br />
floor, big enough to permit the switchboard to go<br />
through on a temporary platform, supported by<br />
powerful chains. Back of the board the cables of<br />
wires leading to it had been extended so as not to<br />
hamper the movement of the platform.<br />
Three telephone girls continued at work while the<br />
platform was being slowly raised and though it was<br />
a rather shaky operation, none of the operatives<br />
paiq* much attention to it, answering calls as<br />
though nothing had happened. Nor did the tele<br />
phone users become aware of what was going on.<br />
When the switchboard had been lifted to the<br />
second floor, the placing of it in position was a<br />
comparatively simple task.
Handy Ice-Shaving Device<br />
With this new ice shaver it is possible to cut<br />
ice into a cylindrical container without dis<br />
turbing any of the various dishes which may<br />
rest in the icebox. The cylindrical receptacle<br />
has blades on its bottom portion projecting<br />
down through slots which scoop ice into the<br />
receptacle as the crank is turned. A drill<br />
point on the lower end of the shaft, which ex<br />
tends down through the receptacle, keeps the<br />
device from slipping from the place where thi<br />
shaving is begun. The crank shaft is detach<br />
able from the shaving receptacle. This makes<br />
it handier to carry the shaved ice to the point<br />
of use.<br />
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 563<br />
AUTOMATIC AIR AND STEAM CONNECTION<br />
Picture shows a new automatic air and steam coupling device, the invention of the Durbin brothers of Oklahoma. Tbe><br />
claim that by the use of this device, both steam heat and air are connected automatically the moment the queer looking<br />
"beads" come into contact. It is claimed to be "accident proof"—that is, when the connection is made, the apparatus<br />
will Mand tbe straio of pulling several ordinary coaches, alone, should the regular drawhead be out of repair.
564 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
New Gasoline Rotary Soil Tiller<br />
This machine prepares the seed bed properly in one operation. Formerly,<br />
the plow had to be followed by a series of other tools, but the rotary<br />
tiller—taking the place of all—makes chips like a hoe, and breaks them<br />
up by throwing them violently against one another. Even on heavy soils,<br />
this machine tills the full depth and width desired.<br />
SAFETY NETS FOR SKYSCRAPER MEN<br />
From the inception of the present skyscraper era, the men who work on the windswept girders, twenty, thirty, fifty<br />
stories above the street, have had to depend upon their own sure-footedness alone as far as safety was concerned.<br />
Thousands of accidents—nearly all fatal—have occurred, naturally, for in this case to err is mortal, while escape is to<br />
benefit from tbe hand of divine Providence. Today, however, several of the largest buildings under construction are<br />
provided with these steel wire mesh nets every three or four stories. By this means at least sixty per cent of such<br />
fatalities are expected to be eliminated.<br />
*
TRAINING OUR AIR<br />
SCOUTS<br />
By J. R. WEISS<br />
T H E United States is sadly in<br />
need of fliers. The turning<br />
out of aeroplanes is a matter<br />
of no very serious<br />
moment. The machines<br />
themselves can be<br />
supplied at any time. It is<br />
trained hands to control<br />
them that army and navy officers<br />
are seeking most anxiously.<br />
Military machines owned by<br />
Uncle Sam are not numerous.<br />
Still the old gentleman has one<br />
hundred in service now as<br />
against one<br />
dozen a year<br />
ago. That's<br />
progress, isn't<br />
it ? Several<br />
hundred more<br />
have been or<br />
dered and will<br />
be in our<br />
hangars soon;<br />
it looks as<br />
though they<br />
may be ready<br />
What is the<br />
The Mounting of a Lewis Gun<br />
The aviators at Mineola, Long Island, are instructed thoroughly in<br />
the art of annihilating their possible opponents by a hail of machine<br />
gun fire. Note the arc of metal upon which the weapon is mounted.<br />
This gives a wide radius of fire.<br />
before their pilots are.<br />
situation with reference<br />
to meeting all the demands for trained<br />
aviators? The Federal authorities have<br />
had for some time aviation schools to the<br />
number of four or five. These are at<br />
Miami, Florida, San Diego, California,<br />
Mineola, Long Island, New York, and<br />
Omaha, Nebraska. Others are being<br />
opened up. or are soon to open. Particularly<br />
satisfactory work has been going<br />
on at Miami, at San Diego, and the less<br />
known but quite important school at<br />
Mineola. The threat of war with<br />
Mexico was responsible originally for the<br />
starting of this last school. This menace<br />
made imperative an increase in the num<br />
ber of our military aviators, and a substantial<br />
increase, too.<br />
During these more troubled days with<br />
Mexico, aero companies of the<br />
New York militia assembled<br />
at Mineola for instruction.<br />
Later most of these men were<br />
sent home, and regularly enlisted<br />
men in the Federal service<br />
took their<br />
places. At the<br />
present t i m e,<br />
there is a demand<br />
for one<br />
thousand men<br />
who can handle<br />
an aeroplane<br />
in flight.<br />
This does not<br />
mean m e n<br />
skilled in battling<br />
the ele<br />
ments, or capable<br />
of maki<br />
n g sustained<br />
flights u n d e r<br />
extra hazardous<br />
conditions, or able to engage the<br />
enemy's aircraft with guns, or to outwit<br />
them by skillful maneuvering. Plain<br />
aviators—in the same class as the average<br />
car driver is in the automobile world<br />
—that is the cry. Yet. though the requirements<br />
seem simple, the number of<br />
men capable of meeting the demand is<br />
woefully small. In the L T nited States<br />
there have altogether been developed<br />
only about 650 aviators who have been<br />
licensed to fly—and a flying license has<br />
not meant great ability, either.<br />
Manufacturers of aeroplanes are<br />
doing their part in encouraging flying.<br />
Two constructing companies at least<br />
specialize in building sporting types.<br />
S6S
566 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
THE LARGEST ARMY AVIATION SCHOOL<br />
This instruction college for military airmen is located at North Island, near San Diego. California. The school possesses<br />
ten machines, most of them of the Curtiss biplane type.<br />
This is a thing that will encourage the<br />
layman to undertake the thrilling experience<br />
of becoming an aviator. 'It is a<br />
direct incentive to increasing the number<br />
of skilled fliers.<br />
Training tractors are being put out as<br />
needed for instruction purposes. These<br />
machines are built with a double set of<br />
controls and with the seats (two in number<br />
) arranged in tandem fashion. The<br />
beginner is placed at first in the rear<br />
seat from which position he can observe<br />
closely every movement made by his instructor.<br />
Thus the novice can familiarize<br />
himself quickly with full speed ahead,<br />
reverse, diving, rising, banking, warping<br />
of the ailerons, and all the rest of the<br />
technique of control.<br />
When the instructor finally permits the<br />
pupil to handle the machine, he can keep<br />
the machine in safe flight by his own<br />
grip on the controls if the pupil should<br />
make any mistakes.<br />
It was only a short time ago that a different<br />
method was adopted for teaching<br />
green men the aviator's art. An aeroplane<br />
equipped with a motor of horse<br />
power so low that it could not rise from<br />
the ground was entrusted to the student.<br />
All that he could do, therefore, was to<br />
go shooting around over the aviation<br />
practice course, running no more risk as<br />
a consequence than was incident to colliding<br />
with trees or posts if the machine<br />
should get beyond control.<br />
Gradually the pupil was inducted by<br />
means of a low-powered aeroplane that<br />
could actually fly into the initial mysteries<br />
of aerial navigation. Finally he<br />
was permitted to run by himself a highpowered<br />
machine of standard design,<br />
learning at last to battle with the problems<br />
of the upper air currents.<br />
This method was found to be defective.<br />
It was much like teaching a man<br />
to swim, first on land, next in a shallow<br />
creek, and lastly throwing him into the<br />
deep ocean.<br />
The method of individual instruction<br />
by means of the tractor with dual controls<br />
has proved far more satisfactory.<br />
When a pupil has completed his flying<br />
course he must spend a minimum of<br />
twenty hours in the air before he is permitted<br />
to take the test which establishes<br />
his place as a skilled aviator. This i'~<br />
the requirement at the school at Mineola.<br />
Any aviator who has been trained<br />
elsewhere may try for the test without<br />
this preliminary qualification.<br />
For exhibition purposes and for employment<br />
by aeroplane manufacturing<br />
concerns, trained aviators are said to<br />
receive from seventy-five to two hundred<br />
dollars a week. In these circumstances<br />
it would seem as if there should already<br />
be a number of daring, ambitious young<br />
men able to meet the call of the government<br />
when national need claims them<br />
from this private work for public service.
Such however, is not the case, we must<br />
admit, unfortunately.<br />
To meet the demand from all quarters<br />
for skilled airmen, a number of private<br />
schools have sprung up. The art is not<br />
an easy one to learn. It occasionally<br />
happens, it is true, that a man will learn<br />
in a few days' time to control and guide<br />
a machine safely. This is exceptional. The<br />
average man requires usually at least two<br />
months before he can be said to be really<br />
qualified. Learning to fly is a serious<br />
business that requires all of a man's time<br />
and energies. Tt is not a matter of leisure<br />
moments.<br />
There has been a good<br />
deal of time wasted in the<br />
past by the unscientific—if<br />
earnest—means of instruction<br />
employed. Some experts<br />
believe that a man of<br />
no unusual facility to start<br />
with should eventually he<br />
able to learn the handling<br />
i if an aeroplane in not more<br />
Practical Mechanics at Mineola<br />
In the photograph at the right an aviation<br />
officer is explaining the intricacies<br />
of the V-shaped aeroplane motor. Below<br />
is a group listcnins to an instructor<br />
"talk turke\" on the use of a metal<br />
lathe.<br />
TRAINING OUR AIR SCOUTS 567<br />
than three weeks. This belief has, as a<br />
matter of fact, already been borne out<br />
at the Mineola school. A little less than<br />
a month is the average per pupil.<br />
The private schools charge naturally<br />
high rates for instruction. Proficient instructors<br />
are hard to get, and very expensive<br />
grounds and equipment are<br />
required. One school, for example,<br />
asks and gets twenty-five dollars a lesson.<br />
These private aviation schools are<br />
starting up in various parts of the country.<br />
Their advertisements appear in
568 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
surprisingly large numbers in the various<br />
aviation journals and other magazines<br />
devoted to the science. One or two of<br />
the big aircraft manufacturers also run<br />
aviation schools in conjunction with their<br />
main enterprise.<br />
One of the problems that has bothered<br />
both those ordering aeroplanes and those<br />
COPYRIGHT UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD<br />
with good heads, good physique and<br />
steady nerves. Promotion in a growing<br />
service like this is sure to be rapid.<br />
Those who qualify now stand a fair<br />
chance to win officers' commissions ultimately.<br />
Those who wish further information<br />
concerning this should write to Chief<br />
Signal Officer, War Department, Washington,<br />
D. C. Instruction may be had at<br />
EXPLAINING THE ELEVATOR<br />
This is the plane which when lifted makes an aeroplane climb; also it is the part which a novice is most apt to manage<br />
unskilfully. One common fault—it shows up weekly at any flying field—is that beginners usually attempt to climb<br />
while they are "banking," i. e., turning with their planes tipped sidewise. This usually causes a disastrous side-slip.<br />
engaged in instruction work has been the<br />
lack of standardized machines. Last<br />
year one big factory turned out in response<br />
to orders twenty-eight hundred<br />
varying sizes and specifications in bolts<br />
alone. This situation is not only very<br />
undesirable, but really unnecessary. It<br />
undoubtedly will be modified in time.<br />
So far the governmental schools have<br />
been limited not only in numbers, but<br />
in accommodations for handling many<br />
pupils. Scarce as is the regular army<br />
service, infantry, artillery, cavalry in<br />
officers to train and maneuver troops,<br />
the aviation branch is far more seriously<br />
handicapped. Officers are scarce, yet it<br />
is a branch of the service that offers<br />
splendid opportunities for young men<br />
one of the several Federal aviation stations.<br />
Certain developments in the autumn<br />
of 1916 gave considerable encouragement<br />
to those interested in practical<br />
aeronautics. First of all there was the<br />
flight of Carlstrom, no mean feat in<br />
itself, though quickly eclipsed by the<br />
phenomenal trip of Ruth Law from Chicago<br />
to Governor's Island in New York<br />
harbor.<br />
The peculiar significance of her feat<br />
consists in this: that a woman of slight<br />
strength and build (Miss Law weighs<br />
only 120 pounds) was able, in a thirtyhorsepower<br />
machine, without wind<br />
shield and protected only by heavy<br />
clothing—in short, hardly better equipped
than for a brief spin, to break the American<br />
record for distance and duration of<br />
flight.<br />
Her machine was not new. It was of<br />
low power. She had asked the Curtiss<br />
people to sell her one of their latest and<br />
best models. This request had been<br />
refused on the ground that she was not<br />
strong enough to handle the larger types.<br />
Miss Law, therefore, has demonstrated<br />
that a woman, without special<br />
preparation, or equipment, in a low<br />
powered and relatively antiquated machine,<br />
could make a new aerial record<br />
for America. By so doing she proved<br />
that any one of sufficient skill could do<br />
the same. Aviation then was not a thing<br />
for the extraordinary individual. Anyone<br />
with health and nerve could certainly<br />
navigate the air in a modern machine<br />
of standard make.<br />
Simplification of the problems of flying<br />
have in part been accomplished by<br />
the introduction of sound scientific principles<br />
in the construction of the fuselage<br />
or body. So today instead of having<br />
an irregular shaped object<br />
to battle against the<br />
winds, the aviator seats ,,<br />
TRAINING OUR AIR SCOUTS 569<br />
himself in a boat-shaped car that glides<br />
through the air with all the ease of a<br />
craft navigating a stream. Nowadays,<br />
therefore, a quiet wake is left in the stern<br />
of our flying machines.<br />
While, as has been stated, Miss Lawmade<br />
her astounding record in a machine<br />
of an old but standard model, she is not<br />
altogether satisfied with the biplane type.<br />
The triplane now appeals to her. This is<br />
because of the fact that recently one of<br />
these machines exceeded the speed record<br />
held until then by the monoplane. She<br />
is now experimenting with this latest<br />
type. More than likely she will set some<br />
new records. If she does she will<br />
thereby give additional encouragement to<br />
the man who believes he is willing to<br />
drive a motor car eighty miles an hour<br />
or a motor boat at half that speed, if<br />
given the opportunity, but who still<br />
shrinks instinctively at the thought of<br />
leaving terra firma or the comparative<br />
security of the water for the uncertain<br />
perils of the uncharted winds and the<br />
realm of cloudland.
GUARDING AGAINST<br />
n<br />
" SUPER-ENTHUSIASTS
A NEW DUST COUNTER<br />
D U S T , which, like the mosquito,<br />
has long been regarded<br />
merely as an annoyance, has<br />
turned out to be an active<br />
menace to health, if not to<br />
life itself. With every breath, we draw<br />
into our lungs countless dust particles,<br />
which are just as useful and handy in<br />
our breathing mechanism as they would<br />
be in the mechanism of a watch. The<br />
war against dust which is being waged<br />
by public health officials, has resulted in<br />
the invention of a new means for counting<br />
the number of dust particles in a<br />
given quantity of air. This war is the<br />
tight for "The Straight Red Line."<br />
What is this straight red line? On a<br />
chart on which conditions of ventilation<br />
are plotted graphically, the straight line<br />
along the bottom represents ideal conditions<br />
of ventilation—a rating of one<br />
hundred per cent perfect. This condition<br />
has been attained just once, on the<br />
deck of a boat in the middle of Lake<br />
Michigan on a mid-summer day. Here<br />
the conditions were plotted on a chart<br />
as a straight red line along the bottom.<br />
In our schools, factories, churches, and<br />
theaters, however, the red line is a<br />
crooked affair, as yet, and one of the<br />
pieces of artillery which will help us<br />
pound our way to the straight red line<br />
here is the new dust-counter which has<br />
been invented by Dr. E. V. Hill, chief<br />
of the Ventilation Bureau of the city of<br />
Chicago health department.<br />
'
572 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
AIR NOZZLE<br />
GLASS COVER SL1<br />
AIR OILSILK VALVES<br />
NOZZLE<br />
HOLDER<br />
DUST CAPSULE<br />
GASKETS LEATHER PLUNGER<br />
SECTION THROUGH AIR PUMP<br />
In itself, this new dust counter is an<br />
unimpressive thing, considering the work<br />
it is designed to do. In brief, it looks<br />
and acts like a large brass syringe—the<br />
sort of instrument with which a stage<br />
horse-doctor is equipped.<br />
The character of the dust found in<br />
various places, is widely different, from<br />
the lint of a clothing factory, to the bits<br />
of leaf in the air of a cigar-making<br />
shop. The study of dust-particles in the<br />
air is really so new a science, that conditions<br />
in general are far from satisfactory.<br />
An architect, who was supervising the<br />
building of a moving picture theater,<br />
applied at the building department for<br />
permission to make his ventilating shaft,<br />
which would convey fresh air to the<br />
audience, of a patent wood-fiber board.<br />
His reason was that a strike on the part<br />
of the metal workers had made it impossible<br />
to install a sheet metal ventilating<br />
duct. A shaft of fiber-board, however,<br />
could be built in by carpenters.<br />
The question was submitted<br />
to Dr. Hill, who felt of the<br />
sample of material which the<br />
HOLDER<br />
GLASS COVER SLIP<br />
WOOD HAN DLE<br />
architect had brought with him. Then<br />
he prepared his dust counter, set the<br />
sample of fiber-board in front of a<br />
swiftly moving electric fan, and pumped<br />
several cubic inches of the air which was<br />
blown along the fiber surface through<br />
the counter.<br />
The slip of glass was then put under<br />
the microscope, and was shown to be<br />
almost covered with minute, lint-like<br />
fragments. Even the architect, who was<br />
anxious to use the fiber-board because<br />
of its inexpensiveness, was convinced by<br />
one look into the microscope. With the<br />
best intentions in the world for supplying<br />
the prospective theater patrons with<br />
fresh air, he would have succeeded only<br />
in giving them an unwholesome amount<br />
of dust to breathe. Arid the more fresh<br />
air he tried to supply, the worse he<br />
would hjai*e made conditions.<br />
We ai^vtio longer concerned with the<br />
mote in 'wur neighbors' eyes. But we<br />
are concerned quite deeply over the<br />
motes which they draw into<br />
their lungs with each breath.<br />
For we are breathing the<br />
same air, and our health must<br />
be protected.<br />
Three Sample Gelatin Plates<br />
The one at the left is a sample of air such as<br />
you find on Colorado's mountain ranges. It contains<br />
very little dust. At the right is a sample of<br />
Chicago air, while the slide at the top shows a<br />
piece of lint caught against the gelatin. This<br />
specimen was taken in a woolen mill.<br />
1: ••<br />
1<br />
• !<br />
1<br />
L<br />
1<br />
r<br />
I ''<br />
1 'I'<br />
u
CROSSING THE DESERT BY<br />
GASOLINE CAMEL<br />
By DAVID WILLIAMS<br />
THE MODERN GASOLINE CAMEL<br />
I<br />
N the great State of California, their floors are below the sea level and<br />
Mother Nature exhibits many of which have temperatures which would<br />
her caprices. Here are cloud capped have furnished old-time terrorist preachmountains<br />
so high that snow never ers with a wealth of lurid metaphors.<br />
leaves them. Valleys so deep that Among these is famous Death Valley,<br />
574
which is best described as a desert gash<br />
in the face of the earth. Its floor is two<br />
hundred feet below the level of the sea.<br />
The temperature in this superheated<br />
crevice is constantly from one hundred<br />
twenty to one hundred forty degrees<br />
Fahrenheit—a veritable Hell on earth.<br />
It would hardly appear as an appropriate<br />
place for the home of an important<br />
industry, yet indomitable men have<br />
conquered this arid area and have<br />
wrested from it a treasure, which in the<br />
past few years has added over thirtysix<br />
million dollars to the riches of this<br />
country, and which will yield more millions<br />
in years to come.<br />
This treasure is chemical borax—the<br />
friend of every housewife—which is derived<br />
from the colemanite ores found in<br />
the mountains of Death Valley. It was<br />
discovered in the early eighties. Like<br />
nearly all treasures it has been difficult<br />
to bring within reach and its methods of<br />
transportation are shown in the accompanying<br />
photographs. These show yet<br />
other contrasts: the ubiquitous American<br />
mule (California's substitute for the<br />
camel) and his present day successor,<br />
the aggressive and high-powered gasoline<br />
motor ; the slow cumbersome wagon<br />
transport and the light, rapid train. The<br />
tiresome journey to and from the workings<br />
is now an incident instead of an<br />
event.<br />
The mineral at first was transported a<br />
distance of one hundred sixty-five<br />
miles from the mines in the valley to<br />
the railroad by means of the famous<br />
"twenty-mule team". Twenty days under<br />
the scorching sun were required to make<br />
this trip. The water springs were about<br />
THE GASOLINE CAMEL 575<br />
sixty miles apart and it was necessary<br />
to haul water for the men and the animals.<br />
The outfit consisted of mules driven<br />
two abreast; these formed a line 120<br />
feet in length. The driver rode on the<br />
"nigh wheeler" and drove the mules by<br />
a single rein called a jerk line fastened<br />
to the head of the lead mule. If he<br />
wished them to go to the right he gave<br />
a strong steady pull. To the left he gave<br />
a series of jerks. Hence the name of the<br />
line. These animals pulled two wagons<br />
containing twenty tons of ore and a<br />
water tank holding one thousand two<br />
hundred gallons of water.<br />
This method of transport was in use<br />
from 1880 to 1888. The production of<br />
borax steadily increased and the mules<br />
were supplanted by traction engines.<br />
These in turn gave way to a narrowgage<br />
railway, using geared locomotives.<br />
A few years later the mineral had become<br />
of such importance that a standardgage<br />
railroad was built to the Death<br />
Valley holdings. In time these were<br />
worked out and it became necessary to<br />
open other deposits at a distance. To<br />
connect the railroad with these new<br />
workings, a narrow-gage railroad has<br />
been built and the gasoline locomotives<br />
haul a train of ten cars with a water<br />
tank by way of caboose to carry supplies<br />
for the mining camps and plants.<br />
The engines of these trains weigh<br />
about six tons and are propelled by friction-drive<br />
motors of much the same type<br />
as an automobile engine. They develop<br />
fifty horsepower and consume from ten<br />
to twelve gallons of gasoline in a work<br />
dav of ten hours.
| ^ H H M U H H B |<br />
PISTOL BILLIARDS<br />
AN INTERESTING GAME<br />
CONTRIVANCE FOR<br />
YOUNGSTERS<br />
On the left is shown the "pistol"<br />
which propels a ball or marble. It<br />
is designed to be used in playing the<br />
games, of marbles, floor billiards,<br />
ninepins, and indoor croquet. It<br />
makes it possible to play all these<br />
games without kneeling or squatting<br />
on the ground. This is much<br />
more fun for the youngsters and<br />
besides it saves stockings.<br />
THE NOVEL GROUND PISTOL<br />
This game device has been invented by Ge<strong>org</strong>e S. Gumaer, of Coronado, California. The barrel of the<br />
pistol rests flat on the ground while the grip is two or three feet above the ground at the end of an up<br />
wardly extending inclined handle. The spring-actuated trigger has its lower end pointed to engage in<br />
the notched portion of a cylindrical hammer. When this trigger is pulled, the hammer is driven forward<br />
by a coil spring.
RICHES—<br />
OR JUST A<br />
COMPETENCE?<br />
By DAVID WALES<br />
Tl I ERE is living in a middle<br />
size town in Ohio a man<br />
who in his community is reputed<br />
to be a success. He is<br />
shrewd, resourceful, yet conservative.<br />
He never has been<br />
known to risk a penny unless he<br />
was certain to get that penny back,<br />
plus a half-mill as interest.<br />
Some who have met both this<br />
man and John D. Rockefeller aver<br />
that the two resemble each other<br />
markedly in appearance, and<br />
somewhat in manner. Each has the<br />
same sphinx-like smile, the same<br />
calculating eye, the same fondness for<br />
economy. Here, however, the resemblance<br />
ceases. Every dollar that this man<br />
possesses, Rockefeller probably can<br />
match with twenty thousand dollars. As<br />
against the billion dollars of the latter,<br />
our Ohio man can set but fifty thousand.<br />
Against the fabulous income of the one,<br />
the other can show but three thousand<br />
dollars annually.<br />
We are not going to raise the cry<br />
"opportunity made the difference," for<br />
in all probability had our little capitalist<br />
been placed early in life in the oil king's<br />
shoes, he would still have been about<br />
where he is today. Nor does difference<br />
in ability account for the enormous discrepancy<br />
in their fortunes. It is largely<br />
a matter of individual temperament.<br />
Each stands just where he does today,<br />
because he had in his mind's eye the goal<br />
he would like to achieve. Rockefeller<br />
doubtless got much farther than he<br />
dreamed. The other stands just about<br />
where, thirty or forty years ago, he expected<br />
that he would.<br />
The Ohio man started out with the<br />
"At an Early Age I Discovered the Importance of<br />
Being Rich"<br />
idea of acquiring a competency. Any<br />
idea beyond that involved risk, speculation,<br />
gamble. He chose the safe path of<br />
the conservator in preference to the dizzy<br />
flights of the financier. Nearly every<br />
man on a salary can, if he wishes, follow<br />
the safer example. Nearly every man on<br />
a salary can have a snug little fortune<br />
by the time he has turned definitely over<br />
the top of the hill of life. But in order<br />
to be reasonably sure of this competency,<br />
he must forswear all dreams of great<br />
wealth.<br />
Here is the story told by the small<br />
Ohio capitalist as to why he chose the<br />
course he did. Among other things, the<br />
story has the unusual merit of touching<br />
upon certain important problems and<br />
methods of wealth getting.<br />
"At an early age, I discovered the<br />
importance of being rich. I must have<br />
been in my seventh year when father<br />
made the long journey from Western<br />
New York to Central Kansas. From<br />
the first, misfortune was with us. The<br />
frost was late in getting out of the<br />
577
578 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
ground that spring. Then when the<br />
crop was planted, little rain fell. The<br />
hot winds and grasshoppers which Kansas<br />
has no more, but which were the<br />
curse of the former generation, arrived<br />
simultaneously, and between sunrise and<br />
sunset of a day in July the green leaves<br />
and even the stalks of the undersized<br />
corn wilted. What the heat left the<br />
grasshoppers ate.<br />
"I shall never f<strong>org</strong>et the distraught<br />
faces that night, as, after our scanty<br />
evening meal was over, we sat in the<br />
kitchen by the dismal light of a kerosene<br />
lamp, a wave of hot air every<br />
now and then sending the flame dancing<br />
up and down and smoking the<br />
thick glass of the chimney. From time<br />
to time my mother wrung her hands<br />
despairingly; my brother three years<br />
older than myself looked up at father<br />
fixedly with keenly alert<br />
troubled eyes; while father<br />
stamped back and forth<br />
across the rough floor exclaiming<br />
over and over:<br />
'Gone! All gone!'<br />
"Out of that situation,<br />
out of my parents' distress,<br />
grew my longing for<br />
riches. It was my brother cSS^<br />
Frank's words, though, that furnished<br />
the tinder. 'If we were only rich, Bob,<br />
father wouldn't mind at all. He could<br />
start up again in Montana with cattle, if<br />
he had the money. That's what I heard<br />
him tell mother today.'<br />
"Thus was I made acquainted in a<br />
most practical way with the magic power<br />
of riches. It meant fleeing from hot, consuming<br />
winds. It meant joy and laughter<br />
and green pastures, even though the<br />
world I knew was burning up. As a<br />
consequence, I believe that I am justified<br />
in claiming few people ever have<br />
had a more exaggerated idea of riches<br />
than I.<br />
"For several years we lived on from<br />
hand to mouth. Now and then betwixt<br />
burning summers and blizzardy winters<br />
we would have a fair crop, but father<br />
could never get the better of the game.<br />
No matter how he planned and worked<br />
and pinched and struggled, the best he<br />
could do was barely to hold his own.<br />
And all this time the word 'money' was<br />
used with such persistent frequency that<br />
the golden light in the sky at dawn and<br />
sunset meant little more to me than a<br />
suggestion of the metal itself.<br />
"Father had sold his farm in New<br />
York State with the idea of getting the<br />
cheap land in the West and so making a<br />
stride forward in the wealth he had always<br />
coveted. For even before the days of<br />
our misfortune in Kansas, father had<br />
had dreams of wealth. It was one of<br />
those things that stir up some men's<br />
minds constantly, just as others are<br />
stirred by a desire to be inventors, or<br />
aldermen, or men of letters. All too<br />
infrequently, the wish and the means go<br />
hand in hand.<br />
"Finally, though he was of a determined,<br />
persevering nature, father admitted<br />
he was beaten, let the mortgagor foreclose<br />
on the place, and we went thence to<br />
Kansas City, where father, who was<br />
really a man of versatility, presently<br />
secured a fairly well-paid salaried position.<br />
"Now, there is apparently nothing unusual<br />
so far in the story of my father's<br />
life. The little tragedy—for to us it was<br />
a tragedy—is only one out of tens of
RICHES—OR JUST A COMPETENCE? 579<br />
thousands of others just like it. I have<br />
not yet, however, finished my story.<br />
Other chapters are to follow. And when<br />
the various parts have been narrated and<br />
analyzed, I believe a philosophy of business<br />
practice will have been presented of<br />
value to nearly every one.<br />
"In those dreary Kansas days, my<br />
parents had learned the value of every<br />
dollar they chanced to acquire. So the<br />
few extra dollars that were left over and<br />
above my father's pay were now carefully<br />
hoarded away in the bank. Father,<br />
though in some ways an impractical<br />
dreamer, was a methodical man. He<br />
saved a stipulated amount monthly, jind<br />
my mother surprised him from time to<br />
time by adding to the little hoard money<br />
she had saved out of her allowance for<br />
household expenses.<br />
"Father was again dreaming—now instead<br />
of success as a farmer he was going<br />
to become a big business man. At least that<br />
is what he planned. It was for this end<br />
that all of us economized and stinted,<br />
almost to the point of pinching. By this<br />
method, at the end of five long years,<br />
father had accumulated about a thousand<br />
dollars. Then he found an opportunity<br />
to go, in a small way, into the<br />
business of buying hides and wool. The<br />
owner of the concern was in ill health,<br />
would sell out for a song, and would wait<br />
a long time for the balance of his payments.<br />
So with the remarkable optimism<br />
that characterized my father up to the<br />
day of his death, he made the new venture.<br />
He was not well versed in the ways<br />
of the hide and wool industry. How<br />
ever, he felt that with his farming and<br />
general business knowledge he ought to<br />
be able to make a go of it. He had not<br />
expected to go into commerce on so small<br />
a capital, but the opening had suddenly<br />
appeared, and he felt that he could not<br />
afford to miss the chance.<br />
"For a time things seemed to prosper.<br />
I was still in school, for my father was of<br />
a race that believed in education for the<br />
children. He did not believe children<br />
were brought into the world for the sole<br />
purpose of helping support their parents.<br />
I knew nothing, therefore, of the<br />
actual details of the business. I was<br />
hardly twelve then, but was keenly alert<br />
to the importance of the success of the<br />
enterprise. You see, not for a single<br />
moment were we permitted to escape<br />
from the shadow of my father's ambition.<br />
"Let me cite an instance of this. On<br />
one occasion, after many weeks of saving,<br />
I found myself in possession of exactly<br />
one dollar. It so happened that it<br />
was springtime and that a ball and bat<br />
could be purchased for that amount. It<br />
was with the end in view of making just<br />
such a purchase that I had been accumulating<br />
my pennies. Innocently I told<br />
my mother of my wealth and my purpose.<br />
Horror-stricken, she exclaimed : 'Why,<br />
child, you mustn't waste money like that!<br />
It should go into father's business!"<br />
And dutifully, though with many a sad<br />
qualm for the joys I would miss, I turned<br />
the money over to my mother's secret<br />
hoard.<br />
"One day father came home looking<br />
downcast. T am afraid,' he said, T shall<br />
find it difficult to make the business a go.<br />
Some of my customers want credit and<br />
I've got to pay cash for most of what I<br />
buy. I'll have to borrow money to tide<br />
me over.'<br />
"Right here father felt the need of<br />
financial connections. Credit was hard<br />
to get. The banks wherever he applied<br />
admitted that his business looked good,<br />
but there was the original owner's mortgage<br />
upon it, and besides, what did he<br />
know about the hide and wool business?<br />
He was honest, yes, but he had had no ex-
5S0 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
advantage of. And seldom<br />
was it that he won.<br />
"And all this time, unknown<br />
to myself, a curious<br />
idea was growing in<br />
my head. It was that the<br />
way to get on in life was,<br />
first of all, to work; second,<br />
to save, and never to<br />
put a dollar where it<br />
wasn't sure to come back.<br />
"When sixteen years of<br />
age, I entered the world<br />
of industry. Money had<br />
to me the chief<br />
in the world. It<br />
I Decided to Sit in the Center become<br />
In my mind's eye, the man on the right of the picture was the speculator who had 1 .<br />
been successful. The wreck on the left was my father. I thought the risk of the tiling<br />
latter greater than the added reward of the former, so I decided to be conservative. .,<br />
perience in handling money. He scrambled<br />
around and got short time loans<br />
from unscrupulous money lenders at<br />
usurious rates. Such desperate measures,<br />
was more important than<br />
education, than play, than pleasure. In<br />
fact, I found my chief pleasure in holding<br />
on to every penny I possibly could<br />
and putting it into the bank.<br />
however, were more than the business "By the time I was twenty-one, I had<br />
could stand. Eventually the inevitable accumulated about three hundred dollars.<br />
came and he was forced to the wall. He I had found myself at the age of twenty<br />
was now worse off than ever. For he an orphan, due to a fire that wiped out,<br />
was not only penniless but, for a poor in the early morning hours, the part of<br />
man, heavily in debt.<br />
the block in which we lived. My brother<br />
"He now turned to stocks—not, how and I were away from home at the time.<br />
ever, the kind that net but five or six per From that time I faced the world alone.<br />
cent and are regarded as good invest I worked hard and was very economical.<br />
ments. He had not the money to pur The bitter lesson of frustrated ambition<br />
chase these, nor the patience to wait for that had embittered the lives of my par<br />
the slow accumulation of the dividends. ents ever presented itself to me. Poverty,<br />
He went in for wildcat mining stock, the I felt, was the most terrible fate that<br />
kind that you can buy for next to nothing could befall anyone.<br />
a share, and on time. For a couple of "That was the curious thing about my<br />
years or even longer this form of financial outlook on life. Whereas my father, be<br />
dissipation seemed to partly satisfy his fore misfortune confronted him, was<br />
craving for wealth. Whenever he got possessed of an inordinate desire for<br />
five dollars he put it into stocks. At wealth, I, on the other hand, was seized<br />
night he used to take out his bundles of with an unreasoning fear of poverty.<br />
certificates and, with financial reports in The reason for this was, of course, the<br />
hand, eagerly go over the market situ deep impression the vicissitudes of my<br />
ation. Eventually my mother saw the father's checkered career had made upon<br />
folly of all this and firmly set her will me. All my life, almost from infancy,<br />
and voice against further sacrifice of my I had heard preached the gospel of<br />
father's hard-earned dollars.<br />
wealth, but I had never seen the fruits of<br />
"But, nevertheless, things went from this gospel realized. Poverty, hardship,<br />
bad to worse. My father became an even want, had been our portion. At<br />
habitual bettor. Horse races, lotteries, maturity I understood that our misfor<br />
elections, anything that offered an opportunes had been a corollary to my father's<br />
tunity for him to wager money was taken imprudent pursuit of gold. Happiness, I
RICHES—OR JUST A COMPETENCE? 581<br />
saw, was more likely to come to him who,<br />
instead of seeking wealth, endeavored to<br />
safeguard himself against poverty.<br />
"I eschewed gambling, speculation,<br />
even all that savored of investment. For<br />
years, I was afraid to trust even the<br />
soundest securities. My faith—and it<br />
was not too profound a faith at that—<br />
was vested in the savings bank. Year in<br />
and year out, I let my money remain<br />
there, growing only by the additions I<br />
made and the slow accretions of interest.<br />
If there had been Postal Savings Banks<br />
in those days, I would have been satisfied<br />
with the two per cent interest on deposits<br />
provided by our generous government,<br />
for the feeling of security that I would<br />
have gained thereby.<br />
"By and by, as I grew older and<br />
learned more of the ways of the commercial<br />
world, my antipathy to normal<br />
sound investments gradually vanished.<br />
I permitted my money to draw five and<br />
six per cent on farm mortgages and giltedge<br />
stocks and bonds. Never, however,<br />
would I permit myself to take any sort<br />
of risk, and that is a rule from which I<br />
have never departed.<br />
"Analyzing my father's life, I can see<br />
that his mistakes were the result of combined<br />
optimism and inexperience. He<br />
had moved to Kansas without any previous<br />
knowledge of the character of the<br />
soil or climate except such as he<br />
had obtained from nebulous<br />
hearsay. Second, he had gone<br />
into a business which he did<br />
not really understand, and third and<br />
worst of all, he had gone into business<br />
without a full comprehension of the<br />
methods, responsibilities, and pitfalls of<br />
economic independence. Lastly, he had<br />
permitted himself to be stampeded by failure<br />
and, like a gambler, had attempted to<br />
retrieve all by taking chances.<br />
"Analyzing life, I realized that the<br />
road to wealth was strewed with too<br />
many wrecks to be really inviting. If<br />
one broke down on the journey, it often<br />
meant poverty.<br />
"Therefore. I resolved never to take a<br />
chance; that meant never to go into busi-<br />
ness for myself, for men in business mu^t<br />
take chances every now and then. It<br />
meant, too, that my investments must be<br />
safe, and that meant a low rate of interest,<br />
which, in turn, meant a slow accumulation<br />
of money. But this method presented<br />
decided advantages. With the<br />
luck of life breaking half-way even, it<br />
meant that I was certain in time to acquire<br />
a competence; that in my declining<br />
years I would be reasonably sure of a<br />
comfortable income."<br />
So to the young man starting out in<br />
life there are apparently two routes, the<br />
The Plodder Gets There Surely, if He Uses as Much<br />
Thought in His Plodding as He Would Use in Attempting<br />
a Sprint<br />
slow but safe and sure, and the swifter<br />
but more uncertain. As a matter of fact,<br />
however, there is but one route—the<br />
first. For only the man who is able<br />
to accumulate money by caution and selfsacrifice<br />
will be able, as a rule, to get together<br />
the capital to go into business for<br />
himself. And once this capital is accumulated,<br />
he can then look about him and<br />
see if he prefers the uncertainties of<br />
wealth or the certainty of a comfortable<br />
competency.
MARVELOUS NEW CURE<br />
FOR BURNS<br />
T H O S E who have received<br />
terrible burns no longer need<br />
be disfigured. Every scrap of<br />
skin may be restored. Moreover,<br />
the healing will be complete.<br />
No scar will be visible. All this,<br />
too, without suffering to the patient, for<br />
the moment the remedy is applied all<br />
pain vanishes.<br />
This miracle of miracles is being<br />
daily—very nearly hourly—performed at<br />
St. Nicholas Hospital at Issy-les-Moulineaux,<br />
just outside of Paris. The institution<br />
serves as a place for the treatment<br />
of the badly burned. Mild injuries<br />
are not treated here; only the more<br />
severe cases are admitted. Last year<br />
four hundred fifty startling cures were<br />
effected.<br />
Dr. William O'Neill Sherman, surgeon<br />
for the United States Steel Corporation,<br />
is one of the American surgeons<br />
who have seen the treatment and the<br />
results of it at St. Nicholas. Dr. Sherman,<br />
it is stated, hopes to try out this<br />
treatment in the cases of employes in the<br />
mills of the United States Steel Corporation<br />
who have received bad burns.<br />
Now as to the method of treatment:<br />
Usually the soldiers who are brought<br />
in are from the front. Sometimes some<br />
preliminary treatment has been given.<br />
Bandages, at least, cover the wounds.<br />
It may have been two or three days previously,<br />
however, that the injuries were<br />
received. The first thing that the nurse<br />
does—and most of this work can be<br />
done by nurses—is to remove the bandages<br />
and such parts of the skin as are<br />
loose. The pus and other foreign matter<br />
is washed out with a hose, and the flesh<br />
is dried with an electric hot air apparatus.<br />
Then the surface of the flesh is<br />
sprayed with a solution of paraffin and<br />
resin that has been heated to about 158<br />
degrees Fahrenheit. Next the affected<br />
5X2<br />
parts are swathed in cotton batting and<br />
this in turn is painted over, by means<br />
of a brush, with the hot paraffin-resin<br />
compound. The wound is effectually<br />
sealed from all contact with the air by<br />
this waxy covering.<br />
If the patient has previously been suffering,<br />
his pain vanishes. He rests<br />
quietly for twenty-four hours, until the<br />
bandages are removed and the flesh<br />
again exposed. Because of the foreign<br />
substances that had previously forced<br />
their way into the flesh at the time of,<br />
or after the injury, more pus will be<br />
found to have been secreted. In any<br />
event the surface is again thoroughly<br />
sprayed with water. If decomposition<br />
has set in owing to exposure of the<br />
wounded man before he was rescued<br />
from the enemy's fire, boiled water or a<br />
mild antiseptic is used. The coat of<br />
wax, of course, at once stops the decomposition.<br />
Each day that the wound is exposed<br />
and washed the coating of wax is put on<br />
afresh. In a few days it will be discovered<br />
that the skin is renewing itself.<br />
The electric drier is necessary because<br />
the coating of wax cannot form properly<br />
if any moisture intervenes. Also the<br />
patient would feel the hot liquid. It is a<br />
curious thing that only when by chance<br />
the skin receives a drop of the curative<br />
agent is the patient aware that the preparation<br />
is intensely heated.<br />
The wounded are men who have been<br />
scorched by shells bursting in their<br />
faces, scalded by the boiling water or<br />
oil which is sometimes used in the defense<br />
of trenches by the Germans, or by<br />
liquid fire. They are therefore the most<br />
desperate cases. The success achieved<br />
in the treatment of these men will doubtless<br />
prove ultimately of great value to<br />
industry throughout the world—in peace<br />
time as well as in war.
HINTSIFOR<br />
\:<br />
SHRINK-SAVING SOCK FORMS<br />
IF every rose has its thorn, so has every<br />
warm wool sock its disadvantage—<br />
that of shrinking in the washing if dried<br />
in the ordinary way, merely pinned to the<br />
clothes line or hung over a towel bar.<br />
To the rescue comes a pair of springy<br />
wire forms shaped like a foot in silhouette<br />
and capable of being compressed<br />
while they are slipped inside the hosiery.<br />
These Wire Forms Keep Socks from Shrinking<br />
While Drying<br />
These hold the knitted wool stretched<br />
until dry. They come in sizes for men<br />
and women.<br />
Jt<br />
PRESS TROUSERS WITHOUT<br />
HEAT<br />
A DEVICE is now on the market that<br />
*^ simplifies man's problem of keeping<br />
his trousers in crease. With its use it is<br />
not necessary to use any heat at all, as the<br />
manufacturers of this device claim that<br />
heat applied to the goods tends to destroy<br />
the nap. Simply by moistening the edges<br />
and putting the trousers in the press, in<br />
i fteen minutes all the wrinkles and bagginess<br />
is gone, and a good crease that<br />
lasts is secured.<br />
This device is made<br />
of waterproof fiber<br />
board, and has steel<br />
clamps holding it together.<br />
It can be<br />
hung up, or, in the<br />
case of travelers, can<br />
be folded up, taking<br />
up no more room in<br />
one's trunk or suitcase<br />
than an ordinary<br />
shirt. The press is<br />
very durable, weighs<br />
only twenty ounces,<br />
and retails for $1.50.<br />
Every man — or at<br />
least every bachelor<br />
—should have one in<br />
his clothes press.<br />
PEOPLE<br />
The Heatless Press<br />
SANITARY BOTTLE TOP<br />
A NEW style of milk and water bottle<br />
•^^ top that should commend itself to<br />
the housewife because of its special<br />
feature of sanitation, is of polished nickel<br />
plate with a projecting lip like a pitcher.<br />
It fits all standard makes of bottles, being<br />
secured in position by means of adjustable<br />
spring clasps. As the bottle is tilted,<br />
5S3
584 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
the top opens automatically. The polished<br />
metal surface is very easy to keep<br />
clean.<br />
J*<br />
LIGHTNING NECKTIE SYSTEM<br />
T_I ERE is one little life-saver which<br />
may assist the hurried man in getting<br />
to breakfast on time. When you<br />
buy a tie, put it on at once, tying it as<br />
carefully and as artistically as you know<br />
how. Take a lot of time to it.<br />
This Method of Donning a Necktie Should Appeal<br />
Strongly to Commuters<br />
Then when ready to remove the tie,<br />
slip the knot down over the narrow end<br />
until the collar may be unbuttoned and<br />
taken off.<br />
Keep on slipping the knot down so that<br />
the loop which encircles the neck becomes<br />
large enough to lift over the head. Be<br />
careful to avoid slipping the knot clear<br />
off the narrow end, as that would necessitate<br />
re-tying it.<br />
When you wish to don the tie, slip it<br />
over your head, adjust it in the buttoned<br />
collar, and tighten up the knot. This<br />
may be done in one-tenth the time that<br />
it took to tie the four-in-hand, and the<br />
neckwear presents a much better appearance.<br />
Old ties are saved from wearing<br />
out by tying them up in this fashion.<br />
ICELESS ICEBOX<br />
'"THE simplest and newest of iceless refrigerators<br />
appears in the form of a<br />
round, porcelain-like container made in<br />
two sections. It requires no ice or chemicals,<br />
no cost for upkeep, collects no mold<br />
or disagreeable odor, is as cool as the<br />
food chamber in an ordinary ice refrigerator.<br />
The cold within the iceless icebox<br />
is produced by evaporation and the<br />
warmer and drier the temperature is<br />
without, the cooler the iceless icebox is<br />
within. Consequently this method of<br />
cooling by evaporation has been successful<br />
for centuries in India, Africa, Mexico,<br />
and in other tropical countries.<br />
The icebox must be dipped in water<br />
every two or three days and allowed to<br />
remain in water for two or three minutes.<br />
It must then be set in a place where it<br />
will get a circulation of air, as this is the<br />
principle of its operation. When water<br />
and air are given it, evaporation does the<br />
rest, and there is an end to waiting for<br />
the ice man and cleaning up after him.<br />
"Just Dip Me in Water Every Third Day!"
The iceless icebox is made in various<br />
sizes and shapes. The one pictured<br />
weighs five pounds when dry and nine<br />
and three-quarters pounds when dipped.<br />
It holds three milk bottles, butter, fruit,<br />
and eggs.<br />
J*<br />
MOTOR BENCH FOR THE<br />
PLAYER PIANO<br />
""THIS player piano bench serves a<br />
double purpose. It can be used as an<br />
ordinary bench for a player piano, or by<br />
attaching it to the player piano, and also<br />
This Contrivance Eliminates Foot Pumping, without<br />
Making the Piano Any More Mechanical<br />
an electric light socket, it will play the<br />
piano by electricity. The manufacturers<br />
claim that when it is used it retains the<br />
natural tone of the piano because the<br />
resiliency of air produced through the<br />
pedals is obtained in the exact manner as<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 585<br />
if a person were pumping with the feet,<br />
which is not the case with any other electrically<br />
played piano. It should be a boon<br />
to all persons who object to foot pumping,<br />
and it does not interfere with, but<br />
aids the artistic use of the expression devices<br />
of the piano when it is used. To<br />
play the piano with this bench you simply<br />
open the front and back panel doors,<br />
placing it beneath the keyboard and over<br />
the player piano's pedals.<br />
SWINGING WINDOW CUP<br />
BOARD<br />
A SWINGING window cupboard to<br />
^^ be used upon the outside of apartment<br />
houses has been recently invented<br />
by Francis J. Dowling of New York<br />
City. The cupboard is provided with<br />
facilities for the storage of milk, meat,<br />
and other food products in a window,<br />
The Handy Window Cupboard<br />
whereby the commodities may be easily<br />
placed in the cupboard and likewise removed.<br />
It is fastened to the wall adjacent<br />
the window with hinges so that it may<br />
be moved around so as not to obstruct<br />
the light nor interfere with the ventilation<br />
through the window.<br />
NEW MANGLE GUARD<br />
TTERE is the first "Safety First"<br />
mangle machine. There is no<br />
chance for this fair laundry worker to<br />
get her hands mangled in this mangle
586 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
THIS SAFETY GATE KEEPS THE OPERATOR FROM ACCIDENTAL INJURY<br />
machine. All the mangle has been taken<br />
out of it by a little steel fence running<br />
along the entire length of the big roller<br />
and right in front of it so that there<br />
isn't the slightest danger of getting<br />
fingers, hands, or sleeves drawn accidentally<br />
into the machine.<br />
With this little steel guard as shown<br />
adjusted to the machine, terrible accidents,<br />
so frequent in the past, become a<br />
thing of the past.<br />
J*<br />
HELPING THE FIRST BREATH<br />
CTATISTICS show that from four to<br />
five per cent of new-born infants die,<br />
and that about ninety per cent of these<br />
deaths are due to suffocation or strangulation.<br />
To the dismay of many surgeons<br />
and obstetricians, the babies which die<br />
in this way at birth are apparently normal,<br />
with beating pulse, and possessed<br />
of every faculty, yet they seem unable to<br />
breathe, due to the failure of the lungs<br />
to assume their natural function.<br />
There is a resuscitator now manufactured<br />
which brings these babies to life,<br />
or rather, makes their first breath possible.<br />
In operation it is similar to the pulmotor,<br />
except that its delicate and regulated<br />
mechanism makes rupture of the<br />
lungs impossible, as in the case of the<br />
pulmotor, in the zeal of trying to make<br />
the patient breathe the operator pumps<br />
away without carefully regulating the<br />
mechanism, and the lung rupture is the<br />
result.<br />
This New Instrument Will Save Thousands of Babies'<br />
Lives When Adopted for Universal Use
COMPACTNESS IN THE<br />
KITCHEN<br />
VY/E who practise the "new" housekeeping<br />
are borrowing from the dining<br />
cars, kitchenettes and restaurants the<br />
idea of compactness in grouping our<br />
Don't Search Through Drawers oron Shelves!<br />
tools within arm-reach of the place<br />
where they are to be used. No more<br />
walking thirty feet on a round-trip tour<br />
every time we need an egg beater or funnel<br />
stored out of sight in the distant<br />
pantry! Once we thought every tool<br />
must be hidden from sight and protected<br />
from dust within a cupboard, inside a<br />
drawer or in that "catch-all", the pantry.<br />
Now we recognize that dust reaches<br />
these places, only we are not looking for<br />
it there! The "open" kitchen is rapidly<br />
gaining favor because it saves steps. To<br />
facilitate compact grouping of small implements<br />
an inexpensive sink rack has<br />
been placed on the market. In this location<br />
it holds the soap shaker, dishmop,<br />
bottle brush and their kindred. It is<br />
equally serviceable on the wall above the<br />
cook's table for meat pounder, longhandled<br />
spoons, funnel, and a dozen<br />
other food-preparation tools. It is of<br />
white enameled slats, shipped knocked<br />
down, with sixteen special, slideable<br />
hooks.<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 587<br />
SPACE-SAVING CABINET<br />
RANGE<br />
""THE old-fashioned gas range with<br />
oven and broiler beneath the openflame<br />
burners is as efficient for cooking<br />
as any new form, but we are recognizing<br />
now a new point of view, that of<br />
the convenience of the cook. The<br />
invention of the cabinet range with<br />
the oven and broiler set at tableheight<br />
or above it was a step forward,<br />
for it saved the cook much<br />
weary stooping and squatting to<br />
Examine food in the oven. One<br />
disadvantage remained: the great<br />
width of such a stove, for many<br />
^ kitchens are so subdivided by doors<br />
^ or windows as to leave no available<br />
wall space sufficiently wide for<br />
placing a range with its oven at the<br />
side of four cooking burners. This<br />
range has two large burners, one<br />
in front of the other, and the simmerer,<br />
which occupy the usual<br />
position; the fourth is upon a shelf<br />
above them, suited to the coffee pot; the<br />
fifth is in the base of the broiler.<br />
The Compact Gas Range
588 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
CHEAP AND EFFICIENT BAT<br />
TERY TESTER<br />
""THERE really is no necessity for the<br />
motorist paying several dollars for a<br />
good and reliable ammeter or battery<br />
tester, when the little device shown in the<br />
With This Reliable Makeshift, the Amateur<br />
Electrician May Test His Own Batteries<br />
accompanying illustration, practical<br />
and efficient in every particular,<br />
may be purchased at the<br />
small cost of twenty-five cents.<br />
This novel tester consists of an<br />
ordinary Christmas tree electriclight<br />
socket, a globe to fit the<br />
same, and a pair of wires which<br />
come attached to the socket and<br />
lead from the negative and the<br />
positive poles.<br />
To test the battery, the opposite<br />
ends of the wires are placed<br />
one against each terminal of the<br />
battery. The moment the circuit<br />
is completed the light flashes,<br />
the power of the flash showing<br />
the operator just how near the<br />
battery is to being run down.<br />
The "dead" battery, naturally,<br />
will make no light. To make<br />
the device more convenient for use, the<br />
pin at the back of the socket may be<br />
buried in a block or other small piece of<br />
wood. Globes to this tiny light cost<br />
about ten cents each.<br />
TWELVE-POUNDER FOR<br />
CHILDREN<br />
""THERE is a new way of teaching the<br />
youth how to shoot. It is an exact<br />
copy of a British twelve-pounder and<br />
even down to its revolving stand, is correct.<br />
It really shoots ammunition, but<br />
then, it is only wooden ammunition. It<br />
is made of steel, and is nine inches in<br />
height.<br />
J*<br />
MOTOR PUMP OUTFIT<br />
T^HE use of gasoline motor pump outfits<br />
is on the increase; these provide<br />
a most convenient meafis for doing all<br />
kinds of pumping on the farm or private<br />
property. On a light truck such as our<br />
drawing shows is mounted a gasoline<br />
engine, which is directly coupled to a<br />
small but efficient rotary pump.
COMPLETE PORTABLE PICNIC<br />
A BOUT fifty per cent of people really<br />
dislike sitting on the ground while<br />
eating, and they would rather forego the<br />
fun at a picnic than to suffer some of<br />
the inconveniences attendant to an outing<br />
It Is Not Hard to Carry, and When Set Up It Is a<br />
Really Professional Lay-Out<br />
of this character. This automobile or<br />
picnic table folds up into a small roll,<br />
and so do the two stools. The suitcase<br />
contains four thermos botdes, a complete<br />
set of picnic dishes, and folding cups for<br />
four.<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 589<br />
ALARM CLOCK THERMOSTAT<br />
T\/[ORE and more stress is being laid<br />
*** nowadays on the fact that we must<br />
have even, well regulated temperatures<br />
in our homes if we are to be free from<br />
colds, influenza, and pneumonia.<br />
This can be done if you have for your<br />
heating plant either hot water, hot air,<br />
steam, vapor, or vacuum, by a little<br />
eight-day clock which is a<br />
part of a new heat regulator.<br />
If you wish your temperature<br />
to be 72° at<br />
breakfast time, the thermostat<br />
is put at 72 and<br />
registered just as an<br />
alarm clock, at 7 o'clock.<br />
If you wish it to be 60°<br />
at midnight, just set th<br />
alarm for it, and also the<br />
thermostat, and when you<br />
come home from the<br />
theater it will be 60°<br />
instead of 20°—the<br />
usual winter<br />
temperature.<br />
This device<br />
is placed on a<br />
wall in a con The Clock Thermostat<br />
venientlocation, and can be adjusted so that<br />
it will produce automatically a<br />
lower temperature for the night,<br />
and again in the morning for a<br />
return a much warmer temperature.<br />
TO MAKE A SAFETY<br />
RAZOR<br />
O longer need you run the<br />
N (<br />
risk of slashing your face<br />
or scraping the skin in your<br />
haste to shave, if you still use the oldtime<br />
razor. You may stick to your<br />
preference for the blade of your<br />
ancestors and still have a quick and safe<br />
shave—if you wish to. An ingenious inventor<br />
has brought out a device which<br />
instantly turns any old-time razor into a<br />
modern up-to-date safety. A piece of<br />
brass, heavily nickeled, with the projecting<br />
prongs characteristic of the sure<br />
enough "patented" variety constitutes the<br />
basis of the device. To this is screwed<br />
a piece of curved metal, forming a<br />
groove into which the blade of your razor<br />
snugly fits. Thus without sacrificing the<br />
cherished steel y»u have long used, and
590 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
with an expenditure of but fifty cents, in<br />
Your Straight Razor Made Safe<br />
your razor is at once brought abreast of<br />
the times.<br />
SPACE-SAVING SWING<br />
""THIS new porch swing can be used in<br />
a floor space of only five by six feet.<br />
There is no crowding of foot room ; the<br />
swing glides with the slightest pressure<br />
Just the Swing for Your Sun Por:h—It Takes Up<br />
Only Thirty Square b :et<br />
of the foot on the self-propelling footrest<br />
platform. The price is but $3.75.<br />
NEW CHECKERBOARD GAME<br />
LJERE is a new game apparatus. The<br />
player throws rubber balls on to the<br />
game board from which they rebound.<br />
If the rebound ends in their entering the<br />
central hopper as intended they fall<br />
through a tube and strike on the apex of<br />
a pyramidal base, and thence roll down<br />
one of its sides between the various pins<br />
protruding from it. The ball, after roll-<br />
down a circuitous path past the pins,<br />
finally falls into one of the<br />
pockets, which represent<br />
different values. The person<br />
securing the most points as<br />
a result of the path taken<br />
by the ball into a pocket<br />
wins the game. By removing<br />
the tube and hopper<br />
device the game board may<br />
be immediately converted into a checkerboard.<br />
The game board may also be<br />
used as a miniature billiard table.<br />
Boys and girls amuse themselves<br />
literally by the day with the combination<br />
—as soon as one game tires another is<br />
always handy.<br />
This Conve-tible Game Board Bids Fair to Outdo<br />
Even the Old Standard Crokinole Set, in Popularity<br />
with Boys and Girls
WHAT A PATENT OFFICE<br />
FIRE WOULD DO<br />
By H. S. EDGAR<br />
T H E patent office is so profitable<br />
a part of the Federal governmental<br />
machinery that Congress<br />
has not tampered with<br />
it for a long time. Any<br />
branch of the public service that declares<br />
annual dividends of eight million dollars<br />
is entitled to be let alone, one would<br />
think. The odd part of all this though,<br />
is that despite this impressive showing it<br />
is one of the departments of public service<br />
that is not only entitled to but actually<br />
demands a very thorough overhauling.<br />
The reason may be stated in a nut shell.<br />
If the patent office should<br />
burn tonight one would<br />
be surprised how suddenly<br />
the cost of living<br />
would take an upward<br />
trend. Oh, it's going up<br />
anyway, we'll all admit,<br />
only the curve in the graph of<br />
statistics would indicate another<br />
phenomenal rise.<br />
Well admitting that for the<br />
moment, is there actually any<br />
danger of the patent office<br />
burning? If you have ever<br />
been through the patent office<br />
you would not even think of<br />
asking that question. As a<br />
matter of fact you would say<br />
to yourself: "How in the<br />
world has it happened that<br />
there has never been a fire<br />
here ?" The records are stacked<br />
away in wooden boxes under a<br />
svstem that is about as antiquated<br />
as our mail service before<br />
parcel post was inaugurated.<br />
By the careless tossing of a<br />
match, the records of a century<br />
ami a quarter might be lost irrevocably.<br />
This country has gone through many<br />
intricate and expensive steps to help the<br />
business of the nation. Very properly<br />
so, and the business men of the nation<br />
are grateful for that service. In particular<br />
the bureaus of the department of<br />
commerce and labor have given and are<br />
giving valuable data that are very helpful<br />
to our commercial interests. If the business<br />
men of the country were cognizant,<br />
however, of the real importance of a<br />
proper preservation of the patent records<br />
of the nation they would not sleep so<br />
sound of nights.<br />
Nearly all modern<br />
U SJ.TT, mummwr--^^' business depends for<br />
I | |i|^^^ r^\ its very existence<br />
upon various kinds of<br />
machines, running all<br />
the way from the<br />
peanut roaster to the<br />
batteries of engines and boilers<br />
required for the manufacture<br />
of most of what we eat, drink,<br />
wear and use. Nearly every<br />
machine now in use was first<br />
manufactured under patent<br />
protection. Beginning away<br />
back in the closing half of the<br />
eighteenth century, the rapid<br />
introduction of various machines<br />
for use in the cotton and<br />
woolen industry gave that impetus<br />
to manufacture and invention<br />
that has prevailed ever<br />
since. It is hard to think of an<br />
industry that can be carried on<br />
without complicated machines<br />
of iron, steel, or other metals,<br />
driven by steam, gasoline or<br />
electricity. Industries can, of<br />
course, be operated by man,<br />
mule, or other animal power.<br />
but active competition with ma-<br />
J91
592 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
chinery is not to be thought of for a<br />
moment.<br />
To repeat, as all these machines in<br />
some form were originally patented, destruction<br />
of the patent office files would<br />
be fatal to the national business man's<br />
peace of mind. Here is the reason. The<br />
securing of a patent usually involves considerable<br />
corresponding between the<br />
attorneys retained to handle the case and<br />
the patent office clerks. Inventors nearly<br />
always in their patent claims try to get<br />
all—and sometimes a little bit more—<br />
than is coming to them. The original<br />
claims are too broad and sometimes too<br />
they are inexact. Thus a large amount<br />
of correspondence may eventually be accumulated.<br />
This correspondence, from<br />
the legal standpoint, is of considerable<br />
importance. It modifies, and interprets<br />
the purport of the patent papers that are<br />
finally issued. This correspondence is<br />
really a part of the legal patent papers,<br />
they show just what the patentee actually<br />
does claim for his invention. At the<br />
same time they cannot very well be attached<br />
to the papers finally issued. If,<br />
therefore, one were to judge the value<br />
of the claim from the patent<br />
papers held by the patentee,<br />
he would be likely to be<br />
badly deceived.<br />
Take a case in its broadest<br />
aspects—a somewhat exaggerated<br />
case perhaps, to see<br />
how the system actually<br />
does work out. Suppose that<br />
a man asks for the government's<br />
protection in manufacturing<br />
a new form of<br />
typewriter, the distinctive<br />
novelty of which consists in<br />
an arrangement for automatically<br />
carrying the carriage<br />
back from the end of<br />
the line, of spacing the lines<br />
automatically, and of performing<br />
other various functions<br />
that the typist must<br />
today look out for and do<br />
himself. Just what this<br />
man's full rights were would<br />
not be clear from his patent papers.<br />
They might appear to prohibit other<br />
typewriter manufacturers from manufacturing<br />
and providing their own machines<br />
with certain well defined improvements<br />
already in use. Only the official<br />
records in the patent office at Washington<br />
would enable the courts to settle any<br />
lawsuit on an equitable basis.<br />
Then comes the conflagration. The<br />
inflammable record boxes go up in<br />
smoke. A nation's business files are lost,<br />
and so far as financial consequences are<br />
concerned, one of the greatest fires in<br />
history has occurred. Even before the<br />
fallen walls have ceased to smolder, a<br />
multitude of inventors are besieging the<br />
courts with enough infringement suits to<br />
tie up the manufacturing industries of<br />
the nation. Our holder of the patent of<br />
the improved typewriter attempts to<br />
claim royalties for certain devices on<br />
other machines. There come all sorts<br />
of cross and counter suits, and in the<br />
general uproar and confusion, the public<br />
finds itself charged higher prices for<br />
many—or all—of the standard-priced<br />
products.
A CORNER IN SWEETS<br />
By W. F. FRENCH<br />
C T . MONAHAN served a<br />
boyhood apprenticeship<br />
under his father, a maker of<br />
sweets. And so he learned<br />
to make candy. But he had<br />
other ambitions—he did not believe that<br />
his future lay in the confectionery business.<br />
His ambition was to become a<br />
banker and his father wisely agreed and<br />
educated him for that work.<br />
As long as his parent was actively<br />
engaged in turning out sugar dainties<br />
the young bank clerk was not particularly<br />
interested in candy. But there came<br />
a day when he could no longer draw an<br />
unlimited supply of sweets from his<br />
father's workshop and he became a<br />
patron of the public candy factory. It<br />
was then that he realized the fact that<br />
there was candy and candy. He says:<br />
T really never knew how good Dad's<br />
candy was until I began to eat the stuff<br />
that the other clerks here in the bank<br />
bought—then I began to crave for some<br />
of the sweets I used to have at home.<br />
This desire naturally led me to experiment<br />
in my kitchen one night. My first<br />
batch proved that father had drummed<br />
the art of candy making into me while<br />
I worked with him. It tasted so good<br />
that I just kept right on making it—•<br />
pretty nearly every night. And I did it<br />
just to satisfy my own desire for good<br />
candy."<br />
But somehow his friends feel that his<br />
wife's love for sweets might possibly<br />
have helped him into his apron a couple<br />
of times a week. At any rate that little<br />
woman lost no time in getting into the<br />
candy harness and between them they<br />
kept their friends well supplied with<br />
confectionery. It was inevitable that he<br />
must eventually take a sample of his<br />
"home made" candy to his friends in the<br />
bank and it was also inevitable that they<br />
must clamor for more. So every morning<br />
found C. T. Monahan entering his<br />
bank with a large box of candy under<br />
his arm and every evening found him<br />
more popular with the lady workers of<br />
that institution. Even the officers learned<br />
to smile anticipatingly toward the drawer<br />
in which he kept his candy.<br />
"But", confesses the bank clerk candy<br />
artist, "sugar costs money, chocolate<br />
costs money and flavorings cost money;<br />
and although we enjoyed it we did not<br />
feel that making candy was the grandest<br />
pastime in the world. So we decided<br />
that if our friends were so very fond of<br />
our candy and so anxious to get it they<br />
ought to be willing to pay for it. And<br />
when we gave them a chance they proved<br />
to us that they were. Those who had<br />
been in the habit of getting a few pieces<br />
occasionally from me now calmly ordered<br />
two, three or five pounds at the very<br />
start. In fact it seemed that our proposal<br />
to sell candy was just what they<br />
had been waiting for. We were at first<br />
amazed, then flattered and then dumbfounded.<br />
But my wife was willing and<br />
buckled right down. We started a little<br />
candy business at home in her name and<br />
sold to our friends in the neighborhood<br />
and at the bank. We would go out into<br />
our kitchen together a couple of nights a<br />
week and make a big batch of candy.<br />
We would be rid of this in a very short<br />
time—a day or two.<br />
"It wasn't long before we had to fit up<br />
a room especially for candy-making.<br />
Right then I realized that I had inherited<br />
another feature from my father and that<br />
was an inability to work under any but<br />
the most sanitary conditions. So we set<br />
about to fix up what we thought would<br />
be the right kind of a candy-making<br />
room. First of all we scoured it absolutely<br />
clean and then painted it all white.<br />
My father always said that as long as<br />
you kept a room white it was pretty hard<br />
for any dirt to hide from you. Then we<br />
put in a couple of gas shelves for cooking<br />
593
594 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
and stocked up with a lot of large alumi orders this bank clerk and his wife strugnum<br />
kettles. Aluminum was mighty gled to raise the standard of their candy.<br />
expensive then, but we figured that if the To do this they used only the very best<br />
people liked our candy at that time they raw materials obtainable and personally<br />
would like it just as well ten years later. prepared and cooked each batch of candy<br />
So we prepared accordingly. We know made.<br />
now that we made no mistake in fitting From ten pounds a week to twenty<br />
up our work room in the best possible pounds, then to thirty pounds, then to<br />
way we could.<br />
fifty pounds, then to a hundred pounds<br />
"This shop is in our home at Wilmette their business grew. They had but one<br />
and one window looks out over a broad price, sixty cents a pound, and they made<br />
lawn and another on to a flower bed. only the kind of candy they made best—<br />
So we think we have it just as clean as chocolate creams. Today one is liable<br />
it can be made.<br />
to see, on the desk of almost any banker<br />
"One of the first rules we made was in Chicago, a plain brown box lettered<br />
that we would make candy at least twice "Monahan's" in gold. The officials of<br />
a week and that we would sell nothing the bank in which Mr. Monahan works<br />
more than a week old. But I think those buy candy from him regularly and during<br />
rules were not necessary. We never had Christmas week alone he sold almost a<br />
any candy left over from one week to thousand pounds of candy. This is, of<br />
another and we made it almost every course, the season of his greatest harvest.<br />
night.<br />
During the remainder of the year he will<br />
"My friends at the bank brought me a sell about five thousand pounds more.<br />
lot of customers from the outside and He sells positively no candy that is not<br />
pretty soon we were sending our candy made in his own home and his business,<br />
all over the city. And out of the city, up to the present, at least, has been en<br />
too. Then we learned something that tirely a retail one.<br />
pleased us very much. Some of the girls But this does not prevent his candy<br />
at the bank were letting their friends being shipped to all parts of the country.<br />
know that if they wanted to make them In fact there are a great many people<br />
presents of candy "Monahan's" would be in Chicago who will buy no candy but<br />
the most appreciated. And lots of the Monahan's and it is their habit to send<br />
boys at the bank were taking our candy it to their distant friends and relatives,<br />
home a couple of times a week to their with the result that the Monahans now<br />
families. And so our little side line of do a large mail order business—this is<br />
business grew."<br />
the most profitable variety, for as post<br />
There could be no doubt as to the age is extra, all delivery overhead<br />
growth of the business—it was both charges are eliminated.<br />
steady and rapid. Not only do Mr. And yet this is only a side line for the<br />
Monahan's associates in the bank swear bank clerk—pin money for his wife. It<br />
by his product but practically every has not caused him to lose a single day's<br />
stranger who has been induced by en time at the bank in five years and has<br />
thusiastic friends to try his candy has never given cause for criticism from his<br />
become a regular customer. And the superiors. In fact the employer of today<br />
reason for this lies in the fact that the is doing all possible to awaken in his<br />
Monahans early realized that if they workers the virtue of thrift arid the men<br />
were to build up a candy trade among at the head of the institution in which he<br />
their friends their product would have to works are broad enough to realize that<br />
create a pleasant surprise at the first the clerk who is thrifty and clever enough<br />
eating and then maintain its charm at to make a decidedly comfortable income<br />
each successive trial. Because quality is on the side is the man to be trusted in a<br />
the only thing that can bring repeat responsible position.
HOW TO MAKE A<br />
PHONOGRAPH<br />
By W A L T E R LEE<br />
N case any person of a mechanical<br />
turn of mind wishes to try his hand<br />
at building a talking machine, I will<br />
explain what I used and how I used<br />
it. But before I do so, it may be<br />
well to explain, in a general way, the<br />
principle of phonography, so that the<br />
experimenter will know just what he is<br />
doing and why he is doing it that way.<br />
When a pig squeals, the vibrations of<br />
the cords in his throat, or wherever his<br />
squeal apparatus is located, cause the<br />
surrounding air to vibrate. The vibrations<br />
move away<br />
from that center,<br />
in all directions,<br />
like the ripples in<br />
a placid pool of<br />
water when a pebble<br />
is thrown into<br />
it. They are called<br />
sound waves. They<br />
come in contact<br />
with the drums of<br />
our ears, which, in<br />
their turn, begin to<br />
vibrate, and this<br />
vibration of the<br />
ear drums is what<br />
we call a noise. We<br />
hear the pig<br />
squeal, but his<br />
squeal was perfect<br />
silence until it<br />
reached our ear<br />
drums. If there were no ears, there<br />
would be no sound, but the sound waves<br />
would be present, ready to be converted<br />
into sounds, just the same.<br />
A recording phonograph is a machine<br />
with an ear drum. The ear drum is a<br />
glass disc, or diaphragm, which vibrates<br />
as an ear drum, when sound waves come<br />
in contact with it. The record makers<br />
cause the sound vibrations, by singing,<br />
or playing, or talking, in the immediate<br />
vicinity of the machine, and the waves<br />
then vibrate the diaphragm, which has a<br />
sharp needle so attached to it that it will<br />
make certain movements in exact correspondence<br />
with the diaphragm. The<br />
machine is so built, that a plate or plane<br />
of wax is revolved with its surface in<br />
contact with the needle, and thus, when<br />
the diaphragm vibrates, the needle<br />
moves, and traces a wavy line in the<br />
wax. This wavy line represents the<br />
sound waves that<br />
vibrated the diaphragm.<br />
Now, if<br />
the wax is hardened,<br />
and the angle<br />
of the needle is<br />
changed so it will<br />
go over the same<br />
path again without<br />
digging into it, the<br />
wavy line will<br />
cause the needle to<br />
move, and the<br />
needle will cause<br />
the diaphragm to<br />
vibrate, and that<br />
will set up a correspondingvibration<br />
in the air.<br />
The sound waves<br />
The Homemade "De Luxe Model" thus created, reach<br />
our ear drums,<br />
which in turn vibrate, and we hear the<br />
same sounds that were originally thrown<br />
into the recording phonograph.<br />
My home-made machine consists of<br />
the following articles, which I picked up<br />
around the house and basement. One<br />
soap box. one movement from a discarded<br />
eight day clock, one tin megaphone,<br />
two feet of three-quarter-inch<br />
595
596 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
gas pipe and three elbows, a piece of a<br />
worn out inner tube, a diaphragm of<br />
hard rubber from a telephone receiver,<br />
an old scarf pin, various pieces of wood,<br />
nails, bolts and one pie tin. There were<br />
also two iron washers. The tools I used,<br />
were a pair of pliers, a pocket knife and<br />
a hammer.<br />
The clock movement I removed from<br />
its case, then took from it, the dial and<br />
hands, its hour and minute wheels.<br />
Then I removed its escapement, which<br />
is the mechanism which controls its<br />
speed. In some clocks, this is simply the<br />
pendulum and verge, but in this clock it<br />
was the balance wheel and hair spring,<br />
pallet fork, and escape wheel. You can<br />
tell what these are by going over the<br />
wheel train. The first wheel or pinion,<br />
is the one on which the mainspring is<br />
wound, the second is the center wheel<br />
or pinion, on which the minute hand is<br />
mounted and from which the hour wheel<br />
is geared. The third is an idler. The<br />
fourth is the one on which the second<br />
hand is mounted, but it is always present,<br />
whether there is a second hand on it or<br />
not. The fifth is the escape wheel, the<br />
sixth is the pallet pinion, and the seventh<br />
is the balance wheel, which has a very<br />
fine spring on it, and which turns in<br />
opposite directions alternately. The balance<br />
wheel, the pallet and the escape<br />
wheel form the escapement.<br />
The rest of the wheel train could now<br />
turn at high speed, from the power of<br />
the mainspring. Using two of the wheels<br />
I had removed, and two pieces of the<br />
hairspring, I made a speed governor and<br />
set it so that the train would turn the<br />
center pinion at eighty-five revolutions<br />
per minute. I attached the governor to<br />
the fourth pinion, or the one which was<br />
now last in the train.<br />
I now whittled a little block of wood<br />
into the shape of a spindle and fastened<br />
it rigidly to the center pinion, in the<br />
place where the minute hand had been.<br />
It should be tight enough so that it will<br />
not wobble, and it must run true. In the<br />
bottom of a pie tin, to one side of which<br />
I had glued a disc of cloth, taken out of<br />
an old overcoat, I now punched a hole<br />
in the exact center, and fastened it to<br />
the spindle with a screw and another<br />
piece of wood to act as a continuation<br />
of the spindle.<br />
My tin pan now would revolve by the<br />
power of the clock spring. I made a<br />
friction brake with a lever and a piece<br />
of wood, to act against the fourth wheel.<br />
Then I mounted the whole in a soap box,<br />
so that the spindle with the tin pan on<br />
it was on top and on the outside. By<br />
means of a hole in the side of the box, I<br />
could reach in with my hand and wind<br />
the spring, or control the brake.<br />
The next step was to make the reproducer<br />
and its conducting line to the<br />
horn. Two large iron washers, about<br />
two inches in outside diameter, I fastened<br />
together, first sandwiching between<br />
them two rubber washers of the<br />
same size, with the telephone diaphragm<br />
between them. The washers were held<br />
together with three small bolts and six<br />
nuts, not through them, but against the<br />
outer edge, like clamps. A long, strong<br />
scarf pin with its head and point cut off,<br />
I now fastened to the center of the<br />
diaphragm with wax, and at the point<br />
where the pin passed the edge of the<br />
iron washers, I doubled it around on<br />
itself, to form a loop. Through the loop<br />
I ran a small piece of wire and fastened<br />
both ends of it between the washers to<br />
act as a support for the pin. On the end<br />
of the pin I impaled a small block of<br />
wood, which had a small hole in the<br />
other end, about the size of a regular<br />
phonograph needle. With a very small<br />
wood screw, I fastened the needles in<br />
the hole.<br />
I then took the shell of an electric<br />
light socket, the small end of which was<br />
fortunately a good tight fit to the inside<br />
of the washer behind the diaphragm, and<br />
the other end was an equally tight fit<br />
over the outside edge of an elbow for<br />
three-quarter-inch pipe. The elbow, I<br />
screwed to a ten-inch length of threequarter-inch<br />
pipe, with another elbow at<br />
the other end, and a second length of<br />
pipe with a third elbow was then put on.
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
4<br />
5.<br />
6<br />
7<br />
R.<br />
9.<br />
11),<br />
11.<br />
12,<br />
13<br />
14.<br />
END VIEW OF<br />
REPRODUCER.<br />
Main wheel.<br />
Ratchet and spring.<br />
Main arbor or staff.<br />
Center wheel.<br />
Third pinion.<br />
Third wheel.<br />
Third wheel arbor or staff.<br />
Center pinion.<br />
Screw.<br />
Wooden block.<br />
Record plate or bottom of a<br />
pie tin.<br />
Wooden block supporting<br />
record plate.<br />
Center arbor or staff.<br />
Brass frame or plate of clock<br />
movement.<br />
15—18. Small wheels forming ends<br />
of governor.<br />
HOW TO MAKE A PHONOGRAPH 597<br />
KEY TO NUMBERED PARTS<br />
16<br />
17-<br />
18<br />
19<br />
19<br />
20<br />
21<br />
22<br />
23<br />
24<br />
25<br />
26<br />
Burrs on 19 to Icontrol governor.<br />
-17. Small springswith weights<br />
to form sides of governor.<br />
See 15.<br />
Fourth wheel arbor or staff.<br />
Fourth pinion.<br />
Fourth wheel.<br />
Wooden block acting as brake<br />
on fourth wheel.<br />
Tightly connected pivot on<br />
arm supporting 23.<br />
Brake lever.<br />
Winding key.<br />
Nut and bolt holding reproducer<br />
or sound box together<br />
(three of these).<br />
End of scarf pin.<br />
To the third elbow I fastened the tin<br />
megaphone.<br />
Then I attached this rig to an upright<br />
which I nailed to the soap box, in such<br />
a way that it would be free to swing,<br />
and balanced a little to the left, so its<br />
tendencv would be to swing that way.<br />
The adjustment of this somewhat delicate<br />
balance was the hardest part of the<br />
entire job.<br />
My phonograph was now complete<br />
and I set a record on it. To my surprise,<br />
SIDE VIEW OP<br />
REPRODUCER.<br />
27.<br />
28.<br />
29.<br />
30.<br />
31.<br />
32.<br />
33.<br />
34.<br />
35.<br />
36.<br />
37.<br />
9<br />
•10<br />
II<br />
-12<br />
-13<br />
-14<br />
-15<br />
-18<br />
-19<br />
-20<br />
-21<br />
-22<br />
-23<br />
•36<br />
Scarf pin.<br />
Solder patch holding scarf pin<br />
to telephone receiver diaphragm.<br />
Diaphragm.<br />
One of two iroD washers.<br />
Piece of wire supporting scarf<br />
pin.<br />
Loop in scarf pin, around wire<br />
support.<br />
Small screw to hold needle.<br />
Needle.<br />
Shell of electric light socket.<br />
End of iron pipe elbow, fitted<br />
into 35.<br />
Wooden block to hold scarf<br />
pip and needle.<br />
it really played! Not exquisitely, perhaps—let<br />
us rather say with surprising<br />
ability and persistence.<br />
Had I been obliged to purchase the<br />
material out of which this home-made<br />
and homely machine is made, it would<br />
have cost me from one dollar to two<br />
dollars, the greatest expense being for<br />
the clock works. I have an idea, however,<br />
that the resources of nearly any<br />
attic or basement storeroom contain all<br />
the requisite materials.
OIL CUP THAT GETS THERE<br />
P\ID you ever find an oil hole that you<br />
couldn't get at with your stiff<br />
spouted oil cup? Something—a shaft, a<br />
pipe or a projection—happened to be in<br />
the way and you couldn't work that spout<br />
into the oil hole; or if you did, the oil<br />
cup would be in such a position that no<br />
oil would run to the desired place.<br />
Here is an original idea that is a success.<br />
It is an oil cup with a flexible stem<br />
and it will get to almost inaccessible<br />
places and deliver the lubricant. One<br />
can be made very easily.<br />
The oil cup is made in a few minutes<br />
out of an ordinary oil cup. Cut off the<br />
stem near where it is attached to top of<br />
cup. Slip a piece of rubber tubing over<br />
the stub left projecting from the cup.<br />
Insert the severed stem in the other end<br />
of the tubing. Bind the ends of the<br />
tubing where the joints are made so as<br />
The Flexible<br />
Stem Oil Can<br />
to prevent leaking or separating. Of<br />
course, you can make tubing as long as<br />
desired.<br />
If the flexible part is made so long<br />
that it will not stand erect, it is a good<br />
plan to attach a metal loop to hang the<br />
cup by and avoid drip.<br />
J*<br />
CHARGING YOUR BATTERY<br />
AT HOME<br />
A CONVENIENT way of charging<br />
^^ the automobile battery is now given<br />
598<br />
iTIPS<br />
This Little Rectifier Should Be a Welcome Addition<br />
to the Equipment of Every Garage<br />
the automobilist, so that this work can<br />
be done at home from any electric light<br />
socket. The battery supplied by the<br />
starting system has to be charged occasionally<br />
to be kept up to full power.<br />
This can be done by connecting this rectifier<br />
to any lamp socket and attaching the<br />
wires to the battery of the car. If<br />
left over night, the starting and lighting<br />
system will be in prime condition.<br />
»<br />
FOR THE GARAGE MAN<br />
A NEW device that banishes the work<br />
of removing demountable rim tires<br />
is now on the market, and should prove<br />
a most handy accessory in any garage<br />
or service station. The device consists<br />
of a pedestal which supports a device for<br />
holding the rim and tire in a horizontal<br />
position at a convenient height.<br />
The working mechanism consists of<br />
two parts, one a swinging arm carrying
a steel roller which wedges off the casing,<br />
and the other a steel hook operated by a<br />
screw for removing split rims. With<br />
this device as part of his equipment, the<br />
garage man can put a wheel in position<br />
and whisk off the tire in an instant.<br />
J*<br />
AUTOMATIC STOP FOR MO<br />
TORCYCLE ENGINE<br />
A HOMEMADE device to stop the<br />
engine on a motorcycle when it falls<br />
over, and thus to prevent racing and possible<br />
injury to the rider, is shown in the<br />
illustration. A metal pendulum is fastened<br />
to the frame below the tank and a<br />
When You Spill Your Cycle Engine Will Stop<br />
copper plate so bent that it extends below<br />
the frame on the two sides of the pendulum.<br />
The pendulum is connected by wire<br />
with the magneto: when it turns far<br />
enough to touch the plate on either side it<br />
short circuits the current and thus cuts<br />
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 599<br />
out the spark, stopping the engine. The<br />
plate can be so adjusted that when the<br />
machine tips far enough to fall the pendulum<br />
will come in contact with the plate,<br />
though remaining free as long as the<br />
machine is in the proper position.<br />
J*<br />
PLANS FOR BUILDING A FORD<br />
RACING BODY<br />
REBUILDING Fords has become a<br />
popular pastime with many variations<br />
; but the latest seems to be the offer<br />
One of the Popular "Racy Roadsters"<br />
of a designer to furnish patterns, plans,<br />
instructions for guiding the novice in the<br />
task of building a dashing speedster body<br />
for his car by himself. The instructions<br />
are complete in every detail, and can be<br />
followed by a novice.<br />
ELECTRIC IMITATES THE GAS<br />
MACHINE<br />
f^NE of the automobiles put on the<br />
^^ market this year not only imitates<br />
the gasoline car in the general shape<br />
of the radiator, but also has copied from<br />
the gasoline car the "town-car" type of<br />
automobile. The electric car is becoming<br />
more popular all the time, and the price<br />
of this one comes within the reach of<br />
most car buyers.<br />
To Prove That Electrics Are Not Necessarily<br />
Homely
600 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
JACKS UP CYCLE FRONT<br />
WHEEL<br />
LJERE is a new invention for the<br />
motorcyclist. This latest device is a<br />
stand that should prove very handy to<br />
the cyclist while he is making repairs of<br />
any sort on the front wheel. It is independent<br />
of the one with which the back<br />
wheel is universally equipped. It enables<br />
the cyclist to make a quick repair of a<br />
The Unobtrusive Attachment Helps Greatly in the<br />
Event of a Front Wheel Puncture<br />
puncture, or to remove the front wheel<br />
even, if desired, while on the road. The<br />
stand folds up under the foot boards just<br />
back of the front wheel.<br />
COMPACT GEAR. WHEEL. OR<br />
PULLEY REMOVER<br />
HPHERE is no job too big or too little<br />
for this new little wheel puller. It<br />
answers all pulling requirements for the<br />
automobile, and can be used in a minimum<br />
space. It jerks off the most stubborn<br />
wheel in an instant, and it works<br />
on the principle of "the harder the pull<br />
the tighter the grip." It is equipped with<br />
four puller prongs which eliminate all<br />
tendency to twisting off.<br />
The Tent,<br />
Set Up<br />
RUNNING BOARD TENT AND<br />
BED<br />
""THE running board does not do its full<br />
duty until it carries the new folding<br />
camping bed and tent. This extra room<br />
folds completely on the running board,<br />
and weighs but fifteen pounds. The tent<br />
is equipped with side-wall pockets, and a<br />
sixty-eight by ninety-four poncho, and<br />
costs but twenty-five dollars. The running<br />
board can also be made to carry<br />
tents and beds for four people. This<br />
large "family style" of outfit consists of<br />
a quad bed. With one of these outfits<br />
four roomy sleeping quarters are possible.<br />
The tents are weather proof, and<br />
the packing sacks which go with the tent<br />
are made of heavy khaki.<br />
J*<br />
WHEEL LINER FOR AUTOIST<br />
A NEW device to test the alignment<br />
of the wheels of automobiles is so<br />
cheap and simple that any owner of a<br />
car may easily own one and use it without<br />
appealing to the public garage. The<br />
device not only tests the alignment, but<br />
also indicates to what extent the wheel<br />
is out of alignment. It may be used on<br />
THIS EFFICIENT LITTLE DEVICE TAKES UP LITTLE OR NO ROOM IN THE TOOL BOX.<br />
AND IS EXCEEDINGLY HANDY TO HAVE AROUND
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 601<br />
The Wheel Alignment Gage<br />
either the front or rear wheels, and indicates<br />
to a fraction of a degree the position<br />
of the wheel. A spring arrangement<br />
automatically holds the gage tight<br />
against the felloe of each wheel.<br />
NEW SELF-OPENING DOORS<br />
""THERE is a very progressive garage<br />
in one of the Chicago North Shore<br />
suburbs. Its great double doors are<br />
opened many times in every hour and<br />
seemingly by ghost power, for the person<br />
who enters does not see who or what<br />
it is that controls them. He drives his<br />
car up to the doors and expects to see<br />
some man come to them and pull them<br />
open for him. Instead of that the doors<br />
suddenly begin to open of themselves,<br />
with a slow majestic swing. He drives<br />
in, looks to right and left and sees no<br />
one near, but as soon as his tail lamp has<br />
cleared the doorway the big doors close<br />
themselves behind him. When he goes<br />
out they open for him just as he is ready<br />
to leave.<br />
Located in a loft at about the same<br />
level as the tops of the doors is an electric<br />
motor of the reversible type. This<br />
motor operates, through a belt, two large<br />
spools or drums around which wind two<br />
strong wire cables. The cables are wound<br />
on the drums in opposite directions so<br />
that while one of them is winding on the<br />
other one is winding off. One of them<br />
pulls the doors open as it winds on the<br />
drum, and the other pulls them shut<br />
again.<br />
The motor is controlled by<br />
double throw double pole knife<br />
switches located all over the<br />
garage in convenient places so<br />
that when it is necessary to open<br />
or close the doors it is done<br />
from wherever the operator<br />
chances to be at work. He<br />
throws the switch into one position<br />
to open the doors and leaves<br />
it there until they have reached<br />
the end of their swing. Then<br />
he places it in the neutral position<br />
and leaves it there until he<br />
is ready to close them. He may then use<br />
the same switch or any other one in the<br />
house, simply throwing it into the opposite<br />
position from the opening one.<br />
The novelty of this arrangement is in<br />
the fact that the system is made foolproof.<br />
Without the fool-proof addition<br />
anyone who might open the doors by<br />
means of one of the switches and then<br />
leave the switch on after they have<br />
Z^SWITW<br />
""SWITCH<br />
Diagram of the Self-Opening Door Circuit
602 ILLUSTRAi<br />
opened, even for a few seconds would<br />
cause a great deal of damage either to<br />
the motor or to the cables. So, in order<br />
to prevent such an occurrence two extra<br />
switches or cut-outs are placed on the<br />
tops of the doors themselves. The handles<br />
of these are so arranged that they<br />
strike an obstruction just as the doors<br />
reach the end of their swing, either opening<br />
or closing, which automatically<br />
breaks whichever circuit is in action and<br />
at the same time closes the break in the<br />
other circuit, making it ready to be completed<br />
by the switch in the hands of the<br />
operator.<br />
The system saves not only a great<br />
number of steps but a large item of time<br />
as well. It also serves to attract attention<br />
to the garage. It gives no trouble<br />
and the slight expense of upkeep in electric<br />
current is more than offset by its<br />
convenience.<br />
J*<br />
NEW AUXILIARY SEAT<br />
1_IERE is a new seat designed to fit<br />
any convenient place in the automobile.<br />
It is probably the most useful in<br />
the five-passenger touring car, because it<br />
is supported by a heavy T-hinge which<br />
can be attached easily in the tonneau. It<br />
is also practicable, however, for the runabout.<br />
WORLD<br />
LET EVERYBODY SEE<br />
}UEEGEES that clear away the rain<br />
and snow from the wind-shield are<br />
nothing new. The trouble with them is<br />
that they are usually quite complicated<br />
in their action, requiring swivels, nuts<br />
and bolts which get loose and rattle. The<br />
flat rubber that does the work gets out<br />
of line and leaves streaks which are<br />
harder to see through than the rain<br />
drops. Then their scope is limited to<br />
just enough of the wind-shield for the<br />
driver to see through when he is looking<br />
straight ahead. Nobody else in the car<br />
can see through the shield and even the<br />
driver must crane his neck to look at<br />
objects not in the straight line ahead.<br />
A new wind-shield cleaner fastens to<br />
the glass-frame over the top by simply<br />
slipping it on. It is composed of two<br />
rubber covered prongs that hug the outside<br />
surface of the shield. They curve<br />
around over the top and down on the<br />
inside forming a handle for operating<br />
and a strong clamp to hold the whole<br />
securely.<br />
A TRAVELING CINEMA<br />
A N Englishman, J. W. Abraham, of<br />
^^ North London, has taken a Daimler<br />
auto chassis and built on to it a complete<br />
moving picture outfit. He has devoted<br />
it to taking movies to the soldiers "somewhere<br />
in France."
TRICKS OF THE AIR<br />
TRADE<br />
By FRANK M A S O N<br />
A VIATORS abroad had to learn<br />
/\ in the severe school of experi-<br />
/ \ ence the best way to attack an<br />
/ % adversary, and likewise the<br />
best way to ward off an attack.<br />
Now, after nearly two years, they<br />
are as skilled in the strategy and tactics<br />
of warfare as are<br />
their brothers who<br />
fight with their feet<br />
on the solid<br />
ground.<br />
The point does<br />
not seem to have<br />
been dwelt upon<br />
emphatically<br />
enough in this<br />
country, however,<br />
that should we be<br />
able to assemble a<br />
thousand aviators<br />
in their machines<br />
tomorrow, they<br />
would be in experience<br />
as raw recruits<br />
compared to<br />
their confreres in<br />
the armies of<br />
Europe. This is a<br />
decidedly interesting<br />
reason why a<br />
squadron of aviators<br />
should be assembled<br />
and given<br />
practice in sham<br />
battles, in observation of the topography<br />
of the country, and in bomb dropping.<br />
A European expert has analyzed the<br />
principles of aerial conflict and shows<br />
that there are six positions that frequentlv<br />
occur. Number one, when two<br />
hostile planes meet and pass; number<br />
two, when two hostile planes find themselves<br />
flying parallel to one another;<br />
number three, when a fast machine flees<br />
Besides Learning the Operations Incident to the Manipulation<br />
of His Own Craft, the War Aviator Must<br />
Learn How to Anticipate and Forestall the Wiles of<br />
an Enemy<br />
before a superior but slower enemy:<br />
number four, when passing up over the<br />
enemy's machine; number five, when a<br />
machine drops down so that the hostile<br />
aviator's own machine cuts off a view of<br />
the craft below; and number six, when<br />
three or more airships circle about a<br />
single plane attack.<br />
In position number<br />
one, the craft<br />
that has the enemy<br />
to the left is at an<br />
advantage, because<br />
its aviator can the<br />
more easily fire<br />
upon the enemy.<br />
Similarly, with the<br />
planes flying par<br />
allel, the man passing<br />
the other on<br />
the right is in a<br />
formidable p o s ition.<br />
Where a<br />
slower machine is<br />
being pursued, its<br />
aviator can sometimes<br />
gain an advantage<br />
by dropping<br />
down as in<br />
position number<br />
five.<br />
Of course, there<br />
are a hundred<br />
tricks that have<br />
been discovered,<br />
such as flying directly toward the sun,<br />
thus blinding the eyes of the pursuer;<br />
slowing down suddenly and dropping<br />
while the pursuer whizzes past at high<br />
speed.<br />
A left-handed rifleman has an advantage<br />
if his pursuer should pass on his<br />
right, as he can fire quickly, with the<br />
advantage of his celerity being entirely<br />
unexpected.<br />
603
NOVELTIES IN JEWELRY<br />
By ARTHUR DUCLOS<br />
I<br />
Such Watches as These<br />
As Infallible Timepieces<br />
A CCORDING to Maiden Lane, the<br />
/\ famous source of jewelry de-<br />
/ % signs, there is really no reason<br />
/ \ why watches have to be<br />
"" round. The designers are<br />
proving this by bringing forward this<br />
year some very bewitching watches of<br />
every shape and size. Most of these<br />
designers are now putting out oval and<br />
square watches, making the face of the<br />
watch also square, oblong, or oval. One<br />
designer has even made the face of his<br />
watches in the shape of a triangle.<br />
Some firms boast that they never make<br />
duplicates of these watches. Each one<br />
is made to order for a'particular person,<br />
just as a beautiful dress is fashioned.<br />
It is hard to tell that some of the watches<br />
are really watches, indeed, for the faces<br />
become somewhat obscure with the elaborate<br />
scrolls of platinum, and the curious<br />
inlay of diamonds which surround them.<br />
Germany also produces a new kind of<br />
watch. While this watch is very practical<br />
for any one in any line of work, it<br />
was designed chiefly for soldiers. It is<br />
made to slip over the belt of the wearer,<br />
and hangs close to the belt by a limp<br />
leather strap. The watch itself is encased<br />
in a little leather pocket, but the<br />
face remains visible. All the soldier<br />
or wearer has to do is to look down at<br />
his waist for the time. The watch is<br />
placed in the leather pocket so that the<br />
letters or figures are upright to his<br />
vision, but upside down to any one else<br />
looking at the watch from another view.<br />
The watch is patented in Germany, but<br />
some adaptation or improvement of this<br />
doubtless will come into widespread use<br />
in the huge army we now are mobilizing.<br />
There is still another new watch on<br />
the market, an American novelty design,<br />
the calendar watch. The watch runs for
eight days without winding, and shows<br />
the days of the week, besides the hours,<br />
minutes, and seconds.<br />
A very dainty La Valliere, of American<br />
design, also comes out as a novelty<br />
this year. It is not merely the daintiest<br />
of its kind, however, for it has two purposes,<br />
one for decoration, and another<br />
for satisfying the individual whim for<br />
perfume or sachet. There is a minute<br />
spring at the top of the locket which<br />
opens, and inside is a microscopic piece<br />
of white soft felt held in place by a tiny<br />
gold clamp. The wearer drops her<br />
favorite toilet water or perfume on this<br />
little piece of felt, and closes the locket.<br />
In the sides of the locket, covered almost<br />
completely by clever filigree design, are<br />
small perforations which allow the perfume<br />
to escape in just sufficient quantity<br />
to make itself suspected, without satiating<br />
by unmistakable conviction.<br />
A novel cuff button and tie pin called<br />
"ammunition style" are also on the market,<br />
but presumably they will be worn<br />
more by the men who stay at home than<br />
by the soldiers, as is always the case with<br />
warlike decorations of this type.<br />
For the man who is cranky about the<br />
light when he is shaving—and where will<br />
we find the man who is a saint to his<br />
safety razor?—there is a new mirror designed.<br />
It folds in and fits the coat<br />
pocket, and when opened, the holder attached<br />
to it can be fastened firmly to any<br />
electric light bulb. The shaver can fold<br />
the holder so that the mirror will strike<br />
almost any angle desired and get the<br />
right lighting effect. It can also be attached<br />
just as easily to a gas bracket.<br />
Although a finicky person might ask<br />
most naturally, "But what has this contrivance<br />
to do with jewelry?", we believe<br />
that its presence here is excused<br />
by the fact that every man of hirsute<br />
facial tendencies who gives it a trial will<br />
pronounce it "a jewel".<br />
In the strict jewelry lines, however,<br />
the tendency this year seems to be away<br />
from the practical and toward the more<br />
ornamental and fantastic; and this is as<br />
it should be.<br />
NOVELTIES IN JEWELRY 605
The Lowest Office<br />
"Boss," SAID Ras Lightfoot the other day,<br />
T gota git off tomorroh."<br />
"Get off tomorrow?"<br />
"Yessah."<br />
"But I can't spare you very well."<br />
"I gota go. It's lodge business."<br />
"That new lodge you joined?"<br />
"Yessah."<br />
"Why are you so badly needed at the meeting?"<br />
"Ah am de sublime king."<br />
"You have been a member of that lodge<br />
only two weeks and tell me you are sublime<br />
king already."<br />
"Yessah."<br />
"How does that come?"<br />
"You see, sah, in ouah lodge de sublime<br />
king am de lowes' office what dey is."<br />
Jt<br />
XXX Golf<br />
PHYLLIS—"Does he golf much?"<br />
ROSALIND—"A lot—one can always smell it<br />
on his breath !"<br />
Much Married<br />
SHE—"The fortune teller says I'll marry<br />
brains, beauty and money."<br />
HE—"Why, you darned she Mormon !"<br />
606<br />
Many Do the Same<br />
BULL—"How many cigs d'ye smoke a day?"<br />
DURHAM—"Any given number."<br />
The Streak in the Stripes<br />
"Do YOU think there is a yellow peril in<br />
America?"<br />
"Yes; but we call it being 'undesirous of<br />
leaving our sweethearts unprotected'."<br />
She Was Out of It<br />
OLD Zeb Jackson, the champion whitewasher,<br />
walked down the main street of the village<br />
one morning, dressed in his best suit, with a<br />
large, brilliant buttonhole bouquet, and with<br />
cotton gloves on his big hands.<br />
"Hello, Zeb," said the postman; "are you<br />
taking a holiday?"<br />
"Dish yere," said the old man with a proud<br />
wave of his huge hand, "dish yere am mah<br />
golding wedding university, sah. Ah'm celebratin'<br />
hit."<br />
"But your wife," said the postman, "is<br />
working as usual. I saw her at the washtub<br />
as I passed your house."<br />
"Her?" said Zeb hotly. "She ain't got<br />
nuffin' er do wif hit. She's mah fou'th."<br />
Not the Right Puppies<br />
DORIS' father raised chickens, and Doris<br />
understood all about setting hens. One day<br />
she was taken to see the new litter of puppies.<br />
They were curly black balls cuddled<br />
down beside a smooth tan mother.<br />
"Are those really Emmy Lou's puppies?"<br />
Doris asked.<br />
"Yes, dear," she was told.<br />
"Well, then," she remarked in a disgusted<br />
tone, "she couldn't have sat on her own eggs."
BLOWING<br />
The Modest Camera<br />
SHE—"How'd that picture come out that<br />
you took of Miss Blazer in her bathing suit?"<br />
HE—"Not so good."<br />
SHE—"What was the trouble?"<br />
HE—"Too much exposure."<br />
SHE—"Oh !"<br />
Her Definition<br />
FIRST GIRL—"I can't just recall what a fugue<br />
is. Do you know?"<br />
SECOND GIRL—"Certainly! It's one of those<br />
horrible family quarrels that Southerners<br />
carry on through generations."<br />
Ice-Boating<br />
_ SHE (painfully modest)—"My-er-extremities<br />
are cold."<br />
HE (solicitous)—"Pull your hockey cap<br />
down over them.<br />
J*<br />
Catastrophe<br />
AN old negro was riding on the train and<br />
fell asleep with mouth wide open. A mischievous<br />
drummer came along, and, having a<br />
convenient capsule of quinine in his pocket, he<br />
uncorked it and sifted it well on the old<br />
negro's palate and the root of his tongue.<br />
The old darky, awakening, became much disturbed.<br />
He called for the conductor and<br />
asked: 'Boss, is there a doctor on this here<br />
train?"<br />
"I don't know," said the conductor. "Are<br />
you sick?"<br />
"Yes, sir, I sure am sick. I sure am sick."<br />
"What's the matter with you?"<br />
"I dunno, sir; but it tastes like I busted my<br />
OFF STEAM<br />
Making the Best of It<br />
HE—"Here's a Jersey justice declares that<br />
bathers must wear stockings. Now what?"<br />
SHE (glancing at shapely ankle)—"Oh, I'll<br />
grin and bare it."<br />
Just Four Words<br />
IN a big elementary school a teacher had<br />
given a lesson in an infants' class on the Ten<br />
Commandments. In order to test their memories<br />
she asked: "Can any little child give<br />
me a Commandment with only four words in<br />
it?"<br />
A hand was raised immediately.<br />
||You may answer, John," said the teacher.<br />
"Keep off the grass," was the reply.<br />
Dead Give-Away<br />
"I THINK," she said, "that he has deceived<br />
us all. I don't think he is anything more than<br />
a clerk."<br />
"Why?"<br />
"Because right in the middle of a proposal<br />
last night his mind wandered, and he said:<br />
'You could wear a size smaller without any<br />
trouble at all'."<br />
J*<br />
Very Much the Same<br />
WHEN Lincoln was still an insignificant<br />
country lawyer he had occasion to travel to<br />
a small town to take charge of a case. It<br />
was a drive of some fourteen miles from the<br />
railroad station to the town inn where he was<br />
to spend the night. Wet and chilled to the<br />
bone he arrived at last, but to his dismay<br />
found only a small fire built in the grate, while<br />
standing about it, so as to exclude the heat<br />
from the traveler, were the other lawyers interested<br />
in the case.<br />
At length one of the group turned to Lincoln.<br />
"Pretty cold, eh?" he asked.<br />
• "X es :" r , e P lied Lincoln, "as cold as it is hot<br />
in Hades.<br />
"Ever been to Hades, stranger?" asked another.<br />
"Yes," replied Lincoln solemnly.<br />
This raised a faint smile among the other<br />
lawyers.<br />
"What does it look like there?" they asked<br />
Very much like this," said Lincoln dryly<br />
ail the lawyers nearest the fire."
608
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
£,0
COfTliiHt UKDIAV.0&0 4 UNDERWOOD<br />
A TURKISH TRANSPORT<br />
READY FOR A COMPANY OF TROOPS<br />
When carrying troops to different landings, the Sultan uses rafts like this, mere wooden poles, bound together and<br />
olt<br />
floated by inflated pigskins.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 619<br />
Free lor Six Months<br />
My Magazine—<br />
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ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Vol. XXVII JULY. 1917 No. 5<br />
PICTORIAL FEATURES<br />
Making Suits for Soldiers 654<br />
German "Kultur" and the Beautiful 659<br />
Where the Big Shells Are Bursting 660<br />
A Job for Steel-Nerved Men — Or Slackers 661<br />
A Vigilant Sentry 662<br />
In the Wake of the Illinois Tornado 664<br />
Breaking News of Doom to the German Private 666<br />
Science, Mechanics, Invention 673<br />
A "Safety First" Rifle<br />
The Boltless Rail Joint<br />
Keep Your Office Cool!<br />
Sanitary Drinking Fountains<br />
for Country Schools<br />
Growing "American Ermine"<br />
Machinery for Unpleasant<br />
Labor<br />
Portable Pile Driver for<br />
Forest Use<br />
Non-Capsizable and Self-<br />
Draining Surf Boat<br />
Getting Up in the World<br />
with an Auto<br />
Armored Motor Turret<br />
Cars for the Navy<br />
Fitting Together a Kodak<br />
Key<br />
No Horses on This Farm<br />
The HandbagSteamerChair<br />
Goodbye, Glittering Bayonet<br />
Lugging the Luggage Along<br />
Sanitary Ice Cream Cone<br />
Dispenser<br />
Better Than a Slave-Power<br />
Punkah<br />
A Gasoline Snow Shoveler<br />
Lighting Up the Traffic<br />
Policeman<br />
An Air-Driven Motor<br />
Truck<br />
A Suitcase Laboratory<br />
Hog-Singeing with Gasoline<br />
A Space-Saving Heater<br />
What Color Chip Are You ?<br />
Roughing Concrete Walks<br />
Weighing Out Leaden<br />
Death<br />
Pushes the Pipe<br />
A Trainman's Flashlight<br />
Register for Nickel Telephone<br />
Put a Meter on Your Stenographer<br />
Bullet-Proof Armor for American Soldiers 692<br />
Making Rope Equipment for the Navy 694<br />
Just Symptoms 701<br />
Guard Duty 702<br />
Training Our Boys for Naval Defense 705<br />
"Wealth" 718<br />
New Wrinkles in Summer Furniture 720<br />
The Charge of the Bike Brigade 724<br />
Flies, Fleas and Heat 731<br />
Manhattan's New Steam Heating Plant 732<br />
Summer Pastimes 733<br />
Recovering a Torpedo 773<br />
Wet Jobs 774<br />
The English "Milkman" 775<br />
War-Time Oddities 776<br />
PERSONAL SERVICE<br />
Eat More Corn and Less Wheat! .... Robert H. Moulton 656<br />
He Goes A-Fishing Edward C. Crossman 726
* "LE OF CONTENTS 643<br />
My Escape from Morphine 739<br />
Automobile Tips 741<br />
Trunk and Tire Carrier Keeping the Pump Nozzle Washable Limp Cuff Glove<br />
Car Stethoscope Clean for Driving<br />
RemovesBrokenScrewsand Head Lamp for Automo- Folding Table for Tour-<br />
Studs bilists ists<br />
Automatically Applied A Real Automobile Lock Clean the Engine Without<br />
Non-Skid Chains Improvement for the Wind- Getting Dirty<br />
Detachable Gauntlet Glove shield A New Mud Hook<br />
Originality Pays Best T. Sharper Know/son 745<br />
Hints for Practical People 750<br />
Ribless Umbrella Humidity Health Insurance Coin-Operated Phonograph<br />
Wets, Sweeps, Scrubs and Signal Lamp for the Iron Perfumed Lingerie Clasps<br />
Dries Handy Brush and Shovel Canner for Home Use<br />
Radial Distributor for Desk Needle Threader Juvenile Power Express<br />
Automatic Spring-Oiling Ironing Board Disguises Wagon<br />
Pad Vegetable Dicer and Slicer Egg or Potato Sheer<br />
Strange Lawn Chair Sanitary Brush Crib and Swing Combined<br />
A Suitcase Table Holder for Straw Hats Hang the Baby in a Door-<br />
Three-In-One Bed Trees Planted by Machine way<br />
The English Side-Car Non-Burning Frying Pan Table and Its Leaves To-<br />
ClockThat Speaks theTime Combination Cereal Cooker gether<br />
Flashlight Helmets and Tea Kettle Water-Bottle Carrier<br />
Pressed While You Wear To Massage the Gums Protection for Rare Flowers<br />
Them HoldsToolsandTableSilver Cook It in the Lamp Shade<br />
How We Built Our House 771<br />
SCIENCE<br />
Get Your Man! W. T. Walsh 646<br />
U.S. Experts Find New Ways of Saving Millions Wm. NelsonTaft<br />
The Frontmobile—A New Idea in Autos 703<br />
Freeing the Operator 704<br />
Take the High-Speed Sidewalk! ..... Anthony M. Rud 7'13<br />
Fifty-Seven Varieties of Bombs Rene Bache 716<br />
A Dog Patrolman for Every Beat Arthur B. Jones 722<br />
Cultivating Corn by Tractors 725<br />
Steam from Earth's Interior Drives Engines . . C. W. Person<br />
Flooding Alkali Soil to Save It 749<br />
Lighting the Movie Studio F. A. Murphy 768<br />
THE WORLD TODAY<br />
U. S. Leads in Air War Edward Lyell Fox 667<br />
Meeting the Submarine Problem .... Edward Lyell Fox 696<br />
The New Idea in Prison Building 719<br />
"Supercritters" Julius R. Robertson 762<br />
Blowing Off Steam 766<br />
The Gold Prospector of Today H. Cort Lowe 769<br />
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644 ILLUSTRATED WOE;::<br />
Whether you prefer to read<br />
about war and the inventions<br />
of war, or about the pursuits<br />
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August issue.
Contrary to U. S. Army<br />
Regulations*<br />
The end of a thrust.<br />
Smith's left arm is held as<br />
rigid as drop-f<strong>org</strong>ed steel.<br />
Some One's Finish (Not Smith's)<br />
This is the way hi- ducked and dropped to his knee when a really mad<br />
Bocho got after him with the butt end of a rifle. (Contrast this with lower<br />
picture on page 650.)<br />
T H E method of using the bayonet<br />
in the United States Army is<br />
likely to undergo a revolution<br />
because one of the men in training<br />
at the Officers' Camp at Fort<br />
Sheridan, Illinois, brought thither some<br />
new ideas gained in the l ; fe and death<br />
struggle on the battle front in France.<br />
This young man's name is Ehvood E.<br />
Smith. He was a student at the University<br />
of Wisconsin up to the moment when, unable<br />
longer to keep out of the fray, he<br />
slipped across the border and joined the<br />
"Princess Patricias."<br />
As a consequence he has seen strenuous<br />
service w.ith the Canadian contingent, has<br />
learned with millions of other soldiers that<br />
actual conflict must modify many theories<br />
of gun and bayonet practice, and has<br />
•PHOTOS COWOHT—IKTERMAT. FILM H£«VICE<br />
"GET Itbur<br />
by WE<br />
This article treats of a new method of bayonet practice<br />
rigid left arm. Ehvood Smith, fresh from the battle<br />
to our soldiers. U. S. Army officers say it is revolu<br />
Foiled!<br />
Smith has execu<br />
a lightning-like low<br />
parry, cutting<br />
thereby the arc of<br />
a circle quicker<br />
than his adversary<br />
expected him to<br />
perform this little<br />
geometrical stunt.
MAN! *<br />
Walsh<br />
9<br />
evolved on the Western Front. Its basis is a<br />
fields of France, is introducing the new idea<br />
tionary.—The Editor.<br />
Watch That Steel Brace (Below)<br />
This is really a superb movement—the<br />
htcrh parry—for warding otf a trooper's<br />
sabre thrust. But if the elbow buckles,<br />
good night!<br />
r Still, Mechanical Laws<br />
Cannot Be Violated<br />
Here's the one occasion<br />
ivhen thi- left arm is held<br />
bent. Smith has swunt,' hi><br />
gun around to hit his adversary<br />
in the jaw. This requires<br />
skill and quick foot<br />
work. Failure to recover<br />
may mean another name<br />
missing at roll call. "Guard"<br />
This is the correct pose to<br />
takr when this command<br />
is given. The rigid lift<br />
arm gives him quirk and<br />
absolute control of the<br />
point of his weapon.<br />
brought home with him the more practical way of overcoming an<br />
opponent in hand-to-hand combat.<br />
Smith ought to know. His regiment was in the thick of the<br />
fray. His body is literally covered with scars made by the hard<br />
steel of German bayonets. His arms are as strong, his eye as sure,<br />
his skill as great, and his movements a bit quicker than any of his<br />
Boche adversaries, else instead of now making the remarkable<br />
demonstrations with the bayonet, which have so profoundly impressed<br />
U. S. Army officers, he would, in all probability, be lying<br />
somewhere in French soil.<br />
Smith hadn't the slightest idea he was going to create a sensation<br />
when he went into the camp as a candidate for a commission.<br />
It was the fact that things looked queer to him—were contrary to<br />
647
648 ILLUSTRATED W(<br />
his experience—that quickly singled him<br />
out as being different from any one of<br />
the other five thousand eager young fellows.<br />
He was watching bayonet practice<br />
along with his camp comrades, when<br />
suddenly he exclaimed: "Why, I know<br />
a better way of doing it than that!"<br />
"Tell Colonel Nicholson," someone<br />
suggested.<br />
The young fellow grinned. The idea<br />
seemed absurd to him. He was not in<br />
the habit of seeing privates give direc<br />
tions to their officers. Urged, however,<br />
he sought out the commander.<br />
It is a fine commentary on the spirit<br />
of our army that its officers are eager to<br />
learn from any source anything about<br />
war as it is being waged today. Colonel<br />
Nicholson was impressed by young<br />
Smith's statements. When he saw a<br />
demonstration he was more than satisfied<br />
that the young man had something of<br />
real importance to contribute to the vital<br />
business of beating the Germans. Under<br />
the direction of his superiors, Smith at<br />
the present time, is drawing up a book<br />
of regulations that covers the new bayonet<br />
practice.<br />
If you have ever seen work with the<br />
bayonet in the regular army you will<br />
probably remember that the left arm of<br />
the soldier is held crooked at all times.<br />
He may execute a front, rear, or side<br />
pass with his feet; lunge, cut, or parry,<br />
with his weapon, but always the left arm<br />
is bent at the elbow.<br />
There is a simple reason for this. It<br />
is not intended that the strength of the<br />
left arm should be brought fully into<br />
play. It is intended that it be used<br />
partly to guide the right arm. But its<br />
chief function is that of a pivot. Consequently,<br />
the crook permits the force exerted<br />
by the right arm to be turned at<br />
will in whatever direction may be necessary<br />
to make an attack or to guard<br />
against it.<br />
Understand, this is the method that<br />
the U. S. Army regulations prescribe,<br />
and it is well to keep this fact in mind,<br />
for the position of the elbow makes pos-
GET YOUR MAN!" 649<br />
sible the difference between our method no way discounted by the system as<br />
and what we may well call Smith's taught by Smith. They are modified<br />
method.<br />
only in the application.<br />
Smith says: "To use the bayonet cor Bayonet manipulation is, after all, only<br />
rectly your left arm must be as tough a variation of the use of the sword or<br />
as the hind leg of a Missouri mule." It's foil. In some respects it may be said to<br />
got to be, for the left arm—not the right resemble the physical combat of two men<br />
—must do most of the work.<br />
no crooking of the left<br />
There is with their fists. It consists in trying to<br />
elbow. Instead, that<br />
joint is held perfectly<br />
straight and rigid.<br />
When the lunge is made,<br />
the left arm is counted<br />
upon to hold the stock<br />
of the gun as tightly as<br />
though it were in a vise.<br />
In other words, this new<br />
method requires the use<br />
of the left arm not as a<br />
pivot, but as a stiff,<br />
steel-like brace. The<br />
left arm ceases to be a<br />
fulcrum. The gun stock<br />
and both arms move together<br />
as a unit.<br />
Under the Smith system<br />
the soldier makes<br />
his a 11 a c k with unwonted<br />
confidence and<br />
directness. His thrust<br />
can not be easily parried.<br />
The point of his bayonet<br />
need not take such wide<br />
circles to thrust the opposing<br />
bayonet aside. When the old<br />
method is opposed to the new, the soldier<br />
using the former is eternally on the<br />
defensive. He doesn't appear to be trying<br />
to pierce his adversary anywhere<br />
nearly as much as he seems to be striving<br />
to save his own skin. He can't do<br />
otherwise. His skill may be unusual, yet<br />
because the new method is the more<br />
scientific, he is placed at a big disadvantage,<br />
no matter what his coolness and<br />
experience may be. Tie is hopelessly<br />
outclassed, and he knows it.<br />
Tn more detail, here are some of the<br />
principles that have been held up to infantrv<br />
as fundamentally sound in the use<br />
of the bayonet. These principles are in<br />
Ready for Death<br />
The man with the bayonet point against his body is all tangled up. HY has<br />
lunged but his adversary has thrown the weapon back by sheer strength.<br />
maintain the offensive not merelv with<br />
vigor but even with animal savagery. At<br />
the same time one's guard must never be<br />
down ; that is, caution, even in the lust<br />
to bring about your adversary's finish.<br />
must never be lost sight of. Clever foot<br />
work is essential. The left foot, whenever<br />
possible, must be kept advanced.<br />
The fighter should be so well trained<br />
that subconsciously he will watch his<br />
step. Never must his eye waver from<br />
that of the enemy for an instant. To<br />
know what your adversary is up to<br />
watch his eyes. This is the principle<br />
that guides the boxer in the ring.<br />
At night this last may be impossible.<br />
In such event the movements of the
650 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Butt Strike<br />
This is the bayonet fighter's "second line of defense". If<br />
a lunge is parried or misses, he is left wide open to counter<br />
attack. His one hope is to follow up his lunge by a further<br />
attack with the butt of the gun.<br />
But if Butt Strike Fails<br />
An alert opponent is apt to drop. This means the agres-<br />
sor's finish, for he cannot withdraw quickly enough to<br />
avoid the lightning-like counter lunge of his opponent.<br />
adversary's bayonet and body only can<br />
be observed.<br />
Always, too, it should be remembered,<br />
that a certain stroke may disable one's<br />
adversary or that a certain parry may<br />
save one's own life.<br />
The introduction of the bayonet<br />
marked a big step forward in warfare.<br />
In 1671 some efficiency expert<br />
induced the French military<br />
authorities to try out a piece of<br />
pointed steel fastened to the muzzle<br />
of the infantryman's rifle. It had a<br />
solid handle which was sunk into the<br />
bore of the gun. At one stroke the<br />
soldier combined in a single weapon<br />
the advantages of gunpowder and the<br />
pike.<br />
Since then the bayonet—which receives<br />
its name from the city of Bayonne—has<br />
undergone many changes.<br />
Today we find it a piece of steel sixteen<br />
inches in length, weighing one<br />
pound, its point, when the weapon is<br />
fixed in position at the end of the gun,<br />
nearly sixty inches from the butt.<br />
Of late years some military writers<br />
have advocated the abandonment of<br />
the bavonet, and when the war was
still young it was believed that the bayonet<br />
would have little place in modern<br />
combat. Great reliance was placed upon<br />
field pieces and machine guns to keep<br />
the enemy back. When however the<br />
conflict began to settle down to the stage<br />
of a siege for both sides—a siege in<br />
which ditches took the place of walls and<br />
Keep Your Feet 1<br />
Just one- little slip or trip on<br />
a bit of uneven ground and<br />
III'- guard slips a foot to one<br />
side, up or down, and then<br />
comes the opponent's chanc<br />
"GET YOUR MAN!" 651<br />
A A<br />
fortifications, and the enemy could only<br />
be routed from his position liv attacks<br />
of infantry in force, then the real value<br />
of the bayonet began to show itself.<br />
Frequently, of course, the enemy after<br />
being subjected to a heavy bombardment<br />
for days is too demoralized to offer a<br />
really serious resistance to direct attacks.<br />
At other times, though, he shows a desperate<br />
determination to stand his ground.<br />
Mere superior bayonet work may prove<br />
to be the decisive factor.<br />
Moreover, the morale the bayonet<br />
gives a charging regiment is tremendous.<br />
In inverse ratio the line of steel plunging<br />
down upon them is most dispiriting to<br />
to the troops on defensive.<br />
If our new army can come to the<br />
trenches with the new method fully developed<br />
it will mean that our men have<br />
at their command a style of attack and<br />
defense that should make them more<br />
than a match for the Germans even if the<br />
latter have fairly well developed the<br />
same system.<br />
The German soldier is not individually<br />
as good a fighter as the Frenchman, the<br />
Englishman, or the Canadian. That is a<br />
matter the American infantryman new<br />
at the game may well remember. It may<br />
give him courage on some dark night<br />
when, as one of a reconnoitering party.<br />
he encounters the Germans in a raid on<br />
their trenches. The German is accustomed<br />
to fight as a member of a unit.<br />
His mind works well as a member of an<br />
<strong>org</strong>anization. Up against the primitive,<br />
fighting singly as though he were back<br />
in the period of the cave man, he has not<br />
that <strong>org</strong>anization to guide and to protect<br />
him. He must fight for himself and by<br />
himself. Here is where he falls down.<br />
The American, on the other hand, has<br />
been trained from boyhood in sports and<br />
pastimes that have featured individual<br />
effort and individual skill. When in<br />
knickerbockers he played "sting-goal",<br />
"stick-top", "scrub", marbles — games<br />
which all had their penalties for personal
652 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Guarding the Head<br />
The aggressor has brought<br />
razor-edged bayonet down in a<br />
wicked cut at the defenders head<br />
and shoulders. This stroke is parried<br />
by the rifle in horizontal position.<br />
If possible, the bayonet<br />
should be stopped by the gun strap.
awkwardness and inefficiency. He stood<br />
up manfully and used his little fists when<br />
he got in a quarrel, and learned self-confidence<br />
and manliness.<br />
In high school and college he followed<br />
the same system. His boyhood sports<br />
later on yielded to baseball, football,<br />
track, boxing, basketball and swimming,<br />
but the spirit remained the same. No<br />
matter how much <strong>org</strong>anization any given<br />
sport or other activity required, the American<br />
youth always had to rely upon<br />
himself and himself alone. He judged<br />
himself, not only in comparison with the<br />
opponents against whom he was pitted<br />
on the rush-line or on the relay, but also<br />
with his own associates and friends.<br />
Where competition did not exist naturally,<br />
he invented it—an illustration of<br />
this lies in the present system of batting<br />
and fielding percentages now kept for all<br />
baseball teams, professional and amateur.<br />
The first baseman likes to have a running<br />
fight on his hands with the third baseman<br />
and the left fielder, for slugging<br />
"GET YOUR MAN!' 653<br />
honors. And this is the spirit that makes<br />
the American a good bayonet fighter.<br />
Nothing appeals to the American mind<br />
so quickly as something at once new and<br />
useful, something that will give him new<br />
strength and power in any contest.<br />
whether the combat be the competition of<br />
business or the sterner struggle of war.<br />
And while he may not relish it, he is<br />
sure not to shrink from bayonet combat.<br />
This weapon brings man closer to primeval<br />
struggle than any other now in use<br />
and throws him, for the time being, back<br />
into the Roman world, when the short<br />
The Last Resort<br />
Often, in bayonet combat, a fierce parry or cut results in loss<br />
of the bayonet. This catastrophe leaves but one chance for life<br />
—clubbing the rifle. If the soldier can get in one good blow<br />
with his nine-pound rifle he may yet emerge victorious. He is<br />
under a terrific handicap, however, for each time he swings he<br />
leaves himself wide open to a thrust or lunge.<br />
sword, the stiff strong arm, and individual<br />
valor held Caesar's line against<br />
the massed attacks of Germanic barbarians.<br />
For the fierce combat of the trenches,<br />
Smith's method should be thoroughlv<br />
mastered. On the bloody plains of<br />
France, they call it the "Get-your-man"<br />
method. Never was a name better<br />
chosen. Whoever knows how to use the<br />
bayonet in the new way and keeps that<br />
phrase in mind is pretty certain to survive<br />
a fair stand-up fight. He can<br />
hardly fail to best his adversarv. And<br />
every private we may send to France<br />
will be trained to "get his man."
654<br />
UNIFORMS BY THE MILLION<br />
Uncle Sam has ordered 1,500,000 suits as a first installment on the huge clothing supply which will be<br />
rushed to fit out our monstrous new army. Clothing factories all over the country are working in shifts<br />
to supply this tremendous demand. New machines have been pressed into service by which the various<br />
processes of making are hastened and simplified. The upper photograph on the left-hand page shows
MAKING SUITS FOR SOLDIERS 655<br />
Several of the new cutters at work. Driven by electricity, these machines have the capacity of handling<br />
300 layers of cloth at one time. Every different process has its individual device. Below, on the left, is<br />
shown one of the thirty sewing machines used in each factory; the one in the photograph merely sews<br />
Cliffs on the coats. The upper right picture depicts the machine for putting in eyelets. Below this is a<br />
view of the sorting room, where garments are piled according to size, and passed upon by the Govern<br />
ment inspector.
EAT MORE CORN<br />
and LESS<br />
WHEAT f<br />
| by Robert H.Moulton<br />
Editor's Note: All America has made its calm, grave resolution to fight this<br />
war to a finish. Balking starvation at home and in Europe is to be one of the<br />
most serious issues—almost on a par with the stern duty of driving the Teutonic<br />
hordes back to Berlin and Vienna. It is our belief that this article points a way<br />
in which this duty may be accomplished.<br />
T H E most striking example of<br />
unused value in foods is the<br />
corn crop. Every other nation<br />
in the world is eager for<br />
American corn, and yet this<br />
cheap and highly nutritious cereal is neglected<br />
in the land which is its main<br />
source of production. What wheat was<br />
to the armies of old, corn could be to the<br />
forces of the United States, France,<br />
England, Italy, and Russia.<br />
The legions of Hannibal and of Caesar<br />
subsisted on whole wheat; Gaul's conqueror,<br />
in his "Commentaries," tells how<br />
soldiers chewed fruiuciititm as they<br />
marched. To this day Roman and Punic<br />
skeletons are unearthed on the old battlefields<br />
of Europe, and the skulls are<br />
firm and hard because of the valuable<br />
salts and bone building constituents<br />
656<br />
which came from the wheaten diet of the<br />
ancient soldiery.<br />
Corn is no less valuable as a builder of<br />
brave and sturdy men. The favorite<br />
ration of Davy Crockett was parched and<br />
ground corn which he carried with him<br />
into the depths of the forest. It was a<br />
saying of his that "if a man had a gun<br />
and ten pounds of parched corn he could<br />
easily live a year." His diet was a trick<br />
learned from the Indians, who were able<br />
to..withstand the fatigue of warpath and<br />
hunting trail because of this simple and<br />
quickly assimilated food. The corn, rich<br />
in starch and protein, parched until it<br />
was made quicklv digestible, was mixed<br />
with water. A cupful of this simple food<br />
had the effect almost instantly of<br />
strengthening the tired body.<br />
The Government of the United States
EAT MORE CORN AND LESS WHEAT! 657<br />
urges upon the people of this country<br />
that at least one-fourth part of corn meal<br />
be added to wheat flour in the making of<br />
bread. As a matter of fact, corn, in the<br />
form of a fine flour, has been used for<br />
centuries by various tribes of Indians,<br />
and when well enough ground, it is fully<br />
a.s palatable as the wheaten product.<br />
The coarse cornmeal bears little resemblance<br />
to the powder of corn which<br />
the primitive races of this continent made<br />
by grinding between stones by hand.<br />
After soaking the corn in hot water to<br />
which a little lye has been added, the<br />
outer covering of the kernels is scraped<br />
off. This flour is mixed with water, and<br />
the white liquid resulting is quaffed with<br />
much relish. It is an emergency ration<br />
of the highest food value,<br />
Whittier has sung the praises of the<br />
ilish of "samp and milk by homespun<br />
beauty poured." The hominy block in<br />
the time of Daniel Boone was an adjunct<br />
of the cabin of every settler. It stood<br />
at the edge of clearings as a mark of the<br />
diet to which those steel-thewed pioneers<br />
looked for strength.<br />
The johnnycake and the corn pone of<br />
the hardy mountaineers of the South<br />
bear abundant testimony to the body<br />
building qualities of the staple from<br />
which they are derived.<br />
Corn enters into the composition of<br />
patent breakfast foods, but, long before<br />
the days of cartons and bright labels, the<br />
Indians were making corn dishes which<br />
for delicacy of flavor and dietetic value<br />
put the products of this modern day to<br />
shame. They also constructed flapjacks<br />
which literally melted in the mouth.<br />
The tortillas of the Central American<br />
countries are a form of corn which ap-<br />
peals to travelers. The tortilla is made<br />
of corn flour and is a first cousin of the<br />
pancake. Before it cools it is rolled up<br />
and a surprise party—usually a little<br />
highly seasoned meat—is put inside it.<br />
It then is kept for future use. A favorite<br />
breakfast in the Central American<br />
countries consists of two tortillas which<br />
have been heated before the fire. These<br />
and a cup of coffee are enough to satisfv
658 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
the appetite of even the hungriest<br />
Indian.<br />
Totopozil tastes much better than it<br />
sounds. It is a very thin light wafer<br />
made by the Indians in the southern part<br />
of this continent. The corn from which<br />
the cake is made is first slightly parched<br />
and then pounded to a fine dust. The<br />
cakes are flake-like and not much thicker<br />
than wrapping paper. They are carried<br />
in small bags thrown over the shoulders<br />
of the Indians.<br />
Totopozil is dry and crumply and yet<br />
delicious in flavor as well as sustaining<br />
in its qualities. The biscuits and crackers<br />
of civilization are tame in flavor as compared<br />
with this crispy and delicious aboriginal<br />
provender.<br />
One of the greatest gifts which the Indians<br />
bestowed upon the world was this<br />
grain of gold. The general impression<br />
is that the redskin was merely a hunter.<br />
when, in reality, he was a walking experimental<br />
agricultural station. It is one<br />
of the favorite outdoor pastimes of the<br />
Indians of the Southwest to laugh at the<br />
government agricultural experts who<br />
have, from time to time, been sent out<br />
there to teach them how to plant and<br />
grow corn.<br />
The Indians profess great interest,<br />
and, not to appear unappreciative, they<br />
used to plant corn patches alongside<br />
those of the federal apostles of. modern<br />
farming. The government corn came up<br />
bright and green and soon withered<br />
away, while that of the Indians flour<br />
ftt'i<br />
Mi<br />
ished like weeping willows by the river's<br />
brink. The Indians, in order to avoid<br />
the killing dryness, often lodged the kernels<br />
three and four feet below the surface<br />
in the bottom of holes made by<br />
their planting sticks. Hence the development<br />
of the deep-growing corn.<br />
Corn or maize is essentially a tropical<br />
plant which had its origin in Mexico and<br />
was adapted to this climate by the Indians.<br />
The agricultural secrets of the Mandan<br />
Indians have recently been applied<br />
in the Dakotas with such success that the<br />
domain of the tassel-crowned King Corn<br />
has been much extended. The introduction<br />
of the Indian methods have made it<br />
possible for the farmers to grow a corn<br />
which can be harvested within sixty days<br />
after it is planted, thus escaping the<br />
frosts which otherwise would ruin it<br />
even in its maturity.<br />
Corn, therefore, can be made an ideal<br />
and popular food for both soldiery and<br />
civil population, for it now may be raised<br />
abundantly in practically every part of<br />
this country. Vast tracts can be devoted<br />
to the grain, and many crops can be harvested.<br />
In winter, Americans can learn<br />
the value of hog and hominy, of the<br />
flavor of that delectable compound of<br />
cornmeal and pig's head known as<br />
scrapple, and can eat with zest, fried<br />
mush and corncakes. The summer can<br />
bring them corn flour and polenta, and<br />
many other foods derived from the yellow<br />
cereal.
GERMAN "KULTUR" AND<br />
THE BEAUTIFUL<br />
THE WANTON DESTRUCTION OF RHEIMS CATHEDRAL<br />
Not content with the havoc wrought by their shells earlier in the war. the Germans lately have made this<br />
architectural masterpiece an object of their special malevolence. This remarkable photograph was<br />
taught bv the camera man at the precise instant that one of the Teutons' 320 mm. shells burst in the<br />
rear of the huilding. tearing out a section of the back walls.<br />
7!<br />
6S9
660<br />
WHERE THE BIG SHELLS<br />
ARE BURSTING<br />
A NEW TRENCH DIGGER<br />
This petrol-driven endless moving platform is now being used on the French front to aid in trench mak<br />
ing. It carries away all the soil and rock excavated, thus eliminating the wheelbarrow procession that<br />
was so much in evidence everywhere during the first year of the war.<br />
UEBHAT. FILM SEHVIC<br />
ADVANCING BEHIND BARRAGE FIRE<br />
This remarkable photograph shows the Serbian troops advancing behind the curtain fire of their i<br />
guns. Two of these shells are seen bursting two hundred yards in front of the charging line.
A JOB FOR STEEL-NERVED<br />
MEN—OR SLACKERS<br />
Mine Sweeping<br />
•..'>".: "'• • , T .. •..*.<br />
This is Ui«' most dangerous<br />
woik o( .ill the 111,111 V lilli'S<br />
of military activity, Small<br />
fishing trawlers arc the<br />
vessels used; these cost<br />
little, so that when a<br />
mine is handled carelessly<br />
.ir explodes unseen not<br />
much is lust. Steel nets<br />
with drags and buoys are<br />
pulled between the vessels.<br />
\\ hencver a mini- is caught<br />
it is r,iisrii to the surface by<br />
tlif sweepers, who then<br />
attempt in explode it by<br />
rifle fur. 'r<br />
future us.- by their own<br />
side. Because England<br />
has found .1 yre.it number<br />
ol "i < 'Ms. lent mils objec<br />
tors" — men whose beliefs<br />
l.e.p them from assuming<br />
soldiei lj duty she has put<br />
these men to work .is mine<br />
sweepcis AI tins job the)<br />
-,-t the opportunity ol risk-<br />
ins theii li\es foi their<br />
country without having to<br />
kill in return.<br />
•<br />
661
662<br />
A VIGILANT SENTRY<br />
• " "
GROWING POTATOES IN A<br />
SMALL SPACE<br />
B E I N G limited in the amount of<br />
ground which he could devote<br />
to his potato crop, R. E. Hendricks,<br />
of Kansas City, Missouri,<br />
has adopted a novel<br />
method of increasing the productiveness<br />
of his ground. By building up his potato<br />
crop in layers, he automatically increases<br />
his prospects for a large output.<br />
In brief, his method involves the construction<br />
of a potato pen or crate, eight<br />
feet long, six feet wide, and six feet<br />
high. This pen is filled with a rich<br />
mixture of soil and manure, and the<br />
potatoes are planted in layers. The vines<br />
emerge through the interstices between<br />
the planks and cover the entire pen with<br />
verdure. The richness<br />
nf the soil, the faculty<br />
ui the combination to<br />
retain moisture, and the<br />
ease with which a crop<br />
may be irrigated and<br />
kept free from insect<br />
pesls are the chief arguments<br />
in behalf of the<br />
plan.<br />
Building this potato<br />
pen is extremely simple.<br />
Mr. Hendricks outlines<br />
the idea as follows:<br />
"IMan a potato pen,<br />
six by eight feet on the<br />
inside ground measurement<br />
and six feet high.<br />
If desired, the length of<br />
the pen may be any<br />
multiple of eight feet.<br />
This plat is to be made<br />
into one large potato hill, the sides to be<br />
supported by a loosely constructed pen<br />
built of small timbers, firmly supported<br />
by posts. Rich earth, or. better still, a<br />
combination of earth and manure sufficient<br />
to fill the pen to the top must be<br />
at hand.<br />
"Lay off the plat of ground and divide<br />
by five equally spaced lengthwise lines<br />
and seven crosswise lines, placing a<br />
potato eye at each intersection of the<br />
lines on the surface of the ground.<br />
Cover these eyes with six inches of earth<br />
mixture, and repeat the operation until<br />
twelve layers have been placed, the pen<br />
having been built as the planting proceeded.<br />
"As the pen rises, there must be inserted<br />
in the center of the side, about<br />
three feet above the ground, a piece of<br />
timber, about four by four inches in size<br />
and three feet long, with an end protruding<br />
from the pen so that it may be<br />
Intensive Potato Cultivation<br />
Six times as many vines are grown on a given space by this method.<br />
loosened and withdrawn. In dry weather,<br />
this is to be taken out and the moisture<br />
of the center of the bed determined by<br />
thrusting the hand into the center.<br />
"To insure a plentiful supply of moisture,<br />
the top layer of the potato pen<br />
should be concave rather than convex."<br />
663
664<br />
IN THE WARE OF THE<br />
UTTER DESOLATION<br />
Almost without warning, a tornado struck Mattoon, Illinois, on the afternoon of May twenty-sixth. The<br />
wind cut a swath a mile wide half across the State, killing over two hundred people, injuring approximately<br />
a thousand, and destroying property aggregating nearly $10,000,000. These photographs were<br />
snapped in Mattoon immediately following the disaster. The upper picture at the left shows what re-
ILLINOIS TORNADO<br />
mained of the splendidly furnished home of Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Lane. Brave in adversity, this couple<br />
may be seen climbing the wreckage in the attempt to rescue what little of value remained. Below is a<br />
picture of Mrs. D. S. May and her family. Ten minutes after the storm had passed she walked out the<br />
front door on to the roof that previously had sheltered her. At the right top a rescue squad is administering<br />
first aid to a dazed and disabled cow. Below this is one of the most pathetic scenes—two little<br />
girls. Verna May Lawnhorn and her "baby sister Hazel Alice," exhausted after a vain search for their<br />
parents.
066<br />
BREAKING NEWS OF DOOM<br />
TO THE GERMAN PRIVATE<br />
2t'ir ntfamrn<br />
tif ^rrdiijfrrt'miHfl a<br />
Sending President Wilson's<br />
Message by<br />
Balloon<br />
The strongest blow at the<br />
morale of the German<br />
army that has been delivered<br />
since the battle of<br />
the Marne was the President's<br />
message of April<br />
second. This declaration,<br />
which makes certain the<br />
eventual defeat of the Entente<br />
Allies, was hailed<br />
with overwhelming enthusiasm<br />
in the French and<br />
British trenches. So important<br />
was it considered<br />
that it was translated into<br />
German immediately,<br />
thousands of copies were<br />
printed, and it was sent<br />
over the German lines by<br />
balloon and aeroplane to<br />
give the German privates<br />
themselves a chance to see<br />
"the writing on the wall."<br />
S«*l ifl lPfrtTodrt aW ftrirtri!<br />
>Hcbr tw yniflbrnini<br />
flchalttn am J, April tilt7<br />
nu HPimrfH yt S
U. S. LEADS IN<br />
T I IE title of this narrative<br />
seems to imply<br />
the incredible.<br />
Glances at the<br />
aerial strength of<br />
our own and European countries<br />
show us to be utterly<br />
dwarfed. When our expeditionary<br />
forces entered Mexico<br />
there were not a dozen flyable<br />
machines on the Texas frontier.<br />
And some of us<br />
recalled that Germany<br />
alone had three thousand<br />
aeroplanes and<br />
France and England<br />
mure . . . yet. the<br />
"United States leads<br />
in air war !" Why?<br />
Have you ever<br />
AIR-WAR<br />
by Edward Lyell Fox<br />
heard of the Esquadrille<br />
Americaine?<br />
That is why. The Esquadrille<br />
Americaine<br />
is a flying squadron that has been a part<br />
of the French Army since after the battle<br />
of the Marne. It is composed of Americans.<br />
They are daredevil Americans.<br />
You know the type. You have seen them<br />
often—making headlong tackles on the<br />
football field, diving feet first, spikes<br />
flashing, in a wild slide for third base,<br />
galloping madly across a polo field, diving<br />
from a platform higher than someone<br />
else has dared—they are the youth<br />
of America and their number is legion.<br />
Recall the opening of the German<br />
drive on Verdun. It was swift, sudden<br />
and unexpected. For several days the<br />
French thought it was a feint devised to<br />
draw their men away from the northern<br />
end of the great line so that the Germans<br />
Wasn't He the Greatest EnJ Harvard<br />
Ever Had, or the Man Who Broke the<br />
Record in the 440. or—Well. Never Mind!<br />
He Has Found a Sterner and More Glorious<br />
Sport<br />
could then attack in terrific<br />
force out from Lille<br />
and drive on the coveted<br />
Calais. By the time the<br />
French realized that<br />
Verdun was indeed the<br />
German objective, the<br />
Imperial flyers had<br />
soared above it and its<br />
environs and had succeeded<br />
in mapping out<br />
and photographing every<br />
important military point.<br />
They had recorded the<br />
two railroads, one broad,<br />
the other narrow gage,<br />
that entered Verdun<br />
from the southwest.<br />
These railroads fed the<br />
fortress with ammunition.<br />
The German aviati<br />
irs thus were able to<br />
give charts to their artillery<br />
that enabled the<br />
Krupp guns to spray every foot of these<br />
lines with shell.<br />
So when General Petain assumed the<br />
defense of Verdun, he faced an appalling<br />
problem. He found that there were but<br />
ten days' ammunition supplies in the<br />
fortress and that the only way of getting<br />
more was by an automobile road<br />
running north from Buc to Verdun.<br />
With the two railroads under unceasing<br />
shell fire it was dire necessity that this<br />
highway be kept open, that the German<br />
aviators get no chance to plot and photograph<br />
it as they had everything else.<br />
The fate of Verdun, the fate of France,<br />
depended upon that ribbon of road.<br />
General retain sent to headquarters<br />
an urgent call for flyers. He wanted a<br />
667
668 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
new type of flyer that the war has developed.<br />
He wanted men, not to sail<br />
over the enemy's lines and drop bombs<br />
or observe, but "fighting flyers," men<br />
whose sole duty it was to fight, to go up<br />
after an enemy plane and bring it down.<br />
And when Petain demanded "air fighters",<br />
the French supreme command sent<br />
him the Americans. They sent a group<br />
called the Esquadrille Lafayette.<br />
These men already had won a reputation<br />
for bravery and brilliance along the<br />
French front. The compliment that was<br />
paid to them by the assignment to Verdun<br />
was obvious. And they justified it.<br />
Day after day they ascended above the<br />
road from Buc to Verdun—La Voie<br />
Sacree, the Sacred Road—the French<br />
came to call it. Day after day these<br />
Americans fought off the German flyers<br />
who sought to control the fire of their<br />
artillery upon the Sacred Road; and day<br />
after day, munitions rolled up into the<br />
besieged fortress. "They shall not pass,"<br />
the little squadron took for its motto.<br />
And the boche did not pass—thanks to<br />
French bravery and the skill of the<br />
American aviators.<br />
You have read the names Kiffin<br />
Rockwell and William Thaw ? They are<br />
both of the American aerial section in<br />
France. The war made Billy Thawf<strong>org</strong>et<br />
about Pittsburgh. In France, and<br />
feeling the exaltation of the wonderful<br />
soul of the land, he f<strong>org</strong>ot pleasure, and<br />
joined a group of American flying men<br />
who put themselves at the disposal of<br />
the French Army. One morning after<br />
breakfasting on the burned French coffee—which<br />
everybody gets used to—<br />
rolls and jam—Billy Thaw trundled out<br />
his aeroplane and went looking for the<br />
boche near Soissons. Like a relief map,<br />
every rise and depression in the earth<br />
showing in exaggeration, the countryside<br />
spun out from under his propeller.<br />
Below him shrapnel burst, tiny fleecy<br />
white clouds, and off to the left there on<br />
a range of hill, little gusts of dirty yellow<br />
came and went—the French high<br />
explosive shells were searching the German<br />
positions.<br />
Presently, he discerned the wing<br />
spread of a Fokker . . . then another<br />
. then a third German machine,<br />
an Albatross. With his own and their<br />
motors racing over a hundred miles an
U. S. LEADS IN AIR WAR 669<br />
\3^<br />
THEY FACE DEATH WITH A SHRUG AND SMILE<br />
(tnr of their best-loved comrades has just been buried but these daredevils never allow themselves to be depressed.<br />
hour, the three enemy<br />
specks seemed to conicjust<br />
out of the distance<br />
right at him and grow<br />
1 a r g e incredibly fast.<br />
There was still time for<br />
Billy Thaw to execute a swift volplane<br />
and hull down to safety behind the<br />
French lines. But it was such a fine<br />
morning and what were three baches<br />
anyhow—especially after one has had<br />
coffee and rolls.<br />
The light began. One German plane<br />
swung to his left, another to his right.<br />
a third manoeuvered to get under him.<br />
That required quick thinking. If the<br />
man under him were to get his plane in<br />
a position, allowing the proper angle of<br />
fire, he would splinter Thaw's propellers.<br />
The rat-tat-tat of their machine guns<br />
began, showers of bullets mewing harmlessly<br />
through the air. The two planes<br />
on Thaw's flanks had swung wide, were<br />
now turning, seeking to swing round.<br />
racing with him so as to keep him in<br />
range. ' )ne chance—to get the man<br />
under him.<br />
Swooping down in an extremely<br />
j«nnt<br />
abrupt arc—an exceedingly<br />
dangerous move—<br />
for the chances of overturning<br />
are g r e at—<br />
Thaw got a side fire on<br />
his man. Working his<br />
machine gun steadily, he<br />
began to score hits. Splinters of the<br />
German's plane briefly flashed in the<br />
sunshine and then scattered down to<br />
earth. And presently the German himself<br />
followed the splinters. Like Monte<br />
Cristo. Thaw could have counted "One."<br />
The other two machines were above<br />
him now, frantically trying to turn in as<br />
short circles as possible and close with<br />
him. Tilting his machine gun up at the<br />
plane on his right. Thaw sent his machine<br />
leaping after it before the German<br />
could get into position. Cutting loose a<br />
deluge of bullets, veering slightly to the<br />
left. Thaw got him under an upward<br />
flank fire and observed his man toss<br />
both hands aloft, crumple down in his<br />
seat, while his machine began a bolt for<br />
the earth. . . . "Two."<br />
Seeing how the fight had been going<br />
against their men, other German fivers
670 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
GRADUATED<br />
This squad of Americans has finished six weeks of training at the hands of brilliant airmen, and is ready now to take its<br />
place in the Esquadrille Americaine.<br />
D & UNDERWQOI<br />
K. Yates Rockwell, One of<br />
the Most Successful of the<br />
American Air Pilots<br />
began to put up, and behind the French<br />
lines there appeared machines coming to<br />
Thaw's assistance. Meanwhile the third<br />
German had climbed above Thaw and<br />
now darting down, his machine gun<br />
blazing as he came, he opened a murderous<br />
downward angle fire on the<br />
American. The wings of Thaw's machine<br />
were riddled like a sieve. Bullets<br />
struck his petrol tank and the liquid<br />
spurted forth. In a few moments all his<br />
supply would have leaked and his engine<br />
would go dead. It was a ticklish situation.<br />
Whether to volplane down to earth<br />
now while he still had fuel enough to<br />
manoeuvre into a good position for the<br />
descent, or to take a chance. Thaw took<br />
the chance. As the German dived<br />
abreast him and tried to flatten out, to<br />
keep at the same elevation so as to get<br />
in a raking flank fire. Thaw made his<br />
decision.<br />
Cutting a perilously sharp circle, he<br />
rushed the German head on, his machine<br />
gun firing directly ahead through his<br />
propeller blades—a risky thing at best,<br />
for if the synchronation of the machine<br />
gun is not perfect with the spin of the<br />
propeller, you destroy your own blades.<br />
But it was in that American to take a<br />
chance that a more erudite aviator would
have scoffed at and headlong nerve won.<br />
Just when it seemed as if ramming the<br />
German machine would be the last recourse,<br />
Thaw's bullets took effect and<br />
tbe enemy fell shot through the head.<br />
The rest of that fight Thaw saw from<br />
the ground. With his petrol exhausted<br />
by the leak holes that the Germans shot<br />
OOfTHniHT UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD<br />
U. S. LEADS IN AIR WAR 671<br />
almost in one. In Europe, the youth<br />
does not indulge in sports that are so<br />
"violent". To that one might attribute<br />
the fighting superiority of the American<br />
flyers.<br />
This fighting in the air has developed<br />
a technique all its own. At the outbreak<br />
of the war it was poorly developed.<br />
THIS PHOTOGRAPH WAS MADE BY AN AMERICAN AVIATOR FLYING ABOVE THE GERMAN<br />
LINES. IT IS THE COUNTRY NORTHEAST OF RHEIMS<br />
in his tanks, he barely got away with his Aeroplanes were for dropping bombs<br />
life in a steep volplane to earth. Alight and for scouting, but as the war went on,<br />
ing there, he looked up to see the French the flyers came to be divided into three<br />
flyers closing with the reinforcements groups—fighters, observers and raiders.<br />
that the Germans had sent up after him. The sole job now of the fighters is to<br />
lie had bagged three planes in a single fight. For the most part they are in one<br />
flight.<br />
man machines, but often a two man ma<br />
Deeds of this sort have given the chine is used. The observer has a ma<br />
Americans in France an envied reputachine gun and also an engine control so<br />
tion for courage and fighting skill. They that if his aviator is killed the machine<br />
will take chances that the most techni will not of a necessity fall. By using the<br />
cally finished pilot will evade as "sui duplicate control, he can run it. Then<br />
cide". It is the headlong thing of their there are the new battle-planes, mount<br />
school and college days coming out in ing two, even four machine guns, mon<br />
war—tbe diving tackles of tbe football strous things that the Germans have at<br />
field, the perilous slides of the baseball tempted to perfect but which have killed<br />
diamond. It is the American thing, an some of their best flyers in the tryouts—<br />
amazing swift co-ordination between Lieutenant Yoll Muller, brother of the<br />
mind and muscle. It is natural that our author of "The Miracle," the great R.<br />
flyers should have this. In most of our Max Rheinhardt pageant, among the<br />
sports our youth must think and act lost. But the Esquadrillc Americaine
672 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
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SQUADS OF AMERICANS LIKE THIS GO INTO TRAINING EACH WEEK BEHIND THE FRENCH<br />
LINES; IN SIX WEEKS' TIME THEY BECOME FINISHED WAR AVIATORS<br />
does not go in for the battle-plane. It<br />
likes to do its fighting like the hawk,<br />
swift and swooping.<br />
Captain de Laage, a commander of the<br />
Esquadrille Americaine, who was killed<br />
in May of this year by a fall after his<br />
engine went dead, developed a technique<br />
similar to Boelcke's, the German flyer<br />
who was called "the Hawk". Captain<br />
de Laage, the American commander,<br />
perfected the manoeuvre of climbing<br />
high into the heavens when no enemy<br />
flyers were up, flying above the clouds,<br />
screened by them until such time as he<br />
judged the enemy would be in the air.<br />
Then he would slowly circle down. Picking<br />
out his man as he would begin a<br />
straight volplane for the earth, choosing<br />
an angle that would just take him past<br />
the enemy. As his downward bolt<br />
brought him near the quarry, his machine<br />
gun would open fire, continuing<br />
until he was past. Generally the enemy<br />
would be taken unguarded by the swift<br />
descent from the clouds and would fall<br />
an easy victim to the surprise attack.<br />
Kiffin Rockwell, another of the Esquadrille<br />
Americaine, like Thaw, bagged<br />
three flyers in a single day, but they tell<br />
a story of him that is even more thrilling.<br />
As I heard it, he was once forced to<br />
descend behind the German lines and<br />
one of the Kaiser's aviators who had<br />
been following him at once swooped<br />
down and made him a prisoner. "You<br />
are a brave man," said the German, with<br />
that chivalry of the aerial fighters. "I<br />
shall not have you taken off by soldiers,<br />
but shall ride you back to our flying<br />
camp." And quite pleased at the prospect<br />
of bringing in a prisoner in his machine,<br />
the German made Rockwell climb<br />
into the observer's car in front of him.<br />
"I shall send soldiers to bring in your<br />
machine," the German remarked with an<br />
exasperating smile, "we shall be able to<br />
make good use of it." Rockwell ground<br />
his teeth. The German began his flight.<br />
He was about a thousand meters high<br />
when Rockwell began to shift in his seat,<br />
rocking the machine. In alarm, the German<br />
reached forward to tap him on the<br />
shoulder. "Stop," he shouted, "you'll<br />
upset us." But Rockwell had other ideas.<br />
Having lured the German into reach, he<br />
lunged backward with his arms, turned,<br />
clutched the German around the throat,<br />
choked him into unconsciousness (all the<br />
while the machine was hurtling through<br />
space eighty miles an hour), and then<br />
when he saw him collapse, Rockwell<br />
calmly worked the duplicate control and<br />
brought one German and one German<br />
machine into the French lines as prisoners.<br />
No wonder the French chose the<br />
Esquadrille Americaine for Verdun !
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A "Safety First" Rifle<br />
The altiscope-riflc, a firearm which proposes<br />
to revolutionize trench warfare, has just burn<br />
demonstrated recently on the Beverly Hill<br />
government range at Beverly Hill, California.<br />
By the use of this device it is possible to shoot<br />
with perfect accuracy while the marksman is<br />
crouched far below the edge of the trench.<br />
Taking the rifle now used by the United<br />
States Army, the inventors of this modern<br />
death-dealer built into it a frame of compressed<br />
steel, by which it is possible to raise or lower<br />
the barrel. They also added reflecting lenses<br />
which permit the marksman to hold the buttof<br />
the rifle in the customary shoulder position,<br />
and aim through the sights on the elevated<br />
barrel. In this way the barrel of the rifle pro<br />
jects over the edge of the trench while the<br />
marksman remains fully concealed from the<br />
opposing force. The image of the target or<br />
enemy, after passing through the two sights<br />
with which all rifles are equipped ordinarily, is<br />
caught by the small round elevated reflector,<br />
which extends an inch or so above the top of<br />
the trench. From this the view of country at<br />
the opposite side of the breastwork is shot<br />
down through a hole in the movable part of the<br />
stock and is caught again, this time by a small<br />
reflectorormirror located just below this mova<br />
ble section. It is claimed that it is equally as<br />
easy to leam to shoot accurately with this new<br />
altiscope rifle as it is with the ordinary firearm.<br />
673
674 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
THE BOLTLESS RAIL JOINT<br />
This invention makes the joint the strongest and most unyielding part of the rail. Its two pieces so wedge and interlock<br />
that they hold the rail ends in a viselike grip that cannot wear nor work loose.<br />
The boltless rail joint consists of the base with a fixed side or flange, and a removable wedge-shaped side or brace.<br />
The removable wedge-shaped side is tapered slightly from one end to the other. The base portion is made of suitable<br />
width to receive and support properly the base flanges of railroad rails. The removable wedge-shaped side or brace is<br />
inserted by pushing its smallest end between the base and the head of the rail. The base upon the open side of the<br />
chair is provided with a rounded edge flange, or bead, between which and the head of the rail the removable wedgeshaped<br />
brace is made to be slipped.<br />
Keep Your Office Cool!<br />
This air-cooling machine, recently brought forward by<br />
John G. Haglock, an Illinois inventor, will drop the tem<br />
perature in a moderate-sized office from ninety to seventy<br />
degrees Fahrenheit in a few minutes. The device com<br />
prises a semi-cylindrical water pan having cut-out portions<br />
at each end for the passage of air-currents. A fan, with<br />
radial plant's formed of strips of fabric stretched diagon<br />
ally from rods at one end of the fan frame, causes acon-<br />
stant circulation of quantities of water in small particles in<br />
the path of the current of air from an electric fan. The<br />
currents of air, playing on the semi-spiral planes, cause<br />
the drum-like fan to rotate at a rate of six or seven revo<br />
lutions a minute, driven by the force of the air as it leaves<br />
the (an. In order to obtain satisfactory results in cooling<br />
a room, the temperature of the water used should be from<br />
three to five degrees below temperature desired.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 675<br />
Sanitary Drinking Fountains<br />
for Country Schools<br />
A pure water supply for the pupils of<br />
country schools now is possible the<br />
same as in city schools where there<br />
is a water system. With tlie pump and<br />
fountain shown in the photograph,<br />
pupils may secure a drink at any time<br />
simply bv turning the valve with one<br />
hand. The water is pumped into an<br />
underground lank and thus compresses<br />
the air in the upper portion of the tank;<br />
turning the valve allows the compressed<br />
air to force water through the outlet.<br />
The fountain itself is thoroughly sanitary,<br />
being so constructed that the user<br />
cannot touch the tongue or lips to any<br />
part. Tin: water, being stored underground,<br />
is always cool. The fountain<br />
may be any reasonable distance from<br />
the pump, and if desired may be placed<br />
inside the building. More than one<br />
fountain may be attached to one pump.<br />
GROWING "AMERICAN ERMINE"<br />
This Smi ihem C-ilitornia rabbit (arm, run by one of the Golden State's most businesslike daughters, is providing an<br />
entirely new lur lor the summei wear lor American women. The fur of young white rabbits, while bv no means of the<br />
sami thick, soft qualitj as ermine, is nevertheless ncarlj as pretty, and cool enough so that even in the hot weather o)<br />
July and August it will nut cause discomfort.
676 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
MACHINERY FOR UNPLEASANT LABOR<br />
The new truck equipment was dcsi^rru'd by the engineers <<br />
jj r"f "*1*<br />
-Hf" \?Y4^"' 1 '. the Department of Sewers of New York City for the cleaning<br />
of catch basins, and consists of a grab bucket that is<br />
,-<br />
letdown the manhole, where it closes around a mass of<br />
sediment, hoists it to a position over the tank of the truck<br />
and drops it. A five-ton truck is employed for this work,<br />
;<br />
f<br />
with a crew of three men, and this accomplishes as much,<br />
by actual test, as nine men with four one horse carts.<br />
mi \<br />
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Portable Pile Driver for Forest Use<br />
When building piers or drivingfence stakes, the Canadian<br />
backwoodsman often has to exercise considerable engineering<br />
ingenuity. This water-soaked birchwood block,<br />
running in a light frame, and raised by hand power, was<br />
found to do the work eminently satisfactorily by one<br />
Alberta settler.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 677<br />
NON-CAPSIZABLE AND SELF-DRAINING SURF BOAT<br />
A new life-saving surf boat has been invented by a citizen of Long Beach, California, and is li ly to be adopted by<br />
city lor its beach service. The craft is sixteen feet long, 40 inches wide, is non ca; izable and is self-draining.<br />
is equipped with air tanks the full length of the cockpit and on all sides. It<br />
can take the breakers broadside. It is propelled by a double-bladed paddle,<br />
much like those used by canoeists. The buoyant qualities of this boat make<br />
it capable of keeping twenty people afloat at one time<br />
GETTING UP IN THE WORLD WITH AN AUTO<br />
At this California wireless station<br />
Much work has to be done at the<br />
top of them. Horses never are safe<br />
elevators; they are apt to drop<br />
dead or run away when a man is29 1 ts each 300 fe<br />
)<br />
leet up. Now to make the ascent<br />
safe an automobile is used. The<br />
steeplejack sits on a little board,<br />
the car is started slowly out across<br />
the level ground, and the man is<br />
[misled easily and safel\ to the top.
678 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
ARMORED MOTOR TURRET CARS FOR THE NAVY<br />
What can the Navy do with an armored turret car? How can it be landed from a battleship and manned on shore? The<br />
accompanying photograph tells the story. The United States Marine Corps, the first service to use motor trucks, is now<br />
equipped with armored motor turret cars for tropical expeditions. The armored car is, of course, carried aboard ship.<br />
When lowered into a motor boat or sailing launch it rests<br />
on joists placed fore and aft on the thwarts. The boat is<br />
beached stern first, and the car is run ashore in fair<br />
weather ovur planks hooking on to the stern, or in bad<br />
weather, by shear legs and a multiple block.<br />
Fitting Together a Kodak<br />
Key<br />
Next time you take a snap shot<br />
with your kodak, notice the key<br />
which turns the film. The key does<br />
not grow all together as you see<br />
it. It is composed of several parts<br />
which must be fitted together with<br />
precision if your kodak is to work<br />
without a hitch. Assembling the<br />
small parts of the key is a job re<br />
quiring deftness and delicacy of<br />
touch. You see how easily this<br />
young girl does it. Her brother<br />
probably would take more time and<br />
not do it as well in the end, because<br />
it is just one more of those things<br />
men can't do as well as women.
'#lif''~a». i<br />
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION<br />
k T<br />
F 4<br />
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NO HORSES ON THIS FARM<br />
"r. ;> >^.<br />
On one of the big truck farms in Western New York, there arc no stables and consequently no horses. Instead small<br />
traction engines are used exclusively, not only for plowing in the field, but for bringing the hay to the barn. If you are<br />
in the vicinity of Elba, N. Y., you may see one of these steel mules chugging along the road pulling three or four truck<br />
The Handbag Steamer Chair<br />
A new form of chair suitable for use<br />
on outings, steamer trips, and simi<br />
lar places is so constructed that it<br />
(olds into a very small space, and can<br />
he i .im.d as a handbag. The chair<br />
is made in two styles, one weighing<br />
six pounds and the other eight; either<br />
will support a person weighing three<br />
hundred pounds. The heavier chair<br />
is provided with a head rest. When<br />
folded the chair is eighteen inches<br />
Square and tour inches thick. It is<br />
built substantially so as to withstand<br />
rough use. but makesa good appear*<br />
ance either when open or closed.<br />
loads, with a farmer's boy<br />
steering' by means of a big<br />
wheel, instead of holding<br />
the reins. And he seems to<br />
have a mighty happy time<br />
doing it.
680 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
GOOD-BYE. GLITTERING BAYONET<br />
One more line in the descriptions of the battle scenes of the future will have to be deleted by<br />
the alert and well informed copy reader. The bayonet that used to glitter is now to be as dull<br />
and non-glittering as the brown and dull barrel of the rifle itself.<br />
By instructions of the Chief of Ordnance of the Army in April, the bayonet of the army service<br />
rifle will be put through the regular "browning", or controlled rusting process used for finishing<br />
up the barrels of the service rifle, and the bright and shining and menacing blade at the muzzle<br />
of the rifle at the charge will<br />
disappear.<br />
The Russian bayonet, always<br />
attached to the rifle, and provided<br />
with no scabbard, is<br />
browned, practically invisible<br />
at any distance. Also it is of the old<br />
style quadrangular type, instead of the<br />
sword shape of most modern bayonets.<br />
Lugging the Luggage Along<br />
A new luggage carrier has been designed<br />
to increase the capacity of the<br />
flivver by utilizing the space<br />
above the hood and thus leaving<br />
the tonneau and running boards free for<br />
passengers — or more baggage. A wrought<br />
steel rack slips over the hood and is fastened<br />
rigidly by supporting bars on either side. The<br />
hood can be raised without interfering with the<br />
carrier. When it is desired to throw the hood<br />
jj way over and back the carrier can be removed<br />
in about a minute.<br />
A bracket is permanently attached and is<br />
inconspicuous when the carrier is removed.<br />
Two thumb screws and two screw couplings<br />
complete the attachment in about a minute.<br />
The parcels are held upon the platform with<br />
straps.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION<br />
Sanitary Ice Cream Cone Dispenser<br />
A new container for ice cream cones, devised by James W.<br />
Kennedy of Canton, Ohio, makes the manual handling of<br />
ice cream cones by soda clerks unnecessary. The cone is<br />
delivered to the customer in a receptacle that engages the<br />
bottom com- of the cylindrical holder in which a stack of<br />
cones are contained. A pointed pin, carried by the cone<br />
receiver, penetrates and holds the cone when it is to be<br />
removed from column in the tubular dispenser. The pin<br />
has a large button on its outer end, which is pressed with<br />
the thumb to cause it to penetrate the lower end of the<br />
cone in the cone cup. When the thumb is released the<br />
pin springs back. The column of cones is held in place in<br />
the magazine by spring arms arranged at its lower end,<br />
which press lightly against the bottom cone. When it is<br />
withdrawn they spring into engagement with the next<br />
higher cone. The dispenser may consist either of a single<br />
tube supported from the wall, or a number of tubes sup<br />
ported from a bracket, which may be rotated to bring on*'<br />
of the tubes over an opening in the bracket through which<br />
the cone is removed in theconc receiving cup. The tubes,<br />
besides serving as dispensing magazines, also form con<br />
venient shipping cases for ice cream cones.<br />
Better than a Slave-Power Punkah<br />
E\ery man can be his own electric plant by using a de<br />
vice lately invented by an Indiana seeker after cooling<br />
breezes. The fan he invented is an attachment for a rock<br />
ing chair and the power generated by the gentle move<br />
ment of the chair back and forth on its rockers propels<br />
the fan, which wafts its zephyrs upon the individual in the<br />
chair.<br />
The operation of the fan is comparatively simple. A<br />
shaft reaching the floor is given an upward thrust by the<br />
backward swing of the rocker. This shaft, through a<br />
journaled connection with the shaft of the fan itself, pro<br />
vides the motive power for turning the blades, overhead.
682 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
A GASOLINE SNOW SHOVELER<br />
In many a city, next winter, you will see this squatty little machine operating. After a snow fall it will lumb<br />
the streets, cleaning an eight-foot swath of pavement at the rate of six hundred feet a minute. Brushes and scr<br />
operated by the same engine that drives the machine forward, shoot the snow and ice on to rollers. It goes up a<br />
then over the chute at the right to fall in one of the dump<br />
wagons that acts as escort. This device costs $4**0 origi<br />
nally; it ischeapto maintain, and it will do the work of one<br />
hundred men when occasion requires.<br />
Lighting Up the Traffic Policeman<br />
So many accidents have occurred in St. Louis because au<br />
tomobile drivers have not been able to see the signals of<br />
traffic policemen at night, that Police Commissioner<br />
Thompson of that city recently decided to devise some<br />
means by which an officer could be made to stand out<br />
clearly. After trying out various schemes, the department<br />
hit upon the plan of installing a small search light on th<br />
top of a high building at the crossing. By this means the<br />
light does not shine in the eyes of the officer, yet it is<br />
ulated to cast a circle of light ten or twelve feet in dia<br />
ter, in the center of which the officer stands.
An Air-Driven<br />
Motor Truck<br />
Tin- aeroplane engine<br />
has become so powerful<br />
and so efficient<br />
in the course of the<br />
last year, that motor<br />
truck manufacturers are considering<br />
seriously the advisability ot driving<br />
these bigtrucks with propellers similar<br />
to those used on battleplanes. This<br />
truck was equipped thus for purposes<br />
of experiment, and proved that<br />
a great deal of power can be developed<br />
by the propeller method.<br />
A Suitcase Laboratory<br />
The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research<br />
has devised a "suitcase" laboratory<br />
for the use of laundrymen in testing<br />
the materials that they use. With<br />
it tin- laundryman is able to guard<br />
against possible misrepresentation of<br />
laundry materials by merchants. It<br />
permits him to assure himself, without<br />
the expense of a formal chemical analysis,<br />
that everything used in his establishment<br />
for cleansing goods is of a sort<br />
that will do no harm to the goods entrusted<br />
to him. Thus he can detect<br />
and eliminate damaging impurities and<br />
reduce to a minimum the wear of washing<br />
other fabrics.<br />
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION<br />
tefe*«*^2s*s»5*^>ai-=3!;<br />
683<br />
3>
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
HOG-SINGEING WITH GASOLINE<br />
The above illustration shows a western farmer actually at work using gasoline in getting the hair off a porker. The<br />
process is not intended to replace scalding where a large number of hogs are killed, but is satisfactory when it is not<br />
convenient to provide a scalding vat or tank. All that is required for singeing a hog is a pint of gasoline, a cotton rag,<br />
a torch, and a gallon of hot water. The hog is placed first on a small platform away from buildings, and then the hair<br />
is rubbed thoroughly with a rag soaked in gasoline. The gasoline is not poured on, as this would cause the flesh to be<br />
burned. After rubbing, the one side is ignited by a long-handled torch, made of a hickory switch and a rag. The fire<br />
flashes up instantly and burns, for a minute or longer, leaving a blackened carcass. The char rubsoff cleanly, however,<br />
and by using a broad-bladed knife, a rag and hot water, the skin cleans down smooth and white.<br />
A SPACE-SAVING HEATER<br />
If this inconspicuous unit is used in warming the home, office or factory, it may be hidden so it never is in the way and<br />
never interferes in the least with the scheme of decoration. The dimensions of the electric unit are iV x li" x232"; it has<br />
a current consumption of 500 watts on either alternating or direct current.
What Color Chip Are You?<br />
Poker paraphernalia at last have at<br />
tained the dignity of office appliances.<br />
A Michigan manager, desirous of hav<br />
ing a graphic illustration of conditions<br />
in bis office constantly before him, has<br />
placed a card table at his elbow on whi( h<br />
the floor plan is drawn. In position to<br />
correspond with the desks of his subor<br />
dinates, he places poker chips upon the<br />
table, each inscribed with a name. His<br />
department managers are represented<br />
by blue chips, the lesser executives by<br />
reds, and the underlings by white<br />
chips, When an employe is absent<br />
for a day, his chip is lifted.<br />
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 685<br />
ROUGHING CONCRETE WALKS<br />
A new outfit tor roughing concrete sidewalks has been tried out with success in Illinois, where it is operated with far<br />
greater speed and economy than former hand tools. The machine makes use of a small air compressor, driven by a gas<br />
engine and air cooled. The compressor is mounted on a truck with steel wheels and is so small and light that it can be<br />
wheeled about by one man, and is convenient for a job that requires occasional shifting of the apparatus. Connected<br />
with this by an air hose, is a small pneumatic drill carrying a case-hardened steel block with sixteen sharpened, raised<br />
points. One man can handle the tool and attend to the engine and compressor, and he can do in an hour the amount of<br />
work that would require a day for six men with the ordinary tools employed for roughing
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
WEIGHING OUT LEADEN DEATH<br />
All day this girl sits in front of a very delicate scale and weighs bullets. Each bul<br />
let must weigh just so much—no more, no less. It is her business to test them and<br />
see that they are not above or below their allotted weight by even so much as the<br />
heft of a hair. This work requires patience, a highly developed sense of detail and<br />
accuracy.<br />
Pushes the Pipe<br />
Don't let the plumber or<br />
the gas man destroy that<br />
good looking lawn you have<br />
worked and worried with.<br />
There is no need for these<br />
gentlemen to plow ruthlessly<br />
intoyourgreen grass.<br />
This little machine pushes<br />
pipe through lawns, under<br />
sidewalks or through the<br />
basement at the rate of<br />
30 to 150 feet every hour,<br />
depending upon the soil<br />
through which it is working<br />
and upon the energy of<br />
the man behind the pusher.<br />
It not only lays the pipe<br />
but pulls out damaged pipe<br />
as well.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 687<br />
A Trainman's Flashlight<br />
A Bay City, Michigan, man recently has invented a flash<br />
light intended for the use of trainmen or workmen whose<br />
duties make it necessary for them to use signals at night.<br />
The device is a regular flashlight in appearance, being only<br />
9 inches long and IK inches in diameter. Each end con<br />
tains an enclosed bulb and a specially made switch in the<br />
center of the battery container operates the desired light.<br />
The lens in one end is red and the other is white.<br />
Register for Nickel<br />
Telephone<br />
A new device intended for<br />
use with nickel tele<br />
phones has a register<br />
which shows at a glance<br />
how many calls have been<br />
made and how many more<br />
1 eniain of those that must<br />
be paid for. The user<br />
pulls a chain when the<br />
call is made; this causes<br />
the register to show in<br />
black one more call made<br />
and in red one less re<br />
maining. The register<br />
run-, up onlv t" thirty, but<br />
when the minimum num-<br />
r is higher than that<br />
: register may be used<br />
by allowing it to repeat<br />
itself. The register at<br />
taches to any telephone<br />
by nwans of a clip.<br />
Put a Meter on Your Stenographer<br />
To measure the work done this meter i> attached to the<br />
escapement wheel of the typewriter; since it is known that<br />
a certain number of strokes is required to revolve this<br />
wheel once, we know by the readings just how much has<br />
been done.<br />
The average rate of pay has been found to be $4.11 for<br />
one hundred thousand strokes of the keys on ordinary<br />
work. One firm which installed counters for its entile<br />
staff of fifty typists saved practically four thousand dollais<br />
a year by a readjustment of salary whereby the fast typists<br />
were paid more according to their ability and the slower<br />
ones reduced.
U. S. EXPERTS FIND NEW<br />
WAYS OF SAVING MILLIONS<br />
By WILLIAM NELSON TAFT<br />
HARD times are here. The majority of citizens is willing to econodogs<br />
of war possess insatia- mize in all directions, is showing the<br />
ble appetites ; while they eat way; every department is waging war on<br />
their fill of our resources, waste with every ounce of its strength.<br />
the belts of all men must be As a broad, general example of the<br />
tightened to the last notch. manner in which real accomplishment<br />
It has been the summit of patriotism has come in this campaign, we may<br />
to fight and die for one's country. A consider the manner in which the Govcentury<br />
ago all that could be asked ernment has solved the paper problem<br />
from a nation in war time was a pleni- through the utilization of waste.<br />
tude of willing<br />
soldiers.<br />
Today, however,<br />
patriots<br />
behind the van<br />
of battle are<br />
even more<br />
necessary.<br />
Every man,<br />
woman, and<br />
child of the<br />
commonwealth<br />
now possesses<br />
the opportunity<br />
either to devote<br />
all intelligence<br />
and<br />
strength of will<br />
in staving oft*<br />
starvation or<br />
to continue in<br />
wasteful indulgence<br />
and<br />
thereby c o mm<br />
i t acts of<br />
treason which<br />
are no less<br />
damnable because<br />
they are<br />
undiscovered.<br />
The United<br />
States Government,<br />
believing<br />
that the vast<br />
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This leek ss Refrigerator Is Guarantees to Keep Foe d Cool<br />
on the Hottest of Dog 1 >ays<br />
Out in Mont<br />
a n a, Minnesota,<br />
and the<br />
Dakotas fanners<br />
raise every<br />
year 1,400.000<br />
tons of flax<br />
straw, a byproduct<br />
of their<br />
flax industry.<br />
This, up to a<br />
short time ago.<br />
was regarded<br />
as nothing<br />
more than<br />
waste matter,<br />
either to be<br />
burned in the<br />
fields or to be<br />
sold to upholstering<br />
firms at<br />
a price of $3 a<br />
ton, delivered.<br />
A number of<br />
enterprising<br />
paper manufacturersattempted<br />
to utilize<br />
this cheap<br />
product in<br />
paper making.<br />
but in v a i n.<br />
The straw,<br />
they found,
With these in-.ii<br />
NEW WAYS OF SAVING MILLIONS 689<br />
contained entirely too much wood fiber<br />
to make it available for this purpose.<br />
When the price of paper began its<br />
upward flight, however, the Department<br />
of Agriculture, always keen to<br />
find some new way to use waste products,<br />
determined that something ought<br />
to be done to reduce the cost of paper,<br />
and Dr. Jason L. Merrill, in charge of<br />
the Paper-Plant Investigation Bureau,<br />
was instructed to tackle the problem.<br />
After several months of patient work,<br />
lie succeeded in devising an entirely<br />
new machine—for which a public service<br />
])atent has been applied—which<br />
eliminates the woody fiber from the<br />
American flax straw and makes the<br />
major portion of this huge crop available<br />
for paper manufacture.<br />
Thus, out of waste—formerly burned<br />
in the fields—the Government has succeeded<br />
in evolving a valuable product<br />
which will mean an added revenue to<br />
the flax region of between $10,000,000<br />
and $15,000,000 a year, in addition to<br />
being of incalculable benefit to the<br />
people at large by materially reducing<br />
the price of paper.<br />
At the same time, the Department's<br />
A PAPER PROVING SET<br />
rnrm-nt showed tile worth of the paper made from waste- substances.<br />
chemists are trying to utilize other<br />
"waste" products, such as broom corn,<br />
hemp hurds, corn stalks, yucca granca,<br />
and zacaton (the last two being wild<br />
grasses which flourish in the Southwest),<br />
in paper making. The Government's<br />
experiments have been so satisfactory<br />
than in the case of the hemp<br />
hurds and zacaton. bulletins on the<br />
value of these products have been<br />
printed on paper made from them, and<br />
the attention of paper manufacturers<br />
called to the excellent quality and low<br />
price of the resultant substance.<br />
But Uncle Sam's endeavors to extract<br />
wealth from waste, to utilize<br />
"even the squeal of the pig", as they<br />
say in packing houses, do not stop with<br />
paper making.<br />
Consider, for example, the cider industry<br />
which the Government has<br />
saved from commercial disaster and<br />
has placed upon a safe economic footing<br />
through the ingenuity of its experts.<br />
Not long ago. the cider manufacturers<br />
of the Northwestern States had<br />
about come to the conclusion that,<br />
owing to the high cost of transporta-
690 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
tion on their product, commercial success<br />
over an extended territory was impossible.<br />
Freight rates were so high<br />
that it was extremely difficult to market<br />
cider at the price that people were<br />
willing to pay for it and at the same<br />
time collect even a reasonable profit.<br />
Inasmuch as water forms at least<br />
eighty per cent of cider, the manufacturers<br />
agreed that if they could produce<br />
a concentrated product of a bulk<br />
equal to one-fifth of the original liquid,<br />
they could afford to market this syrup<br />
at a fair price because the transportation<br />
charges would be much less.<br />
The problem, therefore, was the apparently<br />
simple one of producing this<br />
concentrated cider. But, in practice,<br />
the difficulty appeared insurmountable.<br />
The moment that heat was applied<br />
to the cider in order to decrease its bulk,<br />
the liquid lost its delicate taste, and<br />
the resultant syrup was of such a<br />
nature that it could not be marketed.<br />
Chemists connected with several of the<br />
big cider companies tried their hands<br />
Machinery in the Fruit and Vegetable Utilization Laboratory in<br />
Washington<br />
at the problem, but all failed. So far<br />
as they could discover, cider was intended<br />
by nature to be bulky, and the<br />
moment you meddled with it you<br />
spoiled it.<br />
Some one then had the bright idea<br />
i >f appealing to the Government for<br />
assistance and, accordingly, samples of<br />
cider were submitted to the Fruit and<br />
Vegetable Utilization Laboratory of<br />
the Department of Agriculture, with a<br />
request that Uncle Sam get busy and<br />
see if he could devise a method for concentrating<br />
the apple juice without impairing<br />
its flavor.<br />
The Department's chemists first<br />
tried the application of heat, as had the<br />
cider men. and with the same effect.<br />
Heat having failed, the Government<br />
scientists then experimented with the<br />
effect of low temperatures, freezing the<br />
cider into a solid cake of ice. This ice<br />
was then crushed and placed in a centrifugal<br />
machine, such a.s is used in the<br />
extraction of cane sugar. After a few<br />
moments of rapid whirling, it was<br />
found that a thick red-brown<br />
syrup exuded from the ice<br />
and, after about fifteen minutes,<br />
this syrup accumulated<br />
until it was equal in bulk to<br />
one-fifth the original volume<br />
of the cider. In other words,<br />
all the water remained in the<br />
ice. and the "cider essence"<br />
was torn away by the rapid<br />
centrifugal motion.<br />
Upon further examination<br />
it was found that this syrup,<br />
when mixed with four parts<br />
of water, makes a delicious<br />
cider, in all respects similar<br />
to the original apple juice<br />
and, moreover, that it will<br />
remain sweet and unchanged<br />
for an indefinite time if carefully<br />
stored in a cool place.<br />
Therefore, by the simple<br />
expedient of following a<br />
course of action exactly oppo<br />
site to that which had been<br />
previously tried and found
NEW WAYS OF SAVING MILLIONS 691<br />
wanting, the Government was able to<br />
supply the cider manufacturers with a<br />
new product, readily marketable at a low<br />
transportation cost and capable of use at<br />
any time, thus indefinitely extending<br />
the "cider season" and tending to<br />
popularize this palatable and healthful<br />
fruit beverage.<br />
Fired by their success in producing<br />
concentrated cider, the Government<br />
chemists then determined to try the<br />
same experiment with grape juice, another<br />
product upon which transportation<br />
charges are high on account of its<br />
bulk. At present—on the old basis of<br />
transportation charges—a quart of grape<br />
in ice retails at from thirty to sixty cents.<br />
The result exceeded even the most<br />
sanguine expectations. Not only was<br />
a clear, beautifully colored and highly<br />
concentrated grape juice secured, but<br />
tests showed that all the "argol"—the<br />
substance which is responsible'for the<br />
bitter taste of the grape—remained in<br />
the ice. The syrup contained onl) the<br />
essence of the grapes, readily convertible<br />
into commercial grape juice by the<br />
addition of four parts of water and<br />
capable of a multitude of other uses<br />
as a flavoring for confections and ice<br />
creams. The process practically adapted<br />
the grape to the soda fountain.<br />
In addition, this chance discovery<br />
HARVESTING HEMP HURDS. A "WASTE PRODUCT" FROM WHICH THE GOVERNMENT IS<br />
NOW MAKING A FINE GRADE OF PAPER<br />
opens up a large new field for grape<br />
juice manufacture, in that it will<br />
permit the utilization of varieties of<br />
grapes formerly considered unfit for<br />
grape juice on account of their high<br />
percentage of argol. It will also mean<br />
new life for rundown or unused icefactories,<br />
which, at least in grape and<br />
apple growing districts, are certain to<br />
be in demand for the production of Llic<br />
concentrated fruit juices.<br />
It is in the Smith that some of the<br />
most important work of' the Department<br />
of Agriculture has taken place,<br />
both in the prevention of waste and in<br />
the utilization of waste products which<br />
would otherwise seriously impair the<br />
economic efficiency of the whole Dixie<br />
country.<br />
The States Relations Service, for<br />
example, now lias more than four hundred<br />
women agents employed in fifteen<br />
of the Southern States, instructing the<br />
residents of the rural districts in the<br />
construction and use of labor-savin;<br />
devices which render housework far<br />
{Continuedon pag
692<br />
BULLET-PROOF ARMOR<br />
FOR AMERICAN SOLDIERS<br />
The Strength of His<br />
Convictions<br />
Dr. Guy Otis Brewster of<br />
Dover, New Jersey, is the<br />
inventor of this plate armor.<br />
He also is the man behind<br />
the steel in each of these<br />
photographs. Dr. Brews<br />
ter, in bringing: his invention<br />
before the War Department,<br />
advanced claims<br />
to the effect that the armor<br />
would stop or deflect service<br />
bulletssatisfactorilyat adistance<br />
of sixty feet or more.<br />
To support his contention,<br />
he volunteered to stand up<br />
behind the armor and he<br />
peppered by a sharpshooter<br />
selected by the army officials.<br />
The War Department<br />
took him up, and conducted<br />
the test as shown<br />
here. So well did the armor<br />
stand up under the rain of<br />
bullets, that not even a<br />
dent appeared in the plates.<br />
Our soldiers who go to the<br />
first line trenches abroad<br />
may be equipped with this<br />
protection.
A KNOCK-DOWN AUTO<br />
MOBILE BODY<br />
H E R E is a novel type of automobile<br />
body which can be<br />
knocked down for shipment<br />
or assembled within a few<br />
minutes. It is the invention<br />
of a young British Colonial, Robert<br />
Booth, of Johannesburg, South Africa.<br />
The body, now being exhibited in New<br />
York, was built in England under the<br />
greatest difficulties, owing to<br />
the concentration of that<br />
country upon war suplilies.<br />
There are points of<br />
practical advantage to the<br />
car owner in this<br />
device, among them<br />
the provision for replacing<br />
a panel injured<br />
in a collision<br />
or other accident, at<br />
the slightest possible<br />
cost and delay.<br />
composed of seven<br />
"he body is<br />
flat sections ;<br />
any one of these may be removed<br />
and a new one substituted in<br />
less than an hour. The upholstery is<br />
attached permanently to the panels, so<br />
that no removal of leather work is required<br />
in making the change: the flaps<br />
that conceal the joints are turned back,<br />
a few bolts are loosened, and the panel<br />
can then be removed.<br />
The entire rear section may be taken<br />
off as a unit and set to one side, while<br />
in its place may be set a delivery box or<br />
other commercial body. An attachment<br />
to take a trailer may be substituted, or a<br />
metal boot may be placed in to convert<br />
the touring body into a runabout. This<br />
is possible because the body parts are<br />
bolted upon sills running the length of<br />
the chassis. The arrangement has the<br />
additional advantage<br />
of forming a<br />
stronger union, less<br />
subject to vertical<br />
and side strain.<br />
For the manufacturer<br />
of cars, the<br />
device is a matter of<br />
huge saving in<br />
freighting, storing,<br />
and manufacture.<br />
The body, when<br />
packed flat, requires<br />
The Body Parts, no more space than<br />
Ready to Assem- . '<br />
the chassis alone, as<br />
the illustration indicates.<br />
When a number of cars<br />
are shipped, the number of cubic feet<br />
taken up by each car is greatly lessened.<br />
The car body is in less danger<br />
of injury in the handling, as it can be<br />
boxed readily. The saving in space<br />
upon rail or shipboard means a saving<br />
in dollars and greater facilities in making<br />
prompt delivery.<br />
693
694<br />
< • •<br />
MAKING ROPE EQUIPMENT<br />
FOR THE NAVY<br />
s<br />
a.<br />
IP<br />
tz<br />
' • ' ^<br />
M //<br />
The Hemp Artisans<br />
In the navy yard at Charles-<br />
town, Massachusetts, a large<br />
force of men now is working<br />
feverishly, turning out thou<br />
sands of pieces of woven rope<br />
equipment for our battleships.<br />
Each vessel demands a tre<br />
mendous supply of devices for<br />
protection against the shock of<br />
collision with docks or smaller<br />
craft, rope webs by which ham<br />
mocks are swung, and deck<br />
mats for every door on each<br />
deck of the ship. The upper<br />
photograph at the left shows<br />
two men at work on the ham<br />
mock clews which spread the<br />
"downy couches" for our sailor<br />
boys. Each of the operators<br />
makes fifty-five of these clewsa
MAKING ROPE EQUIPMENT FOR THE NAVY 695<br />
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W« r<br />
day. Below this photograph is<br />
a snap of another worker weav<br />
ing an anchor bumper mat,<br />
which keeps the huge irons<br />
from scraping the sides of the<br />
ship. The upper photograph<br />
on this patrc depicts the process<br />
of making deck mats. Heavy<br />
wire is used [or the bases, and<br />
one inch Manila rope then is<br />
woven in and out between the<br />
meshes. At the right, a col<br />
lision mat is in the making; it<br />
will be thirty bv nineteen feet<br />
and will be made ol the heaviest<br />
i ,m\ as and hemp. Whenever<br />
a h.iiileship seems about to<br />
si rapi "i lot 'i pier, or another<br />
vessel, the sailors bring out<br />
these collision mats, lower them<br />
from the tails, and Ihus absorb<br />
the shock >»l impact. mi<br />
Wr. /<br />
\
MEETING THE SUBMARINE<br />
PROBLEM<br />
By E D W A R D LYELL FOX<br />
T H E submarine is Germany's<br />
last powerful play. There<br />
are—were rather, before Germans<br />
openly began ruthless<br />
submarine warfare in February<br />
of this year—12,000,000 tons of shipping<br />
in the world which the Allies could<br />
use to bring food, raw material, and the<br />
finished products of war to their ports.<br />
The German Admiralty's plan was<br />
to sink this shipping at the rate of<br />
1,000,000 tons a month. We know that<br />
after their February campaign, the Germans<br />
announced a toll of half a million<br />
tons of ships. We know that several<br />
weeks after that announcement, there<br />
came a second bulletin from the Imperial<br />
Admiralty which said that the<br />
actual amount of shippin<br />
sunk in February was<br />
nearly a million tons.<br />
This new estimate was<br />
based upon reports<br />
from submarines,<br />
which, the Germans<br />
said, had not returned<br />
to port by the time the<br />
first statement was<br />
issued; therefore,<br />
they explained,<br />
what<br />
these submar<br />
i n e s had<br />
sunk had not<br />
been known<br />
at the time of<br />
the 5 00,000<br />
ton announcement.<br />
Our naval<br />
officers do not<br />
take the submarinemenace<br />
lightly.<br />
696<br />
Their plan is to build a Yankee merchant<br />
fleet of three thousand ships. One<br />
thousand of these merchant ships of small<br />
tonnage can be built in half a year. The<br />
yards have been selected already. The<br />
vessels are being built in sections and<br />
assembled just as that little automobile,<br />
a household word in America, is built<br />
and assembled.<br />
The plan is to bridge the Atlantic with<br />
wood or steel steamers, each one bringing<br />
supplies to the Allies, without which<br />
supplies Germany would triumph. The<br />
Atlantic will be bridged; for were this<br />
line of communication to British and<br />
French ports to be cut, it would be like<br />
cutting the aorta of the Allied cause.<br />
How many submarines<br />
has Germany? I<br />
do not profess<br />
to know. lean,<br />
though, give<br />
the estimates<br />
of men who are<br />
in a position to<br />
know. Last<br />
October, I was<br />
told that Germany<br />
could<br />
turn out six<br />
COPYRIGHT tNTERWAT. FILH GERVICf<br />
"Schrecklichkeit!"<br />
In our estimation, this camera<br />
portrait of a German<br />
undersea sailor personifies<br />
exactly the spirit of piratical<br />
ruthlessness that has<br />
driven the United States<br />
into the war on the side of<br />
England.<br />
submarines a<br />
week. We are<br />
told that they<br />
are losing<br />
more submarines<br />
than
this. We are told by<br />
Americans returning<br />
from England that several<br />
hundred have been<br />
sunk or captured. I have<br />
in mind a particular<br />
story. A man said there<br />
were two hundred submarines<br />
lying in one<br />
English harbor. I have<br />
good reason to believe.<br />
however, that reports of<br />
the number of German<br />
submarines lost are<br />
grossly exaggerated and<br />
that since the beginning<br />
of the war and up to tinfirst<br />
of May. H)ij, not<br />
mure than one hundred<br />
in all failed to return to<br />
their bases!<br />
There are, in (icrmany,<br />
today, at least<br />
five hundred ways upon<br />
which submarines can<br />
be constructed. This includes<br />
all the ways in<br />
the Germania shipyards<br />
at Kiel anil in the big<br />
MEETING THE SUBMARINE PROBLEM 697<br />
yard at Dantzig. That<br />
means that if Germany<br />
disregards the constructs<br />
m of every other type<br />
of ship, she could always<br />
have five hundred submarines under construction.<br />
I know also that sites have<br />
been selected in Germany for the laying<br />
down of five hundred more ways for the<br />
construction of submarines, should it<br />
ever be decided to turn out such a staggering<br />
number.<br />
Now. as to her ability to build these<br />
ships; to lay the hull is easy, but the construction<br />
of the engine is more difficult.<br />
Remember, though, that Germanv can<br />
build the Diesel engine quicker and better<br />
than any other country. A third<br />
point of construction is the delicate accessory<br />
apparatus—the periscope and the<br />
gyroscopic compass. Neither of these<br />
accessories can be turned out as quicklv<br />
as the hull or the engine. They require<br />
Missed by Ten Feet!<br />
This remarkable photograph was snapped by the officer of a French passenger<br />
steamer recently. No submarine had been seen, and no warning had been given.<br />
Suddenly this death shark of the deep appeared irom behind, traveling twice the<br />
speed of the steamer. The officer took the photograph, expecting that moment<br />
would be his last, but providentially, the torpedo became deflected slightly, and<br />
missed.<br />
extremely delicate and extremely long<br />
labor. The fourth and last point to consider<br />
in regard to Germany's ability to<br />
produce submarines is the matter of<br />
equipping the craft with officers and<br />
men. Any mechanism of war is worthless<br />
unless it is in the hands of trained<br />
intelligence. In such hands, it becomes<br />
terrible. To train officers and men to<br />
operate submarines takes many weeks.<br />
This is another check on Germany's<br />
ability to cram the oceans with U-boats.<br />
I know, however, that Germany has<br />
no difficulty in obtaining officers and men<br />
as submarine recruits. There is always<br />
a long waiting list. The German sailors<br />
like the life because on the submarine<br />
they get better food than they do with
698 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
the bottled-up High<br />
Seas Fleet.<br />
The science of Germany<br />
is helping them<br />
in their "frightfulness".<br />
H. G. Wells, the brilliant English<br />
writer, puts in the mouth of one<br />
of his characters these words:<br />
"They are insane baboons with the<br />
science of the world in their hands."<br />
Of course, he meant that the me<br />
chaiiical genius of Germany is<br />
being linked to "frightfulness" by<br />
Prussianism.<br />
Let us see how that mechanical<br />
genius has aided "schrecklichkeit."<br />
One day in November of last year,<br />
U-117 left Kiel. The German'Ac<br />
miralty was more than interested<br />
in this particular<br />
trip of U-117. It wouk<br />
await the homecoming<br />
eagerly. The submarine<br />
passed out into the North<br />
Sea, charging its<br />
electric batteries,<br />
which it uses while<br />
running submerged,<br />
by the revolutions of<br />
the oil engine that<br />
propel it on the surface.<br />
Not a merchant<br />
ship was to be seen.<br />
From the deck of a<br />
submarine the range<br />
of observation is not<br />
as far as. for example,<br />
from the<br />
crow's nest of a merchantman.<br />
German<br />
science had decided<br />
to lengthen this<br />
range of observation<br />
: over the horizon<br />
unseen merchant<br />
ships might be slipping<br />
past. So a balloonette,<br />
just big<br />
enough to carry the weight<br />
of one man, was inflated on<br />
the deck of U-117. It was<br />
held flown by a stout<br />
steel cable wound round<br />
a windlass. A sailor<br />
got into the little basket.<br />
The windlass,<br />
connected up with the machinery<br />
down below, began to turn, and the<br />
balloonette climbed into the air. It<br />
rose to a height of one thousand<br />
feet. From that altitude, ships<br />
unseen to the officers on deck were<br />
visible to the sailor aloft. A telephone<br />
wire led down, along the<br />
cable, from the balloon basket to<br />
the bridge of the submarine.<br />
"Steamer smoke south southeast,"<br />
the sailor telephoned.<br />
The windlass began to turn,<br />
the balloonette was pulled<br />
down tu the deck, deflated.<br />
and put in its proper<br />
place inside the submarine.<br />
The hatchways<br />
of steel were<br />
clamped tight and<br />
U-117 changed its<br />
course to south<br />
southeast and came<br />
upon a merchantman,<br />
as the sailor in<br />
the balloonette reported,<br />
that otherwise<br />
would have<br />
slipped by. And<br />
again the horror—<br />
the torpedoed ship,<br />
a few life boats,<br />
swamped with men,<br />
tossing on the heavy<br />
seas, bodies floating<br />
around, and U-117<br />
gliding away in<br />
search of more prey.<br />
That is one of the<br />
devices by which<br />
German science has<br />
made the submarines<br />
mi ire effective. And<br />
they have another<br />
clever scheme. The<br />
Germans have submarines which<br />
while running submerged, cai
co.yma"!—i<br />
MEETING THE SUBMARINE PROBLEM 699<br />
THE 820,000 U-BOAT SWATTER<br />
This little cralt is shown here making 26 miles an hour in a Government tria<br />
lay mines. These submarines sneak<br />
down outside a port where the shipping<br />
is particularly heavy. Each submarine<br />
can carry twelve mines. These<br />
mines are connected one to another by<br />
verv lieavv cable, also from each mine<br />
is a lighter cable attached to an anchor.<br />
The mines are dropped overboard one by<br />
line, the submarine running submerged.<br />
The anchor falls, catches on the bottom<br />
of the harbor and holds the mine in place ;<br />
the mine is now submerged. Then the<br />
OUR LAST "CLOSE-UP" OF A U-BOAT<br />
This craft, the U-53, visited Newport Harbor before the breaking of diplomatic relations, and was visited bv Admiral<br />
Glcaves "f our navy.
700 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
. Humanity<br />
In splendid comparison with German methods, this scene, showing two drowning<br />
German seamen being rescued by a British submarine, gives a noble retort to the<br />
Baralong charges.<br />
submarine goes five hundred yards farther,<br />
drops a second mine, and so on<br />
until the twelve are laid.<br />
What happens is this. A steamer<br />
comes out. Its bow hits the big cable<br />
connecting two mines. The lighter cable<br />
connecting these mines to the anchors<br />
cannot stand the strain and pulls loose<br />
from the anchor. That leaves the two<br />
mines loose. The steamer's bow, pressing<br />
against the heavy cable, pulls these<br />
two mines into the sides of the steamer,<br />
like a fan closing, and on coming into<br />
contact with the hull, the mines explode.<br />
Then the submarine, watching the operation,<br />
deliberately shows its periscope to<br />
create the impression that the steamer<br />
was sunk by a submarine.<br />
These mines, five hundred yards apart,<br />
made a chain 6,000 yards long, the location<br />
of which the steamer knew nothing.<br />
Much of the sinking of merchantmen reported<br />
as the work of submarine torpedoes<br />
was accomplished by this clever<br />
device—that little dust-throwing trick of<br />
for submarines.<br />
the submarine showing<br />
its periscope as if to say<br />
"I did it."<br />
The experience of<br />
Great Britain in fighting<br />
the submarine peril is of<br />
great benefit to us. Submarine<br />
war defense is<br />
divided into two parts,<br />
operations close to land<br />
and operations on the<br />
seas. The English have<br />
been particularly successful<br />
near their coast<br />
line. That is because<br />
there is much shallow<br />
water and the bottom is<br />
quite light along the<br />
coast of the British Isles.<br />
British seaplanes have<br />
spotted submarines in<br />
the Channel. In the<br />
waters near the English<br />
Coast the English Navy<br />
has placed steel mesh<br />
traps and they have<br />
dragged with steel nets<br />
They also have fenced off<br />
lanes in the English Channel. They laid<br />
heavy steel nets across the Channel, from<br />
England to France. On each side of the<br />
barrier was a gate which opened to permit<br />
their own and neutral ships to pull<br />
through. How successful this method<br />
has proved is obvious from the fact that<br />
no steamer carrying troops from England<br />
to France has ever been sunk.<br />
Considering a German submarine attack<br />
on our coast, we find that we have<br />
no English Channel as a line of communication.<br />
Our problem is more difficult.<br />
We can use the English wire net<br />
system in our harbors and bays to prevent<br />
submarines getting in. We cannot<br />
lay steel nets, though, to convoy steamers.<br />
The Atlantic is too big and too deep<br />
to be fenced off like the Channel. This<br />
makes our naval war one of fighting submarines<br />
on the seas. Now guns on the<br />
deck of a merchantman will not protect<br />
our merchantman. The Aztec, one of<br />
(Continued on page 780)
JUST SYMPTOMS<br />
»HQT06 CO^YBISHT UNGEBWOOD i UND£*"WOOD<br />
SCOURfNG THE COUNTRYSIDE<br />
Any day you may see little groups like this standing in a barnyard or beside a fence. Representatives<br />
of the Government are visiting farms, towns, and hamlets, and telling all whom they meet the best ways<br />
in which to "do their bit".<br />
PRESENT ARMS!<br />
Even the colored caddies ol the Palmctte Golf Club, Aiken, South Carolina, demanded a chance to train<br />
Their desires were granted, and while rifles were being secured, they were drilled with drivers and<br />
brassies.<br />
701
7 ui<br />
"YOUR SPECIAL ORDERS ARE—"<br />
Establishing sentry posts on railroad bridges is now done in the East by a noncommissioned officer on ;<br />
hand car. As the sentry stands at "port", the officer delivers his final instructions.<br />
TENSE MOMENTS<br />
Before the guard is posted, each man's clothes and equipment are scrutinized most closely. If there is a<br />
speck of rust, dust or grease in the barrel of his rifle, he is in lino for a reprimand.
THE FRONTMOBILE—A NEW<br />
IDEA IN AUTOS<br />
E X C E P T for a few freak racing<br />
cars and experimental machines,<br />
this new front-drive automobile<br />
is an entirely new departure<br />
in motor mechanism. All<br />
the power and transmitting machinery is<br />
grouped together under the bonnet in<br />
order to be easily accessible; the motor<br />
and the transmitting members, including<br />
the differential, gear shift, radiator,<br />
bracket and starter, are all incorporated<br />
in uiie assembly.<br />
The back of the chassis is unencumbered<br />
by any gears, shafts or other working<br />
parts, and the rear axle, no longer<br />
used fur propulsion, is lightened considerably.<br />
The structural formation of the front<br />
All the Mechanism is Arranged Compactly<br />
Much weight and several parts necessary on old style<br />
cars are done away with on the front drive machine<br />
wheel driving mechanism enables it to<br />
perform the dual function of driving and<br />
steering. Until recent years mechanical<br />
construction difficulties were the obstacles<br />
to tiiis method, which is most<br />
natural. These difficulties now are overcume.<br />
Greater efficiency is secured with<br />
the front drive ; skidding is almost eliminated<br />
; steering is made safer ; there is a<br />
greater tractive effort, and the dropped<br />
frame back of the power plant, making a<br />
lower center of gravity, prevents overturning.<br />
The car is believed t>> have passed the<br />
experimental stage. For two years it has<br />
been subjected to exhaustive road tests<br />
under all sorts of conditions.<br />
The performance of the front drive<br />
has demonstrated that it rides easier than<br />
the conventional rear drive car, because<br />
all the suspended members, when the car<br />
is in action, are under tension which entirely<br />
eliminates the jolting of the car<br />
produced when a car is being pushed by<br />
the rear wheels, putting all the members<br />
under compression. Hence, a front drive<br />
car can be constructed much lighter, and<br />
still have greater strength mechanically,<br />
as it offers less strain on the framework.<br />
703
FREEING THE OPERATOR<br />
A N interesting example of the de-<br />
/\ machinization of the count-<br />
/ \ ing-house employe by machin-<br />
/ % izing his work is furnished<br />
by the money-order section<br />
of the Chicago post office. Reckoned<br />
by the number of individual accounts<br />
handled, it is the largest counting<br />
house in the world. Over 100,000<br />
items a day are handled by this office<br />
during the slack season, while, during<br />
the Christmas rush, when the great<br />
Chicago mail order houses receive<br />
daily floods of money orders for their<br />
Christmas sales, the number of individual<br />
slips rises well above 200,000 a<br />
day, yet you will find no plodding<br />
human adding machines there.<br />
Each money order, when it is received,<br />
is sent to the punching sections.<br />
Here girls, seated before small and un-<br />
The OnlyHuman<br />
Element<br />
This girl may make<br />
a mistake — she<br />
rarely does, in fact<br />
—but after t hecards<br />
leave her<br />
hands everything is<br />
done by machinery.<br />
There is absolutely<br />
no chance for error.<br />
704<br />
lOQ^OOO<br />
'MM •<br />
- •<br />
The Money Order Cards Look and Act Much Like<br />
the Punched Music Rolls of a Pianola<br />
impressive punch machines, with very<br />
simple keyboards, translate the accounting<br />
items of the money order into<br />
punch holes on cards. These punch<br />
cards are covered with figures in divisions,<br />
the number punched out in each<br />
division counting as one digit of the<br />
figure.<br />
The whole occupies but a few seconds,<br />
and the card, which now looks<br />
ike the pianola translation of something<br />
which the advertisements urge<br />
you to try on your piano, works on<br />
exactly that principle. In stacks, the<br />
cards are fed into huge accounting machines,<br />
where the information corresponding<br />
to the punch marks is typewritten<br />
pneumatically, with carbon<br />
copies, on loose leaf ledger pages.<br />
The machines classify the cards,<br />
tabulate the information in typewritten<br />
columns, add up the amounts of money,<br />
foot up the totals and carry them over<br />
for the next page without effort and<br />
without error.<br />
John T. Hubbard, head of<br />
A the money-order section at<br />
the Chicago post office,<br />
phrased the matter rather<br />
accurately, when he remarked<br />
: '<br />
"Our. employes are not<br />
machines but intelligent operators<br />
of machines". And<br />
this could well be taken as a<br />
slogan by the heads of all<br />
business corporations.
TRAINING OUR BOYS<br />
FOR NAVAL DEFENSE<br />
DURN IT! THERE GOES REVEILLE!<br />
Because the famous "I can'tgittemup" call sounds at the misty hour of five A. M„ the bugle corps gets<br />
many nouns and adjectives not to be found in Webster's Unabridged, hurled at it. By the time collar<br />
clips and shoelaces are adjusted, however, the enthusiasm of youth has overcome sleepiness.
706 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
As the Sun Rises<br />
When reveille formation is dismissed,<br />
the blue jackets wash,<br />
comb their hair and then clean up<br />
their tents and equipment as shown<br />
in the upper photograph. Then<br />
comes mess call, mess formation,<br />
and they all march in to partake of<br />
fruit, porridge, bacon and potatoes<br />
—getting up at five sharpens the<br />
appetite to a keen-cutting edge.
TRAINING OUR BOYS FOR NAVAL DEFENSE 707<br />
' • "•/•--'r-'r?^ 3 ^:<br />
The Strenuous Part of the Day Begins<br />
After breakfast, battalion formations come. Then<br />
from nine o'clock until eleven the jackies have signal<br />
drill, as shown in the lower photograph, and other<br />
company exercises such as Butt's Manual with the<br />
guns, which is being run through in the upper picture.<br />
Then comes a short resting period.<br />
••«-•-•-
708 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
LETTERS FROM HOME<br />
At 11:45 the morning mail is distributed, and there is not a man jack in the camp who doesn't line<br />
up eagerly to find out whether the mother or the girl hasn't remembered him. A great deal of<br />
good-natured joshing—some of it tinged with envy—comes to the man who invariably draws his<br />
pink or blue missive at these gatherings.
TRAINING OUR BOYS FOR NAVAL DEFENSE 709<br />
After the dinner hour comes formation and boat drill. The recruits spend from<br />
o'clock learning how to manage the oars of dories without "catching crabs.'* The<br />
similar to the practice work in a shell of a varsity eight.
710 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
THE INSTRUCTION PERIODS<br />
After boat drill, the recruits spend the two hoursuntil four o'clock with seamanship drill—shown<br />
in the upper picture—and with practical instruction in the arts and implements of sea warfare. In<br />
the lower photograph an officer is demonstrating a machine gun.
TRAINING OUR BOYS FOR NAVAL DEFEXSK 711<br />
AND GOSH! WHAT AN APPETITE!<br />
\\ hen call i>> evening mess sounds its "Soupee-soupee-soupet—with not a single bean," the sail<br />
ors respond with an avidity they never exhibited when working behind roll-tops. It is impossible<br />
to find a mess slacker in the whole camp.
712 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
Take the HgvSpeed Sidewalk!<br />
How the Humble Roller Skgte<br />
May Free the Straphanger<br />
F E E T are going out of date.<br />
Business and pleasure today<br />
both demand rapid transit;<br />
wherever flivvers, street cars,<br />
subway trains, elevated railroads,<br />
or camel caravans are possible<br />
means of transportation, shoe leather is<br />
spared. Every man, woman, and child<br />
today is geared up to an eight-cylinder,<br />
direct-drive exi.stence, and woe comes<br />
unto him who walks. His leisurely path<br />
leads straight to the Grotto of Rack<br />
Numbers.<br />
The penalty? Scientists mope, and<br />
forecast a generation of nervous wrecks<br />
who, with palsied fingers, scarce can set<br />
down coffee cups safely as they start<br />
their dash for the 7:54. Be that as it<br />
may. Even if feet atrophy and become<br />
near-rudiments like our appendixes, we<br />
cannot obstruct progress.<br />
Comfort, and in some degree, health,<br />
however, can be improved materially by<br />
changing the conditions of travel. Let<br />
us accept speed as a necessary evil. Let<br />
us do away with the health-destroying<br />
concomitants of speed, as they exist<br />
today, however, and by the same means<br />
make business men and pleasure seekers<br />
a thousand per cent more comfortable.<br />
Modern city and business life have<br />
demanded wheels. Very well! Let us<br />
put men and women on wheels! Only,<br />
instead of packing them like so many<br />
anchovies into fiend-manned tunnel<br />
busses, or making them cling desperately<br />
to dirty straps in garlic-saturated trams,<br />
or forcing them to use football tactics to<br />
cram themselves into the last jitney that<br />
goes their way, let them wear their own<br />
wheels and use their own boulevards!<br />
This is not the inspiration of a dope<br />
fiend; it is transportation evolution.<br />
Street cars, elevated railroads, automobiles,<br />
subways, and railways have made<br />
big cities possible. Cities now have<br />
turned about and are making these methods<br />
of transportation impossible. There<br />
is no room on, above, or below the<br />
streets for these bulky conveyances. Because<br />
the limit has been reached, today<br />
men are trying to raise the coefficient of<br />
elasticity of human flesh—trying to<br />
crowd more people into cars than the<br />
cars are capable of holding. It cannot<br />
go further.<br />
The remedy ? It is suggested by many<br />
of our up-to-date factories. The employes<br />
of these establishments, having<br />
to make time over miles of floors, and<br />
not being able to use mechanical carriers<br />
of any kind, have adopted roller skates.<br />
The minute they start work they don<br />
skates, and until closing time at night<br />
they use no other means of transportation.<br />
The big city of tomorrow is going to<br />
adopt this plan. Besides the ordinary<br />
sidewalks as we know them, which<br />
doubtless will remain for the use of the<br />
lame, the halt, and the blind, high-speed<br />
sidewalks will be constructed. These<br />
probably will be built above the present<br />
walks and will be limited to wheeled<br />
human traffic moving in one direction.<br />
The walks will be of some smooth ma-<br />
713
714 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
terial, probably Trinidad Lake asphalt,<br />
that is adapted to rapid transit on small<br />
wheels.<br />
These high-speed sidewalks, railed or<br />
fenced to prevent accidents, will link all<br />
the business establishments of the city.<br />
Like the strands of a spider web they<br />
will stretch out in all directions, regardless<br />
of what passes beneath. It is probable<br />
that time will see them on each story<br />
of a skyscraper section of the city, with<br />
elevators to take the wheeled pedestrians<br />
from one floor to another.<br />
Not only will these sidewalks solve the<br />
city's problems of transportation, commerce,<br />
and shopping, but also they will<br />
make life in the suburbs much cheaper,<br />
much more bearable, and more possible.<br />
Instead of poky train service, with its<br />
lung-corroding smoking car, the commuter<br />
will don blithely his seven-league<br />
skates, hop on to the high-speed suburban<br />
sidewalk, and whizz his merry way<br />
to the office at the rate of fifteen or<br />
twenty—yes, thirty, if he wishes—miles<br />
an hour! Cheeks will glow with health,<br />
muscles will lose their softness and lethargy,<br />
and brains will be snapping with a<br />
dynamic energy that mere work cannot<br />
exhaust. Then, too, the yearly bill for<br />
car fare will be cut, enabling the commuter's<br />
family to live better on the same<br />
income.<br />
Even if it were necessary to use the<br />
old-fashioned ball-bearing steel roller<br />
skate, this system would be adopted<br />
eventually. The benefits are great and<br />
the drawbacks nil. As great speed as I<br />
have mentioned in this article would not<br />
be possible to maintain with this old<br />
skate, however. It would be possible<br />
only to double the present pedestrian<br />
rate, without helping the straphanger out<br />
of his difficulty entirely.<br />
Two kinds of skates are on the market,<br />
now, though, which solve the problem.<br />
The first is an unmotored speed skate<br />
which uses the weight of the operator as<br />
a propelling force in addition to the forward<br />
force he exerts while sliding his<br />
feet forward. On the base of this skate,<br />
under the wearer's toes, is a flange of<br />
metal which moves up and down, actuated<br />
by pressure from the shoe as the<br />
operator's weight is taken off and put on<br />
again. The flange is attached to an<br />
arrangement which resembles the pedal<br />
and sprocket of a bicycle. The sprocket,<br />
however, is the front wheel of the skate<br />
itself, and the pedal is the arm which attaches<br />
this to the metal flange. A device<br />
for disengaging this sprocket arm is included,<br />
which frees the flange when the<br />
skate attains the speed of approximately<br />
twelve miles an hour. If the wearer<br />
wishes to go faster, he gets assistance<br />
from the weight of his own body.<br />
This skate, because of its remarkable<br />
ease of operation, its speed, and its lightness<br />
of weight, should be the most in<br />
evidence on the high-speed sidewalks of<br />
the future. No hardship would attach<br />
to taking care of these, and a pair should<br />
last a man at least five years under ordinary<br />
conditions.<br />
For those far suburbanites who could<br />
not depend upon their own weight and<br />
leg-power to get them to the office on<br />
time in the morning, the motor skate<br />
recently invented by Mr. Bruce S.<br />
Eytinge should be the best bet. This is<br />
a three-wheeled skate which is gasoline<br />
motored and completely self-controlled.<br />
Its wheel base is twenty-five inches, and<br />
the wheels themselves are five inches in<br />
diameter and rubber-tired.<br />
Only tbe right skate is motored. It<br />
carries a double-opposed two-cylinder<br />
motor which is belt-connected to the<br />
front wheels. The motor base and crankcase<br />
are made in one aluminum casting.<br />
A three-pound flanged flywheel whirls<br />
between the cylinders. A two-bearing<br />
crankshaft is used, the bearings in the<br />
outer walls of the crank casing being<br />
eliminated to save weight. A steering<br />
post extends upward from the engine;<br />
owing to the dual front wheels, steering<br />
is effected by inclining the post to one<br />
side or the other. Attached to this post<br />
is the gasoline tank, while within—it is<br />
hollow—lubricating oil is carried and fed<br />
to the parts that require it.<br />
The skater carries four dry cells on
TAKE THE HIGH-SPEED SIDEWALK 715<br />
Not Only Business Men in a Hurry, but Women<br />
with Shopping to Do Would Find the Roller Skate<br />
High-Speed Sidewalk a Convenience<br />
ese are connected to the<br />
engine by two wires reaching from a<br />
switch at his belt.<br />
In spite of the completeness of this<br />
motor skate outfit, and the fact that an<br />
operator can make thirty miles an hour<br />
with it easily, the entire weight is only<br />
thirty pounds, three pounds of which the<br />
skater must carry on his back.<br />
Of course, there are many other types<br />
iif roller and motor roller skates—a set<br />
which runs by electricity and<br />
which makes the operator carry<br />
a huge storage battery on his<br />
lack, a set which has a single<br />
cylinder motor on each skate.<br />
and so on—but the two described<br />
are by far the best.<br />
When the high-speed sidewalk<br />
reaches through to your suburb,<br />
you will undoubtedly try<br />
on one of the two kinds.<br />
At that time, however, when<br />
this method of quick transit has<br />
passed the experimental stage,<br />
there is little doubt that better<br />
skates will be offered immediately.<br />
The Yankee inventor<br />
possesses marvellous ingenuity<br />
when need presses: it is not an<br />
overestimation of his abilities<br />
to say that if there were a concrete<br />
demand for ten-pound motor skates,<br />
he would have patents taken out on this<br />
device within six months. And if tenpound<br />
motor skates did appear, they<br />
probably would be dangerous rivals, not<br />
only for automobiles, but for suburban<br />
traffic on railways, and even for long distance<br />
passenger service.
R t u r 1 n g<br />
these<br />
instruments of<br />
destruction, of<br />
various sizes<br />
and patterns,<br />
the ingenuity<br />
of the ordnance<br />
experts being<br />
exercised in the<br />
task of improving<br />
on the best<br />
European models.<br />
Most attention<br />
is being<br />
given to the<br />
development of<br />
716<br />
Pre pared<br />
for Arminp<br />
OUR ARMY'S NEW HAND GRENADE<br />
Assembled<br />
FIFTY-SEVEN VARIETIES<br />
OF BOMBS<br />
By RENE BACHE<br />
EALIZING that bombs are destined<br />
to play a very important<br />
part in future warfare, our<br />
War and Navy Departments<br />
are busily engaged in manufac-<br />
Thi<br />
"drop bombs", for use by military and<br />
naval aeroplanes.<br />
It is worth mentioning, by way of<br />
parenthesis, that every one of the big<br />
fighting ships to be built under the program<br />
recently<br />
authorized by<br />
Congress will<br />
carry a flying<br />
boat, and will<br />
be provided<br />
with means of<br />
launching it at<br />
sea. These<br />
boats, collectivelycomposing<br />
a rather<br />
formidable<br />
aerial navy,<br />
Rifle Grenades for Close Fighting That Will Be Carried<br />
by Our First Expeditionary Force<br />
will be meant<br />
primarily for
FIFTY-SEVEN VARIETIES OF BOMBS 717<br />
scouting at sea, but will be furnished,<br />
now that war has come, with drop bombs<br />
for attacking hostile craft—particularly<br />
submarines.<br />
Inside of the fuselage of the air-boat<br />
where the aviator sits, the<br />
bombs, suspended one above<br />
another on either side of<br />
him, will be so adjusted-—<br />
by an arrangement similar<br />
to that adopted in our newest<br />
military warplanes—as<br />
to be electrically released<br />
one after another when a<br />
button is touched. Provision<br />
thus is made for carrying<br />
ten bombs of sixteen pounds<br />
each.<br />
The military drop bombs,<br />
for obvious reasons, will be<br />
much more varied in size<br />
and pattern than those used<br />
by the navy. One type that<br />
has been adopted provisionally<br />
by the War Department<br />
weighs twenty-two pounds,<br />
with its load of high explosives,<br />
and has the shape of a<br />
pear. At the top of it is a<br />
metal cylinder which contains a<br />
small steel contrivance resembling<br />
a propeller, set horizontally,<br />
and adjusted upon the<br />
thread of a vertical screw.<br />
When the missile is dropped,<br />
the resistance of the air through<br />
which it passes causes the pro<br />
peller to revolve, unwinding<br />
itself from the screw and falling<br />
off. By this means the<br />
firing mechanism is released,<br />
The Twenty-Two-<br />
Pound Drop Bomb<br />
and the<br />
bomb, on striking the target, explodes.<br />
Other types of bombs are altogether<br />
different in character and mode of construction.<br />
There is the kind that bursts<br />
into a multitude of fragments, for the<br />
killing of men : the "aerial mine" (carrying<br />
a huge load of high explosive),<br />
which is meant to demolish buildings or<br />
other structures; the "pyrotechnic", for<br />
use at night, which illuminates the landscape<br />
far and wide with a brilliant mag-<br />
nesium light, revealing to the aviator a<br />
favorable place to make a landing; and,<br />
not least remarkable, the bomb that buries<br />
itself in the earth and discharges from<br />
its rear end an explosive projectile<br />
which breaks into an umbrellashaped<br />
shower of missiles.<br />
Meanwhile the navy is developing<br />
a special kind of bomb for attacking<br />
submarines from the air.<br />
The undersea boat travels at only<br />
a moderate depth, rarely<br />
more than fifty feet below<br />
the surface, and its shadowy<br />
shape, like that of a gigantic<br />
fish, is easily seen from aloft<br />
in o r d i n a r i 1 y tranquil<br />
weather. Accordingly, it<br />
may be assailed to advantage<br />
with drop bombs that are<br />
provided with a "delayaction"<br />
fuse, in order that<br />
they may not explode until<br />
they reach the swimming<br />
target.<br />
The most remarkable contrivance<br />
of the sort, however,<br />
is an automobile bomb<br />
that is now under experimental<br />
test by the navy. It is<br />
discharged from a gun somewhat<br />
resembling a torpedotube,<br />
falls upon the water, skims<br />
along the surface, then rises<br />
ligh into the air, and finally<br />
ilunges downward upon the ship<br />
aimed at.<br />
The small hand-bombs<br />
adopted for use by the War<br />
Department, which are more<br />
properly called "grenades", are steel<br />
tubes that contain five ounces of high<br />
explosives, and which are set off by a<br />
percussion cap and fulminate of mercury<br />
detonator. They have tails of ravelled<br />
cord which serve the same purpose as<br />
the feather of an arrow, keeping the tube<br />
business-end foremost in flight. Similar<br />
explosive missiles, to be fired from<br />
rifles, are provided with steel rods in<br />
place of tails, which also determine the<br />
range at which the grenades are effective.
718<br />
"WEALTH"<br />
PRICE OF ADMISSION—SEVEN TIN CANS!<br />
Because cans have become so scarce, this Indiana photoplay theater recently decided to educate its<br />
patrons to a knowledge of the wealth they waste daily. The admission price was changed, therefore.<br />
Coin of the realm now will not admit a spectator, but seven legitimate tomato cans will.<br />
HERE'S A MILLION DOLLARS IN GOLD!<br />
Fifty thousand double eagles, count 'em! Huge crowds passed into this San Francisco exhibit for<br />
glimpse at the yellow pile; nine-tenths of the multitude departed, determined to be misers.
THE NEW IDEA IN PRISON<br />
BUILDING<br />
THE PLAN OF THE NEW PENITENTIARY AS DESIGNED BY A CHICAGO ARCHITECT<br />
A N old time convict, if transported cular dining room is placed in the cen<br />
/\ tu the new penitentiary builil- tral portion ; surrounding this are eight<br />
/ \ ings now being constructed circular cell houses for the prisoners, all<br />
j % near Joliet, Illinois, would connected with the dining room by cor<br />
rub his eyes and wonder. In ridors. Between these radiating corri<br />
place of the old style cells, arranged in dors are the kitchen, bakery, private<br />
straight rows tier above tier, damp, dining room, office, and guard rooms, all<br />
cheerless, and insanitary, he would find opening directly into the dining room.<br />
a circular arrangement, with well lighted, Two large work rooms are placed far<br />
well ventilated cells that are as sanitary in the rear, but are also connected with<br />
as cleanliness and care can make them. the dining room by a corridor. The<br />
A glance at the bird's-eye view of the warehouses for the storage of raw ma<br />
buildings, shown in the accompanying terial and manufactured products are<br />
illustration, will show to what extent the just in the rear of the work rooms. At<br />
arrangement of the buildings marks a one side is the chapel, with a stage, a<br />
new departure. The administration large auditorium, and separate rooms for<br />
building at the entrance suggests the con those of the Catholic and Jewish faiths.<br />
ventionalarrange Opposite this is the<br />
ment, but everything<br />
hospital, with special<br />
else is radically dif<br />
wards for those with<br />
ferent. The buildings<br />
tuberculosis and con<br />
are grouped so as to<br />
tagious diseases.<br />
secure the greatest<br />
The 1 a u n d ry and<br />
convenience in ad<br />
shower baths are in<br />
ministration. As all<br />
a building at the left<br />
must eat. even in a<br />
of the long corridor<br />
prison, a large cir- Cross-Section of One of the Cell Houses to the work rooms.<br />
719
7Z0<br />
The Bird and Flower Lover<br />
Can Combine Her Pets in<br />
This One Corner Outfit<br />
v •¥/" -""1<br />
NEW WRINKLES IN<br />
This Ornamental<br />
Stand Conceals<br />
the Telephone<br />
Not Only Porch<br />
and Sun Parlor,<br />
but Living<br />
Room and Music<br />
Room Are<br />
Furnished in<br />
This Style. This<br />
Attractive<br />
Phonograph Is<br />
Very Popular<br />
This Sprint:<br />
Even the Wastebasket Is of Wicker<br />
A Wicker Tea Cart
SUMMER FURNITURE<br />
Make the Goldfish<br />
Scintillate<br />
Below the bowl are two<br />
tinted electric bulbs,<br />
which make the fish glitter<br />
with reflected light.<br />
A Decorated Wicker Bathtub<br />
for the Baby<br />
DUCKS AND WATER LILIES<br />
riie lamp, the crib, the screen, the soiled clothes hamper and the bathtub above are decorated in this manner to plea^<br />
baby.<br />
•••I .'<br />
721
A DOG PATROLMAN FOR<br />
EVERY BEAT<br />
By A R T H U R B. JONES<br />
G E R M A N shepherd dogs first<br />
became conspicuous in the<br />
town of Hildesheim, Germany,<br />
about twenty years<br />
ago, by being placed as members<br />
on the police force of that community.<br />
In the years that followed, up<br />
to the outbreak of the European struggle,<br />
the idea grew, until in 1914 over two<br />
thousand dogs were actively engaged in<br />
German towns and cities in active guard<br />
and police duties.<br />
Other European countries took up the<br />
idea. Then, finally, America began to<br />
see the advantage of this four-footed<br />
sleuth and guardian of the peace. There<br />
has been for several years now one section<br />
of Brooklyn that has a squad of<br />
these dogs attached to the local police<br />
station. Belgian shepherds were chiefly<br />
used at first. Now the German shepherd<br />
is finding his place here also. Various<br />
small towns have introduced the animals<br />
to supplement their inadequate police<br />
force.<br />
71Z<br />
A Noble Type of Dogthe<br />
German Shepherd<br />
The German police dog is a gaunt yet<br />
sinewy animal, with large, erect ears and<br />
a head somewhat resembling that of a<br />
wolf. The adult weighs fifty pounds or<br />
more.<br />
The animal is intelligent and is relatively<br />
easy to train. Perhaps this statement<br />
may make some of the canine instructors<br />
smile, for at best the task of<br />
drilling a four-footed animal is by no<br />
means free from difficulties.<br />
The first essential is to inculcate obedience.<br />
The greater the intelligence the<br />
greater the difficulty sometimes of teaching<br />
the animal to go through a certain<br />
routine. His own individuality is likely<br />
to assert itself. Here is where the skilled<br />
master uses discretion.<br />
Under proficient instruction, police<br />
dogs soon learn<br />
to give tongue<br />
w hen the<br />
dummy quarry<br />
y<br />
— a specially<br />
hired individual"<br />
—b r e a k s from<br />
cover and dashes<br />
away. Also they<br />
learn to curb their<br />
hunting instincts<br />
and stop abruptly<br />
at the cry or<br />
whistle of command.
A DOG PATROLMAN EOR EVERY BEAT 723<br />
Where resistance is offered,<br />
they are taught to leap at the<br />
wrist or throat of the fugitive.<br />
For the purpose of practical<br />
instruction, a special outfit, consisting<br />
of three suits of clothes,<br />
two of them heavily padded, a<br />
couple of pairs of gloves, and<br />
special neck mufflers, is used.<br />
The man encased in this armor<br />
starts to run, and the police dog<br />
is sent in pursuit. Sometimes<br />
the dog will catch the fugitive<br />
by the leg and trip him. Sometimes<br />
the dug will lea]) through<br />
the air and take him on a flying<br />
tackle. At other times the animal<br />
will leap at the throat.<br />
Usually, for this practice work<br />
muzzles are used.<br />
With a dog thus trained it is<br />
no easy thing for a thief to ply<br />
his illicit business in a neighborhood<br />
where one of these animals<br />
is mi patrol. 1 le has been taught<br />
to respect men dressed in uniform,<br />
to go to the aid of a policeman<br />
win i is attacked or in<br />
distress, and to bite or throw<br />
(lie policeman's assailant. One<br />
of these dogs, therefore, makes a<br />
most valuable companion to a<br />
These dogs<br />
policeman in an outlying or especially<br />
dangen HIS neighborhood.<br />
While prowling on his beat by himself.<br />
this dog will rout out from the hushes<br />
and shadows all marauders. Hence, all<br />
evil characters quickly learn to shun a<br />
neighborhood so guarded.<br />
As night watchmen and as guards<br />
around lone dwellings, these dogs are<br />
invaluable. It is no easy feat for a thug<br />
to lure one of these animals from his<br />
duty. In the education they receive they<br />
will refuse all fond, even when hungry,<br />
that is offered by strangers. Their early<br />
education has been of a character to lead<br />
them to suspect all strangers. So neither<br />
poisoned nor drugged food nor blandishments<br />
can seduce one of these animals.<br />
Tie cannot be intimidated, coaxed, or<br />
lured. The properly trained police dog<br />
They Hang on Like Grim Death<br />
vill t.tick to the suspect they arc pursuing no matter what<br />
obstacles are thrown in their way.<br />
is irreproachable in morals, mien and<br />
manners.<br />
He will face pistol tire unflinchingly.<br />
On such occasions he is at his fiercest<br />
and will leap savagely to the attack.<br />
He is taught also to leap over most<br />
obstacles so that he can keep close to the<br />
quarry, even in a country where manyfences<br />
have to be negotiated. It is no<br />
difficult feat for one of these dogs to<br />
clear a seven-foot obstacle or to broadjump<br />
a twelve or fifteen-foot creek.<br />
His education enables him to ferret out<br />
hidden goods: to find coins that have<br />
been dropped, in fact, to search out every<br />
clue to the criminal that may be of service<br />
in leading to eventual discoverv and<br />
arrest.
724<br />
THE CHARGE OF THE<br />
BIKE BRIGADE<br />
THE CYCLES GIVE GOOD COVER<br />
Like the horses of cavalry, these steel mounts are called upon to shelter their riders when exigency re<br />
quires. From behind the makeshift ramparts a squad of these soldiers can pour a galling fire.<br />
AND THEN IN LESS THAN TEN SECONDS-<br />
They jump up, mount the motorcycles, and whirl away toward the enemy in a fifty-mile-an-hour charge.<br />
Because the ninety cycle units in this division are so mobile, they are able to accomplish a great deal of<br />
destruction with little loss to themselves.
CULTIVATING CORN BY<br />
TRACTORS<br />
THIS TRACTOR STRADDLES THE CORN ROWS, AND NEVER NIPS OFF THE SUCCULENT<br />
LEAVES LIKE HORSES LOVE TO DO<br />
W I T H more than 100,000,-<br />
000 acres of corn planted<br />
annually, the task of cultivating<br />
fields and freeing<br />
them from weeds<br />
until the corn has been "laid by" has<br />
been Herculean, necessitating the services<br />
of several hundred thousand<br />
horses. Until the past year, the task<br />
was never done by other than animal<br />
labor. But just as horse-power long<br />
ago supplanted man-power and cornhoeing<br />
gave way before the sulky<br />
plow, now tractor power has supplanted<br />
horse- and mule-power.<br />
It is estimated that the series of<br />
demonstrations cost the tractor manufacturers<br />
close to a million dollars,<br />
one concern alone spending $20,000 to<br />
display its makes. But each demonstration,<br />
lasting a week, was visited by<br />
from 10,000 to 15,000 farmers each day,<br />
thus warranting the heavy expense.<br />
In all the demonstrations no single<br />
thing attracted more widespread attention<br />
than the possibility of the<br />
tractor in corn cultivation. A tractor<br />
which straddles the corn rows, pulling<br />
the cultivating shovels behind it, and<br />
is guaranteed never to nip off the<br />
green, succulent leaves—as the horses<br />
and mules invariably do—proved its<br />
worth at every demonstration and was<br />
welcomed eagerly by the corn farmers.<br />
A speed of five or six miles an hour<br />
can be maintained, the corn field being<br />
cultivated much more quickly than bv<br />
horse labor.<br />
725
•^ by IJdward C. Crossmarii<br />
STEERING HIM INTO THE NET<br />
I<br />
a M completely helpless," spoke up<br />
the puzzled stranger; "my past<br />
experience won't take me out of<br />
the babes in the wood class when it<br />
comes to fishing tackle. What I<br />
want is a man with a heart, a family,<br />
and a Christian raising; a man who'll<br />
neither try to sell me jeweled hilt rods<br />
nor load me up with department store<br />
flies that look like feather dusters. Are<br />
you such a man?"<br />
"I am," grinned the tackle seller; "I'm<br />
all that and more because, when needed,<br />
I constitute myself an advisory committee<br />
of one to the unwary, refusing to<br />
sell them the things they don't need as<br />
well as selling them the things they do<br />
need. What's on your mind, tarpon or<br />
brook trout?"<br />
"Trout and bass, I gather from my invitation.<br />
I've a friend in the nut class<br />
of the fishing bugs. He's written me to<br />
come up this summer to his uncouth and<br />
uncurried hangout near the Canadian<br />
line, and he says that I'll get bass in a<br />
726<br />
lily-pad pond nearby and trout within a<br />
short drive—brook trout. I've got a little<br />
time at last, and a little money, and I feel<br />
the fishing thing taking worse every day.<br />
You pick me the outfit that'll not bring<br />
on more than the normal amount of criticism<br />
from another fisherman, that'll last<br />
more than one season, that'll be good and<br />
yet not flossy or de luxe, and I'll write<br />
the check. Is that fair ?"<br />
"It is," agreed the stout person on the<br />
other side of the case; "just waltz this<br />
way, and we'll begin with a trout rod<br />
that'll make your hair curl. After we<br />
get everything necessary together for the<br />
entertainment of Brother Trout, we'll<br />
go into this bass thing—bad idea to get<br />
your head going round and round with it<br />
the very first thing."<br />
"Trout rods," he went on, as he<br />
flanked long cases full of beautiful flies<br />
and horrific rubber creatures with festoons<br />
of hooks along their bellies, "are<br />
made in grades from one ducat to sixty<br />
sequins, while I saw one the other day
with jewels and gold and other equally<br />
appropriate fittings that cost two hundred<br />
iron men. We might as well get<br />
this price thing straight before we go on,<br />
and what T say will go also for the rest<br />
of the outfit. It is true, as every once<br />
in a while some boob arises to remark,<br />
that the dollar rod will catch nearly as<br />
many fish as the twenty dollar rod. It<br />
is also true that the seven dollar, malleable<br />
iron, single barrel shotgun will kill<br />
a limit nearly as well as the hundred<br />
dollar Parker, but there never was a<br />
shooter with a brain in his head who'd<br />
go afield with tbe seven-dollar lemon if<br />
he could afford the hundred-dollar boy.<br />
HE GOES A-FISHING 111<br />
"Trout rods," explained the tackle<br />
man, taking down one from the ceilingscraping<br />
cluster, "can be had in good<br />
reliable make for five dollars, and for the<br />
chap with limited, very limited appropriation,<br />
I'd suggest this one. But the<br />
experienced fisherman wouldn't take it;<br />
he'd walk to save car fare and cut out<br />
sodas, to get a rod he knew had the<br />
fittings and construction he wanted. We<br />
want German silver mountings, split<br />
bamboo material, solid cork hand-grip,<br />
snake guides—these little hickeys<br />
through which the line runs—agate tip<br />
guide, and ferrules that are serrated and<br />
welted. Most of these things we can aret<br />
"A POUND AN' A HALF. AN" HE FOUGHT LIKE A MUSKIE!<br />
Catching fish, as somebody remarks, is<br />
not all there is to fishing; killing poor<br />
bobwhite is not all there is to shooting.<br />
t lather me?"<br />
"I do," said the stranger, "you're right<br />
from the first word to the last one.<br />
Down with the dollar, the two-dollar,<br />
and the three-dollar rod. Prom that on,<br />
I'm lost."<br />
for ten dollars, but I'd suggest this<br />
fifteen-bone grade of the celebrated<br />
celestial make. The name is one at which<br />
no bug can turn up his nose, and the<br />
maker doesn't know how to put out a<br />
poor rod. Sure, they look a lot alike,<br />
regardless of price, but you won't fish<br />
a month before you will know the difference<br />
as surely as vou can distinguish
728 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
between the before mentioned malleable<br />
iron single barrel and fine double hammerless.<br />
"Now here's a beauty little buggywhip<br />
of a rod, weighs 2^ ounces, and is<br />
9 feet long. Nice to handle, eh? Naw,<br />
don't just do a flag-drill stunt with it;<br />
put a little snap into it and see how it'd<br />
feel if you were striking little troutie.<br />
That's the extreme on the light side; a<br />
beautiful little weapon in the hands of<br />
the expert—on little trout, of course.<br />
Your best bet for a one-rod equipment is<br />
this boy, weight S l /2 ounces, length 9j^<br />
feet. Ginger enough to put out line in<br />
the face of the wind and to handle even<br />
a four-pounder; long enough for nearly<br />
any water, and too long for some. Of<br />
course, the first dratted fisherman you<br />
meet will disagree on one ground, and<br />
the next one will disagree on another,<br />
but you'd have to take along my whole<br />
stock to suit even half of those you'll<br />
meet; the rest want stuff made to order,<br />
"YE-AH! SIX OF 'EM! AIN'T YOU JEALOUS?"<br />
combination rod, one rod for both sorts<br />
of fishing. The bass is a big-mouthed,<br />
big-shouldered, Bob Fitzsimmons sort of<br />
fish, that runs heavier than the trout.<br />
He's tempted from his lair by baits, ordinarily,<br />
artificial and natural, and these<br />
baits are heavy and are handled in a different<br />
manner from the trout fly. Sometimes<br />
bass will take the fly, but for this<br />
the trout rod is good enough. To handle<br />
the heavy baits used, the rod is short and<br />
stiff, usually about S l /> feet long instead<br />
of 9y2 feet like the trout rod.<br />
"You see, in hoisting out a tempting<br />
viand to this black-bass roughneck, you<br />
cast from the reel, that is, the artificial<br />
minnow or pork rind or whatever you<br />
use is dangling with about a foot of line<br />
from the tip of the rod. You give a<br />
good hearty overhead or side-swing<br />
with the reel running free and your<br />
thumb on it to check overenthusiasm,<br />
and send that bait whizzing anywhere<br />
from 50 to 100 feet through the air to<br />
with, say, an eighth-ounce more in the the spot you suspect of harboring a bass,<br />
second joint.<br />
This is no stunt for the trout rod; don't<br />
"The bass rod is a horse of another use a good rod that way, either, or you'll<br />
shade of red—mebbe you'd prefer a take the pep out of it.
"Here's a compromise affair,<br />
like a gun with a shotgun barrel<br />
above and a rifle barrel below<br />
for either moose or bobwhite.<br />
The experienced shooter wouldn't<br />
take such a gun for either<br />
game—but let that go."<br />
"Gimme the trout rod we<br />
picked," interrupted the stranger.<br />
"That nut wouldn't lemme stay<br />
in camp overnight with anything<br />
iif the sort; I know him—and<br />
yet I can see the good points of<br />
the combination affair."<br />
"It's got 'em," said the dealer,<br />
positively; "I mind me of getting<br />
into a deep and lonely<br />
canyon out in Oregon two years<br />
ago, with a creek that was wide<br />
and deep and chock full of trout<br />
—big ones, that'd never seen a<br />
man, smelled an automobile, or<br />
tasted a fly. I was deer bunting<br />
and didn't have a sliver of tackle<br />
along with the pack train, but I<br />
bought me one of these trunk<br />
rods just for times when the full<br />
length boy couldn't go along.<br />
These undiscovered and unfished<br />
creeks are the things the trout<br />
man dreams of.<br />
"Now, here's a bully good bait<br />
rod and it costs only ten bucks.<br />
They come a lot higher, but there's no<br />
sense in sticking a lot of money in<br />
one : there's mighty little action to a bait<br />
rod because of the stiffness, and any of<br />
them are strong enough until bad luck<br />
lights on the bow of the boat. She's Syi<br />
feet long, two jointed, with the joint<br />
well down the butt section, giving more<br />
spring and strength to the rod at the cost<br />
of a trifle longer package when it is<br />
taken down. It comes from the shops<br />
of the famous Jimheddon over at the<br />
town with the funny name, and it's<br />
plentv rod for you. In fact, for the first<br />
year or so I'm not sure this one for six<br />
dollars wouldn't do: it's all rod and a<br />
'yard wide' and good enough for anybody<br />
but the blamed shark."<br />
"Gimme the ten dollar one," demanded<br />
HE GOES A-EISUING 729<br />
Fishing a Mountain Riffle<br />
the stranger, "I can feel this fishing<br />
thing coining over me worse every minute."<br />
"All right, we'll finish up that trout<br />
layout, before we talk any more bass.<br />
Next song on the program is a reel.<br />
Here, again, we ought to have two, one<br />
for each sort of fishing. Any old reel<br />
is good enough for trout; it is mostly a<br />
line-holder anyhow after you learn; it<br />
isn't merely a blasted steam winch for<br />
dragging in the trout, as the beginner<br />
thinks. I'm going to hand you this one<br />
for two dollars, which'll make the first<br />
fishing crank crossing your path throwthree<br />
fits without pausing. It's cheap but<br />
it's plenty good, and mighty light.<br />
whence its name. Holds in theory a hundred<br />
yards of line, which means 45 yards
730 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
of trout enameled line. You won't use<br />
that much, ordinarily; you tie ten cents'<br />
worth of cheap cotton line to the trout line<br />
and wind it on the reel first for a filler,<br />
leaving space for more line if you want<br />
to fish a wide river, and giving a bigger<br />
reel and faster winding. Also it's single<br />
action, wdiich means that the spindle<br />
turns once for every revolution of the<br />
handle, instead of being geared up.<br />
"Lines? A half-dozen 'level' enameled<br />
lines, size F, and one 40-yard size E.<br />
There are tapered lines, but you'll get<br />
ir.to that stuff as you get deeper into the<br />
game. The half dozen I'm putting in are<br />
75 feet long—and, as I told you, a core<br />
of cheap cotton line must be wound on<br />
the reel ahead of this one to use up the<br />
extra room with the 75 foot length.<br />
"Flies? If you had, say, a week, I<br />
think by cutting down on time for meals<br />
and sleep, we might get fairly into the<br />
subject—and probably into an argument<br />
if some other fisherman overheard us.<br />
Without reasoning with you I'll put in a<br />
good solid leather fly-book that'll cost<br />
you two fifty and is worth it. Holds<br />
eight dozen flies and some leaders and is<br />
covered with pig-skin. Got cheaper<br />
ones; one here for a dollar and a quarter<br />
that's not pasteboard and glue like some<br />
of these lemons, but you'll finally get the<br />
bigger and better one, anyhow. Also a<br />
dozen leaders and a leader box with pad<br />
to keep them moist. A dry leader is<br />
slightly harder to handle than a coil of<br />
trolley wire and won't stand so much<br />
abuse. And now the flies. You can get<br />
them out of stock costing a dollar and a<br />
half a dozen ; good ones—good enough<br />
and to spare for a tenderfoot to lose on<br />
overhead boughs and underfoot snags—•<br />
cost a dollar. For a starter, a half dozen<br />
each tied on No. 10 hooks; anything<br />
needing a bigger hook will probably separate<br />
you from your leader and flies anyhow,<br />
at first. Of the kind—taking six<br />
of each under the impression that you<br />
can mooch on your friend when you lose<br />
all you've got—we'll put in Coachman,<br />
Grizzly King. Queen of the Waters,<br />
Brown Hackle," White Miller, Cahill,<br />
Silver Doctor, and Professor. They'll<br />
be enough to exhaust the diet possibili<br />
ties of the trout, coupled with what<br />
patience you've got.<br />
"That'll take care of the trout end of<br />
the game, although I could say ten or<br />
twenty thousand more kind words of<br />
advice if you had time.<br />
"Now, for the rest of the bass-teasing<br />
layout. The bait-casting reel is the important<br />
part of the outfit, just as the<br />
reel isn't in the trout equipment. When<br />
you hurl a two-ounce bait a hundred<br />
feet or so through the air and the reel<br />
has to supply the line needed, it turns<br />
about one thousand R.P.M. to keep up<br />
with the demand. Also it immediately<br />
comes into action retrieving the line—<br />
and maybe the fish when things break<br />
right. So we want a good reel, and for<br />
the sake of quick action, a multiplying<br />
reel, which means that for every turn of<br />
the handle the spindle turns four times.<br />
"When the bait hits the water and the<br />
line quits running, the reel, having an<br />
elegant start and a speed like an electric<br />
fan, keeps on running, winds the line<br />
the wrong way or unwinds it all over the<br />
place, and presents you with what is<br />
called a backlash—usually with qualify<br />
ing adjectives. You'll never talk like<br />
a fisherman until you've had one or two.<br />
If a fish will kindly strike in the midst of<br />
your snarl, the occasion becomes a bright<br />
spot in your memory. To squelch this<br />
tendency, reels are made that automatically<br />
brake at the right time, and are<br />
termed anti-backlash. You can let this<br />
sort go until your education has reached<br />
a higher plane and in the meantime<br />
learn to use your thumb for a brake and<br />
use it at the right time, which brings the<br />
skill of the bait-caster into play.<br />
"A respectable reel costs $5.00, and<br />
is worth it. Good ones have accurately<br />
cut and finely adjusted steel gears and<br />
bearings; finer ones have their bearings<br />
jeweled like a watch. There is not a lot<br />
of difference between the really good<br />
bait-casting reel and a watch, at that.<br />
"I'm going to start you in with this<br />
(Continued on page 782)
FLIES, FLEAS, AND HEAT<br />
CIRCUMVENTING INSECTS IN MESOPOTAMIA<br />
There novel were as in.my Hies, tle.is, gnats, ticks, chiggers, beetles and other polylegged pests in any oneplace in the<br />
world before as there are in Mesopotamia today. This sleeping machine was designed by an English lieutenant, in an<br />
endeavor to secure a lew hours o( precious sleep.<br />
731
WOTOS COPYBPGHT-<br />
MANHATTAN'S NEW<br />
STEAM HEATING PLANT<br />
Mighty Near the Stars<br />
While these stacks were<br />
under construction workmen<br />
used this method of<br />
rapid transit through space<br />
to reach the top scaffolding.<br />
The Woolworth tower<br />
is seen in the background.<br />
The Mysterious Black Stacks<br />
For many weeks, people crossing Brooklyn Bridge have whispered specula<br />
tions regarding the six immense black tubes that have been in the process<br />
construction in lower Manhattan. The stacks have been accused of being<br />
new instruments for destroying hostile airplanes, and of having many othe<br />
sinister purposes, but the cat is out of the bag now. They arc parts of th<br />
new steam power plant which is to heat the skyscrapers of the city. Nine<br />
hundred tons of coal are to be consumed daily in keeping the chimney busy.
SUMMER PASTIMES<br />
The School Where No Child Plays<br />
Hookey<br />
At Venice, California, is a grammar<br />
school conducted entirely outdoors.<br />
The furnishings of a regular classroom<br />
have been installed on the warm sands.<br />
and the children follow the usual rou<br />
tine, except that at recess-time all the<br />
kiddies and the winsome teacher. Miss<br />
Lillian Bishop, take a dip in the surf.<br />
The only difficulty encountered thus<br />
far, we suspect, has been that of limit<br />
ing the class to children.<br />
Romeo Takes It on High<br />
This remarkable tomcat delights in<br />
being "jounced" just as high as his<br />
mistress can throw him. He positively<br />
pleads for this treatment, and when<br />
Miss Katherine Lawler, his owner,<br />
accedes, Romeo shows his gratefulness<br />
by sheathing his claws as he comes<br />
down.<br />
733
TODAY THE WHOLE INDUSTRIAL LIFE OF FLORENCE. LARDERELLO. LEGHORN,<br />
RECEIVING THE IMPETUS OF RENEWED LIFE FROM THE SUPER-<br />
T H R E F hundred years ago the<br />
flames which leaped about the<br />
mouth of Vesuvius were emblematic<br />
of the flaming brimstone<br />
through which sinners<br />
might expect to pass on their painful<br />
way to Paradise. The center of the<br />
earth with its molten lakes and superheated<br />
steam chambers was the Hades<br />
people knew and feared. The boiling of<br />
geysers of Iceland were merely the<br />
safety valves for the boilers of Satan's<br />
extensive Turkish bath.<br />
Had a practical inventor of that day<br />
suggested harnessing one of these<br />
geysers to do man's work, or the piping<br />
of power away from a volcano, the<br />
fanciful one would have been burned to<br />
the stake as a sorcerer.<br />
Today, however, a scientific sorcerer,<br />
unhampered by superstitions of this kind,<br />
has tackled and solved the problem of<br />
utilizing the vast resources of heat that<br />
are present in the bowels of the earth.<br />
T lis home city, Florence, Italy, draws<br />
734<br />
power for its munitions factories by clay<br />
and for lighting purposes by night from<br />
a real inferno, raging, blazing and boiling<br />
beneath the thin crust of ea^th on<br />
which Florence stands.<br />
Great jets of superheated steam issuing<br />
from that cauldron supply power to<br />
drive a plant of 15,000 horsepower,<br />
which generates electricity sent along<br />
overhead conductors to Florence, Larderello,<br />
Leghorn, Volterra, Grosseto, and<br />
other neighboring towns in the prosperous<br />
industrial section of Central Tuscany.<br />
From the standpoint of engineering<br />
science this is an epochal achievement,<br />
eclipsing the dreams of the greatest<br />
scientific thinkers of this age. It offers<br />
to mankind, for immediate use, a concealed<br />
source of power sufficient to do<br />
the work now done by artificially generated<br />
power. And fortunately, it comes<br />
at a time when we are within sight of the<br />
exhaustion of our coal and other fuel<br />
supplies—the catastrophe which alarni-
Earth's Interior Drives Engines<br />
bu C.W.Person O<br />
VOLTERRA. GROSSETO AND DOZENS OF SMALLER TOWNS IN CENTRAL TUSCANY IS<br />
HEATED STEAM CHAMBERS BELOW THE CRUST OF THE EARTH<br />
ists always have pointed out as the cause<br />
that ultimately would bring about the extinction<br />
of the human race.<br />
For countless centuries, steam under<br />
terrific pressure has been spouting with<br />
great violence and constancy from blowholes<br />
and volcanic vents in the ground<br />
near the little town of Larderello. It<br />
has brought to the surface a large quantity<br />
of boric acid, borax, and other mineral<br />
substances of less importance. Until<br />
recently, the steam itself was lost, having<br />
no local application.<br />
This brings us to the distinguished<br />
Italian engineer of the present project.<br />
Prince Ginori-Conti, who erected a borax<br />
plant on the site several years ago. The<br />
steady continuance of the superheated<br />
steam jets proved to him that ancient<br />
volcanic energies were still alive there.<br />
although lava, ashes, and fire no longer<br />
belched forth.<br />
Consequently, in 1903, he turned his<br />
attention to the utilization of these<br />
powerful jets for motive power.<br />
As good fortune would have it. he succeeded<br />
at the first attempt in making the<br />
captured steam drive a little rotary<br />
engine. The results thrilled him. He<br />
tried again. This time he made the<br />
steam drive a modest reciprocating<br />
steam engine attached to a dynamo, and.<br />
to his joy. sufficient current was derived<br />
to light his entire borax plant. Spurred<br />
on by this success he continued his experiments<br />
until, in l^Oo. the same superheated<br />
steam was driving an engine of<br />
forty horsepower.<br />
At this stage difficulties arose. So far<br />
as the mechanical power of the steam<br />
was concerned, it gave satisfactorv results<br />
; but it was so highly charged with<br />
boric acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, and<br />
sulphuric acid that it seriously corroded<br />
the iron parts of the engine and made<br />
frequent repairs necessary. But the<br />
Prince, already familiar with his source<br />
of power, was amply prepared for the<br />
emergency.<br />
Dissatisfied with the supply of steam<br />
735
736 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
which came voluntarily from the natural ago, as president of the engineering sec<br />
vents and cracks in the rocks, he sunk tion of the British Association, predicted<br />
boreholes, lined with iron pipes, down that man in the near future would be<br />
to depths of from three hundred to five obliged to resort to the slumbering vol<br />
hundred feet, penetrating a subterranean canoes and to the thermal stores of the<br />
ledge or stratum of hard rock, from be earth's interior to obtain power to run<br />
neath which the steam issued.<br />
his engines. Never did a prediction of so<br />
The holes made were from twelve to startling a significance bear fruit in so<br />
twenty inches in diameter, and it was short a time.<br />
found that, provided they were not Thus, in their hour of need, the earth<br />
placed nearer than fifty feet apart, a con itself has opened up to help the Allies!<br />
tinuous supply of thermal energy could At the moment you are scanning this<br />
be obtained. Indeed, the steam came page, three great groups of turbo-gener<br />
hissing up the iron pipes at temperatures ators, each of 3,000 kilowatts, are em<br />
of from 300° F. to 375° F. Each hole ploying the volcanic steam in the way<br />
yielded from one thousand to two thou just described. They are generating cursand<br />
horsepower an hour.<br />
rent at 6.500 volts, stepped up through<br />
Then came the war, and Italy's par an oil transformer to 36,000 volts, and<br />
ticipation in it, with a resultant shortage transmitted by overhead cable to the<br />
of coal which crippled the industries of towns above named. One of the 3,000-<br />
Central Tuscany, concentrated at Florkilowatt sets has been at work since<br />
ence, Larderello, Leghorn, Volterra, January last, and the second since April,<br />
(irosseto, and other smaller towns. The while the third has just been started in<br />
manufacturers looked to Prince Ginori- the past month.<br />
Conti for relief. Something had to be Think what that means, not only to<br />
done and done quickly to keep the wheels Tuscany in Italy, but to our own United<br />
of industry moving. Again his ingenuity States of America, with more than a<br />
saved him.<br />
quarter of the active steam jets, vol<br />
At the very moment his country was canoes, and geysers on the globe within<br />
in the thick of the fight and the cry from her territory! Is it not possible that we<br />
all Italy was for coal, the difficulties that of this generation will live to see the day<br />
arose from the chemical impurities of the when the vast potential power sources<br />
volcanic steam he had harnessed—diffi lying restive under the surface of our<br />
culties considered insuperable at first— country—the geysers and similar phe<br />
were splendidly mastered.<br />
nomena of Yellowstone Park, the active<br />
In a word, he ceased to apply the steam volcanoes of Alaska, the Aleutian<br />
directly to the engines. Instead, he made Islands, the Philippines, Hawaii, Nic<br />
it act as fuel in place of coal. That is aragua, and the hot springs of Arkansas,<br />
to say, instead of burning coal to heat Colorado, California, and Virginia—will<br />
water in his boilers, the superheated feed our industries with electrical en<br />
steam from the earth was turned round ergy?<br />
the tubes of the boilers to heat the pure Why not a center of dynamos obtain<br />
water and convert that, in turn, into ing their driving force from the precious<br />
steam. This arrangement completely steam wasted by the liquid rock of<br />
avoided corrosion, which was the real mighty Kilauea, or of Lassen's Peak, or<br />
problem to be solved in order that great of slumbering Mt. Tacoma, Mt. Hood, Mt.<br />
power might be secured.<br />
Shasta, and of the entire Yellowstone<br />
But what, today, is the remarkable fact district ? Under their roots should be<br />
in the eyes of British engineers is that the eternal fires and the compressed<br />
this potential 'energy is used to drive the gases of the geologic past, in quantities<br />
steam turbine, the engine invented by Sir greater than is contained in all the coal<br />
Charles Parsons, who, thirteen years deposits of the world.
A STUNT OR TWO<br />
By WALTER LEE<br />
\Y/E had driven one of our rear wheels into a mud<br />
hole and we instantly lost all traction in that wheel.<br />
Lacking any dry material to place under the helpless<br />
wheel, and unable to use a jack to lift it out of the hole<br />
and build a platform under it, we stuck a strong bar<br />
between the spokes of it and held it so that it could not<br />
revolve at all. The man who was holding the bar fully<br />
expected to be thrown off his feet when the clutch was<br />
dropped "in". But to his astonishment, the other wheel,<br />
the one on the solid ground, received the whole impulse,<br />
and the car moved forward, the jammed wheel sliding<br />
in the mud until it reached the dry earth. Then the man with the bar got the<br />
benefit of the engine thrust. The bar broke in his hands, but the car was on terra<br />
firma once again, with both wheels.<br />
Another expedient for getting out of a mud hole is to use a long rope (which is<br />
an article every tourist should carry in the equipment), and a convenient tree or<br />
post. Tie the rope to the tree and carry the other end once around the brake drum<br />
of the wheel that spins, and fasten it to a spoke. Then "put her in reverse and<br />
give her nine". The rope will wind up on the brake drum and pull the car out<br />
of the hole, backward. A new device—a worm and gear that brackets to the front of<br />
the car—is now on the market that does this same work in a still more efficient<br />
manner.<br />
* * *<br />
A PIECE of binding wire wrapped around the end of a<br />
**• bolt and securely twisted tight, will temporarily replace<br />
a lost nut, but it is nothing more than a makeshift way to get<br />
to the nearest hardware store or garage, and would be a<br />
dismal failure as a permanent fixture. There is many a time,<br />
however, when the motorist does not worry about permanent<br />
repairs; to get home at all is the main question.<br />
* * #<br />
DLOWOUTS on the side walls of your tires are probably<br />
caused by interference with curb stones. The<br />
rubber covering of the tire is very thin at that point<br />
and a very little grinding against the curb will so<br />
weaken it that it will become porous, wdiich allows<br />
water to seep in upon the cotton fabric. That in turn<br />
causes decay of the carcass along the side walls. Hence,<br />
the blowout. Much the same sort of wear is induced<br />
by driving a car for a long distance through crushed<br />
stone, although in this case not only the sides but the<br />
whole tire is weakened. Moral—Don't grind the tires<br />
against the curb or in crushed limestone.<br />
737
738 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
IF the nut or bolt is rusted in so tightly that no amount<br />
of "elbow grease" will loosen it, then chloroform it.<br />
It is really surprising what miracles this treatment will<br />
*-Q •'"*/ perform in such cases. A few drops of chloroform<br />
i? s, ]\ ^ V~_y placed on the nut or bolt, so that they soak into the<br />
^i\)J~~ f~4 threads, will loosen them so that the nut may be turned<br />
O O >J °^ ver ^ eas 'ty- Kerosene, used in the same way, will<br />
accomplish the same result, but requires about ten times<br />
as much time. Ether also will do the trick, as will<br />
carbon disulphide.<br />
CPEAKING of anaesthetics in connection with automobile<br />
troubles, it is well to mention that a mixture of halfand-half<br />
ether and gasoline used as a prime, will often start<br />
an obstinate engine when all other means fail.<br />
* * *<br />
T\ O you pay any attention to the balancing of your car<br />
when you are loading passengers into it? If you use a<br />
little judgment in this respect you will find that your<br />
steering gear works with more freedom and you will lessen<br />
the danger of skidding on slippery pavements.<br />
"THE other day I saw a car being driven down<br />
the street with one of its hind wheels broken,<br />
and the broken spokes resting on a two-wheeled<br />
dolly. A broken rear wheel is usually a symptom<br />
requiring a tow rope and another car to<br />
furnish the motive power. But in this case the<br />
driver had simply lashed the broken spokes to<br />
the frame of the dolly in such a way that the<br />
axle on that side of the differential could not be<br />
turned. The result was that all the power of<br />
the driving shaft was delivered to the other<br />
wheel, and the damaged car made a speed of<br />
nearly fifteen miles per hour from the scene of<br />
its breakdown to the repair shop.<br />
[ RECENTLY saw a chauffeur using an ingenious device for<br />
cleaning his spark plugs without getting his fingers soiled,<br />
and getting the job over with a great deal sooner than by the<br />
conventional way of taking the plug to pieces and then scrubbing<br />
it with a brush and scraping it with a knife. He had a<br />
small cylinder with one open end, into which was fitted a bushing<br />
with threads corresponding to those on the end of the plugs.<br />
He filled the cylinder half full of gasoline and then threw in a<br />
couple of dozen old phonograph needles. Then he screwed the<br />
plugs into the cylinder one at a time and shook the whole thing<br />
violently. After a moment or so of this action, he removed<br />
the plugs, and they were cleaned more thoroughly than if he<br />
had spent twenty minutes with each in the old fashioned way.
MY ESCAPE FROM MORPHINE<br />
T H E R E I was, without a friend<br />
in the world, immured for life<br />
in a New England town that<br />
had been going down hill ever<br />
since the Civil War. I had<br />
nothing to do, nobody to talk to, and no<br />
hope that anything would ever be better.<br />
The only unattached man in the whole<br />
place was the ticket-agent at the railway<br />
station. Every other male person of<br />
marriageable age either was<br />
married already, or hopeless.<br />
For a while<br />
1 made a pretense<br />
of exerc<br />
i s i n g my<br />
horses. I even<br />
made two or<br />
three attempts<br />
to sell the m.<br />
Then I took to having hea<br />
aches. Often I spent the whole<br />
day indoors without once dressing<br />
for the street. I took morphine first<br />
because I had a sick headache. Then I<br />
took it because it seemed better than<br />
committing suicide. When the supply<br />
my father had left was gone I got more<br />
from the druggist. He knew that I<br />
knew he was a victim himself and he did<br />
not dare refuse me. Of course I made<br />
desperate attempts to escape. Twenty<br />
times that first year I quit. And then<br />
when a headache or a black mood descended<br />
on me I began again. What<br />
was the use of quitting? Life wasn't<br />
worth living. And the more morphine<br />
I took the less worth living it seemed.<br />
Then one day as I was sitting in the<br />
bow-window I saw a strange young" man<br />
pass. He was tall, with a fine lean face.<br />
I liked his looks. I turned and looked<br />
at myself in the mirror at the end of the<br />
room. I was pale—a kind of yellow<br />
paleness—and thin. There was a drawn<br />
look about my eves. But worst of all I<br />
looked as if I had been tired for vears.<br />
I was twenty-two years old, a girl who<br />
had never been ill in bed in her life, and<br />
yet I had all the abounding vitality of a<br />
—dish-cloth.<br />
I took to watching for that young<br />
man. The contrast between his springwalk<br />
and my slumping obsessed me. In<br />
the course of a week I found out that<br />
he was a civil engineer wdio was superintending<br />
construction work on the railway.<br />
There was a big bridge<br />
to be built and a short tunnel to<br />
be run within<br />
four or five<br />
miles of our<br />
town. I wanted<br />
more than anything<br />
else in<br />
the world to<br />
meet that<br />
young man on terms of equality.<br />
I quit taking morphine so I<br />
could—perhaps not a very high motive,<br />
but the truth, nevertheless.<br />
In a way that is the whole story of<br />
my escape. It was a case of love at first<br />
sight I suppose. At least it was a case<br />
of arousing a motive stronger than the<br />
desire for morphine.<br />
I say the motive was stronger because<br />
it eventually conquered. It wasn't<br />
stronger all at once. Three days after<br />
I had decided to quit I yielded again.<br />
The craving was intolerable. I had not<br />
the energy to move. I had an ache in<br />
every bone. I could not eat. My mood<br />
grew blacker and blacker. My hope of<br />
knowing the young engineer, of at last<br />
having some one to talk to who came<br />
from the city and who could share my<br />
interests and enthusiasms, seemed absurd.<br />
Why should he be interested in<br />
me ?<br />
The relief of the white tablet? was<br />
almost instantaneous. If it required an<br />
hour for the drug to take its full effect<br />
-.30
740 ILLUSTRATED WUKLU<br />
on my body the knowledge that it would<br />
take effect was present immediately I<br />
had taken a dose. Morphine produced<br />
in me a state of exaltation. I had that<br />
sense of being alive in every nerve, of<br />
tasting life<br />
with every<br />
fibre of my<br />
being and finding<br />
it good,<br />
that a completely<br />
healthy<br />
young person<br />
with nothing<br />
to worry him<br />
has occasionally<br />
when the<br />
day is perfect.<br />
In a w o r d,<br />
morphine gave<br />
me exactly the<br />
thing I most<br />
wanted. The<br />
only trouble<br />
was that it also<br />
gave me the<br />
very opposite.<br />
When the<br />
sense of perfect<br />
health, of glorious well-being wore<br />
off I went down into the depths.<br />
In one of my best moods, after doing<br />
without morphine for three days, until<br />
my nerves were on edge and my head a<br />
hollow ache, but also after seeing that<br />
tall, fine-faced young man walk by the<br />
house, I worked it all out. I decided<br />
that I would spend twelve or fourteen<br />
hours a day out-doors, that whenever I<br />
felt the craving for morphine coming on<br />
I would jump up instantly and go outdoors.<br />
Full of my resolve, I decided I<br />
would definitely cut off my supply. I<br />
threw all the tablets I had on hand in<br />
the fire. Then I went down to the drug<br />
store. I waited until the druggist was<br />
alone. I whispered to him:<br />
'If you ever sell me another grain of<br />
morphine I'll shoot you."<br />
It sounds like an absurd threat. But<br />
it scared him. And I no longer felt that<br />
I had only to walk into the drug store<br />
m»<br />
to renew my supply. I had raised one<br />
obstacle.<br />
When I got home I went out into the<br />
back yard with a spade to start a garden.<br />
I suppose I turned over twenty spadefuls<br />
before I had<br />
to sit down. I<br />
was so comp<br />
1 ete 1 y exhausted<br />
that I<br />
could not begin<br />
again. The<br />
next day I did<br />
twenty spadefuls<br />
and then<br />
harnessed a<br />
horse. I drove<br />
till noon. Then<br />
I came home<br />
and took the<br />
other horse. I<br />
drove until<br />
dark. I hadn't<br />
strength<br />
enough to take<br />
the horse out<br />
of the shafts.<br />
I had to leave<br />
the poor beast<br />
standing in his harness all night. But<br />
if he didn't sleep I did.<br />
Day after day I dragged myself up in<br />
the morning by sheer will. When it<br />
seemed that I couldn't get out of bed I<br />
got up, dressed, hitched up the buggy<br />
and set out. That summer was one long<br />
physical torture. I made it that. As I<br />
acquired a little strength and energy I<br />
increased my exertions. I did not go to<br />
bed once except when I was tired out.<br />
I wanted to be strong again; above all I<br />
wanted something to occupy my mind<br />
when I was awake and something to<br />
make me go to sleep without the aid of<br />
morphine.<br />
It was a cruel grind, but I won at last.<br />
Today a white tablet—whether it is morphine<br />
or just plain aspirin—causes a<br />
shudder of revulsion to course my spine.<br />
The engineer? That reminds me! I<br />
must get his supper ready. He'll be<br />
home in twenty minutes.
TRUNK AND TIRE CARRIER<br />
INSTEAD of using one special place on<br />
the rear of the automobile for tires,<br />
and another special place for the motor<br />
trunk, accessory manufacturers are combining<br />
the two, and making them utilize<br />
The Round Trunk Is Manufactured to Fit "the Hole<br />
in the Doughnut*'<br />
the same space. The round trunk is just<br />
as efficient as the older square kind for<br />
use on cars, and the space saved by the<br />
arrangement illustrated is considerable.<br />
CAR STETHOSCOPE<br />
TF you wish to get right down to business<br />
on your motor when you don't<br />
like its sound and yet can't quite diagnose<br />
the trouble, use a homemade stethoscope.<br />
This can be made of an ordinary telephone<br />
receiver. Attach to it a long iron<br />
rod. The rod can be soldered<br />
ijHll to the diaphragm of the tele-<br />
This Easily Made Device<br />
Enables the Motorist<br />
to Locate Trouble<br />
Quickly and Surely<br />
TIPS<br />
phone receiver. The rod should be long<br />
enough so that it can touch the motor at<br />
the other end. The diagnostician can<br />
accomplish his task easily with this<br />
stethoscope, as he can detect the vibrations<br />
through the receiver as they pass<br />
through the motor up along the rod to<br />
the receiving diaphragm.<br />
J*<br />
REMOVES BROKEN SCREWS<br />
AND STUDS<br />
THHAT most annoying of jobs in a<br />
repair shop—removing broken screws<br />
and studs—is reduced<br />
to a pleasant pastime,<br />
unless the claims of a<br />
well-known tool company<br />
for its new device<br />
are false. The idea<br />
back of the new device<br />
is simplicity itself. A<br />
small hole is bored<br />
into the offending<br />
screw, and the tool<br />
screwed in. Since its<br />
motion is the reverse<br />
of that followed by the<br />
screw around its<br />
threads, as soon as the<br />
tool takes hold, the<br />
screw begins to turn<br />
out, and a few twists<br />
bring it forth.<br />
The tool has the<br />
obvious advantage of<br />
never placing the<br />
The Screw Remover<br />
threads, in which the broken screw is<br />
set, in danger.<br />
AUTOMATICALLY APPLIED<br />
NON-SKID CHAINS<br />
A DEVICE now is on the market<br />
which has for its purpose the elimination<br />
of the disagreeable task of attaching<br />
mud chains. These can be ap-<br />
741
742 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
With This<br />
Chain-Applyi<br />
n g Mechanism<br />
There Is<br />
No Need to<br />
Labor Knee-<br />
Deep in Mud<br />
plied to the tires<br />
from the driver's<br />
seat by the mere<br />
pressure of a lever.<br />
The chains are<br />
contained in steel<br />
cone housings. By<br />
pulling a lever the chains are released,<br />
and the housing comes in contact with a<br />
flat friction ring attached to each rear<br />
wheel. This causes the cone to rotate,<br />
and produces a swirling motion of the<br />
chains, which swing by centrifugal force<br />
under the rear wheels. Another pull on<br />
the lever withdraws the contact, stops<br />
the motion of the chains, draws them into<br />
and inverts the cone.<br />
J*<br />
DETACHABLE GAUNTLET<br />
GLOVE<br />
TTIIIS detachable gauntlet glove is the<br />
height of fashion nowadays. Formerly<br />
it was considered proper when<br />
motoring to look just as formidably<br />
"roadish" as possible, and as a result<br />
As Soon as He Desires to Leave the Car, the Motorist<br />
May Take Off These Detachable Gauntlets. Still<br />
Retaining His Gloves<br />
monstrous goggles, dusters and veils<br />
were created. Now, however, it is the<br />
purpose of the fashionable motorist to<br />
disguise the fact of his motoring, and to<br />
get clothes which are practical for motor<br />
wear, but which also are stylish and presentable<br />
on the street.<br />
These gloves have gauntlet attachments<br />
which snap on to keep out the<br />
wind when driving, but which are made<br />
into ordinary street gloves in an instant.<br />
KEEPING THE PUMP NOZZLE<br />
CLEAN<br />
A NY motorist who has had occasion<br />
•^^ to use his foot pump while on unpaved<br />
country<br />
roads has probably<br />
noticed that the<br />
pump tubing is just<br />
about the right<br />
length and stiffness<br />
to dip continually<br />
in the sand, unless<br />
special caution is<br />
used.<br />
A western motorist<br />
has hit upon<br />
the simple scheme<br />
of fastening a loop<br />
of twine to the<br />
connecting end of<br />
the tube. This<br />
loop can be hung<br />
easily and quickly<br />
over the pump handle,<br />
thus keeping<br />
the nozzle from<br />
the ground.<br />
The Handy Loop<br />
A rubber band also may be used in an<br />
emergency, but will not last long, as<br />
grease and oil soon destroy rubber.<br />
HEAD LAMP FOR AUTO-<br />
MOBILISTS<br />
IF the doctor or surgeon needs a head<br />
lamp for accurate diagnosis and work<br />
on a patient, certainly the repairman<br />
needs one for finding out in the easiest<br />
way what is the matter with his car.
Sometimes he wishes he had many<br />
hands, but at any rate, this new lamp<br />
which attaches to his head, at least<br />
leaves him his two hands free to work.<br />
The light simply is slipped through a<br />
band which fixes itself firmly on the<br />
head, and the little lamp is so arranged<br />
as to throw the strongest rays at a level<br />
Light Right Where You Wish It<br />
with the eyes. The la«iip operates from<br />
a battery which can be carried in the<br />
pocket, or any other convenient place.<br />
AUTOMOBILE TIPS<br />
A REAL AUTOMOBILE LOCK<br />
\Y7HILE this new lock has been on the<br />
market but a few months, the<br />
American Detective Agency, the International<br />
Harvester Corporation, the In-<br />
The Combination Lock<br />
743<br />
The Combination Lock Takes Up Little Space; It<br />
May Be Installed on the Dash or Under the Seat<br />
spector of the Post Office Department,<br />
and other expert critics on locks have<br />
published the fact that they consider this<br />
lock mechanical perfection against the<br />
thief or meddler.<br />
The lock is small and unobtrusive<br />
when on the instrument board of the car ;<br />
if desired, it can be placed under the<br />
seat, entirely out of sight. It takes only<br />
an instant for the owner to set the lock,<br />
and best of all there is no fumbling or<br />
searching for a key, as it works on the<br />
principle of a safe combination.<br />
St<br />
IMPROVEMENT FOR THE<br />
WINDSHIELD<br />
"THE windshield which we demand<br />
nowadays must be separated in the<br />
middle so that free ventilation may be<br />
had at any time. This weather strip of<br />
When Fresh Air Is Desired, the Transparent Celluloid<br />
Strip Bends Backward. Allowing Ventilation<br />
transparent celluloid is made to cling to<br />
the windshield along this opening. It is<br />
wind- and water-proof, and does not interfere<br />
with the vision. When it is desired<br />
to bend the windshield for ventilation<br />
the strip is removed easily and can<br />
be put on just as easily.
744 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
WASHABLE, LIMP CUFF GLOVE<br />
FOR DRIVING<br />
A WASHABLE glove for motorists<br />
now is being sold, a feature of<br />
which is the limp cuff which fits natu-<br />
This Glove Can Be Washed Every Week of Its Use<br />
rally over the coat sleeve, keeping out<br />
dust, wind and dampness.<br />
The fact that it is washable, however,<br />
is its greatest advantage. The average<br />
driving glove after a week's use or even<br />
less, is not fit for driving. Either it is<br />
so dirty on the outside that it gets everything<br />
in the car dirty, the driver's clothes<br />
included, or if the driver takes it off to<br />
tinker with the engine, he gets his hands<br />
dirty, so that when the glove is put on<br />
again, the inside also is rendered unfit.<br />
St<br />
FOLDING TABLE FOR<br />
TOURISTS<br />
HTHIS folding table for automobilists'<br />
use on camping and picnic trips has<br />
been built by a California motorist—you<br />
can do the same.<br />
The table is designed to be carried<br />
under the cushion of the back seat, raising<br />
the cushion only two inches, that<br />
being the thickness of the table when<br />
folded. The two back corners of the<br />
This Is an Ideal Picnic or Tourist Lunch Table<br />
table top are rounded to conform to the<br />
shape of the cushion. The legs can be<br />
folded under in the same manner as a<br />
card or sewing table.<br />
The dimensions are: length 47 inches,<br />
width 20 inches, thickness 2 inches<br />
(when folded), height 30 inches, weight<br />
10 pounds. The table top was made<br />
from thin box boards. Nails, put<br />
through the side, or long edge strips,<br />
act as pins for folding in the legs.<br />
St<br />
A NEW MUD HOOK<br />
"PHE new mud hook is equipped with<br />
side flanges, which, it is claimed, are<br />
more efficient than any on the market<br />
for getting the car out of the mud. It<br />
This Device. Applied to Both Back Wheels. Digs a<br />
Car Out of the Mud or Sand Quickly<br />
lifts the car out instead of digging it in<br />
deeper. It is supposed to work equally<br />
well in sand and snow as in mud.<br />
St<br />
CLEAN THE ENGINE WITHOUT<br />
GETTING DIRTY<br />
'"PHIS cleaner requires six pounds of<br />
air pressure and one quart of kerosene<br />
to operate. It will clean any size<br />
motor. It is bound not only to save<br />
repair bills on the car because grit is kept<br />
out of the mechanism, but to clean parts<br />
that cannot be reached any other way.<br />
This Little Power Kerosene Cleaner Cuts Off the<br />
Dirt Like Magic<br />
With its use there is no need of soiling<br />
the hands, or of donning overalls when<br />
cleaning the motor.
HOW TO GET ON<br />
A Business Series of Practical<br />
Inspiration<br />
NT<br />
ORIGINALITY<br />
1 LOOKED<br />
PAYS BEST<br />
by T. Sharper Knowlson<br />
EVEN THE GRIM TRUTH BEHIND THIS NOVEL ADVERTISEMENT WILL NOT<br />
DAMAGE ITS PULLING POWER<br />
into the New York to- teries of tobaccos—for I must tell you<br />
bacco shop window and read with the "Y P's," and "G D's" are brands of<br />
astonishment, "We sell Yellow cigarettes—and I cautiously invested in<br />
Perils, Gaspers, and Green Deaths." a packet of "Yellow Perils."<br />
Here, surely, was something new, "Are these your own names?" I inand<br />
curiosity being aroused, I entered quired.<br />
to investigate. "Gaspers" did not attract "Certainly; and I never used my<br />
me, but I was anxious to know the com- brains to better purpose than when I<br />
parative merits of "Yellow Perils," and thought them out, although they are<br />
"Green Deaths," so I put the question to nothing very striking in themselves."<br />
the Proprietor behind the counter. He "Do you mean they brought you pub- 745<br />
discoursed at length on the innate mys- licity?"
746 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
"Why yes. See here," and he showed<br />
me a newspaper paragraph—then another—and<br />
produced evidence to show<br />
that his new names for brands of cigarettes<br />
had attracted a good deal of attention.<br />
"Originality pays, evidently," I remarked.<br />
"I'm only just beginning," he remarked<br />
with an air of confidence.<br />
"There'll be something else by and by."<br />
Every man in business—any kind of<br />
vocation—will find that, whilst it pays<br />
to do good work on the old lines, it pays<br />
better to do good work on newer lines.<br />
There are three points in every act of<br />
originality. First, there is the existing<br />
material; next, the individual mind at<br />
work; lastly, the new product. It is not<br />
difficult to trace these three in the case<br />
I have just quoted. There have been<br />
brands of cigarettes for years and years,<br />
with names that possess nothing distinctive.<br />
These form the existing material<br />
A Monkey Is One<br />
of the Most Faithful<br />
Imitators in<br />
the Business.<br />
Have You Simian<br />
Tendencies?<br />
on which the individual mind must work<br />
in order to produce the new result.<br />
Naturally, the individual mind is the<br />
most important item.<br />
The greatest pull in life is the pull of<br />
imitation. Fashion in wearing apparel,<br />
—the power which suggests we must<br />
follow the methods of our leaders,<br />
whether we like them or not—has its<br />
analogy in everything else. Thus when<br />
we write letters we subscribe our signatures<br />
at the end, causing the reader to<br />
look there first in order to discover who<br />
is the writer. If John Smith were to<br />
adopt the old style and say, "John Smith<br />
to Thomas Brown, greeting," people<br />
would say "How absurd;" and yet it is<br />
far more sensible than putting the address<br />
first, the recipient's name next;and<br />
the writer's name last of all. But that<br />
is the fashion and we all imitate.<br />
If a tobacco firm puts a new brand on<br />
the market and calls it "Doughboy's<br />
Friend," another firm will come out with<br />
"Guard's Delight," and still another with<br />
"Canteen Mixture." The two latter represent<br />
imitation pure and simple; the<br />
former stands for the individual mind,<br />
which needless to say is the higher type.<br />
You can easily decide your mental status<br />
by asking how much thinking in your<br />
business is your own, and how much<br />
borrowed. Most men's quality could be<br />
pictured thus:—<br />
BORROWED THOUGHTS<br />
MY OWN IDEAS<br />
A few could be graphed in<br />
this way:<br />
MY OWN IDEAS<br />
BORROWED THOUGHTS
The latter are the men<br />
who, as a rule, reap the reward.<br />
Take as an illustration<br />
the career of an Englishman,<br />
Mr. H. A. Humphrey,<br />
inventor of the explosion<br />
pump. From the days of<br />
Torricelli the principle of all<br />
pumps had been practically<br />
the same, but Mr. Humphrey,<br />
instead of producing a variation,<br />
resolved to work on a<br />
new principle. The Metro<br />
politan Water Board was<br />
faced with the serious problem<br />
of raising 180,000,000<br />
gallons of water, every 24 hours, from<br />
the River Lea to a large reservoir at<br />
Chingford. The inventor believed his<br />
new method could accomplish this task<br />
better than any other, and he tendered<br />
for it, agreeing to pay a forfeit of<br />
£20,000—$100,000—in case of failure.<br />
The scheme was successful and nobody<br />
was more impressed than the King of<br />
England when he opened the new Station<br />
and saw the explosive pump in<br />
act imi. It would take too long to describe<br />
the technical parts of the machine,<br />
but the method is that of forcing water<br />
upwards by means of an explosion of<br />
gas, just as in motor engines an explosion<br />
causes the revolution of a wheel.<br />
Mr. Humphrey's achievement advanced<br />
the already high reputation of his country<br />
in engineering, and of course<br />
brought fame and fortune in its wake.<br />
It is a brilliant instance of the individual<br />
mind at work.<br />
Carlyle said originality lay in sinceritv,<br />
sincerity considered in its broad<br />
sense, i. e. the self, unhindered by others.<br />
The Humphrey pump is the result of a<br />
brain effort that put aside the previous<br />
thinkings of clever men about pumps,<br />
and arrived at a new conclusion.<br />
This brings me to what I want to say<br />
most of all. Modern education in school,<br />
college, and university, is too retrospective<br />
; it is based on the notion that to<br />
know what others have said and done is<br />
to be educated. As a consequence the<br />
ORIGINALITY PAYS BEST 747<br />
Some People Cherish the Delusion That a Few Personally Conducted<br />
Tours Through Weighty Tomes Furnish a Complete Education<br />
individual mind is neglected; it is made<br />
into a receptacle for the thoughts and<br />
deeds of other minds. This is quite<br />
wrong. Montessorian methods, which<br />
are in danger of leading us too far in<br />
the opposite direction, are a protest, and<br />
a needed protest. The reason why<br />
critics bemoan our lack of great men;<br />
the reason wdiy the G. E. Ry. Co. of<br />
England had to go to America for a<br />
General Manager; the reason wdiy we<br />
have a high average in most of the arts,<br />
as well as in industry, but a dearth of<br />
genius—is because the selfhood of youth<br />
is crushed during its most formative<br />
years; it is trained to imitate, not to be<br />
its sincere self, in other words, to be<br />
original.<br />
Let there be no mistake about the possibility<br />
of originality in your calling,<br />
whatever it may be. New methods of<br />
doing things may be devised; new styles<br />
of window dressing; new advertising;<br />
new goods, and new forms of selling<br />
and production. As this point is of some<br />
importance, I will dwell on it a little<br />
longer. The importance lies in this<br />
mental law: that actions depend on beliefs.<br />
Take an illustration from sport.<br />
Just recently Bombardier Wells was<br />
afraid he could not beat Carpenter at the<br />
National Sporting Club, and he did not.<br />
I do not say that if he had believed he<br />
could, he would have been successful;<br />
that is not my point. I want merely to<br />
show that the inward conviction has a
748 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
direct result on the outward action; to<br />
believe that we can, gives us impetus to<br />
act; to believe that we can't, holds us<br />
back from doing what otherwise we<br />
could have done.<br />
Take another form of the same principle:<br />
that we have learned all we can<br />
about our business or profession, and<br />
that there is nothing new to be thought<br />
of. I heard of a young English lady<br />
recently who affirmed she had nothing<br />
more to learn about the French language<br />
; a most immodest<br />
confession to<br />
make, seeing there are<br />
many Frenchmen, professors<br />
of philology,<br />
who are still studying<br />
their own tongue, and<br />
learning something<br />
new concerning it.<br />
To have reached<br />
finality is really to begin<br />
to go back. In a<br />
similar manner<br />
it is true<br />
that if you<br />
believe you,<br />
in your business,<br />
have<br />
got as far as<br />
you can, improved<br />
your<br />
advertising<br />
so that no<br />
further<br />
improvement is possible, and, in general,<br />
have reached the apex, you begin to go<br />
back. Fight against this feeling, or<br />
rather conviction. Advancement can<br />
only come if you believe it is possible to<br />
advance; that is the mental law. Note<br />
its action in the world of literature. The<br />
novelist who says, "There are no new<br />
plots," is not likely to startle the world<br />
with a brilliant story, and the man who<br />
denies a profitable variation in his business<br />
will be a "jogger" to the end of his<br />
days. Originality, for you, is consulting<br />
yourself, thinking out ideas without the<br />
aid of other people. At first this originality<br />
may not be worth much because<br />
Even if a Man's Ideas Are a Bit "Cranky", Let 'em Outl<br />
you have stultified your powers by copying<br />
your competitors, or accepting what<br />
custom has given; it may even cause<br />
laughter. But if you persevere you gain<br />
confidence; and with confidence new<br />
ideas of real value insinuate themselves.<br />
The belief that we are either original in<br />
our thinking or not, is foolish. Originality<br />
is a growth.<br />
Of course it is not possible for a man<br />
to start out in a new line of business—<br />
knowing: nothing of that line—and expect<br />
to make a<br />
success through<br />
original ideas<br />
alone. Once in<br />
a blue moon this<br />
is accomplished,<br />
but even when<br />
it is a c c o mplished<br />
the fact<br />
is self evident<br />
that success<br />
would have<br />
come more<br />
easily had the<br />
adventurer possessed<br />
a sound<br />
knowledge of the<br />
rudiments of the<br />
business and its history<br />
before attempting<br />
to apply his own<br />
creative genius. The<br />
ordinary man must<br />
serve his apprenticeship,<br />
whether the line of business he is<br />
entering is selling bird cages or building<br />
Panama Canals. He must learn to use a<br />
spade before delving into original research<br />
in the use of that spade.<br />
But the difficulty with ordinary men<br />
has been and is that they allow sound<br />
fundamentals to kill off their individuality.<br />
Their ideas become atrophied in the<br />
school of experience; imagination succumbs<br />
to fact. The ideal combination—<br />
one which makes surely for success in<br />
the long run—is sound business training<br />
coupled with the ability to lift one's self<br />
from the rigid rut now and then, and<br />
look at the stars.
FLOODING ALKALI SOIL<br />
TO SAVE IT<br />
By JOHN Z. DAVIDSON<br />
O N E of the fears that has beset<br />
some growers in the<br />
irrigated regions of the<br />
West is that eventually the<br />
alkali with which the surrounding<br />
country in many places is impregnated<br />
will gradually be brought in<br />
upon the soil through the medium of<br />
floods or by the irrigation water itself,<br />
thereby ruining the soil and that what<br />
was once a rich and fertile area will be<br />
reclaimed by the desert.<br />
A test that was recently performed by<br />
the Agricultural Experimental Station<br />
located at Berkeley, California, would<br />
seem to offer proof that not only this<br />
condition can be remedied but that pronounced<br />
alkali districts that have been<br />
passed by as unavailable for cultivation<br />
may be reclaimed.<br />
A tract of land near Fresno, California,<br />
was abandoned as unprofitable because<br />
of the accumulation of alkali in the<br />
soil. The land had been planted originally<br />
to grape vines. The alkali destroyed<br />
the vines. The owner then attempted to<br />
save his soil by planting first alfalfa,<br />
then grains. These proved a failure, too.<br />
The land was then abandoned agriculturally<br />
for several years.<br />
In 1913, however, it was proposed that<br />
the land be scientifically reclaimed. The<br />
basis of the idea was to drain off the<br />
alkali. To that end a drainage system<br />
was installed. At an average depth of<br />
seven feet a series of drain pipes were<br />
put in. They varied in diameter from<br />
six to twelve inches. The fall allowed<br />
was comparatively slight, being only one<br />
foot in a thousand feet.<br />
At the lowest part of the area a sump<br />
was dug. Here, as the water collected<br />
from the land, it was pumped out by<br />
means of a motor-driven pump.<br />
The next step toward putting the land<br />
in shape was by repairing or restoring<br />
the original system of irrigation canals.<br />
The cost of doing this was approximately<br />
sixty-six dollars an acre.<br />
From time to time, the 150-acre tract<br />
was flooded, the water covering it varying<br />
in depth at different times.<br />
Attempts to grow grain proved slightly<br />
successful. The cost of sowing the seed<br />
and of harvesting the crop pretty nearly<br />
paid for itself.<br />
With this much encouragement, the<br />
workers renewed their efforts and the<br />
following year thoroughly flooded the<br />
area as before. Only, this time, the<br />
period of irrigation was kept up continuously<br />
through the spring and summer<br />
months into the fall.<br />
This process of flooding was repeated<br />
the next year. The additional cost over<br />
the first year of flooding approximated<br />
one hundred dollars an acre. There<br />
were some unusual features involved,<br />
however, which caused the increase in<br />
cost; otherwise it would not have been<br />
above that of the first year.<br />
Last year, 1916, one hundred tons of<br />
hay were grown on the one hundred and<br />
fifty acres. An alfalfa crop is expected<br />
for the year 1917. The land can be improved<br />
still further by methods similar<br />
to those here described, and can be made<br />
to bear excellent crops.<br />
The cost probably would not have been<br />
nearly so great if the work had been<br />
undertaken immediately after the discovery<br />
of the presence of alkali.<br />
Here is a method that if applied in<br />
time will save many an area of valuable<br />
land. It is based on the simple principle<br />
of solution, that is, most soil alkalis are<br />
capable of being dissolved in large quantities<br />
of water. Then, when the water<br />
is drained away, they naturally are carried<br />
with the solvent.<br />
M$
HINTS F<br />
RIBLESS UMBRELLA<br />
A NEW and useful umbrella has been<br />
invented by Joseph Peyser of Mount<br />
Vernon, New York. This invention provides<br />
for an umbrella without ribs. The<br />
The Radial Fold Umbrella<br />
cover and its supporting member are<br />
made so that, when closed, they will be<br />
brought into interfolded relation, maintaining<br />
a perfect folded or creased condition<br />
necessary for the successful manipulation<br />
of the umbrella. The cover of the<br />
umbrella is made of a stiff waterproof<br />
material or paper which is crimped to<br />
form alternating radial ridges and furrows.<br />
The cover is permanently secured<br />
to a stick at the point where the ridges<br />
and furrows issue. The supporting member<br />
is also crimped to form alternatingridges<br />
and furrows. The number of<br />
ridges and furrows in the supporting<br />
member correspond to the number in the<br />
cover so that they will interfold when the<br />
umbrella is closed. The supporting member<br />
is secured to the cover with the<br />
ridges inverted by means of tabs fastened<br />
to the outside of the cover. The supporting<br />
member is secured at its center from<br />
which the ridges and furrows issue to a<br />
collar. This collar is adapted to slide<br />
freely upon the stick, and is held in place<br />
at one end of the stick by a resilient<br />
latch. One, similar in construction, is<br />
750<br />
adapted to receive the collar in its inner<br />
position. The movement of the collar<br />
controls the supporting member and<br />
cover, making the opening and closing<br />
of the ribless umbrella easy.<br />
St<br />
WETS. SWEEPS, SCRUBS, AND<br />
DRIES<br />
A MACHINE to go hand in hand with'<br />
^^ the vacuum cleaner for home use<br />
long has been wanted. There still remains<br />
the drudgery of wiping up the:<br />
floors.<br />
This machine wets, sweeps, scrubs, and<br />
dries a floor in one operation, and with<br />
clean water—all by electricity.<br />
A tank of clean water is carried on the<br />
machine, the amount to be distributed<br />
being controlled from the handle by the<br />
operator. This water immediately is<br />
swept up by a cylinder brush which is.<br />
driven by a quarter-horsepower motor..<br />
All dirt and water are carried by the<br />
brush over an apron into a receiving pan<br />
so that the scrubbing<br />
is done always<br />
with clean<br />
water.<br />
It is claimed'<br />
The Housewife's<br />
Friend<br />
No more ge 11 i n e<br />
down on your knees<br />
in dirt and water!<br />
This machine scrubs<br />
a floor in five minutes<br />
that used to take half<br />
an hour by the "elbow-grease"<br />
method.<br />
that if the attendant<br />
pushes the<br />
machine forward<br />
at the rate of one<br />
mile an hour, the<br />
machine will<br />
scrub 100 square<br />
feet of floor every<br />
minute of its use..
RADIAL DISTRIBUTOR FOR<br />
DESK<br />
A DEVICE to save the need of cluttering<br />
up the top of the desk when assorting<br />
correspondence or doing similar<br />
work has a metal base with metal sheets<br />
radiating in such a manner that from<br />
eight to twenty compartments for the<br />
different lots are provided. The distributor<br />
rests on one corner of the desk<br />
so that only a fraction of the top is<br />
required. The radial arrangement enables<br />
the user to have ready and easy<br />
access to any paper he needs, and at the<br />
same time does not offer the difficulties<br />
encountered with baskets or trays. The<br />
radial plates may be removed or inserted<br />
as needed.<br />
St<br />
AUTOMATIC SPRING-OILING<br />
PAD<br />
JUST a little pad in this new oiler does<br />
the work of oiling the springs auto<br />
matically. It is a felt pad with an oil<br />
reservoir contained in a rustproof metal<br />
case. This case snaps over the main leaf<br />
of spring. The case is constructed so<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 751<br />
that different degrees of pressure are<br />
brought to bear on the felt pad, making<br />
the ends perfectly tight and oil proof.<br />
When pressure is put on the sides of the<br />
felt, a very slow seepage of oil is allowed,<br />
and this fills the grooves along<br />
the entire side and underneath the surface<br />
of the spring leaves.<br />
The oilers are made to fit all cars.<br />
STRANGE LAWN CHAIR<br />
LJERE is a type of lawn chair that only<br />
a Zuni Indian or a boy under twelve<br />
would have thought of. The essential<br />
thing about it is that it is comfortable.<br />
It will be noted first of all that the knees<br />
are brought up closer to the chin than<br />
would be considered good form in the<br />
drawing room. Also that the back has a<br />
very tempting slope. As a consequence,<br />
the weight of the body is distributed<br />
from knees to shoulders. Wide arm rests<br />
complete all the requisites for an enticing<br />
lounge. This chair is manufactured<br />
by an enterprising New York concern.<br />
A SUITCASE TABLE<br />
A CONVENIENT and useful suitcase<br />
for travelers and those camping out<br />
is one which may be used as a table,<br />
recently invented by A. Eades of California.<br />
This suitcase comprises three<br />
compartments, each in the form of a<br />
complete case and provided with a
752 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
This Suitcase Transforms Itself into a Substantial<br />
Picnic Table<br />
hinged device adapted<br />
to be held in close adjustment.<br />
A special<br />
advantage is the hinged<br />
leaf on the middle compartment<br />
which holds<br />
a mirror.<br />
When the suitcase<br />
is used for a table,<br />
four supporting legs are extended from<br />
guideways which line with the two outer<br />
compartments. When the suitcase is to<br />
be folded, the legs are forced within<br />
shortening sections.<br />
St<br />
THREE-IN-ONE BED<br />
I7VEN if we do live in a two-by-four<br />
one-room apartment we have still<br />
clung to the idea that we must have a<br />
place to sit down, a place to sleep, and<br />
a clean place in which to keep our clothes.<br />
The built-in wardrobe beds have helped<br />
us in this respect of course, but they are<br />
not as sanitary as this new three-in-one<br />
bed which can be put into the sunshine<br />
and sterilized as often as desired.<br />
This bed when closed is a compact,<br />
comfortable window seat. When it is<br />
fully opened it is a really comfortable<br />
and commodious single bed, and its many<br />
uses do not prevent its perfect comfort<br />
for sleeping. By<br />
slight pulling of a lever<br />
at one end there is in<br />
easy access a sanitary<br />
wardrobe box underneath.<br />
When the bed<br />
is down, the cover of<br />
the wardrobe box is<br />
completely closed so<br />
that no dust can enter<br />
the wardrobe.<br />
When the bed is made into the window<br />
seat the mattress does not have to be removed<br />
as it is specially built to fold<br />
over on itself, and to still retain its shape<br />
under the daily wear and tear of folding.<br />
THE ENGLISH SIDE CAR<br />
"T^ON'T let that complexion be ruined<br />
by the dust and dirt of the road!"<br />
seems to be the first thought of the<br />
The Side Car Windshields<br />
Britisher even when considering the<br />
humble motorcycle with its side car.<br />
Here is shown a favorite type equipped<br />
with two windshields, one for the rear<br />
seat as well as for the front. The little<br />
seat in front is intended for a child.<br />
Thus the whole family is protected, ex-
cept the head of it. Perhaps it is presumed,<br />
though, that his heavy goggles<br />
are sufficient.<br />
j»<br />
CLOCK THAT SPEAKS THE<br />
TIME<br />
A CLOCK that will "speak the time"<br />
^^ every fifteen minutes has been invented<br />
by a well known civil engineer.<br />
This clock differs very little from the<br />
ordinary clock, having the same face and<br />
standard works, with the exception that<br />
to the minute shaft of the clock is fastened<br />
an automatic lever and cam, which<br />
is actuated every fifteen minutes by the<br />
minute wheel.<br />
This lever acts upon a second lever<br />
attached to a drum carrying a phonographic<br />
film. The action of the first<br />
upon the second lever starts an electric<br />
motor, causing the film to move. When<br />
the film begins to move the stylus of the<br />
phonographic reproducer is acted upon<br />
and the time is vocally announced or<br />
spoken. Of course, the film is so made<br />
as to announce the time in accordance<br />
with the adjustment of the machine.<br />
The phonographic reproducer is fitted<br />
with a small horn which intensifies the<br />
Don't Count the Strokes<br />
This little clock announces the hour in an audible tone.<br />
sound. The clock is also fitted with a<br />
repeating device so as to repeat the hour<br />
any number of times.<br />
In the making of the film the voice<br />
impression is recorded for the twelve<br />
hours. These impressions are made<br />
upon a soft wax drum, which is covered<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 753<br />
with graphite and put into a copper<br />
electro plating bath. A sufficiently<br />
heavy coat of copper is put on and the<br />
wax melted off, leaving a thin copper<br />
ring containing the voice impression.<br />
St<br />
FLASHLIGHT HELMETS<br />
(~\N account of the war, English police<br />
^ are equipped with electric lights in<br />
their helmets. These are of the flashlamp<br />
type, and can be switched on and<br />
off rapidly for signaling purposes, so<br />
that during a Zeppelin raid, when the<br />
streets are pitch black, their use is apparent.<br />
They also appear to provide a<br />
satisfactory method of communicating<br />
with other policemen in the event of<br />
riots, street fights, and other such disturbances.<br />
The light is supplied with current<br />
from a small battery carried on the belt.<br />
St<br />
HUMIDITY HEALTH INSUR<br />
ANCE<br />
IT is hard to realize, but it is true,<br />
nevertheless, that when an ordinary<br />
living room is heated to a temperature<br />
of seventy degrees, an artificial climate<br />
is created drier than that of any desert.<br />
If we were on a desert, however, we<br />
would hardly be surprised at the harm<br />
done to the mucous membrane in the
754 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
This Inconspicuous Humidifier Will Neutralize the Dryness in Your<br />
Apartment<br />
nose, throat and lungs, by the lack of<br />
moisture.<br />
Dr. Henry Mitchell Smith, in a paper<br />
entitled "Indoor Humidity", read before<br />
the Brooklyn Medical Society, says:<br />
"The point to be emphasized is that<br />
every time we step out of our<br />
houses during the winter season,<br />
we pass from an atmosphere<br />
with a relative humidity<br />
of about thirty per<br />
cent into one with a relative<br />
humidity of, on an average,<br />
seventy per cent. Such a<br />
sharp and violent contrast<br />
must be productive of harm,<br />
particularly to the delicate<br />
mucous membranes.<br />
For the sum of three dollars<br />
those interested in better<br />
living conditions can secure a<br />
new humidifying appliance<br />
which is inserted between the<br />
radiator coils. The main body<br />
of this appliance is made of<br />
coated sheet metal, and there<br />
is a glass container for water,<br />
which remains in view at the side.<br />
It is interesting to watch and time<br />
the air bubbles as they go through<br />
the water to the top of the glass container.<br />
When this little device is working<br />
on your radiators, you will mark an<br />
appreciable diminution of the number of<br />
"colds in the head".<br />
PRESSED WHILE YOU<br />
WEAR THEM<br />
COON the man in a hurry<br />
will be able to go into a<br />
shoe shining establishment<br />
and be asked "Shoes shined<br />
or pants pressed" just as<br />
methodically as he is asked<br />
"shave or hair cut" in the<br />
barber shop.<br />
This invention<br />
consists<br />
of a crease<br />
defining device<br />
which<br />
is inserted<br />
into the<br />
trouser leg while it<br />
is worn. There is a<br />
slender flange in this<br />
creasing device<br />
which is heated, and<br />
the two metal rolls<br />
are passed<br />
slowly<br />
over this<br />
flange, on<br />
the outside<br />
of the<br />
trousers, so<br />
This Presser Does the<br />
Work in a Jiffy, and<br />
Does It Thoroughly<br />
that the heated part is underneath<br />
and there is no danger<br />
of injury to the fabric.<br />
St<br />
SIGNAL LAMP FOR<br />
THE IRON<br />
'T'HE new signal lamp<br />
for the electric iron is<br />
"memory proof". It is<br />
used not only for electric<br />
irons, but for any electrical<br />
device. It is a combination<br />
of an attachment plug<br />
and a miniature lamp socket, constructed<br />
as a unit. The lamp is<br />
enclosed in an electrically welded<br />
guard, and gives a warning light as long<br />
as the current is on. The current consumption<br />
is so small that it does not<br />
lessen the efficiency of the device that is<br />
being operated.
The Brush-Dust Pan<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 755<br />
HANDY BRUSH<br />
AND SHOVEL<br />
A LITTLE article<br />
has been<br />
brought out which<br />
combines the brush<br />
and dust pan. It<br />
will be found very<br />
handy, as it is not<br />
necessary with its<br />
use to hunt either of<br />
the articles when<br />
using one. Its convenience<br />
will recommend<br />
itself to housewives,<br />
and the price<br />
is very low. These<br />
little articles retail<br />
for ten cents at most<br />
notion stores.<br />
NEEDLE THREADER<br />
'"TIMS is the latest optical lens, which<br />
magnifies the eye of a needle, or any<br />
object, about three and<br />
one-half times. The<br />
magnifying glass turns<br />
into any desired position.<br />
The lens is adjustable<br />
and is one and<br />
one-half inches in diameter.<br />
The instrument,<br />
which is nickel,<br />
fits into any size spool<br />
of thread.<br />
The needle threader<br />
can be used for removing<br />
splinters from<br />
hands, is very useful in<br />
botany work, or in<br />
studying maps and in<br />
embroidery work.<br />
J*<br />
IRONING BOARD<br />
DISGUISES<br />
The Lens<br />
Needle<br />
Threader<br />
T'lE reason for disguising ironing<br />
boards just because of their looks<br />
has no real foundation, as they are<br />
the easiest pieces of furniture to put out<br />
This Kitchen Chair<br />
Wou<br />
pec<br />
an<br />
of the way, but furniture manufacturers<br />
seem determined to do this for another<br />
reason. By combining<br />
them with other pieces<br />
of furniture, ironing<br />
boards can be disguised<br />
completely and made<br />
to form supports, as<br />
they may be actually a<br />
part of another piece<br />
of furniture.<br />
For instance, the<br />
new combination of<br />
ironing board and step<br />
ladder provides a firm<br />
support for the ironing<br />
board, doing away with<br />
the necessity of placing<br />
the board over a chair<br />
and the stove. When<br />
the board-and-ladder combination<br />
is not in use, it can be<br />
folded into as compact an<br />
article as the ironing board<br />
alone.<br />
Still another manufacturer makes the<br />
ironing board do daily duty in the kitchen<br />
by serving as a kitchen chair.
756 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
VEGETABLE DICER AND<br />
SLICER<br />
LJOUSEWIVES of today, and some<br />
very good ones at that, object very<br />
much to the time necessarily taken up in<br />
preparing vegetables, and also to the<br />
dirtiness of the job, and the ruining of<br />
their hands. In fact, that is a great<br />
reason for the vogue in canned goods,<br />
where a great deal of the nourishment is<br />
lost. The housewife would<br />
rather open a can of beans<br />
or peas for dinner than pre<br />
pare potatoes, carrots, turnips,<br />
or beets.<br />
This new vegetable cutter<br />
is reasonable in price, and<br />
would be a saving of time<br />
This Handy Vegetable Cutter Should Find a Place<br />
in Every Kitchen<br />
and hands, even in the small family.<br />
In a moment, it dices, slices, French<br />
fries or cuts the whole potato, turnip,<br />
carrot, beet, or apple.<br />
St<br />
SANITARY BRUSH<br />
A N E W brush which sells for the nor-<br />
^"^ mal price of ordinary brushes on<br />
the market has the added capacity of<br />
being thoroughly sterilized and washed<br />
without the brush coming apart. All the<br />
parts can be exposed to the sun and air.<br />
The frame is made entirely of an aluminum<br />
composition, and each individual<br />
tuft of bristles is everlastingly bound<br />
into this frame with silvered wire.<br />
The brush can be bought with a cover<br />
This Hair Brush Is a Pleasure to Keep Clean<br />
which is an integral part of the handle,<br />
if desired, and when the brush is to be<br />
cleaned, a single pressure of the forefinger<br />
and thumb on the back or handle,<br />
lets the brush part drop out. By holding<br />
under the faucet all the dandruff and<br />
dust will be washed away instantly.<br />
.at<br />
HOLDER FOR STRAW HATS<br />
C"OR forty cents the automobilist can<br />
purchase this little straw hat holder,<br />
secure much peace of mind, and save<br />
from two to ten dollars on the price of<br />
a new straw hat.<br />
The straw hat that has taken a ride<br />
in an automobile for any distance and<br />
has remained in good condition is yet<br />
to be seen. It either has to stay on the<br />
head of the driver or passenger, has to<br />
be jammed down, get discolored, and<br />
look ridiculous besides, or it has to be<br />
held by someone in the tonneau, or go<br />
rolling around the floor, or get crushed<br />
This Hat Holder Keeps a Straw in Good Condition<br />
While Touring
etween two persons. Of course the<br />
holder applies equally well to any other<br />
kind of a hat, but the straw hat in an<br />
automobile has hitherto been exceptionally<br />
de trop.<br />
St<br />
TREES PLANTED BY MACHINE<br />
THE United States Forestry Service<br />
has adopted a new invention which<br />
plants from 10,000 to 15,000 forest tree<br />
seedlings a day. Previously the planting<br />
has been done by hand at the rate of 1,200<br />
to 1,500 trees each day per man.<br />
The machine was designed to set out<br />
cabbage and tomato plants, but works<br />
equally well with trees. It is about the<br />
size of an ordinary mowing machine and<br />
is operated by three men and two horses.<br />
One man drives the team while the other<br />
two handle the seedlings. The machine<br />
makes a furrow in which the trees are set<br />
at any desired distance, and an automatic<br />
device indicates where they should<br />
be dropped. Two metal-tired wheels<br />
push and roll the dirt firmly down<br />
around the roots. This is a very desirable<br />
feature, because the trees are apt to<br />
die if this is not well done. Two attachments<br />
make it possible to place water and<br />
fertilizer at the roots of each seedling.<br />
Another attachment marks the line on<br />
which the next row of trees is to be<br />
planted.<br />
This Machine Plants<br />
Seedlings at the Rate of<br />
1,000 an Hour<br />
No cost figures are available yet, but<br />
forestry officials say that the cost will be<br />
much less than when the planting is<br />
done by hand.<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 757<br />
NON-BURNING FRYING PAN<br />
l_JERE is a frying pan which should<br />
give a nice brown "fry" to any pork<br />
chop or slice of bacon, but which takes<br />
away all danger of scorching or burning.<br />
As burned pork chop, or hard, burned<br />
meat is not really a desirable thing for<br />
digestion, and as burned bacon is regarded<br />
by some people as actually<br />
poisonous, this new pan, which costs no<br />
more than the old kind, is an economy.<br />
Tiny depressions in the pan serve as<br />
little wells for fat. When meat, eggs,<br />
or cakes are being fried, an even distribution<br />
of fat is insured, and even<br />
though the pan is inclined from the<br />
proper horizontal position, such a frequent<br />
condition on the ordinary gas<br />
stove, it is still insured against the<br />
scorching process.
758 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
COMBINATION CEREAL<br />
COOKER AND TEA KETTLE<br />
THIS new cereal cooker saves space<br />
on the gas stove and is economical<br />
also in its use of gas. It is merely a<br />
double boiler for cereal, rice, or the like,<br />
but a tea kettle forms the base. This tea<br />
kettle does all the work necessary to its<br />
usual duties, but at the same time the<br />
steam it exudes cooks the cereal.<br />
TO MASSAGE THE GUMS<br />
A SMALL appliance suitable for massaging<br />
the gums in order to keep<br />
them'in good condition is shown in the<br />
accompanying illustration. It is so sim<br />
ple that it can be used by a child, and<br />
effective enough to appeal also to the<br />
adult. It can be used to reach the nooks<br />
and corners about the teeth, and is helpful<br />
in preventing pyorrhea by keeping the<br />
gums in good condition.<br />
St<br />
HOLDS TOOLS AND TABLE<br />
SILVER<br />
THIS auto kit is the last word in compactness.<br />
It contains screw driver,<br />
wrench, file, and other necessaries on one<br />
side, and knife, fork, and spoon on another.<br />
Two handles similar to ordinary<br />
knife handles of bone or celluloid come<br />
with the kit, and each tool as it is used<br />
is slipped into one of these. When<br />
closed, the whole outfit fits easily a<br />
A Compact Outfit of Tools and Eating Utensils<br />
pocket in a man's coat, or in the average<br />
lady's hand bag.<br />
H COIN-OPERATED<br />
PHONOGRAPH<br />
COME people who patronize nickel-inthe-slot<br />
music machines would prefer<br />
to hear a phonograph than they would a<br />
player piano or <strong>org</strong>an. Such a machine<br />
now is on the market, a machine that will<br />
play any standard disc record. It can be<br />
used in the home and made to pay for<br />
itself very easily.<br />
The volume of sound to be derived<br />
from the little machine for the small<br />
sum of one nickel is quite sufficient for<br />
a large sized room—or even for a dancing<br />
pavilion.
PERFUMED LINGERIE CLASPS<br />
"THE lingerie clasp is a necessity to<br />
the modern woman who wears Ge<strong>org</strong>ette<br />
crepe blouses. The newest style<br />
of clasp has a little compartment containing<br />
absorbent felt, and lady's favorite<br />
perfume or sachet on the absorbent<br />
When She Has That Lingering, Evanescent Perfume<br />
About Her—This Is the Answer<br />
produces a delicate perfume which while<br />
lasting, has not the "over-done" effect of<br />
perfume on the waist or handkerchief.<br />
CANNER FOR HOME USE<br />
YY7IIILE most fruits can be put up by<br />
the old "open kettle" method, most<br />
vegetables, meats, soups and fish require<br />
a different process. For this purpose the<br />
canning factory of household size has<br />
appeared. The vegetables or meats are<br />
packed into tins or jars, which are<br />
cooked within the canning outfit until<br />
absolutely sterile, then the containers are<br />
sealed or soldered airtight. This is particularly<br />
economical on the farm where<br />
good foods often go to waste because of<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 759<br />
You Need This Outfit for Your Summer Canning<br />
distance from market or because the surplus<br />
is too small each day.<br />
St<br />
JUVENILE POWER EXPRESS<br />
WAGON<br />
YV/ITH little folks, work and play are<br />
very distinct things if so named,<br />
but they may appear the same if work is<br />
given under the guise of play. Is there<br />
anything a small boy likes better than a<br />
red and black wagon which he can propel<br />
rapidly by hand or foot power? Yes,<br />
it is having something to do with the<br />
wagon. One popular model has a dumping<br />
car at the back in which sand, gravel,<br />
kindling, or dry leaves can be conveyed
760 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
and emptied, or the pets and favorite toys<br />
or parcels for mother can be carried.<br />
The vehicle can be propelled with any<br />
length of stroke from 5 to 15 inches.<br />
St<br />
EGG OR POTATO SLICER<br />
LJERE is a little device that will be<br />
found of value to the housewife in<br />
the preparation of salads, sandwiches or<br />
any dainty dishes for afternoon tea or<br />
evening refreshment. The contrivance<br />
cuts hard-boiled eggs, boiled potatoes<br />
and other products into eleven uniform<br />
slices in one operation.<br />
The cutting tray is of aluminum and<br />
the cutting handle nickel plated with<br />
automatically strung piano wires. It retails<br />
for seventy-five cents.<br />
St<br />
CRIB AND SWING COMBINED<br />
grown-up. It can be bought in either<br />
four- or six-foot lengths.<br />
HANG THE BABY IN A DOOR<br />
WAY<br />
I70R one dollar, the mother can secure<br />
this rock-a-bye swing, made of heavy<br />
duck and set on strong steel frames. A<br />
set of screw hooks comes with the swing,<br />
and these can be put around in the different<br />
places where the mother wishes to<br />
"hang" the baby—in doorways, from the<br />
porch ceiling, or low tree branches. The<br />
metal frame below serves also for making<br />
the swing into a comfortable bed<br />
suitable for everyday use.<br />
St<br />
TABLE AND ITS LEAVES<br />
TOGETHER<br />
T H E leaves of this dining room table<br />
always are ready for use. Just by<br />
pulling down the door on one side of the<br />
table they can be lifted out and used immediately.<br />
This is not only a saving in<br />
space, but a considerable work saver at<br />
times.<br />
With This Dining Table, the Leaves Are Always<br />
Right Where Needed
The Gripping Arms<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 761<br />
WATER-BOTTLE CARRIER<br />
" T H E handle's<br />
the thing"<br />
when it comes to<br />
carrying objects<br />
that are heavy,<br />
slippery, or of awkward<br />
shape. In<br />
some places the<br />
supplying of purified<br />
plain water, of<br />
natural mineral<br />
water, or of manufacturedcarbonated<br />
waters is quite<br />
a business. With a<br />
good strong handle<br />
more weight<br />
of liquid can be carried by the delivery<br />
men, and the saving of broken bottles or<br />
wasted contents more than pays for the<br />
inexpensive accessory. The handle<br />
works much like ice tongs. When placed<br />
about the lip of the bottle, the steel gripping<br />
arms are tightened.<br />
St<br />
PROTECTION FOR RARE<br />
FLOWERS<br />
N<br />
O W that all large cities make an<br />
event of their annual flower show,<br />
it is very important<br />
that<br />
the original<br />
color of the<br />
rare flowers<br />
exhibited be<br />
retained. This<br />
is almost impossible<br />
in the<br />
late summer<br />
and early fall.<br />
The intense<br />
light of the<br />
summer sun<br />
bleaches the<br />
first fresh tint<br />
of some of<br />
the strongly<br />
colored<br />
flowers, and<br />
the danger of<br />
early frost is another factor to be taken<br />
into consideration.<br />
European gardeners always have protected<br />
their rare flowers by some covering<br />
device, but in this country one now<br />
can obtain flower protectors in packages.<br />
The little protectors unfold and make a<br />
substantial covering even for the very<br />
largest flowers. They are made of<br />
water-proof cloth stretched on an iron<br />
frame. They can be adjusted to any desired<br />
height. By this means all the delicate<br />
gradations in the color of the flower<br />
are retained.<br />
St<br />
COOK IT IN THE LAMP SHADE<br />
T H E adaptation of electricity to cooking<br />
purposes has resulted in the invention<br />
and manufacture of many unique<br />
yet practical devices<br />
whereby<br />
many simple<br />
dishes may be<br />
prepared on<br />
short notice.<br />
One of the latest<br />
of these devices<br />
is a combination<br />
electric<br />
lamp and stove.<br />
On removing<br />
the shade and<br />
inverting it, it<br />
screws into the<br />
socket and<br />
forms a cooking<br />
bowl, in which<br />
water can be<br />
boiled, milk<br />
d T h e Lamp Stove<br />
or<br />
soups heated. The base of the stand is<br />
hollow and contains a toaster, receptacle,<br />
and grill. These may be removed and<br />
fitted within the inverted bowl.<br />
During the past few months, manypeople<br />
living in "non-housekeeping<br />
rooms" have purchased these lamps in<br />
order to be able to enjoy little snacks<br />
from time to time without having to<br />
borrow a kitchen, or use an open gas<br />
flame and a hatpin.
"SUPERCRITTERS"<br />
By JULIUS R. ROBERTSON<br />
T<br />
""\HE famous wolf of Gevaudan,<br />
France, in the course of ten<br />
months' time was said to have<br />
eaten scores of people, to<br />
have attacked mounted men<br />
at noon on the king's highway, and it is<br />
a fact that a reward of ten thousand<br />
francs—two thousand dollars—was<br />
placed upon his head. When he was<br />
shot finally he was found to be a wolf<br />
of common breed and of less than average<br />
size. Robert Louis Stevenson, in<br />
commenting upon this famous beast,<br />
said: "If all wolves had been as this<br />
wolf, they would have changed the history<br />
of man."<br />
We have to admit that this animal<br />
must have had a creative mind and spirit<br />
of his own and showed unmistakable<br />
signs of superiority over all others of<br />
his species—in other words, that he had<br />
the ear marks of wdiat we are accustomed<br />
in men to designate as genius.<br />
After all, what is genius in man?<br />
Does it depend upon extraordinarily<br />
quick foot work, combined with a funny<br />
face, as with Charlie Chaplin? Upon a<br />
peculiarly shaped voice box—purejy a<br />
physical endowment, as with Caruso ?<br />
Upon superb quickness of mind backed<br />
by an astounding dexterity and nimble-<br />
762<br />
Lady Eglantine Was a Wonder Woman to All the Dapper<br />
Young Cockerels<br />
Dan Patch, the King of Pacers<br />
ness of the fingers, as with Kellerman,<br />
the magician ? Upon the ability to stand<br />
and deliver hard knocks, as with Jess<br />
Willard ? Yet each of these men is so<br />
far superior to all other men in the same<br />
fields that we are obliged, if for no other<br />
reason than the want of a better term, to<br />
call their top-notch ability a kind of<br />
genius.<br />
If it includes all these things, the<br />
physical as well as the mental qualities,<br />
then certainly there are a number of<br />
animals, who, together with these men,<br />
seem to have the right to be considered<br />
in that rare class of creation<br />
known as genius.<br />
Our wolf of Gevaudan was<br />
an instance of the superbeast<br />
of the past generation. We<br />
don't have to go outside our<br />
own times, however, to find<br />
illustrious examples.<br />
The first candidate for the<br />
laurel crown is a quiet and<br />
lowly quadruped whose name<br />
is already famous to a greater<br />
number of farmers than is<br />
that of many a man who be<br />
lieved his glory imperishable.<br />
Her name—for it is a "she"
—is Murne Cowan, the greatest cow the<br />
world has ever known.<br />
In one year's time this remarkable<br />
animal produced 1098.18 pounds of butter<br />
fat and a milk yield of 24,008<br />
pounds. As milk from the dairy herd<br />
of which she is a member fetches ten<br />
cents a quart, if her twelve-month output<br />
had been sold merely as raw milk,<br />
a gross income of three dollars a day,<br />
or over a thousand dollars a year, would<br />
have been secured from this one animal<br />
alone.<br />
Remarkable ? Rather ! Still more rein<br />
a r k able<br />
perhaps, that<br />
d u r i n g her<br />
heifer days,<br />
M u r n e<br />
Cowan was<br />
not regarded<br />
as anything<br />
u n usual. In<br />
fact she was<br />
disposed of<br />
by her unsu<br />
specting<br />
owner for a<br />
song. She<br />
was sold as a<br />
member of a<br />
drove of<br />
nine, the lot<br />
fetching<br />
only eleven<br />
hundred dollars.<br />
O. C.<br />
Barberton, of Barberton, Ohio, was the<br />
fortunate purchaser. At the age of six,<br />
under her new owner, she was developing<br />
an unusual reputation. At this time<br />
her annual yield was 16,729 pounds of<br />
milk and 845.41 pounds of butter fat.<br />
February 19, 1915, she leaped into the<br />
limelight with the astounding record as<br />
first stated.<br />
Murne Cowan is a Guernsey. In making<br />
her record she wrested the championship<br />
title from another of her own<br />
breed. May Rilma.<br />
One Tilly Alcartra, a Holstein cow<br />
and a native of California, made a claim<br />
"SUPERCRITTERS" 763<br />
of contesting, for a little while, Murne's<br />
record. Tilly could show a record of<br />
annual production of 30,452.6 pounds of<br />
milk. Under old time methods of computing<br />
milk values Murne would probably<br />
have had to take second place.<br />
Modern scientific methods, however, are<br />
used in judging records. In spite of her<br />
large yield in pounds Tilly could claim<br />
only 951.3 pounds of this as butter fat.<br />
Then, too, it cost more to feed Tilly,<br />
and the actual profit off Murne was the<br />
greater.<br />
This matter of feeding so as to get<br />
the most out<br />
of an animal<br />
has also of<br />
course been<br />
reduced to a<br />
science.<br />
Again, however,<br />
the pers<br />
o n a 1 equation—not<br />
of<br />
the feeder,<br />
b u t of the<br />
animal—must<br />
be taken into<br />
consideration.<br />
Just as some<br />
humans are<br />
thin, starved<br />
and of uncertaintemperament,<br />
so it is<br />
Murne Cowan Was a Phenomenal Butter Fat Producer<br />
with animals.<br />
The restless,<br />
nervous animal usually looks "poor".<br />
Then there is the other extreme, the<br />
animal that seems to make every atom<br />
of food go far. Such animals grow fat,<br />
or give great quantities of milk. Usually<br />
it will be found, too. that these animals<br />
are of equable dispositions. Race, and<br />
breeding, and care will count of course<br />
as factors in producing remarkable animals,<br />
but sometimes an unknown equation<br />
enters, that mysterious thing known<br />
as the personal element, and the result<br />
is a genius in the animal world.<br />
It costs about two hundred fifteen<br />
dollars a year, or 59 cents a day, to feed
764 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Murne Cowan. Here are some comparative<br />
figures showing feeding costs and<br />
milk yields as compiled by the United<br />
States Department of Agriculture:<br />
Number ol<br />
Cows<br />
Average Yield per<br />
Cow in Pounds<br />
o! Milt<br />
16 .... 2,349<br />
33 .... 3,648<br />
78 .... 4,596<br />
111 .... 5,450<br />
109 .... 6,445<br />
60 .... 7,514<br />
36 .... 9,049<br />
FEED COST<br />
Per Cow Per 100<br />
Yearly Lbs. Milt<br />
$43.93 $1.87<br />
49.47 1.36<br />
55.00 1.20<br />
59.91 1.10<br />
62.85 .98<br />
70.38 .94<br />
80.45 .89<br />
These figures show that the cost of<br />
feeding per one hundred pounds of milk<br />
decreases rapidly up to about six thousand<br />
pounds yield, after which the decline<br />
in cost is very slight. The lesson<br />
to be derived from this fact (according<br />
to the Department of Agriculture) is<br />
that it is of much greater importance to<br />
increase the milk yield up to between six<br />
and seven thousand pounds than it is to<br />
attempt to get the yield above this figure,<br />
as far as the economy of the use of food<br />
is concerned. It is easier to increase the<br />
quantity of milk when it is low than<br />
when it is high.<br />
These figures also show how impossible<br />
it is to produce a genius in the cow<br />
world merely by stuffing it with food.<br />
It can no more be done in the quadruped<br />
kingdom than it can be done in the<br />
domain of man by stuffing the mind with<br />
learning. Genius, whether among; men<br />
or cows, will out of itself.<br />
Aside from crossing the road, a hen's<br />
function in life seems to consist in laying<br />
eggs. More than one hen has proved<br />
that genius may show itself in the latter<br />
humble field. The most conspicuous instance<br />
of this was the famous hen, Lady<br />
Eglantine. Lady Eglantine was a product<br />
of Maryland. She is one of the few<br />
instances in the world's history where a<br />
physical genius actually was developed.<br />
Her owner went on the theory that fine<br />
feathers do not make necessarily fine<br />
birds. Therefore he discarded poultry<br />
show ideals, and bred for a producer.<br />
He selected a father whose mother had<br />
an excellent reputation as an egg producer.<br />
Both of Lady Eglantine's parents<br />
were of highly inbred stock. She came,<br />
too, of a stock that had been accustomed<br />
to eating and assimilating enormous<br />
quantities of food. Lady Eglantine was<br />
a proof positive that careful breeding of<br />
egg layers pays. In one year she made<br />
the remarkable record of having brought<br />
forth three hundred fourteen eggs. It<br />
wasn't leap year either. A score of her<br />
sisters made a record of an average of<br />
two hundred thirty eggs apiece for the<br />
same period.<br />
Lady Eglantine was white leghorn.<br />
She left at her demise but twelve known<br />
offspring, nine roosters and three hens.<br />
She is the type of fowl that makes the<br />
eugenists clamor loudly as an example<br />
for human beings to follow. But hens<br />
are much easier to breed right than men.<br />
Those with brains won't permit themselves<br />
to be used for scientific purposes<br />
and all others are worthless.<br />
When we are discussing genius among<br />
animals we are on safest ground, apparently,<br />
when we consider the horse.<br />
Here we will find deeds and temperament<br />
going hand in hand. The racinghorse<br />
has all the sensitiveness of the<br />
artist.<br />
Horse racing in America probably<br />
reached its zenith in the year 1903. That<br />
may not have been the year when the<br />
public took the most interest in the sport,<br />
but it is the year that some of the most<br />
phenomenal trotting and pacing records<br />
were made.<br />
Take the case of Dan Patch. Dan
Patch, as the sporting world knows, was<br />
the most remarkable horse this country<br />
ever produced. On October 22, 1903,<br />
he smashed the world's pacing record<br />
(his own) by doing the mile in 1:56^.<br />
He began his remarkable career in 1901,<br />
being at that time five years old. In that<br />
year the pacing record was held by Star<br />
Pointer, made back in 1897, 1:59}4. In<br />
1902 Star Pointer still held the record.<br />
In August of that year Dan Patch set a<br />
new record of 1:59.<br />
He had a rather irregular pedigree behind<br />
him. Flis father, Joe Patchen, and<br />
his mother Tellica, while of good stock,<br />
did not come of spectacular ancestry.<br />
Personality, instead of pedigree, was<br />
being considered more in horse breeding<br />
in the closing years of the nineteenth<br />
century.<br />
His mother was a fast<br />
trotter, but of a disagreeable<br />
temper. Dan Patch<br />
was the only one of his<br />
line that seems to have<br />
escaped this curse of temperament.<br />
Also he seems<br />
to have been the only one<br />
that was really a superior animal, all his<br />
brothers, sisters, and offspring, showing<br />
no real speed, but plenty of crankiness,<br />
thereby proving that genius and irritability<br />
may be incompatible, after all.<br />
In the same year that Dan Patch electrified<br />
the sporting world by his fleetness<br />
at Memphis, Tennessee, Lou Dillon<br />
smashed all trotting records. Her pedigree<br />
is well worthy of note, being decidedly<br />
short on her dam's side. She had<br />
distinguished ancestors on her father's<br />
side, but her granddam is unknown.<br />
In 1892 Nancy Hanks established a<br />
"ibiJPERCRITTERS" 765<br />
new trotting record of 2:04. It took<br />
nine years to reduce this to 2:02^4, made<br />
by Cresceus, in 1901.<br />
In 1903, the great year, Lou Dillon<br />
cut the record down to 1:58^. Cresceus<br />
that same year had brought his record<br />
down to 1:59j4, but Lou Dillon quickly<br />
regained the title.<br />
In the horse racing world there is the<br />
story of two mares, whose personality<br />
triumphed over apparent physical defects.<br />
They had been thrown into the<br />
discard, but they lived to prove that just<br />
as genius does not necessarily beget<br />
genius, so even among horses the imperfect<br />
may be the parents of prodigies.<br />
The story is, that over thirty years ago<br />
a telegraph operator was bitten by the<br />
racing bug. He had little money and<br />
no opportunity therefore to<br />
acquire a "blooded" animal.<br />
About this time, the Stout<br />
Brothers, lumber merchants,<br />
had established one of the<br />
most famous stock farms in<br />
America. They had bought a<br />
famous stallion Nutwood and<br />
a stable of pedigreed mares.<br />
Two of these were considered worthless<br />
either for racing or breeding purposes,<br />
one being what is known as "curbylegged",<br />
the other of doubtful ancestry<br />
and of no particular appearance so far as<br />
racing was concerned.<br />
Both were bought by the telegraph<br />
operator, for the price of $225. The new<br />
owner, whose name was Williams,<br />
shipped them to Kentucky. With this<br />
handicap of parentage, nevertheless,<br />
these mares had for offspring, Axtel and<br />
Allerton, in their time two famous racers<br />
and sires.
No Time for a Loaf<br />
SOME time ago, when a local corps was reviewed<br />
by Sir Ian Hamilton, one officer was<br />
mounted on a horse that had previously distinguished<br />
itself in a bakery business. Somebody<br />
recognized the horse, and shouted,<br />
"Baker I" The horse promptly stopped dead,<br />
and nothing could urge it on.<br />
The situation was getting painful when the<br />
officer was struck with a brilliant idea, and<br />
remarked, "Not today, thank you." The procession<br />
then moved on.<br />
Those Short Skirts<br />
BUTLER—"Miss Van Smythe asks, sir, if you<br />
will step in the next room, as she wishes to<br />
come down stairs."<br />
His Boast<br />
ARGUS boasted. "I can stand the eye for an<br />
eye policy longer than anyone else," he cried.<br />
St<br />
What He Didn't Know<br />
A COUNTRYMAN, in town for the day, grew<br />
so bewildered in crossing a crowded street<br />
that he stepped in front of a slowly moving<br />
trolley car and was knocked down before it<br />
could be stopped. More confused than hurt,<br />
he scrambled to his feet right in the path of a<br />
motorcycle coming on the other side of the<br />
car, and was again bowled over. As he once<br />
more got up he looked at the car and then at<br />
the motorcycle.<br />
"Huh!" he said. "I didn't know the blamed<br />
thing had a colt."<br />
766<br />
Above the Footlights<br />
"EVER notice the expression on the ballet<br />
dancer's face?"<br />
"No!"<br />
"Look at it the next time!"<br />
St<br />
Causation<br />
LAW PROFESSOR—"State briefly two grounds<br />
for divorce."<br />
STUDENT—"Jitney income, and limousine<br />
wife."<br />
Now They Don't Speak<br />
"WHAT did you say that your age was?" he<br />
asked between dances.<br />
"I didn't say," smartly returned the girl,<br />
"but I've just reached twenty-one."<br />
"Is that possible !" he consoled. "What detained<br />
you?"<br />
Down-Trodden Sex<br />
"Bv gorry, I'm tired."<br />
"There you go! You're tired! Here I be<br />
a-standin' over a hot stove all day an' you<br />
wurkin' in a nice cool sewer!"<br />
Scratched<br />
"SOLOMON had a thousand wives."<br />
"Then I bet he never carried his precinct."
Recovery Paid<br />
IN times of peace Smith might have been<br />
an author who had drifted into some useful<br />
occupation, such as that of a blacksmith, but<br />
just now he is cook to the Blankshire officers'<br />
mess. Smith sent Murphy into the village to<br />
bring home some chickens ordered for the<br />
mess.<br />
"MURPHY," said Smith, the next day, "when<br />
you fetch me chickens again, see that they are<br />
fastened up properly. That lot you fetched<br />
yesterday all got loose, and though I scouted<br />
the village I only managed to secure ten of<br />
them."<br />
"SH !" said Murphy. "I only brought six."<br />
J«<br />
The Patriot<br />
"I DON'T see how you can justly say that I<br />
am blind to the best interests of our country,"<br />
fumes the man with the badges on his coat.<br />
"Didn't I march in the preparedness parade,<br />
and ain't I going to send these blankets to the<br />
national guard just as soon as I get the rest<br />
of my European war orders filled?"<br />
Si<br />
The Usual Story<br />
She said 'twas naughty, wasn't nice.<br />
She said she would resist him—<br />
Each ancient feminine device—<br />
And then, of course, she kissed him.<br />
J*<br />
Harem Scandal<br />
FIRST TURKISH MATRON—"It is positively<br />
indecent how transparent these young women<br />
are wearing veils !"<br />
SECOND TURKISH MATRON—"Yes. The first<br />
thing you know they'll be discarding their<br />
trousers!"<br />
BLOWING OFF STEAM 767<br />
How the Indian Got His Receipt<br />
W H E N Francis E. Leupp was Indian Commissioner<br />
a Choctaw brave paid him a debt<br />
of fifty dollars for professional services. Mr.<br />
Leupp thanked him for the money, but the<br />
Indian stood with arms folded, evidently waiting<br />
for something else. The Commissioner,<br />
therefore, asked the red man what he wanted,<br />
and received the reply:<br />
"Waiting for receipt."<br />
"What do you want a receipt for?" asked<br />
Mr. Leupp; "are you afraid that I will ask<br />
you for this money a second time?"<br />
The Indian shrugged his shoulder and said:<br />
"When I go meet the great Father Saint<br />
Peter he will want me to show receipt for<br />
fifty dollars which I paid you, before I can<br />
enter heaven. I want to show receipt when I<br />
come to the gate; I don't want hunt all over<br />
hell to find you."<br />
The Indian was given his receipt.<br />
St Sweet Reassurance<br />
"AND will you love me to the end?" she<br />
asked, cuddling in his arms, after their first<br />
quarrel.<br />
"Yes," he replied with all the fervor of his<br />
soul, "no matter how soon it may come."<br />
St<br />
No Telling<br />
A RATHER patronizing individual from town<br />
was observing with considerable interest the<br />
operations of a farmer with whom he had put<br />
up for a while.<br />
As he watched the old man sow the seed in<br />
his field the man from the city called out<br />
facetiously:<br />
"Well done, old chap. You sow; I reap the<br />
fruits."<br />
Whereupon the farmer grinned and replied:<br />
"Maybe you will. I am sowing hemp."<br />
St<br />
Dangerous<br />
"TAKE it away! Take it away!" said the<br />
editor, handing the amateur poet's poem back<br />
to him.<br />
"What's the matter? Why are you so disturbed?"<br />
| "Take it away! Your meter is so leaky that<br />
I'm afraid to tackle it without a gas mask."
LIGHTING THE MOVIE<br />
STUDIO<br />
By F. A. MURPHY<br />
I N the United States today are more<br />
than a hundred motion picture concerns,<br />
more than five thousand regularly<br />
employed motion picture<br />
actors, and countless casuals and<br />
"supes", and the amount of money invested<br />
mounts up to many millions.<br />
To protect this investment, the photographynecessarily<br />
has<br />
to be superb,<br />
and<br />
perfect<br />
photography<br />
demands ext<br />
raordinary<br />
lighting equipment.<br />
The motion picture<br />
camera makes sixteen exposures<br />
to the seconc<br />
This high rate of speed requires<br />
a lighting that will<br />
act unerringly on the sensitized<br />
film. The quality<br />
and quantity of light must<br />
be uniform and constant as<br />
long as the camera man<br />
turns the crank. Satisfactory<br />
light does not necessarily<br />
mean the mellow<br />
glow of sunshine. Half<br />
the studios are today<br />
equipped with mercury arc<br />
lighting apparatus that<br />
casts a greenish, sickly hue<br />
upon the countenances of<br />
the actors. Whereas the<br />
motion picture theater-goer sees a fair<br />
damsel of creamy skin and light fluffy<br />
hair, happily folded in the arms of a<br />
noble, bronzed hero, the camera man, the<br />
director and all, in fact, who are taking<br />
part in the production see only the pallor<br />
of green anemia upon the cheeks of the<br />
768<br />
cooing pair. In fact, no movie heroine<br />
is beautiful to her leading man.<br />
Overhead are great batteries of<br />
Cooper Hewitt lights—strong but cool<br />
lights—scores upon scores of them, and<br />
from every wall the overhead batteries<br />
are reinforced by others equally formidable.<br />
The ideal light is actinic, that is,<br />
rich in the green, blue and violet rays.<br />
It has not the glare of the ordinary<br />
electric light because the light is diffused<br />
everywhere, not<br />
concentrated, not<br />
coming from a point;<br />
it comes from an area.<br />
An elaborate mechanism<br />
is required in<br />
conjunction with the<br />
lights of a motion picture<br />
studio. The batteries<br />
are suspended<br />
from a trolley system<br />
so that they may be<br />
run back or forth<br />
across the huge stage<br />
to any position that<br />
may be required. This<br />
necessitates a great<br />
deal of changing and<br />
moving about of the<br />
lights, so a unit that<br />
is easily handled is a<br />
prime necessity. The<br />
battery illustrated<br />
here has proved itself<br />
The Cooper-Hewitt Battery to be most satisfactory.<br />
It can be connected or disconnected<br />
in a hurry, and wheeled over to the<br />
place where an exciting scene is being<br />
filmed without summoning a whole staff<br />
of porters and electrical experts to do<br />
the moving—one efficient electrician can<br />
tend a dozen batteries.
,*• *.* f " «*•*'<br />
J"WfcW^"<br />
WINTER PROSPECTORS ABOVE "FORTY-MILE"<br />
THE GOLD PROSPECTOR<br />
OF TODAY<br />
By H. CORT LOWE<br />
Y E L L O W gold with its dull. to better advantage. And to all comes<br />
satiny glow virgin from the the quiet satisfaction of a living wrested<br />
earth, irregular shaped, is from the most taintless of soutces and a<br />
something that comparatively virile life spent at Nature's own door<br />
few people, outside of mining way. And there is always just around<br />
camps, have seen. There is a lure in its the corner the lure of the big strike,<br />
yellow depths, a call to possession, that urgent and haunting, as potent as at any<br />
amounts almost to a fever. The stories time since the white man discovered a<br />
that come down from the North of the yellow metal in the North.<br />
discovery and the romance and the ad The procedure of the small operator<br />
venture of the ceaseless search, the call is fascinating. Ground forty, sixty, two<br />
that leads men to live the lives of her hundred feet deep is worked. At a depth<br />
mits, of moles burrowing under ground, of two hundred feet the gravel is frozen<br />
risking rheumatism, accident and frost as firmly as at the surface. No tembite,<br />
are as glamorous today as was the perature at that latitude, of course,<br />
lurid call of the Klondike and the Forty- could freeze this ground down from the<br />
Mile country, the call that first led men surface. It has been frozen layer upon<br />
into the frozen North.<br />
layer as it steadily worked itself into<br />
The big operator today moves yards place in the eons of time since the mas<br />
more of gravel than were dreamed of in todon roamed the same hills and valleys.<br />
the olden days and more efficiently and Incidentally, it has been the lot of scores<br />
quicker. But the little outfits, two or of miners to dig up on bedrock mam<br />
three men working together, work also moth tusks and bones of the same extinct<br />
769
770 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
quadruped, specimens perfect and flawless<br />
that museums the world over would<br />
gladly welcome to their galleries.<br />
Let us follow, in a hurried way, the<br />
procedure "Long Shorty" and "The<br />
Malamute" take as a sample of the<br />
present day prospecting in deep ground.<br />
A spot is selected where experience<br />
shows the dirt to be not over fifty feet<br />
deep to bedrock. Gold usually lies from<br />
one to five feet just above the original<br />
rock. A steam prospecting boiler of<br />
from four to eight horsepower, light,<br />
portable and simple, is set up. This is<br />
connected by rubber hose to a common<br />
cast iron pipe three-quarters of an inch<br />
in size. A tripod of three timbers tied<br />
together is set up and the pipe placed<br />
horizontally against this with one end on<br />
the ground at the spot wdiere the shaft<br />
will be sunk. Steam is turned on and<br />
as the live steam, shooting from the pipe<br />
into the ground, thaws the frozen muck<br />
and gravel, the pipe is twisted and<br />
pushed down with the aid of wrenches.<br />
Deeper and deeper it goes, gradually<br />
working to a depth of fifteen or twenty<br />
feet. Then another pipe of sufficient<br />
length is coupled to it and the twisting<br />
continues. This process is kept up until<br />
the pipe is worked down to bedrock.<br />
Steam tl.en is left turned on in the pipe<br />
for a length of time, varying with the<br />
kind of ground being worked, usually<br />
from two to four days. By this time the<br />
gravel is thawed for a distance of three<br />
feet all around the pipe. The pipe then<br />
is pulled out and the shaft is ready to<br />
be "mucked out."<br />
A windlass is set up over the hole on<br />
a cribbing of poles a few feet high and<br />
one of the partners, protected against the<br />
biting cold by "parka" and packshoes,<br />
takes his place at the handle. The other<br />
goes into the hole and the mucking is<br />
started.<br />
P.ucket after bucket is taken out and<br />
dumped just over the edge of the cribbing,<br />
and as the pile of muck grows, the<br />
man in the hole works deeper and<br />
deeper. Progress is usually from five to<br />
ten feet a day.<br />
After two weeks of this alternate<br />
freezing and sweating the hole has<br />
progressed close to bedrock and hope<br />
rises and falls in the hearts of the partners<br />
and the gravel is watched closer<br />
and closer and analyzed and discussed—<br />
and sometimes cussed. This is the time<br />
to begin to pan. All water is frozen and<br />
to put the hands into cold water outside<br />
is to invite frost-bite. So a sample of<br />
the gravel is taken to the cabin and there<br />
in the warmth and comfort is panned in<br />
a tub and the result is made known.<br />
Hope is never abandoned until the original<br />
bedrock is reached.<br />
Then it is either a case of black looks<br />
all around, a realizing of the futility of<br />
aspirations and endeavors and a burrowing<br />
into the robes for a two or three<br />
days' sleep or else a general rejoicing of<br />
all hands. Each celebrates after his individual<br />
style; the siren is tied open, the<br />
bar is wrecked and the doxology is sung.<br />
Only in this case "God save the King"<br />
or the Swedish national air is apt to<br />
take the place of the doxology. Strange<br />
as it may seem there are comparatively<br />
few Americans in the country. British,<br />
Scotch, and Swedish predominate.<br />
If the pay justifies it then a larger<br />
boiler is secured and a small steam hoist<br />
is set up, and the process known as<br />
"taking out a winter dump" is started.<br />
As mentioned before, no water is to be<br />
had, and the pay dirt is hoisted and<br />
dumped on a pile which grows with the<br />
result of each day's work and remains<br />
there until the break-up in the spring.<br />
Securely established under ground<br />
with the one man who remains on top<br />
housed in the engine-room and out of<br />
the cold, all can laugh at the marrowfreezing<br />
weather now. The temperature<br />
fifty feet below the surface, winter<br />
and summer, remains about the same,<br />
just below the freezing point.<br />
Here steam is requisitioned again and<br />
this time forced horizontally into the<br />
dirt through "points", little more than<br />
hollow pipes with driving heads attached.<br />
These points are driven into<br />
the frozen gravel abotit two feet apart
and two above the bedrock. They are<br />
allowed to steam from ten to twenty<br />
hours and when withdrawn leave a<br />
thawed section of gravel about five feet<br />
high, as deep as the length of the points,<br />
usually ten feet, and of different lengths.<br />
Wheelbarrows are then called into play<br />
and this thawed section is picked and<br />
wheeled to the bucket and sent to the<br />
surface. As one thaw is being lifted out<br />
the points are in at another place and<br />
this thaw is in turn hoisted and the<br />
points driven again.<br />
Few miners once initiated into the<br />
mysteries of a "gravel-mine" will ever<br />
return to other kinds of mining and,<br />
HOW WE BUILT OUR HOUSE 771<br />
although the work is of the very hardest<br />
and the life the plainest, it all holds a<br />
fascination hard to overcome.<br />
With the longer days and the warmer<br />
sunshine of the spring the frozen water<br />
is loosened in one big rush and the<br />
sluice boxes are set up and the dirt<br />
shoveled in and the clean-up made.<br />
These are the happiest days of the<br />
miner's life. With the merry swirl of<br />
the water in the boxes and the dull<br />
gleam of the "colors" between the riffles<br />
he is made to f<strong>org</strong>et his hardships of the<br />
winter passed. His troubles are about<br />
over. The snows will be gone soon and<br />
the blueberries ripe.<br />
HOW WE BUILT OUR HOUSE<br />
OUR OKLAHOMA HOME TODAY<br />
IRAN a pumping station on the M., in Texas. There were five of us in the<br />
K. & T. R. R. Wages were only family. After a time we bought a small<br />
S60.00 per month, but fish and property near the pumping station. At<br />
game were plentiful, and we saved once, it seemed, the town began to grow<br />
a little money. hi the opposite direction, and in three<br />
Then I was transferred to a station years our property had depreciated.
772 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
About this time I joined a so-called<br />
"Co-operative Colony", the officers of<br />
which had surveyed a "townsite" on<br />
Puget Sound, in Washington. I got together<br />
what little cash I could and we<br />
went to the "new country."<br />
For a time it seemed as though I was<br />
to be successful at last, for the first time<br />
since my marriage. Then the "bubble"<br />
burst, the colony split up and—I was left<br />
with less than $100, and no employment.<br />
Finally I got work, and a few months<br />
later I filed a claim on a 160-acre tract<br />
of Government land, about four miles<br />
from the nearest village.<br />
Again, things seemed to pick up. We<br />
lived on and did the required amount of<br />
work, "proved up" on it at $1.25 an acre,<br />
then sold it for $3,000 cash.<br />
Then it was that I imagined I heard<br />
opportunity loudly knocking on the door.<br />
I invested our entire little fortune in<br />
"city lots", in the town of Port Angeles,<br />
which, just then, was booming.<br />
For a short time the boom continued,<br />
then went to pieces. I could not sell at<br />
any price. Taxes soon ate up what little<br />
I had saved.<br />
Thoroughly disgusted with booms, we<br />
moved again, to the mining region of<br />
Missouri. Here, wages were good; I<br />
made on an average of $100 a month,<br />
but rent and other living expenses also<br />
were high. We had to pay $35 a month<br />
for rent.<br />
Here is how we stood at the end of<br />
one year:<br />
Amount earned $1,200<br />
Rent $420.00<br />
Heat and lighting (gas) .. . 36.00<br />
Groceries 480.00<br />
Taxes, personal and road. . 10.00<br />
Clothing (I bought nothing<br />
for myself) 165.00<br />
Other small necessities. .. . 30.00<br />
Car fare, to work and<br />
back, at 10c a trip 31.00<br />
Doctor bills 22.00<br />
Pleasure 000.00<br />
1,104<br />
Savings $6.00<br />
You will notice that pleasure is<br />
marked "zero", and advisedly so, for we<br />
had none—not even an extra car ride or<br />
picture show.<br />
This would never do. We talked the<br />
matter over and decided upon a plan—<br />
something that our neighbors smiled at,<br />
secretly.<br />
We had an ingrained horror of going<br />
into debt—my wife wouldn't agree to it<br />
at all. Finally she modified her ideas<br />
sufficiently to let me do this:<br />
In a bustling little mining town of<br />
Oklahoma, thirty miles away (a "town"<br />
of tents and shanties, as yet), they were<br />
selling large building lots for fifty dollars<br />
each, on payments of five dollars a<br />
month. The lots were heavily timbered.<br />
Our rent was paid up for two weeks<br />
and my family had enough to live on<br />
that length of time. Myself and boy secured<br />
the lot and began the erection of<br />
a log hut. We had plenty of timber.<br />
Roof, floor, part of the walls, and doors,<br />
were made from clapboards split from<br />
oak timber by means of an ax and froe.<br />
In wet seasons the water stood in the<br />
hollow (one corner of lot), so we built<br />
the shack on a high foundation of logs.<br />
There were three rooms. Nails and windows<br />
(all the material we bought) were<br />
purchased at a total cost of five dollars.<br />
Inside of twelve days we had finished<br />
and moved into our new home, and I<br />
again went to work at same wage I had<br />
received in Missouri.<br />
This was the turning point in our fortunes.<br />
The house we built has paid us<br />
well, both in comfort and as an actual<br />
investment. We have had two good<br />
chances to sell it for $2,500, but we have<br />
preferred to hold on to it.<br />
We now have $2,400 in the bank,<br />
$2,000 of it drawing four per cent interest,<br />
and as property has advanced in<br />
value greatly, our fifty-dollar lot and<br />
$2,500 home would easily bring $4,000.<br />
But we have no intention of selling—<br />
Oklahoma is plenty good enough for<br />
us.<br />
That is the way we got our home—<br />
and we are proud of it.
RECOVERING A TORPEDO<br />
773
174<br />
WET JOBS<br />
THE CORNISH (GREAT BRITAIN) CLAY PITS ARE NOW WORKED BY WOMEN<br />
WASHERS EXCLUSIVELY<br />
THESE HEAVY STEEL NETS ARE BEING SUNK AS PROTECTIONS FOR ALL BRITISH<br />
HARBORS, AND ALONG "SUBMARINE AISLES"
THE ENGLISH "MILKMAN"<br />
>3 Skirts Are Becoming<br />
Obsolete<br />
All over the British Isles,<br />
women arc adopting trousers,<br />
blouse and puttees as regular<br />
costume. This makes more<br />
easy their transformation into<br />
the "milkman," chauffeurs,<br />
motormen, cabbies, farmers,<br />
and laborers, who are doing the<br />
ork of the nation at<br />
17,
WARTIME ODDITIES<br />
The New German Staff Cars<br />
These, because of the shortage of rubber in the Empire,<br />
are equipped with the all spring wheels shown in the<br />
above photograph.<br />
[RWCGD 4 UNDtHWOOD<br />
WHEN THE WIRELESS FAILS<br />
The first reliable wartime messengers were carrier pigeons, and though today the wireless phone and telegraph<br />
have supplanted these winged "A. D. T.'s", in large measure, they still are kept on hand to be used in case of<br />
breakdown.<br />
116
FRUIT FOR TOURISTS<br />
By V. W. KILLICR<br />
A ROADSIDE FRUIT STAND NEAR SAN JOSE. CALIFORNIA<br />
T H R O U G H O U T Southern<br />
California, along the sides of<br />
its splendid macadamized automobile<br />
highways, fruit<br />
ranchers lately have been<br />
adopting a new method of selling their<br />
products to visiting tourists.<br />
Some of the ranchers have erected attractive<br />
displays of their fruits on their<br />
property abutting the roadways. Bunting<br />
is extensively used for decorating in<br />
many cases while all the stands are provided<br />
with canopies to protect the fruit<br />
on display from the sun's rays. Four or<br />
more upright posts set in the ground<br />
with a frame of light wood on the top<br />
for stretching a plain sheet of canvas<br />
forms a good canopy or in the more pretentious<br />
stands a permanent pergola with<br />
a lathed top thatched with palm leaves<br />
serves this purpose. Xo attempts are<br />
made at constructing houses; the displays<br />
are open to the weather. Oranges,<br />
lemons, grapefruit, melons, peaches and<br />
grapes are displayed frequently on<br />
wooden racks which show them ofF to<br />
advantage. Small baskets and boxes of<br />
fruit are placed about the ground in an<br />
ornamental manner.<br />
During the winter season, when the<br />
orange market is at its height, and the<br />
tourists are thickest in California there<br />
are sometimes as many as five or six attendants<br />
waiting on customers in some<br />
of these booths. Fruit is sold every day<br />
in the week, and Sunday is always the<br />
busiest day.<br />
At one of these farmer's fruit stands<br />
on a popular highway connecting the<br />
cities of Glendale and Pasadena, the<br />
owner reported that as many as two<br />
thousand automobiles pass by his place<br />
in a day and upon one particular Sunday<br />
afternoon the stopping of so many visitors'<br />
cars before his stand blockaded<br />
the traffic. A police officer was sent out<br />
from Glendale to systematize the traffic<br />
confusion and was forced to remain on<br />
the highway the remainder of the afternoon<br />
directing the passing cars.<br />
This rancher also stated he has sold<br />
as much as $500 worth of oranges at his<br />
stand in a month while his most profitable<br />
day brought $97.<br />
777
778 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
NEW WAYS OF S WING MILLIONS<br />
(Continued f<br />
easier and more sanitary methods of<br />
carrying on this work.<br />
These home-made labor-saving devices,<br />
in which this branch of the Government<br />
specializes, are of two varieties,<br />
those designed to save time and<br />
trouble and those which turn waste<br />
products into usable and valuable material.<br />
To the first class belong such utensils<br />
as the "scrubbing chariot", a small,<br />
three-sided box on wheels or casters,<br />
with a receptacle for soap attached to<br />
one side, on which the scrubber can<br />
kneel and cover a large area of floor<br />
space in about one-third the time it<br />
would take her to do it in the oldfashioned<br />
way ; the dustless mop ; the<br />
wheel tray, a home-made adaptation<br />
i if the afternoon tea tray of society;<br />
the tireless cooker; and the iceless refrigerator.<br />
The iceless refrigerator, of which<br />
several thousand were constructed last<br />
year under governmental direction, is<br />
an adaptation of the basic idea that<br />
evaporation will produce a low temperature<br />
almost as readily as will ice.<br />
The Indians, for centuries past, have<br />
cooled their tepees by hanging watersoaked<br />
blankets over the entrance; and<br />
the porous water bottle, wdiich works<br />
on the same principle, is today a familiar<br />
object in the tropics. Canteens<br />
for use in the Sahara Desert are constructed<br />
in this manner.<br />
The iceless refrigerator is formed<br />
by enclosing three or four shelves in<br />
wire screening—to keep out flies—and<br />
then mounting the whole upon legs,<br />
four or five inches high. One side of<br />
the screening is hinged and acts as the<br />
door to the refrigerator. All that<br />
then remains to be done is to place the<br />
"ice box" in a large pan, put a pan<br />
containing water on top of the box, and<br />
hang strips of flannel so that they will<br />
cover the four sides and dip into the<br />
om page 691)<br />
water above the shelves. The water<br />
is absorbed by the flannel, as if by<br />
wicks, and slowly flows downward into<br />
the pan below, at the same time cooling<br />
the entire contents of the refrigerator<br />
by evaporation. The process is<br />
enhanced, of course, if the refrigerator<br />
is placed in a current of air, but it has<br />
been found to work admirably in the<br />
hottest and most sultry weather, even<br />
when shut off from the cooling effects<br />
of drafts.<br />
To the second class of home-made<br />
devices which are being boomed by the<br />
Government—that which includes the<br />
utilization of waste materials—belong<br />
the easily constructed waterworks for<br />
the home, simple machinery for butter<br />
making, and the canning and preserving<br />
of "waste" fruits and vegetables. Dr.<br />
Bradford Knapp, chief of the States<br />
Relations Service, is authority for the<br />
statement that this latter class of work<br />
alone results in a saving to the United<br />
States of at least $10,000,000 in materials<br />
which would otherwise be thrown<br />
away or allowed to rot as so much waste.<br />
An idea of the value which the Government<br />
places upon this work may be<br />
obtained from the fact that more than<br />
$575,000 was expended last year in<br />
teaching the housewives in rural districts<br />
how to save their time and their<br />
labor.<br />
"But," says Dr. Knapp, "this money<br />
is well invested, for it is already bearing<br />
interest at the rate of two or three<br />
hundred per cent and, in a few years,<br />
we confidently expect that this expenditure<br />
will result in a saving of $5,000,-<br />
000 a year to the rural population of<br />
the United States—a saving which can<br />
be traced directly to the labor-saving<br />
devices, apart from the canning and<br />
preserving activities, and which cannot<br />
but be reflected in the cost of all products<br />
which have their source on the<br />
. farm."
SNAKES BATTLE TO DEATH<br />
FOR SCIENCE<br />
By H A R R Y DUNN<br />
STAGING real battles between<br />
poisonous a n d nonpoisonous<br />
snakes of the United States has<br />
become one of the leading<br />
occupations of the staff of the<br />
Department of Clinical Medicine of<br />
Tulane University in New Orleans.<br />
These battles between "sluggers" and<br />
"wrestlers" of the reptile world—for all<br />
poisonous snakes kill by striking and all<br />
their nonpoisonous relatives by constriction—have<br />
been the center of interest<br />
for Louisiana scientists, students, and<br />
physicians during the last summer, and<br />
will be continued for some time to come.<br />
From these battles the experimenters<br />
are learning, in the first place, just what<br />
harmless snakes are inimical to the poisonous<br />
members of the family, and thus<br />
should be encouraged on the farms of<br />
the South, where the death toll by snake<br />
bite is heavy each year. Next they are<br />
practically convinced, from their experiments<br />
that the poison of the water moccasin,<br />
which is responsible for most of<br />
the deaths from snake-bite in Louisiana,<br />
and of the rattler and the coral snake<br />
has no bad effect on the nonpoisonous<br />
king snake, the "gopher" snake, or the<br />
black snake, all of which have been<br />
found to be consistent enemies of the<br />
poisonous varieties.<br />
It would appear, also, from these experiments,<br />
that the nonpoisonous snake,<br />
once he is fanged by a poisonous snake,<br />
sheds his skin within a few hours. This<br />
is interesting, as it may be shown to have<br />
an intimate connection with the apparent<br />
immunity of the harmless varieties.<br />
The latest and most interesting contest<br />
was arranged by Jules Ledieu, the laboratory<br />
technician and assistant. Jules<br />
carefully "trained" a full-grown king<br />
snake, about thirty inches in length, and<br />
a water moccasin nearly four feet long,<br />
for this fray by giving them no food for<br />
a month. Then, on a sunshiny afternoon,<br />
the young scientist picked up the<br />
moccasin with a gentle but firm grip<br />
applied just behind the ears and dropped<br />
him into a net-covered pit in which the<br />
king snake was enjoying the warmth of<br />
the September day.<br />
Immediately the moccasin, which, it<br />
should be said, is better known to Jules<br />
as agkistrodon piscivorus, crawled over<br />
to the king snake, wdiich Jules calls lampropeltis<br />
sayi, and, without waiting for<br />
the formality of coiling, as poisonous<br />
snakes always have been supposed to do<br />
before they strike, fanged the king just<br />
where better formed creatures have their<br />
necks.<br />
The king, it appears, was in contented<br />
mood, though unfed, and wriggled off to<br />
the other side of the pit. There the moccasin<br />
followed and again pricked his remote<br />
relative with his fangs.<br />
This was too much ; the king threw<br />
himself into a coil, and the killer from the<br />
swamps immediately took up his favorite<br />
fighting attitude, his body looped like the<br />
letter O. his head drawn back within the<br />
coil, ready to strike. The king feinted<br />
as a boxer at one side of the mudcolored<br />
body, and the moccasin struck at<br />
him. This was wdiat the king wanted,<br />
and before his enemy could withdraw his<br />
armed head to striking position, the little<br />
constrictor had him by the lower jaw,<br />
and had leaped from his coil to wind<br />
about the writhing body of the moccasin.<br />
The backward-slanting teeth of the<br />
king sank slowly into the moccasin's jaw<br />
until the poison-bearing fangs were<br />
powerless to strike, and the whip-like,<br />
gray-green body of the smaller snake began<br />
to draw tight around the intruder.<br />
719
780 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
MEETING THE SUB<br />
(Continued ft<br />
our first armed merchantmen, was sunk<br />
off a French port. It was in command<br />
of a picked officer from the United<br />
States Navy and it had a gun crew of<br />
picked men from the Atlantic Fleet. Yet<br />
it never had a chance. It was hit by a<br />
torpedo before it knew that a submarine<br />
was in the vicinity.<br />
Consider what a steamer mounting<br />
three-, five- or six-inch guns to protect<br />
itself has to shoot at in a periscope.<br />
Have you ever seen a periscope at, say,<br />
800 yards? It looks like a bottle. If you<br />
hit it with a shell, you are lucky. To the<br />
man in the submerged submarine the<br />
image of your ship reflected down by the<br />
periscope is a good target; and remember<br />
a submarine can discharge a torpedo<br />
without showing its hull above water; it<br />
has only to push its periscope above<br />
water. And remember that the range of<br />
a modern torpedo is forty-five hundred<br />
yards; that it goes through water at express<br />
speed; that even if a steamer's<br />
lookout sees its white wake, it is impossible<br />
for the steamer to dodge.<br />
All this would indicate that an armed<br />
merchantman has small chance against<br />
submarine attack unless the submarine<br />
comes up and shows its hull, presenting<br />
a target, and opens a regular naval engagement.<br />
By that I mean that when<br />
the submarine rises, a six-inch gun on a<br />
disappearing platform comes up too.<br />
Then begins a fight between the gun on<br />
the submarine and the guns on the<br />
armed merchantmen. In such a fight,<br />
the merchantman has the advantage because<br />
its gun platform is more level; the<br />
men can aim better. But a submarine<br />
isn't going to open gun fire on an armed<br />
merchantman, and thus expose itself,<br />
unless it has used up all its torpedoes.<br />
Thus, by technical fact and procedure of<br />
submarine warfare, an armed freight<br />
steamer has little chance with a subtna- ,<br />
rine.<br />
What, then, are we to do? How are<br />
the steamers of the United States and<br />
the Allies to bring supplies to Europe?<br />
MARINE PROBLEM<br />
m page 100)<br />
Obviously the steamers must be convoyed<br />
and the United States Navy is not<br />
going to convoy merchant steamers with<br />
dreadnaughts for the reason that the<br />
dreadnaughts wouldn't have any more<br />
chance of dodging a torpedo than a<br />
steamer would. Remember that one of<br />
the functions of torpedo-boat destroyers<br />
is to protect dreadnaughts from submarine<br />
attack. In Europe, each dreadnaught<br />
is allowed four destroyers. In other<br />
words, dreadnaughts have to be convoyed<br />
to be protected against torpedo<br />
attack.<br />
The proper convoy for merchant<br />
steamers is the submarine chaser. The<br />
principle is the same as outlined. Just as<br />
the destroyer protects the dreadnaughts<br />
from submarines, so do submarine<br />
chasers protect merchant ships from submarines.<br />
The chaser was evolved by this<br />
war. It is a boat about one hundred<br />
feet long and is fast and agile enough to<br />
dodge torpedoes. It carries light guns<br />
that can sink a submarine—a five pound<br />
shell will do it. These chasers will be<br />
used to convoy merchant steamers in<br />
fleets to Europe. We will not use our<br />
naval destroyers for this work, for the<br />
very excellent reason that we haven't<br />
enough destroyers in our navy to protect<br />
properly even our dreadnaughts from<br />
submarine attack. But the chasers can<br />
be turned out quickly: they are now<br />
being built by the thousands. They are<br />
being obtained also from the thousands<br />
of pleasure craft owners of this country..<br />
Seaworthy motorboats are being transformed<br />
into submarine chasers.<br />
On May twelfth, as this article was<br />
being written, a cryptic announcement<br />
appeared in the papers which stated, in<br />
effect, that a newly invented means for<br />
destroying U-boats was in the hands of<br />
the British Admiralty and the United<br />
States Navy Office. What this new and<br />
terrible means may be we cannot surmise,<br />
but some basis of fact must exist<br />
else the public would not be given this<br />
new straw of hope.
AN AUTOMATIC BARGAIN<br />
BASEMENT<br />
T H O U G H Boston holds many- Some of these prizes have been paid,<br />
surprises for the traveler go but in each case the error was traceable<br />
ing East, he always has his to the oversight of an individual, and<br />
eyes opened when it comes to not to any flaw inherent in the system<br />
shopping in Boston. Some itself.<br />
one in Boston, sooner or later, tells him Usually there are groups of bargain<br />
to go to the automatic bargain basement seekers waiting for the basement doors<br />
which has become quite a feature of the to open. Nearly all are equipped with<br />
city. This is located in one of the large the morning newspaper in which the<br />
department stores, and applies an en goods have been advertised.<br />
tirely new business principle.<br />
The system, after five years, began to<br />
The managers of this store recog make money. The first year the system<br />
nized that basement trading is done was started the store lost thousands of<br />
by all classes of people; it is an amaz dollars. In the second year it learned<br />
ingly large section for profit. The people to avoid certain lots, and by watching<br />
who buy in the basement do not neces the first prices carefully, managed to<br />
sarily buy there because they think break about even. The next three years<br />
the goods are going to be cheaper, showed a profit, and the people of Bos<br />
but because everything is for sale on ton, as well as the store itself, acknowl<br />
one floor, and the necessity for runedged that the goods were bargains—<br />
ning for elevators in crowds is elim real bargains.<br />
inated. As this basement had an en Say the managers, "In the lapidaries<br />
trance on the subway, drawing large of Amsterdam, where the diamonds of<br />
crowds, as much care was taken in its the world are cut and polished, there are<br />
arrangement as upstairs.<br />
always odd pieces of precious stones that<br />
Before the store was opened, Boston remain after the larger stones are cut.<br />
read in its papers that the bargain base These pieces are of the same quality as<br />
ment was to be automatic ; that is. if goods the larger gems, yet they bring propor<br />
were not sold after twelve selling days, tionately far less. They are the 'chips.'<br />
twenty-five per cent was deducted from So, in the wholesale garment making of<br />
their cost: if unsold after eighteen days, this country and abroad, between produc<br />
fiftv per cent was deducted : and at the tion and distribution there is an overlap<br />
end of twenty-four days a discount of ping, and models and samples, large and<br />
seventy-five per cent was deducted. But small, surplus and odd lots, are con<br />
if thev were not sold within thirty selling stantly left on the manufacturer's hands<br />
days, they were given away. The to be disposed of in other than the reg<br />
readers were skeptical, because they ular course of business. With thousands<br />
thought the first price would be exorbi of manufacturers in America and abroad<br />
tant. People asked, "Where are you go to whom this condition was applicable,<br />
ing to get the underprice merchandise to it is obvious that there was a rich field<br />
keep such a system going day after day ?" from wdiich the automatic bargain base<br />
The answers were satisfactory. In adment could be supplied at less than regdition,<br />
the store published offers of prizes ular prices—manufacturers' surpluses,<br />
to be paid in the event of any one's dis sample lines, odd sizes, and entire stocks<br />
covering failure to reduce prices at the of manufacturers or retailers going out<br />
tunes called for by the schedule of reduc of business." And these are what the<br />
tions.<br />
"automat" sells.<br />
•n
782 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
HE GOES<br />
patent take-down reel, weighing 7 ounces<br />
and costing six dollars. You'll want to<br />
see how it works anyhow and you can<br />
take care of it after you abuse it. Later<br />
you'll sniff at one costing less than<br />
fifteen, but just the same this one is<br />
plenty good.<br />
"Bass fishermen get absolutely violent<br />
on the subject of baits. The first bait I<br />
ever used was a live frog, and next, a<br />
piece of pork rind, but now the artificial<br />
baits are coming more and more into<br />
fashion. Look at this one. Looks like<br />
the bone handle of a shaving brush but<br />
longer, with two big hooks dangling at<br />
the back end and five little red dots<br />
painted on the bow. Here's another, in<br />
appearance nothing but a doll's size flatiron<br />
painted white on the bottom and<br />
having a couple of hooks aft. Yet this<br />
thing catches oodles of bass—while<br />
you're right in your conclusion that the<br />
fish that would bite on such a contrivance<br />
ought to have his head examined.<br />
"Bass baits are divided roughly into<br />
surface or floating baits and sinking or<br />
underwater. The old and historic baits<br />
are the live frog and the pork rind. The<br />
live bait—frog and minnow—are often<br />
the last resort in the hot days of summer<br />
when old prize-fighter bass seeks the<br />
deep holes and loses his pep and refuses<br />
to strike at the former attractive red and<br />
green and white and splashing lures.<br />
The floating lures, however, are the<br />
easiest for you to handle because they<br />
stay on top the water and hold the<br />
line on top while you're getting switched<br />
around and ready to reel in instead of<br />
sinking to the bottom and dating up<br />
some old snag or collection of weeds for<br />
the rest of the day.<br />
"The bass has a big mouth and is a<br />
big shouldered, powerful customer.<br />
Hooks, for him, are large, No. 5 or still<br />
larger, against 8 and 10 for trout. We'll<br />
put in a few flies to be used with the<br />
trout rod for Brother Bass, a dozen made<br />
up of Scarlet Ibis, Royal Coachman,<br />
Silver Doctor, and Grizzly King. You'll<br />
A-FISHING<br />
(Continued j rom page 130)<br />
probably use bait most of the time, but<br />
the fly way of enticing Mr. Bass into your<br />
parlor is becoming more and more popular.<br />
Outside of the flies -and according<br />
to his mood and the time of the year<br />
and water conditions, the bass will strike<br />
live bait, from mice and frogs and minnows<br />
to crawfish ; artificial minnows that<br />
are as big as some of the trout you'll<br />
catch; ungodly shaped things like the<br />
crab wriggler and the Maxixe and the<br />
plug: preserved natural baits—see 'em<br />
in these jars like the famous 57 varieties of<br />
pickle—such as pickled pork rind ; pickled<br />
frogs, crawfish, and minnows ; fresh pork<br />
rind, cut minnow shape; spoons, these<br />
flashing spoonshaped bits of nickel plate<br />
and copper : rubber frogs and minnows<br />
and crawfish and helgramites, and<br />
crosses between the spoon and the fly.<br />
Also, some incurable designed an artificial<br />
pork rind, made of cork, with red<br />
felt wings and tail—a combination<br />
submarine and aeroplane bait—to catch<br />
the bass either through deceiving him<br />
into thinking it a fly, or a minnow—<br />
which is the idea with pork rind.<br />
"So I'll put you in a little of everything<br />
to try at the advice of your accomplice<br />
—a can of preserved minnows, others<br />
of pork rind, crawfish and frogs, some<br />
rainbow minnows, a couple of the Maxixe<br />
dancing bass deceivers, and a line of<br />
Jimheddon minnows including surface<br />
and underwater standard sorts.<br />
"If I knew where and when and in<br />
what sort of water you were going to<br />
fish, I could specialize a bit more, but<br />
you'll try all these things sooner or later.<br />
and not get a nibble at that at times.<br />
I'll add a couple of spoons, and a pair<br />
of the combination spoon-and-fly rigs.<br />
which with a dozen or so plain hooks<br />
for live bait, and some leaders, will let<br />
you out, temporarily.<br />
"And now, if you'll amble down this<br />
way, I'll introduce you to Mr. Jones.<br />
who'll rig up for you a correct line of<br />
duds and take away any little money<br />
you happen to have left."
THAT PRIVATE GARAGE<br />
By DAVID WALES<br />
I T is not so long since a goodly<br />
percentage of automobile owners<br />
might not have been able to answer<br />
the classic question, "Which came<br />
first, the egg or the hen?" But they<br />
did know that the advent of their car was<br />
preceded by a mortgage on the home.<br />
Frequently, before the private garage<br />
could be built, there was a mortgage on<br />
the car, and to keep the motor in gasoline<br />
sometimes meant a mortgage on the<br />
garage. It was a vicious circle of indebtedness<br />
that was almost beautiful in<br />
its perfection.<br />
Finally, honest bankers who didn't<br />
want to ruin the leading citizens, and the<br />
town with them, began to refuse mortgages<br />
when the money was to go for<br />
automobiles, and the installment method<br />
of paying for cars came in. Lowerpriced<br />
cars and the waning of the custom<br />
of carrying guests in the tonneau to<br />
devour expensive meals at road-houses<br />
also contributed in putting the purchase<br />
of an automobile on a less hazardous<br />
basis. The building of a private garage<br />
was not an additional nightmare in the<br />
phantasmagoria of motor bankruptcy.<br />
Read}' money really was at hand to put<br />
into such a structure.<br />
To own one's garage is a matter of<br />
comfort, convenience, and economy. Ten<br />
to thirty dollars a month merely for the<br />
housing of a car is extravagant. That is<br />
the price the public garage man usually<br />
extracts from the car owner's pocket.<br />
But the cost of housing is by no manner<br />
of means all. Going to the public<br />
garage is a bad habit. It is a bad habit<br />
because it creates a leak in one's pocket<br />
book. Tf you go to the barber shop every<br />
day to be shaved, you will find that you<br />
are getting hair-cuts more frequently<br />
than necessary and that shampoos, hair<br />
tonics, facial massages, and manicuring<br />
are the rule. Barbers condemn the safety<br />
razor, not because to all intents and pur<br />
poses it puts the wielder in the same<br />
class with themselves, but because it<br />
makes the customer's visits to the shop<br />
for other purposes rare.<br />
So, likewise, if your car is in a public<br />
garage, it means minor repairs that you<br />
could do yourself if it were not so convenient<br />
to call help.<br />
Again, it is not the most pleasant<br />
thing in the world to walk on a rainy or<br />
blustery night a half mile or more to get<br />
out the car. Even the heat of a summer<br />
day may inhibit the exertion of going for<br />
the car to take a pleasure ride. Undoubtedly<br />
there are many advantages in having<br />
the garage on your own premises.<br />
Of course, there is the matter of expense<br />
in getting the materials and in<br />
putting them together. If you own a<br />
small car, you can have secure housing<br />
for as low a sum as fifty dollars. For<br />
three hundred you may secure a commodious<br />
and very convenient garage that<br />
will take care of a good sized touring<br />
motor. In any circumstance, you will<br />
find that the investment pays in the long<br />
run.<br />
In constructing your garage, the size<br />
and kind of materials are the first considerations.<br />
It should not be built on the<br />
square plan. The car is longer than it<br />
is broad. Hence a proportion of from<br />
one to one and one-half or one and<br />
three-fourths will be found most satisfactory.<br />
This will give sufficient space<br />
always to work about the car. for you<br />
must remember that when you decide to<br />
dispense with the services of the garage<br />
man you thereby enlist in the ranks of<br />
the mechanic. It also will give you the<br />
requisite space for your garage equipment.<br />
Let us say your car is six feet<br />
wide. You will need about three and<br />
one-quarter feet of space on each side.<br />
or a total inside width of twelve and<br />
one-half feet. The length of the garage<br />
then would be twenty feet.<br />
(Continued on page786) '*•*
784 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
33.000 sq.^<br />
Additio "'<br />
Come to Detroit<br />
The Automobile<br />
Center<br />
ail
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 785<br />
.OUT Country woods compotonttrainod<br />
i<br />
Auto Mochflnics in tho<br />
Quartormflstor's<br />
J)opt.'iiL d Signal<br />
Corps<br />
The United<br />
States needs thousands<br />
of truck, trana<br />
port, aeroplane and motorcycle<br />
drivers. Trained competent<br />
men are needed, men who can take care<br />
of the machines, men who know how to keep<br />
them in service. Any piece of motor driven machinery<br />
the government owns or will own must be in<br />
service. Preference will be given to trained men. No<br />
matter what service the Army is doing it must be fed. If it is<br />
on the firing line it will need thousands of rounds of ammunition.<br />
The importance of trained men is very evident. Food and ammunition<br />
must be delivered regularly. Then too, the army must often be transported.<br />
Quartermaster Department The and Michigan Signal<br />
State Auto<br />
Corps Needs Trained Men<br />
School trains men thoroughly.<br />
A Packard Truck<br />
Used By The<br />
U.S. Government<br />
This is the kind of men Our Government wants and is<br />
Every student learns pleasure cars, trucks, motorcycles and<br />
daily enlisting. Trained men who will be efficient them<br />
gasoline motors of every kind from AtoZ. Graduates of<br />
selves and keep every bit of motor driven equipment in the<br />
the Michigan State Auto School are in big demand by the<br />
most serviceable condition.<br />
leading Automobileplants in Detroit. These factories know<br />
This branch of the Army Service pays good salaries. There<br />
from actual experience that our men are thoroughly, com<br />
are wonderful opportunities for clean, clear headed, trained<br />
pletely and practically trained. No matter what happens to<br />
men to advance in the service and certainly now is the<br />
a truck or pleasure car, a Michigan State Auto School<br />
time to train.<br />
graduate is competent to repair it. Cars in the care of a<br />
graduate give highest efficiency.<br />
^^t^^^i gsSeS*^ ^<br />
Aerial View of Motor Truck Group at Ft. Sam Houston, Texas. Major F. H. Pope, Cavalry, Commanding<br />
This view gives on Hen of the large number of transport trucks that will be used in our Army. Thousands of trai<br />
n led and will be needed to care for these machines and keep them operating up to their highest efficiency. Trained men will<br />
be given preference and men who graduate from the Michigan State Auto School are now and have been holding big, responsible<br />
jobs in Detroit and over the country and will be able to serve their country In the moat efficient way.<br />
You Can Serve Your Country Best as a Trained Man<br />
TRAINED Auto and Motor Mechanics are always in big<br />
demand. Men who have learned motor mechanics from<br />
beginning to end at the Michigan State Auto School can<br />
take care of every type of motor, motorcycle, automobile,<br />
truck, motor boat, aeroplane and stationary engines, and<br />
are capable of filling any of the positions in the Army<br />
where competent men are needed.<br />
You can serve your country better as a trained man and<br />
draw more money. You can complete your course in from<br />
10 to 12 weeks and there will be a place waiting for you.<br />
Trained men are needed most and will be paid highest<br />
salary. You can serve both your country and yourself best<br />
and certainly in these times of preparation, you shou'd do<br />
your part. Men who can drive and keep up motor transport<br />
trucks are needed by the Quartermaster Department.<br />
Motorcycle and Auto Mechanics and drivers will be<br />
needed by the Signal Corps and in every branch of the<br />
service as chauffeurs for officers'cars and as messengers.<br />
Motor Mechanics will be needed for Aeroplane work —<br />
this branch of the service is very important.<br />
Motor Mechanics will be needed on the "Mosquito Fleet"<br />
of "U boat chasers." "Tanks," tractors and trench digging<br />
machines will need Trained Motor Mechanics.<br />
Train NOW to do your part right.<br />
Learn a Business That You Can Use When Peace Comes<br />
By training to serve Your Country best you are preparing advertisements asking for men who know their business.<br />
yourself in one of the best paying businesses of today. You The men get from $75.00 to $300 a month and many<br />
can readily see your country's need. After Peace comes you foremen and superintendents get more. Good pay is the<br />
will find plenty of jobs —and hundreds of good locations rule but the best pay always goes to the trained man.<br />
to go into business for yourself. There will always be The work is interesting as well as profitable — new things<br />
Automobiles in abundance — trucks of every size are being are coming on the market continually; there are hundreds of<br />
used more and more each year, the newspapers are full of new, interesting problems coming up in the work.<br />
TRAIN NOW AND SERVE YOUR COUNTRY BEST<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.<br />
i
786 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
(Continuedfront page 783)<br />
Now as to materials.<br />
Wood is the cheapest material and is<br />
permissible if the local ordinance will<br />
sanction. Always about a garage, however,<br />
there is the highly volatile and<br />
highly inflammable liquid, gasoline.<br />
Fire-proof materials always are most<br />
satisfactory for this reason. Concrete,<br />
stucco, brick, or cement plaster on<br />
metal lath, according to your purse or<br />
inclination, will prove eventually to be<br />
much better.<br />
The location of the structure will depend,<br />
of course, upon the amount of<br />
ground space you have at your disposal,<br />
accessibility to the driveway, and the<br />
position of any other building that may<br />
be on the property. Of course, the<br />
factor of convenience to the door of your<br />
dwelling must never be overlooked.<br />
This always is of prime importance.<br />
Whether you actually put the materials<br />
together with your own hands or<br />
employ men for the purpose, whether or<br />
not you use your own plans and ideas<br />
or those of an architect or contractor,<br />
one thing you can always insist upon,<br />
and that is that you get sufficient lighting.<br />
Two skylights of good dimensions<br />
are advisable. Then, too, you should<br />
have three windows on each side and two<br />
in each the back and the front. And<br />
by the same token it is the poorest sort<br />
of penny-wisdom to be chary of artificial<br />
lighting equipment. Have your garage<br />
ablaze at night with electric lights as<br />
though you were about to hold a ball or<br />
reception.<br />
Ventilation is one of those points that<br />
too infrequently receive the right amount<br />
of attention. Heavy gases sink low. and<br />
for that reason, ventilation should be<br />
provided, not only in the roof or high<br />
up on the walls for the exit of warm<br />
foul air, but close to the floor as well for<br />
the escape of the fumes of gasoline and<br />
oils.<br />
The heating plant, whether it be connected<br />
with your dwelling or especially<br />
provided, should be generously efficient.<br />
It certainly does not contribute to the<br />
health or comfort of the owner to enter<br />
a damp chilly garage. Neither does it<br />
add to the running qualities of your<br />
motor to let it repose in a frosty atmosphere.<br />
This is one of the mistakes commonly<br />
made in otherwise well-constructed<br />
and well-maintained private<br />
garages. Of course, it goes almost without<br />
saying that there should be no open<br />
flame in the garage.<br />
So much for the character of the<br />
structure itself. Now, as to working<br />
equipment proper. You will find it very<br />
desirable to be able to lift the car off the<br />
floor. A stout beam should therefore be<br />
built in overhead. Iron or wood can be<br />
used for this. Block and tackle can be<br />
rigged to hoist the car for lifting the<br />
body from the chassis or for taking out<br />
the engine, and for other similar tasks.<br />
Many auto owners do not think a turntable<br />
desirable but prefer a pit. A pit,<br />
however, is unsatisfactory in numerous<br />
ways. The car may slip into it; and<br />
besides, the pit offers an opportunity for<br />
the accumulation of gasoline, which,<br />
becoming vaporized, may ignite. This<br />
last possibility is really serious, for it is<br />
a rare garage, indeed, which is never<br />
entered by a careless smoker.<br />
In the absence of a turntable, the floor<br />
should incline gently toward the center<br />
to the outlet which always is provided<br />
for draining off the gasoline and other<br />
oils that inevitably drip from the car.<br />
The outlet should be equipped with a<br />
safety trap to keep gasoline from flowing '<br />
into the sewer. A concrete or cement<br />
floor will prove to be the best.<br />
The gasoline and oil tanks should<br />
never be in the building. These must<br />
be built underground, outside. The connecting<br />
pipe will terminate at the faucet<br />
in the garage.<br />
As has been previously stated, when<br />
the autoist undertakes the responsibility<br />
of maintaining his own garage, he must<br />
remember that he becomes at the same<br />
time a workman. He must see to it that<br />
he has adequate work benches, lockers<br />
for his working clothes, and chests or<br />
cupboard for his tools, waste, and supplies.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 787<br />
Boa<br />
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Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
STRANGE EFFECT OF PHOTO<br />
PLAYS ON SPECTATORS<br />
By ERNEST A. DENCH<br />
T H A T motion pictures affect<br />
spectators in a strange manner<br />
is not to be wondered at.<br />
Indeed, considering the immense<br />
popularity of the cinema,<br />
it would not be natural otherwise.<br />
Charles D. Wardlaw, coach at Leal's<br />
School of Plainfield, New Jersey, gave<br />
his team the option of quitting motion<br />
pictures or basketball, and the players<br />
chose the latter. It appears that when a<br />
Charlie Chaplin or a Mary Pickford<br />
photoplay was shown at the local theater,<br />
the number of baskets shot by the forwards<br />
was reduced by one-half. Wardlaw<br />
attributed this to the effect of the<br />
flicker on the eyes.<br />
An exhibitor of my acquaintance<br />
found a set of false teeth left on one of<br />
the "tip-ups" after the evening performance.<br />
Next day he was visited by an old<br />
lady, who explained that a comedy made<br />
her laugh so much that her teeth dropped<br />
out unbeknown to her.<br />
An engagement in South Carolina was<br />
speeded up by the movies. Two lovers<br />
were present at a Wadesboro theater,<br />
where they saw a romantic love story. It<br />
occurred to them to apply the same philosophy<br />
to their own case, so they hurried<br />
to the rector for the ceremony. When<br />
it was over, they returned calmly to the<br />
theater to view the rest of the interesting<br />
program.<br />
Another romance, tinged with sadness,<br />
had its bright side also. The man in the<br />
case admitted, at a breach of promise<br />
suit, that after a visit to the movies the<br />
girl seemed to change suddenly for the<br />
better, and said: "I have been nice to<br />
you, why don't you be nice to me?"<br />
The photoplay version of Trilby<br />
affected a spectator at a New Yorktheater<br />
so much that when the night<br />
788<br />
watchman went the rounds, he found a<br />
woman in a trance. It became known<br />
when a physician from a nearby hospital<br />
restored her to consciousness, that she<br />
lost her senses after Svengali did the<br />
hypnotizing stuff.<br />
One parson who summoned up courage<br />
to see "Quo Vadis" evidently did not<br />
realize that effects are produced by the<br />
orchestra, for, to quote his own words,<br />
"What impressed me most was the roar<br />
with which the lions bounded into the<br />
arena!"<br />
An absent-minded California highschool<br />
teacher announced to the class<br />
that "Maurice Costello has written the<br />
best essay on the life of Lincoln." The<br />
pupil's name was Maurice Maret, hence<br />
the mistake.<br />
Charlie Chaplin has countless impersonators<br />
in real life. A Finnish sailor<br />
on shore leave was hailed before a magistrate<br />
for knocking a young woman<br />
down in Battery Park, New York, while<br />
pulling off Chaplin stunts. He demonstrated<br />
before the magistrate by kicking<br />
his left foot in the air and manipulating<br />
a pencil like a cane. The magistrate<br />
laughed and ordered the culprit's release.<br />
Probably the most remarkable incident<br />
occurred in Liverpool, England, however.<br />
Corporal Robert Beck, formerly a<br />
Chicago motorcycle policeman, was deaf<br />
and dumb for eight weeks from fighting<br />
for the British "somewhere in France."<br />
One night while on leave from the military<br />
hospital he spent the time in a<br />
Liverpool photoplay theater. On the<br />
program was a Billy Ritchie picture,<br />
which caused him to laugh as heartily as<br />
his wounded comrades. "Gee, that's<br />
funny," he exclaimed, and he was so<br />
overjoyed at recovering his speech that<br />
an intermission had to be declared.
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 801<br />
OU CAN DO THIS<br />
M<br />
*/<br />
FTER HOME STUDY<br />
3622 TO $10022 A WEEK<br />
You can earn $36 to $10.0 a week and more as an Expert Electrician.<br />
If you have a common school education I can train you in a few<br />
months at home. Big lighting and power companies, municipalities, and<br />
manufacturers are always seeking trained men to handle their Electrical problems.<br />
I Guarantee Satisfaction<br />
Every student receives our Sealed Guarantee Bond, which<br />
guarantees to return every penny of his money if he is not entirely<br />
satisfied. No other school has made this wonderful offer, but I know the<br />
success I have brought to hundreds of my students, and I know what I can<br />
do for any ambitious young man who will give me a little of his spare time each day.<br />
FREE ELECTRICAL OUTFIT<br />
For the next 30 days I am giving each student an Outfit of Elec- .<br />
trical Testing Instruments, Tools, Electrical materials, and Motor<br />
absolutely Free. My instruction is by practical methods and<br />
CHIEF this outfit is used in working out the lessons. Practical Entraining<br />
with the theory makes perfect. I am Chief Engi- /X>„<br />
neer of the Chicago Engineering Works, and I can give //($ &<br />
you the training that will land the big jobs and hold them. S^WS<br />
ENGINEER<br />
Chicago Engineering Works<br />
Dept. 39<br />
HUnoi» and Can St..<br />
'/ Without obligation on my<br />
Cv*rf Chicago. III.<br />
V<br />
my new Book—"How to Become an Electrical y&%<br />
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—It's different because it's practical—Write today. /<br />
CHIEF ENGINEER COOKE /j&r'<br />
CHICAGO ENGINEERING WORKS J^V/<br />
Dept. 39, Illinois and Cass Sis., Chicago. III. /
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Vol. XXVII AUGUST, 1917 No. 6<br />
PICTORIAL FEATURES<br />
Mascot of the Marines 805<br />
Our Women Get into the War Game 812<br />
Trying Their Wings 813<br />
The Submarine Eye 820<br />
Just Being Glean 821<br />
Learning to Take the Long Jump 822<br />
Insignia of the Lafayette Escadrille 823<br />
Camouflage 824<br />
A Victim of the U-Boats 825<br />
King of the Air 826<br />
Builders of a World 827<br />
The Products of German Evil Genius 832<br />
Little Oddities of Life 839<br />
New Trees from Old 850<br />
First Aid to the Flivver 858<br />
Built-in Garages . . .' 859<br />
Science, Mechanics, Invention 865<br />
America Asks for Her Best-Loved Sons 877<br />
Testing the "Punch" of Our Atlantic Fleet 878<br />
The Cross of the Legion of Honor of France 879<br />
Americans—That's All! 880<br />
Each "Doing His Bit" 881<br />
Roadster to Touring Car—a Jiffy 884<br />
When a Big Shell Runs Amuck 890<br />
Sidelights 931<br />
Little Known Phases 934<br />
PERSONAL SERVICE<br />
Keeping the Soldier Fit W. T. Walsh 806<br />
How to Dry Vegetables at Home Rene Bache 816<br />
The Dollar Value of Patriotism .... Ge<strong>org</strong>e Holmes Cushing 833<br />
Analyzing Your Child Harold Cary 845
TABLE OF CONTENTS 803<br />
He'll Tell You How! Robert H. Moulton 856<br />
How to Become a Sharpshooter .... Edward C. Crossman 891<br />
How to Preserve Eggs at Home .... Harold Everett Burton 897<br />
Hints for Practical People 899<br />
Automobile Tips 915<br />
What Is a Precious Stone Worth—and Why? . Martin D. Stevers 920<br />
Making the High Cost of Living Higher 952<br />
A Life Income from Wild Water Fowl . Frank G. Moorhead 956<br />
How to Can Meats 958<br />
SCIENCE<br />
Making a Fort of the Automobile Hinton Gilmore 849<br />
Men in Iron Masks D. C. Shafer 853<br />
Seeing Wireless Messages William A. Corey 873<br />
Stage Lighting by Zones F. B. Rae 875<br />
Giant Towers for Raising Sunken Ships . . . Harry Knowles 882<br />
Branding Oranges H. C. Kegley 885<br />
Out of the Trenches H. S. Edgar 912<br />
Civics Classes as Sanitary Inspectors O. R. Geyer 914<br />
Does a Nation Deteriorate ? Martin G. Stanton 928<br />
Re-education for Paralyzed Soldiers 936<br />
Providing the Army's Water Supply Felix J. Koch 954<br />
THE WORLD TODAY<br />
Trapping the Pirate U-Boat Anthony M. Rud 828<br />
What a Transport Is Like Rene Bache 862<br />
Black Smoke K. H. Hamilton 886<br />
Arrived—the $12,000 Car Celeste St. Pierre 929<br />
One Man's Idea of Service W. F. French 938<br />
The Little Country Theater 950<br />
Illustrated World should be on (he news stands on the 17th of the month preceding the date of issue. If unable to get the magazine<br />
on the 17th \ou will confer a favor by notifying the Circulation Manager. News-stand patrons should instruct their News-dealer to reserve<br />
a copy ol Illustrated World, otherwise they are likely to rind the magazine "sold out".<br />
TERMS; Sl.SOayear; 71 cents for sir months; IS cents a copy. Foreign postage. 7S cents additional: Canadian postage, 25 cents<br />
additional. Notice of change of address should be given thirty days in advance to avoid missing a number.<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Publication Office: k T. MILLER. Jr.. Publisher Eastern Advertising Office:<br />
Drexel Avenue and *>X!li St.. Chicago Flatiron Building. New York<br />
Copyright, 1917, by Illustrated World<br />
Published monthly—Entered at the Poitoffice, Chicago. 111., as second-class mail matter
804 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
With American soldiers and<br />
American guns on the firing<br />
line in France, it is absolu<br />
necessary that an unfailing,<br />
continuous stream of supplies and<br />
ammunition be fed them. How<br />
are we going to bridge the Atlantic<br />
Ocean in the face of Germany's<br />
deadly submarines?<br />
One solution of the problem is so natural<br />
and obvious that most of us have hopped<br />
right over it in our quest of something startling<br />
and spectacular. And the remarkable<br />
part of it is that Germany herself has shown<br />
us how to do it.<br />
It is all in the September issue of Illustrated World, whi<br />
will be on sale everywhere about the middle of August.<br />
In that same issue will appear a wonderfully interesting<br />
article showing exactly what goes on inside of a torpedo<br />
from the moment it starts on its career of destruction<br />
until it reaches its mark.<br />
Tell your newsdealer to save your copy of Illustrated World for<br />
you every month, or send us $1.00 for an eight months' subscription,<br />
starting with the September issue.<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
IHJLPSmffiEP<br />
«L©<br />
Vol. XXVII AUGUST, 1917 No. 6<br />
MASCOT OF W» "^^ THE MARINES<br />
Five-year-old Robert Bonner has been adopted as a comrade and'mascot by the United States Marine<br />
Corps. The lad wears his sergeant's uniform and sharpshooter's medal so proudly that he is reluctant<br />
even to undress for bed. "Real soldiers never take off their clothes!" he protested to his mother.<br />
While this may be stretching the truth, there is something in his statement if we consider the men<br />
in Europe's trenches.
KEEPING THE<br />
What<br />
"The Best Gift She Can Make to Her Country Is to Show a Gen<br />
uine Interest in Some Soldier—"<br />
W H E T H E R a man is a<br />
"went" or a "sent",<br />
whether he volunteers or<br />
is drafted, upon his age<br />
depends his military efficiency.<br />
A division of boys will take a<br />
position that the same number of older<br />
men would shrink from attacking. An<br />
army without youth contains no flower,<br />
and unless it is one big bouquet it is<br />
useless for a really aggressive campaign.<br />
The bulk of a successful army is made<br />
up of men under thirty.<br />
But youth, despite its ardor, is at times<br />
easily depressed. Its confidence may be<br />
shaken ; its faith in itself dissolved. Yet<br />
upon the mental state—the morale—of<br />
the individual members of his forces depends<br />
largely a general's success. Next<br />
to keeping the men physically fit the<br />
great task is to keep them mentally satisfied.<br />
If that can be accomplished the<br />
campaign is half won.<br />
How then can this morale—the enthusiasm<br />
of youth, the love of doing, the<br />
fighting spirit—be maintained in the per-<br />
806<br />
son of our young soldier, whom Can we may<br />
call John Robinson, aged twenty-three,<br />
taken abruptly from his desk as assistant<br />
sales manager of the West End Real<br />
Estate Company, for service against the<br />
enemy Various ways may<br />
themselves to the thoughtful.<br />
J. M. Barrie, the Scottish<br />
dramatist, answers the question<br />
in his play "The Old<br />
Lady Shows Her Medals".<br />
Says a brawny Highlander<br />
in the course of the action:<br />
"Chiffon ! That's what the<br />
men in the trenches are thinking of—<br />
not the Kaiser, nor bombs, nor keeping<br />
the home fires burning, nor Tipperary—<br />
just chiffon." This statement is an epitome<br />
of woman's never-relaxing hold<br />
over man, whether the man be soldier or<br />
civilian.<br />
Be camp conditions what they may, in<br />
the last analysis John Robinson's success<br />
as a soldier depends more than anything<br />
else upon the girl back home.<br />
Every man in his heart is a medieval<br />
knight. His lady's token upon his sleeve<br />
—figuratively speaking—gives him a<br />
higher courage and confidence when he<br />
plunges through the smoky lines of<br />
battle. Every girl, if she does not know<br />
this, ought to know it. She should fully<br />
realize that her whole duty in this great<br />
war is not done when she assembles, as<br />
one of a bevy, to kiss some soldier goodbye,<br />
and to cut a button from his<br />
coat as a souvenir to show her less fortunate<br />
girl friends. Urging the youthful<br />
susceptibles to enlist, coercing reluctant<br />
tightwads to invest in liberty bonds, smil-
SOLDIER FIT<br />
The Girl Back Home<br />
Do for Him.<br />
By W.T.Walsh.<br />
ingly pinning Red Cross tags upon flus German lin^s and along the famous<br />
tered pedestrians—these services do not Unter den Linden in Berlin.<br />
constitute her full duty.<br />
In pursuance of this plan it would be<br />
The best gift she can make to her a magnificent thing if two million girls<br />
country is to show a genuine and in the United States would each single<br />
thoughtful interest in some soldier lad out an enlisted man and start to corre<br />
after he is at the army camp and more spond with him. In order that the thing<br />
particularly after he has arrived at the be done right they should unite them<br />
front. It is up to her as a patriotic duty selves into a national <strong>org</strong>anization.<br />
to see to it that John Robinson does his There would be nothing unwomanly<br />
duty by his country and by himself. about it. The soldier would understand<br />
Before the war is over the nation the patriotic purpose behind the letters,<br />
probably will have enlisted fully two mil which would maintain, or even elevate,<br />
lion men. Many of these will have femi his ideals, keep him from drink, from<br />
nine acquaintances to whom thev may gambling or worse evils of the soldier's<br />
write fully and freely. Many others will life, and would give him something to<br />
not. Yet every one of these soldiers<br />
should be able to write to one girl back- 4fl ^^ "Every One of the Soldiers<br />
home. Every one of them should receive<br />
thoughtful, sympathetic, bright letters in<br />
return. This does not mean that the girl<br />
^H<br />
MmM<br />
^^T<br />
^B<br />
Should Be Able to Write to<br />
One Girl Back Home—"<br />
necessarily should be the soldier's sweetheart.<br />
It does not mean even that the<br />
two should ever have seen one another.<br />
The matter would be arranged on the<br />
basis of national service. The purpose W<br />
would be to keep the<br />
soldier's mind in the<br />
most wholesome and _^^fl<br />
i heerful \ ein, and hence ^_ fl<br />
to bring, indirectly, his<br />
work as a soldier up to<br />
Wjj is*<br />
a high standard. Yes.<br />
it's the influence of the<br />
girl living in Yonkers.<br />
Keokuk, or Walla Walla<br />
that may send General<br />
Pershing's c o m m a n d<br />
straight through the<br />
£07
808 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
"Her Whole Duty in This War Is Not Done When She Kisses Some<br />
Soldier Good-bye—"<br />
think of in the quieter moments. I believe<br />
that if the idea were seriously taken<br />
up the <strong>org</strong>anization would have tremendous<br />
influence. It would go down in history<br />
as one of the big war contributions<br />
made by women.<br />
This <strong>org</strong>anization could do much<br />
more, however, than merely to send<br />
bright, breezy messages. To some extent<br />
it could look after the<br />
soldier's food. Napoleon<br />
said that the "Soldier<br />
marches on his<br />
stomach." No army is<br />
efficient that has not a<br />
satisfactory food supply.<br />
The commissary is the<br />
most vital thing in an<br />
army. Upon satisfying<br />
the men in this respect<br />
frequently depends an<br />
officer's success in leading<br />
his men. A full<br />
stomach makes a cheerful<br />
fighter.<br />
Hannibal, the Carthaginian<br />
general who battled<br />
with the Romans<br />
more than two hundred<br />
years before the Christian<br />
era, on one occasion<br />
fed his army before<br />
dawn and attacked the<br />
enemy before they had<br />
time to breakfast. From<br />
this simple strategy resulted<br />
one of his greatest<br />
victories.<br />
Civilians, it is true,<br />
cannot hearten the army<br />
by sending shiploads of<br />
Swift's, Armour's, or<br />
Libby's best beef. They<br />
can, however, send chocolates,<br />
dried fruits and<br />
similarly condensed delicacies.<br />
Army rations at<br />
best make a man frequently<br />
more homesick<br />
for waffles and sirup, hot<br />
mince pie, and custard<br />
puddings than one can<br />
well imagine. He grows desperate for<br />
sweets. An army diet does not satisfy.<br />
In Belgium, Hoover found that the<br />
under-nourished people preferred to<br />
make pastries out of their ration of flour<br />
rather than turn it into the less expensive<br />
and more easily digested bread. The<br />
demand in Berlin and Paris for candies,<br />
no matter what the price, has been enor-
KEEPING THE SOLDIER FIT 809<br />
•A FULL STOMACH MAKES A CHEERFUL FIGHTER"<br />
Usually, however, the army diet does not satisfy.<br />
mous. The populace craves sweets as<br />
ardently as a black bear does honey. If<br />
a girl won't single out a soldier as a<br />
recipient of letters, at least<br />
she can single him out as a<br />
mark for a bom! rdment of<br />
sweetmeats.<br />
A man who knows he is<br />
well regarded by some one<br />
back home<br />
•—h e has<br />
proof of it<br />
in the form<br />
of letters ;<br />
who is well<br />
fed; his<br />
sweet tooth<br />
satisfied —<br />
will go into<br />
battle with a<br />
greater determination.<br />
A man who<br />
is isolated<br />
and melancholy<br />
may<br />
be so sick of<br />
life that he<br />
will welcome the chances of death. For<br />
all that his fighting will by no means<br />
equal that of the man who has really<br />
something to live for.<br />
The best and bravest of<br />
JJM troops are subject to panic<br />
at times. Of disheartened<br />
troops nothing can be expected<br />
As an instance:<br />
In Cuba,<br />
in 1898, a<br />
regiment of<br />
o u r volunteers,<br />
worn<br />
out and discouraged<br />
by<br />
heat, a diet<br />
of canned<br />
beans, and<br />
inferior<br />
beef, were<br />
seized with<br />
panic and<br />
bewilderm<br />
en t. and<br />
stood ex<br />
The Opportunities for Recreation Are Few<br />
The nirl back home can supplement this rough sport with more refined<br />
amusements.<br />
posed to the<br />
enemy's fire.
810 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
"Every Man in<br />
His Heart Is a<br />
Medieval Knight<br />
— His Lady's<br />
Token — Figuratively<br />
Speaking—<br />
Upon His Sleeve"<br />
"Move on or lie down," yelled<br />
the regiment behind them and<br />
the soldiers flung themselves<br />
on the ground, thus permitting their<br />
comrades to charge over to victory.<br />
More seasoned troops under more<br />
favorable conditions have been seized<br />
with demoralizing fear. In one of his<br />
many engagements General Grant's men<br />
in the trenches showed keen uneasiness.<br />
To reassure them, he climbed out of his<br />
shelter, and sitting on a powder keg and<br />
calmly smoking a cigar he exposed himself<br />
to the enemy's fire. This act of ap<br />
parentfoolhardiness brought<br />
forth a rousing<br />
cheer from his<br />
command, and<br />
the soldiers set-<br />
11 e d cheerfully<br />
down to the business<br />
of defeating<br />
the "rebs".<br />
Something<br />
may have gone<br />
wrong with the<br />
army's commissary<br />
that day,<br />
their food may have disagreed<br />
with them or the<br />
supply may have been inadequate.<br />
Napoleon's defeat<br />
at Leipsic in 1813 has<br />
been attributed to the fact<br />
that he had been made ill<br />
on onions and was unable<br />
to follow up his victory,<br />
just gained at Dresden,<br />
with his usual skill and<br />
decision.<br />
It is for those back<br />
home to look out for the<br />
soldier's stomach just as<br />
it is their duty to see that<br />
the Red Cross has the money with<br />
which to take care of him in the hospital<br />
if he is wounded, and to write<br />
letters to cheer his dreary and dangerous<br />
clays.<br />
A third element in the success of an<br />
army lies in the quantity and kind of<br />
amusement or recreation it gets.<br />
Baseball behind the lines, or the rough<br />
sport of tossing a man in a blanket<br />
are some of the recreations our men are<br />
going in for. The opportunities for<br />
physical sports, however, are few and<br />
the commanders strive to improve conditions<br />
by giving motion picture shows<br />
and improvised musicales. Artists,<br />
actors, and musicians contribute their<br />
share as occasion permits in keeping up<br />
their own and their comrades' spirits.<br />
Any one who has conversed with a<br />
soldier from the front will understand
KEEPING THE SOLDIER FIT 811<br />
.jrrfStar<br />
/&Ms**~*<br />
The American Soldier, in His Hour of<br />
\ M n<br />
V<br />
Recreation. Instinctively Goes In for Base<br />
ball<br />
thoroughly the significance of this.<br />
One Canadian officer told me that the<br />
constant hammering day by day of shells<br />
about their position was a hammering on<br />
the men's nerves as well. The most<br />
sensitive type are the first to be affected.<br />
Some men lose their reason under the<br />
unremitting strain. An enemy aeroplane<br />
suddenly appearing overhead may prove<br />
to be the final factor in breaking an overwrought<br />
soldier's selfcontrol.<br />
One instance he recalled<br />
was that of a private who<br />
ran down the trench, his<br />
revolver drawn and shooting<br />
wildly, while he cried<br />
that he was responsible<br />
for the war and the<br />
avenger had found him at<br />
last.<br />
Sometimes a man will<br />
look furtively about him<br />
to see if he is observed<br />
and then leap screaming<br />
up out of the trenches, a<br />
fair mark for the snipers' fire.<br />
Our two million girl volunteers<br />
can here perform a big"<br />
work—books, playing cards,<br />
writing materials, camp accessories,<br />
all sorts of comforts<br />
and knickknacks — both<br />
for direct practical serv<br />
i=r--<br />
ice and for amusement—will do wonders<br />
in maintaining the army's morale—and<br />
if these are contributed directly by one<br />
girl to one man, and not from a common<br />
store and from unknown individuals, the<br />
appreciation of the gift will be<br />
all the keener, and its beneficial<br />
effect all the greater.<br />
There was a certain Irishman<br />
serving in the British army.<br />
Unaided, he killed seven Germans<br />
and captured a machine<br />
gun that was murdering<br />
his comrades. "The<br />
one thing I thought<br />
of," said he, "when I<br />
went after those<br />
Bodies was, 'My, won't<br />
mother be proud of me<br />
when she tells the<br />
neighbors!' " It w a s<br />
some one back home—<br />
"just chiffon"—that incited<br />
him to that act of<br />
One Soldier's Inspiration<br />
A picture in a watch proved<br />
directly the cause of the death<br />
seven Germans.<br />
valor.<br />
He was later killed<br />
in action.
812<br />
OUR WOMEN GET INTO<br />
THE WAR GAME<br />
EVEN IN THE MOST TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS<br />
This photograph of a woman acetylene welder but typifies the tremendous advance made by the so-<br />
called "weaker sex" in industry because of the war. It has come to be a slogan in England that "What<br />
a man has done a woman can do," and there is little doubt that a year of actual conflict will see much<br />
the same utilitarian watchword adopted here in America.<br />
csa
TRYING THEIR WINGS<br />
The Army Aviation Camp at Ashburn, III.<br />
A Picture Snapped at Eighty Miles<br />
an Hour<br />
The above photograph was taken from the<br />
machine of Army Aviator Instructor Louis<br />
Gertson, while it was traveling at full speed. It<br />
shows army plane No. 260, driven by Captain<br />
Ralph Royce. inflight dead ahead. The pic<br />
ture shows wonderfully, how an enemy plane<br />
appears to a flyer when an aerial battle is in<br />
progress, and the aviators are maneuvering for<br />
position.<br />
Commander of the Aviators<br />
This is Captain Christie, himself a noted air<br />
pilot and now instructor in-chief of the bird-<br />
men who are in training at the Ashburn camp.<br />
Under his tutelage, the rookies are progressing<br />
rapidly.<br />
m<br />
813
814 ILLUSTRATED WORLD
TRYING THEIR WINGS 815<br />
know his machine<br />
as thoroughly as a<br />
shoemaker k nows<br />
his awl, forcontinually,<br />
in war time,<br />
repairs are neces-<br />
The Flying Face<br />
This extraordinary photograph of Instructor<br />
Gertson was made by the<br />
photographer in the front seat, four<br />
feet ahead, while the airplane was at an<br />
altitude of 2,500feet, and going seventy<br />
miles an hour. Gertson is shown peering<br />
over the windshield dash of the<br />
machine.<br />
iSL^a-.*
HOW TO DRY VEGETABLES<br />
AT HOME<br />
By RENE BACHE<br />
DRIED vegetables have special advantages for the urban housewife.<br />
During the season when these necessaries are relatively cheap she<br />
can lay in a stock and put them away for winter use. Only the<br />
edible parts being thus preserved, and reduced by evaporation to a<br />
fraction of the original bulk, the space required for storage is small.<br />
The drying mav be done in the sun, or over the kitchen range, or before an<br />
electric fan-the sole object in view being to remove from the vegetables the<br />
water they contain. First-rate vegetable-driers may be bought ready-made, but<br />
home-made ones of simple construction are cheaper and do the work equally well<br />
The idea of drying vegetables may seem strange to the present generation, bu<br />
it was familiar enough to our grandmothers. In a measure, it is a lost art; but<br />
the existing food situation cannot fail to revive it.<br />
Even today there are many housewives who prefer dried sweet corn to the<br />
canned article, and who say 'that dried pumpkin and squash have a superior<br />
excellence for piemaking.Snapbeans<br />
often are<br />
strung on threads<br />
and dried above<br />
the stove.<br />
Indeed, many<br />
every-day food-<br />
. .~„ „»—r AMF* ci crTBir FAN COMBINATION IS EXCELLENT FOR DES-<br />
K S ^CSm-1^^- STANDS<br />
LESS CHANCE OF SPOILING THAN WHEN HEAT IS USED<br />
816
HOW TO DRY VEGETABLES AT HOME 817<br />
stuffs are dried before they come to<br />
market—for instance, beans and peas,<br />
as well as food-preparations like<br />
macaroni, tapioca, and cornstarch; not<br />
to mention cocoa, coffee, and tea.<br />
Drying vegetables in the sun is simple<br />
and easy. It is necessary merely to<br />
spread the fresh-cut slices or pieces on<br />
sheets of paper; or, if they are liable<br />
to stick, on old pieces of muslin held<br />
down with stones.<br />
Bright, hot, sunny days should be<br />
chosen for the purpose, and a close<br />
watch kept to see that no rain or dew<br />
wets the product. If there are many<br />
flies or other insects about, it will be<br />
judicious to throw a mosquito-bar over<br />
the material. Once or twice a day the<br />
slices should be stirred or turned over<br />
with the hand, and the thin ones<br />
(which dry quickest) removed.<br />
The Department of Agriculture, in<br />
a little book it will soon publish on this<br />
interesting subject, calls attention to<br />
the fact that sun-drying requires no<br />
expenditure of fuel, and there is no<br />
danger of scorching the vegetables—as<br />
may happen, unless care is taken, when artificial heat is used. But one must look<br />
out that insects have no good chance to lay their eggs upon the drying vegetables,<br />
because, if this happened, the larvae hatched from them would riddle the material<br />
later on, when stored in the pantry, and make it unfit to eat.<br />
A better way of drying vegetables in the sun is to spread them (suitably<br />
sliced or chopped) on large trays of uniform size, so made that they can be<br />
THE MECHANICAL PEELER IS SIMPLY CONSTRUCTED; IT CAN BE TAKEN APART IN A<br />
FEW SECONDS FOR CLEANING PURPOSES
818 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
stacked on top of one another and protected<br />
from rain by a cover of oilcloth,<br />
canvas, or roofing-paper. Such trays<br />
can be home-made<br />
with wood strips two<br />
inches wide and<br />
three-fourths inch<br />
thick (for the sides<br />
and ends), and bottoms<br />
of laths spaced<br />
o n e-e i g h t h inch<br />
apart for free passage<br />
of air.<br />
Suppose, however,<br />
that you have<br />
an electric fan in<br />
the house. It will<br />
do the work all<br />
r i g h t. You ca n<br />
place your sliced or<br />
chopped vegetables<br />
in a stack of shallow<br />
trays with wire-<br />
A Kitchen Stove Drier with<br />
a Flue<br />
mesh bottoms, and turn on the wind. As the "forced draft" of air passes<br />
over them, it sucks the moisture out of them so rapidly that in twenty-four hours<br />
or less they are reduced to the requisite condition of desiccation.<br />
There are cookstove vegetable-driers on the market. One type consists of a<br />
series of shallow trays on which the slices and cut scraps are meant to be spread—<br />
never too thick, be it observed, lest the passage of air through them be impeded.<br />
That is to say, the layers<br />
(as in the fan-drying process<br />
) must not be too deep.<br />
The trays are placed in a<br />
skeleton framework, one<br />
above another, so that the<br />
whole affair forms a sort of<br />
box through which the<br />
heated air from the stove<br />
rises, carrying off moisture.<br />
THIS IS THE IDEAL MACHINE FOR SLICING SWEET POTATOES; IT ALSO CAN BE USED<br />
TO ADVANTAGE WITH ONIONS, BEETS, TURNIPS, AND PARSNIPS
A home-made drier<br />
for use over the kitchen<br />
range may be constructed<br />
by any boy handy with<br />
tools, the trays being simple<br />
frames of wood strips<br />
half an inch thick, with<br />
bottoms of small-mesh<br />
wire net. The skeleton<br />
box containing the trays<br />
is suspended over the<br />
stove—preferably so arranged<br />
that it can be<br />
raised out of the way, or<br />
swung to one side, when<br />
the range is wanted for<br />
cooking.<br />
Indeed, vegetables<br />
may be satisfactorily<br />
dried on plates or suitably-made<br />
trays in the<br />
cookstove oven. If the<br />
oven is very warm, however,<br />
the door should be<br />
left ajar and the temperature<br />
carefully watched,<br />
lest the material scorch.<br />
Most vegetables, to be<br />
dried quickly and satisfactorily,<br />
must first be<br />
shredded, sliced, or cut<br />
HOW TO DRY VEGETABLES AT HOME 819<br />
i%»*<br />
A Contrivance of Lath and Wire Net for Drying Vegetables Over<br />
the Kitchen Range<br />
into small pieces. When dried by artificial heat, they should be exposed at the<br />
beginning to a moderate warmth, and later to higher temperatures. At highest,<br />
the temperature ought not to go above 140 degrees. A thermometer is indispensable.<br />
The drying can be accomplished in some forms of apparatus in two or three<br />
hours—the time required varying with the sort of material subjected to the<br />
process. It is a kind of work in which experience is the best teacher.<br />
The reason why sun-drying is popularly believed to give vegetables a better<br />
flavor lies probably in the fact that in the sun they are never scorched.<br />
For slicing or shredding the vegetables, as a preliminary to drying, suitable<br />
machines can be bought for a small price. A common meat-grinder serves<br />
excellently for shredding potatoes. The common kraut-slicer will cut large vegetables,<br />
such as potatoes and cabbages, into thin slices. A sharp kitchen-knife may<br />
be used when no handier instrument is available.<br />
Care should be taken that the material is sliced thin enough but not too thin.<br />
From one-eighth inch to one-fourth inch is usually a fair thickness.<br />
If dried products of fine quality are to be obtained, the vegetables must be<br />
fresh, young, tender, and perfecth' clean. The earthy smell and flavor will<br />
cling to dried roots (such as potatoes and carrots) if they are not thoroughly<br />
washed before slicing. It is best to peel the larger root vegetables before slicing<br />
them.
THE SUBMARINE EYE<br />
More of the Williamson Brothers* Undersea<br />
Miracle Pictures<br />
In this film, staged at the bottom of the ocean<br />
off Bermuda, the diver is sent down to open a<br />
treasure chest of iron. He is watched all the<br />
time by the underwater periscope shown at tbe<br />
left of the upper photograph. In lifting the<br />
heavy iron lid his 6ngers get caught, and he is<br />
rescued only after nearly reaching the exhaus<br />
tion point, by a Negro diver who goes down<br />
after him unprotected by armor.
JUST BEING CLEAN<br />
SWABBING OUT RUST AND GREASE<br />
Inspection of rifles at West Point is most exacting; the officer who inspects goes over each firearm with<br />
a finger of his white gloves. If sufficient dirt, rust or grease is present to soil the glove, the cadet is in<br />
line for a reprimand.<br />
^P<br />
m<br />
LEARNING TO TARE<br />
THE LONG JUMP
h°<br />
•<br />
. f \ i • • < v • " • '<br />
V<br />
SV #-"3 3<br />
•-r<br />
"\ 4 \ ~i S<br />
^K<br />
32<br />
LI -V<br />
THE INSIGNIA OF THE LAFAYETTE ESCADRILLE<br />
Tins branch ol the French war aviation service, composed entirely of Americans, has adopted this emblem for<br />
the wings of all planes. The design was made by Corporal Edward F. Hinkle of Cincinnati, and the notations<br />
are in his handwriting.<br />
833
824<br />
CAMOUFLAGE—THE ART<br />
OF DECEIVING AN ENEMY<br />
"Ti ••-,»•' FILM ',(«. C!<br />
JOKES THAT HAVE SOLEMN BAISONS D'ETRE<br />
In the photograph above, French soldiers are constructing a foliage shield, which is intended to protect<br />
the road from hostile observation. Many important transport links have been kept from the enemy's<br />
knowledge, in this manner, for weeks, while the train of munition carriers and ambulances have passed<br />
on in their steady line undisturbed. Below is another interesting instance of this war-born art. Two<br />
American members of the foreign legion, Arthur Barry and Harry Claude of Boston, Massachusetts,<br />
are adjusting a dummy figure which they are about to set up in a conspicuous place to draw the German's<br />
rifle fire.
A VICTIM OF THE U-BOATS<br />
WHERE SECONDS COUNTED AS LIVES<br />
These photographs, two of the most remarkable any magazine has published since the outbreak of<br />
the war, picture vividly the conditions which ensue during the desperate moments in which tbe crew<br />
of a torpedoed vessel attempts to escape in the lifeboats. The sinking shown occurred in the Mediterranean<br />
Sea. approximately two months ago.
—<br />
KING OF THE AIR
BUILDERS OF A WORLD<br />
The 80,000-Square-Foot World Map<br />
On the rijjht is a general pen drawing perspective, while<br />
below are photographs of the work, nearing completion.<br />
The first photo shows a glimpse of the Mediterranean,<br />
looking into Africa, while below, the boys arc giving the<br />
last touches to the Arctic Circle, in Canada.<br />
Wish They'd Done It This Way Thirty Years Ago!<br />
One of the aims in Boyland, Prince Hopkins school for<br />
boys in California, is to give the pupils a working know!<br />
edge of their studies, and in carrying out this idea many<br />
unique methods have originated. On one and a half acres<br />
the boys are building a huge relief map of the world measuring<br />
400 by 2(XJ feet. The oceans contain real water. Excavations<br />
to a depth of i!4 feet are made and faced with<br />
cement. The continents are constructed of brick and<br />
cement in the form of islands in this large basin. In the<br />
oceans the boys swim or row small boats, following the<br />
great steamship lines to all countries, this fixing in their<br />
minds forever the things that are so hard to remember<br />
from books.<br />
1-C<br />
5KSS i<br />
•T' - £1
828 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
THE TORPEDO BUOY<br />
A line of these small machines, stretching from the southernmost coast of Norway to the nearest point of Scotland, has<br />
been suggested by an American inventor as a means of walling in Germany's submarines,
TRAPPING THE PIRATE<br />
U-BOAT<br />
By ANTHOTSfY M. RUD<br />
T O date there have been three<br />
general means suggested and<br />
tried for nullifying the disastrous<br />
work of the German<br />
undersea fleet. They are :<br />
1. The building of nets, either with<br />
or without explosive accessories, of sufficiently<br />
great extent to seal the Straits<br />
of Dover and stop up the 250-mile<br />
stretch of water that<br />
intervenes between Scotland<br />
and Norway, or by<br />
blocking off a portion<br />
of the North Sea itself,<br />
by plugging the entrances<br />
of Wilhelmshaven,<br />
Zeebrugge, the<br />
Elbe River and the<br />
Baltic Sea.<br />
2. By allowing the<br />
submarines free range,<br />
and then by means of<br />
huge "mosquito fleets"<br />
and squadrons of destroyers<br />
and a r m e d<br />
merchantmen, make the<br />
U-boat mortality greater<br />
than the shipping loss<br />
involved, thus draining<br />
Germany's resources at<br />
a faster rate than she<br />
could retaliate with<br />
upon the Allies' grain<br />
and m u n i t i o n carriers.<br />
3. By combining the activity stated<br />
above with a plan for constructing<br />
merchantmen of a type that could<br />
evade U-boats successfully—in short,<br />
the Simon Lake 5,000-ton submarine<br />
freighter.<br />
Up to the present moment, the first<br />
two projects have been worked upon in<br />
a small way—with small success. Allied<br />
shipping has been setting sail steadily<br />
for Davy Jones' Locker at the rate of<br />
six millions of tons gross a year. True,<br />
the astounding and appalling rate set<br />
during the fifth week—that of fifteen<br />
millions a year—has diminished, but<br />
from the low water mark—three million<br />
tons a year—which was established soon<br />
after, the destruction records have<br />
mounted steadily week by week, until<br />
The "Submarine Swatter"—a Makeshift Method of Making Germany's<br />
Piratical Undersea Warfare Expensive<br />
now they threaten to raise the average<br />
appreciably.<br />
One is apt to deprecate the losses,<br />
since they are not now as large as they<br />
were at one time, but this is indeed the<br />
height of folly. If Germany continues<br />
her operations as successfully in the<br />
future as she has done in the past, Great<br />
Britain will be starved into submission<br />
just as surely as there is a rock at<br />
Gibraltar! The English press denies<br />
829
830 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
*jJpHWW5S»**' *<br />
» fc ». %mJT<br />
&S&<br />
A SCENE THE SUBMARINE MAKES COMMON<br />
This was one of the boats of the Sontay. a French liner, which was sunk in the Mediterranean about two<br />
months ago. The heavy seas swamped this dory; the photograph shows it going under with its load.<br />
that the state of affairs is as bad as<br />
this, for pessimism must not be allowed<br />
to grow in the British Isles, but on this<br />
side of the water we can afford to look<br />
the facts in the face. We must!<br />
The third plan suggested, that of<br />
building an enormous fleet of graincarrying<br />
submarines, probably is sound.<br />
If we were preparing for an exigency<br />
two years in the future, this might well<br />
be worth serious consideration. Because<br />
we have 'no facilities for building such<br />
craft in large numbers, however, these<br />
vessels probably will remain an untried<br />
resource.<br />
The second idea is a makeshift, pure<br />
and simple. Although six score or more<br />
of the undersea pirates have been sunk<br />
by Allied "swatters", destroyers and<br />
merchantmen since the beginning of the<br />
war, Germany has replaced the lost<br />
U-boats five-fold, at least, in the same<br />
space of time.<br />
In addition to these figures, which<br />
sketch the fallacy of the plan—which,<br />
indeed, is much like sending policemen<br />
to each of the buildings of a village<br />
which an incendiary is about to attack,<br />
in the hope that the torch-carrier may<br />
be apprehended before he burns more<br />
than half the village—the actual loss in<br />
shipping facilities is so deadly serious<br />
that even if we win the war, it will be<br />
years before the commerce of the world<br />
can be carried as satisfactorily as before.<br />
This elimination leaves but the first<br />
plan to work upon. In part it is entirely<br />
sound, and the remainder suggests another<br />
possible solution in the form of<br />
an amendment and complement.<br />
The Straits of Dover have been sealed<br />
satisfactorily; this has been demonstrated<br />
by the fact that not one single<br />
submarine has been seen in the English<br />
Channel since the big net was placed.<br />
During the first few weeks several German<br />
commanders attempted to cut<br />
through this obstruction, but the venture<br />
proved so fatal in every case that now<br />
even the Germans have abandoned it.<br />
But the net to Norway! This is not<br />
in place, although engineers, under the
TRAPPING THE PIRATE U-BOAT 831<br />
DIAGRAM OF THE TORPEDO BUOY SYSTEM<br />
Each buoy has one torpedo tube of small size, one rapid-fire gun. and a switch for each of from eight to<br />
fifteen tri-nitro-toluol mines.<br />
supervision of the English Government,<br />
have experimented on the project.<br />
The alternative, a closure of Wilhelmshaven,<br />
Zeebrugge, the Elbe and the<br />
Baltic is near to the impossible, because<br />
of the distance to be bridged, and because<br />
such nets, being practically within<br />
gunshot of the German batteries, would<br />
be subject to continual attack and probable<br />
demolition.<br />
This turns us back to the proposed<br />
250-mile net from the north coast of<br />
Scotland to the southernmost point of<br />
the western Scandinavian peninsula.<br />
From the standpoint of engineers, the<br />
construction of a steel net bomb curtain,<br />
consisting of toughened strands of tenfoot<br />
mesh, with twenty-pound tri-nitrotoluol<br />
bombs sprinkled plentifully enough<br />
up and down the two-hundred-foot depth<br />
and vast width to insure the destruction<br />
of any inquisitive U-boat, is quite simple<br />
in reality, though of course the expense<br />
would be gigantic.<br />
The rub comes not in the building, but<br />
in the maintenance, as in the case of the<br />
W'illielmshaven net, though in the former<br />
instance, from an entirely different<br />
source.<br />
The stretch of water which intervenes<br />
between the two rocky coasts named.<br />
possesses an unenviable reputation for<br />
sudden and violent storms. It approaches<br />
a certainty that once this gigantic<br />
net were placed some storm would<br />
arise that would undo the intensive planning<br />
and work of months. Considering<br />
the speed of construction necessary, the<br />
stretches of wire and bombs would have<br />
to be supported by towers placed far too<br />
sparsely to give any margin of safety.<br />
Then, too, the Germans probably<br />
would perfect the wirecutting contrivance<br />
about wdiich they are boasting now<br />
—this is a spiral many-bladed knife that<br />
projects twenty feet in front of the prow<br />
of the U-boat, and which is engine<br />
driven—for when the German has his<br />
back against the wall for the lack of a<br />
mechanical device, he is not apt to remain<br />
long in that uncomfortable position.<br />
One American inventor, out of the<br />
hordes who now are working upon the<br />
project, has advanced an idea which<br />
may have sufficient practical worth to<br />
merit its being tried out. This plan is,<br />
succinctly stated, instead of the wire and<br />
bomb curtain, which would be at the<br />
mercy of storms and of German ingenuity,<br />
to set a line of buoys across.<br />
(Continued on page 946)
832<br />
THE PRODUCTS OF GERMAN<br />
EVIL GENIUS<br />
THE U-65 STOPPING A SPANISH MERCHANTMAN<br />
This is probably the only photograph in existence which shows a German undersea vessel in the act of<br />
holding up a vessel. The U-65—one of the latest and largest types constructed by the Teutons—hailed<br />
the ship—a liner belonging to the Compania Transatlantica Espanola—forty miles out from Barcelona,<br />
Spain, in the Mediterranean. The captain immediately rowed over to the side of the grim sea monster,<br />
presented his papers which proved that he was not bound for the war zone, and was allowed to proceed.<br />
While the parley was taking place, Sir Ramon Marti-Beila, one of the liner's passengers, took a hasty<br />
shapshot of tbe submarine from the shelter of a lifeboat. Note the wireless apparatus on the U*boat,<br />
the stationary-mounted six pounders on the deck—which are not taken into the vessel when submerging,<br />
but are covered with waterproof casings—and the short, arched railings at either end of the deck for easy<br />
reach when mounting from the interior of the submarine.<br />
CATAPULTS LIKE RICHARD COEUR DE LION USED IN ASSAULTING ACRE<br />
To conserve giant powder, the Germans have brought this method of destroying peasants' cottages and<br />
whatever edifices they happen to desire to destroy, into use. By means of the cumulative effect of force - v<br />
applied in this manner, one man can raze a house singlehanded.
THE DOLLAR VALUE OF<br />
PATRIOTISM<br />
By GEORGE HOLMES CUSHING<br />
B Y practical patriotism at this time I mean a willingness on your (capital's<br />
) part to bring out the efficient machine the patent on which you killed<br />
because you had money invested in an older device. I mean a willingness<br />
on my (labor's) part to lay aside the rule which makes a little<br />
work go a long way among many men. I mean a willingness on the<br />
other fellow's part to adopt a new routine to save time.<br />
To illustrate, I reach the print shop every Friday morning about a quarter<br />
to nine. The last page of our trade paper is sent to press by half past eleven.<br />
In those two hours and forty-five minutes, the type columns are fitted into place ;<br />
the illustrations placed, the headlines set, the proof read and the corrections made.<br />
There is no hurry : no one gets excited; we merely work fast.<br />
A short while ago, I went to another print shop in another city to "make up"<br />
a paper of identical size. We started on it on Friday morning and finished it,<br />
after a fashion, Tuesday night. We worked Saturday afternoon and I worked<br />
part of Sunday. During those four days, the place was in an uproar.<br />
To explain the difference is easy. In our shop all the type is set at night.<br />
When the make-up man comes in the morning, he finds all of it in his racks.<br />
He arranges it in logical order and, after placing his illustrating plates, fits the<br />
type to the remaining space. He takes about five minutes, on the average, to<br />
each page.<br />
In the other shop there was no system. Xo order. The typesetter, the makeup<br />
man and the adjuster were all working at one time. The type was scattered<br />
all over a big room ; when we wanted an article, we had to issue a search warrant<br />
I u
834 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
for it. Sometimes a long hunt revealed the<br />
fact that the typesetter was still working on it,<br />
and we had to putter and kill time until the<br />
machines caught up. Several times, proofreading<br />
revealed the fact that whole columns<br />
were lost and hours were spent in making the<br />
required readjustment.<br />
Get my notion straight! Suppose we put<br />
the whole thing on a cash basis. Both shops<br />
charged the same price for the same job.<br />
()ne, by moving the work rapidly, made a<br />
twenty-five per cent profit on it. The other,<br />
by moving the work slowly, allowed the labor<br />
cost to eat up the profit and to add a loss.<br />
One shop made money ; the other failed.<br />
To go a little deeper into the<br />
subject, the superintendent of our<br />
printing plant said:<br />
"We have more work than we<br />
can get men to do. Our men<br />
know they are never going to be<br />
laid off. Because speed today<br />
does not mean<br />
idleness tomorrow,<br />
our<br />
men will 'pull<br />
out'."<br />
The other<br />
perintendsaid:<br />
"You can't<br />
c e this<br />
£. You are wasting<br />
time to try<br />
If He Is Giving His<br />
Best to His Work He<br />
Can Count Himself a<br />
True Patriot<br />
An Evil to Be Eradicated<br />
He would work hard and constructively<br />
—if materials were to be had. Because<br />
of poor <strong>org</strong>anization, however, part of<br />
the laborer's time is deliberately<br />
wasted. This is to be remedied by examining<br />
thr system, not by cursing the<br />
man with the hod.<br />
the next bi<br />
another three or four days. They are<br />
going to try to make this one last until that one comes."<br />
That, I believe, is a familiar picture of America<br />
before the war. In a few tense districts there was<br />
more work than there were men. In most places there<br />
was not enough work to go around. This fact dictated<br />
speed and profit in some places and loitering and loss<br />
in others.<br />
The Federal Trade Commission has made one astoundg<br />
discovery but I believe it has misinterpreted the facts.<br />
found that of 250,000 business concerns in the United<br />
States, fully 100,000 never paid a dollar in dividends. It<br />
elieved that these concerns had not charged enough to<br />
cover cost. I believe they charged enough but that costs ate<br />
up the profits because the men killed time while waiting for<br />
the next job to come in. We were a nation of commercial<br />
dawdlers and dissipated our earnings by wasting time.
THE DOLLAR VALUK OF PATRIOTISM 835<br />
Now all that is going to change—it must<br />
change. We have in three years failed to get<br />
some 2,000,000 workers from Europe because of<br />
the war. We are about to lose 2,000,000 or more<br />
of our own to the United States Army. With a<br />
working force that is below normal by 4,000,000<br />
men, we propose to start at an already high level<br />
of production and reach still higher levels!<br />
And there is but one possible way of doing it.<br />
Every man must reach the height of efficiency in<br />
his own way. I le must gather his<br />
material and tools about him in an<br />
orderly fashion, and then work<br />
without a lost motion. If this<br />
task is to be finished, America<br />
must reform those dawdling<br />
shops which now spend four<br />
clays over a job which can be<br />
done easily in a forenoon.<br />
And, American workers must<br />
consent to strike and hold<br />
the new, orderly pace.<br />
While I do not pretend<br />
to measure America's<br />
productive capacity, a few<br />
incidents, taken at random,<br />
will indicate what<br />
it is.<br />
New York, recently,<br />
decided to put down a new<br />
sidewalk on Broadway<br />
above Thirty-sixth Street.<br />
One gang tore up the old<br />
walk and f<strong>org</strong>ot about it.<br />
During ten days that fol<br />
l\^<br />
lowed, several gangs of men went several times to put down the new one.<br />
They went away each time because material had not arrived. They wasted hours<br />
each time.<br />
Chicago had such a job to do recently. The contractor was a man by the name<br />
of Lee. Before even tearing up the old walk he caused three cars to be placed<br />
on the railroad siding near where the job was to be done. One of these contained<br />
broken stone, another sand and a third cement. Near them he placed a rocking<br />
cradle device on stilts. The preliminaries finished, workers filled the device with<br />
broken stone or sand. When the auto truck came they rolled the cradle over it<br />
and spilled its contents into the truck. Next they threw a few bags of cement on<br />
top of the load and the truck started to where the paving had to be repaired.<br />
While this was going on. another gang of workers had torn up the old<br />
sidewalk and had made ready to lay the new. A few put down the "footing"<br />
while a few more mixed the cement. As fast as one job was finished another<br />
was begun. The raw material was always at hand ready for use. In this way,<br />
Chicago did a job in one morning, that New York had dawdled over for more<br />
than ten days.<br />
1<br />
Where a Fifty Per Cent Saving Often Can Be Made<br />
areful planning, many of those "two-man jobs" can b.- done as well<br />
by one worker.
836 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
EVERY MINUTE WASTED IS A BLOW AT THE NATION<br />
Now is the time for laborers and skilled artisans to give of their very best. Dawdling and loafing are treason in<br />
only less degree than spying for the enemy.<br />
Mr. Lee told me that he would have made a good profit if he had charged<br />
for his Chicago job as little as one-half what its New York counterpart had cost.<br />
I le said also, that this orderly marshaling of material trebles the amount of work<br />
which a given number of men can do as compared with the haphazard method<br />
usually employed.<br />
Last fall, I saw two contractors start to build two houses on adjoining lots.<br />
One of them finished his house in five months. The other had his done in three<br />
months. I studied the methods of both and know the difference. The one who<br />
worked rapidly had calculated ahead of time exactly the kind and amount of<br />
materials he would require. He had it on hand when the men started to work.<br />
Also, it was so arranged in piles that the workers would come to what they<br />
wanted just as they needed it.<br />
The other contractor started the men to work before he was ready for them.<br />
He depended on being able to get the material "at any old time" he wanted<br />
it. But, he didn't get it and so the men waited.<br />
Incidentally, one of the contractors made ten per cent. The other confessed<br />
to me he lost $750 on his house.<br />
A plumber came to my house to fix a faucet. He had brought neither tools<br />
nor material. The misspent effort of returning to the office for tools and<br />
material took this skilled worker out of his zone of usefulness for four hours.<br />
The work itself took fifteen minutes. He wasted fifteen minutes for every one<br />
he put in at work. And all this because he failed to carry his tools and materials<br />
with him and because he refused to telephone for them instead of going after them.<br />
Almost half the time of the nation's workers is being wasted because no<br />
studied effort has been made to save time. This waste can be stopped and their<br />
output almost doubled, if the materials they are to use are mobilized properly.<br />
As a big concrete example, the Western Electric Company of Chicago, one of<br />
the biggest factories of its kind, saved more than half the time formerly taken<br />
to manufacture each unit by changing the arrangement of its plant. By the new<br />
plan, the raw material comes in the factory and is hoisted to the top floor. The
THE DOLLAR VALUE OF PATRIOTISM 837<br />
finished product leaves the factory from the bottom floor. Each step in the manufacturing<br />
process is so taken that the raw material is moving precisely toward<br />
the finished stage and in the direction of the shipping door.<br />
It is not necessary to say, I believe, that, with this faster routine established,<br />
the business saves time and makes vast sums of money. Thus to marshal material<br />
properly not only will help the nation to get the things it must have—my<br />
definition of practical industrial patriotism—but it gives the factory owner<br />
economy wdiich has, now and hereafter, a measurable dollar value.<br />
The production record and earning power of the Ford factory and the Elgin<br />
watch works support both assertions as to the time saving and economical value<br />
of this business plan.<br />
What lias been said up to this point has concerned itself with saving the time<br />
of the workers that the nation may not suffer because 2.000,000 are going to war.<br />
This proposed routine will help, hut if the nation is to avoid disaster, we must<br />
do something more than produce. We must distribute. That raises the question<br />
of handling of materials.<br />
Nowhere are the good and bad methods more vividly portrayed than on the<br />
docks. To see the bad method under the spotlight, I advise you to go to the<br />
wharves at New Orleans or Mobile. There merchandise for transshipment is<br />
brought in by trains and wagons. It is unloaded and dumped indiscriminately ;<br />
it is put wherever the clock foreman happens to see an empty space when something<br />
must he got rid of. After a few hours of such work, the wharf is a litter.<br />
When the ship arrives and the loading begins, it seems that everything is<br />
directly in the way of everything else. Often, the work that was hastily or<br />
thoughtlessly done has to be done over and over again.<br />
By contrast, R. C. Martens, a Russian with a business in New York, is a
838 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
scientific shipper. He divides his warehouse and wharves into departments and<br />
assigns each space to each class of goods. He has departments for merchandise,<br />
machinery, bulky goods, crated goods, and so on. Each department, he designates<br />
by a color. The plans work this way. We will assume that the color of<br />
the machinery section is green. As the factory ships a machine to the Martens<br />
warehouse, a green paper label is pasted on. When the clock workers see that<br />
color, they know, without detailed instruction, just where to put the machine.<br />
When the ship arrives, the goods are loaded according to this color scheme;<br />
certain colors invariably take certain places in the hold. The heavier materials,<br />
for example, always are on the lower decks.<br />
By following this orderly plan, the Martens <strong>org</strong>anization can load a ship in a<br />
clay. While using the more cumbersome plan, Gulf docks use up a week or more<br />
in loading one.<br />
I have seen within a few weeks in some of even the better railroad depots in<br />
Chicago, freight handlers still using the old hand trucks while unloading and<br />
loading cars. It is the slowest way possible and wastes space, effort and men.<br />
A better way to do the same work is that used in the Curtis Bay warehouse<br />
of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at Baltimore. It has an overhead railway on<br />
which run many small locomotives. From each is hung a pair of chains with<br />
grappling hooks at the lower end. One man in his locomotive cab and one on the<br />
floor cause that locomotive to pick up the heaviest package and carry it to any<br />
part of the warehouse or into the car or ship.<br />
Such methods as those used by Martens and the Baltimore & Ohio speed up<br />
the routine of merchandise distribution. If we speed up production, we also<br />
must expedite distribution, else the flood of production will dam itself. Therefore,<br />
these methods are not only advisable. They are necessary.<br />
As important as these improved methods are. we cannot adopt them until<br />
both capital and labor have consented to look at things from a new point of<br />
view. To be specific, labor has refused to use either modern inventions or efficient<br />
ways of working lest it cut itself out of employment. Two incidents illustrate<br />
the labor attitude.<br />
During the coal shortage last winter, my dealer could deliver me only a' ton<br />
at a time. The driver of the coal wagon said he was glad of it because making<br />
many small deliveries instead of a few big ones, gave him steady work.<br />
Again, an electrician was wiring a house recently.<br />
I noticed that he still cut the insulation from the wire<br />
with his penknife and asked him why he did not use<br />
the new device wdiich strips such wire in a second.<br />
He replied that that would save too much time and<br />
cut him and other electrical workers out of jobs.<br />
The superintendent of a coal mine says that<br />
if his miners would use certain time saving<br />
devices, he could get out twenty-five per cent<br />
more coal and cut the cost of production fifteen<br />
cents a ton. But, the men will not work faster<br />
lest they have to lie idle more days in a year<br />
than now and lest the mines should decide<br />
to use fewer men.<br />
Capital has been and still is afraid to<br />
use some of the newer and faster machines.<br />
It has large sums of money tied<br />
If You See Him Sitting Around Like This. ,„ . . „,„<br />
Brand Him as a Slacker! He Deserves H {Continued on Page 944)
A Nebraska Dogcyele<br />
When Herman Rickert lost his left loot<br />
in a switching accident, years ago, the<br />
railroad gave him a place as crossing Han<br />
man. Getting to work was a problem,<br />
however, for riding a cycle up and down<br />
the strep Grand Island grades was dif<br />
ficult, when one leg only could be used<br />
for pedalling. Tine, Mr. Rickert'sfaiih<br />
ful dog, was called upon, therefore, to<br />
furnish the necessary added motiw<br />
power. Since that day the journey has<br />
heen accomplished twice daily in the<br />
manner shown in the above photograph.<br />
Heads ot Solid Wood<br />
Croquet sets nowadays are not mete<br />
b.ilIs. mallets, wickets, and stake-.<br />
Each piece has an individuality; some<br />
of the faces are from Mother Goose,<br />
while others remind one strongly of the<br />
friends Little Ahce met in Looking<br />
Glass Land. In this particular set we<br />
surmise that the two stakes are images<br />
of the Duchess,<br />
MBBHMMHMI<br />
839
840 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
EH5EI •Z3<br />
The White House Jack-of-AIl-Trades<br />
Yesl He is official janitor of the White House at Wash<br />
ington, and earns the munificent salary of $1.75 a day for<br />
caring for five boilers, a kitchen range, a fireplace, and<br />
doing the ordinary sweeping. He works eight hours a day,<br />
and has no Sundays or holidays off. To piece out his in<br />
come, Mr. Williams hustles outside jobs.<br />
C0Pf«'."T B06T0H fWOTO NEWS<br />
A Shooting Box in the Clouds<br />
The shotgun artists of this club became tired, recently, of<br />
peppering at clay pigeons which never flew directly over<br />
head, so they built this structure. From a height of<br />
seventy-six feet the discus-like targets now are hurled,
EnEE<br />
Dentist to Big Maud<br />
This elephant, an inhabitant of the<br />
Grant Park Zoological Garden at<br />
Atlanta, Ge<strong>org</strong>ia, recently developed<br />
an ulcerated tooth. The<br />
molar had to come out, but the job<br />
is a ticklish one at best, lor<br />
while Maud ordinarily is<br />
the best natured of pachydermettes,<br />
an ulcerated<br />
tooth and a dentist with<br />
forceps that look like ice<br />
tongs are not jokes. After<br />
a great deal of persuasion,<br />
Maud allowed Keeper<br />
Leonard and P r.<br />
Davies to remove the<br />
offending tooth.<br />
tf •<br />
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE 841<br />
How to Keep Corners Clean<br />
The workmen in this factory all chew tobacco.<br />
The management racked its brains<br />
for some scheme that would prevent expectoration<br />
in the room corners; finally<br />
they painted all of them pure white. Now<br />
there is no trouble.<br />
- > > , .<br />
842<br />
j»»J
EHEE<br />
Street Car Homes for Consumptives<br />
The Toronto, Canada, Free Hospital<br />
for Consumptives, is the only institution<br />
of its kind in the world where disused<br />
street cars are used as living<br />
apartments for consumptive patients.<br />
One man resides in eachcar, and thereby<br />
obtains plenty of fresh air while<br />
still living indoors. There is also a<br />
vegetable garden connected with the<br />
hospital which is cultivated solely by<br />
the patients. The street along which<br />
these t.irs are lined goes by the name<br />
of "Street Car Alley." Some of the<br />
patients who can afford it have their<br />
cars fitted up in palatial style.<br />
Handcuffs Prisoners to Suitcase<br />
Sheriff Charles A. Berry of Kent county,<br />
Michigan, basso much respect for the<br />
feelings of his prisoners that he never<br />
leads them through the streets from the<br />
jail to a court or train, handcuffed to an<br />
officer. They are handcuffed to a suitcase<br />
full of bricks, weighing many<br />
pounds, and their coat sleeves hide the<br />
shackles, giving them the appearance<br />
of casual travelers. The number of<br />
bri( ks in the case is proportioned to a<br />
schedule kept at the jail which is graduated<br />
according to the seriousness ol<br />
the offense.<br />
LITTLE ODDITIES OF LIFE<br />
843
844 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
22 Ems<br />
Adopting the British method of public<br />
CARDS OF HONOR<br />
knowledgment of enlistment, the United States Marine Corps will place hereafter<br />
a placard on the home of each man<br />
who joins the service. The placard<br />
bears the following announcement, in<br />
letters of scarlet:<br />
"A Man from This House Is Serving<br />
in the United States Marine Corps."<br />
The first consignment of these "cards<br />
of honor" was issued recently and the<br />
men who have been admitted to the<br />
Marine Corps and who will be accepted<br />
in the future will have cards mailed to<br />
their friends and relatives.<br />
To those who apply for enlistment but<br />
who fail to meet the somewhat stringent<br />
physical requirements of the Marine-<br />
Corps, a printed card bearing the signature<br />
of the recruiting officer, the seal of<br />
the corps, the location of the recruiting<br />
office where issued, the date, and the<br />
name of the man, is given. The printed<br />
text is as follows:<br />
This is to certify that Mr. John Doe has<br />
patriotically offered his services to the<br />
United States Marine Corps, but has<br />
been rejected for physical disabilities.<br />
Yesterday and Tomorrow<br />
On the left is Mrs. Marion B. Clifton, the<br />
oldest member of the Actor's Home on<br />
Staten Island, New York, while on the<br />
right, beside her, is little Ethelmary<br />
Oakland, the young Tannhauser star.
ANALYZING YOUR CHILD<br />
By HAROLD CARY<br />
0.MHH.HI—tJNr{fl*C-
846 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Manhattan, and it gives this impression to a mere<br />
adult immediately. There are no knickknacks, but a<br />
good vase or two, an open bookcase lines one wall,<br />
the colors are in good harmony, the desk is not too<br />
orderly, and the chairs are deep and comfortable.<br />
Mother and child were at home very quickly.<br />
After a few minutes' talk Mrs. Scott invited the<br />
youngster to come downstairs to the playroom.<br />
The child in question was extremely nervous,<br />
anaemic, easily startled and very shy. He stood at the<br />
door and watched his mother and Mrs. Scott with big<br />
round eyes, too shy to enter the g<strong>org</strong>eous playroom.<br />
Mrs. Scott then went to one of the shelves and took up a<br />
Russian wooden egg. brightly painted, and brought it<br />
over to the lacquered green octagon table in the center<br />
of the room. Without saying anything she opened the<br />
egg and disclosed a slightly smaller ovoid within, painted<br />
Bad Table Manners<br />
Ten chances to one the fault does not lie with the child<br />
but with the parents themselves.<br />
a different color. Then<br />
she opened that and disclosed another. By the<br />
time she had come to the third the child was<br />
beside her, watching with pitiful intentness.<br />
"Guess what color the next will be?"<br />
she invited, in a kindly tone.<br />
The youngster was silent while<br />
another egg appeared, but before<br />
another was ready he had assimilated<br />
the idea completelv, and<br />
shouted, "Red!" in a delighted<br />
voice.<br />
The ice was broken. Mrs.<br />
Scott gave him the egg, which<br />
contained seventeen others, and<br />
left him to his own devices. To<br />
open and close the combination egg<br />
again required some manual skill, coordination<br />
of muscles, and eye for size<br />
and order and other important mental<br />
and physical abilities. This child was<br />
deft. He played with the egg for an<br />
hour and a half, during which time<br />
his mother annoyed him continually<br />
by pointing out other things he<br />
might play with, suggesting that he<br />
build castles with the halves of eggs<br />
which he took off, and asking him<br />
foolish questions about the colors.<br />
Yet the child went on until he was<br />
perfectly satisfied about that egg.<br />
He tried to ignore his mother while he<br />
found out how the toy worked, what<br />
colors there were and what he could<br />
*
ANALYZING YOUR CHILD S47<br />
do with them. Xot once did he drop<br />
even a section, so absorbed was he.<br />
This example of diagnosis is unfairly<br />
shortened and shows general<br />
principles only, but what did this<br />
much show? That the child's nervousness<br />
was caused by a nagging<br />
mother, who loved him very much but<br />
who refused, because she loved him<br />
so, to let him alone to develop his<br />
own character, to play independently.<br />
It made the youngster feel and be disobedient, dependent and<br />
extremely nervous. Constructively it showed that he was<br />
clever with his hands but most of all that he was persistent<br />
and able to concentrate his mind for long periods of time, and<br />
be very happy doing so.<br />
The child was left in the playroom to amuse himself, a new<br />
experience which he enjoyed hugely, while Mrs. Scott and<br />
the mother talked over his whole life history, his relations<br />
with persons at home, servants, relatives, the father. The<br />
agreement was. as always, that the mother was to report to<br />
You Can Bank upon It That Your Baby Is Trying<br />
with All His Plucky Little Heart to Understand<br />
You. Do Your Part<br />
Mrs. Scott once a<br />
week for six<br />
week s, du r i n g<br />
which time the<br />
written diagnosis<br />
was given out, and<br />
suggestions for<br />
the treatment of<br />
the child were<br />
made. These cannot<br />
be duplicated<br />
e x c e p t for<br />
specific cases<br />
and in the form of shorthand notes,<br />
but their effort is to make the parents<br />
understand the child, know<br />
why he is wilful, what he means by<br />
what he sa\s. what he thinks—<br />
even his philosophy of life.<br />
"We must learn to realize and<br />
recognize," says Mrs. Scott, "that<br />
behind the most undesirable faults<br />
in our children may be splendid<br />
qualities, wonderful strength : behind<br />
the most vicious fit of temper is will<br />
power, originality, emotional energy<br />
—powers which if directed constructively<br />
make the unusual personality,<br />
the adult genius. If we treat it arbitrarily,<br />
blindly, cruelly, then we pervert<br />
these qualities into destructive
848 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
forces that we must<br />
reckon with later."<br />
Then whose fault<br />
is it when Mr. or<br />
Mrs. Thirty orders<br />
something done and<br />
Mr. Six stamps his<br />
small foot and says<br />
wilfully, "I won't"?<br />
It is the fault of the<br />
person who is training<br />
the child, the fault<br />
of the three dollar a<br />
week nurse girl with<br />
whom he plays, or<br />
the mother who fails<br />
to understand him or<br />
the father who says,<br />
"Take that kid to bed,<br />
I'm tired."<br />
When a child is two<br />
years old he is "cute" when<br />
he swallows father's watch<br />
or throws soup at the butler.<br />
Four years later this<br />
very ebullition is an act of<br />
Satan who unaccountably<br />
has got into the child in<br />
spite of his kind and loving<br />
parents. But it is not.<br />
You laughed with the baby<br />
who was energetic with the<br />
Constant Nagging<br />
Brings Out Objectionable<br />
Qualities, while<br />
a Real Attempt to Sympathize<br />
and Help Ordinarily<br />
Is Rewarded Out<br />
of All Proportion to the Effort<br />
Required<br />
soup but you punished the child who later did the same thing, so you established<br />
a cross in his mind. The later psychologists have proved that a child or a man<br />
never f<strong>org</strong>ets anything, though he can recall only the smallest part of his experiences<br />
at will. Back in his mind he knows that you once approved that action and<br />
now disapprove of it. He says nothing, and probably thinks nothing about it,<br />
but he forms what the Freudians call a "complex" or a "neurosis", a misunderstanding<br />
which perverts the energy and makes him develop a wild temper or some<br />
other "bad" trait.<br />
We all suffer from our childhood training because, as Mrs. Scott and the<br />
great educators of today believe, our formative years are from birth to six. It<br />
is during these years that we are forming our personality, will-power, high<br />
spirits, desire for mental and physical activity, curiosity, initiative, concentration,<br />
imagination and emotional strength.<br />
In diagnosing the minds of the youngsters Mrs. Scott merely watches them<br />
at play as she did the concrete example of which we spoke above. The ordinary<br />
child comes bouncing into the room and is pleased at the right to do as he<br />
pleases. Everything is in order in its place and to get playthings he must take<br />
them out. Does he put them back? What sort of a toy interests him? According<br />
to this his personality expresses itself for those who know how to understand.<br />
Is he honest? There is a game of Russian jackstraws (Continued on page 94?)
MAKING A FORT OF THE<br />
AUTOMOBILE<br />
By HINTON GILMORE<br />
T H E use of a motor car a.s a<br />
special fortification for scouting<br />
parties now is being given<br />
consideration by Uncle Sam.<br />
At San Francisco recently.<br />
Captain S. S. Ross of the coast artillery<br />
corps conducted experiments that indi-<br />
cently made was with an ordinary car of<br />
light weight.<br />
Army officials believe the plan to use<br />
small cars in this manner is not without<br />
its pracfical value. As a case in point<br />
thev sav that the massacre of the troopers<br />
of the Tenth Cavalry under Captain<br />
THIS BREASTWORK IS READY AT A MOMENT'S NOTICE<br />
The scouting* party jumps out, tilts up the machine, and is firing within five seconds of the time the enemy i<br />
discovered.<br />
cate the value of the automobile under<br />
such circumstances.<br />
The utility of the car is in advancing<br />
a special body of soldiers to the extreme<br />
front for purposes of reconnoissance and<br />
in providing cover in case of a sharp<br />
Boyd at Carrizal, Mexico, would have<br />
been prevented had the reconnoissance<br />
been made in automobiles, because the<br />
massacre was due, at least indirectly, to<br />
the fact that horses became stampeded<br />
and broke awav. leaving the doomed<br />
rifle skirmish. The demonstration re- troopers no means of escape.<br />
849
NEW TREES FROM OLD<br />
How Botanist-Surgeons A re Saving Our Shade Giants<br />
fuli^f :^m The Finished Froduct<br />
Because the tree shown on the<br />
left would still be exposed to the<br />
elements, and would decay still<br />
further if not protected, the surgeons<br />
filled all of the cavities in<br />
the trunk and around the bands,<br />
with concrete. This made the<br />
giant much more sightly, and<br />
kept out the borers and parasites<br />
that bad made the life of the<br />
arboreal veteran burdensome-.<br />
REINFORCED WITH STEEL SUPPORTS<br />
This tree had what might readily be called cancer of the heart. The<br />
disease had so weakened and rotted the giant that it was but a question<br />
of days before a wind strong enough to fell it completely should<br />
arise The surgeons removed all the diseased wood, drove in a steel<br />
piling support, and bound the heavy branches of the old oak to this by<br />
steel bands aT*d bolts. With this done, the tree has eastly another<br />
century's lease on life.<br />
850<br />
ye* ,
NEW TREES FROM OLD 851<br />
Grafting<br />
The work uf tree surgeons by no means con<br />
fines itself to saving old landmarks and beau<br />
tiful shade trees. On the left is shown a Texas<br />
tree doctor, grafting grapefruit twigs on to an<br />
orange tree. Above is shown the fruitbearer<br />
upon which this interesting operation was<br />
performed.
852 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
A USELESS LIMB<br />
The tree surgeon has no patience with branches that are not producers; the moment one shows a sign of deadness. off<br />
TRANSPLANTING SHADE TREES<br />
The doctors also take charge of transplanting full grown trees, and do it very successfully.
T H E Man in the Iron Mask<br />
mystified all Europe for many<br />
years, and is still the subject<br />
of considerable romance and<br />
legend, but in our great industries<br />
men in iron masks are not at all<br />
uncommon.<br />
In the rather new process of arc welding,<br />
iron masks are necessary to protect<br />
operators from the terrific heat and dazzling<br />
light. The electric arc is about the<br />
hottest thing in the whole world and<br />
almost as bright as the sun itself. The<br />
temperature of the arc is approximately<br />
3.500 degrees Centigrade, and as the heat<br />
is confined to a comparatively small<br />
space directly in contact with the arc,<br />
the light therefrom is blinding.<br />
Welding by the means of the electric<br />
arc is accomplished by fusing the surfaces<br />
to be welded by means of the high<br />
temperature of the arc and then filling in<br />
with additional material which also is<br />
melted. This in effect is really a method<br />
of casting, and unlike other forms of<br />
welding, the use of mechanical means in<br />
causing the parts to unite is unnecessary.<br />
In some instances the joint is hammered<br />
while hot but this is only for the purpose<br />
of increasing the ductility of the<br />
metal. When the carbon electrode is<br />
used, the filling metal is fed into the arc<br />
by the operator at a rate depending on<br />
the work being done.<br />
The metal on which the welding is to<br />
be done is connected to one side of the<br />
circuit and the electrode, with a suitable<br />
holder, is connected to the other. Then<br />
the operator dons his protective helmet.<br />
The electrode is connected to the negative<br />
side of the circuit and the piece of<br />
work to the positive, for the reason that<br />
the greater amount of heat is generated<br />
at the positive terminal; this prevents a<br />
too rapid consumption of the electrode.<br />
Furthermore, carbon from a graphite<br />
electrode is prevented, to a great degree,<br />
from being carried over into the work,<br />
and thus hard welds are largely eliminated.<br />
The fact that the greater part of<br />
the heat is liberated at the positive electrode<br />
means that the work directly in<br />
853
854 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
USING THE ARC WELDER<br />
This grotesque mask protects the workman from the blinding light,<br />
terrific heat, and from flying particles of molten metal.<br />
•>\<br />
w "<br />
contact with the arc is quickly brought<br />
to a high temperature, and locally to a<br />
state of fusion, which makes possible<br />
very rapid welding.<br />
The arc is established by touching<br />
the electrode momentarily to the work<br />
and then withdrawing it a<br />
short distance, in a manner<br />
similar to the operation of<br />
an arc lamp in starting.<br />
Practice is necessary in<br />
order to manipulate the<br />
electrode so as to maintain<br />
an approximately constant<br />
m\ ^sr-za<br />
s«*s<br />
c'^m---""<br />
:<br />
#9r^<br />
length of arc while welding. This point<br />
is important as variations in the length<br />
of the arc cause corresponding<br />
variations in the<br />
r- 1 current. After the arc is<br />
established it can be<br />
moved about over the<br />
work merely by moving<br />
the electrode from side to<br />
side.<br />
y*£ '-:,;<br />
-^^i^ssft-^ -"*<br />
WELDING AIR COMPRESSOR<br />
INTERCOOLERS BY THE<br />
ELECTRIC ARC PROCESS
NAVAL SERVICE INSIGNIA<br />
TSZS-<br />
26<br />
SYMBOLS YOU MAY WISH TO RECOGNIZE<br />
Master at arms.<br />
Boatswain's mate; coxswains.<br />
Quartermasters.<br />
Blacksmiths; ship fitters.<br />
Sailsmakers' mates.<br />
Printers.<br />
Carpenters' mates; plumbers, litters and<br />
painters.<br />
Turret captains.<br />
Gunner's mate.<br />
Chiol yeoman.<br />
Yeoman; 1st, 2nd, 3rd grades.<br />
Electricians.<br />
Machinists' mates; boiler makers; water tenders;<br />
coppersmiths and oilers.<br />
Hospital stewards; hospital apprentices (rcc<br />
cloth).<br />
Bandmasters; musicians.<br />
Commissary stewards<br />
Ship's cooks and bakers.<br />
Bupler.<br />
Grenade corps.<br />
Gun captain mark.<br />
Gun pointer mark.<br />
Gun pointer, 1st class, same as No. 21, wit<br />
star.<br />
Navy E. gunner making high trun score: - .<br />
Radio operator.<br />
Torpedoman.<br />
Apprentice mark.<br />
85S
856 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
DIXIE CARROLL-PISCATORIAL ADVISER EXTRAORDINARY<br />
Are you a novice in the fishing came, and do you want a good "lead" on where to battle successfully for forty pound<br />
muskies? Are you a crack, and do you desire to know what flies the brook trout of Colorado prefer? Are you lost in<br />
the mazes of doubt as to whether pork rind, Dowagiacs, wecdless lures or worms are the best medicine for bass in Jack-<br />
the-horse Lake, Itasca County, Minnesota? Are you looking for a quiet, unfished pool in the wilds, away from tin<br />
lizzies and Panama hats, where the northern pike and the pickerel jostle one another in their fight for your bait? Ask<br />
Dixie Carrolll He's a jolly good fellow, and perhaps the wisest man in North America on the ways of the finny tribe.
HE'LL TELL YOU HOW!<br />
By ROBERT H. MOULTON<br />
T H E world is full of people who<br />
are not only willing but actually<br />
aching to give you advice<br />
on any subject under the sun,<br />
from playing the stock market<br />
to raising gooseberries, but, so far as<br />
is known, the only man to wear the title<br />
of piscatorial adviser extraordinary to<br />
the citizens of the United States is Dixie<br />
Carroll, of Chicago.<br />
Dixie, indeed, is a national institution<br />
and holds a position unique in the annals<br />
of sport. For many years now he has<br />
been the trusted counselor of innumerable<br />
veterans of the rod and reel, and the<br />
tutor-in-chief of countless youngsters<br />
just graduating from the bent-pin stage<br />
of the game.<br />
When the Wall Street Banker decides<br />
to switch temporarily from pursuit<br />
of the elusive dollar to the still more<br />
elusive rainbow trout in the wilds of<br />
Canada, he writes to Dixie and forthwith<br />
receives what is, in effect, a passport<br />
to the choicest fishing grounds of<br />
the region he wishes to visit. In a<br />
heart-to-heart talk Dixie explains everything<br />
in minutest detail: just where<br />
and when to go, how to get there,<br />
what to take and what not to take in the<br />
way of equipment, the whole illustrated<br />
with sundry diagrams, which, if followed<br />
faithfully, invariably lead to certain tried<br />
and tested pools where one may be morally<br />
certain of finding the largest and<br />
scrappiest specimens of the finny tribe.<br />
If the small boy writes in to ask<br />
whether worms should be hooked<br />
through the end or the middle, he receives<br />
from Dixie the same kind of<br />
"pal-to-pal" letter, not only giving the<br />
desired information but a wealth of other<br />
suggestions which are calculated to be<br />
of value in teaching the young idea how<br />
in angle successfully along the lines of<br />
true sportsmanship.<br />
That's the charm of Dixie's style. He<br />
makes you feel that he has no other object<br />
in life than to help you catch that<br />
"big fellow", or to solve whatever angling<br />
problem confronts you. Fishing lore<br />
fairly oozes from him, and he is so eager<br />
to impart it to others that he has been<br />
known to postpone his own vacation in<br />
the middle of the very best fishing period<br />
merely to help a brother fisherman decide<br />
the momentous question of whether<br />
he should buy a landing net or a gaff,—<br />
which is some sacrifice for the dyed-inthe-wool<br />
fisherman to make.<br />
Needless to say, Dixie's services as<br />
official guide and companion are eagerly<br />
sought by those who want to take no<br />
chance of failure in locating and landing<br />
a forty pound muskellunge or an old<br />
grand-daddy bass, and he probably could<br />
spend the rest of bis life in comfort at<br />
this kind of job. "But no more of that<br />
stuff for me." he says. "I've been chief<br />
mourner at enough fish funerals, and I'd<br />
rather help fifty fellows by proxy than<br />
one in person any day."<br />
There are books galore on fishing.<br />
But shall the man who wants to know<br />
whether pork strips for bait should be<br />
cut thick or thin wade through the entire<br />
contents of weighty tomes to gain this<br />
simple information ? Not any more than<br />
the one who is sick needs to peruse a<br />
history of medicine to find out what is<br />
the matter with him ; he merely goes to<br />
a doctor who points out the trouble and<br />
prescribes the remedy. Similarly, the<br />
anxious fisherman writes to Dixie, and<br />
at the expense of a two-cent stamp is<br />
relieved of all his worries.<br />
Dixie is strong for the observance of<br />
all fishing laws and the throw-the-littlefellows-back<br />
stuff. "Don't be a cradlerobber,"<br />
is one of his pleas. "Give the<br />
infant fish a chance to grow up, and if<br />
you do happen to hook one, send him<br />
back to school to complete his education.<br />
tS7
FIRST AID TO THE<br />
FLIVVER<br />
AN AMBULANCE FOR WRECKED AUTOMOBILES<br />
Whenever a twelve-, eight-, six- or four-cylinder chicken chaser runs amuck, within a one-hundred-mile radius of Port<br />
Chester, N. Y., and tries to push its tin nose through concrete walls or telephone posts, Mr. Meehl and his flivver-saver<br />
—shown above—arc called. This is a remarkably well equipped truck; with its aid, Mr. Meehl can do for a car what all<br />
the king's horses and men failed to do for Humpty DumpU—gather it up and put it together again. The lower picture<br />
858<br />
shows some of the more badly dented, in the process of reassembling.
When Nature F<strong>org</strong>ot<br />
The Builder of Things<br />
made this slight hill an<br />
ideal location for a<br />
home, but made the ordinary<br />
sort of<br />
garage an architecturalimpossibility.<br />
The owner<br />
solved the<br />
problem, while erecting<br />
his home, by excavating<br />
a few feet of the<br />
hillside, and putting his<br />
garage in the basement.<br />
BUILT-IN GARAGES<br />
UNDER THE SUN PARLOR<br />
Instead of wasting the space entirely, as had been the original plan, the salesman-owner of this beautiful stucco home<br />
859<br />
decided to take advantage oi the English basement, and placed a steel fireproof garage under his sun parlor
860 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
Architectural Artistry<br />
In the above picture the indoor<br />
garage is made the foundation of<br />
an artistic pergola. The garage<br />
is on the south side of the house,<br />
heavy oak woods lying directly<br />
across the street, giving a magnificent<br />
vista and cooling air<br />
in the summer time. The<br />
roof of the garage is tiled, while<br />
there are deep "window seats"<br />
in the south end of the pergola.<br />
Entrance to the bower is through<br />
a heavy, plate-glass door leading<br />
from the living room of the<br />
house. Electric light bulbs, of<br />
frosted glass, are placed at each<br />
corner of the pergola.<br />
On a 45 Degree Angle Lot<br />
A garage was thought impossible<br />
here, because the lot sloped upward<br />
forty feet from the alley to<br />
the street. The ingenious owner<br />
overcame this difficulty by excavating,<br />
and not only did he secure<br />
a serviceable garage thereby, but<br />
he planted sod and filled in dirt<br />
on the roof. Now his children<br />
have a back yard to play in which<br />
they lacked before.
BUILT-IN GARAGES 861
WHAT A TRANSPORT IS<br />
LIRE<br />
By RENE BACHE<br />
THE War Department owns<br />
below the main deck) and the corre<br />
fifteen big steamships and six sponding half of the orlop deck, immedi<br />
smaller ones, which compose ately beneath. The crew, numbering<br />
a regular little navy in themselves.<br />
But, when the time<br />
comes for sending large numbers of<br />
troops to Europe, many additional vessels<br />
will be chartered or purchased. It<br />
will take a large fleet to carry our<br />
armies across the Atlantic, contingent<br />
following contingent, and to transport<br />
the immense quantities of munitions,<br />
guns, and supplies of all sorts they will<br />
require.<br />
At present our four biggest transports<br />
are the Logan, the Thomas, the Sheridan,<br />
and the Sherman. They are of fiftyseven<br />
hundred to fifty-eight hundred<br />
tons' displacement, and each of them has<br />
a cargo capacity of more than 5,000 tons.<br />
Each of these four vessels can carry<br />
comfortably 1,600 soldiers. At a pinch<br />
two thousand might be crowded aboard<br />
(a full-strength infantry regiment comprises<br />
two thousand and fifty-five men<br />
and officers) ; the problem is one of<br />
bunk-capacity.<br />
The bunks for troops occupy the forward<br />
half of the 'tween deck (next<br />
862<br />
Cross-Section of a United States Transport
Nn horsi<br />
WHAT A TRANSPORT IS LIKE 863<br />
THE ANIMALS HAVE THEIR OWN VESSELS<br />
rried on the troop transports, as the space on the carefully guarded steamers is too valuable<br />
about 200, are berthed separately, in the<br />
after part of the ship.<br />
The bunks are arranged in tiers of<br />
three, built of iron stanchions, which are<br />
connected by iron pipes. The pipes form<br />
the sides of the berths, and sheets of<br />
canvas are laced across to furnish the<br />
equivalent of a mattress or hammock.<br />
The soldiers' dining-room is a large<br />
space, forward of the middle of the main<br />
deck, reserved for that purpose. Their<br />
meals are cooked in galleys (the nautical<br />
term for kitchens) on the same deck.<br />
For convenience, all the tables are made<br />
collapsible, so as to be stacked in small<br />
compass when not in use. and the<br />
benches used in lieu of chairs are folded<br />
up.<br />
The crew mess by themselves. For the<br />
officers there is a "dining saloon" on the<br />
upper deck, which is immediately above<br />
the main deck.<br />
Suppose that the Logan, for instance,<br />
were to carry to France -.000 troops.<br />
They would take with them all of their<br />
equipments, including the "packs" they<br />
must shoulder in the field, their rifles,<br />
tents, wagons, and field-artillery. But<br />
no mules or other animals. To transport<br />
horses and mules there must be other<br />
vessels, specially fitted up for the purpose.<br />
Xo ammunition for the field guns or<br />
other munitions (barring the cartridges<br />
in the soldiers' belts) are carried on the<br />
transport. They will go separately, in<br />
cheaper and less important ships, so that<br />
if the latter are sunk by submarines, the<br />
loss will be minimized.<br />
Rut how about the food supplies for<br />
the voyage ?<br />
The food, for the troops, will be the<br />
regular army "travel ration." For two<br />
thousand men, it would be for each day<br />
2.000 pounds of hard-bread, 1,500<br />
pounds of corned beef, 500 pounds of<br />
baked beans, 1.000 pounds of canned<br />
tomatoes, 175 pounds of jam, 140 pounds<br />
of coffee. 300 pounds of sugar, and 62<br />
pounds of evaporated milk.<br />
Of course, great additional quantities<br />
of food supplies might be carried as
864 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
cargo, to "subsist" the troops after their<br />
arrival on foreign soil, but this is a matter<br />
that would be determined by circumstances.<br />
Let us suppose the Logan started on<br />
her perilous trip across the Atlantic with<br />
two thousand fighting men on board.<br />
They are under the command of an army<br />
colonel. But his function is purely disciplinary.<br />
He has nothing to do with<br />
the management of the ship. In fact, he<br />
is merely a passenger, and his soldiers<br />
have the same status.<br />
The management of the ship is exclusively<br />
in the hands and under the control<br />
of its captain, a civilian officer who is<br />
responsible only to the War Department,<br />
his employer.<br />
But there his authority ends. On<br />
board is an officer of the regular army, a<br />
"transport quartermaster", who holds<br />
the vessel's purse. He pays the wages of<br />
the captain and the crew. When the ship<br />
arrives at a port, he buys the supplies<br />
with drafts on the United States Treas<br />
ury, and manages the finances of the<br />
men.<br />
The transport quartermaster is the real<br />
commander of the transport, because he<br />
holds the purse-strings. But he has also<br />
the authority to govern the course of the<br />
voyage, and even to negotiate, as a quasi-<br />
THE BUNKS<br />
During their voyage across, the men will sleep in "stacked" beds as shown above. The equipment is hung<br />
alongside on racks.<br />
diplomatic officer, with foreign governments.<br />
In this respect his functions correspond<br />
to those of the captain of a<br />
warship.<br />
It should be explained that on a big<br />
transport, such as the Logan, only about<br />
sixty-five men are required to work the<br />
vessel. But one hundred thirty-five or<br />
thereabouts, in addition, will be needed<br />
for the guns—including, that is to say,<br />
ammunition-handlers and others who act<br />
as helpers. This raises the number of<br />
the crew to two hundred, as already<br />
stated.<br />
Just how many guns will be carried by<br />
each transport crossing the Atlantic, and<br />
what their calibers will be, is at present<br />
a military secret.
"iiniiiililiiitntiiiiiiiiii<br />
SCIENCE ^MECHANICS* INVENTION<br />
• ••l||llt:iUi*JHMilJ»Si*5HtB'BSIl*f?J<br />
THE FIRST OUTDOOR PIPE ORGAN<br />
In the new four-million-dollar public park of San Diego a mammoth pipe <strong>org</strong>an has been constructed—the first of its<br />
kind to be built in the open air. The <strong>org</strong>an, a gift to the city from John D. and Adolph B. Spreckels, millionaire<br />
brokers, possesses four manuals, each of which constitutes a separate <strong>org</strong>an. The pedals have a range of 2%. octaves.<br />
and 86 <strong>org</strong>an stops change the tone quality of the pipes controlled by the four manuals.<br />
A New Kelp Harvester<br />
A Chicago packing firm recently launched this<br />
queer crait at San Diego, California. Its mission<br />
is to dig up kelp from the sea bottom, which now<br />
is being used in the making of fertilizer. The<br />
vessel is fitted with three working levels, is driven<br />
by two 250-horsepower engines, and has a cruising<br />
radius of 200 miles. It can carry 500 tons of kelp.<br />
865
866 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
\'.\ '\<br />
1 nHB^S9El -
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 867<br />
EHHE35 TF^l<br />
For a Fire in the Vessel's Hold<br />
This new multiple nozzle is used<br />
on a length of hose when a ship's<br />
cargo burns. The force of water<br />
revolves the sprinklers, covering<br />
a radius of 100 feet with a shower<br />
of Ifi.OOO gallons of water a minute.<br />
How a Popular Song<br />
Manufactured<br />
Here is Earl Carroll, the composer<br />
of songs for "So Long Letty,"<br />
"Canary. Cottage," and "The<br />
Love Mill," working with AI Matthews,<br />
his arranger, in hammering<br />
out a new whistleable melody.<br />
Any hourof the day or night Carroll<br />
is likely to get a "hunch" so<br />
AI Matthews has to be with him<br />
every minute, in order to catch<br />
any possible musical dictation.<br />
»-.
868 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
SEE<br />
Portable Fan Run by Motor<br />
A new form of fan for the household will prove welcome in<br />
places where electricity is not available, as it can be driven<br />
very cheaply by kerosene, gasoline, alcohol, or gas so as to set<br />
the air in motion as well as the best electric fans. This portable<br />
fan is so low-priced that it may be used where conditions<br />
do not justify the purchase of an electric fan. The lamp is in<br />
the lower part of the frame, where it is out of sight and protected<br />
from air currents.<br />
Grooves Hardwood Floors Quickly<br />
This interesting machine, used in the<br />
Chicago Postoffice, cuts a slot in<br />
floors sufficiently large to accommodate<br />
electric feed wires. This eliminates<br />
tearing up large expanses of valuable<br />
floor, as has been the practice in<br />
the past. A man operates the hand<br />
wheel, which feeds the cutter automatically<br />
as the groove is made, and at the<br />
same time keeps the pressure constant.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 869<br />
\E3X ,:< ..'i<br />
No Water Can Enter This Ventilated Life Boat<br />
A novel life boat of the enclosed type with several entirely<br />
new features has just been invented by a man in<br />
Hampton, Virginia. The boat was approved recently by<br />
the inspectors of the Department of Commerce.<br />
Oneof the main features is a water-proof air valve which<br />
operates in such a manner that while ventilation is constant,<br />
no water can enter. This valve is made of a rubber<br />
ball supported on small pins inside a cast iron ball, with<br />
pipes opening from both ends. One end opens to the outside<br />
air and the other inside the boat. The air travels<br />
around the ball and thus enters the boat, but water floats<br />
the ball and closes the opening. Another clever device is<br />
a water-tight oar lock, which is closed to the sea by a canvas<br />
sleeve attached around the oar and slipped over an<br />
oval collar which surrounds the lock opening.<br />
The passengers enter through manholes, which are then<br />
closed and locked. In case there should be difficulty in<br />
freeing the boat from the davits or cradles, all restraining<br />
ropes and cables can be freed from the interior of the boat<br />
by simply pulling a lever.
870 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
New Ladder for Picking<br />
Fruit<br />
This ladder is mounted on four<br />
wheels, two of which are swiveled,<br />
by means of which it may<br />
be moved readily around a tree<br />
or all about the orchard, by one<br />
man. Besides having the advantage<br />
of being portable it is much<br />
safer than any other kind of ladder,<br />
as it will keep its position without<br />
resting against any support. The<br />
frame to which the wheels are attached<br />
is made of steel pipe and is heavy<br />
enough to prevent the ladder's tipping,<br />
even when two men are working on it.<br />
This being the case, the ladder may be<br />
pushed up among the outer branches,<br />
which cannot readily be reached from an ordinary<br />
ladder without taking grave risks of a<br />
fall.<br />
JL<br />
,<br />
m<br />
&<br />
$ • :<br />
,w<br />
A Pump That Makes Him Breathe<br />
SEES<br />
A resuscitation device much simplerin its operation than<br />
the pulmotor has been invented by a Memphis man who<br />
believes that its general use will greatly reduce the num<br />
ber of deaths through accidental drowning, asphyxiation,<br />
and similar perils.<br />
The device consists of a cone shaped cylinder attached<br />
to a sheet of rubber. This sheet is attached to the chest<br />
of the patient and the handle of the cone shaped cup is<br />
worked up and down. The downward stroke permits the<br />
elastic sheet to make its "purchase" upon the chest and<br />
the upward stroke, by creating a vacuum, makes a bellows<br />
of the chest wall. By this continued process the respira<br />
tion of the patient may be renewed even after death seems<br />
to have taken place.
SCIENCE, MECHANICS, INVENTION 871<br />
P~FT znis<br />
MAKING THE MINUTES COUNT<br />
Gordon J. Gordon, a San Francisco business man, uses one of the most novel time-saving systems in existence. Because<br />
he lives an hour's ride from his office, he carries a stenographer—with her typewriter—with him going and coming,<br />
and dictates all of his letters of the day while en route.<br />
INVENTORS OF AMERICAN CAMEMBERT<br />
These experts of the Department of Agriculture, E. J. Matheson—at the left—and F. R. Cammack, have discovered processes<br />
whereby domestic cheeses superior to the foreign product can be manufactured. Chief among the cheeses they<br />
have invented is a wonderful Camembert.
872 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
EZEX<br />
Curing the Stammer or Lisp<br />
After years of study, Mrs. Mabel F. Gifford, vocal specialist<br />
of the school department of Oakland, California, has<br />
perfected a mirror, flashlight, and candle process which<br />
enables children to correct these faults quickly. In the<br />
smaller photograph above Mrs. Gifford is shining the flash<br />
into a girl's mouth, and explaining, by means of the mirror,<br />
just what is the matter. With some stammerers, she<br />
uses a lighted candle held close to the mouth while speaking.<br />
If the candle iis blown out, the child gets ocular<br />
demonstration that there is something wrong.<br />
•[35S33<br />
Making Bees Work in Winter<br />
This colony is suspended from the roof of a vegetable<br />
greenhouse which is kept warm all the time. The chief<br />
function of the bees in this position is to aid in the pollenization<br />
of plants. In this house the little creatures work in<br />
the blossoms of cucumber vines and thus perform a valuable<br />
breeding service, and incidentally supply a small<br />
amount of honey at the same time.
M R.<br />
SEEING WIRELESS<br />
MESSAGES<br />
By WILLIAM A. COFEY<br />
THE "SIGHT AND SOUND" TEACHING APPARATUS<br />
GEORGE E. RIGGINS,<br />
formerly connected with the<br />
radio service of the United<br />
States Navy on the Pacific<br />
Coast, later in charge of the<br />
navy radio exhibit at the Panama Pacific<br />
International Exposition in San Francisco,<br />
has perfected recently a device to<br />
assist beginners in radio work. It consists<br />
of an omnigraph and an electrical<br />
attachment thereto that flashes, one by<br />
one, the letters of the alphabet.<br />
There is perfect synchronization between<br />
the omnigraph and the attach<br />
ment : the latter flashes the letter at the<br />
same instant that the former sends the<br />
signal through the buzzer to the student's<br />
ears.<br />
The prospective wireless operator, in<br />
the very beginning, is introduced to the<br />
buzzer and the flasher. He is seated<br />
before the apparatus and shown how to<br />
adjust the receivers over his head. Then<br />
the omnigraph is plugged into the circuit,<br />
the flasher is switched on and his education<br />
is under way.<br />
At first the student does nothing but<br />
sit still, listen to the buzzer and watch<br />
the electric lights behind the little glass<br />
squares as they faithfully keep step with<br />
the signals coming to his ears. He<br />
quickly learns to associate sight and<br />
sound. He sees a certain letter and he<br />
hears at the same instant a certain number<br />
and arrangement of dots and dashes.<br />
Then he takes pencil and paper and, still<br />
watching and listening, begins to write<br />
down what he sees and hears. Thus his<br />
hand gets into the game and begins its<br />
education. At first the flasher moves<br />
back and forth in measured and regular<br />
order and it is easy for him to follow it.<br />
Then the speed is increased and he has<br />
to screw up his concentration.<br />
The lights behind the glass squares<br />
begin to jump about here and there and<br />
873
874 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
R-U-S-H S-U-P-P-L-I-E-S!<br />
As the crashing of the spark sounds to these learners, the letter being transmitted is seen; this enables them to learn<br />
to send and receive much more quickly.<br />
it becomes harder still to follow them.<br />
But all the time his ability to recognize<br />
by ear certain signals is increasing, together<br />
with his facility in getting down<br />
what they mean on paper. He begins to<br />
depend less and less on the eye and more<br />
and more on the ear and hand. Presently,<br />
he is able to dispense with the<br />
flasher altogether and graduates to another<br />
circuit where the ear needs no<br />
assistance.<br />
The advantages of this simple device<br />
are at once apparent. The student is no<br />
longer compelled to burden his conscious<br />
memory by visualizing a large<br />
number of confusing combinations of<br />
dots and dashes. He scarcely ever needs<br />
to see the dots and clashes at all. His ear<br />
and hand do the memorizing and continued<br />
repetition in time makes the<br />
action subconscious and mechanical.<br />
The device has been adopted by the<br />
government naval authorities and is in<br />
use at the LTiiited States Naval Training<br />
Station on Goat Island in San Francisco<br />
Bay. Mr. Riggins soon expects to extend<br />
his flash-light attachment so as to<br />
include the numerals from zero to nine,<br />
the names of the marks of punctuation<br />
and the stock calls and abbreviations.
STAGE LIGHTING BY ZONES<br />
By F. B. R AE<br />
A N E W system of stage lighting<br />
has been perfected, known as<br />
the "zone system", which promk<br />
ises to revolutionize the art<br />
of theatrical illumination. It<br />
has been designed by Glenn Marston, of<br />
New York, after several years of study<br />
of the shortcomings of present-day<br />
methods.<br />
Numerous trials have been made of<br />
the zone system of lighting by Mr.<br />
Marston, and a full equipment was recently<br />
used in an elaborate production<br />
of the "Merry Whirl of 1916", an amateur<br />
performance given by society people<br />
in Southampton, Long Island. Some of<br />
the leading spirits in the "Merry Whirl"<br />
had seen the extraordinary effects which<br />
Mr. Marston had been able to secure at<br />
other pharity entertainments, and gave<br />
him instructions to provide the best possible<br />
lighting, regardless of the cost incident<br />
to doing it to the last degree of<br />
perfection.<br />
However, one of the important<br />
features of the "zone system" is that its<br />
cost is verv low. Aside from two spot<br />
lights, the entire stage of the "Merry<br />
Whirl", larger than the stages of most<br />
theaters, was adequately lighted with<br />
only eight lamps! With these eight<br />
lamps most wonderful effects were produced,<br />
there being a constant melting of<br />
one color into another, making of the<br />
stage a veritable fairyland.<br />
The principle on which the "zone system"<br />
is designed is the absolute prevention<br />
of waste light. No light goes up<br />
into the air nor does any escape in any<br />
other direction. Every single light wave<br />
is captured and made to contribute its<br />
share to the general result.<br />
In the "zone system" of stage lighting,<br />
each lamp lights a certain area of the<br />
stage, and no more. Special mirror reflectors,<br />
scientifically designed to utilize<br />
every ray of light, turn the rays all upon<br />
this limited area. Thus a lamp whose<br />
rays usually are cast in every direction,<br />
technically called "spherical illumination",<br />
have all those rays turned back<br />
from their natural direction and pointed<br />
at one particular place.<br />
Mr. Marston states that in ordinary<br />
875
876 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
BACK OF THE SCENES<br />
Thi* photograph shows the temporary zone system wiring usrd in producing the 'Merry Whirl".<br />
usage, the regular silvered-glass reflectors,<br />
now used widely for window lighting,<br />
are quite practicable for stage use,<br />
a variation in result being obtained by<br />
variations in the location of the filament<br />
of the lamp in the reflector. That is, a<br />
small sized lamp of the stereopticon type<br />
placed in a deep reflector will give a<br />
highly concentrated beam. On the other<br />
hand one of the long-stemmed nitrogen<br />
lamps in the same reflector will give<br />
more spread to the illumination and light<br />
a larger area, where the latter form of<br />
illumination is desired.<br />
The "Merry Whirl" was given in a<br />
tent, with a large stage at one end. Instead<br />
of scenery, growing trees and<br />
shrubs in tubs were used along the sides<br />
of the stage, while the back was left<br />
open, giving a distant view of some beautiful<br />
old trees bending over a hedge of<br />
roses and other flowers. This distant<br />
background was specially lighted, making<br />
the vista from the audience like some<br />
fairyland of light.<br />
On the ground before the stage, at<br />
either side, was a stand supporting a<br />
silver-glass reflector containing a 250-<br />
watt nitrogen lamp. These lights took<br />
the place of the usual footlights, and<br />
lighted the first zone of the stage. The<br />
shadows cast by one lamp were taken<br />
out by the light of the opposite lamp.<br />
Just back of a low flower-box on either<br />
side of the stage was a metal box containing<br />
two reflectors, so mounted as to<br />
be slightly movable. This mounting<br />
made it possible to have both reflectors<br />
cover a single area, or to separate their<br />
rays so that each covered a different<br />
area. Half way back, on either side,<br />
was a stand six feet high, supporting a<br />
reflector which lighted the rear portion<br />
of the stage. These reflectors were adjustable,<br />
so that the light could be<br />
focused to a strong beam or spread into<br />
a flood, as the occasion might demand.<br />
They also could be pointed in any direction.<br />
Most of the action in any performance<br />
takes place at the front of the stage,<br />
and these rear lights were merely to light<br />
the performers as they made their entrances<br />
and exits, also they gave an<br />
ethereal transparency to many of the costumes<br />
by lighting them slightly from<br />
behind.
AMERICA ASKS FOR HER<br />
BEST-LOVED SONS<br />
A SHINING TESTIMONIAL FOR YANKEE ATHLETICS<br />
The gridiron, the diamond, the court, and the links today are justifying themselves as sports never have<br />
been justified before. Leaders in these pastimes have flocked to the van in the big, noble game of protecting<br />
the native land. Men who have distinguished themselves, during past athletic campaigns,<br />
have made themselves especially remarked because of their intense patriotism. Here are three who<br />
would not need introduction, except for changes that uniforms make. They are—from left to right—<br />
Charley Brickley. Billy Lynch and Sam Felton. three of Harvard's best.<br />
877
TESTING THE "PUNCH"<br />
OF OUR ATLANTIC FLEET<br />
C0PYR1JHT M08EH-<br />
WHETTING THE DREADNAUGHTS APPETITES<br />
Somewhere on the Atlantic, recently, a great inventory, testing and overhauling of the battleships of our<br />
eastern fleet took place. Every cannon that could be called into action was tried out thoroughly on targets,<br />
and every man jack was examined, to see that there should be no weak link in the chain of our<br />
offense by sea.<br />
-
THE CROSS OF THE LEGION<br />
- OF HONOR OF FRANCE<br />
AN AMERICAN RECEIVES THIS DECORATION<br />
Piatte Andrew, in tins photograph having the coveted French emblem bestowed upon him by a French<br />
officer, distinguished himself as chief of the American Ambulance Corps in the desperate days that preceded<br />
the great Somme drive.
880<br />
AMERICANS—THAT'S ALL!<br />
0OPTRI8MT—unr.E"WOUl> * UWDtRWOUQ<br />
THEY PLAY HARD, WORK HARD. FIGHT HARDI<br />
This camp of the 1st Engineers is typical; when our soldier boys haven't stern duty of some kind, they<br />
demand rough and masculine sport.
HE ONLY HOPES THEY'LL CALL HIM<br />
This is a photograph of the youngest licensed first class wireless operator in the world. Walter Siddel of<br />
Washington, D. C. In spite of the fact that he is but fourteen years of age, he has offered his services<br />
to the Government.<br />
N ?><br />
Sf OliQ'C<br />
M&<br />
THE NAVY'S STRONG MAN GOES AFTER RECRUITS<br />
This photograph, taken on Boston Common, shows James White, fireman of the U. S. S. Virginia, exhibiting<br />
his athletic prowess to attract recruits. He drew an automobile one hundred yards with his<br />
teeth.<br />
n»iot cor,..-'— '.ii'"'. nu u»«'ct 881<br />
M<br />
__
GIANT TOWERS FOR RAIS<br />
ING SUNKEN SHIPS<br />
By HARRY KNOWLES<br />
V A S T fortunes amounting to<br />
many millions of dollars, nowlying<br />
unclaimed on the bottom<br />
of the sea, to which are<br />
being added constantly the<br />
ships and cargoes destroyed by submarines,<br />
may be salvaged by the portable<br />
submarine fort invented by Carl J. Lindquist.<br />
At the same time this peculiar<br />
salvaging device with auxiliary equipment<br />
is capable of fighting and destroying<br />
subn arines. It has been endorsed<br />
already b/ experienced shipmasters on<br />
the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts as well a.s<br />
United States Navy officers, and doubtless<br />
will become standard equipment in<br />
the course of time.<br />
Briefly described, the Lindquist portable<br />
submarine fort consists of two hollow<br />
cylinders, constructed of. either steel<br />
or wood, the outer of which is secured<br />
pivotally to a portable pontoon base.<br />
Power for salvaging ships is obtained<br />
by admitting water into the inner cylinder<br />
and hen pumping it out. This raises<br />
the cylinder and. in turn, tightens a network<br />
of cables that is fastened to the<br />
wre^k. For defence against undersea<br />
boat.- depth mines are attached to the<br />
cables at various distances.<br />
The cylinder, or buoyant chamber, or<br />
882<br />
sleeve—as it is variously called—is made<br />
in sections that are twelve feet high and<br />
fifteen feet in diameter. Between the<br />
inner and outer cylinder there'is a sixinch<br />
space. The pontoon ba'SeT'to which<br />
two buoyant chambers are secured, may<br />
be constructed of either wood or steel.<br />
It is hollow and, when in use, the bottom<br />
clings to the ocean bed like a vacuum<br />
cup. Additional anchorage is assured by<br />
a- flange which projects downward about<br />
the pontoon and cuts the pressure of the<br />
water as the latter rises through holes in<br />
the flange. The tenacity with which the<br />
base clings to the floor of the ocean is<br />
comparable with that of a stone that has<br />
become embedded in sand under water.<br />
While the portable submarine fort is<br />
approaching the supposed location of a<br />
sunken ship, the operators begin preparations<br />
for salvaging the vessel. They first<br />
let out the lines and open seacocks in the<br />
pontoon base, which fills with water and<br />
begins to settle. As the base sinks the<br />
buoyant chambers are brought into an<br />
upright position, because they are lighter.<br />
until the angle between the two sections<br />
is ninety degrees or greater. The pontoon<br />
base is prevented from scraping on<br />
the bottom by a drum at one end.<br />
Ait operator within the inner cylinder
directs placing the submarine fort in a<br />
position favorable for raising the sunken<br />
ship. I le makes his observations through<br />
portholes and is aided by a powerful<br />
searchlight which is supplied with current<br />
from the towing vessel. In some<br />
respects an operator in the bottom of the<br />
inner cylinder is comparable to a diver in<br />
an old-fashioned diving bell. Any system<br />
of signals previously agreed upon can be<br />
used. By the time the pontoon base has<br />
RAISING SUNKEN SHIPS 883<br />
such is the case, the cables may be swept<br />
under the hull by means of an auxiliary<br />
force in the cylinders, or the main power<br />
derived by pumping out the water, or,<br />
if necessary, a "sand-sucker" or propeller<br />
may be employed for tunneling.<br />
Finally the other end of the network of<br />
cables is fastened to the top of the inner<br />
buoyant chamber of another fort located<br />
on the opposite side of the wreck.<br />
Now everything is in readiness for<br />
RECLAIMING THE OCEAN'S LOST TREASURES<br />
We ''lay expect tosee this apparatus used soon by parties searching for every type of sunken bullion vessel, from the<br />
Spanish galleons of 6ld to the new victims of German undersea pirates.<br />
. . .«• .<br />
filled with' water it is resting evenly on raising the submerged vessel without re<br />
tiie ocean bed. In this location it is not moving its valuable cargo. Seacocks<br />
affected by ocean currents. ' Nor is the have been opened to admit water into the<br />
buoyant chamber, now upright in posi inner cylinder which is then forced out<br />
tion, affected by the movement of the through an opening at the top by motor-<br />
water any more than an upright spar is. •<br />
The next operation is getting the network<br />
of cables under the vessel One<br />
end is made fast in a clutch at the top<br />
of the outer cylinder. Then the cables<br />
are passed under the bow or s r ern of the<br />
wreck, which is rarely difficult since it is<br />
seldom that any ship settles into the sand<br />
so that both fore and aft are buried. It-<br />
driven pumps. This makes the inner<br />
cylinder lighter and. therefore, it begins<br />
to rise. At the same time this operation<br />
tightens the hawser passing under the<br />
shipwrecked vessel. As a rule the buoyant<br />
chambers raise the shipwreck from<br />
25 to 50 feet, after which they are refilled<br />
with water, lowered, and another<br />
bee on the cables is taken.
884<br />
ROADSTER TO TOURING<br />
CAR- -^, A JIFFY
BRANDING ORANGES<br />
By H. C. KEGLEY<br />
E L E C T R I C I T Y has come to the<br />
rescue of Southern California<br />
orange growers; it will be used<br />
in protecting their fruit in tbe<br />
markets of the world. Cooperative<br />
growers in the California Fruit<br />
(irowers Exchange have been spending<br />
four hundred thousand dollars per year<br />
to popularize their famous Sunkist brand<br />
of oranges, and now they are going to<br />
spend thousands to protect the brand.<br />
An Alaskan, whose name is Ahlberg,<br />
has invented an electric branding machine<br />
which has been tried out experimentally<br />
for the past two years. The<br />
California Fruit Growers Exchange has<br />
taken an option on the device for the<br />
purchase of the United States and Canadian<br />
rights, and for the right to use it<br />
exclusively upon the fruit that they ship<br />
to England and Australia. In case the<br />
Exchange decides to use the machine it<br />
is probable that five hundred will be<br />
placed in operation this year.<br />
The branding machine is simply<br />
a large wheel with eighteen<br />
spokes. At the end of each<br />
spoke is a foot which carries a<br />
delicate die which bears the word<br />
"Sunkist" upon its face. This<br />
die is heated by electricity to a<br />
degree of temperature<br />
which, when the die is<br />
pressed down upon<br />
the cheek of an<br />
orange, causes the letters<br />
to be pressed into<br />
the skin of the fruit.<br />
There is a certain<br />
amount of wa.x in the<br />
skin of an orange,<br />
and the heat from the die melts the wax<br />
as the die is pressed against the orange.<br />
The wax runs into the imprint of the<br />
die, forming a hard base upon the surface<br />
of which the indelible ink on the<br />
face of the die is left as the die is with<br />
drawn. This makes a pleasant-appearing<br />
and permanent imprint.<br />
The ink is placed upon the dies automatically<br />
as the big wheel rolls around.<br />
Each die passes under an ink container<br />
The Electric Orange Branding<br />
Machine and Three Samples of Its<br />
Work<br />
which drops upon<br />
its face a drop<br />
of the ink. The<br />
die rolls under a<br />
ribbon which distributes<br />
the ink<br />
over its face, and<br />
then it travels on<br />
to the next orange. The branding wheel<br />
makes twenty revolutions a minute and<br />
brands two boxes of fruit in that time.<br />
It is capable of turning out approximately<br />
two carloads of fruit in a working:<br />
day.<br />
us
The Underfeed Principle<br />
Blowing through the unlighted end of a cigar produces<br />
little smoke.<br />
P H Y S I C A L L Y , smoke does not<br />
give your lungs a square deal.<br />
Financially, if you live in one<br />
of the great or middle-sized<br />
cities, King Smoke helps himself<br />
to enough money from your pocketbook<br />
every year to pay for cleaning<br />
seventeen suits of clothes with five pairs<br />
of gloves thrown in. This is your share<br />
of the loss charged to Uncle Sam. The<br />
entire sum would build the five great<br />
bridges connecting New York City with<br />
its boroughs, four times, and have eight<br />
million dollars left over.<br />
Chicago alone spends a sum equal to<br />
$3.00 a year for every man, woman and<br />
child in the State of Illinois. For the<br />
privilege of giving its own citizens an<br />
interior decoration of their human bellows,<br />
and filling their eyes with more or<br />
less pulverized coal, it costs $8.00 a year<br />
for every person. This loss does not<br />
include the tremendous soot damage to<br />
merchandise, one State street merchant<br />
charging $200,000 to this detriment<br />
every time twelve months roll around.<br />
Escape from this public nuisance<br />
seems almost impossible. In Cleveland,<br />
Cincinnati, Buffalo, St. Louis, Baltimore,<br />
Louisville, the Smoke Sovereign will<br />
hound you still. As a business block<br />
886<br />
BLACK<br />
What Does It<br />
By K. H.<br />
owner in Louisville, Kentucky, you must<br />
pay your share of the $37,000 required<br />
to keep office buildings, hotels and hospitals<br />
clean for a year.<br />
Washington, D. C, will be more considerate<br />
in this respect of your money<br />
than most cities. The principal source<br />
of smoke here is the railroads, but they<br />
control it so wonderfully well, that very<br />
little complaint can be made.<br />
We come now to a clean city—New<br />
York. Here the City Fathers simply<br />
say: "There must be no dense smoke."<br />
It is not a question of permitting chimneys<br />
to smoke during certain periods, as<br />
many ordinances allow, but the command<br />
is absolute. As a consequence railroads<br />
entering New York are electrified, and<br />
hard coal is burned under boilers.<br />
Where then does the famous "Smoky<br />
A Nuisance That<br />
These are the chimneys of the National Tube Company's<br />
fore the installation of underfeed stokers in the furnace
SMOKE<br />
Cost You?<br />
HAMILTON<br />
City" of Pennsylvania stand in the list<br />
of smoke extravagance? The day of<br />
miracles has not passed. Pittsburgh has<br />
lost so much of its smoke that it has outgrown<br />
its sobriquet—a name that made<br />
its smoke famous. Concerning conditions<br />
in this city today Chicago's health<br />
man has made this statement: "I went<br />
to Pittsburgh. The Commissioner of<br />
Health took me to the top of the tallest<br />
building. I looked out over the city.<br />
As far as I could see not a stack was<br />
belching smoke." There is a reason for<br />
this statement. Smoke has been reduced<br />
fully 75 per cent. By its reduction, and<br />
we mention but one of the items, a saving<br />
to citizens in the cutting down of<br />
laundry bills averages $2.00 a year for<br />
every person. This has been possible<br />
by the elimination of smoke from rail-<br />
V iS*^'<br />
p<br />
Has Been Obviated<br />
plant, at MacKeesport, Pennsylvania, photographed bi<br />
rooms. Now there is almost DO perceptible smoke.<br />
The Old Way<br />
Placing the lighted end of a cigar in your mouth and th^ri<br />
blowing produces a cloud of smoke—half burned fuel.<br />
roads. Smoke at its worst cost every<br />
Pittsburgher about $20.00 a year.<br />
Deserving special mention, is the<br />
smokeless operation of locomotives in<br />
and about Pittsburgh. In a yard, storing<br />
from thirty to forty locomotives with<br />
steam up ready for instant service, every<br />
engine fired with soft coal, conditions<br />
are worthy of praise and surely an end<br />
for which other cities, not contemplating<br />
electrification, should strive with success.<br />
Watchdogs of the smoke situation in<br />
Pittsburgh, have named their <strong>org</strong>anization<br />
Bureau of Smoke Regulation—not<br />
prevention. There is a distinction.<br />
Regulation does not seem to imply the<br />
use of the "Big Stick," and so far this<br />
Bureau has not resorted to any prosecutions.<br />
"How is it done?" This question<br />
has come from scores of cities in the<br />
United States and even from England,<br />
and Australia. "There is no one cureall."<br />
is the reply, and we are further informed<br />
that catching smoke after it is<br />
made is wrong in principle and expensive<br />
in practice. Their best scheme, they say,<br />
is to induce the manufacturer to adopt<br />
devices that lead to the complete combustion<br />
of fuel.<br />
Aside from injury to merchandise, the<br />
disfigurement of buildings, discoloration<br />
v*-
888 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
An Underfeed Installation<br />
This principle allows every particle of the coal to be burned—onlv<br />
trace goes up the chimney as smoke.<br />
of metals, injury to plant life, and the<br />
general increased cost of household<br />
cleaning, smoke has a marked effect upon<br />
the ability of men and women to resist<br />
certain diseases. When you entered this<br />
world your lungs were as beautifully<br />
pink as the tinted petals of a hot house<br />
rose. Are they now? Tell us where<br />
you have lived and we will tell you how<br />
black your lungs are. Thousands upon<br />
thousands of Chicago lungs, and especially<br />
those that have been taken to the<br />
center of business activities daily, are<br />
black from carbon taken into them by<br />
breathing smoke-polluted air.<br />
That which we see and call<br />
smoke, is in reality carbon.<br />
Medical History tells us we can<br />
live a number of days without<br />
food; that we can live a number<br />
of days without water, but if our<br />
air supply is cut off, we pass to<br />
the beyond in from three to four<br />
minutes. From these facts then,<br />
we believe we prefer our unconsumed<br />
coal in the food we eat, or<br />
the water we drink, for our<br />
chances of living the allotted<br />
three score and ten would then<br />
be better.<br />
Continued inhalation of coal<br />
smoke produces a pulmonary affection<br />
known to specialists as<br />
anthracosis. Every city dweller<br />
suffers from it to a certain extent.<br />
Blackening your lungs<br />
with carbon starts you on the<br />
straight road that leads to bronchial<br />
trouble, pneumonia, and<br />
ofttimes tuberculosis. Sunlight<br />
is one of our best germ killers,<br />
but how can we get it if we are<br />
enveloped in a curtain of smoke ?<br />
Big business is hiding behind<br />
clouds of smoke, only waiting<br />
for Captains of Industry to discover<br />
it. We burn every year in<br />
the United States over four hundred<br />
million tons of coal. Its<br />
valuation is placed at over $460,-<br />
000,000. Twenty per cent of<br />
this amount floats away in<br />
the smoke clouds of wasted wealth.<br />
When the smoke nuisance was at its<br />
worst in Pittsburgh the sulphur content<br />
of the gases escaping from steel furnaces<br />
was estimated at five hundred thousand<br />
tons a year. Through chemical action<br />
upon structural steel this amount would<br />
be able to destroy totally 265,000 tons,<br />
or about twenty-nine trains of fifty gondola<br />
cars each. Besides this, it could<br />
render useless scores of tons more.<br />
The steel industry was until a few<br />
years ago our most prolific waster of<br />
wealth. At this time a series of experi-
merits were started that had for their<br />
chief object the harnessing of gases<br />
driven off in this manufacture. Such<br />
gases now are collected and used as fuel<br />
for huge engines which drive dynamos<br />
and produce electrical energy, not only<br />
for operating the plant, but for lighting<br />
purposes for surrounding territory. As<br />
a result of the manufacture of steel there<br />
remains a product known as slag. The<br />
mind of the chemical reformer did not<br />
f<strong>org</strong>et this. He found a way to use it<br />
in the manufacture of cement, and probably<br />
now you could find it in that concrete<br />
house of yours.<br />
These instances of wanton waste are<br />
merely drops in the proverbial bucket.<br />
Salt Lake City throws away $10,000<br />
daily from the fine dust carried up tbe<br />
flues with smelter smoke. In Waterbury,<br />
Connecticut, the brass business<br />
flourishes. A study of this business re<br />
BLACK SMOKE S89<br />
gained in the recovery of this waste,<br />
within a year or two, you and your family<br />
and a few of your relatives' families<br />
could sidestep the poor house and roll<br />
past in limousines. Waste in smelter<br />
smoke has another disadvantage aside<br />
from monetary. Often the fumes given<br />
off are of a poisonous nature, such as<br />
arsenious oxide. This settles on surrounding<br />
vegetation and often as a result<br />
some farmer's stock is stricken from<br />
grazing on such pasture and the verdure<br />
killed.<br />
When smelters have taken advantage<br />
of Professor Cottrell's invention for the<br />
electrical precipitation of chimney fumes<br />
there will be a new order of things.<br />
Some smelters in the West have already<br />
installed this system. It is one of the<br />
most ingenious devices of the age. Its<br />
installation cost one plant over a million<br />
dollars but it effected a saving to the<br />
THE "SMOKY CITY" AS IT APPEARS TODAY<br />
Pittsburgh no longer deserves this opprobrious title; its smoke nuisance has been mitigated to an almost<br />
unbelievable extent.<br />
veals the fact that this town throws away<br />
seventy-five hundred pounds of zinc<br />
every day. As this floats from the stacks<br />
it is in the form of zinc oxide. At the<br />
time this is written zinc has a market<br />
value of ten cents a pound. Figure this<br />
out and be convinced that with the wealth<br />
company of over $372 each day the plant<br />
was operated. The Pennsylvania railroad<br />
has been experimenting with the<br />
system for the removal of carbon from<br />
its engine smoke. This being the first<br />
one. some trouble has been experienced,<br />
but it is doing the work effectually.
WHEN A BIG SHELL RUNS<br />
AMUCK<br />
More Startlin<br />
th<br />
The family—that<br />
ploye at Indian<br />
seated at the din<br />
there was a ten<br />
Walls were shatter<br />
down, dishes fell<br />
chandeliers rattli<br />
gaping hole sho<br />
house, down and<br />
piazza—shown in<br />
big 16 inch shells<br />
ment Proving Gro<br />
another shell in fli<br />
selected the home as its mark<br />
890
HOW TO^<br />
BECOME A<br />
SHARPSHOOTER<br />
by Edward C. Crossman<br />
T<br />
HEWS of the ox and the<br />
strength of Samson are fine<br />
for weight lifting, or for an<br />
argument with another person<br />
of sorts, but strength is not<br />
in the makeup of a sharp-<br />
necessary<br />
shooter.<br />
Not muscle, but the condition of being<br />
fit, spells success with the rifle.<br />
A slight, wiry chap there was at the<br />
National Rifle Matches of the Government<br />
at Jacksonville, Florida, last fall—<br />
a member of the schoolboy rifle team<br />
from Washington, D. C. He boasted of<br />
sixteen years, he weighed possibly one<br />
hundred pounds, he was not a great deal<br />
taller than the short brown rifle of<br />
Uncle Sam, which he carried.<br />
But he was fit. his little wires of<br />
muscles were hard, his eyes were bright,<br />
his "coordination" of eye, muscles and<br />
rifle was perfect. Therefore this little<br />
slip of a chap sat down on a flexible<br />
right foot at the end of a willowy ankle.<br />
when rapid fire from the kneeling position<br />
was on the program, and slammed<br />
ten shots out of the twenty fired into<br />
the cringing eight-inch bullseye two<br />
hundred yards away, whilst all about<br />
him the full grown men of the crack<br />
militia and civilian rifle teams also in the<br />
great competition labored and grunted<br />
and puffed and cursed. His name stood<br />
far up the list of the best shots of the<br />
A Steady Aim<br />
This sitting position, for the lean shooter who wears the<br />
brogan type of shoe, is almost as dependable as the prone.<br />
country at the end, merely because he<br />
was fit.<br />
Not strength, but physical fitness, not<br />
bulk but the smooth response of the<br />
muscles to well-controlled nerves, not<br />
necessarily even experience but the<br />
power to concentrate intensely on the<br />
task of hitting the thing to be hit, mark<br />
the successful rifleman. Some men shoot<br />
well in spite of poor condition ; no man<br />
shoots as well in this shape as he would<br />
were he fit.<br />
No man ever hit a thing repeatedly<br />
that he couldn't see. No man ever shot<br />
straight who couldn't define clearly the<br />
rifle sights. Wherefore, let us consider<br />
friend eye.<br />
The first article of agreement our<br />
potential sharpshooter must sign with<br />
himself is that the eye must be taken<br />
care of, and bad habits causing eyestrain<br />
must cease. On the taboo list we<br />
chalk down reading at night to any considerable<br />
extent, reading in bed or lying<br />
down, .excessive reading at any time,<br />
much attendance at "movies," and using<br />
the eyes when facing a bright light. The<br />
men of the service rifle teams are always<br />
examined by a competent oculist, and the<br />
891
892 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
slightest errors of the eyes are corrected.<br />
Out of fifty husky young chaps, using<br />
their eyes but little and leading an outdoor<br />
life, the oculist finds about forty<br />
whose vision for<br />
rifle shooting can be<br />
aided by glasses.<br />
Rifle shooting is the<br />
test of the human eye.<br />
The wise rifleman<br />
"dopes" his eyes<br />
morning and night<br />
with a lukewarm solution<br />
of boracic<br />
acid and water, say<br />
a tablespoon to the<br />
half-glass, and with<br />
an eye-cup for applying<br />
it.<br />
I am persuaded at<br />
the end of ten years'<br />
critical observation of the developing<br />
rifleman that of all men who have trouble<br />
learning how to shoot the military rifle,<br />
the chap of obese architecture and the<br />
usual soft muscles has the worst time<br />
of it.<br />
He's too fat to get flat on the ground<br />
in the prone position, he's so heavy that<br />
he holds up an agonized and protesting<br />
shoulder against the recoil of the rifle<br />
where the slighter man would "give",<br />
and the perspiration oozes from every<br />
pore from the effort necessary. Wherefore,<br />
envy not the whale and if you run<br />
to the whale variety yourself, consider<br />
every pound of weight that is not hard<br />
muscle as a pound of very much excess<br />
baggage.<br />
Many expert riflemen go through a<br />
regular course<br />
of gymnasium<br />
training before<br />
Dig in the Heels!<br />
This position is used by many<br />
of the crack shots of the<br />
country, but it is unreliable<br />
unless two points are ob<br />
served carefully. The heels<br />
must sink firmly into the<br />
ground and the elbow must<br />
rest inside the patella (knee<br />
cap), not upon it. Then the<br />
rifle is held nearly as steadily<br />
as in a machine rest.<br />
the rifle season, and keep in trim<br />
by the same means. Plenty of sleep,<br />
plenty of exercise in the open air or in<br />
the gym, plenty of water—but little other<br />
liquid—to drink, and as good a digestive<br />
system as Nature will allow you—that's<br />
the preliminary stuff. Smoking never<br />
helped any rifleman, but far better a<br />
smoker than the grouchy, snappy,<br />
drawn-faced wretch who has given up<br />
an established and a mighty comforting<br />
habit in the delusion that he is helping<br />
his shooting thereby. "Wind" has little<br />
to do with successful rifle shooting, save<br />
the skirmish run, which is little used,<br />
and the man used to smoking had better<br />
continue to smoke at least a little.<br />
Coffee has without question a deleterious<br />
effect on both eyes and nerves,<br />
and many team captains<br />
frown on its use<br />
Freakish, but Approved by Some<br />
This method of aiming makes it difficult for the beginner to<br />
obtain the proper alignment of sights and eye, but several<br />
good men use it habitually.<br />
save by the addicts to this form of drug<br />
habit who cannot break away from it.<br />
The man who is unused to it, and who<br />
drinks it at night or before a shoot where<br />
nerve is required comes under the heading<br />
of common or garden variety of
HOW TO BECOME A SHARPSHOOTER 893<br />
idiot. So much for the physical side of<br />
the sharpshooter.<br />
Now with our sharpshooter in full<br />
possession of his rifle and some ammunition,<br />
his first desire is to make tracks<br />
for the target range. He feels that the<br />
way to learn to shoot is to shoot.<br />
But alas, it isn't, save as a hard and a<br />
costly, and a former-of-bad-habits way.<br />
Not in the American, the German, the<br />
British, or in any other army is the<br />
embryo rifleman allowed to fire his rifle<br />
until he has gone through a course of<br />
sprouts with weapon guiltless of cartridge,<br />
and then with the humble .22 or<br />
else lightly loaded "tcilmunition", as the<br />
Teutons call their preliminary practice<br />
cartridges for the Mauser.<br />
hirst, the mark you must set for yourself.<br />
Ammunition companies and the Government<br />
arsenals use the machine rest<br />
for testing the accuracy of rifles and<br />
ammunition. This is a contrivance of<br />
solid concrete base, heavy steel plate,<br />
heavy clamps to fit the rifle, and accurate<br />
ways on which the clamps may slide in<br />
recoil and return to the firing position.<br />
It merely enables the delivery of a series<br />
of shots from a rifle, absolutely uniform<br />
in pointing and support for each shot.<br />
So fixed, it will shoot the Government<br />
cartridge repeatedly into a circle six<br />
inches at 500 yards.<br />
That's your model, the machine rest.<br />
The good shot merely has learned to<br />
hold his rifle in the same way each time,<br />
with the same pressure against the shoulder<br />
and the same pull on the sling, with<br />
the sights accurately aligned on the same<br />
WAIT THREE MONTHS BEFORE YOU TRY THIS!<br />
The amateur invariably tries to learn to shoot by shooting; he goes to a target range and blows up many pounds of<br />
good ammunition trying to pink the pasteboard deer, when he should be practicing nothing but aiming and triggerpulling.<br />
spot, and with the trigger pull so smooth<br />
and so devoid of tendency to move the<br />
rifle the least bit, that he's made a machine<br />
rest of himself! "Wind doping"<br />
and light judgment are merely higher<br />
mathematics, the differential calculus to<br />
your present desire to learn the multiplication<br />
table.<br />
So, snugly beyond the reach of embarrassing<br />
stares and fear of the kick<br />
of the rifle, you lay yourself down to<br />
learn the first and most important position<br />
in shooting the fighting rifle, the<br />
prone. First you pin up on the wall<br />
under a good light, a little white card<br />
with a little black ink spot on it for a<br />
bullseye, so it will look roughly the<br />
width of the front sight from where you
894 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
The Prone Position, with All<br />
Equipment<br />
Note the manner in which the sling is wrapped about the<br />
relt arm. and the manner in which the coat elbows are<br />
padded.<br />
practice. This is all the target you need<br />
at first.<br />
The sling strap is the most important<br />
aid to holding the rifle steadily. All well<br />
conducted rifles have them. If the rifle<br />
is by chance the Government rifle, the<br />
upper half of the sling is so adjusted by<br />
the hook as to form a loop from the<br />
upper swivel to which it is fastened, long<br />
enough to reach back to about the<br />
"comb" of the stock, which is the raised<br />
part back of the grip of the right<br />
hand.<br />
Then the left hand is put through the<br />
loop from the right<br />
side as it hanp-s from<br />
its swivel, the loop is<br />
Stewart Edward<br />
White's Offhand<br />
Position<br />
Whenever this crack<br />
shot takes a sudden<br />
snap at a mountain<br />
goat or charging rhinoceros,<br />
his arms assume<br />
this supporting<br />
position.<br />
pushed well up the<br />
arm to the arm-pit,<br />
then the left hand is<br />
swung up over the<br />
sling near its junction with the rifle<br />
and the rifle is grasped as near the<br />
swivel as possible, with the sling passing<br />
around the right side of the stiffened<br />
wrist.<br />
The sling, to be of any value, must be<br />
tight. When the body is prone, the left<br />
elbow should be under the rifle, so a<br />
plumb-bob, dropped from the rifle, would<br />
fall in the crook of the left elbow. The<br />
sling must be so tight that it is difficult<br />
to get the rifle to the shoulder. The left<br />
hand must be well under and around the<br />
rifle, so it lies down snugly in the bony<br />
structure of the palm, from the base of<br />
the index finger past the base of the<br />
thumb. Always does the tyro grasp it<br />
gingerly in his fingers and hold it there<br />
trembling like the affrighted<br />
birdie. Properly<br />
held, the rifle will lie<br />
steady and motionless at the shoulder,<br />
with the right hand not touching it, and<br />
the fingers of the left hand wide open. In<br />
firing of course they are clasped around<br />
the stock to aid in holding.<br />
Now with the sling properly adjusted,<br />
and the rifle held steadily at the shoulder<br />
by its pull, see that the body is not<br />
behind the rifle, but to the left of the<br />
line of its barrel thirty degrees or more.<br />
Thus the poor shoulder can give back<br />
like a spring, without having the body<br />
solidly behind it. The sling, properly
MOW TO BECOME A SHARPSHOOTER 895<br />
THE SANDBAG REST<br />
This is allowed in army target contests, but it does not make unnecessary any of the ordinary precautions in regard to<br />
concentration.<br />
tight, takes up most of the kick. See with the peep. If the rear sight is an<br />
that the body is just as flat to the ground open sight, a notch in a bar, then draw<br />
a.s you can get it. About this time of the the front up until its tip is just level<br />
game your elbows begin to protest, and with the horizontal line of the bar in<br />
you grasp the beaut)- of the thick rug which the notch is cut. Then don't vary<br />
under them when practicing on the floor, this from shot to shot. Absolute uniformand<br />
the padded coat or shirt when firing ity in sighting is the price of accuracy in<br />
on the rifle range. The pad for the rifle fire.<br />
shoulder does not matter much, but pads Touch the bottom of the bull with the<br />
for the elbows and a little extra layer tip of the front sight, and don't in your<br />
around the left arm where the sling tries effort to get it right in this respect,<br />
to cut into the muscles is the plan for change its relation to the rear sight.<br />
the coat of every expert rifle shot. Then squeeze slowly and softly that<br />
Now put the right thumb outside the most important little slip of steel, the<br />
grip of the rifle, not across it pistol-grip trigger, making up your mind that you<br />
fashion, else the same thumb, when you won't move the rifle in squeezing it off,<br />
really fire cartridges, will commit and that you won't quit holding steadily<br />
mayhem against your nose. Pull back on the bottom of the bull merely because<br />
the thumb, double it up, until you press the striker or hammer of the rifle goes<br />
its end down against the stock. Then "click".<br />
you can squeeze off the trigger smoothly Never close the aiming eve as the<br />
and softly and gently without moving hammer falls; keep it focused sharply<br />
the rifle in the least and without moving on the front sight and its relation to the<br />
the rest of the hand. bull as the sharp click comes. The tar-<br />
Having gotten st) far, raise the leaf of get—in this case your little aiming card<br />
the rear sight, catch the front sight —is supposed in rifle parlance to be the<br />
through the rear peep or notch, then face of a watch, hung up vertically by<br />
touch the bottom of the bull with the tip the stem. Thus the top of the target is<br />
of the front sight. If the rear is a peep, 12 o'clock, the bottom is six o'clock, the<br />
let the tip of the front sight always ap- right side, straight out on the horizontal<br />
pear in the exact center of the little line, is three o'clock, and the left nine<br />
round hole. It will tend to go there by o'clock. This is to enable the rifleman<br />
itself unless you intentionally pull it to speak intelligently and explicitly of<br />
away. There is no fine or coarse sight' the location of a shot or of the front
896 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
One of the Millions of Faulty Positions<br />
This is artificial and unsatisfactory; it looks as though thr<br />
person using it cared more for "form" than results—and<br />
results usually bear out this condemnation.<br />
sight, instead of saying vaguely that the<br />
shot went high left which may mean<br />
more or less high and more or less left.<br />
Alas, when your hammer fell, the<br />
front sight instead of staying calmly in<br />
its position at six o'clock, touching the<br />
bull, gave a little jump, and as the clickcame<br />
you noted that it leaped up to one<br />
o'clock, above the bull, and a bit to<br />
the right.<br />
Now is the time to stop and talk it<br />
over seriously.<br />
The final trigger pull of the rifle is<br />
the one stumbling block of the neophyte<br />
rifleman. Nine-tenths of all puffs of<br />
wind, changes of light, poor ammunition,<br />
inaccurate rifle and prevaricating<br />
marking boy at the target, are nothing<br />
more than that fatal little tenth of a<br />
second when the hammer of the rifle<br />
falls on the firing pin. It boots not that<br />
you have held the rifle like unto<br />
a rock for ten minutes previous<br />
to the release of the hammer, it<br />
boots not that you held the rifle<br />
like a machine rest to within a<br />
tenth of a second of the time the<br />
trigger slipped back<br />
and the hammer fell.<br />
If you didn't hold the<br />
rifle motionless, undisturbed in<br />
the slightest by the fact that you<br />
felt the trigger slip, and if the<br />
rifle was moved by anything save<br />
the recoil of the cartridge, then<br />
you're hopeless until you quit<br />
that most fatal habit—letting go just as<br />
the trigger comes back. As the rifleman<br />
says, "you quit holding, and pulled the<br />
trigger".<br />
You must hold that rifle steadily and<br />
undisturbed by the fall of the hammer<br />
or striker, wherefore the extreme value<br />
of the practice with the empty rifle, and<br />
then with the humble .22, the recoil of<br />
which won't serve to cover up your<br />
trigger squeezing faults. Were you<br />
shooting full service loads, the kick of<br />
the gun would have covered up that<br />
jump of the front sight from the fall of<br />
the hammer—really from your own failure<br />
to continue to hold the rifle—and<br />
you'd be all at sea and go to fussing<br />
around and blaming the rifle and ammunition<br />
or changing your sights.<br />
Make yourself, from the very first<br />
snap of the hammer of the empty rifle.<br />
first tell yourself or your instructor<br />
where the front sight was when the<br />
hammer fell and whether or not it<br />
moved; second, release that trigger<br />
without affecting in the slightest your<br />
calm, steady aim. Get in the habit of<br />
holding the rifle motionless three or four<br />
seconds after the hammer falls, and<br />
never blink the eye or take it off the<br />
front sight. This will help you avoid<br />
that most common habit and that most<br />
fatal habit of what the rifleman knows<br />
(Continued on page 940)
HOW TO PRESERVE EGGS<br />
AT HOME<br />
By H A R O L D EVERETT B U R T O N<br />
EFORE cold storage came into<br />
use in this country, a man<br />
named Levi Hoyt started preserving<br />
eggs. When he started<br />
the venture, he had nothing in<br />
the way of money. After borrowing a<br />
comparatively small sum, he bought, the<br />
first year, one thousand dozen eggs.<br />
Three years afterward he died, leaving<br />
an estate of over twenty thousand dollars.<br />
During his lifetime no one succeeded<br />
in getting any information about how his<br />
little fortune was made, except that by<br />
preserving and selling these eggs he was<br />
able to live these last three years in comfort.<br />
Even after his death no one could<br />
secure the secret formula. It was not till<br />
a number of years later that his executor<br />
came across an old yellow slip of paper<br />
on which was written this formula in<br />
code form. It is published here with<br />
other methods of preserving eggs, all of<br />
which are reliable, depending upon the<br />
care with which the directions are followed.<br />
Next winter, if one of these formulas<br />
is used, the housewife may take from<br />
her storeroom eggs which are exactly as<br />
wholesome as the kind bought in winter<br />
for seventy-five cents a dozen, but which<br />
will cost only twenty-five cents a dozen<br />
at the very highest if bought during the<br />
spring season.<br />
First, as to the number of eggs to buy<br />
for the year for the average family of<br />
four, let us figure that there are eight<br />
months in the year when eggs are almost<br />
prohibitive in price. During May, June<br />
and July one may buy eggs in two dozen<br />
lots without feeling that he has signed a<br />
lease on his soul. These months are<br />
only one-third of a year, however, so<br />
during this time we must provide for the<br />
other two-thirds of the year. If the<br />
average family of four uses three dozen<br />
eggs a week, in eight months it will use<br />
approximately one hundred dozen.<br />
The housewife can take her choice of<br />
four ways of preserving eggs. If she<br />
doesn't feel that she can afford to buy<br />
one hundred dozen at one time—an expenditure<br />
of from twenty to twenty-five<br />
dollars—she had better choose the<br />
method which is the easiest and cheapest<br />
for preserving smaller quantities of the<br />
eggs. She can then get twenty-five<br />
dozen in May, fifty dozen in June, and<br />
another twenty-five dozen in July. But<br />
if possible, it is cheaper to get them all<br />
at once.<br />
The first method is by cold storage.<br />
The possibilities of cold storage for<br />
housekeepers are becoming greater and<br />
greater, a large number of cities nowhaving<br />
facilities for renting cold-storage<br />
space. By keeping whole, uncracked<br />
eggs at a temperature of thirty-two degrees,<br />
and by not taking them from storage<br />
until they are to be used, no one can<br />
complain of their good-tasting qualities.<br />
Second, by immersing eggs in a solution<br />
which will completely cover them<br />
and prevent the entrance of air, the great<br />
germ carrier, the same result can be obtained.<br />
Third, coating the shell with some<br />
substance that will make it impervious<br />
is satisfactory.<br />
Fourth, destroying the germs by the<br />
use of the X-ray is the very newest<br />
method.<br />
People in the past have had success<br />
with methods of covering the eggs with<br />
salt, wood ashes, and even with plaster<br />
of Paris, but while eggs packed in this<br />
way are good for a comparatively short<br />
period, this method cannot be depended<br />
807
S9S<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
upon surely for many months of preservation.<br />
For family use, eggs that are preserved<br />
in lime and salt are probably the<br />
best. This method requires the least expenditure<br />
of money, the mixture is easily<br />
prepared, and the process can be absolutely<br />
depended upon. A safe rule in<br />
mixing this is to allow one quart of solution<br />
to each dozen eggs. First, stir three<br />
pounds of quicklime in three gallons of<br />
boiled water. It is well to slake the lime<br />
in a part of this water, adding the remainder<br />
afterward. Next stir in one-half pound<br />
of common salt and let the whole mixture<br />
stand for about ten hours. Separate the<br />
clear liquid from the sediment and dissolve<br />
in this about one-fourth of an<br />
ounce of boracic acid. The mixture<br />
should be kept in earthen, glass, or clean<br />
wood receptacles, and the eggs should be<br />
immersed in this mixture completely,<br />
allowing two inches, or even more,<br />
above the eggs. The receptacles should<br />
be kept in as cool a place as possible, and<br />
the eggs should not be taken out of<br />
the mixture until they are needed. This<br />
amount of solution will cover about<br />
twelve dozen eggs.<br />
Levi Hoyt's method of preserving<br />
eggs was given to the public recently in<br />
a little pamphlet on "How to Preserve<br />
Eggs, and Why." Herewith is given the<br />
recipe he used to obtain his fortune. It<br />
is taken from the code form.<br />
"To unslaked lime 'add water till it<br />
forms a thin slush. Now strain it<br />
through a fine sieve into a forty-gallon<br />
barrel or vessel, washing out all the<br />
strength of the lime. Dissolve three<br />
quarts of salt and add to the solution.<br />
In this dissolve 2 ounces bicarbonate of<br />
soda, 2 ounces cream of tartar, 2 ounces<br />
borax, and one ounce of saltpetre."<br />
He stirred this mixture and added water<br />
to the amount of twenty gallons. Then he<br />
filled the vessel with eggs to within four<br />
inches of the top. To exclude outside<br />
air from the mixture, he covered a hoop<br />
with cloth which was immersed in moist<br />
lime and placed this hoop just inside the<br />
top of the barrel. Shortly before he sold<br />
the eggs, Mr. Hoyt took them out of the<br />
barrel and packed them in oats to dry.<br />
He made it his business religion to have<br />
absolutely perfect, fresh eggs to begin<br />
with, because no amount of doctoring<br />
will make a bad egg good.<br />
Another method of preservation coming<br />
into favor is the use of water glass.<br />
Water glass is silicate of soda, which is<br />
made by fusing together quartz, sand,<br />
and soda ash. It is about the consistency<br />
of molasses, and is translucent but not<br />
transparent. The price, however, is too<br />
high for the average housekeeper because<br />
if she bought it at retail, it would<br />
cost six cents a dozen to preserve the<br />
eggs. If a number of women in a neighborhood<br />
could club together and buy in<br />
five gallon lots from a wholesale druggist,<br />
the price would be reasonable, and<br />
the method of using it is "nicer" than the<br />
lime and salt. It is as follows: To nine<br />
parts of boiling water, add one part of<br />
water glass. Stir this with a stick, and<br />
when the mixture becomes cool, but not<br />
cold, immerse the eggs. They should be<br />
kept in earthen crocks or galvanized iron<br />
tubs. After a while this mixture coagulates<br />
and turns white, but this does not<br />
injure it.<br />
The Italians have a unique method of<br />
preserving eggs but, on account of the<br />
high and increasing cost of the preserving<br />
product, it probably would not be<br />
feasible in this country. They cover the<br />
eggs with lard to completely exclude the<br />
air from the pores in the egg shell. The<br />
lard is slightly warm when used but not<br />
sufficiently, however, to cook the eggs.<br />
Other lard preserving methods are used<br />
also; for instance, the eggs are rolled in<br />
lard on a marble slab until all the surface<br />
is covered. The principle of all is the<br />
same, however; if air is excluded from<br />
the albuminous contents, decomposition<br />
is delayed appreciably.<br />
Experiments with the X-ray have<br />
shown that eggs exposed to its rays will<br />
keep fresh, but they must be kept in a<br />
dark place until needed because the<br />
bright light counteracts the effect of the<br />
X-ray.
HINTS [roR^^ftj\Li PEOPLE<br />
i,——y^ ^s, /^ /is .v.?^.'si ,—i<br />
GIVES THE COV/ FREE RANGE<br />
A N old carriage wheel and axle are all<br />
^^ that the resourceful farmer needs<br />
with which to make a device for giving<br />
a tethered cow or horse the full length<br />
of its rope the entire time the animal is<br />
tied out. The axle is set upright and<br />
It Is Impossible to Get "Wound Round the Peg" as<br />
with the Stake System<br />
the wheel slipped over, the wheel thus<br />
being free to rotate in a horizontal plane.<br />
The tether rope is attached to the rim<br />
of the wheel, and the device is complete.<br />
No matter how much the cow may roam<br />
about, she cannot wind the rope upon<br />
the stake, because at the least pull the<br />
wheel turns and keeps the rope free from<br />
entanglements.<br />
OIL CAN WHERE YOU<br />
WANT IT<br />
""THIS holder for an oil can is designed<br />
to be attached to the dash<br />
of an automobile, under the hood,<br />
which is the most convenient place to<br />
keep an oil can. It then is<br />
ready for instant use for oiling<br />
motor parts. The oil is<br />
kept warm, and will flow<br />
freely in coldest weather. It<br />
is made to fit a 3^-inch<br />
diameter oil can. The price<br />
is twenty cents.<br />
COMPLETE BREAKFAST ON<br />
THE TABLE<br />
""THERE is a new electric stove on the<br />
market which has three compartments.<br />
Three distinct cooking operations<br />
are accomplished at the same time,<br />
and at the same cost as one. The stove<br />
is provided with two shallow pans, one<br />
deep vessel with a grid for broiling, and<br />
an egg poacher with four egg cups. The<br />
shallow pans a.e used as griddles, as<br />
covers for the deep vessel, and as heat<br />
reflectors.<br />
One of the best advantages of this<br />
stove is that it toasts both sides of the<br />
toast at the same time. You can fry<br />
eggs jn the griddle on top, toast in the<br />
toaster drawer, and broil bacon or chops<br />
in the deep vessel below, all at the same<br />
time. In fact, the new stove broils, boils,<br />
This Compact Electric Stove Will Prepare an Ordinary<br />
Breakfast—Eggs, Toast and Chops or Bacon—<br />
Right on the Table<br />
toasts, fries, poaches, steams, or performs<br />
any process that does not require<br />
an oven, and all on the breakfast<br />
or lunch table, if desired. It is<br />
made of pressed steel, finished in<br />
polished nickel, and weighs eight<br />
pounds ready for shipping.<br />
The busy commuter's wife<br />
will find that it cuts a good<br />
five minutes from the time<br />
required to prepare hubby's<br />
breakfast—which is a real<br />
item to reluctant suburban<br />
risers.<br />
899
900 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
COMBINED BATHING CAP AND<br />
SUIT BAG<br />
""THIS new bathing cap is very efficient<br />
as a bathing and diving cap. But<br />
that is not all. When inflated, it is a<br />
regulation football. When not inflated,<br />
it can be untied and utilized as a suit bag<br />
Take Me with You to the Lake! I'll Carry Your Suit,<br />
Protect Your Hair, and Play Water Polo with You!<br />
for the wet bathing suit. The cap is so<br />
arranged, with its hooks and ties, that it<br />
can be used as a life saver or as water<br />
wings.<br />
COMBINED WATCHCASE AND<br />
VANITY BOX<br />
""THE fad for combining everyday useful<br />
articles has another expression in<br />
the combined watchcase and vanity box,<br />
Case Is Right Handy<br />
You Look at Your<br />
Watch<br />
the inventor working on the theory that<br />
the user of the vanity box has recourse<br />
to the powder puff as often as she does<br />
to her watch; so the two are ever ready.<br />
The watchcase and vanity box are separated<br />
by a mirror.<br />
A SHOWER BATH FOR<br />
NOTHING<br />
A NON-SPLASHING, perfectly ef-<br />
•^^ fective shower bath that can be<br />
made by anyone at no expense is shown<br />
in the picture. Take an eight-foot section<br />
of discarded garden hose and slit one<br />
end an inch and a half deep in four<br />
places, thus making four strips about tys,<br />
of an inch wide. Cut out two alternate<br />
strips leaving the other two. Fit a tight<br />
plug to the depth of the cuts and bind<br />
the two strips about the hose at about<br />
three feet from the end, making a loop<br />
a foot or so in diameter. Punch oneeighth<br />
inch holes about two inches apart<br />
on the inside of the loop, hang it about<br />
The Homemade Non-Splasher<br />
your neck, slip the other end of the hose<br />
over the end of the bath-tub faucet, turn<br />
on the water, and keep cool.<br />
Si<br />
CLEANING BY ELECTRICITY<br />
"T JNPLEASANT" and "thankless"<br />
are proper adjectives to apply to<br />
the job of cleaning silver. For years we<br />
have been pestered at our back doors by<br />
old women, young boys, etc., all swearing<br />
that their compounds would shine anything,<br />
down to lead.
There is now an electrolytic method of<br />
cleaning silverware quickly, no matter<br />
how soiled or discolored it may be. Here<br />
is the recipe. Purchase a small aluminum<br />
pan, which may be of any shape, just so<br />
it is made of aluminum. Put into the<br />
pan a sufficient quantity of water and<br />
bicarbonate of soda to give a saturated<br />
solution. Place this on the kitchen stove,<br />
so that it will be kept thoroughly hot<br />
while the discolored silverware is immersed<br />
in the solution. The silver must<br />
rest on the bottom of the pan, and the<br />
pieces must not touch each other but<br />
must invariably touch the aluminum vessel.<br />
An electrolytic action is set up so that<br />
current passes between the aluminum<br />
container and the silver pieces, and the<br />
latter being positive to the aluminum,<br />
causes in consequence an extremely<br />
slight amount of the silver to be disintegrated<br />
from the ware. The blackish<br />
deposit adhering to the sides and bottom<br />
Cleaning a Silver Spoon<br />
of the aluminum vessel is silver oxide<br />
and other matter which has been removed,<br />
leaving the silver in a practically<br />
new condition.<br />
Contrary to general opinion, this process<br />
is not injurious to the silverware.<br />
The amount of silver disintegrated or<br />
deposited in the bath is so very slight<br />
that it amounts practically to nothing.<br />
jt<br />
PRESSED WHILE YOU SLEEP<br />
DROP.ABLY the mattress alone proved<br />
unsatisfactory for the young man<br />
who invented this home trouser pressing<br />
arrangement. It is made of light board.<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 901<br />
>4<br />
This Simple Device Cuts Down Pressing Bills or<br />
Labor to Next to Nothing. If Done Every Night the<br />
Trousers Are Kept Creased Perfectly<br />
The trousers are laid on the middle<br />
board, and the two outer boards fastened<br />
over them, completely covering the legs<br />
of the trousers. The metal holders fasten<br />
down over the boards and are securely<br />
clamped on each side.<br />
When the trousers are fastened inside<br />
the whole arrangement can be hung up<br />
by a hook at the back.<br />
SANITARY DISH WASHER<br />
T H E device is simple in operation. A<br />
faucet connection is fastened permanently<br />
by three little screws. Into it the<br />
hose nipple is screwed, and the water<br />
turned on. The water flows through a<br />
chamber containing soap, and soap suds<br />
come down through the brush with<br />
which the dishes are scrubbed. A pressure<br />
of the thumb on a button gives a<br />
stream of clear water to rinse with, and<br />
Banishes the Dirty Dishpan
902 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
the dishes are then put in the dryer to<br />
drain.<br />
The soapsuds keep the brush clean and<br />
the device is sanitary in every way. A<br />
larger and stiffer brush also may be obtained<br />
to clean pots and pans, at a slight<br />
extra cost.<br />
UNION PAJAMAS<br />
THESE new union pajamas retain their<br />
tailored appearance of two pieces,<br />
yet they are in one and are made to<br />
Even if There's a Fire You Can't Lose These;<br />
They're Made in One Piece<br />
avoid the discomfort of the two-piece<br />
suit with its binding around the waist.<br />
PRESS PROTECTOR<br />
T H E need of protecting the hands of<br />
the workman who operates a punch<br />
press, as well as the purse of his employer,<br />
is met by a press protector in the<br />
form of a collapsible latticed gate which<br />
forms a guard in front of the descending<br />
punch. Unless the gate is fully extended<br />
in front of the punch and die, the press<br />
cannot operate. The moment the operation<br />
is completed, the gate folds and<br />
springs up out of the workman's way.<br />
The open style of the protector permits<br />
seeing the work clearly through it.<br />
\\lien the worker is relieved of fear, he<br />
can do more and better work, while the<br />
employer is relieved of damage suits or<br />
insurance payments to a degree which<br />
more than compensates for the low cost<br />
of the protector.<br />
St<br />
A SOAPY BATH MITTEN<br />
THE participant in the Turkish bath<br />
remembers as the most pleasant thing<br />
about it, or rather, the least unpleasant,<br />
the soapy lather rub given by the masseur<br />
after the sojourn in the chamber of perspiring<br />
horror. With a lot of work and<br />
rubbing, this soapy lather could be made<br />
in the bath at home, but this new mitten<br />
makes all the lather without the extra<br />
hard rubbing or the stopping to rub the<br />
You May Have That Rub in the Tub at Home
soap on the wash cloth. The mitten is composed<br />
of waterproof elastic material with<br />
a series of perforations or holes, so that<br />
a cake of soap may be held in the hand<br />
inside the mitten, and the skin rubbed,<br />
while a copious flow of lather exudes<br />
constantly.<br />
Si<br />
BRUSH AND COMB IN ONE<br />
THIS new combined hair brush and<br />
comb has been designed for use in<br />
The Brush-Comb Combination<br />
milady's boodle bag, hand bag, or vanity<br />
case. The brush folds over neatly against<br />
the comb and can be put in a very small<br />
space. The combination can be bought<br />
with a case to cover, in which there is<br />
also a sufficient space for holding a toothbrush.<br />
St<br />
ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR<br />
PHONOGRAPHS<br />
A S yet there is no "touch system" in<br />
vogue to enable us to play the<br />
phonograph in the dark, and play it<br />
right. So the next best thing is the little<br />
electric light attachment which is placed<br />
just above the needle. The miniature<br />
electric light is attached to the reproducer,<br />
and is capable of being operated<br />
from a flashlight battery.<br />
When the switch provided is pressed<br />
downward in a forward direction, a mo-<br />
Lights Up the Needle<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 903<br />
mentary contact is secured, lighting the<br />
lamp for the replacing of needles when<br />
playing in the dark. When the switch is<br />
thrown backward, the circuit is permanently<br />
closed until thrown upward again.<br />
The light is very small; it is just<br />
enough to read the names of the records<br />
by, and can hardly be seen across the<br />
room.<br />
Si<br />
NEW VACCINATION SHIELD<br />
THIS new invention performs a double<br />
function. First, it prevents the vaccine<br />
virus from being rubbed off. Sec<br />
ond, it guards the wound from any danger<br />
of infection. It is applied very<br />
easily, as the illustration indicates.<br />
PERFECT GARMENT HANGER<br />
A GARMENT hanger should be a<br />
simple thing, but heretofore not one<br />
has been made that has been entirely<br />
satisfactory. The simple ones did not<br />
hold the trousers or skirt securely, and<br />
the more complicated ones took too much<br />
time to adjust. This hanger is made per-
904 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
THE IDEAL CLOTHES<br />
HANGER<br />
feet by putting a band of clock-spring<br />
steel across the hanger bars, and adjusting<br />
it in such a way that when it is<br />
pushed down on a pair of trousers or a<br />
skirt it holds them firmly in place.<br />
The inventor worked for years on the<br />
idea, simple though it may appear. His<br />
problem was to secure the necessarily<br />
complicated machinery that would force<br />
a piece of steel into the wood without<br />
breaking that wood and to make a hanger<br />
that could be sold as cheap as the simplest<br />
forms on the market. He seems to<br />
have solved the problem satisfactorily.<br />
AIR FRICTION SPEEDOMETER<br />
AND WATCH<br />
THIS new speedometer has long been<br />
promised in the automobile world.<br />
It is a combination automobile watch and<br />
speedometer, and works by<br />
air friction. The speed measuring<br />
portion is composed of<br />
two cups, one of which telescopes<br />
the other within the<br />
air gap separating the two.<br />
This air friction between the<br />
cups is directly proportioned<br />
to the speed of the revolving<br />
cup. By this method uniform<br />
calibration is made possible.<br />
The instrument includes<br />
season and trip odometers.<br />
registering 999.9 and 99,999.9<br />
miles.<br />
The obvious difficulty<br />
would seem to lie in the fact<br />
that a head wind might increase<br />
the apparent registered<br />
speed unduly, but this has<br />
been overcome to some extent<br />
by the placing of mechanism.<br />
L_J<br />
The Air-Driven Speedometer<br />
A MODEL UNION<br />
T H E professional artists' models of<br />
Los Angeles are planning to form a<br />
"models' union". Miss Mabel Foncy<br />
Harvey, one of the best-known models in<br />
the United States, is the originator of the<br />
idea.<br />
"Our work is no longer an appendage<br />
of Bohemianism, it is a sober business,"<br />
she said the other day referring to the<br />
posing of an artist's model. "In Southern<br />
California, especially Los Angeles,<br />
there are many models. Their number is<br />
being augmented. There seems to be<br />
something in the California air that<br />
draws the artists, and of course where<br />
the artists are, there must the models<br />
be also. So we have a large number of<br />
them, and we have decided to <strong>org</strong>anize."<br />
"What will be the object of the <strong>org</strong>anization?"<br />
she was asked.<br />
"Many of the girls are<br />
young, and need the protection<br />
of their older sisters,"<br />
replied Miss Harvey. "While<br />
a number of our models have<br />
won an enviable reputation in<br />
the eastern centers, yet there<br />
are many here who are struggling<br />
for place. Naturally<br />
this condition invites impostors<br />
to advertise themselves<br />
as artists in order to trap the<br />
girls in one way or another.<br />
We shall ferret out these, and<br />
by the use of legal means,<br />
when necessary, crush out the<br />
snakes. A lawyer of our sex<br />
is helping to draft the bylaws<br />
of the association. The<br />
idea will be to look after our<br />
girls and assist them in any<br />
way they may desire or need.
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 905<br />
In other words, the society will feel an keeper if he gets pepper instead of salt.<br />
interest in each girl; there will always be When he wishes pepper he pushes a little<br />
available a chaperon. Then too," added indicator on the top of the cellar to the<br />
Miss Plarvey, "we shall make oppor left, and when he wishes salt he pushes<br />
tunities for the intellectual improvement the same indicator to the right.<br />
and social pleasure of our members—•<br />
Si<br />
opportunities that I know will be seized SANITARY GARBAGE CAN<br />
eagerly."<br />
I_JERE is a garbage can that is the lat<br />
St<br />
est thing in convenience and sanita<br />
A REAL SPORTS HAT<br />
tion. To remove the cover it is not<br />
T H E newest sports hat has a view to necessary to touch it with the hands, as<br />
practicality, though it looks as if it this can be clone by a slight pressure of<br />
were made for winking purposes. The the foot upon a pedal under the can.<br />
The waste being emptied into the pail,<br />
This Decoration Has an Alarmingly Flirtatious<br />
Appearance<br />
object of this particular hat is to protect<br />
the brows and eyes of the wearer and<br />
at the same time to allow a view of objects<br />
in advance.<br />
St<br />
COMBINATION SALT AND<br />
PEPPER CELLAR<br />
THIS combination salt and pepper<br />
shaker puts the responsibility up to<br />
the user. He can't blame the house-<br />
Salt and Pepper Shakers in One<br />
the foot pressure is released and the top<br />
closes by itself, and is locked automatically.<br />
The overturning of the pail is of<br />
little moment since the contents will not<br />
spill if it is knocked over. The fall of<br />
the top causes a disinfectant, contained<br />
therein, to be sprayed over the contents<br />
of the can, and keeping down the dis-
906 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
agreeable odors so common around this<br />
receptacle.<br />
This sanitary can is suitable not alone<br />
for the home, but will be found of practical<br />
use in doctors' and dentists' offices,<br />
and in hospitals.<br />
St<br />
KEEP TOOTHBRUSHES CLEAN<br />
A LITTLE device which is ornamental<br />
as well as very useful in the bathroom<br />
is the toothbrush holder. This<br />
little article will accommodate four toothbrushes,<br />
a can of tooth powder, a bottle<br />
of mouth wash, and a tube of tooth<br />
paste. Besides its convenience it has the<br />
added attraction of keeping the brushes<br />
from being placed on ledges, mouldings<br />
or even on the shelves of cabinets, where<br />
dust collects and disease germs may<br />
gather.<br />
This little device is of sheet steel and<br />
enameled in either gloss or satin white.<br />
Si<br />
BATHTUB ALARM<br />
TURN on the water in your bathtub,<br />
put in this bathtub alarm, and then<br />
go in peace to do any other work you<br />
wish to do until the tub is filled the way<br />
you want it. The bell will ring and<br />
you can go and turn off the water.<br />
The apparatus consists of a wooden<br />
strip shaped like a cane, which is hung<br />
over the tub. There is a float attached<br />
which can be adjusted to any height desired,<br />
and when the water rises as high<br />
as the float, the circuit is closed.<br />
St<br />
AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM FOR<br />
THE HOME<br />
A N Englishman believes that when a<br />
fire is at hand, the occupants of the<br />
house should have a foolproof device at<br />
hand so that the news of the fire will be<br />
automatically sent to a central station.<br />
He has patented such a device, which<br />
can be attached to any telephone.<br />
A Fusible Link Gives Way<br />
Under Heat, and the Message<br />
Is Phoned to Central
When the receiver is handled in a certain<br />
way, the alarm is automatically energized<br />
by the breaking of an electric circuit<br />
containing one or more fusible links,<br />
and at the same time the automatic<br />
throwing into circuit of the telephone<br />
completes the alarm and transmits it to<br />
the central station with which the telephone<br />
is connected.<br />
St<br />
HOW CONGRESS COULD SAVE<br />
MONEY<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 907<br />
pONGRESS could have saved fifty-six<br />
days at its last session if it had dispensed<br />
with roll calls—so estimates an<br />
enterprising member of that body, who<br />
has a clear idea of efficiency, and a head<br />
for figures.<br />
Well, in place of the roll call, this congressman<br />
would install a method of voting<br />
by electricity. Upon a big board<br />
visible to all, would be placed the names<br />
of all the members together with one<br />
red bulb and one white bulb for each<br />
name. At each seat there would be two<br />
electric buttons controlling the lights in<br />
the bulbs. Thus, a forty minute roll<br />
could be recorded mechanically in<br />
34 seconds. Seventy miles of copper<br />
would be required. This method of voting<br />
is not altogether new, but the figures<br />
afe very illuminating". A saving of<br />
$50,000 in light, heat, and telegraph service<br />
would be a sufficient result. Furthermore,<br />
there is to be added the time of<br />
the Congressmen, wdiich is presumed to<br />
be of some value.<br />
Si<br />
"SAFETY FIRST" FOR NUT<br />
CRACKERS<br />
VY7HEN the nut cracker cannot be<br />
found, fingers and hammer are<br />
usually substituted, frequently with baneful<br />
results to the former.<br />
Without any cost whatever, a very<br />
simple substitute may be made within a<br />
few minutes' time. Take a piece of wood<br />
from eight to twelve inches long, and of<br />
a size that may be easily held in the<br />
hand, for a handle, and whittle it down<br />
at one end until it is of a diameter of<br />
about one-half inch. Bore a hole in this<br />
end. Take a stout wire, or an extra large<br />
hairpin, if it is heavy, will do. Bend the<br />
hairpin to a loop in the middle, twist the<br />
two ends together up to the loop, and<br />
then drive it into the hole, up to the loop.<br />
The loop will then fit very nicely over the<br />
nut, care being taken to construct this<br />
little holder with reference to the general<br />
size of nut you wish to crack. A hammer<br />
and a flat iron for an anvil complete the<br />
nut-cracking outfit.<br />
Si<br />
A BABY COOP THAT SWINGS<br />
THE baby nowadays has his porch<br />
swing also, but it must be a special<br />
contrivance. This one is enclosed in<br />
screening, and the framework is of the<br />
best white enamel. When not to be used<br />
as a swing, the coop may be lifted easily<br />
down from the frame, set on its casters,<br />
and wheeled about the house or porch.<br />
Baby Loves the Gentle Oscillation; It's Just Like<br />
Being Soothed in Mother's Arms
908 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
ELECTRICAL CLOCK<br />
THIS little clock, kept near the bed at<br />
night, gives quite a comfortable<br />
feeling, when one wakes up in the middle<br />
of the nieht.<br />
No Need to Lie<br />
and Wonder<br />
Whether the<br />
Single Stroke of<br />
the Hall Clock<br />
Means One<br />
O'clockorHalf-<br />
Past Twelve.<br />
When This<br />
Clock Is Near<br />
Just by pressing a button, the face of<br />
the clock is lighted up, or darkened.<br />
Si<br />
"TOUCH-A-BUTTON" GAS-<br />
RANGE LIGHTER<br />
A<br />
WORTH-WHILE accessory to a<br />
gas range is a lighting arrangement<br />
which can be installed in a few minutes<br />
and which is ready thereafter to light<br />
any one of the open-flame burners by<br />
the touch of a button. A little pilot light,<br />
consuming so little gas that it is not<br />
This Device<br />
Eliminates the<br />
Necessity for<br />
Matches on the<br />
Kitchen Range<br />
noticed in the gas bill, burns at the center<br />
of the set of burners. Its casing has<br />
holes in the sides, through which, when<br />
a button is pressed, a line of flame darts<br />
toward the burner to be used, the valve<br />
opens, and the burner is lighted. Exit<br />
matches with their dangers!<br />
St<br />
ROOF PITCH FINDER<br />
A FOLDING instrument which meas-<br />
^"^ ures the angle from the horizontal<br />
and the inches of pitch to the horizontal<br />
foot is now being offered by an eastern<br />
inventor. The device, when open, consists<br />
of radial arms and an arc, the whole<br />
frame resembling a cut of pie. Pivoted<br />
at the center, or "point of the pie", is<br />
a pointer arm bearing a spirit level.<br />
When the owner of the instrument desires<br />
to know the pitch of a roof or any<br />
Placed on Any Roof, This Appliance Shows Immediately<br />
the Angle of Deviation from the Horizontal,<br />
and the Inches of Pitch to the Horizontal<br />
Foot<br />
sloping surface, he rests one edge of the<br />
"pie" on the surface, moves the pointer<br />
up until he centers the spirit level<br />
bubble, and under the pointer on the<br />
circular edge will be the figures giving<br />
the pitch in degrees, and the number of<br />
inches measured along the surface that<br />
would be set off by perpendiculars rising<br />
from either extremity of a line a foot<br />
long set beneath the surface. When not<br />
in use, the instrument folds up into compact<br />
form in such a way that the spirit<br />
level is surrounded by the different metal<br />
parts and thus completely protected.
NEW BATH FOR BABY<br />
IT is impractical to put some babies into<br />
a tub of water. It is injurious to some<br />
who are sick, and again, some babies<br />
simply will not submit to it without a<br />
terrible fuss.<br />
The shower or spray is really the<br />
cleanest way to bathe anyway, but in an<br />
ordinary bath tub, with the use of the<br />
spray, one is not sure at all times but that<br />
the water will become suddenly very hot<br />
or very cold and shock or burn the baby.<br />
The new baby bath provides either a<br />
special tub for the baby or an adjustable<br />
table to fit to any tub, so that the mother<br />
or the nurse does not have to reach way<br />
This Bath Spray Device Possesses a Perfect Thermostatic<br />
Mixing Valve, Which Keeps Water Always<br />
at the Desired Temperature<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 909<br />
This Extension Adjusts to Fit Any Child's Leg<br />
Length<br />
metal frame and are adjustable to the<br />
needs of the individual child. When<br />
once the adjustment is properly made, the<br />
child can attach and detach it easily and<br />
quickly. The desired height of the child's<br />
pedals above the pedals of the piano<br />
itself is obtained by adjusting extension<br />
rods under the foot part.<br />
St<br />
PROTECTOR FOR EAVES<br />
TROUGH<br />
A N eaves trough protector covers the<br />
^"^ entire trough in such a manner that<br />
it keeps out leaves, trash carried by<br />
sparrows and other birds, and rubbish<br />
of all kinds that might cause stoppage<br />
of the outlet. The gutters and troughs<br />
down to get at the baby in the tub. There<br />
is an absolutely accurate thermostatic<br />
mixing valve attached to the plumbing<br />
in the tub, and by this means the water<br />
is kept at the same temperature, so that<br />
the baby can be "spray bathed" without<br />
fear.<br />
St<br />
PIANO PEDAL EXTENSION<br />
VY/E are growing reasonably familiar<br />
with the automobile pedal exten<br />
The Eaves Protector<br />
sion to accommodate short women, but<br />
have you heard of the piano pedal exten should be cleaned and painted at the time<br />
sion made for little girls and boys who the protectors are installed, as afterward<br />
are beginning the study of music? The the system is kept in thoroughly sanitary<br />
pedals are borne upon a black japanned condition,
910 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
BED AND PLAYHOUSE COM<br />
BINED<br />
THE bed pictured here was designed<br />
in the first place for hospitals, where<br />
a great deal of trouble was experienced<br />
in the wards in letting down the sides of<br />
the bed, which were either always out<br />
of order, or when let down, interfered<br />
with the next bed, leaving no room for<br />
the doctor or the nurse to stand. Also,<br />
children often tampered with the mechanism<br />
at the side and fell out of bed.<br />
When this bed is let down, the whole<br />
As a Playhouse-Crib<br />
This bed for baby transforms itself quickly into a safely<br />
railed space in which to romp. This change is effected<br />
merely by raising the sides.<br />
top comes down and forms a table which,<br />
in the hospital, may be used as an examining<br />
table and, in the home, as an easy<br />
place for the mother to dress the baby.<br />
With just a slight lift of the finger the top<br />
is pushed up again and locks itself into<br />
place. This lock is out of the way of<br />
the child and cannot be played with by<br />
him. It works up and down on a spring,<br />
in the same way that the roller of a window<br />
shade operates.<br />
When the bed is down, it forms an<br />
ideal play yard for the baby while the<br />
busy mother is doing her work around<br />
the house.<br />
For the Examination<br />
When a doctor is to attend the child patient, the sides of<br />
the crib are let down. Nothing then is in the physician's<br />
way.<br />
HUMANE CONVEYANCE FOR<br />
THE SICK<br />
ANY people who have undergone<br />
major surgical operations, when<br />
asked about them later say, "Oh, I didn't<br />
mind the operation so much, but that<br />
awful ambulance—I thought I should die<br />
before I got to the hospital."<br />
With this new humane conveyance the<br />
patient may be adjusted to any position.<br />
Going down the stairs, he may lie down,<br />
or if he has a form of heart trouble, he<br />
may sit up, and be perfectly comfortable<br />
as far as the carrier is concerned.<br />
The conveyance rolls on soft rubber<br />
tired wheels into the ambulance, and is<br />
adjusted without any discomfort to the<br />
patient.<br />
This Adjustable Chair Minimizes the Patient's Discomfort<br />
on His Trip to the Hospital
HANDY PLIERS<br />
COR the sum of fifty cents one can save<br />
many times that amount in patience<br />
and laundry bills by the use of these<br />
pickup pliers. They are handy for auto-<br />
The Pick-up Pliers<br />
mobile use, such as picking out wrenches,<br />
spark plugs, screwdrivers, bolts, nuts, or<br />
anything that might drop in the pan,<br />
transmission case, or gas tank. They can<br />
also be used for cleaning the motor by<br />
placing a piece of waste in the end and<br />
dipping in gasoline, thereby reaching any<br />
part of the motor. They are made of<br />
good material, nickel plated.<br />
St<br />
THE TILLAGE MOTOR<br />
^•IIARLES E. SACKETT, of Danbury,<br />
Connecticut, has devised a new<br />
type of farm implement—the tillage<br />
motor. The invention is, however,<br />
equally applicable to a horse-drawn till<br />
Runs with Horse or Motor<br />
HINTS FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE 911<br />
age machine. It combines with plows a<br />
large pulverizing wheel that tears apart<br />
and aerates the freshly turned soil, thus<br />
accomplishing the work of plowing and<br />
harrowing with one machine and in one<br />
operation.<br />
The pulverizing wheel somewhat resembles<br />
an old-fashioned water wheel,<br />
but with the added feature of inwardprojecting<br />
spikes that tear the sod to<br />
pieces as it is received by the pulverizing<br />
wheel from the subsoil plow. The machine<br />
has two plows, the one in advance<br />
being a pilot plow that opens the furrow<br />
and the other a subsoil plow that turns<br />
the main furrow over to the pulverizing<br />
wheel.<br />
St<br />
NEW HOT-AND-COLD-WATER<br />
MIXING VALVE<br />
TROUBLES ordinarily arising from<br />
securing a proper mixture of hot and<br />
cold water by means of two valves are<br />
eliminated completely in a new form of<br />
mixing valve now being offered by an<br />
eastern concern. The new valve is controlled<br />
by a single handle which moves<br />
from left to right and thereby gives any<br />
mixture from the coldest to the hottest<br />
the supply pipes afford.<br />
The device is so arranged that cold<br />
water always flows first, thereby avoiding<br />
the danger of a rush of scalding hot<br />
water. Furthermore, there are no spots<br />
where there is a sudden jump in the<br />
temperature of the mixture—a common<br />
trouble with the ordinary type of valve.<br />
The valve is so designed and built that<br />
there are no corners to gather dirt.
T H E war is adding greatly to<br />
the world's knowledge of<br />
medicine and surgery and of<br />
functional disturbances of the<br />
human system. Rare or<br />
hitherto unknown diseases have become<br />
recognized, and cures tabulated. Indeed,<br />
a physician and surgeon might set<br />
himself up as treating only such maladies<br />
as have become prominent since August<br />
first, 1914, and find himself consecrated<br />
to a wide field of practice. Unquestionably<br />
we shall find that while many of<br />
the arts and sciences have been standing<br />
still perforce while the nations of the<br />
world are fighting out to a finish their<br />
racial mistrusts and economic differences,<br />
the science of healing will have<br />
taken a great stride forward.<br />
One of the new diseases hitherto not<br />
to be found in medical lexicons is<br />
"shellititis". If you have been in Canada<br />
since large numbers of soldiers, on furlough<br />
or discharged, have returned from<br />
the front, you will have had ample opportunity<br />
to observe this very distressing<br />
912<br />
OUT OF THE<br />
New Diseases Science<br />
Because<br />
By H. S.<br />
malady. Suddenly snap shut a book<br />
in a club or reading room, and you<br />
are likely to see one of these returned<br />
soldiers jump violently. His eyes will<br />
stare or his eyelids quiver, his limbs<br />
tremble and perspiration will break<br />
out upon his face. Riding on a street<br />
car you will be likely to see similar<br />
manifestations, but in even more distressing<br />
form. The sudden bang or<br />
report of the switch above the motorman's<br />
head may cause a passenger to<br />
fall over, half-fainting and prostrated.<br />
Service in the trenches has unmanned<br />
the victims.<br />
The constant popping of rifles, the<br />
din and crash of exploding shells, the<br />
horror engendered by being constantly<br />
under fire for hours or days, is responsible<br />
for this new human affliction. It<br />
was noticed in previous wars, it is true,<br />
but in no such numbers or in such painful<br />
degree. In fact, it was not sufficiently<br />
common to call for special attention<br />
or a special name.<br />
Death sometimes is preferable to being<br />
constantly in fear of it; men whose<br />
nerves have been tortured by the incessant<br />
clamor and the constant bursting of<br />
high explosives about them have not infrequently<br />
become so crazed that they<br />
have rushed eagerly forward in their<br />
frenzy and have recklessly charged toward<br />
the enemy's trenches through a<br />
hail of shot, shell and projectiles. Other<br />
men have taken the easiest and quickest<br />
way out by shooting themselves with<br />
their own revolvers. One of the extreme<br />
forms of shellititis is this form of insanity.<br />
Indeed this is one of the most<br />
serious problems that have to be considered<br />
by the French and British military<br />
officials.
TRENCHES<br />
Has Discovered<br />
of the War<br />
EDGAR<br />
The explosion of a high powered<br />
shell also may cause, along<br />
with other troubles, deafness.<br />
This deafness may be due to<br />
actual injury of the internal ear<br />
or it may be solely functional.<br />
In the latter cases prompt and<br />
accurate diagnosis and efficient<br />
treatment may restore the pa- \<br />
ticnt's hearing.<br />
Another form of malady that is quite<br />
curious has developed from winter life<br />
in the trenches. Men's feet have become<br />
frost-bitten where there was no frost!<br />
And so badly have many of these men<br />
been afflicted with this paradoxical malady<br />
that amputation of the afflicted members<br />
has not been at all uncommon.<br />
Death actually has occurred in some instances.<br />
On a damp night, even though the<br />
temperature may be a little above thirtytwo<br />
degrees, Fahrenheit—that is, above<br />
freezing—a man standing in a watersoaked<br />
trench is not likely to feel comfortable<br />
in his feet. Add to this the low<br />
circulation that inevitably follows tight<br />
fitting shoes and the lethargy of inaction,<br />
and a man's feet will be as cold and<br />
swollen and chapped as if he were standing<br />
guard on a night with the temperature<br />
way below zero. Obviously then<br />
the remedy consists in easy fitting shoes<br />
and in keeping the feet dry and warm.<br />
There is more to this odd affliction,<br />
too. French surgeons were by no means<br />
satisfied that the low temperature was<br />
the sole cause. They passed their doubts<br />
along to two bacteriologists, Messrs.<br />
Raymond and Parisot. These scientists<br />
found another contributing cause, at least<br />
in the more severe cases. They found<br />
that the cold, damp trenches made an<br />
ideal culture medium for a species of<br />
fungus.<br />
With mud oozing through any seam<br />
or crack in the soldier's shoe, the fungus<br />
found entrance, and the fissures in the<br />
frost-bitten foot offered the last breach.<br />
This fungus with cruel discrimination,<br />
preferring to work about the roots of the<br />
nails, proceeds to set up a most painful<br />
form of inflammation and swelling. If<br />
the temperature is sufficiently low, the<br />
life of not only the foot but of the whole<br />
body—the man himself—is endangered.<br />
Thorough cleansing out of the afflicted<br />
parts with camphorated soaps will eradicate<br />
this fungus pest. The swelling<br />
ordinarily will subside within a few days.<br />
The severe nerve pains that this affliction<br />
usually sets up may not pass away<br />
however for from two to three weeks.<br />
This disease, which the war has<br />
brought to light, is by no means confined<br />
to those serving in the trenches. It also<br />
is an affliction with which any one working<br />
around stables or out in the cold, wet<br />
fields may find himself afflicted. In a<br />
diagnosis of "frost bite" the physician<br />
should examine very particularly into the<br />
possibilities of the aggravation being<br />
caused by Scopulariopsis Koningii, as<br />
this pernicious fungus growth is known<br />
among scientists, or its equally pernicious<br />
and pestilential cousin, the fungus Sterigmatocystis.<br />
913
CIVICS CLASSES AS SANI<br />
TARY INSPECTORS<br />
By O. R. GEYER<br />
S T U D E N T S in the civics classes<br />
of the three high schools of Des<br />
Moines, Iowa, have been enlisted<br />
for service as sanitary<br />
inspectors in a "Making Citizens"<br />
course conducted by their instructors<br />
as a means of bringing home more<br />
clearly some of the problems found in<br />
the textbooks. Armed with cameras,<br />
hundreds of boys and girls, members of<br />
high school improvement leagues and<br />
civics students, spend several weeks of<br />
each semester in an investigation of sanitary<br />
conditions, which extends over practically<br />
the entire city. Incidentally they<br />
have discovered violations of city health<br />
laws which no one dreamed existed, and<br />
the new interest they have taken in their<br />
classroom work promises well for the<br />
citizenship of the future.<br />
Des Moines is said to be the first city<br />
in the country to adopt such a plan, and<br />
the school authorities are preparing a<br />
bulletin which will be given wide circulation<br />
among the schools. The investigations<br />
made by the students included<br />
almost every phase of city life—such as<br />
crime and punishment, child labor, a<br />
census of the occupations of the parents<br />
of the high school pupils, public health,<br />
public utilities, public recreation, public<br />
buildings, educational institutions, poverty<br />
and pauperism, and dependents and<br />
their care.<br />
Some of the evils of uncleanliness<br />
were brought home to the pupils in pictures<br />
taken by the investigators. These<br />
pictures included almost everything in<br />
the range of what a city should not have<br />
—unsightly and unsafe holes in paving,<br />
overflowing garbage cans, and poorly<br />
kept back yards and alleys. Dairies,<br />
bakery shops, candy shops, grocery<br />
stores and other business houses cooperated<br />
with the schools by opening their<br />
914<br />
doors for the civics class student inspectors.<br />
One of the most interesting discoveries<br />
made by the students was the extensive<br />
use which housewives made of empty<br />
milk bottles as receptacles for vinegar,<br />
kerosene, and gasoline. These bottles<br />
were traced back to the dairies, where,<br />
it was found, they were washed in common<br />
with bottles collected from all parts<br />
of the city, thus threatening the milk<br />
supply of several neighborhoods with<br />
acetic acid impurities.<br />
During the school year the civics students<br />
extended their investigations to<br />
include housing conditions among the<br />
poor, and the workings of the police<br />
court. City officials are cooperating in<br />
this work of making better citizens, and<br />
plans are being considered for the enlargement<br />
of the work of the junior<br />
leagues.<br />
This work assumes even greater importance<br />
today, for while thousands of<br />
the men who have portions of this duty<br />
on their shoulders normally, are away to<br />
war, the boys and girls will have to step<br />
forward and fill the gap. In every city<br />
a league of the high school and grammar<br />
school students should be formed.<br />
In the all-important problem of supplying<br />
sufficient food to our Allies and<br />
ourselves, waste is a positive crime. The<br />
careful watching of sanitary conditions<br />
should help tremendously in minimizing<br />
waste.<br />
Miss Alice E. Moss, a prominent educator<br />
of Des Moines, was the originator<br />
of the system. She has been behind it<br />
from the beginning, and deserves a great<br />
deal of praise for her efforts. In the<br />
course of the next few years she doubtless<br />
will see many other cities fall in line,<br />
training their youth just as Miss Moss'<br />
charges have been trained.
FROSTING HEADLIGHTS<br />
M O W that a number of States and<br />
municipalities throughout the Union<br />
have passed laws requiring the dimming<br />
of headlights, on certain occasions, a<br />
demand has arisen for frosted headlight<br />
glasses, particularly for glasses in which<br />
the upper half is frosted.<br />
To do the work a box is required, as<br />
shown, with half of the top of glass.<br />
The rest of the top and the upper part<br />
of the front of the box are of cloth. A<br />
sand box or pail is suspended from the<br />
Frosting the Glass of a Headlight<br />
ceiling and a pipe is led from it to join<br />
the compressed air pipe, which is horizontal.<br />
The glass that is to be frosted<br />
is placed in the back of the box and the<br />
sand and compressed air turned on. The<br />
powerful stream of fine sand is shot<br />
against the glass. If half of the glass<br />
is to be frosted, a piece of pasteboard<br />
may be pasted over the other half. If<br />
fancy designs, initials, or other patterns<br />
are to be frosted on the glass, a piece of<br />
heavy paper, in which the pattern has<br />
been cut, is pasted over the glass, and<br />
the sand stream is then turned on.<br />
There is good money in such work,<br />
and it is a cheap, but effective outfit, that<br />
will do all the work demanded of it.<br />
St<br />
SOMETHING NEW FOR SPARK<br />
PLUGS<br />
A LL the slow and messy job of clean-<br />
^^ ing spark plugs of carbon deposit<br />
and encrusted oil is now a bore belonging<br />
to bygone days, according to the manufacturers<br />
of another handy device for<br />
motorists. The new instrument consists<br />
of a heavy glass tube, closed at one end<br />
and threaded at the other to take the<br />
spark plug exactly as would the cylinder.<br />
The tube is loosely packed with long<br />
heavy needles, and is half-filled with<br />
gasoline before the dirty spark plug is<br />
screwed in.<br />
When the spark plug is in place, the<br />
whole is shaken up and down vigorously<br />
for a short time, and the job is completed.<br />
The long needles striking against<br />
the face of the plug pick off the oil,<br />
and the splashing gasoline washes it<br />
away. The device is very inexpensive<br />
and comes packed in a wooden box as a<br />
protection against heavy blows of any<br />
sort.<br />
St<br />
MOTORCYCLE SEAT FOR TWO<br />
THERE is probably no motorcycle<br />
made which is not strong enough to<br />
carry more than one person. This new<br />
double seat can be attached easily and<br />
quickly. It is comfortable and easy to<br />
ride on, allows passenger and rider to sit<br />
side by side, and it will fit any machine.<br />
It has but one point of fastening. It is<br />
so balanced that it will carry one person<br />
just as safely as two. It has a three-point<br />
bearing on the frame of the machine.<br />
915
916 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
RUBBER FILLER FOR AUTO<br />
MOBILE TIRES<br />
A S much of the trouble and expense in<br />
the upkeep of automobile tires comes<br />
from the inner tubes, one manufacturer<br />
NEW TIRE CARRIER<br />
T H E extra tire or wheel on automobiles<br />
is a necessary nuisance. Every car<br />
is provided with some means or other<br />
for carrying this nuisance, and most of<br />
the means provided are practical enough,<br />
Does Away with Inner Tubes<br />
but they do not provide protection to the<br />
is offering a substitute for the inner tube<br />
tire from dirt and dust. The neat ap<br />
and its cushion of elastic air. This conpearing<br />
covers, made for the latter pursists<br />
of short cylindrical sections of rubpose,<br />
are all right until they have been<br />
ber, treated, molded, and vulcanized by<br />
a special steam process. The rubber segments<br />
can be placed "side by each" to<br />
fit the different sizes of casings. When<br />
the tire itself wears out, the rubber filling<br />
can be transferred to the new casing.<br />
The makers claim for the rubber all the<br />
easy-riding qualities of the air-filled tire,<br />
together with a considerable reduction in<br />
cost and a savins: in convenience.<br />
LOCKING SPARE WHEELS<br />
A NEW design in motor bodies at-<br />
^^ tempts to lock spare wheels to the<br />
car by covering them up. The spare<br />
Makes Sure of the Spare Wheel<br />
wheels or tires are carried within the<br />
body; a locked door covers them. The<br />
space allotted to the spare wheels is that<br />
formerly given to carrying auxiliary<br />
seats; this maker places the auxiliary<br />
seats in the doors themselves with a special<br />
latch to prevent sagging.<br />
St<br />
removed two or three times. After that,<br />
they are unsightly, because they get torn<br />
and bruised in the handling.<br />
A new arrangement for<br />
carrying tires, rims, or<br />
wheels, has just been patented.<br />
The left fender of<br />
the car is made with a<br />
depression in it, about the<br />
depth of half the diameter<br />
of the wheel. A cover,<br />
of the same material and<br />
appearance as the fender,<br />
is placed over this and<br />
held to one side with<br />
hinges. The other side<br />
has a patent locking device,<br />
which requires a<br />
special tool to operate it.<br />
The tire is set into the
depression in the fender, and the cover<br />
is put over it, and locked. The tire is<br />
then protected from dirt and water, as<br />
well as from the tire thief who is making<br />
himself quite well known at this particular<br />
time.<br />
Still another invention along similar<br />
lines, has been patented recently. This<br />
inventor has gone two or three points<br />
further, and made the tire carrier serve<br />
as an illuminated license plate, a semaphore<br />
to warn the man behind that the<br />
The Above Metal Casing: Protects the Spare Tire<br />
Against Deteriorating Influences. The Lower Device<br />
Keeps the Tires Down Out of the Way and<br />
Allows a Great Deal of Baggage to Be Carried<br />
car is going to turn to the right or to<br />
the left, and a huge speedometer for the<br />
benefit of the policeman who may be<br />
curious about the speed of the driver—<br />
though motorists as a general rule are<br />
not any too anxious to adopt the lattermentioned<br />
feature of the device. It<br />
is fastened to the rear of the body by<br />
a bracket, and the tire, or tires are fastened<br />
around the outside of it. The interior<br />
contains the speedometer mechanism,<br />
the lights for illuminating the number<br />
plate, and the working parts of the<br />
semaphore hands.<br />
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 917<br />
COMPRESSES TIRES TO<br />
CARRY THEM<br />
A N E W type of carrier which holds<br />
tires securely so that they will not<br />
slip out and chafe in the container, is<br />
now being offered motorists. The holder<br />
With This Compressor Clamp, the Tire Cannot Slip<br />
appears to be of the usual type, but it<br />
contains a clamp which compresses the<br />
tire, thus preventing movement of any<br />
sort. This clamp is provided with a<br />
lock, and by closing this lock the motorist<br />
can insure that his tires will not be stolen.<br />
The device carries any size of tires without<br />
change, and may be attached without<br />
machining or extra work except the task<br />
of bolting the clamps in place.<br />
St<br />
SIGHT-SEEING TRAILER<br />
/CALIFORNIA, of course, must necessarily<br />
have plenty of sight-seeing<br />
vehicles, so an automobile concern in that<br />
State is manufacturing what it calls a<br />
"flexible" car. The car is made to seat<br />
from fifteen to twenty-five persons, according<br />
to the model, and the engine<br />
number may be any type, gasoline or<br />
electric.<br />
The load is carried principally by the<br />
rear wheels, and a special device is fitted<br />
to insure that the rear wheels track directly<br />
in the path of the front wheels, to<br />
make the vehicle easily run in crowded<br />
streets. It may be adapted to use the<br />
trolley where it exists, and to run on its
91S ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
own power to outlying districts. In case<br />
anything happens to the engine member,<br />
necessitating repairs, the power may be<br />
easily disconnected from the rest of the<br />
vehicle, and another engine substituted,<br />
so that the whole vehicle will not be out<br />
of commission.<br />
SAFE GARAGE DOOR HOLDER<br />
A CONVENIENT garage door holder<br />
locks the door automatically when<br />
open to 95 or 135 degrees. To release<br />
the door, a slight pull on a chain is required.<br />
By removing a screw, the holde*<br />
serves as a lock or top bolt. It can be<br />
applied to right- or left-hand doors or a<br />
pair of doors can be bolted and locked by<br />
the use of no other hardware than two<br />
of the holders. Doors so locked cannot<br />
be opened from the outside.<br />
When This Holder Is Used, the Door Cannot Slam<br />
In upon the Entering Car. If the Owner Desires.<br />
the Holders May Be Used as Efficient Locks, Also<br />
FOR THAT COLD CARBURETOR<br />
A COLD carburetor means difficulty of<br />
^^ combustion, and a device that will<br />
warm the carburetor also warms the<br />
motorist's heart. A little mechanism that<br />
is clamped around the air intake pipe<br />
consists of a collar, connected up with<br />
the battery, whence it derives its heat.<br />
A button on the dash controls the current.<br />
St<br />
AUTO TRAFFIC SIGNAL AND<br />
MIRROR<br />
IN winter, when your car is closed and<br />
the curtain buttoned up, it is not very<br />
easy to comply with the traffic law, when<br />
to do so, you have to take your hand off<br />
the wheel, stick out your arm, and let in<br />
the wind, the cold, or the sleet. To obviate<br />
all this, a novel warning signal in<br />
the shape of a red hand concealed in a<br />
mirror on the wind shield has been invented.<br />
In case of accident, with the use of<br />
this hand, evidence of giving warning<br />
can be proved, because the red hand stays<br />
out until you withdraw it. All that is<br />
required is a little push of the finger on<br />
the knob below your wheel on the steering<br />
column, and the red hand of safety<br />
shoots out warning to the approaching<br />
car on the left.
CHEAP SELF-STARTER<br />
A MANUFACTURER has now cut<br />
the cost of self-starters in half, and,<br />
in addition, has produced a starter which<br />
cranks the motor in the natural way.<br />
The device is a two-unit electric starting<br />
and lighting system and weighs but<br />
twenty-two pounds, while the starter and<br />
generator combined<br />
weigh only thirty-two<br />
pounds.<br />
The unique point of<br />
the system is that the<br />
starter is concentric<br />
with the crankshaft,<br />
and cranks the motor<br />
as the driver would<br />
crank it. Because it<br />
goes directly on the<br />
crankshaft, the installation<br />
of the starter<br />
does not disturb the<br />
construction of the<br />
motor, and obviates any<br />
necessity for chains.<br />
It does not produce any<br />
weight on one side of<br />
the motor, providing a constant strain,<br />
but being concentric with the crankshaft,<br />
really forms an integral part of the<br />
power plant. Tests of the starter show<br />
that it will turn the stiffest motor of a<br />
new Ford car 190 revolutions<br />
per minute, and attached<br />
to a motor which<br />
provides normal resistance,<br />
the starter will revolve the<br />
motor 240 revolutions per<br />
minute.<br />
The instrument board<br />
operating the starter is<br />
equipped with a two-button<br />
lighting switch and a battery<br />
indicator. Pushing<br />
one button of the switch<br />
lights the tail and head<br />
lights, the latter being<br />
dimmed for city driving and for<br />
standing at the curb. The second<br />
button is for the head lights.<br />
The starting switch is mounted<br />
under the floor of the car and is<br />
AUTOMOBILE TIPS 919<br />
The New Adjustable Auxiliary Seat<br />
entirely out of sight with the exception<br />
of the push button. A slight pressure of<br />
the foot on this button throws the starting<br />
motor into engagement and connects<br />
it with the battery. Thus the motor is in<br />
motion only when starting the engine.<br />
Its price is $55.00—approximately half<br />
of the former cost.<br />
A NEW AUXIL<br />
IARY SEAT<br />
THIS new auxiliary<br />
seat in one of the<br />
1917 motor cars is the<br />
neatest on the market.<br />
There is very little<br />
"underground" w o r k<br />
required in installing<br />
it, and few hinges. It<br />
simply pulls out from<br />
the wall, or front of<br />
the tonneau, and when<br />
closed can hardly be<br />
discovered.<br />
AUTOMOBILE CLEANING<br />
BRUSHES<br />
"THERE are now more than "57 varieties"<br />
of special brushes on the market,<br />
each of a shape and type of bristle<br />
suited to a special purpose.<br />
One which will appeal to<br />
both men and women—hecause<br />
cleanliness gives<br />
beauty and preserves the<br />
finish of a car—is an automobile<br />
wheel brush of black<br />
China bristles held in<br />
twisted wire and tapering<br />
in form to permit reaching<br />
odd corners. It will stand<br />
water and much friction<br />
and outlast ordinary<br />
sponges. A second form<br />
consists of a straight brush<br />
with another smaller brush<br />
of horsehair attached on<br />
the other side of the handle<br />
for cleaning mud and<br />
cleans the Car grease from the hub.
'Only One Wesselton in a Thousand Has That Living Firel It<br />
Is Really a Superdiamond!"<br />
r-<br />
"*\HE polished young clerk bows<br />
most courteously, perhaps<br />
even with a touch of most<br />
courteous sadness in his manner.<br />
"Ah, yes," he says, in his soft tones.<br />
jp m qj<br />
1<br />
"You are quite right; the price is somewhat<br />
over current figures for a stone of<br />
that weight. But we feel justified in<br />
asking it, because of the unusual quality<br />
in the stone. Only one Wesselton in a<br />
thousand has that living fire. This is<br />
really a superdiamond!"<br />
He takes it from the velvet, and twirls<br />
it tentatively. Veritable tongues of quivering<br />
flame shoot out from it, as he dexterously<br />
catches the light upon it; it is,<br />
indeed, a beautiful stone. He moves as<br />
though to replace it.<br />
"Would you be interested in some<br />
other stone—something closer to normal<br />
grades in the same weight ?"<br />
You would not, and tell him so. After<br />
all, it is "one Wesselton in a thousand"<br />
—and you can save something on the<br />
mounting. So after more soft-toned talk,<br />
you complete the transaction; the clerk<br />
bows you to the door; the uniformed<br />
footman obsequiously swings it open<br />
before you; and you step out on the<br />
street, owner of "one of the finest bluewhite<br />
stones of the weight ever produced<br />
920<br />
WHAT IS<br />
STONE<br />
AND<br />
By MARTIN<br />
in South Africa." You tell your<br />
friends about it on occasion;<br />
and ever and anon you look at<br />
the diamond, and reflect that of<br />
all the Wesseltons in the world,<br />
only one in every thousand has<br />
a lustre to compare with that of<br />
yours. And you are thoroughly<br />
satisfied with your bargain.<br />
Well—so be it! That is one<br />
angle to the precious-stone<br />
game; and offhand one would think that<br />
it goes to prove that lustre is the thing<br />
when the matter of evaluating gems of<br />
a given weight is concerned. And perhaps<br />
that would be right—only if it is,<br />
rubies are most unsatisfactory and rebellious<br />
stones.<br />
You can take two rubies that are the<br />
same in every respect—weight, cutting,<br />
lustre, and all the rest—to a man who<br />
knows the ruddy stones, for evaluation,<br />
and after a few moments with a lens or<br />
a microscope, he may tell you that one<br />
is worth, say, forty dollars and the other<br />
four hundred. Astounded, you ask him<br />
what is the matter—is one an imitation?<br />
"No," he answers with a whimsical<br />
smile, "they are both rubies."<br />
"Then what is wrong with the one?"<br />
you ask, perplexed.<br />
If he is of a literal frame of mind,<br />
he may tell you forthwith. If not, and<br />
if in addition he is a friend of yours, so<br />
that he is willing to let you see behind<br />
the scenes a bit, he may show you the<br />
two under the glass. Both will have<br />
minute air bubbles in them; but in one<br />
stone these bubbles will be distorted and<br />
will seem to flow along definite lines,<br />
while in the other they will be spherical,<br />
and more probably will be arranged concentrically<br />
about the center. Also in one,
A PRECIOUS<br />
WORTH-<br />
WHY?<br />
D. STEVERS<br />
minute shadings in color will flow<br />
along lines, while in the other this<br />
is not the case. You mention this<br />
difference, and he smiles.<br />
"Yes, you have hit it. One was<br />
mined in Burma—that is the one<br />
with the bubbles and colorings in<br />
lines. The other was made in a<br />
laboratory."<br />
"But then it is an imitation," you<br />
protest.<br />
"No it is not," he answers. "It<br />
is a genuine ruby—same chemical<br />
composition, same structure, same<br />
properties. Only instead of being<br />
produced from its constituent elements<br />
by natural heat, it has been<br />
produced by artificial heat in a<br />
Verneuil blow pipe. It is a synthetic<br />
ruby."<br />
And that matter of origin is absolutely<br />
all that determines the difference<br />
in value. In matters of lustre, cut, hardness,<br />
durability—the points which are<br />
said to determine the value of a gem—<br />
the two are equal, or—as will often be<br />
the case—let us say that the synthetic<br />
ruby may even be the better of the two.<br />
To the logical mind, it would seem that<br />
either the synthetic stone should be given<br />
a greater value than that of the mined<br />
one, as a premium for its excellence, or<br />
that the mined one should be appraised<br />
at a figure lower than that for the synthetic<br />
one, as a penalty for inferiority.<br />
But no; you and I will pay ten times the<br />
price for the inferior stone, merely because<br />
it was dug from the earth.<br />
After all, the matter of evaluating<br />
precious stones is a great deal like forecasting<br />
the weather, in that both tasks<br />
still seem to be altogether in the realm<br />
Each Precious Stone Has a History; Before Ever It Is<br />
Offered for Sale It May Have Cost the Lives of Many Men.<br />
The Natives Who Grub for It in the Bowels of the Earth<br />
May Have Killed Each Other for the Wealth That Its<br />
Scintillating Depths Would Bring. If It Is an Exceptional<br />
Diamond. Some Adventure of This Sort Almost Certainly<br />
Heralded Its Discovery<br />
of guesswork. There are as many twists<br />
and turns to the matter of evaluating<br />
gems as there are to the task of understanding<br />
women's preferences in fashions.<br />
The fundamental element of value in<br />
any gem is its beauty. None of us<br />
would buy a diamond that had no fire,<br />
no matter how finely it were cut, how<br />
flawless its texture might be, no matter<br />
how expensive it might have been to<br />
mine and prepare. The prime essential<br />
of a diamond is that it shall "live", shall<br />
be a point of fire, shall radiate cold flame<br />
when disposed about your person; and if<br />
it does not do that, it is valueless to you<br />
and therefore to everyone else. So also<br />
with other stones; pearls must have their<br />
lustre, opals their glow, rubies, sapphires,<br />
and emeralds their depths of liquid red,<br />
blue, and green light.<br />
921
922 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
The next element<br />
in importance is durability.<br />
Gems are<br />
prized because every<br />
one of them, except<br />
the opal and pearl,<br />
is hard, and will<br />
wear indefinitely—<br />
may be passed from<br />
father to son, from<br />
mother to daughter,<br />
and acquire interesting<br />
histories, sometimes<br />
of murder,<br />
theft, and assassination,<br />
as in the case<br />
of crown jewels and<br />
other noted stones.<br />
This is the quality in<br />
genuine stones which<br />
puts paste imitations<br />
so hopelessly out of<br />
the running; paste is<br />
puttylike in its softness<br />
when compared<br />
to the real gem, and<br />
will wear and lose<br />
its beauty even from being rubbed<br />
against garments during wear, and<br />
worse, will deteriorate rapidly even when<br />
left in a jewel case. It cannot live and<br />
gather associations, memories, or become<br />
known as "one of Mrs. Smith's beautiful<br />
emeralds" or "the solitaire my husband<br />
gave me when we became engaged, forty<br />
years ago."<br />
The third point is genuineness, upon<br />
which we have already touched. It<br />
seems that no matter how fine a stone<br />
may be, it must have come from nature<br />
and have undergone only the processes of<br />
cutting, polishing, and mounting; otherwise<br />
its value is discounted heavily. But<br />
more of that later; such matters belong<br />
in a discussion of imitations and not in<br />
the problem of evaluating real gems. In<br />
this connection, all we need to remember<br />
is that a stone does not count, if anything<br />
more has happened to it than the<br />
processes we have mentioned.<br />
These are the three main determining<br />
points in evaluating jewels, and the<br />
The Expert Buyer Figures Each Stone into Its<br />
Certain Place in His Retail Showcase. As He<br />
Purchases He Knows Whether a Gem Is to Be<br />
Set in a Solitaire, a Bracelet, or Is to Be the<br />
Jewel of Honor in a Brooch, and the Price He<br />
Offers Varies According to His Demand<br />
chief of them is<br />
beauty, for the<br />
others are more or<br />
less constant factors<br />
for any one kind of<br />
gem. Weight, o f<br />
course, is a big factor,<br />
and many people<br />
think it is almost the<br />
sole criterion; but<br />
really it is not, except<br />
in that the<br />
larger stone of similar<br />
grade is more<br />
beautiful than the<br />
smaller. That is<br />
why it is worth<br />
more, except in the<br />
case of stones so<br />
large as to be unique,<br />
which we are not<br />
discussing. But<br />
when it comes to<br />
working the matter<br />
out in terms of dollars<br />
and cents on a<br />
price card, it is another<br />
story altogether. The application<br />
of these principles becomes a matter of<br />
almost infinite complexity; and it is<br />
quite probable that not even the most<br />
expert judges of precious stones can tell<br />
you exactly how they know that a certain<br />
gem is worth what they say it is.<br />
Take the case of diamonds. These<br />
gems classify roughly into yellow-white<br />
and blue-white. The former class is<br />
typified in the mind of everyone interested<br />
in the matter, by the Brazilian diamond,<br />
although many South African<br />
stones are yellow-white ; and perhaps the<br />
most conspicuous example of blue-white<br />
stones is found in the product of the<br />
Wesselton mines in South Africa. At<br />
the present time, yellow-white stones<br />
rank under blue-white in value, and no<br />
jeweler will ask as much for a typical<br />
Brazilian stone as he will for a Wesselton<br />
of similar weight and grade.<br />
Long experience and an acute artistic<br />
sense enable him to judge whether the<br />
lustre of the stone is inferior, equal, or
WHAT IS A PRECIOUS STONE WORTH? 923<br />
superior to the average run of gems in<br />
each class and weight. He then will<br />
figure on it in some such terms as this<br />
(for, although these phrases and ideas<br />
may not actually pass through his mind,<br />
they will underlie the thoughts that do<br />
make up his mental process) :<br />
"This stone will work up into an<br />
unusually beautiful cluster scarf-pin.<br />
We sell about three such pieces a week<br />
—and perhaps one in twelve of our customers<br />
for that class of jewelry will pay<br />
as much as seventy-five dollars extra for<br />
the superiority in beauty this stone<br />
would give such a cluster over one made<br />
from the average grade of stuff in this<br />
weight and class. So I could get rid of<br />
this stone within a month or six weeks.<br />
"Those two Brazilians I got from<br />
Lewinsohn would go well with this. And<br />
I'd need about three more; can get them<br />
for about ninety dollars. Workmanship<br />
and profit—hm—yes, I can make a profit<br />
on this stone at ninety-five dollars."<br />
And so he makes an offer of ninety<br />
dollars to the wholesaler salesman.<br />
Now that gentleman had been thinking<br />
somewhat the same thoughts, only in<br />
terms of "he can" instead of "I can", and<br />
of a brooch instead of a cluster scarfpin.<br />
Also he has been telling himself, "I'm<br />
pretty sure Jacobs will give me eightyfive<br />
for it, and he might well go to a<br />
hundred. But then he might be loaded<br />
up by now—Jackson had just about<br />
what he wanted a few days ago—and no<br />
one else will go to a hundred. If this<br />
chap goes above eighty-five, I might<br />
better close than pass him up and perhaps<br />
have Jackson cut in while I'm skating<br />
around." So when the offer of ninety<br />
dollars comes, the salesman probably will<br />
throw out a feeler for the hundred dollar<br />
price, and then, depending upon his certainty<br />
of his ability to sell Jacobs, his<br />
fear of Jackson, and similar considerations,—and<br />
also his guess as to whether<br />
our friend, the buyer, will stand a<br />
raise above ninety dollars—he will<br />
decide either to close the deal, or go<br />
on. Let us say he<br />
closes, and follow )<br />
the course of the deal from this point to<br />
the end.<br />
The buyer turns in the stone, and the<br />
cluster is made up. Five weeks later<br />
the cluster is sold—at the price the<br />
buyer thought could be obtained for it.<br />
Then the rub comes. If that purchaser<br />
afterward finds that no one else would<br />
pay him a price commensurate with what<br />
he paid, he will be furious, and in so far<br />
as his personal influence counts, the reputation<br />
of the house selling him the<br />
cluster goes down. If, however, he<br />
finds that he can realize a commensurate<br />
price, he is satisfied with his bargain—<br />
and boosts. The growth of the house<br />
from an ordinary business to a national<br />
institution such as Tiffany's, depends<br />
upon whether this silent influence<br />
exerted by its customers is for good or<br />
bad.<br />
This process is sufficiently complicated<br />
as I have stated it, and there is a lot<br />
more to it. One of the determining factors<br />
we used was minimum price of production<br />
; but that depends, not only upon<br />
working conditions, but changes in demand<br />
which affect the number and grade<br />
of stones that can be sold. The whole<br />
process is far too involved for a short<br />
article; values, in the long run, are<br />
worked out by balancing up the million<br />
and one elements which influence the<br />
thousands of men directly concerned in<br />
the business. Market prices of gems<br />
represent an average of a million opin-
924 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
ions—and many a dealer loses his all<br />
because he loses his intimate feeling for<br />
this subtle current of price movement.<br />
But even this complicated situation<br />
becomes simple when compared with the<br />
situation that exists because of artificial<br />
stones. Artificial stones fall into two<br />
classes—imitation, and synthetic stones.<br />
The imitation stones of the transparent<br />
type—that is, diamonds, emeralds, sapphires,<br />
rubies, and the like—are generally<br />
made of "paste"—that is, a special<br />
glass, colored to imitate the stone. Synthesized<br />
stones are genuine in every way<br />
except their origin—they are made in<br />
man's laboratory instead of Nature's,<br />
and that is all. Each type will serve in<br />
many ways as a satisfactory substitution<br />
for the genuine article—and every substitution<br />
that becomes possible or popular<br />
affects the market price of the genuine<br />
article by cutting down the volume<br />
of demand.<br />
Paste stones are readily distinguishable<br />
from the genuine by the fact that all<br />
spurious gems of this sort are soft. They<br />
can be scratched by a piece of quartz,<br />
and no real gem of the transparent sort<br />
can. This softness makes them subject<br />
to rapid deterioration, and the only<br />
legitimate use for them is in work not<br />
intended to be permanent—theatrical<br />
costumes, temporary furnishings and<br />
ornamentations, and the like. Their<br />
effect upon values is not great.<br />
It is true that even diamonds will show<br />
wear. If a solitaire ring is worn for<br />
years while a great deal of work is done<br />
with the hands, the facets will not be as<br />
sharp as the day they were cut. Where<br />
jewels are handed down from generation<br />
to generation, it often becomes<br />
necessary in the end to have them recut,<br />
and they lose their ability to refract<br />
light in the same degree because of the<br />
rounding edges. This wearing, however,<br />
is a slow process, and may be disregarded<br />
largely, where the owner's lifetime is the<br />
span to be considered.<br />
The imitation pearl is something<br />
radically different. It is made by coating<br />
the inside of a small hollow glass<br />
sphere with a preparation made from<br />
fish scales, and then filling the globule<br />
with wax. The resulting product is distinguished<br />
readily from the genuine not<br />
only by the presence of the hole, but by<br />
the fact that a small drop of ink on the<br />
imitation gives a reflection from the<br />
inner surface of the glass. Except for<br />
the fact that they are not genuine, however,<br />
these pearls should be worth more<br />
than their counterparts of equal grade,<br />
for they are harder and hold their lustre<br />
better. They are factors to be counted<br />
on in figuring prices.<br />
Synthetic stones, however, are the<br />
genuine pests, when it comes to price<br />
determination. There are two of them<br />
—sapphire and ruby—and except in the<br />
matter of bubbles already mentioned, are<br />
practically indistinguishable from the<br />
genuine. They are made by introducing<br />
either the dust from cuttings and inferior<br />
genuine stones or the raw material<br />
-—pure aluminium oxide—into the flame<br />
of an oxy-acetylene blowpipe, and then<br />
directing a slow flame upon a platinum<br />
table. The melted mineral comes out in<br />
the form of a globule, which builds up<br />
as the process is continued. It will be<br />
red, thus making a ruby, if chrome alum<br />
be added to the material used, and blue,<br />
thus becoming a sapphire, if titanium<br />
oxide be added. Except for the fact that<br />
titanium oxide is not the coloring matter<br />
used by nature, these processes duplicate<br />
the natural method of creating the gems<br />
in question.<br />
Naturally, perfect imitations such as<br />
this have a pronounced effect on market<br />
values. They exercise a peculiar influence,<br />
reducing the value of smaller<br />
genuine stones, by reason of competition,<br />
and enhancing the value of larger and<br />
more rare types, both by increasing the<br />
minimum income necessary from each<br />
stone because of the lowered profit in<br />
cheaper genuine grades, and by making a<br />
really genuine stone something even<br />
more "classy" than if there were no good<br />
artificial ones. That follows naturally<br />
from the fact that one of the reasons<br />
why men buy jewelry is their desire to
WHAT IS A PRECIOUS STONE WORTH? 925<br />
show that they can spend big sums to with the requisite proportion of copper<br />
gratify personal likes—and what more sulphate, and subjecting the precipitate,<br />
thoroughbred spender is there than the while moist, to hydraulic pressure.<br />
man who pays a big price for the mined The opal cannot be imitated success<br />
article, when he could get an equally fully. The genuine opal consists of<br />
good synthetic stone for much less ? So "colloid silica"—that is, silica in amor<br />
"up with the price on good rubies and phous state, combined with water—with<br />
sapphires—they'll be glad of the chance a structure of thin and very, very slightly<br />
to spend more!" reasons the producer separated layers, which break up the<br />
and seller of gems—and he is entirely light and thus create the fiery effect<br />
right.<br />
characteristic of the gem. The man who<br />
Artificial diamonds and emeralds can would make opals that will hold up at all<br />
not yet be made in any size artificially. must duplicate this structure—and so far<br />
The diamond is carbon, crystallized by no one has been able to do it. The best<br />
great heat and pressure, and any arti anyone has done is to surface glass with<br />
ficial process probably must depend upon a property of iridescence, and the re<br />
these two features. Moissan developed sulting fraud is easily detected even by<br />
such a method by heating iron which was the uninitiated, because it has no depth.<br />
saturated with carbon and plunging the All these imitations and synthetic<br />
red hot mass into<br />
H<br />
water, whereupon<br />
the heat and pressure<br />
in the iron<br />
crystallized bits of<br />
carbon into genuine<br />
diamonds. But<br />
the largest of these<br />
stones is barely<br />
discernible by the<br />
naked eye, and so<br />
far no one has<br />
been able to devise<br />
a means of handling<br />
larger masses<br />
of carbon, principally because of carbon's<br />
well-known tendency to combine with<br />
oxygen at high temperatures—a difficulty<br />
not encountered in the case of corundum<br />
(aluminium oxide), which is the basic<br />
material of sapphires and rubies.<br />
Emeralds likewise cannot be synthesized<br />
as yet. There is one trick about<br />
emeralds, however, that is well worth<br />
watching. That is the French emerald,<br />
which consists of a thin slice of the<br />
beryl (emerald is a type of beryl) overlaid<br />
on a glass base. If cleverly<br />
mounted, the joint cannot be detected,<br />
and the resulting "jewel" is exceeclingly<br />
hard to detect.<br />
Turquoises may be made by precipitating<br />
hydrated phosphate of aluminium<br />
m<br />
Genuine Diamonds Possess a Living Fire That the<br />
Paste Gems Never Can Attain<br />
stones must be<br />
counted in as elements<br />
in the price<br />
of gems. So, take<br />
it all in all, unless<br />
you are familiar<br />
with all these conditions,<br />
you could<br />
not do better than<br />
pick an honest<br />
jeweler, and pay<br />
his price. After<br />
all, when everything<br />
is said and<br />
done, the value of<br />
gems does depend upon what people will<br />
pay for them, so you needn't feel that<br />
you are being an "easy mark" of any<br />
sort. If it appeals to you, if any special<br />
qualities it may have make you satisfied<br />
with possessing it and reconciled to having<br />
paid the price you did, you have<br />
obtained full value for your money. The<br />
shrewdest buyer on earth couldn't do<br />
better; and if the price was greater than<br />
that others would pay, you have the<br />
greatest value of all—the satisfaction of<br />
having spent your money without stint,<br />
to get something you wanted. But never<br />
make the absurd mistake of buying<br />
merely as an investment; profitable resale<br />
is next to an impossibility for the<br />
individual.
Has This Happened to You?<br />
"OH, Henry, look! What a perfectly dear<br />
Boy Scout!"<br />
St<br />
These Modern Minervas!<br />
HE—"My love, you are fairer and brighter<br />
far than yonder star."<br />
SHE—"Well, I should hope so! That one<br />
has been extinct a thousand years."<br />
Never Lost Ground<br />
ONE evening a panhandler sidled up to<br />
William Collier as the player was walking<br />
around to the theatre, and addressed him thus:<br />
"Sir, I began life poor and in hard luck.<br />
I—"<br />
"Don't say anything more, my man," interrupted<br />
Collier, as he slipped the man a quarter.<br />
"It's worth money to learn how well you<br />
have held your own."<br />
The Capture<br />
St<br />
GLADYS left the whist table suddenly, accompanied<br />
by an admiring suitor. Rushing up to<br />
her mother she cried: "Oh, mother, I've captured<br />
the booby."<br />
"Well, dear," returned her mother, "come<br />
and kiss me, both of you."<br />
Jit<br />
What the Boss Did<br />
"YES," said the determined man, "when that<br />
waiter resented the smallness of my tip I took<br />
the case to the proprietor of the restaurant."<br />
"And what did the proprietor do?"<br />
"He gave the waiter some money out of<br />
his own pocket and apologized to him for<br />
having such a customer."<br />
St<br />
With the Movies<br />
"WHAT are you filming now?"<br />
"Story of Jonah and the whale, in 24 exteriors<br />
and 16 interiors."<br />
BLOWING OFF STEAM 927<br />
His Chance<br />
"SCIENTISTS say that blondes will disappear<br />
in a few years."<br />
This gave the golden-haired girl her opportunity.<br />
"Well, if you want one," said she sweetly,<br />
"you'd better speak up now."<br />
Jt<br />
Who They Are<br />
JONES—"And who are the O'Briens' ancestors?"<br />
O'BRIEN—"What's that?"<br />
JONES—"I mean, whom do the O'Briens<br />
spring from?"<br />
O'BRIEN—"The O'Briens spring from no<br />
one; they spring at them."<br />
St<br />
Told in an Epitaph<br />
AN automobile accident resulted in the death<br />
of the driver and the injury of two passengers.<br />
The coroner summoned several witnesses,<br />
among them a farmer living near the scene<br />
of the accident. There was voluminous testimony<br />
regarding the high speed at which the<br />
car traveled. Witnesses said, too, that the<br />
road was in bad repair. The coroner finally<br />
reached the farmer, who lived near the scene.<br />
"What would you say about this accident,<br />
Mr. Swiggert?" the coroner asked.<br />
"Well, if I was writin' that young man's<br />
epitaph," the witness drawled, "I'd say he died<br />
tryin' to get 60 miles out of a 10-mile road."<br />
<<br />
Home from the Ball<br />
STUDE—"See this chalk on my shoulder ?"<br />
ROOMMATE—"Yeh."<br />
STUDE—"Well, that ain't chalk."<br />
St<br />
Fourth Speed<br />
VrviENNE—"Bill and Helen are fast friends,<br />
aren't they?"<br />
ALBERT—"Yes, he is one of her fastest."<br />
St<br />
Taking No Chances<br />
BESS—"Why, do you know, he calls on me<br />
oftener than he did before I refused to marry<br />
him."<br />
JESS—"The coward I"
DOES A NATION<br />
DETERIORATE?<br />
By MARTIN G. STANTON<br />
A N American biologist of interna- 1789 to 1815, known in history as the<br />
f\ tional repute for over twenty wars of the French Revolution and the<br />
J \ years has fought war as being Napoleonic wars, are alleged to have<br />
/ % more dangerous to the human been of smaller stature than were their<br />
race than smallpox, yellow progenitors, and it is said that as a race<br />
fever, or bubonic plague.<br />
the French never have regained their<br />
He does not attack armed conflict on stature or their stamina.<br />
moral or commercial grounds. He does That was both the popular and scien<br />
not decry war as murder, nor as a distific idea of the French up to September,<br />
<strong>org</strong>anizer of industry. His hostility to 1914, when the Germans, under von<br />
war is based almost solely on the theory Kluck, were hurled back from the<br />
that it is inimical to the physiological Marne. Later, when for six months the<br />
structure of the various individuals that French successfully defended Verdun,<br />
make up mankind. War, he asserts, calls the physical endurance of the race could<br />
for the healthy, the vigorous, the young, no longer be questioned. The French<br />
and the brave ; war kills, cripples, or other nation no longer could be called decawise<br />
renders physically defective. Also dent.<br />
he points out that the evil therein lies In recent years too, the eugenists have<br />
not in the generation of the disaster but been casting considerable doubt upon the<br />
in the generations that follow. Poverty old-fashioned belief in youthful parent<br />
of widows and orphans, incapacity to hood. There is a tremendous accumu<br />
earn a living on the part of the dependent lation of evidence to prove that the off<br />
survivors, commercial distress and genspring of mature parents over thirty<br />
eral national dis<strong>org</strong>anization are serious, are at least as strong of body and more<br />
though after all mere passing phases. vigorous of mind than those of parents<br />
The tremendous and permanent harm in the late 'teens and the early twenties.<br />
that war does is that the nation's fittest, Now in the first call for troops,<br />
being snatched away, cannot reproduce. whether for volunteer or by conscrip<br />
The middle-aged, the unsound, those tion, it is the young men between eigh<br />
lacking in strength, courage, and energy teen and twenty-five who respond.<br />
alone are left to perpetuate the life of Where an entire nation like France or<br />
the race.<br />
Germany is in arms, men up to forty-five<br />
Thus if wars are very bloody, or if are called into service; it is the younger<br />
they continue over along period of years, men, however, who bear the brunt of the<br />
the nations so involved have taken a fighting and who are thereby subjected<br />
backward step. The children may be to the highest mortality. The older sur<br />
expected to be of less physical vigor and vive and breed, and eugenists tell us,<br />
of less mental vigor too than the war as has been stated, that the mature parlike<br />
generation from which they thements produce the better offspring almost<br />
selves sprang.<br />
invariably.<br />
This in substance has been the argu Physical harm of war, while a terrible<br />
ment of one group of pacifists who have thing, is not quite the terrible thing that<br />
ardently opposed war. The French peo some would have us believe. It is not<br />
ple, both during and after the prolonged necessarily detrimental to the physical<br />
wars lasting almost continuously from well being of the race.<br />
928
ARRIVED—THE TWELVE<br />
THOUSAND DOLLAR CAR<br />
By CELESTE ST. PIERRE<br />
HERE IS A MOTOR FOR THE MAN WHO DESIRES THE ULTIMATE IN AUTOMOBILE<br />
LUXURY AND IS WILLING TO PAY BIG FOR IT<br />
Y O U may call this twelve thousand<br />
dollar car a traveling<br />
fortune, the millennium in<br />
automobiles, the height of<br />
1 u x u r y—nevertheless, it is<br />
easy to sell to some people.<br />
The makers themselves acknowledge<br />
that we can be happy without it. They<br />
acknowledge that other cars costing half<br />
as much are luxurious. They acknowledge<br />
that other cars costing half as much<br />
will go as fast. But they merely show the<br />
automobilist the car. If he wants the<br />
perfection that goes with this car, they<br />
are not averse to taking his money for it.<br />
The evolution of the car is interesting.<br />
Four brothers are in charge of this company,<br />
and step by step they have made<br />
every type.of automobile pay. First, the<br />
older brother started the little line of tiny<br />
white automobiles that run on the sidewalks<br />
in Lincoln Park, Chicago. The<br />
charge is 5c for the ride through the<br />
park, and the small engine carries behind<br />
it four side seated little trailers.<br />
Another brother has a system of automobiles<br />
running on scheduled route<br />
through San Francisco, Oakland, and<br />
Los Angeles. Each automobile carries<br />
fifteen to eighteen passengers, and the<br />
service is in close competition with the<br />
street cars, because of its reliability,<br />
fresh air advantage, and speed.<br />
The two other brothers, whose ideas<br />
probably soared higher than this, are<br />
artists, and they combining their superb<br />
taste with the business instinct and engineering<br />
ability of the other two have<br />
made the perfect car.<br />
Luxury to the nth power has been their<br />
inspiration, and examination of this car<br />
gives us an accurate definition of true<br />
automobile elegance, which today is<br />
something more than style, something<br />
more than comfort, something more than<br />
speed. It is more than a combination of<br />
these three.<br />
The engine is the Hall-Scott Aviation<br />
Powerplant, which has excelled in every<br />
known test for speed and endurance.<br />
One of these motors in a recent test was<br />
placed on a test stand and run continuously<br />
for 64 hours at 1300 R. P. M., developing<br />
130 brake horsepower. At the<br />
929
930 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
end of this run every part was examined<br />
and found to be in perfect condition.<br />
The six cylinders are cast separately<br />
from a special mixture of gray and<br />
Swedish iron. The inner walls and valve<br />
seats are hardened and ground to a<br />
mirror finish, which adds durability to<br />
the cylinder and diminishes the excess<br />
friction. The crank shaft is of the<br />
seven-bearing type, and the cam shaft is<br />
View from the Tonneau<br />
of one piece, enclosed in an aluminum<br />
housing. Two six-cylinder high grade<br />
magnetos are provided, and one can run<br />
independently of the other.<br />
The forward end of the chassis is narrowed<br />
to 29 inches, allowing a short<br />
turning radius.<br />
The radiator is very different. It has<br />
a slant at an angle of fifteen degrees: six<br />
triangularly curved ventilators tilt upward<br />
and backward for a length of six<br />
inches. The rear openings may be closed<br />
at will with a waterproof door, controlled<br />
by a hand lever on the dash, making the<br />
hood entirely waterproof. The ivory<br />
handles which lift the hood are charming<br />
to look at, and practical too, as they open<br />
and lock the hood to the body.<br />
The control of the car is almost a<br />
thinking machine. The control levers<br />
are located so that the driver will naturally<br />
drop his hand from the steering<br />
wheel to the emergency brake, or the<br />
gear control lever. The left pedal operates<br />
the clutch and the right pedal the<br />
service brake. Ivory mounted levers<br />
operating in a quadrant<br />
are located in the center<br />
\ of the wheel and are<br />
connected with the carburetor<br />
and magnetos<br />
by rattle proof ball joints<br />
and rods. Taking out a<br />
little ivory plug on this<br />
control shuts off the gasoline.<br />
Another right at<br />
hand turns on the head<br />
lights, turning it another<br />
way extinguishes them<br />
and puts on smaller<br />
lights used when the car<br />
stands still. The tail lights,<br />
lights for the tonneau, and<br />
steps are also controlled<br />
with this little ivory plug,<br />
right under the hand, without<br />
a stoop.<br />
The instrument board<br />
would be the joy of any<br />
connoisseur. It is severely<br />
plain and very aristocratic. The<br />
usual method of mounting each<br />
instrument separately has been eliminated,<br />
and in its place is used a single<br />
panel through which the recording hands<br />
of the different instruments extend, and<br />
over which a single piece of plate glass<br />
is placed.<br />
Two beautiful ivory handles are all<br />
that can be seen on the windshield—no<br />
nuts and bolts.<br />
The spare wheel carrier is made so<br />
that the wheel is carried in a vertical<br />
position, with absolutely no unsightly<br />
braces or projections. When the wheel<br />
is not carried, the cover and cables can<br />
be removed, so that nothing projects<br />
above the running board.
SIDELIGHTS 931<br />
MAKING DOUBLE TARGET BALLOONS<br />
Women run this British factory, turning out several hundreds of these balloons a month. They are usi-d in the tr.nnine<br />
of aviators, who fire at them, while in rliyht, just as they fire later at enemy planes.<br />
QUO 4 lOOtlWUI<br />
s.<br />
Wa shday on the U. S Rtcrui t<br />
This land k ttlcship, moor •d on Union Sqi are, Ni w<br />
Vo ik City has all the rou tin • 0 f a regular hehUT
932 ILLUSTRATED '"---.Z<br />
What Profession Shall a Man<br />
a Woman Take Up Today?<br />
Opportunities Offered by the Revolution<br />
In Drugless Healing<br />
"Only a few years ago," said a successful<br />
practitioner to a patient, "I would have<br />
flooded your system with drugs and trusted<br />
to God to bring you out whole. Now you<br />
see I am not using a drug of any kind and<br />
you are getting well."<br />
Is the ancient and honorable profession<br />
of medicine undergoing a revolution ? Are<br />
new opportunities opening for men in a science<br />
of healing which has discarded the<br />
methods of antiquity and is performing in<br />
every day practice what would once have<br />
been called medical feats?<br />
Take the evidence from the great men of<br />
the "old school". Let those whose standing<br />
is such that they can speak with authority<br />
and without fear tell you how the practice<br />
of medicine is going through the process of<br />
remaking, which means the use of natural<br />
methods instead of drugging and blind experiments—the<br />
elimination of dosing.<br />
A physician of world-wide fame, the head<br />
of the medical department of a famous university,<br />
says: "The best physician is the one<br />
who knows the worthlessness of most medicines."<br />
A noted Scotch professor announces<br />
that "Nine times out of ten, our miscalled<br />
By Jno. A. Snyder<br />
remedies are injurious to our patients." One<br />
of the most popular of all medical writers<br />
states that "next after disease, the struggle<br />
of the coming doctor will be against drugs."<br />
And says a former President of the American<br />
Medical Association: "Drugs with the exception<br />
of two are valueless as cures."<br />
The fallacy of trying to club people back<br />
to health by the use of drugs was really discovered<br />
over a hundred years ago by a group<br />
of physicians in Bohemia. These scientists<br />
found that the cause of practically all disease<br />
lies in the pressure of misplaced vertebrae on<br />
the nerves which pass from the spinal cord<br />
to the affected parts of the body; and that<br />
removal of this pressure brings relief and cure.<br />
And now comes the great profession of<br />
Chiropractic <strong>org</strong>anized by American doctors<br />
upon the principles discovered by these<br />
Bohemians, which discards drug treatment<br />
and cures its patients by reaching the very<br />
seat of the trouble, relieving the abnormal<br />
pressure and re-establishing the normal nerve<br />
currents.<br />
This great system of drugless healing has<br />
brought to the human race relief from the<br />
treatment of mere symptoms and freedom<br />
from dosing with nauseous, poisonous compounds<br />
which so often have left in their train<br />
ailments more serious than those they were<br />
supposed to cure.<br />
Again we find the most progressive of the<br />
"regular" M. D.'s bringing their testimony<br />
to support the cause of drugless healing as<br />
presented by Chiropractic. Here are some<br />
of the statements made by medical men who<br />
are broad minded enough to acknowledge the<br />
short-comings of old methods and to recognize<br />
what has been accomplished by this better<br />
way of curing disease.<br />
"It is the most logical and scientific<br />
method of curing ills," says the former Chief<br />
Surgeon of one of our greatest hospitals.<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
"Diseases are but the result of 'impinged<br />
nerves'," is the statement of an eminent professor<br />
of medicine in a leading university.<br />
"An exact and scientific method", reports a<br />
noted New York lecturer on medicine. And<br />
to further demonstrate the revolution in<br />
medicine, it must be observed that many<br />
established doctors have taken post graduate<br />
work in Chiropractic.<br />
And the public has not been behind the<br />
medical profession in recognizing the superiority<br />
of this school of drugless healing.<br />
The doctor of Chiropractic finds his clientele<br />
waiting for him. The principles of Chiropractic<br />
are so logical and their application<br />
so successful that those who have once experienced<br />
or seen the results will never again<br />
consent to be drugged. The speedy relief,<br />
which comes as a result of the skillful spinal<br />
adjustments by the Doctor of Chiropractic,<br />
need be experienced but once to convince any<br />
intelligent person that this is the true method<br />
of relief for physical ailments.<br />
The "regular" doctor, as a rule, has to<br />
struggle for a practice because there are too<br />
many of his kind and because the public is<br />
becoming more and more skeptical of the<br />
"drugging" process. Just as the Professor of<br />
Surgery in a leading medical college says:<br />
"Of all science, medicine is the most uncertain."<br />
While Dr. Schweiniger, Bismarck's<br />
physician, plainly said: "The practice of<br />
medicine is a farce; the so-called curing by<br />
drugs is a fraud." The people are fast learning<br />
all this by experience.<br />
It is the usual thing for a Doctor of<br />
Chiropractic to step at once into a comfortable<br />
practice and then to find a steady increase<br />
in his income. Reports received from<br />
practitioners show that incomes for the first<br />
year often run as high as $4800 to $6000.<br />
The average old-school doctor would consider<br />
this a very good return in the tenth year of<br />
his practice.<br />
The course of study in Chiropractic given<br />
by the American University is training men<br />
and women to enter upon this profession<br />
with prospects of success unsurpassed in any<br />
other technical calling. Under this system,<br />
no special preliminary education is required<br />
and as the course is given by mail the student<br />
need not give up any present occupation.<br />
And for a limited time, a very remarkable<br />
offer is being made to those who register.<br />
Twenty lessons of the course and two sets of<br />
valuable Anatomical and Nerve and Pain<br />
Area Charts are to be given free.<br />
.^USTRATED WORLD 933<br />
The lessons teach how to make spinal<br />
adjustments for Headache, Indigestion, Epilepsy,<br />
Constipation, Rheumatism, Neuralgia,<br />
Lumbago, Pleurisy, Jaundice, Dyspepsit,<br />
Neuritis, Catarrh, Fevers, Paralysis,<br />
Asthma and many other ailments. They show<br />
what a simple yet remarkable system of healing<br />
Chiropractic is.<br />
The charts give a complete view in colors<br />
of the anatomy of the human body. The<br />
value of these charts alone is $31.50. But on<br />
this special limited offer, they cost nothing.<br />
This offer is made for the present by the<br />
American University to interest a number of<br />
ambitious men and women at once. There<br />
are hundreds of localities which are in need<br />
of Doctors of Chiropractic and the demand is<br />
such that more graduates must be provided.<br />
If you want to change from a monotonous,<br />
small paying position to a highly remunerative<br />
profession, send the coupon for<br />
information and do it while this special offer<br />
holds good. Let us tell you about the opportunities<br />
presented to Doctors of Chiropractic<br />
and how you can master Chiropractic<br />
in your own home, receiving the degree<br />
of D. C. Also ask us about the arrangement<br />
we are now making by which you can pay<br />
for the entire course of instruction on easy<br />
monthly terms. The work which this University<br />
is doing to bring competent men and<br />
women into this profession is planned to open<br />
the doors not only to those of means but also<br />
to those whom fortune has not yet favored.<br />
Our ambition is to see every community<br />
benefit from the services of skilled Chiropractic<br />
doctors. Therefore this special opportunity<br />
is presented for a limited time. Your<br />
request implies no obligation upon you. You<br />
can begin now or any time later. But the<br />
time to write is now. The coupon will bring<br />
all the facts. Address, American University,<br />
Dept. 958, Chicago, 111.<br />
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY,<br />
Dept. 958, Manierre Bldg., Chicago.<br />
Please send me information about your course<br />
in Chiropractic and tell me how I can take it up<br />
on easv terms of payment. Also send particulars<br />
about the free offer of twenty lessons and two<br />
sets of charts worth $31.50. All this without obligation<br />
on me.<br />
Name<br />
Address<br />
Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
RE-EDUCATION FOR PARA<br />
LYZED SOLDIERS<br />
R E - E D U C A T I O N is a phase of<br />
volunteer war work for paralyzed<br />
soldiers that has been<br />
undertaken by Doctor Goldwin<br />
Howland and other practitioners<br />
of the University of Toronto. Fifteen<br />
soldiers have already been treated<br />
by this method with success.<br />
Among those treated by Dr. Howland<br />
was one soldier injured last June. A<br />
piece of steel helmet crushed the skull,<br />
destroying that part of the brain which<br />
controls the movements of the legs, and<br />
causing paralysis.<br />
Treatment was commenced in August.<br />
At first only a slight movement of the<br />
legs was possible. Then he learned to<br />
twist his toes in bed. Later he learned<br />
to creep behind a chair. Then he learned<br />
to walk by pushing a chair. After three<br />
months of continued treatment he was<br />
restored to nearly normal.<br />
Treatment consists of massage or<br />
stroking and vibration. Massage is employed<br />
to make the contracted muscles<br />
flexible. For the same reason, the<br />
hand is shaken or vibrated until there is<br />
a loosening of the muscles. Movements<br />
of the arm are produced passively. The<br />
first two methods are employed to make<br />
possible the third, which is that of trying<br />
to get the patient to use the muscles in<br />
simple activities.<br />
Some knowledge of the muscles involved<br />
and their functional relation to<br />
the other parts of the body, and an ability<br />
to stimulate the patient's interest in<br />
his improvement are the requirements of<br />
one giving treatment.<br />
Re-education is the result of the pioneer<br />
work of Doctor Shepherd Ivory<br />
Franz, Scientific Director, Government<br />
Hospital for the Insane. Observations<br />
made upon animals agree with observations<br />
made upon man with the exception<br />
that paralysis is not permanent in animals.<br />
These observations suggested to<br />
934<br />
Doctor Franz the possibility that the<br />
conclusions reached by the medical profession<br />
were inaccurate and unscientific.<br />
Tests made by him upon patients<br />
afflicted with paralysis for periods of<br />
twenty, ten and three years proved that<br />
recovery was possible, and that not<br />
enough attention had been given to socalled<br />
chronic cases.<br />
One of the cures made by Doctor<br />
Franz which might be accounted almost<br />
as remarkable as the healing of the man<br />
lame from birth recorded in the Bible,<br />
was that of a woman fifty-eight years<br />
old, who had been paralyzed for a score<br />
of years. At the time treatment was<br />
commenced, the patient could not raise<br />
her arm in any direction, neither could<br />
she move her wrist nor use her fingers.<br />
Massage of the muscles was employed<br />
first. Then the hand was grasped and<br />
shaken until there was a distinct loosening<br />
of the muscles.<br />
She was then given a ball to hold.<br />
After repeated trials she was able to<br />
grasp it, acquiring the use of her fingers.<br />
After that she learned to use her thumb<br />
and forefinger. She was given a needle<br />
and thread to determine her ability to<br />
sew. Her movements at first were<br />
awkward and slow. The stitches were<br />
large and uneven. During the first week<br />
she averaged twenty-two stitches in five<br />
minutes, but the fifth week she averaged<br />
thirty-three stitches in five minutes, and<br />
the stitches were short and even.<br />
Shortly after she had learned to use<br />
her hand she was given a fan. She<br />
grasped it properly, but in her first<br />
trials she could not make the necessary<br />
combination of movements of arm and<br />
hand. In a few days however she succeeded<br />
so well that she was able to fan<br />
herself with the so-called paralyzed arm<br />
better than she could with her perfect<br />
one.
$2500 $4000 YEAR<br />
Here's the chance you have been waiting for—the<br />
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30,000,000 tires opens for you. Yes, sir, there're 30,000,000 tires<br />
to be made this year—all will need repairing—demand expert<br />
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Plant I have openings now for 200 ambitious, energetic<br />
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can learn this business in two weeks without one penny spent<br />
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ISTRATED WORLD 935<br />
HAYWOOD'S<br />
Comefolndianapolis<br />
I'll Teach You the<br />
TireRepairBusiness<br />
If you determine to go into the<br />
tire repair business, and get a Haywood<br />
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NATIONAL Autoists Demand TIRE It REPAIR SERVICE<br />
Through my national advertising, I have educated motorists<br />
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fou open a Hnynood Bhop, you are established in business — a<br />
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wait for, that comes with scarcely a bid for it. All you need<br />
ie one Haywood machine. Beei See this, as you grow, you cr.n<br />
~dd accessories, sell tires, the<br />
right tiros—the kind auto owners<br />
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the best service. Ihia isthe<br />
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tires bi ing used todaythan<br />
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car is steadily climbing,!<br />
nd every man, rcgnrdless<br />
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Repairing economy. TireB<br />
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how they are repaired by the Haywood method<br />
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Sign the coupon and mail it today.<br />
Or send a post card or letter.<br />
M. HAYWOOD, Pres.<br />
Haywood Tire & Equipment Co.<br />
My Tire Repair Plants<br />
Haywood Tire Repair Plants are the last word in effici<br />
and economical tire repairing. Haywood experts are<br />
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i you haven't seen the "Sign of the Man and Machine'*<br />
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M. HAYWOOD, Pres.<br />
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Kindly mention Illustrated World when writing advertisers.
LITTLE KNOWN PHASES<br />
The determined men shown in the above photograph came all the way irom Fiji to fight lor the<br />
Allies. These natives are courageous and muscular, and make the very highest type of soldiers.<br />
The picture below depicts the manner in which Italian Alpine fight»rs guard themselves from their<br />
greatest enemy—the sun. They cover their skin with black grease, and their eyes with smoked<br />
glasses.
. -USTRATED WORLD 937<br />
Stop F<strong>org</strong>ettin<br />
Prof.<br />
Henry<br />
Dickson<br />
America's foremost<br />
Authority on Memory<br />
Training, Fublic<br />
Speaking Self Expression<br />
Lecturer and<br />
Principal of the Dickson<br />
Memory School, Hearst<br />
Building, Chicago.<br />
The Executive<br />
Mr. William H Weeks. District<br />
Attorney of Putnam County, >T.<br />
Y.. writes:<br />
"After a thorough trial of your<br />
method of mental and memory<br />
training, 1 find it to be not only<br />
first class—simply wonderful. I<br />
can truthfully say that I would not<br />
be again without the benefits I<br />
have received from your study for<br />
ONE MAN'S IDEA OF SERVICE<br />
By W. F. FRENCH<br />
T O 'have 'hustling business men<br />
(Arop rn on him at unthought<br />
of hours and demand that their<br />
sadly neglected clothes be<br />
whipped into presentable<br />
shape in express time was a well formed<br />
habit with Achterberg, the tailor. Day<br />
after day they appeared. Sometimes it<br />
was to have a suit pressed, sometimes a<br />
seam stitched or a spot removed, a button<br />
moved or a lining patched. Always<br />
the service was necessary, the time short<br />
and the demand urgent.<br />
The smiling Achterberg didn't begrudge<br />
the service—but it was strenuous<br />
and mostly gratuitous. Good customers,<br />
you know. But we'll have to give him<br />
credit for looking at it from the business<br />
man's side, through the eyes of the<br />
fellow that is caught unprepared and<br />
who faces embarrassment. It was tough<br />
on them. Most of them didn't have any<br />
idea when they might be called upon to<br />
attend a meeting, dinner or business<br />
conference, and they were universally<br />
unprepared. Those with clubs nearby<br />
were in better circumstances, especially<br />
if they had a locker full of clothes on<br />
tap. But, as a matter of fact, few of<br />
them had.<br />
"Now," reasoned tailor Achterberg,<br />
"if I could just give those men the kind<br />
of service they deserve I'd be the most<br />
popular man in Chicago. Suppose, for<br />
instance, that I furnished them valet<br />
service, and took care of their clothes as<br />
well. Suppose my patrons knew that in<br />
an emergency they could come to my<br />
shop, clean up and find fresh clothes<br />
awaiting them. Suppose they could get<br />
a shave right here while we were pressing<br />
their clothes. Suppose—" but he<br />
did a lot more than suppose—he took a<br />
chance!<br />
For a modest tailor to quadruple his<br />
expenses in order to serve his patrons<br />
hints of nerve, and the fact that this<br />
93S<br />
man's Service Club contains about eight<br />
thousand dollars' worth of fittings justifies<br />
the assumption that he took a big<br />
chance.<br />
The Service Club is incidental to his<br />
big job of tailoring, but it is original<br />
and interesting. This club contains<br />
about three hundred individual lockers<br />
with Yale locks, wherein the members<br />
keep fresh linen and the like. It has<br />
four private dressing rooms and four<br />
private showers. It has a members'<br />
clothes closet with a capacity of three<br />
thousand suits. It has a manicurist and<br />
barbers, and also a well-equipped shoe<br />
shining parlor.<br />
The cost of membership is two dollars<br />
and a half a month and the privileges<br />
are: all the clothes brushed and pressed<br />
desired; all the shines desired—two a<br />
day if wanted—all minor mending that<br />
is needed, and the free use of showers.<br />
For manicure and barber services a regular<br />
charge is made.<br />
Most of Achterberg's patrons are<br />
members of the club and receive full<br />
valet service. One does not have to be<br />
a patron of his tailoring shop to join the<br />
club—he figures that an acquaintance:<br />
will bring the business.<br />
As a usual thing the members keep><br />
two or three suits of clothes in the big<br />
closet or wardrobe, safe in the knowledge<br />
that they are always ready, pressed 1<br />
and in perfect condition. The instant a.<br />
suit is taken off it is brushed, pressed'<br />
and hung in the wardrobe.<br />
The value of this club to the average<br />
business man is almost unlimited. To be'<br />
able to dash into the "Service Club, at a<br />
minute's notice, take a bath, change linen'<br />
and put on a fresh suit of clothes (or<br />
the same suit freshly pressed)—that is<br />
worth while. It is a special boon to theman<br />
that lives miles from his place of<br />
business, the man who cannot "dodge"'<br />
home and make a change.
Learn a Paying Profession<br />
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PHOTOGRAPHY<br />
the<br />
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- ffraduati'i earn $20 lo $r>o a week. We j,sKi*t<br />
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be f'»r catalogue —NOW I<br />
ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF PHOTOGRAPHY<br />
lira I. fil'i Wabagh Ave., I 111 iiL'harn. III.<br />
^.Permanent Position<br />
$125 a Month to Start<br />
Men 18 to 55 Years lor<br />
Traffic Inspectors—trained men are<br />
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companies to fi.1 positions of responsibility.<br />
You can live wherever you<br />
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over the United States — South in<br />
Winter—the hikes or ocean in Summer.<br />
Your work keeps you in personal<br />
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If y u are earnest, your opportunities<br />
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imparts in a clear, wholesome<br />
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Knowledge a Young Man Should Have.<br />
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USTRATED WORLD 939<br />
'Beyond.<br />
Icour Jab!"<br />
"There is not a man in power at the Bethlehem<br />
Steel Works today," says Charles M. Schwab, in<br />
the American Magazine, "who did not begin at<br />
the bottom and work his way up. Eight years<br />
ago Eugene Grace was switching engines. His<br />
ability to out-think his job, coupled with his sterling<br />
integrity, lifted him to the presidency of our<br />
corporation. Last year he earned more than a<br />
million dollars Jimmie Ward, one of<br />
our vice-presidents, used to be a stenographer.<br />
The fifteen men in charge of the plants were selected, not<br />
because of some startling- stroke of genius, but because<br />
day in and day out, they were thinking beyond their jobs. "<br />
If you want to be somebody, to climb to a position of responsibility,<br />
get ready for it. Do what you are doing now<br />
better than the men beside you, and train for the job ahead.<br />
You can do it—in spare time — through the International<br />
Correspondence Schools.<br />
For 25 years men with ambition and I. C. S. help have<br />
been making spare hours the stepping-stones to successful<br />
careers. Last year more than 5,000 reported that their<br />
studies had won for them advancement and increased salaries.<br />
Over 130,000 men in offices, shops, stores, mines and<br />
mills and on railroads all over America are preparing in<br />
COPY THIS SKETCH<br />
and let's see wh :an do with it. Cartoon-<br />
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iniercsted in it,<br />
WORLD, mention it to those who might be<br />
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940 ILLUSTRATED Vv'O<br />
HOW TO BECOME<br />
(Continuct<br />
as the bad let-off—every amateur's chief<br />
trouble.<br />
There is nothing in the fall of the<br />
hammer of the empty rifle to move it in<br />
the least, there is practically no jar;<br />
if the front sight jumps, that is your<br />
fault, the nervous response of your<br />
strained nerves to the click, the sudden<br />
release of your strained muscles. Only,<br />
just as sure as you do let your nerves<br />
respond, just as sure as you release your<br />
muscles at this instant, just that sure<br />
will you shoot inaccurately and stand<br />
still on the path to becoming an expert.<br />
DON'T LET THE RELEASE OF<br />
THE TRIGGER MOVE THE RIFLE!<br />
DON'T QUIT HOLDING STEAD<br />
ILY JUST BECAUSE THE HAM<br />
MER FALLS!<br />
That's all there is to accurate rifle<br />
shooting.<br />
If you align the sights the same every<br />
shot, which is acquired by care and practice,<br />
if you grip the rifle the same every<br />
shot and if you let the hammer fall without<br />
letting it affect your hold in the<br />
least, then you're an expert rifle shot.<br />
Quicker firing, greater control of the<br />
trigger, the various positions, all come<br />
from practice, but until that fatal obstacle<br />
is surmounted, you'll never get<br />
anywhere.<br />
In the standing position there is but<br />
one sensible hold. It is a position that<br />
is unsteady at best, and in which the<br />
sling does no good. Pull the rifle hard<br />
against the shoulder with the right<br />
hand, gripping the rifle firmly, then run<br />
the left hand well out on the barrel, not to<br />
a strained position, however. Keep the<br />
left elbow well under the rifle, not out<br />
to the left, and make the right hand do<br />
most of the work of holding. If the<br />
left hand is not on a strain, the rifle can<br />
be held much more steadily. Then get<br />
off smoothly as the sight touches the bull<br />
for an instant. The position is one for<br />
quick and shotgun-like shooting. Postpone<br />
it until you've mastered the prone<br />
position.<br />
A SHARPSHOOTER<br />
from paee 896)<br />
The kneel is much used by soldiers.<br />
In it the sling is of the utmost value.<br />
Its adjustment is precisely the same as<br />
for the prone position. Point the left<br />
foot directly at the target, point the<br />
right foot at right angles to the left, and<br />
get the right knee as far to the right as<br />
possible, sitting well back on the right<br />
foot. The sole of the shoe ought to be<br />
heavy, of the brogan type, for comfort.<br />
Sitting is nearly as steady as prone,<br />
when the sling is used correctly, which<br />
is precisely as for the prone. Either dig<br />
two holes by a couple of good kicks, for<br />
the heels, or else cross the feet, putting<br />
the right foot under the left ankle. In<br />
either case sit ten to twenty degrees to<br />
the right of the line of the target. Put<br />
the elbows, both of them, inside the<br />
knees, not on the knee-caps.<br />
The four positions, with most attention<br />
devoted to the prone, take care of<br />
all rifle shooting needs, although in the<br />
Navy they use also the homely squat,<br />
sitting on both heels Indian fashion.<br />
Only remember, that you can learn<br />
nine-tenths of the things necessary to<br />
make a good shot of yourself, with the<br />
empty rifle, you can pass the worst<br />
stumbling block with the empty rifle<br />
better than with the loaded one, and you<br />
snap the rifle empty in hard, thoughtful<br />
practice, a hundred shots with profit, to<br />
one shot with real cartridges.<br />
And as you value success, concentrate,<br />
concentrate to momentary exclusion of<br />
all other things on earth on that few<br />
seconds' aim and that trigger release—<br />
"concentrate though your coat-tails be<br />
on fire."<br />
And if you want to go farther with<br />
the rifle, to learn the Navy and the Marine<br />
Corps way of doing it, write the<br />
best friend of American riflemen, Major<br />
W. C. Harllee, Navy Department, Washington,<br />
D. C, and ask him as a learner,<br />
for a copy of the Small Arms Firing<br />
Regulations, United States Navy. No<br />
man is so stupid that he cannot learn to<br />
shoot the rifle from that book alone.
these<br />
books!<br />
ILLUSTRATED WORLD 941<br />
brings<br />
Automobile Engineering<br />
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942 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
ANALYZING<br />
{.Continued f\<br />
which Mrs. Scott plays with a child and<br />
this tells a story of honor and sometimes<br />
even of honesty. If the child plays very<br />
carefully and is fairly quick to obey the<br />
rules, he has already developed an idea of<br />
honor which will never leave him and<br />
which will probably insure him from<br />
ever spending time behind barred windows<br />
in his after life.<br />
Honor and honesty, like all the other<br />
character traits, are developed by the<br />
child's environment. The mother who<br />
constantly makes promises which she<br />
never fulfills is making her child into a<br />
dishonorable man whose word you can<br />
never believe. Threats, bad table manners<br />
by father, quarrels before the child,<br />
displays of temper are reflected in the<br />
mirror which a child forms.<br />
One cannot depend much on heredity<br />
because a child is only partly the son of<br />
his parents. He is the son of a long<br />
line of parents, each of whom contributes<br />
his mite to the youngster. But you<br />
can control his environment and develop<br />
his character and personality by every<br />
move you make before him. You must<br />
take him seriously, for already life is the<br />
most serious thing he knows. When<br />
you treat him as a child—talk baby talk<br />
and feed him milk from a spoon after<br />
he is old enough to drink it himself,<br />
laugh at his pranks and snicker when he<br />
calls grandpa a liar you are seeing him<br />
from your point of view and not from<br />
his. The oldest chestnut in the world<br />
speaks of this: "When in Rome do as<br />
the Romans do."<br />
If a child is "good", his case may be<br />
more serious than that of a bad one.<br />
"We must see through children's virtues,"<br />
said Mrs. Scott shrewdly. "We<br />
must not be too content with our good,<br />
our docile, our quiet child, who never<br />
causes us any serious thought. That<br />
child may turn out the most serious<br />
problem. That child may be lacking.in<br />
initiative, originality and self dependence."<br />
So Mrs. Scott's laboratory is an indict-<br />
YOUR CHILD<br />
•om page 848 )<br />
ment of parents. When someone goes<br />
to her it is an admission that they have<br />
failed, at least at present, although she<br />
hopes that the time will come when no<br />
mother will bring up a child until she<br />
has had advice from an expert.<br />
When Mrs. Scott, who is a Russian,<br />
asked Tolstoi who the greatest American<br />
of today is, he answered her, "John<br />
Dewey".<br />
It is to John Dewey that she gives<br />
credit for her basic ideas. He is a professor<br />
of education and child study in<br />
Columbia University, a man so shy himself<br />
that he has effaced himself from the<br />
public yet whose writings have had a<br />
greater influence upon teachers in the<br />
whole world than any other work. He<br />
is ranked as one of the three great philosophers<br />
of the time. His books and<br />
his courses of study are tremendously<br />
difficult and they are of course for teachers<br />
and not for parents. Mrs. Scott is<br />
one of the advance outposts of his work,<br />
although her basic ideas are really all<br />
which she owes to him.<br />
You can do a great deal for your own<br />
child by applying the ideas sketched in<br />
this article. Try to look at things from<br />
his point of view instead of from your<br />
own and try to read between the lines of<br />
his speech. He says but a part of what<br />
he means. We have a world populated<br />
with persons who are subnormal—able<br />
to use one-third to a half of the abilities<br />
with which they were endowed at birth.<br />
You have felt it yourself in those momentary<br />
flashes of brilliance which astound<br />
you and reveal hidden depths in<br />
your own mentality. If you could use<br />
those flashes all the time, turn them into<br />
a great stream of light you could make<br />
twice the salary you now enjoy, perhaps<br />
a hundred times as much because the<br />
great and the little are divided by an<br />
extremely narrow gulf. It may be too<br />
late for you to help yourself, but how<br />
about the youngster? Give him a<br />
chance; think in his terms and talk his<br />
language.
WSTRATED WORLD 943<br />
Be a<br />
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Reference..<br />
THE DOLLAR VALUE OF<br />
PATRIOTISM<br />
{Continuedfrom page 838)<br />
up in the old ones and fear that the newer<br />
ones would nullify this old investment.<br />
This is true in every industry but one<br />
case is especially pointed. I know of one<br />
new coal mining machine that would cut<br />
the cost of production about forty cents<br />
a ton. It would make each room of the<br />
mine yield 100 tons a day, whereas each<br />
now yields about eight. The mine<br />
owners will not use it because it endangers<br />
their investment—in some mines<br />
this amounts to $100,000—in machines<br />
of an older design.<br />
The workers and their employers must<br />
abandon these points of view if we are<br />
to get the big results upon which national<br />
safety depends. In times of peace the<br />
nation can afford to be tolerant of these<br />
peccadilloes, in order to oil the wheels of<br />
industry even at the expense of some<br />
national economic loss. Today, however,<br />
every delay, every particle of waste<br />
effort, is a straight blow at the nation.<br />
Every man is duty bound to fan the spark<br />
of patriotism in his own breast, even if<br />
it goes against the grain and apparently<br />
militates against his pecuniary advantage.<br />
As matters stand now, the nation has a<br />
stupendous industrial task before it.<br />
This must be accomplished with about<br />
4,000,000 men less than would be used<br />
in normal times. On first thought, it<br />
seems insane optimism even to hope for<br />
success. Even so, vastly more can be<br />
done with the men and machines we have<br />
if only the wasteful routine can be forced<br />
into a discard. To reform business in<br />
this way is, as I believe, industrial<br />
patriotism. If that were the only incentive,<br />
I would not dare hope for success.<br />
But since both labor and capital<br />
will profit hugely by the change both<br />
now and hereafter, maybe something of<br />
the sort will come.<br />
My notion is that industrial patriotism<br />
as expressed in business short cuts, has a<br />
cash value four times that of wasteful<br />
routine and time-killing as practiced in<br />
peace times.
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946 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
TRAPPING THE<br />
(Continued J, 'om page 831)<br />
These buoys, spaced two hundred<br />
yards apart, would be, in fact, stationary<br />
submarines and lookout posts combined.<br />
Each would be a floating steel or iron<br />
shell, ovoid or spherical in shape, and<br />
large enough to contain just one man as<br />
"crew" and the necessary apparatus.<br />
The apparatus which the observer<br />
would have at his command would be<br />
one miniature torpedo tube, capable of<br />
firing a missile sufficiently large to destroy<br />
an enemy submarine or any other<br />
small vessel that might approach. Besides<br />
this, a one-pound rapid fire gun<br />
would be mounted on the surface.<br />
This much would enable one man to<br />
give a good account of himself in any<br />
fight on the surface, and at the same<br />
time, to give the alarm.<br />
Because the major portion of his work<br />
would consist in lookout duty, the torpedo<br />
buoy would have to be equipped<br />
with a small periscope, both above the<br />
water and below. The underwater periscope<br />
doubtless would have to be long<br />
enough to enable him to see clearly all<br />
that was going on under him. In some<br />
cases this would mean an extreme length<br />
of somewhat over one hundred feet, but<br />
fortunately, the ocean floor between<br />
Scotland and Norway rarely is this far<br />
below the level of the waves.<br />
Finally, the last and most important<br />
of the torpedo buoy's defensive apparatus<br />
would be a storage battery and a<br />
system of wiring reaching from a<br />
switchboard inside the buoy to a series<br />
of explosive mines set at varying depths<br />
about the one hundred yard radius to be<br />
guarded.<br />
The moment a submarine raider was<br />
spied, the man in the buoy would judge<br />
whether to attempt to destroy the vessel<br />
with a torpedo, or to wait until it came<br />
near to one of the explosive mines. In<br />
the latter case, the lone sea sentinel<br />
would have the choice of fifteen or<br />
twenty explosion centers from which to<br />
attack his submerged enemy. Because<br />
the crushing force of a mine explosion<br />
PIRATE U-BOAT<br />
under water creates a disturbance, irresistible<br />
to the thin plates of a U-boat,<br />
over a wide horizontal plane and all the<br />
way to the surface in a vertical direction,<br />
the submarine, once sighted, would have<br />
almost no chance of escape.<br />
Other forces, also, were set in motion<br />
at the time the underwater pirate was<br />
seen. A distress signal was flashed—<br />
heliograph or any other previously deterrr.ned<br />
means would do—along the<br />
line of buoys to the place where destroyers<br />
and "swatters" were waiting. Even<br />
supposing that the enemy submarine<br />
slipped past, the squadron, with its aeroplane<br />
assistance, would locate and destroy<br />
him.<br />
To establish this chain would require<br />
approximately 2,200 of these buoys and<br />
33,000 of the tri-nitro-toluol bombs.<br />
This seems enormous, but when it is<br />
considered that the expense would probably<br />
be less than one-tenth the amount<br />
that Germany is putting into submarines,<br />
that 2,200 men with an equal number<br />
of reserves to spell them off as alternates<br />
and a thousand extra to replace<br />
losses could hold the line successfully.<br />
and that this would release the most<br />
powerful of our allies from the vital<br />
danger which now threatens her, it does<br />
not seem like extravagance.<br />
Another of the plans which was followed<br />
earlier in the submarine campaign<br />
with some success, and wdiich still lures<br />
a few of the more unsophisticated German<br />
U-boat commanders into fatal difficulties,<br />
is the "blind pocket" net.<br />
For this a decoy vessel, usually a<br />
dummy merchantman, is used. A circle<br />
of steel nets, a mile in diameter, is submerged.<br />
The mouth is left open. The<br />
dummy merchantman cruises about<br />
until it is suspected that a submarine is<br />
in close chase; then it heads into the<br />
circle of nets. Immediately it becomes<br />
a certainty that the enemy has fallen<br />
into the trap, the mouth of the nets is<br />
closed. Then there is no alternative-to<br />
{Continued on page 948)
.^U ST RATED WORLD 947<br />
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Publishes over 400 letters from those who desire to buy OWEN PATENTS. All sent free upon request.<br />
Very highest references. I help my clients sell their patents or dispose of their applications. Advice<br />
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That Protect and Pay<br />
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948 ILLUSTRATED WORLD<br />
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(Continued from page 946)<br />
destruction but instant surrender for the<br />
submarine.<br />
The reason why this does not work<br />
on a large scale is because the Germans,<br />
whatever else we may say of them, are<br />
not lacking- in guile. The sight of two<br />
or three "innocent" fishing smacks cruising<br />
about—the net raisers—is enough to<br />
make them very circumspect. Then, too,<br />
when finally encircled, it is obvious that<br />
the decoy vessel also is caught in the<br />
same trap, and is for the moment, at the<br />
mercy of the sea pirate. Many German<br />
vessels thus caught have simply sent the<br />
decoys to the bottom first, and then<br />
taken their own medicine, which makes<br />
the process of destruction of submarines<br />
rather costly for the Allies.<br />
Another idea, which has been featured<br />
quite extensively in the United States,<br />
but which contains little of practical<br />
value, is typical of the wilder plans for<br />
protecting the merchantmen themselves.<br />
The inventor of this process proposes<br />
that each ship carry an apparatus for<br />
throwing steel discs—like phonograph<br />
records—into the water beside the vessel,<br />
at such an astounding rate that the<br />
ship is enclosed completely by a thin wall<br />
of steel through which a torpedo cannot<br />
pass without exploding. This is, of<br />
course, thoroughly Utopian, as no vessel<br />
could afford the expense of using these<br />
plates at all times, even were the apparatus<br />
proved to be practical, and no<br />
ordinary ship can tell with any accuracy<br />
—unless protected by aeroplanes—when<br />
an underwater attack by a German submarine<br />
is about to start.<br />
Literally thousands of such ideas have<br />
been advanced in the past few months,<br />
but it is probable that ninety-nine per<br />
cent have not even been tried out,<br />
although doubtless all have received<br />
serious consideration. It is probable that<br />
the U-boat problem will be solved<br />
ultimately by the application of old principles,<br />
and not by any astounding new<br />
invention. The torpedo buoy is such an<br />
application, and though it may not be the<br />
best way, it has possibilities.
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THE LITTLE COUNTRY<br />
THEATER<br />
By JOSEPH C. GLERUM<br />
N O W A D A V S, when young<br />
Hiram Scroogs takes his<br />
Samantha Jane to the show<br />
or to the movies, he must<br />
drive to the nearest town<br />
showing these attractions, which sometimes<br />
is ten or fifteen miles away ; and<br />
it costs him several dollars for an evening's<br />
entertainment. In the future he will<br />
not need to travel so far nor spend the<br />
time and money that he now does for his<br />
entertainments. The little country theater<br />
movement will put shows right in<br />
his neighborhood.<br />
The object of the little country theater<br />
is to produce such plays as can be<br />
staged easily in a school house, the basement<br />
of a country church, in the parlor<br />
of a farm home, in the village hall, or<br />
in any similar place where people meet<br />
for social betterment. One act dramas<br />
and comedies adapted to amateur acting<br />
will predominate, with an occasional play<br />
of greater length. Plays depicting the<br />
modes of life among various foreign peoples<br />
will be of especial interest to the<br />
people of the Northwest, while plays<br />
taken from the scenes of the American<br />
Revolution will interest people of the<br />
New England States ; likewise Civil War<br />
plays will interest people of the Dixie<br />
Land. In fact every community will be<br />
served with plays that will interest that<br />
particular locality.<br />
The first little country theater was<br />
built at North Dakota Agricultural College<br />
at Fargo, N. D., under the direction<br />
of its founder, Mr. A. G. Arvold, a member<br />
of the faculty of the college. This<br />
theater will serve as a model for others<br />
now planned to be established throughout<br />
North Dakota. The theater at the<br />
Agricultural College, which has been in<br />
operation the past year, is about the size<br />
950<br />
of the average town hall with a seating<br />
capacity of two hundred. The stage is<br />
thirty feet wide and twenty feet dee]).<br />
The proscenium opening is ten feet high<br />
and fifteen feet wide. There are no<br />
boxes or balconies. All decorations, being<br />
homemade, are simple and inexpensive.<br />
The scenes are made of light wood<br />
painted on both sides and hinged in the<br />
middle to admit of compactness in shipping.<br />
The admission fee is five or ten<br />
cents and with all the seats sold the receipts<br />
are more than sufficient to pay all<br />
the expenses, since there are no high<br />
salaries of managers and actors, no rent,<br />
no advertising or traveling expense to<br />
boost the overhead.<br />
Most of the costumes, scenery, and<br />
stage furniture are homemade. The<br />
Agricultural College now owns a complete<br />
motion picture outfit whereby the<br />
students expose their own films and<br />
show them in their theater. It is the<br />
plan of the originators to send out films<br />
and cameras to the country theaters.<br />
thus extending the educational features<br />
of the movies to the country.<br />
A careful canvass of all the farming<br />
people in any county of the United States<br />
undoubtedly would show that the majority<br />
were looking forward to the time<br />
when they could move to town. There<br />
is the desire to get away from the monotony<br />
of the farm and enjoy the social<br />
activities of the city. Men who made a<br />
study of this migration from farm to<br />
town have discovered the fact that the<br />
development of scientific farming must<br />
be accompanied by a development of the<br />
social side of life. In the words of Mr.<br />
Arvold, the founder of the little country<br />
theater, "to tell people how to produce<br />
better crops and not tell them how to<br />
live is absolutely foolish."
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SEE HERE! We want your ideas for<br />
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MAKING THE HIGH COST OF<br />
LIVING HIGHER<br />
T H E R E are numerous "stunts"<br />
employed by the average<br />
housekeeper which masquerade<br />
under the title of economy.<br />
They are practiced solely for<br />
the sake of economy, and yet they are<br />
the causes of some of the high cost of<br />
living.<br />
One of these is the ice blanket. The<br />
ice blanket is advertised extensively<br />
at the beginning of the summer season,<br />
and continued until winter time. It is<br />
the rare housekeeper who does not succumb<br />
to the temptation of paying only<br />
ten cents for one, when the advertisement<br />
says that one-half as much ice may<br />
be used when the ice blanket is applied.<br />
This is perfectly true. The ice lasts<br />
beautifully. But does the food? Surely<br />
the housekeeper does not buy ice merely<br />
to keep it. The ice keeps, and the food<br />
spoils, and the longer the ice keeps, the<br />
quicker will the food spoil. Other people<br />
put newspapers over the ice, which also<br />
does the work of keeping ice and spoiling<br />
food. But these things stop refrigeration,<br />
and refrigeration is the very thing<br />
that ice is bought for. So the purchase<br />
of an ice blanket, costing ten cents, and<br />
the saving weekly of a few cents worth<br />
of ice, results in a loss all the way from<br />
two to five dollars worth of food every<br />
month of the year.<br />
Another so-called economical stunt is<br />
to save bread for bread pudding. Once<br />
in a great while we meet a man who says<br />
he likes bread pudding. But this species<br />
is rare, and when he has said he likes it<br />
he has probably been fed on bread pudding<br />
that was disguised as far as possible,<br />
by costly food products.<br />
In the first place, if we are to have<br />
true economy, there should not be even<br />
a slice of bread left for bread pudding.<br />
The finest of homes in France never have<br />
a bit of bread wasted, because no bread is<br />
9S2<br />
cut unless it is to be eaten then and there.<br />
The whole loaf is put on the table, and<br />
the bread is either broken off or cut off<br />
only when a slice is to be eaten.<br />
In Italy, a whole long loaf is passed<br />
around the table and each person breaks<br />
off the amount he wishes. This method<br />
might not be as desirable from the point<br />
of sanitation, as the cutting off with a<br />
knife by one person at the head of the<br />
table, but at least, the Italians do not<br />
have to eat bread pudding, and their<br />
pocketbooks are saved a portion of the<br />
steady drain that American breadwinners<br />
must stand day in and day out.<br />
Let us suppose, however, that a few<br />
slices of bread are left over. A bread<br />
pudding is decided on. This bread pudding<br />
takes for four people, about a quart<br />
of milk, two, or three eggs, almost a cup<br />
of sugar, and in the case of a fancy<br />
edition, this pudding is filled with raisins,<br />
has a meringue on top, and on top of the<br />
meringue is a bit of jelly. This makes<br />
the bread pudding cost from thirty to<br />
thirty-five cents at least, including gas,<br />
and after all this trouble, it is still a bread<br />
pudding. For fifteen cents for four<br />
people, one can have a delicious souffle<br />
of dates or prunes, a dainty custard, an<br />
attractive blancmange, or a gelatin dessert,<br />
or tapioca pudding in one of its inviting<br />
forms.<br />
Still other people cheat themselves in<br />
the matter of frying bacon. In some<br />
cook book they have read that bacon<br />
should be fried crisp. So they go to<br />
work and exaggerate this crispness so that<br />
all the fat of the bacon has gone from it.<br />
Bacon has no advantage as far as food<br />
value is concerned, unless it has the fat<br />
which it originally contained. The price<br />
is high for it at best, but if it is fried<br />
too crisp, so that no fat is left, it is a<br />
dear article of food, even for indulgent<br />
millionaires.
Everything the<br />
Boss Knows<br />
Here, in these new books you have all the<br />
knowledge that gave the boss his job. All the<br />
problems he had to work out by actual experience are<br />
classified and indexed so that you can refer to them in<br />
stantly. The books are called Modern Shop Practice<br />
and every man interested in shop work will find them<br />
money makers and money savers.<br />
Just think what it would mean if you knew<br />
all shop methods. Think what it would mean to have<br />
all the latest machinery described and explained.<br />
That is what you have in these six handsome volumes.<br />
Modern Shop Practice<br />
In these six volumes you have all the information you<br />
need to make you an authority on modern shop methods.<br />
You can be the man who gives the money saving — time saving<br />
methods—and tells how to operate the most complex machinery.<br />
They are bound in genuine Bagdad leather, limp<br />
covers, 6%x8x inches, 2300 pages, 2500 illustrations, full<br />
page plates, tables and diagrams, all cross-indexed Important for quick<br />
reference. The regular price of tbe set Subjects is £30.00 Covered but for a<br />
limited time we areoffenng a few sets at Machine $17.80—about Shop Work—Modern half<br />
price. And you can pay this low price at Manufacturing the rate of — §2.00 Machine a<br />
month. This offer is made to every man. within Shop Management—Melal-<br />
the boundaries<br />
of the United [States and Canada.<br />
Use Them Seven Days<br />
Uponyoursimple request we will<br />
ship you the entire set, express prepaid,<br />
for free examination. Use them<br />
seven days— just BB if they were your<br />
own. Don'tsendusnpenny. Justsend<br />
the But coupon if you decide and we'll to keep send them the books. send<br />
US?2.00aft«r Use them seven tho trial days—and and then $2.001 see foryour-<br />
until eelf you what have they pj'i'l 117.80 are going And to too, mean .. „ to<br />
vou. If you think you aren't throwing<br />
away a golden opportunity send them back.<br />
lurgy—Welding—Diesiting—Tool Making—Ton. Jeslgn—Foundry<br />
Work (Molding,<br />
Calling and F<strong>org</strong>ing)—<br />
Paltem Making—Mechanical<br />
Drawing— Machine<br />
Drawing—Auto Shop Work.<br />
Nearlytwrj thousand subjects<br />
Indexed.<br />
tern send y\tn, Please send me tho Bet of Modconsulting<br />
service. This entitles you to ^* era Shop Practice (or seven<br />
the advice of a corps of experts for an • days' free examination. If I deentire,<br />
-_, year. , „. Ask aa j~. many questions A ** until cide the to special keep them price I will of $17.80 Bend $2.00 In<br />
as you wish. • afterseven days and $2.00 a month<br />
50c Send the Coupon a Week f^r&Jspx? n gaarte? 1 lias<br />
) a<br />
of<br />
0 . ... frmember- ,<br />
send Just a mail penny. us thecoupon. Wo will send Don't •* ahipare hooka and mine the and Jl^OO.-onsulunirmembe<br />
fully paid for. Other<br />
you the entire set, express wise, 1 will return them at your expense.<br />
prepaid, for your examina- J<br />
tion. Act quick —beforo f<br />
the offer is withdrawn. *<br />
American /<br />
NAMB.<br />
Technical Society /<br />
Dept. H1S70 •* ADDRESS.<br />
CHICAGO. U.S. i. /*<br />
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,TRATED WORLD 953<br />
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PROVIDING THE ARMY'S<br />
WATER SUPPLY<br />
N O T all the marvels of army<br />
<strong>org</strong>anization have to do with<br />
the actual fighting, of course.<br />
Far from least important in<br />
the details demanding attention<br />
is the providing of an adequate supply<br />
of water when in the camp. Not<br />
alone this, but because armies, when in<br />
the field, are hardly liable to be stable<br />
quantities this system of providing the<br />
water for the encampment must be of<br />
such sort as to allow of easy transport<br />
and, incidentally, to occupy an absolute<br />
minimum of space.<br />
In the National Guard camps last year,<br />
the soldier had a bathroom, large and<br />
spacious, set out on the field quite near<br />
his tent. The bathroom consisted of<br />
minimum numbers of boards to form a<br />
frame, each board numbered so that the<br />
veriest tyro could set it in position according<br />
to diagram. Over these boards<br />
stretched canvas, cut to size and provided<br />
with hook-and-eye devices, so that the<br />
four walls to the bathroom were up in a<br />
trice.<br />
The water supply itself came through<br />
piping, each section plainly numbered,<br />
each section fitting quickly to its neighbor,<br />
and each section joining others<br />
within a minimum of space.<br />
Properly bathed and dressed, the<br />
soldier-boys want breakfast, of course,<br />
and drinking-water must be provided.<br />
The piping therefor is laid to the side<br />
of the enscreened mess tents, and connects<br />
directly with great filters, so that<br />
filtered water is at hand on demand.<br />
Nor does one wish a drink only at meal<br />
times, and so, after carefully studied<br />
plans, the piping is extended over the<br />
camp, and, at frequent intervals, wee<br />
hydrants rise, that the thirsty soldier may<br />
take a drink, or draw water.<br />
954<br />
By F L L I X J. K O C H<br />
Not the least of these uses to which<br />
the universal liquid may be put have, of<br />
course, to do with washing one's various<br />
belongings—scrubbing leggings, perhaps,<br />
and the like. System, with eye to compact,<br />
enters even here; wherefore boxes,<br />
in which certain of the items of camp<br />
equipment are shipped, are built so that<br />
they may be turned upon their sides and<br />
used as very satisfactory washboards.<br />
A tin basin, with water from the<br />
hydrant near; the scrubbing-brush, from<br />
inside the box aforesaid, and it is indeed<br />
remarkable what a soldier-boy can do<br />
toward tidying up and making his possessions<br />
shipshape!<br />
Nor do the tin basins, so easy to compact,<br />
each in each, go to these ends only.<br />
They are converted into miniature washstands<br />
for the men as well. With the<br />
army equipment there go stakes, and<br />
near the tents where the men sleep these<br />
stakes will be thrust in series of threes,<br />
each three to support a basin.<br />
Round the Red-Cross tents compactness<br />
is, above all else, the rule. The<br />
folded stretchers form tripods before the<br />
door. But here, again, water is necessarily<br />
close at hand and just to the rear<br />
of such tent you are sure to find piping<br />
and hydrants, such as to assure a most<br />
abundant flow.<br />
Simple as it may seem to tell about,<br />
this matter of the water supply is always<br />
the result only of the most careful<br />
planning.<br />
In time of war, where siege has been<br />
laid and the stay is likely to be protracted,<br />
experts will gather at their folding<br />
table with their chairs beneath the<br />
trees and work it out to the last detail.<br />
What results they can and do achieve,<br />
then, with the material at hand is little<br />
short of marvelous.
$ 50aWeek AGENTS<br />
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STRATED WORLD 955<br />
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A LIFE INCOME FROM WILD<br />
WATER FOWL<br />
By FRANK G. M O O R H E A D<br />
B E C A U S E he kept his eyes open,<br />
even when he was hunting<br />
amusement, Clyde B. Terrell, a<br />
22-year-old farm boy of Wisconsin,<br />
is assured a good income<br />
for life from a hitherto neglected<br />
source.<br />
Twenty years ago the first specimens<br />
of wild celery were brought to Wisconsin<br />
by Mr. Terrell's father, John Terrell,<br />
from Chesapeake Bay. There was no<br />
thought in the elder Terrell's mind of<br />
ever developing the wild-celery industry.<br />
He was a Nature lover and he knew,<br />
by long observation, that the wild celery<br />
plant attracts certain kind of wild game<br />
birds more than anything else. He<br />
transplanted the wild celery in order to<br />
stock the marshes and ponds along the<br />
Fox River, where he located, with game<br />
birds.<br />
The boy proved to be more practical<br />
than his father. Sitting in the tall reeds<br />
and rushes along the edges of the Butte<br />
des Morts marshes and bayous, with his<br />
father as his teacher and companion, the<br />
boy began to realize the immense commercial<br />
possibilities of the rankly-growing<br />
weed-grass which attracted the canvasbacks,<br />
redheads, widgeons, bluebills<br />
and other water fowls to the region in<br />
such great number. That his ideas were<br />
practical is evidenced by the fact that no<br />
longer ago than last November the 22year-old<br />
Wisconsin boy went back to<br />
New York to supervise the planting of a<br />
game preserve on the 40,000-acre estate<br />
of W. A. Harriman, son of the late railroad<br />
magnate, E. H. Harriman. On this<br />
estate, wild ducks, Canadian geese, deer<br />
and other game are being established in<br />
large number. The young Wisconsin lad<br />
was sent for because he had inexhaustible<br />
quantities of the wild celery and<br />
knew its value in luring certain kinds of<br />
956<br />
ducks to creeks and ponds of the rich<br />
man's estate.<br />
From a little handful of Chesapeake<br />
Bay seed scattered over the waters, the<br />
wild celery of the Fox River has spread<br />
over a vast area until today there is an<br />
inexhaustible supply. Mr. Terrell explains<br />
its value in this manner:<br />
"Thousands of wild ducks and other<br />
water fowls will come to your marshes,<br />
ponds, lakes, rivers or overflowed lowlands,<br />
if you plant the natural food they<br />
love. Careful study proved to me that<br />
the following are among the very best<br />
and most attractive foods for wild water<br />
fowl: duck potato or wapatoo, wild rice,<br />
wild celery, peppergrass, water cress,<br />
and so on. Not all of these foods are<br />
eaten by all kinds of ducks. For instance,<br />
wild rice is a food of the marsh<br />
ducks, mallards, teal and pintails; while<br />
wild celery is a food of the diving or<br />
deep-water ducks, like the canvasback,<br />
redhead and bluebill. By planting the<br />
proper quantities of the various foods<br />
wild water fowl can be attracted and<br />
maintained at almost any place desired."<br />
It is to this work, in an untrodden<br />
field, that Mr. Terrell has set himself,<br />
with pecuniary profit and personal honors<br />
already achieved. On the celery<br />
which grows wild, in profusion, on his<br />
father's farm, seed-bearing pods appear<br />
during the late summer or early autumn.<br />
The young man gathers these and finds<br />
a ready market for them among hunting<br />
clubs and sportsmen generally. The wild<br />
celery is a perennial plant, sending out<br />
runners in all directions, like a strawberry<br />
plant. A bushel and a half of seed<br />
planted to an acre of marsh land or<br />
bayou will insure a steady supply of the<br />
very food which the canvasback duck<br />
and other wild water fowl crave, and<br />
attract these game birds inevitably.
ALL ABOUT<br />
CARPENTRY<br />
Here, in ten volumes, is explained in simple,<br />
easily-understood English, everything in carpentry and<br />
building from the first rough sketch of the architect to<br />
the acceptance of the finished structure. Includes wood,<br />
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a penny down, HO you can see them for yourself.<br />
Mr. Fletcher Cunningham, Shreveport, La., writes]<br />
"After receiving the book* I decided that with<br />
their help - Partial I could Table go into of the Contents contracting - bust*<br />
Mechanical, Freehand, Perspective and Architectural Drawing<br />
ness for myself. I have just closed a contract<br />
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1 , letter-<br />
In |r. Pen and Ink Henderlnp, The. Orders, Hnperlntendence, Strength<br />
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We send the entire ten volumes,'prepaid, right to your<br />
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50c a Week<br />
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only S2.U0<br />
after the<br />
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* MAIL American Technical Society<br />
/ Dept. R1270 Chicago, U. 9. i.<br />
-_-, . —m 2 . Architecture, Please send Carpentry me a complete and Bulld- set of<br />
Don't IttlS send UOUPOII us a single f ing for seven days' examination. I<br />
/ will ."•» send .nine-volume $2.00 within Cyclopedia seven days and ol<br />
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AMERICAN /<br />
TECHNICAL / ADDRESS.<br />
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Dept. B1S70 »<br />
•RATED WORLD 957<br />
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m<br />
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OUT<br />
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Kindly mention Illustrated Wtrld when writing advertisers.
HOW TO CAN MEATS<br />
E<br />
^VERY watchful housekeeper<br />
knows that at certain times she<br />
can get excellent round steak<br />
. for seventeen cents a pound,<br />
which is twenty-eight cents a<br />
pound another time. At times rabbit is<br />
plentiful and cheap. It is possible to get<br />
squabs for eighteen cents apiece at certain<br />
seasons, which are eighty cents another<br />
season. Also chicken is way out<br />
of reach most of the time.<br />
If a woman keeps house for thirty<br />
years, and meat is served twice a day<br />
she prepares meat 21,900 times. If she<br />
uses meat she puts up herself, the saving<br />
she will make will mount into the thousands<br />
of dollars in this time. As far as<br />
taste is concerned, meat preserved in jars<br />
is every bit as good as meat cooked in<br />
tireless cookers. The flavor is preserved.<br />
and no food sterilized four hours and<br />
immediately made air tight in jars can<br />
deteriorate in a year.<br />
Undoubtedly the most money could be<br />
saved in canning meats, if a half or<br />
quarter of beef could be purchased, but<br />
since this is not practicable for the<br />
greater number" of housewives, almost<br />
as much can be saved by getting smaller<br />
amounts of meat whenever they can be<br />
bought at the most reasonable market<br />
prices.<br />
A great deal was learned by watching<br />
a woman in the country who purchased<br />
a hind quarter of beef at ten cents a<br />
pound, which she would have paid<br />
twenty-four cents for, buying from day<br />
to day. She put the beef into a covered<br />
roaster after sawing the bone, and covered<br />
it with three quarts of boiling<br />
water. When it was half done she<br />
salted it. When it was roasted to a turn<br />
she cut some of the meat in large pieces,<br />
and cut all the rest of the meat in small<br />
pieces, as for a meat stew, put the bones<br />
to soak in a jar, and added a teaspoon of<br />
salt in each jar of meat. Some brown<br />
gravy was made in the roasting pan,<br />
95S<br />
I<br />
By JANE NESBITT<br />
with the drippings. The large pieces of<br />
meat were put into the larger jars, and<br />
the smaller pieces into the smaller jars.<br />
The brown gravy was poured in till all<br />
crevices were full, and jars were level<br />
full. The lids were adjusted, but nut<br />
quite tight.<br />
Now came the important part. She<br />
filled her wash boiler, which held twentyeight<br />
quarts. On the bottom of the<br />
boiler she laid the first tier of jars, and<br />
poured over them cold water, up to their<br />
necks. She put the second tier directly<br />
on top of the first, being careful not to<br />
displace any clamp in the slightest. She<br />
packed also a smaller zinc tub with<br />
twenty-two more jars in the same way,<br />
and by three o'clock in the afternoon,<br />
after boiling these jars for four hours,<br />
she had fifty jars of wholesome, delicious<br />
meat.<br />
When rabbit is most plentiful she preserves<br />
it in the same way, sometimes<br />
mixing it with chicken. She adds a<br />
teaspoon of salt to each jar, and boils<br />
for four hours. Nothing goes to waste<br />
in the house. Her sausages she makes<br />
herself, and preserves in the same way,<br />
defying detection from fresh sausages.<br />
I ler delicious chicken salad and creamed<br />
chicken all comes from home-preserved<br />
chicken, bought when chicken is cheapest.<br />
In the spring, when smelt are most<br />
plentiful she buys from fishermen at<br />
about half the market price. After<br />
cleaning and rinsing, she sprinkles them<br />
lightly with salt, and packs them in pint<br />
jars, alternating with light sprinkles of<br />
mixed spices. She pours over them<br />
vinegar till each jar is full, adjusts the<br />
lids, and boils an hour and a half.<br />
This woman is not a household<br />
drudge. She never wears a kimono in<br />
the kitchen, she belongs to three women's<br />
clubs, attends them in her own little<br />
sedan, and firmly believes that it is up to<br />
women to a large extent to cut the high<br />
cost of living.
3 181