André Rebouoas: da Engenharia Civil j Engenharia Social
André Rebouoas: da Engenharia Civil j Engenharia Social
André Rebouoas: da Engenharia Civil j Engenharia Social
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<strong>André</strong> Rebouças: <strong>da</strong> <strong>Engenharia</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> à <strong>Engenharia</strong> <strong>Social</strong> ii<br />
FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA<br />
BIBLIOTECA DO IFCH - UNICAMP<br />
Trin<strong>da</strong>de, Alexandro Dantas<br />
T736a <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: <strong>da</strong> <strong>Engenharia</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> à <strong>Engenharia</strong> <strong>Social</strong> /<br />
Alexandro Dantas Trin<strong>da</strong>de. - - Campinas, SP : [s. n.], 2004.<br />
Orientador: Elide Rugai Bastos.<br />
Tese (doutorado ) - Universi<strong>da</strong>de Estadual de Campinas,<br />
Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas.<br />
1. Rebouças, <strong>André</strong>, 1838-1898. 2. Intelectuais - Brasil.<br />
3. Reforma. 4. Reforma agrária. 5. Brasil – História – Império,<br />
1822-1889. I. Bastos, Elide Rugai. II. Universi<strong>da</strong>de Estadual de<br />
Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III.Título.
<strong>André</strong> Rebouças: <strong>da</strong> <strong>Engenharia</strong> <strong>Civil</strong> à <strong>Engenharia</strong> <strong>Social</strong> iii<br />
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Introdução 11<br />
<strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 13<br />
Biografias e autobiografias – entre o indivíduo e a história 13<br />
Outras biografias 21<br />
Rebouças, engenheiro 22<br />
Influências, contexto intelectual – radicalismo e moderação 28<br />
Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 35<br />
Parte I<br />
Anos de Formação 47<br />
Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 49<br />
1.1. Origens e destinos de um intelectual negro 50<br />
1.2. Uma ‘herança’intelectual? 58<br />
1.3. Contradições de um advogado autodi<strong>da</strong>ta 61<br />
1.4. Primeiros estudos: entre a caserna e o palácio de cristal 70<br />
Capítulo II. O engenheiro no 'front': burocracia e exército no Império 85<br />
2.1. Atuando como engenheiro militar 85<br />
2.2. Rebouças no ‘front’ 92<br />
2.3. Escravidão e Exército nacional: algumas reflexões teóricas 105<br />
Parte II<br />
O Modernizador Rebouças 115<br />
Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 117<br />
3.1. Um estrangeiro em sua própria terra 117<br />
3.2. Um difícil começo 127<br />
3.3. Candi<strong>da</strong>tando-se à Escola Central 130<br />
3.4. Montando uma rede de contatos e influências 133<br />
3.5. A participação associativa 139<br />
3.6. O Serviço de abastecimento d’água do Rio de Janeiro 152<br />
3.7. Empreendimentos em estra<strong>da</strong>s de ferro 157<br />
3.8. Outras iniciativas empresariais 160<br />
Capítulo IV. A modernização portuária 167<br />
4.1. Reforço do mercantilismo 167<br />
4.2. As Docas <strong>da</strong> Alfândega 175<br />
4.3. A organização <strong>da</strong> Companhia Docas <strong>da</strong> Alfândega 187<br />
4.4. A organização <strong>da</strong> Companhia Docas Dom Pedro II 193<br />
Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política 207<br />
5.1. Um certo olhar estrangeiro 209<br />
5.2. A Viagem a Europa, aos Estados Unidos e seu retorno ao Brasil 214<br />
5.3. O jornalismo como missão 229<br />
5.4. Uma geopolítica do interesse 234<br />
5.5. O financiamento <strong>da</strong> modernização 247<br />
Parte III<br />
Rebouças, reformista do Império 263<br />
Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 265<br />
6.1. Uma nova arquitetura social 265<br />
6.2. Entre a modernização agrícola e a centrali<strong>da</strong>de <strong>da</strong> questão agrária 270<br />
6.3. Abolição e Reforma Agrária: as associações do “progresso no Novo Mundo” 281<br />
Conclusão. Modernização e Reformismo na crise do Império 305<br />
Bibliografia 310
Introdução 10<br />
,QWURGXomR<br />
“Matemático e astrônomo, botânico e geólogo, industrial e moralista,<br />
higienista e filantropo, poeta e filósofo, Rebouças foi talvez dos<br />
homens nascidos no Brasil o único universal pelo espírito e pelo<br />
coração... Pelo espírito teremos tido alguns, pelo coração outros; mas<br />
somente ele foi capaz de refletir em si ao mesmo tempo a<br />
universali<strong>da</strong>de dos conhecimentos e a dos sentimentos humanos. Quem<br />
sabe se não foi a imagem que partiu o espelho!”<br />
(Joaquim Nabuco, Minha Formação)<br />
“Desde aquela época muito me liguei a <strong>André</strong> Rebouças. (...) Quantas<br />
vezes não ia eu, por esplêndi<strong>da</strong>s tardes de verão, à sua casa, à rua do<br />
Passeio, esquina <strong>da</strong>s Marrecas, tocar piano em um magnífico Playel<br />
de cau<strong>da</strong>! Ao lado, o venerado pai, relíquia dos agitados tempos <strong>da</strong><br />
Regência, Conselheiro Pereira Rebouças, já então cego, ouvia-me<br />
enlevado. (...) Estávamos sempre juntos; e embora na garrulice e<br />
futili<strong>da</strong>de de palestras mun<strong>da</strong>nas, não podia deixar de admirar sempre<br />
a exuberante copiosi<strong>da</strong>de e o incontestável valor dos seus<br />
conhecimentos em literatura, música e ain<strong>da</strong> mais em botânica,<br />
mineralogia, ciências físicas e naturais, a não falar em matemática...”<br />
(Visconde de Taunay, “<strong>André</strong> Rebouças”. In. Revista do Instituto<br />
Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro)<br />
“No Brasil, só há um homem para ca<strong>da</strong> pensamento, e morto ele,<br />
sepulta-se com ele a idéia e volta-se à vi<strong>da</strong> habitual dos gírios<br />
materiais, sem preocupação com o futuro <strong>da</strong> Pátria e <strong>da</strong><br />
Humani<strong>da</strong>de”<br />
(<strong>André</strong> Rebouças para José C. Rodrigues<br />
17 de fevereiro de 1891)
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1 Maria Alice Rezende de CARVALHO, O Quinto Século. <strong>André</strong> Rebouças e a Construção do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Iuperj / Revan,<br />
1998, p. 22.
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2 Idem, p. 70.<br />
3 Idem, p. 14.<br />
4 Idem, pp. 176 e ss.<br />
5 Idem, p. 15.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 13<br />
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7 Idem, p. 46.<br />
8 Idem, p. 28.<br />
9 Idem, p. 32.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 14<br />
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11 Idem, p. 250.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 15<br />
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12<br />
Marco Aurélio NOGUEIRA. As Desventuras do Liberalismo. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1984, p. 147.<br />
13<br />
Idem, p.158.<br />
14<br />
Joaquim NABUCO, Minha Formação..., p.251.<br />
15<br />
Marco Aurélio NOGUEIRA, As Desventuras..., p.156.<br />
16 Idem, p. 158.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 16<br />
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18 Idem, p. 111.<br />
19 Idem, p. 113.<br />
20 Joselice JUCÁ, <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: Reforma & Utopia no contexto do segundo império: quem possui a terra possui o Homem. Rio de<br />
Janeiro: Odebrecth, 2001, p. 119. (Grifos meus)
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22 Idem, p. 145.<br />
23 Maria Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 49.<br />
24 Idem, p. 54.<br />
25 Idem, p. 58.
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27 Idem, p. 53.<br />
28 Idem, p. 54.<br />
29 Idem, p. 58.
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30 Idem, p. 83. Tanto a discussão sobre o caráter <strong>da</strong> formação profissional e intelectual de Rebouças, como a relativa às transformações <strong>da</strong><br />
Escola Militar, serão trata<strong>da</strong>s adiante. Vide Capítulo I, item 1.4.<br />
31 Brito BROCA. <strong>André</strong> Rebouças no Exílio, Biblioteca do IHGB, n 0 catálogo L. 738.; José LOUZEIRO. <strong>André</strong> Rebouças. Rio de<br />
Janeiro. Ed. Tempo Brasileiro. 1968.; Elza P. OSBORNE. <strong>André</strong> Rebouças. Revista C.T. C. nº 29, setembro de 1946.; Sydney M. G.<br />
SANTOS. <strong>André</strong> Rebouças e seu tempo. Rio de Janeiro: Sindicato Nacional de Editores de Livros, 1985.<br />
32 Ignácio José VERÍSSIMO. <strong>André</strong> Rebouças através de sua auto-biografia. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria José Olympio, 1939.<br />
33 Ignácio José VERÍSSIMO e Ana Flora VERÍSSIMO (orgs.). Diário e Notas Autobiográficas de <strong>André</strong> Rebouças. Rj: Editora José
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34<br />
Carolina NABUCO. A Vi<strong>da</strong> de Joaquim Nabuco, Rio de Janeiro: Livraria José Olympio, 1979.<br />
35<br />
Ítala Gomes Vaz CARVALHO, Vi<strong>da</strong> de Carlos Gomes. Rio de Janeiro: A Noite, 1935. É preciso salientar a profun<strong>da</strong> e duradoura<br />
amizade entre Carlos Gomes e <strong>André</strong> Rebouças. Rebouças fora padrinho de batismo de Carlos <strong>André</strong> – o Carleto –; tivera uma ópera<br />
em sua homenagem – a ‘Salvator Rosa’, e diversas vezes intercedêra junto a ministros para garantir recursos financeiros ao maestro<br />
em seus anos de formação na Europa.<br />
36<br />
Getúlio <strong>da</strong>s NEVES. “<strong>André</strong> Rebouças” in. Revista <strong>da</strong> Escola Politécnica, Rio de Janeiro, 1898.<br />
37<br />
Maria Odila S. DIAS, <strong>André</strong> Rebouças. Diário. A Guerra do Paraguai (1866). São Paulo: Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros <strong>da</strong> USP,<br />
1973.<br />
38<br />
Ver para tanto: Getúlio <strong>da</strong>s NEVES, Op. Cit.; Elza P. OSBORNE, Op. Cit; Virgílio CORREIA FILHO. “<strong>André</strong> Rebouças”, in. Revista<br />
do Clube de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n o 40, 1938; José Nascimento BRITO. “História <strong>da</strong> Escola Nacional de <strong>Engenharia</strong>”, in. Revista do Clube<br />
de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, outubro de 1962 a março de 1966; Roberto RUIZ. <strong>André</strong> Rebouças, sua vi<strong>da</strong>, sua obra, seus ideais. Rio de Janeiro:<br />
Centro de Documentação e Publicações do Ministério dos Transportes (série Biografias de Engenheiros), 1973; Sydnei M. G.<br />
SANTOS. Op.Cit.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 21<br />
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39 Sydnei M. G. SANTOS, Op. Cit., p. 7.<br />
40 Idem, ibidem.
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41 Idem, p. 556.<br />
42 Richard GRAHAM. Grã Bretanha e o Início <strong>da</strong> Modernização do Brasil (1850-1914). Rio de Janeiro: Brasiliense, 1973., p. 42.<br />
43 Idem, p. 168. Para uma posição diferente em relação ao apoio de empresários ao abolicionismo, ver Robert CONRAD. Os últimos anos<br />
<strong>da</strong> escravatura no Brasil, Rio de Janeiro: <strong>Civil</strong>ização Brasileira, 1978, p. 178. Para o autor, haveria pouca razão para acreditar que<br />
os industriais e os capitalistas simpatizassem com o abolicionismo, pois, apesar destes poderem lucrar com o término <strong>da</strong> escravidão,<br />
não apoiaram sua derroca<strong>da</strong> como “grupo de interesses”. Além disto, a indústria se localizaria justamente nas regiões mais refratárias<br />
à abolição, como São Paulo, onde, inclusive, alianças entre fazendeiros e classe empresarial eram comuns.
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44 Idem, p. 169.<br />
45 Idem, p. 220.<br />
46 Idem, p. 226.<br />
47 Idem, p. 42.<br />
48 Idem, p. 214.<br />
49 Idem, p. 215.<br />
50 Idem, p. 214.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 24<br />
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51<br />
Maria Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p.120.<br />
52<br />
Idem, p. 160.<br />
53<br />
Idem, p. 121.<br />
54<br />
Joselice JUCÁ, Op. Cit., p. 25, e Leo SPITZER, “Assimilação, marginali<strong>da</strong>de e identi<strong>da</strong>de: os dois mundos de <strong>André</strong> Rebouças,<br />
Cornelius May e Stephan Zweig”, in Estudos Afro-Asiáticos, vol. 3. (Ver também Leo SPITZER. Lives in Between. Assimilation<br />
and Marginality in Austria, Brazil, West Africa 1780-1945. London: Cambridge University Press, 1989).<br />
55<br />
Joselice JUCÁ, Op. Cit., p.26.
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56<br />
Idem, p. 27.<br />
57<br />
Leo SPITZER, Op. Cit., p. 42.<br />
58<br />
Joselice JUCÁ, Op. Cit., p. 28. (Grifo meu).<br />
59<br />
Idem, p. 31.<br />
60<br />
Idem, pp. 32 e ss.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 26<br />
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61 Leo SPITZER, Op. Cit., p. 42.<br />
62 Idem, ibidem.<br />
63 Maria Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 161.<br />
64 Idem, pp. 165 e ss.<br />
65 Idem, ibidem.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 27<br />
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66 Idem, p. 162.<br />
67 Idem, p. 163.<br />
68 Idem, pp. 194 e ss. Segundo a autora, são poucas as referências ao pessimismo tocquevilliano, particularmente suas críticas à<br />
civilização do norte, nas obras de Sarmiento ou de Tavares Bastos. Deixavam de lado o diagnóstico <strong>da</strong>s duras condições que<br />
caracterizavam o desenvolvimento do capitalismo nos Estados Unidos.<br />
69 Idem, ibidem.<br />
70 O reforço <strong>da</strong>s fortalezas brasileiras não era inócuo, pois confirmava uma tendência de recrudescimento <strong>da</strong> política anti-escravagista
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 28<br />
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britânica, manifestando-se seja através de intensa pressão diplomática, seja através <strong>da</strong> força militar contra o comércio negreiro.<br />
71 Idem, pp. 96 e ss<br />
72 <strong>André</strong> Rebouças, Diário Pessoal, 19, 20 e 26 de abril; 11 de maio de 1870, dentre outras passagens. (Doravante, apenas Diário).<br />
73 Diário, 13 de julho de 1871.<br />
74 Maria Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 156.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 29<br />
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75 Idem, ibidem.<br />
76 Idem, p. 170. Os trechos de Rebouças estão no artigo “Republiquistas”, publicado no Ci<strong>da</strong>de do Rio, entre junho e julho de 1888. Por<br />
aquela época, como veremos, Rebouças já associava esta reforma à continui<strong>da</strong>de <strong>da</strong> monarquia. Entretanto, o núcleo fun<strong>da</strong>mental de<br />
suas idéias já estavam coloca<strong>da</strong>s desde meados de 1870, embora dispersamente anuncia<strong>da</strong>s.<br />
77 Idem, p. 143.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 30<br />
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79 Idem, p. 153.<br />
80 Idem, ibidem. As referências de Rebouças estão em Agricultura Nacional, Estudos Econômicos, ou seja, um texto <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> de 1870.<br />
81 Idem, p. 130.<br />
82 Idem, p. 204.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 31<br />
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84 <strong>André</strong> Rebouças para Augusto de Castilho, 31 de agosto de 1895.<br />
85 Richard GRAHAM, “Escravocratas, latifundiários e o fim do Império”, in. Escravidão, Reforma e Imperialismo, São Paulo: Editora<br />
Perspectiva, 1979, p. 183.
Introdução – <strong>André</strong> Rebouças: uma trajetória em várias versões 32<br />
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86 Idem, p. 191.<br />
87 Idem, p. 195.
Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 33<br />
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1 Cf. Florestan FERNANDES, A Revolução Burguesa no Brasil. Ensaio de interpretação sociológica. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1975. p.<br />
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2 Idem, ibiem.
Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 34<br />
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3 Cf. Raymundo FAORO, Os Donos do Poder, São Paulo: Globo, 1996.<br />
4 Ângela ALONSO, Idéias em Movimento: a geração 70 na crise do Brasil-Império, (Tese de doutoramento – FFLCH/USP), 2000, p.<br />
26. A autora faz referências às afirmações de Sérgio Buarque de Holan<strong>da</strong> sobre a “letra não escrita do regime” monárquico, que se<br />
expressava no funcionamento efetivo <strong>da</strong>s instituições, na lentidão <strong>da</strong>s discussões parlamentares, na hierarquia de posições.<br />
5 Cf. Lucien GOLDMANN. Dialética e Cultura. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1991.
Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 35<br />
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6 Lucien GOLDMANN. A Sociologia do Romance. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1976, p. 209.<br />
7 Cf. Wilma Peres COSTA, “Joaquim Nabuco, a Guerra do Paraguai e a Crise do Império”, in. Idéias, n. 6(2)/7(1),1999-2000, pp. 191-<br />
219.
Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 36<br />
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Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 37<br />
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Cf. Ângela ALONSO, Op. Cit.<br />
10<br />
Alexis de TOCQUEVILLE. O Antigo Regime e a Revolução. Brasília: Editora Universi<strong>da</strong>de de Brasília, 1979, p. 197, nota <strong>da</strong> pag.<br />
117.<br />
11<br />
Cf. Quentin SKINNER, As fun<strong>da</strong>ções do Pensamento Político Moderno. São Paulo: Companhia <strong>da</strong>s Letras, 1999.
Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 38<br />
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12 Idem, p. 11.<br />
13 Idem, ibidem.<br />
14 Ângela ALONSO, Op. Cit., p. 16.<br />
15 Quentin SKINNER, “Significado y comprensión en la historia de las ideas”. In. Prismas – Revista de Historia Intelectual. Quilmes.<br />
Universi<strong>da</strong>d Nacional de Quilmes, 2000., pp. 153 e ss.<br />
16 Idem, p. 159.
Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 39<br />
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17 Idem, p. 182, particularmente a nota 3.<br />
18 Idem, p. 188.
Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 40<br />
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19 Cf. Maria Alice Rezende de CARVALHO, O Quinto Século. <strong>André</strong> Rebouças e a Construção do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Iuperj /<br />
Revan, 1998.
Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 41<br />
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20 Idem, p. 124.<br />
21 Idem, ibidem.<br />
22 Cf. Marco Aurélio NOGUEIRA, As Desventuras do Liberalismo. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1984.<br />
23 Alonso ALONSO, Op. Cit., p. 239.<br />
24 Idem, ibidem.
Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 42<br />
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25 Idem, p. 60.<br />
26 Idem, p. 59.
Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 43<br />
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27 Caio PRADO JR. “Roteiro para a Historiografia do Segundo Reinado (1840-1889)”. in. Evolução Política do Brasil e outros Estudos.<br />
São Paulo Editora Brasiliense. 1961. p. 199.
Introdução - Considerações teóricas e metodológicas 44
Parte I – Anos de Formação 45<br />
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“Devo a meu pai jamais ter sofrido os vexames <strong>da</strong> disciplina dos<br />
chefes de partido, realmente grandes empresários de suborno, peita e<br />
concussão, e, algumas vezes, de assalto ao Tesouro Nacional… só<br />
entrou ele em política em 1822 para fazer a Independência na Bahia, e<br />
depois para salvar o Brasil dos revolucionários de 1830 até 1848; mas<br />
sempre livre e independente sem jamais sujeitar-se, no parlamento ou<br />
fora dele, a chefe algum. Sendo um dos primeiros advogados do Rio de<br />
Janeiro dedicou 3 filhos à <strong>Engenharia</strong>, intencionalmente para afastarnos<br />
<strong>da</strong>s tentações <strong>da</strong> política”.<br />
(<strong>André</strong> Rebouças para Augusto de Castilhos<br />
Barbetown, 12 de agosto de 1895)
Parte I – Anos de Formação 46
Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 47<br />
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Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 48<br />
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Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 49<br />
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2 Idem, p. 64.<br />
3 <strong>André</strong> Rebouças para José Carlos Rodrigues, 29 de outubro de 1891. Grifos do autor.<br />
4 <strong>André</strong> Rebouças partiu do Brasil a 16 de novembro de 1889, a bordo do paquete “Alagoas”, junto com a família imperial. Residira em<br />
Lisboa até abril de 1891, quando parte para a França, morando em Cannes até janeiro de 1892, e Marselha até março, quando<br />
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Funchal, Ilha <strong>da</strong> Madeira, de junho de 1893 até sua morte, em maio de 1898.<br />
5 <strong>André</strong> Rebouças para Alfredo Taunay, 1 o de março de 1896.
Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 50<br />
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11 Idem, p. 32.<br />
12 Idem, pp. 40 e ss.
Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 52<br />
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13<br />
Roberto SCHWARZ, “As Idéias for a do lugar”, in. Ao Vencedor as Batatas. São Paulo: Duas Ci<strong>da</strong>des, 1992, p. 19.<br />
14<br />
Idem, p. 16.<br />
15 o<br />
Elide Rugai BASTOS, “150 anos de um debate sobre reforma agrária”, in. Cadernos AEL – Conflitos no Campo, n. 7, 2 semestre de<br />
1997, p. 134.<br />
16<br />
Idem, p. 135. Artigos difamatórios em jornais, ressaltando suas origens humildes e sua condição étnica eram constantes, e sempre<br />
articulados à desqualificação intelectual: “Aquele tostado que vem a seu lado é o ridículo Cousin Fusco, filho do pardo Bazilio lá de<br />
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e indo fazer exame de geometria na Academia de Olin<strong>da</strong>, foi ali reprovado; o primo Xico Barão que sempre gostou, e teve muitas<br />
simpatias pela estupidez, o despachou para substituto do Liceu desta Ci<strong>da</strong>de na mesma facul<strong>da</strong>de, onde ele havia sido reprovado; é
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17 Diário, 9 de fevereio de 1871. Nesta mesma <strong>da</strong>ta, apresenta o “poema” a seguir. (grifos do autor).
Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 54<br />
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18 Leo SPITZER, “Assimilação, marginali<strong>da</strong>de e identi<strong>da</strong>de: os dois mundos de <strong>André</strong> Rebouças, Cornelius May e Stephan Zweig”, in.<br />
Estudos Afro-asiáticos, vol. 3, 1980, p. 37.
Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 55<br />
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19 Idem, p. 41.<br />
20 Idem, p. 42.<br />
21 Idem, p. 44.
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23 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Instrução Técnica”. In. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, vol. 256, de 28 de abril de 1891.<br />
24 <strong>André</strong> Rebouças para Augusto de Castilhos, 12 de agosto de 1895.<br />
25 <strong>André</strong> Rebouças para Alfredo Taunay, 18 de agosto de 1895.<br />
26 Maria Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 62.
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28 Idem, p. XC.
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José Paulo NETTO, “Lukács: tempo e modo” in. José P. NETTO (org), George Lukács. São Paulo: Editora Ática. Coleção Grandes<br />
Cientistas Sociais, s/d, p. 26.<br />
30<br />
Idem, p. 30.<br />
31<br />
Ver as diversas correspondências entre Rebouças e Joaquim Nabuco entre 1895 e 1897.<br />
32<br />
No momento em que escrevia este texto, veio a lume o belo texto de Keila GRINBERG, (O fiador dos brasileiros. Ci<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>nia,
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escravidão e direito civil no tempo de Antonio Pereira Rebouças. Rio de Janeiro: <strong>Civil</strong>ização Brasileira, 2002). Contudo, a leitura<br />
do livro não pôde ser incorpora<strong>da</strong> neste trabalho a tempo.<br />
33 O Decreto para advogar em todo o território nacional é o de n. 647, de 4 de setembro de 1847. Os cursos de direito de Recife e de São<br />
Paulo seriam criados somente a partir de 1827, portanto, seis anos após a formação autodi<strong>da</strong>ta de Antonio Rebouças.<br />
34 Maria Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit, pp. 65 e ss.<br />
35 Ignácio José VERÍSSIMO, Op. Cit., p.4.
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37 Leo SPITZER, Op. cit., p. 38.<br />
38 Maria Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 67, nota 135.<br />
39 Antonio Pereira REBOUÇAS, O Poder Moderador eficazmente defendido e a Monarquia Federativa combati<strong>da</strong> e profliga<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Discurso pronunciado na câmara dos Deputados na sessão do 1 o de setembro de 1832, sobre a discussão <strong>da</strong>s emen<strong>da</strong>s do senado ao<br />
projeto de reformas na Constituição do Império pelo deputado Antonio Pereira Rebouças”. Rio de Janeiro: Tipographia Universal de<br />
Laemmert, 1868., p. 13.<br />
40 Idem, p. 8/9.<br />
41 Idem, p. 13.
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42 Antonio Pereira REBOUÇAS, “Discurso de 30 de setembro de 1837, <strong>da</strong> suspensão de garantias nas províncias do Pará e do Rio Grande<br />
do Sul”. In. Recor<strong>da</strong>ções <strong>da</strong> Vi<strong>da</strong> Parlamentar do Advogado Antonio Pereira Rebouças. Moral, Jurisprudência, Política e<br />
Liber<strong>da</strong>de Constitucional. Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Universal de Laemmert, 1870., p. 41.<br />
43 Nos capítulos seguintes, mostraremos como estas idéias se desenvolvem nos textos de Rebouças, ganhando contudo matizes e<br />
tonali<strong>da</strong>des diversas conforme o momento e o lugar.
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45 Idem, p. 323.<br />
46 Idem, pp. 323 e ss.<br />
47 Idem, p. 321.<br />
48 Idem, p. 323.
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49 Idem, p. 80 e ss.<br />
50 Legislação do Brasil: Consoli<strong>da</strong>ção <strong>da</strong>s Leis Civis. RJ, Tip. Univ. Laemmert, 1857. apud, Décio SAES, A Formação do Estado<br />
Burguês no Brasil. RJ, Paz e Terra, 1985.<br />
51 Antonio P. REBOUÇAS, Recor<strong>da</strong>ções..., p. 28.
Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 66<br />
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52<br />
Provavelmente o projeto apresentado pelo Marquês de Barbacena no senado, em 1837, que em sua versão final revogava a lei de 7 de<br />
novembro de 1831.<br />
53<br />
Raymundo FAORO, Os Donos do Poder..., p. 359.<br />
54 Idem, p. 361.<br />
55 Idem, p. 360.<br />
56 Idem, p. 300.
Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 67<br />
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57 Idem, p. 327.<br />
58 Idem, p. 297.<br />
59 Antonio P. REBOUÇAS, Recor<strong>da</strong>ções..., p. 381.<br />
60 Idem, p. 241.
Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 68<br />
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61 Idem, p. 240.<br />
1.4. Primeiros estudos: entre a caserna e o palácio de cristal
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62 Além de Antonio Rebouças, <strong>André</strong> teria outros dois irmãos, José Pereira Rebouças e Ladisláu Rebouças, este último morto em 1861.<br />
Contudo, a maior afini<strong>da</strong>de, profissional e mesmo intelectual, entre <strong>André</strong> e Antonio, teria sido responsável pela ausência de<br />
referências sobre os outros dois irmãos.<br />
63 Ignácio José VERÍSSIMO, Op. Cit., p. 5.<br />
64 “Foi essa a primeira vez que meu nome foi iluminado pelo farol <strong>da</strong> Imprensa, em eloqüente elogio de Octaviano, entrelaçando os<br />
gloriosos trabalhos de meu pai na Independência com o esperançoso futuro de seus filhos <strong>André</strong> e Antonio. Depois, quase todos os<br />
dias, nos sete longos anos <strong>da</strong> Escola Militar, em lições e exames, [o Imperador] sempre animando: ‘- Trabalhem! Trabalhem! Sejam<br />
dignos de seu Pai!’”(<strong>André</strong> Rebouças para Alfredo Taunay, 1 o de dezembro de 1895).<br />
65 Motivo pelo qual, neste ítem, a voz de Rebouças sobre sua própria formação se restringirá aos poucos <strong>da</strong>dos fornecidos, e<br />
assinalaremos antes as possíveis influências sobre sua formação, justificando-as mais tarde ao procedermos com a análise de suas<br />
idéias. Isto vale sobretudo em relação ao curso de engenharia militar, onde inexistem menções sobre suas primeiras leituras.<br />
66 Ignácio José VERÍSSIMO, Op. Cit., p. 5.
Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 70<br />
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67 Diário, 17 de novembro de 1856.<br />
68 Diário, 16 de dezembro de 1858.<br />
69 Fun<strong>da</strong>mental para se entender esse processo é o texto de Sérgio Adorno. Para o autor, “o Estado brasileiro erigiu-se como um Estado<br />
de magistrados, dominado por juízes, secun<strong>da</strong>dos por parlamentares e funcionários de formação profissional jurídica. O bacharel<br />
acabou por constituir-se, portanto, em sua figura central porque mediadora entre interesses privados e interesses públicos, entre o<br />
estamento patrimonial e os grupos sociais locais. A criação de uma ver<strong>da</strong>deira intelligentzia profissional liberal, nasci<strong>da</strong> no bojo <strong>da</strong><br />
socie<strong>da</strong>de agrário-escravista, compreendi<strong>da</strong>, na sua grande maioria, de bacharéis, promoveu a ampliação dos quadros políticos e<br />
administrativos, sedimentou a soli<strong>da</strong>rie<strong>da</strong>de intra-elite de modo a rearticular as alianças entre os grupos sociais representantes do
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mundo rural e do mundo urbano e, sobretudo, possibilitou a separação entre poder doméstico e poder publico, fun<strong>da</strong>mental para a<br />
emergência de uma concepção de ci<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>nia”. Vide Sérgio ADORNO, Os Aprendizes do Poder. O Bacharelismo liberal na política<br />
brasileira. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1988, p. 78.<br />
70 Uma outra opção teria sido a Escola de Medicina <strong>da</strong> Bahia. Entretanto, não consta que <strong>André</strong> Rebouças tivesse vocação para a<br />
medicina, não obstante suas incursões no campo <strong>da</strong> higiene pública e saneamento. To<strong>da</strong>via, como veremos, estas incursões estavam<br />
atrela<strong>da</strong>s a uma base intelectual e científica diversa. Por outro lado, sua família, como ele mesmo, fixaram-se definitivamente no Rio<br />
de Janeiro, sendo vagas as possibili<strong>da</strong>des de retorno à sua terra natal.<br />
71 Christiano OTTONI, Memórias., apud Maria Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 82. Aliás, Christiano Ottoni teria uma trajetória<br />
bastante pareci<strong>da</strong> com Rebouças, tendo se formado em engenharia pela Escola Militar em 1837 e seguido carreira docente na Escola<br />
<strong>da</strong> Marinha até suas primeiras ativi<strong>da</strong>des como empreendedor e diretor de estra<strong>da</strong>s de ferro.<br />
72 Maria Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 71.
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74<br />
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75<br />
Walnice N. GALVÃO, “Euclides, elite modernizadora e enquadramento”. In. Euclides <strong>da</strong> Cunha. Coleção Grandes Cientistas Sociais.<br />
São Paulo: Ática, 1984, p. 10.<br />
76<br />
Maria Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit, p. 74.<br />
77<br />
Em 1874, a escola do Largo de São Francisco deixa de pertencer ao ministério do Exército, passando para a pasta do Império, já então<br />
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79 Samuel G. COSTA, Formação Democrática do Exército Brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército, 1957, p. 220, apud<br />
Raymundo FAORO, Os Donos do Poder..., p. 471.<br />
80 John SCHULZ, O Exército na Política. Origens <strong>da</strong> intervenção militar. 1850-1894. São Paulo: Edusp, 1994, p. 31.<br />
81 O Militar, 15 de abril de 1855, apud John SCHULZ, O Exército..., p. 40.<br />
82 Walnice N. GALVÃO, Op. Cit., p.14.
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84 Sob o Ministério Rio Branco criou-se uma Lei de Conscrição, que, contudo, não saiu do papel.<br />
85 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “O Militarismo despovoando o Brasil” in. Revista Novo Mundo, n. 53, vol. V, de 22 de fevereiro de 1875.
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87<br />
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88 o a<br />
Sérgio Buarque de HOLANDA, O Brasil Monárquico (Tomo II, 5 volume – Do Império à República). 5 edição. Rio de Janeiro:<br />
Bertrand Brasil, 1997, p. 308.<br />
89 Idem, ibidem.
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94<br />
Idem, ibidem.<br />
95<br />
Este seria o valor mencionado por Taunay enquanto alferes-aluno <strong>da</strong> Escola Militar, in. Alfredo D’Escragnolle TAUNAY, Memórias.<br />
São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1946, p.71.<br />
96<br />
Rebouças menciona o efeito <strong>da</strong> despesa sobre o orçamento familiar: “Quando, em dezembro de 1860, por malditos preconceitos de cor,<br />
negaram a mim e ao Antonio o prêmio de viagem à Europa, e até o concurso (ilegível) pelo Regulamento <strong>da</strong> Escola redigido pelo<br />
liberal ministro Jerônimo Francisco Coelho, disse meu pai: - ‘Minha Carolina! Venderei os meus livros, mas os meninos hão de<br />
terminar sua educação na Europa’. O santo pai foi viver modestamente na casinha de Santa Teresa, subindo e descendo a pé, dia e<br />
noite, sol e chuva, suas longas esca<strong>da</strong>s, quando nos sobejavam recursos para viajar por to<strong>da</strong> a França e pela Inglaterra, incluindo<br />
especial verba para presentear o Diretor <strong>da</strong> Escola de Pontes e Calça<strong>da</strong>s Avril com a comen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Rosa e para um sem número de<br />
lembranças, aos parentes e amigos <strong>da</strong> Bahia e do Rio de Janeiro!!”. (<strong>André</strong> Rebouças para Alfredo Taunay, 7 de abril de 1895).<br />
97<br />
Como afirma o próprio Rebouças no texto transcrito páginas acima, sua biografia e a de seu irmão praticamente se confundiam. As<br />
notas aparentemente sugerem que as visitas às docas, portos, pontes e fábricas, etc foram, portanto, feitas conjuntamente.
Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 79<br />
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98 Ignácio José VERÍSSIMO, Op. Cit., p. 9.<br />
99 Assim seriam as memórias Sobre os caminhos de ferro na França, dedica<strong>da</strong> a Christiano Ottoni, e Estudos sobre portos de mar,<br />
‘escrita em colaboração com o irmão Antonio Rebouças’, entregue ao ministro Sinimbu.<br />
100 Diário, 18 de janeiro de 1864. O fracasso de sua primeira experiência como engenheiro seria lembra<strong>da</strong> anos mais tarde, como vimos<br />
em páginas acima, ao mencionar a ridicularização de que fora vítima em artigos anônimos e difamatórios, eivados de preconceito<br />
racial.<br />
101 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Melhoramento do Porto do Rio de Janeiro – organização <strong>da</strong> Cia. <strong>da</strong>s Docas de D. Pedro II (nas ensea<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong><br />
Saúde e <strong>da</strong> Gambôa). Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Nacional, 1869.<br />
102 O Imperador Pedro II, talvez por recomen<strong>da</strong>ção do pai Antonio Rebouças, naquela ocasião, agraciara o diretor <strong>da</strong> Escola, Mr. Avril,<br />
com a comen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Rosa. Entretanto, a homenagem seria paga com os recursos do próprio Rebouças, que faria questão de guar<strong>da</strong>r a<br />
fatura de 260 frs. referente à compra <strong>da</strong> jóia. Nota de 26 de março de 1862.
Parte I – Capítulo I. Anos de Formação 80<br />
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104 Idem, p. 60.<br />
105 Idem, p. 61.
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2<br />
Diário, 24 de janeiro de 1863<br />
3<br />
Para além <strong>da</strong> tensão que envolvia a normali<strong>da</strong>de <strong>da</strong> relação anglo-brasileira, a inabili<strong>da</strong>de e prepotência do ministro inglês, Willian<br />
Douglas Christie, agravado por uma série de outros acontecimentos imprevistos (como o naufrágio e per<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> carga do Prince of<br />
Walles no litoral gaúcho sem a abertura de inquérito que dirimisse as dúvi<strong>da</strong>s sobre o evento, e a prisão e soltura de oficiais<br />
britânicos na corte sem a devi<strong>da</strong> abertura de processo formal), acentuaram o clima de animosi<strong>da</strong>de e denúncias mútuas que<br />
redun<strong>da</strong>ria na ruptura diplomática, só reata<strong>da</strong> durante a Guerra do Paraguai, mais precisamente no acampamento montado por conta<br />
do cerco de Uruguaiana, no Rio Grande do Sul, em setembro de 1865.<br />
4<br />
Paula BEIGUELMAN, “O Encaminhamento Político do Problema <strong>da</strong> Escravidão no Império” in. História Geral <strong>da</strong> <strong>Civil</strong>ização<br />
Brasileira, tomo II, vol. 3. São Paulo: Difel, 1967, pp. 195 e ss.<br />
5<br />
Wilma P. COSTA, A Espa<strong>da</strong> de Dâmocles. O Exército, a Guerra do Paraguai e a Crise do Império. São Paulo: Editora<br />
Hucitec/Editora <strong>da</strong> Unicamp, 1996, p. 33.<br />
6<br />
Paula BEIGUELMAN, Op. Cit.,p. 189.<br />
7<br />
Wilma P. COSTA, A Espa<strong>da</strong> de Dâmocles..., p. 35.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 85<br />
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<br />
8 Joaquim NABUCO, Um Estadista do Império. 5 a edição. Rio de Janeiro, Topbooks, 1997, p. 537. Segundo o autor, a reação esboça<strong>da</strong><br />
então pelo governo fora no sentido de reforçar as defesas marítimas do País: “A atenção volta-se para as defesas do país, mas<br />
somente para o estado <strong>da</strong>s nossas fortalezas, meros simulacros à entra<strong>da</strong> do Rio de Janeiro ou <strong>da</strong> Bahia, como provaram ser diante <strong>da</strong><br />
fragata Fort e, depois, do Wachusett. A política era mais forte que to<strong>da</strong>s as preocupações, envolvia, estragava, enferrujava to<strong>da</strong>s as<br />
molas do serviço público. Não era, entretanto, culpa de ninguém isola<strong>da</strong>mente, mas de todos”. Idem, p. 537.<br />
9 Em 11 de março, começa também a redigir seu diário regularmente, motivo pelo qual as referências sobre suas ativi<strong>da</strong>des a partir <strong>da</strong>qui<br />
trarão mais detalhes.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 86<br />
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10<br />
Diário, 24 de janeiro de 1863.<br />
11<br />
Diário, 16 de julho de 1863.<br />
12<br />
Diário, 10 de agosto de 1863.<br />
13<br />
Idem.<br />
14<br />
Mais do que um caso isolado, o evento revelaria um processo paulatino de mu<strong>da</strong>nças no cenário internacional, originando, segundo<br />
Rezende de Carvalho, uma “atmosfera tenciona<strong>da</strong> pelas alterações que se processavam nas relações manti<strong>da</strong>s por ingleses e norteamericanos<br />
com o Brasil, quando as suas investi<strong>da</strong>s mercantis passaram a ser acompanha<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> ostensiva presença de navios de<br />
guerra ao longo <strong>da</strong> costa brasileira” (Maria Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 88).
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 87<br />
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15<br />
Ver, por exemplo, seu discurso “O Futuro <strong>da</strong> Grande Lavoura”, no Congresso Agrícola do Rio de Janeiro em 1878, cujos argumentos<br />
são bastante próximos aos de Rebouças e outros membros <strong>da</strong> Socie<strong>da</strong>de Central de Imigração.<br />
16<br />
Diário, 13 de junho de 1863.<br />
17<br />
Sacramento BLAKE, Diccionário Bibliográphico Brasileiro, Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Nacional., 1883.<br />
18<br />
Diário, 25 de julho de 1863.<br />
19<br />
A missão seria concedi<strong>da</strong>, entretanto, a Antonio Rebouças, por indicação de <strong>André</strong>, uma vez que este último seguiria para as<br />
províncias do Norte, sob o ministério <strong>da</strong> Marinha.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 88<br />
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20 Diário, 15 de agosto de 1863.<br />
21 Diário. 3 de abril de 1864.<br />
22 Diário, 21 de abril de 1864.<br />
23 A pasta <strong>da</strong> Marinha era, no dizer de Sérgio Buarque de Holan<strong>da</strong>, a “pasta dos estreantes”, ti<strong>da</strong> em geral como “o primeiro degrau dos<br />
conselhos <strong>da</strong> Coroa”. In. Sério Buarque de HOLANDA, Op. Cit., p.13. Talvez o fato contribuia para entendermos a relativa<br />
licenciosi<strong>da</strong>de de seus ocupantes.<br />
24 Diário, 28 de abril de 1864. Grifo do autor.<br />
25 Era precisamente esta a definição de Rebouças para aquela série de atropelos e atrasos. Partiria para o norte com seus vencimentos<br />
fixados em 400$000. Mas a descrição <strong>da</strong> demora em receber o primeiro pagamento dão bem a idéia dos entraves burocráticos que<br />
teria de enfrentar: “Fui às 10 para a Secretaria <strong>da</strong> Marinha. Só às 11 ½ pude comunicar ao Ministro que a gratificação do mês de<br />
abril, a qual devia servir-me de aju<strong>da</strong> de custo só podia ser paga pelo Ministério <strong>da</strong> Fazen<strong>da</strong> e portanto não era possível recebê-la a<br />
tal hora. Respondeu que na ver<strong>da</strong>de não sabia de tal coisa... Enjoado de tanta demora resolvi partir, tomando meu Pai 400$000 ao<br />
Gomes. Já para a primeira comissão a Santa Catarina recebemos 500$000, tomados do mesmo modo para aju<strong>da</strong> de custo! Fui à<br />
Contadoria <strong>da</strong> Marinha pedir que me pagassem a guia; depois ao Tesouro selar a nomeação e a Pagadoria Militar receber a guia que<br />
se havia feito para o paquete passado. Levei à Companhia Brasileira o Aviso para me <strong>da</strong>r passagem. Voltei à contadoria; aí exigiram<br />
um Aviso do Ministro para declararem na Guia que meus vencimentos principiaram a 6 de abril. Fui ao Ministro que mandou <strong>da</strong>r o<br />
aviso. Foi só às 2 ½ que fiquei desembaraçado dessa respeitável teia oficial.” (Diário, 6 maio de 1864, grifos do autor).
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 89<br />
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26 Diário íntimo do Engenheiro Vauthier (1840-1846). Prefácio e notas de Gilberto Freyre. Rio de Janeiro: Serviço Gráfico do<br />
Ministério <strong>da</strong> Educação e Saúde, 1940, p. 21. Rezende de Carvalho também menciona a proximi<strong>da</strong>de entre as duas narrativas. (Maria<br />
Alice R. CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 100).<br />
27 Diário, 15 de maio de 1864.<br />
28 Diário, 23 de maio de 1864.<br />
29 Diário, 16 de maio de 1864.<br />
30 Diário, 4 de novembro de 1864.
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32 Diário, 25 de maio de 1864.<br />
33 Diário, 2 de outubro de 1864.<br />
34 Diário, 8 de dezembro de 1864. Grifos do autor.<br />
35 De acordo com as informações menciona<strong>da</strong>s em seu Diário, Rebouças teria tomado contato inicialmente com a obra de Joseph Garnier<br />
(Notes diverses sur l’Economie Politique) em agosto de 1866, e no decorrer do ano também com Stuart Mill (Economia Política).
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37 Idem, ibidem.
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38<br />
Idem, pp. 85 e ss.<br />
39<br />
Wilma P. COSTA, A Espa<strong>da</strong> de Dâmocles..., p. 129. Raymundo Faoro também observa com interesse o mecanismo, que denomina por<br />
“ostracismo institucionalmente regulado”, e seria capaz de impedir o desespero dos derrotados e mantê-los nas agremiações<br />
partidárias na expectativa de retorno aos gabinetes (Raymundo FAORO, A Pirâmide e o Trapézio, 3 a edição. São Paulo: Globo,<br />
1988, p. 75). As alavancas do mecanismo, entretanto, estavam nas mãos do Poder Moderador.<br />
40 o<br />
José Murilo de CARVALHO, A Construção <strong>da</strong> Ordem: A elite política imperial; Teatro de Sombras: a política imperial. 2 edição.<br />
Rio de Janeiro: Editora Iuperj / Relume-Dumará. 1996, pp. 144 e ss.<br />
41<br />
Idem, p.149.<br />
42<br />
Raymundo FAORO, Os donos do poder..., p. 733.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 93<br />
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43 Idem, p. 84.<br />
44 Idem, p. 89.<br />
45 Além <strong>da</strong>s análises de Raymundo Faoro e José Murilo de Carvalho, lembramos também as considerações de Fernando URICOECHEA,<br />
O Minotauro Imperial. Burocratização do EstadoPatrimonial Brasileiro no Século XIX, Rio de Janeiro: Difel, 1978. Através de<br />
uma orientação marxista, mas cujo débito com a análise weberiana pode ser apreciado pelas considerações de Nicos Poulantaz,<br />
Décio SAES também tece considerações fun<strong>da</strong>mentais sobre o caráter do Estado e <strong>da</strong> burocracia imperial (A Formação do Estado<br />
Burguês no Brasil (1888-1891), São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1985). To<strong>da</strong>via, seu interesse transcende a caracterização formal do Estado<br />
em direção à correspondência entre Estado e relações de produção. Voltaremos à questão quando discutirmos mais a fundo as<br />
conseqüências <strong>da</strong> escravidão.<br />
46 Segundo Wilma Peres COSTA, “a força arma<strong>da</strong> profissional, instrumento fun<strong>da</strong>mental desse monopólio, torna-se elemento<br />
constitutivo <strong>da</strong> própria definição de Estado” (Wilma P. COSTA, A Espa<strong>da</strong> de Dâmocles..., p. 27).
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 94<br />
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47<br />
Victor IZECKSOHN, O Cerne <strong>da</strong> Discórdia – A Guerra do Paraguai e o núcleo profissional do exército brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro:<br />
Biblioteca do Exército Editora, 1997, p. 25.<br />
48<br />
Acampado em Passo <strong>da</strong> Pátria, Rebouças retorna enfermo para Corrientes entre os dias 5 e 26 de maio, não participa pessoalmente,<br />
portanto, <strong>da</strong> maior batalha campal <strong>da</strong> Guerra, a “Batalha de Tuiuti”, que culminou numa vitória alia<strong>da</strong>. Apesar de doente, Rebouças<br />
continua a registrar os acontecimentos e anotar os comentários sobre o an<strong>da</strong>mento <strong>da</strong>s operações. O caderno no qual estão assenta<strong>da</strong>s<br />
as notas <strong>da</strong> Guerra do período de março a junho de 1866 foi publicado integralmente por Maria Odila Silva DIAS (<strong>André</strong> Rebouças.<br />
Diário. A Guerra do Paraguai (1866). São Paulo: Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros <strong>da</strong> USP, 1973), permanecendo inédito até então.<br />
Tal material apresenta em riqueza de detalhes notas sobre a movimentação <strong>da</strong> tropa alia<strong>da</strong> sedia<strong>da</strong> entre a província de Corrientes e a<br />
bifurcação dos rios Paraguai e Paraná, bem como transcreve o Diário Oficial <strong>da</strong> expedição acima.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 95<br />
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49<br />
Diário, 9 de janeiro de 1865<br />
50<br />
Diário, 17 de março de 1865.<br />
51<br />
Segundo Joaquim Nabuco, o exército de Concórdia era a “base <strong>da</strong> defesa <strong>da</strong> Aliança”. (in. Um Estadista do Império. Op. Cit., p. 532.)<br />
52<br />
Diário, 29 de maio de 1865.<br />
53<br />
Diário, 16 e 17 de maio de 1865, respectivamente.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 96<br />
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54 Diário, 1 de junho de 1865.<br />
55 Francisco José Furtado, presidente do Conselho do Gabinete de agosto de 1864 a maio de 1865. Quando Rebouças escreve esta nota,<br />
to<strong>da</strong>via, o gabinete era chefiado pelo marquês de Olin<strong>da</strong>.<br />
56 Diário, 2 de junho de 1865.<br />
57 Diário, 29 de maio de 1865.<br />
58 Diário, 3 de junho de 1865.<br />
59 Diário, 4 de junho de 1865.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 97<br />
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60 Maria Odila S.DIAS, Op. Cit., p.25, nota 7.<br />
61 Diário, 4 de setembro de 1865.<br />
62 Diário, 6 de junho de 1865.<br />
63 Diário, 15 de junho de 1865.<br />
64 Diário, 16 de junho de 1865.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 98<br />
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66 Diário, 15 de agosto de 1865.<br />
67 Diário, 7 de setembro de 1865.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 99<br />
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68 Victor IZECKSOHN, Op. Cit., p.153.<br />
69 Wilma P. COSTA, A Espa<strong>da</strong> de Dâmocles..., pp. 215 e ss.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 100<br />
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70 REBOUÇAS, A. DP, 8 de setembro de 1865.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 101<br />
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71 Diário, 18 e 19 de setembro de 1865.<br />
72 Discurso de Ângelo Ferraz na Câmara. 13 de abril de 1866. Apud Joaquim NABUCO, Um Estadista do Umpério..., p. 574.
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73 <strong>André</strong> Rebouças para Alfredo Taunay, 14 de julho de 1893.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 103<br />
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74 Joaquim NABUCO,Um Estadista..., p. 561.<br />
75 Wilma P. COSTA, A Espa<strong>da</strong> de Dâmocles..., p.174.<br />
76 Idem, p.183.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 104<br />
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77 Idem, p.185.<br />
78 Idem, p.182.<br />
79 Ricardo SALLES, Guerra do Paraguai: Escravidão e Ci<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>nia na formação do exército, Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra,1990, p. 8.<br />
80 Idem, p. 10.<br />
81 Idem, ibidem.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 105<br />
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82 Wilma P. COSTA, A Espa<strong>da</strong> de Dâmocles..., p.144.<br />
83 Sérgio B. HOLANDA, Op. Cit., p. 315.<br />
84<br />
Idem, p. 323.<br />
85<br />
José M. CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 172.<br />
86<br />
Idem, p. 174.<br />
87<br />
Idem, p. 177.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 106<br />
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88<br />
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89<br />
Idem, p. 474.<br />
90<br />
Idem, ibidem.<br />
91<br />
Idem, p. 475.<br />
92<br />
Wilma P. COSTA, A Espa<strong>da</strong> de Damocles..., passim.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 107<br />
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93 Idem, p. 35.<br />
94 Idem, p. 34.<br />
95 Idem, ibidem.<br />
96 Idem, p. 36.<br />
97 Segundo Hermes Lima, ela representaria “‘um dos pontos de apoio <strong>da</strong> organização servil do trabalho. Em país de extensão do nosso,<br />
seu desenvolvimento estaria necessariamente fa<strong>da</strong>do a verificar-se de modo irregular (...). A autonomia <strong>da</strong>s províncias poderia, por<br />
isso mesmo, proporcionar a abertura de brechas parciais na muralha <strong>da</strong> escravidão que, para subsistir, teria, portanto, que defender-se<br />
como um todo (...).’”. Hermes LIMA, “Prefácio”, in Rui BARBOSA, A Que<strong>da</strong> do Império, in. Obras Completas de Rui Barbosa.<br />
Rio de Janeiro: Ministério <strong>da</strong> Educação e Saúde, 1947, tomo I, vol. XVI, p. XIV e XV, apud Wilma P. COSTA, A Espa<strong>da</strong> de
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 108<br />
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99 Idem, p. 60.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 109<br />
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100<br />
O recrutamento de escravos para a Guerra do Paraguai, a partir de 1867, será a exceção. Mesmo assim, sua inscrição automaticamente<br />
anula seu vínculo formal com o cativeiro.<br />
101<br />
O principal temor do Império era a unificação dos territórios pertencentes ao antigo Vice-Reino do Rio <strong>da</strong> Prata e pela sempre<br />
ameaçadora hegemonia <strong>da</strong> Argentina. Os conflitos entre as divisões políticas argentinas, entre federalistas e unitaristas, e do Uruguai,<br />
entre blancos e colorados, interessavam diretamente ao Império, pois a contestação de suas fronteiras meridionais ou a atração de<br />
simpatias riograndenses estavam liga<strong>da</strong>s ao desdobramento incerto <strong>da</strong>queles conflitos. (Idem, p. 144).<br />
102<br />
Idem, p. 147.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 110<br />
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103<br />
Idem, p. 48.<br />
104<br />
Idem, ibidem.<br />
105<br />
Idem, p. 81.<br />
106<br />
Diário, 4 de setembro de 1865.<br />
107<br />
“Quando se compreenderá que a guerra e os exércitos são os mais terríveis inimigos <strong>da</strong> felici<strong>da</strong>de dos povos; que sua ver<strong>da</strong>deira<br />
grandeza e prosperi<strong>da</strong>de só podem provir de sua agricultura, de sua indústria e de seu comércio?!” (Diário, 18 de junho de 1865)<br />
108<br />
“O Brasil e a Argentina devem doar to<strong>da</strong> a terra litigiosa ao barão Hirsch para colocar nela imigrantes hebreus.<br />
Para que a Argentina quer terras?<br />
Para <strong>da</strong>r a Imigrantes.<br />
Para que o Brasil quer terras?<br />
Para <strong>da</strong>r a imigrantes.<br />
Logo é insensato estar a lutar. Comecemos pelo fim e poupemos to<strong>da</strong>s as despesas de Paz arma<strong>da</strong>, e, depois, de imigração. Os milionários<br />
hebreus vão fazer este serviço por nós; ficaremos livres de compromissos e de despesas. É uma doação de 600 léguas quadra<strong>da</strong>s ou<br />
de 25.136 quilômetros quadrados. Povoados, como a Bélgica, a 200 habitantes pro quilômetro quadrado, nutrirão 5.227.200 hebreus.<br />
É exatamente o que necessitam os infelizes, vitimas do fanatismo teocrático ortodoxo grego, que está repetindo no fim do século<br />
XIX os crimes dos inquisidores do tempo <strong>da</strong> descoberta <strong>da</strong> América; (...). É esta uma solução de Paz perpetua; por neutralização<br />
absoluta do território litigioso; criando na Mesopotâmia entre o Paraná e o Uruguai, um novo Éden, superior ao de Moises, situado<br />
entre o Tigre e o Eufrates...Evitando to<strong>da</strong> e qualquer tendência belicosa, porque os hebreus não tem exército, nem arma<strong>da</strong>, nem
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 111<br />
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cônsules parasitas, nem diplomatas intrigantes” (<strong>André</strong> Rebouças para Joaquim Nabuco, 10 de junho de 1891)<br />
109 Diário, 7 de outubro de 1863.
Parte I – Capítulo II. O Engenheiro no ‘front’: a burocracia e o exército imperiais 112<br />
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111 Diário, 14 de outubro de 1864.<br />
112 Diário, 21 de dezembro de 1864.
Parte II – O Modernizador Rebouças 113<br />
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em comprar sementes<br />
(<strong>André</strong> Rebouças –<br />
extrato do Diário de 7 de setembro de 1865)
Parte II – O Modernizador Rebouças 114
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 115<br />
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1 Diário, 12 de novembro de 1871.<br />
2 Diário, 9 de agoso de 1872.<br />
3 Diário, 28 de setembro de 1868.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 116<br />
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9 Antonio CANDIDO. Um funcionário <strong>da</strong> Monarquia: ensaio sobre o segundo escalão. Rio de Janeiro: Ouro sobre Azul, 2002.<br />
10 Idem, p. 183.
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12 Idem, p. 71.<br />
13 Idem, p. 51.<br />
14 Idem, p. 91.<br />
15 Tolentino, segundo Antonio Candido, tinha uma atitude realista quanto a pereni<strong>da</strong>de dos “abusos e a impossibili<strong>da</strong>de de acabar com o<br />
contrabando [na Alfândega <strong>da</strong> corte], inclusive devido às nomeações de funcionários pelo escan<strong>da</strong>loso critério do apadrinhamento,<br />
gerando uma docili<strong>da</strong>de aos interesses políticos e econômicos que corroía a probi<strong>da</strong>de administrativa. Sob este aspecto, os relatórios<br />
de Tolentino são um documento lúcido sobre o patronato”, tendo servido inclusive de fonte para Sérgio Buarque de Holan<strong>da</strong> em seus<br />
estudos sobre o Império. (Idem, p. 121).<br />
16 Idem, p. 131.<br />
17 Idem, p. 183.
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18 José Murilo de CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 114.<br />
19 Raymundo FAORO. Machado de Assis: o Triângulo e o Trapézio. São Paulo: Editora Globo. 3º edição.1988. p. 17.<br />
20 Idem, p. 25.<br />
21 Idem, p. 40.<br />
22 Idem, p. 192.
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23<br />
Idem, p. 145.<br />
24<br />
Idem, p. 29.<br />
25<br />
Richard GRAHAM, Clientelismo e Política no Brasil do século XIX. Rio de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ, 1997. p. 323.<br />
26<br />
Idem, p. 42.<br />
27<br />
Idem, p. 53. Não foi coincidência o fato dos “poemas” dedicados a Rebouças, eivados de racismo, terem sido publicados na imprensa<br />
no momento em que este estava à frente de uma importante comissão de obras públicas, como mostrarei adiante.
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28 Idem, p. 313.<br />
29 Idem, ibidem.<br />
30 Maria Alice Rezende de CARVALHO. O Quinto século: <strong>André</strong> Rebouças e a construção do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Iuperj / Revan,<br />
1998.<br />
31 Idem, p. 120.
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32 Idem, ibidem.<br />
33 Idem, p. 121.<br />
34 Não acredito que tal ideológica profissional pudesse ser outra. Afinal, como pretendo argumentar ao longo do texto, a idéia de “missão<br />
civilizatória”, particularmente encarna<strong>da</strong> na <strong>Engenharia</strong>, tinha a ver com a própria construção do Estado no Brasil. Nesse sentido, o<br />
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“anglo-saxão”, simplesmente não tinha lugar na esfera econômica que permitisse sua disseminação. Além disso, também Rebouças<br />
admitia esta concepção civilizatória <strong>da</strong> engenharia, como veremos.
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36 Diário, 26 de julho de 1866.
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39 Diário, respectivamente 12, 15 e 16 de setembro de 1866.<br />
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42<br />
Almir Chaiban EL-KAREH, Filha branca de mãe preta: a Companhia <strong>da</strong> Estra<strong>da</strong> de Ferro D. Pedro II – 1855-1865. Rio de Janeiro:<br />
Vozes, 1982, p. 72.<br />
43<br />
Edmundo Campos COELHO, Profissões Imperiais. Medicina, <strong>Engenharia</strong> e Advocacia no Rio de Janeiro, 1822-1930. Rio de<br />
Janeiro: Editora Record, 1999. pp. 198-200.<br />
44<br />
Segundo Almir Chaiban EL-KAREH, a própria Estra<strong>da</strong> de Ferro D. Pedro II teve seu destino ligado aos “interesses <strong>da</strong> classe dos<br />
fazendeiros escravistas, do Vale do Paraíba como um todo”(Almir Chaiban EL-KAREH, Op. Cit., p. 119). Penso, entretanto, que o<br />
mero interesse destes fazendeiros fluminenses não teria sido capaz de imprimir o ritmo <strong>da</strong> modernização, sobretudo o <strong>da</strong> construção<br />
<strong>da</strong> infra-estrutura do escoamento agrícola (ferroviária e portuária), se não fosse o aparato estatal e a rede financeira monta<strong>da</strong> na<br />
capital do Império. Esta rede estava assenta<strong>da</strong> na associação entre a burocracia imperial, com fortes traços estamentais, e o sistema
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 128<br />
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financeiro e creditício caracterizado pelo capital mercantil em conjunto com o capital inglês.<br />
45 A 1 a cadeira do 6 o ano de <strong>Engenharia</strong> compreendia as seguintes matérias: Estudo suplementar de Hidrodinâmica Aplica<strong>da</strong> e de<br />
Caminhos de Ferro, Descrição e estabelecimento dos Motores, Máquinas Hidráulicas, Melhoramentos dos Rios, Detalhes<br />
concernentes à Segurança e Conservação de Portos, Desobstrução de Barras e Ancoradouros. Ver Silva TELLES, História <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>Engenharia</strong> no Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Club de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, 1994, p. 110.<br />
46 Diário, 11 de agosto de 1866. Escreve Rebouças por ocasião <strong>da</strong> reunião <strong>da</strong> Congregação que denegou seu pedido de inscrição fora do<br />
prazo: “(...) recebi um bilhete do meu amigo Dr. Sal<strong>da</strong>nha que necessitava falar-me quanto antes. Contou-me que a Congregação <strong>da</strong><br />
Escola Central tinha julgado eu eu não devia ser mais admitido à inscrição; que só votara a meu favor o Dr. Galvão; que interpelando<br />
o Dr. Capanema pelo voto que acabava de <strong>da</strong>r dissera ‘que se votasse de consciência o seu voto seria pelo <strong>André</strong> Rebouças’, que o<br />
Dr. Borja Castro esperara ansioso a decisão, falando mal do Ministro <strong>da</strong> Guerra Ferraz, que supõe meu protetor!!!”.<br />
47 Discurso de Ângelo Ferraz em 13 de abril de 1866, apud, Joaquim NABUCO, Um Estadista do Império, Op. Cit., p. 564, nota 13,<br />
reproduzido em parte neste trabalho, vide Capítulo II, item 2.2.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 129<br />
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48 Diário, 20 de agosto de 1866.<br />
49 Diário, 27 de julho de 1866. Rebouças reproduziu em seu Diário o ofício de requerimento: “Senhor – Diz <strong>André</strong> Pinto Rebouças, 1 o<br />
Tenente do Corpo de Engenheiros, que por se achar em comissão no 1 o Corpo do Exército, não lhe foi possível inscrever-se para o<br />
Concurso de Lente <strong>da</strong> 1 a Cadeira do 6 o ano <strong>da</strong> Escola Central, e que pretende ser admitido às provas desse Concurso, <strong>da</strong>s quais a<br />
última – apresentação e defesa de tese – deve ter lugar no próximo mês de Setembro. O suplicante está pronto a sujeitar-se a to<strong>da</strong>s as<br />
provas exigi<strong>da</strong>s para o Concurso e apresentar Tese no mesmo prazo que o candi<strong>da</strong>to único que se inscreveu neste Concurso; assim<br />
requer e mui respeitosamente – P. a Vossa Majestade Imperial se digne ter em consideração e deferir-lhe como for servido. E. R.<br />
mcê. Rio de Janeiro, 27 – julho – 1866”.<br />
50 Diário, 27 de julho de 1866.<br />
51 Inácio <strong>da</strong> Cunha Galvão assumiu interinamente a direção <strong>da</strong> Escola Central quando esta foi desliga<strong>da</strong> do Ministério <strong>da</strong> Guerra e passou<br />
para o Ministério <strong>da</strong> Agricultura e Obras Públicas em 1874, sob o nome de Escola Politécnica.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 130<br />
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52 Diário, 11 de janeiro de 1867.<br />
53 Diário, 25 de janeiro de 1867.<br />
54 Diário, 9 de março de 1867.<br />
55 Diário, 6 de dezembro de 1867.<br />
56 Diário, 18 de julho de 1868.<br />
57 Diário, 4 de abril de 1868.<br />
58 Diário, 22 de abril de 1868.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 131<br />
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59 Diário, 7 de maio de 1868.<br />
60 Diário, 1 o de junho de 1868.<br />
61 Diário, 12 de agosto de 1866.<br />
62 Diário, 21 de agosto de 1866.<br />
63 Diário, 24 de julho de 1868.
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64 Diário, 14 de janeiro de 1867.<br />
65 Sobre a ópera de Carlos Gomes, Salvator Rosa, e a participação de Rebouças na escolha do libreto, vide Capítulo V, item 5.1.<br />
66 Paul Scudo era autor de livros como L' année musicale ou Revue annuelle des théâtres lyriques et des concerts, des publications<br />
littéraires relatives à la musique et des événements remarquables appartenant à l'histoire de l'art musical (Paris, Hachette, 1860);<br />
Critique et littérature musicales (Paris, Hachette, 1859); L'art ancien et l'art moderne : nouveaux mélanges de critique et de<br />
littérature musicales (Paris, Garnier Frères, 1854).<br />
67 Diário, 14 de janeiro de 1867.
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69 Diário, 31 de maio de 1867.<br />
70 Diário, 3 de junho de 1867.<br />
71 Diário, 20 de julho de 1868.<br />
72 Heitor LYRA, História de Dom Pedro II. (Vol II).Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia, 1977, p. 34.
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73 A Forges et Chantiers de la Mediterranée era um importante estaleiro de Marselha, criado em 1856 e dissolvido em 1969.<br />
74 O baiano Napoleão João Baptista Level (1828-1914) era filho de pais franceses, sendo que seu pai viera ao Brasil com a Missão<br />
Artística de 1816. Em 1852 tornou-se o primeiro engenheiro naval brasileiro.<br />
75 Diário, 20 de março de 1868.<br />
76 Diário, 22 de dezembro de 1868. É curioso que o General e sua esposa fossem visitar Rebouças, depois do incidente diplomático de<br />
1863, no litoral de Santa Catarina, quando Rebouças fora designado para vistoriar as fortalezas do Império. Vide Capítulo II, item<br />
2.1.<br />
77 Diário, 11 de janeiro de 1869. De acordo com as observações de Ema Elisabete CAMILLO, eram comuns representantes do Governo<br />
Norte-americano, no Brasil como em outros países, serem também homens de negócios. O caso do engenheiro-mecânico norteamericano<br />
Lidgerwood não era, portanto, exceção. Além de ficar famoso com sua máquina de beneficiamento de café, Lidgerwood<br />
foi o primeiro representante <strong>da</strong>s máquinas de costura Singer no Brasil desde a déca<strong>da</strong> de 1850. (Ema Elisabete R. CAMILLO,<br />
Modernização Agrícola e Máquinas de Beneficiamento: um estudo <strong>da</strong> Lidgerwood MFG Co. Ltd., déca<strong>da</strong> de 1850 a 1890.<br />
Dissertação de mestrado em Economia, Instituto de Economia, Unicamp, 2003, passim).<br />
78 Um instantâneo <strong>da</strong>s relações teci<strong>da</strong>s por <strong>André</strong> Rebouças pode ser aferido pelo baile em comemoração ao aniversário de seu pai,<br />
Antonio Pereira Rebouças, em 9 de agosto de 1868, ocasião na qual a família concedeu liber<strong>da</strong>de à “cria Guilhermina, filha de<br />
Damiana, liberta também em testamento por sua mãe”. Compareceram ao baile cerca de cinqüenta pessoas, dentre elas os irmãos<br />
João e José Sal<strong>da</strong>nha <strong>da</strong> Gama, os negociantes Gonçalves e Herculano Luíz de Lima, Dr. José Pereira Rego, secretário geral <strong>da</strong><br />
SAIN, Dr. Benjamin Franklin Ramis Galvão, Pedro Leitão <strong>da</strong> Cunha, ex-presidente <strong>da</strong> província de Santa Catarina, Willian Van<br />
Meck Lidgerwood, seu colega na SAIN, major Luiz Henrique de Oliveira Ewbanck, etc. (Diário, 9 de agosto de 1868).
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79 Diário, 29 de setembro de 1886. Infelizmente, não consegui obter, junto ao seu Diário, qualquer indicação sobre tais correspondentes.
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81 José Maria <strong>da</strong> Silva Paranhos, (Visconde do RIO BRANCO). Cartas ao Amigo Ausente. Rio de Janeiro: Ministério <strong>da</strong>s Relações<br />
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82 Almir Chaiban EL-KAREH, Op. Cit., p. 99.<br />
83 Sobre a controvérsia em torno do exercício profissional, ver Edmundo Campos COELHO, Op. Cit., pp. 194 e ss.
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85 Sobre as diversas Socie<strong>da</strong>des Científicas durante o Império e Primeira República, vide Maria Amélia M. DANTES (org.) Espaços <strong>da</strong><br />
Ciência no Brasil (1800-1930). Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz, 2001.<br />
86 Wilma Peres COSTA, “Viagens e peregrinações: a trajetória dos intelectuais de dois mundos”, in. Elide Rugai BASTOS, Marcelo<br />
RIDENTI e Denis ROLLAND. Intelectuais: socie<strong>da</strong>de e política, brasil-frança. São Paulo: Cortez Editora, 2003. p. 79.
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89 Idem, p. 75.<br />
90 Idem, p. 81.<br />
91 Sobre a atuação de <strong>André</strong> Rebouças junto à Revista Novo Mundo, vide Capítulo V, itens 5.3 a 5.5. Sobre suas iniciativas junto à<br />
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93 Diário, 2 de abril de 1868.<br />
94 Diário, 4 de setembro de 1866.
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97 Idem, p. 113.<br />
98 João Cruz COSTA, “O Pensamento Brasileiro sob o Império”, in. O Brasil Monárquico (Tomo II, 3 o volume – Reações e Transações).<br />
5 a edição. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, p. 337.<br />
99 Luiz Octávio FERREIRA. Op Cit..., p. 121.<br />
100 Antonio de PAULA FREITAS,”Discurso...”, p. 25, apud. Luiz Octávio FERREIRA, Op. Cit., p.121.
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102 Maria Bárbara LEVY, A Indústria do Rio de Janeiro através de suas socie<strong>da</strong>des anônimas – esboços de história empresarial, Rio de<br />
Janeiro: Editora UFRJ / Secretaria Municipal de Cultura do Rio de Janeiro, 1994, p. 79.<br />
103 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. Agricultura Nacional, p. 345/6.<br />
104 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. Garantia de Juros, p. 59. Grifos meus.
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105 Diário, 26 de dezembro de 1866.<br />
106 Diário, 18 de fevereiro de 1867.<br />
107 Diário, 1 o de março de 1867.<br />
108 Diário, 19 de março de 1867.
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109 Revista do Instituto Politécnico, Tomo I, Julho de 1867, n. 1, (Atas <strong>da</strong>s sessões dos 1 o e 2 o trimestres de 1867).<br />
110 Idem, Tomo I, janeiro de 1868, n.2, (Atas <strong>da</strong>s sessões dos 3 o e 4 o trimestres de 1867).<br />
111 Diário, 2 de setembro de 1867.<br />
112 Diário, 3 de dezembro de 1867.<br />
113 Diário, 21 de janeiro de 1868.
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114 Revista do Instituto Politécnico Brasileiro, Tomo I, Janeiro de 1868, n. 2 (Atas <strong>da</strong>s sessões do 3 o e 4 o trimestres de 1867). “Ofício de<br />
Eusébio José Antunes”, sessão de 27 de agosto de 1867.<br />
115 Diário, 20 de março de 1868.<br />
116 Sobre a viagem de Rebouças à Europa e aos Estados Unidos, vide Capítulo V, item 5.2.<br />
117 O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n. 8, agosto de 1876.<br />
118 O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n. 5, maio de 1875.
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119 Sobre a participação <strong>da</strong> empresa de Lidgerwood no processo de modernização agrícola no Brasil, na segun<strong>da</strong> metade do século XIX,<br />
ver Ema Elisabete Rodrigues CAMILLO, Modernização Agrícola e Máquinas de Beneficiamento: um estudo <strong>da</strong> Lidgerwood MFG<br />
Co. Ltd., déca<strong>da</strong> de 1850 a 1890. Dissertação de mestrado em Economia, Instituto de Economia, Unicamp, 2003.<br />
120 Diário, 7 de março de 1868.
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121 Diário, 7 de maio de 1868.<br />
122 Diário, 15 de junho de 1868.<br />
123 O próprio termo “indústria” tinha um sentido múltiplo no Século XIX, <strong>da</strong>do pelo vocábulo <strong>da</strong> época, abrangendo ora o trabalho<br />
produtivo, ora os principais setores <strong>da</strong> ativi<strong>da</strong>de econômica, como agricultura, comércio, manufatura. Vide o verbete “Indústria”, in<br />
Ronaldo VAINFAS, Dicionário do Brasil Imperial, Rio de Janeiro: Objectiva, 2002, pp.372-376.<br />
124 <strong>André</strong> Luiz Alípio de ANDRADE, Variações sobre um tema: a Socie<strong>da</strong>de Auxiliadora <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional e o debate sobre o fim<br />
do tráfico de escravos (1845-1850). Dissertação de Mestrado – Instituto de Economia / Unicamp, 2002., p. 5.<br />
125 Em 1874, Rebouças apresentou um projeto de reforma “mol<strong>da</strong>do pela legislação em vigor nos Estados Unidos, que sem dúvi<strong>da</strong> é a<br />
legislação mais bem feita” naquele sentido. (O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n. 5, maio de 1874. Há também um registro sobre<br />
isso no Diário de 26 de fevereiro de 1874).<br />
126 <strong>André</strong> Luiz A. de ANDRADE, Op. Cit., p. 64.<br />
127 Heloísa Maria B. DOMINGUES, “A Socie<strong>da</strong>de Auxiliadora <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional e as Ciências Naturais no Brasil Império”, in. Maria
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Amélia M. DANTES (org.) Espaços <strong>da</strong> Ciência no Brasil (1800-1930). Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz, 2001, p. 97.<br />
128<br />
<strong>André</strong> Luiz A. de ANDRADE, Op. Cit., pp. 34 e ss.<br />
129<br />
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130<br />
Eram elas: Agricultura; Indústria Fabril; Máquinas e Aparelhos; Artes Liberais e Mecânicas; Comércio e Meios de Transporte;<br />
Química Industrial e Geologia Aplica<strong>da</strong>; Zoologia; Estatística e Estatística Industrial; Re<strong>da</strong>ção e Finanças.
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outubro de 1867. O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n. 11, novembro de 1867. Grifos meus.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 150<br />
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132 Idem, ibidem.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 151<br />
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133 Idem, p. 8.<br />
134 Diário, 13 de março de 1870.<br />
135 Diário, 3 de junho de 1870.<br />
136 Diário, 16 de maio de 1870.<br />
137 Diário, 11 de abril de 1870.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 152<br />
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138 Diário, 6 de agosto de 1870. O Edital em questão é <strong>da</strong>tado de 1 o de agosto.<br />
139 Diário, 3 e 4 de agosto de 1870.<br />
140 Diário, 3 de agosto de 1870.<br />
141 Diário, 26 de setembro de 1870.<br />
142 Diário, 4 de agosto de 1870.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 153<br />
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143 Diário, 24 de agosto de 1870.<br />
144 Diário, 20 de setembro de 1870.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 154<br />
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145 Diário, 11 de outubro de 1870.<br />
146 Diário, 22 de outubro de 1870.<br />
147 Diário, 11 de novembro de 1870.<br />
148 Diário, 3 de janeiro de 1871.<br />
149 Vide a íntegra deste e de outros artigos difamatórios contra os irmãos Rebouças no Capítulo I, item 1.1.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 155<br />
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150 Diário, 12 de fevereiro de 1871.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 156<br />
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151 Diário, 4 de julho de 1870.<br />
152 Pedro Carlos <strong>da</strong> SILVA TELLES. Historia <strong>da</strong> <strong>Engenharia</strong> no Brasil (vol. 1 – Séculos XVI a XIX), Rio de Janeiro: Editora Clavero /<br />
Clube de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, 1994, p. 219.<br />
153 Diário, 21 de fevereiro de 1867.<br />
154 Diário, 23 de março de 1867.<br />
155 Diário, 20 de dezembro de 1867.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 157<br />
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156 Diário, 21 de dezembro de 1867.<br />
157 Diário, 24 de janeiro de 1868.<br />
158 Diário, 14 de junho de 1868.<br />
159 Diário, 12 de novembro de 1868.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 158<br />
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160 Pedro C. <strong>da</strong> SILVA TELLES. Op. Cit., p. 418.<br />
161 Enquanto tentava desespera<strong>da</strong>mente organizar aquela empresa, referiu-se a Mauá de forma muito significativa em seu Diário: “O<br />
Barão de Mauá é indubitavelmente o mais inteligente e o mais patriota dos capitalistas, com quem tenho tratado. Se não fossem os
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 159<br />
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seus embaraços financeiros e sua ausência no Rio <strong>da</strong> Prata, nunca teria tratado com outro” (Diário, 31 de maio de 1871).<br />
162 Vide a carta ao presidente <strong>da</strong> província, Oseano de Brito, em 1866, no item 3.4 deste capítulo.<br />
163 Diário, 14 e 21 de abril de 1867.<br />
164 Diário, 12 de junho de 1867.<br />
165 Diário, 13 de maio de 1868.<br />
166 Diário, 19 de maio de 1868.<br />
167 Diário, 19 de agosto de 1867.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 160<br />
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168 Pedro Carlos <strong>da</strong> SILVA TELES, Op. Cit., p. 346.<br />
169 Sir John Hawkshaw (1811-1891) foi, segundo afirma Pedro <strong>da</strong> SILVA TELLES (Op. Cit, p. 338), “o mais famoso engenheiro inglês<br />
do século XIX e, certamente, um dos mais ilustres do seu tempo em todo o mundo, pela quanti<strong>da</strong>de e varie<strong>da</strong>de dos estudos, projetos<br />
e obras em que tomou parte (...). Esteve no Brasil, a chamado do Governo Imperial, em 1874/75, estu<strong>da</strong>ndo vários portos, para os<br />
quais preparou depois projetos e orçamentos. Instituiu também, com o seu nome, um prêmio que era anualmente concedido pelo<br />
Instituto Polytechnico Brasileiro para o melhor trabalho escrito sobre assunto de engenharia por brasileiro nato ou naturalizado.”<br />
170 Diário, 17 de julho de 1869.<br />
171 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Memória redigi<strong>da</strong> ao Imperador D. Pedro II para organização de uma companhia nacional para arren<strong>da</strong>r a<br />
Fábrica de Ferro de São João de Ipanema, manuscrito, 24 de julho de 1870.<br />
172 Diário, 14 de julho de 1870.<br />
173 Diário, 25 de julho de 1870.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 161<br />
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178 Entre outubro e dezembro de 1868, Rebouças leu, segundo seu Diário, dois livros importantes de Chevalier: Exposition universelle de<br />
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l’autorisation de l’auteur. Année 1841-1842. Paris, Capelle, 1842), já que no Diário consta apenas que lêra “Chevalier, ‘Economie<br />
Politique’” (Diário, 22 de outubro e 13 de dezembro de 1868).<br />
179 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Memória redigi<strong>da</strong> ao Imperador D. Pedro II para organização de uma companhia nacional para arren<strong>da</strong>r a<br />
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Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 163<br />
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180 Diário, 14 de junho de 1871.
Parte II - Capítulo III. “Rotina” profissional e empresarial 164
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1<br />
Ilmar Rohloff de MATTOS. Tempo Saquarema. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1987, p. 37.<br />
2<br />
Idem, p. 66.<br />
3<br />
Idem, p. 90.<br />
4<br />
Joaquim José Rodrigues Torres (1802-1872) era Natural de S. João de Itaborahy, povoação <strong>da</strong> freguesia de Nossa Senhora <strong>da</strong><br />
Conceição do Porto <strong>da</strong>s Caxias. Bacharel formado em matemática pela universi<strong>da</strong>de de Coimbra em 1825, foi ministro <strong>da</strong> marinha<br />
de 1831 a 1832, de 1832 a 1834, de 1837 a 1839; ministro do Império em 1840; ministro <strong>da</strong> Fazen<strong>da</strong> em 1848; presidente do<br />
conselho de ministros em 1853, e de 1867 a 1870 outra vez com a pasta <strong>da</strong> Fazen<strong>da</strong>. Deputado em diversas legislaturas, senador,<br />
presidente <strong>da</strong> província do Rio de Janeiro, inspetor geral de instrução primária e secundária do município <strong>da</strong> corte, presidente do<br />
Banco do Brasil e Conselheiro de Estado. (Dicionário Bibliográfico Português. Estudos de Innocencio Francisco <strong>da</strong> Silva<br />
applicaveis a Portugal e ao Brasil. Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 23 vol., 1858-1923 – Versão eletrônica em CD-ROM). Com esse<br />
extenso currículum de serviços na burocracia imperial, Itaboraí também pertencia à elite canavieira / cafeeira fluminense por laços
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 167<br />
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familiares. A mesma família, aliás, acolhera Paulino José Soares de Souza, o futuro visconde do Uruguai.<br />
5 Vide o conjunto de artigos que Mauá publicou, sob o pseudônimo de “V”, no Jornal do Commércio em abril de 1878, e que tinha como<br />
título “O Meio Circulante no Brasil”. Os artigos atacavam as políticas ortodoxas e restritivas de crédito de Silveira Martins e<br />
principalmente de Itaboraí, com sua ênfase na moe<strong>da</strong> convertível apenas em ouro, adotado pelo Império desde 1846.<br />
6 Visconde de MAUÁ. Autobiografia. Rio de Janeiro, 1942, p. 117-8. apud Ilmar de MATTOS, Op. Cit., p. 166.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 168<br />
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7 Maria Bárbara LEVY. A indústria do Rio de Janeiro através de suas socie<strong>da</strong>des anônimas. Rio de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ / Secretaria<br />
Municipal de Cultura do Rio de Janeiro, 1994, p. 37.<br />
8 De acordo com Maria Bárbara LEVY, a legislação sobre a socie<strong>da</strong>de anônima era um “marco fun<strong>da</strong>mental na questão do direito de<br />
proprie<strong>da</strong>de. [A Socie<strong>da</strong>de anônima] vem a ser primeiramente um instrumento legal que, ao reunir capitais – supostamente<br />
disponíveis – pode promover a expansão sem precedentes <strong>da</strong> produção, tornando, por assim dizer, caducas as empresas basea<strong>da</strong>s no<br />
capital individual. Ao permitir a associação de capitais em diferentes montantes, possibilitava não só ao acionista majoritário<br />
controlar um volume de capitais muito superior ao seu, mas até mesmo tornava dispensável para chegar-se ao controle <strong>da</strong> empresa,<br />
dispor <strong>da</strong> maioria <strong>da</strong>s ações, sendo suficiente que houvesse grande dispersão <strong>da</strong>s demais entre o público” (Nelson EIZIRIK e Hério<br />
CARDOSO. Proprie<strong>da</strong>de e controle na socie<strong>da</strong>de anônima e democratização do capital. Rio de Janeiro: IBMEC, 1980, p. 15. apud<br />
Maria Bárbara LEVY, Op. Cit., p. 53.<br />
9 Idem, p. 66.<br />
10 Julio BENTIVOGLIO. “Política e Diretrizes Econômicas no início do Segundo Reinado (1840-1860): Limites e desafios <strong>da</strong><br />
modernização”, p. 3. in Anais do V Congresso Brasileiro de História Econômica e 6ª Conferência Internacional de História de<br />
Empresas [Proceedings of the 5th Brazilian Congress of Economic History and the 6th International Conference on Business<br />
History]. 2003.<br />
11 João Manuel CARDOSO DE MELLO. O capitalismo tardio. Contribuição à revisão crítica <strong>da</strong> formação e desenvolvimento <strong>da</strong>
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 169<br />
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18 Idem, p. 123.<br />
19 Idem, ibidem.<br />
20 Cf. Peter EISENBERG, Modernização sem Mu<strong>da</strong>nça. A indústria açucareira em Pernambuco – 1840-1910. Campinas: Paz e Terra /<br />
Editora <strong>da</strong> Unicamp, 1977.
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21<br />
Raymundo FAORO, Os donos do poder..., p. 403.<br />
22<br />
Maria Bárbara LEVY, Op. Cit., p. 75.<br />
23<br />
Idem, ibidem.<br />
24<br />
Idem, p. 76.<br />
25<br />
Henrique A. MILLET, O Meio Circulante e a questão bancária., Recife, 1875, apud, Heitor Ferreira LIMA, História do Pensamento<br />
Econômico no Brasil, São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1976, p. 128<br />
26<br />
Aureliano Cândido TAVARES BASTOS, A Província, estudo sobre a descentralização no Brasil, São Paulo: Companhia Editora<br />
Nacional, 1975, p. 62. Segundo Tavares Bastos, mais do que uma mera legislação comercial, a Lei Ferraz teria sido o “nom plus<br />
ultra <strong>da</strong> reação. Desde que valeu-se de simples avisos para interpretar e corrigir o Ato Adicional [de 1834], revogando leis expressas,
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 172<br />
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27 Maria Bárbara LEVY, Op. Cit., p. 79.<br />
28 Rui Guilherme GRANZIERA, A guerra do Paraguai e o capitalismo no Brasil, São Paulo: Editora Hucitec / Universi<strong>da</strong>de Estadual de<br />
Campinas, 1979, p. 74.<br />
29 Maria Bárbara LEVY, Op. Cit., p. 79.
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economia paulista <strong>da</strong> segun<strong>da</strong> metade do século XIX, vide Rui Guilherme GRANZIERA, Op. Cit., pp. 101 e ss.<br />
31<br />
Diário, 5 de outubro de 1866.<br />
32<br />
Diário, 5 de outubro de 1866.<br />
33<br />
Jaime Larry BENCHIMOL, Pereira Passos: um Haussmann tropical: a renovação urbana <strong>da</strong> ci<strong>da</strong>de do Rio de Janeiro no início do<br />
século XX. Rio de Janeiro: Secretaria Municipal de Cultura, Turismo e Esportes, 1992, p. 51.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 175<br />
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34 Cezar T. HONORATO, “O Estado Imperial e a modernização portuária”, in. Tamás SZMRECSANYI e José R.A. LAPA, História<br />
Econômica <strong>da</strong> Independência e do Império, São Paulo: Hucitec / Fapesp / ABPHE, 1996, p. 167.<br />
35 Pedro Carlos <strong>da</strong> SILVA TELLES, Op. Cit., p. 336.<br />
36 Antonio CANDIDO, Um funcionário <strong>da</strong> monarquia..., p.97.<br />
37 Tal é a descrição pormenoriza<strong>da</strong> do Porto feita em 1877 por Agostinho Victor BORJA CASTRO, apud, BENCHIMOL, Op. Cit., p. 49.<br />
38 Jaime Larry BENCHIMOL, Op. Cit., p.50.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 176<br />
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39 Idem, ibidem.<br />
40 Idem, p. 51.<br />
41 Para uma descrição pormenoriza<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Doca <strong>da</strong> Alfândega, consultar Pedro Carlos <strong>da</strong> SILVA TELLES (História <strong>da</strong> <strong>Engenharia</strong> no<br />
Brasil. Séculos XVI a XIX. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro: Clube de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, p. 334); sobre a participação de Rebouças nesta<br />
construção, ver também Sydney Martins Gomes dos SANTOS (<strong>André</strong> Rebouças e seu tempo. Rio de Janeiro, 1985. Sindicato<br />
Nacional de Editores de Livros, passim).<br />
42 Diário, 26 de abril de 1867.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 177<br />
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43 Diário, 9 de outubro de 1866.<br />
44 Diário, 10 de outubro de 1866.<br />
45 Diário, 10 de outubro de 1866.<br />
46 Antonio CANDIDO, Op. Cit., p. 97.<br />
47 Nicolau Tolentino foi nomeado inspetor <strong>da</strong> Alfândega em 1860, e tão logo empossado, verificou o “escalabro <strong>da</strong> repartição”, a<br />
“inviabili<strong>da</strong>de do regulamento em vigor”, a “desídia e a corrupção de funcionários desonestos”. Sua administração foi curta, de<br />
pouco mais de um ano, mas bastante ruidosa, uma vez que teria tomado uma série de “medi<strong>da</strong>s racionalizadoras e moralizadoras,<br />
tentanto pôr as coisas em ordem sem violência nem precipitação”, sendo a principal delas a denúncia do contrabando. (Antonio<br />
CANDIDO, Op. Cit., p. 99/100).
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 178<br />
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48<br />
Sérgio Buarque de HOLANDA, O Brasil Monárquico...p. 95.<br />
49<br />
Idem, p. 95.<br />
50<br />
Diário, 2 de novembro de 1866.<br />
51<br />
Diário, 10 de outubro de 1866.<br />
52<br />
Sobre a formação do engenheiro na França, e o papel <strong>da</strong> Ecole Polytechnique junto ao Estado, vide Terry SHINN, “Des Corps d’État<br />
au secteur industriel: genèse de la profession d’ingénieur, 1750-1920”, Revue Française de Sociologie, Vol. XIX, n. 1, janvier-mars,<br />
1978.<br />
53<br />
Nas notas do Diário, Rebouças afirma ter, na primeira quinzena de fevereiro de 1867, assinado a folha de pagamento no valor de<br />
10:889$025, e na segun<strong>da</strong>, 12:322$400, importando uma soma de 23:211$000, o que <strong>da</strong>va um salário de 58$000 para ca<strong>da</strong> um dos<br />
400 operários, não fosse a enorme discrepância salarial entre os mesmos. Por exemplo, já em seu primeiro mês de ativi<strong>da</strong>de,<br />
Rebouças teria aumentando os vencimentos do condutor (auxiliar técnico, posto logo abaixo do de Engenheiro-Aju<strong>da</strong>nte) Casaux de
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 179<br />
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8$000 diários, para 240$000, uma vez que os outros dois condutores, Vivian (que por sinal morreria afogado no ano seguinte) e<br />
Tapp, ganhavam muito mais do que isso. Havia também diversos engenheiros-práticos estrangeiros, sobretudo ingleses. O número de<br />
operários aumentaria em cerca de 50 a ca<strong>da</strong> mês, chegando ao máximo em agosto de 1867, com 558, importanto na primeira<br />
quinzena um total de 16:655$825. Em novembro do mesmo ano, o total de operários é de 542 na primeira quinzena, e de 125 na<br />
segun<strong>da</strong>, o que reflete o término <strong>da</strong>s obras mais importantes. Disponho de <strong>da</strong>dos incompletos sobre o valor dos salários pagos<br />
quinzenalmente.<br />
54<br />
Diário, 25 de maio de 1867.<br />
55<br />
Diário, 11 de outubro de 1866.<br />
56<br />
Diário, 11 de outubro de 1866.<br />
57<br />
Diário, 31 de dezembro de 1867. Entretanto, desconheço o teor desta carta.<br />
58<br />
Richard GRAHAM, Clientelismo e Política..., p. 100.<br />
59<br />
Idem, p. 324. Segundo o autor, “A medi<strong>da</strong> de um homem não era <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> por uma quali<strong>da</strong>de, mas por muitas. É ver<strong>da</strong>de que as relações<br />
entre o pretendente ao cargo e o missivista frequentemente pareciam suficientes para assegurar a nomeação: dizer que ele era um<br />
parente ou um amigo geralmente parecia ser a razão para esperar que o pedido fosse atendido. Algumas vezes, o missivista indicava
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 180<br />
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outras extensões <strong>da</strong> rede de protetor-cliente como uma justificativa suficiente, dizendo que o candi<strong>da</strong>to ao carto possuia ‘ligações<br />
respeitaveis’, ou havia sido recomen<strong>da</strong>do por certa pessoa”(idem, ibidem). Mais adiante, o autor enfatiza: “Um nomeado ideal,<br />
portanto, não tinha apenas uma quali<strong>da</strong>de desejavel, mas várias. O pretendente ao cargo tinha que ser zeloso no desempenho de suas<br />
tarefas, mas ain<strong>da</strong> assim apresentar as necessárias graças pessoais e dispos do respeito dos outros homens, ser ‘inteligente’ e<br />
‘honrado’”(Idem, p. 335).<br />
60<br />
Idem, p. 274.<br />
61<br />
Diário, 18 de fevereiro e 31 de maio de 1867.<br />
62<br />
Diário, 21 de fevereiro de 1867.<br />
63<br />
Diário, 3 de janeiro de 1868.<br />
64<br />
Diário, 27 de dezembro de 1868.<br />
65<br />
O salário acima é relativo ao ano de 1876, embora seja duvidoso que fosse absolutamente inferior a esse valor em 1867. Segundo<br />
Edmundo Campos Coelho, o rendimento do diretor <strong>da</strong> E.F.D.P.II era duas vezes o salário de um juiz do Supremo Tribunal de Justiça<br />
e mais do que o de um ministro de Estado. Foram diretores <strong>da</strong> ferrovia Paulo de Frontin, Christiano Ottoni, Francisco Pereira Passos,<br />
dentre outros menos notáveis. Ver Edmundo Campos COELHO, Op. Cit., p.95.<br />
66<br />
Diário, 21 de dezembro de 1867.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 181<br />
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67 Diário, 15 de outubro de 1868.<br />
68 Diário, 21 de abril de 1867.<br />
69 Diário, 9 de junho de 1867.<br />
70 Diário, 26 de agosto de 1867.<br />
71 Diário, 28 de agosto de 1867.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 182<br />
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72 Diário, 31 de agosto de 1867. Grifo meu.<br />
73 Diário, 20 de dezembro de 1867.<br />
74 Diário, 11 de agosto de 1868.<br />
75 Diário, 21 de agosto de 1868.<br />
76 Diário, 21 de agosto de 1868.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 183<br />
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77 Diário, 4 de setembro de 1868.<br />
78 Diário, 11 de setembro de 1868.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 184<br />
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79<br />
Diário, 29 de setembro de 1868.<br />
80<br />
Diário, 29 de maio de 1869.<br />
81<br />
Diário, 17 de julho de 1869.<br />
82<br />
Diário, 5 de agosto de 1869.<br />
83<br />
Cezar T. HONORATO, Op. Cit., p. 161.<br />
84<br />
Idem, p. 173.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 185<br />
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Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 186<br />
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88<br />
Diário, 22 de outubro de 1868.<br />
89<br />
Diário, 28 de setembro de 1868.<br />
90 a<br />
Diário, 29 de setembro de 1868. Grifos meus. Em nota a lapis, posteriormente ao registro, Rebouças escreve: “1 luta contra a<br />
Plutocracia”.<br />
91<br />
Ana Maria RIBEIRO DE ANDRADE, Op. Cit., pp. 58 e ss.<br />
92<br />
Diário, 15 de outubro de 1868.<br />
93<br />
Diário, 15 de outubro de 1868.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 187<br />
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Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 188<br />
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100 Diário, 6 de dezembro de 1869.<br />
101 Diário, 22 de janeiro de 1870.<br />
102 Dentre os vários recortes de jornais colados no Diario, infelizmente sem menção a <strong>da</strong>ta ou ao periódico, encontramos, por exemplo,<br />
este, redigido em francês: “Compagnie des docks de Rio. Un cri géneérale d’indignation s’est elevée contre cette compangnie qui<br />
fonctionne depuis le 1er janvier de l’anné courrante. Les principaux négociants de Rio se sont déjà reunis, afin de s’entendere sur les<br />
mesures à prende pour éviter certains abus qui ont déjà en lieu. Nous n’ignorons pas que toute institution lutte <strong>da</strong>ns son début avec<br />
une foule de difficultés; cepen<strong>da</strong>nt plein de confiance <strong>da</strong>ns le digne Gerent de la Compangie, le Dr. Andre Rebouças, nous sérons<br />
que cet habile fonctionaire saura faire disparaître les quelsques difficultés qui sont encore venues de plus entraver la marche régulière<br />
du service de la Douane.”<br />
103 A Reforma, 20 de fevereiro de 1870. Recorte colado no Diário do mesmo dia.<br />
104 Diário, 8 de junho de 1870.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 189<br />
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105 Diário, 28 de setembro de 1870.<br />
106 Diario, 11 de outubro de 1870.<br />
107 Diário, 14 de outubro de 1870.<br />
108 Diário, 24 de outubro de 1870.<br />
109 Diário, 29 de outubro de 1870.<br />
110 Diário, 1 de novembro de 1870.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 190<br />
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111 Diário, 8 de fevereiro de 1871.<br />
112 Diário, 19 de fevereiro de 1871.<br />
113 Diário, 19 de fevereiro de 1871.<br />
114 Diário, 23 de fevereiro de 1871.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 191<br />
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115 Diário, 8 de outubro de 1871.<br />
116 Diário, 13 de novembro de 1871.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 192<br />
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117 Diário, 28 de outubro de 1867.<br />
118 Diário, 29 de outubro de 1867. Oportunísticamente, Rebouças escreve em seu Diário no dia 2 de dezembro, que “tive a idéia de ligar<br />
as Docas <strong>da</strong> Saúde ao Caminho de Ferro D. Pedro II por um túnel pelo Morro do Livramento”. Provavelmente, a recusa inicial frente<br />
ao pedido do empresário Jansen fosse uma estratégia, até que Rebouças pudesse, ele mesmo, <strong>da</strong>r ensejo àquelas obras, afastando<br />
outros concorrentes.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 193<br />
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119 Diário, 29 de outubro de 1867. Grifos no original. No Diário, à margem e escrita com a mesma tinta, a menção “Ciúmes do Ministro<br />
Zacarias”. Além deste ofício, Zacarias teria remetido outro, numa formulação semelhante, diretamente à casa dos Rebouças.<br />
120 Diário, 30 de outubro de 1867.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 194<br />
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Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 195<br />
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 196<br />
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Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 197<br />
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133 Diário, 11 de julho de 1871.<br />
134 Diário, 7 de agosto de 1871.<br />
135 Diário, 20 de setembro de 1871.<br />
136 Diário, 15 e 16 de setembro de 1871.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 198<br />
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137 Diário, 1 o de maio de 1872.<br />
138 Jornal do Comércio, 25 de novembro de 1871. Reproduzido também no Diário, mesma <strong>da</strong>ta.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 199<br />
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139 Diário, 25 de setembro a 2 de outubro de 1871.<br />
140 Diário, 28 de setembro de 1871. Grifo meu.<br />
141 Diário, 2 de outubro de 1871.<br />
142 Diário, 3 de outubro de 1871.<br />
143 Diário, 2 de outubro de 1871.<br />
144 Diário, 11 de novembro de 1871. Em nota a lápis, à margem, Rebouças escreve: "O 'warrant' e a 'clearing house' não se aclimataram<br />
no Rio de Janeiro, a despeito de todos os meus esforços". A menção é interessante, pois revela um aspecto <strong>da</strong> concepção de política
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 200<br />
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monetária que depois estaria ausente na reflexão de Rebouças: o aspecto <strong>da</strong> moe<strong>da</strong> fiduciária para a organização de empresas. Como<br />
veremos, a perspectiva de <strong>André</strong> estaria mais de acordo com a ortodoxia dominante, que combatia a plurali<strong>da</strong>de de emissão e o<br />
papel-moe<strong>da</strong> sem lastro, do que com a visão heterodoxa esboça<strong>da</strong> aqui na crise <strong>da</strong> Companhia Docas.<br />
145<br />
Diário, 11 de novembro de 1871.<br />
146<br />
Diário, 15 de dezembro de 1871.<br />
147<br />
Diário, 4 de outubro de 1871.<br />
148<br />
Diário, 16 de dezembro de 1871.<br />
149<br />
Diário, 18 de novembro de 1871. De acordo com os registros de Rebouças, isso não passara de uma mal arquiteta<strong>da</strong> tentativa de<br />
sabotagem: “visitei as obras <strong>da</strong> Saúde, onde os meus aju<strong>da</strong>ntes Dr. Lobo e Santos contaram-me que o Dr. Borja Castro man<strong>da</strong>ra<br />
esgotar com tal precipitação a grande enssecadeira que arrebentara 23 estacas – disseram-me os mestres, sobretudo Agostinho, que
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 201<br />
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150 Diário, 28 de novembro de 1871.<br />
151 Diário, 9 de janeiro de 1872. Além disso, Rebouças homenageou Itaboraí dedicando-lhe seu livro Garantia de Juros.<br />
152 Diário, 2 de abril de 1872. O empresário acusava a Cia Florestal de pedir autorização para cortar pinho e outras madeiras nas “matas<br />
de proprietários particulares, na província do Paraná”, ou seja, fazia a conexão entre as duas companhias, aliás, presidi<strong>da</strong>s pelo conde<br />
de Estrela e incentiva<strong>da</strong>s por Rebouças. Na resposta, Rebouças rebatia que a Companhia compraria as terras e matas aos particulares.<br />
153 Diário, 4 de junho de 1872.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 202<br />
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154<br />
Diário, 5 de maio de 1872.<br />
155<br />
Diário, 24 de maio de 1872.<br />
156<br />
Diário, 24 de maio de 1872.<br />
157<br />
Rebouças lêra O Vale do Amazonas recentemente, em agosto de 1871. (Diário, 15 de agosto de 1871).<br />
158<br />
Diário, 12 de agosto de 1872.<br />
159<br />
Ignácio José VERÍSSIMO, Op. Cit., p. 87; Maria A. REZENDE DE CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 115.<br />
160 Diário, 12 de agosto de 1872.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 203<br />
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161 Benedito Ottoni era irmão de Cristiano Ottoni, o único presidente <strong>da</strong> E.F.D.Pedro II de 1855 a 1865, período em que esta fora uma<br />
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162 Diário, 9 de agosto de 1872.<br />
163 Diário, 9 de agosto de 1872.
Parte II – Capítulo IV. A Modernização Portuária. 204<br />
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164 Diário, 17 de agosto de 1872.<br />
165 Tavares Bastos teve contudo a iniciativa de propor à Diretoria, que o aceitou, o vencimento de 6:000$000 anuais a Rebouças durante a<br />
viagem. Temendo um provável embaraço que tal situação poderia lhe provocar, Rebouças declinou <strong>da</strong> proposta, dizendo que faria a<br />
viagem às suas custas, e que esse dinheiro seria pago ao seu procurador no Rio de Janeiro para servir à manutenção <strong>da</strong> família.<br />
166 Diário, 9 de agosto de 1872.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 207<br />
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1 Diário, 23 de fevereiro de 1871.<br />
2 Aliás, o encontro entre Rebouças e Carlos Gomes é mais um episódio que revela o quanto o primeiro, apesar de deplorar o clientelismo,<br />
valeu-se dele em alguns momentos. No caso, em favor do maestro. Rebouças apreciava a obra de Gomes, chamando-o de<br />
“Mayerbeer brasileiro”. Na terceira vez em que assistia a O Guarani, no Teatro Lírico Provisório, fora apresentado ao maestro<br />
através do pianista Aquiles Arnaud, em dezembro de 1870. Arnaud procurara Rebouças com o intuito de que este intermediasse o<br />
maestro em sua dificul<strong>da</strong>de momentânea de voltar à Itália e cumprir o contrato que tinha com o editor Francesco Lucca, de Milão.<br />
Rebouças empenhou seu prestígio como forma de arranjar uma pensão ou auxílio ao maestro em alguma repartição pública. Isto é,<br />
atuou como protetor de Carlos Gomes. Recorreram juntos ao ministro do Império, João Alfredo, e depois ao próprio Imperador, que<br />
lhe prometeu “fazer representar o “Guarani” em Lisboa” (Diário, 11 e 13 de dezembro de 1870), mediante uma carta de apresentação<br />
ao Rei de Portugal. O ministro João Alfredo teria se comprometido em “empregar todos os esforços para achar verba pela qual<br />
pudesse <strong>da</strong>r uma pensão de 1.000 francos por mês ao Maestro Carlos Gomes” (Diário, 14 de dezembro de 1870) e, durante um jantar<br />
na casa de João Alfredo, <strong>André</strong> agradeceu em seu próprio nome “ao ilustre Mecenas que a boa estrela de Carlos Gomes lhe tinha<br />
deparado” (Diário, 14 de dezembro de 1870). No entanto, passado algum tempo, mais precisamente em fevereiro de 1871, estando<br />
Rebouças sofrendo seu “calvário” público e exposto à ferozes críticas na imprensa, seu poder de influência na<strong>da</strong> valeu para conseguir<br />
uma ver<strong>da</strong>deira pensão ao maestro, que partiu para a Itália graças à aju<strong>da</strong> de seu irmão, José Pedro, mestre de música e rabequista de<br />
Campinas. Do Imperador só levaria a carta de recomen<strong>da</strong>ção ao Rei de Portugal, e o perdão de uma dívi<strong>da</strong> de 5:000$000. Também<br />
na Europa, em 1873, Rebouças intercederia em favor de Carlos Gomes, solicitando ao barão de Porto Seguro e ao barão de Javari,<br />
cônsules brasileiros em Viena, “pedindo-lhes para empregarem a sua influência para que “O Guarani” e a “Fosca” [fossem]<br />
representados durante a exposição de Viena” (Diário, 20 de fevereiro de 1873). No entanto, Carlos Gomes não conseguira<br />
apresentar-se na Exposição Universal de Viena de 1873, e Rebouças registrava em Diário sua repulsa à “diplomacia brasileira!<br />
Suvina, egoísta, parasita e inútil” (Diário, 2 de março de 1873).
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 208<br />
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3 Carlos Gomes, aos 27 anos, recebeu uma pensão de 1:800$000 e foi à Europa não na quali<strong>da</strong>de de “aluno regular” de música – uma vez<br />
que sua educação musical havia sido feita no Brasil, bem como sua i<strong>da</strong>de impediu-o de se matricular no Conservatório de Milão –,<br />
mas como “compositor em aperfeiçoamento”, tendo aulas particulares com Lauro Rossi. (Marcus GÓES¸ “Carlos Gomes – um<br />
pioneiro (quase) esquecido”, mimeo, disponível na internet em ).<br />
4 Gaspare Nello VETRO, Antonio Carlos Gomes, Milano: Nuoeve Edizioni, s/d, p. 15.<br />
5 Norbert ELIAS, Mozart, sociologia de um gênio, Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Ed., 1995, pp. 29-30.<br />
6 Wilma P. COSTA, “Viagens e Peregrinações”..., p. 61. Segundo a autora, ao lado <strong>da</strong>s “peregrinações”, tradicionais desde o século<br />
XVIII, ao final deste século e início do XIX surgiria um fenômeno novo: as “viagens”, as quais eram concebi<strong>da</strong>s não apenas como<br />
“estratégias de auto-conhecimento, mas também de conhecimento objetivo e científico do mundo, a partir <strong>da</strong>s duas grandes correntes<br />
que alimentam de forma combina<strong>da</strong> e contraditória o século XIX, o Romantismo e o espírito científico. A diferença essencial entre<br />
esses dois tipos de deslocamento não está no objeto, nem no destino, mas no impulso que os move. Aquele que peregrina conhece<br />
seu trajeto e sabe onde vai chegar. Outros já o fizeram antes dele e seus relatos, lidos ou ouvidos, preparam antecipa<strong>da</strong>mente a<br />
experiência mística a ser desfruta<strong>da</strong> pelo corpo dos fiéis. A viagem, ao contrário, caracteriza-se precisamente pelo novo, pela<br />
exploração, pela descoberta, pela possibili<strong>da</strong>de de suscitar novas experiências e percepções, seja no plano individual, interno, seja no<br />
campo <strong>da</strong> exploração de lugares ou paisagens desconheci<strong>da</strong>s. Em ambos os casos, o depaysement, ruptura ain<strong>da</strong> que temporária com<br />
as origens, tem o poder de ampliar o conhecimento, de aprimorar o espírito ou de revelar os segredos do mundo”. (idem, p. 62).
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 209<br />
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7<br />
Idem, p. 62.<br />
8<br />
Aqui, refiro-me menos ao autor do que, digamos, ao tipo de preocupação que o norteou, qual seja, entender a reali<strong>da</strong>de norte-americana<br />
como um paradigma a ser seguido. Como pretendo demonstrar, a referência de Rebouças estava mais próxima de Chevalier e seu<br />
saint-simonismo do que de Tocqueville, o qual só seria lido por Rebouças, segundo consta em seu Diário, em 1874. Além disso,<br />
Rebouças tinha seus olhos voltados preferencialmente para os melhoramentos materiais e menos para as instituições políticas.<br />
9<br />
Isto é, na noite de 12 de novembro de 1871, descrita por mim no Capítulo III, item 3.1.<br />
10<br />
Ocasião em que conversaram “sobre a possibili<strong>da</strong>de de fazer-se um libreto para uma Opera de grande efeito”(Diário, 25 de dezembro<br />
de 1872).<br />
11<br />
Diário, 12 de março de 1873. Sobre Ghislanzoni, ver, dentre outros, Gaspare NELLO VETRO, Antonio Carlos Gomes, Milano: Nuove<br />
Edizioni, s/d., p. 65. Ghislanzoni era poeta, romancista, crítico e jornalista, autor de inúmeros libretos, dentre eles Fosca, de Carlos<br />
Gomes (1873), e de Aí<strong>da</strong> de Giuseppi Verdi (1871).<br />
H
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 210<br />
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12 Diário, 25 de fevereiro de 1873.<br />
13 Diário, 4 de março de 1873. Após terem comprado diversos romances, <strong>André</strong> relata que passaram a noite na casa do maestro, “ouvindo<br />
Adelina tocar ao piano os trechos prediletos <strong>da</strong> ‘Fosca’, e discutindo assuntos de libretos. O Gomes distribuiu os romances,<br />
comprados na casa Treves, pelas pessoas <strong>da</strong> família, para que lessem e lhe resumissem depois o assunto. É indescritível o frenesi em<br />
que se acha por falta de um libreto” (Idem).<br />
14 Diário, 14 de janeiro de 1867. A citação completa deste registro se encontra no Capítulo III, item 3.4.<br />
15 Geraldo Mártires COELHO, “O Guarany, o Teatro de São Carlos e a Lisboa de 1880” (mimeo) disponível na internet em<br />
.<br />
16 Charles ROSEN, “Ópera Romântica: Política, Lixo e Grande Arte”, in. A Geração Romântica, São Paulo: Edusp, 2000, p. 793.<br />
17 Idem, p. 791.<br />
18 Idem, p. 792.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 211<br />
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19 Idem, p. 795. Continua o autor, a respeito <strong>da</strong> “descoberta” de Verdi, na noite de estréia de Rigoletto, sua primeira obra-prima: “Mal<br />
tinha terminado o primeiro verso quando despontou um grande choro de ca<strong>da</strong> parte do teatro e o tenor esqueceu a deixa para iniciar o<br />
segundo verso. Verdi deve ter percebido que a melodia sempre existira: ele queria espantar a imaginação como fato banal de que ele<br />
o havia pos si só redescoberto. É claro, Verdi trabalhou duro para ‘redescobrir’ uma melodia que já existia desde a eterni<strong>da</strong>de. Ele<br />
sabia muito bem o que havia alcançado quando manteve a melodia em segredo – mesmo ao tenor foi nega<strong>da</strong> a possibili<strong>da</strong>de de vê-la<br />
antes do ensaio dos figurinos”. (Idem, p. 795).<br />
20 Antonio GHISLANZONI, Salvator Rosa – drama lyrico em 4 actos. Musica de Carlos Gomes.(Tradução de S. Boccanera Júnior)<br />
Bahia: Imprensa Econômica, 1893. Agradeço imensamente as contribuições de João Bosco Assis De Luca, que me forneceu uma<br />
tradução em português de difícil acesso deste libreto.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 212<br />
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21 O sucesso de Carlos Gomes, inclusive, pode ter sido favorecido pela crise em que se encontrava o melodrama italiano, atestado pela<br />
“decadência” de Verdi, que, apesar do “extraordinário sucesso universal <strong>da</strong>s suas óperas, não se renovava e que por isso mesmo já<br />
não era o prolífico produtor de duas ou três óperas por ano [e pelo fato de que] o melodrama italiano não tinha mais nenhum<br />
compositor qualificado para o pesadíssimo encargo de <strong>da</strong>r prosseguimento e desenvolvimento à forma de arte mais popular na Itália<br />
dos tempos seguintes ao ‘Risorgimento’”. Representava uma novi<strong>da</strong>de sua condição de estrangeiro, vindo de uma “obscura província<br />
do Império do Brasil”, e o fato de ter “absorvido com a máxima transparência todos os tipos de música que se fazia por aquelas<br />
regiões, comp[ondo] de modo totalmente novo para os ouvidos italianos”.(Marcus GÓES, Op. Cit.).<br />
22 Como afirma Eric Hobsbawm: “Isso porque to<strong>da</strong> tradição inventa<strong>da</strong>, na medi<strong>da</strong> do possível, utiliza a história como legitimadora <strong>da</strong>s<br />
ações e como cimento <strong>da</strong> coesão grupal. Muitas vezes, ela se torna o próprio símbolo de conflito”. Eric HOBSBAWM e Terence<br />
RANGER, A Invenção <strong>da</strong> tradição, Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1984, pp. 21 e ss.<br />
23 Rosário VILLARI, “Masaniello: contemporary and recent interpretations”. In. Past and Present, 108, agosto 1985, p. 128.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 213<br />
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24 Idem. O argumento de Rosário Villari é uma resposta à interpretação distinta a sua feita por Peter BURKE, “The Virgin of the Carmine<br />
and the Revolt of Masaniello”. In. Past and Present, 99, maio 1983, pp. 3-21.<br />
25 Segundo Fernando Novais, a segun<strong>da</strong> metade do século XVII foi o momento em que se cristalizou e se definiu a situação de<br />
concorrência colonial entre as novas potências européias, repercutindo nas possibili<strong>da</strong>des de manutenção ou declínio dos domínios<br />
ultramarinos de Portugal e Espanha. Estes sobreviveriam justamente em função do instável equilíbrio que as alianças dinásticas<br />
asseguravam, embora sofressem com a per<strong>da</strong> de hegemonia frente às novas potências, França e Inglaterra. No momento em que estas<br />
se organizam internamente como monarquias unitárias e entram na competição na Europa e no ultramar com o Império espanhol,<br />
colocam em xeque sua hegemonia: a desagregação interna representa<strong>da</strong> pela restauração portuguesa em 1640, a guerra na Catalunha,<br />
a rebelião de Nápoles e a conjuração <strong>da</strong> An<strong>da</strong>luzia representam sua “rota <strong>da</strong> decadência”. (Fernando A. NOVAIS, Portugal e Brasil<br />
na Crise do Antigo Sistema Colonial, São Paulo: Hucitec, 1995, pp. 17 e ss.<br />
26 Antonio GHISLANZONI, Op. Cit., p.8.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 214<br />
<br />
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27 Idem, p.10.<br />
28 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, "Bom Patriotismo e Mau Patriotismo", in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 54, março de 1875.<br />
29 Nestes nove meses Rebouças percorreu inúmeras ci<strong>da</strong>des, e dentre as mais importantes estão Coimbra, Cintra, Madri, Bayonne,<br />
Lourdes, Arles, Marselha, Toulon, Gênova, Turim, Florença, Napoles, Milão, Veneza, Gratz, Viena, Genebra, Munique, Paris e<br />
Londres, de onde embarcou para os Estados Unidos, onde ficou menos de dois meses, junho e julho de 1873.<br />
30 Diário, 16 de novembro de 1872.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 215<br />
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31 Diário, 12 de outubro de 1872.<br />
32 Diário, 19 de outubro de 1872.<br />
33 Diário, 11 de maio de 1873.<br />
34 Diário, 26 de abril de 1873.<br />
35 Diário, 1 o de maio de 1873.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 216<br />
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51 Diário, 16 de junho de 1873.<br />
52 Diário, 13 de junho de 1873.<br />
53 Diário, 15 de junho de 1873.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 219<br />
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54 Diário, 16 de junho de 1873.<br />
55 Diário, 16 de junho de 1873.<br />
56 Diário, 13 de junho de 1873.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 220<br />
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57 Diário, 18 de junho de 1873.<br />
58 Diário, 8 de abril de 1873.<br />
59 Diário, 8 de maio de 1873.<br />
60 Sobre a formação de Rebouças na Escola Militar, vide o Capítulo I, item 1.4.<br />
61 Como já expus alhures, Rebouças lera dois livros importantes de Chevalier: Exposition universelle de 1867 à Paris (1868) e<br />
provavelmente, Cous d’Economie politique fait au Collège de France (1842), que em seu Diário consta apenas como ‘Economie<br />
Politique’ (Diário, 22 de outubro e 13 de dezembro de 1868). No entanto, é provável que Rebouças tivesse conhecimento <strong>da</strong>s Lettres<br />
sur L’Amerique du Nord, publica<strong>da</strong>s primeiro no Journal des Débats em 1835 e depois em brochura (Lettres sur l’Amérique du<br />
Nord, Paris, Gosselin, 1836, 2. vols) ou de seu La Liberté aux Etats-Unis, publicado em 1849 na Revue des Deux Mondes, um dos<br />
periódicos lidos com freqüência por Rebouças.<br />
62 Michel Chevalier (1806-1879), entrou para a École Polytechnique em 1823, e em 1830 converteu-se ao Saint-Simonismo, movimento<br />
reformista de caráter socialista francês cuja premissa básica era o reconhecimento do trabalho produtivo como valor fun<strong>da</strong>mental e<br />
garantia do progresso. Saint-Simon (1760-1825) – que pode ser considerado o fun<strong>da</strong>dor <strong>da</strong> matriz positivista continua<strong>da</strong> e<br />
desenvolvi<strong>da</strong> por Auguste Comte –, proclamava a ciência como tendo um papel fun<strong>da</strong>mental no desenvolvimento <strong>da</strong>s forças<br />
produtivas, sendo que a “Ciência Econômica” seria a ideologia <strong>da</strong> era industrial, substituindo a política como forma de conduzir os
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 221<br />
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homens à era de prosperi<strong>da</strong>de e bem-estar. No entanto, tratava-se de um programa hesitante entre o liberalismo <strong>da</strong> economia clássica<br />
inglesa, e o dirigismo que consistia na premissa básica de capitanear o Estado através <strong>da</strong> classe dos industriais. A evolução <strong>da</strong><br />
socie<strong>da</strong>de seria feita sem violência, pacificamente, através do avanço paulatino do espírito de associação. Após 1825, com a morte de<br />
Saint-Simon, o movimento foi continuado por dois de seus discípulos, Bazard e Enfantin, os quais dotaram o programa industrialista<br />
original de um forte viés místico, objetivando instituir um “Novo Cristianismo”. Chevalier foi contemporâneo desta segun<strong>da</strong> fase.<br />
To<strong>da</strong>via, após sua prisão em 1830, junto com outros membros do movimento, teria paulatinamente se distanciado do grupo, embora<br />
continuasse fiel à proposta mais cara ao saint-simonismo, ou seja, a crença no progresso material como forma de emancipação social.<br />
Após seu retorno dos Estados Unidos, aproximou-se do Governo de Thiers, sendo nomeado professor <strong>da</strong> cadeira de Economia<br />
Política no Collège de France, a qual ocupou de 1840 até sua morte, em 1879. Chevalier foi o terceiro a ocupar esta cadeira no<br />
Collège, sendo antecedido por Pelegrino Rossi (1832-1840) e pelo fun<strong>da</strong>dor Jean-Baptiste Say (1830-1832). Chevalier se distanciaria<br />
ca<strong>da</strong> vez mais tanto dos aspectos revolucionários como do dirigismo saint-simonista, aproximando-se <strong>da</strong> Economia Política clássica,<br />
e defendendo a liber<strong>da</strong>de de comércio, cuja propagan<strong>da</strong> ganharia um caráter oficial ao celebrar o tratado de livre-comércio com a<br />
Inglaterra, ao lado de Richard Cobden, em 1860. (cf. Jean WALCH, Bibliographie du Saint-Simonisme avec Trois Textes inédits.<br />
Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1967; Michel Chevalier: économiste saint-simoniene (1806-1879), Paris: Librairie<br />
Philosophique, 1975).<br />
63<br />
Jean WALCH, Michel Chevalier: économiste saint-simoniene (1806-1879), Paris: Librairie Philosophique, 1975, p. 40.<br />
64<br />
Idem, p. 134.<br />
65<br />
Como afirma Jean WALCH, Chevalier avaliava a prosperi<strong>da</strong>de econômica norte-americana sobretudo em comparação com o<br />
pauperismo europeu: “La différence était frappante avec le spectacle qu’on voyait communément en France ou en Angleterre. La<br />
pauvreté et la misère avaient cédé la place [, nos Estados Unidos] à une aspect général d’aisance, de propreté et de bien-être”(Idem,<br />
p. 132)<br />
66<br />
Segundo Chevalier, Lowell era uma ci<strong>da</strong>de cosmopolita, que parecia orgulhar-se <strong>da</strong> presença <strong>da</strong> força de trabalho feminina, exibindo<br />
“(...) d’um côté des boutiques, des entrpôts, des magasins de mode sans nombre, car les femmes sont en majorité à Lowell; de vastes<br />
hôtels à la façon américaine, semblables à des casernes; ce sont les seules casernes qu’il y ait à Lowell; d’un autre côté des<br />
canaux, des roues hydrauliques, des cascades, des ponts, des fonderies, des banques, des écoles, des librairies, car on lit beaucoup à<br />
Lowell; la lecture c’est la seule distraction qu’on puisse s’y procurer, et il n’y a pas moins de sept journaux”(Michel CHEVALIER,<br />
Lettres sur l’Amerique du Nord, p. 221, apud Jean WALCH, Op. Cit., p. 133. Grifos meus).<br />
67<br />
Segundo Michel Chevalier, entre os europeus, “il n’y a pas d’élève des hauttes écoles qui n’ait fait son vaudeville, son roman ou sa<br />
constitution monarchique ou républicaine. Il n’y a pas de paysan du Connecticut ou du Massachusetts qui n’ait inventé sa<br />
machine”(Michel CHEVALIER, Lettres...p. 120, apud Jean WALCH, Op. Cit., p.147).<br />
68<br />
Para Chevalier, “Le perfectionnement des ustensiles de ménage touche de plus près qu’on ne le pense à la liberté pratique; car il<br />
contribue beaucoup à la liberté <strong>da</strong>ns la maison, qui n’importe pas moins au bonheur du genre humain que la liberté sur la place<br />
publique. Tel ustensile affranchit les domestiques de tel travail pénible, malsain ou dégoûtant; tel autre permettra à une personne de<br />
faire l’ouvrage de trois et par conséquent en affranchira deux de la domesticité. Les Américains du Nort se sont beaucoup occupés<br />
de cette liberté. On conçoit qu’elle a une importance majeure là où um grand nombre de familles vivent isolées <strong>da</strong>ns les campagnes”<br />
(Michel CHEVALIER, Lettres...p. 475, apud Jean WALCH, Op. Cit., p.148).
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 222<br />
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73 Refiro-me ao incidente diplomático na costa de Santa Catarina, onde Rebouças estava em missão de reconhecimento <strong>da</strong>s fortalezas<br />
navais. Vide Capítulo II, item 2.1.<br />
74 Diário, 20 de julho de 1873.<br />
75 Diário, 13 de junho de 1873.<br />
76 Diário, 19 de agosto de 1873.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 224<br />
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77<br />
Sobre o apoio de Rio Branco à empresa de Mariano Procópio, vide Capítulo IV, item 4.4.<br />
78<br />
Diário, 3 de agosto de 1873.<br />
79<br />
Diário, 25 de agosto de 1873.<br />
80<br />
Diário, 26 de agosto de 1873.<br />
81<br />
Diário, 15 de outubro de 1873.<br />
82<br />
Diário, 22 de outubro de 1873.<br />
83<br />
Diário, 22 de outubro de 1873. Para a estratégia de convencimento do Diretor Pertence, então presidente <strong>da</strong> Docas D. Pedro II,<br />
Rebouças contou com a presteza de Coelho de Castro, o qual “esteve animando o Conde <strong>da</strong> Estrela a sustentar a Companhia e<br />
catequizando o Dr. Pertence no mesmo sentido”.<br />
84<br />
Diário, 28 de outubro de 1873.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 225<br />
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85 Diário, 9 de fevereiro de 1874.<br />
86 Diário, 28 de maio de 1874. (estas duas últimas frases são anota<strong>da</strong>s posteriormente)<br />
87 Diário, 16 de setembro de 1874.<br />
88 Diário, Idem. Ignácio José VERÍSSIMO, Op. Cit., pp. 88 e ss.<br />
89 Diário, 18 de setembro.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 226<br />
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96 Diário, 7 de julho de 1875.<br />
97 Diário, 8 de janeiro de 1877.<br />
98 “O José Machado Coelho mandou chamar-me para redigir uma carta, acedendo à proposta, lembra<strong>da</strong>no dia 23 de janeiro pelo barão de<br />
Cotegipe, de arren<strong>da</strong>r a doca de D. Pedro II, mediante a ren<strong>da</strong> de 7% do capital empregado; o que fiz muito contrariado e só por<br />
amizade a esse mártir <strong>da</strong> minha iniciativa. Estive com o diretor Buarque [de Macedo], que deseja <strong>da</strong>r-me a construir o cais <strong>da</strong><br />
Gamboa, para a CF de Pedro II, mas tem medo do Francisco Pereira Passos”(Diário, 25 de janeiro de 1877). Dias depois, Rebouças<br />
foi noticiado de que a obra seria entregue ao engenheiro Francisco Bicalho, pois Pereira Passos “não lhe permitira [a Macedo]<br />
encarregar-me <strong>da</strong> construção (...), dizendo: ‘Que se julgaria desautorizado’” (Diário, 6 de fevereiro de 1875).
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 228<br />
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99 Diário, 24 de março de 1875.<br />
100 Diário, 31 de março de 1875.<br />
101 Diário, 13 de junho de 1873.<br />
102 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Agricultura Nacional: estudos econômicos. Op. Cit., p. 85.<br />
103 Sobre as tentativas de colonização no Paraná, vide o Capítulo II, item 2.3; Sobre o empenho dos irmãos Rebuças na Estra<strong>da</strong> de Ferro
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104 Assim se referia Rebouças em sua correspondência com Joaquim Nabuco, já no auto-exílio: “Eu fui, em 1870 e 1871, o primeiro<br />
empresário do Rio de Janeiro; apoiado pelo Visconde de Itaboraí, que me queria tanto a fazer inveja de mim na própria família. A<br />
Cia Florestal Paranaense – cortar pinheiros a 8 léguas do mar em rampa decadente – que parecia um Potosi, custou-nos 40 ou 50<br />
contos de réis em pura per<strong>da</strong>, a luta com a família Correia e Cia, o afastamento do Imperador, etc.”(<strong>André</strong> Rebouças a Joaquim<br />
Nabuco, 7 de junho de 1891).<br />
105 Diário, 15 de fevereiro de 1875.<br />
106 Diário, 28 de abril de 1875.<br />
107 Diário, 8 de maio de 1875.
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108 Segundo pude apurar, era já razoavelmente grande o número de artigos publicados por Rebouças entre 1869 e 1874, a maioria deles no<br />
Jornal do Comércio, e ao menos um n’A Reforma. Eram artigos bastante específicos sobre as companhias portuárias, alguns deles<br />
simplesmente <strong>da</strong>ndo publici<strong>da</strong>de à administração e aos balanços financeiros, outros bastante técnicos, e ain<strong>da</strong> alguns respondendo às<br />
críticas de seus opositores. Ao menos seis destas séries de artigos foram publica<strong>da</strong>s separa<strong>da</strong>mente, em formato livro. São eles:<br />
Melhoramento do Porto do Rio de Janeiro: organização <strong>da</strong> Companhia <strong>da</strong>s Docas D. Pedro II (na ensea<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Saúde e <strong>da</strong><br />
Gamboa). Coleção de artigos publicados pelo engenheiro <strong>André</strong> Rebouças. Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Nacional, 1869;<br />
Companhia <strong>da</strong> Doca <strong>da</strong> Alfândega do Rio de janeiro. Publicação dos documentos que motivaram o acréscimo de 500:000$000 no<br />
seu capital. Estudo <strong>da</strong>s alterações feitas ao seu regulamento pelo decreto nº 4618 de 4 de novembro de 1870. Rio de Janeiro:<br />
Typographia Imp. De Villeneuve e Co., 1870; Companhia <strong>da</strong> Doca <strong>da</strong> Alfândega do Rio de Janeiro. Publicação dos documentos<br />
que precederam e motivaram sua organização. Resposta às acusações que lhe têm sido feitas. Rio de Janeiro: Typ. Imp. E Const. De<br />
J. Villeneuve e Co. 1870; Obras Hidráulicas <strong>da</strong> Alfândega do Rio de Janeiro. Coleção dos artigos publicados no Jornal do<br />
Commércio pelo engenheiro <strong>André</strong> Rebouças. Rio de Janeiro: Typ. Imp. E Const. De J. Villeneuve e Co. 1871; Companhia <strong>da</strong>s<br />
Docas de D. Pedro II e o projetado caminho de ferro aéreo. Coleção de artigos publicados no Jornal do Commércio. Rio de<br />
Janeiro: Typ. Imp. E Const. De J. Villeneuve e Co. 1871; Província do Paraná. Solução ao conflito dos caminhos de ferro. Coleção<br />
de artigos publicados no Jornal do Commércio de 29 de setembro a 9 de outubro de 1874 pelo engenheiro <strong>André</strong> Rebouças. Rio de<br />
Janeiro: Typ. Imp. E Const. De J. C. de Villeneuve e Co. 1874.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 231<br />
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113<br />
George C. A. BOEHER, “José Carlos Rodrigues and “O Novo Mundo”, in. Journal of Inter-American Studies, January, 1967, vol.<br />
IX, n. 1, p. 127.<br />
114<br />
Idem, p. 131.<br />
115<br />
Idem, p. 130.<br />
116<br />
Sobre a Revista Novo Mundo, excetuando-se o trabalho recente de Gabriela Vieira de CAMPOS, (O literário e o não-literário nos<br />
textos e imagens do periódico ilustrado O Novo Mundo (Nova Iorque, 1870-1879). Dissertação (mestrado) – Universi<strong>da</strong>de Estadual<br />
de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos <strong>da</strong> Linguagem, 2001), não obtive nenhum outro estudo sobre ela. Maria Alice R. Carvalho,<br />
embora não desenvolva a hipótese ao longo do seu trabalho, se refere ao periódico como um locus agregador do nosso “partido<br />
americano”. (Maria A. REZENDE DE CARVALHO, Op. Cit., p. 191.)<br />
117<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Benjamin Franklin – estudos autobiográficos”. In. Revista Novo Mundo, vol.VI, n. 71, agosto de 1876.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 234<br />
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118 Idem.<br />
119 Idem.<br />
120 Idem.<br />
121 Idem.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 235<br />
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122 Vide Capítulo II, item 2.2.<br />
123 Diário, 4 de setembro de 1865.<br />
124 Diário, 4 de setembro de 1865.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 236<br />
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125 Como já observei alhures, Rebouças ficou encarregado de redigir o Diário Oficial <strong>da</strong> expedição de ocupação <strong>da</strong> Ilha de Redenção e do<br />
Forte de Itapiru, entre abril e junho de 1866. Tal posição, mais de intelectual do que de combatente, sem dúvi<strong>da</strong> lhe permitiu uma<br />
visão crítica dos bastidores <strong>da</strong> movimentação militar, desde os esquemas fraudulentos no fornecimento de materiais às intrigas e<br />
conflitos entre os oficiais.<br />
126 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. "O Militarismo despovoando o Brasil" in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 53, fevereiro de 1875.<br />
127 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Bom Patriotismo e Mau Patriotismo”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V. n. 54, março de 1875.<br />
128 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. “Economia Política”. Caderno manuscrito, s/d.<br />
129 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, "Fraterni<strong>da</strong>de e Liber<strong>da</strong>de de Comércio", in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VI, n. 72, setembro de 1876. Frédéric<br />
BASTIAT, Ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas, 1850, p. 41 Versão eletrônica disponível em<br />
.<br />
130 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Iniciativa Individual”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 75, março de 1877.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 237<br />
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131 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. “O Militarismo despovoando o Brasil” in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 53, fevereiro de 1875.<br />
132 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. “Infeliz Paraíba!”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 53, fevereiro de 1875.<br />
133 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Emigração Russa”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 75, março de 1877.<br />
134 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “O Militarismo despovoando o Brasil”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 53, fevereiro de 1875. Este mesmo<br />
trecho é citado em Garantia de Juros, p. 95.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 238<br />
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135 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. Garantia de Juros. Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Nacional, 1874, p. 87.<br />
136 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. Garantia de Juros..., p. 89.<br />
137 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. “Bom patriotismo e mau patriotismo”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 54, março de 1875.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 239<br />
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138 Tavares BASTOS. Cartas do Solitário. São Paulo: Brasiliana, 1975 [1 a edição em 1862]. P. 105.<br />
139 Tavares BASTOS. A Província. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1975, p. 201.<br />
140 Continua Tavares Bastos: “Agitemos estas questões: são também parte nas queixas <strong>da</strong> Democracia. Oprimem o voto e ludibriam a<br />
nação, porque, isola<strong>da</strong>s, as populações não sentem vibrar em um instante, simultaneamente, como no sistema nervoso, a fibra<br />
ofendi<strong>da</strong>, o sentimento calculado em uma parte qualquer do Império. Pode-se impunemente surrar um brasileiro no Piauí, ou<br />
crucificá-lo em Alagoas, porque as enormes distâncias fazem que não sejamos um povo, mas uma aglomeração de colônias do Rio<br />
de Janeiro”. (Idem, p. 201).<br />
141 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. Garantia de Juros..., p. 116.
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142<br />
Cf. Michel CHEVALIER, La Système de la Méditerranée, s/d., apud Jean WALCH, Op. Cit., p. 99.<br />
143<br />
Idem, p. 100.<br />
144<br />
Michel CHEVALIER, Lettres sur l’Amérique, t. II, p. 3, apud Jean WALCH, Op. Cit., p.152.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 241<br />
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145 Michel CHEVALIER, Cours de l’Économie Politique, t. I, p. 267., apud Jean WALCH, Op. Cit., p. 300.<br />
146 Segundo Chevalier, “Les chemins de fer sont des agents démocratiques, <strong>da</strong>ns le sens légitime et régulier du mot. Ils mettens à la portée<br />
de toutes les classes un instrument de locomotion qui fait disparaître des inégalités qui avaient existé just’à présent <strong>da</strong>ns les moyens<br />
de communication dont disposaient les hommes. Qu’importent l’élégance des voitures et l’inégalité des prix? Pauvres et riches<br />
peuvent circuler avec une grande vitesse. Celui qui parcourait les routes à grandes frais, en grand équipage, voyage maintenant trois<br />
ou quatre fois plus vite, tout aussi commodément, à bien meilleur marché; et le pauvre piéton, emporté par la même puissance, roule<br />
avec lui <strong>da</strong>ns le même convoi, sans que le plaisir du riche en soit diminué”. (Michel CHEVALIER, Idem, pp. 378-379, apud Jean<br />
WALCH, Op. Cit., p. 308).<br />
147 “[Les chemins de fer] sont des agents de la paix: les liens qu’ils établissent entre les natins doivent de plus en plus éloigner les<br />
collisions sanglantes qui ont désolé l’humanité jusqu’à ce jour. Peut- être eun temps viendra où, grâce à leur intervention, grâce aussi<br />
qux progrès de la civilisation, on cessera de recourir à cette extrémité effroyable” (Michel CHEVALIER, Idem, pp. 407, apud Jean<br />
WALCH, Op. Cit., p. 309).<br />
148 Idem, p. 309.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 242<br />
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149 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. Garantia de Juros..., p. 124. Para Rebouças, o Decreto n. 1.664, de 27 de outubro de 1855, que facultava a<br />
desapropriação de terrenos marginais às estra<strong>da</strong>s de ferro, era mais avançado do que a Lei 1.114 de 29 de setembro de 1860, que<br />
autorizava o governo a comprar terras junto às estra<strong>da</strong>s de ferro para o estabelecimento de imigrantes.<br />
150 Idem, p. 124.<br />
151 Maria Alice Rezende de CARVALHO, O Quinto Século..., p. 103 e 97.<br />
152 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. “Bom Patriotismo e Mau Patriotismo”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 54, março de 1875.<br />
153 Idem.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 243<br />
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154 Idem. A citação de Washington presente em A Democracia na América encontra-se na Segun<strong>da</strong> Parte do Livro I, intitula<strong>da</strong>: “Da<br />
maneira pela qual a democracia americana conduz os negócios exteriores do Estado” (Alexis de TOCQUEVILLE, A Democracia na<br />
América, Belo Horizonte: Ed. Itatiaia; São Paulo: Ed. Universi<strong>da</strong>de de São Paulo, 1977, p. 176).<br />
155 Comentando sobre a injustiça e contra-produtivi<strong>da</strong>de <strong>da</strong>s Guerras, diz Rebouças: “A vitória é para a guerra o mesmo que o ganho é<br />
para o jogo: o demônio fá-lo ganhar, para lançar uma nação no baralho do militarismo o demônio concede-lhe a vitória! (...) Quando<br />
Moltke dizia, há pouco, no parlamento que a Alemanha devia passar 30 anos com a espa<strong>da</strong> na mão, proferia, sem saber, uma grande<br />
ver<strong>da</strong>de filosófica. A nação vitoriosa fica em um estado geral de suspeição; a ca<strong>da</strong> momento tem a temer uma colisão, um<br />
Fontainebleau ou um Waterloo! (...) A paz arma<strong>da</strong> está para a guerra como as moléstias crônicas para as moléstias agu<strong>da</strong>s; como<br />
uma febre renitente para um tifo. To<strong>da</strong>s essas moléstias aniquilam e matam as nações; é só uma questão de tempo”. (<strong>André</strong><br />
REBOUÇAS. “Guerra e Vitória”. In. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VI, n. 61, outubro de 1875).<br />
156 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. “Bom Patriotismo e Mau Patriotismo”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 54, março de 1875.<br />
157 Idem.<br />
158 Idem.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 244<br />
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159<br />
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160<br />
Idem.<br />
161<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “O Zollverein americano”, Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 74, fevereiro de 1877.<br />
162<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “O Zollverein americano”, Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 74, fevereiro de 1877.<br />
163<br />
Idem. Há um artigo de 1878, intitulado “Katheder-<strong>Social</strong>ismus”, que, igualmente sem assinatura, não pude comprovar sua autoria<br />
através do seu Diário, já interrompido desde março de 1877. No entanto, a julgar pelo estilo narrativo, pelas figuras de linguagem e
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 245<br />
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<br />
mesmo pelos autores arrolados, embora sem absoluta certeza acredito ser de Rebouças. Assim, neste artigo, List, que aparecera antes<br />
como um expoente e “imortal propagador do Zollverein”, era criticado agora por ser um “patriota exclusivista; tinha o que hoje<br />
chamamos patriotismo antigo, ou patriotismo romano; e que os franceses denominam chauvinisme para significar um patriotismo<br />
cego, que tem a estulta ambição de fazer a pátria senhora do mundo, dispondo de to<strong>da</strong>s as outras nações como de seus feudos ou de<br />
suas colônias. É esse mau patriotismo, que explica estar sempre o Dr. List em contradição consigo mesmo; quando prega liber<strong>da</strong>de<br />
de comércio para to<strong>da</strong>s as nações <strong>da</strong> confederação germânica, e o mais bárbaro protecionismo entre o Zollvenrein e os outros povos<br />
<strong>da</strong> Europa”. (“Katheder-<strong>Social</strong>ismus”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 88, 88, abril de 1878). Sobre Friedrich List (1789-<br />
1846), ver, dentre outros, Monique ANSON-MEYER, Um economiste du developpement au XIX siècle: Friedrich List, Grenoble:<br />
Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 1982.<br />
164 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. “A paz e a arbitragem”. In. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 59, agosto de 1875.<br />
165 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Agricultura Nacional: estudos econômicos, p. 307.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 246<br />
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166 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. “O Zollverein americano”. In. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 74, fevereiro de 1877.<br />
167 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. “Iniciativa Individual”. in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 75, março de 1877. Grifo meu. A comparação com<br />
o governo <strong>da</strong> casa, como na citação acima, é exemplar. Em outro artigo, a defesa que faz <strong>da</strong> introdução de caixas econômicas<br />
escolares, criando entre as crianças hábitos de “parcimônia e de abstenção” revela o quanto Rebouças tem em mente o sentido grego<br />
<strong>da</strong> economia: “Notai bem que o fim <strong>da</strong> instituição [no caso, as caixas econômicas escolares] é ensinar Economia, na ver<strong>da</strong>deira<br />
acepção dos radicais gregos, que constituíam essa palavra; é ensinar a Ciência do lar doméstico, a ciência <strong>da</strong> família, a ciência do<br />
ci<strong>da</strong>dão; não é formar pecúlio, nem dote para os meninos e meninas”.(<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Caixas econômicas escolares”. In.<br />
Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 75, março de 1877).<br />
168 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Emigração Russa”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 75, março de 1877.<br />
169 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Descentralização”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 75, março de 1877.<br />
170 Idem.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 247<br />
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175<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS. “O Paraguai hipotecado”. In. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VI, n. 70, julho de 1876.<br />
176<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “A Crise Financeira de 1875”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 58, julho de 1875.<br />
177<br />
Idem.<br />
178<br />
Idem.<br />
179<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Agricultura Nacional, Estudos Econômicos. Propagan<strong>da</strong> Abolicionista e Democrática. Rio de Janeiro: A. J.<br />
Lamourex & Co.,1883, p. 293.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 249<br />
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180 Idem, p. 300.<br />
181 Idem, p. 307.<br />
182 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “República Argentina”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, vol. VI, n. 72, setembro de 1876. Continua Rebouças:<br />
“Fizeram-se grandes especulações; ganhou-se muito dinheiro. Mas ao dinheiro, ganho na guerra, aplica-se a célebre máxima male<br />
parta, male dilabuntur. O dinheiro dos especuladores serviu para alimentar o luxo e elevá-lo a proporções incríveis. Com o ouro, que<br />
o Império teve a incensatez de lançar no rio <strong>da</strong> prata, construíram-se palácios riquíssimos; compraram-se cavalos e carruagens como<br />
só se admiram nas mais opulentas capitais <strong>da</strong> Europa. Buenos Aires chegou a ter duas companhias líricas italianas, luxo que só se vê<br />
em Londres. Por fim as últimas libras esterlinas, ganhas pelos fornecedores do exército imperial, serviram para fomentar a louca<br />
revolução de Mitre!” (Idem).<br />
183 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “República Argentina”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VI, n. 72, setembro de 1876.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 250<br />
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184<br />
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185<br />
Rebouças se perguntava: afinal, quanto ganhava o Império com o negócio <strong>da</strong>s loterias? “Notamos, em primeiro lugar, que um Império,<br />
que ocupa o Paraguai e o Rio <strong>da</strong> Prata, com seus exércitos e suas esquadras, que compra monstruosos encouraçados de 5.000 contos<br />
de reis, e, ao mesmo tempo, entrega-se ao jogo de loterias para obter a miséria de 55.500$ para as despesas <strong>da</strong> Casa de Correção e do<br />
melhoramento sanitário do Império, lembra certos petits creus, que vão, nos bailes, às salas de jogos a pretexto de ganhar para pagar<br />
as luvas de pelica. Os algarismos acima citados, não deixam a menor dúvi<strong>da</strong> que o lucro anual do Governo com o monopólio <strong>da</strong>s<br />
loterias orça de 1.400 a 1.700 contos anualmente. Ora, pois, é para ganhar essa ridícula soma, que não chega para pagar a terça parte<br />
do famoso Independência, que o nosso Governo se conserva ao nível do governo <strong>da</strong> Espanha! E só a Espanha e o Império Americano<br />
mantêm ain<strong>da</strong> a nefan<strong>da</strong> escravidão! Que coincidência! Na desgraça<strong>da</strong> Espanha a loteria sustenta o luxo e nutre a paixão do jogo sem<br />
limites: a praça de touros e as revoluções alimentam o instinto sanguinário”. (Idem).<br />
186<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, "Novo Empréstimo Brasileiro", in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 56, maio de 1875.<br />
187<br />
Idem.<br />
188<br />
Idem.<br />
189<br />
Idem.<br />
190<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, "Comércio Marítimo do Brasil", in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 74, fevereiro de 1877.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 251<br />
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191 <strong>André</strong> Rebouças, Garantia de juros, p. 2.<br />
192 Idem, ibidem.<br />
193 Idem, p. 3.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 252<br />
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194 Idem, p. 75.<br />
195 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, "O Imposto Direto", in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VII, n. 74, fevereiro de 1877.<br />
196 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Parecer do Presidente interino <strong>da</strong> seção de Comércio sobre a Reforma <strong>da</strong> Tarifa <strong>da</strong>s Alfândegas do Império<br />
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O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, publicação mensal <strong>da</strong> Socie<strong>da</strong>de Auxiliadora <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, entre agosto de 1876 e<br />
julho de 1877.<br />
197 Rebouças substituíra José Ewbank <strong>da</strong> Câmara, por este se achar em Pernambuco. Como vimos, Ewbank <strong>da</strong> Câmara fora aju<strong>da</strong>nte de
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 253<br />
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Rebouças nas obras <strong>da</strong> Alfândega, e indicado por ele como sócio remido no Instituto Politécnico.<br />
198<br />
No entanto, somente as seções <strong>da</strong> Indústria Fabril e a do Comércio apresentaram pareceres, tendo a de Agricultura se eximido <strong>da</strong><br />
controvérsia.<br />
199<br />
Cf. Peter GOUREVITCH, Politics in Hard Times. Comparative responses to International Economic Crises, Ithaca and London:<br />
Cornell University Press, 1986. (Capítulo 3: “Protectionism and Free Trade: The Crisis of 1873-96”). Segundo Gourevitch, as<br />
déca<strong>da</strong>s de 1850 e 1860 trouxeram prosperi<strong>da</strong>de econômica e material tanto à Grã-Bretanha como a outros países que, inseridos na<br />
nova divisão internacional do trabalho, se industrializaram a partir de então. Foi graças a esta prosperi<strong>da</strong>de que a política econômica<br />
liberal clássica pôde ser adota<strong>da</strong>, simboliza<strong>da</strong> pelo tratado de livre comércio entre França e Inglaterra em 1860. To<strong>da</strong>via, a<br />
transformação radical <strong>da</strong> economia internacional vista pelo autor como ver<strong>da</strong>deiro “cataclisma” (alteração dos processos tradicionais<br />
<strong>da</strong> agricultura, revolução dos transportes e <strong>da</strong> indústria), ao reduzir custos e suplantar a deman<strong>da</strong>, teve como efeito a redução <strong>da</strong>s<br />
expectativas de lucro e a que<strong>da</strong> no ciclo econômico, produzindo deflação. Assim, a crise de 1873-1896, embora menos intensa do<br />
que a “grande depressão” de 1930, foi um dos maiores períodos de reajustamento estrutural na Economia internacional. E teria sido<br />
justamente a ambigüi<strong>da</strong>de em relação ao caráter <strong>da</strong>quela “depressão” que ensejaria o debate sobre as duas diferentes respostas dos<br />
países à ela: ou o “mercado”, cuja aceitação <strong>da</strong> nova divisão do trabalho poderia implicar no risco em se adotar difíceis<br />
reajustamentos internos, re-alocando fatores de produção em função <strong>da</strong> deman<strong>da</strong> externa, ou, alternativa predominante, o<br />
“protecionismo”, erigindo barreiras alfandegárias ou formando cartéis. Somente a Inglaterra permaneceu livre-cambista neste<br />
período, ao passo que a Alemanha foi o primeiro país a adotar o protecionismo, seguindo-se a França e demais países europeus. Os<br />
Estados Unidos adotaram protecionismo às suas indústrias, mas mantiveram-se relativamente abertos aos produtos agrícolas. (Idem,<br />
pp.71-76).<br />
200<br />
Segundo o dicionarista Moraes e Silva, indústria significava “arte, destreza, para granjear a vi<strong>da</strong>; engenho, traça, em lavrar, e fazer<br />
obras mecânicas, em tratar negócios civis”. Já o termo “manufatura” era o mais próximo ao atual significado de ativi<strong>da</strong>de fabril, pois<br />
denominava a “fábrica, mecânica, e oficina de artefatos; de lanifícios, de se<strong>da</strong>s, chapéus, panos”. Verbete “Indústria”, in. Ronaldo
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 254<br />
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VAINFAS (org) Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. p. 372-376.<br />
201 Nícia Vilela LUZ, A luta pela industrialização do Brasil: 1808 a 1930. São Paulo: Editora Alfa-Omega, 1975, p. 51. Segundo <strong>da</strong>dos<br />
apresentados por Joaquim Álvaro d’Arma<strong>da</strong>, o preço final dos chapéus nacionais girava em 7$540, ao passo que os importados em<br />
6$240. (O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n.8, agosto de 1876, p. 285).<br />
202 Depoimento de Ferro Cardoso, apresentando o manifesto dos “artistas chapeleiros”. O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n. 9,<br />
setembro de 1876, p. 32.<br />
203 Idem, p. 326.<br />
204 Idem, p. 327.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 255<br />
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205 Idem, p. 334-5.<br />
206 O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n. 4, março de 1877, p. 103.
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207 Idem, ibidem.<br />
208 Idem, p. 111.<br />
209 O debate suscitado pela questão <strong>da</strong>s tarifas é analisado por Nícia Vilela LUZ, que se restringe aos dois pareceres contrários entre si,<br />
<strong>da</strong>dos pelas respectivas sessões <strong>da</strong> Indústria Fabril e de Comércio e Meios de Transporte. No entanto, o nome de Rebouças,<br />
presidente interino desta última sessão, não figura no estudo <strong>da</strong> autora. (Nícia Vilela LUZ, A luta pela industrialização..., p. 53-4.<br />
210 O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n. 6, junho de 1877, p. 305. Além do mais, Cardoso expunha-se como um “operário”, falava de<br />
sua infância pobre e de como não conseguiu sequer ser operário em Paris, por não ter experiência em outras fábricas, dizendo que<br />
sua primeira viagem à Europa não havia sido custea<strong>da</strong> por D. Pedro II... Uma franca atitude de deboche à figura de <strong>André</strong> Rebouças.<br />
211 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Parecer ...sobre a Reforma <strong>da</strong> Tarifa <strong>da</strong>s Alfândegas..., p. 6.<br />
212 Idem. Ibidem.
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213 Idem, p. 15.<br />
214 Idem, p. 16.<br />
215 Nícia Vilela LUZ, Op. Cit., p. 29<br />
216 O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n. 6, junho de 1877, p. 322.<br />
217 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Parecer ...sobre a Reforma <strong>da</strong> Tarifa <strong>da</strong>s Alfândegas..., p. 16.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 258<br />
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219 Idem, p. 20.<br />
220 Idem, p. 20.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 259<br />
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222 Idem, p. 24.<br />
223 Idem, ibidem.<br />
224 O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n. 7, julho de 1877. p. 349<br />
225 Idem, p. 350. Grifo meu.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 260<br />
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226 Idem, p. 351. Estaria aí a gênese <strong>da</strong> Lei de Locação de Serviços de 1879?<br />
227 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Parecer ...sobre a Reforma <strong>da</strong> Tarifa <strong>da</strong>s Alfândegas..., p. 17.<br />
228 Idem, p. 16. Grifo meu.
Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 261<br />
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Parte II – Capítulo V. Rumo à Economia Política. 262
Parte III – Rebouças, reformista do Império 263<br />
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Talvez jamais se escreva a história íntima <strong>da</strong> <strong>Engenharia</strong> brasileira,<br />
no interior deste império; sempre em luta renhi<strong>da</strong> com os barões<br />
escravocratas e com os mandões de aldeias. No entanto essa história é<br />
rica de lição socionômica e <strong>da</strong>ria à posteri<strong>da</strong>de um documento<br />
precioso para julgar do grau de aviltamento e de miséria deste país,<br />
explorado e (ilegível) sem dó nem compaixão pelos senhores feu<strong>da</strong>is e<br />
por seus asseclas.<br />
Nos tristíssimos dias <strong>da</strong> seca de 1876 a 1880, os Engenheiros <strong>da</strong>s<br />
Estra<strong>da</strong>s de Ferro serviram de médicos e de agentes de socorros<br />
públicos; muitos fizeram despezas, além dos seus vencimentos, levados<br />
pelos generosos impulsos <strong>da</strong> cari<strong>da</strong>de...<br />
É por isso que as populações do interior do Brasil recebem os<br />
Engenheiros com ban<strong>da</strong>s de música, com foguetes e com flores; certos<br />
de que eles são os Apóstolos dedicados e os precursores benéficos <strong>da</strong><br />
Equi<strong>da</strong>de, <strong>da</strong> Justiça, do Bem-Estar e <strong>da</strong> <strong>Civil</strong>ização.<br />
(<strong>André</strong> Rebouças, “Proprie<strong>da</strong>de Territorial - Landocracia e<br />
Democracia Rural”, in. Gazeta <strong>da</strong> Tarde, 19 de abril de 1887)<br />
Para os estudos psicológicos do Futuro é bom salientar a<br />
hereditarie<strong>da</strong>de: a luta contra a Ciencia Oficial, de monopólio e<br />
privilégio, é herança paterna como a Propagan<strong>da</strong> Abolicionista; como<br />
a luta contra os escravizadores de homens e monopolisadores <strong>da</strong><br />
terra... Os psicólogos cotejarão as petições do Pai e do filho, e<br />
acharão que uma prolongou a outra, em linha reta absoluta, em<br />
direção a esse infinito de liber<strong>da</strong>de, de igual<strong>da</strong>de e de fraterni<strong>da</strong>de<br />
que é o ideal supremo <strong>da</strong> humanidde; de ca<strong>da</strong> homem e de to<strong>da</strong> a<br />
Família Humana.<br />
(<strong>André</strong> Rebouças, “Instrução Técnica”,<br />
in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 256, 28 de abril de 1891)
Parte III – Rebouças, reformista do Império 264
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 265<br />
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1 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Imposto Territorial”, in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 208, 28 de abril de 1889.<br />
2 Idem. Grifo do autor.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 266<br />
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3 A primeira referência à “Socionomia” ou “Estudos socionômicos” encontra-se em seu opúsculo A Seca nas províncias do Norte (Rio de<br />
Janeiro: Typografia de G. Leuzinger e Filhos, 1877). No entanto, seria ao longo <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> de 1880 que o termo freqüentaria seu<br />
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4 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Arquitetura <strong>Civil</strong>” (III), in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 178, 28 de janeiro de 1888.<br />
5 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Arquitetura <strong>Civil</strong>” (II), in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 177, 14 de janeiro de 1888.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 267<br />
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6<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Arquitetura <strong>Civil</strong>” (IV) in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 179, 14 de fevereiro de 1888.<br />
7<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Arquitetura <strong>Civil</strong>” (I), in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 176, 28 de dezembro de 1887.<br />
8<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Arquitetura <strong>Civil</strong>” (II), in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 177, 14 de janeiro de 1888.<br />
9<br />
Idem.<br />
10<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Colonização <strong>da</strong> Argélia (com Homestead e Torrens Act)” (I), in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 237, 14 de julho de
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 268<br />
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11 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Abolição <strong>da</strong> Miséria” (III), in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 196, 28 de outubro de 1888. Grifos do autor.<br />
12 Idem.<br />
13 Idem.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 269<br />
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14 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Abolição <strong>da</strong> Miséria” (VIII), in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 204, 28 de fevereiro de 1889.<br />
15 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Ren<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Terra” (I), in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 235, 14 de junho de 1890. Grifo meu.<br />
16 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Proprie<strong>da</strong>de Territorial, landocracia e Democracia Rural, Monopólio Territorial e Liber<strong>da</strong>de do Comércio <strong>da</strong><br />
Terra (extratos <strong>da</strong> obra inédita de <strong>André</strong> Rebouças)” (XLIV), in. Gazeta <strong>da</strong> Tarde, 13 de maio de 1887.<br />
17 Baraço segundo o Dicionário Eletrônico Houaiss <strong>da</strong> Língua Portuguesa: “cor<strong>da</strong> ou laço usado para enforcar réus” ou cor<strong>da</strong> com que<br />
se açoitavam réus, com leitura do pregão de culpa e pena”. Cutelo: instrumento composto de uma lâmina cortante e semicircular,<br />
presa a um cabo de madeira, empregado outrora em execuções por decapitação”; “modo, maneira agressiva, violenta pela qual se<br />
reprime ou oprime alguém”.<br />
18 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Republiquistas” (VI), in. Ci<strong>da</strong>de do Rio, 23 de junho de 1888.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 270<br />
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19 Uma interpretação oposta é <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> por Richard Graham, para quem “havia poucas coisas que irritavam tanto a <strong>André</strong> Rebouças quanto o<br />
sempre repetido refrão de que o Brasil não deveria nunca industrializar-se, por ser ‘essencialmente uma nação agrícola’. Se existia<br />
realmente alguma nação essencialmente agrícola, disse ele, era a Inglaterra, onde ‘ama-se a vi<strong>da</strong> rural acima de tudo’. Se um real e<br />
racional desenvolvimento agrícola ain<strong>da</strong> era possível no Brasil, sob as condições existentes, tornava-se então ridícula a oposição à<br />
industrialização.”(Richard GRAHAM, Grã-Bretanha e o início <strong>da</strong> modernização no Brasil, São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense, 1973, p.<br />
217). A meu ver, ao contrário do exposto acima, as objeções de Rebouças ao industrialismo são evidentes, ain<strong>da</strong> que não<br />
necessariamente partilhasse <strong>da</strong> opinião <strong>da</strong> exclusivi<strong>da</strong>de do mundo agrário. Mais adiante exporei as prevenções de Rebouças em<br />
relação à proletarização urbana, considera<strong>da</strong> por ele um dos piores malefícios <strong>da</strong> industrialização.<br />
20 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Açúcar do Peru”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. VI, n. 71, agosto de 1876.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 271<br />
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21<br />
Trata-se aqui <strong>da</strong> Lei 2.687, de 6 de novembro de 1875, pela qual o Governo Imperial regulamentava os bancos hipotecários. A mesma<br />
lei, em seu artigo 2 o , autorizava o governo a conceder garantias de juros, até o montante de 30.000 contos, aos engenhos centrais.<br />
Esta lei fun<strong>da</strong>va-se, segundo Evaldo Cabral de Melo, na premissa <strong>da</strong> importação de capital estrangeiro como forma de se criar um<br />
grande Banco de Crédito Territorial, sob supervisão do Estado, e reiterava a ortodoxia metalista e centralizadora <strong>da</strong> corte. (A qual me<br />
referi no Capítulo IV, item 4.1.). Além do mais, ain<strong>da</strong> segundo o autor, “a idéia de aplicar [aos engenhos centrais] o mecanismo <strong>da</strong><br />
garantia de juros, já empregado na construção de ferrovias, advogara-o o engenheiro <strong>André</strong> Rebouças, cujas ligações com interesses<br />
estrangeiros são bem sabi<strong>da</strong>s” (Evaldo C. de MELLO, O Norte Agrário e o Império. 1871-1889. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 1999, p.<br />
163). Entretanto, consultando seu Diário, não obtive nenhuma informação sobre até que ponto chegou a influência de Rebouças na<br />
re<strong>da</strong>ção e tramitação do projeto de lei na Assembléia Geral. Não seria demasiado esperar que Rebouças tivesse a mesma atitude em<br />
registrar sua participação nesta lei, uma vez que isso ocorreu em relação à Lei Geral <strong>da</strong>s Docas, como vimos (vide Capítulo IV, item<br />
4.2.).<br />
22<br />
Idem.<br />
23<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “O Futuro dos Ingênuos”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 55, 23 de abril de 1875.<br />
24<br />
Idem.<br />
25<br />
Como expus alhures, Rebouças não assinava seus artigos no Novo Mundo, embora os artigos aos demais periódicos do Rio de Janeiro,<br />
como neste caso, os artigos de 1875 para o Jornal do Commércio sob o título de “Agricultura Nacional”, mais tarde reunidos em<br />
livro, eram não só assinados mas propagandeados em outros veículos de imprensa. Da mesma forma, quando <strong>da</strong> publicação deste<br />
livro, em 1883, Rebouças escrevia que o “mérito principal do livro [Agricultura Nacional] é colocar a ciência ao alcance de todos. O<br />
estilo é de uma simplici<strong>da</strong>de ateniense. Sente-se nos períodos a preocupação de clareza que tanto distingue Bastiat.”(“Agricultura<br />
Nacional”, in. Jornal <strong>da</strong> Tarde, 6 de novembro de 1883).
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 272<br />
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26<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “O Futuro dos Ingênuos”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 55, 23 de abril de 1875.<br />
27<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Crédito Real”, in. Revista Novo Mundo, Vol. V, n. 57, 23 de junho de 1875. Grifo meu.<br />
28<br />
Idem.Grifo do autor.<br />
29<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Agricultura Nacional: estudos econômicos. Propagan<strong>da</strong> abolicionista e democrática. Recife: Fun<strong>da</strong>j, Editora<br />
Massangana, 1988. [Edição fac-similar de Rio de Janeiro: A. J. Lamoureux & Co., 1883], p. 13. Rebouças assim definia o<br />
mecanismo básico do Engenho Central: “O senhor de engenho, filantrópico e previdente, divide as suas vastas terras em lotes, que<br />
vende, afora, ou arren<strong>da</strong> aos seus emancipados e colonos nacionais ou estrangeiros; confia-lhes todos os trabalhos <strong>da</strong> produção <strong>da</strong><br />
cana de açúcar; concentra to<strong>da</strong> a sua atenção na fabricação do açúcar e dos produtos conexos; compra as máquinas e os aparelhos<br />
necessários para exercer nas melhores condições econômicas a indústria sacarina, e consegue, assim, por seu simples esforço<br />
individual, fun<strong>da</strong>r um engenho central”. (Idem, p. 2). Tal processo era ilustrado também em relação à cultura cafeeira. Até aqui,<br />
Rebouças seguia uma cartilha comum a muitos modernizadores de seu tempo, como os diversos discursos proferidos na Socie<strong>da</strong>de<br />
Auxiliadora <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional. (vide, por exemplo, O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, ns. 8 e 9 – agosto e setembro de 1875).<br />
No entanto, a meu ver a inovação de Rebouças estava em defender aqui não apenas o Engenho ou Fazen<strong>da</strong> Centrais, mas o<br />
“princípio <strong>da</strong> centralização agrícola e industrial”, o qual, como veremos, seria extensível a to<strong>da</strong> e qualquer cultura agrícola do país.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 273<br />
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30<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Garantia de Juros, Op. Cit., p. 124.<br />
31<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Ao Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro: Typographia e Livraria de Laemmert e Co., 1878, p. 31.<br />
32<br />
Idem, p. 15.<br />
33<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Agricultura Nacional. Op. Cit., p. 3.<br />
34 Idem, p. 112.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 274<br />
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35 Idem, p. 120.<br />
36 Idem, p. 126.<br />
37 Idem, p. 142.<br />
38 Idem, p. 300.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 275<br />
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39 Aqui, Rebouças parece estar respondendo a muitos que defendiam, junto à SAIN, a criação de bancos de Crédito Real subvencionados<br />
por garantias de juros. Como por exemplo Buarque de Macedo, para quem tal “dispêndio ao tesouro” significaria to<strong>da</strong>via “um<br />
dispêndio dos mais profícuos ao país, e que cessar[ia] logo que tais estabelecimentos, pela nova organização <strong>da</strong> proprie<strong>da</strong>de agrícola,<br />
pude[ssem] caminhar por si.” (O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n. 11, 4 de novembro de 1873). Rebouças também parece<br />
responder ao projeto de “auxílio à Lavoura”, apresentado em 1875 por Cardozo de Menezes, Araújo Brusque, Bandeira de Melo,<br />
dentre outros, o qual, embora tivesse pontos de contato em relação ao seu diagnóstico, e inclusive apontasse para a criação de<br />
Engenhos e Fazen<strong>da</strong>s Centrais, propunha também a criação de bancos de crédito e hipotecários: “Acreditam as comissões [<strong>da</strong> SAIN]<br />
que as letras hipotecárias, emiti<strong>da</strong>s pelos bancos de crédito territorial, organizados sob a proteção do governo, com autonomia<br />
própria nas circunscrições de maior produção agrícola, pela forma exposta, exercerão todo crédito e [ilegível], e serão especialmente<br />
procura<strong>da</strong>s pelos credores <strong>da</strong> lavoura, hoje que estão ameaçados de liqui<strong>da</strong>ção vários engenhos e estabelecimentos industriais, e que<br />
o crédito tanto se retrai; hoje, que por esse motivo tão difícil é a aquisição de capitais, as pessoas que vêm seus créditos mal parados<br />
serão as primeiras a receber em pagamento deles, e sem desconto, as letras hipotecárias dos bancos fiscalizados auxiliados pelos<br />
poderes públicos.” (O Auxiliador <strong>da</strong> Indústria Nacional, n. 7, 17 de julho de 1875).<br />
40 Idem, p. 298.<br />
41 Idem, p. 6.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 276<br />
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42 Idem, p. 239. Nesta passagem, Rebouças recorre à mesma imagem presente em seu Diário, por ocasião de sua viagem aos Estados<br />
Unidos, comparando a “alegre, cândi<strong>da</strong>, e brilhante” Lowell, à “triste, negra e escura” Manchester, e concluía: “Abençoado seja<br />
quem fun<strong>da</strong>r uma Lowell no Brasil! (...) O que esperamos para fun<strong>da</strong>r a grande indústria manufatureira na província de Minas<br />
Gerais? Porque não man<strong>da</strong>mos vir de Lowell, <strong>da</strong> gentil filha do Merrimack e <strong>da</strong> ativi<strong>da</strong>de yankee, máquinas para fiar e tecer<br />
algodão? Porque não havemos de constituir em Minas Gerais um centro industrial e manufatureiro para <strong>da</strong>r produtos de algodão, de<br />
lã, de se<strong>da</strong> e de ferro, aos habitantes do imenso planalto, que se estende <strong>da</strong> Serra <strong>da</strong> Mantiqueira até aos Andes? (Idem, p. 79 e ss.).<br />
43 Fernando Antonio LOURENÇO, Agricultura Ilustra<strong>da</strong>: idéias para o melhoramento moral e material <strong>da</strong> lavoura brasileira no<br />
século XIX, Tese de Doutorado – IFCH/Unicamp, 1998, p. 8.<br />
44 Idem, pp. 140 e ss.<br />
45 Peter EISENBERG, Modernização sem mu<strong>da</strong>nça. A indústria açucareira em Pernambuco – 1840 – 1910. Rio de Janeiro / Campinas:<br />
Paz e Terra / Editora <strong>da</strong> Unicamp, 1977.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 277<br />
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46<br />
Idem, p. 111.<br />
47<br />
Idem, p. 112.<br />
48<br />
Idem, ibidem.<br />
49<br />
Idem, p. 114.<br />
50<br />
Richard GRAHAM, Grã-Bretanha e o início <strong>da</strong> modernização no Brasil. Op. Cit., p. 158.<br />
51<br />
Peter EISENBERG, Modernização sem mu<strong>da</strong>nça. Op. Cit, pp. 119/120.<br />
52<br />
Idem, p. 122.<br />
53 a<br />
Evaldo Cabral de MELLO, O Norte Agrário e o Império, 1871-1889, Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 1999 (2 edição), p. 162.<br />
54 Idem, ibidem.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 278<br />
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55 Idem, p. 173. Grifo meu.<br />
56 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Proprie<strong>da</strong>de Territorial - Landocracia e Democracia Rural, Monopólio Territorial e Liber<strong>da</strong>de do Comércio <strong>da</strong><br />
Terra. (extratos <strong>da</strong> obra inédita de <strong>André</strong> Rebouças)” (XLIV). In. Gazeta <strong>da</strong> Tarde, 13 de maio de 1887.<br />
57 Aqui Rebouças atribuía significado a este termo: “Durante o ano de 1886, esteve sempre em discussão, na imprensa e nas duas casas do<br />
Parlamento, a miséria <strong>da</strong>s estra<strong>da</strong>s de ferro, construí<strong>da</strong>s e geri<strong>da</strong>s pelo Estado ou por ele garanti<strong>da</strong>s. A Imprensa Democrática atribuía<br />
esse tristíssimo fiasco à Advocacia Administrativa; (...) É preciso que expliquemos aos vindouros o que significa esse neologismo –<br />
Advocacia Administrativa. Foi ele inventado por Buarque de Macedo, quando ministro <strong>da</strong> Agricultura, para estigmatizar um<br />
famigerado político, que viveu e morreu traficando em to<strong>da</strong>s as estra<strong>da</strong>s de ferro, em to<strong>da</strong>s as empreita<strong>da</strong>s, em to<strong>da</strong>s as especulações<br />
mercantis, inclusive em lojas de papel para fornecimento às Secretarias de Estado!” (<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Estra<strong>da</strong>s de Ferro. Sua<br />
esterilização pela advocacia administrativa e pelo monopólio territorial” (I), in. Gazeta <strong>da</strong> Tarde, 22 de março de 1887. Grifos do<br />
auto).
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 279<br />
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58 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Proprie<strong>da</strong>de Territorial - Landocracia e Democracia Rural, Monopólio Territorial e Liber<strong>da</strong>de do Comércio <strong>da</strong><br />
Terra. (extratos <strong>da</strong> obra inédita de <strong>André</strong> Rebouças).” (XLIV). In. Gazeta <strong>da</strong> Tarde, 13 de maio de 1887.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 280<br />
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59 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Abolição Imediata e Sem Indenização – Confederação Abolicionista. (Panfleto n. 1). Rio de Janeiro:<br />
Typographia Central de Evaristo R. <strong>da</strong> Costa, 1883, p. 20. Grifo meu.<br />
60 Idem, p. 41.<br />
61 Idem, p. 30.<br />
62 Idem, p. 34.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 281<br />
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63 Idem, p. 34.<br />
64 Vide para isso o Capítulo V, item 5.4.<br />
65 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Proprie<strong>da</strong>de Territorial - Landocracia e Democracia Rural. (extratos <strong>da</strong> obra inédita de <strong>André</strong> Rebouças)”<br />
(XXXII), in. Gazeta <strong>da</strong> Tarde, 22 de abril de 1887.
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66 Em 1879, o deputado Jeronymo Sodré, representante <strong>da</strong> Bahia em discurso de 5 de março, fazia um apelo para a extinção total e rápi<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> escravatura, opondo-se à dilação <strong>da</strong> Lei Rio Branco, de 1871. Segundo Robert Conrad, <strong>da</strong>ta de então a renovação do debate<br />
abolicionista na Assembléia Geral, após oito anos de vigência <strong>da</strong> Lei de 1871. Segundo a interpretação de Conrad, a Lei Rio Branco<br />
era demasiado “complexa em seu compromisso de alterar o status quo de modo satisfatório para os críticos <strong>da</strong> escravatura” e<br />
defender ao mesmo tempo os direitos dos donos de escravos. Daí que sua intenção fosse a de “estabelecer um estágio de evolução<br />
para um sistema de trabalho livre sem causar grande mu<strong>da</strong>nça imediata na agricultura ou nos interesses econômicos. Esperava-se,<br />
assim, que remen<strong>da</strong>sse uma instituição em declínio, enquanto eliminava sua última fonte de renovação; que protegesse os interesses<br />
<strong>da</strong> geração viva dos senhores, enquanto resgatava a geração seguinte de escravos. Anuncia<strong>da</strong> como uma grande reforma, essa lei era,<br />
realmente, um compromisso intrincado. To<strong>da</strong>via, contribuiu significativamente para o colapso <strong>da</strong> escravatura, dezessete anos mais<br />
tarde.” (Robert CONRAD, Os últimos anos <strong>da</strong> Escravatura no Brasil – 1850-1888. Rio de Janeiro: <strong>Civil</strong>ização Brasileira, 1978.<br />
pp.167 e 113, respectivamente).<br />
67 Por conta disso, afirma que recebeu “22:133$333 de prêmio como concessionário (...), por trabalhos de 16 anos” (Diário, 8 de julho de<br />
1880). Doravante a empresa se denominaria Conde d'Eu Railway Company Limited.<br />
68 Diário, 9 de julho de 1880. O artigo saiu pelo Jornal do Commércio.<br />
69 Em 1880, o primeiro dos festivais organizados com esta finali<strong>da</strong>de rendeu, segundo Rebouças, 4:647$000. É provável que o maestro<br />
abdicasse de uma parte <strong>da</strong> ren<strong>da</strong> em benefício do movimento abolicionista. (Diário, 9 de novembro de 1880).
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 283<br />
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71 Idem, p. 174.<br />
72 O primeiro dos grandes jornais abolicionistas foi o Gazeta de Notícias, de Ferreira de Araújo, o qual, juntamente com O Abolicionista,<br />
despertou o interesse do público em 1880. Mas este pioneiro foi ultrapassado em “radicali<strong>da</strong>de”, segundo J. Conrad, pelo Gazeta <strong>da</strong><br />
Tarde, sob breve controle de José Ferreira de Menezes, e depois por José do Patrocínio, mantendo-se até 1887 como o principal<br />
veiculador de notícias sobre o movimento abolicionista na Corte. Em 1887, A Ci<strong>da</strong>de do Rio ocupou este lugar. (Idem, p. 181).<br />
73 Idem, p. 185.<br />
74 Diário, 20 de setembro de 1880.<br />
75 Diário, 28 de setembro de 1880.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 284<br />
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83 Diário, 18 de março de 1883.<br />
84 Diário, 18 de abril de 1883.<br />
85 A The Minas Central Railway of Brazil, ao que parece, não teve vi<strong>da</strong> longa. Ain<strong>da</strong> em 1883, Rebouças encontrou-se com o diretor do<br />
Banco do Comércio Antonio <strong>da</strong> Costa Chaves Faria e o deputado mineiro Manuel José Soares, interessados em vender o Caminho de<br />
Ferro de S. João Del Rey à Companhia (Diário, 5 de setembro de 1883). Apesar disso, são várias as referências de Rebouças em seu<br />
Diário registrando suas tentativas de “salvar” a Companhia.<br />
86 Diário, 24 de setembro de 1883.<br />
87 Diário, 9 de setembro de 1884.<br />
88 Diário, 27 de abril de 1885.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 286<br />
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<br />
89 Diário, 19 de junho de 1885.<br />
90 Maria A. Rezende de CARVALHO, Quatro Vezes Ci<strong>da</strong>de, Rio de Janeiro: Sete Letras, 1994, p. 60.<br />
91 Idem, p. 67. Segundo a autora, embora houvesse diferentes concepções de civilização entre os membros do Club, o tema <strong>da</strong> “reforma<br />
urbana” <strong>da</strong> déca<strong>da</strong> de 1880 ao início do século seguinte teria unido diversas correntes. Dentre elas, a dos “reformadores<br />
republicanos”, para quem a “ci<strong>da</strong>de expressaria uma visão atomista e mecanicista do social, pela qual as uni<strong>da</strong>des coletivas [seriam]<br />
construí<strong>da</strong>s a partir de indivíduos e decomponíveis em uni<strong>da</strong>des sempre redutíveis à sua menor expressão”, e a dos “reformadores<br />
monarquistas”, para os quais a ci<strong>da</strong>de “expressaria uma visão <strong>da</strong> racionali<strong>da</strong>de estatal superposta à natureza – imagem a que não<br />
faltava uma certa reverência à empresa colonial, e aos seus mitos específicos. Sob a tradição romântica, como se abe, em seu período<br />
de maior aceitação pelas elites políticas e intelectuais do século XIX, reelaborara-se o mito do paraíso terrestre, tropo narrativo a que<br />
se liga uma imagem originária do Brasil, caracteriza<strong>da</strong> pela exigência de um princípio estruturante, de uma razão estratégica que<br />
encontrava na vontade do príncipe ideal sua possibili<strong>da</strong>de de materialização em instituições e personagens.”(Idem, p. 79).
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 287<br />
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92<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Estra<strong>da</strong>s de Ferro – sua esterilização pela advocacia administrativa e pelo monopólio territorial”, in. Gazeta <strong>da</strong><br />
Tarde, 22 de março de 1887. Grifos do autor.<br />
93<br />
Robert CONRAD, Op. Cit, p. 209.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 288<br />
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94<br />
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95<br />
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96<br />
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97<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “O Exemplo do Ceará”, in. Gazeta <strong>da</strong> Tarde, 10 de novembro de 1883. Sobre a ópera Salvator Rosa, vide<br />
Capítulo V, item 5.1.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 289<br />
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98 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Agricultura Nacional”, in. Gazeta <strong>da</strong> Tarde, 6 de novembro de 1883. Grifos meus.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 290<br />
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99<br />
<strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “A Província de São Paulo depois <strong>da</strong> Abolição”, in. Gazeta <strong>da</strong> Tarde, 31 de maio de 1883.<br />
100<br />
Vide Capítulo II, item 2.3.<br />
101<br />
Carl von Koseritz era alemão de Dessau, e passou a residir no Brasil em 1830, tendo chegado aos 21 anos com a tropa mercenária<br />
engaja<strong>da</strong> por Sebastião do Rego Barros para o serviço do Império, na guerra contra Rosas. Desde cedo lançou-se como jornalista,<br />
tornando-se também deputado provincial. Em Pelotas, no Rio Grande do Sul, fundou seu primeiro jornal, O Noticiador, em 1856, e<br />
desde então fun<strong>da</strong>ria e redigiria outros jornais, dentre os quais o Koseritz Deutsche Zeitung (1864-1885), o qual teve grande difusão<br />
nas províncias do Sul, chegando a se tornar o “ver<strong>da</strong>deiro órgão de expressão do pensamento e <strong>da</strong>s reivindicações dos alemães do<br />
Brasil meridional”. (Afonso Arinos de Melo FRANCO, “Prefácio”, in. Carl von KOSERITZ, Imagens do Brasil. (tradução de<br />
Afonso A. de Melo Franco) Belo Horizonte: Ed. Itatiaia; São Paulo: Ed. Da Universi<strong>da</strong>de de São Paulo, 1980, p. 10). Em 1883,<br />
Koseritz relata ter participado de um jantar de gala no Clube Germânia, homenageando diversas autori<strong>da</strong>des alemãs em visita ao<br />
Brasil, dentre elas o Príncipe Henrique <strong>da</strong> Prússia (neto do Kaiser Guilherme I). Afirma que, embora não pudesse expressar-se em<br />
discurso, pois que na soleni<strong>da</strong>de “quaisquer outros discursos [além do Príncipe alemão e <strong>da</strong> diretoria do Germânia] estavam<br />
proibidos,” transcrevia em seu livro o discurso que faria acaso lhe fosse <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> oportuni<strong>da</strong>de, dizendo-se “ser o único representante,<br />
nesta mesa, dos 80.000 alemães e descendentes de alemães <strong>da</strong> província do Rio Grande do Sul.” Lançava ain<strong>da</strong>, neste discurso<br />
imaginário, loas à “uni<strong>da</strong>de <strong>da</strong> Alemanha” e sobretudo à “Casa Real dos Hohenzollerns, à qual foi reservado unir a Alemanha sob a<br />
égide <strong>da</strong> Prússia, e <strong>da</strong>r um fim à luta centenária pela hegemonia no coração <strong>da</strong> Europa!” (Idem, p. 157).<br />
102<br />
Em que pese o anticlericalismo do autor, sua adesão ao positivismo e ao evolucionismo <strong>da</strong>rwinista, suas impressões sobre Petrópolis<br />
confirmam este aristocratismo, acrescentando o fato de que aquela ci<strong>da</strong>de sediava uma <strong>da</strong>s primeiras colônias alemães do País: “Sim,
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 291<br />
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Petrópolis é uma ci<strong>da</strong>de imperial, aqui se respira de novo um ar europeu. Espaçosas casas apalaceta<strong>da</strong>s, magníficas vilas, jardins,<br />
ruas largas e bem calça<strong>da</strong>s, percorri<strong>da</strong>s por canais atravessados por numerosas pontes (...) tudo faz uma impressão agradável e<br />
duradoura. Também se vê carros muito elegantes, cavalos de raça, bonitas librés, cocheiros estilados, etc., criados de primeira ordem,<br />
aos quais não estamos habituados no Brasil”(sic), (Idem, p. 64/5); “Aqueles pobres colonos, que para aqui foram enviados em 1828,<br />
a fim de derrubarem as florestas e arrancarem do chão pedregoso parcos ganhos, mercê de esforçados trabalhos, nunca poderiam<br />
sonhar que, neste local, havia de florescer, um dia, uma ci<strong>da</strong>de senhorial” (Idem, p. 65, grifo meu); “Petrópolis é uma ci<strong>da</strong>de<br />
ver<strong>da</strong>deiramente aristocrática, e nela não existe o “Zé-Povinho”, isto é, a populaça que de tudo se ri e que quer arrastar na lama o que<br />
se acha situado mais alto que ela.” (Idem, p. 68).<br />
103 Idem, p. 87.<br />
104 Idem, p. 243.<br />
105 Idem, p. 223.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 292<br />
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106 Idem, p. 219.<br />
107 Irina VASSILIEFF, A Socie<strong>da</strong>de Central de Imigração nos fins do século XIX e a ‘Democracia Rural´. Tese de doutoramento.<br />
FFLCH / USP, São Paulo, 1987, p. 2.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 293<br />
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108 Idem, p. 36.<br />
109 Idem, p. 80.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 294<br />
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110 Carl von KOSERITZ, Op. Cit., p. 220.<br />
111 Ângela ALONSO, Idéias em Movimento: a geração 70 na crise do Brasil-Império. Tese (Doutorado), FFLCH/USP, 2000, p. 80.<br />
Segundo a autora, a compreensão do “movimento ‘intelectual’ dos anos 1870” se explica pela conjuntura política de crise <strong>da</strong>s<br />
instituições imperiais. Nesse sentido, os principais grupos que se formam no período são caracterizados por uma espécie de<br />
“identi<strong>da</strong>de negativa”, mais do que por doutrinas, instituições, origens sociais e interesses: o que eles compartilham é, afirma a
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 295<br />
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autora, “uma comuni<strong>da</strong>de de situação: a marginalização frente ao status quo saquarema”. (Idem, p. 67).<br />
112 Idem, pp. 80 e ss.<br />
113 Henrique de Beaurepaire Rohan era filho do Marechal de Campo Conde de Beaurepaire, veterano <strong>da</strong> Independência. Engenheiro<br />
militar, percorreu quase todo o território brasileiro, traçando planos de estra<strong>da</strong>s, projetos de urbanismo, etc. Foi presidente <strong>da</strong><br />
província do Paraná (1856) e <strong>da</strong> Paraíba (1857). No Congresso Agrícola de 1878 no Rio de Janeiro, Rohan escreveu a memória “O<br />
Futuro <strong>da</strong> grande lavoura e <strong>da</strong> grande proprie<strong>da</strong>de no Brasil’, na qual propunha o ensino agrícola aos ingênuos, em moldes próximos<br />
aos defendidos por Rebouças. Além do mais, Rohan se destacou como propagandista de colônias nacionais.<br />
114 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Socie<strong>da</strong>de Central de Imigração – VII - Colonização Nacional”, in. Gazeta de Notícias, 27 de janeiro de 1884.<br />
115 Beaurepaire ROHAN, Escolas Agrícolas, apud. <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, Idem. Grifos de Rebouças.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 296<br />
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116 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Imigrante proprietário”, in. Gazeta de Notícias, 23 de dezembro de 1883. Grifos meus.<br />
117 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Centro Abolicionista <strong>da</strong> Escola Politécnica - Nacionalização do solo pelo imposto Territorial Geometricamente<br />
Progressivo - Documentos contra o monopólio territorial no Império do Brasil”, in. Jornal do Commércio, 18 de abril de 1884.<br />
118 Idem, ibidem. Grifos do autor.<br />
119 Idem, 21 de abril de 1884.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 298<br />
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120 Idem, ibidem.<br />
121 Idem, ibidem.<br />
122 Idem, 30 de abril de 1884.<br />
123 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Imposto Territorial – elementos para o ca<strong>da</strong>stro nacional.” (I), in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 205, 14 de março<br />
de 1889.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 299<br />
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124 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Ren<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Terra.” (I), in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 235, 14 de junho de 1890.<br />
125 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Colonização <strong>da</strong> Algeria”(I), in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 237, 14 de julho de 1890.<br />
126 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “O problema do Salariato”, in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 261, 14 de julho de 1891.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 300<br />
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127 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Protecionismo”, in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 242, 28 de setembro de 1890.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 301<br />
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128 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “A questão operária”, in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 234, 28 de maio de 1890.<br />
129 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Imposto Territorial”, in. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 210, 28 de maio de 1889.<br />
130 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Imposto Territorial”. In. Revista de <strong>Engenharia</strong>, n. 216, 28 de agosto de 1889.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 302<br />
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131 Idem.<br />
132 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 303<br />
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133 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, "Republiquistas", in. Ci<strong>da</strong>de do Rio, 19 de junho de 1888.<br />
134 <strong>André</strong> Rebouças para Alfredo Taunay, 12 de junho de 1896.<br />
135 <strong>André</strong> REBOUÇAS, “Pequena proprie<strong>da</strong>de”, in. Ci<strong>da</strong>de do Rio, 12 de junho de 1888.<br />
136 Idem.
Parte III – Capítulo VI. O Espectro do Reformismo 304
Considerações finais 305<br />
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Estudos. São Paulo Editora Brasiliense. 1961. p. 199.<br />
2 Fernando Antonio NOVAIS. Portugal e Brasil na Crise do Antigo Sistema Colonial (1777-1808), São Paulo: Hucitec, 1995, p. 13.
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4<br />
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7 Sérgio Buarque de HOLANDA. O Brasil Monárquico (História Geral <strong>da</strong> <strong>Civil</strong>ização Brasileira, Tomo II, 5 o volume – Do Império à<br />
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9 Idem, p. 95.<br />
10 “Bastava que tal ou qual ato de favoritismo prejudicasseo representante de uma facção diferente, para que logo o denegrissem, às vezes<br />
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como estava, às voltas com uma guerra cruenta” (Idem, p. 95).
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11 Idem, p. 107.<br />
12 Cf. Maria Bárbara LEVY, A Indústria do Rio de Janeiro através de suas socie<strong>da</strong>des anônimas – esboços de história empresarial, Rio<br />
de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ / Secretaria Municipal de Cultura do Rio de Janeiro, 1994; Ana Maria RIBEIRO DE ANDRADE. 1864:<br />
conflito entre metalistas e pluralistas. Dissertação de Mestrado – IFCH / UFRJ. Rio de Janeiro, 1987.<br />
13 Cf. Ilmar Rohloff de MATTOS. Tempo Saquarema. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1987.<br />
14 Sérgio Buarque de HOLANDA, Op. Cit, p. 108.<br />
15 Idem, p. 117.
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17<br />
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18<br />
Sérgio Buarque de HOLANDA, Op. Cit., p. 136.<br />
19<br />
Idem, p. 138/9.<br />
20<br />
Ângela ALONSO, Op. Cit., p. 50.<br />
21<br />
Idem, p. 51.
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