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LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012CONTENTSPART 1: THE UNIVERSITY AND THE FACULTYSection 1 The Structure of the University. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Section 2 Faculty Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Section 3 Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Section 4 The Cambridge Law Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Section 5 Student Consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Section 6 Student Law Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Section 7 Further Law Study at Cambridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7PART 2: THE LLM COURSESection 1 Administration of the Course. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Section 2 History of the LLM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Section 3 Nature and Objectives of the Course. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Section 4 Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Section 5 Learning English Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Section 6 Course Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Section 7 Choosing your LLM Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. .Section 8 Teaching and Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Section 9 Examinations and Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Section 10 Graduation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Section 11 Assistance and Advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22PART 3: RESEARCH AND WRITING IN THE LLMIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Section 1 General Guidance on Research and Writing in the LLM . . . . . . . . . 26Section 2 Writing an LLM Essay as part of a designated paper . . . . . . . . . . 32Section 3 Writing an LLM Thesis in lieu of a designated paper . . . . . . . . . . 36

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Section 4 LLM Seminar Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41PART 4: FORMSIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Form D1 Application to choose the designation of your LLM Degree . . . . . . . 49Form E1 Application for approval of the scope and title of an Essay. . . . . . . . 50Form E2 Application to change the scope and title of an Essay. . . . . . . . . . . 51Form E3 Essay Submission Coversheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Form S1 Application for approval of the scope and title of a Seminar Thesis. . . . 53Form S2 Application for approval to change the scope and title of a Seminar .Thesis54Form S3 Seminar Thesis Submission Coversheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Form T1 Application for approval of the scope and title of a Thesis . . . . . . . . 56Form T2 Application to change the scope and title of a Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . 57Form T3For allessays/theses. . . . . . .Thesis in lieu of a designated paper Submission Coversheet . . . . . .Turnitin Student Information and Permission Form. . . . . . . . . . . . .5859PART 5: APPENDICESAppendix 1 Prescribed Subjects 2011-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Appendix 2 Course Convenors 2011-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Appendix 3 Faculty of Law’s Policy on Plagiarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Appendix 4 University’s Statement on Plagiarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Appendix 5 List of Useful Contact Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Part 1:THE FACULTY AND THEUNIVERSITY1

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-20121. THE STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSITYIntroductionThe constitution of the University of Cambridge is a complex matter, the product ofcontinuous evolution over the centuries. It is perhaps helpful to think of the University as afederal state, in which the colleges represent autonomous, self-governing provinces, and inwhich the University represents the ‘federal’ government. The University provides facilitieswhich a college could not provide on its own, such as research libraries and laboratories. Italso regulates matters in which uniformity is desirable, such as the conduct of examinationsand the award of degrees. The University is further divided into Faculties and Departments,which are responsible to the University administration for educational matters withinparticular subjects.FacultiesPostgraduate education in Cambridge is primarily a matter for the Faculties andDepartments of the University, although every postgraduate student will also be a memberof a college. The Faculty of Law is responsible for academic matters affecting LLMstudents. The Faculty offers instruction in the LLM course, provides library and computingfacilities, and conducts the final examinations at the end of the year.CollegesAll teaching on the LLM is the responsibility of the Faculty of Law, and takes place in theFaculty building, but as Cambridge is a collegiate university, every student is also amember of a college. As an LLM student, your college is responsible for youraccommodation, for your general welfare, and for providing general academic guidance.Colleges are also responsible for student discipline. However, colleges do not provideteaching for postgraduate courses such as the LLM.Your college will assign you to a Tutor, who is responsible for the non-academic (or‘tutorial’) aspects of your life at Cambridge. Your college will also assign you to a Directorof Studies, who is available to advise you on academic matters.Your college will enter you formally for the LLM examination. When your examinationresults are published in June 2012, your marks will be communicated to you by yourcollege. When you graduate at the end of the academic year you will be presented for yourdegree together with the other students of your college, not with the other LLM students.2

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-20122. FACULTY FACILITIESThe Law Faculty BuildingThe Law Faculty Building offers students and staff excellent facilities for study andresearch. It was completed in 1995, to a design by Foster and Partners. It houses thelecture rooms and administrative offices of the Faculty of Law, as well as the Squire LawLibrary, which is administratively part of the University Library. It also contains the BeckwithMoot Court Room, furnished in the style of a modern court. A small but comfortableGraduate Common Room is located on the ground floor of the Faculty Building (RoomG25). A Buttery, providing refreshments and snacks during Full Term, is located in theAtrium (Lower Ground Floor). A limited number of lockers are available for the storage ofpersonal belongings, but please do not leave valuable items in these lockers.The Faculty Building is home to a number of the Faculty’s research centres:Centre for European Legal Studies (http://www.cels.law.cam.ac.uk/)Centre for Commercial and Corporate Law (known as ‘3CL’)(http://www.3cl.law.cam.ac.uk/)Centre for Public Law (http://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/)Centre for Tax Law (http://www.ctl.law.cam.ac.uk/)Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law(http://www.cipil.law.cam.ac.uk/)The Institute of Criminology is located in separate premises adjacent to the Law FacultyBuilding (http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/)The Lauterpacht Centre for International Law is nearby at 5 Cranmer Road.(http://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/)Computing FacilitiesStudents in the Faculty of Law have the benefit of excellent computing facilities. At the startof the year you will be provided with further information relating to your computer account,including a password for accessing the computer network.It is very important that you login to use the Faculty computer network as soon as possibleas email is a commonly used method of communication within the Faculty. You should doso even if you also have another email account with a commercial provider, as theFaculty will use your Cambridge email address to contact you throughout your LLMyear.3

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012You will find that some course materials are available online as well as many LegalDatabases and legal research tools that will help you to pursue your studies. In order toaccess these you will need to use your Cambridge username and password to log into theFaculty of Law website. It is important that you use your password to login to theFaculty website as some parts of the network are only available to logged in users.The Computer Staff are available to answer any computing-related questions and can becontacted on the second floor in offices S7 and S8. Their address is:computer.office@law.cam.ac.uk3. LIBRARIESThe Squire Law LibraryIntroductionThe Squire Law Library was founded in 1904 and is part of Cambridge University Library. Itoccupies the first, second and third floors of the Law Faculty Building, and houses theprincipal law collection of the University of Cambridge. One of the major law libraries in theCommonwealth, it contains over 180,000 volumes, and provides excellent electronicresearch facilities, including the Freshfields Legal IT Centre. A recent addition to theLibrary’s resources, the Maitland Legal History Room houses an important collection oflegal history materials, and was opened by the Lord Chancellor in 2000.General InformationThe Squire Law Library Opening Hours:Full Term: Monday - Friday 09.00-21.00 (22.00 in Easter Term until the end ofexams)Saturday 09.00-18.00SundayClosedVacation: Monday - Friday 09.00-19.00Saturday 09.00-13.00SundayClosedPlease note that the Squire is not a lending library, although short-term borrowingfrom the LLM Collection is permitted.You will receive an orientation tour of the Library early in the academic year. Details aboutthe tour will be supplied during the first week of term. A description of the Squire appears inthe Faculty Handbook 2011-2012, which is available on the Faculty website.Photocopiers are located in the Copier Room opposite the Library Reference Desk on thefirst floor, and in addition there is one photocopier on the third floor.4

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012It is most important that those not familiar with the Squire Library should becomeacquainted with the many services which it provides as soon as possible. It is especiallyimportant that you should become familiar with the classification scheme, and with theonline catalogue. Students in the Cambridge Law Faculty are expected to work fromprimary sources (particularly from law reports and statutes) whenever possible. The abilityto use the resources of the Squire Library effectively and creatively is an important featureof the LLM course.If you have any questions concerning the use of the Squire Library, any of its full-time staffwill be pleased to assist you at the Reference Desk on Floor 1 between 9am and 5pm onweekdays during Full Term. At other times the invigilators who oversee the Library will behappy to deal with enquiries of a general nature.Library StaffThe Squire Librarian, Mr David Wills, can be contacted by email at dfw1003@cam.ac.uk.His office is situated opposite the Reference Desk on Floor 1.The Deputy Librarian, Mr Peter Zawada, can be contacted at the Reference Desk or byemail at pjz10@cam.ac.ukThe Foreign and International Law Librarian, Mrs Lesley Dingle, can be contacted at theReference Desk or by email at lmd25@cam.ac.ukThe LLM Collection Supervisor, Miss Hazel Dean, can be contacted at the ReferenceDesk, or by email at had23@cam.ac.ukThe LLM CollectionThe LLM collection is located within the first two bookstacks on the first floor of the Library,immediately beyond the glass entrance doors. It is available for use by LLM studentswhenever the Library is open. The Collection contains copies of items of special relevanceto LLM students (often in addition to copies held in the main collection, which you are alsofree to consult). The Collection also houses boxed sets, one or more for each LLM course,containing photocopies of scarce or inaccessible material.Arrangements for use of the LLM collection will be explained to you during the Libraryorientation tours.The LLM collection is intensively used by all LLM students and therefore it is particularlyimportant that any materials borrowed from the collection be returned as soon as you havefinished with them. If you wish to remove books from the collection for short termborrowing, you will need a University Card. You should already have been issued with aUniversity Card, which you should have found in your college when you arrived inCambridge. If you have not yet received this, please contact your college.The University LibraryThe main University Library (known as the “UL”) is situated off West Road, close to the LawFaculty Building. The UL is a legal deposit library, and one of the largest libraries in the5

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012United Kingdom. Although the Squire houses the principal law collection in Cambridge, theUL also contains an extensive collection of legal texts and government official publications.Borrowing from the UL is permitted on production of a University Card.College LibrariesEvery college in Cambridge has its own library. College libraries vary greatly in theircoverage of law books in general, and the texts appropriate to the LLM in particular. It is notusual for college libraries to provide specialist materials but you are likely to find yourcollege library useful in providing copies of the principal English law reports and legalperiodicals. Please note that you may only use the library of your own college.4. THE CAMBRIDGE LAW JOURNALThe Cambridge Law Journal, one of the world’s foremost academic law journals, ispublished three times a year by the Faculty of Law. Subscriptions to the CLJ are availableat reduced rates to LLM students.As well as publishing articles on a variety of legal topics, every edition of the CLJ alsoincludes a substantial ‘Case and Comment’ section, containing notes on recent cases,which are often written by specialists within the Faculty of Law. Many LLM students findthese notes particularly valuable as a source of information and commentary on recentdevelopments.Every year the CLJ publishes ‘Notes for Contributors’ in its November issue. In addition toestablishing the CLJ’s house style, this is regarded more widely as a definitive statement ofgood practice in legal writing. Many LLM students, especially those who have notpreviously studied in England, find this (and the articles published in the CLJ) to be a usefulguide to English legal style.5. STUDENT CONSULTATIONFaculty Board RepresentationIt is the policy of the Faculty of Law to allow its students opportunities to express their viewsand to make suggestions concerning its courses. Student representatives attend meetingsof the Faculty Board of Law, the Faculty’s principal decision-making body. Elections will beheld in November to appoint a graduate representative to the Faculty Board, in which LLMstudents are eligible to stand. Further information concerning the election will be posted inOctober.LLM Student QuestionnaireAt the end of every academic year all LLM students are invited to complete an anonymousquestionnaire concerning the course. The Faculty attaches great importance to the resultsof this questionnaire, which are used as the basis for improving and refining the course.We would therefore be very grateful if you were able to complete the questionnaire, whichwe will circulate in Easter Term.6

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-20126. STUDENT LAW SOCIETIESThe Faculty Graduate Law Society, which all postgraduate law students are eligible tojoin, organises a variety of events which may be of particular interest to LLM students.Most colleges have a law society, which typically arrange a variety of social events for thelawyers of the college concerned, often culminating in an annual dinner. They may alsoinvite speakers to speak in college on legal matters.There is also a University Law Society, which arranges frequent speaker meetings and awide range of social gatherings.Details of the events organised by these societies are posted regularly on the notice boardsin the Faculty Building.7. FURTHER LAW STUDY AT CAMBRIDGESome LLM students may intend to continue their studies in Cambridge by pursuingresearch for the Diploma in International Law, the Diploma in Legal Studies or the Ph.D.degree. LLM students who are interested in applying to undertake a research coursestarting in the following academic year are required to do so by 2 January 2012. Ph.D.applications must include a detailed research proposal of between 1,000 and 2,000 words.Potential applicants are therefore advised to begin thinking about their research proposalsas soon as possible.Applications for admission should be completed on a GRADSAF application form, availablefrom the Board of Graduate Studies admissions website. You can also obtain moreinformation from there at: http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/gradstud/prospec/A Ph.D. application should be supported by two referees who have known the applicant forsome time and are in a good position to assess the applicant’s academic ability. Theacademic entry requirement for LLM students applying for the Cambridge Ph.D. is usually aFirst Class Honours result in the LLM. For more information about graduate courses in lawplease see the Faculty website at:http://www.law.cam.ac.uk/courses/phd/7

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Part 2:THE LLM8

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-20121. ADMINISTRATIONThe Director and Deputy Directors of the LLM course are senior members of the Facultywho are responsible for the operation of the course. They are supported by SuzanneWade, the LLM Administrator.The conduct of the LLM programme is subject to the control of the Faculty Board of Law,the Faculty’s governing body. The Chairman of the Faculty Board is Professor DavidIbbetson, and the Academic Secretary of the Faculty is Dr Matthew Conaglen. TheSecretary of the Faculty Board, the Faculty’s principal administrator, is Miss LauraSmethurst.The main reception in the foyer of the Faculty building is managed by Mrs Norma Weir andthe lecture handout office is managed by Miss Catherine Ideson.2. HISTORY OF THE LLMThe LLM in its present form came into existence in 1982. Its origins lie in two degreespreviously offered by the University – the degree of Bachelor of Law and a prior version ofthe LLMThe LL.B. was for several hundred years the University’s only degree in law and was anundergraduate degree. In 1922 the B.A. became the only degree in Law awarded toCambridge undergraduates. At the same time, the LL.B. acquired the role of a master’sdegree in all but name, as only students who had obtained a degree could take the courseand a syllabus distinct from that of the undergraduate course was offered.The original LLM, introduced in 1857, was originally available only to Cambridge graduates.From 1922 to 1982, the LLM became a follow-up degree for those graduating with theversion of the LL.B. introduced that year. In 1982, the thesis-oriented LLM degree wasabolished and the LL.B. was re-named the LLMNumerous LLM graduates have achieved distinction in their legal careers, with manyprominent judges, practicing lawyers and academics holding the LLM degree.3. NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSEThe Cambridge LLM course offers highly qualified and intellectually outstanding studentsthe opportunity to pursue their legal studies at an advanced level, in a challenging butsupportive environment. A particular feature of the LLM course is its internationaldimension, reflecting the Faculty’s position as a leading law school in the common lawtradition, which at the same time has its roots in Europe. We are proud that the programmebrings together students from a diverse range of national and legal backgrounds.9

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012As you will be aware, the LLM degree is not an introduction to the common law, nor is ittaught at the same level as an undergraduate course. It is an advanced degree in law,which provides courses on specialist topics. The advanced nature of the LLM degree isreflected in the fact that every course in the programme is a dedicated LLM course,designed and taught with postgraduate students in mind. It is therefore not possible forstudents to offer papers from the Cambridge undergraduate curriculum in the LLMexamination.4. EXPECTATIONSDifferent subjects, and different lecturers, will inevitably place different demands upon you.However, below are some general indications of what will be expected of you:‣ You should work independentlyThe lectures and classes are the framework for the course, but they are only the startingpoint for your own investigations into the material which they cover. You will be expected toread extensively in your own time and to work through the assigned material on your owninitiative, in tandem with the lectures. The LLM is a ‘taught’ course but students areexpected to take responsibility for their own learning through independent study.The importance attached to independent study at Cambridge is reflected in the design ofthe academic year, with the relatively long Christmas and Easter vacations intended asperiods of personal research and reflection. Formal instruction in many courses finishes atthe end of Lent Term, or early in Easter Term because the lecture courses are regardedmerely as the starting point for a student’s own consideration of the material. Vacationperiods, and the period between the end of lectures and the start of the examinations,should be regarded as integral and important parts of the course as well as opportunities forrevision.‣ You should use primary sourcesMuch of what you learn in the courses you take will be derived from analysis of primarysources, especially from decided cases and legislation. The techniques of statutoryinterpretation, the art of reconciling and distinguishing cases, and the ability to conductindependent legal research, are essential tools in learning the law. This is why, althoughmany lecturers may provide you with some photocopied reading materials, they are unlikelyto supply materials which are easily accessible in the Squire Library. It is thereforeessential that you should learn to make effective and independent use of the Squire Library.‣ You should think criticallyYou will be expected to adopt a critical, reflective approach in your work. The lecturers willnot expect you to accept their view of the material unquestioningly, nor that of any particularcommentator or judge. Their expectation is that you will read and assess the availablematerial to form your own opinions, and, where appropriate, that you will criticise the viewsexpressed by others. Certainly, the purpose of the examinations is not to test yourfamiliarity with what you were told in lectures, or with any single textbook, but your personalknowledge and understanding of the subject. This is not to say that you are expected totake an entirely original view of the subject, but your view (original or otherwise) should atleast have been formed independently.10

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012‣ Policy, principle and black-letter lawThe belief at Cambridge is that legal education should not be concerned exclusively with atechnical mastery of the law. But nor should it be entirely abstract, divorced from the law inpractice. You will be expected to have a fluent understanding of the material, and to beable to apply it in a knowledgeable fashion. However, you will also be expected to beaware of broader issues of policy and principle.This is reflected in the format of the LLM examinations. Many papers contain both problemquestions (requiring a sound practical grasp of the subject), and essay questions (whichrequire a wider perspective). Other papers may require you in a problem question both toadvise the parties, and to ‘examine critically’ the deeper issues that may be involved.‣ You should work consistentlySince the period of formal instruction in the Cambridge academic year is relatively short,you need to keep up with the assigned reading as each course progresses. It is alsoexpected that you will continue to pursue your studies during the Christmas and EasterVacations, which are as much part of the academic year as term-time. Many studentschoose to remain in Cambridge for much of the vacation to use the Squire Library.The workload in the LLM programme is such that you will be not be able to takeemployment during term time.‣ You should choose papers for which you are appropriately qualifiedLLM students are allowed considerable freedom in selecting their courses and there arevery few formal restrictions upon your choice. However, it is important to exercise cautionwhen selecting your courses. Some papers, for example, may assume some previousknowledge of the subject, or of contiguous subjects.It is especially important to exercise caution in your choice of subjects if you have noprevious experience of the common law, as the LLM programme is not an introduction tothe common law and therefore some LLM courses assume that those studying them arefamiliar with fundamental common law principles, and proficient in common law technique.They may also assume that you have acquired the study skills required of a student in thecommon law tradition. It is particularly important to note that you may be expected in somecourses to read, and to analyse, a large number of decided cases – a process whichrequires some fluency in common law method.The lecturers concerned and your college’s Director of Studies in law will be happy toadvise you about the appropriateness of your choice of subjects.5. LEARNING ENGLISH LAWThe Faculty is proud that each year the LLM cohort is derived of students from a widevariety of national and legal backgrounds. Those who teach on the LLM course areconscious that the idiom, concepts, and processes of English law will not be familiar to allstudents, but they will typically anticipate that students will do any extra work that might benecessary to learn about essential aspects of the common law system.11

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012In numerous courses a familiarity with the common law process is unnecessary, but inothers it might be essential. In others the lecturers may adopt a comparative approach,which has the effect of making the subject matter more accessible to those who did notstudy law in England.You might find it helpful to do some reading on the background to legal study in the(English) common law tradition. The classic introduction to legal study at an Englishuniversity is Learning the Law (14 th edn., 2010) which has recently been comprehensivelyrevised and rewritten by Professor A T H Smith.6. COURSE DEVELOPMENTS FOR 2011-12The Faculty of Law is always seeking ways to develop the LLM and we are pleased toannounce the introduction of two new courses: Corporate Insolvency Law, andConstitutional Law of the European Union.You can find out more about the LLM course on the Faculty’s website at:http://www.law.cam.ac.uk/courses/llm/7. CHOOSING YOUR LLM SUBJECTSCourses on offer in 2011-12A list of the LLM courses prescribed by the Faculty of Law for the current academic year isgiven in Appendix 1. The syllabus for each LLM course is given in the Faculty Handbook2011-12.Choice of Courses and the Thesis OptionLLM students are required to select and be examined in four courses. You will not berequired to indicate your choice of courses until part way through the Michaelmas Term,although the Faculty Board must approve thesis topics earlier. The date for submittinga proposed thesis title is Friday 21 October 2011. Many students sample a variety ofcourses in the first weeks of Michaelmas Term before making a final decision. However,given the considerable workload involved in following the courses properly, you arestrongly urged to come to a firm decision about your courses as soon as possible. Itis permissible to attend the lectures for courses in which you do not intend to be examined,but it is customary to obtain permission to do so from the lecturers concerned.Restrictions on Choice of SubjectsThe Faculty of Law aims to provide a wide range of LLM course options and activelyreviews the range of papers to ensure that topics of particular interest and importance arecovered. Unfortunately it is also sometimes necessary to suspend certain courses.12

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Please note that a copy of the Lecture Timetable giving the times and locations of all Triposand LLM lectures is posted on the Faculty website. You need to be logged into the websiteto access this page.SpecialisationsWithin the framework of the LLM course, a candidate may choose to specialise inCommercial Law, European Law, or International Law by selecting at least three coursesfrom those classified as belonging to each subject area. The classifications are indicated inthe List of Prescribed Subjects, which is given in Appendix 1. When the Class List ispublished, following the examinations, the letter (c), (e) or (i) will be affixed to the names ofthose specialising in each of those areas. Several courses belong to more than one subjectarea, and if your choice of papers result in your offering at least three papers for twodesignations, you can, if you wish, choose which of the appropriate specialisations is placedagainst your name on the class list. You do this by completing Form D1 at the back of thishandbook. It is not possible to have more than one specialisation attached to yourLLM degree. Please note therefore that if you do not make a choice, the specialisationwhich is first alphabetically will be used.8. TEACHING AND LEARNINGInstruction in the LLM programme is the responsibility of the Faculty of Law rather than yourcollege.The Academic YearThe academic year at Cambridge is divided into three sections, called Terms. Within eachTerm, a period called ‘Full Term’ is set aside for formal instruction. Students must beresident in Cambridge during each period of Full Term. Many students also choose tostudy in Cambridge for part or all of the vacation periods.Dates of Full Term for 2011-2012:Michaelmas Full Term: Tuesday 4 October 2011 - Friday 2 December 2011Lent Full Term: Tuesday 17 January 2012 - Friday 16 March 2012Easter Full Term: Tuesday 24 April 2012 - Friday 15 June 2012Lecture TimesThe teaching week in Cambridge runs from Thursday to Wednesday. Lectures commenceon the first Thursday of Full Term. Lectures normally conclude on the final Wednesday ofFull Term, although lecturers sometimes schedule additional lectures for the final Thursdayor Friday of Full Term.13

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012In each week of Full Term you will normally receive two lectures (each one lasting 50minutes) in each of the four subjects which you are studying. Lecturers for each coursemay be given on different days of the week or consecutively on the same day. Lecturesbegin at five minutes past each hour and end at five minutes to the hour. These formallectures may be supplemented by smaller classes, the arrangements for which will be madeby the lecturer concerned (and which will not appear on the Lecture Timetable). Youshould be aware that lectures are held in Cambridge on some public holidays.Lectures in most LLM courses will conclude at the end of Lent Term, or relatively early inEaster Term, thereby allowing students time to prepare for the examinations. The periodbetween the end of lectures and the beginning of the examinations is not intended merelyfor ‘revision’ of what you have already learned but is also intended to provide theopportunity for reflection and research and therefore forms an integral part of the course.Teaching MethodsMethods of instruction differ slightly between courses, depending upon the nature of thesubject and the size of the class. Most courses are taught by means of formal lectures,often accompanied by smaller, more intensive classes. Other courses may adopt aseminar format. Individual lecturers will outline the structure of their courses at the start ofthe academic year.Lectures are the backbone of the LLM course and you will not be able to follow thecourse unless you attend the lectures provided. If you take a seminar course it isexpected that you will attend every meeting of the class, and participate in thediscussions.Lectures in the Faculty of Law will form the basis of your study. However, it is not thepurpose of LLM lecture courses to provide a definitive account of their subject matter. Theirfunction is to frame and to stimulate your own consideration of the material covered.Lectures in the LLM course often provide a distinctive, original perspective on the subject, aperspective you may well not find elsewhere. Reading a textbook or academic commentarywill therefore not be a substitute for attending lectures.While lectures are an integral part of the LLM you should not reproduce your lecture notesunreflectively in the examinations because the examinations will not test yourunderstanding of the lectures as such, but instead your understanding of the subject. Youwill be examined on the curriculum as published in the Faculty Handbook 2011-2012and not just the content of the lectures.Many LLM courses are taught by several Faculty members. Often the teaching will bedivided between two or three lecturers, depending upon their particular expertise within thesubject. The names of all the lecturers involved in teaching each LLM course appear on theLecture Timetable.Lecture TimetableThe Faculty’s main lecture timetable timetable for the LLM course gives the times andlocations of all lectures – for the LLM course and for the Law Tripos (undergraduatecourse). A copy of the timetable is displayed in the foyer of the Law Faculty Building14

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012(ground floor) and is available to read and download from the Faculty’s website athttp://www.law.cam.ac.uk/faculty-resources/summary/faculty-of-law-main-lecture-timetable-2011-12/8935Please note that although the lecture timetable has been finalised, late alterations tothe schedule might need to be made in exceptional circumstances.The Lecture List for the Year 2011-12, a special edition of the University Reporter, may bepurchased from most book shops in Cambridge at the start of October. It can also beaccessed via the Reporter website. It lists every lecture offered in the University, includingthose in the Faculty of Law. As a member of the University you are entitled to attend alllectures, though as a matter of courtesy you should consult the relevant lecturer beforedoing so.Recording of LecturesYou must not record any lecture without the express permission of each of the lecturersconcerned. Permission to record a lecture is normally given only on medical grounds.CopyrightCopyright is held by the Faculty of Law in the content of all lectures, lecture handouts andother materials prepared by lecturers. You are only permitted to reproduce these foryour personal use and study. Any unauthorised reproduction may result in an action forbreach of copyright.There are very strict rules governing copyright in library materials and you should familiariseyourself with the limits within which photocopying is permitted. Notices setting out therelevant statutory provisions are posted above every photocopying machine in the FacultyBuilding. When photocopying, you should bear in mind the restrictions imposed on thematerials which you are permitted to take into an ‘open book’ examination.Academic StaffA complete list of the academic staff of the Faculty of Law is given in the Faculty Handbook2011-2012. Their photographs are displayed in the frame in the foyer of the FacultyBuilding and their profiles are on the Faculty website at:http://www.law.cam.ac.uk/people/academic/1One lecturer in each LLM course is designated as the ‘Convenor’ of that course. Enquiriesabout the course in question should be referred to that person, who should also beconsulted should you wish to offer a thesis. A list of LLM Course Convenors for 2011-2012is given in Appendix 2.If you wish to contact a teaching member of the Faculty, email is usually the best optionalthough lecturers will often be available to answer questions after lectures.15

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Purchasing BooksStudy for the LLM does not consist merely of working systematically through a singletextbook or set of materials for each course. It is very likely that you will be recommendedto purchase at least one textbook or collection of materials for each of your courses but youshould regard a textbook as just one source of information about the subject, and as theframework for your independent consideration of the primary sources. The specialisednature of many LLM courses means that there may not be a single work which covers theirsubject matter comprehensively, or at a sufficiently advanced level.Sources of LawIn view of their high work load, it is important that LLM candidates are proficient in derivingmaximum benefit from the vast array of legal sources available, both electronic and printed.To assist students unfamiliar with these sources, short, optional, introductory courses willbe given during the second and third weeks of Michaelmas Term.Topics covered:(1) Sources of European Union and European Human Rights Law(2) Sources of Public International Law(3) Sources of Foreign & Comparative LawStudents may attend any one or all of the topics.Lists will be posted at the start of term for students to sign up for sessions they wish toattend. There will be a limit of 24 students per session.For further information, please contact Mrs Lesley Dingle (lmd25@cam.ad.uk) in the SquireLibrary.Formal AnnouncementsFormal announcements concerning the LLM course, including urgent messages relating totimetable changes, and important information about the examinations, will be sent to LLMstudents by email. Therefore it is essential that you check your Cambridge email accountregularly. Some formal announcements will also be made in the University Reporter.9. EXAMINATIONS AND ASSESSMENTExamination EntriesDuring Michaelmas term your college will enter you for the examinations in the courses youchoose to take. During Lent Term you will receive confirmation of your examination entryfrom the University’s Board of Examinations. Early in Easter Term you will be sent a finalconfirmation of your selection, together with notification of your examination number, andyour personal examination timetable. It is most important that you ensure that you havebeen correctly entered for the examinations. Examination entries are the responsibility16

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012of your college, not the Faculty of Law. Therefore if you have any queries about your entryyou should contact your College Director of Studies, or the Tutorial Office of your college.Forms of ExaminationThe standard method of examination in the LLM course is a three-hour examination papertaken at the end of the academic year (in late May or early June). In many coursescandidates may offer a thesis of 18,000 words in lieu of an examined paper, or as part of aseminar course. In some courses candidates have the option of writing an essay of notmore than 7,000 words in addition to taking a two-hour timed examination. Theassessment options for all of the LLM papers are given in Appendix 1.Three-Hour ExaminationsQuestion papers for a three-hour examination normally contain a mixture of essay andproblem questions. Problem questions require you to advise the parties to a hypotheticaldispute. Essay questions require a more discursive treatment of broader questions ofprinciple or policy.Questions in the LLM examination seldom assume the existence of a single ‘correct’answer, nor are they likely to be merely a test of knowledge. However, a thorough,accurate knowledge of the material is essential. Questions in LLM examinations are likelyto focus on contested points of law, or on matters of academic debate, or on areas in whichthe law has been criticised, or on questions to which the courts have not yet given a definiteanswer. They are intended to test your knowledge of legal rules, but also yourunderstanding of the subject at the level of policy and principle.In answering questions in the examination, candidates are expected to adopt an approachwhich is at once comprehensive and concise, discursive and focused, informed and critical.In answering a problem question you will be expected to identify the issues involved,display an accurate knowledge of the material, and engage with any matters of debate indoctrine, principle and policy. In answering an essay question you will be expected todisplay not only your knowledge of the material, but an intelligent and critical understandingof the issues involved.Students can gain guidance on the nature of the examination by consulting pastexamination question papers. Bound copies of past question papers are housed in thereference section of the Squire Library and are also available to read and download fromthe Faculty’s website at:http://www.law.cam.ac.uk/docs/ (Please note that you will need to log in to the Faculty’swebsite using your username and password to access this part of the website).In addition, examination reports written by the examiners of the individual papers are alsoavailable on the website. These contain a rich source of information for students both onsubstance and exam technique. Students are strongly recommended to consult both pastpapers and the relevant examiners’ reports well in advance of their exams as a helpfulguide as to what has been done in the past. Please bear in mind, however, that thesyllabus may vary from year to year.17

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Two-hour Examinations and EssaysSome LLM courses are evaluated by a choice of either a three-hour examination or acombination of a two hour examination and an essay of not more than 7,000 wordsprepared by students in their own time.Where an essay is permitted, a total of one third of the overall marks is allocated to theessay, and two thirds to the timed examination.If you wish to offer an essay as part of the examination you should consult theguidance in Part 3 of this handbook.If you wish to write an essay you must complete Form E1 which is at the back of thishandbook, and return it to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office by 12 noon on Friday 21October 2011.Form and Conduct of the LLM ExaminationDuring the Michaelmas term, the Faculty Board of Law will issue a document entitled ‘LLMForm and Conduct Notice 2011-2012’. This is the Faculty’s official instructions forcandidates taking the LLM examination. The document has two parts, as outlined below:1) FormThe first section details the ‘Form’ of the examination. It will specify the number ofquestions a candidate is required to answer in each paper, the number of questions fromwhich a candidate may select the questions to be answered, and any limitations which maybe placed upon a candidate’s choice of questions.2) ConductThe second section of the document details the ‘Conduct’ for the examination. This willspecify which materials (if any) may be taken by candidates into the examination room. Inparticular, it will specify whether a given paper is to be in ‘closed book’ or ‘open book’format.AllowancesFor LLM candidates there is only one opportunity to sit an examination; there are no resits.If you complete a substantial part of the examination but are unable to finish it for goodreason, such as illness, you may seek an ‘allowance’. An application for an allowance hasto be made through your College Tutor and must be supported by cogent evidence; it istherefore vital to keep your College Tutor informed of such misfortunes. If you are unable,again for good reason, even to start the examination, you may in exceptional circumstancesseek leave to take the examination a year later; again this application must be madethrough your College Tutor. However, you take the risk that one or more of the courses youhave taken may have changed in content or even not be offered at all in that year.18

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Examination TimetableThe timetable for the LLM examinations is prepared by the University’s Board ofExaminations, not by the Faculty of Law. It will be published early in the Easter term and acopy will be sent to you at your college by the Board of Examinations in late April or earlyMay 2012. Usually, the LLM examination period is scheduled to begin at the end of Mayand finish in mid-June.Writing a ThesisMany LLM students choose to sit four examinations at the end of the academic year, butstudents may write a thesis of not more than 18,000 words in lieu of examination for onepaper. Students who do so are expected to attend lectures in the course concerned, Thethesis is intended to give students the opportunity to produce a research dissertation largelyon their own initiative. They will be allocated a supervisor, and are entitled to up to 5 hoursof supervision including having their work read. Up to two hours of that time can be spent inone-to-one supervision which can be arranged as the supervisor and supervisee see fit (eg4 meetings of 30 minutes or 2 meetings of one hour).The option of writing a thesis is available in most but not all LLM courses. The list inAppendix 1 indicates those in which it is available.If you intend to write a thesis instead of taking a final examination in one paper youshould consult the detailed guidance in Part 3 of this handbook.It is important to remember that the topic must be within the scope of the course in which itis submitted and must be unrelated to the subject matter of any other course you are taking.A candidate must obtain the approval of the Faculty member who is to supervise the work,and of the Faculty Board. To maintain the quality of supervision, the Faculty limits thenumber of thesis which each Faculty member can supervise and therefore the number ofstudents who may submit a thesis in a particular course is also limited.Writing an EssayThere is the option in a few papers of writing an essay of not more than 7,000 words inconjunction with a two-hour examination. The list in Appendix 1 indicates those in coursesin which this option is available.19

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Seminar CoursesCertain LLM courses are taught in a seminar format and are examined by a thesis of notmore than 18,000 words.The following Seminar Courses are on offer in 2011-2012:Paper 38: Comparative LawPaper 38: Public LawPaper 38: European Social Rights and Economic IntegrationThe convenors of these courses must approve your research proposal before you can takethe course.Please note that LLM students are not permitted to write more than one thesis.Therefore it is not possible to submit a thesis as part of a seminar course and inaddition to offer a thesis in lieu of another course.Further information about these options is given in Part 3 of this handbook.Examination and Essay/Thesis Marking ConventionsExaminations in Cambridge are marked on a strictly anonymous basis. Candidates areknown only by their candidate number throughout the marking process. An Examiner andAssessor will agree a final mark for each candidate in the examination for which they areresponsible.Every candidate is awarded a class in each of the four papers taken, and an overall classfor the examination as a whole. There are four classes: First Class, Upper Second Class (or‘II.1’), Lower Second Class (or ‘II.2’), and Third Class. A First Class with Distinction (a‘starred First’), may be awarded to candidates who display exceptional merit.A candidate’s class in each examination script and thesis is determined by the numericalscore given to that script or thesis by the examiners. Each script or thesis is marked out of atotal of 200 marks. The mark bands used in classing individual papers are as follows: 0-79Fail; 80-99 Third Class; 100-119 Lower Second Class (or ‘II.2’); 120-139 Upper SecondClass (or ‘II.1’); 140-200 First Class (a mark of 160 or above is a mark of Distinction, a‘starred First’). At a meeting of all LLM Examiners each candidate is awarded an overallclass, following an assessment of a candidate’s combined performance in all four papers.An overall class is awarded taking into consideration both the candidate’s aggregatenumerical score, and the class profile of their marks. The Faculty’s Marking Standards andClassing Conventions and Marking Criteria documents are available on the Faculty’swebsite.Examination ResultsThe results of the LLM examination are published towards the end of June. The Class Listwill indicate only the overall class which you were awarded, not the marks which you20

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012obtained in each paper. Names appear in alphabetical order within each class. Abreakdown of your marks in each paper will be communicated to you confidentially by yourcollege, normally by your Director of Studies.Awards and PrizesB R D Clarke Prize for Best Overall PerformanceAll LLM candidates are eligible to be considered for the B.R.D. Clarke Prize for the bestoverall performance in the examination. The prize was established by Mrs B.R.D. Clarke inmemory of her husband, Bruce Robert Duncan Clarke, MA, LLM, of Trinity College.Chancellor’s Medal for English LawCertain LLM candidates are also eligible to be considered for the Chancellor’s Medal forEnglish Law. The Medal was named in honour of Prince Albert, consort to Queen Victoria,who was Chancellor of the University. The Medal is awarded “for distinguished proficiencyshown by a candidate in English Law and Legal History”. Every LLM candidate who iseligible will be considered by the Examiners for the award of the Chancellor’s Medal.Students are only eligible if the papers which they have offered for examination have beendesignated as falling within the scope of the prize.The 2011-2012 papers which qualify for the Chancellor’s Medal are as follows:Paper 3Paper 4Paper 7Paper 9Paper 10Paper 12Paper 26Paper 30Paper 32Paper 33Paper 34Paper 35International Commercial LitigationLaw of RestitutionCorporate InsolvencyCorporate Finance LawCorporate GovernanceIntellectual PropertyCivil Liberties and Human RightsJurisprudenceCommercial EquityComparative Family Law and PolicyPhilosophy of Criminal LawHistory of English Civil and Criminal LawIf appropriate, the Faculty Board may in addition for this purpose deem the subject of athesis in Paper 38 (seminar courses) to be a paper in English Law and Legal History.Whewell Scholarship in International LawLLM candidates in international law are eligible to be considered for the award of a WhewellScholarship in International Law. Awards will be made on the basis of a candidate’sperformance in any three of the papers designated as specialist papers in InternationalLaw, together with a candidate’s performance in an additional examination for Paper 40 (theWhewell Paper) on “Problems and Disputed Points in International Law”. This additionalexamination does not form part of the LLM curriculum, nor does the mark awarded inthis paper contribute towards the overall classification of a candidate’s LLM degree.Instead it is intended exclusively for candidates for the Whewell Scholarship. Theexamination on “Problems and Disputed Points in International Law” will be held at thesame time as the LLM examination. Further details concerning the Whewell Scholarships,and about the procedures for entering for the Whewell examination, will be published in theAwards Issue of the University Reporter in November.21

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Other PrizesA number of prizes may also be awarded, at the discretion of the Examiners, to candidateswho have displayed particular distinction in one paper. These are:George Long Prize for JurisprudenceGeorge Long Prize for Roman LawGareth Jones Prize for RestitutionClifford Chance C.J. Hamson Prize for Comparative LawClive Parry Prize for International LawClive Parry (Overseas) Prize for International Law3 Verulam Buildings Prize for International Commercial Litigation10. GRADUATIONUpon successfully completing the LLM course you will be awarded the degree of Master ofLaw. You will receive your Degree in person at a formal graduation ceremony in the SenateHouse. Although this is a University ceremony, graduation at Cambridge is organised on acollege basis. You will therefore graduate together with the other students of your college(undergraduate and post-graduate) who have completed their courses in 2012 (and not withthe other members of your LLM class, unless they are at the same college as you).This year’s graduation ceremonies (formally called ‘General Admission’), will take place on28, 29 and 30 June 2012. You will be informed by your college of the date and time atwhich you will be admitted to your degree. You may invite your parents and friends toattend the ceremony. Many LLM students choose to remain in Cambridge between the endof Easter Full Term and General Admission, so as to enjoy the many events which takeplace during and after the period known as ‘May Week’, a time of celebration in Cambridge.11. ASSISTANCE AND ADVICEIf you have any questions concerning the course, these may be addressed to the CourseDirectors or to Miss Suzanne Wade, the LLM Administrator.LLM Administrator Contact Details:Miss Suzanne Wade: Faculty Office, Faculty of Law, 10 West Road, Cambridge.Email: shw27@cam.ac.uk Tel. 01223 330034.Your Director of Studies in college will also be able to advise you on many mattersconcerning the course. A list of Directors of Studies is in the Faculty Handbook 2011-2012,which is available to download from the Faculty website.If you have any questions about any of your courses, the lecturers concerned will bepleased to answer them. You may contact your lecturers by email or by speaking with themafter lectures. The names of the designated Course Convenors, who are particularlyresponsible for advising you about their courses, are given at the end of this handbook inAppendix 2.22

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012If you have enquiries concerning the timetable or the location of lectures, these may beaddressed to Mrs Norma Weir at the Main Reception in the Foyer.If you have any enquiries relating to lecture handouts, these may be addressed to MissCatherine Ideson in the Lecture Handout Office, adjacent to the Reception.23

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Part 3:RESEARCHAND WRITINGIN THE LLM24

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012INTRODUCTIONIn many LLM papers there is the option of submitting written work prepared during the yearas part or all of the assessment for the paper. In some courses this may take the form of anessay of not more than 7,000 words in conjunction with a two-hour examination. In othercourses it may take the form of a thesis of not more than 18,000 words instead of a finalexamination, either following a course of personal supervision for a designated paper, or aspart of a seminar course. In some courses, either of these options is possible.The complete list of LLM papers on offer in 2011-2012 and the possible forms ofassessment for each one is in Appendix 1, at the back of this handbook.This part of the LLM Handbook describes each of the options, and offers guidance aboutthe preparation of essays and theses which we hope you will find useful.You should also refer to the information for LLM students on pp. 461-464 of theUniversity of Cambridge’s Statutes and Ordinances 2010, which is the publicationcontaining the official regulations of the University. It is available through theUniversity’s website at the following address:http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/pdfs/cso_4_ordinance07_442_571.pdfThis part of the Handbook has four sections:1) General Guidelines on the Preparation and Presentation of Written Work in the LLM2) Writing an LLM Essay as part of a designated paper3) Writing an LLM Thesis in lieu of a designated paper4) Taking an LLM Seminar Course and writing a thesis for that course25

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-20121. GENERAL GUIDANCE ON RESEARCHING AND WRITING INTHE LLMUseful PublicationsYou may find it useful to consult one of the several published guides to legal research andwriting, such as:ATH Smith, Learning the Law 14 th ed., (Sweet & Maxwell, 2010)Philip Thomas, Dane & Thomas: How to Use a Law Library 4 th ed. (Sweet &Maxwell, 2001)Peter Clinch, Using a Law Library: A Student’s Guide to Legal Research Skills, 2 nded., (Blackstone, 2001)Guy Holborn, Butterworths Legal Research Guide, 6 th ed., (Butterworths, 2010)Nicholas J McBride, Letters to a Law Student: A Guide to Studying Law at University(Pearson, 2 nd ed., 2010).Students from non-common law backgrounds may also find helpful James A. Holland andJulian S. Webb, Learning Legal Rules 4 th ed., (Blackstone, 1999).Keeping Records of your ReadingIt is essential right from the start of your research that you adopt a systematic method ofkeeping track of the materials which you have read. You can do this using a card index,with a separate card for each book or article, on which you record all the details needed tocite the item in full (date and place of publication, starting and finishing page numbers of anarticle, etc.). Alternatively you can use software programmes to achieve the same result.Regardless of the method you use to keep track of sources, you should always record thepage numbers of any quotations you may wish to use. More generally, methodical recordkeepingwhen you are doing your reading can save you a lot of time looking things up againlater.Libraries and Research ResourcesThe research required for a thesis or an essay is very different from simply working from areading list. To find what you need, you will need to familiarise yourself with the variouslegal index systems, such as Current Law, the Index to Legal Periodicals, Halsbury’s Lawsof England, etc, all of which are available in the Squire Law Library. Many of theseresources are also available online.If you access online resources through a computer which is part of the University network(such as a computer in the Faculty or your college) you will generally not need a password.If you access these services from outside the University network, or otherwise find youneed a password, you should generally use your RAVEN ID. This ID should be issued toyou at the start of term. If you have any problems logging in to any database, you shouldcontact one of the Faculty Computer Officers.26

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Online services that are available allow you to search for U.K. legislation, case law, journalarticles and even newspaper stories. There is also access to a large number of overseasmaterials. Mr David Wills, the Squire Law Librarian, (email dfw1003@cam.ac.uk) can giveadvice on using the library to perform your research, and Mr Daniel Bates, (emaildb298@cam.ac.uk) the Freshfields Legal IT Lecturer, can give guidance on the use ofonline resources.University LibraryIn order to obtain the materials necessary to write your thesis, you may well need to makeuse of libraries other than the Squire. The University Library is the main research resourcein Cambridge. It is a legal deposit library, holding copies of all UK publications, as well as agood selection of overseas materials. You will find not only the usual books and academicperiodicals, but also an excellent Official Publications section (for Government research,statistics, etc.), and back copies of British newspapers. The U.L. also has the advantage ofoffering borrowing rights. Another useful service offered by the U.L. is the Inter-LibraryLoan system, by which you can obtain materials held in other libraries around the country.If you have never used the U.L. before, it is worth going to one of the introductory talkswhich are run there at the beginning of the Michaelmas Term.Other Departmental LibrariesDepending upon your area of research, you may also need to use other faculty anddepartmental libraries of the University, such as Economics, History, Criminology and LandEconomy. These are open to all members of the University on a non-borrowing basis. It ispossible to see where publications are held by using the online catalogue at one of theterminals in the Squire, in the U.L, in college computer rooms or by web access on yourown computer.Conducting your own Empirical ResearchAlthough most LLM theses and essays are based upon the analysis of published materials,you may wish to embark upon some small-scale empirical research of your own, such asconducting a survey, or interviewing judges, police officers or others involved in the legalprocess. Even if you do not have the time or the resources to gather data of any statisticalsignificance, the information which you collect may provide case studies to illustrate yourargument and add individuality to your work.Acknowledgement of SourcesEach thesis or essay should state the sources from which it is derived. The importance ofthis cannot be emphasised too strongly. Every time you make an assertion you shouldindicate the evidence upon which it is based, and every time you state a principle youshould refer to the case, or section of statute, or other authority from which it is derived. Ifyou are restating an argument based upon the ideas of a particular author, you shouldgenerally acknowledge this expressly (e.g “Bloggs has suggested that . . .”). This is all thatis needed if you are paraphrasing the argument, but whenever you are using the author’sown words, you need to show formally that you are doing so, using quotation marks, andgiving the exact source of the quotation, including the page number(s).27

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Short quotations can be included within continuous text (“like this”), but by conventionlonger ones, running to a few lines,are generally separated from the main text and indented slightly,(like this).FootnotesFootnotes enable you to cite the authority for a statement made in the text, to make crossreferencesto other parts of the thesis or essay, or to related cases/publications, or to addincidental comments. Their purpose is to enable you to give the detail required in anacademically rigorous thesis or essay without interrupting the flow of your argument.Footnotes should be numbered, either within each chapter or section, or (since the thesis oressay is quite short) continuously through the whole text. You can either choose to haveyour footnotes at the bottom of each page, or to show them as “endnotes”, all together atthe end of each chapter, or even at the end of the whole thesis or essay. The format youadopt is not important, provided that you are consistent.BibliographyIt is essential that you include a comprehensive bibliography, which lists all thebooks, articles and other published materials referred to in the text.The bibliography should be in alphabetical order by author’s name. If you include morethan one item by the same author, then put them in date order; if the author and date arethe same, put them in alphabetical order by the first letter of the title.Where a book or report is published in the name of an organisation and not attributed to anindividual author, it should appear under the name of the organisation (e.g. H for HomeOffice, J for Justice, Department of, T for Treasury, Her Majesty’s). Do not worry if it is notentirely obvious how to list an organization (eg. is it C for Commons, House of, or H forHouse of Commons?). Make a reasonable decision and stick to it consistently.Always give references in full in the bibliography. This means giving the author’s surnameand forename(s) or initial(s), the full title of the publication, and the date of publication. Witha book you should also give the place of publication and the publisher’s name, and (whereappropriate) specify the edition to which you are referring. With an article from a periodical,you should give the date and volume number, and the page number at which the articlebegins (and, ideally the page number at which it ends).If you are citing a substantial number of cases or statutory materials, it is helpful to list thesein a Table of Cases and Table of Statutes separate from the main bibliography. A Table ofCases will normally be alphabetical. A Table of Statutes may be either alphabetical orchronological.Citation of TextsWhen you refer to publications in your thesis or essay, it is unnecessary and distracting tothe reader if you include full, detailed references (including place of publication, etc.) in the28

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012main text. One solution to this problem is provided by the “Harvard System” of citation,which is a convention widely used in many academic works.The way the system works is that when you wish to refer to a particular publication in thetext, you simply give its author’s surname and the date (e.g. “Bloggs (1987) has arguedthat . . .”). The reader then traces the title and full reference by looking it up in yourbibliography. Where you wish to refer to more than one publication by the same author withthe same date, lower-case letters are added after the date to distinguish between them.For example, you might refer in the text to “a recent study (Bloggs 1989a) . . .”. In yourbibliography, the reader might find:Bloggs, Joanna (1989a) How Equal is the Law? An Empirical Study, Oxford:Sweet and Bloggswell.Bloggs, Joanna (1989b) Law and Equality, 3rd ed., London: Bloggsworths.The Harvard System is only one possible convention which you might use. An alternative isto give the full citation in a footnote the first time the publication is mentioned, and thereafterto use an abbreviated form or a reference back. If you refer back by, ‘op. cit.’ or ‘supra’,add the note to which you are referring. Whether you use the Harvard System or any other,the important thing again is to be consistent.Citation of CasesWhenever you cite the name of a case in your thesis or essay, its name should either be initalics, or underlined. This applies whether the case name appears in the text or in afootnote. You should give the name of the case in full the first time you refer to it (exceptthat there is no need, for example, to include “and others” after the names of the mainparties). After that, you can shorten the name (e.g. instead of Bloggs v Inland RevenueCommissioners, you can just say:“in Bloggs, the court held . . .”).The first time you mention the case, you should give the reference to where it is reported, ina footnote; after that, there is no need to keep repeating the reference, provided that thereader is not going to have to go back more than a few pages to find it. However if youmake a reference to a particular passage of a judgement, a full reference should be given tothe relevant paragraph number of the judgement (if it exists) or otherwise to the number ofthe page where the passage is reported, for example:Breakspear v Ackland [2008] EWHC 220 (Ch) at [161], per Briggs JInvestors Compensation Scheme v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 WLR 896 atpp. 912-913, per Lord Hoffmannor, if the case has already been mentioned in recent text:Breakspear, at [61], per Briggs JWest Bromwich, at pp. 912-913, per Lord Hoffmann29

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012You should be familiar with the way in which law reports are cited. Such citations are amatter of firm convention, which you should follow exactly. You can always check the formof a reference to a particular series of reports by consulting the Legal Journals Index, heldin the Squire Library.Two additional conventions should be noted. First, if a case is reported in more than oneset of reports, there are two alternative ways to cite it. You could list all the references, butthis can be an unnecessarily lengthy process. Instead, it is more usual to just give onereference, to the most “official” set of reports in which the case appears. This is a matter ofstrict hierarchy, starting with the Law Reports themselves (A.C., Q.B., etc.), then movingdown to the Weekly Law Reports, then to specialised reports which give the judgments infull (e.g. Family Law Reports, Industrial Relations Law Reports, Housing Law Reports) andto the All England Reports, then to periodicals which give abbreviated case reports (e.g.N.L.J., Legal Action) and finally to reports in the newspapers (Times, Independent, etc.).The other convention worth noting is the use of round and square brackets. Strictly, squarebrackets around the date in a citation should be used if the date is an essential part of thereference, and round brackets should be used if it is not. For example, with cases reportedin the Law Reports, the date is necessary for finding the case, since the volumes are notnumbered sequentially but by year (if at all). Therefore square brackets are used:Bloggs v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1997] 1 Q.B. 354.In some other reports, the volumes are traced by volume numbers which are sequentialfrom year to year. Here the date is not a necessary part of the citation at all, but the year inwhich the case was decided (not necessarily when it was reported) is given, this time inround brackets, for example:Bloggs v Bloggs (1996) STC 87.Different publications adopt different “house styles” with regard to matters such as whetherfull-stops are included in reference abbreviations (i.e. whether to write A.C., All E.R.,W.L.R., etc., or AC, All ER, WLR . . .). You may choose which style to adopt; you may, forexample, follow the conventions used in the Cambridge Law Journal (see the Notes forContributors given each year in the November issue). Whatever you do, the guidingprinciple, as always, is to be consistent.AbbreviationsIt is perfectly acceptable to use the well-known legal abbreviations which are in commonuse without any explanation (e.g. Q.B., All E.R., M.L.R., C.L.J., etc.). However, if you wishto use abbreviations which are less universally found in British legal publications, such asabbreviations of the titles of journals, or of the names of organisations, you should indicatewhat the abbreviation stands for. This can be done by using its full name the first time yourefer to it, followed by the abbreviation in brackets. Another option is to place a Table ofAbbreviations at the front of your thesis/essay. If you do so, this should be placed after thetitle page but before the Contents page.30

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012House StyleEssays and theses may adopt any style, provided that it is consistent within the essay orthesis itself, and provided that you comply with the conventions for the citation of lawreports and statutes. You can seek guidance from the November issue of the CambridgeLaw Journal.FormatBreaking down your thesis or essay into sections of a manageable size, with titles indicatingtheir content, will make the piece easier for the examiners to read. It will also help to givestructure to your argument, which should be built logically throughout the thesis or essay toform a coherent whole. It is particularly important to include a clear Introduction andConclusion. The former should set out what you are aiming to do in the thesis or essay,while the latter should bring together the threads of your argument.You should include a Table of Contents, giving the titles of the individual chapters and/orsections of the thesis/essay. The pages should be numbered.Word-Processing FacilitiesPCs are available in the Law Faculty Building, at PWF facilities around the University, andin most colleges.If you need assistance with the Law Faculty’s machines please contact the Faculty’sComputer Officer, whose office is on the second floor, room S8. The Computer Officer canalso provide information on the facilities available at the University’s Computer Services.PresentationThere is detailed guidance on the presentation of a thesis or essay, including thepreparation of a title sheet and coversheet, in the following sections of this handbook whichdeal separately with LLM essays, theses and seminar theses.31

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-20122. WRITING AN LLM ESSAY AS PART OF DESIGNATED PAPEREssay word limit: 7,000 wordsDeadline for essay submission: 12 noon on Tuesday 1 May 2012IntroductionThe option of writing an essay as part of a designated paper enables students to consider indetail a topic within the syllabus of the course concerned, and to develop their views ingreater depth than is possible in a final examination.The option of writing a 7,000 word essay in combination with a two hour finalexamination is especially suitable for:‣ Those who have a particular interest in one aspect of a course‣ Those who do not wish to pursue a major research project such as a thesis of 18,000words‣ Those who wish to pursue a topic in depth but prefer to be assessed primarilythrough a final examinationFirst StepsA candidate intending to submit an essay should first discuss the matter with the relevantCourse Convenor as early as possible during the Michaelmas Term. The list of LLMCourse Convenors for 2011-2012 is given in Appendix 2. The purpose of the discussionwith the Course Convenor is to provide the candidate with assistance in selecting a suitabletopic, and to ensure that any topic submitted has been considered and approved by therelevant member of the Faculty.ApplicationAfter the initial discussion, the candidate should make an application for approval of theessay which he or she intends to submit, on Form E1 which is at the back of this handbook.The following information must be supplied on Form E1:• Proposed title• The name and number of the paper of which the essay will form a part• The names and numbers of the other papers which the candidate proposes to offerin the LLM examination• Signature of the proposed supervisor as confirmation that the candidate hasconsulted the appropriate Faculty member and has received his or her approvalThis completed form must be submitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office before 12noon on Friday 21 October 2011.32

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012SupervisionAfter the topic has been approved, further discussion between the candidate and thesupervisor is permissible, provided it is limited to the scope of the essay, its outline and theselection of relevant reading matter. Essay students are entitled to one and a half hours ofcontact time with their supervisor which can be arranged as the supervisor and thesupervisee see fit. The supervisor should not be asked to read drafts of any part of theessay, or the essay as a whole when completed. The candidate should not consultother members of the Faculty about the essay. It is, however, entirely permissible todiscuss the subject matter of the essay with other students. Nonetheless, the writing ofthe essay must be the work of the candidate alone.Changing the TitleOnce approved, the title of an essay may be changed only with the permission of yoursupervisor and of the Faculty Board. Requests to make such a change must be submittedto Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office. Requests should be submitted using Form E2(which is at the back of this handbook). The form must be signed by your essay supervisorto indicate that he/she has approved the new title. Requests must be submitted before 12noon on Monday 30 January 2012. Requests received after this date will not beconsidered.Word LimitThe essay must not exceed 7,000 words in length inclusive of footnotes and appendices,but excluding the bibliography. To ensure that all candidates are examined on acomparable basis this word limit cannot be extended. If a candidate has exceeded theword limit, the Examiners will stop reading the essay at the point at which the wordlimit is exceeded.The following do count towards the word limit:Main text, Introduction, Conclusion, Footnotes, AppendicesThe following do not count towards the word limit:Table of Contents, Table of Cases, Table of Statutes, Table of Abbreviations, Bibliography,Title sheet, Coversheet (Form E3)Submission DeadlineThe essay must be received at the Faculty Office not later than 12 noon on Tuesday 1May 2012.33

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Preparing your Essay for SubmissionThe essay must be typed double-spaced, but single-sided, on A4 paper.The essay must contain a bibliography detailing the sources from which the essay isderived, including any written work which the candidate has submitted or isconcurrently submitting for any other degree, diploma, or other similar qualification.All essays are examined anonymously. The examiners do not know the candidate's nameor college, but simply the candidate’s examination number. Therefore reference oracknowledgement should not be made in the essay to teaching members of the Faculty orcolleges, because this might identify the candidate. The candidate’s name and collegemust appear only on the Coversheet (Form E3) of the essay; they must not appearanywhere on the title sheet or in the essay itself.You should type a title sheet, which should give the following information:• The title of the essay• The number of the paper to which it relates• The name of the paper to which it relates• Your examination candidate number (if known) – but not your nameNo other information which could identify the candidate should appear on this page,or in the essay itself.When assembling your essay, you should ensure that this title sheet is the top page of yourwork and it should be bound with the rest of your essay.The essay must be prefaced by the Coversheet (Form E3 – at the back of this handbook)completed and signed by the candidate to declare that:(i) the candidate has not previously published or submitted in respect of any degree ordiploma a paper on this topic(ii) the work has been done principally in the academical year in which the candidatesits the examination(iii) it represents the candidate’s own work unaided except as may be specified in thedeclaration(iv) it contains a bibliography detailing all of the sources used(v) it does not exceed 18,000 words in length including footnotes and appendices butexcluding bibliography(vi) certain other points, as detailed on Form E3.Form E3 should be attached to the front of your work with a paperclip so that it can easilybe removed before your essay is passed to the examiners.Students must also submit an electronic copy of their essay in Word format (notPDF) on disk (CD or USB memory stick) in addition to providing a paper copy. Theelectronic copy must be submitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty office at the sametime as the paper copy, and the content of the two copies must be identical. Youmust not submit the essay by email.34

Penalty for Late SubmissionLL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012A candidate whose essay is not received at the Faculty Office by 12 noon on Tuesday 1May 2012 will incur the following penalty:• For the first day (or part of day) there will a deduction of 2 marks from the total markthat would have been awarded if the essay had been submitted within the deadline.• For every day (or part of day) thereafter, there will be a further deduction of 1 mark.MarkingAll essays are examined anonymously by two examiners. The examiners do not know thecandidate’s name or college, but simply the candidate’s examination number. It istherefore essential that your essay complies with the format set out above.The Examiners might require a candidate to present himself or herself for a viva voceexamination upon the subject of his or her essay.A total of one third of the overall marks available is allocated to the essay component of amixed-format examination.PlagiarismCopying out someone else’s work without acknowledgement (i.e. by using quotation marksand footnotes) is plagiarism; so is rewording someone else’s work in order to present it asyour own without acknowledging your debt. Plagiarism in work submitted for formalassessment is regarded by the University as the use of “unfair means” (i.e. cheating), and istreated with the greatest seriousness. Where examiners suspect plagiarism, the case maybe referred to the Proctors. It may then be brought before the University’s Court ofDiscipline, which has the power to deprive culprits of membership of the University and tostrip them of any degrees awarded by it. Information on plagiarism, including theUniversity’s Statement on Plagiarism, can be found athttp://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/plagiarism/_The Faculty of Law requires all coursework to be submitted electronically as well as in hardcopy. The Faculty uses anti-plagiarism software in the manner described in a documententitled ‘Student information and consent form for the use of Turnitin software in 2011-12which can be accessed via the Official Faculty Documents page on the Faculty website(www.law.cam.ac.uk/faculty-resources/official-faculty-documents.php).35

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-20123. WRITING AN LLM THESIS IN LIEU OF A DESIGNATEDPAPERThesis word limit: 18,000 wordsDeadline for thesis submission: 12 noon on Tuesday 1 May 2012IntroductionIn certain LLM courses candidates may write a supervised thesis of 18,000 words in lieu ofa final examination in that course. The thesis is intended to give students the opportunity toproduce a research dissertation largely on their own initiative. Subject to approval by therelevant Faculty member, candidates may write on a topic of their choice, provided that itfalls within the syllabus of the course in question, and does not overlap with thesubject matter of any other course they are taking. The courses in which this option isavailable are marked ‘t’ on the list of subjects in Appendix 1 at the back of this handbook.A candidate may submit only one thesis. Therefore a candidate may not offer a thesis inlieu of an examination paper and follow a seminar course. However, it is possible to offeran essay as well as a thesis, though you should think very carefully about the workloadinvolved in offering both an essay and a thesis.Students who write a thesis are expected to attend lectures in the course concerned.This option of writing a 18,000 word thesis in lieu of examination for a paper is particularlysuitable for:‣ Those who wish to pursue a particular topic in depth‣ Those who are contemplating further research on a topic at Ph.D. level‣ Those who wish to explore a topic in more detail with a view to possible futurepublicationFirst StepsFirstly refer to Appendix 1 at the back of this handbook to ensure that the thesis option isavailable for your chosen paper.For each course offered in the LLM, the Faculty Board designates a Convenor whose nameappears in Appendix 2 at the back of this handbook. If you wish to offer a thesis you shouldconsult the Convenor for the course within the scope of which your proposed topic lies.Given the early deadline for applying to do a thesis (12 noon on Friday 21 October 2011 -see below) the initial discussion with the relevant Convenor should take place as early inthe Michaelmas Term as possible. The purpose of the initial discussion is to ensure thatthe proposed topic is suitable and that a Faculty member is available and willing tosupervise. To maintain the quality of supervision, the Faculty limits the number of thesiswhich each Faculty member can supervise and therefore the number of students who maysubmit a thesis in a particular course is also limited. The Faculty hopes that all candidates36

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012who wish to submit a thesis can be accommodated but candidates should consider analternative course in the event that this is not possible.ApplicationA candidate must obtain the approval of the Faculty member who is to supervise the work,and of the Faculty Board. Therefore after the initial discussion, the candidate should makean application for approval using Form T1 which is at the back of this handbook.The following information must be supplied on Form T1:• Proposed title• The name and number of the paper in place of which the candidate wishes to submitthe thesis• The names and numbers of the other three papers which the candidate proposes tooffer in the LLM examination• Signature of the proposed supervisor as confirmation that the candidate hasconsulted the appropriate Faculty member and has received his or her approval.The completed form must be submitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office no later than12 noon on Friday 21 October 2011. When submitting the application, the candidateshould include with it an outline of the proposed thesis, of not less than 200 words and notmore than 500 words.Important Note: The Faculty Board will not approve a topic which falls within thescope of any of the other papers which the candidate is offering in the examination,or to a topic which does not fall within the scope of the syllabus of the course inwhich the thesis is to be offered.SupervisionCandidates for the LLM who choose the thesis option will be allocated a supervisor, and areentitled to up to 5 hours of supervision including having their work read. Up to two hours ofthat time can be spent in one-to-one supervision which can be arranged as the supervisorand supervisee see fit (eg four meetings of 30 mins or two meetings of one hour). Thesupervisor’s role is to give guidance on the appropriate scope of the research topic, thequestions to be addressed, the materials to be covered, and, where relevant, the methodsto be used in the research. The supervisor will give feedback on the content of drafts butthe responsibility for writing the thesis (and for producing work which is well structured,clearly written and readily comprehensible) is that of the candidate alone.Supervisors may read the thesis in draft at any stage, and suggest improvements or furtherreading. They may read the completed thesis before submission to indicate that it is in aform which warrants submission. At no point, however, may a supervisor indicate themark they anticipate a thesis should achieve. Candidates may with the approval of theirsupervisor consult with any member of the Faculty (if that Faculty member consents). Suchconsultation must be acknowledged upon submission of the thesis by detailing it on theCoversheet (Form T3).37

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Changing the TitleOnce it has been approved, the title of a thesis may be changed only with the permission ofthe Faculty Board. Such a request, supported in writing by the supervisor, must besubmitted using Form T2 to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office before 12 noon onMonday 30 January 2012. Requests received after this date will not be considered.Word LimitThe thesis must not exceed 18,000 words in length including footnotes and appendices, butexcluding bibliography. Where a thesis exceeds 18,000 words, leave to exceed the wordlimit must be obtained from the Chair of LLM Examiners and a copy of the letter grantingpermission must be attached to the declaration at the time of submission.The Faculty Board believes that all candidates should be examined on a comparable basis,and that fairness requires that candidates should submit theses of equal length. TheFaculty Board also considers that the discipline of writing a thesis within the prescribed limitis an integral part of the examination. Therefore extensions will be granted only inexceptional circumstances. Because of the likelihood that permission will be declined youshould apply for such an extension at the earliest opportunity if you consider that suchexceptional circumstances exist. The decision is taken by the LLM Chair of Examiners andcandidates should be aware that if permission is granted the extension given may besmaller than that sought.Requests to exceed the word limit, addressed to the Chair of LLM Examiners, should besubmitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office. Requests should be submitted no laterthan 12 noon on Thursday 12 April 2012. Requests received after this date will not beconsidered. The application should state the number of words by which the candidateseeks to exceed the word limit, and provide evidence that exceptional circumstanceswarrant an extension.If a candidate has exceeded the word limit without obtaining permission to do so, theExaminers will stop reading the thesis at the point at which the word limit isexceeded.The following do count towards the word limit:Main text, Introduction, Conclusion, Footnotes, AppendicesThe following do not count towards the word limit:Table of Contents, Table of Cases, Tables of Statutes, Table of Abbreviations, Bibliography,Title sheet, Coversheet (Form T3)Submission DeadlineThe thesis must be submitted (with the Coversheet, Form T3) to the LLM Administrator,Suzanne Wade, in the Faculty Office not later than 12 noon on Tuesday 1 May 2012.38

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Preparing your Thesis for SubmissionThe thesis must be typed double-spaced, but single-sided, on A4 paper.The thesis must contain a bibliography detailing the sources from which the thesis isderived, including any written work which the candidate has submitted or isconcurrently submitting for any other degree, diploma, or other similar qualification.All theses are examined anonymously. The examiners do not know the candidate's nameor college, but simply the candidate’s examination number. Therefore reference oracknowledgement should not be made in the thesis to teaching members of the Faculty orcolleges, because this might identify the candidate. The candidate’s name and collegemust appear only on the Coversheet (Form T3) of the thesis; they must not appearanywhere on the title sheet or in the thesis itself.You should type a title sheet, which should give the following information:• The title of the thesis• The number of the paper to which it relates• The name of the paper to which it relates• Your examination candidate number (if known) – but not your nameNo other information which could identify the candidate should appear on this page,or in the thesis itself.When assembling your thesis, you should ensure that this title sheet is the top page of yourwork and it should be bound with the rest of your thesis.The thesis must be prefaced by the Coversheet (Form T3 – at the back of this handbook)signed by the candidate to declare that:(i) the candidate has not previously published or submitted in respect of any degree ordiploma a paper on this topic;(ii) the work has been done principally in the academical year in which the candidatesits the examination;(iii) it represents the candidate’s own work unaided except as may be specified in thedeclaration;(iv) it contains a bibliography detailing all of the sources used;(v) it does not exceed 18,000 words in length including footnotes and appendices butexcluding bibliography;(vi) certain other points, as detailed on Form T3.Form T3 should be attached to the front of your work with a paperclip so that it can easilybe removed before your thesis is passed to the examiners.Students must also submit an electronic copy of their thesis in Word format (notPDF) on disk (CD or USB memory stick) in addition to providing a paper copy. Theelectronic copy must be submitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty office at the sametime as the paper copy, and the content of the two copies must be identical. Youmust not submit the thesis by email.39

Penalty for Late SubmissionLL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012A candidate whose thesis is not received at the Faculty Office by 12 noon on Tuesday 1May 2012 will incur the following penalty:• For the first day (or part of day) there will be a deduction of four marks from the totalmark that would have been awarded if the thesis had been submitted within thedeadline• For every day (or part of day) thereafter, there will be a further deduction of twomarksMarkingAll theses are examined anonymously by two examiners. The examiners do not know thecandidate’s name or college, but simply the candidate’s examination number. It istherefore essential that your thesis complies with the format set out above.The Examiners may require a candidate to present himself or herself for a viva voceexamination upon the subject of his or her thesis.PlagiarismCopying out someone else’s work without acknowledgement (i.e. by using quotation marksand footnotes) is plagiarism; so is rewording someone else’s work in order to present it asyour own without acknowledging your debt. Plagiarism in work submitted for formalassessment is regarded by the University as the use of “unfair means” (i.e. cheating), and istreated with the greatest seriousness. Where examiners suspect plagiarism, the case maybe referred to the Proctors. It may then be brought before the University’s Court ofDiscipline, which has the power to deprive culprits of membership of the University and tostrip them of any degrees awarded by it. Information on plagiarism, including theUniversity’s Statement on Plagiarism, can be found athttp://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/plagiarism/_The Faculty of Law requires all coursework to be submitted electronically as well as in hardcopy. The Faculty uses anti-plagiarism software in the manner described in a documententitled ‘Student information and consent form for the use of Turnitin software in 2011-12’which can be accessed via the Official Faculty Documents page on the Faculty website(www.law.cam.ac.uk/faculty-resources/official-faculty-documents.php).40

4. LLM SEMINAR COURSESLL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Seminar thesis word limit: 18,000 wordsDeadline for seminar thesis submission: 12 noon on Tuesday 1 May2012IntroductionCertain LLM courses operate in a seminar format. The objective in such courses is to offerstudents the opportunity to undertake a substantial research and writing project under thepersonal guidance of a supervisor but within the framework of a structured course. Someformal instruction will be provided, especially at the start of each course. However, withinthe framework of the published syllabus the research projects of the participating studentswill be the focus of each course, with special emphasis on presentations made byparticipants, and on discussion by the group.Writing a thesis as part of a seminar course offers many of the same opportunities andadvantages as writing a thesis in lieu of a lecture course.However, the seminar format makes this option especially appropriate for:• Those with less prior knowledge of the topics being covered in a particular course• Those who prefer a more structured format when working on a major researchprojectThe key elements of the LLM seminar courses are:‣ That students have the opportunity to undertake independent but structured research‣ That they may learn from each other, by mutual discussion of presentations made byeach student‣ That they will receive guidance in their research from the course lecturers (includingfeedback on their presentation) throughout the year‣ That they will be guided in their work by a designated supervisorStructure of Seminar CoursesThe seminar options allow students to produce a self-standing piece of research within thecontext of the seminar paper, presenting their work to the class. An important feature of theseminar courses is their flexibility. For administrative reasons all seminar courses share acommon timetable and basic structure. They are also subject to the same rules concerningthe assessment of candidates, but seminar leaders are encouraged to adapt their coursesto suit the subject matter of their course and the size of the class.It is possible that a class may not meet each week in Michaelmas Term, especially early inthe term, but lecturers may choose to allow students time for personal research, and usethe class time to meet with students individually.41

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012All candidates will be required to make presentations on their topic to the class; this mayoccupy most or all of the term. If the number in the class is small, lecturers may choose tomake alternative arrangements accordingly – by allowing more time for each presentation,by meeting every other week, or by interspersing sessions where presentations are givenwith more formal lectures. Because seminar theses must be submitted by 12 noon onTuesday 1 May 2012 there will be no seminar classes in Easter Term, althoughsupervisors may meet with their students individually.The Faculty regards an LLM seminar course as interactive, and as a collaborative exerciseinvolving lecturers and students. Active participation by each student in the class will beexpected throughout the year (and may affect a candidate’s mark in borderline cases).Seminar Class SizesA seminar class will not be viable if numbers are too large or too small. Course lecturershave discretion to decide the maximum and minimum number they consider appropriate forthe effective operation of their course.If the number applying to take a seminar falls below the level which the course lecturersconsider critical they may (with the approval of the Faculty Board) allow students to submita thesis in lieu of the course, and provide up to five hours of personal supervisionaccordingly (as prescribed for theses in lieu of an examination), subject to the rule that astudent may offer only one thesis in the LLM examination.First StepsCandidates intending to follow a seminar course should attend the first meeting of therelevant course for further information. This will be held in the first week of MichaelmasTerm.ApplicationAs soon as possible students should meet to discuss their intended topic individually with acourse convenor or another course lecturer.As soon as possible thereafter each candidate should complete Form S1 indicating theproposed title of their seminar thesis and submitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Officeno later than 12 noon on Friday 21 October 2011.SupervisionCandidates for the LLM who choose the seminar thesis option are allocated a supervisor,normally one of those leading the seminar, and are entitled to up to five hours ofsupervision including having their work read. Up to two hours of that time can be spent inone-to-one supervision which can be arranged as the supervisor and supervisee see fit (eg4 meetings of 30 mins or two meetings of one hour. The supervisor’s role is to give42

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012guidance on the appropriate scope of the research topic, the questions to be addressed,the materials covered, and, where relevant, the methods to be used in the research. Thesupervisor will give feedback on the content of drafts but the responsibility for writing thethesis (and for producing work which is well structured, clearly written and readilycomprehensible) is that of the candidate alone.Whilst supervisors may read the completed thesis before submission to indicate that it is ina form that warrants submission; they cannot indicate what mark they anticipate a thesisshould achieve. Candidates may, with the approval of their supervisor consult with anymember of the Faculty (if that Faculty member consents), such consultation to beacknowledged upon submission by detailing it on the Coversheet (Form S3).Changing the TitleOnce it has been approved, the title of a seminar thesis may be changed only with thepermission of the supervisor and of the Faculty Board. Requests must be submitted usingForm S2, which must be signed by the supervisor, to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Officebefore 12 noon on Monday 30 January 2012. Requests received after this date will notbe considered.Word LimitThe seminar thesis must not exceed 18,000 words in length including footnotes andappendices, but excluding bibliography. Where a thesis exceeds 18,000 words, leave toexceed the word limit must be obtained from the Chair of LLM Examiners and a copyof the letter granting permission must be attached to the declaration at the time ofsubmission.The Faculty Board believes that all candidates should be examined on a comparable basis,and that fairness requires that candidates should submit theses of equal length. TheFaculty Board also considers that the discipline of writing a thesis within the prescribed limitis an integral part of the examination. Therefore extensions will be granted only inexceptional circumstances. Because of the likelihood that permission will be declined youshould apply for such an extension at the earliest opportunity if you consider that suchexceptional circumstances exist. The decision is taken by the LLM Chair of Examiners andcandidates should be aware that if permission is granted the extension given may besmaller than that sought.Requests to exceed the word limit, addressed to the Chair of LLM Examiners, should besubmitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office by 12 noon on Thursday 12 April 2012.Requests received after this date cannot be considered. The application should state thenumber of words by which the candidate seeks to exceed the word limit, and provideevidence that exceptional circumstances warrant an extension.If a candidate has exceeded the word limit without obtaining permission to do so, theExaminers will stop reading the thesis at the point at which the word limit isexceeded.43

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012The following do count towards the word limit:Main text, Introduction, Conclusion, Footnotes, AppendicesThe following do not count towards the word limit:Table of Contents, Table of Cases, Table of Statutes, Table of Abbreviations, Bibliography,Title sheet, Coversheet (Form S3)Submission DeadlineThe thesis must be submitted (with the Coversheet, Form S3) to the LLM Administrator,Suzanne Wade, in the Faculty Office not later than 12 noon on Tuesday 1 May 2012.Preparing your Seminar Thesis for SubmissionThe seminar thesis must be typed double-spaced, but single-sided, on A4 paper.The seminar thesis must contain a bibliography detailing the sources from which thethesis is derived, including any written work which the candidate has submitted or isconcurrently submitting for any other degree, diploma, or other similar qualification.All seminar theses are examined anonymously. The examiners do not know thecandidate's name or college, but simply the candidate’s examination number. Thereforereference or acknowledgement should not be made in the thesis to teaching members ofthe Faculty or colleges, because this might identify the candidate. The candidate’s nameand college must appear only on the Coversheet (Form S3) of the thesis; they must notappear anywhere on the title sheet or in the seminar thesis itself.When you type your seminar thesis, you should type a title sheet, which should givethe following information:• The title of the seminar thesis• The number of the paper to which it relates• The name of the paper to which it relates• Your examination candidate number (if known) – but not your nameNo other information which could identify the candidate should appear on this page,or in the thesis itself.When assembling your seminar thesis, you should ensure that this title sheet is the toppage of your work and it should be bound with the rest of your thesis.The seminar thesis must be prefaced by the Coversheet (Form S3 – at the back of thishandbook) completed and signed by the candidate to declare that(i) the candidate has not previously published or submitted in respect of any degree ordiploma a paper on this topic;44

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012(ii) the work has been done principally in the academical year in which the candidatesits the examination;(iii) it represents the candidate’s own work unaided except as may be specified in thedeclaration;(iv) it contains a bibliography detailing all of the sources used;(v) it does not exceed 18,000 words in length including footnotes and appendices butexcluding bibliography;(vi) certain other points, as detailed on Form S3.Form S3 should be attached to the front of your work with a paperclip so that it can easilybe removed before your seminar thesis is passed to the examiners.Students must also submit an electronic copy of their thesis in Word format (notPDF) on disk (CD or USB memory stick) in addition to providing a paper copy. Theelectronic copy must be submitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty office at the sametime as the paper copy, and the content of the two copies must be identical. Youmust not submit the essay by email.Penalty for Late SubmissionA candidate whose seminar thesis is not received at the Faculty Office by 12 noon onTuesday 1 May 2012 will incur the following penalty:• For the first day (or part of day) there will be a deduction of four marks from the totalmark that would have been awarded if the seminar thesis had been submitted withinthe deadline.• For every day (or part of day) thereafter, there will be a further deduction of twomarks.MarkingAll seminar theses are examined anonymously by two examiners. The examiners do notknow the candidate’s name or college, but simply the candidate’s examination number. Itis therefore essential that your thesis complies with the format set out above.The seminar thesis will be marked by two examiners. Candidates will be examined primarilyon the basis of their thesis. Where a candidate’s thesis achieves a borderline mark theassessors may take account of the candidate’s participation in class in determining acandidate’s final class.The Examiners might require a candidate to present himself or herself for a viva voceexamination upon the subject of his or her seminar thesis.PlagiarismCopying out someone else’s work without acknowledgement (i.e. by using quotation marksand footnotes) is plagiarism; so is rewording someone else’s work in order to present it asyour own without acknowledging your debt. Plagiarism in work submitted for formal45

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012assessment is regarded by the University as the use of “unfair means” (i.e. cheating), and istreated with the greatest seriousness. Where examiners suspect plagiarism, the case maybe referred to the Proctors. It may then be brought before the University’s Court ofDiscipline, which has the power to deprive culprits of membership of the University and tostrip them of any degrees awarded by it. Information on plagiarism, including theUniversity’s Statement on Plagiarism, can be found athttp://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/plagiarism/_The Faculty of Law requires all coursework to be submitted electronically as well as in hardcopy. The Faculty uses anti-plagiarism software in the manner described in a documententitled ‘Student information and consent form for the use of Turnitin software in 2011-12’which can be accessed via the Official Faculty Documents page on the Faculty website(www.law.cam.ac.uk/faculty-resources/official-faculty-documents.php).46

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Part 4:FORMS47

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012INTRODUCTIONIn this section of the handbook you will find all the forms you will need for the submission ofproposed titles and for the submission of essays, theses and seminar theses.48

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEFACULTY OF LAWForm D1LLM COURSE 2011-2012Application to choose designation of LLM degreeImportant NotesWhere appropriate, LLM courses are designated as being within one of three broad areas of specialisation:Commercial Law, European Law, and International Law. Where a student offers at least three papers havinga particular designation, their LLM degree will be designated as falling within that area of specialisation, andthis will happen automatically – your designation will appear next to your name on the class list when the LLMexamination results are published at the end of June 2012. However, several courses belong to more thanone subject area, and if your choice of papers result in your offering at least three papers for two designations,you can, if you wish, choose which of the appropriate specialisations is placed against your name on the classlist by completing this form. Please be aware that if you do not make a choice, the specialisation which is firstalphabetically will be used. The designation of each of the courses offered in the forthcoming academic yearis indicated in Appendix 1 in the LLM Student Handbook 2011-2012.TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT:[Please use BLOCK CAPITALS]I confirm that I am taking the following LLM papers:Paper No. Paper Name Designation..................................................................................................................................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...I am therefore taking at least three papers in two different designations, as indicated above.I wish my LLM degree, upon successful completion, to be designated as having thefollowing specialism:[Please tick the appropriate box]Commercial European InternationalName: ................................................Signature:.........................................College:............................................... Date: ..............................................Please note:This form must be submitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office no later than 12 noon on Tuesday 1 May201249

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEFACULTY OF LAWForm E1LLM COURSE 2011-2012Application for approval of the scope and title of anEssay as part of a designated paperPART A - TO BE COMPLETED BY THE STUDENT:[Please use BLOCK CAPITALS]Name: ............................................................. Signature: ....................................................College: .......................................................... Date: ............................................................I wish to submit an essay as part of: Paper Number: ........ Paper Name: .........................Proposed essay title:......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Other papers being taken:Paper No. Paper Name......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PART B - TO BE COMPLETED BY THE LECTURER APPROVING THE ABOVE TITLEAND AGREEING TO SUPERVISE THE ESSAY:Name: .................................................... Signature: .....................................Date: ....................................................Please note:Your application must be submitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office not later than 12 noon onFriday 21 October 2011. If it is approved, you may not change your essay title without obtaining theleave of the Faculty Board (applications to be made to Suzanne Wade).50

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEFACULTY OF LAWLLM COURSE 2011-2012Form E2Application for approval to change the title of an Essay as partof a designated paperPART A - TO BE COMPLETED BY THE STUDENT:[Please use BLOCK CAPITALS]Name: ............................................................. Signature: ....................................................College: .......................................................... Date: ............................................................I wish to change the title of the essay I propose to submit as part of:Paper Number: ........ Paper Name: ..................................................Original Proposed essay title:......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NEW Proposed Essay title:......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PART B - TO BE COMPLETED BY THE LECTURER APPROVING THE ABOVE CHANGEOF TITLE AND AGREEING TO SUPERVISE THE ESSAY:Name: .................................................... Signature: .....................................Date: ....................................................Please note:You may not change your essay title without obtaining the leave of the Faculty Board.Your application to change your title must be submitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office not later than 12 noon on Monday 30January 2012.51

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEFACULTY OF LAWForm E3LLM COURSE 2011-2012LLM ESSAY COVERSHEET(To be attached to essay by a paperclip when submitted)Deadline for Essay submission: 12 noon on Tuesday 1 May 2012Title of essay:.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................I am submitting this essay as part of Paper Name………………………………Paper No………………DeclarationI declare that:1. I have not previously published or submitted in respect of any doctorate, degree or diploma a paper on thetopic of this essay2. This essay is the result of work which has been done principally in the present academical year3. This essay represents my own work unaided except as specified below:.............................................................................................................................................4. This essay contains a bibliography detailing all of the sources from which the essay is derived, includingany written work which I have previously submitted or I am concurrently submitting for any other degree,diploma or other similar qualification at any university or similar institution5. This essay does not exceed 7,000 words in length including footnotes and appendices, but excludingbibliography6. The word count for this essay is………………………………………………………………………………7. I am also submitting a copy of this essay on disk at the same time as the paper copy to which thiscoversheet is attached. I confirm that the content of the two copies is identical.8. I have read and understood both the Faculty of Law’s Plagiarism Policy (Appendix 3 of the LLM Handbook)and the University’s Statement on Plagiarism (Appendix 4 of the LLM Handbook).Name: ......................................................................................................................................................[In block capitals]College:.........................................................................................................................................Signature:......................................................................................................................................Date: ............................................................................................................................................52

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEFACULTY OF LAWLLM COURSE 2011-2012Form S1Application for approval of the scope and title of a Seminar ThesisPART A - TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT:[Please use BLOCK CAPITALS]Name: ...........................................................College: .........................................................Signature: ......................................…Date: .......................................………Proposed Seminar Thesis Title:......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Name of Seminar Course:...................................….............................……………………………………………………Other papers being taken:Paper No.Paper Name......................................................................................................................………………........................................................................................................................………………….............................................................................................................................….PART B - TO BE COMPLETED BY LECTURER APPROVING THE ABOVE TITLE ANDAGREEING TO SUPERVISE THE THESISName: ................................................................................................................Signature:Date: .........................................................Please note:When submitting this form you must include an outline of your proposed thesis of not less than 200 and not more than 500 words.Your application must be submitted to Suzanne Wade, Faculty of Law not later than 12 noon on Friday 21 October 2011. If it isapproved, you may not change your thesis title without obtaining the leave of the Faculty (applications to be made to SuzanneWade).53

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEFACULTY OF LAWLLM COURSE 2011-2012Form S2Application for approval to change the title of a Seminar ThesisPART A - TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT:[Please use BLOCK CAPITALS]Name: ........................................................... Signature: .....................................College: ......................................................... Date: ..........................................I wish to change the title of the thesis I propose to submit for:Name of Seminar Course:...................................….............................………………………………………………………Original proposed seminar thesis title:......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NEW proposed seminar thesis title:......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PART B - TO BE COMPLETED BY LECTURER APPROVING THE ABOVE CHANGE OF TITLEAND AGREEING TO SUPERVISE THE THESISName: .................................................... Signature: ...............................................................Date: ....................................................Please note:You may not change your thesis title without the leave of the Faculty Board.Your application to change your thesis title must be submitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office not later than 12 noon onMonday 30 January 2012.54

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEFACULTY OF LAWLLM COURSE 2011-2012Form S3LLM SEMINAR THESIS COVERSHEET(To be attached to the seminar thesis by a paperclip when submitted)Seminar Thesis submission deadline: 12 noon on Tuesday 1 May 2012Title of seminar thesis:.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................I am submitting this thesis in lieu of the following seminar course:……………………………………………………DeclarationI declare that:1. I have not previously published or submitted in respect of any doctorate, degree or diploma a paper on thetopic of this thesis2. This thesis is the result of work which has been done principally in the present academical year3. This thesis represents my own work unaided except as specified below:..............................................................................................................................................4. This thesis contains a bibliography detailing all of the sources from which the essay is derived, includingany written work which I have previously submitted or I am concurrently submitting for any other degree,diploma or other similar qualification at any university or similar institution5. This thesis does not exceed 18,000 words in length including footnotes and appendices, but excludingbibliography6. The word count for this thesis is………………………………………………………………………………………7. I am also submitting a copy of this thesis on disk at the same time as the paper copy to which thiscoversheet is attached. I confirm that the content of the two copies is identical.8. I have read and understood both the Faculty of Law’s Plagiarism Policy (Appendix 3 of the LLM Handbook)and the University’s Statement on Plagiarism (Appendix 4 of the LLM Handbook).Name: .....................................................................................................................................................................................[In BLOCK CAPITALS]College:.......................................................................................................................................................................Signature:....................................................................................................................................................................Date: .....................................................................................................................................................................................* Where a seminar thesis exceeds 18,000 words, leave to exceed the word limit must be obtained from the Faculty Boardin accordance with the procedure set out in the section of the LLM Handbook entitled ‘Research and Writing in the LLM’55

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEFACULTY OF LAWLLM COURSE 2011-2012Form T1Application for approval of the scope and title of a Thesis in lieu of adesignated paperPART A - TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT:Name: ...........................................................[Please use BLOCK CAPITALS]Signature:....................................College: ……………………………………Date:.......................................…..I wish to submit a thesis in lieu of Paper No……….Paper Name: ……………………Proposed Thesis Title:........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Other papers being taken:Paper No. Paper Name......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PART B - TO BE COMPLETED BY LECTURER APPROVING THE ABOVE TITLE ANDAGREEING TO SUPERVISE THE THESIS:Name: .................................................... Signature: ...............................................................Date: ....................................................Please note:When submitting this form you must include an outline of your proposed thesis of not less than 200 and not more than 500 words.Your application must be submitted to Suzanne Wade, Faculty of Law not later than 12 noon on Friday 21 October 2011. If it isapproved, you may not change your thesis title without obtaining the leave of the Faculty Board (applications to be made toSuzanne Wade).56

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEFACULTY OF LAWLLM COURSE 2011-2012Form T2Application for approval to change the title of a Thesis in lieu of adesignated paperPART A - TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT:Name: ................................................ Signature: ....................................................[Please use BLOCK CAPITALS]College: ................................................ Date: ........................................................I wish to change the title of the thesis I propose to submit in lieu ofPaper No. ......... Paper Name: ............................................Original Proposed Thesis Title:......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................NEW Proposed Thesis Title:......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PART B - TO BE COMPLETED BY LECTURER APPROVING THE ABOVE CHANGE OFTITLE AND AGREEING TO SUPERVISE THE THESISName: .................................................... Signature: ....................................................Date: ....................................................Please note:You may not change your thesis title without obtaining the leave of the Faculty Board.Your application to change your thesis title must be submitted to Suzanne Wade in the Faculty Office not later than 12 noon onMonday 30 January 2012.57

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGEFACULTY OF LAWLLM COURSE 2011-2012Form T3LLM THESIS IN LIEU OF A DESIGNATED PAPER COVERSHEET(To be attached to thesis by a paperclip when submitted)Title of thesis:Thesis submission deadline: 12 noon on Tuesday 1 May 2012.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................I am submitting this thesis in lieu of Paper No. ............ Paper Name ...................................................................DeclarationI declare that:1. I have not previously published or submitted in respect of any doctorate, degree or diploma a paper on thetopic of this thesis2. This thesis is the result of work which has been done principally in the present academical year3. This thesis represents my own work unaided except as specified below:..............................................................................................................................................4. This thesis contains a bibliography detailing all of the sources from which the thesis is derived, includingany written work which I have previously submitted or I am concurrently submitting for any other degree,diploma or other similar qualification at any university or similar institution5. This essay does not exceed 18,000 words in length including footnotes and appendices, but excludingbibliography6.The word count for this thesis is……………………………………………………………………………………….7. I am also submitting a copy of this thesis on disk at the same time as the paper copy to which thiscoversheet is attached. I confirm that the content of the two copies is identical.8. I have read and understood both the Faculty of Law’s Plagiarism Policy (Appendix 3 of the LLM Handbook)and the University’s Statement on Plagiarism (Appendix 4 of the LLM Handbook).Name: .....................................................................................................................................................................................[In BLOCK CAPITALS]College:.......................................................................................................................................................................Signature:....................................................................................................................................................................Date: ...........................................................................................................................................................................* Where a thesis exceeds 18,000 words, leave to exceed the word limit must be obtained from the Faculty Board inaccordance with the procedure set out in the section of the LLM Handbook entitled ‘Research and Writing in the LLM’58

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Template student information and consent form for the use of Turnitin UK originalitychecking software in 2011-12 in the Faculty of LawIntroductionThe University subscribes to Turnitin UK software which provides an electronic means of checking work fororiginality and is widely used in UK universities. This document explains how Turnitin UK will be used by theFaculty of Law and explains the implications of submitting your work to the software.You are asked to read the information thoroughly and then sign the attached declaration form to show that youconsent to your work being submitted to Turnitin UK as described in this document. Without your writtenconsent the Faculty of Law cannot submit your work to the software.You are reminded that Turnitin is only one method of checking the originality of your work. Examiners mayinitiate the standard investigative procedures if they have unresolved queries about the originality of yourwork, regardless of whether Turnitin has been used or whether it has substantiated any concerns.Plagiarism and good academic practice: your responsibilitiesYou should ensure that you are familiar with the discipline-specific guidance about referencing conventionsand good academic practice which is issued by the Faculty of Law and can be found athttp://www.law.cam.ac.uk/faculty-resources/summary/faculty-plagiarism-policy-pdf/1591. If, after reading theguidance, you have any outstanding queries you should seek clarification at the earliest opportunity from yourDirector of Studies or supervisor.Furthermore, you should familiarise yourself with the statement on plagiarism which is appended to thisdocument. This statement is posted on the University’s plagiarism website www.cam.ac.uk/plagiarism whichalso features links to useful resources and guidance.About Turnitin UK originality checking softwarea. Who controls the service?Turnitin UK is part of the JISC Plagiarism Advisory Service (JISCPAS). This University is the recognised DataController for the data held or processed by, or on behalf of, the service. An American company, iParadigms,is the Data Processor.b. How does Turnitin UK work?Turnitin UK may detect direct plagiarism, paraphrasing and collusion as submitted work is compared with avast database of online material and with a ‘private’ database of previous submissions. Therefore, submittingwork to the database helps to protect it from future attempts to plagiarise it, and helps to maintain the integrityof the University’s qualifications.The software makes no judgement about whether a student has plagiarised, it simply shows the percentage ofthe submission that matches other sources and produces an originality report which highlights the textmatches and, where possible, displays the matching text and its immediate context.In many cases the software highlights correctly cited references or ‘innocent’ matches. Therefore, Examinerswill carefully review all originality reports to determine whether the work does contain plagiarism.How will Turnitin UK be used in the Faculty of LawStudents are already required to submit dissertations in electronic form in Word Format to allow a word checkto be carried out. Once the relevant Examiner has submitted a preliminary mark for the dissertation to theExaminations Secretary, all dissertations will also be submitted to the Turnitin database.59

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012What will happen if matches are identified between my work and another source?If Turnitin UK detects matches between your work and another source, the Examiners will review the resultingoriginality report to judge whether the matches are innocent, or whether you have appropriately referencedthese matches (if not, this may constitute plagiarism), and/or whether you have made excessive use ofmaterial from other sources (which may be poor academic practice).The Examiners will mark your work purely on the basis of its academic merit. However, depending on theextent and context of the matches, your work may be referred to the Proctors for further investigation. In suchcases the Turnitin UK originality report may be used as evidence. If you are found to have plagiarised thepenalty may be severe and your degree may be withheld.Will Turnitin UK affect my intellectual property rights or copyright?The copyright and intellectual property rights of the submitted material remain wholly with the original owner(normally students, with the exception of some collaborative or sponsored research projects). However, youare asked to permit Turnitin UK to:reproduce your work to assess it for originality;retain a copy of your work for comparison at a later date with future submissions.Will my personal data be retained by Turnitin UK?Material submitted to Turnitin UK will be identified by your examination number, course details and institution:personal data will not be used.What will happen if text submitted by another student matches that in my work?a. Matches to text submitted from other HE institutionsIf a report generated by another institution identifies a match to your work the report will only show the extentof the match and the contact details of the University’s Turnitin UK Administrator. You are asked to permit theFaculty’s Examinations Secretary, if approached by the Turnitin UK Administrator, to allow the contents ofyour work to be revealed to a third party outside Cambridge for the purposes of investigating such a match.b. Matches to text submitted from within the UniversityIf a match is found to material submitted from within the University, the Examiners can obtain the full textwithout approaching you.How do I apply for my work to be removed from Turnitin UK?Work submitted to Turnitin UK will be stored indefinitely on the Turnitin UK database unless you specificallyrequest that it be removed. To maximise the effectiveness of the software it is hoped that such requests willbe kept to a minimum. However, once examinations have been concluded, you may at any time contact theFaculty’s Examinations Secretary to request that your work be removed.Sources of further information and supportThe University’s plagiarism website: www.cam.ac.uk/plagiarismTurnitin UK’s website: www.jiscpas.ac.uk/turnitinuk.php60

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Statement on plagiarismThe General Board, with the agreement of the Board of Examinations and the Board of Graduate Studies, hasissued this guidance for the information of candidates, Examiners and Supervisors. It may be supplementedby course-specific guidance from Faculties and Departments.Plagiarism is defined as submitting as one’s own work that which derives in part or in its entirety from the workof others without due acknowledgement. It is both poor scholarship and a breach of academic integrity.Examples of plagiarism include copying (using another person’s language and/or ideas as if they are acandidate’s own), by:quoting verbatim another person’s work without due acknowledgement of the source;paraphrasing another person’s work by changing some of the words, or the order of the words, withoutdue acknowledgement of the source;using ideas taken from someone else without reference to the originator;cutting and pasting from the Internet to make a pastiche of online sources;submitting someone else’s work as part of a candidate’s own without identifying clearly who did thework. For example, buying or commissioning work via professional agencies such as ‘essay banks’ or‘paper mills’, or not attributing research contributed by others to a joint project.Plagiarism might also arise from colluding with another person, including another candidate, other than aspermitted for joint project work (i.e. where collaboration is concealed or has been forbidden). A candidateshould include a general acknowledgement where he or she has received substantial help, for example withthe language and style of a piece of written work.Plagiarism can occur in respect to all types of sources and media:text, illustrations, musical quotations, mathematical derivations, computer code, etc;material downloaded from websites or drawn from manuscripts or other media;published and unpublished material, including lecture handouts and other students’ work.Acceptable means of acknowledging the work of others (by referencing, in footnotes, or otherwise) varyaccording to the subject matter and mode of assessment. Faculties or Departments should issue writtenguidance on the relevant scholarly conventions for submitted work, and also make it clear to candidates whatlevel of acknowledgement might be expected in written examinations. Candidates are required to familiarizethemselves with this guidance, to follow it in all work submitted for assessment, and may be required to sign adeclaration to that effect. If a candidate has any outstanding queries, clarification should be sought from heror his Director of Studies, Course Director or Supervisor as appropriate.Failure to conform to the expected standards of scholarship (e.g. by not referencing sources) in examinationsmay affect the mark given to the candidate’s work. In addition, suspected cases of the use of unfair means (ofwhich plagiarism is one form) will be investigated and may be brought to one of the University’s Courts. TheCourts have wide powers to discipline those found guilty of using unfair means in an examination, includingdepriving such persons of membership of the University.The University’s plagiarism and good academic practice website (www.cam.ac.uk/plagiarism) provides moreinformation and guidance.Discipline Regulation 6No candidate shall make use of unfair means in any University examination. Unfair means shall includeplagiarism* and, unless such possession is specifically authorized, the possession of any book, paper or othermaterial relevant to the examination. No member of the University shall assist a candidate to make use ofsuch unfair means.* Plagiarism is defined as submitting as one's own work that which derives in part or in its entirety from thework of others without due acknowledgement.61

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Consent form for the use of Turnitin UK on assessed work in 2011-12 in the Facultyof LawGeneral confirmationPlease read the statements and check the boxes to indicate your agreement.I confirm that I have read and understood the information contained in this document.I undertake not to commit plagiarism in any work submitted for assessment at the University andunderstand that the penalties may be severe if I am found to have done so.I confirm that I understand that, if I am required to submit electronic and hard copies of a pieceof work for assessment, both copies must be identical in content and that any differences will betreated as an attempt to defraud the examination.I confirm that I understand that, if I am required to submit work only in electronic format, I mustkeep an electronic copy of the work until the examination results are published.Use of Turnitin UKPlease read the statement and check the box to indicate your agreement.I agree that any piece of assessed work which I submit electronically in 2011-12 may bescreened with Turnitin UK, as described in the accompanying information, and added to theTurnitin UK database. 1Personal detailsName (please print): …………………………………………………College:Course:Signature:Date:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Please make a copy of this form for your own records and submit the original to:Suzanne WadeLLM AdministratorFaculty OfficeFaculty of Law1 I understand that I may apply for my work to be removed from the database once the examinations have beenconcluded, but that withdrawing work will mean that it is no longer protected against future attempts to plagiarise it.62

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Part 5:APPENDICES63

APPENDIX 1:Prescribed Subjects 2011-2012LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012No. Paper title Form of examination Designation3 International Commercial Litigation 3 c, e4 Law of Restitution t c7 Corporate Insolvency Law 3 c9 Corporate Finance Law t c10 Corporate Governance t c11 Criminal Justice—Players and Processes es, t12 Intellectual Property es, t c, e13 Contemporary Issues in the Law of European teIntegration14 Competition Law 3 c, e15 International Environmental Law 3 i16 Constitutional Law of the European Union t e17 E U Trade Law 3 e18 External Relations Law of the European teUnion21 Settlement of International Disputes t i23 The Law of the World Trade Organization t i25 International Human Rights Law t i26 Civil Liberties and Human Rights es30 Jurisprudence 332 Commercial Equity t c33 Comparative Family Law and Policy t34 Philosophy of Criminal Law t35 History of English Civil and Criminal Law t36 International Intellectual Property Law es, t c, e, i38 Seminar papers (see below)Explanation of forms of examination1. A candidate may take a written paper of three hours’ duration in all the subjects listedabove, other than Paper 38.2. Paper 38: Seminar Paper. Paper 38 shall be examined by the submission of a thesiswhich shall not, without the leave of the Faculty Board, exceed 18,000 wordsincluding footnotes and appendices, but excluding bibliography, on a topic approvedby the Faculty Board which falls within the scope of one of the following seminarcourses prescribed for 2011-12:a. Comparative lawb. European Social Rights and Economic Integrationc. Public Law3. ‘es’ indicates a subject in which a candidate has a free choice between:a. a written paper of three hours’ duration; and64

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012b. a written paper of two hours’ duration together with the submission of anessay of not more than 7,000 words, including footnotes and appendices butexcluding bibliography, on a topic approved by the Faculty Board which fallswithin the field of the subject.4. ‘t’ indicates a subject in which a candidate may submit a thesis in lieu of a finalexamination. The thesis shall not, without the leave of the Faculty Board, exceed18,000 words including footnotes and appendices, but excluding bibliography. Itshall be on a topic approved by the Faculty Board falling within the field of thesubject.5. ‘3’ indicates a subject in which a three-hour final examination is required, thecandidate having no option of substituting a thesis or a two-hour examination and anessay.6. In 2011-12 there are no subjects which may be examined only in the form of awritten paper of two hours’ duration together with the submission of an essay of notmore than 7,000 words, including footnotes and appendices but excludingbibliography, on a topic approved by the Faculty Board which falls within the field ofthe subject.Explanation of designations‘c’ Commercial Law‘e’ European Law‘i’ International Law65

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012APPENDIX 2:Course Convenors 2011-2012Paper No. Name of Paper Course ConvenorPaper 3 International Commercial Litigation Mr R G FentimanPaper 4 The Law of Restitution Professor G J VirgoPaper 7 Corporate Insolvency Law Ms J A KirshnerPaper 9 Corporate Finance Law Professor E V FerranPaper 10 Corporate Governance Professor B R CheffinsPaper 11 Criminal Justice: Players and Processes Mrs N M PadfieldPaper 12 Intellectual Property Law Professor L BentlyPaper 13 Contemporary Issues in the Law of European Integration Professor C S BarnardPaper 14 Competition Law Dr A Albors-LlorensPaper 15 International Environmental Law Dr C MacKenziePaper 16 Constitutional Law of the European Union Dr A HinarejosPaper 17 EU Trade Law Professor C S BarnardPaper 18 Externals Relations Law of the European Union Dr M W GehringPaper 21 Settlement of International Disputes Professor J R CrawfordPaper 23 The Law of the World Trade Organization Dr L A BartelsPaper 25 International Human Rights Law Dr J HohmannPaper 26 Civil Liberties and Human Rights Dr S PalmerPaper 30 Jurisprudence Dr N E SimmondsPaper 32 Commercial Equity Mr R C NolanPaper 33 Comparative Family Law and Policy Dr A W E BainhamPaper 34 Philosophy of Criminal Law Dr A du Bois-PedainPaper 35 History of English Civil and Criminal Law Dr N G JonesPaper 36 International Intellectual Property Law Professor L BentlyPaper 38 – Seminars:Seminar Comparative Law Dr R J C MundaySeminar European Social Rights and Economic Integration Professor S F DeakinSeminar Public Law Dr J W F Allison66

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012APPENDIX 3:Faculty of Law Policy on Plagiarism(NB: This document is based in large part on the Policy on Plagiarism prepared by theFaculty of Divinity and Faculty of Music. We are grateful to both.)(i) Plagiarism in work submitted for examinations, such as open-book examinations,assessed essays and dissertationsCopying out someone else’s work without acknowledgement (i.e. by using quotation marksand footnotes) is plagiarism; so is rewording someone else’s work in order to present it asyour own without acknowledging your debt. Students who submit dissertations andassessed essays for examinations are required to sign a statement that the writings inquestion are their own, and that any use of others’ work is indicated by quotations marks,footnotes and in the bibliography. Although no such formal declaration is required ofcandidates who write open book examinations, it is expected that the work submittedshould be substantially their own, and that they will not copy or re-word other people’s workand present it as their own.Plagiarism in work submitted for formal assessment is regarded by the University as theuse of “unfair means” (i.e. cheating), and is treated with the greatest seriousness. Whereexaminers suspect plagiarism, the case may be referred to the Proctors. It may then bebrought before the University’s Court of Discipline, which has the power to deprive culpritsof membership of the University and to strip them of any degrees awarded by it. Furtherinformation concerning the University’s position in relation to plagiarism, including a copy ofthe University-wide Statement on Plagiarism, can be found viahttp://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/plagiarism/. The Faculty’s Policy should be read inconjunction with that Statement.(ii) Plagiarism in supervision work and studySupervision essays and other assignments are meant to be your own work. Part of the pointof a university degree is that you learn to read, think and write for yourself. Deliberateplagiarism in your supervision work is therefore not only dishonest, but also misses thepoint. Supervisors who suspect a student of plagiarism are advised to raise the matter withthe student. If there is no improvement, they should report it to the Director of Studies, whomay take disciplinary action.Unconscious plagiarism is a more common failing in essay work. It often arises fromexcessive note-taking followed by excessively faithful use of notes in writing essays. Theseare bad working habits. Notes should be a summary in your own words of an argument andof the evidence or reasoning used to support it. Essays should be written with reference tonotes rather than by copying them out. Plagiarism can also creep in when, instead of takingnotes, you mark texts or photocopies with highlighting pen and then write your essay withclose reference to such materials.Downloading material from the internet into essays (without acknowledgement) alsoconstitutes plagiarism. Internet material should be treated like other primary or secondarysources. You may wish to download material, but you should then read, question and take67

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012notes from it as you would from any other source. Because internet material is often notsubject to editorial control, treat it with more than usual scepticism.(iii) Plagiarism, research and secondary literature"Copy from one, it’s plagiarism; copy from two, it’s research" (Wilson Mizner, 1876-1933).Not quite so simple. An essay that simply reports the ideas and findings of other scholars isnot transformed from "plagiarism" into "research" by exhaustive footnotes. Even if yourassignment is to review the literature on a given topic, you should be adding value throughcriticism and analysis.Where material is quoted from or based on primary or secondary sources, it must generallybe bibliographically referenced. Common knowledge, the kind of thing which you will find inalmost any textbook on a topic (“An injunction may be awarded to restrain a nuisance”),need not be referenced. But the distinctive views of particular authors should be credited,and any reasoning or evidence especially important to an argument should be credited (in afashion appropriate to the kind of exercise you are writing) when it is derived from someoneelse's work. This is so even when the material is not cited word for word.Finally: don't panic. The point of this advice is not to plunge you into a frenzy of worry overwhether your hard work is plagiarism. It is to inculcate good working practices and continuea long tradition of scholarly integrity.Last updated: 7 November 200868

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012APPENDIX 4:University Statement on PlagiarismThe General Board, with the agreement of the Board of Examinations and the Board ofGraduate Studies, has issued this guidance for the information of candidates, Examinersand Supervisors. It may be supplemented by course-specific guidance from Faculties andDepartments.Plagiarism is defined as submitting as one's own work, irrespective of intent to deceive, thatwhich derives in part or in its entirety from the work of others without dueacknowledgement. It is both poor scholarship and a breach of academic integrity.Examples of plagiarism include copying (using another person's language and/or ideas asif they are a candidate's own), by:quoting verbatim another person's work without due acknowledgement of thesource;paraphrasing another person's work by changing some of the words, or the order ofthe words, without due acknowledgement of the source;using ideas taken from someone else without reference to the originator;cutting and pasting from the Internet to make a pastiche of online sources;submitting someone else's work as part of a candidate's own without identifyingclearly who did the work. For example, buying or commissioning work viaprofessional agencies such as 'essay banks' or 'paper mills', or not attributingresearch contributed by others to a joint project.Plagiarism might also arise from colluding with another person, including anothercandidate, other than as permitted for joint project work (i.e. where collaboration isconcealed or has been forbidden). A candidate should include a general acknowledgementwhere he or she has received substantial help, for example with the language and style of apiece of written work.Plagiarism can occur in respect to all types of sources and media:text, illustrations, musical quotations, mathematical derivations, computer code, etc;material downloaded from websites or drawn from manuscripts or other media;published and unpublished material, including lecture handouts and other students'work.Acceptable means of acknowledging the work of others (by referencing, in footnotes, orotherwise) vary according to the subject matter and mode of assessment. Faculties orDepartments should issue written guidance on the relevant scholarly conventions forsubmitted work, and also make it clear to candidates what level of acknowledgement mightbe expected in written examinations. Candidates are required to familiarize themselves withthis guidance, to follow it in all work submitted for assessment, and may be required to signa declaration to that effect. If a candidate has any outstanding queries, clarification shouldbe sought from her or his Director of Studies, Course Director or Supervisor as appropriate.69

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Failure to conform to the expected standards of scholarship (e.g. by not referencingsources) in examinations may affect the mark given to the candidate's work. In addition,suspected cases of the use of unfair means (of which plagiarism is one form) will beinvestigated and may be brought to one of the University's Courts. The Courts have widepowers to discipline those found guilty of using unfair means in an examination, includingdepriving such persons of membership of the University, and deprivation of a degree.June 201170

LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012APPENDIX 5:Useful University AddressesFaculty of Law:10 West RoadCambridgeCB3 9DZTelephone: 01223 330033Website: http://www.law.cam.ac.uk/Squire Law Library:10 West RoadCambridgeCB3 9DZWebsite: http://www.law.cam.ac.uk/squireUniversity Library:West RoadCambridgeCB3 9DRTelephone: 01223 333000Email: library@lib.cam.ac.ukWebsite: http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Lauterpacht Centre for International Law:5 Cranmer RoadCambridgeCB3 9BLTelephone: 01223 335358Email: admin@lcil.cam.ac.ukWebsite: http://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Disability Resource Centre:Keynes HouseTrumpington StreetCambridgeCB2 1QATelephone: 01223 332301Textphone: 01223 766840Email: ucam-disability@lists.cam.ac.ukWebsite: http://www.cam.ac.uk/cambuniv/disability/Language Centre:Downing PlaceCambridgeCB2 3ELTelephone & Fax: 01223 335058Email: enquiries@langcen.cam.ac.ukWebsite: http://www.langcen.cam.ac.uk/71

Careers Service:Stuart HouseMill LaneCambridgeCB2 1XETelephone: 01223 338283Email: enquiries@careers.cam.ac.ukWebsite: http://www.careers.cam.ac.uk/Computing Service:New Museums SitePembroke StreetCambridgeCB2 3QHTelephone: 01223 334600Email: reception@ucs.cam.ac.ukWebsite: http://www.cam.ac.uk/cs/LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Board of Graduate Studies:4 Mill LaneCambridgeCB2 1RZTelephone: 01223 760606Email: admissions@gradstudies.cam.ac.ukWebsite: http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/gradstud/University Centre:Granta PlaceMill LaneCambridgeCB2 1RUTelephone: 01223 337766Email: info@unicen.cam.ac.ukWebsite: http://www.unicen.cam.ac.uk/University Bookshop:1 Trinity StreetCambridgeCB2 1SZTelephone: 01223 333333Website: http://www.cambridge.org/72