ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

avtoris stili daculia 

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti 

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti 

pedagogikis instituti 

medea Cuxua 

jon lokis pedagogiuri memkvidreoba da 

Tanamedroveoba 

ganaTlebis mecnierebebis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili 

disertacia 

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: pedagogikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, 

profesori Tamaz karanaZe 

Tbilisi 

2010 

1

S i n a a r s i 

Sesavali - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 

Tavi I. jon loki - pedagogi ganmanaTlebeli 

$1. ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba XVII saukunis inglisSi - - - 9 

$2. jon lokis biografiuli Strixebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19 

$3. swavla-aRzrdis sakiTxebi XVII_XVIII saukuneTa mijnaze da jon lokis 

aRmzrdelobiTi miznebi da amocanebi jon lokis pedagogiur 

SexedulebebSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 

$4. jon loki pedagogis rolsa da daniSnulebaze - - - - - - - - - - - - 36 

$5. aRzrdis wamyvani roli pirovnebis formirebis procesSi jon lokis 

mixedviT 

asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebani - - - - - - - - - 48 

Tavi II. jon lokis pedagogikuri koncefcia. jentlmenis aRzrdis 

Sinaarsi da meTodebi 

$1. jon lokis aRmzrdelobiTi sistema naSromis ,,fiqrebi aRzrdaze" 

mixedviT 

a) fizikuri aRzrdis; b) gonebrivi aRzrdis; g) zneobrivi aRzrdis; 

d) esTetikuri aRzrdis; e) SromiTi aRzrdis problemebi - - - - - - 55 

$2. jon lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreobis filosofiuri, 

fsiqologiuri, pedagogiuri da sociologiuri safuZvlebi naSromis 

_ ,,cda ადამიანის gonebis Sesaxeb" mixedviT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 95 

Tavi III. jon lokis pedagogikuri ideebis gavlena pedagogikuri 

Teoriisa da saskolo praqtikis ganviTarebaze 

$1. jon lokis roli pedagogikuri azris ganviTarebaSi - - - - - - - - 116 

$2. jon lokis pedagogiuri Sexedulebebi, ideebi da Tanamedroveoba - 125 

daskvnebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -138 

gamoyenebuli literatura - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 141 

2

Sesavali 

istoriis gzajvaredinze, rodesac wydeba socialuri problemebi da 

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven ganaTlebis, swavla-aRzrdis 

gaumjobesebas, aucilebelia axali saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi gzebis 

Zieba, SerCeva da mosinjva. am viTarebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba 

warsulis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelTa memkvidreobis racionaluri 

marcvlebis momarjvebasa da gamoyenebas, vinaidan, filosofos 

laibnicisa ar iyos, àwmyo, Sobili warsulisagan, aris mSobeli 

momavlisa". diax, `droTa kavSiri", rogorc Seqspiri ityoda, ar unda 

gawydes, arc dairRves. maSasadame, socialuri, mecnieruli winsvla dRis 

wesrigSi ayenebs warsulis monapovarTa wiaRSi CaRrmavebas, maT 

xelaxal gaazrebas; am dros SesaZlebloba gveZleva, vigrZnoT ara 

mxolod im epoqis majiscema, romelSic gamoCenili pirebi 

moRvaweobdnen, aramed davinaxoT kavSiri sxvadasxva epoqebs Soris. 

warsulis moazrovneTa Semoqmedebis kritikuli gaanalizeba da 

SemoqmedebiTad aTviseba mecnieruli azrovnebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis 

safuZvelia. roca vaRiarebT, Tanamedrove mecnieruli codna 

damyarebulia warsulis moazrovneTa miRwevebzeo, es imas gulisxmobs, 

rom ganviTarebis aseTsave wess emorCileba pedagogikuri mecnierebac; 

misi Semdgomi srulyofa warmoudgenelia warsulis brwyinvale 

warmomadgenlebis naazrevis, ideebis, Sexedulebebis gauazreblad. maT 

mier wamoyenebuli ideebi mniSvnelovanwilad dResac asazrdoeben 

pedagogikis mecnierebas. 

pedagogikis mecnierebis istoria momavali Taobis ganaTlebis, 

swavlebisa da aRzrdis Teoriisa Tu praqtikis kanonzomierebaTa 

kvlevis istoriaa. 

XVII_XVIII saukuneTa ingliseli sazogado moRvawis, pedagogis, 

eqimisa da mecnieris jon lokis moRvaweoba mkveTri Semobrunebaa 

politikur-socialuri, filosofiuri mecnierebis asparezze. igi axali 

mimarTulebis damamkvidrebelia filosofiur-pedagogiur azrovnebaSi. 

3

inglisi maSin iyo didi revoluciuri da socialur-politikuri Zvrebis 

kera. 

imdroindel sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi fexmokidebuli 

sqolastikuri meTodologia SeuTavsebeli iyo progresul 

azrovnebasTan. 

swored am periodSi gamodis jon lokis Sromebi: `cda adamianis 

gonebis Sesaxeb" (1690 w.), `fiqrebi aRzrdaze" (1693 w.), isini asaxaven 

Semecnebis Teoriis, momavali Taobis ganaTlebis, swavlebisa da 

aRzrdis problemebs. es Sromebi gamoirCeva sruliad axali 

mosazrebebiT swavla-aRzrdis miznebisa da amocanebis Sesaxeb, 

romelTac safuZvlad udevs Rrma filosofiuri, fsiqologiuri da 

sociologiuri dakvirvebebi. 

Semecnebis procesi codnis mopovebis safuZvelia, samyaros 

movlenebisa da faqtebis marTebulad gaazrebisa da aTvisebis gzaa, 

xolo ganaTlebis, swavla-aRzrdis procesis srulyofa kacobriobis 

mudmivi, mZafri interesis sagania, jon lokis Sromebi Semecnebis 

Sesaxeb, pedagogikur SexedulebaTa mTeli misi sistema TanamedroveTa 

cxovel interess iwvevs, ramdenadac, isini dResac erTob aqtualuria. 

Cveni mizania gavaSuqoT jon lokis pedagogikuri Sexedulebebi, 

ganvsazRvroT misi Rvawli mecnieruli pedagogikis Semdgom 

srulyofaSi. misi moZRvreba xom XVII - XVIII saukuneTa mijnaze 

warmoadgenda axal sityvas, mimarTulebas, momavali Taobebis 

ganaTlebis, swavla-aRzrdis Semdgomi srulyofis problemebis 

progresul gadawyvetas. kvlevis meTodebisadmi misma mecnierulma 

midgomam drois mkacr gamocdas gauZlo da dResac aqtualobas 

inarCunebs. 

kvlevis procesSi ZiriTadad veyrdnobodiT i. zaiCenkos Sromas 

“jon loki" (moskovi, 1988 w.), k. baqraZis statias `jon loki" (“rCeuli 

filosofiuri Txzulebani, VI, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis 

gamomcemloba, 1972 w.), i. narskis Sromas `jon lokis filosofia" 

(moskovis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1960 w.), d. raxmanis naSroms `jon 

4

loki" (gamomcemloba `Cervoni Sliax", 1924 w.); aseve gamoviyeneT misi 

specialuri Sromebi: `fiqrebi aRzrdaze", `cda adamianis gonebis 

Sesaxeb", romlebic gamocemulia peterburgSi 1913 wels gamomceloba 

`skola da cxovrebis" mier. 

Temis aqtualobasa da mniSvnelobas ramdenime faqtori 

ganapirobebs: 

vfiqrobT, yovelive zemoaRniSnulis miuxedavad, jer kidev ar aris 

amomwuravad da farTod gaSuqebuli jon lokis pedagogikur 

SexedulebaTa mTeli sistema, romlis sruli da Tanamimdevruli 

Seswavla xels Seuwyobs Tanamedrove skolis muSaobaSi ara mxolod 

aRzrdis, aramed swavlebis procesis mniSvnelovanwilad gardaqmnas. 

SevecadeT Tanamedrove skolebis winaSe mdgari aqtualuri problemebi 

lokis mdidar pedagogikur Sexedulebebsa da ideebTan 

dagvekavSirebina, raTa gveCvenebina ukvdavi memkvidreobis gamoyenebis 

SesaZlebloba Tanamedrove skolaSi. sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma 

friad aqtualuria dRes, rodesac mimdinareobs ganaTlebis, swavlebisa 

da aRzrdis sferoSi permanentuli reformebi, rac nakarnaxevia epoqis 

moTxovnebiT. 

lokis mosazrebaTa Tanamedrove gardaqmnaTa fonze gaazrebam 

dagvarwmuna, rom moazrovnis didfas mignebebsa da dakvirvebebs 

jerovnad gamoyeneba da momarjveba sWirdeba, ramdenadac isini, es 

pedagogikuri ideebi da mosazrebani ganaTlebis, swavla-aRzrdis 

Sesaxeb ara mxolod lokis epoqis mniSvnelovani monapovaria, aramed 

Cveni drois pedagogiuri mecnierebisTvisac gansakuTrebul faseulobas 

warmoadgens. 

kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens jon lokis pedagogiuri koncefciebi 

adamianis aRzrdisa da gonebrivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. am mizniT 

gamoyenebulia misi fundamenturi naSromebi: `fiqrebi aRzrdaze", “cda 

adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb", garda amisa, gamoviyeneT is Sromebi, 

romlebic exeba lokis pedagogikur da filosofiur memkvidreobas. 

5

kvlevis sagania jon lokis pedagogiuri memkvidreobis adgilisa da 

rolis gansazRvra Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo da saaRmzrdelo 

sistemaSi. 

hipoTeza: jon lokis SromebSi: `fiqrebi aRzrdaze" da `cda 

gonebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb" mocemulia momavali Taobis aRzrdis 

mimarTulebaTa mTeli sistema. misi mwyobri da Tanamimdevruli 

gadmocema mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi. 

moazrovnis SexedulebaTa gegmaSewonili da komentirebuli momarjvebis 

gziT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Tanamedrove skolebis saswavloaRmzrdelobiTi 

muSaobis Tanamedrove doneze sistematizeba da 

optimizacia, misi Tanamedrove formebiTa da meTodebiT gamdidreba. 

hipoTezurad wamoyenebuli problemebis mecnieruli gadawyvetis 

mizniT gamovkveTeT Semdegi prioritetuli amocanebi: 

a) jon lokis Sromebis `fiqrebi aRzrdaze", `cda ადამიანის gonebis 

Sesaxeb" gamowvlilviTi Seswavla da maTi detaluri analizi. 

b) qarTul, rusul da inglisur samecniero-pedagogiur 

literaturaSi jon lokis Sesaxeb arsebuli gamokvlevebis SeswavladamuSaveba. 

g) jon lokis ZiriTadi pedagogikuri ideebis, Sexedulebebis, 

mosazrebebis gamokveTa misi Sromebis (`fiqrebi aRzrdaze", `cda gonebis 

aRzrdis Sesaxeb") analizis safuZvelze. 

d) SedarebiTi meTodis momarjvebiT lokis pedagogikuri ideebis, 

Sexedulebebis Sepirispireba Tanamedrove skolebis muSaobis 

sistemasTan, swavla-aRzrdis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebTan problemaTa 

ufro Rrmad da safuZvlianad gaazrebis mizniT. 

e) jon lokis rolisa da adgilis dadgena pedagogiuri azrovnebis 

istoriaSi. 

naSromis siaxle da mecnieruli mniSvneloba: 

‣ monografiuli Sroma jon lokis, rogorc pedagogikis 

mecnierebis klasikosis, Sesaxeb pirvelad sruldeba. masSi 

6

pirvelad aris dasistemebuli didi moazrovnis ideebi da 

warmodgenebi pedagogikis sakiTxebze. 

‣ naSromSi jon lokis pedagogikuri ideebi, Sexedulebebi 

Camoyalibebulia mwyobri sistemis saxiT da mocemulia cda 

Tanamedrove skolebisTvis maTi saWiroebis dasabuTebisa. 

dadgenilia jon lokis roli da adgili pedagogikuri azrovnebis 

ganviTarebaSi. 

jon lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreoba da misi Sromebi moicavs 

aRzrdisa da swavlebis yvela mimarTulebas. esenia: fizikuri, 

gonebrivi, moralur-zneobrivi, SromiTi. aq gansazRvrulia aRzrdisa da 

swavlebis sistema, maTi mizani, Sinaarsi da principebi, meTodebi, 

formebi, saSualebani; naTlad aris warmodgenili yovelmxriv 

harmoniulad ganviTarebuli pirovnebis, jentlmenis, formirebasTan 

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. jon lokis pedagogikis didi mecnieruli 

Rirebulebis dasabuTeba xdeba misive Sromebis Seswavlis safuZvelze 

da iq ganviTarebuli sayuradRebo ideebisa da mosazrebebis Tanamedrove 

moTxovnebTan Sefardebis gziT. 

lokma piradi pedagogiuri gamocdilebis ganzogadebisa da sxvaTa 

pedagogikuri ideebis SemoqmedebiTad ganviTarebis safuZvelze Seqmna 

mecnieruli pedagogika; Camoayaliba ganaTlebisa da aRzrdis Sesaxeb 

SexedulebaTa mwyobri mecnieruli sistema, rac XVII_XVIII saukuneTa 

mijnaze erTob Zneli saqme iyo, xolo, Tavisi progresulobis 

TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi analogi faqtobrivad, ar moepoveba. 

sqolastikuri aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis bastionze istoriuli garRveva 

ganaxorciela, gaacamtvera ra Zveli sqolastikuri skola, agebuli 

Zaladobasa da monur morCilebaze. amiT man Seqmna sruliad axali 

demokratiul principebze agebuli swavla-aRzrdisa da yofa-cxovrebis 

Sesabamisi pedagogikuri Teoria. Cveni sazogadoebis ganviTarebis 

Tanamedrove etapze, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos 

mSeneblobis procesSi kidev ufro mniSvnelovania jon lokis didfasi 

sociologiur-pedagogikuri Sexedulebebi, gansakuTrebiT misi naazrevi 

7

sxva enebTan SedarebiT mSobliuri enis upiratesobis Sesaxeb pirovnebis 

formirebis procesSi. jon lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreoba am mxrivac 

fasdaudebeli sakacobrio saganZuria. 

Sromis Teoriuli Rirebuleba imiT gamoixateba, rom 

SemoTavazebulia jon lokis pedagogikuri sistemis mTliani da sruli 

analizi, rasac Tan axlavs movlenebisa da faqtebis obieqturi, 

miukerZoebeli Sefaseba. aq wamoyenebuli praqtikul kvlevaze 

damyarebuli Teoriuli ganzogadebani daexmareba mkvlevarebs warsulis 

Teoriul da praqtikul monapovarTa sadReiso amocanebis Sesabamisad 

ganzogadebaSi. garda amisa, narkvevSi warmodgenili Teoriuli 

ganzogadebani da SeniSvnebi garkveulwilad xels Seuwyobs Teoriulpedagogiuri 

azris gamdidrebas. 

sadisertacio narkvevis praqtikuli Rirebuleba is aris, rom 

kvlevis ZiriTad debulebebs warmatebiT gamoiyeneben pedagogikis 

Teoriisa da praqtikis mkvlevarebi, saTanado saleqcio kursebSi 

moimarjveben aq gamoTqmul mosazrebebsa da msjelobebs; garda amisa, aq 

warmodgenili rekomendaciebi mniSvnelovanwilad daexmareba praqtikos 

pedagogebs, gansakuTrebiT klasis xelmZRvanel-damrigeblebs; calkeuli 

SeniSvnebi da mTlianad mTeli narkvevi waadgebaT mSoblebs, swavlaaRzrdis 

sakiTxiT dainteresebul sazogadoebriobas; naSromis wignad 

gamocemis SemTxvevaSi aq mocemul dakvirvebebs, Teoriul 

ganzogadebebsa da calkeul koncefciebs gamoiyenebs farTo auditoria. 

8

Tavi I. jon loki, pedagogi _ ganmanaTlebeli 

$1. ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba 

XVII saukunis inglisSi 

XVII saukune axal eras iwyebs kacobriobis istoriaSi. es aris 

zRvari, romelmac erTurTisgan gamijna ori social-ekonomikuri 

sistema: feodaluri, romelic arsebobda romis imperiis dacemis 

droidan da romelsac bolo mouRo XVII saukunis revoluciam da 

burJuaziul, demokratiuli wyobileba, romelsac am revoluciam gza 

gauxsna. 

swored am dros Caeyara safuZveli warmoebis kapitalistur wess. 

igi xasiaTdeboda sawarmoo ZalTa swrafi ganviTarebiT. Seicvala 

warmoebis organizaciis saxe, warmoiSva axali teqnikuri saSualebani, 

daCqarda ekonomikuri procesebis tempi, gadaiSala ganviTarebis axali 

perspeqtivebi. maSasadame, daiwyo evropul yofacxovrebaSi gardatexa. 

msoflio bazris Seqmnam gamoiwvia warmoebis Semdgomi ganviTareba, 

ganapiroba samecniero azrovnebis arnaxuli aRmavloba. aman daangria 

tradiciuli warmodgenebi da Secvala msoflio ruqaze manamde 

arsebuli suraTi. 

XVI_XVII saukuneTa mijna miCneulia samecniero revoluciis 

periodad. man safuZveli Cauyara Tanamedrove codnas sabunebismetyvelo 

da zust mecnierebaTa sferoSi, aseve siaxles humanitarul da 

politikur azrovnebaSi, filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi, gardaqmnebs 

ganaTlebis sistemaSi; Camoyalibda moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis sistema. 

masSi farTod iyo warmoCenili pirovnebisa da sindisis Tavisuflebis 

problema. moxda Tvisebrivi naxtomi samecniero dargebSi. es procesi 

SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes, rogorc samecniero-teqnikuri revolucia. 

samecniero miRwevebma kidev erTxel daadastures adamianis maRali 

potenciuri SesaZleblobebi. aman ganapiroba adamianTa SemoqmedebiTi 

aqtivoba. 

9

pirovnebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, inglisis imdroindeli 

sazogadoeba did nabijebs dgamda. amas xels uwyobda sasaqonlofuladi 

urTierTobebis gaZliereba da daxvewa, daqiravebuli Sromis 

farTo gamoyeneba meurneobis yvela dargSi da SinasavaWro muSaobis 

gaaqtiureba. am dros inglisSi erTob dawinaurda mewarmeoba. 

Seqmnil fsiqologiur atmosferoSi kanonmdeblobas ar hqonda myari 

da mkafio sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebi. 

Semdeg miiRes kanoni, romelic Tavisufal glexobas, romlis 

wliuri Semosavali iyo funti, sterlingi, SeeZlo mieRo Tavadis 

wodeba; ase moevlinen qveynierebas ,,axali Tavadebi", ekonomikis dargSi 

aqtiurad moRvawe adamianebi. yovelive aman ki xeli Seuwyo qveynis 

Semdgom winsvlas, inglisis yovelmxriv dawinaurebas momdevno xanebSi. 

samecniero-teqnikurma gadaiaraRebam, ekonomikurma winsvlam didad 

ganapiroba is faqti, rom – inglisma adamianis uflebebis dacvis 

asparezzec win uzarmazari nabiji gadadga. 

pirvelad swored inglisSi Camoyalibda kanoni xalxTa uflebebis 

Sesaxeb, ramac mefesTan dapirispireba gamoiwvia. monarqs ar hqonda 

ufleba, xalxis Tanxmobis miuReblad daewesebina axali gadasaxadebi da 

gamoeca axali kanonebi; yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi mas unda emoqmeda am 

wesebis dacviT. 

magram SuasaukuneebSi gamyarebuli urTierTobaTa sistema 

seriozul winaaRmdegobas uqmnida inglisis Semdgom ganviTarebas. 

am xanebSi puritanebi gamodiodnen saeklesio reformebis gaRrmavebisa 

da inglisis politikuri gardaqmnis momxred. isini moiTxovdnen eklesiis 

ganwmendas kaTolicizmis elementebisagan, saeklesio ierarqiis damxobas, 

saeklesio miwebis konfiskacias, eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofas, 

religiuri kultis gauqmebas. aRniSnuli religiuri moTxovnebis ukan 

imaleboda burJuaziul-respublikuri politikuri programa. puritanebi 

qadagebdnen cxovrebis gardaqmnas, uars acxadebdnen mdidrul 

garTobebze. isini miesalmebodnen da mxars uWerdnen aqtiur saqmian 

Semoqmedebas, Tan moiTxovdnen: mkacri reJimis dacvas, romelic 

10

SezRudavda bevr raimes, konstituciiTa da Zlieri parlamentiT 

gaamyarebda konstituciur monarqias. maTi fiqriT, yovelive es xels ki 

ar SeuSlida, aramed gaamagrebda burJuazias, miscemda mas saSualebas, 

mosuliyo xelisuflebaSi. amgvarad, burJuaziuli revoluciis mTavari 

mizani miRweul iqna. burJuaziuli revoluciis miRwevad unda CaiTvalos 

absolutizmis ganadgureba, vaWrobisa da mewarmeobis ganviTarebac. 

burJuaziuli revoluciis Sedegad moxda ara mxolod ekonomikuri 

Tavisuflebebis mopoveba, aramed saxelmwifo wyobilebis formebis 

Secvlac. ase Camoyalibda pirveli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo mTels 

msoflioSi. aRniSnuli inglisis revoluciis politikuri Sedegia. 

axali kapitalisturi urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba, sazogadoebrivi 

yofierebis yvela sferoSi kerZod, socialur, ekonomikur, politikur, 

religiur da mecnierul sferoSi, TavisTavad iwvevda saxelmwifoebriv 

winsvlas da ganviTarebas. iqneboda revoluciuri brZolebi, politikuri 

partiebis urTierTSejaxeba da polemika, publicisturi gamosvlebi, Tu 

filosofiuri, politikuri, religiuri urTierTdapirispirebani – 

yvelgan dominirebda ZiriTadi problema _ feodalizmis yofna-aryofnis 

sakiTxi. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli Tavbrudamxvevi movlenebi nisliani 

albionis kunZulze xdeboda, am procesebis arsi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT 

ar iyo lokaluri. am qveynis ekonomikur da socialur Zvrebs 

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda mTeli dasavleTi evropisaTvis. 

respublikuri mmarTvelobis, xalxTa Tanasworobisa da pirovnebis 

Tavisuflebis ideam zemoqmedeba moaxdina sxva evropul saxelmwifoebze. 

amdenad, inglisis revolucia evropuli masStabis movlenad aRiracxeba. is 

warmoadgenda, rogorc amas samarTlianad aRniSnaven istorikosebi, axali 

sazogadoebrivi wyobis gamarjvebis sawindars, burJuaziuli sakuTrebis 

gamarjvebas feodalurze, naciisa _ provincializmze, ganaTlebisa _ Rrma 

fesvgadgmul tradiciebze, ojaxisa, warmoSobiT privilegirebulobaze, 

fxianobisa _ sizarmaceze, burJuaziuli samarTlisa _ Suasaukuneobriv 

privilegiebze. 

11

am movlenebis ganuxilvelad SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT imdroindeli 

inglisis sulieri cxovreba. XVII saukunis istoriulma movlenebma 

ganapirobes renesansi. amave xanebSi mTel dasavleT evropaSi feodalizmis 

winaaRmdeg brZola gaiSala. aRorZinebis epoqis grandiozulma aRmoCenebma, 

romelTac Tavs gvirgvini XVII saukunem daadga, gaaRviZa xalxTa 

TviTSegneba. maT Searyies qristianul ideologiaze damyarebuli 

Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciuli cxovrebis normebi. 

gaZlierebulma da mzardma burJuaziam, romelic saTaveSi edga 

vaWrobas, Sida ekonomikis ganviTarebas, Tavisi zegavlenis sferoSi 

moaqcia SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, floti. man imTaviTve Seigno mecnierebis 

praqtikuli mniSvneloba da mxari dauWira samecniero kadrebis 

SemoqmedebiT muSaobas. Sromis Tavisufali bazriT dainteresebulma da 

reglamentirebuli vaWrobisagan ganTavisuflebulma burJuaziam mxari 

dauWira Tanasworobis humanur ideas, nacionalur mSeneblobas 

(teritoriul gaerTianebebs, kulturis gaerTianebas, enis 

demokratizacias). misi ideologebi da Semdeg ganaTlebis moRvaweni 

gzas uxsnidnen mTeli kacobriobis mowinave idealebs, miznebs, 

radganadac im istoriul periodSi es idealebi dakavSirebuli iyo 

burJuaziasa da mis praqtikul interesebTan. 

warmoebis gafarToebis saWiroeba da aucilebloba erTgvar 

stimuls aZlevda mecnierebis ganviTarebas. mecnierebasa da bunebaSi 

momxdari gardatexebi dakavSirebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi urTierTobisa 

da ideologiis sferosTan. es zednaSenuri kategoria ki, Tavis mxriv, 

pirdapir zegavlenas axdenda bazisze – warmoebaze. sazogadoebaSi 

yalibdeboda axali msoflmxedveloba, romelic warmoSobda axali 

tipis adamianebs, romelTac sruliad axali sulieri moTxovnilebebi da 

ideebi awuxebdaT. iqmneboda axali ideologia, romelmac Seurigebuli 

brZola gamoucxada sqolastikas, cnobierebis yovelgvar SezRudvas, 

gonebis religiisadmi damorCilebas! 

XVII saukuneSi moxda didi Semobruneba mecnieruli azrovnebisa da 

bunebis kanonebis Semecnebisaken; sazogadoebam mkafiod gaicnobiera, rom 

12

materia mWidro kavSirSia moZraobasTan; amasTanave, damuSavda 

maTematikuri logikis principebi. didi avala mieca iseT fundamentur 

mecnierebaTa ganviTarebas, rogoricaa maTematika, fizika, biologia. 

adamianis goneba TandaTan gaTavisuflda religiuri 

warmodgenebisagan, Cvevebisagan, romelTa Canergvac bavSvobidan 

xdeboda. arada cnobilia, rom religiuri warmodgenebi emyareboda ara 

dakvirvebas, aramed sqolastikuri mecnierebisa da maTi Semqmnelebis 

Sexedulebebs. tradiciuli warmodgenebis msxvrevaSi didi roli 

Seasrula im garemoebam, rom humanistebis energiuli muSaobis Sedegad 

evropis sazogadoeba ukeT gaecno kacobriobis mowinave qmnilebebsac. 

Seiswavla laTinur da sxva enebze arsebuli berZnuli klasikuri 

literatura. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda elinizmis epoqis 

gamoCenil mecnierTa safuZvlianad gacnobas. eseni arian: evklide, 

arqimede, apolonia da sxvebi. amieridan mecnierebi iolad uTavsebdnen 

erTmaneTs sabunebismetyvelo da humanitarul mecnierebas. magaliTad, 

spinozam filosofiaSi Semoitana azrovnebis maTematikuri meTodebi, 

frensis bekonma mTavar amocanad gamoacxada bunebis Zalebis 

saidumloebebSi garkveva; jon miltoni – poeti da tribuni – werda, rom 

,,cxovrebis mizania adamianis Zalauflebis gafarToeba, raTa 

ganxorcieldes yovelive, rac SesaZlebelia". 

bekoni amtkicebda, rom samyaro da buneba unda Seiswavlebodes 

mxolod mecnieruli cdisa da eqsperimentis monacemebze dayrdnobiT. 

igi Tvlida, rom mecniereba admians aZlevs Zalauflebas samyaroze. 

gamecnierebul pirovnebas SeuZlia Secvalos cxovreba da 

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi. 

bekons ewada, rom reorganizebul codnas moexdina adamianis 

keTildReobis srulyofa da sazogadoebis gardaqmna. amitom frensis 

bekoni iTvleba evropuli ganaTlebis mamamTavrad, vinc mniSvnelovanwilad 

gansazRvra dasavleTi evropis sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba XVIII saukuneSi. 

XVII saukunis Sua periodis dasavleTi evropis qveynebSi miRweuli 

iyo mniSvnelovani samecniero warmatebebi. sqolastikasa da religiur 

13

msoflmxedvelobasTan mZafri brZolis Sedegad gamomuSavda bunebis 

Seswavlis axali mecnieruli meTodebi, romlebic eyrdnoboda cdis 

Sedegebs.aseTi iyo XVII saukunis Sua periodis ,,pansofikuri" ideali. 

bekoni Tvlida: ganaTlebam unda moaxdinos adamianis gonebrivi 

kapitalis gadacema momdevno TaobaTa warmomadgenlebze da dasZenda, 

rom ganaTleba – es aris mniSvnelovani socialuri movlena, romelic 

moiTxovs seriozul Seswavlas da Rrma analizs; swored amitom aris, 

rom misi naSromi ,.axali atlantida", romelic daumTavrebelia, aRwers 

idealur saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas.es iyo kvlevisaTvis 

gankuTvnili universiteti, romelsac ewodeboda ,.solomonis saxli". 

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom XVII saukunis dasawyisSive inglisSi 

gavrcelda rojer eSemis pedagogikuri ideebi. es ideebi avtorma gaaSuqa 

traqtatSi ,.skolis maswavlebeli". masSi gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia: 

aRzrdas unda mihyavdes adamiani zneobriv RirsebasTan da praqtikul 

cxovrebiseul gamocdilebamdeo. 

retrospeqtuli analizi saSualebas iZleva, Tvali mivadevnoT 

ganaTlebis mimarTulebasa da tendenciebs XVII saukunis inglisSi. 

ganaTlebis saerTo suraTi am dros xasiaTdeboda imiT, rom igi 

moqceuli iyo inglisis protestantuli eklesiisa da am eklesiis 

sxvadasxva organizaciis xelSi. es viTareba ganmtkicebuli iyo 1603 da 

1604 wlebis samefo aqtebiT. skolebis mowyobas, swavlis Sinaarssa da 

formebs gansazRvravdnen da awesrigebdnen episkoposebi an sxva pirebi, 

romlebic pasuxs agebdnen religiuri cxovrebis warmarTvaze. 

swavlebis dabalma, primitiulma donem, gansakuTrebiT nelma tempma, 

usaxurma saskolo debulebebma iseve, rogorc ganaTlebis sazogado 

sqolastikurma xasiaTma, gramatikuli skolebi iqamde, miiyvana, rom 

inglisis sxvadasxva sazogadoebam wamoayena saskolo reformis 

sxvadasxva proeqti. 

erTi anonimi avtoris mier SemoTavazebul sareformo proeqtSi, 

romelic XVII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi gavrcelda, naTqvami iyo: dawyebiTi 

skola unda iyos masobrivi. aq unda iswavlebodes ara mxolod wera- 

14

kiTxva,aramed ariTmetika da geometria, radgan es aucilebelia, raTa 

moswavleebma ,,meqanikis xelovneba" aiTvisono (30). 

skolebs xsnidnen religiuri organizaciebi an kerZo pirebi. amgvar 

skolebSi iyo mkacri dasjis meTodebi (dawesebuli iyo dasjis dReebic 

ki!). swavlis Sinaarsi skolebSi didad gansxvavdeboda. zogierT 

skolaSi aswavlidnen mxolod wera-kiTxvas, magram privilegirebul 

saTavadaznauro skolebSi aswavlidnen berZnulsac, laTinursac, zogan 

inglisuri literaturac iswavleboda. 

saSualo skolebis raodenoba 200-dan 300-mde meryeobda. maT Soris 

eria saukeTesoni (vinCesteris, etonis, xarius, Certeris, xauzis, regois, 

Srusberisa da sxva skolebi), Tumca esenic viwro humanitaruli 

ganaTlebis micemas axerxebdnen, magram maTSi mainc igrZnoboda axali 

drois qrolva, progresuli tendenciebi. 

amasobaSi aRmocenda egreT wodebuli ,,akademiebi". maTi gamoCena 

dakavSirebulia miltonis saxelTan. akademia – es iyo axali 

saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba da igi miltonma aRwera ,,traqtatSi 

aRzrdis Sesaxeb". 

es axali pedagogiuri dawesebulebebi gansxvavdebodnen 

erTmaneTisagan organizaciis TvalsazrisiT, magram verdiqtis gamocemis 

Semdeg, romelic exeboda religiur Semwynareblobas (1684w.) gaxda 

inglisis aRmzrdelobiTi _ saganmanaTleblo sistemis ganuyofeli 

nawili. sagnebis ZiriTadi nusxa amgvari iyo: logika, eTika, ritorika, 

metafizika, geografia, algebra, cis meqanika, stenografia. saskolo 

kurss safuZvlad daedo klasikuri enebi. 

am dros inglisis bevri sazogado moRvawe moiTxovda skolebsa da 

universitetebSi ganaTlebis Sinaarsis gardaqmnis saWiroebas. es 

gardaqmna dafuZnebuli unda yofiliyo realur saganTa ciklis 

prioritetul Seswavlaze. inglisis mecnierTa erTi jgufi r. boilis 

xelmZRvanelobiT gaerTiandnen e. w. ,,daunaxav kolegia"-Si. mogvianebiT 

igi gaxda ,,samefo sazogadoeba". kolegiis wevrebi mWidrod iyvnen 

dakavSirebuli mrewvelebsa da londonsitis vaWrebTan. maT miiRes 

15

monawileoba axali tipis saswavlo dawesebulebaTa SeqmnaSi, romlebsac 

moswavleebisaTvis unda mieca praqtikulad sasargeblo codna da unarebi. 

realuri skolebis Seqmnis aucileblobas qadagebdnen: s. hartlibi 

Tavis gamosvlebSi, jon miltoni ,,traqtatSi aRzrdis Sesaxeb", J.leti 

SromaSi ,,swavlebis WeSmariti reforma", sadac realuri mecnierebis 

Seswavla unda momxdariyo xelosnobis Seswavlis paralelurad. 

skolaSi farTod gamoiyenebdnen saxelosnoebsa da samewarmoo iaraRdanadgarebs. 

XVII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi inglisis parlamentma Seqmna 

ganaTlebis saqmeTa komisia, romelmac SeimuSava ganaTlebis reformis 

proeqti. proeqtis mixedviT, skolebi unda gadascemoda saxelmwifo 

mmarTvelobas; igi iTvaliswinebda sayovelTao dawyebiTi ganaTlebis 

aucileblobas. amis Semdeg msurvels ufleba eZleoda, gaegrZelebina 

swavla sxvadasxva profesiul saswavlebelSi. garda amisa, 

SemoTavazebuli iyo saswavlo programebidan iseTi sagnebis amoReba, 

romlebic praqtikul cxovrebaSi gamousadegari iqneboda. 

jon belersis proeqti iTvaliswinebda saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo 

dawesebulebis iseT organizacias, romelic SeTavsebuli iqneboda 

sawarmoo dawesebulebasa da SromiTi aRzrdis skolasTan. Sroma da 

SromiTi atmosfero warmodgenili iyo, rogorc mTavari aRmzrdelobiTi 

Zala, rogorc zemoqmedebis saSualeba aRsazrdelis grZnobebze, 

gonebasa da nebisyofaze. 

saWiroa, aRiniSnos, rom d. balere ganixilavda Sromas ara rogorc 

gansazRvruli profesiisTvis mzadebis saSualebas, aramed rogorc 

profesiis aTvisebis pirobas. igi afasebda Sromas rogorc 

zogadsaganmanaTleblo ganaTlebis aucilebel pirobasa da safuZvels, 

masSi xedavda pirovnebis saerTo ganviTarebis stimuls. ,,zogadi ganaTleba 

da Sroma SesaZleblobas miscems axalgazrdas, Seiswavlos yovelive 

sasargeblo". 

am ideebiT SeiaraRebulma inglisis qalaqTa TviTmmarTvelobam 

daiwyo skolebis gaxsna XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi; marTalia, 

16

saswavlo gegmebSi SenarCunebuli iyo klasikuri enebis Seswavla, magram 

upiratesoba realuri disciplinebis swavlebas da axal enebs eniWeboda. 

aRzrdis axali mimarTuleba cdilobda, win aRdgomoda 

radikalurad gansxvavebuli berZnuli filosofiis msjelobas. didi 

yuradReba eqceoda berZnul da romaul literaturas. aRzrdam 

gadaWriT uaryo religiuri avtoritetebis aRiareba da uari Tqva 

sqolastikur tradiciebze. am droisaTvis inglisis ganaTleba 

Tavisufldeboda dogmebisa da formalizmisagan. igrZnoboda 

Tavisuflebisaken swrafva. 

inglisis saukeTeso dawesebulebebSi udides mniSvnelobas 

aniWebdnen SemoqmedebiT gonebriv muSaobas; rogorc aRniSnavda monro _ 

,,azrma gza dauTmo Tavis gamaerTianebel korporaciul xasiaTs. 

aRzrdam miznad daisaxa Camoeyalibebina individebi, romlebSic 

gamokveTili iqneboda yvelaze mTavari _ ,,me". 

sruliad gamoiricxa adre gamefebuli asketuri ideebi. maTi adgili 

daikava sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gardaqmnis procesma. 

es iyo svla Zvelidan axlisaken. aman gamoxatuleba pova 

literaturis SeswavlaSi, gramatikisa da ritorikis dauflebaSi. 

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa gamoTqmas `manera" ara mxolod 

enasTan dakavSirebiT, armed azris sxvadasxva formis, qcevis mimarT da 

sxva. 

aRzrda miiswrafoda Seeqmna axali, Tavisufali adamiani 

individualur SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebis pirobebSi: yovelive es 

moiTxovda aRsazrdelTa Cabmas yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, rac 

daeyrdnoboda farTo codnas, Tanamedrove yofas da momavlis realur 

Sefasebas. 

TiToeuli adamianis mizandasaxuleba unda yofiliyo swrafva 

moraluri srulyofilebisa da codnisaken, raTa Camdgariyo 

saxelmwifosa da qveynis samsaxurSi. am periodSi yvela pedagogiuri 

traqtati iwereboda ise, rom aRzrdis obieqtad moiazreboda mxolod 

TavadaznaurTa ideebi. amitomac SeimCneoda, rom aqcenti gadatanili iyo 

17

iseTi pirovnebis individualur aRzrdaze, romelic sabolood 

mmarTvelis xarisxSi mogvevlineboda. 

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda saskolo programa, romelic 

Seadgina jon miltonma. es aris `traqtati aRzrdis Sesaxeb". saqme 

exeboda vaJebis aRzrdasa da swavlebas 12-dan 20 wlamde. 

swavlebis pirvel wels ymawvils unda SeeTvisebina laTinuri enis 

gramatika ariTmetikasTan erTad, geometria da ,,moraluri marTva". 

Semdeg igi unda gadasuliyo kulturis problemebis Seswavlaze 

kotonisa da varonis mixedviT, fiziologia unda aeTvisebina 

aristotelesa da Teofrastes mixedviT; arqiteqtura – vitruviusis 

mixedviT; naturfilosofia – senekasa da pliniusis mixedviT; geografia 

– melesa da soliniusis mixedviT; medicina – telsis mixedviT; 

am CamonaTvalSi miTiTebuli iyvnen: orfeosi, hesiiode, dionise, 

lukreciusi, virgiliusi, da sxva. agreTve xdeboda eTikis, ekonomikis 

religiis, istoriis, logikis, ritorikis sakiTxebis irgvliv 

TxzulebaTa dawera. monro aRniSnavs, rom es iyo skolis kolosaluri 

programa, romelic miRebuli iyo miltonis avtoritetis zegavleniT. 

arsebobda sxva Sexedulebebic. zogni Tvlian, rom maswavleblis 

mier gadacemuli da moswavleTa mier SeTvisebuli erTi an ori sagani 

warmoadgenda ufro met Rirebulebas, vidre 5-6 da meti sagnis 

swavleba, romelic moiTxovs drois da energiis didi raodenobiT 

xarjvas. aseT sagnebad miCneuli iyo mecnierebis is dargebi, romelic 

adamians gamoadgeba cxovrebis sferoSi. 

erTi ram aerTianebda yvela axal gamoTqmul azrs _ es iyo ZiriTadi 

debuleba, romelSic calsaxad iyo miTiTebuli, rom inteleqtualurma 

aqtivobam xeli unda Seuwyos unar-CvevaTa Camoyalibebas da niWierebis 

ganviTarebas. 

es iyo didad wingadadgmuli nabiji im mizanTa srulyofisaken, 

romlebic gamoxatavs saganmanaTleblo politikis Sinaarss da 

amocanebs. 

18

XVII saukuneSi inglisis pedagogiuri azri Sors iyo idealizmisa 

da mkacri asketizmisagan. pedagogebi Tvlidnen, rom ganaTleba unda 

iyos mosamzadebeli periodi praqtikuli sasargeblo saqmianobisTvis. 

amgvarad, XVII saukunis inglisi warmoadgenda burJuaziuli 

revoluciis momwifebis da aRorZinebis periods, roca parlamentma 

gaimarjva mefeze, Seqmna yvela piroba aqtiuri pirveldawyebiTi 

kapitalis dagrovebisTvis. axali feodaluri Tavadaznaurobis Seqmnas 

Tan axlda axali sazogadoebriv-politikuri ideebi, romelmac 

zegavlena moaxdina ganaTlebis sferoze da biZgi misca mis winsvlas. 

swored am progresuli pedagogikuri ideebis matarebeli iyo 

TavadaznaurTa da burJuaziis interesTa kompromisuli gamomxatveli da 

progresuli saganmanaTleblo politikis gamtarebeli jon loki. 

$2. jon lokis biografiuli Strixebi 

jon loki daibada inglisSi, ringstonSi, somersetSiris sagrafoSi 

1632 wlis 29 agvistos. mamamisi iyo saSualo miwaTmflobeli, advokati. 

is revoluciis dros miemxro parlaments da muSaobda armiaSi. igi did 

yuradRebas uTmobda vaJiSvilis aRzrdas, romelic daaxloebiT 

aRzrdis im sistemas miesadageboda, romelsac loki gvTavazobs Tavis 

naSromSi .,fiqrebi aRzrdaze". joni pataraobidanve mSoblebis morCili 

Svili iyo. mas mamasTan mudam megobruli da Tavaziani urTierToba 

hqonda, rac asakis matebasTan erTad TandaTan Rrmavdeboda da 

sicocxlis bolomde ar Secvlila. 

jon lokis dros skolaSi umTavresad aswavlidnen Zvel enebs _ 

laTinursa da berZnuls da imasac umetesad formalurad, zepirobiT. 

igi SemdgomSi xSirad akritikebda inglisis skolebSi gabatonebul 

formalur ganaTlebas. 

12 wlis ymawvili Seiyvanes londonis vestminsteris skolaSi. aq 

aswavlidnen laTinur da berZnul enebs. skolaSi gamefebuli iyo 

umkacresi reJimi, didi gasavali hqonda rozgs, xolo swavlis procesi 

19

sqolastikurad mimdinareobda. enebis Seswavla warmoedginaT ,,gonebis 

varjiSad" da ara antikuri samyaros literaturis, sulieri cxovrebis 

Seswavlis saSualebad. 

1652 wels niWieri axalgazrda oqsfordis universitetSi gadavida, 

sadac iswavleboda ritorika, logika, morali, uZvelesi enebi, amave 

dros, arabulisa da ebraulis garda, iswavleboda agreTve maTematikuri 

mecnierebis nawyvetebi. oqsfordis universiteti lokma bakalavris 

wodebiT daamTavra 1656 wels. ori wlis Semdeg miiRo magistris 

diplomi da stipendiantis adgili. rogorc vestminsteris skolam, aseve 

oqsfordis universitetma aRsazrdelSi dabada siZulvilisa da 

ukmayofilebis grZnoba. igi Tvlida, rom zemonaxsenebi saswavloaRmzrdelobiTi 

dawesebulebebi Tanamedrove moTxovnebs ver 

akmayofilebdnen. universitetis humanizmi gamoixateboda mxolod da 

mxolod klasikosebis siyvaruliT, oRond ar xdeboda maTi naazrevis 

SemoqmedebiTi aTviseba, gonebiT gadamuSaveba da analizi. 

im droisTvis axali mecnieruli gamokvlebi, romelTa avtorebi 

iyvnen udidesi mecnierebi da moazrovnebi – koperniki, galilei, bekoni, 

dekarte, universitetSi ar iswavleboda da maTi aRmoCenebiT mxolod 

kerZo pirni sargeblobdnen. amave dros, maTi mecnieruli miRwevebi 

sruliadac ar aisaxeboda saskolo programebSi. naklebad xdeboda 

kritikuli Semowmeba cdebis saSualebiT; iTvleboda, rom saerTo ideebi 

adamianSi imTaviTve iyo Cadebuli. amdenad, swori msoflmxedvelobis 

Camosayalibeblad sakmarisad Tvlidnen Sinaarsis gadmocemas 

analitikuri Semowmebis gareSe. ase xdeboda ramdenime saukunis 

manZilze. aRniSnul xanas SeiZleba uZraobis periodi vuwodoT. swored 

am dros j. lokma Tavisi Semecnebis TeoriiT Searyia ganaTlebis 

modunebuli sistema da mas udidesi dartyma miayena. etyoboda, rom 

gonebrivi umweobisa da SezRudulobis epoqas bolo unda moReboda. 

lokma damoukideblad Seiswavla dekarte, romelmac mas garkveuli 

interesi gauRviZa da biZgi misca mis axlebur azrovnebas. man daiwyo 

axlis Zieba filosofiaSi; igi dainteresda zusti mecnierebiT da, 

20

gansakuTrebiT, mediciniT; am mimarTulebiT oqsfordis universitetma 

ufro cota ram misca, vidre filosofiisa da humanitarul mecnierebaTa 

sferoSi. jon loki agrZelebda muSaobas damoukideblad, metad 

dainteresebuli iyo inglisis samefo sazogadoebis SromebiT. 

sazogadoeba dafuZnda 1662 wels da axdenda mecnierebis waxalisebas. 

sazogadoebaSi moRvaweobdnen robert boili da niutoni, romlebic 

muSaobdnen atomuri Teoriis sferoSi (,,korpuskularuli Teoria"). 

mogvianebiT j. lokma dawera samedicino traqtati da misTvis 

oqsfordSi medicinis bakalavris wodeba miiRo. medicinaSi Tavis 

moRvaweobas is ar Tvlida did saqmed, Tumca eqimTa samedicino 

xelovnebis reformatori sainjgemi Tvlida, rom jon loki samedicino 

sferoSi tols ar udebda imdroindel eqimebs. 

lokis swavlis xana daemTxva inglisis istoriis qariSxlian 

periods. karlos I-ma miiyvana inglisi revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis 

procesamde, mefis sikvdiliT dasjamde respublikis gamocxadebamde da 

kromvelis mmarTvelobamde. 

mmarTvelobis respublikuri forma ar Seesabameboda inglisis 

politikur cnobierebas da naciis tradiciebs. amitom kromvelis 

sikvdilis Semdeg, 1660 wels, parlamentma moiwvia samefo dinastia 

karlos II-is saxiT, raTa igi dabrunebeliyo taxtze. es gadawyvetileba 

gonivruli ver gamodga, radgan Zveli dinastia ver gaTavisuflda 

absolutizmisagan, ver Seurigda saxalxo warmomadgenlobaTa 

umravlesobas, saparlamento wyobas da bolos, 1689 wels, usisxlo 

revoluciam gadaayena; kvlav moiwvies sxva samefo dinastia, romelic 

parlamentur reJims daemorCileboda. 

jon loki absolutizmis winaaRmdegi da warmomadgenlobiTi 

mmarTvelobis momxre gaxldaT, Tavisi ideebi man Camoayaliba 

politikur traqtatSi. praqtikuli politikuri moRvaweobis miswrafeba 

ki mas arasodes hqonia, radgan, uwinares yovlisa, datvirTuli iyo im 

momwifebuli Teoriuli sakiTxebis damuSavebiT, romlebic aRelvebda 

maSindel evropas, garda amisa, rogorc adamiani, igi xSirad 

21

avadmyofobda. amitomac eZebda mSvid da wynar cxovrebas; amave dros, 

erideboda dedaqalaqis misTvis uamur klimatsac. 

1660 wels man dawera traqtati eklesiisa da saxelmwifos 

urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. am traqtatSi gaTvaliswinebulia 

arsebuli realoba. saqme is aris, rom revoluciuri periodis 

gamocdilebam samefo dinastia miiyvana Semwynareblobamde; magram is 

male mixvda, rom reaqciuli mTavrobisTvis sruliad miuRebeli 

iqneboda traqtatSi ganviTarebuli progresuli Tvalsazrisebi. 

marTlacda, misi literaturuli moRvaweoba didxans ar gagrZelebula 

da sakmaod didi periodi – xana stiuartebis aRdgenamde, 1660-89 

wlebamde, man gamoiyena TviTganaTlebisTvis, skolisgare swavlebisa da 

filosofiuri, religiuri da pedagogiuri Sromebis momzadebisaTvis. 

moazrovne samoRvaweo arenaze gamoCnda 1689 wels, revoluciis Semdgom 

xanaSi. 

jon loki swavlobda ara mxolod wignebidan, ara mxolod 

urTierTobebidan, gamoCenili da ganaTlebuli xalxis garSemo trialis 

meoxebiT, aramed mas mWidro kavSiri hqonda glexebTan, xelosnebTan. am 

dabal xalxs igi erTgvari simpaTiebiT ekideboda. am mxriv cnobilia 

misi SeniSvnebi frangi hugoneti glexebis mimarT _ `cda adamianis 

gonebis Sesaxeb". aq isini damoukideblad moazrovne da regiliur 

sakiTxebSi ganswavlul adamianebad arian warmodgenili. 

cxovrebaze Rrma dakvirvebis Sedegad momwifda misi momdevno 

Sromebi, romlebic exeba adamianis gonebis Tavisuflebis ideas; igi 

aRniSnavda, rom goneba uZluria, radgan daTrgunulia, Tvlems, mas 

tvirTad awveba tradiciebi, Cveulebebi, romelTac ar gansjis pirovneba. 

igi Seviwroebulia agreTve rwmeniT, garegani avtoritetiT. amitom aris, 

rom kacobrioba ver aRwevs imis meaTaseds, risi miRwevac ZaluZs, Tu 

gaTavisufldeba avtoritetis zewolisagan. pirovneba gonebis 

Tavisufal, kritikul moqmedebaTa Sedegad garegani da Sinagani 

gamocdilebiT SeZlebs gardaqmnas cxovreba yvela mimarTulebiT, _ 

aRniSnavda jon loki. 1664 wels man brandesburgis saelCoSi – valter 

22

venTan mdivnis adgili miiRo, man miiRo windadeba, daekavebina momdevno 

diplomatiuri Tanamdeboba, magram SemoTavazebulze uari ganacxada da 

arCia mieRo miwveva kuperis saxlSi – 1666 wels; xolo mogvianebiT 

gadavida samuSaod graf SefstberTan. es ukanaskneli iyo Wkviani da 

niWieri adamiani, ganTqmuli Tavisi saxelmwifo moRvaweobiT, 

politikuri xelovnebiTa da ganswavlulobiT. im droisTvis is gaxldaT 

gaiZvera xelovanis sinonimi, radgan maSindel adamianebs uWirdaT, 

politikur moRvaweSi patiosani, wminda pirovneba daenaxaT. man 

samSoblos seriozuli samsaxuri gauwia. is muSaobda ama Tu im 

saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze. 

Sefstberi, dainteresebuli sulieri kulturis miRwevebiT, iyo 

Tavisi drois ganaTlebuli pirovneba; romelmac jerovnad Seafasa jon 

lokis niWi, goniereba da SesTavaza mas sasargeblo samedicino rCeva; 

da amasTanave, sTxova j. loks – ecxovra masTan, mis saxlSi, rogorc 

megobars da misi SviliSvilis aRmzrdels. sxvaTa Soris, Sefstberis 

SviliSvili mogvianebiT cnobili mwerali gaxda. jon loki dasTanxmda 

mas. lokis es nabiji gamodga marTebuli. Sefstberis saxlSi man 

sicocxlis bolomde icxovra. 

1668 wels lokma SefstberTan erTad imogzaura safrangeTsa da 

italiaSi; 1672 wels misi mfarveli lord-kancleri da finansTa 

ministria. es Tanamdeboba Sefstberma dakarga momdevno wels, roca 

xelisuflebasTan uTanxmoeba mouxda. 

1675 wels jon loki avadmyofobam aiZula, safrangeTSi 

gamgzavrebuliyo, sadac 4 weli gaatara. aq igi iRrmavebda codnas. 

frangi mwerlebidan misTvis avtoriteti gamodga abati nikoli, 

romelmac didi gavlena moaxdina mis religiur Sexedulebebze, agreTve 

monteni, romlisganac igi Zalian iyo davalebuli, gansakuTrebiT ki 

aRzrdis sferoSi, Tumca am avtoris skepticizms loki ar iziarebda, 

ramdenadac skepticizmi mis sulier samyaros ar miesadageboda. 

moazrovne am xanebSi dakavebuli iyo ZiriTadad SromiT – `cda 

adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb". naSromis dawera mas azrad mouvida jer 

23

kidev safrangeTSi yofnisas. 1679 wels avtorma gaakeTa pirveli 

Canawerebi. amis Sesaxeb igi Tavad amcnobs mkiTxvels. rogorc TviTon 

aRniSnavs, TanamoazreTa wreSi sja-baasis Semdeg wamoeWra azri, Tu 

`romeli sagnebi swvdeba Cvens gonebas da romeli ara" da swored amis 

Sesaxeb igi iwyebs fiqrs Semecnebis problemis irgvliv da cdilobs 

gamokveTos Semecnebis mTeli procesi. daadginos, Tu ra gzebiT xdeba 

adamianis msjeloba sagnebis, samyarosa da sakuTari – Tavis Sesaxeb; 

rogoria es procesi, saidan Cndeba masala warmodgenebisa da cnebebisa, 

raTa amis safuZvelze Sefasdes maTi xarisxi da mniSvneloba. mis 

filosofiur msoflgagebas safuZvlad daudo gnoseologia, Teoria 

Semecnebis Sesaxeb, razedac 17 weli muSaobda. misi naSromi warmoadgens 

mniSvnelovan monapovars mecnierebaSi. avtori ki miCneulia Tanamedrove 

gnoseologiis damfuZneblad. am gnoseologiis burjebia Semecnebis 

Teoria da filosofia. 

dabrunda ra inglisSi, moazrovnem daikava oficialuri Tanamdeboba 

(Seftsberi am dros iyo premier-ministri), magram momdevno wels 

janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo samsaxurze uari ganacxada da 

londonidan oqsfordSi gadasaxlda. male mouwia kvlav daetovebina 

inglisi, magram amjerad iZulebiT. vigebis partia, romlis meTauric iyo 

Sefstberi, sabolood gaemijna xelisuflebas. lokis mfarveli 

meamboxed CaTvales. misi momxreebis nawili dasajes, nawili ki 

SefstberTan holandiaSi gadavida sacxovreblad. 1682 wels lokma 

miatova samSoblo, radganac masac Seftsberis Tanamoazred Tvlidnen. 

1683 wels Sefstberi gardaicvala, xolo jon loki 1689 wlamde, e. 

i. revoluciamde, cxovrobda emigrantad. 1685 wels karl gardaicvala 

da inglisSi mdgomareoba gauaresda. mis nacvlad iakob movida, monarqi, 

romelic cnobili iyo sisastikiT, gonebaClungobiT. is gaxldaT avi da 

SurismaZiebeli, Sovinisti, jiuti; Tavs Tvlida Zlier pirovnebad, 

magram sinamdvileSi mSiSara da goneba gafantuli iyo. awuxebda 

moCvenebebi, TiTqos fexTaqveS miwa eryeoda. 

24

1689 wels, rodesac saxalxo partiam vilhelm oraneli moiwvia, 

iakobi safrangeTSi gaiqca, saidanac ukan aRar dabrunebula. 

am dros jon loki holandiaSi imyofeboda, cota xans imaleboda, 

Semdeg amsterdamSi cxovrobda, sadac daamTavra Tavisi Sroma `cda 

ადამიანის gonebiს Sesaxeb", romelic 1688 wels frangulad daibeWda. 

Semdeg werili gaugzavna Tavis megobars – klerks, romelSic mocemuli 

iyo nawyvetebi Sromidan `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb". ramdenime wlis 

Semdeg daiwera misi Sroma `werilebi rwmenis Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb". 

amave dros, amzadebda da xvewda politikur traqtats. 

1689 wels dabrunda inglisSi – vilhelm oranelis flotSi – da 

iwyeba yvelaze nayofieri Sromis periodi. 

1689 wels daibeWda misi `traqtati saxelmwifos Sesaxeb" da 

werilebi `rwmeniTi Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb". 1690 wels daibeWda Sroma 

`cda adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb", 1693 wels – `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb", 

1693 wels ki – `qristianobis goniereba". 

aRniSnuli Sromebidan pedagogikuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani 

iyo `cda ადამიანის gonebis Sesaxeb". misi gamoqveynebisTanave aRiniSna, 

rom filosofias SeuZlia daiwyos axali matianis aTvla, rom jon 

lokis mier damuSavebuli Semecnebis Teoria Seucvlelia. am Sromam 

lokis saxeli filosofiis istoriasTan daakavSira. man uaRresad didi 

zegavlena moaxdina XVII saukunis mecnierul azrovnebaze da 

uzrunvelyo avtoris maRali adgili evropis sulieri kulturis 

istoriaSi. misi filosofiuri, religiuri, politikuri da pedagogiuri 

Sromebi warmoadgens centralur, ZiriTad rgols, romelsac efuZneba 

evropuli mecniereba. am SromebSi, rogorc amas imdroindeli da 

momdevno xanebis samecniero wreebi da sagangebo werilebic aRniSnaven, 

_ aRorZinebis epoqa ilandeba. 

es iyo imis dasawyisi, rom kacobriobam ar unda eZebos axali 

rwmena, axali miwieri Tu zecieri avtoritetebi, aramed gaaTavisuflos 

goneba yovelgvari avtoritetis zegavlenisagan; Tavisufalma pirovnebam 

kritikuli azrovnebisa Tu zemoqmedebis safuZvelze saWiroa 

25

gadaamuSaos arsebuli gamocdileba, Seufardos igi zust cnobas, 

filosofiur msoflgagebas, axal sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, rac 

efuZneba Tavisufali xalxis Tavisufal SeTanxmebas. 

gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre jon lokma sistemaSi moiyvana 

Tavisi Sexedulebebi jentlmenis aRzrdis Sesaxeb traqtatiT `fiqrebi 

aRzrdaze~. am wignma didi STabeWdileba moaxdina rogorc mis 

Tanamedroveebze, aseve momdevno Taobebze. 

lokis zemoCamoTvlili Sromebi gamoqveynda 1689-1695 wlebSi. 

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani zegavlena ki mecnierul azrovnebaze 

moaxdina misma orma naSromma: `cda adamianis gonebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb" 

da `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb". misi Sromebi insglisSi ramdenimejer 

gamoica. aman didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia oqsfordSi, xolo aRfrTovaneba 

– kembrijSi, ramdenadac am xanebis kembrijelTa ganwyobilebani 

Seesatyviseboda epoqalur suliskveTebas. 

axali xelisufleba jon lokisadmi dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili, 

magram avadmyofobam igi aiZula, uari eTqva oficialur Tanamdebobaze 

da maRalCinosani frensis meSemis mowveva mieRo. aq, meSemis myudro 

savaneSi, mweralma sicocxlis bolo wlebi aRuSfoTeblad da wynarad 

gaatara. 

jon loki aResrula 1704 wlis 28 oqtombers, meSemis mamulSi, 

eseksSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom misi saflavis qvaze amokveTilia sruliad 

damsaxurebuli sityvebi – “igi emsaxureboda WeSmaritebas". 

es biografiuli narkvevi ki gvinda rabindranaT Tagoris sityvebiT 

davasruloT: `WeSmaritad kurTxeulia igi, visi didebac mis 

WeSmaritebas ar aRemateba". 

26

$3. swavla_aRzrdis sakiTxebi XVII_XVIII saukuneTa mijnaze da jon 

lokis aRmzrdelobiTi miznebi da amocanebi 

XVII da XVIII saukuneebis mijna mniSvnelovani politikuri da 

ekonomikuri ZvrebiT xasiaTdeboda. yovelive es garkveul gavlenas 

axdenda ganaTlebis sistemaze. 

inglisis istoriuli epoqis am etapze gabatonebuli iyo swavla _ 

aRzrdis Zveli sistema, dasjisa da daSinebis sistema, romelic 

gaJRenTili iyo SiSiTa da monuri morCilebiT. sazogadoebis fenebSi 

gafetiSebuli iyo mSobelTa Zalaufleba, romelic aRzrdaze 

zemoqmedebis mZlavr berketad iTvleboda. pirovnebis sulier samyaroSi 

arsebuli Tandayolili borotebis aRmosafxvrelad gamoyenebuli iyo 

mkacri meTodebi, ufro metad ki – rozgi, usityvo morCileba. es 

aRniSnuli viTareba im droisaTvis metad kanonzomieri iyo, radgan ar 

arsebobda progresis idea, ignorirebuli iyo pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi 

moRvaweoba. am droisaTvis saxelmwifo religia, eklesia da TviT 

mecnierebac ki iTvleboda sruliad xelSeuxeblad. moZvelebuli 

tradiciebi ki mZime tvirTad awva sazogadoebas. am pirobebSi Zaladoba 

yvelaze Zlieri da realuri iaraRi gamodioda pirovnebis 

dasaTrgunavad. logikuri iyo isic, rom aRzrdaSi mSobelTa da 

ufrosebis Zalauflebas maSindeli tradiciebic uWerda mxars. amgvar 

aRmzrdelobiT atmosferoSi aRzrdil-gawvrTnilni iyvnen maSindeli 

pedagogebi da isinic Tavs ar zogavdnen, raTa damTrgunveli, tiranuli 

meTodebi gergilianad moemarjvebinaT da yazarmuli garemocva SeeqmnaT 

skolebSi. 

swavlebis kursi mTlianad orientirebuli iyo mkvdar enebze. magram 

ukve igrZnoboda axali drois qrolva: samecniero-teqnikurma progresma 

da calkeul samecniero dargSi aRmoCenebma Taviseburi zemoqmedeba 

moaxdines aRzrdis procesze, saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo muSaobaze. 

swored im dros, roca skolebSi laTinuri da ebrauli enebis 

Seswavla aucilebeli iyo, aqa-iq ismoda amis sawinaaRmdego xmac: “ar 

27

aris saWiro vifiqroT, _ aRniSnavs e. danielia, _ TiTqos sibrZne 

moswavleebTan mxolod laTinur, berZnul da ebraul enebze 

laparakobdes" [31, 60]. 

garda amisa, aRzrdis mizanic gamoirCeoda bundovanebiT, swavlebis 

meTodebi da xerxebi iyo primitiuli, mecnierulad dausabuTebeli. 

mecnierebis SeTviseba emyareboda mxolod miRwevaTa zerele codnas. 

eklesiebSi gabatonebuli iyo laTinuri, Teologia, filosofia; 

politikuri naSromebi iwereboda laTinurad, berZnuli ena iyo `papis 

sistemis" Seswavlis gasaRebi. 

lokis TanamedroveTa SexedulebebiT (monteni, miltoni), enebis 

Sesaswavlad sakmarisia 1 weli, xolo skolebSi maT Seiswavlidnen 7-8 

wlis manZilze. germaneli Sterni da ingliseli eSemi Tvlidnen, rom, 

rasakvirvelia, sasargeblo da aucilebelia enebis Seswavla, magram, 

amave dros, isini grZnobdnen yovelive amis ukmarisobas, xedavdnen 

adamianis suls, mis niWierebas, romelic xelSeuxebeli rCeboda, xolo 

ufro mniSvnelovani, cxovrebiseuli ki, romelmac unda daanaxos 

moswavleebs aRzrdis WeSmariti mizani, aris ara mxolod is, rom 

Seiswavlon klasikuri enebi, aramed SeiZinon Zveli literaturis 

Rirseuli codna, gaifarTovon Sexedulebebi Soreul warsulze, 

gaiZlieron inteleqti. 

bavSvebs ar exerxebodaT leqsikoniT sargebloba. jer kidev ar iyo 

gamokveTili Sexedulebani asakobriv SesaZleblobebze, ar arsebobda 

aRzrdis mecniereba, romelic gaiTvaliswinebda, rom bavSvis suli da 

sxeuli erTiania da sxeulis yovelgvari cvlileba sulzec airekleba. 

es iyo aRzrdis meTodTa uZraobis periodi. naklebad iTvaliswinebdnen, 

rom mozardis sxeulisa da sulis erTianobas unda misadageboda 

aRzrdis sagangebo meTodebi. es, faqtobrivad, gulisxmobs bunebriv 

mdgomareobasa da kanonebTan mWidro kavSiris damyarebas. 

rogorc jon lokis Sromebis SeniSvnebis avtori e. danielia 

gadmogvcems SromaSi `personali angliiskix Skol", ingliseli 

maswavleblebi momadlebulni arian codniT, niWiT, gonierebiTa da 

28

WkuiT, magram martooden inteleqti ver srulyofs adamians, ver 

moamzadebs mas praqtikuli cxovrebisTvis. 

amitomac iyo, rom aRzrda-ganaTlebis sferoSi viTareba didxans ar 

icvleboda. mdgomareoba unda gamosworebuliyo. mZime viTarebis 

damadasturebeli konkretuli masalebi warmodgenilia inglisis 

umaRles komisarTa 1864 wlis moxsenebaSi, sadac naTqvamia: 

universitetebSi Caricxul kursdamTavrebulTa momzadebis done metad 

dabalia, rasac mowmobs mTeli rigi konkretuli statistikuri 

monacemebi. amasve adasturebs londonis universitetis msajuli – 

doqtori smiti [70, 29]. msajuli saTanado konkretul SemTxvevebzec 

miuTiTebs. imave azrisaa lordi stenli. 

istoriuli epoqis aRniSnul etapze moRvaweobas iwyebs 

ubrwyinvalesi pirovneba, filosofosi, pedagogikis mecnierebis didi 

warmomadgeneli, eqimi, fsiqologi, pedagogi da sazogado moRvawe jon 

loki. mas hqonda eqimisa da fsiqologis ganaTleba, jansaRi goneba, iyo 

niWieri, faqizi sulis pirovneba. bevri ram, rac pedagogis rTul 

saqmianobaSi saWiroa, man SeiZina rCeul, Rirseul adamianebTan 

urTierTobisas. roca pedagogiuri moRvaweoba daiwyo da kerZo 

aRmzrdeli gaxldaT graf Sefstberis ojaxSi, gamocdileba aklda, 

oRond Tavisi praqtikuli muSaobiT es xarvezi male Seivso. 

misi naSromi `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb" aRmocenda kerZo werilebis 

niadagze. aRniSnul baraTebs igi ugzavnida Tavis megobar eduard 

klerks Ciplinidan. mogvianebiT megobrebisa da axloblebis daJinebuli 

TxovniT avtorma isini gadaamuSava dasabeWdad. swored am naSromSia 

gadmocemuli misi mosazrebani momavali Taobis swavla-aRzrdis 

Taobaze. moazrovne yuradRebas amaxvilebs aRzrdiT gamowveuli 

gansxvavebuli gonierebisa da xasiaTis adamianTa arsebobaze da, amave 

dros, aRiarebs memkvidreobiTobis arsebobas, magram, misi azriT, 

fsiqikuri monacemebi, riTac adamiani ibadeba, iseve araerTgvarovania, 

rogorc misi anatomiuri agebuleba (ujredebi, kani). organizmis 

ganviTarebisas xdeba brZola da esa Tu is organoebi metnaklebad 

29

viTardebian. aseTive brZola mimdinareobs fsiqikur sferoSi, xolo 

aRzrda mozardis ganviTarebis sasurvel pirobebs qmnis. es debulebebi 

Seesatyviseba maTes saxarebis me-13 TavSi mocemul darigebebs, sadac 

saubaria mTesvelze [13, 27 – 30]. 

utilitaristulia lokis Sexedulebebi aRzrdis amocanaze. isini 

gulisxmobs maRalzneobriv miznebs. maswavleblis umaRlesi amocanaa, 

daexmaros Segirds, raTa man sakuTar TavSi ganaviTaros TviTzrunvis 

elementebi. am mizniT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba adamianSi arsebul 

Zalas, romelic gonebis saSualebiT uaryofs usargeblo, fuW, mavne 

survilebs. uamisod, jon lokis azriT, adamiani ver iqceva WeSmaritad 

saTno da zneobriv pirovnebad. loki udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda 

moralur aRzrdas; aRmzrdelis udides miznad igi asaxelebda zrunvas 

aRsazrdelis sulis gasavarjiSeblad, raTa Camoyalibebuliyo 

Rirseuli da gonieri pirovneba. 

moazrovne moiTxovs idealuri `jentlmenis" aRzrdas, romelsac 

unda hqondes saqmiani adamianis goneba da cnobiereba. misi moqmedeba, 

qceva unda Seesabamebodes sazogadoebaSi mis mdgomareobas. 

aRmzrdelis valia, aRniSnavs jon loki, _ aRsazrdels gamoumuSaos 

qceva da Camouyalibos suli, Caunergos saTanado Cvevebi, zneoba, 

sibrZne, aswavlos adamianTa Secnoba, aRavsos siyvarulis grZnobiT. 

sainteresoa jon lokis msjeloba, rom `jentlmenis" aRsazrdelad 

saWiroa ara mxolod viwro ganaTleba, aramed codnis miReba sxvadasxva 

dargSi – metafizikaSi, filosofiaSi, maTematikaSi, istoriaSi, 

qronologiaSi... yovelive amas, rasakvirvelia, codnis samyaros 

gasaRebad Tvlis, magram, Tu aRsazrdels ar axasiaTebs keTilzneoba, 

saTnoeba, es akninebs mis adamianur Rirsebas. 

umaRlesi mizani, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ romelsac isaxavs 

maswavlebeli, aris ara mxolod codnis gadacema, aramed Cvevebis 

Camoyalibeba. imave azrs iziarebda iseTi cnobili pirovneba, rogoric 

iyo, magaliTad, lordi bekoni. am mxriv sagulisxmoa misi naSromi _ 

`Cvevebisa da aRzrdis Sesaxeb". miTiTebul naSromSi naTqvamia, rom Cveva 

30

adamianis cxovrebis mTavari warmmarTveli Zalaa; misi formireba, 

sasurvelia, daiwyos axalgazrdobis wlebSi, ramdenadac aRzrda CvevaTa 

sistemis Camoyalibebis uwyveti procesia. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba 

mTlianad Seesabameba Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, gansakuTrebiT ki axla, 

roca saqarTveloSi arsebobs saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standartebi 

yvela dargSi (geografiaSi, qarTul enasa da literaturaSi, fizikaSi, 

istoriaSi, ucxour enebSi, biologiaSi, maTematikaSi). 

vfiqrobT, Cveni ZiriTadi miznebi da amocanebi am mimarTebiT 

garkveviT unda gamoikveTos. 

saerTod ki jon loki ganmartavda: aRzrdis udidesi amocana isaa, 

rom Seswavlil iqnes misi mizani da gonivruli meTodebis saSualebiT 

mivaRwioT mis Sesrulebas. 

amis Taobaze Cven vimsjelebT calke paragrafSi, rodesac jon 

lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreobis calkeul elementebsa da debulebebs 

SevajerebT Tanamedrove skolebis aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis konkretul 

magaliTebsa da praqtikul saqmianobasTan. 

sainteresoa jon lokis traqtati aRsazrdelSi CvevaTa 

Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb. mas ganxiluli aqvs sxeulis, gonebrivi 

moqmedebis sferos unar-Cvevebi, socialuri, moraluri Cvevebi da sxv. 

jon loki gonebis Zalas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, magram, amave 

dros, gadamwyvet rols miakuTvnebs Cvevebis formirebas. faqtobrivad 

mTeli zemoT mocemuli rCevebi gulisxmobs da moiTxovs saWiro 

Tvisebebis formirebas, romlebic aucilebeli da savaldebuloa 

jentlmenisaTvis, raTa man warmatebiT Seasrulos Tavisi misia, 

movaleoba. eg movaleoba ki gamoixateba praqtikuli saqmianobiT. aRzrda 

moicavs farTo sferos da misi miznebi da amocanebi icvleba imisda 

mixedviT, Tu sazogadoebis romel fenas ganekuTvnebian bavSvebi, rac 

gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba jon lokis moZRvrebaSi. igi Tvlis, rom 

laTinuri enis codnac saWiroa jentlmenisTvis, magram wina planze 

diferencirebul swavlebas ayenebs. misi azriT, bavSvma unda iswavlos 

is, rac praqtikul cxovrebaSi gamoadgeba. 

31

loki Tvlis, rom am mxriv inglisis skolebSi mdgomareoba jer 

kidev mosawesrigebelia. praqtikulad Svilebi yvelas gramatikul 

skolebSi Sehyavs. ingliseli mSoblebi Tvlian, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ rom 

maTi Svilebi daiCagrebian, Tu ar Seiswavlian Zvel klasikur enebs. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom jon loki gaumarTleblad miiCnevs garkveul 

asakobriv doneze adre aswavlon bavSvebs wera. igi uaryofiTi azrisaa 

laTinur enaze TxzulebaTa daweris Sesaxeb, ufro metic, aRniSnavs, 

rom danaSaulia, mSoblebis davalebiT bavSvebma weron leqsebi 

laTinur enaze, Tu maT poeturi monacemebi ar gaaCniaT. 

miuxedavad lokis Sexedulebisa, Cven vfiqrobT, rom xSirad xdeba, 

roca sruliad gansxvavebuli profesiis adamianebi SesaniSnav leqsebs 

weren da did warmatebas aRweven xelovnebis ama Tu im dargSi, iqneba es 

ferwera, musika, qandakeba Tu sxva ram. ase rom, savsebiT da bolomde 

ver gaviziarebT azrs, rom TiTqosda SeuZlebeli iyos erTi dargis 

moRvawem Zalebi scados sxva dargSic. 

jon lokis azriT, jentlmenisTvis aucilebelia klasikuri enebis 

Rrma codna. amave dros, igi Tvlis, rom mosawesrigebelia mSobliuri 

inglisuri enis swavlebis saqme, miT umetes, roca klasikur enebs aseTi 

privilegiebi aqvT. moazrovne swavlebis Tavisufal sistemaSi saTanado 

adgils miuCens ariTmetikas, buRalterias, astronomias, geografias, 

istorias, geometrias, anatomias, inglisis moqalaqeTa uflebebs da 

kanonebs. qronologia ki, misi azriT, saWiroa Seiswavlebodes 

geografiasTan mimarTebiT. jentlmeni da saqmiani adamiani uamisod ver 

gaxdeba sasargeblo pirovneba da ver aRasrulebs Tavis misias codnis 

SeZenis saZnelo gzaze. 

zneobrioba, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ umeteswilad unda iswavlebodes 

cxovrebiseuli magaliTebis moSveliebiT, vidre mSrali wesebis 

momarjvebiT; am TvalsazrisiT, igi iSveliebs biblias, romelsac 

sistematurad unda kiTxulobdes moswavle: dasaxelebuli aqvs 

avtorebi, maT Soris ciceroni, hufendorfi da sxvani, romlebic 

muSaobdnen samoqalaqo samarTlisa da istoriis sakiTxebze. 

32

vfiqrobT, samarTalSi loki gulisxmobda qveynis konstituciasac 

da mis istoriasac. igi arcTu ise didi momxrea logikisa da ritorikis 

Seswavlisa. amisaTvis sakmarisad Tvlida saintereso avtorTa 

nawarmoebebis xmamaRla, gamoTqmiT kiTxvas da nimuSad asaxelebda 

Cilingvorts, tuliems. 

am TvalsazrisiT is did mniSvnelobas aniWebda mozardis mier 

Tavisi ideis naTlad gamoTqmas, gamWriaxobas, mixvedrilobas; 

moiTxovda, rom axalgazrda daufleboda daxvewilad werasa da 

metyvelebas. misi fiqriT, logika da ritorika gamoyenebuli unda 

yofiliyo saqmeSi. marTalia, es dargebi saxelovnebo dargebad miaCnda, 

oRond SesaZleblad miaCnda maTi momarjveba praqtikul saqmianobaSi. am 

mimarTebiT aRsaniSnavia misi gamoTqma: `sworad werisa da laparakis 

unari". am unars igi moiTxovda rogorc mSobliuri, ise sxva enebis 

moxmarebis drosac. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom loki gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda 

mSobliuri enis flobas axalgazrda ymawvilebis mier. amas igi Tvlida 

aRzrdilobis mniSvnelovan sazomad. igi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda 

agreTve cekvebis Seswavlas. cekva, misi azriT, aviTarebs tanmedegobas, 

sxeuls aniWebs moxdenilobas, lazaTs. Taviseburi Sexeduleba hqonda 

mas musikis mimarTac. igi Tvlida, rom musika bevr dros arTmevs 

axalgazrdas, magram es ar exeba klasikur musikas, romelic fexs 

ikidebda imdroindel sazogadoebriv skolebSi. Tanamedrove 

sazogadoebrivi azri ver Seiwynarebs j. lokis am Sexedulebas, radgan 

nebismieri kargi musika safuZvels uyris moswavlis esTetikur aRzrdas, 

mis harmoniul ganviTarebas, xels uwyobs niWis, unaris, midrekilebebisa 

da sxva saxis individualuri Taviseburebebis gamomJRavnebas. 

fizikuri datvirTvis TvalsazrisiT ferweras loki pasiur 

profesiad warmoisaxavs. igi dasZens, rom ferweraSi daostateba 

moiTxovs titanur Sromas. farikaoba da cxenosnoba moazrovnes 

janmrTelobis utyuari sawindari hgonia. 

33

loki urCevs jentlmens, Seiswavlos raime konkretuli xeloba, 

rogorc praqtikuli unar-Cveva. igi sakmaod maRal Sefasebas aZlevda 

xelgarjilobas, fiqrobda, rom gonebrivi gadaRlisas is gantvirTvis, 

sulieri dasvenebis uebari saSualebaa. mecnieri sagangebod msjelobs 

mogzaurobebis aucileblobaze da miuTiTebs: umjobesi da sasurvelia 

es xdebodes 7-dan 14-wlamde, radgan am xanaSi mogzaurobas 

gansakuTrebiT kargad SeuZlia mozardis Tvalsawieris gafarToeba. 

jon loks Rrmad swamda, rom imJamindel sazogadoebriv skolebSi 

aRzrdis aseTi Sinaarsi ganuxorcielebeli darCeboda. amasTanave, 

ojaxSi aRzrdasac igi calmxriv mcdelobad miiCnevs, vinaidan, misi 

azriT, aRzrdis ojaxuri garemo srulyofilebis garkveul elementebs 

mainc moklebulia. igi miiCnevda, rom orive mimarTulebas hqonda Tavisi 

dadebiTi da naklovani mxareebi. marTlacda, erTis mxriv, 

sazogadoebriv skolaSi arsebuli garemo qmnis interesisa da 

gulmodginebis gaRviveba-gaZlierebis safuZvels, xolo, zneobrivi 

TvalsazrisiT, ZiriTadad ojaxi inaxavs mozardis suls SeubRalavad; 

miuxedavad azrebis aseTi monacvleobisa, jon loki sabolood 

daaskvnis: keTilzneobrioba ufro rTulad da Znelad SesaZenia, vidre 

cxovrebisa da samyaros codna; da, Tu daikarga zneobrioba, misi 

xelaxla aRdgena TiTqmis SeuZlebelia; rom ojaxur atmosferosa da 

saojaxo aRmzrdelis xelSi mozardi ufro daxvewili, codnas 

dawafebuli, keTilzneobrivi izrdeba. 

Cven sruliad veTanxmebiT jon lokis am Sexedulebas, mTeli 

siRrmiT viTvaliswinebT im azrs, rom Tanamedrove skolebSi arsebuli 

viTareba, roca TiToeul klasSi ramdenime aTeuli mozardi zis, Zalian 

arTulebs swavla-aRzrdis procesis srulyofilad ganxorcielebas. 

gvaqvs informacia, rom ramdenime aTeuli (20 –15) wlis winaT ganaTlebis 

saministros winaSe dasmula amocana: TiToeul klasSi 15-18 bavSvze meti 

ar unda Caricxuliyo. es iyo kargi programa – idea, magram igi 

ganuxorcielebeli darCa, radgan dakavSirebuli iyo soliduri Tanxis 

damatebiT gamoyofasTan, rac SeuZlebeli gaxda. 

34

yovelive zemoTqmulidan aSkarad Cans, rom loki, TiTqosda, 

gaorebulia. igi paralelurad ganixilavs kerZo da sazogado skolebis 

muSaobis Sinaarss, aRiarebs, rom kerZo skolaSi ufro meti yuradReba 

eqceva mozardTa individualuri swavla-aRzrdis procesis 

srulyofilad ganxorcielebas, aseve norCTa rogorc moralur, 

inteleqtualur daxvewas, magram, samagierod, sazogado skolaSi metia 

Sejibrebis saSualeba, Cndeba koleqtivizmis grZnobis aRzrdis viTareba. 

loki swavla-aRzrdis 3 tips gamoyofs: 

1. ojaxurs; 

2. kerZos; 

3. sazogadoebrivs. 

moazrovne ganixilavs TiToeuli maTganis avkargs, dadebiT da 

uaryofiT mxareebs; yuradsaRebia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom ojaxuri 

aRzrdis procesSi pedagogma SeuZlebelia erTnairad kargad icodes 

mecnierebis yvela dargi; aRniSnavs imasac, rom ojaxis pirobebSi 

aRzrdili mozardebi damoukideblobis meti unariT gamoirCevian, vidre 

sazogadoebriv skolebSi aRzrdilebi. 

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs jon loki sizarmacis daZlevas. 

mozardebi meryevebi arian, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ da miuTiTebs, rom swored 

xasiaTis simtkicis formirebaze zrunvaa pedagogis muSaobis erT-erTi 

mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba. sizarmace da drois uazrod flangva erTerTi 

seriozuli problemaa mozardobis asakSi. 

Tavisi SinaarsiT lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreoba amouwuravia. aq 

mravali aqtualuri problema da sakiTxia dayenebuli. mocemul 

paragrafSi aRar CavuRrmavdebiT mis mier mocemuli rekomendaciebis 

arss, oRond imas ki aRvniSnavT, rom mkvlevari codniTa da siyvaruliT 

saubrobs pedagogis pirovnebasa da daniSnulebaze, mis unikalur rolze 

momavali Taobis swavla-aRzrdaSi. 

daskvnis saxiT SesaZlebelia aRiniSnos Semdegi: j. lokis mizani 

iyo dadebiTi, sanaqebo sulieri da fizikuri TvisebebiT Semkuli 

pirovnebis aRzrda. amgvari aRzrda unda xorcieldebodes Segnebuli, 

35

Tanamimdevruli pedagogikuri zemoqmedebis saSualebiT da ara 

ZaladobiT, uxeSi fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT, simkacriT. aRzrda 

dafuZnebuli unda iyos keTilzneobriv sawyisebze, mokrZalebaze, 

inteleqtualur energiasa da WeSmarit codnaze. 

codnis SeZenis procesi ar unda iyos monotonuri, mosawyeni, raTa 

ar gamoumuSaos mozards swavlisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba. 

klasikuri enebis Seswavlisas gadametebuli yuradReba ar unda mieqces 

gramatikas, rac mTavaria, mSobliuri ena codnis SeZenis safuZvelTa 

safuZvelia. 

ukve naTqvamidanac mkafiod Cans: jon loks swavla-aRzrdis 

problema zogadsakacobrio doneze ahyavs. amaze mWevrmetyvelurad 

RaRadebs mis mier Ciplinidan miwerili baraTi eduard klerkisadmi, 

sadac aRniSnulia, rom naciis ayvaveba mniSvnelovanwilad momavali 

Taobis swavla-aRzrdazea damokidebuli. 

$4. jon loki pedagogis rolsa da daniSnulebaze 

pedagogiuri profesia istoriulad unikalur profesiad iTvleba, 

saukuneebis manZilze misdami damokidebuleba yovelTvis ganisazRvreboda 

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli politikuri Tu socialuri viTarebiT da im 

moTxovnebiT, romelTa ganmsazRvreli iyo axali Taobis aRzrdaganaTleba. 

cnobilia isic, Tu raoden rTuli da mravlismomcveli iyo 

is gza, romelic ganvlo Tavad am profesiam. 

pedagogiuri profesiisadmi ltolva da pasuxismgebloba mudam 

gansazRvravda nebismieri qveynis civilizaciis dones, ganaTlebisadmi 

damokidebulebasa da SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom swored im qveynebSi 

dadga dRis wesrigSi maswavleblis sagangebo momzadebis sakiTxi, sadac 

Tavad es civilizaciaa swored ganaTlebis safuZvelze ganviTarda. 

pirvelad samaswavleblo saswavleblebi (SemdgomSi ki pedagogiuri 

institutebi Tu pedagogiuri fakultetebi universitetebTan) gaixsna 

evropis iseT qveynebSi, rogoric aris safrangeTi, inglisi da germania. 

36

TiTqmis yvela qveyanis ganaTlebis istoriaSi pedagogiuri profesiisadmi 

saTanado yuradRebis daTmoba mis yvela etapze ganpirobebuli iyo 

drois saWiroebiT. ganaTlebulTa da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa 

zrdam ki Tavisi moTxovnebi da koreqtivebi Seitana maswavleblis 

momzadebis saqmeSi, pedagogis profesiis calke grafikis aucileblobaSi, 

ramac ganapiroba `pedagogiuri ganaTlebis~ aseve calke dargad 

gamoyofa. 

jon lokma, rogorc pedagogma, Semoitana sruliad axali nakadi 

XVII_XVIII saukuneebis pedagogiur azrovnebaSi. igi energiulad 

miiswrafoda, rom Sua saukuneebis sqolastikisa da metafizikis 

tyveobidan gamosuliyo. man win wamowia gamocdilebis roli da 

gadaWriT aRniSna: ar arsebobs codna gamocdilebis gareSe. 

fsiqologiis, samarTlisa da pedagogikis dargSi SemuSavebuli Rrma 

azrebiT jon lokma imdroindeli da Semdgomi periodis moazrovneTa 

yuradReba miiqcia. 

àRmzrdelis udidesi daniSnulebaa, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ 

gamokveTos da Seiswavlos mizani da mis misaRwevad mTeli gulisyuriT 

SeimuSaos gonivruli meTodebi". 

àRmzrdeli unda iyos gonebadamjdari, windaxeduli adamiani da 

mecnieri, TviT kargad aRzrdili, romelic gaTviTcnobierebulia 

mimarTvisa da zrdilobis mravalferovan wesebSi, vinc moqmedebs 

adamianTa, pirobebis, droisa da adgilis Sesabamisad, visac ZaluZs 

avarjiSos aRsazrdeli, gawvrTnas igi, da am procesSi daicvas 

aRmzrdelobiTi wesebi mozardis asakis da SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad". 

pedagogs, jon lokis moTxovniT, unda xelewifebodes adamianebTan 

urTierToba, dauflebuli iyos SegirdebTan urTierTobis rTul 

xelovnebas. igi unda icnobdes adamianTa bunebas, maT tradiciebs, 

zneobriv normebs, ucnaurobas, gaiZverobas, Tavisi saukunisa da qveynis 

nakls, adamianur mankierebas. pedagogi valdebulia, kargad aswavlos 

Tavis naSiers laTinuri ena. aseTi aRmzrdelisaTvis, _ aRniSnavs jon 

loki, _ mSoblebs fuli ar unda daenanoT. yovelive es unda 

37

gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu gvsurs keTilzneobrivi, ganaTlebuli pirovnebis 

Camoyalibebas SevuwyoT xeli. mTavaria, pedagogma SeZlos, Caunergos 

norCs keTili suliskveTeba, jansaRi principebi, gamoawrTos 

keTilSobili, sasargeblo moqmedebisaken midrekili axalgazrda, 

romelic Semkuli iqneba zrdilobiTa da saTnoebiT. 

aseTi aRmzrdeli Zneli aRmosaCenia, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ metad 

iSviaTad moiZebneba pedagogi, vinc SeZlebs aRniSnul mizandasaxulobaTa 

aRsrulebaso da dasZens: àrian axalgazrdebi, romlebic SedarebiT 

dabali niWierebiT gamoirCevian, oRond arian keTilzneobrivni. pedagogoba 

amaTi mowodeba ar aris, isini ki, romlebic maRalniWierni arian, amave 

dros, floben znekeTil Tvisebebs, vfiqrobT, ar aiReben TavianT Tavze 

pedagogis pasuxismgeblobas", _ gulwrfelad aRniSnavs loki. 

imdroindeli cnobili pirovnebebi aRfrTovanebuli darCnen lokis 

mier SemoTavazebuli pedagogis tipis daxasiaTebiT. isini mecnieris mier 

warmodgenil aRmzrdelis portrets idealurad Tvlidnen. 

loki did propagandas uwevda pedagogis profesias, mis 

profesionalizms, mouwodebda cnobil ojaxebs, miezidaT ganaTlebuli, 

zrdili axalgazrda specialistebi da gadaexadaT maTTvis saTanado 

Tanxa, radgan im dros pedagogis xelfasi uaRresad mwiri iyo. 

Cveni Sromis erT-erT paragrafSi aRwerilia lokis aRmzrdelobiTi 

sistema, misi yvela mimarTuleba, romelsac moazrovne gvTavazobda, 

magram am paragrafSi gvinda gavaanalizoT zogierTi maTgani, romlebic 

xazgasmiT warmoaCens pedagogis, rogorc mecnieris, rols mozardi 

Taobis swavla-aRzrdaSi. 

TviT loki fizikurad metad susti pirovneba gaxldaT. man kargad 

icoda fizikuri sisustis nakli. amitom igi uaRresad did mniSvnelobas 

aniWebda fizikur aRzrdas da sxeulebriv srulyofilebas; igi 

moiTxovda organizmis wvrTnas da ganviTarebas; Tvlida, rom `mozardTa 

suli SesaZlebelia warmarTuli iqnes ama Tu im mimarTulebiT iseve 

advilad, rogorc wylis nakadi. es, rasakvirvelia, aRzrdis 

mniSvnelovani nawilia, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, 

38

om sulis janmrTeloba da siZliere damokidebulia sxeulis 

janmrTelobasa da Zlierebaze". amitom sxeulis wvrTnas igi sulis 

wvrTnadac miiCnevs. sxeulis wvrTnis detalebs, romelTac loki 

rekomendacias uwevs, Cven me-5 paragrafSi sisruliT gadmovcemT, magram 

aqve dabejiTebiT aRvniSnavT, rom fizikuri aRzrdis lokiseuli sistema 

sagangebo yuradRebis Rirsia. 

cnobilia jon lokis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba momavali Taobis 

moraluri aRzrdis mimarT. igi pedagogis erT-erT mTavar daniSnulebad 

Tvlida sulis varjiSs, raTa mozards yovelgvar pirobebsa da garemoSi 

midrekileba hqonoda mxolod Rirseuli qcevisaken, romelic gonebis 

gansjiT iqneboda gapirobebuli. saWiroa am TvalsazrisiT mozardebi 

pataraobidan iyvnen ganswavlulni da SeeZloT sakuTari `mes", sakuTari 

qcevis floba. 

`maTi sulebi, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ ufro nazia, ufro damyoli. 

Tu mozardi pataraobidanve daaCvies gaakeTos is, rac mas moesurveba, 

maSin ratomRa gvikvirs, rom cudad iqceva, roca momwifebisas 

survilebis gardauval dakmayofilebas moiTxovs [29, 82]. 

igi gardauvlad Tvlis, vaswavloT mozardebs sakuTar survilebze 

uaris Tqma, zogi maTganis CaxSoba. am amocanis gadawyveta mas pedagogis 

mTavar daniSnulebad miaCnia. igi norCobidanve amgvari wesiTa da 

kriteriumebiT unda wvrTnides aRsazrdels. is, rac bavSvisTvis 

sasargeblo da saWiroa, sasurvelia ausruldes, magram maTi yvelanairi 

daJinebuli moTxovnis dakmayofileba jerovnad unda SeizRudos. amiT 

mozardebi eCvevian, uari Tqvan gaumarTlebel moTxovnilebebze. es ki 

Tavidan aacilebs maT nervul stresebs, Sinagan SfoTvebs, winaaRmdeg 

SemTxvevaSi, mozardebi xdebian nervulni, mouTmenelni, sulswrafni; aqve 

unda SevniSnoT: maTs moTxovnilebebze umizezod da umotivod uaris 

Tqmac, rasakvirvelia, aRsazrdelis mier aRiqmeba uxeSobad, sisastiked, 

tiraniad. unda vicodeT: pedagogis daniSnulebaa, taqtianad ganixilos 

mozardis moTxovnilebebi. misi moqmedeba unda daefuZnos gonivrul 

moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis gaazrebul process, xolo aragonivrul 

39

moTxovnilebaTa uaryofas, raTa Tavidan aviciloT mozardSi iseTi 

Tvisebebis Camoyalibeba, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis ganuzomeli 

siyvaruli, gandidebis mania, maRali TviTSefaseba. 

yvela aq CamoTvlili uaryofiTi Tviseba xSirad xels uwyobs 

daumorCileblobisa da TavnaTqvamobis Camoyalibebas axalgazrdis 

pirovnebaSi. 

aq saWiroa mciredi eqskursic gavakeToT: TviTon jon loki 

gaizarda mkacri reJimis mqone ojaxSi. mamamisi msaxurobda imdroindeli 

parlamentis armiaSi. ojaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo mkacri zneobrivi 

normebis dacva da am normebisadmi Tayvaniscema. yovelive aman didi 

gavlena iqonia misi cxovrebis wesze da aRmzrdelobiT Sexedulebebze. 

misi ZiriTadi mizani iyo yovelgvari mdabali grZnobebis ignorireba da 

mkacri disciplinis dacva. 

jon loki udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda mSoblebisa da pedagogebis 

avtoritets, saerTod, maTs pirovnul Rirsebas. igi ganuxrelad icavda 

princips: adreul asakSi saWiroa ymawvilTa sruli Segnebuli 

damorCileba, xolo mozrdilobisas, roca maT aqvT unari, mouxmon 

TavianT gonebas, umjobesia megobruli, urTierTgagebis atmosferos 

Seqmna. 

jon loks Svilebi rom hyoloda, albaT, ufro ukeT ecodineboda, 

rom umcrosi asakis bavSvebTan urTierTobis dasamyareblad saWiroa ara 

simkacre da maTi brmad damorCileba, aramed siyvaruli da siTbo. 

siyvaruli da pativiscema, mokrZaleba sakmaod kargad uTavsdeba 

urTierTs, ufro metic: iq, sadac ar aris siyvaruli, ar arsebobs 

pativiscema da mokrZaleba. miukarebloba da damonebis mcdeloba iwvevs 

monur SiSsa da piradi Rirsebis Selaxvis gancdas. es ki aqrobs 

urTierTndobis faqtors Svilsa da mSoblebs Soris. 

jon loki, rogorc pedagogi da adamiani, uaRresad faqizad udgeba 

asakobriv da individualur TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobas. 

igi msjelobs saerTod bavSvTa konstituciur gansxvavebulobaze da 

sabolood mainc mimteveblobis, siyvarulisa da siTbos atmosferos 

40

Seqmnas amjobinebs. am saqmeSi, misi fiqriT, yvelafris TavidaTavi mainc 

moZRvaria, ostatia da ara Segirdi, mowafe. Tu pedagogi mkacrad ar 

asrulebs Tavis daniSnulebas, adreul asakSive aRmofxvras mozardis 

uaryofiTi Cvevebi, maSin mas mozardis aRzrdis ufro mogviano etapze 

dasWirdeba mkacri sasjelis momarjveba. jon loki faqizad migvaniSnebs 

imazec, rom pedagogi fxizlad unda iyos, mas ar unda gamoeparos 

mxedvelobidan iseTi bavSvebi, romelTac, miuxedavad TviTkerZa 

xasiaTisa, aqvT potenciuri SesaZlebloba, Camoyalibdnen saqmis 

mkeTebel gamoCenil adamianebad. Tu pedagogi aseT bavSvebs daTrgunavs 

Tavisi sadamsjelo xerxebiTa da saSualebebiT, maSin SesaZlebelia, 

amgvarma ymawvilebma weli veRar gamarTon da sakuTari unar-Cvevebi ver 

ganaviTaron. 

WeSmaritma pedagogma unda SeunarCunos amgvar mozards Tavisufali, 

moqmedi suli, amave dros, daicvas igi mosalodneli winaaRmdegobisa da 

faTerakisagan da warmarTos misi niWi da unari mizandasaxulad. igi, 

TiTqosda, aRtacebiT miesalmeba iseT pedagogTa moRvaweobas, 

romlebmac SeZles miTiTebuli problemis daZleva da amiT WeSmariti 

aRmzrdelis sapatio wodeba daimsaxures. jon loki aRzrdis yvelaze 

miuRebel meTodad miiCnevs fizikur dasjas, radgan igi, misi azriT, 

aZlierebs siZulvils yovelgvari keTilSobilebisadmi da, rac mTavaria, 

swavlisadmi, warmoSobs orpirobas, gautanlobas da adamians uyalibebs 

laCrul, mSiSara bunebas. 

i. a. komenski Tvlida, rom fizikuri dasjis erTaderTi gamarTleba 

iyo pedagogis reaqcia mozardis uzneo moqmedebaze, xolo, rac Seexeba 

swavlisadmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas, amas igi Tvlida ara mozardis, 

aramed pedagogis danaSaulad. 

jon loki saerTod pedagogis upirveles daniSnulebad Tvlida 

mozardis sulieri samyaros simSvidis SenarCunebaze zrunvas. igi 

dasZenda: `mozardis mTrTolvare sulze, ise rogorc rxevad furcelze, 

SeuZlebelia mkafio da swori asoebis dawera". `Rirseba da siyvaruli, _ 

aRniSnavs igi, _ sulis SemZvreli saSualebaa. amitom saWiroa, pedagogma 

41

norCs Caunergos pativiscema da siyvaruli maRali reputaciisadmi, 

xolo SiSi sircxvilisadmi. yovelive es ki sistematurad gamoiwvevs 

maTSi sikeTisaken ltolvas. 

sulieri Rirebulebebisadmi pativiscemis niSnad jon loki avalebs 

pedagogs, Seuqmnas mozardebs marTebuli warmodgena keTilisa da 

borotis Sesaxeb, gaurkvios maT am cnebebis Sinaarsi. igi arkvevs 

samarTlianobis grZnobis arss da aRniSnavs: isini, vinc iTmenen 

borotebas, rasakvirvelia, Tavs usamarTlobis msxverplad Tvlian, 

vidre isini, vinc iZulebulia, moiTminos xelovnurad Tavsmoxveuli 

boroteba. 

loki uaryofiTad ekideba saswavlo dawesebulebaSi Seqmnil wesebs 

da aRniSnavs, rom umjobesia pedagogma aqcenti gadaitanos im CvevaTa 

formirebaze, romelnic sabolood aRsazrdelis qcevas yovelgvari 

sirTuleebis gareSe gansazRvravs. igi aRiarebs aRmzrdelobiTi 

zemoqmedebis rols da saWirod Tvlis yuradRebiT moekidos yovelives, 

rac aRsazrdelis garSemo xdeba; is avalebs pedagogebsa da mSoblebs, 

norCebs Tavidan aacilon uaryofiTi magaliTebis zegavlena. igi metad 

did yuradRebas aqcevs aRmzrdelis ganaTlebas, inteligentobas, 

gonierebas, zrdilobasa da Tavazianobas. 

sainteresoa mSobelTa da aRmzrdelTa qcevebis lokiseuli 

analizi: `Tu Tqven mozardi imisaTvis dasajeT, rasac Tqven gamudmebiT 

sCadiT mis Tvalwin, mas Seeqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Tqven arcTu ise 

seriozulad xarT dainteresebuli, aseTi uaryofiTi moqmedeba 

momavalSic ar gaimeoros; mozardi CaTvlis, rom es arcTu didi 

danaSaulia da amis safuZvels mSoblis magaliTi uqmnis. amitom jon 

loki gvafrTxilebs: `pedagogma da mSobelma unda icodnen es, rom 

bavSvebi Tavs deben didobaze, maT es swrafva uCndebaT ufro adre, 

vidre Cven gvgonia; uyvarT ise Cacma, rogorc didebi icvamen, da es 

xdeba imitom, rom isini Tavs ukve mozrdil adamianebad Tvlian. 

42

mozardobis asakSi ymawvilebs aqvT asocialuri qcevebis 

midrekileba. isini mzad arian, lanZRvac ki aitanon, oRond CaTvalon 

zrdasrul adamianebad. 

am SemTxvevaSi loki urCevs mSoblebs, daamyaron SvilebTan mWidro 

sulieri urTierTobebi, gaandon maT garkveuli saidumloebani, sakuTari 

saqmianobis sirTuleni da aq Zala eZleva marTal aforizms: `ndoba 

warmoSobs ndobas". gansakuTrebiT es iolad xdeba mozardebSi da 

aRniSnul movlenas xeli unda Seuwyos pedagogma. 

Semdeg moazrovne exeba pedagogis rols da daniSnulebas swavlebis 

procesSi. farTo pedagogiuri horizontisa da Rrma codnis uqonlad 

Znelia daaintereso mozardis pirovneba da igi aRmzrdelobiT procesSi 

CarTo. bavSvebis jer kidev norC da saTuT gonebas xSirad meryeobis 

garkveuli amplituda aqvs. pedagogis movaleobaa, SezRudos da bolos 

sulac aRmofxvras eg meryeoba. mozardi swrafad iTvisebs imas, rasac 

mocemul momentSi sainteresod miiCnevs. igi iolad kmayofildeba codna- 

Cvevebis arasakmarisi siRrmiTac ki ama Tu im faqtisa Tu movlenis 

Semecnebis procesSi. am viTarebaSi pedagogs eZleva kargi Sansi, bavSvs 

gauRviZos cnobismoyvareoba, aRZras masSi sagnebisa da movlenebisadmi 

interesi. saamisod man unda gamoiyenos STabeWdileba, Seecados misi 

interesebi gaxados myari. amiT, bunebrivia, swavlebaca da swavlac 

mimzidveli gaxdeba. 

jon lokis Sromis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili exeba mozardebSi 

cnobismoyvareobis ganviTarebas. aq igi gamoyofda swavlisadmi ltolvis, 

miswrafebis gaRvivebisa da waqezebis aucileblobas swavlebis dros da am 

saqmeSi pedagogis gansakuTrebul rols. am mimarTulebiT loki 

aucileblad Tvlis: 

1. pedagogma yuradRebiT moisminos mozardis Tundac sul 

umniSvnelo SekiTxva. aRuZras da ganuviTaros mas kiTxvebis 

sistematurad dasmis survili. igulisxmeba, rom kiTxvebis dasma 

gamoxatavs gonebis gafarToebis process; 

43

2. Seaqos isini, vinc ufro Rrma da mniSvnelovan kiTxvebs 

wamoWrian da amiT an TavianT codnas adastureben, anda axali 

codnisaken ltolvas; 

3. mTeli gulisyuriT ecados, raTa mozardis kiTxvas zusti, 

amomwuravi, WeSmariti pasuxi gasces; 

4. mozardis yuradReba warmarTos axal-axali codnis dauflebisaken, 

gaaRrmaos misi mcdeloba da interesi. 

rogorc wina paragrafSi aRvniSneT, Cven ar vexebiT swavlebis 

procesis lokiseul Sefasebas. igi calke kvlevas imsaxurebs. aq Cven 

umeteswilad SemovifarglebiT aRmzrdelobiTi procesis lokiseuli 

xedvis gaSuqebiT. 

jon loki momxre iyo mozardis mier sirTuleebis safuZvelze 

miRweuli gamarjvebebis aRniSvnisa, raTa mozardma igrZnos, risTvis 

Seaqes igi. 

moazrovne miuTiTebda, rom gonebrivi progresi xorcieldeba 

siZneleebis gadalaxvis gziT. ioli gamarjveba, marTalia, ajildoebs 

mozards, magram igi eCveva siZneleebis gadalaxvisas ioli gzebis Ziebas 

da TandaTan uClungdeba kritikuli azrovnebis unari. 

`mzrdeli yrmisa meore Semoqmedia~ _ ilia WavWavaZis es principuli 

pedagogiuri debuleba Tamamad SeiZleba pedagogiuri procesis sazomad 

da sauZvlad, kacobriobis civilizaciis mier gamocdil da aRiarebul 

realobad iqnes miCneuli. 

cnobilia, rom uZvelesi droidan, TaobaTa mier dagrovili 

gamocdilebis gadacemam faqtobrivad ganapiroba Tavad kacobriobis 

civilizacia. ganaTlebis istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 

ganekuTvneba im etaps, rodesac arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi saWiro gaxda 

sagangebo pirTa gamoyofa, romlebic axalgazrdebs Seaswavlidnen 

Sromis iaraRebis flobas, sakvebis moZiebas da sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebis 

aTvisebas. rogorc wesi eseni iyvnen moxeleebi an Sromisunarmoklebuli 

pirebi da isini gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen. swored 

maTi wridan gamoiyo pirveli aRmzrdelebi. maT didi gamocdileba 

44

gaaCndaT, romelsac gadascemdnen mozard Taobas. garda amisa isini 

zrunavdnen mis sulier da zneobriv formirebaze. amzadebdnen 

cxovrebisaTvis. swored ase iqca aRzrda adamianis Segnebis da 

Semoqmedebis sferod. ase iwyeba aRmzrdelis, maswavleblis, pedagogis, 

mravlismomcveli da sapasuxismgeblo profesia. mis aRmocenebas 

obieqturi safuZveli gaaCnda, radgan maTi naamagaris Sedegad SesaZlebeli 

gaxda Tavad sazogadoebis arseboba da ganviTareba. msoflios TiTqmis 

yvela enaze àRmzrdeli~, `maswavlebeli~, an sxva misi Sesatyvisi 

termini aRzrdis, ganviTarebis, winamZRolis da a. S. sinonimia. 

qarTuli aRzrda-ganaTlebis istoriamac Semoinaxa pedagogiuri 

terminologiis nimuSebi, romelTa mixedviT maswavlebels sakmaod 

xangrZlivi periodis manZilze uwodebdnen `mzrdels~, `gamzrdels~. 

yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo `moZRvari~. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom mefe 

daviT aRmaSenebels moixsenieben rogorc `moZRvarT moZRvars~. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom am profesiis gamomcvleli terminologia 

icvleboda misi Sinaarsisa da funqciis cvalebadobasTan erTad da 

rodesac dris wesrigSi dadga konkretuli saswavlo masalis gadacema. 

pirs romelic ama Tu im sagans aswavlida `maswavlebeli~ uwodes. 

Tanamedrove etapze terminebi `pedagogi~ da `maswavlebeli~ faqtobrivad 

gaigivebulia, xolo termini àRmzrdeli~ ufro konkretuli 

daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba. es aris piri, romelic pasuxismgebelia meore 

piris cxovrebis pirobebze, mis pirovnul srulyofaze. 

rodesac kacobrioba mivida im donemde, rom Tavad codna 

gaTviTcnobierda rogorc faseuloba, saWiro Seiqna misi dagrovebis da 

gadacemis sagangebo organizacia, ramac miiRo saxelwodeba `swavleba~. 

gaCnda Sesatyvisi terminic. magram Tavis popularobas bolomde 

inarCunebs termini `pedagogi~, romelic swavlebas da aRzrdas 

faqtobrivad mTlianobaSi warmoaCens. 

ganaTlebis ganviTarebis istoriasTan erTad izrdeboda Tavad 

pedagogis funqcia, daniSnuleba da icvleboda im pirTa CamonaTvali, 

visac es ufleba hqonda miniWebuli. magaliTad, Zvel romSi 

45

maswavleblad imperatoris saxeliT iniSnebodnen saxelmwifo moxeleebi, 

romlebsac sxvadasxva mecnierebis codnis garda mogzaurobaTa Sedegad 

dagrovili gamocdileba gaaCndaT, icnobdnen sxva xalxebis kulturas 

da wes-Cveulebebs. Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac ganaTleba faqtobrivad 

eklesiis xelSi iyo, pedagogebad iniSnebodnen sasuliero pirebi. 

yovel ers Tavisi istoriulad aRiarebuli didi maswavleblebi 

hyavs. magaliTad, CinelebisaTvis aseTad iTvleba konfuci _ kun-fuZi. 

romelic cxovrobda 551-479 wlebSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde da dRemde 

misi swavleba, filosofiuri ideebi da Sexedulebebi udidesi popularobiT 

sargeblobs. maT Cineli xalxis mamoZravebel Zalad miiCneven. 

aRsaniSnavia agreTve Cexi pedagog-humanistis ian amos komenskis saxeli, 

romelmac pedagogiuri mecniereba damoukidebeli Teoriul dargad 

Camoayaliba. igi faqtobrivad gascda CexeTis sazRvrebs da 

saerTaSoriso aRiareba moipova. Tavad didi pedagogi udides rols 

aniWebs pedagogis profesias, adarebs mebaRes, romelic mzrunvelobiT 

uvlis nargavebs, mzes, romelic yvelgan da yvelas erTnairad aTbobs. 

maswavlebeli komenskis azriT moqandakea, romelic norCebis sulebs 

Zerwavs. igi mxedarTmTavaria, romelsac SeuZlia uvicoba, uxeSoba da 

uzneoba daamarcxos. 

qarTveli xalxisTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens pedagogis, 

publicistisa da mwerlis iakob gogebaSvilis saxeli da misi 

pedagogiuri memkvidreoba, swored mas miiCneven qarTveli pedagogikuri 

mecnierebis da sabavSvo mxatvruli literaturis fuZemdeblad. swored 

man misca maswavleblis profesias umaRlesi Sefaseba: `mxolod maTis 

wyalobiT qarTveli xalxi dawinaurda wignis codnaSi... diax, namdvili 

Rvawli miuZRvis saxalxo skolebis maswavleblebs Cveni xalxis 

ganviTarebasa da gamoRviZebaSi~ (i. gogebaSvili, rCeuli naw., gv. 433). 

pedagogiuri profesiis ZiriTadi mizania adamianebTan urTierToba. 

aqedan gamomdinare, Tavad profesiis daufleba moiTxovs rogorc 

specialur anu sagnobriv, aseve adamianTmcodneobisTvis momzadebas. 

magaliTad, adamianebTan urTierTobis, komunikabelurobis gamomuSavebas 

46

sagangebo codna esaWiroeba. pedagogiur praqtikaSi aris SemTxvevebi, 

rodesac maswavlebeli, gansakuTrebiT axalbeda, ver flobs adamianebTan 

urTierTobis xelovnebas, ver axerxebs kontrolis damyarebas 

moswavleebTan. maTdami saTanado ganwyobis Seqmnas. yvelaferi es ki umarav 

problemas uqmnis mas da pedagogiuri Secdomebic amis Sedegia. 

maswavlebloba mxolod profesia araa. codnis translirebis garda 

maswavlebels pirovnebis formirebis umaRlesi misiac akisria. is unda 

iyos adamianSi adamianis dammkvidrebuli. mas unda axasiaTebdes: 

‣ maRali moqalaqeobirivi pasuxismgebloba da socialuri aqtivoba. 

‣ udidesi siyvaruli bavSvebisadmi. 

‣ sulieri kultura, sxvebTan erTad muSaobis survili da mzadyofna. 

‣ maRali profesionalizmi, samecniero-pedagogiuri azrovnebis 

inovaciuri stili, axal faseulobaTa mimarT maRali 

Semguebloba, SemoqmedebiTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba. 

‣ mudmivi TviTganaTlebis moTxovnileba. 

ara gvaqvs imis pretenzia, rom srulad amovwureT paragrafSi 

dasmuli sakiTxi, magram vimedovnebT: mocemul SromaSi gamokveTilia jon 

lokis is ZiriTadi Sexedulebebi da ideebi, romlebic exeba pedagogis 

rolsa da daniSnulebas aRzrdisa da, nawilobriv, swavlebis procesSi. 

47

$5. aRzrdis wamyvani roli pirovnebis formirebis procesSi jon 

lokis mixedviT 

asakobrivi da individuაluri Taviseburebani 

sazogadoebrivi formirebis yvela etapze aRzrdisadmi 

gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba iyo da aris dResac, radgan igi yoveli 

sazogadoebis sulieri safuZvelia. kacobriobis civilizaciac xom 

aRzrdis Sedegia. cnobilia, rom yoveli axali Taoba cxovrebas iwyebs 

imiT, rom eziareba winaparTa mier dagrovil codnasa da gamocdilebas. 

es gardauvali da aucilebeli procesia da gansakuTrebul 

damokidebulebas moiTxovs. konkretul moqmedebaSi poulobs 

gamoxatulebas da misi gamovlinebis yvelaze Zlieri iaraRia aRzrda, 

romlis saSualebiTac erTi Taobidan meores gadaecema sulieri da 

materialuri faseulobebi, gamocdilebebi, xolo man, Tavis mxriv, unda 

gaamdidros es Tavisi codniT. qveynis myofadi mdgomareoba 

damokidebulia im mimarTulebebzed, romelsac miscemen axal Taobas~. 

gamomdinare am WeSmaritebidan, aRzrda aris mudmivi kategoria da mas 

istoriuli xasiaTi gaaCnia. swored aRzrdis Sedegad xdeba 

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis yvela etapze, aseTi pirovnebis formireba, 

romelic am sazogadoebis interesebs pasuxobs. igi misi sicocxlis 

mTels manZils moicavs. 

adamianis ganviTarebis mTeli gza sxvadasxva monakveTs moicavs da 

yoveli maTgani gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan Tavad adamianis fizikuri, 

fsiqikuri, monacemebiT, misi socializaciis doniT. adamianis sicocxlis 

calkeuli monakveTebisagan Sedgeba misi asaki. 

adamianis ganviTareba, misi asakobrivi periodizacia moicavs mis 

mTel sicocxles _ es aris sruli periodizacia. 

pedagogika saukuneebis manZilze ikvlevda bavSvis asakobriv 

periodizacias. dReisaTvis, rodesac pedagogika uwyveti ganaTlebis 

48

sistemis saxiT warmarTavs mecnierul kvlevas, misTvis pirovnebis 

ganviTarebis da formirebis problemaTa srulyofil Seswavlis 

obieqtad rCeba bavSvi, romelic yovel sazogadoebriv Tu bunebis 

movlenasTan erTad mudmiv ganviTarebaSia. cnobilia, rom ganviTareba, 

maT Soris adamianisac, gulisxmobs ganuwyvetel moZraobas, aRmavlobas, 

cvalebadobas; amave dros es principi mimdinareobs etapebad. drois 

sxvadasxva monakveTis, calkeuli etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

TaviseburebebiT. 

bavSvis ganviTareba erTi mTliani procesia, romelsac Tavisi 

etapebi gaaCnia. yoveli maTganis mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegia pedagogika, 

pedagogiuri fsiqologia, yvela is mecniereba, romelic adamianis 

ganviTarebas swavlobs, mivida im WeSmaritebamde, rom mxolod 

asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa 

SesaZlebeli pirovnebis formirebis swori warmarTva, misi gageba da mis 

sulierebaSi wvdoma. 

bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebis faqtori pedagogikis istoriaSi 

sxvadasxvanairad aris ganxiluli: aris pedagogiur mimdinareobaTa erTi 

jgufi, romelic mTlianad ugulebelyofs aRzrdis rols pirovnebis 

Camoyalibebis procesSi da yvelafers Tandayolili ideebiT, 

memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli bunebrivi TaviseburebebiT gansazRvravs. am 

memkvidreobiT miRebuli Taviseburebebis gardaqmna aRzrdis gziT 

SeuZlebelia da gamomdinare aqedan adamianis daniSnuleba da adgili 

sazogadoebaSi winaswarve dabadebamdea gansazRvruli. aRzrdas ar 

SeuZlia Seucvalos mimarTuleba bavSvSi memkvidreobiT gadmocemul 

niSan-Tvisebebs. aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebi antikur 

filosofiaSi platonisagan iRebs saTaves, romelic Semdeg axal 

filosofiaSi Taviseburad ganaviTara dekartem, romelic Semdeg 

ingliseli filosofosis jon lokis kritikis obieqti gaxda. 

aRzrdis rolis ugulebelyofas emsaxureba e. w. biologiuri 

nacivisturi Teoria, romlis mixedviT axaldabadebuli bavSvis 

zrdasrul adamianad Camoyalibebis procesi memkvidreobiT Tandayolili 

49

Tvisebebis srulyofiT ganisazRvreba. am Teoriis Tanaxmad 

memkvidreobiT mocemuli Tandayolili Tvisebebi ganviTarebis procesSi 

ar ganicdian raime Tvisebriv cvlilebebs. aRzrda da garemo mxolod 

xels uwyobs maT dasrulebuli formiT gamomJRavnebas. aRzrdas ar 

SeuZlia Secvalos adamianis ganviTarebis mimarTuleba. igi 

memkvidreobiTi faqtorebiT aris gansazRvruli. es Sexeduleba kidev 

ufro mZafrad iqna ganviTarebuli miulerisa da hegelis mier 

Camoyalibebul e. w. biogenetikur kanonSi, romlis mixedviTac 

organizmis ganviTarebis istoria iyofa ontogenezad anu individis 

ganviTarebis istoriad, da filogenezad anu organuli jgufis 

ganviTarebis istoriad. 

ontogenia warmaodgens mokle da swraf ganmeorebas 

(rekapitulacias) filogeniisas, romelic ganpirobebulia memkvidreobis 

fiziologiuri funqciebiT da SeguebiT. XX saukunis dasawyisSi am 

SexedulebaTa pedagogikasa da fsiqologiaSi gadmotana gaxda 

safuZveli imisa, rom sruliad iqna uaryofili pirovnebis ganviTarebaze 

sazogadoebrivi aRzrdisa da garemos gavlena da fsiqikis ganviTareba 

fatalisturad ganpirobebuli memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli 

gansakuTTrebuli unariTa da TvisebebiT iqna axsnili. am ideis 

dasabuTebas Seecada pesimisturi filosofiis warmomadgeneli 

Sopenhaueri, romelic Tvlida, rom mozardi uZluria da amave dros 

usargeblo, radgan mas ar SeuZlia memkvidreobiT miRebuli Tvisebebis 

mimarTulebis Secvla, radgan dabadebis Semdeg bavSvSi Tavs iCens misi 

momavali Tvisebebi da aRmzrdeli veraviTar zemoqmedebas ver axdens 

masze, ufro metic, fsiqilogi lombrozi Seecada daesabuTebina, rom 

zogierTi adamiani imTaviTve ibadeba borotmoqmedad, rac 

memkvidreobiTaa gansazRvruli. 

Tandayolili ideebiTa da memkvidreobiT adamianis bedis 

ganpirobebis Sesaxeb mkacrad gailaSqra filosofosma jon lokima. igi 

bekonisa da hobsis filosofiur SexedulebaTa gamgrZeleblad SeiZleba 

CaiTvalos. lokisaTvis araviTari Tandayolili idea ar arsebobs da 

50

maSasadame igi arc SeiZleba iyos raime codnis wyaro. igi 

materialistia da Tvlis, rom ideebi da warmodgenebi Sedegia 

materialur saganTa zemoqmedebisa Cvens grZnobaTa organoebze. misi 

azriT ideebi da principebi Tandayolilni ki ara, aramed cxovrebis 

gzaze arian SeZenilni. axalSobili bavSvi aRWurvilia SesaZleblobebiT 

miiRos aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedeba garedan, ris Semdegac misi sufTa 

goneba TandaTanobiT ivseba warwerebiT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor 

moqmedebs masze obieqturi sinamdvile. zemoqmedebis xarisxi ki 

mTlianad da savsebiT aRzrdazea damokidebuli da igi gansazRvravs 

axaldabadebuli bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebas. swored aRzrda qmnis 

gansxvavebas adamianTa Soris. `cxra meaTedi adamianebisa... keTilebi an 

borotebi, sasargebloni an usargebloni arian, radgan maT aseTi 

aRzrda aqvT miRebuli. jon lokma aRzrda yovlisSemZled gamoacxada, 

rac pedagogiur mecnierebaSi, ra Tqma unda ar iqna gaziarebuli. 

pedagogikisa da pedagogikis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi aRzrdis 

rolis Sesaxeb lokis Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas is azria gatarebuli, 

rom asabuTebda ra loki aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis Teorias, TiTqos 

igi saerTod ar cnobda memkvidreobis rols pirovnebis ganviTarebaSi, 

lokis pedagogiuri memkvidreobis gacnoba ki safuZvels gvaZlevs 

davaskvnaT, rom loki ar misula memkvidreobis rolis srul 

uaryofamde. igi Tvlis, rom adamianTa Soris gansxvaveba mxolod da 

mxolod aRzrdis Sedegia da aq memkvidreobas araviTari roli ar 

miekuTvneba. igi aRzrdis did SesaZleblobaze laparakobs da amasTan 

erTad xazs usvams, imasac, rom `Cven vibadebiT iseTi niWierebiTa da 

ZalebiT, rom SegviZlia TiTqos yvelafris aTviseba; magram am Zalebis 

varjiSiT Cven SeiZleba davxelovndeT raimeSi da srulyofamde 

mivideT~. 

Tavis naSromSi àzrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb~ loki memkvidreobasTan 

erTad asabuTebs garemos did rols pirovnebis formirebis procesSi, 

magram iqve aRniSnavs, rom memkvidreobis mixedviT gansxvaveba adamianebs 

Soris imdenad umniSvneloa, rom mis gavlenas adamianze mTlianad 

51

warmarTavs da Zlevs aRzrda. aRzrdas igi xmarobs farTo gagebiT, rac 

garemosac gulisxmobs. 

lokis moZRvreba, es aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis Teoriaa, da igi 

mTlianad aRzrdis ganuzomlad did SesaZleblobebze miuTiTebs. 

asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebebi, dRevandeli 

TvalTaxedviT mTeli saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis swori 

warmarTvis safuZvelia. 

Tanamedrove pedagogika, romelic eyrdona klasikur 

saganmanaTleblo memkvidreobebs, sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobs 

asakobrivi periodizaciis problemas. igi xSirad gamxdara mecnieruli 

kvlevis sagani. magram dRemde ar aris miRweuli azris erTianoba am 

sakiTxSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom asakobrivi periodizaciis safuZvlad 

sayovelTaod aRiares adamianis biologiuri da socialuri ganviTarebis 

erTianoba. jer kidev ar aris dadgenili Tavad asakis zRvari. 

sagulisxmoa, rom pedagogikaSi asakobrivi periodizaciisadmi 

araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba marto wlebis gansazRvris sxvaobiT 

ar gamoixateba. masSi gamoyenebulma terminologiamac ganicada 

cvlileba, arc Tu ise Soreul warsulSi ixmareboda terminebi `Cvili~, 

`yrma~, `ymawvili~, `Wabuki~, `mowifuli~; dasaxelebul da sxva terminTa 

xmareba SemTxveviTi ar iyo. maT misadagebas bavSvis asakisadmi 

safuZvlad edo maTi fizikuri ganviTareba, Tumca am SemTxvevaSic 

xSirad daudgeneli iyo asakTaSorisi zRvari. 

rogorc aRvniSneT asakobrivi periodizacia ara ubralo 

CamonaTvalia, aramed safuZvelia im tipobrivi Taviseburebebis 

dadgenisaTvis, romlebic yoveli asakis bavSvs axasiaTebs, Tanamedrove 

pedagogikaSi ZiriTadad moqmedebs Semdegi asakobrivi periodizacia: 

1. Cviloba _ dabadebidan 1 wlamde; 

2. skolamdelis wina asaki _ 1 wlidan _ 3 wlamde. 

3. skolamdeli asaki _ 3 wlidan _ 4 wlamde. 

4. saSualo skolamdeli asaki _ 4 wlidan _ 5 wlamde. 

5. ufrosi skolamdeli asaki _ 5 wlidan _ 6 wlamde. 

52

6. umcrosi saskolo asaki _ 6 wlidan _ 10 wlamde. 

7. saSualo saskolo asaki _ 10 wlidan _ 15 wlamde. 

8. ufrosi skolamdeli asaki _ 15 wlidan _ 18 wlamde. 

mocemuli asakibrivi periodizacia pirobiTia da icvleba 

saganmanaTleblo sistemis Sesatyvisad. ucvleli rCeba Tavad problema 

_ asakobrivi Taviseburebebis arsebobis da maTi gaTvaliswinebis 

aucilebloba, rogorc pedagogikis erT-erTi umTavresi principisa. 

adamianis fsiqikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, misi calkeuli fsiqikuri 

moqmedebis CamoyalibebisaTvis arsebobs optimaluri vadebi, romelTa 

dakavSireba asakTan, socialur gamocdilebasTan, did gavlenas axdens 

adamianis sulier zrdaze. 

adamianis ganviTarebis sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misi 

fsiqika da suliero Tvisebebi iZenen gamZleobas, mudmivobas, inarCuneben 

aRdgeniT funqcias. adamianis fsiqikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad 

gamomuSavebuli piradi TvisebebiT SeiZleba dadebiTi garemos 

zegavleniT ukeTesobisaken Seicvalos da swored es udevs safuZvlad 

aRmzrdelobiT zemoqmedebas. 

asakobrivi periodizaciis SedegebSi arsebul mravalsaxeobas 

ganapirobebs is viTarebac, rom bavSvis askobrivi Taviseburebani 

individualur xasiaTs atarebs. ufro metic, bolo wlebSi sxvadasxva 

asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma Tvisebebma garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada 

da gamovlinda gansakuTrebiT bavSvis fizikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebaSi. 

bavSvTa TiTqmis yvela asakSi SeimCneva es movlena da garda 

fizikuri ganviTarebisa. igi xSirad fsiqikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebasac 

iwvevs. mecnierebi sxvadasxva axsnas aZleven am process. biologebs 

miaCniaT, rom es bavSvis organizmis naadrevi fiziologiuri momwifebis 

Sedegia, fsiqologebi am movlenas fsiqikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebas 

miaweren. pedagogika ki xsnis amas bavSvis sulieri da socialuri 

ganviTarebis tempiT. magram mTavar mizezebze, saboloo pasuxi jer ar 

arsebobs. Tumca mecnierTa erTi nawili cdilobs axsnas es movlena 

cxovrebis tempis daCqarebiT, materialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebiT. 

53

aqseleraciis movlena axal da urTules problemebs uqmnis 

sazogadoebas, gansakuTrebiT saganmanaTleblo sferos, romelic bevr 

SemTxvevaSi ver arTmevs Tavs Seqmnil situaciebs. dReisaTvis mTavari 

gamosavali aris Tavad bavSvis bunebis Secnoba. mis fsiqikur da sulier 

samyaroSi Cawvdoma. amisTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs maTdami 

individualur midgomas, individualur TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebas. 

pedagogikisaTvis, iseve, rogorc fsiqologiisa da yvela sxva 

danarCeni mecnierebisaTvis, romelTa kvlevis sagani aris adamiani, 

yuradRebis centrSi isev individia. 

dimitri uznaZis ganmartebiT, ìndividualoba nayofia adamianis 

cnobierebis radikaluri Secdomisa. amitomacaa, rom mecniereba 

WeSmaritebas eZebs da Tavis ZebnaSi mudam gaereTianebis, zogadobis gzas 

adgia. mkafio da gansazRvruli definiciis wamoyeneba Tu aris saWiro, im 

SemTxvevaSi Cven ukeTesi formula individualobis ganmartebisaTvis 

misi genezisis TvalsazrisiT ver mogvinaxavs, vidre Semdegi: 

individualoba aris yovladi Zala, moTavsebuli TviTcnobierebis viwro 

farglebSi~ (d. uznaZe, filosofiuri Sromebi, gv. 220). 

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom yovel adamianSi niWiereba vlindeba, 

rogorc individualuri da ganumeorebeli SemoqmedebiTi, inteleqtualuri, 

fizikuri Tu emociuri Tviseba. gansxvaveba aris mxolod maT konkretul 

individualobaSi, xolo safuZveli imaSi, rom yoveli adamianis 

niWirebas gansazRvravs buneba da genetikuri kodi. magram xSirad 

niWierebis gamovlenisaTvis saTanado pirobebis ugulebelyofa iwvevs 

niWis ganviTarebis Seferxebas. rac ufro ukeTesi pirobebi iqneba 

amisaTvis, miT ufro advili xdeba gansakuTrebuli niWiT 

dajildoebulTa gamovlena bavSTa mravalricxovan koleqtivSi. 

54

Tavi II. jon lokis pedagogikuri koncefcia. jentlmenis aRzrdis 

Sinaarsi da meTodebi 

$1. jon lokis pedagogikuri, aRmzrdelobiTi sistema naSromis 

„fiqrebi aRzrdaze“ mixedviT 

a) fizikuri aRzrda 

XVI saukunis dasasruls, XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze inglisi 

mniSvnelovani politikuri da ekonomikuri ZvrebiT xasiaTdeboda. 

yovelive es garkveul gavlenas axdenda ganaTlebis sistemaze. 

istoriuli epoqis am monakveTze moRvaweobas iwyebs filosofiuri, 

pedagogiuri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli jon loki. 

aRsaniSnavia misi naSromi: `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb~, romelic man 

60-65 wlis asakSi dawera. es iyo Sedegi misi ukidegano ganaTlebisa, 

niWierebisa, mravalwliani Teoriuli da praqtikuli SromiTi 

gamocdilebisa. jon lokis am SromebSi mocemulma mecnierulma 

Sexedulebebma, daskvnebma uaryo imdroindeli dogmebi Semecnebis 

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. Semoitana axali xedva momavali Taobis swavlaaRzrdis 

Sesaxeb. 

`jansaRi suli – jansaR sxeulSi" – es aris mokle, magram sruli 

bedniereba am qveyanaze, _ aRniSnavs loki. adamianis bednierebaca da 

ubedurebac iqmneba TviT mis mier; visi sulieri samyaro ver marTavs 

sakuTar Tavs, gonivrulsa da marTebul cxovrebiseul gzas verasodes 

daadgeba, xolo, visi sxeulic ususuri da sustia, ver SeZlebs imoZraos 

am marTebul gzaze", _ xatovnad metyvelebs moazrovne. igi aRiarebs 

bunebiT momadlebuli Zlieri konstituciis mqone adamianebis arsebobas, 

romlebic Zlieri sxeuliTa da am sxeulis Sesabamisi suliT 

miiswrafvian iqiTken, raTa gardaqmnan yofiereba da gaaumjobeson 

cxovreba. 

55

aRzrdad jon loki moiazrebs ara mxolod saskolo aRzrdas, 

aramed aRsazrdelze garemos zemoqmedebasac, rac exmareba adamis Zes, 

raTa pirovnebad Camoyalibdes. sxvaTa Soris, unda aRiniSnos: 

zemoqmedebis sferoSi Sedis ara marto is, rasac adamiani TavisTvis 

akeTebs, aramed isic, rasac sxvebi misTvis akeTeben da rac xels uwyobs 

adamianis srulyofas, amave dros, zemoqmedebis sferoSi Sedis kanonebi. 

mmarTvelobis formebi, materialuri warmoebis xelovneba, klimati, 

sacxovrebeli pirobebi da adgilmdebareobac ki. aqve igulisxmeba 

agreTve STabeWdilebebi. erTi sityviT, yvelaferi, rac xels uwyobs 

individis, pirovnebis Camoyalibebas. loki aRniSnavs: suls SeuZlia 

warmarTos bavSvi ama Tu im mimarTulebiT iseve, rogorc wylis nakads 

ZaluZs sxeulis ama Tu im mimarTulebiT waReba. 

aRzrdis miznidan (pirovnebis harmoniuli ganviTareba) gamomdinare, 

jon loki ayalibebs aRzrdis amocanebs. maT Soris pirvel amocanad 

dasaxulia sxeulis fizikuri wrToba. misi Sromis ocdaSvidive 

paragrafi fizikuri aRzrdis problemebs exeba. moazrovne pirveli 

rigis amocanad swored adamianis janmrTelobis miRwevas asaxelebs. 

adamianuri bednierebis Tavwyarod igi janmrTelobas, Zlier 

konstitucias asaxelebs. fizikurad gamowrTobili sxeuli aitans 

daRlilobasa da avadmyofobas, ar Seepueba winaaRmdegobebs, iolad 

daZlevs maT. SromaSi saubaria imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda gaakeTon 

mSoblebma, raTa Svilebs janmrTeloba eqimis Caurevlad SeunarCunon. 

`jentlmenebi, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ unda zrdidnen TavianT Svilebs 

iseve, rogorc fermerebi da wvrili miwaTmflobelebi". es ki 

gulisxmobs mkacr fizikur Sromas da garjas. is miuTiTebs, rom xSirad 

mSoblebi Svilebs ar amzadeben cxovrebis siZneleTa gadasalaxavad. 

jentlmenis aRzrdis erT-erT aucilebel faqtorad loki miiCnevs 

aRsazrdelTaTvis temperaturis mizanSewonil regulirebas. àr aris 

saWiro, bavSvebs metismetad Tbilad CavacvaT. es arc zamTarSia saWiro 

da, miT ufro, arc zafxulSi. ymawvilebi ibadebian erTob saTuTni, 

xolo Semdeg, maTi cxovrebis momdevno etapze, saWiroa maTi 

56

gamowrToba, gakaJeba, sicivisadmi amtanobis gamomuSaveba". amis 

magaliTad loks mohyavs aTenis fizikuri aRzrdis sistema, e. w. 

`spartanuli aRzrda", romelic sicivisadmi sxeulis medegobis 

gamomuSavebas iTvaliswinebs. 

amgvari aRzrdis safuZvlad moazrovne samarTlianad miiCnevs 

daCvevasa da amocanis TandaTanobiT gadawyvetisa da ganxorcielebis 

meTods. moazrovne aseve saWirod miiCnevs sicxisadmi sxeulis miCvevas 

da mohyavs maltis magaliTi, sadac autaneli, sulTamxuTavi sicxea, ar 

iZvris gamagrilebeli sio. arada, aqaur glexebs ar eSiniaT mzisa. isini 

ar epuebian papanebas da muSaoben dRis yvelaze cxel periodSi, mzis 

buniobis pirobebSi, Tanac Seusvenebliv. amave dros, isini TavianT 

Svilebs Tavidanve aCveven garemo pirobebs da amiT sicxemedegebad 

zrdian. 

loki aRniSnavs: adamiani bunebam Semosa TmiT, rac, sxeulis 

bunebrivi wrTobis viTarebaSi, sruliad sakmarisia sicivisagan 

Tavdasacavad. 

Semdegi meTodi, romelsac loki sTavazobs mSoblebs, aris civ 

wyalSi fexebis yoveldRe sistematuri dabana da fexSiSveli siaruli, 

aseve iseTi fexsacmlis tareba, romelic wyals gaatarebs. igi aRniSnavs, 

rom xel-fexis sicivisaTvis SeCveva gamowrTobis, gakaJebis SesaniSnavi 

saSualebaa da gamoricxavs fexis gaciebis Sedegad organizmis gaciebas. 

zemore miTiTebuli amocanis gadawyvetisas saWiroa gonivrulad iqnes 

gamoyenebuli weliwadis droni. kerZod, fizikuri wrTobis pirveli 

cdebi unda moxdes gazafxulobiT. amave dros, saWiroa mkacrad iqnes 

daculi wesi: TandaTanobiT da Tanamimdevrulad moxdes wylis 

temperaturis Semcireba. 

weliwadis droebidan pirvel sawvrTnel drod gazafxulis arCeva 

gamowveulia imiT, rom am dros iwyeba daTboba, Semdeg mas mosdevs 

zafxulis cxeli dReebi, Semodgomas ki axlavs sakmao sigrile, xolo 

zamTarSi, roca ukve yinavs, norCi erTgvarad gamowrTobilia da civi 

wylis zemoqmedebas daCveulia. 

57

jon loks mohyavs senekas, horaciusis, germaneli da Sotlandieli 

dedebis magaliTebi, romlebic aRniSnul meTods metad aqtiurad 

iyenebdnen. `TviT seneka moxucebulobis dros wyaros wyalSi banaobda"- 

aRniSnavs moazrovne. 

fizikuri wrTobis am meTods mecnieri pirovnebis gakaJebis 

saukeTeso pirobad miiCnevs. 

_ did mniSvnelobas aniWebs loki curvas. mas mohyavs romaelebis 

magaliTi da dasZens, rom saWiroa am meTodis gamoyenebisas daculi 

iqnes aucilebeli wesi. am meTodis momarjvebisas romaelebi, _ 

aRniSnavs igi, _ baZavdnen berZnebs. berZenTa Soris ki dakanonebuli iyo: 

yovel adamians unda scodnoda kiTxva da curva. es ori unari 

TanabarRirebulad cxaddeboda. 

‣ sicivisa da sicxisadmi medegobis gamomuSaveba, _ miuTiTebs jon 

loki, _ saWiroa daviwyoT bavSvobis asakidan. aq mTavar rols 

asrulebs sufTa haeri. bavSvma, sasurvelia, rac SeiZleba meti 

xani dahyos haerze, xolo zamTarSi movaridoT siTboSi yofnas. 

lokis mixedviT, fizikuri wvrTnis dros ymawvilma uqudod, rac 

SeiZleba, meti unda irbinos sufTa haerze. 

Semdeg loki exeba mozardis fizikur wvrTnas. igi Tvlis, rom 

uaryofiTi qceva SesaZlebelia Cvevad iqces, Tu igi ar aRvkveTeT. 

saWiroa aseTi miuRebeli Cvevebi manam aRmovfxvraT, sanam Zvalsa da 

rbilSi ar gaujdeba aRsazrdels. asakis zrdasTan erTad bavSvs sul 

ufro da ufro meti Tavisufleba unda mivaniWoT, oRond eg unda moxdes 

adreul asakSi misi qcevis saTanado kalapotSi Cayenebis bazaze. am 

SemTxvevaSi mozardi igrZnobs, rom igi pirovnebaa, rom igi sakuTar Tavs 

ekuTvnis. am gziT garkveul asakSi mas Camouyalibdeba saWiro Cvevebi. 

keTilSobiluri da aucilebeli qcevebis gamomuSavebaSi varjiSi 

gulisxmobs am qcevaTa mravalgzis ganmeorebas (Cveni azriT, ganmeoreba 

varjiSsac moicavs). jon loki amgvar varjiSobas Tvlida bavSvis 

praqtikis mTavar safuZvlad, romelic, bolos da bolos, qcevebs Cvevad 

gadaaqcevs. 

58

loki did mniSvnelobas aniWebs bavSvTa tansacmlis ragvarobas. 

misi azriT, samosi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sxeulis formirebaSi. 

bavSvis tansacmeli unda iyos Tavisufali, kargad morgebuli, moqnili. 

gogonebi ar unda SevboWoT aTasgvari TasmebiTa da korsetebiT, 

ramdenadac SemoWerili qsovili sisxlis Tavisufal mimoqcevas 

abrkolebs da arRvevs sxeulTa nawilebis proporciebs. 

jon loki uaryofs mozardebisaTvis xorcis sakvebad miwodebas 2-3 

wlis asakamde (garda amisa, moiTxovs SeZlebisdagvarad msubuq kvebas), 

xolo, Tu maincdamainc gamoiyeneben xorcs, maSin igi sasurvelia 

moxmarebul iqnes yovelgvari saneleblebis gareSe. sasurvelia bavSvma 

miiRos ruxi puri. yovelgvari sxva damatebiTi sakvebi ar aris 

sasurveli. puri mozards unda miewodos diliT da saRamos. vaxSmad 

sasargebloa rZis daleva. rogorc vxedavT, kvebis reJims eniWeba 

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. yvelaze sasargeblo sauzmed igi miiCnevs 

rux purs karaqsa da yvelTan erTad da, Tu mozardi mainc moiTxovs 

gaTvaliswinebulze met sakvebs, sasurvelia, mivceT mxolod puri. 

`saWiroa bavSvSi purisadmi siyvaruli gavaRvivoT, _ aRniSnavs jon 

loki, _ es SesaniSnavi Cvevacaa da, saerTod, adamianebs uyvarT is, rasac 

aCveven. es ki damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra Cvevebi uviTardebaT maT kvebis 

dros". 

loki msubuqi kvebis momxrea. amgvari kveba organizms janmrTelobas 

unarCunebs, Warbi raodenobiT sakvebi ki iwvevs organizmis gadatvirTvas, 

sisxlis aCqarebul mimoqcevas (magaliTad mohyavs seneka, avgustine. 

avgustines werilebidan cnobilia, rom igi siamovnebiT miirTmevda 

pursa da finiks an qiSmiSs. keisari xSirad sauzmobda RvinoSi Cambali 

puriT. sadilad miirTmevda kombostos, civad moxarSul xorcsa da 

Tevzeuls). 

loks dasaSvebad miaCnia, Tu bavSvebs zomierad daalevineben iseT 

sasmels, rogoricaa ludi. rasakvirvelia, Cven am sakiTxisadmi 

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gvaqvs, miuxedavad imisa, rom CvenTvis 

cnobilia Zveli berZnebis adaT-Cvevebi, rodesac isini bavSvebs Rvinos 

59

asmevdnen. es gadmocemulia feniqsis monaTxrobSi, sadac aqilevsis 

aRzrdis ambavia aRwerili, magram platoni amis sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo. 

misi azriT, Tvrameti wlis asakamde ymawvils alkoholuri sasmelebi ar 

unda gavakaroT. 

calke ganixilavs jon loki kvebis reJims da aRniSnavs, rom ar 

aris saWiro, mkacrad ganisazRvros kvebis dro da saaTio. 

loks kveba yvelaze mizanSewonilad miaCnia dilis saaTebSi, radgan 

swavla _ codnis SeTviseba ufro iolia diliT, xolo mSier kuWze 

swavlis procesi aramizanSewonilad warimarTebao. mSrali puri mas 

yvelaze mimzidvel sakvebad dausaxavs. jentlmenis aRzrda, romelic 

dakavSirebulia samxedro samsaxurTan (iaraRis tareba, jariskaculi 

cxovreba), moiTxovs sxeulis simsubuqes. 

j. lokis es debulebebi gvafiqrinebs, rom igi cxovrobda da 

moRvaweobda samoqalaqo omis periodSi, roca inglisSi mosaxleobas 

socialurad uWirda (msgavsi Sexedulebebia gadmocemuli rusos 

èmilSi"). 

loki Tvlis, rom gaumarTleblia kvebis racionidan gamoiricxos 

xili, magram am sakiTxze is erTob Taviseburi Sexedulebisaa. igi 

pirdapir acxadebs, rom `xili aris arasasurveli bavSvTa 

janmrTelobisaTvis, radgan isini ver arCeven kargs cudisagan da ise 

iyeneben mas sakvebad. igi meniudan saerTod gamoricxavs nesvs, atams, 

qliavs, yurZnis yvela im jiSs, romelic xarobs inglisSi (aq 

sagulisxmoa imis aRniSvna, rom xili inglisSi cudad mwifdeba). 

samagierod sakvebad aRiarebs vaSls, damwifebul xendros, mocxars, 

alubals. 

magram am xileulis moxmarebisas igi gvTavazobs Semdegi wesebis 

dacvas: 

1. nu SevTavazebT bavSvs xils, roca igi danayrebulia. sasurvelia 

xileulis miReba Wamis win an sauzmeze; 

2. xili bavSvebs purTan erTad unda mivceT. 

60

jon loki, rogorc daxelovnebuli eqimi, erTob Rrmad flobs 

Tavisi profesiis yvela saidumlos, yvela niuanss, gansakuTrebiT maSin, 

rodesac saubrobs bavSvebis kvebis Sesaxeb. 

moazrovne gansakuTrebiT did mniSvnelobas aniWebs vaSlis miRebas. 

misi azriT, vaSli xileulSi centralur adgils unda ikavebdes. 

bavSvis janmrTelobisTvis aucilebelia mSvidi mosveneba. erTnairad 

mavnebelia rogorc xangrZlivi Zili, ise uZiloba. dRe-Ramis, e. i. 24 

saaTis, ganmavlobaSi 7-dan 14 wlis asakis mozards unda eZinos 8 saaTs, 

magram aq ar SeiZleba mkacri normis daweseba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi 

did rols asrulebs bavSvis konstitucia da temperamenti. man unda 

iZinos imdeni, ramdenic organizmis sruli dasvenebisa da energiis 

aRdgenisTvisaa saWiro. gamoRviZebis wuTebi unda iyos mSvidi, 

uSfoTveli. `mozardis sawoli ar unda iyos rbili", – aRniSnavs loki. 

igi gulisxmobs Semdegs: norCis xerxemali jer kidev gaumagrebelia, 

xolo rbili da fumfula leibi am norC xerxemals gaamrudebs. 

da bolos, naSromSi miTiTebulia bavSvis fizikuri aRzrdisa da 

janmrTelobisaTvis sasargeblo ZiriTadi saSualebebi: sufTa haeri, 

varjiSi, mSvidi Zili, martivi sakvebi, samkurnalwamlo saSualebaTa 

SezRudva, grili da Tavisufali tansacmeli, Tavisa da fexebis 

xalvaTad Semosva, fexebis civ wyalSi dabana. 

sworad dayenebuli fizikuri aRzrda xels uwyobs mamacobisa da 

gamZleobis gamomuSavebas. “jentlmeni ise unda iyos aRzrdili, rom mas 

yovelTvis SeeZlos aisxas iaraRi da gaxdes jariskaci". 

b) gonebrivi aRzrda 

gonebrivi aRzrdis amocana, marTalia, fizikuri da zneobrivi 

aRzrdis Semdeg aris dasmuli jon lokis pedagogiur sistemaSi, magram 

amiT ar mcirdeba misi mniSvneloba. jon loki wers: `me sruliadac ar 

vuaryof, rom mecnierebaTa Seswavla xels uwyobs adamianebSi 

saTnoebisa da sibrZnis ganviTarebas, kargi sulieri monacemebiT, magram 

61

unda daveTanxmoT imasac, rom sxva adamianebSi ara aqvT aseTi 

monacemebi, maT mivyavarT mxolod iqiTken, rom isini xdebian kidev ufro 

sulel da cud adamianebad~, ramdenadac swavla jentlmenisaTvis 

aucilebelia, magram igi meore planze dgas, jon lokis mizania, rom 

misi ganxorcieleba SeiZleba daiwyos maSin, rodesac uzrunvelyofilia 

xasiaTis ganviTareba, rodesac bavSvs CavunergavT zneobriobisa da 

moralis safuZvlebs, rodesac ganvuviTarebT mas keTil sawyisebs da 

aRmovfxvravT masSi cud monacemebs. 

jon loki dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebSi aRniSnavs: 

adamianebi rom erTurTisagan zneobiTa da unarebiT gansxvavdebian, es 

gamowveulia aRzrdiT (am Sexedulebas iziarebda misive mowafe 

helveciusi). aRzrdaSi igi gulisxmobda farTo speqtrs: maswavlebels, 

gamzrdels, mSoblebs, SegrZnebebs, mozrdilobisas mmarTvelobis 

formebs, sazogadoebriv wesebs, qveynis religias, simdidresa da 

siRaribes, megobarsa da siyvaruls… 

jon loki gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mozardis sulier 

formirebas, rasac ganapirobebs aRzrdis procesis ragvaroba da xarisxi. 

`sxeulis fizikur Zlierebas safuZvlad edeba cxovrebiseul 

naklovanebaTa amtanoba, msgavsadve yalibdeba adamianis sulieri 

simdidrec". 

pirovnebis Rirsebad igi asaxelebs Zlier sulierebas, rodesac 

adamiani gonebis gaukontroleblad ar axorcielebs arc erT qcevasa da 

moqmedebas (ra Zlieric ar unda iyos ltolva ama Tu im sagnisa Tu 

movlenisadmi). 

adamianis suliereba yalibdeba TandaTan, _ aRniSnavs jon loki. – 

pataraobidanve bavSvisadmi Semwynarebloba, kerZod, Cadenili 

danaSaulis patieba, iwvevs uaryofiTi Cvevis Camoyalibebas, risi 

gamosworebac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mSoblebs uZneldebaT. mozardSi 

viTardeba TavaSvebuloba, TviTneboba, usagno Tavdajerebuloba, 

sakuTari qcevis araobieqturi, tendenciuri Sefaseba da a. S. maSasadame, 

Cvevebi (uaryofiTi Tu dadebiTi) bavSvobis asakSi yalibdeba, xolo 

62

Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari Cvevis aRmofxvra rTuli procesia, TiTqmis, 

SeuZlebelic. amgvarad aRzrdili (sinamdvileSi aRuzrdeli) 14-20 wlis 

ymawvilebi mSoblebTan daTmobaze Zalian Znelad midian. isini ver 

Tmoben privilegiebs. sabolood maT uyalibdebaT rTuli buneba. isini 

xasiaTdebian TviTnebobiT, gadaWarbebuli siamayis grZnobiT, 

pretenziulobiT, surT, marTon ara marto sakuTari Tavi, aramed sxva 

adamianebic. 

`Cven cudad vzrdiT norCebs da maTgan velodebiT kargad aRzrdil 

mozardebs", _ aRniSnavs jon loki. 

Sromis es nawili yuradRebas iqcevs mkafiod Camoyalibebuli, 

konkretuli, STagonebuli pedagogiuri debulebebiT, ideebiT, 

SexedulebebiT. nimuSad moviyvanoT zogi idea da debuleba: 

1. hqondeT asakTan Sesabamisi survilebi – es jer kidev ar aris 

didi ubedureba. ubedurebaa, roca maT ver umorCileben 

gonivrulobis sazRvrebsa da wesebs; 

2. mTavaria survilTa marTvis unaris qona; 

3. axalgazrda, romelic miuCvevelia, daumorCilos sakuTari neba 

sxvaTa keTilgonier rCevas, xandazmulobisas sakuTari gonebis 

xmasac ar mousmens; 

4. bavSvebSi uaryofiTi Tvisebebis gamovlineba ufrosebis (mSobelTa, 

aRmzrdelTa) mier Cagdebuli (nebsiTi Tu uneblie) uaryofiTi 

Teslis bralia. 

aRniSnulis dasturad moazrovnes mohyavs bavSvTa fizikuri 

Seuracyofis, maT mimarT gamoyenebuli Zaladobis magaliTebi. bolos 

daaskvnis: yvelaferi es mozards uyalibebs sxvaTa mimarT 

upativcemlobas, uxeSobas, Zaladobas da sxva uamur Tvisebebs. 

gansakuTrebiT gmobs loki mozardis keklucobisadmi swrafvas, 

Cacmulobisadmi gadametebul interess. igi ganmartavs: Cacmuloba 

gansazRvravs adamianis garegnul iers da ara adamianis Sinagan 

bunebaso. igi mTeli simkacriT akritikebs mSoblebs, aRmzrdelebs, 

romelnic droulad ar zrunaven bavSvebSi mankieri unar-Cvevebis 

63

aRmofxvraze, ar aqvT unari, dainaxon maTSi iseTi zadi, rogoricaa 

mliqvneloba. crupenteloba, mabezRaroba. 

Sromis momdevno monakveTSi saubaria momTxovnelobaze. survilebis 

SesrulebaSi gonebis monawileoba aucileblia. am unaris gamomuSavebis 

pirvel safexurad avtori miiCnevs bavSvobis sawyis periods da saWirod 

Tvlis, rom mSoblebma da aRmzrdelebma izrunon, aRsazrdelebSi 

Camoayalibon unari, marTon sakuTari Tavi da uari Tqvan mavne 

survilebze. norCTan ise unda vimuSaoT, rom mozrdilobis asakSi 

myarad icodes: yvela survilisa da wadilis Sesruleba uaryofiT 

Sedegs iZleva. es procesi unda mimdinareobdes mSvid atmosferoSi, 

norCis gauRizianeblad, aRsazrdelisa da ufrosebis urTierTgagebis 

viTarebaSi. es ki mas gamoumuSavebs zomierebis grZnobasa da 

mokrZalebas. 

moazrovnis zogi Tanamedrove, mag.: g. moline, 1693 w. agvistoSi ase 

mimarTavda jon loks (igi misi Sromis recenzenti iyo): Tqveni 

mosazrebebi da msjelobebi erTob Znel da mkacr pirobebSi ayenebs 

mozardebso. recenzenti fiqrobda: mSobelTa da SvilTa urTierTobaSi 

ase mkacri wesebis dacva gamoiwvevs gaugebrobas, maT Soris gaaCens 

sicives, Tavisuflebis SezRudvis atmosferos, maT Soris arsebul 

harmoniul urTierTdamokidebulebas daarRvevs, maTi gulubryvilo 

survilebis SeusruleblobiT iTrguneba mozardis miswrafebani da 

fantaziao. 

jon loki Tvlis: bavSvis survilebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmas 

gasamarTlebeli mizezi da myari safuZveli unda hqondes. uari ar unda 

iwvevdes norCis gaRizianebas, gaborotebas; motivirebuli uaris 

SemTxvevaSi ymawvili acnobierebs da ijerebs ufrosTa miTiTebebs. 

Tanamedroveebi aRniSnaven: jon lokis es Sexedulebebi 

SemuSavebulia misi ojaxis tradiciebis safuZvelze. garda amisa, 

moazrovne moiTxovs, bavSvebs adreuli asakidan aswavlon mokrZaleba, 

Tavazi, pativiscema. saamisod sakmaod mkacri zomebis miRebaa saWiro. 

64

samagierod, mozardobis asakSi sasurvelia, mSoblebma SvilebTan 

megobruli urTierToba daamyaron. 

`SiSi da morCileba umcros asakSi, xolo siyvaruli da megobroba 

mozrdilobisas Seqmnis Svilebsa da Tqvens Soris harmoniuli 

urTierTobis atmosferos". 

dasjis Sesaxeb 

metismetad mkacr dasjas metismetad cota sikeTe moaqvs aRzrdis 

procesis srulyofilad warmarTvaSi. `bavSvebi, romlebic xSirad 

isjebian, ar izrdebian karg adamianebad", _ acxadebs moazrovne. misi 

azriT, yovelive es iwvevs siZulvils da axSobs siyvarulis grZnobas. 

umcros asakSi igi moiTxovs simkacres, xolo aRzrdis garkveul etapze, 

mozrdilobisas, mkacri urTierTobis TandaTan Serbilebas. 

garda amisa, didi pedagogi mSoblebsa da aRsazrdelebs miuTiTebs: 

1. Tu mozardis suli daTrgunulia mkacri mopyrobiT, is kargavs 

sakuTari Tavis rwmenas. aseT bavSvebs ara aqvT Tavisufali 

moqmedebis unari da, Sesabamisad, uWirT mizandasaxuli 

gadawyvetilebebis miReba. isini Sinaganad SezRuduli arian. 

àRmzrdelebi, romlebic uqmnian bavSvebs Tavisufali moqmedebis 

SesaZleblobas, maTi midrekilebisa da survilebis mizanmimarTuli, 

swori ganviTarebis mizniT, SeiZleba iTqvas, swvdebian WeSmariti 

aRzrdis saidumlos da floben aRzrdis xelovnebas". 

2. amave dros, aucilebelia, - aRniSnavs jon loki, - bavSvebSi 

sakuTari Tavis flobis unaris gamomuSaveba umcrosi asakidan. 

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ymawvils, romelic winaaRmdegobas ver 

gauwevs wuTieri siamovnebis cdunebas, WeSmariti keTilqmedebis 

sayrdeni gamoecleba da uvargis adamianad Camoyalibdeba. 

pedagogikaSi saukuneebis manZilze mimdinareobs dava da kamaTi 

iseTi meTodis mimarT, rogoric aris dasja. dResac es problema xSiri 

da principuli kamaTis sagania. zogi am sakiTxs saerTod uvlis gverds 

65

da amis Sedegia, is rom mTel rig pedagogikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi 

dasjis meTodi saerTod ar moixsenieba, rac umarTebuloa, radgan es 

meTodi faqtobrivad arsebobs. dasja aris moswavlis pirovnebaze iseTi 

zemoqmedeba, romelic gamoxatavs misi sazogadoebrivi qcevis normebis 

sawinaaRmdego moqmedebisa da qcevis dagmobas da aiZulebs mas 

ganuxrelad daicvas isini. dasjam moswavle unda daarwmunos Tavis 

SecdomaSi. Seagnebinos araswori qcevis mosalodneli Sedegi. 

TanatolTa misdami damokidebulebis Secvlis gancda da sxva. Tavad 

termini `dasja~, romelic damnaSaves da mis dasjas gulisxmobs, 

namdvilad arapedagogiurad JRers. pirovnebisadmi humanur 

damokidebulebas eWvis qveS ayenebs. amitom, vfiqrobT, ufro marTebuli 

iqneboda aseTi terminebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa `gakicxva~, `daZraxva~, 

`dagmoba~, radgan isini umeteswilad ara erTpirovnuli, aramed 

koleqtiuri azris gamoxatvas gulisxmoben da moswavleze met 

zegavlenasac axdenen. mas meti pasuxismgeblobis grZnobasac aRuZraven. 

magram es rodi niSnavs imas, rom maswavlebels, skolis sxva muSaks, 

gansakuTrebiT mSobels ufleba ar hqondes piradad gakicxos, daZraxos 

an dagmos bavSvis miuRebeli qmedeba. gakicxvis, daZraxvis an dagmobisas 

SesaZlebelia iseTi formebis gamoyeneba, rogoric aris SeniSvna, 

pedagogiur sabWoze dabareba, sayveduris gamocxadeba, sxva klasSi an 

skolaSi gadayvana, misdami damokidebulebis gamorCeulad Secvla da 

sxva. kategoriulad unda gamoiricxos fizikuri dasja, Svilis saWmlis 

gareSe datoveba. rac bavSvs fizikur tkivils miayenebs. saerTod 

moswavle maqsimalurad unda davicvaT moraluri tkivilisganac, dasjis 

Semdeg unda Seiqmnas (moswavlis da koleqtivis mier) sinanulisa da imis 

ganwyoba, rom momxdari ar ganmeordeba. es ki mxolod SesaZlebelia 

samarTlianobis dacviT. 

daskvnaSi aRniSnulia: bavSvi gadametebuli simkacrisa da maTraxis 

SiSiT eCveva monur morCilebas da sul mciredi Tavisuflebis 

atmosferos Seqmnisas protestis niSnad iwyebs negatiur qmedebebs. 

66

dasaCuqreba 

Sromis am nawilSi saubaria mizanSeuwoneli waxalisebis Sesaxeb, 

kerZod, es exeba lamazi tansacmliT, fuliT an sxva raimeTi norCis 

dasaCuqrebas. samagierod, saWirod aris miCneuli damsaxurebuli 

dasaCuqreba. bavSvma kargad unda icodes, ratom aris dasaCuqrebuli an 

ratom daisaja. SromaSi es ori meTodi ganxilulia waxalisebisa da 

stimulis or mxared, romlebic erTmaneTs gansazRvraven da 

ganapirobeben. isini aucileblad unda Seesabamebodnen mdgomareobas, 

situacias da WeSmariti, swori gadawyvetilebebis gacnobierebas. 

aRzrdis procesSi xSirad unda avxsnaT, Tu SeiZleba es da ar 

SeiZleba is, ratom vajildoebT erTs da vsjiT meores. loki aRniSnavs: 

bavSvebi ufro adre grZnoben, vidre Cven gvgonia, rodis arian 

dasasjelni Tu wasaxalisebelni; maT Zalian ainteresebT ufrosebis, 

aRsazrdelebis Sexeduleba, Tu ras warmoadgens Tavad! am dros metad 

mniSvnelovania swori reaqcia, zomieri waxaliseba. maTTvis isic 

mniSvnelovania, gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas erTi azri aqvT Tu ara 

mSoblebsa da ojaxis danarCen wevrebs. 

aRmzrdelebi imarjveben, Tu bavSvi ufrTxildeba Tavis reputacias, 

avtoritets da qmnis sakuTar meobas. es ki imis mZlavri safuZvelia, rom 

pativiscemiT ganewyon sakuTari pirovnebisadmi. 

jon loki mniSvnelovan saqmed Tvlis bavSvSi sircxvilis grZnobis 

gamomuSavebas, radgan igi xels uSlis uaryofiTi qcevebis aRmocenebasa 

da ganmtkicebas. aRmzrdelma saTanado Sefaseba unda misces 

mniSvnelovan Tu umniSvnelo danaSauls, misi uaryofiTi qceva 

gauanalizos aRsazrdels. yovelive amas bavSvi gulwrfel monaniebamde 

mihyavs. loki axdens monaniebisas bavSvis Sinagani gancdebis 

diferenciacias. 

SromaSi agreTve saubaria mozardTa CamoyalibebaSi TamaSis did 

mniSvnelobaze. moazrovne aRmzrdelebs miuTiTebs, rom yvelaferi, 

67

asac isini akeTeben, saWiroa mimdinareobdes TamaSisa da garTobis 

saxiT. `TamaSTan Sezavebuli Sroma aRzrdis aucilebeli pirobaa". 

TamaSis elementebis momarjvebiT SesaZlebelia swavlisadmi 

interesis gaZliereba. yovelgvari Sroma, swavla, roca is TamaSiTa da 

siamovnebiT sruldeba, bavSvisTvis saintereso da azriani xdeba. 

amitomac aris saWiro TamaSis gonivruli gamoyeneba mozardis aRzrdisa 

da ganviTarebis saruduno saqmeSi. 

wesebis Sesaxeb 

wesebis ganuxrelad aRsruleba, jon lokis mixedviT, Cvevebis 

gamomuSavebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. wesebis gamudmebiT dacvisas, 

varjiSisa da gameorebis procesSi xdeba saukeTeso Cvevebis Camoyalibeba. 

es gulisxmobs ara meqanikur process, aramed gonebriv gansjas, unar- 

Cvevebis gamosamuSavebeli moqmedebis sistematur Sesrulebas. am dros 

didi mniSvneloba aqvs dadebiTi qcevebis waxalisebas. ar aris 

aucilebeli ramdenime wesis erTdroulad Sesruleba. wesebis aTviseba 

saWiroa xdebodes wynar da mSvid viTarebaSi. 

C v e v e b i 

rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo, ar aris sakmarisi wesebis mxolod 

Teoriuli codna, _ aRniSnavs jon loki. aucilebelia Teoriuli 

codnis praqtikulad ganxorcieleba, cxovrebiseul situaciebSi misi 

gamoyeneba. dauSvebelia erTdroulad ramdenime Cvevis gamomuSaveba. es 

unda xdebodes aRmzrdelTa zedamxedvelobiT da Tanac nabij-nabij, 

gadautvirTavad, gameorebis safuZvelze. vinc bavSvebTan muSaobs, unda 

icodes norCTa gonebrivi SesaZlebloba, niWi, buneba, grZnobdes, ra 

ufro misawvdomi da SesaZlebelia maTTvis. 

`TiToeuli mozardis bunebrivi niWierebidan unda gamovwuroT 

SesaZleblobebis maqsimumi". 

68

moazrovne aRmzrdels adarebs mebaRes, romelmac ver SeZlo mTeli 

baRis movla anda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, SeZlo erTi romelime mcenaris 

saTanadod movla-patronoba. 

mimarTvebi _ manerebi _ cekvebi 

jon loki keTilSobiluri manerebis gamosamuSaveblad ufro 

mniSvnelovnad Tvlis ara wesebs, aramed praqtikul magaliTs. am 

TvalsazrisiT igi did rols aniWebs cekvas, misi swavlebis process. 

`keTilganwyobisa da keTili survilebis matarebeli adamianis manerebi, 

mimarTvisas maTgan gamoxatuli pativiscema da mokrZaleba kargi 

manerebis SeTvisebisa da momarjvebis safuZvelia", _ aRniSnavs loki. 

umcrosi asakis norCebSi, misi azriT, yovelive es SedarebiT 

mouwesrigebelia, magram aRzrdis safuZvelze TandaTan ixveweba da 

srulyofili xdeba. aRniSnulze zrunva ki sasurvelia, pataraobidanve 

daiwyos. mozardi unda flobdes Tavis daWeris unars, rac gamoixateba 

saTanado mimarTvebiTa da daxvewili manerebiT. am sakiTxSi loki 

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs ojaxsa da garemos, sadac 

aRsazrdeli izrdeba. 

socialuri jgufi 

/`kampania~/ 

bavSvis ZiriTadi socialuri jgufi unda iyos ojaxi, sadac xdeba 

misi formireba. mTavaria mSoblebi da ara gadiebi. amisaTvis mas ojaxSi 

unda Seeqmnas keTilganwyobiTi garemo da moTxovnilebaTa 

dasakmayofileblad saWiro asakis Sesaferisad sasurveli atmosfero. 

69

ojaxuri aRzrdis upiratesoba 

jon loki mSoblebis sayuradRebod aRniSnavs: aRsazrdelebma unda 

icodnen sazogadoebaSi gamefebuli negatiuri Tvisebebisa Tu 

movlenebis Sesaxeb. es codna maT imaSi gamoadgebaT, rom 

gamoucdelobis gamo advilad ar moeqcnen zneobrivad miuRebeli 

Tvisebebis mqone pirovnebis zegavlenaSi. 

lokis TanamedroveTa, kerZod, t. smitisa da i. teiloris komentari 

mis Sexedulebebsa da ideebze aseTia: smiti ambobs, rom ymawvilebi, 

gansakuTrebiT vaJebi, sazogadoebriv skolebSi akvirdebian adamianis 

xasiaTs, rac mizanSewoniliao. 

isaak teilori ki Tavis Sexedulebas Semdegnairad gvawvdis: 

ojaxuri aRzrda umTavresia, upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom swavlis 

procesi SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT, rogorc moswavlisa da 

maswavleblis urTierTdamokidebulebebis mWidro kavSiri, meore is, rom 

swavlebis meTodebi da misi Sinaarsi iTvaliswinebs moswavleTa 

individualur niWierebas da miswrafebebs, rac, rasakvirvelia, metad 

mniSvnelovania; mesame is, rom amgvar swavla-aRzrdaSi gamoricxulia 

despotizmi. igi emorCileba kontrols da saRi azris damkvidrebis 

maqsimalur SesaZleblobas qmnis. meoTxec, sajaro swavleba aCqarebs, 

xolo ojaxuri aRzrda ki SedarebiT anelebs mozardis ganviTarebas. 

vfiqrobT, i. teiloris es bolo debuleba imis naTeli 

dadasturebaa, rom misi avtori sakmaod kritikulad udgeba saojaxo Tu 

sazogadoebriv skolebSi mozardTa swavlebisa da aRzrdis problemebs. 

ufro metic, igi asabuTebs, rom vaJebisTvis aucilebelia, Seafason 

TavianTi done sxvebTan SedarebiT. saojaxo aRzrdis pirobebSi 

mozardis sulieri siwmindis SenarCunebis, religiurobis, gulwrfeli 

da maRali Rirsebis matarebeli adamianebis Camoyalibebis meti 

SesaZleblobaa. 

xSir SemTxvevaSi sruliad sawinaaRmdego azrisaa jon loki. 

misTvis Zneli warmosadegia, Tu ra sasargeblo Tvisebebi unda SeiZinos 

70

axalgazrdam skolis amxanagTa im wreSi, romelTa mSoblebi xSirad 

miuRebeli msoflmxedvelobisani arian. swavlebisa da aRmzrdelobiTi 

procesis mizanmimarTuli warmarTvisaTvis, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ sakmarisia 

2-3 aRsazrdeli. im SemTxvevaSi, roca bavSvebis raodenoba metia, _ 

aRniSnavs igi, _ SesaZlebelia moswavlem aiTvisos imis minimumi, rac 

mocemulia saswavlo wignebSi, xolo msgavs pirobebSi, mozardTa 

sulier aRzrdas, Rirseuli manerebis mqone pirovnebis formirebas, igi 

sruliad SeuZleblad Tvlis. 

kacobriobis civilizaciis istoriaSi ojaxis, rogorc 

sazogadoebrivi ujredis gaCeniT faqtobrivad axali era iwyeba. es 

movlena gansakuTrebuli iyo adamianis aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis 

TvalsazrisiTac, rogorc sawyisi axali aRmzrdelobiTi urTierTobebisa. 

aqedan iRebs dasabams metad mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba pedagogikaSi _ 

saojaxo aRzrda. ojaxi drois garkveul manZilze damoukideblad 

eweoda bavSvebis aRzrdas. saskolo ganaTlebis aRmocenebiT moxda 

ojaxisa da skolis urTierTdakavSireba da moyolebuli im droidan, 

vidre dRemde, Tavad problema òjaxi _ skola~ gamudmebuli Ziebis, 

kamaTis da mecnieruli kvlevis sagania. 

saojaxo aRzrda saukuneebis manZilze faqtobrivad aRzrdis 

umTavresi forma iyo, maSinac ki, rodesac ganaTlebis kerebis 

aRmoceneba daiwyo, saojaxo aRzrdas ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba, 

radgan skolebi mxolod SeZlebulTa SvilebisaTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. 

swored saojaxo aRzrdis safuZvelze viTardeboda pirveli pedagogiuri 

Teoriebi, Cndeboda problemebi, romelTa gadawyveta sazogadoebrivi 

wyobis TaviseburebaTa da filosofosTa an praqtikis pedagogTa 

Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeboda. 

pedagogikis istoria mdidaria gamoCenil filosofosTa, pedagogTa, 

praqtikosTa naazreviT saojaxo aRzrdis da sxvaTa pedagogiuri 

ideebiT. isini mSobelTa rolsa da mniSvnelobas gansakuTrebulad 

usvamdnen xazs mozardi Taobis harmoniuli ganviTarebis, rogorc 

pirovnebis formirebis saqmeSi. 

71

STamomavlobaze zrunva qarTveli xalxis uxsovari istoriuli 

warsulidan momdinareobs. Svilebis aRzrda dedebis tradiciuli 

movaleoba iyo. qarTulma zRaprebma, Tqmulebebma da legendebma 

Svilebisadmi mSobliuri Tavdadebis mravali magaliTi Semogvinaxa. 

aseve, mravlad aris maTSi warmodgenili Tavad Svilebis mSoblebisadmi 

siyvaruli, pativiscemis movaleobis gamovlenis faqtebi, bavSvis pirvel 

aRmzrdelad ilia WavWavaZes swored mSoblebi miaCnda, xolo 

aRmzrdelobiTi zegavlenis mTavar faqtorad ojaxi. `saWiroa vicodeT, 

_ werda ilia, _ rom Svilis gazrda, Svilis kacad gamoyvana uwmindesi 

da udidesi valia mSoblebisa... gazrda Svilis iseTi movaleobaa, rom 

sxva yvelaferi amas unda SevwiroT, amas unda SevalioT, sxvagan da 

sxvaSi unda davikloT da yovelive nawvav-nadagi, yovelive amagi da 

ufro meti dro amas unda movaxmaroT~. (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t. VI., gv. 262). 

tanT moikeli, fexT moikeli _ mSier-mwyurvali iare da nu Casdgebi _ ki 

jer Svilisa da mere qveynis codvaSi, ai ra unda eweros gulis 

ficarzed im wminda saqmes, romelsac mama-Svilobas eZaxian. 

Tanamedroveobam, aRmzrdelobiTi procesis mTlianobam da 

sistematurobam pedagogikis winaSe axali amocanebi daayena. misgan 

saojaxo aRzrdisadmi radikaluri Semobruneba da mecnierebaTa Soris 

iseTi kavSirebis damyareba moiTxova, romelTa gareSe SeuZlebelia 

esoden rTuli problemis daZleva. ojaxi sazogadoebis is 

fundamenturi socialuri ujredia, romlis moralur da fizikur 

sijansaRezea damokidebuli aRzrdis efeqturoba. sazogadoebrivi 

cxovrebis wesi. misi zneobroivi simaRlis done. yovel ojaxs gaaCnia 

Tavisi wesi da mravalnairi funqcia, romelTa Soris umTavresia 

Svilebis aRzrda. ojaxi sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawilia da amave 

dros adamianTa socialur-pedagogiuri jgufia, romelic mowodebulia 

ojaxis TiToeul wevrs Seuqmnas siTbos, simyudrovis da siyvarulis 

garemocva, xeli Seuwyos maT yvela pirovnuli Tvisebis formirebaSi. 

Tanamedrove etapze faqtobrivad ojaxTa umravlesoba krizisul 

socialur da ekonomikur mdgomareobaSia. rac TavisTavad arTulebs 

72

saojaxo aRzrdis problemas. mravali faqti da mTlianad Seqmnili 

viTareba gvaZlevs uflebas, davaskvnaT, rom es iwvevs ojaxis rolis 

daqveiTebas. ojaxTa umravlesobis cxovrebis donis mkveTrma dacemam da 

`mdidari~ ojaxebis materialuri donis arnaxulma amaRlebam, pirvel 

rigSi, moswavleTa Soris garTulebul urTierTobebSi iCina Tavi. 

gaizarda kriminalur danaSaulobaTa ricxvi, uzedamxedvelod da 

mSoblebis yuradRebis gareSe darCenili bavSvebis raodenobam, imata 

moswavleebSi narkomaniis da toqsikomaniis faqtebma, midrekilebam 

alkoholisadmi. amgvari da sxva saxis negatiuri movlenebis Sedegad 

daeca mSoblebisa da maswavlebelTa avtoriteti. situaciis obieqturi 

asaxvac ki mravlismomcvelia, mravlismTqmelia, magram saWiroa misi ara 

mxolod konstantacia, aramed im gzebisa da saSualebebis Zieba, 

romlebic nawilobriv mainc gamoasworebs Seqmnil mdgomareobas. am 

saqmeSi Tavisi roli da adgili aqvs gankuTvnili pedagogikas. radgan 

aRzrdam, misdami damokidebulebam unda moaxdinos saWiro gardatexa. 

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekideba loki mozardTa zneobrivi 

aRzrdisadmi faqiz midgomas. am mxriv igi mTavar rols ojaxs akisrebs. 

magaliTi (magaliTis Zala) 

,,visac surs, rom Svili pativiscemiT moeqces mas da mis miTiTebebs, 

saWiroa TviTonac didi pativiscemiT epyrobodes Tavis naSiers". 

mSoblebis qceva SvilebisaTvis samagaliToa, _ aRniSnavs loki. 

xSirad Svilebs TavianTi qcevis gasamarTleblad mSobelTa magaliTebi 

mohyavT. amitom mSoblebma sistematiurad unda akontrolon sakuTari 

qcevebi. 

Svilebis TvalSi iaffasiani avtoriteti swrafad ingreva, isini ar 

apatieben ufrosebs aragulwrfelobas da TvalTmaqcobas. 

73

dasja da dajildoeba 

Tavisi Sromis ÎV ganyofilebaSi 52-dan 66 peragrafis CaTvliT jon 

loki saubrobs dajildoebis Sesaxeb. swavleba im SemTxvevaSi iTvleba 

gamarTlebulad, Tu moswavles aRvuZravT swavlis survilsa da 

miswrafebas, _ aRniSnavs loki. moswavlisa da maswavleblis 

TanamSromlobas igi miiCnevs nayofieri swavlebis da Segnebuli 

disciplinis pirobad. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs igi 

urTierTgagebas, rogorc swavlebis procesis Semadgenel nawils, da 

miuTiTebs, rom saWiroa gadasvla konkretulidan abstraqtulze, svla 

martividan rTulisken. 

lokis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, is Tvlis, rom maswavlebeli 

wamdauwum ar unda mimarTavdes am meTodebs (dasjas da dajildoebas). 

Tu pedagogi sworad SearCevs swavlebis meTodebs, gzebsa da xerxebs, 

swavliT gamowveuli siamovneba muyaiTobis, gulmodginebisa da 

sibejiTis sakmarisi stimulatoria. 

jon loki aanalizebs swavlis procesis im moments, roca maswavlebeli 

dasjis meTods mimarTavs. swavlis procesis arasrulyofilebisa da 

sxva mniSvnelovani faqtorebis gauTvaliswineblobis gamo xSirad 

isjebian moswavleebi, da amis gamomwvev mizezad loki sxvadasxva 

mniSvnelovan moments Tvlis: _ swavlis survilisa da miswrafebis 

dabal dones, ris gamosworebasac maswavlebeli Tavisi mizandasaxuli 

meTodebiT unda cdilobdes. aRniSnuli negatiuri movlenis aRsakveTad 

saWiroa: regularuli, Tanamimdevruli aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis 

safuZvelze swavlisadmi interesisa da siamovnebis gancdis gamomuSaveba. 

– mozardebSi gonebrivi gansjis ,,madis" gaRvivebaze zrunva, ris 

safuZvladac loki cnobismoyvareobas Tvlis. aseve did mniSvnelobas 

aniWebs swavlebis procesSi TamaSis CarTvasa da siamovnebis grZnobis 

gamomuSavebas. 

naSromis 74-e paragrafSi saubaria swavlebis procesis pedagogiurfilosofiur 

safuZvlebze. es paragrafi mTeli siRrmiT iTvaliswinebs 

74

aRzrdis ufaqizes niuansebs, saubaria imaze, Tu swavlebaSi aRmzrdelobiTi 

mxareebis gasaZliereblad ra xerxebsa da meTodebs unda mouxmos 

pedagogma. aq mkveTrad ikveTeba Sexeduleba swavlebisa da aRzrdis 

organuli erTianobis Sesaxeb. 

Sromis es nawili eZRvneba, rogorc miTiTebulia, dasjisa da 

dajildoebis (albaT, waxalisebis) mniSvnelobas saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT 

procesSi. avtori win wamowevs problemas, kerZod, imas, Tu rogor 

aviciloT, rom moswavle naklebad daisajos. igi saubrobs regularuli 

mecadineobis Cvevis Camoyalibebaze, rac mxiaruli ganwyobis Seqmnis 

winapirobaa. 

iZuleba 

jon loki xSirad aRniSnavs: bavSvebi swavlas iwyeben iZulebiTa da 

SiSiTo. maT euflebaT uamuri gancda ara mxolod swavlis, aramed 

gaavebuli pedagogis sityvebisadmi, siZulvili saswavlo disciplinisadmi. 

am SemTxvevaSi swavla damokidebulia bavSvis nebisyofis simtkiceze. 

aqve unda iTqvas, rom im asakSi, rodesac es procesi mimdinareobs, 

bavSvs jer kidev ara aqvs gamomuSavebuli nebisyofa, siZneleebis 

daZlevis unari. loki Tavis pedagogikur ideebsa da SexedulebebSi, 

gansakuTrebiT roca swavlis procesze msjelobs, Tavisuflebas 

qadagebs. Tavisufleba gulisxmobs iZulebiTi formebis gamoricxvas, 

ugulebelyofas, roca pedagogi aRsazrdelSi nebayoflobiT aRZravs 

swavlis survils. amas loki uwodebs ,,bavSvis madis" gamoRviZebas. 

damunaTeba 

bavSvis dawiokebas uwodebs loki sayveduris gamoyenebas saswavloaRmzrdelobiT 

procesSi. aRzrdis am meTods igi safrTxobelas 

adarebs, romelic Tavdapirvelad SiSs hgvris bavSvs,magram Semdeg nelnela, 

TandaTan eCveva kidec. amitom igi mSoblebs urCevs: damunaTeba 

75

iyos damrigebluri, rac sindisis qenjnas gamoiwvevs. dasjam Tu 

mozardSi sinanuli ar aRZra, is uSedegoa. ,,ara tkivili, aramed 

sircxvilia aRzrdis TavidaTavi“, _ aRniSnavs loki. 

jiutoba 

,.aris danaSauli, ris gamoc bavSvi unda gailaxos – es aris 

sijiute da monaniebis aSkarad uaryofa", _ aRniSnavs jon loki. 

Sromis am nawilSic saintereso Sexedulebebia Tavmoyrili. j. loki 

am SemTxvevaSic sircxvilis grZnobis upiratesobas adasturebs, 

,.sircxvilia cudi saqcieli" – is moraluri sawyisi, e.i. sindisis qenjna, 

aris zemoqmedebis Zlieri iaraRi, _ aRniSnavs igi, magram amas SiSic Tan 

axlavs, radgan, roca lanZRaven, amcireben, agineben, es hgavs fizikur 

tkivils, rasac bavSvis sulis samudamod damaxinjeba SeiZleba mohyves. 

lanZRva, damcireba xSirad teroris formas Rebulobs da igi amRvrevs 

moralur fons. 

ai, ra rTuli amocanebis winaSe ayenebs Sromis avtori 

aRmzrdelebsa da pedagogebs. romeli forma, meTodi ufro marjvea ama 

Tu im situaciaSi?! es TviT aRmzrdelisa da pedagogis Rrma dakvirvebis 

Sedegad unda gairkveso, _ aRniSnavs praqtikosi pedagogi. 

bolos da bolos mecnieri midis im daskvnamde, rom bavSvis 

daufiqreblad dasja ki ar amcirebs, aramed aZlierebs mis sijiutes. 

maSasadame, igi ar aris saRi da universaluri saSualeba, romelic yvela 

SemTxvevaSi amarTlebs. kidev ufro savalaloa SemTxveva, roca bavSvi 

isjeba ara umsgavso saqcielis Cadenis, aramed aRmzrdelis gaanCxlebisa 

Tu gabrazebis gamo. am viTarebaSi dasja gaborotebis xelSemwyobi pirobaa. 

loki didi sifrTxiliT ekideba sadamsjelo saSualebebis 

gamoyenebas. avtori mkacrad moiTxovs saamisod bavSvis bunebis, xasiaTis 

winaswar Seswavlas. ,,sadac vlindeba bavSvis sijiute, iqvea aSkara 

gamowvevac. amitom ar SeiZleba yuradRebis moduneba erTi wuTiTac ki." 

76

msjeloba-bWoba 

bavSvebTan msjeloba, sja-baasi, jon lokis SexedulebiT, maTTan 

daaxloebis swori da gamarTlebuli saSualeba da xerxia. ,,bavSvebs 

yvelaze adre uCndebaT survili, rom ufrosebi maT mimarTavdnen, 

rogorc gonier arsebebs", _ SeniSnavs loki da ymawvilebSi am Tvisebis 

Seqebasa da waqezebas moiTxovs. sasurvelia, aRsazrdelis gonebisTvis 

misawvdomi, gulwrfeli, konkretuli saubrebis gamarTva. es sja-baasi 

ama Tu im sakiTxze dakavSirebuli unda iyos bavSvis cxovrebiseul 

situaciebTan. isini uaryofiTad arian ganwyobili grZeli deduqciuri 

mosazrebebisadmi da yuradRebiT ismenen mokle, konkretul rCevebs. 

magaliTis Zala 

jon loki miuTiTebs magaliTze, rogorc zemoqmedebis ganuzomel 

Zalaze. es, upirveles yovlisa, mSoblebis, garSemo myofi pirovnebebis 

sanaqebo qcevebi da moqmedebania, romlebic ymawvilebSi iwveven Rrma 

STabeWdilebebs. ,.es meTodi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes ara 

mxolod bavSvobis, aramed ufro mogviano xanaSic. igi efeqtiania manam, 

vidre aRsazrdelebi damoukideblebi gaxdebian". 

wkepla 

wkeplis xSiri gamoyeneba cudi aRzrdis Sedegia, - aRniSnavs loki. 

Tu wkeplaze midgeba saqme da is aucilebeli gaxdeba, maSin damsjeli 

unda iyos sxva da ara mSobeli, oRond igi unda asrulebdes mSoblis 

davalebas. am SemTxvevaSi deda-mama inarCunebs Tavis avtoritets. dasjis 

procesi dauviwyaria. amgvari dasjis meoxebiT mozardi ufro 

mizandasaxuli xdeba, cdilobs, msgavsi Secdoma aRar dauSvas. 

Tumca mankieri Tvisebaa tyuili, am SemTxvevaSi mainc ar SeiZleba 

fizikuri dasjis meTodis gamoyeneba. am dros sasurvelia gamoviyenoT 

77

sxvadasxva saSualeba: gakicxva, Sercxvena, brZaneba, axsna-ganmarteba, 

sayveduri, damunaTeba. mTavaria, mankierebaTa drouli SemCneva da 

swrafi reagireba, raTa igi droze aRmovfxvraT da ar mivceT saSualeba 

ganmeorebis. fizikuri dasjis meTodis gamoyeneba ar unda iwvevdes 

aRmzrdelisadmi mtruli damokidebulebis gamomuSavebas, radgan am 

viTarebaSi mizani miuRweveli darCeba. 

aRmzrdelisTvis saWiro Tvisebebi 

_ ojaxSi, upirvelesyovlisa, unda sufevdes aRmzrdelis avtoriteti. 

eg avtoriteti iqmneba ndobis, pativiscemis atmosferoSi. amave dros, 

aRzrdis mTeli procesi, SeTanxmebuli mSoblebTan, ar unda iyos 

afiSirebuli. aseve aucilebelia mSoblebis avtoritetis amaRleba da 

pativiscema. avtoriteti iqmneba piradi magaliTiT. amdenad, pedagogi 

TviTon unda iyos Rirseuli da sanimuSo: gonieri, Wkviani, dakvirvebuli, 

icnobdes Rirseul, maRal sazogadoebas, hqondes mravalmxrivi unar- 

Cvevebi, moxdenili qceva. yovelive amas loki xazgasmiT aRniSnavs. misi 

azriT, es aris aucilebeli cxovrebiseuli Tvisebebi da aRzrdis 

warmatebis erT-erTi pirobac. 

aRmzrdeli unda iyos keTilSobili, icnobdes samyaros, 

sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebel zne-Cveulebebs, saocrebebs, mankierebebs 

da im saukunisa da qveynis av-kargs, romelSic cxovrobs; es gauadvilebs 

mas, aswavlos aRsazrdels avisa da kargis garCeva, Seacnobinos kargi 

da cudi adamianebi, maTi Sinagani samyaro. am viTarebaSi mwvrTneli 

Segirds gauadvilebs gulubryvilobidan saTanado naxtomi gaakeTos 

adamianis Tavdajerebul Secnobamde. aRmzrdelma Segirds unda 

gauanalizos adamianTa TviT wvrilmani moqmedebebi da saqcieli, 

Seacnobinos adamianis vinaoba misi ama Tu im wvrilmani qcevisa da 

moqmedebis mixedviT, aswavlos detalidan mTelis amocnoba, Seiyvanos 

cxovrebis labirinTSi, aCvenos yalbi da Rirseuli moqmedebis Sedegebi. 

78

,,auxsna axalgazrdebs saukunis mankierebani, niSnavs, Seaswavlo maT 

isini. es maT gauadvilebs, aicilon cxovrebiseuli siyalbeni, siZneleebi 

da ubedureba." 

yofierebis av-kargis Seswavla Znelicaa da metad saWiroc. 

,,adamianisTvis cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba xSirad ufro 

mniSvnelovania, vidre klasikuri enebis codna," – aRniSnavs jon loki. 

Wkua da goneba jon loks axalgazrda adamianis upirveles 

Rirsebad warmoudgenia. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi axalgazrdis swavlaaRzrdis 

upiratesobas xedavs ara marto imaSi, rom adamiani codniT 

aris gamorCeuli, aramed imaSic, rom aRzrdili adamiani sibrZnes 

praqtikul cxovrebaSic efeqtianad gamoiyenebs da jerovnad moimarjvebs. 

misi Rrma rwmeniT, aRmzrdelebi da mSoblebi SemoqmedebiT 

moRvaweobas urTierTSeTanxmebiTa da urTierTgagebiT unda eweodnen. 

ojaxSi aRmzrdels aucileblad yvela unda scemdes pativs. winaaRmdeg 

SemTxvevaSi aRsazrdeli Tavisi aRmzrdelisadmi pativiscemis SegnebiT 

ver ganimsWvaleba. 

mSoblebis siaxlove bavSvebTan 

aRzrdis sistemis pirveli rgoli da garemo iyo da aris ojaxi. 

ojaxiT iwyeba sazogadoeba da ojaxSi irekleba misi drois 

tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba. ojaxs, rogorc organul 

struqturas axasiaTebs Tavisi avtonomiuroba. 

jon lokma bavSvoba soflad gaatara. lokis mSoblebi metad 

religiuri adamianebi iyvnen da puritanelTa seqtas ganekuTvnebodnen. 

maT yvelaferSi zomiereba, TavSekavebuloba da ubraloeba axasiaTebdaT, 

rac gavlenas axdenda agreTve mis Svilebze. ojaxSi mkacrad icavdnen 

wesrigs da momWirneobas, rasac bavSvebic saTanado angariSs uwevdnen. 

mama Svilebis mimarT iyo mkacri, magram ara fizikuri sasjelis 

gamoyenebiT, aramed racionaluri zemoqmedebiT. SemdgomSi ki Svilebs 

79

mama ufro megobrulad epyroboda, Caunerga maT qcevis pirveladi 

Cvevebi sazogadoebasa da skolaSi, gamoumuSava RvTisadmi siyvaruli. 

Sromis am nawilSi saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom, Tu pataraobisas 

saWiroa (rogorc es iyo lokis ojaxSi) bavSvs hqondes ridi da krZalva 

mamisa, mozrdilobis asakSi es urTierToba unda Seicvalos megobruli 

urTierTdamokidebulebiT. am droisTvis axalgazrda sasurvelia mamasTan 

erTad garkveuli saqmeebis (SeZlebisdagvarad) Sesrulebis ferxulSi 

Caebas, masTan erTad gadawyvitos esa Tu is problemebi, dakavSirebuli 

cxovrebiseul situaciebTan. yovelive es ki maT Soris seriozuli sjabaasis 

safuZvelze ganxorcieldeba. sasargebloa axalgazrdam igrZnos, 

rom mamasTan erTad SeuZlia seriozuli saqmeebis mogvareba. es axalgazrdas 

Rrma Cafiqrebis saSualebas miscems. am dros igi erTbaSad izrdeba, 

rogorc pirovneba, da bavSvobis asakidan erTbaSad gadadis yrmobaSi. 

metad mniSvnelovania momdevno etapze mamebis SvilebTan megobroba. 

SvilebTan civi da undo urTierToba arRvevs ara mxolod maT keTil 

damokidebulebas, aramed maT mier swori cxovrebiseuli poziciebis 

SemuSavebas _ mozardebi ki eWviani, mamis mimarT SuriT aRsavse, aramyari 

adamianebi xdebian. 

Svilsa da mamas Soris gulwrfeloba, urTierTTanagrZnoba da 

Tanamoazreoba qmnis axalgazrdis pirovnebad formirebisTvis saWiro 

saR atmosferos. 

mSobelma unda SeeZlos ojaxis cxovrebaSi Svilebis, rogorc 

Tanabaruflebiani wevrebis Cabma. 

‣ Svilebis mimarT gulRia damokidebuleba da ndobis gamoxatva. 

‣ Svilebisadmi zomieri momTxovneloba, iseTi moTxovnis gamoricxva, 

romelsac is ver Seasrulebs. 

‣ ojaxis wevrTa Soris optimaluri ganwyobis Seqmna da sikeTis da 

rwmenis Casaxva. 

‣ SvilebisaTvis SeZlebisa da saWiroebis mixedviT daxmarebis 

aRmoCena. maT kiTxvebze pasuxebis droulad gacema, maTi 

cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofileba. 

80

CamoTvlilis garda arsebobs rigi kerZo principebi, romelTa 

gamoyenebac TiTqmis savaldebulod aris miCneuli. aseTebia: aikrZalos 

fizikuri dasja, zedmeti Wkuis darigebebi da gauTavebeli moralis 

kiTxva, naCqarevi morCilebis moTxovna da sxv. 

Sromis avtori warmogvidgens mama-Svils Soris sxvadasxva situaciaSi 

urTierTobaTa nairgvar aspeqtebs. mTavari, rac aq ikveTeba, aris 

mSoblis gonieri midgoma Svilisadmi, roca mama nebismier situaciaSi 

mrCevelicaa da megobaric. metad saintereso da mravalwaxnagovania 

Sromis es nawili. is, SesaZlebelia, pedegogiuri da fsiqologiuri 

TvalsazrisiT, calke msjelobis sagnadac ki iqces. 

mokrZaleba 

mozardis mokrZalebas mSoblebisadmi, maTi darigebisadmi, umetes 

SemTxvevaSi, unda iwvevdes siyvaruli da movaleobis grZnoba, _ aRniSnavs 

loki. es yovelive saTaves iRebs TavwyaroSi _ urTierTgagebis, 

pativiscemis grZnobaSi, rac norCTa keTildReobaze mSoblebis zrunviT, 

yuradRebiTa da yoveldRiuri SromiT vlindeba, magram, amave dros, 

saWiroa viyenebdeT samarTlian simkacresac, _ dasZens swavluli. 

bavSvebis gansxvavebuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb 

Sromis am nawilSi saubaria mSoblebis mier mozardTa gansxvavebuli 

xasiaTis, maTi sulieri samyaros codnis aucileblobaze. Taviseburi 

xasiaTi yvelaze ukeT vlindeba TamaSis dros. ,,xasiaTi iseve nairnairia, 

rogorc saxis nakvTebi. oRond eg aris, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi saxis 

nakvTebi ufro SesamCnevi xdeba, xolo xasiaTi ufro dafarulia". 

xasiaTis sxvadasxvaoba moiTxovs, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ aRzrdis 

nairgvari xerxebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebas. 

81

avSvTa TviTneboba 

bavSvTa TviTnebobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT loki mizanSewonilad 

Tvlis ymawvilTa ZiriTadi Tvisebebisadmi gonivrul midgomas. aseT 

TaviseburebaTa Soris is gamoyofs: Tavisuflebis survils, agreTve imis 

wadils, ibatonos garSemo myof adamianebze. erT-erTi survilia, 

miiTvisos yvela sagani da ufleba hqondes, gamoiyenos survilisamebr, 

xolo ufrosebma amaSi xeli ar SeuSalon, piriqiT, waaxalison kidec. 

batonobis siyvaruli avi Cvevebis sawyisia, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ xolo 

amgvar simptomebad iTvleba siZunwe, tirili da daJinebuli, jiuti 

moTxovna. Tu mozards aqvs bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis pretenzia, _ 

aRniSnavs igi, _ rasakvirvelia, unda davakmayofiloT, xolo, moTxovnebi, 

romlebic TviTnebobis elementebs Seicaven, rasakvirvelia, unda 

moikveTos, amoiSanTos. 

TavSekaveba, _ aRniSnavs loki, SesaniSnavi Tvisebaa, romelic 

adamians cxovrebis yvela etapze dadebiT samsaxurs gauwevs. daJinebuli 

moTxovnis daukmayofileblobis SemTxvevaSi bavSvis TavSekaveba 

vlindeba gaCumebiTa da imis analiziT, Tu ratom miiRo uari. am dros 

didi mniSvneloba aqvs imis axsnas, Tu ratom stkices mas uari. 

garToba 

jon loki bavSvis garTobas iseve did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, 

rogorc Sromasa da kvebas, magram, amave dros, mSoblebs afrTxilebs: 

garTobam ar unda miiRos arasasargeblo mimarTuleba da xasiaTi; 

garTobis procesi Tavisi SinaarsiTa da formiT xels unda uwyobdes 

mozardis gonebriv da fizikur ganviTarebas; mizanSewonili garToba 

xSirad gamoavlens Sinagan bunebas, xasiaTs. garTobisas mniSvnelovania 

maRali zneobrivi Rirebulebebisadmi dadebiTi damokidebulebis 

gamomuSaveba; aq unda gamovlindes TamaSis monawileTa Soris 

82

urTierTyuradReba, gulmowyaleba, Semwynarebloba, daTmoba da 

pativiscema, siyvaruli, guluxvoba, xelgaSliloba da sxva. 

bavSvis tirili da Rriali 

bavSvis tirili da Rriali gamowveulia jiutobiT, an gamouTqmeli 

tanjviT, _ aRniSnavs loki. is kategoriulad moiTxovs jiutobis 

aRkveTas. norCis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, igi gamoyofs ori saxis 

tirils. erTia daJinebuli, jiuti da Zalauflebani. meorea – mowuwune. 

aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia, rogor xdeba sijiutis gamo uaryofiTi 

Tvisebebis Camoyalibeba – ibatonos sxvebze da Tavisi yvela survili 

dauyovnebliv Seisrulos. rasakvirvelia, gamoricxuli ar aris tirilis 

samarTliani mizezi, magram erTic da meorec saWiroa uaryofiTad 

Sefasdes, _ dasZens loki, _ radgan umjobesia mizezis garkveva da 

mdgomareobis gantvirTva, misi daZleva Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis 

gatarebiT. igi sagangebod gamoyofs tkiviliT gamowveul tirils, 

romelic moiTxovs swraf reagirebas. Tu tirili gamowveulia kapriziT, 

axirebiT, maSin jon loki fizikur sasjelsac gamarTlebulad miiCnevs 

da aq didi avala SeiZleba mieces wkeplasac. uneblieT gvagondeba jon 

lokis Tanamedrove qarTveli poetis daviT guramiSvilis sityvebi: ,,nu 

genaRvlebis swavlaze yrmis wkeplis cemiT kivili." 

bavSvis simxdale da simamace 

mecnieri da pedagogi jon loki simxdalisa da simamacis arsebobas 

mozardis pirovnebaSi diferencirebulad ganixilavs. 

SiSi, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ warmoadgens Segulianebasac da iZulebasac, 

romelic zogjer sasargebloa, aqve igi saubrobs gaucnobierebel, 

ugono gambedaobaze, romelic mosalodneli safrTxis winaSe eufleba 

adamians da iseve aragonivrulia, rogorc umniSvnelo safrTxis winaSe 

TrTolva da Zrwola. SiSis movlenis daxasiaTebisas loki agviwers 

83

gaucnobierebeli winaaRmdegobis suraTebs, rodesac adamiani ar gansjis 

mosalodneli safrTxis ragvarobas da winaaRmdegobas daufiqreblad 

axorcielebs. igi dauSveblad miiCnevs imgvar simamaces, rodesac 

mozardi Tavisi siamayis, Tavmowonebis, medidurobis, ampartavnobis gamo 

igdebs Tavs safrTxeSi. saWiroa misi drouli aRkveTa, raTa gonivrulma 

gansjam daafiqros da daarwmunos Tvisi qmedebis simcdareSi. 

vaJkacoba 

vaJkacoba, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ aris keTilgonierebis daraji da 

sayrdeni. visac ara aqvs vaJkacoba, mas ara aqvs movaleobis Sesrulebis 

Zala, rac adamianis umTavresi Tvisebaa. 

jon lokis TvalsazrisiT, es Tviseba exmareba adamianebs, ebrZolon 

borotebasa da safrTxes. misi rwmeniT, vaJkacobis aRzrdiT Seicvleba 

mozardTa Sinagani buneba. am viTarebaSi moSiSni da sustni TandaTan 

xdebian gambedavni da medgarni. 

am Tvisebis gamosamuSaveblad aucilebelia Semdegi – saWiroa 

niadagi SevamzadoT da mivaCvioT mozardi imas, rom saSiSroebis 

moaxloebisas ar modundes. amis nimuSebi SeiZleba vuCvenoT mxatvruli 

literaturisa Tu saintereso Tavgadasavlebis saSualebiT. simamacis 

Camoyalibeba iwyeba maSin, roca bavSvi acnobierebs sakuTar Tavs, 

pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. igi, amave dros, miuTiTebs bavSvis ama Tu im 

erovnebisadmi mikuTvnebaze, romelsac uxvad moepoveba bunebrivi 

simamacis damadasturebeli faqtebi. aRniSnuli garemoebebi mebrZolTa 

sulieri simtkicis, samSoblos damcvelTa Seudrekelobis aRzrdis 

safuZvelia. 

sainteresoa lokis Sexedulebebi Segnebul, gonier, mizandasaxul 

vaJkacobaze. 

sworad dayenebuli fizikuri aRzrda xels uwyobs mamacobisa da 

gamZleobis gamomuSavebas. `jentlmeni ise unda iyos aRzrdili, rom mas 

yovelTvis SeeZlos aisxas iaraRi da gaxdes jariskaci~. 

84

,,ar SemiZlia vTqva, rom simamace da vaJkacoba gamoricxavs SiSs. 

sadac aris safrTxe, iq ar SeiZleba ar iyos SiSi. SiSi aiZulebs 

adamians, iyos frTxili, SeinarCunos gonivruli gansjis unari," – ase 

ganmartavs Semoqmedi simamacisa da SiSis urTierTobis Taviseburebas. 

simxdale, laCroba 

jon loki sruliad dauSveblad Tvlis bavSvebis daSinebas 

sxvadasxva sagniTa da saSualebiT. es bavSvebSi aZlierebs simxdales, 

rac, SesaZlebelia, mTeli cxovrebis manZilzec gahyves. bavSvebs, 

romelTac eSiniaT maT garSemo arsebuli nivTebisa Tu movlenebis, 

saWiroa CamovaSoroT es sagnebi da vesaubroT maTi uvneblobis Sesaxeb, 

xSirad SiSis mizezi Zlieri STabeWdilebac xdeba. simxdalis 

aRmofxvris procesi mizandasaxuli pedagogiuri zemoqmedebis 

saSualebiT nel-nela da TandaTanobiT mimdinareobs. 

gamowrToba 

Sromis avtors mohyavs spartelTa gamocdileba mozardTa 

gamowrTobis TvalsazrisiT da aRniSnavs, rom, rasakvirvelia, spartelTa 

lakedemonuri disciplinis meTodiT mozardTa wrToba dResdReobiT 

konstituciurad miuRebelia. arada, wrTobis procesSi bavSvebi unda 

SevaCvioT tanjvisa da tkivilis atanas, maT daZlevas, gadalaxvas. 

Tanamedrove skolebSi naklebad vfiqrobT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor 

moveqceT ymawvils, romelic Tavis danaSauls Tamamad aRiarebs: 

vapatioT Tu davsajoT? saubaria ara zogadad patiebaze, aramed imaze, 

rom am moqmedebaSi garkveulwilad figurirebs vaJkacobis Canasaxi, rac 

mkacri sasjelis dadebiT SesaZlebelia saerTod CavaxSoT. am 

SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevaris azriT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs aRmzrdelis 

unars, Tu rogor moaxerxebs aRsazrdelSi vaJkacobisa da vaJkacuri 

qcevis waxalisebas. aRmzrdelis mTeli mcdeloba, sasurvelia, 

85

mimarTuli iyos mozardis sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis 

mobilizebisaken. aseTi gzebiT da xerxiT, lokis azriT, SesaZlebelia 

simxdalis daTrgunva da vaJkacuri Tvisebebis aRzrda. 

bavSvTa ganwyoba sisastikis mimarT 

jon loki moiTxovs, raTa bavSvs pataraobidanve gavuRvivoT 

sisastikis, mkvlelobis, Zaladobisadmi siZulvili (am TvalsazrisiT 

igi mTel paragrafs uTmobs cxovelTa mimarT bavSvis yuradRebian, 

gulTbil damokidebulebasa da keTilSobilebas, saerTod keTil 

urTierTdamokidebulebas yovelgvari sulierisadmi). igi mozardebis 

saCxubrad waqezebas uaryofiTad afasebs. am dros isini xdebian 

sastikni, uguloni, gulgrilad Cauvlian sxvaTa mankier moqmedebas. 

mozardi yovelive amas TandaTan eCveva da bolos, SesaZlebelia, 

miTiTebuli mankieri qcevebi Tavmosawon saqcieladac miiCnios. 

jon loki ar gamoricxavs SemTxvevas, roca TamaSis dros ymawvili 

Tanatols travmas miayenebs. es marcxi usaTuod unda epatios bavSvs, 

oRond aq mTavaria mozardis ganwyoba am faqtisadmi, misi Sinagani 

sulieri mdgomareoba, rogoria misi gancdebi, ganicdis Tu ara 

TanagrZnobas amxanagisadmi miyenebuli tkivilis gamo da a. S. 

bavSvisaTvis miutevebeli saqcielia dacinva, gamowveuli romelime 

adamianis Tu Tanatolis fizikuri nakliT. es kategoriulad unda 

aRikveTos. saerTod, sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis mizniT sxvisi 

damdableba sisastikis gamovlinebis erT-erTi formaa, - aRniSnavs igi. 

bavSvuri cnobismoyvareobis Sesaxeb 

loki didi yuradRebiT amuSavebs swavlebis meTodebs da iZleva 

mraval saintereso miTiTebas. swavlebis meTodTa umTavres Rirsebad 

jon loki Tvlis moswavleebSi swavlisadmi interesis gaZlierebas da 

cnobismoyvareobis ganviTarebas. amiT is principulad ebrZvis 

86

dromoWmuli sqolastikuri swavlebis wesebs, romelic bavSvebisaTvis 

mosawyens da damqancvels xdida swavlebas. SeiZleba jon loks ar 

daeTanxmoT, rodesac is dawyebiT etapze TamaSiT moiTxovs swavlebas, 

magram loki marTalia, rodesac is acxadebs, rom araviTar SemTxvevaSi 

ar SeiZleba swavlebis pirveli nabijebis gadaqceva bavSvebisaTvis 

mosawyen movaleobad, vinaidan amiT SeiZleba bavSvs mTeli sicocxlis 

manZilze Caenergos swavlisadmi zizRi. loki dawvrilebiT aRwers 

anbaniT TamaSs. kiTxvis Seswavlis dros am TamaSobaTa Semdeg bavSvs 

unda mieces misTvis saintereso suraTebiani wigni. 

,,cnobismoyvareoba codnisken bavSvis swrafvaa. es aris ara mxolod 

keTili niSani, aramed udidesi iaraRi, uromlisodac norCi iqneboda 

usargeblo, Clungi, qmnileba". igi aRniSnavs, rom ymawvilis 

cnobismoyvareoba unda dakmayofildes gasagebi eniT, Tu SesaZlebelia, 

axsna-ganmarteba unda iyos Semagrebuli mravalsaxovani faqtebiT. 

upirvelesad saWiroa gamoikveTos is ZiriTadi, rac mas ainteresebs. 

informacia unda mivawodoT srulad, vrceli komentarebiT. SekiTxvaze 

yuradRebis gamoCena mozards waaqezebs, Caswvdes misTvis saintereso 

movlenebs, sagnebs. amiT mdidrdeba misi goneba, warmosaxva, ufarTovdeba 

Tvalsawieri. 

mTavari amocana is aris, rom aRmzrdelma mozards miawodos swori 

da dadasturebuli informacia, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, viTardeba 

arapunqtualoba. zogjer pedagogi Civis, rom ymawvilis mier dasmuli 

SekiTxva metad uCveulo da ucnauria. sagulisxmoa, rom ufrosebi 

xSirad ver amCneven movlenisa Tu sagnis xedvis im kuTxes, romelic 

SeiZleba bavSvs hqondes. amitomac saWiroa yuradReba. amgvarad, xSirad 

bavSvebis cnobismoyvareoba amdidrebs aRmzrdelTa codnas, aiZulebs 

maT, Secvalon xedvis kuTxe. 

87

sicelqis Sesaxeb 

sizarmace SesaZlebelia, _ aRniSnavs j. loki, _ gamowveuli iyos 

imiT, rom ymawvils yovel wuTs xelSi wignebs aCrian. Tu sizarmace 

gamowveulia mxolod amiT, maSin es advilad aRmosafxvrelia. sicelqe 

xSirad gamomdinareobs bavSvis temperamentidan da am dros saWiroa meti 

yuradReba da pedagogiuri moqniloba. am problemis mosagvareblad 

mecnieri Semdeg meTodebs gvTavazobs: 

1. sxvebis TandaswrebiT davanamusoT, gavaqilikoT, TiTqos Zalian 

gadaiRala. 

2. SevagonoT, rom ar vaiZulebT imecadinos, mivcemT saSualebas, 

survilisamebr iTamaSos, vidre ar moswyindeba. saWiroa mozardSi 

aRmovaCinoT da gavaZlieroT Tundac raRacisadmi miswrafeba, xolo 

saWiro SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonilia misi fizikuri SromiT datvirTva. 

bavSvis tyuilebi 

crupenteloba wyeuli mankierebaa. amitomac moiTxovs loki, 

CavunergoT tyuilisadmi zizRi, radganac igi SeuTavsebelia Rirseuli 

adamianisaTvis, jentlmenis reputaciisaTvis. ase axasiaTebs j. loki 

tyuils, rogorc uRirs adamianur Tvisebas. tyuilis gamovlinebisTanave 

saWiroa miRebuli iqnes gadamWreli zomebi. bavSvebs xels aZlevT 

tyuilis Tqma, radgan surT damalon TavianTi gaumarTlebeli qceva. 

amis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa: 

‣ manamde SevarcxvinoT bavSvi, vidre davsjideT. 

‣ daiwyebs Tu ara norCi Tavis gamarTlebas, unda vurCioT, 

gviambos simarTle. yovelive amis merec Tu ecdeba Cvens 

motyuebas, saWiroa davsajoT. 

‣ Tu gulwrfelad aRiarebs danaSauls, saWiroa SevaqoT, ar 

davayvedroT, ar vusayveduroT. ase igi ufro iolad Seiyvarebs 

gulwrfelobas, gulmarTlobas da SeeCveva simarTlis aRiarebas. 

88

‣ monaniebis Semdeg isev tyuilis Tqma mozards aRar unda epatios. 

saqme is aris, rom, Tu isev ecdeba yovelive amis ganmeorebas, 

mosalodnelia igi Cvevad eqces. amitomac sasjeli unda 

gamkacrdes, - aRniSnavs jon loki. 

keTilSobili pirovnebis aRzrdis erT-erTi saSualebaa RvTis 

aRiareba da rwmena. momavali jeltlmeni unda flobdes 4 ZiriTad Tvisebas: 

1. iyos keTilmoqmedi; 

2. brZeni; 

3. RvTismosavi; 

4. hqondes codna. 

loki urCevs aRmzrdels, Caunergos bavSvs uzenaesis siyvaruli. 

Tavdapirvelad erTob Znelia, ganumartos aRsazrdelebs am movlenis 

arsi, radgan saubari sulebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis 

Sesaxeb bavSvis bunebisaTvis advilad ar aris misawvdomi, amitom 

saWiroa mxolod zogadi abstraqtuli ganmartebebi RvTis Sesaxeb: rom 

is yvelafers xedavs, keTili da mowyalea. am meTodiT SesaZlebeli 

iqneba, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ SevuqmnaT maT uzenaesisadmi dadebiTi 

ganwyobileba. amave dros, aRmzrdelebs aZlevs miTiTebas, rom nu 

Seecdebian yovelive amis Sesaxeb mecnieruli logikis momarjvebiT, 

faqtebis moxmobiT esaubron mozardebs. sakmarisia Semoifarglon 

locvebis swavlebiT, bibliis kiTxviT, monaniebiT, RvTis moxseniebiT, 

riTac pativs miageben uzenaess. 

loki mTeli Tavisi arsebiT moiTxovs bavSvebis dacvas yovelgvari 

moCvenebebisa da sulebis gamocxadebisagan – es azianebs mozardis 

fsiqikaso, _ SeniSnavs mecnieri. 

simarTle da sikeTe 

qvelmoqmedeba, uzenaesisadmi WeSmariti siyvaruli qmnis imis 

safuZvels, raTa bavSvebma Tqvan simarTle, hqondeT sikeTisadmi 

89

midrekileba. Tu pataraobidanve Caunergaven sikeTis qmnis aucileblobas, 

es imas niSnavs, rom maT patiosan adamianebad zrdian. 

sibrZnis Sesaxeb 

,,sibrZne" jon loks axsnili aqvs, rogorc sityva, cneba, romelic 

flobas niSnavs. mTavaria, mozardi aRvzardoT Rirseul pirovnebad. 

mTavaria, aRmzrdelma aswavlos mas, rogor miswvdes WeSmaritebas, 

rogor Caidinos sworupovari saqcieli. ,,bavSvobis asakSi jer kidev 

moumwifebeli adamianisTvis mTavaria simarTlis siyvaruli, gulwrfeloba, 

gonivruli gansja da, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, sakuTari qcevebis 

gacnobiereba". 

zrdilobianoba 

keTilSobili jentlmenis aRzrdis aucilebel pirobad jon loki 

miiCnevs zrdilobas. igi gamoyofs uzrdelobis or saxes: 

1. uxerxuli simorcxve. 

2. uadgilo daudevroba. upativcemuloba. 

jentlmenis aRzrdis procesSi mniSvnelovania, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ 

SevaswavloT bavSvs sazogadoebaSi TavdaWeriloba. ymawvils unda 

SeeZlos, ar SekrTes, ar daibnes, Tavisuflad gamoTqvas azri, 

sazogadoebaSi, elitarul wreSi SeinarCunos wonasworoba da 

sazogadoeba misdami pativiscemiT ganawyos. dadebiTi damokidebuleba 

gamoamJRavnos im sazogadoebisadmi, sadac imyofeba, gamoavlinos 

kdemamosileba, hqondes daxvewili manera. yovelive es mas sulieri 

samyaros simdidred, pirovnebis zneobrivi arsis gamoxatvad miaCnia. 

jon loki moiTxovs sxva erebis Cvevebisa da tradiciebis flobasac. 

is iZleva im Tvisebebis mokle daxasiaTebas, romlebic axalgazrdas 

sazogadoebaSi uaryofiT pirovnebad warmoaCens, kulturul wreSi 

arasasurvel imijs Seuqmnis: 

90

1. uxeSi buneba. 

2. gularaxsniloba an zizRi, rac vlindeba mis mier Tqmul 

calkeul frazebSi, sityvebSi vlindeba. 

3. uzrdeloba, rac gamoixateba SurianobiT, cnobismoyvareobiT, 

sxvaTa naklis ZiebiT da aRmoCeniT. 

4. pirovnebis sasacilod agdeba ukeTuri surviliT da SeniRbulad. 

5. sijiute, ampartavnoba, avznianoba. 

6. mosaubrisaTvis sityvis gawyvetineba, uxeSi SeniSvnis micema, 

axalgazrda ymawvilis mier sakuTari azris sxvebisTvis Tavs 

moxvevis mcdeloba, sakuTari Sexedulebis jiutad mtkiceba 

Tundac sabuTianad, oRond arasasurveli formiT da sxv. 

mogzaurobani 

mogzaurobas jon loki aRsazrdelis gonebisa da Wkuis srulyofis 

pirobad Tvlis. sxvadasxva kuTxisa da regionis xalxTa zne-Cveulebebis, 

cxovrebis wesis gacnoba iwvevs sakuTari cxovrebis wesis mravalgzis 

kritikul gadaxedvas, gaanalizebas, magram mogzaurobisas ymawvils 

aucileblad unda axldes aRmzrdeli. uCveulo cxovrebis pirobebSi igi 

eyoleba bavSvs mzrunvelad, damcvelad, damrigeblad. amis saWiroeba 

imiT aris axsnili, rom ymawvili jer kidev ver iCens sifrTxilesa da 

TavSekavebulobas. 15-16 wlis axalbedas aRmzrdelis yuradReba xels 

Seuwyobs, iolad Seicnos garemo da gamoicnos adamianebi. aRzrdis 

mniSvnelovani saSualebaa, wers jon loki, _ mogzauroba, romelic xels 

uwyobs jentlmenis formirebas". mecnieris azriT, saganmanaTleblo 

TvalsazrisiT mogzauroba iZleva ucxo enebis Seswavlis SesaZleblobas, 

gaafarToebs istoriis, geografiisa da bunebismetyvelebis sakiTxTa 

codnas, gamoiwvevs sxva saxelmwifoTa politikur wyobilebaTa gacnobas 

da a. S. 

ùkanaskneli nawili aRzrdisa, _ werda jon loki Seadgens 

mogzaurobas, romelSic Cveulebriv xedaven saqmis dasasruls. is, rac 

91

amTavrebs jentlmenis formirebas~. jon lokis azriT, saganmanaTleblo 

SinaarsiT mogzauroba ganapirobebs ucxo enebis Cvevebis SeZenas. codnis 

gafarToebas istoriaSi. geografiaSi da bunebismetyvelebaSi, sxva 

saxelmwifoTa politikur wyobaTa cnobas da sxv. rogorc Cans, misi azriT 

damoukdiebeli azrovnebisaTvis adamiani mzad aris mxolod 21-22 wlis 

asakSi da mxolod am asakSi SeiZleba vandoT mas Tavisi Tavi. 

jon loki gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs mozardTa 

temperaments, gansxvavebul midrekilebebs. is aRniSnavs: ,,bavSvTa buneba 

da xasiaTi imdenad nairgvaria, rom SesaZlebelia dausrulebeli 

msjeloba TiToeuli mozardis, ymawvilis sulieri samyaros 

Taviseburebis Sesaxeb. adamianTa, bavSvTa bunebis nairgvarobas is 

udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs da aRniSnavs: ,,ar moipoveba ori erTmaneTis 

msgavsi bavSvi, romelTa mimarT SeiZleba gamoiyenon aRzrdis erTi da 

igive meTodi." 

sazogadoebis fenebad dayofis gamo moazrovne moiTxovs: princma, 

TavadiSvilma da Cveulebrivi jentlmenis Svilma miiRon gansxvavebuli 

aRzrda; garda amisa, igi axalSobils uwodebs ,,TeTr qaRalds, cvils", 

romlisganac SesaZlebelia gamoiZerwos rac gnebavT. 

SromaSi ,,azrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb" jon loki farTod exeba 

swavlebis sakiTxebs, sadac aRwerilia imdroindeli swavlebis 

sxvadasxva dargi. vfiqrobT, es dargebi misaRebi da tradiciulic iyo 

XVII^^ saukunis saswavlo sistemisaTvis. amitom loki ganixilavs werakiTxvis, 

laTinuri da franguli enebis dasaufleblad saWiro 

saSualebebs; msjelobs ariTmetikis, geografiis, geometria-astronomiis, 

istoriis, eTikis, xatvis, sportuli saxeobebis, buRalteriis, 

xelosnobis da sxva saqmianobisa Tu sagnebis dauflebis aucileblobis 

Sesaxeb. 

ar ganvixilavT im konkretul programas, romelsac jon loki 

gvTavazobs, magram gansakuTrebul yuradRebas mivaqcevT principul 

sakiTxs. is aris mTavari mimarTuleba mis SemoqmedebaSi – swavlebisa da 

aRzrdis problemaTa erTianoba. SesaZlebelia iTqvas: loki ara mxolod 

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momxrea swavlebis da aRzrdis erTianobisa, aramed TviT swavlebis 

procesic mas momavali Taobis WeSmariti aRzrdis pirobad 

warmoudgenia. metic, misTvis swavleba igive aRzrdaa da swavlebis 

process saerTod ar miiCnevs aRzrdisagan calke gamosayof komponentad. 

davsZenT: swavlebis procesi jon lokis memkvidreobaSi calke 

Seswavlas imsaxurebs da misi calkeuli debulebebis gaTvaliswineba 

didad dagvexmareboda Tanamedrove qarTuli skolebis gegma-programebis 

Semdgom gamdidreba-daxvewaSi. 

Cven Sorsa varT im azrisagan, rom jon lokis pedagogiuri 

Sexedulebebi, misi ideebi swavla-aRzrdis Sesaxeb sruliad moklebulia 

_ Tanamedroveobis gadasaxedidan _ yovelgvar kritikas. magram im 

droisaTvis es iyo metad mniSvnelovani, gabeduli, mecnieruli da 

pedagogiuri miznebi, amocanebi, romelsac gauCnda uamravi mimdevrebi da 

praqtikuli ganmxorcielebelic. 

j. lokis Sroma `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb~ warmoadgens mwyobr 

sistemas, sakmaod ostaturad dakonkretebuls da programirebuls 

momavali Taobis swavla-aRzrdis Sesaxeb, romelic eyrdnoba humanizmis, 

zneobriobis uaRresad Rrma safuZvlebs. 

jon lokis, rogorc ganmanaTleblisa da pedagogis 

dasadastureblad moviyvanT ramodenime debulebas misi Sromidan. didi 

mniSvneloba aqvs adamianSi arsebul Zalas, romelic gonebis saSualebiT 

uaryofs sasargeblo, mavne survilebs da, miuxedavad didi 

miswrafebebisa, win aRudgeba uaryofiT midrekilebebs, amis gareSe 

adamianSi ver Camoyalibdeba WeSmaritad saTno da zneobrivi pirovneba. 

‣ aRmzrdelis valia aRsazrdels Camouyalibos suli da 

gamoumuSaos qceva, saTanado Cvevebi, SesZinos sibrZne da 

zneobrivi Rirebulebebi. misces Zala TviTdarwmunebis, simxneve 

da sibejiTe wrTvniT avarjos qcevaSi. 

mTavaria `jentlmenis~ Camoyalibebisas ara mxolod calmxrivi 

ganaTleba, swavla sxvadasxva dargobriv sferoSi, rogoricaa wvdoma 

metafizikis sferoSi, filosofiaSi, maTematikaSi, istoriaSi, 

93

qronologiaSi, romelic codnis samyaros gasaRebia, aramed ufro 

mniSvnelovania misi keTilzneobrioba, saTno pirovnebad Camoyalibeba, 

romlis gareSe igi Raribia, ganicdis simwares aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT, 

romelic adablebs adamianur Rirsebas da xdis mas arasrulyofil, 

arasrulfasovad pirovnebad. 

sainteresoa j. lokis traqtati aRsazrdelSi CvevaTa Camoyalibebis 

Sesaxeb, romelic Semdegnairad aqvs warmodgenili; unda xdebodes 

Cvevebis Camoyalibeba: sxeulis flobis mimarTulebiT gonebrivi 

moqmedebebis sferoSi da socialur-moraluri TvalsazrisiT. 

j. lokis zemoaRniSnuli rCevebi dafuZnebulia Tvisebebis 

formirebaze, romelic saWiroa `jentlmenis~ aRzrdisTvis, raTa man 

Seasrulos Tavisi movaleobebi sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. 

dausruleblad aris SesaZlebeli moviyvanoT uamravi magaliTebi 

misi pedagogiuri Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb, romelic adasturebs, rom j. 

loki warmoadgens pedagogiuri mecnierebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenels 

ganmanaTlebels, pedagogs, romlis naazrevic saukuneebis manZilze da 

Tanamedrove etapzec Rirseulad exmaureba momavali Taobis swavlaganaTlebis 

problemebs. 

94

$2. jon lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreobis filosofiuri, 

fsiqologiuri, pedagogiuri da sociologiuri safuZvlebi naSromis 

„cda adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb“ mixedviT 

jon loki Tavis droisaTvis uaRresad novatoruli ideebiT movida 

pedagogiur mecnierebaSi. Tavis ZiriTad filosofiur naSromSi `cda 

adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb~ lokma daasabuTa, rom adamianis cxovrebaSi 

ar aris Tandayolili ideebi da warmodgenebi, bavSvis suli `sufTa 

dafas~ (tabula razas) hgavs. aqedan gamomdinare jon loki 

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aRzrdas da ganaTlebas aniWebda da 

ambobda: àTidan cxra im adamianebs Soris, romelTac Cven vxvdebiT, 

arian keTilni an borotni. sasargebloni an usargebloni TavianTi 

aRzrdis Sedegad. swored aRzrda qmnis did gansxvavebebs adamianebs 

Soris. 

lokis rogorc filosofosis mniSvneloba pirvel rigSi 

gamoixateba, rom man filosofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvisas Semecnebis 

Teoria pirvel adgilze daayena. mTeli axali filosofiis dasawyisi 

xasiaTdeboda meTodis problemis aRmoCena-ganviTarebaSi. 

pedagogikis istoriaSi bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebis faqtorebis 

sakiTxi yovelTvis problemur, pirvelxarisxovan sakiTxad iTvleboda. 

pedagogikis TiTqmis yvela gamoCenili klasikosi mniSvnelovan adgils 

uTmobs Tavis moZRvrebaSi aRzrdis rols da, SeiZleba iTqvas, masze 

agebs mTel pedagogiur sistemasac. 

pedagogiuri azrovnebis istoria am mxriv mimdinareobaTa da 

SexedulebaTa sxvadasxvaobiT xasiaTdeba, romelic SeiZleba ase daiyos: 

pirveli _ mimdinareobaTa da SexedulebaTa is jgufi, romelic 

ugulebelyofs pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aRzrdis rols da 

yvelafers Tandayolili ideebiT, memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli an bavSvis 

bunebrivi TaviseburebebiT gansazRvravs. misi ideologiuri safuZveli 

idealizmia. meore _ pirvelis sruliad sawinaaRmdego `sufTa dafis~, e. 

95

w. aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis Teoria. mesame _ orives meqanikurad 

Semarigebeli konvergenciis Teoria. 

gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jon lokis Tandayolili 

ideebis kritikam, swavlebam codnis grZnobadi warmoSobisa da moralis 

Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelia gamocdileba, Semecnebis Teoriis 

siRrmiseulma damuSavebam xeli Seuwyo imdroindeli istoriulfilosofiuri 

azrovnebis Semdgom ganviTarebas. amave dros, es iyo 

ZiriTadi sayrdeni, romelzedac man aago pedagogikuri ideebi, 

Sexedulebebi da azrebi. igi farTod ikvlevs Semecnebis sakiTxs da 

miznad isaxavs daadginos codnis warmoSoba, misi sicxadis xarisxi, 

Semecnebis unari da sazRvrebi. 

loki Tavis pedagogikur memkvidreobaSi, akritikebs ra Tandayolili 

ideebis arsebobas, aRniSnavs: bavSvi – es aris ,,sufTa dafa"; cnobilia 

misi debuleba, romelsac laTinurad ewodeba ,,tabula raza." swavlaaRzrdis 

procesi, lokis mixedviT, jentlmenis aRzrdis, Camoyalibebis 

aucilebeli pirobaa; vfiqrobT, yovelive es pirovnebis Camoyalibebis 

Tanamedrove ideasa da mis Sinaars garkveulwilad esadageba. 

jon lokis memkvidreobaSi mocemulia saintereso, argumentirebuli, 

siRrmiseuli msjelobebi Tandayolili ideebis ararsebobis Sesaxeb 

(ix.k. baqraZe, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, t. VI, gv. 115). Cven ar 

SevudgebiT maT Rrma gaanalizebas, magram vityviT, rom swavla-aRzrdis 

Teoriis problemis ganxilvisas, mTeli misi pedagogikuri ideebis, 

Sexedulebebis safuZvels swored Semecnebis, rogorc codnis 

dauflebis procesis, srulyofili, amomwuravi gaSuqeba qmnis. 

lokis filosofia exeba Tandayolili ideebis Teoriis kritikas, 

cdis Teorias, martivi da rTuli ideebis Teorias, enis rols 

Semecnebis procesSi, maTTan dakavSirebiT zogadi cnebebis warmoSobisa 

da Semecnebis ZiriTad sakiTxebs, mis sazRvrebs, WeSmaritebis problemebs 

da codnisa da rwmenis urTierTdamokidebulebas. igi ganixilavs 

Semecnebis sam xarisxs: 

I – grZnobadi codna saganTa arsebobis Sesaxeb. 

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II – intuiciuri codna Cveni sakuTari arsebobis Sesaxeb, me 

vazrovneb, vmsjelob, ganvicdi siamovnebas, usiamovnebas, vnebas da es 

sakmarisia Cemi arsebobis dasadgenad. Tu me daeWvebuli var, es eWvi 

maCvenebelia Cemi arsebobis. 

III - demonstraciuli codna, demonstraciuli Semecneba ar aris 

cxadi da naTeli. igi damtkicebas eyrdnoba, dasabuTebas moiTxovs. 

loki daaskvnis, rom Cven gvaqvs sakuTari arsebobis intuiciuri 

Semecneba, demonstraciuli codna RvTis arsebobaze da saganTa ricxvis 

grZnobadi Semecneba. 

maS, ras eyrdnoba Tandayolili ideebis uaryofis SemTxvevaSi 

adamianis Semecneba? loki upasuxebs, rom gamocdilebaSi Tavs iyris 

mTeli adamianuri codna da mis sawyisad Semdegs Tvlis: 

I – grZnobad aRqmas, SegrZnebebs – civi, cxeli, mJave, mware. 

II – ideebs, romelic gamomdinareobs Cveni Sinagani mdgomareobidan. 

mag. survili, rwmena, meryeoba, daskvnis gamotana; adamianis sulis aseT 

mdgomareobas loki uwodebs refleqsias. 

lokis Semecnebis Teoriis arsi mokled ase SeiZleba davaxasiaToT: 

ar arsebobs Tandayolili ideebi, romlebic sawyisSive aris Cadebuli 

adamianis sulSi;aseve ar arsebobs ideebi gamocdilebis miRebamde, 

romelic warmoadgens grZnobad aRqmas. yvela idea warmoiSoba 

SegrZnebidan. Semecnebis mTeli Sinaarsi moipoveba cdiT, anu 

gamocdilebiT. gamocdileba, romelic adamians aqvs, orgvaria: 

garegani – grZnobadi organoebis aRqmidan, romelic iZleva codnas 

garemomcveli samyaros Sesaxeb (masSi Sedis Cveni sakuTari sxeuli). 

Sinagani – sakuTar sulier mdgomareobasa da moqmedebaze uSualo 

dakvirveba. 

magram Sinagani gamocdileba ganpirobebulia gareganiT, radgan 

Cveni sulieri mdgomareoba ibadeba grZnobadi aRqmis meSveobiT. e. i. 

codnis yovelgvari wyaroa. garegani grZnobebis organoebze zemoqmedebis 

monacemebi (dakvirveba da gamocdileba sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT). 

SegrZnebebi, romelTac gadaamuSavebs inteleqti. rom ara grZnobadi 

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aRqmebi – suli ,,TeTri qaRaldia", masSi ar iqneba araviTari 

warmodgenebi da metic, araviTari azrovneba. 

grZnobadi SegrZnebebis safuZvelze inteleqti agebs codnas, faqtis 

uSualo konstatirebiT an cdebis, gamocdilebis safuZvelze kavSirebis 

damyarebiT an daskvnebis saSualebiT, romelsac aRqma uSualod ver 

swvdeba. 

Semecnebis es Teoria fsiqologiuria, sadac ikveTeba Semecnebis 

fsiqologiuri procesi; xdeba Cveni warmodgenebis warmoSoba da masze 

inteleqtis zemoqmedeba. 

jon lokma es Teoria Camoayaliba SromaSi ,,cda adamianis gonebis 

Sesaxeb." 

aRniSnul SromaSi naTlad aris gamoxatuli urTierTdamokidebuleba 

grZnobad aRqmasa da warmodgenebis Seqmnis process Soris, warmodgenebsa 

da abstraqtul ideebs Soris, rac eyrdnoba cdis uSualo monacemebsa 

da daskvnebs. 

aq mocemulia sruli suraTi imisa, rom abstraqtuli ideebis 

Sinaarsi nasesxebia konkretulisagan. 

amgvarad, jon lokma naTeli mohfina sakiTxs, Tu ra gziT axerxebs 

individi garemomcvel samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Semecnebas. 

Semecnebis lokiseul Teorias dResac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 

aqvs imdenad, ramdenadac saqme exeba fsiqologiur SemecnebiT process 

da mis Sedegebs. 

bavSvs SeiZleba hqondes memkvidreobiT miRebuli cudi Tvisebebi, 

magram isini ar arian ucvlelni da aRzrdis meoxebiT yovelTvis 

SeiZleba maTi sasargeblo Tvisebebad gardaqmna. swored am atavisturi 

Tvisebebis gansazRvra, garCeva SeZenilisagan da maTi aRmofxvra, an ukeT 

rom vTqvaT, sasargeblo Tvisebad gardaqmna axali daniSnulebaa 

skolisa. didi mniSvneloba aqvs amave dros im garemos, romelSic 

uxdeba bavSvs cxovreba. garemo pirovnebis Camoyalibebis mTavar 

faqtorad iTvleba. garemo mas esmis adamianis garemomcveli buneba 

Tavisi mravalferovani movlenebiT da sazogadoeba, romelSic igi 

98

cxovrobs. bavSvi Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze ecnoba rogorc bunebis, ise 

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Taviseburebebs. yovelive es did gavlenas 

axdens masze. marTalia, organizebuli aRzrdis procesi ganapirobebs 

bavSvis Camoyalibebas da aRzrdazea damokidebuli, Tu rogori 

Tvisebebis mqone adamianad Camoyalibdeba igi cxovrebaSi, magram 

organizebuli aRzrdis Sedegi bevradaa damokidebuli im 

sazogadoebaze, romlis wiaRSic bavSvi izrdeba. `roca romelime 

individi cud saqmes Caidens, xSirad im sazogadoebas vdebT brals, 

sadac damnaSave cxovrobda. es imitom, rom sazogadoebas TviTeuls 

Tavis wevrze aqvs aRmzrdelobiTi gavlena. Tu sazogadoeba keTili da 

gonieria maSin am sazogadoebaSi iSviaTad gamoereva boroti adamiani. 

sociologiur problemaTa kvlevis procesis erT-erTi aspeqti 

gamoxatulia lokis damokidebulebaSi religiisadmi. unda iTqvas: 

religiis Sesaxeb daweril SromaSi ar aris gamokveTili avtoris 

saboloo pozicia. es pozicia unda aRmovaCinoT mis msjelobebSi. 

religia realuria maSin, roca is eyrdnoba gardauval mtkicebebs, rac 

xdeba bunebis gonebiT Semecnebis dros. mecnieri aRniSnavs: ,,araferi ar 

unda virwmunoT mxolod rwmeniT, dajerebiT, kritikuli kvlevis 

moumarjveblad; Tumca dogmaTa umravlesoba ar ewinaaRmdegeba gonebas 

da uZlebs kritikas, magram arc maTi ukritikod miReba ivargebs.es aris 

aSkara winaaRmdegoba damoukideblad moqmedi gonebis avtonomiisadmi, 

misi principebisadmi. aseve winaaRmdegobrivia misi Semecnebis Teoriac, 

radgan ar cnobs codnis wyaros Sinagani da garegani monacemebiT 

miRebuli gamocdilebis Tvinier. 

am azrs iziarebs cnobili rusi mecnieri d. raxmani Tavis SromaSi 

,,jon loki" (l. i. aqselrodis redaqciiT, gamomcemloba ,,Cervoni Sliax," 

1924 weli). d. aqselrodi jon lokis religiur Sexedulebaze xmarobs 

gamoTqmas ,,Признание Локком примата разума над религией” (loki gonebas 

religiaze maRla ayenebs). d. raxmans Tavis SromaSi mocemuli aqvs mTeli 

rigi saintereso da mimaniSnebeli debulebebi lokis msjelobebidan, 

romlebic adastureben gonebis upiratesobas religiaze [42, 62]. 

99

loki Tavisufal saxelmwifoSi Tavisufali eklesiis momxrea da 

moiTxovs eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofas. religia mas miaCnia 

Tavisufali, kritikuli kvlevis sferod. aqedan gamomdinare, igi 

Tavisufali rjulaRmsareblobis momxrea da dasZens, rom religia 

adamianis pirovnuli saqmea. adamiani TviTon gansazRvravs Tavis 

damokidebulebas zenaarsisadmi yovelgvari Suamavlisa Tu avtoritetis 

gareSe. adamiani sxvas ar unda axvevdes Tavs sakuTar religiur rwmenas, 

igi TviTon irCevs Tavis kults. kulti da misi ritualebi morwmuneTa 

jgufebis saqmea da ara saxelmwifosi, _ aRniSnavs loki. misi azriT, 

saWiro da aucilebelia, adamianebma SeiZinon codna RvTisa da religiis 

Sesaxeb, icodnen zogadi religiuri cnebebi, raTa mTeli gulisyuriT 

daeuflon religiur codnas. 

sazogadoebaSi religiuri rwmenis problemebis mogvarebisas Tavs 

iCens sociologiuri problemebi. 

am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa jon lokis Teoria, romelic 

gaSuqebulia traqtatSi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. igi msjelobs Tavisufali 

da Tanabaruflebiani adamianebis Sesaxeb, romlebic sakuTari keTildReobis 

gasaumjobeseblad muSaoben. am saqmeSi aravis aqvs, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ 

Zaladobis ufleba. Zaladobisagan Tavdasacavad adamianebma unda Seqmnan 

sazogadoebrivi kavSirebi, romlebsac emorCilebian nebayoflobiT da 

gadascemen TavianTi uflebebis nawils TiToeulisa da yvelas 

sasargeblod. es unda moxdes urTierTsasargeblo interesebisa da 

saerTo nebis safuZvelze. moqalaqeebsa da saxelmwifos Soris 

urTierToba unda daefuZnos Tavisufali urTierTobis principebs. 

lokis Sexedulebebi saxelmwifosa da adamianebis urTierTobis 

Sesaxeb sruliad gacxadda warmomadgenlobiT mmarTvelobis TeoriaSi. 

umaRlesi kanonmdebloba unda iyos kanonmdebluri, xolo adamianebs 

eZlevaT ufleba warmoadginon TavianTi warmomadgenlebi xmis 

umravlesobiT. 

jon loks miaCnia, rom xelisuflebis swori funqcionirebis mizniT 

sasurvelia sxvadasxva sfero struqturulad Semdegnairad daiyos: 

100

egzekuciuri, e.i. sakuTriv aRmsruleblobiTi, da sasamarTlo, romelic 

unda iyos Sereuli, da federaluri (anu sagareo saqmeebi). 

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saTaveSi unda idges mefe, romelic 

daemorCileba kanonebs. kanonis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi xelisufleba 

kargavs Zalauflebas da ubrundeba xalxis wiaRs. 

loki gamokveTilad saubrobs pirovnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, 

romelic molaparakebis safuZvelze agebs, wyvets sakuTar 

sazogadoebriv urTierTdamokidebulebebs. 

aseTia mkvlevaris Sexeduleba sazogadoebriv urTierTobebze, 

romelic man harmoniul urTierTobaTa Camoyalibebis safuZvlad miiCnia. 

Cven mier gaSuqebuli jon lokis Sexedulebebi religiisa da 

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb pirovnebis formirebis mniSvnelovani faqtorebia, 

xolo procesebi, romlebic mimdinareobs sazogadoebaSi, sadac esoden 

mniSvnelovan prblemebs wyveten, TavisTavad warmoadgenen momavali 

Taobis swavla-aRzrdis sociologiur safuZvlebs. 

mizanSewonilad vTvliT, aRvniSnoT: jon lokis Sroma ,,cda 

ადამიანის gonebiს Sesaxeb" apirobebs aRmzrdelobiTi sistemis 

rogorobas, gansazRvravs misi problemebis dadebiTad gadawyvetas. 

saerTod, lokis Sromebi ,.fiqrebi aRzrdaze" da ,.cda ადამიანის gonebis 

Sesaxeb" organulad da myarad arian dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. am 

SromebSi mocemuli Teoriuli postulatebi Seicavs swavla-aRzrdis 

procesis WeSmaritad mizandasaxulad warmarTvisTvis saWiro praqtikul 

da Teoriul msjelobebs, aucilebel da saWiro darigebebs, rCevebs. 

agreTve unda iTqvas, rom es ori Sroma erTmaneTs gansazRvravs da 

ganapirobebs. isini erTmaneTs avseben da qmnian erT monoliTur 

mTlianobas. 

,,maRali instancia, romelsac sakuTari qcevisas mimarTavs adamiani, 

aris misi goneba [31, 267], _ aRniSnavs loki. misi fiqriT, goneba aris is 

fenomeni, romelic, kargad Tu avad informirebuli, ganuwyvetliv 

xelmZRvanelobs im codniT, rasac am momentSi flobs da am WeSmariti 

Tu fsevdo codniT xdeba misi SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis marTva. amitom 

101

aucilebelia zrunva adamianis gonebriv aRzrdaze, raTa codnis 

miRebisas da msjelobis dros goneba swori gziT miemarTebodes. 

am TvalsazrisiT igi win wamowevs adamianTa niWierebis 

gansxvavebulobis problemas, rac vlindeba operaciebis Catarebis 

procesSi SesaZleblobaTa nairgvarobiT. 

‣ adamianebi Zalian gansxvavdebian SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT, _ 

aRniSnavs loki. es gansxvaveba Zevs adamianTa bunebiT naboZeb 

SesaZleblobebSi, magram, amave dros isec xdeba, rodesac 

pirovneba Tavisi Tavis saTanadod Seufaseblobis gamo ver 

aRwevs imas, rac mas realurad SeuZlia. 

‣ didi mniSvneloba eniWeba msjelobis, gansjis process. saamisod 

adamians unda hqondes gansazRvruli ideebi, romelTa 

ganviTarebis dros saWiroa gonivruli msjeloba da gansja. 

jon loki warmogvidgens sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis mqone 

adamianis tipebs: 

1. isini, romlebic bWoben da moqmedeben sxvisi magaliTis 

safuZvelze (mSoblebis, megobrebis da sxva.). xSirad es 

gamowveulia sizarmaciT: ar surT gaswion mZime Sroma, rac 

esoden saWiroa azrovnebisa da damoukidebeli gansjisaTvis. 

2. isini, romlebic mihyvebian vnebas da mas gonebaze maRla ayeneben, 

isini ar usmenen sxvis gonivrul rCevas. sxvaTa Soris, es 

viTareba ,,vefxistyaosanSi" aseTi formulis saxiT gvxvdeba: 

,,hkiTxe asTa, hqmen gulisa, ra ginda vin givaziros". 

3. adamianebis kategoria, romlebic gulwrfelad da xalisianad 

mihyvebian gonebas, magram ar ZaluZT mTeli siRrmiTa da 

sisruliT Caswvdnen im sakiTxebs, gadawyvetilebis misaRebad rom 

esoden saWiroa. 

am dros aucilebelia, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ adamiani iyos erTob 

organizebuli, komunikabeluri, adamianebTan urTierTobisas SeeZlos 

gulwrfeli kamaTi da msjeloba, raTa sxvaTa Sexedulebebs Seajeros 

Tavisi Sexedulebebi, azrebi, ideebi. 

102

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs loki iseT adamianTa 

daxasiaTebas, romlebsac aqvT Sexedulebebis, ideebis viwro 

Tvalsawieri. es iwvevs arasasurvel SezRudulobas. ,,gaiazre da 

gaisigrZegane yvela sagani, xolo SeamCnie da daeyrdeni imas, romelic 

SenTvisaa kargi da sasargeblo." igi mouwodebs adamianebs, iswavlon 

sicruisa da WeSmaritebis garCeva. am dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs 

sistematur gonebriv varjiSs, unarTa da CvevaTa gamomuSavebas. 

saerTod jon loki adamians didi potencialisa da SesaZleblobebis 

arsebad miiCnevs da aRniSnavs: ,,adamianebs imaze meti SeuZliaT, vidre 

warmogvidgenia." 

moazrovne did mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis unarebisa da Zalebis 

ganviTarebas varjiSis gziT. varjiSi pirovnebas uyalibebs iseT 

aucilebel Tvisebebs, rogoricaa gonebamaxviloba, moxerxebuloba, 

gergilianoba. varjiSsa da ganmeorebiT moqmedebebs, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ 

bunebrivi niWierebis doneze ahyavs ubralo adamianis SesaZleblobani. 

amitom xSir SemTxvevaSi adamianTa gonebriv SesaZleblobebs 

gansazRvravs ara bunebis mier boZebuli niWiereba, aramed unari CvevaTa 

formirebis mizandasaxuli warmarTvisa. 

aseT adamianebs aqvT sakuTari ideebi, romelTa WeSmaritebasac 

praqtikul cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi adastureben. aseT adamianTa 

msjelobebSi vlindeba codnis siRrme da naTlad gadmocemis maRali 

xarisxi. 

jon loki saubrobs adamianebis mier zogadi Tu abstraqtuli 

moraluri ideebis flobis Sesaxeb. moraluri ideebis wvdoma moiTxovs 

seriozul gonebriv operaciebs. magaliTisaTvis is asaxelebs adamianebis 

samarTlianobas, romelsac mivyavarT movaleobisa da samarTlianobis 

ideis sruli wvdomisaken. loki, amave dros, faqtobrivad ayenebs 

adamianebis mier maT ufleba-movaleobebis ideis gansjis sakiTxs. 

codnis mopovebis rTul gzaze goneba WeSmaritebisa da sicruis 

dasadgenad eyrdnoba garkveul principebs. 

103

swavla-aRzrdis procesSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi gonebrivi 

operaciebis Catarebas, romlebic moiTxovs garkveul principebze 

dayrdnobiT mniSvnelovani debulebebis damtkicebas. am dros unda 

arsebobdes raRac winaswari varaudi. yovelive es damokidebulia imaze, 

Tu ramdenad aqvT adamianebs navarjiSebi goneba da gamomuSavebuli 

garkveuli unar-Cvevebi. 

loki aseTi gonebrivi operaciebis Catarebis dawyebis 

aucileblobas varaudobs mozardobis asakSi da aRniSnavs, rom 

cxovrebis momdevno etapze zemoaRwerili procesebis ganxorcieleba 

TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, radgan igi bavSvobis xanaSi Camoyalibebul 

Cvevebs unda daefuZnos. 

am TvalsazrisiT Semoqmedi ganixilavs maTematikis swavlebis 

process, romelic moiTxovs msjelobas, gonebriv operirebas yovel 

calkeul sakiTxze. 

mtkicebulebisas saWiroa Tvalis midevneba ideis kavSirebsa da 

Tanamimdevrobaze manamde, vidre goneba im ZiriTad wyaromde ar miva, 

saidanac es idea gamomdinareobs, TumcaRa albaTobis Semowmebisas es 

rodia sakmarisi gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis ise, rogorc es xdeba 

demonstraciuli codnis dros. 

am dros rodia sakmarisi erTi argumenti da misi susti da Zlieri 

mxareebis dadgena, aramed saWiroa ramdenime an yvela argumenti, maTi 

urTierTdapirispireba, yvela parametris gaTvaliswineba. mxolod ase 

midis goneba gansazRvrul gadawyvetilebamde. 

msgavsi operirebis Cvevis gamomuSaveba utyuari gzaa, romelsac 

goneba ahyavs farTo azrovnebis doneze, WeSmaritad Tavisufali 

azrovnebis simaRleze. am viTarebaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba Secdomebis 

Tavidan acilebac. 

loki gonebrivi operaciebis Catarebis zemoTaRwerili meTodis 

erT-erT formad asaxelebs disputs, romelic skolebSi tardeba. 

mecnieri gadaWriT uaryofs mis dadebiT Sedegs, radgan am dros 

WeSmaritebis dadgena xdeba erTi romelime kerZo argumentis 

104

safuZvelze. es igivea, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ rom gamoviyvanoT angariSis 

balansi erTi romelime Tanxis miweriT an CamoweriT, rodesac 

arsebobs uamravi sxva varianti da roca saWiroa gaanalizebiTa da 

dapirispirebiT iqnes miRebuli swori Sedegi. 

loki Tvlis, rom adamianis goneba sul unda moZraobdes. 

gansakuTrubuli wvrTna sWirdeba mas crurwmenis gasafantavad; 

amisaTvis aucilebelia sakuTar TavSi arsebuli azrebisa da 

Sexedulebebis, ideebis Semowmeba; sakuTar TavSi Rrmad Caxedva iwvevs 

adamianis daxvewas, uaryofiTis saRi gansjis gziT aRmofxvras. adamianis 

cxovrebiseuli sifrTxile gonebrivi gansjis safuZvelze miiRweva. 

azrebis, Sexedulebebis gadamowmebis unari, sxva adamianebis azrTan misi 

Sejereba WeSmaritebis dadgenis saSualebaao, - aRniSnavs moazrovne. 

SromaSi ,,cda ადამიანის gonebis Sesaxeb" avtori yuradRebas 

amaxvilebs mozardSi mTeli rigi znekeTili Tvisebebis, sulieri 

Rirebulebebis formirebaze, rac did rols asrulebs pirovnebis 

(jentlmenis) Camoyalibebis procesSi. igi mTeli siRrmiT ganixilavs 

pirovnebis fsiqologiur portrets, mis TvisebaTa da sulier 

RirebulebaTa rogorobas, iZleva maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi 

mxareebis daxasiaTebas. 

am TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs jon loki adamianis iseT Tvisebas, 

rogoricaa gulgriloba. igi Tvlis, rom gulgriloba WeSmaritebis 

dadgenis gzaze mniSvnelovani winaRobaa. es aris adamianis sulieri 

samyaros siRaribe da sisuste. aucilebelia adamians hqondes 

saidumloTa wvdomis mZafri interesi, rac mniSvnelovanwilad 

gansazRvravs mis sazogadoebriv aqtivobasac da aqtivobisaTvis saWiro 

mamoZravebel impulssac. 

loki pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar xmarobs termins aqtiuri 

cxovrebiseuli pozicia, magram misi pedagogikuri Sexedulebebi mkafiod 

gamoxatavs am terminSi nagulisxmev Sinaarss. 

lokis SexedulebiT, adamians unda hqondes yoveli arsebulis da 

yvelafris sistematuri Semowmebis da gadamowmebis Cveva da unari, 

105

miswrafeba srulyofilebamde miiyvanos yoveli naSromi, moqmedebis 

Sinaarsi. es moiTxovs azrebis, Sexedulebebis irgvliv gonebis daZabvas, 

moZraobas, pirovnebis Zalisxmevas, raTa dauRalavad iRvawos sakuTari 

msoflmxedvelobis myar da namdvil safuZvelze agebisTvis. gonebis 

amgvari sistematuri varjiSi mozardis swavlebisa da aRzrdis 

aucilebeli pirobaa; misi goneba dauflebuli unda iyos Tavisufali 

moZraobis Cvevebs; es mas saSualebas miscems, Caswvdes codnis 

sxvadasxva dargs, romlebic cxovrebaSi gamoadgeba. gonebis sistematuri 

wvaleba adamians miscems saSualebas, ar daemonos yovelgvar cnobil 

dogmas, romelic gabatonebulia sazogadoebaSi rogorc ucvleli da 

samaradiso WeSmariteba. 

did mniSvnelobas aZlevs jon loki ganzogadebas. am dros xdeba 

ZiriTadi Teoriuli daskvnebis gamotana, rasac, amave dros, didi 

praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. 

Semdeg jon loki saubrobs argumentebis Sesaxeb. mas Tavisi roli 

da adgili aqvs WeSmaritebis dadgenis procesSi. igi gonebis operirebis 

safuZvelia; arguments mkvlevari ar miiCnevs sasargeblod, Tu igi 

emsaxureba sakiTxis erT mxares da gamoricxavs an uyuradRebod rCeba 

sxva mxareebi. argumenti, romelic eyrdnoba kerZo Zalauflebas an 

sargeblobs WeSmaritebis dadgenis dros, gvibiZgebs didi 

Secdomebisaken, _ aRniSnavs igi. 

jon loks miaCnia, rom WeSmaritebis dadgenas xels uSlis zerele 

da naCqarevi daskvnebi, rasac adamiani formalur mtkicebulebamde 

mihyavs; am SemTxvevaSi wina planze gadmodis sizarmace da mouTmenloba. 

sizarmace aris deda zerelobisa, xolo mouTmenloba _ naCqarevi 

daskvnisa. aseve uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens WeSmaritebis dadgenaze 

meryeoba da mosazrebaTa xSiri cvla. am SemTxvevaSi umetesad Tavs iCens 

sizarmace, romelic Sezavebulia pativmoyvareobasTan. swored es aris 

poziciebis gauTaveblad cvlis Tavwyaro. aris viTareba, roca 

sxvadasxva temperamentis adamianebs bezrdebaT erTi da igive saqmianoba 

da amitom sistematurad icvlian sazogadoebriv rolebs. maT akliaT 

106

sibejiTe da muyaiToba. am SemTxvevaSi xSirad ikveTeba uaryofiTi 

tendencia, romelsac zedapirulobamde mivyavarT. zedapiruloba 

vlindeba sagnebis Sesaxeb aramyari da arazusti codnis viTarebaSi. am 

dros pirovneba Zalze Sors aris WeSmaritebis dadgenisagan, amitom 

saWiroa sistematuri zrunva sagnebis Sesaxeb Rrma da safuZvliani 

codnisa da informaciis misaRebad. aRniSnuli moTxovna ki ganapirobebs 

mecnierebis ama Tu im dargis Sesaxeb universaluri codnis miRebis 

aucileblobas ara ama Tu im kanonzomierebisa Tu Teoriis viwro 

TvalTaxedviT danaxvas. universalurma adamianma unda icodes, rogor 

gamijnos urTierTisagan mniSvnelovani debulebebi. es iZleva 

SesaZleblobas, pirovnebam farTod ganaviTaros Tavisufali azrovneba, 

praqtikuli moqmedebebisa da varjiSis safuZvelze, SeimuSavos saTanado 

unar-Cvevebi. 

WeSmariti jentlmenis Camoyalibebis aucilebel pirobad miiCnevs 

mecnier-pedagogi Teologiis dauflebas. aRniSnul TvalsazrisSi 

SesaZlebelia amovikiTxoT ZiriTadi principebi. 

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs mkvlevari mZafr midrekilebebs, 

romelic temperamentidan gamomdinareobs; es SesaZlebelia 

dakavSirebuli iyos kerZo garemoebebTan, garkveul interesebTan. avtori 

moiTxovs did sifrTxiles, radgan kerZo interesi xSirad xdeba 

xelisSemSleli faqtori WeSmaritebis dadgenis gzaze azrovnebiTi 

procesis warmarTvis dros. 

aseT Semaferxebel faqtorad jon loks miaCnia winaswar Seqmnili, 

akviatebuli, amoCemebuli, rogorc viqtor nozaZe ityoda, 

,,akinWilebuli" azri. xdeba isic, rom gonebrivi gadatvirTvis gamo 

mozardi ver ereva mozRvavebul gadasamuSavebel masalas da iwyebs 

daZabul muSaobas. arada sasurvelia WeSmritebasTan auCqareblad da 

TandaTanobiT misvla. aqve loki exeba swavlebisa da aRzrdis iseT 

mxares, romelic SeumuSavebs mozards nebismieri codnisadmi kritikul 

damokidebulebas; misTvis ar unda iyos avtoritetis mier mowodebuli 

codna erTxel da samudamod dadgenili dogma; man unda icodes, rom 

107

nebismieri codna eqvemdebareba Secvlas, Sevsebas, gadakeTebas, 

gadafasebas. 

mocemuli miTiTebani, garda fsiqologiuri aspeqtebisa, Seicavs da 

gulisxmobs swavla-aRzrdis procesSi garkveuli meTodologiuri 

Sinaarsis datvirTvasac. 

swored amgvari Sinaarsisaa jon lokis Sexeduleba da rCevebi 

adamianTa nakiTxobisa da Rrmad ganaTlebulobis gamijvnis Taobaze; 

adamianTa nakiTxobis done xSirad gamoixateba xolme sityvis zereled 

xmarebiT; am dros sityva xdeba ubralo nivTi. Rrmad ganaTlebul 

adamians Seswevs unari, WeSmariti codnis safuZvelze Seadginos naTeli, 

gamokveTili idea sagnebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb. 

lokis koncefciebis arss ayalibebs idea, romelic Sedgenilia 

ubralo, martivi ideebisagan: koncefciebi ar arsebobs naTeli, mkafio 

ideebis gareSe. naTeli ideebi ki Sedgeba gaazrebuli sityvebis da ara 

terminebisagan. sadac ar aris naTeli warmodgena sityvebze da aris 

mxolod terminebis raxaruxi da korianteli, iq batonobs sicariele. 

Semdeg loki msjelobs iseT pirovnebaze, romelsac codnis SeZenis 

procesSi ar aqvs anda aklia sibejiTe da gulmodgineba. 

mas miaCnia, rom es Tviseba umetesad damaxasiaTebelia bavSvebisaTvis; 

am dros, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ aucilebelia ara mkacri zomebis miReba, 

aramed maTi TandaTanobiTi gamoyvana aRniSnuli mdgomareobidan. am 

mdgomareobas ki is cTomilebis mdgomareobas uwodebs. 

srulyofili adamianis, pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis jon loki 

aucileblad miiCnevs, hqondes mas unari, naTlad dainaxos saganTa da 

nivTTa gansxvavebuloba. sagnebsa da nivTebs mravalferovneba bunebam 

mianiWa. rogorc rusTveli ityoda: ,,Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs 

uTvalavi feriTa". yovelive amas ki saganTa da nivTTa dayofadobamde 

mivyavarT. saganTa da nivTTa urTierTgansxvavebuloba WeSmaritebis 

Ziebis da dadgenis mniSvnelovani faqtoria, magram dayofadobis 

arazusti da aramkafio procesebi xlarTavs da wewavs adamianis gonebas. 

aq Tavs iCens dakvirvebulobis siRrme, risi saSualebiTac adamiani 

108

amCnevs sruliad mcire gansxvavebas saganTa Soris. es exmareba adamianis 

gonebas, sworad iaros codnis mosapovebel gzaze. 

loki nivTTa da saganTa Soris gansxvavebulobas da dayofadobas 

ganixilavs Zalian farTod da mTeli siRrmiT, Tanac mecnierebis yvela 

dargisaTvis. es samuSao moiTxovs gonebis daZabvas, did rudunebasa da 

garjas WeSmariti gadawyvetilebisa da daskvnebis gamosatanad. 

adamianis Semdegi fsiqologiuri aspeqti, romelsac jon loki did 

yuradRebas uTmobs, aris mimsgavseba. igi SesaZlebelia warmoadgendes, 

erTis mxriv, sasargeblo xerxs, magram, Tu sakiTxis arsSi Rrmad 

CavixedavT, davinaxavT, rom mimsgavsebis procesi konkretul SemTxvevaSi 

ar gvaZlevs saSualebas zustad SevicnoT sagani, movlena, gvqondes 

masze ufro naTeli warmodgena, mis Sesaxeb raTa sworad ganvsajoT. 

jon loki mimsgavsebis fenomenis warmadobas ar uaryofs oratorisa da 

ritorikis sferoSi, sadac lamazad mimsgavseba, efeqturi poeturi, 

mxatvruli Sedareba anda Sedarebis metaforuli formiT gamoyeneba 

erTob Sedegiania, magram, rodesac saqme exeba filosofiasa da 

WeSmaritebis dadgenis problemas, iq saWiroa didi sifrTxile da 

sifaqize, radgan, Tu literaturas ainteresebs efeqturi da ara 

Sinaarsobrivi sizuste, filosofias, piriqiT (aq saubaria nivTis, 

rogorc konkretuli sagnis, Secnobis Sesaxeb, rodesac unda dadgindes, 

rogoria igi, rogorc aseTi). 

adamianis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanis, Tanxmoba-uaryofis procesi 

fsiqologiuri fenomenia. loki mas ganixilavs meryeobasTan dakavSirebiT, 

sadac figurirebs adamianis miswarfebebi, interesebi da sxv. 

jon loki safuZvlianad aSuqebs iseTi adamianebis sulier samyaros, 

romelnic arian gulgrilni da indiferentulni. am problemas igi ori 

aspeqtiT exeba. erTgan gulgrilobas ganixilavs im viTarebaSi, rodesac 

adamianebi urwmunoebas avlenen imgvari azrisa Tu Sexedulebis mimarT, 

romlebic WeSmaritebis dadgenis gzaze winaRobasa da Seferxebas qmnian. 

es movlena daxasiaTebulia rogorc adamianis sisuste da sulieri 

samyaros siRaribe; meoregan gulgrilobas ukavSirebs indiferentulobas, 

109

odesac adamianebi gulgrilni da indiferentulni arian raimes 

daumtkiceblobis mimarT, roca raimes Sesaxeb saeWvo Sexeduleba Tu 

azri arsebobs. es ori momenti aris adamianis gonebriv-sulieri 

Zalmosilebis sasinji qva, e. w. ,.sajildao qva", maTi pirovnuli sazomi. 

uamisod, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ goneba uazrobis sawyauli iqneboda da ara 

WeSmaritebis salaro. 

am TvlsazrisiT mecnieri ixilavs adamianebis sxvadasxva jgufebs 

da miuTiTebs, rom msgavsi gulgrilobis dros gamosavali erTia: 

daisvas kiTxvebisa da SekiTxvebis mTeli rigi ama Tu im saeWvo ideis, 

Sexedulebis, azris garSemo. amiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, mozardebi im 

procesSi CavabaT, romelic keTil samsaxurs gauwevs maT WeSmaritebis 

dadgenaSi. xSirad gulgrilobas Tan axlavs garkveuli daJinebac; es 

negatiur movlenad unda aRviqvaT, Tu igi e.w. amoCemebul-akinWilebuli 

daJinebaa. 

amgvari daJinebis erT-erT gamovlinebad loki Tvlis iseT Sinagan 

sulier mdgomareobas, rodesac pirovneba Tvlis, rom unaklo pirovnebas 

warmoadgens. es mas xels uSlis imoZraos srulyofis gzaze, am 

viTarebaSi ver axerxebs TviTkontrols, ver amCnevs sakuTar uaryofiT 

mxareebs; igi TviTdinebazea miSvebuli da, amave dros, gulisxmobs, rom 

TviTnabadi briliantia da ar saWiroebs dawaxnagebas. misTvis ucxoa is 

WeSmariteba, rom RmerTma Seqmna harmoniuli inteleqtualuri samyaro 

SesaniSnav adamianebTan erTad. es harmonia ki adamianma sakuTari 

SromiTa da sibejiTiT unda SeinarCunos. uamisod, – aRniSnavs jon 

loki, _ warmoiqmneba sibnele da qaosi. 

gonebasTan adamianis brZola da omi iseve mZafri da sastikia, 

rogorc samxedro Setakeba. gvxvdebian gulgatexili adamianebi, 

romlebic cxovrebasTan pirvelive SejaxebisTanave, raki sirTuleebTan 

Widili uWirT, vardebian saSineli sulieri dacemulobis 

mdgomareobaSi. am sulieri depresiidan isini Znelad an sulac ver 

gamodian. 

110

jon loki am SemTxvevaSi moiTxovs moqmedebis ganuwyveteli 

procesis gagrZelebas, raTa adamianma kidev da kidev Seamowmos Tavisi 

SesaZleblobebi, yovelnair mdgomareobaSi SeinarCunos aqtiuroba da 

moqmedi suliskveTeba. am SemTxvevaSi igi mouwodebs adamianebs, yuri 

ugdon Semdeg sentenciebsa da Cvevebs: 

‣ ,,RmerTo, miSvele, vixrCobio! – gaanZrie xeli da giSvelio!" 

‣ ,,moipove Zala siarulSi!" 

‣ `gamoiyene fexebi da maTi samsaxuris Zalac". 

imedianobasa da moqmedebas moazrovne Tvlis gulgatexilobis mtled 

da malamod. rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCenil adamianebs igi urCevs maT winaSe 

arsebuli problemis yvela detalis yuradRebiT ganxilva-gadasinjvas, 

misi daZlevis gaadvilebis mizniT maT danawevrebas sakiTxebis Tu 

calkeuli elementis mixedviT. am gziT is, rac rTulad eCveneba adamians, 

xdeba naTeli da advilad gasarkvevi. saWiroa ara naxtomebi, aramed nabijnabij 

siaruli, TandaTanobiT winsvla. ,,es xvews gonebriv operaciebs, 

aZlevs mas mizandasaxuli operirebis iersaxes," – miuTiTebs jon loki. 

Semdegi movlena, romelsac jon loki ganixilavs, aris analogia. 

igi aRiarebs mis sargeblobas gonebisaTvis da WeSmarit rols naturfilosofiaSi. 

es iyo germanuli mecnieruli skolis mier damuSavebuli 

moZRvreba bunebis Sesaxeb, romelic cdilobda moeca bunebis Sesaxeb 

codnis dasrulebuli sistema ganyenebul principebze dayrdnobiT da 

ara cdiseuli procesebidan gamomdinare. es filosofiuri mimdinareoba 

jon lokis dros Tavisi popularobis zenitSi idga da mkvlevari 

iziarebda am mimdinareobis azrebsa da Sexedulebebs. 

jon loki eqimis TvalTaxedviT ixilavs asociaciis problemas. 

marTlac, zogjer aRsazrdelebSi Tavs iCens garkveuli paTologiuri 

gamovlinebani. es SemTxvevebi, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ SeimCneva maSin, rodesac 

mozardTa gonebaSi rTuli kombinaciebisa da ideebis gadaxlarTvamanipulacia 

xdeba. es ki iwvevs bavSvis gonebis gadaRlas. zogjer 

daZabuli gonebrivi operaciebis dros mozards eCveneba, rom moxvda 

gamouval mdgomareobaSi. mecnieri da pedagogi pedagogebisa da 

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mSoblebisagan saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT procesSi im niuansebis 

gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs, romelTa meoxebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba 

bavSvis fsiqikuri wonasworobis SenarCuneba. 

Tavisi Sromis TiTqmis yvela nawilSi loki sistematurad saubrobs 

WeSmaritebisa da sicruis Sesaxeb. faqtobrivad misi damokidebuleba am 

ori cnebisadmi aseTia: ideebi TavisTavad ar aris arc WeSmariti da arc 

cru, isini aseTi maSin xdebian, rodesac sagnebsa da movlenebs Cven 

Cveneul mosazrebebs vufardebT. ,,WeSmariteba da sicrue arasodes ar 

arsebobs sityvieri dasabuTebis an uaryofis Tvinier." igi miiCnevs, rom 

arsebobs ZiriTadi WeSmaritebani, romlebic gonebas mdidar masalas 

aZleven, isini naTels fenen ara mxolod konkretul, aramed zogad 

movlenebsac. am TvalsazrisiT mas mohyavs ara mxolod is WeSmaritebani, 

romlebic mopovebulia samecniero dargebSi, aramed religiis sferoSic 

(socialuri da moraluri WeSmaritebani). magaliTad, ,,giyvardes moyvasi 

Seni, viTarca Tavi Tvisi." garda amisa, jon loki gansakuTrebul 

yuradRebas uTmobs sakiTxTa im wyebas, romlebic exeba adamianis mier 

ZiriTad WeSmaritebaTa aRmoCenasa da aTvisebas. igi Tvlis, rom saWiroa 

gadaWriT aviciloT Tavidan kvlevebi iseTi mimarTulebiT, roca ar 

xdeba ZiriTad WeSmaritebaTa dadgena. sxvagvarad muSaoba da garja mas 

miaCnia drois usafuZvlo xarjvad, radganac miTiTebuli procesi ar 

Seicavs codnis Semdgomi srulyofisaTvis saWiro elementebs. 

jon loki aRniSnavs, rom WeSmaritebis safuZveli xSir SemTxvevaSi 

is utyuari debulebebi da argumentebia, romlebic dasabuTebas 

eqvemdebareba. amis magaliTad mas mohyavs TurqeTis sulTnis kanonieri 

ufleba, Tavis samflobeloSi gamoiyenos Zalismieri meTodebi da am 

kerZo magaliTs asabuTebs da azogadebs iseTi debulebis moxmobiT, 

rogoricaa xalxTa adamianuri uflebebis dacva; aqvT Tu ara xalxebs 

mopovebuli erTnairi bunebrivi uflebebi; aq mkafiod Cans, Tu sad aris 

realuri WeSmariteba, - aRniSnavs igi. 

adamianis gonebrivi aRzrdis mTavari monapovaria is, aqvs Tu ara 

unari, ibatonos sakuTar gonebaze, marTos sakuTari azrebi, Sexedulebebi. 

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adamianis Wkua-goneba yovelTvis dakavebulia raime sagniT da, Tu 

pirovneba modunebulia, zarmaci da uinteresoa, misi gonebrivi 

moqmedianoba gadadis erTi sagnidan meoreze, meoredan – mesameze da a.S. 

am SemTxvevaSi adamianis azrebi, Sexedulebebi wvrTnas ar emorCilebian. 

dabalia nebisyofa an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, nebisyofis simtkicis xarisxi. 

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT didi sirTuleebi SeiZleba gamovlindes 

30-40 wlis adamianSi. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba azrebis gadatanis 

problema. es exeba adamianTa iseT mdgomareobas, rodesac isini 

Cafluli arian TavianT saqmianobaSi, ama Tu im problemis kvlevisas 

eqcevian garkveul Caketil mdgomareobaSi, aqvT rTuli gamouvali 

atmosfero, Sepyrobili arian erTi ideiT da momarTuli arian erTi 

garkveuli mimarTulebiT. am dros maT uWirT gadaanacvlon, gadaitanon 

TavianTi azri sxva mimarTulebiT; isini TiTqos Sepyrobili arian 

raRac TilismiT, gatacebuli arian azriT, romelsac miapyres mTeli 

TavianTi yuradReba, magaliTad, arian CarTuli erTi mimarTulebis 

mqone saqmeSi, saidanac maTi gamoyvana SeuZlebelia; xSirad es 

gamowveulia mZafri midrekilebebiT, Zlieri siyvarulis grZnobiT, 

temperamentidan gamomdinare vnebebiT; aseT mdgomareobaSi vardebian 

niWieri adamianebic, rodesac Zneli xdeba naTeli gonebis gansjis 

safuZvelze rTuli mdgomareobidan maTi gamoyvana. am SemTxvevaSi 

adamianebma, saWiroa, TandaTanobiT, drois garkveul manZilze, gansjis 

gziT, nebisyofis daZabviT, sulieri Zalebis mokrebiT TavianTi 

yuradReba gadaitanon sxva sagnebsa Tu movlenebze, Seicvalon garemo. 

yovelive es xels Seuwyobs maT, SeZlon sakuTari Tavis regulireba. 

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom jon loki udides 

mniSvnelobas aniWebs nebisyofas, rac adamianis saRi, naTeli gonebis 

arsebobas adasturebs. 

Cven SevecadeT gamogvekveTa is mTavari, rac naTels hfens jon 

lokis pedagogikur ideebs, azrebsa da Sexedulebebs. ukve aRvniSneT, 

rom misi orive Sroma _ ,,fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb" da ,,cda adamianis 

gonebis Sesaxeb" warmoadgenen urTierTganpirobebul gamokvlevebs, 

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omlebSic organulad aris Serwymuli da erT mTlianobad 

warmodgenili momavali Taobis aRzrdis pedagogikuri, filosofiuri, 

fsiqologiuri, sociologiuri safuZvlebi: 

isini gonebrivi operaciebis mizanmimarTuli warmarTvis safuZvelze 

ganapirobeben momavali Taobis swavla-aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis process. 

,,adamiani, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ ugunuria imitom, rom ar icis, 

ra gonieria." im droisTvis adamianis gonebis dasamarebis erT-erT 

mizezad didi moazrovne Tvlida tradiciebs, gaucnobierebul 

Tavsmoxveul rwmenas, avtoritetebis mier SemoTavazebul ideebs, 

romelTac adamianebi brmad mihyvebian. yovelive amis uaryofiT, _ 

aRniSnavs igi, _ yovelives kritikuli gansjiT, saRi, bunebrivi Wkuagonebis 

karnaxiT adamiani SeZlebs mSvenivrad moawyos Tavisi cxovreba. 

am mimarTebiT mniSvnelovania lokis ZiriTadi idea gonebis avtonomiis 

Sesaxeb. igi qadagebs: adamianebma ar unda miiRon araferi mxolod 

rwmeniTa da dajerebiT, daupirispiron erTmaneTs sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi 

da Rrmad gansajon isini. 

mTavari arsi misi pedagogikuri moZRvrebisa aseTia: ar gadavtvirToT 

bavSvis goneba mSrali faqtebiTa da cnebebiT; vaswavloT maT 

damoukidebeli muSaoba, Seupovari kritikuli azrovneba. Tu es 

movaxerxeT, danarCeni yvelaferi moxerxdeba! 

lokis, rogorc filosofosis, mniSvneloba, pirvel yovlisa, 

gamoixateba imiT, rom man filosofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvisas 

Semecnebis Teoria pirvel adgilze daayena. mTeli axali filosofiis 

dasawyisi xasiaTdeboda meTodis problemis dadebiTad gadawyvetiT. 

erTi mxriv, bekoni inglisSi, meore mxriv ki, dekarte kontinentze 

mecnieruli codnis axal meTodze muSaobdnen. rasakvirvelia, meTodze 

muSaoba ase Tu ise mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli codnis TeoriasTan. 

bekonica da dekartec darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom axali meTodiT 

SesaZlebelia sinamdvilis mTliani Semecneba. jon loki pirvelad da 

mkafiod ayenebs sakiTxs: saerTod SesaZlebelia Tu ara Semecneba? 

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ar vadasturebT, rom amomwuravad SevZeliT gagveSuqebina dasmuli 

problema, radgan jon lokis yoveli fraza, yoveli sintagma da, bolos, 

calkeuli cnebac ki udides samyaros itevs ama Tu im pedagogiuri 

problemis gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT. 

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Tavi III. jon lokis pedagogikuri ideebis gavlena pedagogikuri 

Teoriisa da saskolo praqtikis ganviTarebaze 

$1. jon lokis roli pedagogikuri azris ganviTarebaSi 

jon loki didi filosofosi, materialisturi sensualizmis 

fuZemdebeli da Semecnebis Teoriis sagangebod damuSavebuli 

msoflmxedvelobis damamkvidrebelia axal filosofiaSi. igi empiriul 

fsiqologiaze dafuZnebuli burJuaziuli pedagogikis mamamTavaria. man 

Tavisi SromebiT `cda adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb" (filosofiaSi) da 

“fiqrebi aRzrdaze" (pedagogikaSi) didi gavlena moaxdina XVII - XVIII da 

XIX saukuneebis filosofiur da pedagogiur azrovnebaze. 

loki aRiarebs samyaros obieqtur arsebobas da materialisturi 

postulatebis momarjvebiT amkvidrebs Tavisi filosofiis ZiriTad 

mimarTulebas, magram saganTa pirvelad da meorad Tvisebebze 

msjelobisas subieqtur idealizmamde midis. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom Semecnebis TeoriaSi jon loki uaryofs 

Tandayolil ideebs da aRiarebs `sufTa dafis" cnobil formulas, 

romlis mixedviTac Semecnebis wyaro adamianis grZnobaTa organoebze 

sinamdvilis zemoqmedebaa, aqedan gamomdinare, unda iTqvas, rom igi 

dabejiTebiT icavs debulebas, romelic SeuZleblad Tvlis gonebrivi 

mdgomareobis Secvlas, rac SegrZnebebiT araa gapirobebuli. jon lokis 

filosofiis ZiriTadi arsi aseTia: ar arsebobs “Tandayolili ideebi", 

romlebic adamianis sulSi imTaviTvea warmodgenili. 

lokis msoflmxedvelobis zemoganxiluli debulebebidan gamomdinare 

da masze dayrdnobiT sainteresoa gairkves is roli, rac man Seasrula 

pedagogikuri azris ganviTarebaSi da rasac gansazRvravs misi 

moZRvrebis progresuli mimarTuleba. 

lokis filosofia da masze dafuZnebuli pedagogikis Teoria 

faqtobrivad gulisxmobda pirovnebis sruliad axlebur xedvas, misi 

Camoyalibebis sruliad axal gzebsa da saSualebebs. igi aRniSnavda, 

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om pirovnebas SeuZlia sakuTari ZalebiT gardaqmnas cxovreba, Tavisi 

Tavi. gonebis moxmobiTa da gamocdilebiT igi daagrovebs codnis iseT 

marags, rom, rogorc Teoriulad, ise praqtikulad gansazRvravs Tavis 

damokidebulebebs sazogadoebisadmi da SeeZleba Tavisufali molaparakebis 

gziT moawyos sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi. 

bunebrivi da damaxasiaTebelia, rom msgavsi Sexedulebani adamianis 

bunebis Sesaxeb yvelaze adre inglisSi SeimuSaves. 

jon lokma gailaSqra swavlebaSi sqolastikis winaaRmdeg. 

SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom faqtiurad man gaacamtvera, zurgi aqcia 

swavlebis gamefebul stils da SromaSi `fiqrebi aRzrdaze" swavlebis 

SemoqmedebiTi mxareebi gaaSuqa. amave dros, praqtikuli cxovrebiseuli 

problemebidan gamomdinare, iqadaga swavlebis im droisaTvis sruliad 

axali Sinaarsi, programa da misi ganxorcielebis meTodikacki. 

cnobilia, rom im dros inglisSi swavlebasa da aRzrdas aferxebda 

pedantizmi, gaugonari despotizmi, rozgi. swavlis kursi mTlianad 

Semoifargleboda mkvdari enebis SeswavliT, rac berZnuli da laTinuri 

enebis codnas emyareboda. aRzrda am sityvis WeSmariti gagebiT ar 

esmodaT. swavlebis viwro CarCoebidan gamomdinare, aRzrda sruliad 

iyo ignorirebuli. garda amisa, swavlis praqtikuli daniSnuleba ar 

Seesatyviseboda cxovrebis moTxovnebs. amitom iyo, rom loki 

aRniSnavda: “Cven vswavlobT ara cxovrebis, aramed kamaTisaTvis da 

Cveneburi aRzrda gvamzadebs universitetisa da ara samyarosaTvis". 

SesaZlebelia, moviyvanoT uamravi magaliTi jon lokis 

TanamedroveTa gamonaTqvamebis saxiT, romlebic adasturebs: im 

droisaTvis ganaTlebis muSakTa erTi jgufi (miltoni, monteni) 

gadaWriT gmobda swavla-aRzrdis arsebul sistemas, oRond maT ar 

gaulaSqriaT arsebulis winaaRmdeg. jon lokma Tavisi SromebiT 

pirvelma gailaSqra sqolastikuri sistemis winaaRmdeg. swored man 

gauxsna gza axal azrovnebas swavlebisa da aRzrdis sferoSi. 

Tavisi progresuli ideebiT loki daupirispirda imdroindel 

eklesiasac, romelic adamianis SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg 

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gamodioda. eklesia qadagebda: mecniereba erTxel mocemuli, dadgenili 

da xelSeuxebelia, amisda mixedviT, aRzrdis procesi dafuZnebuli unda 

iyos mkacr tradiciebze. 

loki gamovida rogorc SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis ideis 

matarebeli da dasaxa misi praqtikuli ganxorcielebis gzebi da 

saSualebebi, uaryo ra `monis disciplina" da damamcirebeli morCilebis 

imdroindeli qadageba, romelic ganmtkicebuli iyo mSobelTa 

Zalauflebis primatis aRiarebiT. 

wigni `fiqrebi aRzrdaze" istoriuli Zeglia, romelSic gamoxatulia 

brZola or sistemas – Zvelsa da axals Soris; mozardis Sexedulebebi 

sruliad Seesabameba evropuli kulturis safuZvlebs da didi 

barierebis daZlevisa da gadalaxvis gziT kafavs gzas axali 

Sexedulebebisaken. jon lokma, rogorc udidesma moazrovnem, naTlad 

Camoayaliba progresuli warmodgenebi adamianis bunebasa, mis 

niWierebasa da moTxovnilebebze. igi moiTxovs swavla-aRzrdisadmi 

axlebur midgomas aRsazrdelis pirovnebis, misi Sinagani bunebis, 

SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswineba-gamokveTis safuZvelze. am aspeqtiT is 

moiTxovs swavla-aRzrdis procesSi Tavisufali, SemoqmedebiTi 

atmosferos saWiro unar-Tvisebebis Camoyalibebis farTo SesaZleblobebi 

Seiqmnes. swored amas adasturebs misi gamonaTqvami: unar-Cvevebi 

ganuwyvetliv moqmedeben da adamianis qcevebs ufro met simsubuqes 

aniWeben, vidre gonebrivi gansjis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli qcevebi. 

jon lokis SemoqmedebisaTvis niSandoblivia: igi ar msjelobs 

calke sulis da calke sxeulis filosofiur Sinaarsze, rogorc amas 

akeTebdnen manamde, raTa amisda kvalobaze daexataT harmoniuli 

ganviTarebis suraTebi. misi yoveli rCeva mimarTulia iqiTken, raTa ise 

aRvzardoT jentlmeni, rom SeZlos cxovrebiseuli movaleobebis 

Sesruleba. misi azriT, adamiani rodia abstraqtuli arseba, daclili 

adamianuri bunebisagan. es ki moiTxovs imas, rom meti yuradReba mieqces 

pirovnebaSi cxovrebiseuli sawyisebis ganviTarebas, praqtikulad 

gamosadegi Tvisebebisa da unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas. lokis 

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pedagogikuri memkvidreobis, Sexedulebebisa da ideebis progresuloba 

swored amiT gamoixateba. aRniSnulis safuZvelze igi moiTxovs swavlaaRzrdis 

procesis Semdgom dawinaurebas. maSasadame, is gamodis 

imdroindeli Caketili, sqolastikuri skolis mowinaaRmdeged. 

maSindeli sazogadoebrivi fenebi dabejiTebiT moiTxovdnen, raTa 

maTi SvilebisaTvis miecaT laTinuri da berZnuli enebis gramatikis 

codna. isini Tvlidnen, rom uamisod maTi naSierni ver miiRebdnen 

jerovan aRzrdas; sinamdvileSi ki momdevno cxovrebiseuli xana 

sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebda: axalgazrdas haeriviT esaWiroeboda 

praqtikuli, realuri codna, konkretuli unar-Cvevebi. es ki TavisTavad 

qmnida garemosTan Seguebis rTul situaciebs. maSasadame, gamodioda, 

rom skolis kedlebSi uazrod da umiznod ixarjeboda Zvirfasi dro da 

energia, mecnieri ar uaryofs, rom muSaobis pirobebSi enebis codna 

aucilebeli da saWiroa, magram, Cveulebriv, jentlmenis aRzrdis dros 

enebis codna garkveuli garegani pirobaa. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas 

aniWebs loki mSobliuri enis codnas, mis siRrmiseul dauflebas. igi 

Tvlis, rom mSobliuri ena pirovnebis ganviTarebis mZlavri 

impulsatoria, rac im droisaTvis jerovnad ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. 

mSobliuri enis maRal doneze Seuswavlelad, _ aRniSnavda igi, _ 

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom axalgazrda jentlmenis momzadeba xdeba ara 

samSoblos samsaxurSi Casayeneblad, aramed ucxo qveynis maswavleblad. 

garda amisa, lokma swavlebis procesSi farTod da gabedulad 

Semoitana iseTi metad mniSnvnelovani dargebi, romlebic 

samyarosmcodneobis farTo saSualebas iZleva. 

vfiqrobT, progresuli iyo swavla-aRzrdis procesis iseTi xedva, 

roca gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc sazogadoebrivi, ise kerZo skolebi 

da saojaxo swavla-aRzrda. aRniSnuli diferenciacia gamomdinareobda 

marTebuli poziciidan. Tu swavlebis romeli saxeoba sjobs, amas 

gansazRvravs ymawvilebis pirovnul-individualuri Tvisebebi da xasiaTi, 

misi bunebrivi monacemebi. am mxriv didi pedagogi metad moqnil da 

Semrigeblur poziciaze dgas; im droisaTvis gamefebuli saojaxo 

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aRzrdis, rogorc ufro sasurveli formis garda, igi mxars uWers 

karCaketilobis da SezRudulobis momSlel sazogadoebriv skolas. 

maSasadame, momavali jentlmenis Camoyalibebas ufro Tamami formiT, 

garemosTan farTo urTierTobis viTarebaSi apirebs. Cveni fiqriT, es 

iyo im droisaTvis didi garRveva tradiciis msxvrevis gzaze. aseve 

sruliad axleburad daayena man aRmzrdelis, pedagogis pirovnebis 

codnis donisa da SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis sakiTxi. aq 

igulisxmeboda pedagogis rogorc inteleqtualuri, aseve moraluri 

avan-Cavani. amave dros, man mTeli sigrZe-siganiT dasva pedagogTa Sromis 

daufaseblobisa da maTi gasamrjelos simwiris sakiTxi. 

Sroma `fiqrebi aRzrdaze" gvawvdis momavali Taobis swavlaaRzrdis 

sruliad axal, progresul da cxovrebiseul sistemas. man 

humanur ideebze dayrdnobiT, mozardTa individualur TaviseburebaTa 

gaTvaliswinebiT gansazRvra swavlebisa da aRzrdis Sinaarsi, romelic 

harmoniulad ganviTarebuli, gonebrivad srulyofili, fizikurad 

gamowrTobili, moralurad mtkice, esTetikurad ganaTlebuli 

pirovnebis aRzrdas Seuwyobda xels. 

ramdenadac jon loki qadagebs aRsazrdelTa sulieri samyarosadmi 

saTuT damokidebulebas, maTs individualur TaviseburebebSi wvdomasa 

da SesaZleblobaTa srulad gaTvaliswinebas, imdenad mkacria igi 

mozardTa moraluri aRzrdis procesSi garkveuli pedagogiuri 

meTodebisa da formebis ganxorcielebisas. aRmzrdelebisa da 

mSoblebisagan igi kategoriulad moiTxovs, ar wavidnen mizanSeuwonel 

daTmobebze, radgan es uaryofiT zegavlenas moaxdens aRmzrdelobiT 

procesSi jansaRi atmosferos Seqmnaze; oRond igi imavdroulad 

kategoriulad uaryofda uTanazomo simkacresac. is SeniSnavda: `me 

imdenad xSirad vsaubrob bavSvebisadmi mkacri damokidebulebis 

Taobaze, bevri, albaT, daeWvdeba, rom saTanadod ar viTvaliswineb maT 

mcire asaks da saTuT konstitucias, magram es eWvi gaifanteba Cemi 

ZiriTadi debulebiT, sadac gadaWriT vacxadeb: mkacr dasjas moaqvs 

120

didi ziani, mavne zegavlenas axdens aRzrdaze. bavSvebi, romlebic 

xSirad isjebian, iSviaTad gamodian kargi adamianebi". 

loki konkretulad ayalibebs im Tvisebebs, romlebic mozards 

axasiaTebs. igi Tanamimdevrulad ganixilavs rogorc dadebiT, ise 

uaryofiT Tvisebebs, azrs, Tu ra gziT SeiZleba dadebiTi Tvisebebis 

ganmtkiceba da uaryofiTis aRmofxvra. magaliTisTvis SesaZlebelia 

moviyvanoT misi msjeloba `dajildoebisa da dasjis" Sesaxeb. aq igi 

vrclad saubrobs aRniSnuli meTodebis mniSvnelobaze zneobrivi, 

moraluri aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT da, amave dros, konkretulad 

msjelobs imis Taobaze, rom aucilebelia bavSvebs ise mivudgeT, 

rogorc gonier arsebebs, raTa maTze saTnoebisa da sifaqizis meoxebiT 

movaxdinoT zegavlena. rodesac loki msjelobs `Rirsebisa da 

sircxvilis" grZnobaze, rogorc mozardis aRzrdis mniSvnelovan 

fenomenze, aRniSnavs: ès aris sulis SeZvris metad mdidari saSualeba". 

avtori iqve gvawvdis mosazrebas: “Tu SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, CaunergoT 

mozardebs siyvaruli maRali reputaciisadmi da SiSi sircxvilisa Tu 

Sercxvenisadmi, es niSnavs, rom ganvaxorcieloT swori principi, 

romelic mudam imoqmedebs da mozards sikeTis gzaze daayenebs". 

imave siRrmiT saubrobs igi adamianis sxva mniSvnelovani dadebiTi 

sulieri Rirebulebebisa Tu uaryofiTi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romelTac 

aanalizebs mozardTa aRzrdis procesis daxasiaTebisas. 

moazrovnes gauCnda mimdevrebi. magaliTad, helveciusma lokis didi 

zegavlena ganicada. isic, rogorc loki, Tvlida, rom aRzrda 

pirovnebis ganviTarebis yovlisSemZle da erTaderTi faqtoria. 

adamianTa Soris gansxvaveba ar aris damokidebuli arc organizaciasa 

da arc bunebaze. aRzrda – es aris yvelaferi da swored is 

gansazRvravs pirovnebis ragvarobas. 

lokis Sromam didi gamoxmaureba pova inglisis sazogadoebriv 

wreebSi, romlebic detalurad da, amave dros, kritikuladac 

ganixilavdnen mis mosazrebebsa da calkeul debulebebs. erT-erTi 

aseTi moRvawea moline, romelsac lokma Tavisi Sroma Sefasebis mizniT 

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gaugzavna da sTxova, gamoxmaureboda kritikuli SeniSvnebiTac; naSroms 

gamoexmaurnen lordi kingi, monteni; molnie ZiriTadad emxroboda 

lokis aRmzrdelobiT sistemas. amas igi adasturebda cnobil werilSi 

jon lokis Sromis Sesaxeb. lokis debulebebis Sesaxeb Tavis azrsa da 

Sexedulebebs gamoTqvams misi Tanamedrove isaak teilori. sazogadoebis 

didi interesi lokis Sromebis mimarT gamowveuli iyo, erTi mxriv, 

swavla-aRzrdis procesis sruliad axali midgomisadmi SemobrunebiT, 

meore mxriv, im problemaTa siuxviT, romlebic dasmulia lokis 

naSromSi. aq xom gaSlili saubaria swavlebisa da aRzrdis procesis 

Sesaxeb, mSobelTa damokidebulebaze swavla-aRzrdis procesisadmi, 

sulier RirebulebaTa mravalferovnebaze, swavla-aRzrdis procesis 

formebis Ziebis Sesaxeb, aRmzrdelis rolsa da daniSnulebaze da kidev 

sxva problemebze, romlebic exeba mozardi Taobis Camoyalibebis 

rTulsa da mravalwaxnagovan process. vfiqrobT, yovelive es 

adasturebs lokis udides damsaxurebas pedagogikuri azris 

ganviTarebaSi. garda Tqmulisa, isic erTob mniSvnelovania, rom avtorma 

mogvca uamravi konkretuli miTiTeba, darigeba, rCeva. 

Tandayolili ideebis Teoria eyrdnoba garkveul faqts. adamianebi 

aRiareben, rom arsebobs iseTi ideebi, romlebsac yvela iziarebs; 

sakmarisia adamianma gaigos aseTi Sinaarsi, rom is maSinve gaiazrebs mis 

WeSmaritebas. amgvari ideebis WeSmaritebas sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs. 

rasakvirvelia fiqrobs loki, Tu marTlac arsebobs aseTi ideebi, isini 

Tandayolili unda iyos, radgan aRqma da saerTod cda amgvari ideebis 

safuZveli ver iqneba. Tu SevZlebT am ideebis warmoSobis axsnas 

bunebrivi gziT, maSin moixsneba maTi zebunebrivi warmoSobis Teoria. 

Tandayolili idea zogadi ideaa, misi Sinaarsi zogadi saxis 

msjelobaSi gamoixateba; magram zogadi arasodes aRqmaSi ar aris 

mocemuli. loki specialurad gaanalizebs iseT ideebs, romlebic 

TiTqmis sayovelTao WeSmaritebis xasiaTs atarebs: es aris igiveobisa 

da winaaRmdegobis ideebi. loki amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi da 

gaunaTlebeli adamianebi am ideebs ar icnoben. am ideebs ara aqvs 

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sayovelTao WeSmaritebis xasiaTi da, garda amisa, Tu isini 

Tandayolili arian, maSin maTi codna bavSvebsac eqnebaT. 

loki iTvaliswinebs SesaZlebel pasuxs am argumentaciaze, 

saxeldobr, rom Tandayolili idea am principebiT àzrovnebs~, 

Tandayolili ideebi gacnobierebuli xdeba, rodesac adamiani 

namdvilad daiwyebs azrovnebas, rodesdac is azrovnebis unars 

gamoiyenebs. Arc dekartes miaCnda rom axaldabadebuli bavSvis gonebaSi 

mzamzareulad `Cawyobilia~ es ideebi, isini aracnobierad arseboben 

gonebaSi da mxolod Semdeg gacnobierdebian gonebis Sinagani ZalebiT 

da ara cdis safuZvelze. 

praqtikuli, moraluri principebi gansxvavebuli aqvT calkeul 

pirovnebebs, calkeul erebs, da araTu gansxvavebuli, aramed xSirad 

winaaRmdegobrivic. arc RmerTis ideaa Tandayolili, mogzaurebi da 

misionerebi mogviTxroben, rom arseboben veluri xalxebi, romlebsac 

ara aqvT araviTari warmodgena RmerTze. sxvadasxva ers RmerTis 

gansxvavebuli idea gaaCnia. metic: erTi qveynisa da erTi religiis 

momxreTa Soris calkeul pirovnebebs RmerTis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli 

warmodgena aqvT. rasakvirvelia arseboben iseTi Wkviani da brZeni 

adamianebi, romelbsac swori warmodgena aqvT RmerTze. magram maTi 

ricxvi Zalian mcirea. es garemoeba amtkicebs, rom RmerTis idea ar aris 

Tandayolili. miT umetes ar aris aseTi sxva ideebi. Cven viciT, rom 

RmerTi arsebobs, magram viciT es ara imitom, rom is Tandayolilia, 

aramed imis gamo, rom yvela saganSi da movlenaSi naTlad Cans 

sibrZnisa da Zalis araCveulebrivi niSnebi da yoveli gonieri arseba, 

romelic seriozulad moiazrebs maT, aRiarebs maT arsebobas. 

Tu RmerTis idea ar aris Tandayolili, maSin arc erTi idea ar 

SeiZleba iyos Tandayolili, radgan Tu RmerTma Cagvinerga sulSi raime 

idea, pirvel rigSi is TavisTavis ideas Cagvinergavda. 

loki ganasxvavebs codnas rwmenisagan. marTalia RmerTis arsebobas 

loki ar Tvlis rwmenad, mas rogorc aRniSnuli iyo namdvil 

demonstraciul codnad miiCnevs, magram rwmenis sferoSi Sedis bevri 

123

sakiTxi, RmerTis arsebobis garda, rwmena ar eyrdnoba demonstracias _ 

misi safuZvelia RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba. gamocxadeba aranakleb sandoa, 

vidre codna, radgan is RmerTidan momdinareobs. magram sabolood 

gonebam unda gadawyvitos, ramdenadaa es gamocxadeba marTlac 

RvTaebrivi. es sakiTxi martivad wydeba: loki aq iyenebs cnobil 

princips: aris debulebebi, romlebic eTanxmeba gonebas, dabolos 

debulebebi, romlebic gonebas ewinaaRmdegeba. RmerTis arseboba araTu 

eTanxmeba gonebas, aramed misi arsebobis damtkicebac SeiZleba; 

debuleba, rom arsebobs mravali RmerTi, ewinaaRmdegeba gonebas. es 

debuleba unda ganidevnos rwmenidan. saerTod, religiis yvela 

debuleba gonebam unda Seafasos. icavs ra `bunebis religias~. 

loki amave dros iziarebs, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, RvTaebriv 

gamocxadebas, iziarebs qristianuli religiis zogierT dogmats da amiT 

gansxvavdeba Tanmimdevruli deizmisagan. loki momxrea eklesiis 

saxelmwifosagan gamoyofisa. saxelmwifo zrunavs adamianTa 

keTildReobaze, xolo eklesias saqme aqvs adamianTa sulTan. 

gansxvavebul religiebsa da konfesiebs gaaCnia erTnairi ufleba 

arsebobdes saxelmwifoSi. tolerantis momxre loki aRiarebs, rom 

saxelmwifo moqalaqe SeiZleba iyos rogorc qristiani, ise mahmadiani, 

ebraeli da warmarTic ki. religia ar aris saxelmwifos saqme, is 

mrevlis saqmea. 

jon lokis pedagogikurma memkvidreobam sruliad axali gzebi da 

perspeqtivebi dausaxa aRzrdasa da ganaTlebas. pedagogebsa da 

mkvlevarebs axali simaRleebi da horizontebi daanaxva. didi moazrovne 

da pedagogi Tavisi epoqis gadasaxedidan Cvens Tanamedrove aswleulsac 

naTlad da mkafiod Wvretda. 

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$2. jon lokis pedagogiuri Sexedulebebi, ideebi 

da Tanamedroveoba 

jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde 551 - 479 wlebSi cnobili Cineli 

moazrovne, politikuri moRvawe da pedagogi konfuci (qun fu-Zi) werda: 

ìs, visac ZvelTan Sexvedrisas xelewifeba axlis aRmoCena, Rirsia 

iwodebodes maswavleblad". es brZnuli azri gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas 

iZens dRes imdenad, ramdenadac Tanamedrove mecnieruli pedagogiuri 

codna damyarebulia warsulis cnobil moazrovneTa miRwevebze, maTi 

naazrevis, Sexedulebebis, ideebis Rrma analizze, rac Sedarebis 

meTodis gamoyenebiT mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gamotanis SesaZleblobas 

iZleva. 

Cveni sadisertacio naSromis mTavari mimarTuleba – ingliseli 

filosofosis, pedagogikuri mecnierebis warmomadgenlis, eqimisa da 

fsiqologis jon lokis pedagogikuri ideebis, Sexedulebebis, naazrevis 

gaanalizeba da amis safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana _ swored 

zemoaRniSnuli miznebisa da amocanebis daZlevas emsaxureba. 

konkretulad Cveni amocana aseTia: mkafiod gamovacalkevoT, aRvweroT 

da SevTavazoT Tanamedrove skolebs yovelive is mniSvnelovani, 

racionaluri da sasargeblo, rac ramdenime saukunis winaT jon lokis 

mier iyo miTiTebuli rogorc aucilebeli da gardauvali ram momavali 

Taobis swavla-aRzrdis saqmeSi. aqedan ki umTavresia: jansaRi sulis 

aRzrda jansaR sxeulSi. saWiroa aRiniSnos: Tanamedrove etapze, 

rodesac Cvens qveyanaSi xdeba swavlebisa da aRzrdis procesis 

srulyofis mizniT reformis gatareba, arsebobs mniSvnelovani meTodurpraqtikuli 

miTiTebani, debulebebi skolis direqtorebis, klasis 

xelmZRvanelis, direqtoris moadgilisaTvis aRmzrdelobiT dargSi, 

mSobelTa saskolo komitetebis xelmZRvanelebisaTvis da metad 

mniSvnelovani mecnierulad damuSavebuli saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo 

standartebi dawyebiTi klasebidan sagnobrivi dargebis mixedviT 

(qarTul enasa da literaturaSi, maTematikaSi, istoriaSi, geografiaSi, 

125

iologiaSi, SromiT swavlebaSi, saqarTvelos istoriaSi, ucxour 

enebSi). damuSavebulia elementaruli, ZiriTadi da saSualo skolebis 

gegmebis saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standarti, romelic Seicavs 

ganmartebiT baraTebs, struqturas, miTiTebebs saswavlo datvirTvaze 

da gegmis invariantul da variantul blokebs… 

dasanania, rom es universaluri masala, romelic 1997 wels aris 

gamocemuli, aRmzrdelobiTi problemebis irgvliv sakmaod mwir masalas 

Seicavs. 

Cven sruliad viziarebT erovnuli, mravalvariantuli demokratiuli 

da humanuri skolis Camosayalibeblad – aRzrdis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis 

avtoris g. murRulias mecnierul naSroms `vin unda aRzardos saqarTvelos 

ganaTlebis sistemam" ideas. garda amisa, ganaTlebis sistema sTavazobs 

klasis xelmZRvanels aRzrdis procesSi 10 mcnebis ganxorcielebaze 

zrunvas. raionuli ganaTlebis ganyofileba klasis xelmZRvanels 

sTavazobs sarekomendacio Tematikas klasis saaTisaTvis, kerZod: mixeil 

javaxiSvilis `10 mcnebis" gaTvaliswinebiT aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis 

warmarTvas, agreTve SemoTavazebulia yuradRebis gamaxvileba nodar 

dumbaZis oTxi saidumloebis flobis sargeblobaze. 

vxedavT: dadgenilia aRzrdis mimarTuleba, mravalia Segoneba, 

sentencia, meToduri miTiTeba, magram am mdidar sityvier fonze 

SedarebiT mkrTali da arafrismTqmelia skolaSi arsebuli praqtikuli 

moqmedebis realuri suraTi. arada, unda aRvniSnoT: nebismier droSi is 

saxelmwifo iyo Zlieri, romelic Tavisi struqturebisa da interesebis 

damcveli axalgazrdobis aRzrdas axerxebda. amJamad, roca dairRva 

RirebulebaTa Zveli sistema da axalgazrdobis aRzrdis meqanizmi, 

bunebrivia, Seicvala saxelmwifo struqtura, misi orientacia. am 

viTarebaSi ar gagvaCnia ideologia, radgan zogi fiqrobs, rom 

ideologiuri wnexis drom Caiara, arada es didi Secdomaa: uamisod 

saxelmwifo haerSi gamokidebuli rCeba, xolo axali saxelmwifos 

aRmSeneblobas sWirdeba aRzrdis sruli meqanizmi: dabali asakidan 

momwifebamde, rasac aRmzrdelebs ver vTavazobT. 

126

Cven Sorsa varT im azrisagan, rom es naklovanebebi dauZlevelia, 

magram yovel did saqmes xom odesme dawyeba sWirdeba? demokratia imas 

rodi niSnavs, rom skolaSi aRzrdis procesi TviTdinebaze iyos 

miSvebuli. saWiroa myari sayrdeni, razedac aigeba Zlieri zednaSeni – 

momavali Taobis aRzrda. momavali Taobis aRzrda ki erTian 

ideologiaze unda iyos agebuli. 

garduvalia im azris ganxorcielebis aucilebloba, romelic 

uwmindesma da unetaresma patriarqma ilia II gaacxada: `bavSvebi jer 

religias unda eziaron da swavlas amis Semdeg unda Seudgnen". Cveni 

azriT, es samarTliani da saWiro miTiTebaa da sazogadoebam usaTuod 

unda gaiTvaliswinos. 

unda vaRiaroT, rom religiis swavleba, romelic karga xania 

daiwyo skolebSi, jerjerobiT uferul da usaxur eqsperimentad darCa. 

sadReisod yvelaze gamarTlebuli is aRmzrdelobiTi formaa, 

romelic met-naklebad popularuli gaxda – es gaxlavT axalgazrduli 

parlamenti. igi, vfiqrobT, mizandasaxuli xelmZRvanelobis viTarebaSi 

savsebiT gaamarTlebs. sagulisxmoa, rom am saqmianobaSic metad 

mniSvnelovania lokiseuli Sexedulebani imis Taobaze, rom ,,mozardSi 

unda xdebodes iseTi unaris Camoyalibeba, romelic SesaZleblobas 

miscems mas, gaxdes sazogadoebisaTvis sasurveli." am mimarTulebiT 

moazrovne saTanado gzebsa da saSualebebs gvTavazobs. is saSualebebi 

SesaZlebels xdis, sxva sikeTesTan erTad damkvidrdes adamianTa 

harmoniuli urTierTobebi. loki am mizniT yoveli jentlmenis aRzrdis 

procesSi aucileblad Tvlis urTierTobisTvis saWiro, mozomili, 

taqtiani saubrebisa Tu qcevebis ganxorcielebis unaris gamomuSavebas. 

is konkretuladac miuTiTebs, Tu rogor moxdes es. erT-erTi saamiso 

gza – es aris situaciebis Seqmnis gza, roca mozardis dadebiTi 

qcevebis safuZvelze CvevaTa SemuSavebis meqanizmi amoqmeddeba. 

aseve didad sasargebloa mozardebisTvis uaryofiTi da dadebiTi 

faqtebisa da movlenebis axsna-ganmarteba, analizis safuZvelze sjabaasi, 

erTmaneTis naazrevTa Sejereba. farTo diskusia unda gaiSalos 

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sazogadoebaSi arsebuli iseTi mankierebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic angrevs 

TviT am sazogadoebis jansaR suliskveTebas da a. S. 

Cveni sazogadoebis, saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis urTules periodSi 

mozardTa Soris am mimarTulebiT aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis gaSlas 

uaRresad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. ra ucnauradac ar unda gveCvenos, 

yovelive es ramdenime saukunis winaT TviT jon lokma SesTavaza 

inglisis sazogadoebas. aq upriania, moviSvelioT didi moazrovnis 

gamonaTqvamebi: 

,,jentlmenis" Camoyalibebisas mTavaria ara mxolod calmxrivi 

ganaTleba, sxvadasxva dargis Seswavla, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, filosofia, 

maTematika, istoria, metafizika. rasakvirvelia, es codnis samyaros 

gasaRebia, magram, Tu aRsazrdels ar aqvs keTilzneobisa da saTnoebis 

safuZveli da misi pirovneba Raribia, ideur-zneobrivad mwiria, es 

mniSvnelovanwilad adablebs mis adamianur Rirsebas, igi 

arasrulfasovnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos." 

,,umaRlesi mizani, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ romelsac isaxavs 

maswavlebeli, aris ara mxolod codnis gadacema, aramed sulieri 

aRzrda da saTanado Cvevebis Camoyalibeba." sxvagan mkvlevari ase 

gvwvrTnis: ,,sxeulis fizikurad wrToba cxovrebiseuli naklovanebebis 

amtanobiT, amasTanave ayalibebs adamianis sulier siZlieres". 

sulier ZlierebaSi igi gulisxmobda Semdegs: rodesac adamiani 

ganusjelad ar moqmedebs maSinac ki, roca erTob Zlieria ltolva raime 

sagnisa Tu movlenisadmi, es aris sakuTari Tavis flobis, sakuTari qcevis 

regulirebis faruli Zala, romelic aRzrdas eqvemdebareba. 

es aris is ZiriTadi fundamenti, romlis gamagreba pataraobidanve 

unda xdebodes. axalTaobis WeSmariti aRzrdis warmateba didiad aris 

damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad aris damuSavebuli Cveni mecnierebis 

mier pedagogikur-fsiqologiaSi am meqanizmis raoba, misi praqtikuli 

ganxorcielebis gzebi. 

cnobili qarTveli fsiqologis SoTa nadiraSvilis mecnieruli 

kvlevis Sedegad mkafiod gamokveTilia qcevis meqanizmi, magram es 

128

Zvirfasi monapovari jer kidev wignebSia, rac praqtikul aRzrdaSi ar 

realizdeba. arada xom arsebobs skolebSi fsiqologiuri samsaxuri; igi 

aseTi mecnieruli monapovrebis danergvaze unda zrunavdes. 

naSromSi ,,fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb" warmodgenilia konkretulad 

da naTlad Camoyalibebuli aRzrdis mTeli sistema. RirebulebaTa 

mTliani arqiteqtoruli ansambli. aRniSnul ideaTa realizeba 

aucilebelia jansaRi sulis mqone axali Taobis Camosayalibeblad. 

swavla-aRzrdis RirebulebaTa garkveuli sistema CvenTvisac 

cnobilia, oRond igi mxolod deklarirebulia, maTi realizebis gzebsa 

da saSualebebze naklebi codna da gamocdileba mogvepoveba. arada jon 

lokis nawerebSi es gzebi da saSualebebi mkafiod aris gamokveTili, 

aRwerili. 

jon loks aseve naTlad aqvs gadmocemuli CvevaTa mTeli sistema. 

igi aRniSnavs: sruliadac ar aris sakmarisi wesebis codna. mTavaria am 

codnis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba, Zieba im cxovrebiseuli situaciebisa, 

romlebSic Cabma ganxorcieldeba sistematiurad, varjiSiT, rasakvirvelia, 

SerCeul CvevaTa Camosayalibeblad gaweul muSaobaSi gaTvaliswinebuli 

iqneba norCTa asakobrivi SesaZleblobani. 

vin, Tu ara skolis fsiqologiurma samsaxurma, unda izrunos 

aRmzrdelobiT procesSi aseTi mniSvnelovani problemebis gadasaWrelad? 

,,cudi da kargi Cvevebi pataraobidanve iwyebs Camoyalibebas, _ 

aRniSanvs jon loki, _ gamyarebuli Cvevebis aRmofxvra ki rTuli 

procesia da xSirad dauZlevelic." 

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mecnieris azri asakisTvis Seusabamo 

survilebis Sesaxeb. igi sruliad exmianeba Tanamedrove gamoTqmas 

,,mozomili, gonivruli moTxovnilebebis Camoyalibebis problema." 

,,mTavaria survilTa marTvis unari, xolo, vinc ar aris miCveuli, 

daumorCilos Tavisi neba gonebas, rodesac es sasargebloa, yuri ugdos 

sxvis keTil rCevas, vidre axalgazrdaa, is sakuTari gonebis xmasac ver 

daugdebs yurs xandazmulobisas." sxvagan mkvlevari gvauwyebs: ,,bavSvebis 

129

uaryofiTi zneobrivi gamovlinebani ufrosebis mier nebsiT Tu uneblieT 

Cagdebuli uxiaki Teslis bralia." 

aRsaniSnavia im mniSvnelovani problemis damuSaveba, romelic 

uaryofiT TvisebaTa Tavidan acilebas exeba, es Tema metad mkafiod aris 

gamoxatuli jon lokis SemoqmedebaSi. igi gvTavazobs mozardSi misi 

reputaciis, sakuTari avtoritetis amaRlebis, Tavmoyvareobis gamomuSavebis 

mizniT warmarTuli muSaobis formebs. aRniSnuli formebi sajaroobis 

yvela moments iTvaliswinebs. 

iqve gaSuqebulia sircxvilis grZnobis aRZvris niuansebi, mocemulia 

misi detaluri analizi. eg analizi uaryofiTi qcevebis aRkveTis 

erTgvari winapirobaa. Tu mozardi kargavs avtoritets, _ aRniSnavs 

moazrovne, _ unda CaiTvalos, rom mas aqvs avisa da ukeTurisken 

midrekileba. 

jon loki gvTavazobs aRmzrdelobiTi TvalsazrisiT swrafi 

analizis meTods. is uaryofiTi qcevis droul gansjas gulisxmobs da 

mozardi gulwrfel monaniebamde mihyavs. am procesSi mniSvnelovania 

bavSvis Sinagani gancdebis diferencireba. aRmzrdels mxedvelobidan ar 

unda gamorCes aRsazrdelis sulieri samyaros ufaqizesi rxevebic ki. 

am process mkvlevari adarebs mebaRis Sromas, romelmac sruliadac 

ver SeZlo anda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, SeZlo mxolod erTi konkretuli 

mcenaris jerovani movla-patronoba. 

am cnobili debulebis wamoyenebiT jon lokma jer kidev XVII_XVIII 

saukuneTa mijnaze TiTqosda gaiTvaliswina Tanamedrove skolebis 

aRmzrdelobiT procesSi arsebuli Segnebuli Tu Seugnebeli garRvevebi 

da erTxel kidev Cagvafiqra momavali Taobis aRzrdis urTules 

problemebze. 

saqarTvelos damoukidebeli arsebobis dRevandel etapze, roca 

qveynis cxovrebaSi uamravi sirTule iyris Tavs rogorc politikur, 

aseve socialur-ekonomiur sferoSi, rasakvirvelia, Znelia aseTi Rrma 

problemebis gadawyveta, magram maTze seriozuli dafiqreba axlave 

gvmarTebs. 

130

jon lokis Semoqmedebis mixedviT, aRmzrdelobiT procesSi erTerTi 

upirvelesi adgili aqvs daTmobili fizikur aRzrdas. adamianis 

bednierebis upirveles sawyisad igi Tvlis janis mrTelobas, fizikur 

Zlierebas. amgvari Tvisebebis mqone pirovneba iolad aitans cxovrebis 

moTxovnebs, Sromis maRal ritmsa da temps. amitom misi narkvevis 

,,fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb" ganyofileba momavali Taobis fizikuri 

aRzrdis, wrTobis saintereso da mwyobr sistemas gvawvdis. aq 

miTiTebulia fizikuri aRzrdis safuZvelze. avtori momxrea aTenis 

fizikuri aRzrdis sistemisa, romelic mkacr momTxovnelobazea 

damyarebuli. SromaSi gasaocari sizustiT, siRrmiTa da konkretulobiT 

aris gadmocemuli wrTobis TiToeuli detali. SesaZlebelia 

davasaxeloT amis erT-erTi magaliTi. es gaxlavT sicivisa da 

sicxisadmi mozardis medegobis gamosamuSaveblad saWiro meTodebi, 

gzebi da saSualebebi. konkretuli miTiTebani gvarwmunebs: jon loki 

jansaRi momavali Taobis aRzrdis ZiriTad faqtorad Tvlida sufTa 

haers, varjiSs, Zils, martiv sakvebs, wamlebis rac SeiZleba cota 

raodenobiT gamoyenebas, xalvaT tansacmels, Tavisa da fexebis grilad 

Semosvas, sicivisa da sicxisadmi gamZleobis gamomuSavebas da a. S. 

aRniSnul sakiTxebs avtorma Tavisi narkvevis 30-mde paragrafi miuZRvna. 

vfiqrobT, Tanamedrove skolebisTvis, momavali Taobis fizikuri 

aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT, jon lokis memkvidreobaSi Tavs iyris uamravi 

gansazogadebeli masala. 

jon lokis SemoqmedebaSi Tavmoyrilia uamravi sasargeblo masala 

gonebrivi-sulieri aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT. SeiZleba iTqvas: misi 

Semoqmedebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla aRzrdasTan dakavSirebul bevr 

saintereso sakiTxs aRZravs. 

,,cda gonebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb" imiTac sagulisxmoa, rom aq 

mocemuli masalebi, maTi ganzogadeba bevr rames gvetyvis momavali 

Taobis gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. 

Cven ar viziarebT im azrs, TiTqosda swavla-aRzrdis Sesaxeb lokis 

pedegogikuri Sexedulebebi da ideebi Tanamedroveobis gadasaxedidan 

131

araviTar kritikas ar imsaxurebs. aris garkveuli sakiTxebi, romelsac 

kritikulad vudgebiT da vfiqrobT, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi arc unda 

daveTanxmoT. amis magaliTad SesaZlebelia davasaxeloT: 

1. individualuri, saojaxo aRzrdis upiratesobis aRiareba. 

2. religiuri aRzrdis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli meryeoba. 

jon lokis aRmzrdelobiTi sistemis zog naklovanebaze 

migviTiTebdnen misi Tanamedrovenic. im kritikis nawils Cvenc viziarebT, 

Tumca unda iTqvas, rom es naklovanebebi gamowveuli iyo maSin gamefebuli 

reaqciiT, romelic gavlenas axdenda moazrovnis miswrafebebze. 

Tanamedroveni sayvedurobdnen loks, rom igi, TiTqosda, dabal 

Sefasebas aZlevda literaturis rols da metad afasebda iseT 

Rirebulebas, rogoric iyo ,,realuri codna." rom, TiTqosda, mkvlevari 

erTgvarad ukana planze gadawevda literaturuli formis silamazes. 

aseve TiTqosda SedarebiT dabal Sefasebas aZlevda klasikur 

literaturas, xelovnebis keTilSobilur zegavlenas pirovnebis sulze. 

am kritikas Tanamedrove aRzrdis sistemac, rasakvirvelia, eTanxmeba, 

ufro metic, Tanamedrove pedagogiur azrovnebaSi aRniSnulis sruliad 

sawinaaRmdego azria damkvidrebuli. 

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom jon lokis memkvidreoba, misi ideebi 

Tanamedrove pedagogiuri azrovnebis TvalsawierSia moqceuli. misi 

mravali debuleba samecniero mimoqcevaSia gaSvebuli. amis dasamowmeblad 

sakmarisia davasaxeloT iv. Wkuaselis Sroma “Jurnali ,,ganaTleba" da 

misi adgili pedagogiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi" (Tbilisi, gamomcemloba 

,,ganaTleba" 1981), sadac sxva problemaTa Soris farTod aris 

ganxiluli sakiTxi, Tu ra rols akisrebs loki memkvidreobasa da 

garemos pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi. 

pedagogikis mecnierebis qarTvel warmomadgenelTa kamaTis safuZvelze 

(iv. gomarTeli, p. tabiZe, kakabaZe, g. mefariSvili, g. sixaruliZe, l. 

bocvaZe, badriZe da sxvebi) gamokveTilia jon lokis Sexedulebebis 

WeSmariti arsi aRzrdaSi memkvidreobisa da garemos rolis Sesaxeb. 

daskvnis saxiT aRniSnulia: adamianTa Camoyalibeba, maT mier codnis, 

132

unarisa da Cvevebis SeZena, jon lokis azriT, SeuZlebelia maTSi 

dabadebiTve arsebuli niWierebis, memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli Tvisebebis, 

maTi gansakuTrebuli konstituciis gareSe, swored memkvidreobiT 

gadmocemul TvisebebSia SesaZlebloba adamianis mier yvelafris 

aTvisebisa da es dadasturebulia SromaSi ,,fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb" 

,,Cven vibadebiT iseTi niWierebiTa da ZalebiT, romlebSic mocemulia 

TiTqmis yvelafris aTvisebis SesaZlebloba da romlebsac yovel 

SemTxvevaSi SeuZliaT wagviyvanon imaze Sors, risi warmodgenac Cven 

TviTon SegviZlia", magram mxolod am Zalebis varjiSs ZaluZs ..mogvces 

risime unari da raimeSi daxelovneba da wagviyvanos srulyofilebisaken." 

es niSnavs imas, rom adamianebi TavianTi memkvidreobiTi TaviseburebebiT 

imdenad ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rom aRzrdam ver 

uzrunvelyos maTi gaTanabreba. memkvidreobiT, rogorc adamianis 

srulyofis aucilebeli safuZvelTaganiT, adamianebi ar warmoadgenen 

iseT gansxvavebul arsebebs, romlis winaSec qeds unda ixrides aRzrda. 

daaxloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqvas garemos rolis Sesaxeb bavSvis 

pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, _ aRniSnavs iv. Wkuaseli. 

loki did rols miakuTvnebs garemos, gansakuTrebiT ki 

organizebul sazogadoebriv garemos, TumcaRa, miuxedavad amisa, 

aRzrdas mainc yovlisSemZle kategoriad Tvlis. igi asabuTebs garemos 

did rols pirovnebis formirebis procesSi, magram igi imdenad 

daqvemdebarebuli gamohyavs, ramdenadac mis gavlenas adamianze TiTqmis 

mTlianad warmarTavs da sZlevs aRzrda. jon loki, amave dros, rogorc 

filosofosi, xSirad garemod TviT aRzrdasac Tvlida. maSin ufro 

gasagebi gaxdeba pirovnebis formirebaSi aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis 

miseuli Teoria. 

jon lokis udidesi damsaxurebaa, rom man ulmobeli kritikis 

qarcecxlSi gaatara da amiT gaacamtvera aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli 

Teoriebi. magram am kritikis dros, Tavisive filosofiidan gamomdinare, 

igi aviTarebs ukiduresad calmxriv Tvalsazriss: ,,sufTa dafis" 

empiriuli Teoriis gamoisobiT moazrovne aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis 

133

aRiarebamde midis da TiTqmis sruliad ugulebelyofs memkvidreobis 

rols pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi. es Tvalsazrisi pedagogikis 

yvela dRevandel saxelmZRvaneloSia dadasturebuli, xolo, XIX 

saukunis meore naxevarSi dawerili poema-SedevrSi brZenma akaki 

wereTelma xatovnad ase ganacxada: 

`magram marto wvrTna ras izams, 

Tu bunebamac ar uSvelao". 

`bunebaSi" mgosani swored memkvidreobas, jiSs, jilags, genetikur 

kods gulisxmobda. Cveni azriT, safiqrebelia, rom loki arasodes 

misula memkvidreobis srul uaryofamde. marTalia, igi Tvlis, rom 

adamianTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba mxolod da mxolod aRzrdis 

Sedegia da aq memkvidreobas TiTqmis araviTari roli ar miekuTvneba da 

bavSvebi memkvidreobiTi TaviseburebebiT imdenad ar gansxvavdebian 

erTmaneTisagan, rom aRzrdam ver uzrunvelyos maTi gaTanabrebao, 

magram ukve am gamonaTqvamSic igulisxmeba genetikuri kodis, jiSisa da 

jilagis TvisTavadi mniSvneloba. 

e. i. aRzrdasa da garemozea damokidebuli, Tu ra mimarTulebas 

miiRebs memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli Tvisebebi. 

dRevandel dinamikur samyaroSi, uamravi politikuri, ekonomikuri 

da socialuri problemis gadawyvetis procesSi uTuod gansakuTrebuli 

yuradReba unda mieqces saganmanaTleblo- aRmzrdelobiT sakiTxebs. 

romelTa gauTvaliswineblad warmoudgenelia momavlis humanuri da 

civilizebuli sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Seneba. teqnikuri 

saganmanaTleblo revoluciis mkacr pirobebSi mxedvelobidan ar unda 

gamogvrCes, rom rom harmoniulad ganviTarebuli adamiani da sazogadoeba 

swori pedagogiuri koncefciis gareSe ver Camoyalibdeboda. teqnikurinformaciuli 

sazogadoeba im umarTav Zalad iqceva, romlis safuZvelsac 

ngrevis procesisken SeuCerebeli swrafva qmnis. 

134

warsuli mxolod sarkea, romelSic mudmivi WeSmaritebani, Cveni 

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi qmedebani SegviZlia aRviqvaT da davinaxoT, 

momavali Cveni ocnebaTa samyaroa da mxolod awmyoa is sfero, sadac 

SegviZlia vimoqmedoT da Cveni naocnebari realobad vaqcioT. ar 

SeiZleba ar gaviTvaliswinoT, rom samyaro Tavisi ganviTarebis iseT 

axal fazaSi Sedis, roca misi garegnuli ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi ena, 

erovnuli mentaliteti, religiuri tradiciebi TandaTanobiT kargaven 

Tavis mniSvnelobas. Tanamedrove civilizaciis maxasiaTebeli xdeba 

informaciis maRali teqnologiebi, romelic momavalSi msoflios 

mmarTvel Zalad iqceva. gvinda xazi gavusvaT, rom emociur da 

inteleqtualur sawyisTa gaTiSva, rac Tanamedrove cnobierebisTvisaa 

damaxasiaTebeli. amitom sasurveli ar aris Cvens bavSvebs yovelive, 

adamianur grZnobebs moklebuli robotebi da kompiuterebi aswavlidnen. 

informaciis tradiciuli saSualebebi zepiri da weriTi metyveleba 

adgils uTmoben swavlebis kompiuterul saSualebebs, globaluri 

masStabis telekomunikaciuri qselebis gamoyenebas. 

yovel epoqas aqvs sakuTari problemebi, romelic moiTxovs 

gadawyvetas da garkveul midgomas. 

Cven, rogorc mcire qveynis xalxma, unda vifiqroT yovelnairad 

davicvaT da SevinarCunoT Cveni erovnuloba (ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba). 

masobrivi informaciis wyaroebi, rogorc msoflio globalizaciis erTerTi 

mTavari berketi, arRveven tradiciul eTnikur, sazogadoebriv da 

religiur sazRvrebs. religiuri cnobierebis gverdiT aRmocenda da 

damkvidrda antireligiuri, aTeisturi cnobiereba. 

marTlmadidebluri qristianuli pedagogikis mixedviT, ganaTlebis 

mizania: daexmaros bavSvs, Seicnos RvTis sameba sakuTar TavSi da 

daanaxvos am saqmeSi arsebuli winaarmdegobebi. marTlmadidebluri 

qristianuli pedagogikis saqmianoba mimarTulia iqiT, rom adamianSi 

CamovayaliboT Sinagani samyaro, raTa masSi gaixsnas RvTis xateba. 

swored amitom aris saWiro bavSvis qristianuli aRzrda, radgan 

yvelaze didi, globaluri problema dRevandeli mecnierul-teqnikuri 

135

evoluciis oromtrialSi myofi kacobriobisaTvis aris TviTfloba. 

`SeZlebs Tu ara daimorCilos Tavisi Tavi da mis mier Seqmnili teqnika, 

aRmoCndeba Tu ara dagrovili teqnika adamianisaTvis sabolood 

keTildReobis momcemi? amave dros, unda vaRiaroT, rom mecnierulad 

dasabuTebulma teqnikam mogvca arnaxuli Zalaufleba bunebis 

asaTviseblad da es Zalaufleba unda iyos gamoyenebuli ara adamianis 

sulieri dauZlurebis, aramed misi keTildReobisaTvis~ (ilia II, 1997, 

1:25). dRevandel epoqaSi skolas, garkveulwilad, uxdeba adaptireba 

arsebul garemoSi da aRzrdis meTodebis SeTviseba civilizaciis 

moTxovnebTan, rac xSirad Sorsaa qristianuli idealebisagan. 

qristianuli pedgagogikis aqcenti mimarTulia adamianis Sinagani 

samyaros Camoyalibebisken, masSi RvTis saxebis gaxsnisaken. Tu bavSvi ar 

ganicdis aRzrdis zegavlenas, SesaZlebelia, TavisuflebiT 

sargeblobam migviyvanos gamousworebel Secdomamde. amitom Tanamedrove 

etapze qarTuli marTlmadideblur-qristianul pedagogiur sistemaSi 

aRzrdis miznis problemaa mTavari. 

Tanamedrove globalizaciis procesSi saero cxovrebis 

suliskveTebas, SezRudul materialistur msoflio mxedvelobas, 

aRviraxsnilobas, cbierebas unda davupirispiroT marTlmadideblobis 

zneobrivi aspeqtebi, rogorc Cveni aRzrda-ganaTlebis safuZveli. ara 

marto saqarTvelos, aramed mTeli samyaros xvalindeli dRe 

warmoudgenelia adamianis dabrunebis gareSe sulieri siwmindisa da 

TviTSezRudvis idealebTan. 

migvaCnia, rom qristianul-marTlmadidebluri pedagogikis miznebidan, 

amocanebidan da principebidan gamomdinare, dRes mTavaria, gaviTavisoT 

mSobliuri mxaris memvkidreoba. igi erTdroulad mistikuricaa da 

mSobliuric. `da naTeli bnelSi naTobs~. sinaTle qristesi _ sinaTle 

qveynierebisa imedisa da siyvarulisa Cauqrobeli aRmoCnda, radgan 

`bnelma igi ver moicva~. 

qarTvelTa Zliereba rom qristianobnisa da erovnulobis erTianobaSi 

mdgomareobda, es SesaniSnavad icoda Cveni eris yvela mterma _ Sinaurma 

136

Tu gareSe. amitom isini mudam cdilobdnen da dResac ar akleben cdasa 

da mondomebas qarTveli eris sabolood dasamoneblad da 

gasanadgureblad. Tanamedrove pirobebSi uaRresad aqtualuri gaxda 

globalizaciisa da msoflios civilizaciuri erTianobis sakiTxebi. 

zogierTi imasac fiqrobs, iqneb rogorme ganeridos globalizaciis 

process. magram es SeuZlebelia. verc erTi qveyana Tavs ver aaridebs 

mas, oRond aucilebelia gonivruli midgoma da sazrianoba. 

amrogad, globalizacia obieqturi movlenaa, am process ver 

SevaCerebT. amavdroulad, ar unda dagvaviwydes SevunarCunoT momaval 

Taobas erovnuli kultura, tradiciebi da adaT-wesebi. 

yovelive es erTxel kidev adasturebs, rom jon lokis 

pedagogikuri Sexedulebebi, ideebi saukuneebis Semdegac inarCunebs 

Tavis cxovelmyofelobasa da aqtualobas. 

137

d a s k v n e b i 

sadisertacio Temis monografiulma kvlevam saSualeba mogvca, 

gagvekeTebina Semdegi daskvnebi: 

1. jon lokma, rogorc pedagogikuri mecnierebis klasikosma, pirvelma 

Cauyara safuZveli Tandayolili ideis ararsebobis hipoTezas, 

moZRvrebas codnis grZnobadi warmoSobis Sesaxeb, risi safuZvelic 

aris gamocdileba; man siRrmiseulad daamuSava Semecnebis Teoria 

da amiT xeli Seuwyo imdroindeli filosofiur-istoriuli 

azrovnebis Semdgom ganviTarebas. 

2. moazrovnem pirvelma gamoikvlia codnis warmoSoba, misi sicxadis 

xarisxi, Semecnebis unari da sazRvrebi. yvelaferi es safuZvlad 

daudo momavali Taobis saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesisa da 

ganaTlebis Sesaxeb sakuTar mowinave Tvalsazriss. 

3. jon loki didi filosofosi, materialisturi sensualizmis 

fuZemdebelia. man axali filosofia Seqmna imiT, rom sagangebod 

daamuSava Semecnebis originaluri Teoria. 

4. mkvlevarma Seqmna moralur-zneobriv da sulier RirebulebaTa 

Tanamimdevruli sistemis bazisi, razec daafuZna ganaTlebisa da 

saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi sistemis didi da myari Senoba. 

5. jon lokma ,,jentlmenis" aRzrdis miznebisa da amocanebis 

safuZvlianad da damajereblad gansazRvris Semdeg daamuSava am 

miznebisa da amocanebis ganxorcielebis pedagogiuri gzebi da 

saSualebebi. 

6. moazrovnem Camoayaliba Taviseburi saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi sistema, 

romelmac gaacamtvera arsebuli sqolastikuri skolis iZulebis 

praqtikaze agebuli saZirkveli da humanur pedagogikur ideebsa da 

Sexedulebebze dayrdnobiT safuZveli Cauyara yovelmxriv ganviTarebul, 

`jentlmenis" formirebisaTvis saWiro swavla-aRzrdis sruliad axal 

models. 

138

7. Tanamedrove pedagogikis mecnierebis safuZvlebis Seswavlas jon 

lokis memkvidreobasTan mivyavarT. amiT dasturdeba, rom 

pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis mecnierebis winsvla saukuneTa 

manZilze Sepirobebuli yofila lokis pedagogiuri moZRvrebiT. 

8. jon lokma Camoayaliba adamianTa, socialur jgufTa (aRmzrdelebi, 

aRsazrdelebi, mSoblebi da sxva) urTierTobis sruliad axali 

sistema. amiT man aqtualuri gaxada harmoniuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis 

problema. 

9. mecnieris pedagogikur memkvidreobas aqvs ara mxolod istoriuli 

mniSvneloba. igi dResac aqtualuria da myar safuZvels uqmnis 

pedagogikis mecnierebis swori mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli 

memkvidreobis mecnierulobam, misma didma praqtikulma Rirebulebam 

ganapiroba jon lokis pedagogikuri moZRvrebis ukvdaveba. 

10. pedagogikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi lokma pirvelma mogvca 

dasrulebuli da yovelmxriv dasabuTebuli fizikuri aRzrdis 

Teoria. igi am Teoriis fuZemdebelia; fizikuri aRzrdis miznis 

lokiseuli gageba dResac aqtualuria. fizikuri aRzrdis mizani 

sxeulis saimisod gakaJebaa, raTa adamians SeeZlos srulad 

gamoiyenos Tavisi sulieri SesaZleblobani ise, rom amiT 

janmrTelobas ziani ar miayenos. – es mizani arasodes dakargavs 

mniSvnelobas. 

11. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, damoukidebeli 

saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi, gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria 

harmoniulad ganviTarebuli SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebiT aRWurvili 

pirovnebis aRzrdis sakiTxi. es dRis wesrigSi ayenebs ganaTlebis 

sistemis reformis mecnieruli uzrunvelyofis problemas. am 

TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania warsulis gamocdilebis gamoyeneba, 

romelSic Rirseuli adgili unda daikavos jon lokis pedagogikurma 

moZRvrebam. 

139

disertaciis ZiriTadi Sedegebi asaxulia Semdeg publikaciebSi 

1. m. Cuxua, – `j. lokis saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi sistemis safuZvlebi", 

`kavkasiis macne", #5, Tb., 2002., gv. 113-116. 

2. m. Cuxua, `jon lokis pedagogikuri sistema", perioduli samecniero 

Jurnali ìnteleqti", #1(15), Tb., 2003., gv. 149-153. 

3. d. darCia, m. Cuxua, àRzrdis wamyvani roli pirovnebis formirebis 

procesSi jon lokis mixedviT", saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis 

`moambe", #2, Tb., 2003., gv. 357-359. 

4. m. Cuxua, `jon loki – pedagogisa da misi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb 

momavali Taobis swavla-aRzrdis saqmeSi", saerTaSoriso samecnieropedagogiuri 

konferenciis masalebi, Tb., 2000., gv. 86-88. 

5. m. Cuxua, `jon loki da Tanamedroveoba", `skola da cxovreba", 2000., 

gv. 80-81. 

6. m. Cuxua, j. loki – `jansaR sxeulSi – jansaRi suli", samecniero 

Sromebis krebuli, #3, `sazrisi", 2000., gv. 146-149. 

7. m. Cuxua, gonebrivi aRzrdis sakiTxebi jon lokis pedagogiur 

Sexedulebebi, saerTaSoriso samecniero-pedagogiuri konferenciis 

masalebi, Tb., 2000., gv. 83-85. 

140

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141

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