975.791-C1 B5c 1887.pdf - Mesa FamilySearch Library

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iYear book - 1887, city of Charleston, South Carolina
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llSouth _H!stor_Carolina, - Yearbooks Charleston, Charleston- .... ! _ [Charleston, Richardson &S.C.: Co.], Lucas, 1687
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VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE WILLIAM ENSTON VILLAGE, ON UPPER KING STREET, WARD ]0, TAKEN
WHEN THE COTTAGES WERE BEING ERECTED.

YEAR BOOK-i887.
CITY OF CHARLESTON,
So. CA.
Nl'¢_a Hcgtonal
Family l_t_to_ C_el'
Mesa_ Arizona
Presented By:
l_,ho_rtlx l:lorth _ltalke
Famtlv l_l_torV _enter
_uzanne _idera. ]Director
May 2001
I

I,UCAS. RICHARDSON & CO., STEAM BOOK PRINTERS,
130 EAST BAY ST_EE'['_ CHARLESTON, S. (',

CITY GOVERN MENT--:t887.
MAYOR AND ALDEgMEN--1883-87.
3L4 YOR,
H(m. WM. A. COURTENAY.
MAYOR PRO T_M.
C. S. GADSDEN.
A LD ERME.t¥.
W(trd /--JA._IES _. REDDIX(_, W._t. E. 11_'(_¢.
l_trd 2--J. ADGFR SYlYTIt, SA)iUEL WEBB.
Ward 3--E. H. JACKSON, P. MORXN.
Ward ._--A. W. ECKEL, A. B. MUaRA_.
Ward ;;--E. F. SWF_EGAN,S. J. PRE(_NALL.
Ward _; --, GEItIIAICDRIECKE.
Ward ;--Jonx FEEHhN, G. W. MCIvEm
l_r(t_'d ,_'--l{. C. BARKLEY, J. I{. E. SLo*x.
Brard 9--A. JOltNSON, C. WULBERN.
Ilrard IO--P. S. ]{()DGI,_'RS,
Ward I]--C. L. MnYEK E. H. GaDSDE._.
Ward 12--C. S. GADSDEN. H. BUCK.
STANDING COMMITTEES ()F CITY COUNCII_.
APPOINTED DECE)IBER 17TH AND 26Ttt, 1883.
1Vay,s and Mea_ts--Aldermen F. S. Rodgers, Chairman; J. Adger Smyth,
E. F. Sweegan, J. B. E. Sloan. C. Wulbern, A. B. Murray, and the Mayor.
Newerage of C,i/y--Aldermen J. A. Smyth, Chairlnan; F. S. Rodgers, A.
W. Eckel. E. F. Sweegan, and the Mayor.
Ntreet,_--Aldermen C. S. Gadsden, Chairman; A. Johnson, J. A. Smyth,
. A. B. Murr_y, S. J. Pregnall, and the Mayor.
Account,s--Aldermen E. F. Sweegan, Chairman; J. F. Redding, and the
Mayor.
Lightiny the City--Alderm(m A. W. Eckel, Chairman; J. B. E. Sloan, J.
A. Smyth, G. W. McIver, C. S. Gadsden.
Contracts--Aldermen W. E. Huger, (_hairmau; C. Wulbern, and the
Mayor.

iv Ci O, Government-- z $87.
Ezlgro_._ed Bill_--Ahlerxnen d. b'. l{edding, Chairman; G. W. Meiver. C.
L. Meyer.
l,'i_'e E._e_q,e,s--Aldermen R. ('. B_rkley, (!lmirman: A. Johnson, G. Rieeke.
Sh'(,m fJngii_e,s--Aldermen Samuel WebL. Chairm_m: IL C. Barkley, tt.
Buck.
Retre_chm,nl _tml l_eliet_-Ahh'vmen S. Webb. Chairman; G. W. Melver.
•1. P. h'edding.
Railcoad._--Altlernlen I'L 11. Gndsden, Chuirmtm: 1!'. S. l-l.odgers, John
b'eehan.
Tidal Dr(Nn,_--Ahlermen ;h)hn b'eehan, (!hairman; G. llieeke, A. B.
Mm'ray.
Acl(_sian, Well._ and Lol--Ahtermen E. lq. Jackson, Chairman; G. ltieeke.
S. J. Preglmll.
Wood and B_qck Bu,'/dings--Ald,,l'men tl. Bu(k. Chairman: A. Johnson.
Samuel Webb.
.]o_c_(ds _w/ V,c,_tn/¢J.Ne',_--Ahterlne_t G. Hiecke. Uhairnmn: C. L. Meyer,
E. 1[. Jackson.
I)m'l a)_d l/arbor lmprm'.meidx--.\hlermen S..l. Pregnall. Chairman: P.
Mortlu. A. W. E(d

Cit_' Government--zgg 7. v
B)AhD ()F I_(_[ ALIZAI'ION.
Messrs. F. S. Rodgers, J. Adger Smyth. E. F. Sweeg'an, J. B. E. Sloan.
(!. Wulbern, A. B. Murray.
CITY OFFICERS.
"/'re.,wvrer--W. L. (_ampbe]l.
A._ses._or--W. Aiken Kelly.
,b'uperintendent of ,b'treel._--T. A. llugucnin.
Ci@ C_;ril Engi_eer--L. J. Barl)ot.
Tidal Drain h'_eper--M. Hogan.
(]auge'r.s ofLiquo_C. L. DnBos. ('. 31. Olsen.
Flonr lnspeeto_
In,_peetors and .qarve?Jor_ qt' 7'*mber--t'. S..Jenkins..";antuel t ). l_ennett.
John T. Northrop.
Ckimney Contractor,s--Wards I and 2, 1', SheNdan: Wards 3 and 4, W,
Shelton; Wards ,5and 6, Daniel Lanigan; Wards 7 and S, W. Y. Lovett:
Wards 9 and 10. John Reed: Wards 11 and 12, W. H. Halsall.
POLIC E (_()31M ISSIONERS.
A. W. Eekcl, ('hairman :* 1_. \V. Dingle, John Feehan. Samuel Webb. W.
E. Huger, A. A. (_lddsmith. --. and the Mayor.
C'lerZ'--Robert (I. O'Neale.
C'hief of Polic,_--Thomas Fr.._l. 3r.:_
Ft'rxt Lieute_._d--Jos. Gohten.
N¢,cond Lie_dena,/--(?. B. Sigwahl.
Thk'd Lie,lemr, nl,_--F. J. Heidl.
AetiJ_g Lielde_.t_d._--E. A. Nollcnhauer, J. H. l_'ordham.
*Resigned from lh)_tr(l dantlary 4, lsS7: succeeded by G. _V. I)illgle, as (Jht_irlnall.
SResigned September 1st, 1887.
H E.\ 1_'1"1t 1)EI'A RT31ENT.
Board q/ ]le,llh--,1. L. Tolfias. (_hairman; _liddleton Michel, M. l)., AIl,rd
Memminger, 31. 1)., G. E. 3lanigaulI, M. i)., Will. Ufferhardt,* C. P.
Aimar, R. 3I. Marshall. P. ('. Trcnhohn. A. Sydney Smith, Hall T. McGee.
31. P. St(,ren.
(JiQI A'e/li,_/rar ..([ ,b_cre/,r.q q/' /t," Hoard--H. B. l/or/beck, 3l. D.
¢,Terk--Albert E. (hmgh.
AU,nitar!/]n,spector,_--Districl No. 1, M. Bolger: District No. 2, it. Wohlken;
District No. 3, A. A. Barb.t: Distriet No. 4, C. E. Heiusohn.
Health Deb'rtir_---F. Nil)s_m.
*Died ()c'tolmr 2, 18s_.

vi City Government--1887.
Ct'ly Di_'pen,s¢t,rq t_h.q,sicia_,_--Distriet No. 1, P. G. DeSaussure, 31. D. :
District No. 2, 5L P. Ravenel, M. D. ; District No. 3, Aug, lI. Sehwaeke, M.
l). ; District No. 4. Edmund BI_zyck, M. D.
FIRE I)EPARTMENT.
J_o,rd of" F'tre-Ma.sh,.--l. S. Rodg'ers, Ch0,innan: G. H. Walter, E. F.
Sweegan, A. Stcmmcrmaun, R. ('. Barkley, C. R. Valk. and tim Mayor.
(Thief--F. L. O'Neill.
Fi_',_t A.ssi,shtnt Chief--W. H. Smith.
,%eond A.s.s'i._l(tnl Chief--T. S. Sigwald.
(Terk--I',. 5I. Strobe].
COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON.
7!ru._tees--The Mayor and City Recorder are ex-oJfieio members of the
Board: Hen. Gee. S. Bryan, Alderman C. S. Gadsden. and Mr. S. Y. Tupper,
with the ex-oflicio members, represent the City in the Board. The remaining
members elect('(] were: Messrs. Ch. Richardson Niles, President of the Board;
Rudolph Siegling, Win. Ravenel. G. W. Dingle, Henry Buist,* T. M. Hanckel.
Win. Ufferhardt,_ a_ld Rev. C. C. Pinckney, D. D.
_b'ecretar!] o_d T_'eo,surer--Jacob Williman.
*Henry Buist died June % 1887; succeeded by G. Lmnb Buist,
:i:Died October 2_ 1887.
HIGH SCH()OL oF CHARLESTON.
Tra,_/ee._--Rev. W. F. Junkin, D. I).,* President: Rev. C.C. Pinckney.
D. I)., R. Siegling, ttenry ];uist,_ C. R. Miles, --, G. W, Dingle,
A. B. I_ose, U. 12. Swcegan, Julian Mitchell, President, J, A. Smyth, J. P.
K. Bryan, lh'. H. Baer. lion. Win. A. Courtenay, T. 1). I,owndes. and the
Mayor ex-o_cio.
_b_,eret(lry--R. G. 0'Neale.
*Rcv. W. F. Junkin resiffned; succeeded 'as President by Julian Mitchell.
+Died June 9th, 18_7.
I)],[Ag3MI_N 1 ()F CHARITIES.
WM. ENS'I'()N lit)ME.
7'_,ust_,,s _4ll/i,_ I_'lt_d /br Su_'eiviml A_muitt_d,_--!lon. Win. A. (_onrh_nay.
(_hairman: Isaac Ha yne, W. Enston Butler.
7"J._s/_e._tt/'//,, IIo,me--Hon. Win. A. Cotu'lenay, President; Alva Gage.
Viee-Pr,,_sident: F. S. Ib)dgers. E. 11. Jackson. G. W. Williams, Jr., C. G.
l)m_ker, A. B. lh)_e. Chas. H. Valk, Win. Ufferhardt,* C. P. Aimar, J. 1),
K. Bryan. W. J. 3lilhq'. lhe Mayor _)x-q(licio.
,%_cret_ry---3l. B. Paine.
* Died ()etober 2, lSS7;succeeded by W. E. Hu_'er.

Ci O' Gavcrnmcnl--_ ggT. vii
_)RI)HAN HOUSE.
Commi,_simz,r._--Jaeob Small, (:hairrnan; L. 1). Mowry, P.J. Pelzer, C.
A. Chisolm, Dr. B. A. Muckenfuss, (leo. W. \Villiams, B. Bollmamb G. W.
Egaa, E. F. Sweegan, H. 1][.l)eLeon. A. T. Smythe, Theo. D. Jem'ey.
Secretary of the Board and Trea._ur,_rof the Privale I'htnd--E. M. Grimke.
Pleysician to Orphan Hou._e--W. H. l lug'er, 3[. D.
Principal--Miss Agnes K. Irving.
Teachers--Miss M. I+.LeQuenx, Mrs. A. L. Reitly, Miss C. Arnohi. Mi_s
E. L. Henderson, Miss C. Bullen, Miss M. McNeil.
T++Kh+derqarten--Miss E. King, Miss E. Bm'nham. Assistant.
Sewing Midress--Mrs. M. Mature.
Matrons--Mrs. C. Bul]en, Mrs. M. F. Perry, Miss S. Chariol.
E_ginee_A. L. Barton.
cqrFg 11()SPITA L,
Commisswner_--tI. 13. Horlbeck. 3I. 1)., Chairman; J. D. Capplelnan.
Secretary; A. Stemmcrmann, Harvey Cogswell, A. Johnsm

viii City Go.verJlmcnt-- z887.
.1. Pregnall, Win. Meagher. Win. Heffron. Win. Ufferhardt,* T. P. Mood.
Gerhard R ieeke.
(,Taler Clerks of all _Strkels--lL L. Toomer.
A,d,4ant Clerk, UeMre Marl,'et--O. Prau_e.
,t._sistant Clerk, ['pper Mm'l,'et--J. F. Steinmeyer.
Cl_,rk _f IVei.qh/._ tt_d _TV[eas_rt,._, (t_(1 Pul,/iv W_,_flher--Edward llume.
*Died October 2, I_87.
MARION SQUARE.
Comnti,_.siot_er,s--(_en. Geo. D. Johnston. Chairman; Capt. (k F. Hard.
Secretary; Gen. R. Sieg]ing, Capt. James P. l,esesne. 3[aj. G. B. Edwards,
Capt. G. D. Bryan. Gen. T. A. tiuguenin.
(_OLONIAI_ COMMON AND ASHI,EY R,IVER EMBANKMENT.
Commissioners--Caspar A. Chisolm, Chairman; S. S. Buist., SecreLary all(]
Treasurer" A. B. Rose. F. E. Taylor, :1. F. Fk_ken, (!. U. Shepard, Jr.. (I.
R. Miles. --. Eugene P. aervey. A. l)e(?aradeu(,, and lho M_y,)r.

INDEX.
TREASURY DEPARTI_IENT-- PAGE.
_EPORT OF ASSESSOR--
A2
lqnaneial Deficit for 1887 ........................... 1
Public Agitation for Reduction of Real Estate (not Personal)
Assessments ............................... 1
Comparison of Tax Rates .......................... 2
Total Income 1887, and its Sources ...................... 2
The Large Balance in Cash and Assets at Close of Year... 3
Statistics of Arrears of Taxes ........................ 4
Reduction of Debt, 1870-79, 1880-87 ............... 5
Fire Loan Bonds .................................... 5
Det_ils of Present (:ity Debt ........................... 6
Comparative Statistics of Assessment and Taxation, 1870-
79, 1880-87 ...................................... 6
Purchasers of Forfeited Land .......................... 7
±New Sources of Revenue ............................ 8
(;()st of the City Year Book ........................... 9
Transactkms of the City Treasury ...................... 10
License Income in Det_til ............................... 14
Cash Transactions of Orphan House ..................... 22
Cash T_:ansaetions of City College Fund ................. 23
Cash Trtmsactions of Fire Loan Fund .................... 23
Cash Transactions of Sinking Fund ...................... 25
In(tome of City in 1860 and 1887 ..................... 27
Colored Tax Payers pay 25_ ........................... 27
Assessed Values, 1886-1887 .......................... 28
New Buildings Iqrected--Rel)airs ....................... 30
Description and Value o[_Property for Taxation .......... 31
Statements of Returns, 1883-87 .......................... 31
Number of Permits issued for New Buildings, &e., by
Wards ...................................... 33
Old Buildings hnproved .............................. 34
Condensed Statement same, 1883-87 .................... 34
Estimated Losses by Earthquake ...................... 35
Comparative Assessments with Sales of Real Estate ....... 35
Same for Period 1883-87 .............................. 36
Recat)itulation of Tax Returns, 1860 ................... 37
Recapitulation of Tax Returns, 1887 ................... 38

x /udex.
REPORT OF SIIERIFF-- PAGE.
Statement of Taxes Collected, 1887 .................... 39
COItPOgATmN COUNSEL'S ]_,EPOl_T--
_TR,EET DEI'AI'Ir NENT--
Ammmts Collected in 1887 ............................. 41
Ordinances Prepared ................................ 41
Titles Examined .................................... 41
Contracts Prepared ............................... 42
Deeds made for Forfeited Property ...................... 43
General Cases--Escheat ............................. 43
Stone Roadway to City B(mndary Compleix_d .............. 44
Appropriations for the Year .......................... 44
Ammmts 15_id for Granile Bh eks, Flag _md Cm'l)ing, &c.. 44
Cost of Labor ....................................... 45
Cost of Scavengcring ................................. 45
Concrete Work, Purchase of L'md, &e .................. 45
lCec_q)itu]alion of Street EXl)enditures ................. 46
Stone Roadways, Sidewalks, &c ....................... 47
Drainage, Plank-tgoads ............................... 49
Statement Pennanent Street Work, 1880-87 ............. 51
DEP/tKT3IENT OF HEALTH--
S_pelo Refuge Station a_ne.essity ....................... 54
Review of OI)erations , 1880-87 ........................ 54
Report of City Registrar, 1887. .......................... 60
Improved Facilities at Quarantine ..................... 62
Disi_lfeetion, City Burials .......................... 63
Scavengering, Night Soil .......................... 64
City Dispens_ry Serviee ............................ 65
Mortuary St._tisties .................................. 67
M_u'riages, Births ................................ 73
Number of Deaths, with Ages, &e ...................... 75
Number of C_tses Treated in Hospital and in Health
Districts .......................................... 78 .
Total and Comparative Mortality ....................... 79
Statement of Longevity .............................. 80
5[eteorologieal Smnmary, 1887 ........................ 82
Correspondence ....................................... 83
REPORT OF TIDAL ])RAIN I{[EEPEg................................. 84
DEPAgTMENT OF CHARYr[ES--
William Enston Home, Ground Broken 9th 3lareh, 1887.. 85
Cost of Nineteen Cottages ............................... 85
Purchase of timer Lamls ............................. 86
Description of Cottages .............................. 86
The Artesian Well ................................... 86

Index. xi
DEPARTMENT OF CHAI{ITIES-- PAGE.
Annuitants' Fund. Statement No. 5 .................... 87
Cash Transaction Trustees William Enston [l'omc--Assets. 88
Shirras Dispensary ............................... 89
The New Dispc_>al'y Office ........................... 91
MmnoriaI Tabh,t and [nscripfiml ....................... 92
The Xew Fuhn'c for this Trust ........................ 93
The Grave of Alcx_mdcr Shirras in St. MicMel's Yard--In-
CFIt*RLES'PONOrCPIIAN I][ousE--
TIIE CITY HOSPITALS--
THE CITY ALMS HOUSE--
OLD FOLKS _=[OME--
scription .......................................... 95
William Ufferlmrdt's Bequest .......................... 96
Acknowledgem(mls of lhe City Council .................. 97
Receipts and Expenditures. ............................ 98
Report on School .................................... 99
Report on Library ............................... 100
Rel)ort on Purveyance ........................... 101
Report on Retrenchment ............................. 102
Rq_ort, of Bimting (hit Committee ....................... 103
Report on Sun(h U School ........................... 103
Abstract of the Receipts and Exl_cn(lilures of the Commissioners'
Fund ................................... 105
IAst of Securities ..................................... 106
Corrospnn(hmc'._ ...................................... 107
Rel)ort of the Conlmissioners ........................... 108
Report of the Finance Comlniltce ....................... 109
Report of the Carpenter .............................. I13
Correspondence ....................................... 114
Narrative of occurrences previous to l,he erection (d New
llospitals ....................................... 117
Action takm_ to purchase a site for these new Charity
Buildiugs ...................................... 130
Description of New Buihtings .......................... laa
Report of the Commissioners ............................ 149
Master's Report ................................. 150
Correspondence ...................................... 153
Report of Conunissioners ............................... 155
Report of Seeret_ry and Treasurer ................... 157
Correspondence ................................... 157

xii Iudex.
DEPAI%Ti%IENTOF ]-)OL1CE--
Fire Department ..
The Necessity for New Fire Stations ..................... 159
The Most Available Sites Selected ..................... 160
Report of the Fire Masters ............................ 160
Condensed Expenses for 1887 ........................... 162
Details of Expenditures ............................... 163
Inventory (ff Property ................................. 164
Record of Files, 1887 .............................. 164
Comparative Statement of Property at Risk, Iusuranec and
Loss ............................................. 165
Correspondence ...................................... 166
The Fire Stations--Locations and l)escriptions ........... 167
The Police Force :
PLEA SUITE G I¢OU_DS--
Receipts and Expenditures .......................... 169
Need of a New Station IIouse ...................... 169
Report (ff Chief of Police ................... ........... 170
Statement of Charges Preferred ........................ 173
Number of Arrests made, 1887 .......................... 174
Correspondence ........................................ 177
I)eseripiion of Central Station .......................... 178
Lighting the City ................................... 182
Coh)nial Common and Lake ........................... 183
The late James B. Campbell wevented this property from
being sohl many ye_rs ago ........................ 183
Correspondence ...................................... 184
Lower ]'Vu.rds Pleas_re Grmmds :
Report o_ Alderman Murray ........... ............... 185
Upper Wards Pleasure Grounds :
Report of Alderman Wulbern ........................... 186
Marion Square ...................................... 187
Correspondence ..... . .............................. 187
PUBLIC BUILDINGS, GgOUNDS, TgUSTS, ]_{AgI'[ETS--
:PORT OF CIIARLESTON--
The Fulton Bust_Let{er of 3It. Robert Fulton Ludlow... 189
The Poinsett Portrait--Letter of Mr. Courtenay prescnti,lg
it to the City ................................. 189
Proceedings of Council--Receiving Portrait ............... 190
Descriptive List Municipal Property ..................... 191
Public Property Held in Trust .......................... 196
Public M_u'kets ....................................... 197
Correspondence ........................................ 197
Report of theIIarborCommissioncrs.....,................199
Harbor Master'sReport.............................. 202

Index. xu"l""
PORT OF CHARLESTON-- PAGE.
Port Wardens' Report ................................. 205
Cotton and Rice ...................................... 205
Naval Stores ....................................... 206
Hewn Timber and Lumber ............................. 208
Phosphate Rock, Ferti:izers ............................ 208
Shipments of Fertilizers .............................. 211
Import'_tions at Charleston and Bealffort ................. 212
EDUCATION IN CItARLESTON--
The Nemminger Memorial ............................. 213
Resolutions of City Council ............................. 215
Correspondence ........................................ 2]6
Inscription on the Memorial ............................ 217
Superintendent Archer's Almual Report ................ 218
The Courtenay PnMi_' School .......................... 222
Average Attendance at Schools, etc ..................... 224
The Porter Academy ................................ 227
The Roman Catholic Schools .......................... 228
The WMlingford Aeadcmy .......................... 228
The High School of Charleston .......................... 229
The College of Charleston ............................. 234
The South Carolina Military Academy. ................... 236
Pul_b3C SCHOOLS IX SOUTH CAROLINA--
MOI_TUARY, 1887-
State Superintendent Rice's Annual Report .............. 237
Number of Pupils Enr_)lled ............................ 245
Average Attendance, Teachers ..... : ................... 246
Average Salaries Paid .................................. 247
School Revenue ...................................... 247
The Peabody Fund ................................ 248
Benjamin F. Noise .................................. 249
J. P. 3I. Geddings, N. D ............................... 250
Robert Lebby, Sr., M. D ............................... 251
Miss Celia Campbell ................................... 253
Henry A. Niddlcton ................................ 261
tL W. DeSaussure, N. D. .............................. 262
Benjamin F. Hugcr ................................... 263
General R. S. Ripley .................................. 265
John S. Mitchell, 3I. D .............................. 276
Henry Buist ........................................... 277
William Aiken ..................................... 283
William Ufferhardt .................................... 287
James M. Wilson ..................................... 288
Joseph R. Solomons, M, D ............................ 289

xiv fndex.
MorTuarY, 1887--
John S. Bird .......................................... 290
George tlall Ingraham ............................... 293
James 5I. Eason ...................................... 295
SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE CITY COUNCIL--
The Earthquake :
Final Report of the Executive Relief Committee to the City
Council .......................................... 298
Report of the Special Committee of the City Council ...... 299
The Bronze Testimonial and its Inscription .............. 302
Description of this Memorial ........................... 303
Finances--Exhibit A. The Receipts of Money _md whence
received, alphabetically arranged .................... 303
Exhibit B--Receipts and Expenditures ................... 307
Amount Trm_sferred to Confeder_te Home and Port
Society ............................................ 308
The Last Meetings of Uity Council :
Meeting December 2d--Alderman Johnson's Resolution .... 309
Meeting of December 12th--Mayor Courtenay's Farewell
Address ......................................... 310
ACTS OF ASSEMBLY--
Report of Special Committee of Com_eil ................. 312
Remarks of Ahlerman Sweegan, etc ..................... 316
Relating to Charleston, 1887 ............................ 318
ORDrNANCES AND AMENDMENTS, 1887 ................................ 319
APPENDIX.
PAGE,
I. The Momlt SiGn Society, 1777 ................................... 325
H. A Historic Sketch of Methodism in Charleston .................. 347
IIL A Biographical Sketch of J. R, Poinsctt ........................ 380

ILLUSTRATIONS.
In_'._'. XV
PItEPARED BY MISS ELEANOR T. WItAGG, CHARLESTON, S. C., AND EXECUTED
IN THIS CITY,
PAGE.
Front Row of Cottages William Enston Home .............. (Frontispiece.)
Ground Plm_ of Enston lfome .................................. 86
Office Shirra,s Dispcns_ry ........................................... 9!
Memori_d HOSldt_ds , with Ground Plan o_ Buildings ................. 136
Ccntnd Fire Stations ......................................... 168
Central Police Slsation ........................................ 178

MAYOR COURTENAY'S ANNUAL REVIEW,
Gentlemen of t/ze City Coutzcil :
CITY OF CHARLESTON, )
January ISt, I888. f
By Section i I, page 5, of the Revised Ordinances. it is made
the duty of the retiring Mayor to prepare the annual reports
for the press, covering the last year of the services of the
Retiring Council.
"It shtdl be the du_y of the Mayor, as soonafter the close of each year
ofhis term of ()ffice,(including the last year thereof,) as is practicable, to
present to the City Council the Annual Reports of the several departments of
the City Government for the previous year,.revicwing the s_me with such
recommendi_tionsill relation thereto, as may seem to him advantageous to
the public service. It shall be the duty of the Clerk of Councilto causethe
same to be printed and bound in the usual form."
In the discharge of this duty, under the ordinance, I will
endeavor to make this, my last official record, complete and
interesting to the corporators, by comparative exhibits with
previous years.
CITY FINANCES.
Owing to the disastrous consequences of the earthquake
on 3Ist August, there was a serious falling off in the payment
of the last instalment of city taxes due in November
of that year ; and as reported in the Year Book of I886, the
finances of I887 started with a deficit of $I6,416.34. In the
face of this, came an unexpected agitation for a reduction of
assessments of real estate, not of personal property, for taxation,
which was acquiesced in, and a reduction in real estate
made of about $3,ooo,ooo. In this connection it is as well
to state, that the I7_ mills tax on the values of I886,

2 Mayor Courtenay's Anuual Review.
aggregated ................................ 8432,998 6o
while the 20 mills tax on the reduced values of
I887, aggregated ....................... 430,244 04
These comparative figures are presented here for convenient
reference.
The income of the year 1887, from _ll sources, was ............ $732,97a.25
The expenditures for the s_mleperiod were ................... 725,582.36
Showing t_surplus on 31st December, 1887, of ................. $ 7,390.89
Memorandum--Expenditures ................... $628,631.67
Balance of _ppropriations ........ 80,a34.55
])efieit of ,1886............... 16,416.14
$725,582.36
Of this aggregate sum of 8732,973.25, there was received
from the sale of the guard-house property 867,000.
For convenient reference, I make this brief statement of
this expenditure :
The Central Police Station .................... 843,ooo
The Central Fire Station ...................... zo,ooo
The Lower Fire Station (on account) ............ 4,0oo
867,ooo
There was also received from the Executive Relief Com-
mittee for the erection of a modern hospital for the poor,
and for the repair and restoration of other charitable build-
ings ....................................... 8t23,I I7.37
The following disposition has been made of this Charity
fund :
For purchase of site, erection of the extensive hospital
buildings, now completed, heating apparatus, steam laundry,
sewerage, &c., repairs of Orphan House buildings and Shir-
ras Dispensary, erection of a new building at Old Folk's
Home ..................................... 8I 1 I,I77.37
Set aside for repairs of Alms House .......... I2,Ooo.oo
8123,I77.37

Financial Department. 3
leaving the normal income for the year derived from
taxation ................................... $542,855.88
appropriated as shown in the detailed exhibits of the
Treasurer.
It will be noted that the surplus on hand 3Ist December,
x887, was $7,390.89 . As an interesting comparison it may
be stated, that the surplus on hand 3lst December, IS83,
was $2,557.57. In addition to this surplus of $7,39o.89 on
hand 31st December, 1887, there was a cash balance of $3,ooo
in the U. S. Treasury, and the certain proceeds from sales
of seven engine-houses and lots, and the extensive property
previously in use for an Upper Police Station, all available as
cash assets in 1888. The interest coupons amounting to
$68,348.39, due January ISt, I888, had been provided for,
and largely anticipated, and paid in November and December,
I887. There was, as customary, further available as
cash assets, a considerable sum, collectable from taxes in
arrears, in previous years. To make a comparative exhibit
of these assets, there was outstanding on 3ISt December,
zSS3, delinquent taxes of 188o-8z-82 and '83 .... $54,9 °8 .47
of this sum there only remained uncollected 3Ist
December, 1887 ........................... 19,1o2.79
Cash receipts, say 65 per cent ................ $35,805.68
There was outstanding on 3Ist December, 1887, of delinquent
taxes I884-85-86 and '87 ................ $64,392 . 17
On the above basis of collections in the ensuing
fouryears, 65 per cent., there should be in cash
assets from this source ...................... $39,854 80
So that the new administration entered upon its duties with
its January interest account $68,348.39, provided for. It
had assets of $1o,39o. 89, besides the proceeds of property
sales and from arrears of taxes.
INTEREST ON THE PUBLIC DEBT.
The coupons on all the city debt has been regularly paid_
and the July-January coupons on the 4 per cent. Bonds, which

4 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
are the bulk of the debt, have been uniformly anticipated
and paid in June and December, each year.
ARREARS OF TAXES, 1880-8 3,
Due and unpaid December 31, 1883--
1880 ......................................... $ 4,301.86
1881 ....................................... 9,716.54
1882 ..................................... 12,526.34
1883 .......................................... 28,363.73 $54,908.47
Remaining unpaid December 31, 1887--
1880 ........................................ $2,409.01
1881 .......................................... 4,816.88
1889 .......................................... 5,461.54
1883 .......................................... 6,415.36 $19,102.79
ARREARS OF TAXES, I884-87.
Taxes of 1884, due December 31, 1884 ............. $23,545.81
" 1885, " " 31, 1885 ............. 24,078.44
" 1886, " " 31, 1886 ............... 30,947.90
" 1887, " " 31, 1887 ............. 26,796.99 $105,369.14
Remaining unpaid December 31,1887-
Tax of 1884 ................................ $ 9,601.74
" 1885 ............................... 11,603.16
" 1886 ................................ 16,390.28
" 1887 ................................... 26,796.99 $64,39°_. 17
The 2 per cent. tax of 1887 aggregated $430,244.04. Of
this there was uncollected on 31st December. I887,
$26,796.99, showing 931_0per cent. collected and 6?0 per cent.
uncollected thirty days after the end of the tax paying
period.
The tax of I886 @I3/4 per cent. aggregated $433,Io6.72.
Of this there was uncollected at the same period $16,39o.28--
3_ per cent.
The tax of I885 aggregated $497,838.26 (at 2 per cent).
Of this there was uncollected at same period $tI,6O3.16=
2_$ per cent.

Financia! Department. 5
The 2 per cent. tax of I884 aggregated $488,661.65. Of
this there was uncollected same period $9,6oI.74--1}0 per
cent.
The 23_ per cent. tax of 1883 aggregated $552,768.32 .
Of this there was uncollected same period $6,4l 5.36_I_'_ per
cent.
The 2_ per cent. tax of I882 aggregated 8523,o34.26.
Of this there was uncollected same period $5,461.54---Ixa_
per cent.
The 2_ per cent. tax of I88I aggregated $504,703.78- Of
which there was uncollected same period $4,8i6.88_ per
cent.
The 2_ per cent. tax of I88o aggregated 8539,346.47 .
Of which there was uncollected same period $2,4o9.ol--}
per cent.
I express the confident opinion, that no American city
can show better general results than are seen in these
exhibits.
TIlE REDUCTION OF TIIE PUBLIC DEBT.
The accompanying exhibit will prove of substantial interest
to all taxpayers:
Public Debt 1st a-muary, 1870 ........................ .$5,241,709.77
........ 1880 .......................... 4,775,450.98
" " " " 1888 ........................ 4,021,017.71
Annual Interest 1870 .................................. 1/14,557.58
.... 1.88t)................................ 217,004.00
" " 1887 ................................ 179,416.78
A decline of .$466,258.79 in the 1878-79 period.
A decline of $754,433.27 in the 1880-87 period.
FIRE LOAN BONDS.
Outstanding December 31,1887 ................................ ,$8,200.00
For their Redemption ....................................... 2,050.00
This account is practically closed, and is not longer included
in the City Debt. By the decree of the Court the
remaining bonds are entitled to 25c. on the dollar--say
$a,oSo--and provision has been made for this payment from
remaining assets now in the Treasury.

6 _ayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
PUBLIC DEBT IN DETAIL, 3IST DECEMBER, 1887.
4_ Bonds .................................. $3,390,`200.00
Balance Cii y Stock ............................ 1,917.71
67_bonds ................................................
$3,392,117.71
109,500.00
75_bonds .................................................. 494,400.00
5_ 1)orals ................................................... 23,000.00
6)_ old bonds, issues of 1853 .............................. 2,000.00
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENTS AND TAXATION.
$4,021,017.71
It will be interesting to compare the figures of assesslnent
and taxation in the I87O-79 period with those of I88O-87.
ASSESSMENT. RATE OF TAXATION.
1870 ............... $ 32,132,477 ..................... 20 Mills
1871 ............... 27,548,160 ....................... 20 "
1872 .............. 28,215,396 ..................... 20 "
1873 ............. 27,978,99l ....................... 18 "
1874 ............... 26,661,634 ....................... 25 "
1875 ............... '26,357, '236 ..................... '25 "
1876 .............. 27,806,470 ....................... '20 "
1877 ............... '26,591,778 ....................... '22½ "
1878 ............... `26,3`21,853 ..................... 2'2½ "
1879 ............. '23,409,712 ..................... 26 "
$`273,022.707 2.19 Mills=`2l _
ASSESSMENT. RATE OF TAXATION.
1880 ............... $ 21,578,459 ..................... 19 Mills
1881 ............... 22,4`27,057 ...................... '2%- "
188`2............... `22,`245,967 .................... '2'2_ "
1883 ............... 23,374,359 .................... 23_ "
1884 ............... 24,488,081 ....................... 20 ' '
1885 .............. 24,891,918 ....................... 20 "
1886 ............... `24,891,918 ................... 17_ "
1887 ............... '21,512,'202 ...................... 20 "
$185,309,961 16.5¼ Mills_O._
The annual average for Tax values 1870-79 ................. $27,302,270
............ 1880-87 ................ $'23,163,745
This exhibit shows, that for the past eight years there

Financial Department_ 7
was an average each year of $4,_38,525 less of assessed
values for taxation than in the previous decade, and that
the rate of taxation for the past eight years was 1.37 _ k'ss
than in the previous period.
At the average rate of taxation shown in the t88o-87
period, computed on the larger figures of assessments of the
I87o-79 period, it would have yielded an additional annual
income of $84.943,225, or an aggregate of $679,545,8oo
for the eight years.
THE PURCHASE OF TttE FORFEITED LAND8 IN I881.
It will be interesting to exhibit in figures the general result
of the attempt to put a stop to the unfortunate custom of
permitting the non-payment of taxes by the convenient
forfeiture of property to the State, and its utter neglect
afterwards by the State officials.
It was regularly adopted asapolicy by many property
owners and very large sums have been lost to the State, City
and County Treasuries, and of course a clear gain to the
shrewd delinquents, who had for many years shifted their
tax burdens on to their neighbors--their deficits being made
good by an increase of taxation on willing taxpayers.
The results here shown, considering the very serious disabilities
surrounding this effort, may be considerd very
fair. It would have been greatly different if the tax laws
of South Carolina had been as effective as those of Vermont,
where there is scarcely such a thing known as delinquency
in tax paying, and where, when such a thing occurs, the
remedies are quick_yapplied and the money covered into
the treasury.
FORFEITED LANDS.
Purchased from State S. F. Commissioners 274 pieces property,
assesse_t................................................ $279,350
ttad on hand I)ecember 31st, 1887,55 piecesproperty, assessed..... 38,075
Settled and restored to tax list 219pieces property, assessed..$241,275

8 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
132 pieces settled ill 188'2, assessed vahte............. $156,075.00
Tax of 1883, 2_[ on $156,075 ............... a .... $ 3,706.77
Tax of 1884, 25'.on $179,675, setllements in 1883 added. 3,593.50
Taxof 1885, 2_; n $194,625, scttlementsin 1884added. 3,892.50
Tax of 1886, 1_>" on 8223,125, settlements in 1885
added ...................................... 3,904.63
Tax of 1887, 2¢on $234,125, settlements ill t886 added. 4,682. ;50 -$19,779.95
q!his Fund paid mer to lhe Commissioners of the Gen'l
Sinking Fund of the city ]_orcancellation 47/Bonds.. $16,900.00
This Fund paid over to the Commissioners of the Gcn'l
Sinking Fund of lhe city for cancellation 6J,Bonds.. 156.88 $17,056 88
And Cash ............................................ 7,176.06
$24,164.64
Another source of revenue since I88I has been " Interest
on Bank balances," which up to 3ist December, I887, foots
up $27,330.47, making an aggregate of about $70,000 to the
credit of the city from these new sources in these years,
and a permanent source of future revenue.
In closing this Review of the Treasury Depa_'tment, I wish
to testify, and place on permanent record, my sense of obli-
gation to the Treasurer and his assistants for their patient
and most efficient assistance through my eight years of
service. They have lightened my labors and relieved me of
many official cares and anxieties, and I feei sure their merits
will be as highly appreciated by others who have their inval-
uable and intelligent services.
THE CITY YEAR BOOK.
As there seems to be a want of particular information as
to the cost of the Year Book of I886, I deem it my duty to
make this detailed statement here.
The amount appropriated for the Year Book was ................ $1,500.00
The cost of Printing and Binding was .................. $1,269.43
The cost of Illustrations for Year /look proper .......... 173.55 1,442.98
Cost per copy, $[l_Jw
Cr. Balance ................................... $58.02

Financial Department. 9
It was deemed of primary importance that a proper record
of the Earthquake dieaster should be included in this City
volume of I886. My time was then so engrossed by
important public duties, in connection with the Earthquake,
that I could not do this work, and had the article prepared
and as well, properly illustrated.
There were eleven full page pictures of the gr_,at disaster which with
incidentM expenses cost ................................... 8429.55
Which was paid by the balance to ere(lit of Year Book... $ 58.02
By transfer of an unexpended balance of 1885, to this
account ......................................... 37'2.53
430.55
$1,872.53
The Year Book complete embraced 453 octavo pages,
printed from type, with I4 full page illustrations, cost in all
$I.44 per copy.

IO _rayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
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Financial Department. I I

I2 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Reviezv.
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Financial Department. 13

14 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
LICENSES ISSUED AT CITY TREASURY FOR YEAR ENDING
DECEMBER 3I, I887.
L
BUSINESS. _ @ A_OU_T. TOTAL.
Academy of 3[usic CLASS ....................... 1. 1 $250 $250
Bagging' Mamffaeturing Companies ..... 1 500 500]
B'mks, State or Savings .................. 6 250 1,
Breweries .............................11001
Cotton Seed Oil anu aoturing Companies 50
Building and Loan Associations ........... 8 501 400 I
Cotton Manufacturing Companies ......... 1 500 500
Dredging Companies ..................... 1 50[ 5O
Express Companies or Agencies .......... 1 5001 500
Electric Ferry (other Light than Companies, steam) ............... Companies or l 250 250
Forwarding Agencies or Companies .......
Gold
Agencies
and Stock
...........................
Telegraph Companies
[
or
2 50
200
Gas Companies ........................ I 1 500
Insm'ance Companies or Agencies whose]
business Agencies is .......... less than $1,000 : ................, ........... iI 911 I 21°0¢ii 4_°0 10
additional $1,000, or fractional part of
$1,000 of business, $10; 14 at $30, 4 at
$40, 7 at $50, 7 at, $60, 3 at $70,8 at
Insurance $90, 2Companies at $100 ....................... Or Agencies--for each! 2,880
Mercantile Phosphate Rock (Dun, Mining Bradstreet) or Manufacturing
............. 2 "150 300
6 5001 3,0001
Raih'oad Companies ....................
Real Companies Estate Agencies or Agencies or Collcctors ............... of Rent
2 500!
1,000i
Stealnship or other(regular Claims .................... lines) Agencies or Com- 3 501 150
panies ............................ 2 1501 300
Steam Ferry Boat Agencies or Companies.. 1 100[ 100
Steam Cotton Press, where one is located
and worked ......................... 3001 1,200
Steamboat Companies or Agencies for each
Steamboat ..................... 50i 100
Stemn Tug Companies o1"Ag,encies, for eqch
Tug .............................. 251 225
Steamship (other than regular lines) and
Sailing Vessels combined Companies
or Agencies ......................... 1501 450
Sailing Vessels, Companies oi' Agencies ... 3 501 150
Stree_ RailwayCompanies ................ 2 5001 1,000
Telephone Co_npanies or Agencies ........ 1 5001 500
Telegraph Companies or Agencies ......... 500] 1,000 i
Terminal Warehouse Companies or Agencies. 1 500[ 500 I
• CLASS 2. ----[ $18,235
Watcr-works Companies .................. 1 100 100 i
Auctioneers, only ............................... those selling at 1)ublic outcry 50
400

Financial Department. 15
LICENSES ISSUED--CONTINUED.
BUSINESS. _ @ AI_IOUI_'T. TOTAL.
z
of Stocks, Bonds and other
Auctioneers, Real Estate Brokers,
Personal
Brokers[ $100
Property at auction or private sale .... $300
Auctioneers and Real Estate Brokers ...... } 75 50 $1,150
CLASS 3. i ,
Artists, Ambrotypes, Daguerreans or Photo- _. I
graphists ..........................
CLASS 4. 3 o0 150 150
Architects, Civil Engineers and Surveyors. 2 95 50 50
CLASS 5.
Brokers, Stock and other Personal Property,
and Real Estate at, private sale ........ 2 751 150 150
i
CLASS 6.
Bankers, who are all persons or firms other
than Banks, buying and selling Domestic
or Foreign Exchange, or Discounting
Notes or other evidences of
debt ................................ 2 1', 25C 250
CLASS 7.
Billiard or Pool Tables, for each Table ..... 21 '. 525 525
CLASS 8.
Boarding Houses or Hotels--
Other than Sailor, having less than 10
rooms ............................ I 13 13(
Other than Sailor, having 40 rooms or /
more ............................... / 2 1 200 330
I
CLASS 9.
Bakeries, Steam ....................... ] 75
Bakeries, other than Steam .............. " 2_ 810 885
CLASS 10.
Barbers, for ea_ch chair ................. 66 198 198
CLASS 11.
Bill Posters and Distributors ............ 4 160 160
CLASS 12.
Butchers, _:or each stall .............. 6 305 805
Builders, Master Mechanics and Workmen [
of all trades and employments, not specially
named elsewhere--
Those
Those
who employ no hands ..............
employing°not CLASSover 13. ten hands ......
57
28 / 684 840

I6 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
LICENSES ISSUED--CON FINUED.
BUSINESS. _ @] AMovN'r. TOTAL.
Those employing over ten hands .......... 60 L $120
Engravers Cotton Presses, ............................
worked CLASS by14. hand .......... ] 22$ 35 _---10_ 105'20 $1,664
CottonPacking, byhand............... :! 351
CLASS 15. I 600 140
Dime Shows, per ,lay ............. - ...... , 12 50 i 600
l
Cook Shops ........................... CLASS 16. I 20 10 200 fl 2OO
CLASS 17.
Ship Yards or Marine Slips, employing not
over 7 hands ....................... 1 50
Dry Docks ............................. 1 100[
i0 0
Dentists, whose gross business does not exceed
$1,000 CLASS ......................... 18. 3 15 45!
Dentists, whose gross business does not ex- 25 125 I
ceed $2,000 ........................ 5 i
CLASS 19. II 170
Dye Houses ........................... 4 10] 40 40
CLASS 20.
Dairies ................................. 5 20 1001 100
CLASS 21.
Dealers, who are all persons, firms or companies,
buying or selling any articles of
trade or merehamhse--
Dealers in Meats (sold elsewhere than in the
markets) or Green Grocer, on production
of reeeipt for one year's rent of stall in I
the market in
CLASS
advance
22
............... 19 150 2,850 2,850
Dealers in Upland Cotton or Rice in
tierces, or its equivalent in barrels--
Those buying
packages
or selling less
..........................
than 5,000
26 I 100 2,600
Those buying or selling 5,000 packages, and
less than 8,000 packages ............ 4 200 800
Those buying or selling 8,000 packages, and
less than 15,000 packages ............ 8 300 2,40¢
Those buying or selling 15,000 packages,
and less than 20,000 packages ........ 1 350 35¢
Those buying or selling 30,000 packages or
more .............................. 3 _00 1,50_
7,650
150

Financial Department. 17
LICENSES ISSUED--CoNTINUED.
BUSINESS. _'_ ('.(_ i A_iou_T. TOTAL.
f
CI;XSSo_3. I
Dealers in Sea ]slaml or Long Staple
Cotton-- i
Those buying or selling less than 1,000 i
packages .......................... 7;$ 505 350
Those buying or selling 1,000 p'mkages, and ] li
1_ 100 100
less thai '2,;_00 packages .............
Dealers in Sewi% Machines--
Those whose sales arc less than $2,003 ..... 2 20j 40
Those whose sales are less lhan $4,000 ..... 1 40! 40
Those whose sales are less than $5,000 ..... 1 50 50!
CLASS 25.
Importers and Dealers in Fertilizers, Cot- i
ton Seed Meal, Kainit, Guano, Phosl)hate I
Rock, Mad, Lime, and all or any other like
article used or sohl as Fertilizers, or which I
are used for ma_mfacturing Fertilizers--
Those selling not over 1,000 tons .......... 3 5@ 150
Those selling not over 5,000 tons .......... 1 250] 250
i ooo
Those selling over 5,000 t,ons ..............
Dealers in Liquors,
CLASS
wholesale
26..
alltt
•
re_a**--
".u
1 500!
i
500
Retail Liquor or Barrooms ................ 266 100] 26,600
Those whose sales do not exceed $20,000. la 150[ i 1,9,50
CLASS
CLASS
27.
28.
12
,,
Dealers in Horses or Mules ................ 5 751 37,5
130
28,550
Dealers in Books and Pictures on Streets, or
Canvasser for same ................... 10 120 120
Cattle Yards, SaleCLAsSor Stock29.Yards ......... 3 100 300 675
the stun of $50 ................... t19' 985
Dealers whose stock CLASS never30. exceeds in value I 51 985
Dealers in Naval Stores-- ]
Those buying or selling not over 15,000 100 II
packages
Those buying
..........................
or selling not over 20,000
_
150
800
Thosepackages buying
packages
....................... or selling not
...........................
over 30,000 I
800
150
I
300
CLASS 31. ----- 1,250
Dealers in Hides and Tallow, Furs and 100
Wool ............................... 5O
3

18 Mayor Caurtenay's Annual Review.
LICENSES ISSUED--CONTINUED.
BUSINESS. " @ A_tOU_T. TOTAL.
ons on street, for each Cart or Wagon ./ 70
Dealers in Ice from Branch Ice Houses .... , 161 15]
*ro,nCartsorWag-/7* °
Dealers in ice Cream o1:Ice Cream Sah)ons.i 71 15 /
Dealers inIeor >.ses ..............L'%I00/
Dealers in Junk, retail ................. ] 10 30
Dealers, Peddling Goods around the City, I 40 5 200
per week ...................... _.
Dealers in Soda Watm sold fom Founts... I 03 12 2761
Fruit on street_ per month .......... ] 23 3 69
Dealers in Poultry, Fish, Vegetables or
Dealers Fruit in in l%ultrv, Market ...................... Fish, Vegetables or I 8 5_ 40 1,700
CLASS 32. 1
Dealers• in Coal or Coal Yard_,_ aml ,ill hn-]
porters of Coal, (exeep_ such as is im-i
l_orted directly by oflieials of mechani-i
cal. manufacturing or in(lustrial enterprises
for the use of such establishments)
and all persons selling Coal from
wharves or vessels, shall b( lcemel
liable to a (_oal Yard license ......... I 6 50 300
Dealers, itinerant Salesmen, license not
transferable, (that any merchant or
clerk doing business away from Charles-!
ton and visiting his customers here in
companv with a heensed Charleston]
agent m_dealer, shall also be (onsider-!
ed an Itinerant Salesl _m and subject I /
to this license tax) per month ..... '... 149 10 1,49£
Dealers, Commercial Brokers, who kee l) nol
stoek, and sell only on brokerage to!
dealers here, each Broker or recognized
bers ............................... _ 5 100
firm of Brokers
('LASS
not exce(_ling
33.
two mere-!
P
500
2,290
Dealers in Poultry and Country Pr(_duec, I
or merchandise not specially named else-]
where in this Ordinance, whose annual sales!
and do not in exceed any and$2,000 every............. other arti(dc of tradel 1362 20 :
I
7,240
Those whose annual sales are over $2,000 30'
and less than $5,000 ................. i123 3,690 i
Those whose annual sales are over $5,000
andless than 10,000.............. [ aa 40] 1,a20!
Those whose annual sales are over $10,000 i I
and less than $15,000 .............. 37 501 1,850!
Those whose annual sales are over $15,000 60[ 720
and less than $20,000 ........... _.. ] 12
Those whose annnal sales are over $20,000
and less than $30,000 ............. ll 75[ 3251

Financial Department. 19
LtCEN_E_ IS_U ED--CONTINU ED.
,03
° LZ 1
BUSINESS. @_ A_tm:xT. TOTAL.
Those whose annudl sales are over $30,0001 r o 1
and less than $i_0,000 .............. I 25 $1005 _.500
Those whose annual sales exceed $50,000,i j
for each additional $1,000, $1.00; 1 at
$103, 2 at $110, 3 at $150, 1 at $156, i
$1at130, I at $135, 1 at $165, 1 at i
$166, 1 at $185, o at $200, 1 at $250,i
1 at $300, 1 at $450, 2 at $500--$4,110' _ . .. ', 4.110,$ 22,255
CLASS 34. i
Fairs, Promenade Concerts, Parties, Publiei _ i
Bails, Glass Blowing, Ol)eras, Minstrels, ! i
Panoramas, and every other kind of
pubhc entertainment ()fa like nature [
per day or night .................... !115! 5 575i 575
CLASS 35. ] '
Foundriesand Machine Shops whose grossI
businessdoesnot exceed$75,000......I 2 I00 200
Those whose grossbusinessexceeds$100,000[ I1 200 200
CLASS 36. ! j i 400
Factories-- ! I j
Axle BasketGrease and ............................
Willow-ware ................ If! :
Bag, other than Paper. , II 100 1001
Barrel. " ................ I 1) 25 251
Cigar............................... 16i 15 .()0i
Candy ................................. ! 3 25: 75
CottonTieBuekle ...................... , 11 25' 251
Mattress Shirts and................................ other Underwear. .......... ] _] 25 25! 25 251
Sausage, Sansage, by stetun tmnd .................... ..................... :i, -._l _[ 50! 10'
Sash and Blind ......................... 5) 501 250i
SodaWater............................. I 5'
, 30 1501
_. 865
CLASS 37. I
Gas Fitters ........................... 25] 175 i 175
CLASS 39. ) l
Laundries ............................. 25 95 [ 25
CLASS 40. I
Lumber Yards, Lumber Ponds ........... 60i 1801 180
CLASS 41, ] I
Lawyers, Physicians, Chemists-- ]
Whose'gross business does not exceed $600:1 i '
19 Lawyers, 8 Physicians and l (!hem- I [ [
ist ................................. 2 10 '280
Whose gross business does not exceed $1_000 :J !
11 Lawyers, 17 Physicians ........... ) 281 25 700

20 x_ayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
LICENSES ISSUED--CONTINUED.
BUSINESS. _ kW_ A_rOUXT. TOTAL.
Z
Whose gross business does not exceed $3,000:
Whose 6 Lawyers, gross business 4 Physicians does not and exceed 1 Chemist $5,000 : 1 50 $ 5501i
1 Lawyer ........................ 75 75
Veterinary Surgeons ................... 20 20
1,625
CLASS 42.
Marble Yards ......................... 201 40! 40
CLASS 43.
Mills, Grist, steam ................... 351 1401
Mills, Grist, horse-power ............... 151 301
Mills, Planing ........................ 601 2401
Mills, Saw .............................
Mills, Rice, doing a business of 2,000 tierees
and under ........................
+ 601
_1
501
1°0]
501
Mills, Rice, those doing _ business
tierces and under ....................
of 10,00C '
300: 300
Mills, Rice, those doing a business of o_'e_ !
15,000 tierees ....................... 500 50(]
Mills, Spice or Coffee, Sea Foam, Self-rais- i
ing or Prepared Flours, as a special
business ......................... 2 25 50
CLASS 44. ! i +:_ 1,430
Papers,
power
worked
.............................
by steam, gas or water 1
150! 150
Papers, worked by hand ................. 1i 25 25
Printing Offices, Job, steam, gas or water 2 150
power ............................. 75
CLASS 45. 10 !
Restaurants ......................... 301 300 i 300
CLASS 46. t
Shooting Galleries, Skating Rinks ......... 25 25 25
1 i
CLASS 47. 2
Stables, Public or Livery. ................ 30 60[ 60
! I ,
Stevedores .............................. (,I_a_s 4s. , li 50 50 i 50
i !
CLASS 49. 8[ I
Tailors, Mm_chant ....................... , 50 400 400
Undertakers, eeed $1,000 whose
CLASS .......................... business
50.
does not exi
7
i
25
175
Undertakers, whose business does not ex- 1 i 50 50 !I
cecd $2,000 .......................
i 225
CLASS5_. 1! 3o ao[
Wood Sawyers, machinery ................ 30
i
325

Financial Department. 2 t
LICENSES ISSUED--CONTINU ED.
BUSJNESS. _ @ AMovN'r. TOTAL.
CLASS_i_. arel
Warehousemen and Wharfmen, who
all persons, firms or companies receiving
any article of trade or merehandisc on sto-I
rage, either oil wharves, wharf warehouses, l
buildings o1' sto_'es, in any n'n't of the City,
' J xe .... " ] t
or who have piers or wharves sed for land-:
ing Whose or shipping gross reeeipts of goods do not fromexceed vessels-- $5,000. i! 75 375
Whose gross receil)ts_ do not exeeed $10,000. 5 100 5001
i .... 1,025
Whose Watchmakers, gross reccipts Repairing do notClocks, exceed Watches.! $20,000. 1 150 150 $
&e .................................
CLASS 54. i
l 13
1°
_ 156 156
CLASS i i
Wheelwright and Blacksmith Shops-- i i
Wheelwright Shops, one forge ........... I 8 201 160[
Wheelwright Blacksmith Shops, Shops, one for forge each additionalforge ............. I 132 205 260 101
2O
Blacksmith Shops, for each additional forge]' 4 5 i
I
CLASS 56. I
Wood Yards, (all parties having paid for r
Wood Yard license and license for carts, I
shall have the privilege of offering Wood
for sale on tlle Streets, without the ad-
however, the names of the owners of
such carts be painted thereon) ....... 25 30 750
i
dition of a huckster's SPECIALS. lieense: Provided, I i 750
Dealers .............................. 3 10 30
Musemn ........................................ 751
Patent Medicines ........................ '1"5 501
Band of Musie on Streets, per month ...... "',3 45 I
Flying Horses ............................... I '25
!--- - 225
J
Total Classified Licenses ......... I
............. $ 104,593
Carts, Drays, Trucks or Wagons, drawn by I
one hr)rsc .......................... 1110 10
Carts, Carts, Drays, Drays, !lh'lu,ks &e.-- or Wagons, drawn by I
11,100
Buggies and (!arriages, drawn bv two horses 33 20
Buggies and Carriages, drawn by (me horse 5 10
wo......................... iii
Omni[ uss( s .................. "......... 6 30117,68313'090
WM. L. CAMPBELL, City Treasurer.
45O

22 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
CASH TRANSACTIONS OF THE TRUSTEES ORPHAN ]{OUSE
FROM JANUARY IST, I887, TO DECEMBER 3IST, 1887.
RECEIPTS.
To balance from last annual statement ............... $ 88.79
To Interest Aceount--
12 months' interest on ,$175,500 Four Per Cent.
Bonds ................................ $7,020.00
12 months' interest on 31,870.47 State Consols... 1,912.24
8,932.24
EXPENDITURES.
$9,021.03
By amount paid over to the City ............................... $8,932.24
Balance ............................................ 88.79
ASSETS.
$175,500.00 Four Per Cent. Bonds.
31,870.47 State of South Carolina Consols.
$9,021.03
Respectfully submitted,
WM. L. cAMPBELL,
City Treasurer.
Examined and found correct.
JACOB SMALL,
Chairman Commissionem Orphan House,
and Trustee Orphan House Fund.
January z, I338.
CASH TRANSACTIONS CITY COLLEGE FUND, FROM JANU-
ARY IST, I887, TO DECEMBER 3IST, _887.
RECEIPTS.
To Interest Account-
12 months' interest on $23,000 Five Per Cent. Stock .......... $1.150.00
12 months' interest on 38,500 Four Per Cent. Bonds ........ 1,540.00
EXPENDITURES.
$2,690.00
By amount paid Insurance ................................. $ 58.00
Paid Jacob Williman, Treasurer ................................ 2,632.00
$2,690 00

$23,000 Five Per Cent. Stock.
38,500 Four Per Cent. Bonds.
Financial Department. 2 3
ASSETS.
Respectfully submitted,
Exami_ed and found correct.
January zst, z888.
WM. L. CAMPBELL,
City Treasurer.
CH. RICHARDSON MILES,
President Board of Trustees College of Charleston.
CASH TRANSACTIONS FIRE LOAN FUND, FROM JANUARY
IST, I887, TO DECEMBER 31ST, 188 7.
To balance from January 1st, 1887......................... $12,683.11
Bond Account--Personal Bonds ................. $3,67'2.00
Bond Sale, $3,000 Four Per Cent. Bonds ........... 2,520.00
6,192.00
Stock A(,count--sale $27.1)0 City Stock ................... 27.00
Bond Account--miscellaneous amount turned over to City ..... 1,819.77
Real Estate .......................................... 2,212.85
Interest Account ...................................... 668.08
Insurance Account. ...................................... 94
Ifents ................................................... 178.10
EXPENDITUI_ES.
$23,781.85
By Bond Aecount_--
Purchase of $84,100 Fire Loan Bonds .................... $21,025.00
Expense Account ..................................... 1,172.10
Interest Account ..................................... 1,500 00
Insurance Account .................................... 84.75
STATEMENT.
$23,781.85
Four Per Cent. Bonds, this fund had Jan. 1, 1887.... $ 3,000.00
Sold during the year ......................... $3,000.00
City Stock--January 1st, 1887....................... 27.00
Sold during the year .......................... 27.00
PcrsonM Bonds--January 1st, 1887........ $ 2,666.00
Received during the year ............ 1,006.00
3,672.00
Paid during the year ................. $ 1,000.00
Turned over to City ................. 2,672.00
----- 3,672.00
Miseella_mous Bonds--January lsL 1887............. 8,900.00
Paid in during the year ............... $ 500.00
Turned over to City ................ 8,400.00
8,900.00

24 Mayor Courte_my's Annual Revww.
Real Estate--January 1st, 1887.................... $11,230.00
Sokl during the year ................ $10,200.00
Turned over to City ................. 1,080.00
$11,230 00
Fire Lo_n Bonds--Outstanding, January 1st, 1887.... 92,800.00
Retm'ned by borrower ............... $ 500.00
Purchased during the year ............ 84,100.00
84,600.00
Bahmee outst'mding .......................... 8,200
Cash--this Fund had January 1st, 1887.........
Received from all sources,. ...................
,.... 12,683.11
11,098.74
$23,781.85
Expended for M1purposes .............................. $23,781.85
Examined and found correct.
Respectfully submitted,
WM. L. CAMPBELL,
City Treasurcr.
C. LANEY MEYER,
C/_airman Fire Loan Bonds Commiltee.
CAStt TRANSACTIONS OF TIlE (:OMMISSIONERS SINKING
FUND, JANUARV [ST, I887, TO DECEMBER 31ST, 1887 .
RECEIPTS.
To balance from last annual statement ........... $22,909.54
]nterest Account .... '............................... $ 245.00
Sinking Fund Account ........................... 4,241.77
4,486.77
EXI'ENDITUI_ES.
$27,396.31
By Bond Account--
$5,600 Seven Per Cent. Bonds ........ $ 5,745
$23,900 Four Per Cent. Bonds ....... 22,285
Stock Account--S405.29
----$26,
City Stock ...........
030. O0
385.29
Expense Aeeonnt ............................
Interest Account ...............................
84.00
28.00
Balance ............................... 869.02
$27,396.31
ST A_.... EMENI.
: -
Four Per Cent. Bonds pure] ased during year. ........ $23,900.00 .
Seven Per Cent. Bonds purchased during ycar ......... 5,600.00
Stock Account, purchased during year. .............. 405.29
Cancelled bv order City Council--
Four Per Cent. Bonds ........................... $23,900.00
Seven Per Cent. Bonds .................... 5,600.00
City Stock .................................... 405.29

f?inancia[ Department. 25
Cash--this Fund had January 1st, 1887.............. _,909.54
Received from all sources .......................... 4,486.77 $27,396.31
Expended for all purposes .................................... 26,527.29
Balance ........................................... $ 869.02
Examil_ed al)d foul)d correct.
Respectfully submitted,
WM. L. CAMPBELL,
F. S. RODGERS,
Ci[y Treasurer.
C'lzairmau CammzTtcc HTays and Means.
CASH TRANSACTIONS OF THE COMMISSIONERS SINKING
I_UND FORFEITED LANDS, FROM JANUARY IST, 1887,
TO DECEMBER 3IST, _887.
I_ECEIPT8.
To balance from last annual statement ................. $3,034.82
Arrears State Taxes ............................... $686.81
State Taxes 1881-1885............................. 328.36
Commissioners Public Schools ..................... 2.75
Expense Accotmt .................................. 113.23
Rents ............................................ 119.70
City Taxes ..................................... 252.39
Corporation Counsel ............................... 25.00
--- $1,528.24
EXPEIRDITUI_ESo
$4,563.06
By State Taxes 1886.................................. $ 192.54
Expense Account .............................. 55.75
Corpo,'ation Com,sel ........................... 55.00
Estate Char]es Sanders, Insurance ................. 18.00
Commissioners General Sinking Fund .............. 4,241.77 $4,563.06
4

26 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
ASSETS.
Persona]Bonds....................................... $115.00
Oil 1st J_muary 1887, thcr_ was on h,md 62 pieces of property,
assessed at .............................................. $45,225. O0
Settled during the yc_tr 1887, 7 pieces o_ property, assessed at ..... 7,159.00
Leaving unsettled December , 55 pieces, assessed at .......... $38,075.00
Correct.
Respcctfully submitted,
WM. L CAMPBELL,
F. S. ROGERS,
Citr Treasurer.
Chairman Committee Ways and Means.

Financial Department. 27
REPORT OF CITY ASSESSOR.
This office, under the management of the present incumbent,
has been conducted for eight years in a most efficient
manner, and has become a valuable bureau of statistical
information for our citizens, who take an interest in the
municipal government. The report made in I885 of the
property ill this city, claimed to be exempt--unknown and
specially exempt from taxation by legislative enactment,
was a valuable exhibit of the disabilities in this city for
equal taxation, and from his reports of other years, can be
found other matters of primary importance to taxpayers.
The present annual report is complete and most instructive
on a variety of subjects, and is presented in so succinct and
thorough a manner as to require a careful reading of the
paper itself. Rather than any review that I could make of
it, I invite for it a critical examination, and would call
special attention to the great changes in properties for
taxation between the years I86O-87, changes which should
claim the most thoughtful consideration of those charged
with the administration of the city government. It is
interesting to note the fact, that the income of the city in
z86o was $563,324.72, and that of 1887 $548,67285, and
then examine these respective incomes; every one will be
struck with the sweeping changes solved in these twentyseven
years, and will, perhaps not be surprised, after possessing
the full information of all these matters, that new
methods have been of necessity adopted, to cover the
changes so conspicuously seen in these exhibits.
It will be a satisfaction to all, to note the interesting fact
that the colored people are appearing as a factor in the tax
lists. In I86o there was 37I tax payers of this class: in
1887 there are 9o4, paying $t5,8o9.7o in city taxes on
property assessed for $79o,485--just 2 per cent. of the whole
city income ; it is reasonable to suppose that this will now
increase year by year.
Taking the figures of these taxable values of property and
computing thereon, the school tax, i. e, the constitutional

28 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
two mill tax, and the special city tax, at its highest point,
and we have $2,766.69 contributed to the support of schools
by the colored people.
In I886 a very thorough re-assessment of property values
was made and the work completed on 3ISt August, the
date of the earthquake disaster. This total valuation was
intended to ascertain marketable values, from which figures,
as fixed reduction would be made for taxable values. Tile
Assessor shows that in the year succeeding the earthquake
4t5 pieces of property were sold for 8762,832 . These
properties had been assessed in I886 for $754,98oias for
real values, which is conclusive proof of the fairness and
correctness of the previous year's work.
CITY ASSESSOR'S OFFICE, CITY HALL,
Charleston, S. C., December 3tst, I887. )
To tlze Honorable ttze 3/[ayor and C#y Council of Charleston ."
GENTLEMEN--I have the honor to submit the annual re-
port of this department for the fiscal year ending December
3 t st, 1887.
The assessed value of real and personal property returned
for taxation is as follows:
Real Estate ......................... ,$14,221,290
Personal Property .................... 7,290,912
Total Real and Personal .......... $21,512,202@25£_,$430,244.04
As compared with year [886, the following decrease in
assessments are shown :
Real Estate .............................................. ,$2,712,275
Personal Property...................................... 518,300
Total decrease,as comparedwith assessmentsfor 1886...... $3,230,575
The decrease in real estate is accounted for by the action

Financial Department. 29
ot City Council in January, I887, cCirecting a general reduction
of assessments for year f887, in consequence of the
earthquake damages of I886, and the total destruction of
some buildings, assessed value of which was deducted from
the assessment list.
The loss in personal property returns is caused by the
reduction of the capital stock of certain corporations, and the
death and closing out of some business firms.
Two Boards of six assessors, appointed by the Committee
of Ways and Means of City Council, made a re-assessment
of the real estate of the city during the months of July and
August, I886, just previous to the earthquake, and after a
thorough canvass of the entire city fixed the total assessed
value of real estate at 1522,5o9,22o.
Upon a revision of these assessments by the Committee
of Ways and Means, as the Board of Equalization, the total
assessed value was reduced to 152t,33o,765, and afterwards,
under action of City Council, a further general and uniform
reduction was made, reducing the total assessments to
_I4,220,5IO--which very closely approximates the taxable
assessments for the year I887, which is 1514,221,29o. The
assessments made by the Boards of Assessors and revised
by the Board of Equalization, are fully sustained by the
actual sales of real estate during year I887, a record of
which has been kept, showing that 415 pieces, assessed under
the reduction ordered by City Council at $5o3,320 sold
for 15762,83_, an increase over assessments for year 1887 of
15259,S12--equal to 51.56 per cent. advance.
The total assessments made by the Board of Equalization
on the property sold, would have aggregated _754,98o I
157,852 less than the actual amount of sales.
Attached to this report is a statement showing the comparison
of assessments with sales of real estate, and also
giving the percentage of advance in sales over assessments
in the several wards and the general average in the city.
The sales show an advance over assessments in all the
ards of the city.
The number of permits issued during the past year for the

30 3"Iayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
erection of new buildings and old buildings improved, are
as follows :
298 NewBuildings. Reported Cost, $446,575
158Old Buildings Improved. " " 1(_6,385
Total...456 Permits. Reported (lost, $612,960
In addition to the usual statements furnished with my
annual reports, I have prepared recapitulated statements
for period covering this administration--I884 to I887, and
also a recapitulation of the city tax returns for vears I86o
and 1887, as a matter of comparison, to which I specially
invite your attention.
Accompanying this report I beg leave to hand the following
statements, which will furnish statistical information
of interest to your honorable body and all corporators,
to which I respectfully invite your attention.
A. Statement of the description and value of personal
property returned for taxation for year I887.
13. Statement of the returns of real and personal
property assessed for city taxes for years I883, 1884, I885,
1886 and I887.
C. Statement of the number of permits issued for new
buildings and improvements for year 1887.
D. Statement of the number of permits issued for new
buildings and improvements for years I884, I885, I886,
I887.
E. Statement of comparison of assessments with sales
of real estate for year 1887 .
F. Statement of comparison of assessments with sales of
real estate for years I884, 1885, I886 and I887.
G. Recapitulation of tax returns for year I860.
H. Recapitulation of tax returns for year I887.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
WM. AIKEN KELLY,
City Assessor.

Financial Department. 31
A.
STATEMENT OF THE DESCRIPTION AND VALUE OF PER-
SONAL PROPERTY RETURNED FOR TAXATION FOR
YEAJ< _887.
1584 Ilorses and Nules ..................................... $ 128,385
323 Neat (,!attle ............................................ 8,120
1104 Gold and Silver Watches and Plate ........................ 81,017
,555 Piano Fortes, ,Melodeons and Cabinet Organs ............. 48,655
473 Carriaa'es Buggies, &c .................................. 42,475
1096 Wagons, I)rays, Carts, &c ................................ 4_,246
762 Dogs .................................................. 7,630
Merchandise, Moneys and Credits pertaining to business of
Merchants ......................................... 1,944,006
Materials, Machinery, Engines, Tools and Fixtures ol_ Manufacturers
............................................ 888,912
Moneys, Bank Bills, and Circulating Notes on hand or deposit,
and all Credits ...................................... 472,427
Stocks and Bollds of Companies, Corl)orations and l'ersons (exclusive
of United States, State and ('ity) and Rcecil_t.s of lnsurallce
Agencies, Express, Telegraph and Telephone Cornpanics
............................................... 2,993,639
Vessels, Boais and other Floating Property ................ 192,720
All other Prol)crl0y, including llouschold l_'urniturc ......... 440,680
Total alnount of Personal Property. ............. ,$7,290,912
WM. AIKEN KELLY,
City Assessor.
Charleston, S. C., December 3Ist, 1887.
STATEMENT OF TIIE RETURNS OF REAL AND PERSONAL
B.
PROPERTY ASSESSED FOR CITY TAXES FOR YEARS
I883, I884, I88_, 1886 AND I887.
1883.
Real Estate ................................................ $15,8,54,575
Personal Property .......................................... 7,419,784
Total Real and Personal .............................. ,_23,274,359

3 2 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
1884.
Real Est_tte ............................................. $16, 246,865
Personal Property ............................................. 8,18(i, 216
Total Real and Personal ............................. $24,4"33,081
Gain as compared with assessment for 1883-
Real Estate ............................. $392,290
Personal Property ........................ 766,432
Total gain for 1884, as compare(l with 1883 ..... $1,158,722
1885.
Real Estate ................................................. $16,753,760
Personal Property ........................................ 8, i38,153
Total iCeal and Personal .............................. $24,891,913
As compared with assessment for 1884-
Gain on Real Estate .................... $506,895
DeereaLse on Personal Property ........... 48,063
Total gain for 1885, as compared with 1884 ...... ,$458,832
Total gain for 1884 and 1885 .................................. $1,617,554
1886.
Real Estate ............................................ $16,933,565
Personal Property ....................................... 7,809,212
Tot*fl Real and Personal ............................ $24,742,777
As compared with 8ssessments for 1885--
G_fin on Real Estate ..................... ,$179,805
Decrease on Personal Property ........... 328,941
Total decrease for 1886, as compared with 1885 ................. ,$149,136
Total gain fin" 1884, 1885 and 1886, as eomptu'ed with 1883 ...... ,$1,468,418
1887.
Real Estate ........................ ........................ ,$14,221,290
Personal Property ....................................... 7,290,912
Total Real arid Personal ............................... ,$21,512,202

PhmJtcia! Department. 33
As eon_lpared wilh assessm(,nts for 1886--
1)eerease on Real Estate ................ $2,712,275
Decrease on Personal Properly ..... 518,300
Total (lecrcase for 188'7, as compared with 1886.................. $:},23(),575
Total decrease for 1887, as compared with 1883....$1,762,157
Charleston S. C., December 3Ist, 1887.
Co
WM. AIKEN KELLY,
City Assessor.
STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF PERMITS ISSUED FOR
NEW BUILDINGS, AND OLD BUILDINGS IMPROVED,.
FOR TItE YEAR I887.
NEW B UILDINGS.
) • )
208 [ crmlts--l_el_orlcd Cost, $446,575. Distributed in tim Cily a_ follows:
Ward 1.......... 13 Permits. Reported Cost, ............ $ 25,05(I
Ward 2 .14 " " "' ............ 32,45(I
Ward 3 ......... 22 ...... . ........... 76,325
Ward 4 .......... 23 ..... ' ............ 45,860
Ward 5......... 24 .... ." . .......... 55,900
Ward 6.......... 11 " " " . ........... lJ,525
Ward 7........ 23 .... " ............ 56,550
Ward 8 .......... 16 " " " • ........... 56,200
Ward 9 ......... 16 ...... . ........... 10,650
Ward 10.......... 51 " " " • ........... 24,356
Ward 11 .38 " " " . ........... ,)1,47_}
Ward 12.......... 47 " .... . ........... 20,_00
Total .......... 298 Permits. fCeported Cost ....... $446,575
Classed as follows :-
Stores ............. 19 Reported Cost. ........... $105,80(I
Factories ......... 5 .... . ............ 24,100
Public Buildings... 6 .... . ............ 131,800
Schools ............ 1 .... . ............ 2,500
Dwellings ......... 267 " " . ........... 202,375
Total ............ 298 Permits. Reported Cost .......... $466,575
5

34 Mayor Courtenay's A nnual Review.
OLD BUILDINGS IMPROVED.
158 l'crmits--Rci_orLed Cost, $166,385. I)istribu_ed ill the City as follows:
Ward 1 ......... 14 Permits. Reported Cost,. ........... $ 40,100
W_l'd 2 .......... 7 " " " ........... 15,900
Ward 3 .......... 24 " " " . ........... 38,045
Ward 4 ........ 18 ...... . ........... 19,950
Ward 5 .......... 18 " " " . ........... 10,875
Ward 6 .......... 14 ...... . ........... 12,360
Ward 7 .......... 7 ' ..... . ........... 3,550
Ward 8 .......... 9 ...... • ........... 8,925
Wm'd 9 ......... 12 " " " . .......... 3,005
Ward 10 .......... 9 ...... . ........... 5,800
Ward 11 .......... 18 ...... . ........... 6,425
Ward 12 .......... 8 ' ..... ........... '2,150
Total .......... 158 Permits. Reported Cost ....... $166,385
Total of New Buildings and Improvemcnls--
New Buildings .............. o98 Permits. Reported Cost, $446,575
Old Buildings hnproved ....... 158 " " " 166,385
Total ................... 456 Pcrmits. Reported Cost. .$612.960
WM. AIKEN KELLY,
City Assessor.
Charleston, S. C., December 31st, I887.
D.
STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF PERMITS ISSUED FOIl
THE ERECTION OF NEW BUILDINGS, AND OLD BUILD-
INGS IMPROVED, FOR YEARS I884, I885, I886AND 1887.
NEW BUILI)INGS.
Year 1884, 249 PermiLs ............ R(_ported Cost, ............ $178,620
" 1885, °22 " ........... " " ....... •..... 251,000
" 1886, 203 " . ........... "- " . ........... 304,640
"' 1887, 298 " . ........... "' "' . ........... 446.575
Total .... ,072 I'ernlits. Reported Cost. ....... $ I, 180,835
OLD BUILDINGS IMP]IOVEI).
Year 1884, 216 Permits ...... l_ei)orted Co_ _ St,
.......... $141,480
" 1885, 158 " . ........... "' " . ........... 121,175
" 1886, 125 " . ........... "' " . .......... 78,600
" 1887, 158 " ........... "" "' ............ 16'6,o8o" -
Total .... 657 Permits. lleported Cost. ....... $507,640

Financial De2_artrnent. 35
RECAPITULATION.
New Buildings ......... 072 Permits. Reported Cost, .......... $1,180,835
Old Buildings Improved.657 ...... . ......... 507,640
Total ............. 1629 Permits. H,eported Cost ........... $1,688,475
This statement does not include the amount expended
for repairs rendered necessary by the disastrous cyclone of
August, I885, which was estimated to be at least $I,OOo,ooo.
nor the very large amount caused by the more destructive
earthquake of August, I886, amounting to over $4,ooo,ooo,
and also the amount expended on public buildings, churches,
schools and other property exempted from taxation, some
$300,000 additional.
These figures will show the amount actually expended
for new buildings and improvements during the present
administration, years t884 to 1887, to be over $6,ooo,ooo.
Charleston, S. C., December 3ist, i887.
Eo
WM. AIKEN KELLY,
City Assessor.
COMPARISON OF ASSESSMENTS WITH SALES OF REAL
WARDS.
ESTATE :FOR YEAR i887 .
AMOUNT OF AMOUNT OF ADVANCE
_ALES. ASSESSMENTS OVER
ASSESSMENTS
Ward 1........... [ 19 -$56_945 $ 39,680 - $ 17,265--43S1
Wt_rd 2 ............ i 33 101,645 60,690 40,955 67.48
Ward 3 ............ 26 56,815 43,930 12,885 29.3?
Ward 4 ............ i 39 94,477 69,350 2.5,1'27 36.23
Ward 5 ............ 22 58,980 36,505 22,475 61.56
Ward 6 ............ ! 17 64,535 41,170 23,365 56.75
Ward 7 ........... 22 60,640 44,470 16,170 36.36
Ward 8 ............ 46 83,605 49,075 34,530 70.36
Ward 9 ............ ! 21 33,545 22,800 10.745 47.12
Ward 10 ............ 66 42,974 28,755 14,219 49.45
Ward 11 ............ 44 55,638 34,385 21,253 61.81
Ward 12 ........... 60 53,033 32,510 20,523 63.13
Totals ............ 1415 $762,832 $503) 320 $259,51_ 51.56
42

36 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
404 Pieces sold above assessments .............................. $260,452
Amonnt of Sales ........................... $757,842
Amount of Assessments ..................... 496,890
Per cent. of advance over assessment ........................ 52.41
11 Pieces sold below assessments ................................. $940.00
Amount of Assessments ..................... $ 6,480
Amount of Sales ............................ 5,490
Per cent. of sales below assessment ............................. 14.62
Charleston, S. C., December 3Ist, T887.
_WM. XiKENKELLY; :
F.
City Assessor.
COMPARISON OF ASSESSMENTS WITII SALES OF REAL
ESTATE FOR YEARS 1884, I885, I886 AND 188 7.
_2 J
,_ _ AMOUNT OF AMOUNT OF ADVANCE _
OVEK
YEAR. _E S_LES. ASSESSMEXTSASSESSMENTS
1885............... 458 1,001,783 744,773 257,010 :14.51
o, ( •
r,,lals ............. 1881 $3,3o3,.)16 $2,392,613 $941,303 39.34
1802 Pieces sold ab(>vc assessmeats .............................. $978,748
A mount of Sales ........................ $'1,165,331
Amount of Assessments ................... 2,186,583
Per cent. of adwmee over assessments ......................... 44.76
7!) Pieces sohl below assessments ................................. $3 _,44o
Amount of Assessments ................... $206.030
Amomtt of Sales .......................... 168,585
Per ecut. of sales below assessments ........................... 18.17
Charleston, S. C., December 3Ist, I887.
WM. AIKEN KELLY,
(_.)'ty Assessor.

Financial Department. 37
RECAPITULATION OF TAX RETURNS CITY OF CHARLESTON,
G.
S. C., FOR YEAR I860.
• ! I
DESCRIPTION O1,"PROPERTY A3I'N'I' RE-RATE OF Ai_It)tT_T OF
NO. RETURNED. TURNED. TAX. Ii TAX.
Real Estate ......................
Stock of Goods ..................
$25 072240il.40pr _ $'_63,611.36
4,683,816 1.40 " 65,513.42
interest on Bonds, &e ............. 317,748 2.50 " 7,943 70
Dividends ....................... 8,403!2.50 " 210.08
15,947 Slaves ................................ $ 3each 47,841.00
267 Carriages drawn by two horses .......... 30 " 8,010.00
439 Carriages drawn by one horse ........... 20 " 8,780.00
25 Sulkeys and Chairs .................... ] 15 " I 375.00
Gross Ineoine .................... 544,40412.50 pr _ 13,610.10
ICommissions .................... 778,736 2.50 " 19,468.40
Annuities ....................... 6,05512.50 "1 151.38
Prelniums of Insurance ..........
401,920 1.25 " 5,024.00
(lal)ital Stock of all Gas Light Co's. 755,700 .50 " 3,778.50
Capital in Shipping .............. 572,360 .75 " 4,292.70
]Gross Receipts of all Com'l Agencies. 1,963 2.50 " 49.08
1,202
843
IIorses and Mules ......................
Dogs ..................................
$10each
2 "
12,920.00
1,686.0_0
Total amomlt of Tax for ye:_r 1860 ................... $563,324.72
No. of White Tax Returns ...4,642 Amount o[ Tax ........ $551,112.51
No. of Colored " " .... 371 " " . ....... 12,212.21
Total Tax Retur,_s :for 1860...5,013 Tot_l Tax ............. $563,324.72
Amount of Real Estate--White Returns ...................... $25,213,370
' ' " " --Colored " . ..................... 758,870
Total assessments of Real Estate ............................ 825,972,240
No. of Slaves returned by White Tax payers ....................... 15,557
No. of Slaves returned by 132 Colored Tax payers .................. 390
Total nmnber of Slaves returned .................................. 15,947
WM. AIKEN KELLY,
City Assessor.
Charleston, S. C., December 3Ist, 1887.

38 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
RECAPITULATION OF TAX RETURNS CITY OF CttARLES-
TON, S. C., FOR YEAR I887.
CLASS. _ _
IPERSONAL REAL ESTATE
TOTAL t

Financial Department. -39
REPORT OF CITY SHERIFF.
CITY SHERIFF'S OFFICE,
Charleston, S. C., January 1st, I888.
To the Honorable the Mayor and Aldermelz of the City of
Clmrleston ."
GENTLEMEN--I respectfully submit the following condensed
report of the business of this office for the year ending
December 3tst, I887.
Very respectfully,
GLENN E. DAVIS,
City Sheriff.
TAXES COLLECTED BY CITY SHERIFF DURING THE YEAR
I887.
Ta,x--1870 Arnollnt collected on Executions .................. $ 11.50
" 1871 " ' ' Executions .............. 13.20
" 1872 .... Executions ................. 3.25
" 1874 .... Executions ........ $ lo. 1
" 1874 " " Jttdgments ......... 3.63
•' 1875 .... Executions ......... 108.13
" 1875 .... Judgments ......... 1_°8.25
" 18'76 .... Executions ......... 10.00
" 1876 .... Judgments ........ 323.00
" 1877 " " Executions ......... 33.75
" 1877 " " Judgments ......... 162.54
16.75
236.38
333.00
196.29
" 1878 " " Judgments .................. 16.87
" 1879 " " Judgments .................. 12.12
" 1880 .... Judgments ................. 32.87
" 1881 .... Executions ......... 14.00
" 1881 .... Judgments ......... 37.20
" 1882 .... Executions ........ 5.63
" 1882 .... Judgments ....... 4:,). 9
" 1883 " " Executions ......... 318.45
" 1883 " " Judgments ......... 393.45
" 1884 .... Executions ........ 994.27
.... .9J
1884 " Judgments ......... 1,039 ( (
51.20
49.42
711.90
2,034.26

4o 2V[ayor Courtenay's .4 nuual Review.
Tax--1885 Amount collected on Executions ......... 3,594.35
" 1885 " " Judglnents ......... 1,365.93
4,960.28
" 1886 " " Executions .................. 13,335.65
" 1887 .... Executions .................. 5,674.87
J_MOUNT COLLECTED FOR, _CtlOOL TAX :
$27,689.81
T_x--1880 School Tax Collected .................. $ .15
" 1881 " " .................. 11.10
" 1882 " ,' .................. 8.57
" 1883 " " .................. 18.54
" 1884 " " ................... 57.05
" 1885 .... • .................. 362.33
" 1886 " " .................. 1,040.96
" 1887 " " ............ , ...... 262.13
----- $1,760.83
Amount Collected through this ofiiec for Liccnses .............. 3,020.00
Total Collections for Year 1887............. ,............ $32,470.60
Respectfully submitted,
GLENN E. DAVIS,
City Sheriff.

Report of Corporation Counsel 41
CORPORATIONCOUNSEI.'S REPORT.
To tlte City Comwil of Chc_rleston ."
OFFICE OF CORPORATION COUNSEL,
Charlesten, S. C., Jan. Itth, 1888. I
GENTI,EMEN--I respectfully submit the following report
of this office for the year I887.
Judgments for past due taxes have been taken in one
hundred and ninety-six cases, aggregating six thousand
six hundred and seventy-nine dollars, and executions issued
to the City Sheriff.
Tile sum of five thousand three hundred and eighty-eight
o9 dollars, has been collected by me, and paid over to the
City Treasurer and City Sheriff.
On questions of law submitted, I have given thirty-six
written opinions.
Judgments in nineteen license cases (fines aggregating
four hundred and eighty dollars) were taken, and commit-
ments lodged with City Sheriff.
The following Ordinances were prepared :
To amend Section '281, General Ordinances.
To rel)eal Section 303, Genera.1 Ordinances.
To _mlend See(_ion417, General Ocdinanees.
To amend License Ordinance of 1887.
The titles to the following pieces of property were examined
:
1. Water lots South side Tr,_dd Street.
'2. Lots to widen Ogler Street, from A. B. Rose, C. A. Chisolm, Mary B.
Chisohn, T. 1_. Ogler, Sarah B. Whilden, and B. F. McCabe.
3. /louse and lot corner Calhoun and Imeas Streets.
4. Lot corner Mill and Lueas Streets.
5. Lot West side of King Street, from C. J. Flookey.
6. Lot West side of King Street, from John Lutjen.
7. Lot: West. side of King St_reet, from P. L. Gui}lemin.
Contracts prepared :
1. With CharlestOn Gas Light Company.
6

42 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
2. With Electric IAght Company.
;L With J. D. Murphy, for Central Police Station.
4. With C. McK. Grant, for Engine tlouses corner Meeting and Wentworth
Streets.
5. With M. W. Powers, for City IIospital.
6. With John Behrens, for repairs to City Hall.
7. With C. MeK. Grant, for Engine Itouses, east side Meeting Street, and
south side Cannon Street.
The following pieces of forfeited property have been dis-
posed of, and deeds made therefor :
1. Louis Grant, lot South side of Line Street.
2. John Judah, lot East side of Amerieu Street.
3. James Johnson, lot South side of Line Street.
4. Mrs. A. LeRoy, lot East side of King Street.
5. Mrs. S, A. Sanders, lot North side of Beresford Street.
6. Elizabeth White, lot West side of Rutledge Street.
At the date of my last report there were sixteen cases
pending for violation of Section 380 of the General Ordi-
nances. Of these the fines were paid in three cases, non est
inventus returned in five, judgments taken in five cases,
two dismissed, one paid Clerk of Markets.
During the past year for violation of the same Sectimb
there were referred to me forty cases. Of these the fines
have been received in nine cases, returns of non est inven-
tus in five cases, five cases dismissed, and twenty-one pending.
GENERAL CASES.
1. City Couneil c'_s.I-_. i). Wifite, Trustee, This ease is ended, and tlae
City in possession of the property under the foreclosure sale.
2. City Council vs. a. C. Meyer. Under reference.
3. Burns et al. vs. City Council. Settled under resolution of City Council.
4. (Jtmpman el al. r,_.Oity Oouneil. lrnder appeal in Supreme Court.
ESCHEAT.
The cases brought by the claimants of the estate ot T. W.
Malone, deceased, have all been decided in laver of the

Report of Corporation Counsel. 43
escheator, and the property of the estate ordered to be sold.
I have no doubt that the Orphan House and Charleston
College will shortly receive the amounts due them.
My term of office expired on the 19th December, 1887,
by my having been qualified as Mayor of this City, but I
continued to advise the several departments of the City
until the election of my successor on the Ioth January, I888.
Respectfully,
G. D. BRYAN,
Corporation Counsel.

44 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
TIlE STREET DEPARTMENT.
Owing to the reduced amount appropriated for permanent
street improvement in I887, only a small amount of work
of this kind was possible ; the stone roadway in upper King
street has been completed to the City Boundary, and a fair
amount of flagstone and curbings have been laid in sidewalks.
The particulars of the work of the vear are so
clearly stated by the Superintendent as to need no special
reference by me: I commend its careful reading by all
interested in the improvement of our sidewalks and
roadways.
OFFICE SUPERINTENDENT OF STREETS,
Charleston, S. C., December 3Ist, I887.
To the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Cllarlestou :
GENTLEMEN--I have the honor to submit my annual
report for this department of the City government :
General appropriation ........................................ $65,000.00
Special appropriation ......................................... 3,000.00
From sale of material, fines, ere ............................... 339.01
Total ................................................. $68,33i}. 01
All of which is accounted for as follows :
Amount paid for granite blocks ...................... $ 7,049.29
" " " bluestone flag and curb ......... .... 6,279.23
Total stone account .................................... $13,328.52
Amount paid for bricks ............................ $ 1,597.00
" " " drain pipe ....................... 1,11_°.77
" " " hmlber .......................... 4,169.00
...... lime and cement .................. 845.75
" " " shell, earth and gravel .............. 1,192.78
" " " hardware, castings, supplies, sahu'ies,
etc., etc ......................... 2,270.75
Total miscellaneous account .................................. $11,188,05

Report of Superintendent of Streets. 45
LABOR ACCOUNT.
(_.eneral/-bepail_, Police and Board of Health .................... $10,628.26
Council street Bulkhe_d ..................................... 76.00
Stone Curbing and Crossings. ................................ 637.58
Wood Curbing and Crossings. ................................. 507.76
Plank Roads ............................................... 742.10
Pipe Drains ............................................ 2,272.15
Repairs to (!obb]e Stone Roa,dways ........................... 45_.80
Repairs to Granite Blo(& Roadways ......................... 205.50
King street Roadway (Granite Blocks) ...................... 1,174.95
Reid street Brick Drain ..................................... 2,227.90
Flag P_veme|_ts ........................................... 2,077.26
Brick Pavements ........................................... 1,093.95
Total Labor account ........................... $21,996.22
SCAVENGER DIVISION.
Miscellaneous, Salaries, &e .................................. $ 1,944.02
For'_ge ................................................. 4, 705.27
Repairs ................................................... 1,594.12
Labor. ................................................... 11,258.05
Total Scavenger Division .......................... $19,501.46
CONCRETE WORK.
Rutledge street Curbing ................................... $ 557.40
Marion Square Entr'mees. ................................. 240.87
Total .......................................... $ 798.27
CANNONSBORO' POND.
Lmnber, Spikes and Tools ................................. $ 855.86
Labor ................................................ 388.07
Total ......................................... $ 1,243.93
PURCHASE OF LAND.
Paid Lutjen, G-uillemin and Hookey ........................... $ _°8_. 57

46 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
RECAPITULATION.
Stone _eeount ............................................... $13,328.52
Miscellaneous .............................................. 11,188.05
Concrete account ........................................... 798.27
C&nnonsboro' Pond ........................................ 1,243.93
Purchase of Land .......................................... 282.57
Labor account .............................................. 21,996.21
Scavenger Division ........................................ 19,50!. 46
Grand total .................................... $68,389.01
STONE ROADWAYS.
Owing to the small appropriation for this year, the
amount of this class of work has been much less than in
recent years. The King street roadway, commenced some
years ago, has been completed to the City Boundary. The
amount so laid this year being 3,996 square yards, at a cost
of $I.98 per square yard. This important piece of work,
which appeared to be a great undertaking, has been done in
the four years of the administration; and in thus dividing
the yearly outlay, has not been so burdensome to the City
finances as was anticipated when first proposed. The com-
pletion of this roadway relieves the heavy travel from the
Meeting street shell road, furnishes a good drive for light
vehicles, and enables the large phosphate and truck interests
to haul their products to the City at much less expense and
trouble than formerly.
COBBLE STONE ROADWAYS.
No new roadways have been built. The amount expend-
ed under this head being for necessary repairs, which is re-
quired every year.
BLUE STONE FLAG PAVEMENTS.
The amount of flag purchased this year has been I5,796

Report of Superintendent of Streets. 47
square feet. Over one-half of this was used in repairing
the sidewalks which were broken by the falling material
during the earthquake; and some o[ the brick pavements
that were badly damaged at that time have been replaced
by flagstones. Among the principal repairs may be men-
tioaed the following streets: Market, East Bay, Broad,
King from Calhoun south, Meeting, George. around the
Court House, Citadel-Square Church, Ashley, Bee, john,
Montague, Henrietta, the Battery, Bethel Church, St.
Michael's, Queen, Wentworth, Society, &c. Entire new
pavements have been laid as follows:
3IMn Station ................................ 2,685 Square Feet.
Meeting street ................................ 579 " "
Ill, sell street .............................. 181 " "
East side King ............................ 1,354 ....
Flynn's Church,. ............................ 71r ....
St. Philip's Church .......................... 1,370 ....
Holy Communion Church ..................... 372 ....
Wentworth street ......... . .................. '708 ....
TotM ................................ _,448 Squ_re Feet.
BLUE STONE CURB.
The policy, so wisely adopted, of laying a certain amount
of blue stone curb each year, has been steadily continued as
our means permitted, thus gradually doing away with wood-
en curbing, a most unsatisfactory as well as expensive expe-
dient. If the same views are entertained by the new ad-
ministration, in a few years all the streets of any prominence
in the City will be provided with substantial blue stone
curbs, which are not liable to be stolen for fire wood or to
rot. Seven thousand nine hundred and sixty-six feet of
curb was purchased during the year, and was laid in the
following streets : Montague, St. Phtlip, Rutledge, Doughty,
Wentworth, Pitt, Mill, Warren, Laurens street, and in front
of Flynn's Church.
BRICK SIDEWALKS,
The following new work has been done :

48 Mayor Caurtenay's Annua! Review.
tt_sell st.reel................................. 442 S(lue_reYards.
New street .................................. 24 ....
W_rren street .............................. 78 ....
Bro_d street ................................ 145 ....
(_hur_ql and W't_er streets ................... 23._ ....
Cumberland street .......................... aa2 ....
l_htst B_ty.................................. 631 ....
(JMhoun street .............................. 82 ....
Tot_tl ................................ 1,903 Square Yards.
The amount of repairs to brick pavements have been as
usual, considerable. The principal streets so repaired have
been Meeting, Rutledge, South Bay, East Bay, Wentworth,
King, Ansou. Lynch, Judith, Calhoun, Coming, Queen, at
Cannon's Park, Logan, Mary, &c,
DRAINAGE.
This important matter has not received its full share of
attention, although it has been prosecuted as far as the
amount appropriated would permit. I feel it my duty to
urge sufficient appropriations to continue the work com-
menced, so that the part of the City north of Calhoun street
especially shall in the end be thoroughly drained. Eight
years ago, with the exception of the tidal drains and the
America, Smith and Duncan street drains, there was not a
drain in that section north of Calhoun street, except a few
wooden trunks, which were worse than useless, as they were
simply receptacles for every kind of objectionable matter.
During that time many thousand feet of pipe drains have
been laid, aa will be seen by my annual reports, contributing
to the health and comfort of the people. Pipe drains have
also been laid south of Calhoun street where most urgent.
Much more yet remains to be done, however, and if we wish
to secure health and prosperity, the sooner it is done the
better. The northeastern section of the City has not been
properly drained in the past. Owing to the changes made
in the yards and depots of the Northeastern Railroad the
imperfect drainage was further interrupted, and to remedy

Report of Superintendent of Streels. 49
this a large brick culvert was commenced some years ago at
the Creek east of the railroad tracks, and continued west as
far as Bay street in Reid street. During this year this cul-
vert has been further extended in Reid street westwardly as
far as America street, at a cost of $4,o78.5I. It is proposed
to carry this main artery to the tidal drain in Meeting street.
When this most important work is done, pipe drains will be
placed in that section to empty into it, and thus secure the
necessary drainage.
Pipe drains have been laid in the following streets during
the present year :
Calhoun street--15 inch............................... 50 Feet.
Radcliffe street--l_ inch .............................. 450 "
Ford's court--8 inch.................................. 225 "
Hampton street--15 inch ............................... 50 "
Alexander s_reet--8 inch .............................. 208 "
Elizabeth street--12 im_h............................... 607 "
Drake street--18 inch................................. 5,50 "
Ogier street--12 inch .... "• "".......................... 600 "
There was purchased during the year7Io feet of tdinch
pipe, 1,259 feet of 12 inch, 39 feet of 6 inch, and x2I feet of
8 inch. Most of which has been laid as above mentioned.
PLANK ROADS.
The plank roads require constant repairs, and are even
then unsatisfactory. The amount of money expended in
the past for this class of roads and repairs upon them, if used
for stone roadways, would have given us many fine paved
streets which are now sand-beds. It would be economy in
the end to adopt a plan to substitute stone for these roads
at once, apportioning the work to be done, so that in a speci-
fied number of years the entire change will be completed.
This plan, so successfully carried out on the King street road-
way, is sufficient evidence of its feasibility.
About 330,00o feet of lumber was purchased during the
year for plank roads, curbing and crossings.
7

5o Mayor Courtena_'s Annual Review.
MEETING STREET SHELL ROAD.
Fifteen thousand five hundred and sixty-six bushels of
shell were used in repairs to this road last summer. Iregret
to say that its condition is very bad, and that heavy repairs
are necessary to make it fit for use.
The curbing on the west side of Rutledge street, at the
West End Lake, was made of concrete, on account of the
extra depth required, and also to correspond with the other
work around the lake.
Entrance_" were made on the east and west sides of Marion
Square, to facilitate people crossing from King and Meeting
streets.
Under a special appropriation made by Council, the work
of improving the Cannonsboro' Pond was allotted to this
Department, and the river bank from Spring street to Bradley's
Wharf has been repaired and raised. This is the _rst
step in the improvement of a piece of City property which
will be a great benefit, when completed, to the citizens generally,
and especially those in the northwestern section of
the City.
SCAVENGER DIVISION.
The Scavenger Division has been employed during the
year in filling up streets and such low spots as were permitted
by the Board of Health, viz : Council street, Broad street,
the City Lot in Cannonsboro' Pond, &c. The heavy work
has worn down many of the mules, and some have died,
thus rendering it necessary to purchase at least ten new
mules.
In addition to my regular duties, I have, under instructions
from Council, superintended the building of the Main
Station House in King street, opposite Vanderhorst street,
and also the new City Hospital at the west end of Calhoun
street, on Lucas street.
Very respectfully, your ob't serv't,
T. A. HUGUENIN,
Superinteudent.

Re, or t of Superintendent of Streets. 5I
PERMANENT STREET WORK, I88O-87.
am indebted to the Superintendent of Streets for the
following summary of permanent street improvement the
past eight years, which will prove interesting :
STONE BLOCK ROADWAYS.
1880 ................................... 37,592 Square Yards.
1881 ................................. 17,525 " "
1882 .................................... 20,484 " "
1883 .................................... 18,786 " "
1884 ..................................... 32,911 " "
188b .................................... 6,390 " "
I886 ..................................... 11,610 " "
1887 .................................. 3,996 ....
Total .......................... 149,294 Square Yards.
At an average of 2 5 feet wide for the streets laid, this is
over zo miles of stone block roadways. It is proper to add
that previous to I880there was not asingle street paved
with stone block.
BLUE STONE FLAG SIDEWALKS.
1880 .................................... 16,587 Square Feet,
1881 ................................... 38,313 ....
1882 ................................... 25,947 " "
1883 ................................... 124,143 '' ''
1884 ................................... "_4,842 " "
1885 ..................................... 94,076 " "
1886 ................................. 18,527 " "
1887 ..................................... 15,796 ....
Toted ........................... 368,231Square Feet.
BLUE STONE CURBING.
1881 .................................... 2,534 Lineal Feet.
1882 .................................... 4,598 ....
1883 ........................................ 9,675 ....
1884 ....................................... 15,739 " "
1885 ........................................ 32,360 ....
1886 ...................................... 15,446 " "
1887 ...................................... 7,966 ....
Total .............................. 88,318 Lineal Feet,

52 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
NEW BRICK SIDEWALKS.
1880 ..................................... 2,677 Square Yards.
1881 ..................................... 2,911 ....
1882 ..................................... 3,211 " "
1883 .................................... 2,949 " "
1884 ...................................... 951 " "
1885 .................................. 9,038 " "
1886 .................................... 3,933 ....
1887 ................................... 1,993 ....
Total ........................... 27,663 Square Yards.
CONCRETE RETAINING WALLS.
1881 ....................................... 8,880 Cubic Feet.
1886 ...................................... 39,188 ....
1887 ......................................... 2,654 ....
Total ................................ 50, 722 Cubic Feet.
BRICK DRAINS.
1880 ......................................... 870 Lineal Feet.
1883 ........................................ 330 " "
1887 ......................................... 814 " "
Total ............................... 2,014 Lineal Feet.
PIPE DRAINS FROM 6 INCft TO I8 INCH DIAMETER.
1880 .............................................. 1,530 Feet.
1881 .............................................. 16,625 "
1882 ............................................. 8,690 "
1883 ........................................... 10,287 '_
1884 ............................................. 12,138 "
1885 .............................................. 13,568 "
1886 ............................................ 8,800 "
1887 .............................................. 2,737 "
Total ...................................... 74,375 Feet.
COBBLESTONE ROADWAVS.
1881 ................................ 8,334 Square Yards.
1882 ................................... 12,247 ....

Report of Superintendent of Streets. 53
1883..................................... 3,316 Square Yards.
1884...................................... 19,564 ....
1886 .................................... 7,461 " "
Total ............................. 50,922 Square Yards.
Very respectfully,
T. A. HUGUENIN,
Superintendent of Streets.

54 Mayor 6ourtenay's Annual Review.
DEPARTMENT OF IIEALTH.
In presenting the annual papers of the Health office, I
would remark, that the informati_,n given is so full and so
clearly stated as to make altogether unnecessary any suggestions
from me.
Public opinion has seemingly settled down to the belief
that certain diseases are imported, and that there is safety
in a strict quarantine against tropical ports from May to
November--this is enforced: an_ a further protection is
enjoyed by having the Refuge Station at Sapelo, to which
point disease on shipboard can be promptly sent before the
vessel enters our harbor ; this gives assurance of immunity
from past inflictions of epidemics from these certain sources.
There has been advance in sanitary methods since I88O, and
i commend to our citizens not only the reading of the carefully
prepared annuat exhibits, but especially the review of
the past eight years work, prepared by Dr. Horlbeck, with
his accustomed readiness.
REVIEW OF THE PROCEDURES OF TItE DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH FOR 8 YEARS, FROM 1880 TO I888, BY H. B.
HORLBECK, M. D., CITY REGISTRAR.
In reviewing the procedures of the Department of Health
for the past 8 years, it is well to make tile statemen_ that
the City of Charleston has been greatly favored with good
health and freedom from serious epidemic disease. With the
exception of dengue in 188o and scarlet fever in I88I and
the advent from time to time of alimited number of cases
of diphtheria, we have been free.
Our fears have been excited, but we have not had yellow
fever, that name so much dreaded in a city so often scourged
in the past.
We have had in I88I small-pox, and it should be noted
with profound gratitude, that a pestilence which would
have seriously crippled the industrial resources of the city

Department of Health. 55
was stayed. Small-pox ravaging the immense colored labor
at work in our phosphate beds would beagreat calamity,
once set free it would be well nigh impossible to stay the
pestilence. There were six localities in tile city affected,
and eleven cases; the utmost vigilance was exercised in the
immediate removal of the patients. Vaccination and fumi-
gation were practiced; it was stopped.
We may now proceed to a notice necessarily brief, of the
changes ill the methods of procedures as to sanitary matters.
QUARANTINE.
The entire quarantine system was modified in I88o-188I,
the administration being transferred by an Act of the
General Assembly to the municipal Board of Health. The
keynote of this control has been the limiting the direct
communication with the ever infected habitat of yellow
fever, this disease being the one most feared and most im-
portant. The communication with the West Indies, the
coast of Mexico and the eastern coast of South America
have been watched with extreme care, vessels from these
points undergoing sanitary purification with the best means
at our disposal. We have especially guarded the landing
of ballast, believed to be a fertile source of the importation
of yellow fever. We have also forbidden the importation
of cargoes of fruit--from May to November.
Sapelo Refuge Quarantine Station, situated on the coast
of Georgia, was established by the Federal Government for
the protection of the cities of tile South Atlantic seaboard,
affording a point to which all vessels with contagion are
ordered for preliminary cleansing and observation. Vessels
arrivingat Charleston with disease aboard have been sent
there, thereby relieving a daugerously close proximity at our
quarantine station. Many changes and improvements have
been effected at our quarantine station at Fort Johnson,
notably the building a c,_mfortable dwelling house for
the quarantine officer, insuring his residence and con-
stant presence at the station ; the building of a large and

56 Mayor Caurtenaf's ,4nuual Review.
commodious wharf with the most modern steam lift for
ballast, giving a removal power of over 20 tons an hour--
over 2oo tons having been removed in one day. Great
havoc was done by the cyclone of 1885 to the buildings.
The Lazaretto keeper's house, the fever hospital and the
pest house have been all rebuilt and restored, and are now
in first-class condition. This much has been done. As
soon as it is within the power of the department larger
facilities for fumigation and disinfection, reducing detention,
will be inaugurated.
For the purpose of a uniform system, inasmuch as the
interests and fears of Savannah and Charleston were and
areindentical, a code of regulations and rules were adopted
by both cities similar in force, and this code has been
practically the same during the last 8 years, thereby avoid-
ing the friction incidental to variations in fees and charges
and in procedure.
DISINFECTIGN.
The old system of disinfection in practice in Charleston
anterior to 188o has been modified, and the appropriation
of near $8,ooo reduced to an annual expenditure of _I,OOO,
with which we believe an equally efficient service has been
carried out, supplemental as to method by the immediate
notice of contagious disease and the furnishing of requisite
supplies ol disinfectants at the place infected.
Under the laws, as present enacted, it is made obligatory
upon physicians to report all cases of contagious disease,
whereupon the health detective is ordered to visit the
premises and furnish such disinfection as may be required--
and no other children from such premises are permitted to
attend school.
DISPENSARY.
A radical change has been made in this service--the city
divided into 4 Health Districts, 4 physicians elected, one of
whom is assigned to each district. The physicians are re-

Dc_rtmcnt of Nca#h. 57
quired to devote their exclusiv'e professional services to the
care of the indigent sick, and are not allowed to engage in
private practice for gain. An enormous charity has been
initiated, and about 3o,ooo cases are annually treated with
medicines, furnished gratis. This beneficent work is accomplished
at a small outlay, and situated as we are, with a
larger proportion of population of the colored race, characterized
as they are by improvidence, a pressing want is filled.
There is a druggist appointed in each district, living, as the
physicians are required to do, in tile territory assigned ; offices
and places of business advertised by placards and public 11orice.
These physicians also attend many of the public institutions,
the Main Stationhouse, Alms House and Old Folks
Home.
SANITARY INSPECTION.
An inspector is now annually elected and assigned to each
health district. They are required to visit 5o premises
each day, house to house, and overlook the removal of
garbage, besides superintending the cleaning of the gutters,
sand pits, and general cleaning of the streets and markets.
They are required to make each day at I2 o'clock at this
office a written report, specifying all places requiring
attention, imperfec _- drainage, overfilled vaults, low lots,
etc., etc.
INTERMENTS.
An entire new system as to interments was made obligatory
in 188o. A proper certificate of death is raade by the
attending physician which is sent to the Registrar's office,
whereupon a permit is issued for burial, and no burial can
take place without a permit ; this is rigidly enforced, thus
ensuring an early notice of all diseases which may prove
fatal; no church funeral being allowed in contagious cases,
these being required to be transported only in licensed
hearses. By a special Act of tl_e General Assembly, all
cemeteries and burial places within two miles of the city
8

58 ._[ad,or Courtcnaf s .4 nnual Review.
are "under the jurisdiction of the municipal health board.
Within the city limits th.e health detective is required to
attend all funerals, and in no instance is more than one
body allowed to be buried in agrave, which must be six
feet deep.
VAULTS.
This never ceasing nuisance is still here, polluting our
soil and emitting noisome and unhealthy odors. Effort
has been made during the past 8yearsto awaken thecommunitytoarealizing
sense of these nuisances. The City
Registrar as early as December, I88o, as soon as the Memphissystem
was in a working condition, was ordered to
visit that city and inspect the Waring separate water conduit
of sewerage. A full report is on record of this visit
and inspection confirming the signal success of the enterprise,
which at this date has 7 years of successful fulfillment.
Subsequently Col. Geo. E. War{ng, the distinguished sanitary
engineer, under whose inspiration and direction the
pipes were Iaid in Y[emphis, was invited to Charleston, and
laid before a public meeting, held in the City Hall, a
detailed plan for the water conduit of sewerage for Charleston.
No awakening sense was aroused; indifference and
apathy was manifested, and the vaults are here to-day, as a
century ago, foul and unclean. The emptying however of
these vaults has been modified, no carts being used as formerly
for the removal; in place of the nightly horrible removaI
in lily adapted carts, dropping their disgusting contents,
good tight fitting barrels, with rubber fittings, are
required, and these are inspected every month. Thfsremoval
now takes place during the day and the nuisance is
materialIy lessened, disinfectants being used.
SCAVENGERING.
Tile garbage removal is effected in a satisfactory manner,
about 30 carts are employed and during the forenoon these
carts take away the garbage, generally finishing their work
by noon ; this is done under the supervision of the Sanitary
)

Department of I-,reaIt/l. 59
Inspectors. An immense deal of drainage has been done
during the past 8 years, and all drains where foul have been
cleaned out. An enormous amount of filling also has been
done in the various low place.; of the city, notable the
raising of the level from z to 2 feet in Gadsdenboro, this beii_g
carried out by the layh_gof a special railroad track and
hauling clean sand from the 9 mile hill. A great change
has been made in this locality by these measures. It has
been the policy and practice of the last administration to
send the City Registrar each year to attend the meetings of
the American Public Health Association, which are annu-
ally held, and at which meetings papers on sanitary matters
are read and discussed.
It has resulted in the publication by that officer of a resumd
of the proceedings affording the citizens of Charleston
an opportunity of keepin_abreast of the most recent
researches on sanitary topics, and it has further subserved
the end oiaffording the opportunity to the Health Officer
of the city of becoming acquainl:ed with the practical
working and progress of sanitation.
In conclusion, we would say that the utmost care has been
taken each year in tabulating the vital" statistics, and for the
year ending December 3_, I887 there is afforded a table
showing the pcrvalc_lce of zymotic diseases and consumption
since I866. It will be seen that typhoid fever, so often the
result of imperfect sanitation, is not on the increase. Ratio
of mortality among the white race is fairly good, and the ratio
among the colored race has been the reverse. This is due to
the influx from a large surrounding population of colored
people who came to the city for medical relief, and also to
the recog,_ized improvidence of the colored race. An examination
ot the decade from I85O to I86o.will showa
mortality among tl_c white and colored about equal. Since
the freedom of the negro race, the fostering care of the
white being removed, we find an enormous increase in the
death rate among the negro race.
H. B. HORLBECK, M. D.,
City ]_e_islrar.

60 dg[a3,or Courtenajl's A1znual Review.
REPORT OF CITY REGISTRAR FOR YEAR I887.
ClTY OF CIIARLESTON, DEPARTMENT OF I-IEALTH, !
January ist, I888.
"_lbtile Holeorable t/ze 3[_u,or aJzd Aldermela oi CilarZesto_a."
GENTLEMEN--I have the honor to submit my annual
report, conveying the tablesof vital statistics and meteorological
observations, with such procedures of this Depart.
ment as have been undertaken for the benefit of the general
health of the city, for the year I887.
The good health of the city has continued ; there have been
no epidemics eveu of a mild character, and there have been
fewer deaths among the white as well as among thecolored
race, this together with freedom from our dreaded scourge,
yellow feve,', gives us cause for congratulation.
The epidemic of yellow fever at Key West breaking out
in the early Summer caused the liveliest apprehension, but
owing doubtless to the excellent precautionary measures no
spread to the U. S. occurred ; the epidemic at Tampa commencing
in October being believed to have originated from
afresh source o{in_ection. The immediate contiguity of
the Southern end of the Florida peninsula to the ever-infectedport
of Havana, and the long trade interchanges of
daily occurrence with that port, as thesegar industries of
Southern Florida continue to grow, will readily account
for the arrival of the initiatory germ to bring into active existence
the terrible pestilence. Constant supervision was
exercised and a close lookout kept on every possible
source of introduction. The greatest precautions were taken
in Florida andasystem of tickets improvised for travel in
that locality, identifying the individual as being free from
recent contact with infection. Apersonal inspection was
made by the City Registrar in October as far South as
Sanford, and he was convinced that the greatest vigilance was
being exercised to avoid the spread of the disease.
Thedifl'erence in the number of deaths among thecolored
race is very marked between [886 and '87, there being
imHi '' " ......... I_ II I
L

Dclbartmcnt of Hea#/t. 6I
280 fewer ill 1887; among the whites the difference is less,
being 22.
The difference among the colored race as to '86 and '87
does not appear to be due to any special disease or form of
diseases, but to a generally decreased mortality. Some diseases
are however noticeable--2o less trismus nascentium, 19
less scrofula, 26 less dentition, 31 less marasmus, 25 less
whooping cough, IO less tetanus, 2I less malariai fever;
typhoid fever; consumption, and diarrhceral diseases about
the same. Attention is called, to those interested, to the ve,'y
carefully prepared table of certain diseases, mostly zymotic,
among the white and black, comparative from I865 to 1887
inclusive, so that it will be an easy matter to see at a glance
the years and how many were affected wheu we have suffered
from serious epidemics. It will be seen what deadly
havoc consumption causes every year--an average of nearly
2oo deaths a year among the colored race for the past lO
years, and about 57 among the whites.
QUARANTINE.
The year at the quarantine station as regards diseases has
been uneventful except in good fortune. No deaths, no diseases,
no arrivals of pestiienceat the Station, although we
have had constant communication with Southern Europe,
which 15as been ravaged with cholera. "vVhile we are having
constant i_tercourse, the utmost precautions are taken,
and orders were given duritlg the season forbidding the
Pilots from crossing the Bar with vessels from directIyinfected
cholera ports, the directions being to send them to
Sapelo Refuge Quarantine Station for purification and disinfection
before they could be permitted up to our phosphate
works. All vessels arriving from Sicily with sulphur were
handled with the utmost care; they were fumigated and
disinfected before coming up to deliver their cargoes, and
the least communication possible held with the vessel and
crew, and afterwards they were towed back to quarantine,
and the vesselthorou_hly cleaned and again disinfected.

62 HaTor Courteuay's Annua[ Rez,_cTo.
Dr. Lebby, quarantine officer, cootinues to exercise all pos-
sible care, as the Board of Health determines the procedures.
The ScceHzda Emil/a, from Brazil, arrived in May last,
with two cases of yellow fever. She was at once ordered to
Sapelo before crossing the bar. Too much cannot be said
as to tile necessity of equipping permanently Sapelo Refuge
Qtlarantine Station. It is tile key-hold of tile quarantine
situation, and affords a ready s,,)lution of our difficulties ; it
is a sort of outer maritime barrier or defence, and affords an
opportunity for preparatory cleansing aud disinfection with-
out danger of dangerous contact. The effortwill be made
in Congress to have this place properly and permanently
equipped with modern scientific appliances, and it is hoped
that every exertion will be made to have these efforts made
successful.
The very commodious and convenient dwelling house for
tile quarantine officer has been finished, and is occupied by
him.
There have been greater facilities erected during the year
as to handling ballast--a steam winch and tramway with
suitable cars afforded, and it is now possible to take out
200 tons in tl_e working day.
There were 23_ arrivals at quarantine during I88 7 :
Steamships ................... 59 Schooners ................... 49
B_rks ......................... 110 Steam Dredge ............ , ..... 1
Brigs ......................... 12
From the following ports:
Great Brittdn ................. 23 Belgium'. ..................... 1
(}ermany ...................... 20 Norway ....................... 1
]:_r_mee ........................ 4 Aseension Islands .............. 1
Sicily ....................... 20 .N'ow'oSeotie_.................... 1
3Iadei_'a ..................... _I Netherlands ...................
South Ameriea ................ 10 A _t'iea......................... 1
West lndies .... _............... 6;} 0_pe de Verde ................. 1
Cog>lwise................... 70 (J_lnad'_...................... 4
][olland ....................... 5 ---
Spain ....................... 1 Tott_l.................. _31

" Dc_artment of 7gealth. 63
DISINFECTION.
The usual disinfection of the various places when needed,
was practiced from May to October, and abundant supplies
afforded to any and all who asked for such supplies as they
wanted. Many thousands were supplied.
Mr. Nipson, the Health Detectfve, has been active in vis-
iting all cases of infectious or contag!ous disease reported,
and the premises cleansed anti proper disinfection and fumigation
practiced. Ninety-five houses have been fumigated,
and two hundred and forty premises visited, and carbolic
acid and copperas solution and chloride of lime furnished.
Every effort will be continued to be made by the Health
Department to afford prompt assistance in every case of
contagious and infectious disease. We:cordially invite tI:e
co-operation of the Medical profession to assist by quick
information.
CITY BURIALS.
Interments were made within the city limits during the
year I887 at the following burial grounds :
WIIITES.
St. Philip's Church ............................................... 14
St. 3Iiehael's Church ............................................. 4
First l;aptist Chmxh ............................................... 6
First Prest_yterian Church ........................................... :_
Bethel Church .................................................... 7
Trinity Church ............................................... 11
Cirenl,,r (lhul'el-i .................................................. 2
St. ,Iohn's Chapel ................................................. 16
Seeond Presbyterian Church ........................................ 12
Wentworth stree_ Lutheran Church ................................ 3
St. Peter's Church .................................. .............. 1
St. Pt_triek's Church .............................................. 1
St. Paul's Church .................................................. 2
St. Mary's (.hare _................................................ 2
Unitarian (Ohureh ............................ "..................... 2
K. K. Beth Elohim ................................................ 11
K. K. Beth l_'lohim, Hanover street ................................... 1
Total.................................................... 98

64 A:ayor Cour:enay's Ann.a! Review.
COLORI_D.
Field of Rest .................................................. 59
Ephr'_t ........................................................... 13
Colored Lutheran ................................................ 27
Colored Catholic ................................................ 16
BapHst Cemetery, Line street ........................................ 2
Bathsheba ....................................................... 7
Calvary Episeol:ml .............................................. 14
Colored Scotch .................................................. 12
Nacphelia ...................................................... 4
Total ............................. 154
SUMMARY.
Total White ....................................... 98
Total Colored ..................................... 154
252
Public Cemetery Ashley River, Ward 1_.. o .......... .330
To_al............................................ 582
SCAVENGERING.
The removal of the garbage of the city in the methods as
applied, affords a most satisfactory manner of relieving in a
prompt and efficient way what might be a dangerous nuisance.
The control absolute by the city ownership permits com-
plete direction, and during the summer months the very
earliest hours of the day are utilized to carry away from the
city the rapidly decomposing organic matter necessarily ac-
cruing. A still further facility should be afforded, and that
is the procuring two or more garbage destroyers, placed in
convenient places, to which, by short hauls, the material
could be carried and burned up in a rapid and economical
way. It is more than probable that in the near future all
cities who value cleanliness and expeditious removal of filthy
waste, will afford these facilities. There are a number
in use, and already improvements are being effected.
This is a matter worthy of your consideration.

Department of Health. 65
Number of loads of garbage removed in I887, in each
month :
January ................... 2,180 August, .................... 3,027
February ................... 2,090 Sept, ember .................. 2,431
Mi_reh ..................... 2,40'5 October .................... 2,205
April ....................... 1,920 November .................. 2,287
May ........................ 1,93,5 December .................. 2,_90
June ........................ 2,461
July ........................ 2,81'5 To_M .................. 28,146
NIGHT SOIL.
The pestiferous pollutin_ privy is still a constant reproach
to the city. Between eight and ten thousand of these unclean-hopelessly
unclean--p/aces still render life unbearable
to those whose misfortune requires a proximity. There
is no discussion in the matter--there is the necessity to afford
some relief. Every year I report so many vaults cleaned.
When it is considered what a filthy nuisance necessarily attends
these removals by the best methods, it would seem
manifest, With the improvements and simplicity in watercarriage,
that the thing should be done ; but a strange apathy
seems to occur in the matter, and an evil so long borne
seems to be the correct thing--as it has gone on for so many
years. When one visits a modern city, and contrasts the
conveniences 'afforded, one realizes how very far behind the
age in which we live we are content to remain. It ._hall be
the effort of this department to lighten the evil by constant
examination and immediate removal.
There were I886 privy vaults cleaned in I887.
CITY DISPENSARY SERVICE.
It is gratifying to leave so hopeless a matter as the last
referred to, and call to your attention the immense charity
that is being afforded in the city to the entirely helpless. It
is very true that among the very many who receive this
charity there probably are a good many who should not do
9

66 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
so ; but it is a difficult task, not always easy of solution, to
winnow out the undeserving.
Thousands and thousands of the city sick poor receive
medical attention and medicament free of charge. The records
as afforded this office by the City Dispensary Physicians,
are a gratifying evidence of how well the service is
being conducted. It will be seen by reference to the tables
that in the four Health Districts there have been 26,829
cases treated, and this has been done at a comparatively
small cost.
During the year there were dispensed 23,I43 prescriptions
as follows :
Health Distriet No. 1 ......... 7,058 [ HeMth District No. 3 ......... 4,927
Health District No. 2......... 5,870 I Health District No. 4 ......... 5,798
FINANCIAL.
City Dispensary Physicians' salaries .......................... $ 4,000.00
Keep of four horses ...................................... 600.00
Rent of four offices ...................................... 400.00
Salary of City Registrar .................................. 2,000.00
City Dispensary Druggists and supplies for Dispensary ......... 3,000.00
Salary of Clerk to Registrar ................................ 7'20.00
Salaries of four Sanitary Inspectors .......................... 2,400.00
Salary Health Detective and keep of horse .................... 960.00
Telephones ............................................. 185.00
Disinfecting Department .................................... 1,000.00
Miscellaneous, annual report, books of record, library books, prescription
books and blanks, stationery, printing, furniture, &e. 723.58
A mount expended ................................. $15,988.58
Unexpended balance ............................... 1l. 42
Appropriation ..................................... $16,000.00
Respectfully submitted,
H. B. HORLBECK, M. D.,
Cily Registrar and Secretary Board of IJea/th.

Department of Health. 67
MORTUARY STATISTICS.
REPORT OF THE NUMBER OF DEATHS IN THE CITY OF
CHARLESFON IN EACH MONTH, FOR THE YEAR I887 .
WHITES.
•1_11 Jl _ !_
CAusEs oF .[ I
I'
Abscess ...................... .. ! 1
Alcoholism ......................... ]. 5
Amputation ........................ I" "]" 1
Am_emia ............................
Anasarea • ........................
Anenr]sln Aorta .....................
I "l"
I.... i
:.. !.
4
1
1
Allgilla .Peetoris ................... J'" I 2
Aorta,
Apoplexy
Disease
.....................
of .....................
1 26
1
_theroma ......................... i .... 1
Bowels, Inflammation of. I 1
Brain, Congestion of. ...........
...............
i" " "
i'"
6
1
Brain, Inflammation of ..............
Brain, Softening of ....................
Bronchitis ........................
i'"
I 1
3
7
Bronchitis, Capillary ................... 7
Cachexla ............................. 1
Cancer. ............................. 1. 4
Cancer, Uteri .......................
Chloroform, Inhalation .......
l" "
_..
2
1
Cholera Infantnm ................ [.. 15
Cholera Morbus ...... , ............... : 1
r "
Congestive
"
Chill .....................
i
I. • 2
Consumption
Conwflsions
.....................
.........................
I 2
i.._
46
5
Convulsions, Puerperal ............... (" •I 1
Coxalgia ........................... ] i 1
Croup ............................... :.. ] 4
Croup, Membranous ................... [ 3
Cynanehe
Dentition.
Traehealis .............. 1 1
16
Diarrh+a ........................... 14
Diphtheria .......................... 18
Dropsy ............................. [ 8
Dropsy, Cardiac ................... ] 1
Dropsy, IIepatic ....................
D)FseI[tery ........................
Eudoearditis ........................ I
1
10
1
Entero Colitis ...................... 7
Enteremphraxis ......................
Enteritis ............................ I
1
7
Erys pelas .......
,_
t_ever, Cal,arrhal
• ........
....................
' 11
! *
i
2
1
Fever,
Fever,
Intermittent ..................
Malarial ......................
[.. ]
I.. [
1
7

68 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
DEATHS IN THE CITY OF CHARLESTON--(CONTINUED).
CAVSES
WIHTES.
Fever, Puerperal... 2
Fever, Typhoid.. 13
Gastritis 5
Gastro Enteritis 7
Heart, Disease of'. 33
Hemiplegia. 2 1
Hernia, Strangul'_led, 1
Hydrocephalus.. '_
Hydrothorax ....................... 1
Insanity 1
Jaundice 1
Kidney, Bright's Disease of.. 9
Kidney, Inflammation of.. 10
Laryngitis ........................ 1
Leucocythemia .................. 1
Liver, Cirrhosis of ................ '1 8
Liver, (!ongestion of ..... 2
Liver, Inflammation of ............... 9
Imngs, Congestion oi_............... 11
Lungs, Haemorrhage ..... 1
Marasmus • • 20
Measles ............................. 8
Meningitis • • 5
Meningitis, Cerebro Spinal. .. 2
Myelitis.. 2
Neuras{,henia ....................... 1
Ohl Age ........................... "6 31
Ovari()tomy .......................... 1
Paralysis .......................... 1 20
Parturition ...................... 9
Pericarditis ......................... 3
Peritonitis .......................... 6
Pleuritis ............................. 2
Pneumonia ...................... 6 27
Purpura Haemorrh ................... 1
Rheumatism ........................ 3
Ruptm'e, A1)d. Aorta ................ 1
Scrofula ........................ 1
Septiccemia ...................... 5
Stricture Urethra .................. 1
Sunstroke .......................... 4
Trismus Nascentium ................ li. 8
Tetanus Tuberculosis ........................... .......................... 1..:_: 1i. i 101

Del)artment of Health. 69
DEATHS IN TrIE CITY OF CHARLESTON--(CONTINUED).
WHITES.
(_AUSES OP DEATII. J _ I _ i_J _ _ _;
, ' ! bi 7 -
_',,,no, ................................ 1.......... I...... I"_
Tm,,o,' Ute,'us .................... ¢..I. lf..¢..I..[..I..i..I../..I.. I 1
Ulcer Stomach ................... I-. : i ......... I • "" ! 1
Ui'amfi_ ......................... ] 1 .... [ .i 1
Whooping Cough ................. ["[" "'["[ ...... I"] 1i"i'" : [ 1

7 ° Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
DEATHSIN THECITYOFCHARLESTON--(CONTINUED).
BLACKS AND COLORED.
Albun_innria Absce_s ..................... .......... I,.. I [ "i 11...I. .. ..... _ 21
Aleohohsln
•
...............
,
1!
i
..
"1 '
17
.[-*
2
1
.............. i '
A n'emia
Anasarca
...............
...............
i" " "i
I'"!
........
'_..[ 2i.
i. 1
9
Aneurism Aort_ .........
Apoplexy ................
Asthma ....................
•
Bowels, Inflammatmn of.
I..........
, 2
I [
I
1
.
: 4!...I
121...I
1 . .I II
1
17
7
7
Brain, Congestion of ...... 21 11l... I 17
Br_in, Softening of ........ .....,
4
Bronchitis .............. : :i 2;,
Bronchitis, Capillary ...... 1 9
Burn ..................
Cancer ................
i. •
i..
3
5
C_mc_% Liver ........... I" " 1
Cancer, Penis ........... I' 1
Cancer, Stomach ......... 1
Cancer, Uterus ............
Caehexia, MahtriM ........
• , -
Canes, Spree ............
t
I"
1
3
1
Choler_ Infantmn .......... 43
Cholera Morbus
Colic ...................
...........
I.
3
1
Colic_ l'ictonum .......... I- 1
Colitis ..................
Congestive Chili .........
I"
!.
2
Consmnption
Convnisions
...........
.............
i 1,
! 1 Bi 6
198
44
C _ollvttlSlOtlS, " Puerperal ....... I
5
Croup ................. I • • 5
Croup, Membrmmus ...... i 1 3
Debility Dentition ................. ...............
I)iarrhma ..............
i i 392
42
Diphtheria ............. 2
I)ropsy ................ 29
Dropsy, Cardiac .............. , 1
Dropsy, IIepatic ........ 1 1i 7
Dropsy, Renal ' 1
Dysentery
.........
..............
" "I"
3
"il
22
Elephantiasis
Enteremphraxis
...........
......... i
_
ii
- 1
16
Enteritis. gntero Colitis
............
.............. "2 6i 2i _' '_ "3... i
2 2_
.._! 13
Epilepsy ................. 11 3[ 8
Erysipelas ............... i "" iii iii ...! 1

Department of Health. 7I
DEATHS IN TIIE CITY OF CHARLEST()N--(CONTINUED).
BLACKS AND COLORED.
i l
Fever, Catarrhal ............ i 1. .....
Fever, Continued ......... i...].._ 1. 1 1 1
Fever, Gastric ............ 1
Fever, Pnerl)eral ............ ..; 1 1...i. • " _ '
Fever,
Fever,
Remittent .......
Typhoid ...........
[..i ....
1, 1
.-;
1_ 3,
.:
.
_
2 2
1 .... '...i
5 ;3..[ 4i 33
i 1 1 `2 2 1] 11 l0
Gastro
Heart,
Enterms
Diseaseof
..........
Hemiplegia .............
i"
6
.I..,..
7
,..,.
3'
.....
3 6j
......
1 0
"-l"
L'
";.
') 6i
1!'""
3_
• 1 _ _ i
6_
}5"{lro_ephah, s........... )_" " "'i 1 . . .. 1;...
Hydrothorax ........... I...,..!..i..!...! ........ i ll...[ 2
Kidney, BrighPs Disease..
Intussusception Kidn@,lnflammationof.. ............
Laryngeal Phthsis.
li'" I..
[..i- .'.
.i.. "l _i I i .......
i -.)] . 1,..i!..i... _ "''"I
...... [
115
1
Laryngitis ....
Liver, Cirrhosis of ....... !. 3
Liver, Inflammation of .... 12
Liver, Congestion of ......... _, "i!" 2 .... 3
Lungs, Imngs, Abscess Congestionof ...... of .... "6i'_1J'4i" ]]"it 1 ' " "i"i "'i i 272
Lungs, LvmphaIagitis Hmmorrhage . _,....... ...... li....f..!...! '. . i. ,. I" 11 '" 1 "i -I1 -1
...I ,5 l
Marasmus ............. }i','}"_}i'3i'i6 ' 1_ "5".,,_-,_'31 41 70
Measles Meningitis .................. .............. i.ii..!., i 4! 1_ 1. 2 2 115
. .i .... 1
• ..... !'"i i " -::"-
Netritis ................ - I "" i ..... I 1
..... 12i;iili i
"i_ _" .... _i_6i
1
li ..... i. -., i
Old Neurosthenia Age... ...............
Orehitis ..................
6 5"5
i
8i
i
7'/
1
Paralysis ................ "'6"'_"i!'h!:[:l- 2 1' 3, 4'2 21 22
Parturition .............. 1 i I" iI.... .I 1[ 2..! 31 10
Peritonitis. .._ .11 [ .... 1
.............
Pneumonia ............. i 1 2 71
Puerperal Mania ........... ::l ' :i 1. 1
Py_emia Pyothorax ................ ............... ii i" ,. .. [ 2.. '21
I_eetum, Rheumatism Intlammation ............. of.. 'i "_1"_ "" 14

72 Mayor Courtenajs Annual Review.
DEATttS IN THE CITY OF CIIARLESTON--(CONTINUED).
BLACKS AN]) COLORED.
CAUSESOF DI,:a'ru. _ _':
Rui)ture
scrohlla
,
.................
Intestines ........
Septica_mia ..............
/ "_
1!'i
"
/
" 11
[
I"'!"'i 8
l i...
4 ..... 8
2 1
.., I
1
11
11
1
20
1
9
Syphilis, Cong ......... i. 13
................ : i
T_t_nu_ ................ I ..... 5
Stricture, Trismus Nascentium Urethra... ...... i: i7i 6 .... ..ll::'i "'_.. "4]";i 8'2 2
Tuberculosis ........... 21 5! 5: 49
Ulcer, Stomach ........... I" 1
Ura_mia................. I 4
Uterine [b_,morrhage ..... !. . 2
w,,oo_,,_ ooo_,_ .........i : :::"-::i ..... 'I--i-- _
Totals ........... J100i94 103 124142 140 124!105197q13] 1,316
__88'7. Totals.
'White. Colored,
Accident ............... 9 9 18
Ho uicide .............. 4
Premature ........................................ _-. I 5 5
Total_ .............................. --Z-, ;_ -sT
Undeveloped..
Suicide ....... =================================== 7 .... 5½" 491

Department of Health. 73
MARRIAGES--IS8 7.
January ........................................ r 16 26 42
February .......................................... 16 22 38
March ........................................... 13 23 36
April ............................................ 19 20 39
May .......................................... 14 18 32
June .......................................... I 10 16 26
July .............................................. 8 13 21
August ............................................ 8 18 26
September ...................................... 8 24 32
October .......................................... , 20 37
November ..................................... 21 21 42
December ........................................ 8 27 35
Totals +1-_ 248 406
................................... i
BIRTI-IS-- 188 7 .
Morass. _
I
January ....... 23 68 91
February;;::;:::;:::;;::i;;::;;::::::: .... :::2:.. J 54 74 128
March ......................................... 36 54 90
April ............................................ 34 50 84
May.. 42 59 101
June ............................................ 19 67 86
July. ....................................... i 453567 102
August ....................................... I 76 121
September ......................................... _L 41 69 110
October ....................................... 40 88 128
November ................................... 48 88 136
December ........................................ 47 100 147
464 860 1324
Still Births .................................... 30 148 178
Totals ................................. 494 1008 1502
1
................... 6__ 7= 13 .
Including Twins .................................
IO

74 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review•
NUMBER OF DEATHS, WITH AGES, IN EACH MONTtI FOR
THE YEAR 188 7.
WHITE.
15} 14 4_ 61 86
From to years
•
....... 42 [I
2 _ 11 11 16
F,.om_to'Oyears ....... _/.'i_ _1 2_..8o
From 10 20 to t,o gO 80 years. years .... . . I 2 4| 2 8 5] 49
From 30 to 40 years .... _ 2 4/ 2' 8/ 6i _' 6 50
From
From
40 to 50 years...
50 to 60years...
5 2
5
3
11
55
4 4
8
2
549
554
" i 8/ 3[ 3/ 91 7 6 62
From 60 to 70 years.. 31 , 6', 2/ 71+ 4 8 62
From 70 toS0years... |..] 1 1 21
2 4
From 90 to 100 years.. • '_ _ t"'r I - -- ---
Tota_.......... _ il_ 4sl_/-;_l_l-;_ [4_54o
NUMBER OF DEATHS, WITH AGES, IN EACH MONT[1.
COLORED.
A_Es. _ _._ ;. g _
i::: 6 _ 1 . 29/_5i2_,_s20_7_Oll:)S
Under 1 year of age, 2312 15 3o 8036
1 t_) 5 years.,.
&l_ gO _
From 5 to 10 years ......
_ _/_/__ _i__/_'_0
From
From
From
2010to to 2030.5"ears.....
years ....
30 to 40 years...
169 69138
612/ 16
6/,o101, 87] 1691,111151910 '7'6112 [38160112
'9 718] 1010 7' 919} 8/ 116
s ,()1 6 _ 6! o 71 t0/_00
From 40 tO 50 years .... 514/ 41_
From 50 to 60 years .... 5' 2/ 45 66 6[8] 8[l 6[ 41 6/v

Department of tiealtk. 75
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT AS TO SEX, IN EACH MONTH.
WlUTE. COLOgED ] Totals.
MO_IIs. " ilWhige &
/ -- --f --
January .......... "1--I 19 .... 17 36 J 48 ,52 100 136
_alOo' I l_1011lalC° To,ILls. ]M,de.[ Female. Totals.il Colored.
February .......... 15 12 } 27 [J 45 49 94 [ 121
M_rch ............. 22 22 44 J 83 51 84 128
April ........... I 27 21 48 [ 46 44 90 ! 138
M,'_,y............... 23 28 41 ! 45 58 103 i_ 144
June ............. I 26 27 53 i 67 57 124 177
J_fl_i .............. 28 31 59 I 65 77 142 201
Auttust .......... 36 25 61 J 65 75 140 201
September .......... 26 lb 39 60 64 124 163
October ........... f 18 33 51 f 39 66 I05 156
November .......... 18 24 42! 48 49 97 139
December. ......... 24 24 48 i 56 57 113 161
Totals ........ L 282 267 549 JJ617 i 609 l_H6 1865

7 6 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Report.
NUMBER Of" DFATHS IN EACH MONTH, WITH PLACE OF
NATIVITY, I887 .
WHITES.
City of Charleston ...... 18 261 23 38 19 25] 21 28 290
South Carolina ......... 8 III 18 ,5 6 9 8 10 107
Alabama. ............. 1 1
Florida ................ ii .. iii ii "i 1
Georgia ............. 1 3 ]......... 7
Indiana ..................... 1] l
i
Maine .............. 1 I 2
Massachusetts
New Jersey
..........
.......... 1
'i! :: 'i:::
..I I ...........
:: ::: 3
3
Illinois NewYork .................. .................... , ....... If 1 ... 1 1... .. ' t 14
North Carolina ........ 1 11 ..... I ..... 1L 6
Pennsylvania ......... 1 ...... 1 1] 3
Rhode Ishmd .................... 3
Tennessee ................ I I ...... 1
Virginia .............
Europe ................... 1
France ................ ,...
Germany ................. , 2
Ireland .............. 3i 3
Italy ... [...
Madeira .............. i l...
Norway ............... ,...
Nova Scotia ..........
Denmark ..............
Philipine Islands .......
Portugal ............
Scotland ...........
Spain .................
Wales ................
West Indies. ..
Totals 44 48 ! 41i 53
BLACK: AND COLORED,
City of Charlest

Department of Health. 77
NUMBER OF DEATHS IN EACH WARD IN EACH MONTH,
I887.
WHITES.
WA_._. ._ _ _ "_
No. _...:: _; _1 21 Gr 3 '-'i 4_
No. 6. 6 _ 2! 4[ 81 2 5] 55
No. 5.::i: 7.... z3 ! _1 '_ a s 4"_
No. 3! 41 ,5 i_
, ' 3 _l 49
No. 10 ..... 4! 3 3[ 3[ 4! 3[ 5 39
lqo. 11 .... ' 2i 11 2 i i 2: 4 i
I______, /%--a_- as
rot_ "i _6 _7 441 _ , I
BLACKS AND COLORED.
No. 2... 7 8 6] 83
No. 4.... 15 1 11 2 1 25i 18 / ] 187
No. I%. 5.... 6.... 178 6711 1 17 14! _)8¢ 6J7'9696
No.
_No.
7...
8.....
_ 7
8 lq
1
13 1 1 10] 111 117106
No. 10.,.
Xo._.....
_1.,.::
_ _o
s
i
_ a,
41
_
s! , .
4I ss
9:)
No. _ 9[ 8]' 111 _ 1 9 ,i 17 119
124! 1059 _7-6
Totals...i'_ "-_'-_0-_/--1 1; 140' --i--i-- -_3 l/

78 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
TABLE SttOWING THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES TREATED,
AND OF DEATHS, IN THE CITY HOSPITAL AND HEALTH
DISTRICTS DURING EACH QUARTER, [887.
"WHITES. BLACKS & COLORED.
Q_AR'r_E_.IN_. t Q_ARTE_ENm_.
CASES TREATED. _
c_i_.osp_tal ............... 107,_;,_7i +_l+.!15+,t (_,_ _0,_°+_5+7°_
Health
District,
No. 1 / 452,+,456 t3°_ 1746111013_4> 113181177 4929i
406 6675
Health District, No. 2 ......
'/
/ 95
661
:
79 61 3041 81_2 95219%
q
It"1651
342011 372¢
ltealth District, No. 3 ...... ]°324 069] 819 668 4880'2053 1124 8101 632 46191 9499
ll[ealth District, No. 4 ...... :._32 2%tI 318 254 1_.ff3i]133 155i 1750 1287 5928: 70,_1
Totals ................ _ _i_/_-_+_!_;_1_/_- ,_5__7°_+
DEATHS.
City Hospital ............... 7 25 231 +_5! 118
Health Distri(.t+ No. 1 ...... o _°3 051 41 20 109 i 127
lfealth District, No. 2 ...... 0 18 24] _B 14 891 89
.+ 74
+5
Health District, No. 3 .... 33 11! 9 i 6;] 37[ 45 29 1 2t8
Totals ................. _5i_ _I_I ,1_,+5 i1_6, _
Health District, No. 4 ..... 3 2 3' 13 35 48 71 31 _188i 201 783
2

Department oi HeaZtk. 79
TOTAL MORTALI'rY 1887--WHITES , BLACKS AND COLORED.
_ __1
i I [
_ale_, Wl,_to ..........Ll:,,1522127123!26_8136I261__8_4282
lelnales White ' 17 12 L 22 21 18 27 _1 25 13
........ __1........ ,___I__,_:_3_2L_2i_22 _6_
Tot,al White........ 36 27 44 48! 41153 59 611;J9 51i 42 48 549
Ma]es, Black & (,olored. I 48 i 45 I 33 I 461i 45 I 67 65 i_ 65! I' 60 39148 I 56
Fe,,lales, Blaek&C()h)red 52 49 511 44 58 57 77i 75] 64 66 49 5, 617
......... ---! .... 1 131_
TotalBla(d_&Coloredl00:94 84] 699',, 90,103,124142,1;124 _i_
Estiniated Population--Whites, 27,605; Blacks and Colored, 32,540; Tot.ld,
60,145. Proportion of Deaths--Whites, 1 in 50; Blacks and Colored, 1
in 24; TotM Population, 1 in 32.
Ratlo per 1000 in the year--Whites ................... 19. ,52
........ Blacks and Colored ........ 40.40
" " .... Total ..................... 31.00
COMPARATIVE MORTALITY.
YEARS. .-_
WHITE_ BLACKS _5 COLOI_ED.
1887 ........................ 27.605 549 1 in 50 i 32,540 1,31611 in 24
1886 ....................... 2_;6()5 i 571 1 in 45! 32,540 1,596!1 in 20
1885 ...................... 27,6051 487.1 in 56 32,540 1,250 1in 26
1884 ........................ 25,000 592 1 in 42 i 27,286 1,21511in 22
1883 ..................... 25,000 i 540!1 in 46!127 286 1,285 1 in 21
1882 ....................... 25,0001 554 I in 45 !27 2861 1,1721 in 23
1881. 22,713 651 l in 34i 27,2861 1,292;lin 21
1880 ........................ 22,713 50011 in 451 27,256! 1,12111 in 24
1579 22,713 i 51711 in 4'_! 27,2861 1,075 1 in 25
1878.1111111111111"'111111111":22,713, 514ilin47 32,012 1,1251in28

80 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
LONGEVITY.
The following list embraces the names of residents of
Charleston dying at file age of eighty and upwards, during
the year I887 :
WHITE.
DATE OF DEATg. AGE--YRs.
January 1st--Joseph Chamberlain .................................. 81
January 8th--Sarah Fisher ......................................... 86
Janu'_ry 21st--Mary F. Davie ...................................... 85
Febru:_ry lSth--Robert Lebby, M. D .............................. 81
March 71h--Mrs. M. Mumfingham ..................................... 89
March 7tli Mrs. Sarah S. Goldsmith ............................... 83
March 8th--James Kenny .......................................... 83
March 11th--Henry A. Middleton .................................. 94
March 15th--Catharine Grillln ................................... 88
April 3d--Margaret Pritchard. ..................................... 80
April 15th--Mary R. Downey ....................................... 81
April 29th--Margaret Kate Nichols .................................. 80
M_y lst--Swrali Smith Howe ...................................... 90
May 3d--Edward Walsh ............................................ 89
July 13th--Mrs. Eliza Y. Tupper ..................................... 87
July 15th--John George Hamfl ................... . .............. 85
August 2d--Caroline Peters ........................................... 86
August 14th--Sister M. Allemong. ............................. 87
August 18Lh--IIelener R. Molenhauer ................................. 85
August 1%h--W'alter Bray .......................................... 81
Augus_ 23d--Daniel Woods ......................................... 84
September 12th--W. H. McDonald ................................ 84
September 6th--Wm. Aiken ........................................ 81
November 7th--Mary V. DeLearmonl .............................. 85
December 5t,h--Jno. S. Bird, Sr ................................... 93
December 27th--Geo. H. Ingrain ................................. 83
December 9th--M. J. Keast ...................... • ................ 9B
December 14th--Sarah Ker ......................................... 83
COLORED.
January 9th--Lydia Nelson ......................................... 80
January llth--MaTtha Taylor ....................................... 80
January llth--Rose Capers ..................................... 80
Jannary llth--Kent Porcher ......................................... 90
January 14th--Maria Watson ..................................... 85
January 15th--Amelia Waring ...................................... 95
Ja nuar y 25th--Guy Hamilton ..................................... ,85

Department of Health. 8[
January 3l,%--Anna Buffer ....................................... 85
February lst--Georgc Culbert ..................................... 85
February 2d--Sarah Manigault ...................................... 85
February 4th--G. Stephen McLean .................................. 86
February 5th--Geo. Goverly .......................................... 90
March lst--Elenora Fletcher ........................................ 90
March 22d--Dick Richards .......................................... 88
Marv'b 23d--Sibly Butler ........................................... 80
March 27th--lsabelle Lewis ........................................ 82
April lst--(_eorge Lucas ............................................ 82
April 15th--Sarah Ann lldmes ................................... 82
April 15th--Sallie Osborn ......................................... 80
April 20th--Samh Bordeau .......................................... 80
April 25tb--Thomas Q. Pease ..................................... 80
April 30th--Mary Ann Bull ...................................... 100
3lay 19th---Louis Berde_m .......................................... 84
May 21st--Robert Fraser ........................................ 115
May 23d--Louise Dark ........................................ 100
May 2ad--Beeky McGdter .......................................... 80
May 24th--Margaret Ball ..................................... 83
May 31st--Hetty Vardell .......................................... 85
Jm_e &l--Elizabeth Murray ......................................... 80
June _0th--aohn Mitchell .......................................... 85
July 2d--Charles Deas .............................................. 81
Ju]y 18th--Phy]lis Girardeau ....................................... 97
August 5th--Julia Witherq>oon ....................................... 82
August 12th--Fanny Fobler ........................................ 80
August 16th--Obristol_ber Weston ................................... 85
August 21st--Tena Frost ......................................... 107
August 28th--William Ladson ....................................... 92
Sel_tember 7th--Smart Lloyd .................................. 85
September 15th -Irene Simon ................................... 85
September 19th--Sabie Moultrie ....................................... 95
October 2d--Martha Frost ............................................ 82
October 8th--Harrict Gadsden ........................................ 85
October 15tb--Diam_ Barnwell ....................................... 80
October 21st--Rachel Carter .......................................... 89
November 12th--Rentz Clark ........................................ 80
December 8th--Tenah Lango ........................................ 82
December 12th--Tamar Brown ............. .-. ....................... 87
December 15tb--James Richardson .................................... 89
December 23d--Sarah MeBright .................................... 90
December 25th--Betsy Bradley ...................................... 87
II

82 Mayor Courtenay's ,4 nnual Review.

DEATH FROM CERTAIN ZVMOTIC DISEASES IN TWENTY-THREE YEARS--FROM I865 TO I887, INCLUSIVE.
I 1865. I 1866. 11867. 11868. [1869. 1870. ]1871. 18_2. ] 1873. 11874. I1875. 1876. 11 L 1878. i 1879. _1880-- I1881. 11882. 11883. I 1884. 1885.. 1886. 1_ 7. :ToT_AI__S.
_ i "_ : ° "" ° "_ ° '_
Smallpox .................... 11 127 37 239 .... ....... ...... ] 1 6 98 3 18 ........... i i -- " [ j
Measles .............. ..................
.........
Diphtheria ....................
9 30[ ....
2 .....
I......
3] .....
I ........
1 ....
-:
211 141
1
'
.... '
3] 4/. I ""
11................
_ _
51 4] 8
I
i .... [
lj 1
3l
10
10
71
1
5_
:lii
ii.i " "8 "'8
.]
'
1_ .. t
"'i
......
i "'J,'"½
I
81
[_' "_i ..
_5 10
!.
3'..
_
I
11 4
3 ....
..
]
5
-.I
!.... . .. ....
7, 2 ...............
8
.
11 64
120
6o
100
,89
54
Croup ......................... 8] _ 10 101 3 3 6 4 2 2 .... 3 5] 21 6 2 11 6 2 4 8 41 5 2 1 4 4 .. 3 1 4, 2i 8L 2 l/ 2] 2 2 1 1 4 5 99 69
Whooping Cough ............ 19 54 2 ]11 2 2 .... :.......... I l0 _0 _lii'::i ....... 1 ._1 I 13i 5:151 1 21 3T _71 .. /.. 2[1 59[ 11 1_ l/ ..] 2. 10 19 27] 1 21 97 259
Typhoid Fever ............... 31 85 24 34 11 40 11 1{] 171 _ 22 21 19] 15 9:"3b]"ia 18 16 25 20 25 19, _2 ii 29 1(] 22 25 "31 22| 35 15 38! 22 3_ 22 21 12 17 9 26_ 13 30 391 678
Typhus Fever ............... 2, 5 1 1 I 2 1 L 3 .... ! .......... 11.... 1 .... 21 I ....... .I .[ .. !.... I 2 ./ . / I -/--- i 1! ...... [ I .... [ .... (...... I ...... 10 18
MalarialFevers .............. 20_ 43 17 11 17 30 12 14 4 10 6 8 8/ 15 3[ 4 6 8 7 7! 5 3 / 15[ " 11': 9 12_ 6 51 4 9 9| 12 12 18 .16 18 291 27 9 26 14 ¢4 8 23! 133 366
Puerperal Fevers ............ 1 ] 3 3[ 1 .... 1 .... 2 7 2 7 '2 16_t 4 6 2 5 4 6i 1 5 2 3 , 6 3 1 .. 5 41 3 1 7 . ! 61 4| 10 51 11 2 41 2_ :l 50 111
AllDiarhcealI)iseases ....... 83 324 47 511 49 85 32 i 7_ 40/ 791 37 116 36/ 67! 47 92 40 58 391 401 44 581 27! 6_i 34 43 i 34 641 34 47 45 87 2_ 57 37 !_0 55 74 37 69 511 1(,8 54 110 95ll 1935
Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis.. 1 i ] 4 1 i 3i li 21 21 2 3 2 6 2 i 5 2 C, 31 :_ 1 2 7 .. :_ 3 2 1 8 2 i 4! 7 4 2 21 3i ii 2 ) 551 52
Yellow Fever ........ ::: :::: "'1 .... ] .- ...... .-... ........... 190! 23 ......... 37 3 ......... ] 29 257 27
Totals ..... .................... ,)'_J-_i"_l 374i 91[ 163i 731 11_ 95/ 146] 83] 182 i 272 84 142 98 13:_i 82 1_0_!__ __7;51 133 184 185 109.............. 199 97] 165 136 150 80 143 115 21(; 110 177 2914 4369
SearletFever Consumption ....... ................. 24 26[ 20 74/ 12! 53/ 111 751 44[ _¢' 851 2I 47, 7] 7_1 381 3[ 944[ 47' 2[ ...' 134 53 2[ "'i""31___44_ _ , 31 . 54 6 139 3] -_ 103[ ,9] _5] 59 63 54[ 132 21!1021 _'_.)41
_l iil 18 15 16] ........
25 12! 2i 7/ 15/ 10[ 171 7 10 6i 22[ 6[ 4' 4:16 fi 18 2 527 _17
....... ........ 19011 - !20,1 12121 51120 2021,01,91,9 /59! . 59

Department of Health. 8 3
CORRESPONDENCE.
CITY OF CHARLESTON,
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, December I, x887.
To the Chairman and Members of the Board of Health :
GENTLEMEN--My term of office draws to a close, and
before retiring from the mayoralty I recall how constant
and unremitting has been the service from the city Board
of Health, and with what success their labors have been
crowned. Charleston has enjoyed for a number of years
exemption from any serious sickness, and the mortuary
statistics show a decided improvement. I wish to say
that this result has, in a great degree, been brought about
by your efforts, and I desire in parting with you to express
the cordial thanks and appreciation of the City Council for
these important services, extending through a long series of
years.
I beg to assure you of my official and personal esteem.
With my best wishes to each and all of you for your pros-
perity and happiness, I sub__cribe myself your friend and
well-wisher.
WM. A. COURTENAY, Mayor.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,
CITY OF CHARLESTON, December 7, I887.
lion. Win. A. 6"aurtenay, Mayor ."
DEAR SIR--I am requested by the Board of Health to
acknowledge the receipt of your letter of December r, call-
ing to their attention the expiration of your term of service
as their official head. The kind words and thanks in that
letter are deeply and gratefully appreciated, and the Board
share with me a feelingof deep regret in parting with one
who has known how to lighten the load of official responsi-
bilityand arduous duty by good counsel and constant sup-
port.
The Board of Health join with me in wishing you good
and lasting prosperity.
Very respectfully,
J. L. TOBIAS,
Chairman Board of tlealth,

84 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
REPORT OF TIDAL DRAIN KEEPER.
CHARLESTON, S. C., January 7th, t888.
To the Honorable the Mayor and C_ty 6bunciI of Charleston ."
GENTLEMEN--I have the honor to submit the annual
report of the Tidal Drain Department for the fiscal year
ending December 3Ist, I887:
REPORT OF TIDAL DRAIN DEPARTMENT FROM JANUARY
IST TO DECEMBER 3IST, t887.
J. C. Sehlepegrell & Son's bill to date for lumber, nails, etc., used
i_1 building sand pit frames and covers .................... $ 35.93
William Heffron & Bro. 's t)'11lto date for iron work done on g'ttes,ete. 23.50
W. E. Watkins' bill for making new gate and placing the same on
South Battery ........................................... 6.50
Cameron & Barkley's bill for hatchet and saw .................... 1 85
Cartage on sand pit frames and eovers ......................... 3.75
Water buckets for cleaning s,md pits ............................ 55
Salary for Tidal Drain Keel)er. ................................. 1,000.00
Salary for two hands ........................................ 728.00
Total amount ......................................... $1,808.00
Very respectfully,
M. HOGAN, T. D./l'.

Department of Cilarit/es, 85
DEPARTMENT OF CHARITIES.
THE WILLIAM ENSTON HOME.
One year ago, reference was made to the delays incident
to the earthquake disaster, with the announcemeht that at
the earliest moment thereafter a contract had been made on
4th January, I887, for five cottages, and that the work generaliy
would be carried forward as expeditiously a:; circum-
stances would permit. The contractor was not ready to
proceed with these five buildings until March, as will be
seen by the following communication to the City Council :
(_n_I, EST

86 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Revww.
and between the S.C. Railway tracks and Meeting Street,
for the purpose of controlling this area, protecting the house
from undesirable neighbors and utilizing the low grounds,
overflowed by salt water from New Market Creek. It is
thought by the Trustees to be an advantageous acquisition.
The view of a group of five cottages, presented as the
frontispiece of this Volume, will give _t general idea of the
appearance of the buildings, which are briefly described by
Mr. Howe, the architect, in the following paper:
It will be observed that the cottages face towards the South and West
and arc placed with respect to each other, so as to receive the full benefit of
the South-west or prevailing Summer breezes while they are in a great; measure
sheltered from the North-east wiuds in winter." The buildings may be
briefly described as dquble cottages, divided by a eentral hall and arranged
with a _'iew of being oeenpied if desired by two families. On the first floor,
to which access is had from the trout porch, and on either side of the hall is
a living room and kitchen, while the second floor is arranged so as to give
four good bed rooms, one small room, which may also be used for this purpose
if desired, and a bath anti toilet room. The large attic affords ample
storage space for the occupants, and the basement contains two large rooms
and one small room fitted up for the storage of fuel, and the corresponding
space opposite for the cistern. Hot and cold water is supplied upon each
floor, and the drainage without being elaborate, is as nearly perfect as careful
attendance to its details, good material and workmanship can m_ke it.
Eat11 of the ha'ger room is provided with a fire-place fit re(1 with a large grate
and an ash trap and chute, through which dust anti ashes may be discharged
into a receptacle provided for that purpose in the basement. The roolns, except
the ldtehens, are lathed aml plastered; the finish is all of yellow pine
stained and varnished; the kitchens are celled with narrow boards and
finished to match the rest of the wood work.
The cottages are built of brick and stone and are covered with metal roof."
An artesian well on the premises is estimated to supply
2o,ooo gallons of water a day, to a reservoir in the handsome
water tower on the North side of the grounds, from which
a copious stream of water for all common purposes flows
through each cottage. The drinking water is supplied from
a cistern under each cottage, so that water for all purposes
is available under each roof.
The annual exhibit otthe Trustees of the Wm. Enston
Home is appended hereto.

Department of Charities. 87
The following is the annual exhibit of the
WILLIAM ENSTON ANNUITANTS' FUND.
STATEMENT NO. 5.
Cash Transactions of Win. A. Courteuay, Isaac Hay,e and
W. E. Butler, Trustees, from Ja,uary 1st, z86'7, to
December 3Ist, z887.
To balance e_sh on h'md Decembcr 31st, 1886................. $ 3.51
Income receive([ January, 1887................. $5,615 00
Income receive([ July, 1887....................... 5,615.00 11,230.00
EXPENDITURES.
Paid Almuitants for 1887 ......................... $7,500.00
Sundry expenses--for bookkeeper, rent of box in
bank and stamps ......................... 53.00
$11,233.51
7,553.00
Paid late Mrs. Enston's represcntativc her proportion o_
surplus income for year ending March 16th,
1887............................... 899.09
Truslccs' Win. Enston IIome balance surt)lus to
M'_rch 16t11,1887....................... z,233.33 3,132.62
Paid Trustees' conmfissions on receipls .... $11,230.00
r _rtlstees eolnlnissiolls oll disburselncnts. _ "-" )
, ooo. 00
Trustees' commissions on disbur_elnents, 3,132.62
ASSETS.
$21,915.62 @ 2_I_ 547.89
$11,233.51
$120,500 State of South Carolina 6j l_onds (_onsol Stock, costing. 8122, 782.42
$100,000 City of Charleston 4_,(!ouI)OnBonds (registered) costing. 75,584.37
WM. A. COURTENAY.
ISAAC HAYN E.
W. E. BUTLER.
Charleston, S. C., December 31st, x887.
$198,366.79

88 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
WILLIAM ENSTON HOME.
Cas/_ Receifits aJld Expemtztures for Year ending Dcce,nber
3Ist, _887.
RECEIPTS.
From rents, $1,920.00; [nterest, $7,486.54 .................... $ 9,406.54
Loans returned and personal bonds paid ................ 15,748.38
Sale o[ premises corner King and Clifford sts. (Silcox store). 15,150.00
Sale o[ $00,900 City 4J Bonds @ 85c .................... 17,765.00
Amount received from Anmfitants' Fund surph_s to March
16[h, 1887 .................................... e,eaa._a
Balance cash on hand I)eeember 31sl, 1886 ............... 16,269.24
EXPENDITUR, ES.
Paid insurance premiumson real estate ................ $ 186.75
Commissions to rent collector ................... 96.00
$76,572.69
Sundry repairs lo houses ..................... 211.92
Salary to secretary, sundry expenses, etc .......... 264.81
-----$ 759.48
hnprovements to Ilome prcmises--
Ptdd cost of stone blocks and bricks purchased ....... ,_ 5,898.22
Wind Mill ................................. 907.50
Water Tower .............................. 1,400,00
Draimtge, plumbing, sewerage, ere ............ 4,669.31
Pay rolls laborers .......................... '2,169.05
On account of cottages erec{ e(] ................. 33,87'2.00
W. B. Ih)we, Jr., architect, on accotmt ...................
-$48, 916.08
600.00
Purchase of lhmt prop(_rty, commissions and expenses ...... 3,417.99
Bond (Mortgage) Pauline McCormack ................... 3,765.00
Balance cash on hand .................................... 19,114.14
Assets, December 3zst, z5'8 7.
$76,572.69
Sgal,(, of South Carolina Bonds, 6/_, $1,500, costing ........... $ 1,500.00
Charleston 651Bonds, $5,_00 @ $1.01 ........................ 5.151.00
Chal'lcston 4j Bonds $30,500, costing ........................ 21,190.59
Savannah Bonds, 5;i', 8:30,000 _c_85e .......................... 25, 500.00
Personal Bonds and Interest to December 31st, 1887 ............ 24,815.00
Cash ........................................................ 16,880.61
895,037. '20

De2artrnent of C_arities. 89
And the following Pieces of Real Estate:
Houses and Lots corner ](in_ a_M Calhoun St.reefs.
IIouses and Lots King SCreeg, bel,ween Clifford and Queen.
Charleston, S. C., December 3tst, 1887.
SHIRRAS DISPENSARY.
WM. A. COURTENAY,
President.
It is of record that with the growth of population in our
city, in the last decade of the eighteenth and the first decade
of the nineteenth century, there grew up the need of an
organized charity for the sick poor. Cotemporaneously with
the founding of the Medical Society of South Carolina in
I789, an address was prepared and presented to the City
Council by its members, but met with little favor at first.
By the renewed efforts of the Society subsequently, an Ordinance
was passed, creating a dispensary on a very economic
basis, only authorizing the Society to nominate such
physicians and surgeons as were willing to serve the poor
gratuitously. This arrangement continued for sixteen years.
In the Year Book of I88o, pages 44-47, will be found interesting
particulars of these early efforts, and also the following
:
" It was the benevolent Mr. Alexander Shirras, however,
who, in ISto, endowed this institution by devising houses
and lots to the Intendant of the City, President of the Medical
Society, and to the President of St. Andrew's Society,
in trust for the benefit of the sick poor. In the preamble
to his will he thus bears attestation to the benefits already
conferred upon the indigent poor: 'That the dispensary
established in this city had been of great benefit to the poor
and indigent inhabitants,'as well as to strangers when afflicted
with sickness;' declaring also that he was actuated by a
desire ' to mitigate the sufferings of the distressed, ease the
I2

9 ° Mayor Caurtenay's Annual Report.
inhabitants, and assist the Medical gentlemen in their humane
intentions.'
In t8I 3 Council honored this donation by an Ordinance
ratified in November of that year, which established a dispensary
to be known and distinguished as the Shirras Dispensary.
The services of the physicians were continued,
however, without charge, until 1818, when circumstances led
the Medical Society to suggest an alteration of the system
of attendance, to which, as hitherto conducted, the committee
of inquiry appointed by the Society found several serious
inconveniences. It was then proposed that a single
physician should be appointed, and allowed a salary sufficient
to justify him in devoting his entire time to the services
of the poor, which was acted upon and obtained until
1832 , when the increasing demands of the service rendered
a division of the labor advisable, and two physicians were
employed--one for the upper and one for the lower wards."
With the growth of population in the city, and more
especially since 1865, the necessity of arrangements oa a
more extended scale for the newly enfranchised colored
population, whose improvidence soon developed in sickness
in their new life of freedom, there came the need of enlarging
this charity work, and in a subsequent redistricting of
the city for this purpose, the "Shirras" trust was assigned
to a section only. This was continued tor some years.
Just previous to the cyclone of I885, the then trustees,
T Somers Buist, M. D., Gen. W. G. DeSaussure, and
j.
the Mayor, addressed a communication to the City Council,
advising of their purpose to erect a separate suite of offices
on the west end of the lot at Meeting and Society streets,
with the purpose of resuming the active usefulness of this
beneficent trust for special branches in medicine and surgery.
As reported in the Year Book of 1885, page98 , the
losses by the cyclone, amounting to $t,3oo to $I,4oo, suspended
this proposed building work. Only a short time
after the completion of the repairs caused by the cyclone,
further serious damage fell on the property by the earthquake
shocks in August and September, I886.

De2artment of Charities. 9 t
The purpose of completing the city charities for the indigent
sick was kept steadily in view; and during the year
I887, the later trustees, consisting of H. W. DeSaussure, M.
D., James Allan, Esq., and the Mayor, undertook and completed
this new building in a style at once handsome and
most convenient for the practical purposes of this charity.
THE NEW DISPENSARY
building is of brick ; the exterior dimensions are twenty-five
feet front on Society street by forty-five feet in depth. On
the South-west angle a tower has been raised, in which is the
..... _ entrance to the
............ - [ offices; the height
!
from the pave-
: ment to the finial
is thirty-two feet
....... _ > six inches. The
buildir_g proper is
eighteen feet high
to the top of the
cornice, and tne
offices are elevated
about twenty
inches above the
sidewalk. There
are three rooms,
each measuring 14 x t 7 , with improved metal skylights in
the roof of each, with ventilators and dampers; the sashes
are so hung that they can be opened or closed from the
floor.
These rooms are connected with each other by sliding
doors, while the entrance to each is from the hallway, which
extends along the West side or the building, while the windows
on the East complete the ventilation. The exterior
of the building is cemented, and the interior plastered
throughout. The roof and exterior of the upper section of
the tower are covered with tin shingles. All the windows

92 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
are hung with weights and glazed with double-thick American
glass, and have inside blinds. Each room is supplied
with gas and water, fireplaces and grates, washstands, &c.
For the special purposes of Physicians' reception apartments
these rooms are excellent in every respect, and make
a very desirable acquisition to the property of this Trust.
When the property passed to the trustees in t8t2, the
City Council inserted in the front wall of the Shirras residence
on Meeting street, a white marble memorial tablet,
inscribed " Shirras Dispensary ;" this was thrown down and
destroyed in the earthquake shocks of I886.
At a meeting of the City Council held on I3th September,
I887, the Mayor called the attention of Council to the new
Shirras Dispensary, and said: " The trustees of this charity
are now erecting on their property in Society street, a completely
appointed suite of three rooms, for the use of their
trust and the special treatment of the indigent sick of this
city. The plans of the trustees would extend the usefulness
of this work among tile poor, and perpetuate the name of
Shirras through coming generations. This charity had been
in continuous operation for three-quarters of a century, except
for the past two years, during which period the property
had been seriously damaged by the cyclone of I885, and
again by the earthquake of I886, but all was ,low being restored.
It would be a gracious act for the City Council to
have a memorial tablet prepared, and inserted over the front
entrance of this new building, that there might be a record
by them of Alexander Shirras' charitable giving in I812, and
so have his bequest more generally known to the public."
Alderman Huger offered the following, which was adopted
unanimously :
Resolved, That the Clerk ol' Council be instructed to prepare and have
erected a suitable tablet under the direction of the Mayor.
In accordance with this action, a handsome grey granite
tablet has been erected in the tower over the entrance, with
the following inscription in raised letters:

Department o/ Charities. 93
"Ileal the Nick--.Freely ?le have received, freely give."
IN MEMORIAM.
ALEXANDER SIIIRRASIBorn in the Parish of Ohl-Deer, Aberdcenshire,
Scotland, in the ye'_r 1'763. I)icd in this City 26th October, 1811,
where he lind resided as a, Merchant 30 ye_t.rs. By his will he lel:t _
trust estate to Found _,.Dispensary for the Poor. After three-qm_rtot's
of "_century ol! beneficent service among the indiKeni si(;k of
this City, 1,heTrustees c,roct thi_ building to cxtolid and faeiliti_to
the work (ff this useful Charity. 1887.
THE NEW FUTURE OF TftlS CHARITY TRUST.
With a complete out-door dispensary service, in charge of
four Physicians, who give their entire time to the poor, and
with a modern hospital establishment, it only remained to
adapt the Shirras trust to special branches in medicine and
surgery, to give to Charleston pre-eminence in the care of
its sick poor. I am permitted to publish the following:
"When the city assumed entire control of its dispensary
system, it had no further use for the services of the medical
officer of the Shirras' charity, who had formerly served in
one of the Health Districts, and it appeared as if the day
for the usefulness of this charity had passed. The consoli-
dation of the City Dispensary system under the control of
the city, left no room for the exercise of its functions, as at
first thought.
About this time several medical gentlemen had organized
a private enterprise in the form of a polyclinic, that had as
its object the gratuitous medical and surgical attendance of
the poor of Charleston itl certain special branches. The City
Dispensaries provided medical and surgical attendance, but
there was no provision for the special treatment of diseases
that in the present state of medical science and practice,
have been more successfully managed by those who devote
special attention to their study and practice.
These gentlemen were actuated by the hope that whilst
they would confer a benefit upon the sick poor, at the same
time the opportunity, not otherwise to be obtained in

94 Mayor Courlenay's Annual Review.
Charleston, would be offered to themselves and other stu-
dents of medicine to see and study diseases that belong to
the specialties that interested them.
They soon discovered, however,, that to make the polycli-
nic a success it was necessary to engraft it upon some public
institution: With this object in view, a committee of the
staff of the polyclinic waited upon Mayor Courtenay, and
laid before him their views. It at once occurred to him that
this was the opportunity to enlarge and extend the sphere
of usefulness of the Shirras Dispensary, at the same time
that there would be no interference with the successful and
smooth working of the City Dispensary system.
This view met with the approbation of the other members
of the Shirras Dispensary Board, the plan of the new build-
ingwas found to suit this new function of the charity.
On March 26th, I888, the following medical and surgical
staff were elected by the Shirras Dispensary Board to serve
for one year without salaries. Dr. Manning Simons, Depart-
ment for Surgical Diseases, Dr. Jno. L. Dawson, Jr., Department
for Diseases of the Eye and Ear, Dr. P. Gourdin
DeSaussure, Department for Diseases of Women and Child-
ten, Dr. Jno. J. Edwards, Department for Diseases of the
Genito-Urinary Organs and Rectum.
The arrangement of the building and the plan of organi-
zation of the Dispensary, is such as to permit the addition
of other specialties as circumstances may warrant the enlargement
of the field of work.
The Dispensary is open daily except Sunday, for the
treatment of tile poor of the City of Charleston, who may
be afflicted with diseases belonging to the departments of
medicine and surgery above mentioned.
The patients are also furnished with medicines free of
charge, compounded by a good apothecary on the prescriptions
of the physicians in charge.
On Monday, Wednesday and Friday afternoon, from 4-30
to 5.30, there is a clinic for _iseases of the genito-urinary
organs and Rectum. On Tuesday, Thursday and Satur-
day afternoon, from la.3o to 1.3o , there are clinics for

Department of C]larities. 95
surgica! diseases, diseases of the eye and ear, and diseases
of women and children.
In time as the Dispensary becomes more generally known,
and its advantages appreciated, it will not only be a great
benefit to the people, but will also furnish material for the
study of special branches of medicine and surgery, that will
be most valuable to the city and even to the whole State.
Another important feature of this charity is, that in time
the Dispensary will have provided itsel! with a most valua-
ble collection of medical and surgical apparatus and appliances
for the special treatment of disease, that will be added
to from year to year as circumstances and the means at tile
disposal of the Board of Trustees will permit."
Mr. Shirras lies buried in St. Michael's Churchyard near
Meeting Street, and a white marble headstone marks his
grave, with this interesting inscription, which is reproduced
here for convenient reference by our citizens:
CONSECRATED TOALEXANDER SIIIRRAS.--A native of Ohl-Deer, Aberdeenshire
Scotland. And for 30 years a respectable meretm,nl of l,his
city, wlJo died the 26th day of October, 1811, aged 58 years; wi_h an
improved mind and a benevolent heart, dis{inguished for integrity,
and punetua]ity, liberal to the unfortunate, charitable to the distressed,
beneficent through life, to 'all withilt the sphere of his influence,
he acquired and retained the esteem and respect of all who
knewhim. Aeeunmlated by his h(morable industry an independent
fortune, and at his death rendered his goodness i)ermalmnt by
bequeathing among vari(ms generous dona_io,s, a considerable part
of his well earned wealth to found and endow TIIE SHIRgAS DIS-
PENSAI_,Y--The munificent institulion whieh he has established,
the poor, the aitlieted and th(,, unhal_py (d futm:e ages, who may
enjoy the benefits of his bounty slta]l perl_etuate add bless his
lllenloi'y.
THE CHARLES FeN ORPHAN HOUSE.
This beneficent institution, created by ordinance in I79o ,
the corner-stone of the original building was laid on I2th
November, E792. It has nearly completed a century of useful

96 l}Iayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
existence ; founded "for the purpose of supporting and educating
poor, orphan children, and those of poor, distressed and
destitute parents, who are unable to support and maiutain
them," it has done its appointed work, and has grown year
by year in the public favor, until for many years past it has
been pointed to as the model charitable institution of our
city. The old Board of Commissioners continues the
administration of its affairs, and Miss Irving and her
assistants still manage all details with marked ability, as may
be seen from the full reports appended.
During the past year one of our most valued citizens, Mr.
Wm. Ufferhardt, died, and by his will left to the Charleston
Orphan House his valuable farm of ten acres and improvements
in Ward Io, adjoining the William Enston Itome
Village on the north, in trust for certain puposes. The
following is the item from the will, communicated to the
City Council at their meeting December Ist, I887 :
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CITY COUNCIl,.
The Mayor stated that be had received aletter from Mr.
William Hartz, executor, inclosing the accompanying extract
from the will of the late Mr. William Ufferhardt, in
relation to the bequest to the Orphan House. The extract
from the will was then read as follows, and referred to the
Corporation Counsel for further advice :
'qtem. I give and bequeath to the City Council of Charleston,
for the benefit and use of the Charleston Orphan
House, my farm lands and houses situated at 644 King
Street Road, comprising ten acres or more, (.unless, indeed,
the same be no longer in my possession at the timeofmy
death,) for the use and benefit of the larger children of the
Orphan House, upon the condition that within three years
after my death a school be there established, where such
boys and girls as may be fit for such occupation, may learn
practical and theoretical farming, horticulture, dairy work
and the like. But if said farm lands and houses should not
be any more in my possession at the time of my death,

Department of Ckarities, 97
then I give and bequeath instead, the sum of three thousand
dollars to serve asa nucleus fora school of the kind mentioned."
[Meet'fny December l;dlh, 1SS7.]
OFFICE OF CORPORATION COUNSEL,
CIIAI_.LESTON, S. C., December Io, I887. I
To tlze Mayor and A ldermen of t,lze City of Clzarleston :
GENTLEMEN: In nay opinion, the City Council of Charleston
has, under the charter of the City of Charleston, the
power to take the property and execute the trust set forth
in the will of Mr. William Ufferhardt, deceased.
Yours respectfully,
G. D. BRYAN, 6". C.
Alderman Eckel said that in reference to this matter he
desired to offer the following preamble and resolutions:
The City Council of Charleston, in accepting the bequest under the will of
the late William Ufferhardt of the very desirable farm property and houses
on King Street, Ward 10, for the use of the Charleston Orphan House, desire
to ])lace ola the publi(; records o_ the City the expression of their sense of the loss
the City has sustained in his recent lamented death. Mr. Ufferhardt's whole
life may be pointed to as a worthy example of the highest and best citizen-
ship in our mi

98 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
hardt's gift. Charleston, in his death, has lost a most excellent
and most honorable citizen.
The preamble and resolutions were then unanimously
adopted.
ORPHAN HOUSE.
To lhe Han. George D. Bryan, Mayor of Charleston, S. C.."
SIR--The Chairman of the Board of Commissioners of the
Charleston Orphan House respectfully presents herewith
statement of receipts and expe,:ditures, also reports of the
various Standing Committees, for the yea,' ending December
3Ist, 1887.
RECEIPTS.
Amount received from interest on Public Fund ............... $ 8,9B2.24
Amount rcc_eivedfl'oul Commissioners' Trust Fund... ,$2,624.00
Less balance in hand December 31st, 1887........... 169.24 2,454.76
BM_mee from City Treasury ....................... 11,609.32
EXPENDITURES.
$22,996.32
Amount expended from Pnblie Funds as per monthly returns to
City Coun(dl........................................... $19,493.86
Amount expended by City Treasurer for Physician's salary. 8700 00
For insurance on House .......................... 500.00 1,200.00
Amount expended from Commissioners' Trust Fund, as
per return to City Council ....................... 2,302.46
$22,996.32
In the above amount of expenditures, four thousand dol-
lars are included for necessary repairs to the House caused
by the earthquake. This sum was received as follows:
From Relief Fund ............................................ ${3,000.00
SpeciM donations from Phi bldell)hia ........................... 1,000.00
$4,000.00

Department of C]zarities. 99
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SCHOOLS.
The Committee to whom was confided the supervision of
the School, present the subjoined as their annual report :
Average attendance (exclusive of the three weeks in spring,
when measles prevailed): Boys, to9; Girls, 99" Total, 208.
Average number of pupils on register: Boys, t I6; Girls,
Io5. Total, 221.
Admitted during the year: Boys, 26; Girls, 27. Total, 53.
Discharged during the year : Boys, 24 ; Girls, 2o. Total, 44.
Studies pursued--Reading and Orthography; Mental
Arithmetic ; Written Arithmetic ; Primary Geography ; Advanced
Geography; History (Modern and Ancient); Grammar
; Familiar Science ; Physical Geography.
Careful attention has been paid to writing, participated in
by the entire schools, the youngest classes writing on slates.
Teachers employed--Miss M. L. LeQueux; Mist A. L.
Reiley ; Miss C. Arnold ; Miss E. L. Henderson ; Miss Kate
Bullen; Miss M. McNeill; Kindergarten, sixty pupils, Miss
E. King.
The six little girls mentioned in last report, have made
very fair progress in instrumental music, and this year a
boy, who has quite a musical talent, has been added to the
number of pupils.
A plan of instruction in vocal music, which the Principal
found in practice in the New York schools, was adopted on
the opening of the school in October, and has been attended
with considerable success.
In addition to the offer made to our girls last year by the
President of the Art School, he has this year made a similar
offer to the boys who evince a talent in that direction.
The main school room has been recently fitted up with
the most approved of modern school desks and seats; the
old furniture having been in use for upwards of thirty-one
gears, and, at first, intended only as a temporary arrangement.
The school and class-rooms have been thoroughly repaired
and repainted.

IO0 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
One of the most interesting features in the school is the
Kindergarten, numbering sixty pupils, too young for the
primary department, yet old enough to enjoy and profit by
the attractive mode of instruction practiced there.
The zeal and devotion of the teachers are manifested in
the progress of their pupils in all the branches of education
to which reference has been made.
Miss Irving, the Principal of the school and the Superintendent
of the Institution, has devoted her talents and the
best years of her life to the work to which they have been
consecrated. She has proved the devoted and successful
teacher, the constant and reliable friend of the inmates
gathered within these walls.
Respectfully submitted.
GEO. W. WILLIAMS,
FRANCIS J. PELZER,
THEO. D. JERVEY,
C. A. CHISOLM,
B. A. MUCKENFUSS,
Committee on Schools.
Charleston Orphan House, January 5th, 1888.
COMMITTEE ON IMPROVEMENT AND DISCIPLINE.
CHARLESTON, S. C., January 5th, 1888.
The Committee on Improvement and Discipline beg to
report that the discipline of the House is admirable, and
cannot see where any improvement can be made.
FRANCIS J. PELZER,
Chairman.
COMMITTEE ON LIBRARY-.
CItARLESrON, S. C., January 5th, 1888.
The Committee on Library report that the Library contains
2,957 volumes. Tile children have drawn out and read
2,i4o volumes during the year; I43 volumes have been
added since last report. Tbe Committee are pleased to in-

Department of Ckarities. Iol
form the Board that the children continue to take great
interest in reading. The Librarian, Miss Henderson, continues
to discharge her duties with zeal and fidelity, and
takes a deep interest in all that tends to improve the
children.
Respectfully submitted,
H. H. DELEON, Chairman.
B. A. MUCKENFUSS.
COMMITTEE ON PURVEYANCE.
The Committee on Purveyance beg leave to submit this,
their annual report of expenditures and other items of
interest of the Charleston Orphan House, for year ending
December 3tst, I887:
POUNDS. COST.
22,881 Fresh meat (beef, pork, mutton, veal, etc.) .............. $ 1,136.29
5,973_ Bacon and other malt meats .......................... 6,30 513
1,108 Coffee .............................................. 185.68
4,491 Rice ................................................ 199.44
999} Butter .............................................. 949.97
312 Lard ............................................... 26.08
77} Tea ............................................. 51.30
2,529 SttffaP .............................................. 145.83
511 Molasses, g_d ........................................ 188.97
17 Flour, Barrels and 1 ba_" ........................... 97.55
26_ Irish Pot_toe_, Barrels ............................... 7'7.63
49_ Swcet_ Potatoes, P,arrels .............................. 61.65
52,010 Loaves of Bread ..................................... 1,950 39
57_ Bushels Corn and Peas ............................ 39.37
644x_,_ I3ushels Grist and Me'd .......................... 389.15
3,793!_ Gallons Milk---expense o1' cows furnishing stone ......... 58"7.46
Sma/1 items, as per petty cash ......... ; ................... 203.02
Soap, Sh_rch, &c ............................................ 106.28
Fuel, Wood and Coal ..................................... 610.39
Clothing, House Linen, Hats and Shoes ....................... 2,914.57
Books, S_ationcry, &c ........................................ 145.56
Medicines, (?re'belie So_T, &c ............................... 156.17
House Furnishing, Garden Seeds, &c ......................... 598 73
Salaries and Labor ......................................... 5,100 73
Incident'd Expenses ........................................ 1,105 51
Ret)airs ................................................ 858 13
Amount allowed lior lllon_}] Decembe 5 1887 ................. 1,800 00
Total ............................................... $19,616 88

IO2 Mayor Courienar's Annual Review.
The above statement of expenditures covers a period of
eleven months, the bills for December, 1887, not having yet
bee1_ passed by the Board; but allowing $I.8OO for said
month as a fair average, the total expenditures for the year
will be, say, $I9,616.38.
It will be seen by the statement that while many of the
articles of consumption have been higher than in previous
years, yet the appropriation has not been exceeded. For
the past six months, milk has been substituted for coffee, the
latter being too high to warrant its use for the children.
The vegetable garden in the spring did remarkable well.
but the fall yield has not been so good.
In the laundry new washing machinery and other improvements
have recently been added, which will in a short
time no doubt return more than the cost by the saving of
labor.
SEWING ROOM.--Between two and three bales of home-
spun have been used in making undergarments, sheets, &c.,
for the children. There has also been made I49 boys' suits,
3 I4 calico dresses, I28 worsted dresses, aprons and other articles,
such as bedticks, pavilions, towels and tablecloths, with
the usual amount of fitting and altering of clothing outgrown
by the older children. Every article is marked with
the wearer's name, number of dormitory and date ; this is in
itselfa large item, but necessary to the order and comfort of
the household.
Respectfully submitted,
C. A. CHISOLM.
GEO. W. WILLIAMS.
B. BOLLMANN.
COMMITTEE ON RETRENCHMENT.
The Committee respectfully beg leave to report, that
upon a thorough investigation through all the departments
of the Institution, they find the strictest economy practiced,

Department of Charities. Io 3
and are unable to note where in any way retrenchment can
be made.
Respectfully submitted.
A. T. SMYTHE, )
E. H. F. H. SWEEGAN, DELEON, l Committee.
BINDING OUT COMMITTEE.
The Binding Out Committee would respectfully report
that during the year ending December 31st, I887, there
have been admitted into the Institution, 25 boys, 29 girls,
total, 54; and there have been discharged, 24 boys, 21 girls,
total, 45. Of this number, one has gone to a prit_ter. I to a
farmer, I to a watchmaker, 1 to, a baker, i to a wheelwright,
one to a merchant, 3 to learn domestic work, 1 hair work, I,
an epileptic, was sent to the asylum at Columbia, and 34
have been delivered to relatives.
As will be seen by the above statement, the majority of
the children who left the Institution this year, were given
to relatives, a plan considered advisable by the Board, when
they are competent to care for them.
But few reports have been received, and those have been
favorable.
Respectfully submitted,
GEORGE W. EGAN,
Chairman, g. O. Com.
B. BOLLMANN.
THEO. D. JERVEY.
ORHPAN HOUSE, January, 1888.
SUNDAY SCHOOL.
There has been no suspension in the exercises of tile
Sunday School since last report. Mr. George L. Cook is
still the faithful Superintendent. There are five male and
._eventeen female teachers, who are seldom absent from their
classes. The thanks of the Commissioners are again re-

to4 ._rayor Courtenay's A nnual Review.
turned to these ladies and gentlemen for their earnest
efforts in behalf of the religious training of the children.
During the vacation, in addition to the regular duties, the
girls are employed an hour and a half in the Sewing Room ;
and all the children who can read are required to devote
from an hour to an hour and ahalf, in the heat of the day,
to reading books drawn from the Library, under the supervision
of the Librarian or one of the younger teachers. This,
with the preparation of their Sunday-school lessons, prevents
their falling into idle habits.
CHAPEL.
With the exception of three Sundays in April, during tile
prevalence of measles in the Intitution, divine service has
been held in the Chapel every Sunday afternoon, by the
resident and eight visiting clergymen.
The Board would again express their appreciation and
thanks to the ministers of the City, for the kindness and
cheerfulness exhibited by them in the performance of this
duty, which no doubt, at times, taxes them severely. The
music for the past year has been particularly good, and the
marked attention of the children during service shows conclusively
their good home training.
All the available room in the Chapel is filled by citizens
who seem to be deeply interested.
SANITARY.
Considerable expensive sanitary improvements, so essential
to the healthfulness of an institution, were made during
the year. The health throughout has been remarkably
good, with the exception ofasevere type of measles in the
month of" April, which carried off the following children:
Lawton Beckett, DeQuincy St. Clair, John Crosby and Katy
Pipkins. Julian Edwards, who came to the House in a
dropsical condition, died Marcia t3th.
With one exception they were all interred in our lot at
Magnolia Cemetery.

Department of Charities. lO 5
The foregoing full and interesting reports demonstrate
that the high character of the Institution has been fully
maintained in every particular.
The Principal, Miss Irving, remarkable for her administra-
tive ability, has given years of unabated devotion to this
noble Institution. Supported by intelligent assistants, she
has achieved an enviable reputation in making this Charity
a Home for the Orphan, of which our city may well be
proud. Respectfully submitted,
JACOB SMALL,
Chairman Board of Commissioners
Charleston Orphan House.
Abstract of the Receipts and Ewpenditures of t,_e Private Fund
of the Commissioners of t/_e Charleston Orphan House,
for the Year endino December 3z, z887.
DIt.
To cash received from interest on hi vestments .................... $_,612.00
To cash received Union Bank in liquidation, 12 shares ........... 12.00
Cr¢.
$2,624.00
By Cash paid as follows:
For Oi_ieers' salaries ......................... $1,726.68
Magnolia Cemetery Lot ......... : ............ 31.50
Clothing and Books for College and High School
Boys .................................. 170.48
Books for Library ............................. 50.00
School Furniture ............................ 21t .43
Sundries ................................... 117.'_7
.... _2,302.46
Balance due Treasurer, January 1, 1887................... 152.30
Balance ............................................. 169 24
$2,624.00
To Balancein hand ............................... $ 169.24
E.E. E. MONTAGUE GRIMKE,
Treasurer.
Examined and found correct.
14
THEO. D. JERVEY,
B. A. MUCKENFUSS,
Committee on Accounts.

Io6 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
List of Bonds, Stocks and other Securities belonging to the
Private Fund of the Commissioners of the Charleston
Orphan House, exhibited to us this zoth day of January,
z888.
50 Bonds of the City of Charleston, 4G $1,000 ..................... $50,000
6 Bonds of the City of Charleston, 4G $500 .................... 8,000
1 Bond of the City of Charleston ........................... • 10O
2 Bonds of the Northeastern Railroad Co., 1st mortgage, 8G $5,000.. 1,000
1 Certitieate of Consolidated Stock of the State of South Carolina, 6G
for ................................................... 4,800
1 Certitieate for 20 Shares Magnolia Cemetery Co., $100 each ...... 2,000
1 Certificate for 3 Shares in Bank of Charleston National Banking
Association, $100 ......................................... 300
1 Title Deed to six lots in Magnolia Cemet(_y.
1 Certificate of Deposit for 1 Charleston and Savannah Railroad Bond,
$500
1 Bond of the Savannah and Charleston Railroad Company, for $150.
CORRESPONDENCE.
THEO. D. JERVEY,
B. A. MUCKENFUSS,
Committee on Accounts.
CITY OF CHARLESTON,
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, December _, I887. f
To the Chairman and Members of the Board of Commissioners
o/ the Orphan House :
GENTLEMEN--In a few days I will have completed my
term of service as Mayor of Charleston, and I avail myself of
this opportunity to address you this letter. I look back
over eight years of entire satisfaction for your patient and
devoted service in this important charity trust, which you
have so successfully administered. Through your efforts
we boast with proper pride of having a model orphan asylum
and I wish formally to thank you for this good work, and,
at the same time, to express the high appreciation of the
City Council of the success of your labors. I desire also,
through you, to convey to Miss Irving, and the ladies in

Department of Charities. Io 7
immediate charge of the orphans, my thanks and good
wishes for their devotion and self-sacrifice under the most
trying circumstances. Through periods of serious sickness,
and even under the terrifying experiences of the earthquake,
these ladies have shown a devotion and heroism which
should entitle them to the thanks of the whole community,
and I am sure they will receive it. To each member of the
Board, and to the ladies in charge of this model home, I
beq to express my sincere thanks aud wishes for their
health, happiness and prosperity in life.
Yours very respectfully,
W. A. COURTENAY,
Mayor.
On motion of Mr. DeLeon the following resolutions
were unanimously adopted:
Resolved, That the board have received with gratitude
the letter of Mayor Courtenay and return their sincere
thanks for his kind expressions and appreciation of their
services in making the Orphan House a model asylum for
the poor children of our city.
Resolved, That Mayor Courtenay, in retiring from the
responsible office he has so ably and satisfactorily filled for
the past eight years, carries with him the best wishes for
his future happiness and prosperity of every member of
this Board and every officer and child in the institution.
Resolved, That Mayor Courtenay's letter and these resolutions
be published in the News and 6_ourier and entered
upon our minutes, and that a copy of the resolutions be
sent to Mayor Courtenay by the Chairman.
E. MONTAGUE GRIMKE,
THE CITY HOSPITALS,
Secretary.
The year just closed found the indigent sick still cared for
in the spacious buildings of the Agricultural Society on

P
I08 Mayor Courtenaf's Annual Review.
Meeting street, improvised as a hospital on Ist September,
I886, under the necessities of the earthquake disaster.
During the year, from time to time, inquiries were made
of the " Roper" and "Shirras" trusts, with the view of
ascertaining what could be best done for the re-establishment
of the public hospitals, but _ithout result ; the Roper
trustees thought best to preserve their property and funds
for a separate establishment, and the " Shirras trustees" had
the very meritorious purpose of building a new suite of
offices and re-opening their dispensary for out-door patients,
with special service in important branches of medicine and
surgery, which they have since done. It was at one time
thought that the City Council itself would have to make
provisio,1 by taxation for new hospitals and the restoration
of the charity buildings. Most fortunately it was ascertained
at a later period that the Executive Relief Committee had
so successfully managed the funds entrusted to them as to
have means available for rebuilding and restoring the
charity buildings. Active measures were at once instituted
to accomplish these necessary undertakings, and in a supplemental
narrative at the close of these hospital reports I have
made record of the successive steps taken, which resulted in
the purchase of a very advantageous site--the gucas-Jennings
mansion and gardens--and the erection of a modern
hospital, largely in advance of any similar public hospital
charity in the country ; as also the repair and improvement
of the Orphan House and other charity buildings.
The annual reports are hereto annexed.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONERS CITY HOSPITAL.
AGRICULTURAL HALL, }
Charleston, S. C., January I9th , I888.
To tke Honorable tke Mayor and City Council ."
GENTLEMEN--I have the honor to submit the following
statement of the management of the City Hospital for the
year I887 :
The Agricultural Society hall and buildings have contin-

Department of Charities. io 9
ued to be occupied for the accommodation of the sick and
wounded poor of the city, and the good fortune has held
that no diseases of a virulent form have appeared, albeit the
premises have been very limited for our necessities. Con-
stant and unremitting attention has been bestowed upon
the inmates by the various officials and employees connected
with the institution ; and in despite of the fact that the main
building used was not built for the purpose, very good results
have been obtained in the care and treatment of the
sick poor. It is expected in the near future to occupy the
very suitable and commodious quarters approaching comple-
tion, on Calhoun and Lucas streets, where every modern
scientific appliance is being utilized.
It will be seen on reference to the tables that the per diem
cost of each patient has been larger for I887 than I886.
This is due to the very limited accommodation in the pres-
ent buildings, necessitating our inability to receive pay pa-
tients, with few exceptions, and our earnings and collections
have been two-thirds less.
The actual cost to the city, however, has been the same
practically--sixteen thousand dollars being the sum annually
appropriated.
Respectfully submitted,
H. B. HORLBECK, M. D.,
C/zairman Board of Commissioners.
REPORT OF FINANCE COMMITTEE.
To the Board of Comm issianers City Hospital :
Gt_NTLEMENIThe Committee on Finance beg leave to
submit as their annual report required under the City Ordi-
nances, the following tables prepared by the Superintendent
from the books of record in the Hospital:
Cash on hand January 1st, 1887.................... $ 13.94
Appropriat, ion for 1887........................... 16,000.00
Collections ...................................... 2,199.37
Cost of IIospit'_l for year 1887................ 818,164.43
Balance Cash in ha_l(is Cil_yTreasm'er .............. 48.88
$18,213.31 $18,213.3!

I Io Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
Balance at credit with City Treasurer. ............................ $48.88
HARVEY COGSWELL,
Chairman Finance Committee.
ANNUAL REPORT FOR I88 7.
TABLE A.
FREE. PAY.
_- . _ , _ , Grand
W. C. Total. V¢-. C. Total. Total.
In IIospital January 1st, 1887 ...... 30 30 60 2 3 5 65
Admitted during year ............. 290 321 611 53 44 97 708
Totaladmitted & treated duringyear.820 351 671 55 47 102 773
TABLE B.
Showing Patients Discharged and Died during Year 1887.
White. Colored. Total.
Treated, Free and Pay--Table A ........... 875 398 773
Discharged .............................. 291 281 572 [
Died .................................. 40 92 132 _ 704
Remaining in Hospital December 81st, 1887 ..................... 69
TABLE C.
Showing Patients Remaining ,Vannary 1st, 1887.
White. Colored.
Free ............................................. 26 36
Pay .......................................... 3 4
Total ............................................. 69
TABLE D.
Showing Nativity of Patients Remaining January 1st, 1888.
FREE. PAY.
White. Colored. White. Colored.
City ........................... 25 36 ....
Berkeley County .................... 2 ..
Charleston County ................... 1 2
Colleton County .................... 1 ..
Foreign and State ............... 1 .... 1
Totals .............. 26 36 4 8 69

Department of Charities. I I I
TABLE E.
Patients Admitted During Year.
FREE. PAY.
White. Colored. V:hite. Colored.
City .......................... 274 309 8 2
State at large .................. 11 17 20 5
Charleston County ............... 1 9
Berkeley County .................... 11 18
British Consul ..................... 7 1
Foreign ........................ 15 ..
Totals ............ 285 326 62 35 708
Number of Patients admitted--Table A ............................. 708
Admitted on Physicians' Certificates .......................... 443
" as Emergency ................................... 140
" on order of Faculty .................................. 26
" on order of Mayor ................................... 2
" on personal application and pay ....................... 97
--- 708
TABLE F.
Admitted on Physicians' Certificates--Table E.
W. C.
From Health District No. 1, residence over 6 months ........ 75 81
........ over 90 days ............ 7 2
" " " " less than 90 days ....... 12 11
...... No. 2, " over 6 months ......... 31 44
" " " " over 90 days ..............
" ' ..... less than 90 days ......... 1 2
...... .No. 3, " over 6 months ........... 57 41
" " " " over 90 days ...............
" " " " less than 90 days ......... 4
...... No. 4, " over 6 months ......... 23 48
........ over 90 days ..............
" " " " less than 90 days ....... 2 2
Totals ....................................... 208 235 443
TABLE G.
Number of Free Patients--Table A .............................. 671
Nnumber of Pay Patients--Table A ............................... 102
Total ............................................ __
773

! I2 x_ayor Courtenay's Anuual Review.
Number of days treatment Free
) .'( ,
I at1 _l_l_........................... 19,060
Number of days treatment Pay Patients ............................ 3,130
22,190
Average number days to each Free Patient ........................ 28.41
Average number days to each Pay Patient ........................... 30.68
Cost of 22,190 days treatment ....................... $18,164.43
Cost of one day's treatment ................... 81.87
Average cost of each Free Patient .................. $ 23.251}
Average cost of each Pay Patient ................. 25.10_
Cost of 671 Free Patients .......................... 15,603.70
Cost of 102 Pay Patients ........................ 2,560.73
Total ............................... $18,164.43
TABLE II.
Earnings fbr Year 1887.
Charleston County ................................. $ 425.00
Berkeley County ..................................... 1,250.00
British Consul .................................... 296.00
Charleston and Savannah Railway Company .......... 124.00
United States Marshal ............................ 21.00
South Carolina Railway Company ..................... 59.50
Bo]ton Mines ..................................... 55.00
Northeastern Railroad Company ..................... 52 00
Pay Patients ..................................... 409.50
-----$2,691.00
TABLE I.
Collech;on,s for Year 1337.
Charleston County .................................. $1,289.00
British Consul ..................................... 296.00
Charleston and Savannah Railway Company ........... 63.00
United States Marshal .............................. 21.00
South Carolina Railway Company ..................... 59.50
Northeastern Railroad Company ..................... 52.00
Pay Patients ................................. 371.50
Fines .......................................... 15.75
Coffins, &c ....................................... 31.62
TABLE J.
Assels January lsf, 1,_'88.
----$2,199.37
Cash on hand ..................................... $ 14.13
Certificates receivable Berkeley County ................. 2,704.45

Department of CharitieS. I t 3
Charleston County ................................ 75.60
Berkeley C( t unLy .................................. 624.65
Beaufort County .................................... 97.00
Private accounts ................................. 99.00
Bolton Mines ...................................... 55.00
Abbeville County ............. In suspense ..................
Barnwell Couuty ................. " . ................
Beaufort Comity ................. " . ................
Colleton Couuty .............. " . .................
Williamsburg County. "
Private accounts ............... " . .................
TABLE K.
.Financial.
-----$3,669.83
Cttsh on htmd Jammry 1st, 1887 ................. $ 13.94
$2,009.50
Appropriation ..; .............................. 16,000.00
Colleetcd ...................................... 2,199.37
Cost of Hospital [or ye'_r 1887 ..................... $18,164.43
Bahmee in City Treasurer's hands .................. 48.88
By balance _t credit with City Treasurer ........... $ 48.88
$18,213.31 $18,213.31
CHARLESTON, S. C., January I, 1888.
To lk¢ Ckairman aml Gentlemen of the Board of Commis-
swners of the Ci O, ]]ospita/."
GENTLEMEN--I have the honor of presenting to your
Board this my annual report for the year ending December
3Ist, _887, showi:Jg work done and materials consumed in
my department during the year.
_A'r EI_IALS CONSUMED--
Cottlu Boards, 10,842 feet, at $20 per 1,000, of which 500 feet h_Lve been
used in "uld _round the iIospital.
Nails, 182 pounds, at $3.60 per keg, of which 20 pounds were used in and
around the ltospital.
Screws for Coffins, eleven gross, amounting to $3.72, of which one gross
was used for Hospital purposes.
I5

I 14 3layer Courtenay's Annual Review.
Number of Coffins issued during the year ........................... 455
Distributed as fallows:
Coroner. .......................................... 73
City Registrar ......................................... 28
Alms Ilousc ......................................... 3
R. B. Rhctt, M. D ..................................... 2
J. R. Soh)mons, M. 1) ................................... 3
District No. 1 .......................................... 26
District No. 2 ......................................... 16
District No. 3 ........................................ 48
District No. 4 ........................................ 91
I¢. M. Lebby, N. D ...................................... 23
J. J. Edwards, M. D .................................. 1
City Hospital ........................................... 119
B. A. Pyatt, M. D .................................. 16
Coffins furnished and /)aid for twenty dollars and money
turned over to Superintendent ......................... 6
5[ATERIALS ON HAND--
Lumber ......................................... 2,000 feet;.
Nails .......................................... 108 pounds.
Sea'ews ........................................ 2 gross.
Crutchos ........................................ 12 puir.
('.oflins ......................................... 20
In addition to the above, general carpentering work has
been done in the Hospital under direction of the Board of
Commissioners.
Respectfully submitted,
CORRESPONDENCE.
WILLIAM FLYNN:
Carpenter Cit_ Hospital.
CITY OF CHARLFSTON, }
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, December I, 1887. (
To tke Ckairman and Members of t/te ]3oard of Commis-
sioners of tlze Hospital ."
GENTLEMEN--AS the term of my official duties draws to
a close my thoughts go back to the first year of my service
when the Hospital establishment had been seemingly
neglected and required the prompt and intelligent action

Department of Charities. I 15
of the thenCity Council to rehabilitate and elevate it to a
proper condition ; to accomplish this it was placed under a
separate board of commissioners. Since that time there
has been a steady advance in the conduct of this charity,
and all that was possible to be done in old and unsuitable
buildings was done to ameliorate the condition of the
indigent sick of this city, when the earthquake calamity
wrecked these buildings and necessitated a temporary
arrangement at the A_ricultural Hall.
I desire officially to place on record my sense of obligation
• and the thanks of the City Council to all the gentlemen,
who for nearly eight years have devoted themselves so assidously
to this worthy public charity. There have been
changes in the board, by death, and other causes, but I
would include all who survive, and have been identified
with the Hospital's good management, which I am sure
will be illustrated in a marked manner when the extensive
modern Hospitals, now being built, are occupied next spring.
In thus giving expression to my feelings for the aid and
support which has been a great comfort to me all these
years, I desire to add the assurance of my official and personal
regard and esteem to each and every member of the
Board, to Mr. Hard, the Superintendent, Mrs. Boyle, her
assistant nurses, and the attendants in the Hospital for
their intelligent devotion and undaunted courage under perilous
circumstances, and with my best wishes to each and all.
I am, very respectfully,
WM. A. COURTENAY,
Mayor.
OFFICE COMMIgSIONERS CITY HOSPITAL, t
CHARLESTON, December 6, I887. {
Honorable Wm. A. Courtenay, Mayor of Charleston, S. C.."
DEAR SIR--Your letter of the first instant was read at
the monthly session of our Board this day, and we take
this occasion to thank you for your kind expressions of
approval, confidence and esteem. If there has been any
measure of success in our administration of the affairs of

1I6 3/[ayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
the City Hospital, we feel that it is due to your wise and
prudent suggestions and cordial co-operation, and the means
placed at our disposal through the liberal provision for its
necessities by the Council associated with you.
Of course its benefactions have been somewhat restricted
by the inconvenient quarters in which it has been carried
on since the wreck of the buildings in Queen street by the
earthquake, but thanks to your thoughtfulness and care
for the sick and afflicted, a magnificent site has been procured,
upon which extensive hospitals, with every modern
improvement and convenience, are now in course of erec-tion.
and will be ready for occupation within a few months.
We are confident that when completed they will not be
inferior, in all their appointments, to any of the famous hospitals
in this country, and will be of sufficient capacity for
all demands which may be made upon them for many
years to come. This great and noble charity will ever be
a lasting monument to your intelligent zeal in behalf of
suffering humanity, and will be the crowning glory of your
long and useful administration as Mayor of Charleston.
With expressions of the deepest regret that your term as
Mayor of this city is so soon to close, with best wishes for
your success and happiness in your retirement from the
cares of a public life, and with assurance of the warm personal
regard of every member of this Board, we are,
Very respectfully,
I!. B. HORLBECK, Chairman.
HARVEY COGSWELL.
A. STEMM ERMANN.
ZIMMERMANN DAVIS.
S. WRAGG SIMONS.
A. JOHNSON.
J. D. CAPPELMANN.
A. S. EMERSON.
MORRIS ISRAEL.

De_ar[ment of Ckarilies. I t 7
A NARRATIVE OF THE PROCEEDINGS O13"THE CITY COUN-
CIL IN RELATION TO THE RE-ERECTION AND ESTAB-
LISHMENT OF A HOSPITAL FOR THE INDIGENT SICK
OF TItlS CITY.
[JANUARY 2,_TH, 1887.]
At a meeting of the City Council held on the I2th of
October last, the following action was taken :
WIIEREAS, the extensive buildings which h_we been utilized since the war
as hospitals ror the indigent sick of'this city, affording daily charitable "_ssist-
8nee to _tbollt o11(,hundred and fifty needy persons, lm'gely from _lmong"lhe
eolored i_olmbLlion,h'_ve been rltinell by the e_rthqm_ke shock, _md have been
COl/(telllllOd Its 1111,_l_['o; fl31d, wIl(wt_l_s, tho pl'o_O[l_; _m('ommodations are tempon_ry,
_md it will be necessary to m_d(epermanent arr_mgements at an emqy
d_y :
Resoh,ed, Tha.t the whole m_tter of hospit_d _eeommod_tion for the sick
poor o1'the city be rellerred to _ speeia.l committee of two AMe:'men mid the
M_Lyor,to report at an e_trlyd_y to the City Council what is best to be done,
in this ma.tter.
Ra,_oh,ed, Theft this committee make inquiry ol' the trustees of the "Rol)er
Hospital" _s to the present condition o[ their hospital building, and t_seert_dn
wha_ is the eapit_d aim income ot' this public trust.
Resolved, That the eommii.tee m_&e inquiry of the trusl;ees of the "Shim_s
Dispm>m'y" as to the present condition o1_their property, mM aseertMn tile
ea.pil;al_md income of l)his public truslc.
The object of these inquiries being to ascertain the actual
condition of these buildings and trust properties, to the end
that in the extensive and costly work of re-establishing the
hospital for the indigent sick of this city the City Council
may have correct information.
The committee consists of the Mayor and Aldermen
Rodgers and Moran.
Your committee respectfully report that the several build-
ings which were formerly used for the purpose of city hos-
pitals, are so badly wrecked that they cannot be repaired for
use without very large outlays ;. and even if this were done,
they would in no wise be proper apartments for the sick,
having originally been constructed for other purposes, and
altered to their recent uses. The committee have had a

II8 Mayor Courlenay's Annual Review.
conference with the trustees of the Shirras Dispensary, and
from them learn that they have real and personal property
yielding an income of about Sr,2ooper annum. The prop.
erty was severely damaged by the cyclone, and subsequently
by the earthquake, but it is now in good order. The trustees
expect to communicate with Council at an early day in
regard to the future administration of the Shirras trust.
From an interesting paper contributed by our late esteemed
townsman, Wm. T. Wragg, M. D., to the City Council,
and published in theYear Book for I88o, page 53, it appears
that '_he late Col. Thos. Roper was the first of our citizens
to arrange for enlarging the scope of charity work among
our sick poor, previously initiated by the late Alexander
Shirras. By his will, which was probated in I845, he bequeathed
his entire estate, which realized about $35,ooo, for
hospital accommodations for the needy sick of this city, in
the following terms:
" I give and devise to the Charleston Medical Society all
my landed estate, &c., together with the rents, incomes and
proceeds of such devise, from the time in which the said
society may become possessed thereof ; or, if intermediately
sold, then of the value of such sale, with the income or interest
thenceforward to accrue thereon, to enable the said
society, after thc lapse of fourteen years' ownership of said
property, or its intrinsic value, and not at any earlier period,
unless earlier they be sufficiently enabled from other ade-
quate means to erect, maintain and regulate a hospital of
such dimensions as they in their better judgment may direct
for the permanent reception or occasional relief of such sick,
maimed and diseased paupers as need surgical and medical
aid, and whom, wit/zout regard to complexion, rehgion or nation,
I would that they should admit therein."
Your committee deem it proper that the present genera.
tion should be reminded of Mr. Roper's benevolence and
liberality, that his name may be preserved for all time as
one of the benefactors of our city in this important field of
charity work.
Your committee recommend that the wrecked buildings

Department of Charities. I 19
referred to, belonging to the city, be forthwith taken down.
Such portion of the material that may be good be piled on
the west line of the lot, and that steps be taken forthwith
to procure plans for the erection of a modern hospital establishment
for the use of the indigent sick of this city; and
that such erection shall be of such character as will be for all
time amemorial of the generous help extended to Charles-
ton on the occasion of the earthquake disaster, titus placing
at the service of the poor of our city a nouse of refuge in
sickness, with every appliance/or medical and surgical help.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
WM. A. COURTENAY, Mayar,
F. S. RODGERS,
P. MORAN,
Committee.
Upon motion the report of the committee was adopted,
the chairman of the Commissioners of the City Hospital and
the chairman of the Board of Health added to the original
committee, and this committee instruc_-ed to procure plans
and specifications for the erection of suitable hospital buildings
for the accommodation of the poor of this city.
[J011_BIi, UARY 21s%1887.]
To the [-[onorable the Mayor and Council oi [he CzTy of
Charleston :
GENTLEMEN--At a meeting of the Medical Society of
South Carolina, held February t6, I887, the status of the
City Council of Charleston, S. C., in relation to the lease of
the " Roper Hospital," was brought to the attention of its
members.
Nearly six months has now elapsed since the injury to the
building by the earthquake and the subsequent abandonment
of the same by the representatives of the city, and no official
communication has ever been received by this society designating
either the intentions or desires of your honorable
body with regard to your lease, nor have any means been
directed to the prevention of depredations, security against

120 Mayor C_ourtenay's Annual Review.
incendiaries, or protection from further damage by the
weather, although the lease binds your honorable body to
keep possession of the premises until March 3, 1888; and a
special clause therein requires that you keep the buildings
in repair, and restore them to the keeping of this society in
the same condition as when leased to the City Council.
Furthermore, the Medical Society of South Carolina, as
the custodians of the Roper Hospital and its fund, desiring
when practicable, to use it in accordance with the charitable
bequests of the late Mr. Roper, in providing hospital accommodations
for the " sick, maimed and diseased paupers" of
the city, naturally feel interested in the various rumors,
taken together with the published reports of the proceedings
of your honorable body, indicating an intention to erect
a new and separate hospital for all the poor, entirely ignoring
the Roper Hospital building and its fund, the effect of
which will be to render useless a valuable institution, annul
the legitimate objects of this charity, and virtually to obstruct
this society in any design they may have to appropriate
their limited funds in conjunction with appropriations
from the city, as heretofore, in executing the legal instructions
of the will of the donor. For these reasons the under-
signed have been appointed a committee by the Medical
Society of South Carolina, with instructions to ask of your
honorable body some definite information as to your intentions
and plans in regard to the repairs or future occupancy
of the Roper Hospital buildings.
We are, very respectfullv,
H. W. DESAUSSURE, M.D., "l
Pres. Medical Society of S. C. I Committee.
JOHN L. ANCRUM, M.D., (
Sec. and Treas. Rofer H. Fund. J
[3IARclI 8TH, 1887.]
The Mayor said that with the view of giving correct information
to the City Council and people of Charleston, and in
reply to some strictures on himself implied in the letter of
the Medical Society read at the last meeting ol Council, he

Department of C]_arities. r2 I
had prepared a statement which he would ask the clerk to
read.
The letter from the Medical Society, of the 2lst February,
necessitates some notice from me as Mayor of the city.
First is the allegation that the city has abandoned the
building, while under lease, without assigning any reason.
Second, a claim that the city, under its lease, is responsible
Ior the earthquake damage. T/drd, that the Medical So-
ciety or trustees of the Roper fund, which, from my point
of vieiv, are one and the same, have not been approached
on the subject-matter.
In reply to the first allegation, it is hardly necessary to
say that the building known as the Roper Hospital, forming
only a part, however, of the extensive hospital establishments
of the city, was summarily abandoned on the night
of the 3Ist August, by the inmates fleeing for their lives
from the falling structure.
The following is the official report of the United States
Government officers :
"We consider the building (Roper Hospital) damaged
almost beyond redemption, and recommend that no use be
made of it until it is rebuilt or repaired.
"W. E. SPEIR,
" Inspector ]Slblic Buildings, U. S. T. Oep't.
" W. H. 13IXBY,
" Captain Enffineers, U. S. A.
" FREDERIC V. ABBOT,
" First Lieutenant Engineers, U. S. A."
As to the second allegation, the city's responsibility for
earthquake damages under the lease, which, in the midst of
our disasters, was promptly claimed, has occasioned me so
much surprise, as well legally as mcrally, that I could not
understand it. The Roper charity has been in years past a
very costly beneficiary of the city, as the record shows, and
when this is known it will change a_ly opinion, if any exists,
as to the city's responsibility.
I6

122 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Rezdew.
The late Col. Thomas Roper left a property amounting to
$40,000 for hospital purposes. To render effective this small
but well-intentioned bequest, the City Council appropriated
a spacious lot of land, and substantially built for a Public
Hospital, with money from the public treasury, the building
on Queen street, the subject of the Medical Society's communication.
The recc, rd further shows that this was done at the suggestion
of the Roper Trustees, and with the implied obligation
to conduct the hospital so erected, which, it should
be added, was completely furnished by an appropriation of
$IO,OOO from the State. For three years this arrangement
was in effect, when, in I855, the sum of $5,oo0was appropriated
from the City Treasury for current expenses, and
other large sums from the same source were annually continued
until the close of the war. Subsequent to the war
the Roper Hospital was closed, and in a very dilapidated
and decayed condition from long neglect. The City Council
again came to the assistance of this very limited trust,
talcing charge of the property and expending $IS,oooto
make it habitable, and keep it in repair, between the years
I873 and I883. The nominal lease without rent, during
these years was renewed in ]883 for five years, at which
time a committee from the society approached Council with
a proposal that the city should pay a rental of $2,5oo a
year for the use of this public charity building, which the
city had built originally at the expense of the taxpayers,
and which, during the ten years, had cost a sum equal to
6o per cent. of the original outlay for restoration and
ret_airs. It is only proper to state, however, that upon these
facts being brought to the attention of the visiting committee
this matter of rent was not pressed, and the property
continued to the city at asomewhat nominal outlay annually,
for the period of five years. The interpretation of the
section of the lease relating to keeping in repair and claimed
to cover earthquake damages may be a legal question which
the Courts would have to settle; but taken in connection
with all that has transpired, as related above, and in view of

Department of C/_arities. 12 3
the further fact that this charity trust, as such, has been suspended
for a long number of years, and that during all that
time the income of this trust has been accumulating in its
treasury, while the equivalent annual sum so diverted from
the sick poor has been contributed from tile public treasury
for the care of the indigent sick, in whose interest Mr.
Roper left his bequest, it appears to me, there would be
little equity in sucha case against the city, and it may be
aswell here to express the opinion, that, of the present
holding:; of real and personal property by the Roper Trustees,
perhaps more than two-thirds of the whole has been
drawn from the general treasury of the City of Charleston.
In very brief reply to the third allegation, that the Roper
Trustees have not been apprised by the city in regard to
their trust, and of the city's intention as to hospitals, I
would cal[ attention to the action of City Council at their
meeting on the I2tb of October, I886, and published in their
proceedings :
WItEP_EAS, tile extenstve buildings which have been utilized since the war
as hospitals for the indigent sick of this city, affordiug daily charitable a_sistanee
to a|)out 150 needy persons, largely from among the colored populalion,
have been ruined by the earthquake shock and have been condelnned as tmsafe ;
and whereas, the present accommodations arc temporary, and it will be necessary
to make permanent arrangements at any early day:
Resolved, That the whole matter of hospital accommodation for the sick
poor of the city be tel:erred to a special eommit_Cce of two Aldermen and lhe
Mayor, to report at an early clay to the City Council what is best to be done
in this matter.
Resolved, That this committee make inquiry ot the Trustees of the " Roper
Ilospital" as to the present condition of their hospital building, ;rod ascertain
what is the capital and income of this public trust.
Resolved, That the committee make inquiry of the Trustees of the "Shirras
Dispensary" as to the present condition of their property, and ascertain the
capital and income of this public trust.
The object of these inquiries being to ascertain the actual
condition of these buildings and trust properties, to the end
that in the extensive and costly work of rc.establishi::g the
hospital for the indigent sick of this city, the City Council
may have correct information.

x24 J_iayor Courtenajs Annual Review.
The committee consists of the Mayor and Aldermen
Rodgers and Moran.
Under the will of Mr. Roper, the Medical Society is the
trustee of this charity, anda committee of nine members
are specially charged by the society with its management.
Consequently a communication was addressed to " the President
of the Medical Society," as tot the trustees, requesting
their presence at a conference with the " Shirras Trustees,"
and the committee of Council, to consider the whole matter
of hospital charities for the sick and needy, growing out of
the earthquake disaster. The Shirras Trustees attended;
only two of the nine members of the Roper Committee
were present; they declined to make any official statement
whatever, and, in the absence of all information from them
the meeting was, toa great extent, ineffective. I make this
statement, therefore, to show that the city abandoned the
building for good cause; that I have not encouraged the unexpected
claim of the trustees for the damage_ by the earthquake
for sufficient reasons ; that the opportunity offered by
the city to the trustees, for a statement as to the condition
of their building and of their means, with the view of bringing
about a more perfect and efficient hospital establishment
in the interest of the sick, has been declined by them.
In conclusion I would say that I have not changed my
opinion as to the wisest course for the future hospital establishment
for the city. It is certain that we can only sustain
one public hospital administration, and that all interests and
influences in this city, to this end, should be brought together
to this good purpose. I have another opinion which
I would express, and that is that the action of the Roper
Trustees has been taken under a misapprehension of the
purposes of the city, and I sincerely trust that all wrong
impressions and any points of differences in opinion may be
harmonized, and that during the present year the hospitals
of the city may be established on a permanent and improved
basis. If this is to be accomplished there should be no
further delay.

Deparonent of C_ariiies. I5 5
I respectfully suggest that the committee on hospitals
renew the invitation to the Medical Society or Roper Trustees
for an early conference oi1 this subject.
WM. A. COURTENAY,
Mayor.
Mayor Courtenay further said that there was an erroneous
impression abroad in the c )mmunity that tile Public Hospital
building on Queen street had been built and furnished from
the Roper fund, and that the entire hospital establishment
of the city grew out of this bequest. On the contrary, the
policy had been to accumulate the Roper fund until it reached
alarger sum. Without knowing anything of what total
figureshad been reached, he thought that there must be
a considerable annual income, and in the present straightened
circumstances of the city, the time is opportune for the use
of this annual income for the future Public Hospital service
of the city by the Medical Society, in accordance with Mr.
Roper'swill. He hoped that the matter would be pleasantly
arranged for the best care of the sick poor.
0,1 motion of Alderman Meyer, it was resolved that the
remarks of the Mayor be spread upon the Journal, and that
his recommendations be adopted.
[MARCH 22ND, 1887.]
The special committee on hospitals presented the following
report :
The committee on the re-establishment of hospitals for the
poor respectfully report that, in accordance with the resolution
of Council, they had an interview on the I4th instant
with a committee of the Medical Society at the Mayor's office.
Before proceeding with the business, the subject of the interview,
your committee stated to the gentlemen in attendance
from the Medical Society, their understanding of the status
of the Roper trust:
That Mr. Roper had left certain property to the Medical
Society for hospital purposes in I845, to be operative in
fourteen years, &c.; that the administration of this trust

126 _/[ayor Courtenay's Annual Re_,iew.
was with the Medical Society solely, and that what Council
desired t,_ ascertain was the present status of this trust, and
the purposes of the Medical Society as to hospital charities.
It having been stated unofficially some time since, by members
of the society, that its funds would warrant the societyin
taking part in the hospital service of the city in 1888, and if
such were the case, the city would be very glad to assign a
certain number of beds in each ward of the new buildings, and
designate them as " Roper beds," and make such other arrangements
as might be found necessary to fully meet the
legal conditions of the Roper trust, the object of the city
being to facilitate the work of the Roper Frustees and as
well reduce the hospital outlays by the city.
The committee of the society then discussed the whole
matter fully and in a very agreeable way, but concluded
finally that under the advice of their counsel they could not
enter into a co-operative arrangement with the city. They
furti_er stated, that the wish of the society was to continue
the accumulation of its fund, which now amounted to about
Smo,ooo, exclusive of the Old Hospital building; and in
about twenty-four years the society believed it would be in
a position to take charge of the entire Public Hospital
service of the city, and provide for its support, thus relieving
the city at that time from this charity outlay.
The subject of the present condition and future use of the
Old Hospital building was then fully discussed, and the
committee of the Medical Society expressed themselves as
willing to enter into reasonable terms for its continued use
by the city. The committee, however, considering the serious
nature of the earthquake damages to the property, the
annual cost in the past in maintaining the property in good
order, and the certainty of similar outlays in the future, and
other disabilities which it was not necessary to recite, coneluded
under all the circumstances that they were not prepared
at this time to recommend favorably to Council a
renewal of the lease of this property.
As the proposed plans of the Medical Society under favorable
circumstances will not mature until another genera-

Department of Charities. 127
tion, it would be fruitless to discuss now any of the questions
which maybe evolved at that future time. it therefore
appeared to the committee that there being no present
opportunity of uniting with the Roper trust, and so effect
a saving of about $5,0oo a year to the city charity budget,
there was nothing left for Council to do but to proceed with
work, and re-establish the City Hospitals in the most modern
design.
Subsequently to this conference, your committee addressed
a letter to tile Medical Society, a copy of which is appended
hereto.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
WM. A. COURTENAY, 3/[ayar.
F. S. RODGERS.
P. MORAN.
H. B. HORLBECK.
J. L. TOBIAS.
[MARCH 22, 1887.]
CHARLESTON, S. CITY C., March HALl., 16, 1887. }
Drs. DeSaussure and Ancrum, of the Medical Society ."
GENTLEMEN--Your letter of the 2 _st February, addressed
to the City Council, has been referred to us as a committee
on restoration of Hospitals.
Referring to the city's abandonment of the Hospital building,
while under lease, we beg to say that, owing to the
damage by the earthquake, it was pronounced unsafe, and
has been useless since. The intention of the City Council
is to pay the rental up to the end of the lease and allow it
to expire.
The damage sustained by the buildhlg from the earthquake,
being of an extraerdinary char_cter, caused by the
act of God, does _ot come under the meaning of the repairs
as stated in the lease. It is the intention of the city to build
new lao_pitals of modern design and construction for the
poor of Charleston, and we feel sure that they would be
glad to have your friendly advice in the matter.

128 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
We believe that this covers the main points of your
inquiries. Should, however, you desire anytu_therinformation
we shall be pleased to hear from you.
Very respectfully,
(Signed.) W.A. COURTENAY, .glayor.
F. S. RODGERS.
P. MORAN.
H. B. HORLBECK.
JOS. L. TOBIAS.
The Mayor said: In making the statement at the last
meeting as to the Roper trust, I based it upon the only available
information--the interestin_ narrative of the trust, prepared
for the Year Book of I88o, bythelate W.T. WraRg,
M.D. I qualified my statement by expressing the belief
that the gentlemen of the Medical Society had misapprehended
the aim and purposes of the City Council in seeking
information.
I take pleasure in laying before Council a memorandum
kindly handed to me by Drs. Ancrum and Buist, which is
intended to correct, in certain particulars, my statement,
because it is important to have accurate information always.
The question of responsibility for earthquake damage was
alluded to at different times, but I did not say that any
claim had been made. It is very gratifying to know that a
mutually _atisfactory understanding of the more important
matters have been reached :
"Pursuant to your request we would be glad if you would
review your statement to the City Council in relatiou to the
letter of the Medical Society with the following corrections :
"[st. What you term the 'first allegation' of the letter
does not state that the Hospital was abandoned 'without
assigning any reasons': the reason is plainly implied in the
preparatory words, 'after the earthquake,' &c.
"2d. The Medical Society has never up to the present
either made any claim for earthquake damages, or intimated
its intention to do so, but simply recited this in connection
with the other terms of the lease.
"3 d. That after the deed of gift by the City Council

Department of C]larities. 129
of part, not the whole lot of land, and about half, not the
whole amount necessary to build the Roper Hospital, the
Medical Society maintained, conducted and regulated at
great personal labor and sacrifice, without one dollar reward,
the entire hospital department of the City of Charleston from
1852 to 1873 , receiving a contingent appropriation of
$5,0o0 (when tile city's sick increased beyond their means
of support) to cover any deficiencies.
"4th. That when the city leased the buildings in x883
for five years, the nominal rent was merely to counterbalance
the city taxes and insurance, and if the committee
desired a larger rent, they were only zealous for the fund
they represented, which, under any circumstances, must
ultimately accrue to the benefit of the poor invalids, the
City Council and the taxpayers of Charleston, and not to
the Medical Society.
"sth. Of the $I6,ooo appropriated in I873 only $2,8oo
was spent that year on the Roper Hospital; the balance was
appropriated in altering and repairing the the old Alms
House and House of Correction, afterwards called the City
Hospital.
"In relation to the invitation of the Trustees of the Roper
Hospital to a 'conference,' we can only" say that we had no
reason to do so, and no single member construed an invitation
to meet the Mayor, Committee on Hospitals, Board of
Shirras Dispensary and Board of the Trustees of the Roper
Hospital, as an official meeting to terminate or renew a
lease between two parties, viz : the Medical Society of South
Carolina and the City Council of Charleston, neither of
which were present, nor officially nor authoritatively represented.
"We may say, however, that the small number present
was not an intended discomtesy nor lack of interest, but a
combination of unavoidable circumstances which will often
happen in our profession, for at a meeting of the board a few
hours previous, nearly every member being present signified
his positive intention of accepting the invitation. We would,
furthermore, say that every member of the Medical Society
17

130 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
is deeply interested, and willing and anxious to do all that
they can in promoting the objects of the City Council, provided
they can do so legally and in conformity with Mr. Roper's
will."
The report of the special committee on hospitals was then
adopted, and the remarks of the Mayor and memorandum of
Drs. Ancrum and Buist submitted were ordered to be spread
on the minutes.
Alderman Johnson expressed his great satisfaction not
only at the report of the committee on hospitals, but at the
pleasant relations existing between the Medical Society and
the City Council. Both had their duties to perform, and
there need be no disagreements whatever. He had been
very anxious for many months in regard to a location for
the hospitals. He thought that the new buildings should
be erected on some spacious lot where one-story buildings
could be used, and where the most complete ventilation
could be had. This could not be secured on Mazyck and
Magazine streets (the old site), with the jail and other large
buildings flanking the lot on the south and west. To take
care of the sick poor of the city was a blessed charity, and
he was in favor of making the surroundings of the hospital
as pleasant as possible.
[MARCH 26a'H,1887.]
The following report of the special committee on re-establishing
the hospitals, presented to Council at their meeting
held on the 24th inst., was then read:
"The committee on re-establishment of hospitals, _t a
meeting held this day to consider the resolutions sent them
by your honorable body on the 22d inst., ask leave r_spectfully
to report for your consideration the following proceed.
ings :
"The chairman stated that Alderman Johnson was in
waiting, and asked an audience in order to lay before the
committee some important information in regard to a site
for the new hospital buildings.

De_arlment of Charities. 131
"On motion, Alderman Johnson was invited to join the
committee, and made the following remarks:
" GENTLEMEN OF THE COMMIT]'EE_You will pardon me
for approaching you this evening, but you are to consider a
matter which I regard as of the greatest importance to the
poor of this city. The people of this great country have
given the City Council money for hospitals for the poor.
There is a moral obligation implied in this trust. We ought
to make the accommodations for the sick not only comfortable,
but with pleasant surroundings. I don't see why, because
a person is poor and needs the charity of the city, that
he or she should be sent arbitrarily to a crowded portion of
the city with the criminals in the County jail for neighbors.
I think that we should get a location on one or the other
side of the city, where, during our warm weather, the most
complete ventilation can be got. I have walked the whole
city over in every direction, trying to find a location that
would suit for the hospitals. I hold in my hand the plat o_
a piece of property, all virgin soil, with the salt water of
Ashley River flowing to its western borders, close by, sixty
acres of salt water ponds, which the city owns, and which,
at small expense, can be kept flooded. The family residence
can be used for what they call an administration building,
which would have to be erected anyhow if we bought an
open lot. The grounds are so spacious that the location of
the buildings on the north line of the lot, and the entra_lce
to the premises on Lucas street, will leave the whole Calhoun
street front open as it now stands, and remove all objections
from the few residents in the neighborhood. I now
submit to you in legal form an offer of sale from Mr. David
Jennings, the owner of the entire property on the northwest
corner of Calhoun and Lucas streets, for the sum of $2o,ooo.
This includes the mansion and nearly two acres of garden.
" I do hope, gentlemen of the committee, that you will not
allow this great opportunity of securing a splendid site for
the new hospitals to fail by your non-action. I hand you
the original papers, and if you will agree to purchase, I wilt
assign my option to the City Council of Charleston. I had

I32 Mayor Courtenav' s Annual Review.
only one object to accomplish in all that I have done in this
matter, and that is that the poor of this city shall have the
best possible accommodations in their sickness.
" After a full interchange of opinion and an entire unanimity
of views, Alderman Moran submitted the following recommendations,
which were unanimously adopted :
" The committee on re-establishment of hospitals respectfully
report, that they have considered the resolution of
Council submitted to them, and present the following recommendations:
That the city property on Magazine and
Mazyck streets be laid out in ten building lots, and sold at
such time and on such terms as the city may deem best.
"That the option offered by Alderman Johnson for the
purchase of the Jennings house and gardens, at the nartheast
corner of Calhoun and Lucas streets, be accepted, and the
property pu,'chased for the City Council of Charleston as per
plat annexed.
" P. MORAN.
"WM. A. COURTENAY, Yfayor."
"J. L. TOBIAS.
"H. B. HORLBECK.
Alderman Smyth moved that the report of the special
committee be adopted, its recommendations carried out, and
that the Mayor be authorized to make the purchase.
Unanimously adopted.
[AP_IL26TtL 1887.]
The following report, presented at the last meeting of
Council, was then taken up:
The committee on rebuilding the public hospitals beg
leave respectfully to report, that the interest of the city
would be served by the purchase of a certain lot of land on
Lucas street, running westwardly to the creek, and lying
north of the Jennings property, recently purchased, and extending
to Mill street continued.
The advantages to the city are that the new hospital
grounds will occupy the entire square bounded by Mill street,
Lucas street, Calhoun street and a navigable creek. There

D_artment af C/zarities. 133
will also be secured a convenient landin_ for the street department
on that side of the city.
They enclose herewith an option for the purchase of this
lot and the buildings thereon for the sum of $2,0o0, and they
unite in recommending that the purchase be made.
WM. A. COURTENAY.
P. MORAN.
J. L. TOBIAS.
H. B. HORLBECK.
Before the vote was taken the Mayor said that he desired
to state as a matter of fact, that upon a close examination of
the titles, it had been ascertained that there was a small
piece of land west of President street, which was not conveyed
by the title to the land proposed to be conveyed. It
was of little consequence as it did not interfere with the
plans of the committee. He recommended the purchase of
the property without it. The report of the committee was
then adopted.
[NovEMBER22_D, 1887.]
Alderman Moran presented the following report which
was adopted :
The special committee on construction of the hospital
respectfully report that, in accordance with the action of
the City Council at the regular meeting on the eight instant,
directing " that all the materials needed be purchased at the
lowest cash prices, and as the committee do not feel equal
to undertake all the details of so complex a work themselves,
your committee recommend that the hospital committee be
authorized to obtain the necessary skilled assistance, and to
proceed with the work in order that it may be satisfactorily
and at the same time economicallv completed," they have
proceeded to carry out these instruction.
Ist. They have caused tenders to be invited by public
advertisement for all the machinery and material necessary
for the heating apparatus, hot and cold water arrangements,
sewerage, tower tank, iron piping and other necessary supplies;
bids will be received up to noon on the 3oth instant,

134 _ayor Courtenay's Annual Revie_o.
and the committee will in all cases give preference in the
awards to Charleston parties at equal prices. The committee
have had correspondence on the subject of a new and
improved interior for the four sick wards. It is a well known
fact that both plaster and wood for interiors are in the course
of time seriously affected by use in hospitals, and it is Itot
unusual to insure cleanliness and freedom from contagion
to tear out plaster and wooden interiors entirely, and renew
them at short intervals, involving not only a repetition in
outlay from time to time, but agreat deal of trouble and
inconvenience in making such changes. The latest sanitary
thought for a perfect hospital ward, is to have the interior
of glass and iron, it being a complete antiseptic and not
requiring renewal. Your committee have informed themselves
most carefully on this subject, and ask the approval
of Council to their making a contract with some responsible
party for the putting in of such interior. The committee
should have mentioned in previous reports that they have
had Mr. Sawner, an experienced and most skilled master
mechanic, in daily superintendence of the brick and wooden
hospitals, which have been in the course of erection for some
weeks past, and they desire here to express their satisfaction
at the progress of the contract. The city will have in these
hospital buildings the very best workmanship and material.
It is the intention of the committee to pursue the same
course in the erection of the heating apparatus and other
plans. Your committee have selected Mr. Charles R. Valk
to draw the plans and superintend this work, and to advise
and assist the committee.
All of which is respectfully submitted,
WM. A. COURTENAY, Mayor.
P. MORAN.
J. ADGER SMYTH.
JOS. L. TOBIAS.
H, B. HORLBECK.
Alderman Smyth offered the following report, which was
adopted :

Department of Charities. 135
The special committee on restoration of buildings, respectfully
report that they hold an option for the lot at the foot
of Mill Street, in favor of the city for five hundred dollars
($5OO). As this completes the ownership of the entire
square, and protects the hospital grounds from possible
nuisance, your committee recommend its purchase.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
J. ADGER SYMTH,
C. S. GADSDEN,
JAS. F. REDDING.
C. WULBERN.
DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY HOSPITAL.
The location of the building comprises the extensive
grounds attached to the residence formerly of Jonathan
Lucas, afterwards owned by D. Jennings, who conveyed it
to the City Council of Charleston. On the extensive
grounds there is an elegant brick residence of four stories,
containing sixteen large and several small rooms, besides
an outbuilding of brick, two stories high, of 2ox56, and a
large wooden structure of two stories, formally used as a
carriage house and stables, all of which will be utilized for
the wants of thoroughlyarranRed hospital buirdings and
appurtenances.
The original grounds as conveyed, lie on the northwest
corner of Calhoun and Lucas Streets, and with the addition
of certain parcels of land afterwards purchased by the city,
now reach to Mill Street, as shown in the plan of the Cannonsboro
Wharf and Mill Company. The butting and
bounding of the site are now Calhoun Street on the south,
Mill Street on the north, Lucas Street on the east, and the
north branch of Coming's Creek on the west--which creek
was some years ago improved, its banks straightened and
revetted and the water-way given the shape of a canal, with
adepthof seven to eight feet of water at mean low tide.
The dimensions of the area now comprising the site of the

136 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
City Hospital are 272 feet on Lucas Street from Calhoun to
Mill Street, 420 feet on Calhoun Street from Lucas Street to
east bank of Coming's CTeek Canal at the line of low water
mark, 28o feet on Mill Street from Lucas to the low water line
of canal on south line of Mill Street. The whole area with
the above metes and bounds equals 2.I 5 acres. The site and
buildings overlook the waters of the Ashley River, and have
the advantage of water communication as established by the
straightening and dredging, and other improvements o[ the
creek as described. To the north and west extend the salt
water ponds, formerly of the Cannonsboro Mill Company,
but recently purchased by the City Council of Charleston.
THE FOUNDATIONS.
The grounds are high and nearly level, but in view of the
importance of securing a good foundation upon which to
erect so large and important a public building the entire
foundation is composed of thirty-foot piles, driven with a
two thousand pound hammer until they would go no further,
these piles are cut off three feet below the surface of tile
ground, capped and covered with a solid mass of concrete
three feet deep. Two hundred and seventy-seven piles were
used for this purpose, driven in two parallel rows. Upon
this foundation, the main building of brick, is placed. The
pillars of the wards are similarly located upon piles and
cement.
THE BUILDINGS AND ARCHITECTURE.
The main building, as shown by the front elevation, is of
brick, covering the whole length of 27ox32 on the Lucas
Street side, is two stories high; the first 9 feet, and the
second 13 feet. The floor of the first story is elevated and
built fully one foot above the influence of the highest storm
tide observed in Charleston Harbor, a large part of the site
being of nearly the same elevation, and consequently offering
the means of studying out and planning an excellent
system of drainage and sewerage with the given height of I I

Department of Cl_arities. 137
feet nearly above the plane of low water mark as a datum,
which has been very successfully done.
To relieve the great length of line, the facade of the
main building on Lucas Street is broken by acentral projection
which is 50 feet wide. Twenty feet of the northern
and southern portions of the front project s_ven feet beyond
the main body of the building.
The three projections, with their cornice and window decorations
and finish, are of the style of architecture known as
that of Louis XVI., the finish and decorations being formed
with bricks, showing off-sets and recesses in the face of tile
walls, giving the appearance of stone blocks. These salient
parts are surmounted with cornices of galvanized iron with
bold projections, supported by heavy brackets of neat
design.
The porch to the central projection, making a very prominent
feature of the design, covers the entrances to the F;rst
and second stories; has a projection of seven feet beyond
the main building and its central part, is formed with brick
ba_e and pillars in form of blocks and channelled faces,
which return against pilasters with imposts supporting the
trimmings to the arched openings, while the pillars receive
the arched and pediment frontispiece which is crowned with
heavy galvanized iron cornices, the projections of which,
immediately over the pillars, both in front and on the
returns, are supported by heavy consols of galvanized iron,
decorated with volutes and Arcanthusleaves. On the tympanum
of the pediment are seen in raised block letters,
the words "City Hospital." Above the inscription"City
Hospital " is the shield of the city made in copper. The porch
forms the landing at the height of the main floor, which
leads into the principal doorway. The landing or platform
is reached from either side by granite steps, to flights to
each, with platforms midway. The steps, as also the landing
or porch floor, will be guarded by heavy balustrades,
the pedestals, rails and balusters being made of iron of neat
and suitable design. The abutments to steps and base to
porch are of brick adorned in panelled brick work; the part
18

138 _g[ayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
over the entrance to the basement door is built in brick
forming blocks and channels to represent astone construction;
the opening of the base of porch finished with segmental
arch with agranite keystone. The facade of the
other portions of the basement showa formation of design
consisting above the water-table of pilasters and segmental
arches, blocks and channels built in brick, and so placed as
to imitate a stone constructiou; the whole presenting a
rustic base. The openings of windows are recessed in
panels, the heads over the openir, gs having projections in
brick forming the window caps of segment outline. The
basement story is capped with a band course of dark brick
and red bed mould. The window openings of the second
story of the facade are trimmed with side blocks, quoins
and key-blocks, the architrave breaking in between the
blocks being of red pressed moulded bricks.
The second story facade or recessed portion of it is
crowned with a galvanized metal cornice of heavy mouldings
the whole projecting eighteen inches beyond the face of the
wall. The portion of the facade thus described belongs to
the style of Louis XIII.
The forms of the roofs of the buildings, termed hipped
roofs, which do not show any gable fronts, are covered with
metallic shingles; the gutters, valleys, etc., being formed of
sixteen ounce copper sheets of ample widths. The rainfall
is all carried to subterranean cisterns, of which there are
four in nucnber, one under each ward, and each containing
I5,ooo gallons; thus affording a very bountiful supply of
rain-water, which only, is fitted for the use of the sick of an
hospital.
The cisterns are strongly built of brick, with heavy walls,
all worked in hydraulic cement, and covered with a heavy
coat of the same, every care in the construction looking to
the exclusion of any foreign matter by percolation from the
soil. The arched tops of the cisterns are turned upon
wrought iron rolled beams, which are placed t,'aversely" the
extrados are filled in and leveled off with concrete, which
will be covered with artificial stone floors.

Departmenl of C/zaritics. I3 9
ARRANGEMENT AND PLAN OF PRINCIPAL FLOOR.
The front elevation shows an extensive building in length,
subdivided into rooms, entrances, halls and a corridor to the
west, from which each room of I5 by 20 feet is entered. .At
the extremities of the corri.dor are smaller rooms containing
the necessary sanitary arrangements and appliances, which
wil! be determined according to the purposes for which the
commissioners may assign the rooms adjacent. The surgeons'
rooms for lectures and operations, with rooms for
book-cases, bandages, instruments, etc., are at the northern
end of the building, with an improved skylight.
From this floor the basement or front floor is reached by
two flights of stairs, one at each end of the corridor, and also
by the staircases in a central, enclosed and covered way,
which also leads d_wn to the yard.
To the rear of the main building and extending westwardlyand
at right angles, are the ward buildings. These
are built on brick pillars on solid concrete foundations with
inverted brick arches, this making an opened story of nine
feet in height. Upon these pillars, which are of massive
character, rest the frame buildings of the wards, the height
of which is thirteen feet from floor to the plate, which height
is increased over the plate by taking in and following the
contour or outline of the roof formed by the bottom line of
rafters and collar braces, thus making the ceiling fifteen feet
high at the point where the braces meet the rafters.
The ward buildings are so located as to leave a large area
between each, wherein the rare japonica and other plants,
the cultivation of the former flower garden, are retained, dec-
orating, imparting and inviting an appearance of cheerfulness
to the surroundings, which is so necessary and important,
and most effective in the restoration of the patient. The
areas are important in supplying the large volume of fresh
air which the patient ought to have in his ward, and affording
by such a distribution of parts the necessary large spaces
for a constant renewal of the fresh air, which, according to the
best of authorities on planning of hospitals, is more impor-

14o 2:ayor Courtc:zaj,'s Alz:zual Review.
tant in promoting the patient's recovery than any one thing,
and will prevent contamination and injury of his fellow-sufferer;
for many diseases are directly communicated through
the atmosphere, and surgical cases or wounds under treatment
vititate the air to averylarge extent, particularly in
the want of large spaces which alone produce by volume,
and not by currents or drafts of air, the needed and cahn
body of changeo[ air. All these requirements and advantages,
next to air, light and cheerfulness, so conducive to
rapid recovery, are practically best met by the wards as
constructed, long in proportion to their width, and so
arranged that one of the long sides shall have an aspect
directly south, securing a gentle, soft breeze from such
exposure, ample sunlight and rapid rarification of ai,'. It was
necessary to preserve the main design of the buildings to remove
many of the valuable japonica trees. This was successfully
accomplished by Mr. Samuel Webb, the florist of this
city. Trees over fifty years of age were not only successfully
transplanted, but bloomed the following season, and are today
growing luxuriantly.
The ward buildings are four in number. Two of the
wards are 28XLOO, and the other two 28XI25 feet; the narrowness
provides against a sluggish movement of the air.
The wards of 28xIoo will be assigned to the whites, and
those of 2SXI25 to the colored, as this class of patients is
mine numerous than the whites.
The weather-boarding to guard against the passage
of cold air is formed of two thicknesses of boarding, one
horizontal, covered with prepared asphalt paper, and the
other vertical, joints battened ; this mode of covering completely
shutting out any cold air which might pass into the
wards from the shrinkage qf a single thickness of boarding.
The windows on the sides of the wards are placed 12 feet
6inches from centres, and so admit of the position of two
beds between each window. The heads of the windows
are carried up as near as possible to the ceiling, the bottom
of the windows being nine inches above the level of the
floor. The windows and doors at the ends of the wards are

Dr_artment of C/zarit_es. 14t
of the same size andelevati,m. Having the windows facing
each other on the two side of the wards, a natural means of
ventilation is obtained. The sashes being hungin several
heights, the upper sashes can be opened at pleasure, and so
regulated as to throw the incoming fresh air at any angle
upwards as may be deemed better for tile condition of the
patient and the quantity of air needed.
The overhanging gables and eaves of ward buildings and
piazzas project four feet and are ornated with brackets,
verge boards and horizontal ca_ing to eaves, with scollops.
The design is Italian and the appearance of the taut
ensem[J/e with it_ piazzas and its overhanging roofs and
surrounding shrubbery, presents the most cheerful, picturesque
and pleasing effect.
The wards are accessible from the corridor of the main
building. The western end of the wards open on long piazzas,
which form the means of communication between them,
and afford besides, suitable airy places for promenades and
shelter for the conv_.lescent.
At midway of the piazzas crossing the between wards,
flights of stairs afford the means of desccnt to the garden
walks between the ward buildings.
Tile large areas of the basement of the ward buildings can
be utilized for such additional apartments as any greater
hospital requirements and accommodations may suggest in
future.
The sanitary arrangements for the wards are provided for
in two additions to each ward building placed midway of its
length, and containing the necessary fixtures, such as bathtubs,
wash-basins and closets, with all the connections made
with drain and sewer pipes leading to a point of outfall at
the creek or canal at the western side of the site, where the
sewerage and drainage is received into two circular chambers
for its proper handling, for separating, filtering, deodorizing
and disinfecting and purifying before removal. These
chambers are of terra cotta pipe of tile best manufacture.
The larger one, twelve inches in diameter, which receives
the sewerage proper, is closed by a gate at its outlet into the

I42 Mayor Courtenay's A,tnual Re_iew.
creek. This gate is opened at or near low water and the
accumulation of matter is flushed out by means of the water
from the tank, containing ten thousand gallons, from the
height of thirty feet above the ground, on every ebb tide.
This chamber is connected by " reducing" pipes, until the
main diameter of the sewerage system is only three inches,
which is, in turn, directly connected with the "'Durham"
system of pipes leading directly to the closets.
The waste water from bath rooms, wash basins and kitch-
ens are conducted into the creek by pipes entirely independent
of the sewerage pipes, and consequently nosewergas
can in any way return to the buildings from the bath rooms,
wash basins or kitchens.
The supply of water is abundant, as before mentioned;
there are also cisterns under each ward, and one large cistern
at the main residence, and one under the out-building, which
will be used for the care of the insane. Four large wells
are in the grounds: one of which, the "old mill well," is
considered inexhaustible.
The heating of the main building and wards is done by
hot water circulating through radiators. The system was
planned by Messrs. Valk & Murdoch, of this city, who
adopted the Gurney Hot Water Heaters.
_Ihe framed building, formerly the stable and carriage
house attached to the residence, has been completely transformed
and made with extensive repairs and additions, into
the laundry, and supplied with the most modern improvements
in form of machinery and all appliances for washing,
drying, compressing, ironing, etc., the motive power being a
steam engine, which will also be used for the purpose of
raising water to a tank of Io,ooo gallons, placed upon an
iron framed tower of 3° feet in height which is built upon
aconcrete and brick foundation. The supply to the tank
is, however, arranged to be made from the street water main
or hydrants located within the site. The hydrants, one
being placed between each ward building, would be an
excellent provision to be used in case of fire, Pipes with
couplings and sections of hose may be fixed at extremities

Department of CTlarities. I43
of corridors and at points in piazza opposite each ward
building, as a means of fire protection or extinguishers in
the incipiency of a fire.
The formerbtick kitchen building before described will
probably be remodeled, and used for the reception of the
temporary insane, an important part of the accommodations
which belong to a well planned hospital building.
It will be necessary ill the future to build a concrete retaining
wall along the entire west front to protect the property
from washing, and for this purpose the piles have been
driven and cut off at the proper height to receive the concrete
wall. This is also needed to perfect the South line ot
Mill street.
DETAILS OF INTERIORS.
Having described the architectural features of this very
extensive and newly designed charitable foundation, it is
now in order to recordwhat has been aimed at, in perfecting
the interior arrangements. The hospital apartments proper,
occupy what may be described as the second or main floor,
with atotal floor space of our twelve thousand feet in the
wards, and about eight thousand feet additional in the main
buildi_lg, all elevate'l above the ground ten feet.
There are on the second floor of the main building on
Lucas street, fifteen separate rooms, entered from a corridor
on the west, nine feet wide, this connects with the hall-
way twelve feet wide of the main entrance, and ensures not
only very complete ventilation to these apartments, but separates
them from the pavilion wards for the sick, which project
at right angles from this corridor westward. One of
these rooms is of double size, say -9ox3o , with an improved
skylight, and is intended as the operating room for surgical
and other cases requiring attention.
In the original plan of this apartment, it was contemplated
to erect stalls on elevations, one above another, in conyen.lent
locations, to accommodate a large number of students
from the Medical College, who should have _opportunity
for observation during their studies. This apartment

x44 ._[ayor CourteJlay's A1znual Revte_u.
is, I think, as large as tile similar one at John ttopkins' Hospital
ill Baltimore, and would give ample accommodations
so arranged. The other fourteen rooms are each I5x2o ,
except the north and south end rooms, which are I5X27
each.
Having previously given the general measurements of the
wards for the sick, it may be well to state the cube of space
in each, relatively to intended occupation; on the basis of
thirty-two beds for each of the smaller ward rooms, and of
forty beds for the larger, there would be thirteen hundred
and fifty cubic feet of area for each patient, which on the
highest authority, is ample under any circumstances, but
especially so in these thorough ventilated wards.
It will now be in order to give particular information of the
modern improvements introduced into these interiors, which
have never been undertaken in Charleston heretofo,'e, and
some of which are in advance of hospital construction anywhere.
The old method of plastering interior walls or
ceiling with wood, is here discarded: experience has demonstrated
that diseases find lodgement in such materials.
On the authority of an eminent physician in New York, I
would state, that upon demolition some years ago of an old
hospital building in that city, the workmen fell sick of the
diseases, mostly treated in these old apartments, while tearing
down the interiors, years after it had been in use.
For the first thne, as taras known, the use of iron and
glass has been introduced here for ward room interiors, intended
asa thorough antiseptic. The plates of ribbed glass
are }_ of an inch thick, and 34x45 inches in size, set in wrought
iron frames; all the walls are so covered thirteen feet up to
the rise of the roof; this is of very neat corrugated iron,
concave in form, and free of sharp angles at connecting
points. Before the plates of glass were set in the walls, the
interior side was painted in light bluec,lor, aslikely to be
most agreeable to the eye ; the iron ceiling is also tinted in
pleasant shades, so that the glare from traditional white
walls and ceilings is forever done away with here. Similar
care has been exercised in the two annexes to each sick

Dcparlment oj" Cllarities. I45
ward, where the closets, baths, &c., are located, all being
lined with the same material of glass at_d iron.
Porcelain bath-tubs and basins have been utilized as easier
kept clean, and for the further economic reason, that the
material is imperidlable, while metal vessels are difficult to
keep clean, and have to be renewed every few years at cost
for new articles and fittings. These entire interiors can be
scrubbed with soap and water, at short i_ltervals, and kept
absolutely clean.
VENTILAT ION.
In considering plans for hospital ventilation in this latitude,
where there is a mild winter of four months, with ice
rarely forming, and more or lcss of warin weather for eight
months, no plan of any of the costly and completely aDpointed
Northern hospitals, inspected in 1887, by the writer,
presented any meritorious features for us here. In those
Northern latitudes, the reverse of climate--severely cold-has
to be provided against. To illustrate this, it will be in
order to state that the heating apparatus alone of the John
Hopkins' Hospital in Baltimore, as I was informed when in
that city, cost a sum of mo,aey fifty per cent. greater than
these entire buildings a_ld furnishings, including the Mansion
House and the lands on which these erections have been
made. This may be unwelcome news to some who think
one hundred thousand dollars, contributed by the people of
the Union, for the poor of Charleston, a very large sum of
"money to spend for their hospital, but they will ascertain from
very strict inquiry" into all the details, that this New Hospital
Establishmerlt has been created at relatively a very
small outlay for so extensive and complete a plant. It will
be of further interest to state, that there are as many beds
available in this hospital, as in the costly Baltimore Hospital,
which represents an outlay of over a million of dollars,
the heating apparatus and water connectfons alone, of which
having cost $I6O,ooo, as I have been informed.
Under these conditions of climate, these pavilion wards
have been so arranged, as that during the greater part of
I9

i4 6 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
the year, the ventilation will be complete bv the use o[ the
sashes in the windows. The spaces between the interior
metal ceiling and the outer roof is very thoroughly ventilated
besides, and the original plans contemplated a very
thorough circulation of air, not only between the inner
ceiling and outer roof, but as well between the interior glass
walls and the exterior weather boarding, there being a
space of six inches available for this purpose, around tile
entire outer circuit of these apartments. Ventilators in the
iron ceiling of each ward lead directly to these spaces, while
others in the roof itself, complete the circulation of fresh
air throughout these apartments.
Having briefly described the arrangements for keeping
cool, I now refer to tile
t:EATING AND HOT AND COLD WATER SUPPLIES.
The entire building is warmed by "Hot Water Low
Temperature Direct Radiation"--supplied by four No. 36
Gurney Hot Water Heaters and ninety-one Bundy Radiaators.
In wards the radiators are placed opposite the
window, which extend nearly to the floor. The heaters
are arranged in pairs, each heater having valves on flow and
return pipes, so that in mild weather one heater of each
pair can be shut off, thereby saving unnecessaryconsumption
of fuel.
The flow and return pipes, about 6,0oo feet, starting from
heaters 4 'v diameter, are gradually reduced towards extreme
end of wards to I _f with I/:/_I_ branches taken off at points
opposite radiators and extending to same.
In this system the circulation is caused by the pressure of
return or colder water--the whole system being filled with
water; the hot water of same bulk is lighter than the
colder water, therefore pushes it up through radiators causing
the ci,culation.
The baths are supplied with hot water, heated byacoil
connected with steam boiler at lamMry. All the hot water
pipes for baths have circulating pipes, so that hot water can

Department of C,_ari/ies. I47
be had all times at faucet without delay of emptying pipes.
Both hot and cold water is supplied from a Io,ooogallon
tank, elevated upon iron tower 3° feet high. This tank can
be supplied either direct from Water Co. main, or the water
can be pumped in, by Duplex pump of I25 gallons per
minute capacity, placed in laundry.
The laundry is suppled with two washing machines, one
centrifugal wringer, one mangle, one shirt ironer, one fluter,
one starcher; also hand iron heaters, both gas and coal,
wash tubs and steam dry room capacity, clothing, &c., for
2o0 persons. Steam is supplied by a thirty horse-power
boiler for driving machinery,&c. There have been over
I0,000 feet of piping used in heating apparatus and hot and
cold water pipes throughout these premises.
ItOSPITAL NEEDS IN BEDS.
The present hospital needs of the city may be stated at
eighty beds for an averaged minimum, and one hundred
and fi{ty for a maximum. The area of these wards, with
beds on each side, well spaced, leaving the entire centre
space of a width of fourteen feet vacant, isI understand
equal to one hundred and forty-tour beds. This arrangement
gives to each patient immediate proximity to a
window in mild weather and to a heater in cold weather.
In so stating the accommodations, apparently on the
basis of maximum wants, it may be as well to say that
having a charity fund for this special purpose, equal to the
wants of a larger population, it was thought best to occupy
the site fully, as being more economical than in projecting
smaller buildings now, with the certainty of their being
added to in the near future, with the growth of the city's
population.
FURNITURE.
I am informed that a supply of new iron bedsteads have
been ordered of the standard pattern adopted in the United
States Marine Hospital service. Each has a patent wirewoven
mattress of excellent material, also rods for mosquito

I48 3/[ayor Courtenay's Annual Re_,iew.
nets; each bedstead is mounted on castors, which makes
any change of location easy and comparatively noiseless. It
is to be hoped, that the other very necessary modern furniture
may be procured, including mattresses of patented
pine straw filling, made in sections, so that if any part is
accidently soiled in use it may be taken out, cleaned and
replaced. These together make up the perfection of beds
for the sick, and aggregate small outlays for each patient
which might well be afforded.
TIlE BASEMENT.
This first floor presents an area of 32x27 o feet. It contains
the heating apparatus, and was originally intended to
be subdivided into rooms of convenient size, for kitchens,
servants' quarters, and a number of hospital purposes not
necessary to mention in detail here. The floor of this basement
is of concrete, made with Portland cement on thirty
inches deep of solid filling, and is absolutely dry. It is
twelve or fifteen inches above the highest storm tide, perfectly
ventilated, and for health and comfort is everything
that can be desired, of its kind. Here is the amplest space
for every future want of this institution ; in addition, there
are the basements of the wards, for further uses, should
more space be wanted for any possible purpose.
The contract for building the hospital was awarded to
Mr. M. W. Powers, he being the lowest bidder, and the work
has been done in a satisfactory manner.
Messrs. E. Van Noorden & Co., Boston, Mass., furnished
and placed in position the glass and iron work in the four
wards, the first work of the kind ever undertaken.
Mr. Charles R. Valk, of this city, superintended the
erection of the heating apparatus, &c., and I feel great confidence
that this important work has been executed in the
most thorough and complete manner, and will be a great
blessing to this institution.
Mr. A. S. Emerson furnished the machinery and appliances
for the laundry; Mr.W.F. Paddon, the plumbing;
Messrs, Pregnall & Bros, drove the piles, and Mr. Robert
McCarrell did the concrete and sewerage work.

• Drparlmeni of C/eearities. I49
The pians and specifications were prepared in the office of
the City Engineer, Mr. Barbot, Mr. J. N. Lirman, a graduate
of " t'Ecole des Beaux Arts," Paris, being engaged as an
assistant and draughtsman. The entire ground plan was
indicated by the Committee on Rebuilding the Hospital, and
the plans carried forward by the gentlemen named, submitted
to Council and approved and subsequently executed.
The general superintendm_ce of the buildings, the putting
down of the foundations and sewerage plant, the largest
work undertaken by the city, was entrusted to General Huguenin,
as a special service, without compensation. It is a
pleasure to add that he gave daily attendance to this protracted
and difficult undertaking, in addition to his usual
official duties as Superintendent of Streets, and has been
most useful in many important parts of the work. The
Committee engaged Mr. J. W. Sawner, an experienced master
mechanic, to give particular attention to all building
details, which proved very satisfactory.
In concluding this review, it is proper to mention here,
that the services of the Committee who had projected and
were familiar with the details of this complex and extensive
work, were suspended in December last, and with the
many details of the completion they have not been consulted,
or are they informed.
THE CITY ALMS HOUSE.
ANNUAL REPORT OF COMMISSIONERS OF ALMS ttOUSE.
OFFICE OF BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF ALMS HOUSE, )
Charleston, S. C., January 9th, I888. }
7"o t/ze [_rolloraaZe t/ze Y[aj,ar altd Aldermen of t/ze City oJ
C/zarleslo,t, S. C.."
GENTLEMEN--Herewith you will find enclosed the report
of the transactions of the Alms House for the fiscal year
ending3_st December, I887, as submitted to the Board of
Commissioners by the Master of the House, and by them
ordered to be sent to 3"our honorable body,

150 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
The cost of maintenance of the institution has been
$-'78._4in excess of the appropriation, as you will see by
the report.
The extra demands for transportation during the early
part of the year soon exhausted the amount appropriated
(85oo) for that purpose, a,,d an extra appropriation of $2oo
was called for, which, by judicious management, sufficed for
the remainder of the year, leaving a small balance in the
City Treasury at the close of the year.
The house still remains in a somewhat dillpidated condition,
caused by the earthquake. While the former administration
were not only willing, but anxious, to do something
to advance this noble charity to its proper and deserving
position, the accomplishment of their purpose was delayed
from time to time by a difference of opinion on the part of
the Board of Commissioners, as to the advisability of repairing
or rebuilding the house on its present site, or whether
it would not be better to erect a more suitable building in
the Western part of the city, in closer proximity to the City
Hospital. It is to be hoped that your honorable body will,
at an early day, find it convenient to build a house more
suitable for the comfort of the inmates than the present one,
as well as more in keeping with the noble charity which it
is intended to dispense to a large number of worthy poor
people, even should it be necessary to change its location to
accomplish the much desired purpose.
In conclusion, permit me to say that the Board of Commissioners
have continued in the discharge of their duties
the past year as in former years, and well deserve the hearty
commendation of their fellow-citizens for their management
of this, one of the noblest charities of the city of Charleston.
Yours, most respectfully,
WM. L. DAGGETT, Chairman,
Board Commissioners of City Alms House.
MASTER'S REPORT.
ClIARLESTON, S. C., January 2d, 1888.
7b the Board of Commissiouers of the Alms Ho/tse ."
GENTLEMEN--I have the honor to present for your con.

Department of Charities. 15I
sideration, in accmdance with the requirements of the rules
adopted by your honorable body, the following report for
the fiscal year, ended the 3tst of December, 1887.
There were admitted into the institution during tile year
seventy-four persons, classified as follows :
A dm ittcd.
Males ...... 32. Females ...... 37. Children ..... 5 Total ...... 74
Natives of South Carolina ................................ 30
" " Ireland ....................................... 30
" " England ...................................... 4
.... Germlmy ...................................... 2
" " Russia ....................................... 2
" " Pohmd ....................................... 2
" " Spain ....................................... 1
" " Switzerland ................................. 1
" " Scotland ..................................... 1
" " Delaware ...................................... 1
Total admitted ........................... 74
Discha_oed.
MMcs ...... 21 Females ...... 18 Children ...... 2 Total ...... 41
Natives of South Carolim_ ................................ 14
" " Irchmd ....................................... 19
" " Enghmd .................................... 2
" " (] el'nlally .....................................
" " Russia ....................................... 2
.... Switzerland .................................... l
" " Delaware ..................................... 1
Total discharged ............................ 41
Transferred to City [gos;MtaL
Males ............. 12 Females ............. 6 Total ........... 18
Natives of h'eland ...................................... 6
" " South Carolimt .............................. 5
"" "Po]and .................................... 2
.... Spain ......................................... 1
" " 1_ngland ..................................... 1
" " (]erlllanv ...................................... 1
.... Nowt Scotia ................................... 1
" " .New York ........................... ........... 1
Total transferred ............................ 18
Deal/l_.
Male_ ........ 1 Females ...... 6 Children ..... 1 Total ....... 8

152 Mayor Courtenay's A Jzuua! Review.
Natives of South Carolina ............................... 4
" " Ireland ..................................... 3
" " Italy ......................................... 1
Total deaths ................................ 8
Transferrcd to State LuJtatic Asyhtm.
Males .............. 2 Females .............. 1 Total ............ 3
Natives of South Carolina ................................ 2
.... Poland .................................... 1
Total transferred ............................ 3
Inmates of t/ze Hollsc.
Males ...... 30 Females ...... 53 Chihh'en ...... 3 Total ....... 86
1Natives of ireland ....................................... 36
" " South Carolina ............................... 36
" " Gernlany ...................................... 7
" " North Carolina .............................. 2
.... Spain ......................................... 1
" " Russia ....................................... 1
" " i[_¥ance ..................................... l
.... Poland ....................................... 1
.... ltaly ........................................ 1
Total number of inmates ................... 86
Ozttdoor PcJtsioucrs.
White .... Males ..... 6 Fenmles .... 30 Children ..... 25 Total... 61
Colored...Males .... 8 Females ..... 59 Children ..... 52 Total .... 119
Totals ......... 14 89 77 180
Number of rations drawn by Outdoor Pensioners weekly ................. 83
_xgellditurcs.
The total expenses for the year amount to $8,378.14.
The same care has been taken of the inmates, most of
whom are persons quite aged and utterly incapable of helping
themselves, as heretofore. They have been supplied with
substantial and wholesome food and raiment, and everytlaing
has been done to make them comfortable. The sick have
likewise been attended to and nursed with care. The Phy-
sician in charge has beea attentive and prompt to respond
to my calls when needed, and everything done for the relief
of the patients. The medicines and such diet as the doctor

Deparlment of C,_arities. I53
prescribed have been administered to each patient as directed.
Those of the inmates who were able were required to assist
in the work of the house.
The average number of persons in the House during the
year was eighty-three.
Permit me, gentlemen, to say in conclusion, that I have
endeavored to perform the duties of my office with fidelity
and impartiality, and assure you that, since my official connection
with the House, it has been my aim and purpose,
and I have at all times endeavored to act in the interest of
the institution and to execute the orders of your Board.
I am not unmindful of your Idnd consideration, and thank
you most heartily for the same.
Respectfully submitted,
H. G. FRASER, -/_[aster.
CORRESPONDENCE.
Crrv OF CIIARLESTON, )
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, December t, I887. (
To the Chairman and #[embers of the goard of Commis.
siom'rs of the Alms Hause ."
GENTI.EMEN--I deem it equally a pleasure and duty to
address you this letter before I leave the Mayor's office
which will occur in a few days. It gives me the opportunity
to thank each and every member of your Board, for their
efficient and most successful administration of this public
charity, which under your wise and economic admininstration,
leaves nothing to be desired by the City Council.
I think the City Council will take pleasure in pointing
with great confidence to your management of the Alms
House, as embracing all the essential features of good housekeeping
and business methods. Wlmt in former years had
cost the city annually large sums of money, has been for
eight years past reduced to the moderate figures of less than
eight thousand dollars a year for eighty or ninety inmates.
20

154 Mayor Courtcnay's Annual Rcvzczv.
I desire officiallyand personally, to thank each and every
member of the Board for the co-operation and assistance
they have given me in the administration of the City Government.
I have felt through all these years, that thisim.
portant charity was in judicious al;d safe hands, and the
record shows that my confidence has not been misplaced.
In severing my relations with your board, I beg to assure
you that I will always recall with satisfaction the pleasant
intercourse I have had with you officially and personally,
and with the assurance of my highest regard and esteem, I
am your friend and well-wisher,
WM. A. COURTENAY,
Mayor.
In reply to Mayor Courtenay's letter the commissioners
adopted the following paper :
CHARLESTON, December, 9, I887.
Honorable W:n. A. Courtenay, ]l[ayor, C/zarZcston, S. U'.."
DEAR SIR--Your esteemed favor of first instant addressed
to the Board of Commissiol:ers of the Almshouse, was
received and read at a meeting of the said Board on the 5th.
I have the honor to forward to you the following resolutions
which were unanimously adopted :
Resolved, That the Board of Commissioners of the City
Almshouse, feel great pride in the flattering terms in which
his Honor Mayor Courtenay, has alluded to the services they
have rendered the city during the past eight years, in
their economic administration of the public charity which
has been committed to them. While they studied the interests
of their fellow-citizens in the discharge of their duties,
they have in no instance overlooked the welfare of those
who have sought shelter and succor within the wails of the
institution.
_Resolved, That we recall with pleasure, the many pleasant
interviews we have had with Mayor Courtenay, and the
hearty co-operation he has at all times accorded us in the
discharge of our duties, and will ever refer with pleasant

Department of C_aritles. 155
recollections to the fact that it was oar province to have
formed a part of his administration, v_hich has reflected so
much credit on himself personally, as well as on the efficient
Board of Aldermen who has acted with him.
Resolved, That in parting with Mayor Courtenay, as the
chief executive officer of the city, we feel it to be our duty
to place on record the fact that much of our success is due
to the knowledge, that we had his active and hearty sympathy
in all that we were doing to alleviate the distresses of
those who were placed under our care--in a word, that at.
no time did he abate his interest in behalf of this, and
other public charities of the city.
Reso/ved, That we assure Mayor Courtenay, that in his
retirement from the mayoralty of the City of Charleston, he
will take with him the well wishes of this Board, accompanied
with the hope that his life may be long spared, that he
may look back with pride on the public charities which have
received his protecting care, and other public improvements
which have been inaugurated during his term of services.
Very respectfully yours,
HERMANN KLATTE,
Secretary Board Com'rs Ahns House.
TfIE OLD FOLKS' HOME.
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS PUBLIC LANDS,
Charleston, S. C., March I2, 1888. j
To t/_e Hon. the Mayor and City Council of C/larleston, S. C.."
GENTLEMEN--I have the honor to submit the annual re-
port of the Commissioners of PabIic Lands, (Ashley River
Asylum,) for the year ending December 3 I, I88 7.
Nmnberof inmates in the Asylum................................... 74
Admissions during the year.............................. 60
Left voluntarily....................................... 19
Died during the ye_r.............................. _...... 27
Sent to City IIospital ..................................
Returned from City Ilospital ............................ 1
The interments in the Public Cemetery for the year have
been as follows :

156 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
In Port Society Ceinetery--
White--Adults, Males ................................... 6
Children, M'des ............................... 2
Total ...................................... 8
Ill Public Cemetery--
White--Adults ........................................ 4
Children .................................... 2
Total ..................................... 6
Colored--MMe, Adults .................................. 101
Female, Adults ................................ 44
Male Children ................................ 94
Fem_le Chihlren .............................. 73
Stillborn ...................................... 84
Tot_fl...................................... 396
Toted number of.Interments ..................... 410
The funds for the support of the Asylum have been received
from--
Appropriation by City Council ............................. :.. ,$4,000.0O
Additional _tppropriation ...................................... 800.00
1887--Jan. 25--Comity Commissioners Berkeley County ........... 267.00
Feb. 26--R. W. Sanders, on account purchase mule, and
farming utensils ............................. 100.00
April 19--Appropriation ft'om Charity Fund .............. 1,700.00
June 16--Rent of titan .................................. 250.00
Sept. 9--Rent of butcher pen ........................... 30.00
Dee. 10--County Commissioners of Charleston ............. 78.60
Dec. 22--Cmmt.y Commissioners of Berkeley .............. 254.10
$7,479.70
Expended to date ................................ 7,260.35
Unexpended b._hmee............................. $ 219.35
The amount of 87,26o.35 expended includes the cost of
a building erected, measuring Ioo feet in length by 26 feet
in width, with two apartments, ceiling 12 feet high, piazza
IO feet wide running the entire length of said building, gut-
ters around the same, with a wooden tank of the capacity of
Io,ooo gallons.
The Asylum being crowded more space was required for
the inmates,

Deflartment af C/tar#aes. 157
The statement of tile Secretary and Treasurer as torevenue
from farm and other sources is also appended.
R. C. BARKLEY,
Chairman.
STATEMENT OF SECRETARY AND TREASURER.
1887--Jan. 25--Cash from Comity Commissioners of Berkeley
County ........................... $267.00
Feb. 26--Cash from R. W. S'mders, on account of
purchase of mule, a.nd farming utensils. 100.00
June 16--Rent of farm to January 1, 1888 ......... 250.00
Rent of butcher pen .................. 80.00
Dee. 10--Cash from County Commissioners of Charleston
County ........................ 78 60
Dee. 22--Cash from County Commissioners of Berkeley
County .......................... 254.10
Cash from Interment fees ................ 8.00
Total ................................... 8 987,70
1887--_Jan. 25--Deposited with City Treasurer .......... $267.00
Feb. 26-- " " " . ........... 100.00
June 16-- " ' " . .......... 250.00
Sept. 9-- ' ..... . ........... 30.00
Dee. 10-- ' ..... . ........... 78.60
Dee. 22-- ' .... ' ............ 254.10
Notarial fees, Postal eards, ete ........... 7.50
$ 987,20
Balance in hand .............................. : .... 50
CORRESPONDENCE.
T. B. MAXWELL,
£'ccretary and Treasurer.
CHARLESTON, EXECUTIVE S. C,, DEPARTM[ENT, December t, I887. }
To tile Chairman and .&[embers of t/_e ]5oard of Commissioners
of Public Lands ."
GENTLEM_N_There only remains to me a brief period of
official life, and before retiring from office, I wish to place on

158 Mayor Courlena_'s Annual Review.
record my sense of obligation to your Board, for your meritorious
services in the management of your charity trust. At
your suggestion , very desirable improvements have been
made in the premises, and it is a very great satisfaction to
the City Council as also to myself, to realize that the comfort
of tlle old colored people at the home has been looked
after through all these years, and that they now have better
quarters and accommodations than ever before. You are in
b charge of a most worthy charity, and it is a great satisfaction
to know all you have done for the aged and infirm
colored inmates of the City Home. For these services I
beg to express my thanks and the appreciation of tile City
Council, and with my best wishes to each and all.
I am, very respectfully,
WM. A. COURTENAY,
3layor.
Honorable I/Km. A. Courtenay ."
CtlARLESTON, S. C., January 18, I888.
DEAR SIR--Your communication of December I, 1887,
addressed to the Chairman and Members of the Board of
Commissioners of Public Lands, was presented by the Chairman
at a meeting held on 17th instant, and I was instructed
to thank you f)r the complimentary expressions in said
letter, relative to the satisfactory manner in which tile Board
has managed the affairs of the Ashley River Asylum, for
the comfort of the old colored [.eople of this city. A]lof
which is highly appreciated. The Board desires to extend
to you their best wishes for your success in life.
Very respectfully,
T. B. MAXWELL,
Sec'y & Treas. Board Com'rs Public Lands.

The Fire D@artmozt. i59
I)EPARTMENT OF POLICE.
TIIE FIRE DEPAICFMENT--TItE FIRE ALARM TELEGRAPtI--
TIIE I'OI,ICE FORCE--LIGHTING TIlE C1TY.
THE PAID FIRE DEPARTMENT.
The Annual Reports of the operations of the Department
are so full and interesting, as to require little to bc said by
me. The firemen meet public expectation, and about them
there is no division of public expression; they have the
good opinion and good wishes of the entire community.
The wrecking of the engine houses was severe by the
earthquake ; the cost of repairs was estimated at high figures,
and even when put in order, the old buildings would not be
suited to modern fire-engine house accommodation.
Considering the cost of altering and repairing old houses,
which would have aggregated a considerable sum, the Board
of Fire-Masters wisely concluded, that this estimated sum
for restorations, with the proceeds of the sale of the dam
aged properties, would approximately build modern fire
stations, and this belief has been realized.
By the sale of the Main Station House property to the
United States, the City Council realized funds for these and
other building purposes, and finally decided upon the erection
of modern fire-stations. A central one, at Meeting and
Wentworth streets, an upper one, on Cannon street near
King street, and a lower one, on Meeting street near Queen
street, at a cost for buildings of $28,oo0.
The Department is now, or will soon be in new quarters,
the apparatus concentrated at three points, gi in£ better
opportunity for its efficient administration, and for the first
time since the organization of the paid service, the officers
and men have comfortable quarters suited to their work.
The purpose of locating four engines at Wentworth and
Meeting streets, was with the knowledge and for the reason,

160 Mayor Cour/elzay's Annual Report.
that there was more costly perishable property within three
minutes run of this station, than in all the city besides. I
allude chiefly to the stock of goods in the wholesale and
retail stores of Meeting and King streets ; while the location
is not distant from East Bay and tile wharves. Another
advantage in this location, is in the firemen having a straight
run from river to river, or through the greatest length of the
city north and south, without unnecessary corners to turn.
The fire.stations are furnished with heating apparatus,
supplying each boiler with hot water night and day, and so,
losing no time in getting to work at a fire.
The very complete exhibits herewith presented, will interest
all thoughtful citizens, especially those showing the
small losses in real estate by fire the past year. There is
also a comparative statement of fire losses for six years,
covering the whole period of the paid service. This will be
read with satisfaction by all who wish information on the
subject.
A view of the Central Fire Station is herewith presented.
REPORT OF TttE BOARD OF FIRE-MASTERS.
OFFICE BOARD OF FIRE-MASTERS, _
CttARLESTON, S. C., January 2nd, I888.
"Tothe Honorable the _Yfayor and Ugly Council of C/larlgs/og ."
The Board of Fire-Masters respectfully submit the following
report of the operations of this department from the
1st of January to the 3tst of December, I887, and its condition
at this date.
The department consists of 1o3 officers and men, 9 steam
fire engines. 7hose carriages, 2 hook and ladder trucks, 29
horses, 9,4oo feet hose, 2 fuel wagons, 3 alarm bells and a
complete system of fire alarm telegraph. All of the apparatus
in the department are in good condition, except one
fuel wagon and one of the reserve engines, which will have
to be sold during this year, and a new engine and wagon
bought in their place.
No change has been made during the past year as regards

T/ze Fire Department. 16I
the active force, 7 engines and t truck being kept in active
service, and the remaining 2 engines and I truck being held
in reserve for any emergency.
Four horses have been purchased during the year, 2 have
died, and 1 has been sold, leaving 29 horses now in the
department.
During the past year a special appropriation was made for
the building of new engine houses, and an iron bell tower.
These improvements will be completed during this year, when
a detailed statement of the expenditures under this appropriation
will be made.
The Fire Alarm Telegraph has been kept in good condition,
and continues one of the most important mediums of
efficiency of the department.
There have been only43 bell alarms of fire during the
year, all of which have been managed by tile force with
their usual promptness and success.
The total loss by fires for the year has been $47,536.I7, of
which $37,235.00 has been from fires on shipboard, the
balance $to,3oI.17, being on real estate and personal property
in the city.
For a more full and detailed report of the transactions of
this department, your Board would refer you to the papers
accompanying this leport, which will show:
Condensed expenses from 1st January to 31st December,
1887 .
Summary of expenses by companies from 1st January to
3ISt December, 1887.
Record of fires from 1st January to 31st December, I887.
Inventory of property 3tst December, I887.
Comparative statement of property at risk, insurance and
IOSS.
2I
FRANCIS S. RODGERS,
Chairman Board Fire-Masters.

162 _[ayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
CONDENSED EXPENSES OF THE FIRE DEPARTMENT FROM
JANUARY IST TO DECEMBER 3IST, I88 7.
Pay roll ..................................................... ,$35,698.46
Grain and hay for twenty-nine horses ........................... 2,365.45
Wood and co_d ............................................. 194.25
Oil, waste _md other supplies ................................. 290.05
Rep_firs to apparatus ........................................ 937.63
Repairs to houses and bell towers .............................. 231.64
Repairs to h_rness .......................................... 44.95
lIorse-shoeing .............................................. 272.50
Four horses ............................................... 975.00
Five hundred feet new hose, eighteen feet suction hose and fifty
feet garden hose ..................................... 406.72
Fire Alarm Telegraph supplies ............................... 630.39
Pt_rt cost of heaters for central station .......................... 794.26
l_bmkets, shee_s, mattresses, pillows, ch_irs, &c ................. 855.75
]ncideimd expenses, rent of telephone, rent of stable, medicine for
sick horses, sawdust, &c., &c ............................. 435.71
Less amount received for one horse .................. $50.00
$44,132.76
Less amount received for ln_nure and bags ........ 82.76 132.76
$44,000.00

The Fire Department. I6 3

164 Mayor Cvurtenay's Annual Review.

RECORD OF FIRES FOR TWELVE MONTHS, ENDING DECEMBER 3IST, I887.
Value of
, ossoni Losson i TOTALORIOINOCCUPANTo O =RO
DATE. TIME. _ LOCATION OF FIRE. OWNER OF REAL ESTATE. Property at Insurance. / Personal
1887. _ Risk. ! Real
I
Estate.] / Property. ] I Loss. FIRES. SONAL PROPERTY.
Jan. I 5.57 p.m. 424 135 Wentworth Street ..................... , ................................. .............. t _ ... Chimney ......................................
Jan. 3 4.35 " 8 3 S W Cor Rutledge and Cannon Streets Geo Bulwinkle $ 2 500 0O$ ?000 00 $ 25 00 ........... 25.001Defective _lue: Various persons.
Jan. 6.05 " 162 31 Hasell _treet ............................... I................................ I .............. [.............. ]......... :...! ................. Chimney .................
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1350 "
18 12.35 a.m.
18 12.50 p.m.
523fi6 Calhoun Street .......................
921SS. Bessarabia, Atlantic Wharf
514:358 Meeting Street ..........................
............
Lizzie Hicks .................
Ta_ lor, Cameron & Co ........
Estate M. Fordham .............
900.0G 40000
218 000.0C 218,000.(J0
1,500.0C ............
...........
18.00 ............
$ 7,000.00
10.00_. ...........
18.0OlDefectivc
7,000.00[Aecident
10.001 "
Flue.
......
.......
[:izzie_Iicks." ............
Taylor, Cameron & Co. and others.
M. Fordham.
Feb.
Feb.
8 _!10............... _5 a m.
22 i 8.15 p.m.
154 S_. Cherokee,
45417 _urns Lane
Union "Wharf..
..........................
W.P. Clycte... ................ 280,000.0C 280 000 00i .............
:
I 13,500 0U 13,500.00] '_
. ..... Chimney
W.P. Clyde.
...........................................
]0"eb. 271000 a. m. 524_38 Calhoun Street ............................ _ E_;_ielnan.'...'.'.'. ___i:__i__.I...... _806160] ...... _6010i):..........
Win. Ufferhardt .............. _ 22,500001 22500.001
0756:::i:i
450.00
ii.
7O0.0C
e.oOlAecident
1150.00 "
.......
. ....
]A. nngleman.
IWm. Ufferhardt,
MarchMarch
March 1313]i2.00200 1410.18 ".......... N. E. Corner King and Market Streets. .......- _' '" • ............... i 900.00 900"00i ............. i 750.0C ............ 750.00 False " Alarm . ...... .................................
J. B. Colson.
_farch 15i 7.27p.m. ib'_'i:i_'nd'_'fi:ee_::.::: ::::::: :':::::::::::': (;tto*Tiedem'ail_.i_ .... [.ii[i [[[[i:ii[iiiilIiii.[il[.ii[[..iiii.ii[[ii[[['i..ii[[[.ii ............ Lamp Explos'n. Otto Tiedeman.
March 23 18 7.42 5.49 " ig"fiischoff'gqu_r'e.:'::::.::::.:::'::':::::::" Esii_e'H.'Bischoff: : i,60b:ob ...... "l_266:bb ......... i0:60!:::.::::::: ............. 1O.00 ]Chimney Accident ....... [......................................
John Syras.
March
April
29 9.36
7.30
"
"'
. ................................... ......................... I.......................
I
Chinmey ...........................................
April
April
181 9.51
25 11.21
"
"
iii'c_ffioun'_ire_,i:i::'::":
Calvary Baptist Chm'eh
::::i:':::::
.................
:: :_'as'_/dfl_er'.::::::i_::::'.:::
Congregation .............
: I 5_2,56:db
1,000.00
'"i_555:(i0,"
1,000.0l ]
....... 4(:Jb:bb.....
l,¢))0 00[ ........
750:0b ............1.150.001Incendiary/False Alarm ...... .... IT.¢ ..................................
tI. McLean.
" ...........................................
July
July Sept.
29 ] 9.12 "
21 27112.10 ] 9.35 a.m. "
Cor. Coming aml Wentworth Streets .......
17Johl'{ Test of I)epfi_rtment Stree_ ...................... ..................................... W. Walsh ................. I 2,500.00 1,80(l.00[ 80.00 ............
Lamp Explos'n
Accident ........
.....................................
W. Walsh, Jr.
Oct. 4 ]11.39 p.m. Chahners Street, Fraser's Stables ......... Mrs. Jno. F. Fieken .......... ! 8,200 00 ] _,:_0-_ r' _,500.00 2_0,00_XCCih'ent' :" [ : [[[]F_:a_er'_ nl'o'w_: .....
Oct.
Oct.
813.30
12 3.09
'_
"
SS. Eurepa, Union Wharf, l bale
30 Elliott Street ...........................
cotton,
Estate C. Plenge ..............
i""
I
_
1'90000_
'
195.00
"
"
".....
E.'i_l'enge. ' .......................
Oct. 14 315 " 94SS. [_othol, _outhern Wharf ........... Robt. t_ell & Co ............... i 3)0,000.00_ .......... " Robt. Bell & Co., and others.
Oct.
Oct.
15
15
1(6
4.54
"
"
17li17 Wall Street ..
162 East Bay--tCobertsen, Taylor & Co.--cotton
Mrs. J. Holtz ...............
I Robertson, Taylor & Williams.l
i
73052.00
500.001
76500.(!0
4")00
_00.00 1.067171
"
"
.....
......
iMrs. A. Hassett.
Robertson, Taylor & Williams.
Oct. 19 635 a.m. 92 Str. Silv(,r Star, Athmtic Wharf .......... I)f. W. Crouch, and others ...... I 17,000.001 14,500.00 ............ 1,735.001 " ...... H. W. Crouch, and others.
Oct.
Oct.
2412.52
2_" 2.31 a.m.
p.m. 123
613
Commercial
Citadel Academy
Cotton
.........................
Press, 11 bales cotton ...............................
/State of South Carolina ........
!
40,000.(10
3,375.00
40,000.00:
3,375.00 ......
5.00
143.00]
5.001
'_
'
......
...... State
H.W.
of
Frost
South
& Co.
Carolina.
Nov. 1 10.05 p.m. 145,Cor. East Bay and Queen Street ............ F. _¥. Wagener & Co .......... 1.50,00000 ! 40.00 150.001 " . ..... F. W. _Vagener & Co.
Nov. 3211.54 7.30 a. p.m. m 1361 616:Test ................ of Departmen_ ; ................ ............................................................ : ....... _ ....... .... ,Chimney I ......................................................
.............................................
Nov. 16 2.57 " _ .... False Alarm ........................................
Nov.
Nov.
20
2"2
9.2l
9.52 a.
"
m ....
. .......... , .................. ]Chimney
,False Alarm
...........................................
........................................
Nov. 241002 " Cor. Church and Elliott Streets ......... Estate C. Momier ........... 3,500.00 2,500.00 ]0000'... 100.00 Accident ....... Various persons.
Nov. Dec. 3010.20 9.21 p. a. In. m. 525:15 523110 Alexander Elizabeth Street ........................ Robt. Mrs. Jas. Morrison Simons .............. ............... I 3,500.00 2,50000 L5000O 2,000.60 830 Zb00! (XIi ............ 100.O0] 930.00] 25.00 '" " . ....... ...... Robt. C. Brooks. Morrison.
Dec. " .................................... IChimney ........ I ...................................
10.15 " 19 Bedons ============================== ..:: 500.00 17.00 ......... 17.00Accident ...... Various persons.
Dec. _ 10 28
Dec.
Dec ......................
2_
11.06
7.50p.
a.m.
m.
125! .............
Street....
_iary'_('.'M_ii'ph'y::::.:::::::::: _1[(366:_ .............. ]..............
_'::iS::::::k'::::::::::::::::: :::::: ] :"'__'_:_00:0U
_oooo,
[............
25.00 i ...........
I..........
I
IChimney
25.00
[
Accident
............................................
....... S.D. Kirk.
I$1,191,5770_ _-7,_! _-_,os-Z_oo$ _,_517_%-£_,
Total Number of Alarms ......................................................... i3. I Marine Loss .......................................................... $37,235.00.
I All other Loss ....................................................... $10,301.17.

The Fire De2artment. I65
Comparative Statement of Pr@erly at Rish, flzsurance and
Loss.
_ I_OSS Oil
: _ -= Property at, Loss on Personal Total Loss.
. Risk. Instmmce. RealEstate. Propert, y.
1882 348 093 500.00!$ 106 205.00S 12 539.095 20,087.52 S 32.626.61.
1883 '7_1 1,229,885 41 I 112,;350 ool ,_o 261 1)1 243,6.q9.11 293_960.',0
18861 571 4311774143 ;_56',024:4'31 46,325:55 621216109 108:541.64
188'7[ 431 1,191,577 00 1 125A)25.00 5 081.00 42.455 17 47,5'36.17
' _,.).)$:,. 95L. 70l, .)8 $3,2.5o, 942..)7 SIN), .)_.5.6:1 $461,.',12. 66 $ 612,~88.2.
2_VERAGF FOR _IX YEARS.
Propert,y at, Risk .......................................... $658,950.33
lnsm'anee ............................................... 542,657.16
Loss on tle_d Estate ...................................... $ 25,162.61
Loss on Personal Property ............................... 76,885.44
Total Los_ ......................................... $102,048.05
CORRESPONDENCE.
CITV OF CHARt.ESTON, )
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, December I, I887. f
To the Chairmau and Mcmbers of/he t_oard of Fire-Masters :
GENTLEMEN--My term of office expires in a few days, and
I feel that the City Council owes so much to your Board for
their intelligent and progressive administration of the affairs
of the new Fire Department, as to warrant my making a
formal acknowledgment at this time.
Five years ago the public necessities required a complete
change in the Fire Department) no less than substitutinga
paid service for that which had been the pride of the city
for many years, and to which the community were strongly

I66 Mayor Courlenay's Annual Review.
attached. You were selected to administer this important
public trust, and I know of no instance of any public duty
having been discharged with more success than yours, which
is clearly due to ),our wise, impartial and pains-taking service.
You have had but one object in view, the best possible
fire service for this city, and you need no words of commendatien
fi'om me, for you have earned and have received the
well-done of all thoughtful and disinterested citizens. You
are reminded constantly of your remarkabIesucces._in perfecting
the Department, whenever an alarm is sounded and
the engines respond. By the liberality of the City Council
tile Department will soon be quartered in new houses, supplied
with heating apparatus, and the latest appliances for
an increased efficiency, all of which, when fully developed
an:l in operation, will place this Department in the front
rank of fire service in this country.
Allow me through you to express my great satisfaction
• with the conduct of the officers and men of the department ;
undertaking a new service, without notice or experience, it
is surprising how soon they have adapted themselves to
these new conditions, and how devoted under all circumstances
they have been to their duties, showing a discipline
and a pride in their work which cannot be excelled anywhere.
In the great earthquake calamity the firemen of Charleston,
when everything was wrecked around them, including
their houses and electric alarm service, and while the earth
itself was trembling under their feet, acted their part with
devoted heroism, and the communitywlll not soon forget
their unequaUed services on that eventful night.
In taking leave of the Board and the Department, I recall
the many good offices and the unifor,n courtesy and consideration
shown me by each and all, which will be a pleasant
memory to me through life, and with the assurance of my
regard and esteem.
I am yours, ver_ respectfully,
WM. A. COURTENAY,
_ayor.

T,_e Fire Department. i6 7
OFFICE OF CLERK OF FIRE DEPARTMENT, }
CHARLESTON, S. C., January 5th, I8S8.
Honorable Win. A. Courtenay :
DEAR SIR--At a meeting ot the Board of Fire-Masters
held last evening, the following expression of their esteem
and respect was adopted:
" In dissolving the connection which for the past six years
has so pleasantly existed between the Hon. Win. A. Courtenay,
ex-officio member, and the Board of Fire-Masters, the
Board desire to put on record the courtesy which has marked
his intercourse with every member, and the warm and untiring
interest he ha_ always evinced ill organizing and perfecting
the presen _- Fire Department. His suggestions and
counsel have added much to the deliberations of the Board,
which have resulted in the present efficiency and discipline
of the service, and which we may justly say are surpassed
by no other; and in taking leave of him we tender to him
our warmest wishes for his continued prosperity and happiness,
and our expressions of gratitude that we were permitted
to be associated with him in the organization of the Fire
Department."
Very respectfully yours,
B. M. STROBEL,
Clerh Fire Department,
THE FIRE STATIONS--LOCATIONS AND DE-
SCRIPTION.
The losses by fire in cities is largely in stocks of merchandize,
and the heaviest losses in Charleston are in cotton on
shipboard, or in warehouse. Our statistics show small losses
in residence properties. With these facts ascertained,, the
best locations for the engines and truck were decided to be
contiguous to the stocks of goods in stores, with the largest
part of the force convenient to the largest values at risk, and
at the same time not remote from the water front. The

I68 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Rew'ezv.
positions decided upon are the most available in the city:
the Central Station at Wentworth and Meeting streets with
four engines; the Upper Station on Cannon, near King
street, with two engine_ ; and the Lower Station on Meeting,
near Queen street, with two enghles(one in reserve). The
Truck House and apparatus is centrally located in relation to
the whole area of the city. An examination ot tile map o£
the city, and a knowledge of the business locations, will satisfy
our citizens that the sites chosen were for public reasons
and not to satisfy private caprice.
The stations are two stories high; each double-house is
55x5 o feet; the lower floors are laid in artificial stone, on
which the apparatus stands and the horses are stalled; in
the corner of each hou._e is a Silsbee heating apparatus,
which not only warms the entire building in cold weather,
but keeps steam in the boilers of the engines day and night,
so that po,ver can be had ahnost instantly. Each lower
room contains a -on_ which works automatically, and when
sounded drops the guards that confine the horses, brightens
the gas lights and instantly stops the clock, thus indicating
the exact moment of the alarm coming in. There is also an
indicator, which shows the number of the box from which
the alarm has been sounded, which at once serves to direct
the movement of the apparatus to the conflagration. The
upper floor is subdivided into several apartments for the
sitting rooms and sleeping quarters of the officers and men ;
each member has a neat cot and suitable bedding and necessary
furniture for comfort and convenience. Attached to
each Station House are bath rooms and other accommodations.
On an alarm of fire the men descend byarod, which
is located in an opening in the bed-room floor. Tllis saves
time over the customary use of the stair case.
The fire stations were designed by the veteran builder Mr.
Daniel G. Wayne; the building contracts executed in a
most satisfactory manner by Mr. C. McK. Grant ; the heating
apparatus erected under the superintendence of Mr. C.
R. Valk.
With the new fire stations and the improved appliances

Tlte Palice Force. 169
avd furnishings, this department will compare favorably with
any ill the Union, as also will in tile efficiency of their work,
going to and at fires.
TIlE POLICE FORCE.
]-[an. G. D. gryan, A/fayor ."
DEAR SIR--I beg leave herewith to submit a statement of
the receipts and expenditures of the Police Force for the
year 1887, together with the annual report of the Chief of
Police.
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES POLICE DEPARTMENT I88 7 .
Appropri'_tion .................................. $68,500.00
Receipts from other sources ...................... 447.17
Expenditures :
Police Department ................................ $60,742.07
Central Station ttousc--W. F. Pad(Ion, plumbing... 1,004,20
•' " " E.R. White, marble slab... 50.00
" .... J.D. Murphy, extra work... 2,097,64
$63,947.17
$63,894.81
Balance to Income account ................................. $ 52.36
It will be noticed that by economical management the
expenses of the force was reduced $3,I51-84 below the estimates
for the year, which balance was applied to the completion
in part of the new Station House.
On the 251h day of August, I887, Major Frost tendered
his resignation as Chief of Police, to take effect on Ist September,
and First Lieutenant Joseph Golden was assigned
to the command of the force for the unexpired term.
The pressing need of a Police Station House, centrally
located and of sufficient size to accommodate the entire
police force, had long been felt. On the 21st December.
I886, an Act of the Legislature was passed, by which the
fee-simple of the vacant lot of land at the southeast corner
g2

170 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
of I!udson and King streets, was vested in the City Council
of Charleston, for the purpose of erecting a Police Station
House for the use of the City of Charleston. The sale of
tile Main Station and lot at the southwest corner of Broad
and Meeting streets to the United States Government, necessitated
that early provision be made for tile accommodation
of the force. The matter was referred to the Commis-
sioners of Police, and after due deliberation, the Board
recommended that a Central Police Station, of ample dimensions
for tile accommodation of the entire police force, be
erected on the lot donated to the City by the State. The
plans and specifications were prepared by Louis J. Barbot,
City Civil Engineer, and the contract for the building was
' awarded in due form to Messrs. J. D. Murphy and D. A. J.
Sullivan, contractors.
The building erected under this contract, known as the
Central Police Station, presents an imposing appearance, and
is a structure of which the city may be proud. It furnishes
comfortable and ample accommodations for the officers and
men of the ferce, and is perfect in all its sanitary arrangements,
and the sleeping quarters are thoroughly ventilated
and unexcelled for comfort.
By a resolution of the Board of Police Commissioners, the
Chairman was directed to tender to you their resignation
on your entrance to office, December Igth , I887, which was
intended to place the control and management of the force
in your hands, and which the Commissioners thought was
the proper course to pursue at that time.
Respectfully submitted,
G. W. DINGLE, Chairmau.
Charleston, S. C., 3Ist December, I887.
REPORT OF CItIEF OF POLICE.
MAIN STATION, OFFICE CHIEF OF POLICE, t
CHAI_LESTON, S. C., J,anuary 24th, I888.
To the ttolwrab/e, the 3laror and tlzc Board of Aldermen of
Czty of C/zarlestosz, S. G .'
GENTLEMEN--I have the honor to submit my first annual

The Police Force. 17 I
report, as Chief of Police, for the fiscal year ending December
3Ist, x887.
STRENGTH OF TItE FORCE.
The police force as per Ordinance, is as follows:
One Chief of Police. Two Orderly Serge,nnts.
One First Lieutenant. Four Line Sergeants.
One Second lAeutenant. Eighty Privates.
One Third Lieutenant. Two Door Sentinels.
Two Daymcn.
ItOW APPORTIONED.
Main Station Hon_e. Upper Station/[ouse.
One First Lieutenant. One Second Lieutenant.
One Third Lieutenant. One Line Sergeant,
Two Orderly Sergeants. Thirty-six Privates.
Three Line Sergeants. One Daymen.
Forty-four Privates.
Two Door Sentinels.
One Daymen.
ttEALTH OF _'HE FORCE.
There has been some sickness among the members of the
force during the past year, and it is my painful duty to
report four deaths as occurring.
Several changes have occurred in the disposition of the
force, n.otably the consolidation of the whole force at the
Main Station, on January the sixth instant, and return again
of part of the force to the Upper Station on February the
fourteenth instant, also changing the hours of duty performed.
HOURS OF DUTY.
The force is now dwidedinto two squads: one half of
the force doing duty in the day, and the whole force on duty
during the night.
REPORT OF ARRESTS,
The report shows that the number of arrests for different
offences during the past year, was 2,772. Of which number,

I72 Mayor Courtena;'s Annual Review.
I,Io3 were white males, 37 white females, 1,333 colored
males, 299 females.
LODGERS.
The. number of indigent persons who applied for, and
were furnished with lodgings during the year, was 3t3 white
males, 3 white females, 57 colored males, 5 colored females.
The value of property recovered during the year, may be
estimated at $8,ooo.oo.
All of which is respectfuily submitted.
JOSEPH GOLDEN,
C/li, f of Police.

Tke Police Force. I73
_TATEMENT OF CHARGES PREFERRED AGAINST _[EMBERS
OF THE FORCE, THE DISPOSITION OF THE CASES, THE
AMOUNT OF FORFEITURES DEDUCTED FRGM THE PAY
OF DOLICEMEN FOR LOST TIME, AND THE AMOUNT OF
FINES IMPOSED FOR VIOLATION OF THE RULES AND
REGULATIONS GOVERNING TIIE FORCE. TOGETftER
WITIt NUMBER OF RESIGNATIONS, DISCHARGES AND
DEATItS.
Charges. D@ositio_.
Intoxication ..................................... j Two (2) Suspended.
( Five (5) Discharged.
Insubordination ................................... One (1) Discharged.
Neglect of I)uty .................................... _ One (1) Suspended.
One (1) Discharged.
RE(!APITULATION.
Charges. Disposition.
Intoxication ................... 7 Suspended ....................... 3
Insubordination ................ 1 Discharged ...................... 7
Neglect of Duty ................ 2
Resignations 4, Deaths 4. Total 8.
10 10
Amount of Fines Imposed at Police Court .................. $4,135.50
Amount of Fines Paid by Prisoners ........................... 2,710.50
Amount of Forfeitures Deducted :l'rom Pay of Police for Lost Time. 1,238.52
Amolmt of Fines hnposed on Police for Violation of Rules and Regulations
............................................... 185.25
Amount Paid to Treasurer ........................... $2,710.50
Sale of City Horses ................................... 438.80
Unclaimed Property ................................ 132.27
$3.281.57

t 74 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Report.
Report of the Chtef of Police to the Board of Police Commissioners
of the City of Charles/on, showbzff the Number of
Persons Arrested in the City of Chark'ston during the
Y:ar INS7, aJzd the cause of/herr arrest.
WItlTES. [ICOLOgED.
OFFENCES. _ _ _ _
Assault, Aggravated ......................... i . • i. 6
Assault, Felonious .............................. 1
Assanlt with Deadly Weapon .................... I "_ 42
Accidental Killing' ........................... 2 i 4
Attempt to Commit Suicide ..................... 2
Attempt to Kill ............................
Assault ...................................
Attempt to Rape .............................
Attempt to Release Prisoner ....................
Breach of Peace ...............................
.
4221 ii I
i .....
I
! 4 "2
1
119
3
2
167
Breach of Trust; .................................. 6
Burglary ........................................ 1
Burglary and Larceny. ............................ 7
Careless_ Carry ing Driving_ (oncealed............................... Weapons ............ _ "i 31 11
Cruelty to Animals ................................
Desertion
:)isorderlv
....................................
Conduct ...........................
51.
1031 "3
5
47'_
Died Sud_lenly ................................ 4. 10
Drunk ......................................
I)runk and Disorderly ..........................
123
18• " "7
172
381
Escaped Convicts ............................ _ 2 5
Found Sick and Injured ....................... 34 2 92
]%und Drowned .............................. 2i.., 7
Found I)ead .................................. 11 . 4
Firing Pistols .................................
F''n
in gGuns
_
...................................
_
I...
61
!
28
3
Forgery Fo.nd_ings ............................ ....................... ::::::::::::: i i_ _ _ 1:_
Gambling ........................................... i 4
tlighway Robbery ............................ i .. 5
Interfering with Officer ........................ 4 29
Infanticide ....................................... 5 5
Insane .................................. 6 11 13
Larceny
Keeping
...................................
Disorderly Houses .....................
2.
1
I8 "2
i
222
3
Lodged
Lodgers
Lodged
as Witnesses ..........................
....................................
for Safe Keeping ......................
31
18
i i
19
8!]
5
20
65
Lodged on Suspicion .......................... 171
Lodged on Telegram .......................... 4
Lodged on Warrant ........................... i "" 64
Lost Children ............................... i 10
bfalicious Mischief ............................ .,, !' 21 i 442

The Poh'ce Force. 175
Nu m be r of Persons ,4 rrcs t,cd a mt Ca uscs of,4 rrest-- Co n ! z'llued.
I
I _¢*llITES. COLORED. i
!
OFFENCES. . _ 1-- • _ !_
Mayhem Murder . ..................................... ................................ _: 17
Obtaining (}oo(ls under False Pretences ........ 1 .. 1
()bstrueting Fire Department ..................... 1 ... 1
.. 2 7'' 2
i_ g. "i;(tile _k_'i,St i iiiiii"iii ............... 2 2
Swindling ............................... : .... 6 iii 7
Suicide ......................................... 1
TresI)ass ......................................... "16" " " 18
¥ agranev. ................................. 2o . . 18 45
Violafio_ of Ordinance ......................... 100 51 1 172
Wife Beating ......................................... 18 .. 18
Total Arrests ........................... 1103 37 333:29 2772
SENTENCES.
I hi , !I
Bail Forfeited
I)eliv(we(l to
..............................
Ottieer. .........................
96
•
o .....
3i
_
451
,)o
o_ ....
7j
I
151
o_
oo
l)elivered to Parents .......................... 7[ 2 I 1 li! 11
I)elivm'ed 1o Warr'mt ......................... 7'...I 54' 3 64
l)isn]issed ..................................
Paid Fines .................................
Referred to Coroner. ..........................
62,4 ]glJ 4141
137[ 4 180
lo o: .... : 30, •
83j1140
421i 363
14 'i , 5 _
Referred to Corporation Counsel ................. 8] 1 : 3 _.... 12
Referred to Board of ltcalth .................... ;_ .... I .... I"' i:_ _
Referred to Alms tlouse .......................... l] .. ].... ] 1
Referred to tlosl)ital .......................... 44 4i 37 10 95
Referred to ()ld Folks' Itome ........................ II 4 3 7
Referred to Trial Justice. .................... 98 1,i 307i 54i 460
Referred to Untied SlatesCommissio,mr. ........ 1 -. i!- I ... ' 1
Returned to Orphan House .................... 1 , I i 1
Sent Home ................................ " "3 il "i_!"'4i 20
Sent to Jail 59 214 _ 781 ]51
-- --I --_ -- --_
(lr_md Totals ........................... q1()3 37 133b 299 27,2
Am()unt of Fines Imposed at Police Court ...................... $4,135.50
Amount o1!Fines Paid by Prisoners .......................... 2,710.50
Amount of Forfeitures l)edueted from Pay of Police for Lost Time. 1,238 52
Amount Of Fines hnposed on Police for Violation of Rules and Regulations
............................................... 185.25
Amount Paid to Treasurer ........................... $2,710.50
Sale of City IIorses ................................ 438.80
Unclaimed Property ................................ 132.27
--_$3,281.57

176 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
Recovered--$9o.oo, I check for 840.00, 4 gold watches, Io
silver watches, 6 chains, I gold medal, I silver medal, I gold
pencil, I pair gold eye-glasses, 2 silver pitchers, 2 salvers,
2 fruit stands, I cup, 3 tablespoons, 6 desertspoons, 8 teaspoons,
I4 pair sleeve buttons, 2 pair ear-rings, I stone, I
clock, I copper cap and arm to still value _$too.oo, i soda
water fountain value $5o.oo, 2 pieces of cloth value $42.oo,
4 over coats, 3 dress coats, I silk basque, I sack, I dolman,
I lady's cloak, I rubber coat, I pair pants, 3 jackets, I shirt,
2 dress patterns, 2 pair of shoes, IO neckties, 3 hats, 6 handkerchiefs,
2 pair kid gloves, 2 buggy robes, I piece of carpet,
6 spools of cotton, I needle case, x thimble, 2 feather pillows,
2 bolsters, 2 counterpanes, 2 bed spreads, 2 sheets, 3
table cloths, 2 copper pumps, I lot of lead pipe, I box of
tools, I saw, I hammer, 3 hoes, I rake, I anchor, 2 hawsers,
I wheelbarrow, 2 tubs, 6 water buckets, E rubber pipe, I lot
of harness, I shaft band, 2 tubs of butter, 2 sides of bacon,
I ham, I demijohn of whiskey, 3 umbrellas (2 gold handles),
I parasol, 2 bags of cotton, I trunk, 5 valises, I case, I pair
wagon skids, 28 pieces railway iron, 5 coupling pins, I pair
steel knucks, 43 pistols, I musket. 3 bunches of keys, 4
knives, I truck, I section of hose, I plant and pot, I lot of
cotton tie buckles, I license, I prayer book, I receipt book,
I comb, I brush, I powder puff, I coop of fowls, 13 hens, 4
turkeys, 5 geese, 3 ducks, 7 strings of fish, &c.
Running at large--I8 horses, 11 mules, I donkey, 36 cows,
I bull, I steer, 3 calves, 5 goats and I pointer dog ; disposed
of in accordance to Ordinance.
Shot at request of owners--4 horses, I mule, I cow, 6I dogs.
Found open--6 banks, 54 stores, 38 offices, I2 barber
shops, I letter box, I restaurant, I butcher stall, I fruit
stall; owners notified and places secured.
Thirty-nine alarms of fire sounded--referred to Chief of
Fire Department.
I certify that the foregoing is a correct report as per Recorder's
Morning Reports.
JOSEPH GOLDEN,
Chief of t'o!ice.

T/ze Police Force. i77
CORRESPONDENCE.
CITY OF CIIARLFSTON, !
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, December I, I887 .
To tile ClzairlJzan and MelJs3ers of tlze Board of Police Cogs.
_nissioners ."
GENTLEMEN--My term of office will expire in a few days,
and I avail myself of this opportunity to address a few
words to the membersof the Board, and through them to
the officers and men of the police force, before my retirement.
First, let me express to each and every member of
the Board my thanks and appleciation of their consideration
and good offices for many years. Yours, gentlemen, has
been a difficult duty, in this, that tile means available to the
end of a complete police supervision of tile city couId not
be afforded by the city; even the moderate establishment
which has been maintained has cost seventy to seventy-five
thousand dollars a year. Under all the circumstances, considering
the number of men available and the area to be
covered, I regard the results as satisfactory.
Through your good selves I desire to say to the officers
and men of the force, that I have ever found them as a body
attentive to duties and fearless in the execution of all orders,
Of course there have been exceptions to this_eneral statement,
but I repeat that, asawhole, their duties have been
welldischarged. In the trying ordeal incident to the earthquake
the whole force, without exception, did their whole
duty to this community, remaining at their posts without a
single exception, while ignorant of the fate of their own families,
which faithful discharge of duty will not soon be for-
gotten by our citizens.
In a few days the new Station House, provided by the
City Council, will be occupied by the force. Every effort
has been made by Council to have these quarters com-
fortable and convenient for the men. New beds, bedding
and furnishing have been provided to this end, and I confidently
expect that a proper acknowledgment for these
outlays and arrangements will be made by the force in its
increased efficiency.
23

178 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
The early introduction of the " Police Telephone and
Signal System" will multiply the effective working ol the
present number oil the 'force very much, and this advance
in the police supervision of the city may be reasonably
counted on in the near future.
In taking leave of you, gentlemen of the Board, I desire
to express my thanks and obligations for your assistance in
this department of the municipal government, and to
extend to each and all of you, and through you to the
officers and members of the force, my sincerest wishes for
your and their welfare and happiness, and I subscribe myself,
very respectfully,
WM. A. COURTENAY,
Mayor.
CHARLESTON, S. C., December 5, 1887.
To the t-Ion. Win. A. Courtenay, 3_rayor ."
Mv DFAR SIR--Your communication to the Board of
Police Commissioners, was received and laid before the
Board at their meeting held this date ; and by resolution of
the Board the communication was ordered to be spread upon
the minutes.
Allow me to avail myself of the opportunity to convey to
your Honor the sincere regret of the Board at the early approachingseverance
of our official relations in this department
of your administration, and to subscribe mysel[,
Very respectfully, your obd't serv't,
G. W. DINGLE,
Clmirman of tlwBoard.
DESCRIPTION OF CENTRAL POLICE STATION.
The Central Police Station is located on the western portion
of the parallelogram, bounded by Hudson street on
the north, Marion Square on the south, Meeting street on
the east and King street on the west. The dimensions of

©
c_
L_
©
©

The Police Force. x79
the area so occupied measuring 87 feet on Hudson street,
82 feet on the south, and I46 feet on King street. This
parallelogram, the eastern part or remainder of which is
occupied by the buildings known as the Citadel Academy,
was originally the site of the Tobacco Inspection Buildings
and grounds in the early years of the century.
Lying to the south of it is the area ceded to the Cityof
Charleston by Act of the LegisIature in 1783, as will appear
in plat on file in City Engineer's office. This area bounded
by Military Academy buildings on the north, Calhoun
street on the south, Meeting street on the east and King
street on the west, has been laid out in rectangular and
diagonal walks, curbed with blue stone and paved with
a bituminous compound, is known as "Marion Square,"
upon which is the Calhoun Monument, the "Horn Work,"
a remnant of the fmtification erected for the defense of
Charleston in 178o , enclosed with a neat iron railing, and the
artesian well which was bored near its south-western
corner, but which has been piped and the water carried
underground to the reservoir on George street. Tile spaces
between street curbs and curbs to the walks, eighty feet
wide, have been sodded and planted in trees at regular
intervals.
The Central Police Station, as shown by the engraved
print on the opposite page in elevation and plan, is a brick
building three stories high, and of the style of architecture
known as the castellated, adorned with turrets and battlements.
There are certain architectual features which have
been slightly departed from in the form and dimensions of
openings; this was done through necessity, was dictated by
the wants which the structure is intended to supply, and
from due regard to the influences of a Southern climate, in
which the volume of fresh air and means of ventilation must
rule in the adaption of the points to be studied.
In symmetrical proportions and architectual appearance,
the building agrees with the Citadel, and is pleasing to the
observer, while it occupies a lot l_ng vacant, neglected
and most unsightly at this central and attractive point of
the city,

I8o Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
The first or ground floor presents the following arrangement:
A main entrance on the King street andaside
entrance on Hudson street, both ten feet wide and centrally
placed, leading to an enclosed area or courtyard which is
eighty-four feet long by thirty-eight feet wide, on the
eastern side of which is built a cistern containing 5o,ooo
gallons, the top arched in two cour:;es of brick supported by
rolled iron girders; the extradosof the arches filled in and
leveled off with concrete and then covered with a graded
artificial stone floor, in the surface of which are formed small
channels to carry of the water used in scouring the floors.
Above the cistern are constucted the prisoners' cells, of
ample security, convenient in size, well ventilated and sup.
plied with all modern sanitary arrangements for their use.
In the western part of the courtyard is built the subterranean
receptacle for the drainage of the water-closets; the
waste from bath tubs and wash basins, containing no oftensive
matter of any consequence, being taken off with the
storm water through channels of terra cotta pipes into the
King street drain, an old antebellum construction put down
by some empirical rule and now an elongated cesspool; but,
nevertheless, to be improved in its sanitary condition by
the large amount of water which will be contributed by the
discharge from the station and help to scour it out. Until
the city will adopt a well studied system of drainage and
sewerage so often recommended such poisonous traps like
these old drains will continue to be the source of production
of the sewer gases, the sickening effluvia and evil consequences
of which have been the cause of the most dreadful
diseases.
The provision of suitable depositories for coal, wood, etc.,
with properly constructed shutes, having convenient means
of access for supply and removal have been thought of in the
arrangement and amply provided for in accordance with
the most modern ideas.
The plan of the first floor shows the following disposition
of rooms, etc.: To the south of the main entrance way, and
running at right angles to the same, is a corridor seven feet
wide on the west side, of which are the officers' quarters or

The Police Porte. 18 I
apartments, Captain and four Lieutenants, all of ample and
convenient dimensions, well lighted and supplied like every
other room of the building, with flues built in the brick work,
and lined with terra cotta, and provided with thimbles to
make the connections by insertion of the metallic pipes from
the heaters or stoves when required. In summer these flues
will answer as channels for ventilation to all the apartments.
To the south of the main entrance hall, and at its eastern
extremity is a hall with commodious staircase leading trom
this floor to the second and third floors.
To the south of the staircase and hall, and on the east
side of the corridor leading to the officers' quarters, are the
sanitary provisions and conveniences for the use of the officers;
these consisting of wash rooms, bath rooms, etc., so
indispensable in our Southern climate. To the west of the
corridor is also a large room with shelves and lockers, as-
signed as a baggage room for safely depositing or storing away
all articles discovered or seized, and held for reclamation.
' Under the rear addition or wing of the area or court is a
large space designed for the keeping of wagons or ambulances
and two horses, for such indispensable services as all
well regulated departments of police are expected to provide.
To the north of the main entrance, or to the left as you
enter, are the Sergeant's Office, the Police Court Room, and
the Recorder's Retiring Room.
To the east of the Hudson street entrance, isacommodious
stable with stalls for nine houses, beside harness and
feed rooms. The stable floor is made of artificial stone,
provided with open graded small channel gutters, stench
traps and an improved mode of carrying the drainage from
stalls to properly trapped stable cess-po31s, &c., which can
be readily emptied, deodorized and disinfected. Upon the
artificial stone floor is laid a stout flooring of planks.
The areas of the courtyard and etitranzes are graded and
paved with granite blocks.
The second and third fl,_ors are occupied by" the staircases
and sleeping halls, on either side of which, and in e,_ch rear
wing are the men's quarters, of sufficient capacity to accom.
modate zoo policemen without crowding.

I82 _ayor Courtenay s Annual Review.
The eastern portions of each wing on the second and
third floors, are partitioned off to form rooms of convenient
sizes, which are furnished with all the necessary sanitary appliances
in form of bath-tubs, closets, basins, &c. The water
supply is from two iron tanks of 4,ooo gallons each, which
are firmly supported on the angles or corners formed by the
wails at the height of the roof, and by girders of iron placed
diagonally from one wall to the other. These tanks are fed
from the street mains, and being kept constantly full by the
pressure on the mains, not only furnish a bountiful supply
for the sanitary appliances, but on account of their elevation
are important as a means of fire protection.
O, the rear of the main building overlooking the courtyard,
and at the heights of the second and third stories are
iron balconies, accessible from the openings which extend
to the floor in each story.
The Central Police Station was designed by Mr. Barbot,
"City Engineer, subject to the conditon of general outward
uniformity to the Citadel buildings, assisted by Mr. Lirman
as draughtsma1:. The contract for building was executed
by Messrs. J. D. Murphy and D. A. J. Sullivan in a satisfactory
manner. As in the Hospital, so in this, Gen. Huguenin
had the general superintendence, without compensation,
in addition to his other duties.
LIGHTING THE CITY.
The contract with the Gas Light Company is still in
operation at the date of this writing. Early in the new
year however, it is understood that there will be a small
reduction in the number of street gas lamps, and a contract
for a number of electric lights; a fair proportion of these
will be placed on the outskirts of the city, a great gain
to residents in the extreme northern section, and may
be regarded in one sense, as an effective police arrangement
in the outlying districts. One of the lights is placed
in front of the entrance of the William Enston Home
Village, in the upper part of Ward m.

Pleasure Grounds. 183
PLEASURE GROUNDS.
WHITE POINT GARDEN--THE COLONIAL COMMON AND
LAKE---MARION SQUARE, AND OTHER PUBLIC GROUNDS.
There has been little change in the pleasure grounds
during the past year. The occupation of these open spaces,
as camp grounds during the earthquake disaster, necessarily
did damage, which has cost a good sum of money to restore,
but t_is of course is not a subject of complaint under such
distressing circumstances.
Herewith will be found the reports from the several committees
and Board of Commissioners, which give particulars
and cost of maintenance and improvements during the year.
COLONIAL COMMON AND LAKE:
CHARLESTON, S. C., January ISt, x888.
Honorable George D. Bryan, Mayor ."
Below I beg leave to hand you the Annual Report of
receipts and expenditures during the year I887, by the
Colonial Common and Ashley River Embankmeut Commissioners.
RECEIPTS.
Appropriation from city ................................ $825.33
Street Department for concrete curbing on Broad street ..... 557.40
Ren_ from Mr. Toale ................................... 760.00
_$2,132.73
EXI'ENDITURES.
For concrete work from Rutledge to Lynch on Broad street, concrete
steps from terraces to walk around the Lake, planting trees and
grass, repairs to walks and terraces, &c., costing ............. 1,921.29
Returned to City Treasury balance ......................... $211.44
Very respectfully,
C. A. CHISOLM,
Chairman C. C. and A. R. Embankment.
*To the late Hon. :lames B. Campbell the credit is due for instituting proceedings
in the Courts, many years ago, which had the effect of proleeting this area
and preserving it to the use of the people of Charleston as a unique pleasure
ground ; those proeeeding.s were brought to a close in 188l by the consent decree
of Judge Kershaw, of date July 5th, 1881, which can be seen at page 200, Year
Book, 1881. W.A.C.

I84 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Revtcw.
CORRESPONDENCE.
CITY OF CHARLESTON, t
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, December I, 1887.
To the C]zairman and Members of t/ze Board of Commissioners
Colonial Common and A. R. Embankment :
GENTLEMEN--In a brief period my term of office expires.
and I will retire from the mayoralty. Before doing so, I
recall the great change which has been wrought in the past
few years by your Board, in the handsome improvement of
the public grounds on Broad, Rutledge and Beaufain streets,
which presents a most attractive appearance, and for a city
differs essentially from the usual public grounds. It is the
only city, I recall, which has ten acres within the corporate
limits, of lake, lawn and terrace. This locality might be
made very attractive in years to come, with its fixed income
of one thousand dollars a year, judiciously expended, provided
the public wilt respect the grounds, and not have a
recurrence of constant trespass and iniury which has already
cost considerable money to repair, and which should
certainly cease from this time on.
In parting with my associates of this Board, I desire to
thank each and all for their courtesy and consideration
shown me during all the years of our service, and I would
especially thank the Chairman of the Board, Mr. C. A.
Chisolm, for the artistic plans of this improvement, and for
his continuous attention and supervision.
With my sincere good _vishes to each and all,
I am, very respectfully,
WM. A. COURTENAY,
Mayor.
CHARLESTON, S. C., December 8, I887.
Honorable Win. A. Courtenay, Maror ."
MY DEAR SIR--In behalf ot the Board of Commissioners of
the Colonial Common and Ashley River Embankment, allow

Pleasure Grounds. I85
me to return you ourcordial thanks for your kind letter of
the first instant.
The preservation to the citizens of Charleston of what
remained of the original grant made in 1768 as a Common
or Pleasure Ground, set apart in perpetuity, was due to
the enlightened public spirit of the City Council of Charles-
'ton, under your influence. And whatever success the commissioners
have attained in rendering the lake and grounds
attractive, has been due in large measure to the liberal aid
given to us by the City Council, and especially to your
earnest sympathy and zealous assistance.
We hope that these beautiful pleasure grounds will be to
future generations, one of the many monuments of your enlightened
administration.
With thanks for your courteous kindness and assurance
that you carry with you into your retirement our most cordial
wishes for your welfare, I remain, Mr. Mayor,
Very truly yours,
C. A. CHISOLM,
Chairman C. C. and A. R. Embankment.
LOWER WARDS PLEASURE GROUNDS.
Honorable George D. Bryan, Mayor ..
CIIARLESTON, S. C., January Ist, 1888.
DEAR SIR--The opening of the year I887 found our
Lower Wards Pleasure Grounds in a dismantled and deplorable
condition, caused by their use as camping grounds
during the earthquake. The fences and settees were torn
up and broken, the flower and grass plots destroyed. This
damage has been all thoroughly repaired. The filling and
grading of the shell walks on the Battery have also been
completed.
Considerable improvements were made in Cannon's Park,
and the water lot adjoining it on the south, which was rap-
24

186 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
idly becoming a nuisance, has been filled up, graded, neatly
fenced in and attached to this park, adding greatly to its
size and appearance.
Very _respectfully,
A. B. MURRAY.
Chairman Committee
UPPER WARDS PLEASURE GROUNDS.
Honorable George D. Bryan, Mayor :
CHARLESTON, S. C., January Ist, I888.
DEAR SIR--In reply to your favor of date, I beg to hand
herewith memorandum ol expenses on Upper Wards Pleasure
Grounds for the year 1888.
Labor 197 days, at 2,5e.................................. $240.25
Samuel Webb, trimming trees........................... 85.00
S. Welling, carpenter work............................. 25.00
Joseph P_i4dock,plttttlbing............................... 9.90
MikeHogan, whitewashingfence Halnpstead................ 10.00
The J. L. Mort Iron Works, Cannonsboro Park ............. 162.85
F. 3. Ortmann, for C_nnonsboroPark ...................... 135.00
---$624.00
Respectfully yours,
C. WULBERN,
Chairman Committee.
MARION SQUARE.
CHARLESTON, S. C., January Ist, I888.
To the Honorable Gcorffe D. Bryan, Mayor :
DEAR SIR--I have the honor to hand you herewith the
report of the Commissioners of Marion Square of receipts
and expenditures for the year _887, and am,
Very respectfully yours,
(Signed) GEORGE D. JOHNSTON,
Chairman.

1887. REVORT.
Pleasure Grounds. 187
Appropriation ..................................... $1,000.00
Received per T. A. Huguenin from Ladies' Calhoun Monument
Association to repair damage to facade .......... 10.00
----$1,010.06
Paid for labor ...................................... 17.75
Keeper of Square ............................. 330.00
Painting signs ............................... 21.60
Special policemen ............................... 50.00
Tools ....................................... 4.10
On account repairs to parade ...................... 484.82
Trees, &c ..................................... 100.00
----$1,008.27
Balance covered into City Treasury .................... $1.73
(,Signed) GEORGE D. JOHNSTON,
Chairman.
Attest: JAS. P. LESESNE,
Secretary.
CORRESPONDENCE.
CITY OF CHARLESTON, [
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, December Ist, _887. I
To the Cttairman and Members of the Board of Commissioners
Marion Square ."
GENTLEMEN--I am about to retire from the Mayor's office
and before doing so, avail myself of the opportunity to
thank the gentlemen of the Board for their interest in Marion
Square.
When the General Assembly determined upon re-opening
the Military Academy, the City Council took prompt and
efficient steps to change this long neglected spot, and have
spent a considerable sum of money in the last few years to
improve its appearance and fit it for the purposes of the
cadets and troops of the Fourth Brigade. Situated at the
most central point of the city, it is susceptible of great improvement,
and I am sure will receive at your hands due
care and attention, and that you will be supported in your
efforts at all times by the City Council. In parting with

I88 Mayor Courtenay's Anmlal Report.
you gentlemen, please accept each and all of you, the assur.
ance of my regard and esteem, and with my best wishes,
I am, very respectfully,
WM. A. COURTENAY, Mayor.
CHARLESTON, S. C., December 5th, 1887.
Honorable Win. A. Courtenay, Mayor of Charleston :
DEAR SIR--At a meeting of the Commissioners of Marion
Square held on Saturday third instant, the Chairman laid
before the Board your letter of first instant, and it was
ordered spread upon the minutes.
The Chairman read the following reply to your letter,
which was unanimously adopted " as the expression of the
sense of the Board."
DECEMBER 2nd, I887.
"DEAR SIR--Your official communication of the first
instant, announcing your early retirement from the MayoraKy
of this city, and taking leave of the Commissioners of
Marion Square, has been received.
Permit me to convey to you my high sense of the valuable
services which, as Mayor, you have rendered this
Board during my connection with it, and to unite with the
great body of the people in sincere regret, that you should
see fit to retire from the distinguished and responsible
position which you have filled for so many years with such
eminent ability and success.
Wishing you long prosperity in your private interests
and the satisfaction of mind which proceeds from the consciousness
of important duty well done."
The Secretary was instructed to convey to you this action
of the Board, which gives him much pleasure personally as
well as officially.
Very respectfully,
GEO. B. EDWARDS, _ray'or & A. G.,
Acting Secretary Board Comm'rs Marion Square.

Public Buildings--GroundsIetc. I89
PUBLIC BUILDINGS--GROUNDS-TRUSTS--
MARKETS.
ROBERT FULTON.
At ameetingof the City Council held on the 5th April,
I887, the following communication was read:
CLAVERICK, N. Y., April I, I887.
To t/te Mayor and Common Council of the City of Charleston,
S. C. :
GENTLEMEN--Recently I have received through a friend
a photograph from the bust of my grandfather, Robert Fulton,
which your city has placed in its Council Chamber. I
wish to express my gratitude to you, for the deep feelings
shown to his memory in your appreciation of this work of
art. It is of great interest to me, for it has given me pleasure
to compare this photograph of the bust with the portrait
of Robert Fulton, painted by Sir Benjamin West, now in
my possession. I am pleased to find that in many respects
they are very like to each other.
I am, gentlemen, yours very respectfully,
ROBT. FULTON LUDI.OW.
Received as information.
JOEL R. POINSETT.
At a meeting of the City Council held on 8th November,
1887, the following communication from Hon. Wm. A.
Courtenay was read :
Gentlemen of the City Council of C'harleston :
Early in I886 I availed myself of a rare opportunity, and
secured an original portrait by Jarvis of our late distinguished
townsman, the Hon. Joel R. Poinsett, with the put-

90 l_[ayar Courtenay's dnnual Review.
pose of asking the privilege of presenting it to the City
Council.
Mr. Poinsett was the representative in the Congress of the
United States from this district ; Minister to Mexico at an
eve.tful epoch ; Secretary of War under President Van Buren
; and through a long and eventful life reflected, by his
eminent services, the highest honor upon his native city and
State, and upon the Federal Union to which he was ardently
attached.
The incident of his displaying tile United States flag in
tile City of Mexico is memorable, because of the moral influence
which that symbol immediately exercised in the
protection, by its mere unfolding, of the many who had
sought its shelter from an excited and threatening populace.
I am indebted to Dr. G. E. Manigault for the biographical
sketch of Mr. Poinsett herewith enclosed.
My absence last year, and the disturbed condition of
affairs on my return home, have delayed the execution o_
my intention until now, when I have just received the picture
from the hand of the artist, who has skillfully restored it to
its first condition.
There is not a public art gallery in the city. There might
be one with proper effort. I have, therefore, endeavored,
during my official term, to preserve and make accessible to
the public the valuable paintings and statuary which have
come down to us from previ(,us generations, and have had
the privilege, from time to time of adding to the collection.
I' will therefore, be pleased to have you receive this portrait,
and ask that you cause it to be placed in our newly restored
Council Chamber, where, together with the other works of
art, it may be accessible to the public.
Very respectfully,
WM. A. COURTENAY,
75 Lynch Street, 8th November, I887,
Alderman Symth presented the following resolutions of
acknowledgment to Mayor Courtenay, and moved that they
be adopted by a rising vote, which was unanimously done:

Public Buildings--Grounds--etc. i9t
Resolved, That the thanks of Council are hereby tendered his Honor Mayor
Courtenay, for this additional act of generosity, and this fresh proof of his
interest ill alt that concerns the City of Charleston.
Resolved, That the City Council gratefully accept tile handsome portrMt of
the Ilon. Joel R. Poinsett, and assigns it a place upon the walls of the Council
Chamber.
Re_solved, That tile biographicM sketch of Mr. Poinsett be printed with tile
proceedings of Council.
MUNICIPAL PROPERTY.
The following descriptive list of the Municipal Property
has been prepared with every possible care, and is intended
to supply a felt want, for a particular record of each separate
property for convenient reference :
CHARITY BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS.
The Charleston Orphan House and Grounds, 3_ acres--
Ward 8.
The City Ahns House and Grounds, 2oox25o feet--Ward 9.
The Old Folks' Home for aged colored people, 33 acres--
Ward T2.
The New City Hospitals and Grounds, on Calhoun, Lucas
and Mill streets and north branch of Cumings' Creek, with
about 2_ acres grounds--Ward 8.
The City Lot in The William Enston Home Grounds.
In conveying to the Trustees the lands upon which the
village is being built, the City Council, by Ordinance
August 8th, I882, made this reservation, as part of the
terms of settlement: "SEC. VII. That in improving and
laying out the grounds of the said William Enston Home,
the said Board of Trustees are hereby required to reserve
and set apart a space of one hundred feet square, at or near
the centre of the grounds, or at some other suitable point
therein, as they may determine, _v/zic/l si#ot is hereby dedicated
for t/re erectiol_ t/zercon of a 2oerpetual memorial by the
City of Charlesto,a, to William Enston, her large-hearted
and noble benefactor."

192 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Revtew.
POLICE DEPARTMENT.
The Central Police Station, King and Hudson streets,
87x147 -Ward 7.
The Central Fire Station and Lot, Meeting and Wentworth
streets--Ward 5.
The Upper Fire Station and Lot, Cannon street (now
building)--Ward I I.
The Lower Fire Station, Meeting street, with lot on Queen
street attached (now building)--Ward 3.
The Truck House and Lot, Meeti,_g street--Ward 7.
The Gamewell Fire Alarm Telegraph Plant--97 boxes, 3°
miles wire, 45o poles, 3 large bells and towers.
UNINCUMBERED PROPERTY UNUSED AND ORDERED TO BE
SOLD.
The Upper Police Station House, King street--Ward I I.
Seven Engine Houses, in Chalmers, Queen (2) Anson,
Archdale, Wentworth and John streets.
PLEASURE GROUNDS.
The East Battery Sea Wall and Promenade, and White
Point Garden, 9_ acres---Ward I.
A Water Lot next west, originally bought for an extension
of the grounds, I Iox7oo feet.
The Colonial Common and Lake, 9_ acres, on Broad,
Rutledge, Beaufain and Lynch streets; also the property
west of Lynch street and south of Steinmeyer's lands to
Broad street, including site of Toale's mills, extending to
Ashley River, belongs to the City of Charleston, and the
rental is applied to maintenance of the Lake and Lawns--
Ward 4.
Washington Squ:re, on Broad, Meeting and Chalmers
streets, I_ acres--Ward 3.
Hampstead Mall, Columbus street, 3_ acres--Ward 9'
Wragg Square, Meeting street, Ashmead Place and Charlotte
street, in front of Second Presbyterian Church, contains
about I acre--Ward 7.

Pub h'e Buildincs--Grounds--etc. i93
Wragg Mall, Meeting, Mary and Wragg streets, about I
acreIWard 7.
In front of each entrance is an iron memorial tablet, set
in the walk, placed there by the City Council, with this
inscription :
WRAGG SQUARE (OR MALL),
DEDICATED TO THE USE OF TItE PEOPLE OF
CHARLESTON
IN THE DIVISION OF THE ESTATE OF
JOHN WRAGG, :1801.
At the intersection of Chapel and Elizabeth streets is a
triangular shaped lot, on which for many years stood St.
Mark's Chapel, since abandoned and removed. This is also
areservation in the division of the estate of John Wragg-originally
set apart for a Chapel of Ease, but at present a
part of the streets.
Cannon's Mall, southwest corner Rutledge and Calhoun
streets, three-quarters of an acre--Ward 6.
Bennett's Mall, Lucas street, south of Calhoun street,
about one-half acre--Ward 6.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The City Hall, Broad and Meeting streets--Ward 3.
The Lower Markets, Meeting and Market streets to Cooper
River--W'ard 3.
The Upper Markets, St. Philip and Vanderhorst streets--
Ward 8.
The Artesian Well on Marion Square, leased to Water
Company, and the old Wells at Meeting and Wentworth
streets.
The Powder Magazine and Grounds, I33/44acres--Ward 9.
House and Lot southwest corner Broad and Logan streets
--Ward 2.
Lot southwest corner Broad and New streets--Ward 2.
Lots President and Line streets--Ward 12.
Lot Magazine street, used by Street Department--Ward 4.
House and Lot, 77 Nassau streetIWard IO.
The Public Cemetery--Ward I2.
25

194 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
WATER LOTS.
The Old Cannonsboro' Mill Company Ponds, 72 acres,
south of Spring street, with over 8oo feet front on Ashley
River--lyin_ in Wards 8 and r2.
The lots south of the Sea Wall, west end of Tradd street,
IO or I2 acres, more or less--Ward 2.
" At a regular meeting of the City Council, January 25,
1887, the Mayor said that the opportunity had been recently
offered of purchasing the water lots lying south of the Tradd
.: street causeway, embracing about ten acres, and he had
bought them for _r,5oo, to give Council the option of them
at the same price. The city owns all the rest of the water
lots south of these lots and west of tile prolongation of Rutledge
street, to the line of South Bay street extended, and,
in his opinion, it was of public importance that this entire
area to the channel of the Ashley River, should be owned
and controlled by the city. The cyclone of I885 had induced
a reduction of. city expenditures for I886, and the earthquake
of last year would necessitate a further reduction for
1887, but those who would succeed us, would, he believed,
be encouraged by improved business and a new prosperity,
and exemption from disaster, to carry forward this great
public improvement mapped out in the plans for the Ashley
River embankment, the extension westward of South Bay
street 1,25o feet, and Rutledge street I,O5O feet southward
to a point of meeting. This would make the grandest waterside
promenade and drive of any city in the Union, and with
our present seaside promenade and drive around East Battery
and White Point Garden, would make the entire south
end of the city unique in design and unexcelled in advantages.
It was of primary importance that the City Council should
control the entire water front west and south of the proposed
"Ashley River embankment," else these water lots in
private hands might be covered with shanties and so injure
the proposed improvement. He thought that we should all
look forward with hope to the future, and not despair of

Pubh'c BuildinKs--Groztnds--¢tc. I95
Charleston's advance. She had survived war and conflagration,
and cyclone and earthquake, and would have a bright
and prosperous career, if we would all work for it.
On motion of Alderma'n Redding, the Mayor was instructed
to have the titles made to the City Council of Charleston."
The Lot at the east end of Tradd street--Ward I.
The Lot at the east end of Market street--Ward 3.
The Lot at the east end of Pinckney street--Ward 3.
The Lot at the east end of Society street--Ward 5.
The Lot at the east end of Calhoun street--Ward 7-
The Lot at the east end of Charlotte street--Ward 7.
The Lot at the east end of Chapel street--Ward 7.
The Lot at the east etad of Columbus street--Ward 9.
The Lot at the east end of Calhoun street, formerly occupied
by Public Scales--Ward 5, now included in the street,
PUBLIC PROPERTY
HELD IN TRUST FOR THE PEOPLE OF CHARLESTON, S. C.
The SHIRRAS DISPENSARY--Corner Society and Meeting
streets, founded in I8x2 by the bequest of Alexander
Shirras, merchant, a native of Scotland.
Trustees: The Mayor of the city, the President of the
Medical Society of South Carolina, the President of the
St. Andrews Society. At this writing, this charity has been
reorganized, and a new dispensary building erected for the
convenience of this service, a full account of which will
be found at page 89 .
MARION SQUARE--At King, Calhoun and Meeting streets,
in front of the South Carolina Military, contains six and a
half acres of land.
Trustees: There are seven commissioners, three representing
the City Council of Charleston, three representing
the Fourth Brigade S. C. V. T., and the Superintendent of
the South Carolina Military Academy, ex.officio.
The trust is to keep the square open as a public mall and

196 ,_a_or Courtenay's Annual Review.
parade ground for the companies of the Fourth Brigade, and
the Battalion of Citadel Cadets and the public.
The WILLIAM ENSTON HOME--Village and grounds, King
street--Ward IO.
This charitable trust, under the wili of the late William
Enston, is held and administered for and in behalf of the
City of Charleston, by twelve trustees, and the Mayor of the
city ex-officio, a permanent Board of thirteen.
Of the first Board of Trustees, at the founding in 1882,
the City Council elected six citizens of their own choosing,
and confirmed six citizens nominated by Mrs. Enston, who
were incorporated by the General Assembly of South Carolina
as " The Trustees of the William Enston Home."
The property and funds are held partly by these trustees,
and partly by three other trustees, (Win. A. Courtenay,
Isaac Hay'ne and Wm. Enston Butler), in behalf of certain
annuitants under the will of Mr. Enston ; all surplus income
is annually paid to Trustees of the William Enston Home,
and ultimately upon the death of all annuitants, this fund
will also come to the Trustees of the Home. The value of
the entire property may be stated at about $4oo,ooo.
EDUCATIONAL TRUSTS.
The COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON--The buildings and
grounds embracing a square of one and two-thirds acres,
bounded by George, St. Philip, Green and College streets,
is held by the Trustees of the College of Charleston, for
higher educational purposes. The City Council of Charleston
is represented in the Board of Trustees.
The HIGH SCHOOL OF CHARLESTON--The buildings and
grounds embracing about one acre of land on the corner of
George and Meeting streets, and north on Burns Lane, is
held by the Trustees of the High School of Charleston, for
higher educational purposes. The City Council of Charleston
is represented in the Board of Trustees.

Public Buildings--Grounds--etc. I97
PUBLIC MARKETS.
MARKET HALL,
CHARLESTON, S. C., Decelnber 3 I, I887. )
To tile Commissioners of Public J_arkets :
GENTLEMEN--In accordance with law, I hereby submit a
statement of the transactions of this office from January I,
I887, to January I, I888:
Collections from Fish and Vegetables .......................... ,$2,092.95
" Centre Beef and Pork Markets ............. . ..... 4,849.05
" Upper Market ............................... 668.67
" Weights and Measures ....................... 220.43
" Scale ........................................ 62.27
" Mount Pleasant Ferry Co ...................... 183.37
" Fish Licenses ................................. 212.00
" Iee House Rent, Upper Market .................. 120.00
" Fines ........................................ 34.00
" Sales of Old Iron and Furniture .................. 20.52
EXPENDITURES,
$7,958.26
Stationery ................................................... $ 72.I0
Wages to Hands ............................................. 876.00
Repairs .................................................... 182.73
Sundry Expenses .............................................. 431.82
City Treasurer ................................................ 6,376.86
Overpaid City Treasurer in Jmm ............................... 18.75
CORRESPONDENCE.
$7,958.26
H. L. TOOMER,
Chief Clerk Markets.
CITY OF CHARLESTON,
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, December I, I887. f
To t/re Cltairman and Members of t/w Board@ Commissioners
of the Markets :
GENTLEMEN--In a few days my term of office will have
expired, and before retiring I desire to thank the gentlemen

t98 Mayor Courtenafls Annual Review.
of the Board for the successful administration of the affairs
of the markets for all the years of their service. Let me add
the assurance of my sincere regard and esteem, for each and
all of you, and with my best wishes I subscribe myself,
Yours very respectfully,
WM. A. COUR'FENAY,
Mayor.
CHARLESTON, S. C., December Io, 1887.
Honorable Win. A. Courtenay, Mayor :
DEAR SIR--Your letter of first instant addressed to the
Commissioners of the Markets, was duly received and was
referred to a special committee.
The committee take great pleasure in acknowledging the
receipt of your letter, and while they feel that they have
done only their duty as citizens, they are highly gratified at
your Honor's appreciation of their services. Be it therefore,
Resolved, That the lettw of his Honor the Mayor, to the Commissioners of
the Markets is highly appreciated by them as a Board, and that they individually
cordially entertain the highest respect for his character, and for his
success in conducting the affairs of the city.
In your retirement you have our hearty good wishes, and
we bid you an affectionate farewell.
WILLIAM RAVENEL, Chair. Committee.
LEWIS F. ROBERTSON.
D. B. GILLILAND.

Port oJ Charleston. -I99
THE PORT OF CHARLESTON.
REPORT OF HARBOR COMMISSIONERS--HARBOR-MAS'IER'S
ANNUAL REPORT--PORT WARDENS" ANNUAL REPORT--
STATISTICS OF COTTON, RICE, NAVAL STORES--LUM-
BEf_, PHOSPIIATE ROCK--FERTILIZERS.
REPORT OF THE HARBOR COMMISSIONERS.
OI_FICE OF THE HARBOR COMMISSIONERS, )
CHARLESTON, S. C., November 23, 1887.
To the Honorable the Senate and House of Retoresentatives of
the State of South Carolina ."
As required under Section XV of an Act to amend an Act
creating a Harbor Commission for the Port of Charleston, I
have the honor to report :
That the officers under the control of the Board have
properly discharged their trusts, and have given satisfaction
to all concerned in the duties confided to them.
The pilotage of vessels during the past year has been successfully
conducted. No serious complaints have been made
of incompetency or neglect on the part of the pilots, and the
few cases of dispute that have arisen were of small importance,
and have been amicably settled.
The requirement of the Board, as stated in my last annual
report, that the pilot boats should keep station at the Bar
alternately for three days each, to render all necessary aid
to the pilots engaged in their duties, and to sound the Bar
at each high water, giving by signals at masthead the depth
of water, has been successfully carried out. The rules as
established and published for this purpose have, we believe,
given general satisfaction.
The work upon the Jetties at the entrance of the harbor
is but slowly progressing, from the continued absence of

2oo Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
requisite appropriations by the General Government. The
River and Harbor Bill passed at the last session of Congress,
appropriating $3o0,000 for the works in this harbor, failed to
become a law from the President's withholding his approval
of the Bill.
For six successive sessions of Congress but three appropriations
have been made for improvements in this harbor.
The aggregate amount so appropriated is $737,500, not onehalf
the sum asked for by the engineer department, and absolutely
required during that period for carrying on continuous
work.
From long and frequent discontinuance of labor on the
Jetties, occasioned by insufficient means at the disposal of
the engineer department, the Government has sustained a
material loss in the neglect of unfinished work, the injury to
which is being slowly remedied as limited means become available.
From the same causes the harbor was in a more dan-
gerous position than when the work commenced. Changes
in the channels and currents were taking place as predicted
by Gen. Gilmore during the transformation stage from bad
to good navigation, when the work should have been rapidly
pushed to completion. This situation required all the skill
and experience of our pilots to prevent disaster to vessels of
deep draft while in their charge.
The work recently done has been mainly to secure and
strengthen what has already been accomplished, and I am
indebted to Lieut. Abbot, the efficient and worthy officer of
the United States Engineer Corps in charge of this station,
for the following information as to the work performed
during the present year:
Early in December, 1886, workwas resumed with the funds
appropriated in August of that year. The foundation of the
South Jetty was widened for about 2,7o0 feet, where the
Jetty crosses a deep pocket a little to the east of the main
ship channel. The portion of the North Jetty crossing
Drunken Dick Shoal for about 2,IOO feet was strengthened
with mattresses and stone. About 4,000 yards of stone
were distributed over about 1,5oo feet of the outer part of

Port oJ Charleston. uoI
the South Jetty, to raise and strengthen it. About 5,ooo
yards of stone were put on the South Jetty to raise it where
the foundation had been widened across the deep pocket.
About 8,0oo cubic yards of stone were put on about 4,000
feet of the North Jetty, somewhat inside of the outer end.
The inner end o_he South Jetty, where it rests on Morris
Island, was repaire_t a'ld strengthened with mattresses and
stone.
From the records of the Harbor-Master's office I find that
there were, duriqg the twelve months from November I,
I886, to October 3I, I887, 703 arrivals of American vessels,
classified as follows: Steamships 284, schooners 403, barks •
IO and brigs 6, aggregating 6ti,8o4 tons. Of British there
were 75 arrivals, classified as follows : Steamships 60, schooners
2, barks II and brigs 2, aggregating 82,552 tons. Of
Norwegian, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Austrian,
Swedish and Russian there were Io6 arrivals, classified as
follows: Steamships II, barks 88 and brigs 7, aggregating
55,783 tons, or a total of 884 arrivals and 75o, I39 tons, as
compared with 820 arrivals and 578,728 tons in the previous
year.
The Port Wardens report that they have surveyed 238 vessels
during the past year, with fees amounting to $2,674.90.
The receipts of the preceding year ending October 3o, I886,
amounted to $3,IO4.6o, as stated in my last annual report,
which shows a decrease for the fiscal year just terminated o[
$429.7 ° •
This deficiency has been principally in the reduced receipts
of the past three months, and which is 5o per cent. less than
was received during the same months of the previous year.
This percentage of loss it is apprehended will continue
throughout the year now entered upon, as the causes for
this falling off in income still prevail. Should this expectation
be realized the annual income of the five Port Wardens
will be reduced from about $3,ooo heretofore received, to
$i,5oo , being $3o0 per annum to each person ; which will be
their sole compensation for services ; a sum entirely disproportioned
to their work and inadequate to their support.
26

202 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
The Board can suggest no remedy for this misfortune at
present, unless it can be effected by reducing the number of
Port Wardens, or providing for the deficiency in fees through
legislation by the State or City. The Board is averse to any
increase of taxation on vessels arriving at the port for this
or any oth_, purpose.
Being charged by the Acts of Assembly with the election
of and providing for the Port Wardens; I have deemed it
advisable to submit these facts to your honorable body.
From the report of the financial committee of the Board
it appears there was cash on hand November I, 1886, $57o.5o,
and harbor fees to the amount of $2, 3 I6 have been collected
from vessels during the past year. The expenses for the
past year amount to $I,913.9o. There is a balance on hand
of $972.60 this Ist November, I887.
The reports in detail above referred to are duly recorded
in this office, at the service of your honorable body.
SAMUEL Y. TUPPER,
Vice-Chairman Board of Harbor Commissioners.
HARBOR MASTER'S REPORT.
OFFICE OF HARBOR MASTER,
CHARLESTON, S. C., January 4, 1888.
Honorable George D. Bryan, Mayor and Chairwoman ex-oflicio
Board of Harbor Commissioners :
DEAR SIR--I have the honor to submit the accompanying
report of the arrivals of vessels at this port for the year
ending December 31, 1887.
I avail myself of the present opportunity to thank Capt.
H. F. Baker, tile experienced and highly esteemed Chairman
Board of Port Wardens, for the valuable assistance he rendered
me.
Yours respectfully,
JAMES ARMSTRONG,
Harbor Master.

Port of Charleston. 203
No. I.
................. ..... :::i:'"
_ _ _ATIONALITY.
January ........... .I_._.. 26 27 41....... _ _4 UnitedStates.
February ............... 21 33 ..... 5t ),62 United States.
April .................. 28 87 i i 5', 120 United States.
May ...................
June ....................
23
19
40
49:::: ""i::::
5:
5',
L27 United
)73 United
States.
States.
August ................. _o29
July .................... 19 22..._ :::: 4, )57 )04 United States.
September .............. 24 .1'. ..... 4_ i28 United States.
October November ............... 25 22 34 41 .... "" 2 ::: 5i 153 i29 United States.
December .......... 2 l 34 _2_ .... 4t i53 United States.
Totals ............... -_ 898 10 8 60',
No. 2.
_1 _
MONTHS. _ _ _ _ _ NATIONALITY.
January .................. I 4 .... 4, 9911 British.
February ................. / 21.... ['" 2,53_ British.
March ............................. . .....................
April ................... / .... I.... !...........................
May ..................... I 11."i _ 2,535 British.
June .................... / .... I ..._ 721 British.
July.. : .................... I.. _ 298 British.
August ................. 11.. i i "'" 1 1,485 British.
September ................ ] 13] .... 1 15,39_ British.
November ................ / 91.. 11,67_ British.
December ............... ] 5].. 9,544 British.
Totals ............. [ --i-- 461
_ - 67,951]

2o4 Mayor Courtenay' s Annual Review.
No. 3.
ONTHS. TIO A TY.
January. _ --- _ Italian.
" . ................. 6_ Spanish.
" • ................. 9(, :Norwegian.
" .................. 5(_ French.
" 6( German.
.................. iilil
February ................
...............
"
6021Spanish.
3,6131Norwegian.
1,_281Italian.
" 474] Swedish.
" • ............... 4451Russian.
March ....................
....................
6671Russian.
8041Norwegian.
April ................... 1,346 Norwegian.
" .................... 2,212 Italian.
" •.................... '4631Austrian.
May ..................... 2,1151Norwegian.
" ..................... 174[ German.
" ..................... 434 Italian.
June .................... 856[ Italian.
" ..................... 7391Norwegian.
" 380 German.
Ju,,ly ..................... 934 German.
...................... 851 Italian.
" . .................... 1,345 Norwegian.
August .................. 2 444i German.
................... 8611Italian.
'' ................... 5471Norwegian.
" 569i Austrian.
Septe,_nber............... 2,3971Spanish.
............... 7791Italian.
" ................. 1,7941German.
" ............... 226 :Norwegian.
October .................. 1,752 Norwegian.
" . ................. 1,218 Swedish.
" . ................. 2,6221German.
November ................ 4411German.
" • ............... 3,0501Norwegian.
" . .............. 2,2981Spanish.
" ............... 6161Italian.
,, 544! Swedish.
Dece:l,lber.. ".'i : ::.".'.'.': : : : : : 947 Norwegian.
341 Danish.
" 871 German.
" ................ 1,140 Spanish.
" ................ 1,910[ Italian.
Totals ............. i---_ -- -- -- --_,1331
_Iaking a total of Foreign Tonnage 119,084 tons.

Port of Charleston. 205
PORT WARDENS' REPORT.
statement of the Number oJ Vessels Surveyed by the Port
Wardens from the zst of January, z887, to tke zst of
January, Jr888, and tke amount of Fees ?eceived :
1887--In January..'.._... ............. 22 Vessels. Fees, $ 235.00
In February ................ 24 .... 285.50
]in March .................. 22 .... 284.00
In April ................... 20 .... 247.00
In May ................... 18 .... 243.00
In June .................... 17 .... 200.00
In July ................... 21 .... 237.00
In August .................. 13 .... 145.80
In September ............... 5 *' " 75.30
In October ................ 12 .... 104.00
In November ............... 13 " " 121.00
In December ............... 20 .... 203.10
207 Vessels. Fees, $2,330.70
Respectfully submitted,
H. F. BAKER,
Chairman Board of Port Wardens.
Charleston, S. C., January 3, 1888.
COTTON AND RICE.
COTTON.
Receipts of Sea Island Cotton at Charleston for 1886-1887 .... 7,327 bags.
" Upland ...... ....393,019 bales.
Exports of Cotton from Charleston for 1886-1887--
To Great Britain .................................. 90,444 bales.
To France ....................................... 43,966 "
To Continent ................................... 143,206 "
To Channel ....... .................................... ,,
Coastwise ........................................ 117,902 "
Stripped to Interior by Rail ............................. ,,
Taken by City Mill ............................ 7,402 "
Total ....................................... 402, 920 halos,

2o6 MaNor Courtenay' s Annual Review.
Estimated receipts of Sea Island Cotton at Charleston for 1887
and 1888 ............................................ 6,800 bags.
Estimated receipts of Upload Cotton at Charleston for 1887
4t# and 1888 ............................................ 443,000 bales.
RICE.
Receipts of Rice at Charleston for 1886-1887 ................ 96,280 barrels.
Exports of Rice from Charleston for 1886-1887--
To Foreign Ports .................................... barrels.
To Boston .................. .......................... "
To New York .................................. 16,730 "
To Philadelphia ................................ 9,485 "
To Baltimore .................................... 30 "
To Other Ports ........................................ "
To Interior per Rail ............................... 44,606 "
Local Consumption ............................. 25,130 "
Total ....................................... 95,981 barrels.
Estimated Receipts of Rice at Charleston for 1887-1888 ...... 97,000 barrels.
" Exports of Rice from ...... . ..... 72,000 "
RICHARD A. TAVEL,
Superintendent Charleston Exchange.
Charleston, S. C., April 13, I888.
NAVAL STORES.
CHARLESTON, S. C.i April Ist, i888.
Statement showing Stock, Receip/s, Domestic and Foreign Exports
of Naval Stores in the Port of Charleston, S. C.,for
the period from April zst, ¢887, to March szst, z888:
TURPENTINE ROSIN.
Casks. Barrels.
Stock on hand April 1st, 1887 .......................... 8 19,774
Receipts from April 1st, 1887, to March 31st, 1888 ........ 47,817 183,921
47,825 203,69_

Part af Charleston. 20 7
Domestic Exports from April 1, 1887, to March 31,1888-
TURPENTINE. ROSIN.
lnterior by Rail .................... 1,585 710
4_ Philadelphia ..................... 2,746 559
New York ........................ 5,672 21,853
Total Domestic Exports ......... 10,003 23,122
Foreign Exports :from April 1, 1887, to March 31, 1888-
TURPENTINE. ROSIN.
Bristol ............................ 1,710 750
Liverpool ......................... 550 5,604
Garston Dock ...................... 300 5,219
Glasgow ........................... 765 3,062
Goole ................................ 5,416
London ........................... 7,417 7,501
Hull .............................. 2,000 1,200
Granton .............................. 3,306
Antwerp .......................... 3,000 1,347
Rotterdam ........................ 8,663 35,101
Amsterdam ...................... 200 5,585
ttarburg .............................. 6, 708
Hamburg ........................ 12 557 14, 372
Marseilles ............................. 2,960
Genoa ................................ 11,049
Barcelona ............................ 4,840
Koenigsberg ........................... 2,408
Riga ................................. 2,233
Putiloff Harbor ....................... 3,165
Trieste ............................ 800 27,172
Total Foreign Exports ........... 87,462 148,498
Total Domestic Exports ......... 10, 003 23,122
Total Foreign Exports ............ 37,462 148,498
.... z
Grand Total Exports ............ 47,465 171,620 47,465 171,620
Leaves Stock on hand April 1st, 1888 ............ 360 32,075
Yours, very respectfully,
GEO. DRESSEL.

208 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
Exports of Hewn Timber, Resawed Lumber and Railroad
Crossties, from Charleston, S. C:, from January zst to
December 3xst, I887.
HEWN RESAWED RAILROAD
PORTS. TIMBER. LUMBER. CROSSTIES. TOTAL.
0 Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet.
New York ................. 434_032 --6,820,625 13,808,071 21,062,728
Philadelphia ........................ 5,997,471 2,945,245 8,942,716
Baltimore .............................. 2,337,920 ......... 2,337,920
Washington, D. C ..................... 208,000 208,000
Providence ............................ 215,000 215,000
West
Europe
Indies
....................
.............. .:::::.::: 1,243,887
261,000
1,243,887
261,000
Grand Totals .......... 434,032] 17,431,829 [6,7o3,316;]34,--619,177
COHEN & WELLS.
PHOSPHATE ROCK--FE RTILIZERS,
Statement of )°hosphate Rock shipped from, and consumed in
DOMESTIC.
South Carolina during the year INS 7.
PREPARED BY MR. P. C. TRENHOLM.
FROM CHARLESTON.
Destination. Tons Crude. Tons Ground. Total Tons
Baltimore ....................... 60, 83_ ...... 60, 830
Philadelphia ................... 20,434 .... 20,434
New Town Creek, N. J ............ 6,431 ....... 6,431
Weymouth, Mass ................. 14,635 ....... 14,635
Wilmington, N. C ................ 6,204 ....... 6,204
*Boston ......................... 377 ....... 377
Richmond, Va .................... 3,577 ....... 3,577
Barren Island, N. Y .............. 9,475 ...... 9,475
Seaford, Del ...................... 1,012 ....... 1,012
New York ..................... 3,268 6,219 9,487
Mantua Creek, N. J ............... 2,090 ....... 2,090
Wilmington, Del ................. 8,169 ....... 8,169
Clark's Cove, Mass .............. 600 ....... 600
Union Landing, N. J .............. 3,204 ...... 3,204
Elizabethport, N. J ............... 3,986 ....... 3,986
Cooper's Creek, N. J ............. 655 ....... 655

Port of Charleston. 2o9
Destination• Tons Crude• Tons Ground. Total Tons.
Boothbay, Me .................... 3,180 ....... 3,180
Orient, L. I ...................... 525 ....... 525
lit South Carolina Railway ........... 9,729 ....... 9,729
Charleston and Savannah leailway. 16,754 ....... 16,754
Northeastern Railroad ........... 564 ....... 564
Total Domestic .... i ...... 175,699 6,219 181,918
FOREIGN.
Liverpool .................... 1,995 ....... 1,995
Bremen .......................... 280 ....... 280
Havre ......................... 205 ....... 205
Elsinore ....................... 250 ....... 250
St. Petersburg ................... 200 ....... 200
Reval ......................... 100 ....... 100
Bristol ......................... 550 ... _... 550
Dublin ........................... 920 ....... 920
Cork ........................... 510 ....... 510
United Kingdonl ................ 4, 730 ....... 4,730
To_al Foreign .............. _9, 740 ...... 9, 740
Grand Total shipped from Charleston 185,439 6,219 191,658
*In part for re-shipment to Weymouth, Mass.
FROM BEAUFORT AND VICINAGE.
Total Tons.
Domestic Ports, except that mined in the marshes, on which no
royalty is paid, and not cleared through the Custom House. 15,905 Tons.
Foreign Ports ........................................... 189,995 Tons.
Grand Total from Beaufort ................... 205,900 Tons.
SUMMARY.
Domestic. Foreign. Total Tons
From Charleston ...................... 181,918 9, 740 191,658
From Beaufort and Vicinage ........... 15,905 189,995 205,900
Estimated Consumption at Charleston ......................... 70,000
Estimated Consumption at Beaufort ............................. 13,000
Grand Total shipped from and consumed in South Carolina in 1887..480,558
.................. 1886 430 549
Increase in 1887 over 1886 ............................... 50,009
Estimated Consumption increased 14,000 tons.
Decrease in shipments from Charleston 1,826 tons, and increase from Beaufort
and vicinage 37,835 tons.
Charleston shipments--
Decrease, Domestic ........................... 5,640 Tons, and
Increase, Foreign ............................... 3,814 "
Net Decrease, as above ............................... 1,826 Tons.
27

2 Io Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
Beaufort shipments--
Increase, Domestic. 1,283 Tons.
Increase, Foreign ............................... 36,552 "
Net increase as above ................................. 37,835 Tons.
Total Increase of Shipments ........................... 36,009 Tons
4
Crude Rock shipments from Charleston increased this yeaz' over
last ................................................. 1,554 Tons.
Ground Rock shipments from Charleston, dccreascd this year
over last ............................................ 3,380 "
Net Decrease shipments as above ...................... 1,826 Tons.
NoTE--Ninety-nine per cent. Of the shipments from Charleston is "Land"
Rock, and from Beaufort and Vicinage is all "River" (and marsh) Rock.

2t2 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
CUSTOM HOUSE CHARLESTON, S. C.,
COLLECTOR'S OFFICE, April 11th, 1888. f
Honorable Win. A. Courtenay ."
DEAR SIR--Please find below Statement of Fertilizers
imported into this port, from Ist January to 31st Decem-
ber, I887, asasked for in your favor of this instant.
Yours truly,
L. J. WALKER.
Guano, 850 Tons ............................................ $ 12,489
Kainit, 8,223 Tons .......................................... 47,782
Phosphate Lime, 2,201 Tons .................................. 20,644
Sulphur, 12,095 Tons .......................................... 202,083
Potash Muriate, 955,080 Lbs .................................... 14,525
Soda Nitrate, 3,001,415 Lbs ..................................... 44,371
BEAUFORT, S. C., May 23d, t888.
Honorable Win. A. Courtenay, Charleston, S. C. :
8341,894
SIR--Below please find the information asked for in Mr.
L. J. Walker's letter of the 2nd ultimo.
I am, yours very respectfully,
W. R. DARLINGTON,
Deputy Collector.
Statement of Imports and Free Goods for the year ending
December 31st, I887.
Sulphur. Value. Muriate of Potash. Value. Total Value.
500 tons. $9,000.00 603 tons. $18,090.00_$27,090.00

Education in Charleston. 2 t3
EDUCATIONIN CHARLESTON.
THE MEMORIAL OF THE HONORABLE C. G.
MEMMINGER.
THE CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS--PORTER ACADEMY--R. CATH-
OLIC SCHOOLS--WALLINGFORD ACADEMY--AVERY NOR-
MAL INSTITUTE--TtIE HIGII SCHOOL OF CHARLESTON--
COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON--THE SOUTH CAROLINA MIL-
ITARY ACADEMY--PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
THE MEMMINGER MEMORIAL.
At the regular meeting of the City Council, held on 26th
July, 1887, the Mayor said :
I have a matter to bring to your attention which I am quite
sure will give you great pleasure. The Public Schools that
we see to-day had their origin a third of a century ago_ and
have been deveioped since that time under the leadership of
the Hon. C. G. Memminger. It may be as well to recall his
associates in the Board of Public School Commissioners,
thirty-three years ago, who initiated the great advance in the
Public School system of the city, and to whose forethought
and intelligent effort the present admirable schools of Charleston
have their existence. The Board consisted at that time
of the following gentlemen : Hon. C. G. Memminger, John
Russell, William Lebbg, W. Jefferson Bennett, William C.
Bee, George Buist, George S. Bryan, Frederick Richards,
William Jervey, Samuel H. Dickson, M. D., Col. James
Simons, Charles M. Furman and Daniel Horlbeck.
During all these long years, stretching through the War
between the States, disastrous governments in the State and
city, and the many vicissitudes of these troublous times, Mr.
Memminger's steady hand has been at the helm guiding this
beneficient institution to its present position of strength and

2 I4 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
usefulness, nor should it be forgotten that there was strong
opposition to the then change from the old to the new system,
denunciation and abuse being freely used against these
citizens who desired to improve the educational facilities for
the poor; this opposition and abuse was met with courage
and constancy, and the present generation of the youth of
this city are enjoying the advantages which these gentlemen
initiated. As a mark of respect and appreciation for these
continuous and most valuable services, the General Assem-
bly of South Carolina, at its recent session, authorized the
Public School Commissioners of the City of Charleston to
have executed a marble bust of the Hon. C. G. Memminger,
to be incorporated in a public memorial, which would testify
to coining generations the public appreciation of this community,
and as well of the people of this State for his valuable
services.
Mr. Valentine, the distinguished sculptor of Virginia, was
intrusted with the order, and has executed his work with
great success, and the marble bust is now in the city awaiting
final disposition. I respectfully _uggest that a space in
the Council Chamber would be the most suitable for its
preservation, and would best satisfy public expectation as
to a location for this memorial, thus testifying through the
direct representative of the people, ill the City Council assembled,
the high appreciation of this entire community as
to Mr. Memminger's valuable services in the cause of popular
education in this city.
Alderman C. S. Gadsden said that nothing could be more
satisfactory to the Council and to the community at large,
than to honor the Hon. C. G. Memminger for his great educational
work in this city. The Council Chamber, the recognized
public hall of the city, was clearly the proper place
for preserving this handsome memorial, where it could be
seen by coming generations in the same apartmel_t with the
historic portraits of Washington, Monroe, Jackson, Calhoun
and others, aud displayed with the marble busts of Fulton,
Hayne and Petigru. He hoped the Mayor's suggestions
would be carried out,

Education in Charleston. 215
Alderman Smyth expressed himself in favor of the immediate
action of Council, and offered the following :
Resolved, That the City Council. desiring, as the representatives of the
citizens of Charleston, to express their respectful appreciation of the longcontinued
and self-denyinglaborsof the Hen. C. G. Memmingerin the cause
of public education, herebl- tender to the Commissionersof Public Schoolsof
Charlestona suitable space in the Council Chamber for the erectionand preservationof
the marblebust, sodeservedlypreparedin his honorby order of the
State of South Carolina:
Resolved, That a committeeof three be appointed by the Mayor to com.
municate this action of Council to the Chairman of the Commissionersof
Public Schools.
Alderman Webb heartily seconded the resolutions, which
were then unanimously adopted.
The Mayo r appointed the committee, as follows: Alder.
men Smyth, C. S. Gadsden and Webb.
At the regular meeting of City Council, held 9th August,
I887, the following communication was read :
CHARLESTON, S. C., August 5, I887.
jr. Adger Smytlz, C. S. Gadsden, Samuel Webb, Committee of
City Council :
GENTLFMEN--It gives the Board of Commissioners of
Public Schools great pleasure to acknowltdge the receipt of
your letter of the 28th July, enclosing a resolution of the
City Council, tendering a suitable space in the Council
Chamber for the location of the bust of the Horn C. G.
Memminger, prepared by order of the Board of Public
School Commissioners.
In view of accepting the offer so generously made by the
city, the Board has appointed a committee, composed of
Messrs. Julian Mitchell, G. W. Dingle and James Allan, to
confer with you in making suitable arrangements for the
location of the bust in the Council Chamber. The Chairman
of the Board is now absent from the city, and the
Chairman of the Committee, in behalf of the Board will be

2 I6 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Revtew.
4? absent until September, and we therefore respectfully request
that the conference be deferred until some time in Septem.
ber, when the Chairman of the Committee of the Board will
request a meeting, in order that the necessary arrangements
be made.
By order of the Board.
T. PINCKNEY LOWNDES,
School Commissioner and Clerk C. B. S. C.
Received as information.
At a regular meeting of the City Council held on IIth
October, I887, the following report was unanimously adopted:
" The special committee appointed by your honorable body
to confer with a committee of the Board of Public School
Commissioners as to the selection of a location for the erection
of the bust of the Hon. C. C. Memminger, respectfully
report that they have held a conference with the committee,
and now submit as the result of their conference, the follow-
ing recommendations :
I. That the panel on the south wall of the Council Chamber,
east of the Mayor's desk, and corresponding to the
panel on the west of the Mayor's desk, now occupied by the
bust of Mr. Petigru, be selected for the erection of the bust
of Mr. Memminger. The mural brackets and tablets on
which the bust will rest, to be furnished by the Board of
Public School Commissioners, and at their expense.
2. That the inscription to be placed on the mural tablet,
shall be furnished by the Board of Public School Commissioners,
and shall set forth that the bust was executed under
a resolution of the Board, and with the sanction of the Legislature
of the State.
3. That it is understood that the Board of Public School
Commissioners reserve all the rights of ownership in the said
bust and tablet.
Respectfully submitted,
J. ADGER SMYTH.
SAMUEL WEBB.

Education in Charhston. 217
/ CHARLESTON, S. C., October IO, 1887.
f. Adger Smyth, Chairman of Committee of C_ty Council."
DEAR SIR--'_Ve IJeg leave to express our thanks for a
copy of the report of your committee in the matter of the
location of tlle Memminger bust in the Council Chamber, to
be submitted to Council at its next meeting, and to inform
you that our comt_ittee was appointed by the Board of Public
School Commissioners to confer with your committee,
with full power to act, and to say further that we fully concur
in said report, and request that this letter accompany the
same.
Very respectfully,
JULIAN MITCHELL, Chairman.
G. W. DINGLE,
H. BAER.
Committee."
The report was unanimously adopted.
The memorial consists of a marble bust by the distinguished Virginia sculptor
E. V. Valentine, very handsomely mounted on a base of elaborate workmanship.
The ceremonies of unveiling took place at the City Council Chamber on the 29th
February, 1888, before a large and highly appreciated audience. Judge Simonton,
Chairman of the Board of City School Commissioners presided, and in felicitious
language, place the memorial in the keeping of the city authorities. Mayor Bryan
responded accepting its custody. The following is thc inscription on the pediment :
CHitlSTOPHER GUSTAVUS MEMMINGER,
FOUNDER
OF THE PRESENT PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM IN
CHARLESTON.
THE OITY BOARD OF SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS_
WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE LEGISLATURE OF SOUTH CAROLINA,
ERECT THIS MEMORIAL
IN GRATEFUL APPRECIATION OF HIS SERVICES FOR THIRTY-THREE YEARS.
"Hcaven doth with us as we with torches do,
Not light them for themselves ; for if our virtues
Did not go fm'th of us, t'were all alike
As if we had them not."
1887.
Mr. Memminger died at his residence in this city on 7th March, 1888.
28

218 _a_or Courtenay's Annual Review.
I ANNUAL REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT ARCHER.
CHARLESTON, S. C., December 3 I, I887.
To tke Honorable the City Board of Sclloo/ Commissioners :
GENTLEMEN---In making this my first report to your newly
elected Board, I desire to thank you for the expression of
your confidel_ce, and to indulge the hope that public instruction
will continue to be administered in that broad and un-
sectarian spirit which alone can qualify for the duties of
American citizenship.
Your schools are not perfect, and I cannot report them in
couletir de rose, but I can say that they are most efficiently
managed, and are making all reasonable progress.
Progress in education: as in everything else, is the result
of successful effort; and while our efforts during the past
year may not have been altogether successful, they have the
merit at least of having been earnest.
In reporting to you the operations of the schools, I shall
submit facts--actual results--and a plan of education which,
if carried out, will be found to be thorough and practical.
The teachers have done good work, detecting mistakes,
correcting errors, and pressing forward to the realization of
awl ideal which will confer untold blessings upon the children
of this community.
As a step in the direction of that practical education referred
to in my last report, Industrial Drawing has been introduced
into all the schools, and with the most encouraging
results. The eye has been trained to observe and the hand
to execute the surroundings of place and form with special
reference to their utility ; the sense of fitness and proportion
in matters of design has been developed, and pupils have
been enabled to acquire information in this direction which
will be of no small value to them in their future occupations.
It is, of course; by no means assumed that all the children
entering our public schools are destined to be artisans, and
that therefore the course of study should be arranged with
reference only to their prospective employments ; but there
can be no doubt that a large percentage of the boys are, and

Education in Ckarleslan. 2I 9
that their great want is better preparation for the pursuits
they are to follow.
To meet this want, our course of study has been revised,
more time given to penmanship and drawing, dictation exercises
substituted for the old spelling lesson, language lessons
for the technical grammar, and the practical examples
of arithmetic for 'formal and abstract reasoning.
Another step in the direction of industrial education, and
one which has been attended with results equally :;atisfactory,
was the introduction of Kindergarten instruction into the
lower grades of the Primary Department at the Crafts
School. It is true that Kindergartens form no part of the
public school system in this country, but there is every reason
why they should. As practical illustrations of Froebel's
educational principles, they develop the powers of observation,
inculcate a knowledge of surrounding objects, and induce
readiness and accuracy in expression. The effect of
such instruction cannot fail to improve the teaching in our
Primary Schools, and to add to their efficiency.
The truth is that different departments of study have a
mutual dependence, and there should be a closer relation
between the Primary Schools and the Kindergarten. The
teachers of the one should be familiar with the methods of
the other, partake of their spirit and enthusiasm, study the
course in all its details, and taking the children where the
Kindergarten left them, the Primary teacher should be qualified
to continue the instruction.
Until the introduction of Kindergarten work at the Crafts
school, all the advantages acquired by children who went
there from Kindergartens were in great measure lost, inasmuch
as they were graded with those who had not enjoyed
like privileges. But through the efforts of Miss Wynne, the
progressive Principal of the Primary Department of that
school, all this has been changed. A proficient herself in
Kindergarten work, she has transformed her department in
spirit and in method, and such is my appreciation of her
services that I recommend her appointment as a teacher in
our Saturday school.

220 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
In no department of our school work has greater improvement
been made during the past year, than in the Memminget
or Girls' High School. The forethought and judgment
of its Supervising Commissioner, Major Julian Mitchell, are
recognized at every point in its management.
He has remodelled the whole course of stud),, introduced
an attractive'presentation of topics, stin_.ulated the pupils
to habits of thought and inquiry, and imparted a healthful
enthusiasm to all its teachers.
Broadening in its growth, and reaching out to fields of
higher culture, this excellent school is becoming year by year
more popular, and its influence is being felt in all classes of
the community. As a school for the preparation of the
teacher, its diploma ranks with a Teachers' certificate of the
third grade, and is a paper worth the having. Its bestowal
is based upon the result of the last year's work and the final
examination; the year's work being determined by a prescribed
average of daily marks for recitations made, and the
final examination by not less than seventy-five per cent. on
every branch of study.
This is undoubtedly a very high standard of excellence,
but it can be reached. Twenty-three out of a class of twenty-five
reached it at the fi.al examination held in the month
of March, and were accordingly graduated. The first honor,
with the Peabody silver medal, was awarded to Miss Carrie
A. Girard, and the Mitchell prize for the best composition,
to Miss Daisy P. Smith. These young ladies gave evidence
of extensive reading and general scholarship, and by means of
the mental discipline acquired at our schools, will be enabled
to enter upon fields of still wider range.
Miss F6ry, a graduate of the French School of Art, has
succeeded Mr. McDowell as teacher of Drawing at the Mem-
minger School, and her work has impressed me so favorably
that I recommend a continuance of tile arrangement with
the Art Association. The money appropriated by the Commissioners
in this direction is more than returned in the
refined taste and msthetic culture of the graduates.
No striking changes have occurred in the Grammar Schools

%
Education in Charleston. 221
during the past year. Promotions, as hitherto, have been
made from class to class and from department to department,
as the force of circumstances required, but I am satisfied
that this was altogether wrong.
Promotion should be made dependent on the completion
of a certain fixed and well defi::ed course of study, and not
on pressure from below. The work of the schools being
mapped out into grades, no pupil should be promoted until
he has finished the work of one grade and is qualified to
begin fhat of the next higher. Otherwise the change of
class is not a promotion, but a transfer.
Itherefore recommend that in future, promotions in all
departments of the schools be made by means of semi-annual
examinations; that these examinations be conducted
by the Principals, and that there be monthly reviews by the
teachers. This will enable the teachers to estimate the true
value of the month's work, and the Principal to see that the
course of study is enforced. Under no circumstances would
I allow pupils to be promoted who had not made seventyfive
per cent. as a general average on the studies of the term,
and eighty-five per cent. on the examination. In characterizing
the work of the classes I would recommend that from
9° per cent. to Ioo per cent. be considered "Excellent,"
from 80 per cent. to9o per cent. " Good," 7° per cent. to 80
per cent. " Fair," 60 per cent. to 7° per cent. " Indifferent,"
and from 5° per cent. to 6o per cent. as " Bad."
The grade of the Grammar Schools should be raised, and
at once, and this in my opinion is the way by which to do it.
The continuity of study in the first or highest class of the
Boys' Department in the Grammar Schools, to which I have
already called attention in previous reports, has not yet been
provided for.
There is no public free school sustaining the same relation
to the boys that the Memminger School does to the girls.
A boy who has reached the highest class in the Grammar
School, completes the course in the time prescribed, and is
forced either to remain in the class and review the work
already done, with boys coming up from the class below, or

222 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
else to withdraw from the school at the early age of thirteen
and hurry into business. "Should a large number remain,
rather than offer a premium to idleness (consequent on reviews),
the class is sometimes divided into two sections, and
then appears, as every practical teacher knows, the btte noire
of the school.
But with'the girls this is not so; they move in their department;Oaripassu
with the boys in theirs, and the course
completed, they are promoted to the Memminger or Girl's
High School.
In other words, the girls are graduated in our public
schools, while the boys are not.
The missing link in the chain of our public educational
facilities is the English High School for boys, developing on
the line of the scientific and the practical, and embracing in
its curriculum commercial arithmetic and book-keeping, business
forms and composition, history and physics.
.In tile Primary Departments of all the schools the number
of pupils is in excess of their sitting capacity. In the
Bennett there are 503 in the Primary out of a total of 824;
in the C,afts 435 out of 656; in the Meeting street 253 out
of 388; in the Morris street 874 out of 1,4o9, and in the
Shaw 7o9 out of 996 . The remedy for this condition of
things will be found in the construction of the Courtenay
School in the Upper Wards for white, and in tile opening of
a school in the Lower Wards for colored children.
I am not informed as to what plans have been adopted by
the Board for the construction of the Courtenay School
House, but I hope they are such as will ensure the erection
of a building worthy of the gentleman for whom it has been
named.
PREAMBLE AND RESOLUTIONS UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTED BY
THE CITY BOARD OF SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS DECEM-
BER 6TH, 1887.
" When a citizen distinguishes himself in any of the walks
" of life as a man of great public spirit, of broad and noble

Education in Charleston. 223
" views, and exerts himself for the general welfare of man-
_"kind, it is fit and proper that the community in which he
"lives should manifest its sense of appreciation by some
"lasting monument as a tribute to his worth.
"The Hon. William A. Courtenay feeling that the welfare
•" of a community is based upon the character of the citizen,
"strengthened and trained by education, and realizing the
"sad results of the war, at an early date determined to in-
"crease the usefulness of the educational institutions of our
" city. With that view he secured the passage of an Act by
"the Legislature, whereby our public school system has
"been greatly improved.
" When the •disasters of the earthquake were upon us, and
" the children had been deprived of their school houses, he
" used his influence to procure the means for repairing them,
" and at a time when it was impossible for us to aid him.
" His zea! for the diffusion of knowledge, and his desire
" to broaden education, have attracted the attention of the
"country at large, and its appreciation has been shown not
"only in his appointment to Visiting Boards for West
" Point and Annapolis, but also by his recent election to the
" Boa,'d of Trustees of the Peabody Fund to fill tile vacancy
"caused by the death of ex-Governor William Aiken.
"For these reasons this Board feels it to be right and
" proper to show its recognition of his valuable services.
"Therefore be it
"Resolved, That in token of the active interest of the Hon. William A.
"Courtenay in the cause of Education, the School which this Board pur-
"poses to build, be named the Courtenay School."
The Board at this time were the Hon. C. H. Simonton,
Major Julian Mitchell, G. W. Dingle, Esq., Dr. H. Baer, Col.
T. P. Lowndes, Dr. C. F. Panknin,.Hon. C. G. Memminger,
Rev. Dr. A. T. Porter, L. E. Co,dray, Esq., and James Allan,
Esq.
The average number of pupils belonging to the Schools
the past year was as follows:

224 Mayor ffourtenav's Annual Review.
SCHOOLS. PRINCIPALS. BoYs. GIRLS. TOTAL.
Bennett ........... Mr. F. W Clement ........ 403 368 771
Crafts ............ Mr. R. E. Seabrook ....... 305 311 616
Memmiuger ....... Miss A. R. Simonton ......... 227 227
Meeting Street ..... Mr. J. A. Finger ......... 181 216 397
Morris Street ...... Mr. A. Dory ............. 566 701 1,267
Shaw ............. Mr. Edward Carroll ....... 446 .527 973
Totals ........................... 1,901 2,850 4,251
AVERAGE NUMBER ATTENDING.
BoYs. GIICLs. TOTAL.
Bennett School ........................ 364 330 694
Crafts School ............................ 275 287 562
Memminger School ........................ 208 208
Meeting Street School .................. 161 190 351
Morris Street School ..................... 529 646 1,175
Shaw School ........................... 403 474 877
Totals ......................... 1,732 2,135 3,867
AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF AT]'ENDANCE.
Bennett School .............................. 90.
Crafts School ....................................... 91.
Memminger School ............................. 911_.
Meeting Street School ............................ 88i_.
Morris Street School ................................. 92-/-
Shaw School ........................................ 90-!-
Total ........................................... 91.
Acomparison of these figures with those of the previous
year shows a gain of 59 in the number of pupils enrolled,
and a loss of 8 in the r,umber attending. This difference,
however, is not appreciable, the average percentage oI attendance
for I886 having been below 92_. as against 9*" for I887.
Considering the conditions under which this percentage
was obtained--the sickness of pupils, that of parents, and
inclemency of weather, it is only surprising that it was so
high.
In obedience to instructions, i visited the cities of Boston

%
Education in Charkston. 225
and New York in October, for the purpose of looking into
the practical working of their public schools, and to obtain
such information as might be profitably used in our own.
It was of course impossible in the limited time allowed me,
to examine into details ; I therefore determined to direct my
attention to distinguishing features, notably their discipline,
gradation and methods of teaching.
In all the schools the discipline was excellent. Corporal
punishment was forbidden, and order was secured by appeals
to a sense of duty. The pupils were encouraged to foster a
spirit of kindness and courtesy toward each other, and of
respect and obedience toward their teachers. I was" told
that the best teachers were invariably those who punished
least, and who before presuming to control others had first
learned to control themselves.
There was in all the schools a maximum of work with a
minimum of friction, no unnecessary or cumbersome machinery,
but such an adjustment as gave constant employment
to the teachers and corresponding work to the pupils.
The gradation of the schools was based on reading and
arithmetic, these being the branches which underlie all
knowledge of Language and Number. The study of language
was everywhere emphasized ; the pupils were required
to read aloud some interesting story, and then to reproduce
it in their own words, the object being to give them a vocabulary
of their own.
The methods of teaching which I saw were modern and
approved. A large proportion of the teachers were graduates
ot Norm 31and Training Schools, knowing not only wl_al
to teach but also/tow to teach it. In the Primary Schools I
found great sympathetic and communicative power; in the
Grammar grades the principals were strong in intellectual
capacity and moral influence ; in the High Schools the headmasters
were gentlemen of broad and liberal culture, and in
the Normal and Training Schools the teachers were all specialists.
They had evidently mastered the principles of education
as a science, and had acquired the art of applying them in
39

226 Mayor Courtenav's Annual Review.
the school room. In no school that I visited did I see a
text book in the hands of the teachers. With that confidence
which comes from the consciousness of preparation,
they stood before their classes, not to hear lessons, but to
impart instruction.
I was greely indebted to Superintendent Jasper and Assistant
Superintendent Godwin of the New York Schools;
to Superintendent Seaver and Supervisor Metcalf of the
Boston Schools, and to Superintendent Maxwell of Brooklyn,
for courtesies and attentions. They received me in a
truly fraternal spirit, and I avail myself of this opportunity
to express my deep sense of personal obligation.
Our schools have been visited by large numbers of educa-
tors during the year, prominent among whom were the Hon.
James H. Rice, State Superintendent of Education, and Dr.
Samuel A. Green, General Agent of the Peabody Educational
Fund. The State Superintendent was present at the commencement
exercises of the graduating class of the Mem-
minger School, and expressed himself as pleased with all
that he saw and heard.
In conclusion, I desire to bear testimony to the zeal and
fidelity which have characterized the labars of the principals
and teachers in all the schools during the past year. The
charge has been sometimes made that the public schools
stimulate the intellectual to the neglect of the moral nature
of children; but this is not so. If our citizens would visit
the schools more frequently, they would find that the teach.
ers not only impart instruction in the prescribed course of
study, but that they inculcate as well a regard for truth, a
respect for religion, and a practice of all those virtues which
constitute the basis of society. I earnestly hope that in the
discharge of the responsible trust committed to them, the
Board may keep the schools removed from politics, and
realize the fact that popular education is the hope of the
country, and in the interest of no party, class or prejudice.
Respectfully,
HENRY P. ARCHER,
Superintendent City Public Schools.

%
Ed¢lcation in C/zarleston. 227
THE PORTER ACADEMY.
The Porter Academy completed its twentieth anniversary
on the Ist of July, 1887 . There were forty-seven residents
of the Academy during the past year and forty-six day pupils.
A number of the boys, whose names had been entered for
October, I886, did 'not come in consequence of the, alarm
caused by the earthquake of August 3 r, I886. There was
more or less damage done to all the buildings, especially the
Chapel, Butler Hall, Alumni and Hampton Hall, Porter Hall
and Old England Hall. The gymnasium had to be taken
down and rebuilt. The repairing cost ever_Io,ooo, but the
money was all given by generous friends at the North.
The generosity of Mr. CorneliusVanderbilt enabled Dr.
Porter to put up a much finer building for tile gymnasfum
than that which was destroyed.
The standard of the school has been raised, and though
not as large a school as it has been, because Dr. Porter declined
to burden himself with as great anumber of beneficiaries
as heretofore, it continues to be in the forefront of
the educational institutions of the city.
The Mechanical Drawing Department is a very prominent
feature and the draftsmen in some or our prominent machine
shops are graduates. This school has sent one hundred and
forty boys to college. A new feature has been added in a
fully equipped machine shop. A twenty-five horse-power
engine has been placed, and a carpenter's shop, where over
fifty boys are learning the use of tools, is in operation. It
is intended to add a blacksmith shop and machinery for iron
work, so that with four years drawing and three years in the
machine shop many boys will be fitted to take prominent
places in the line of mechanics. These boys pursue the
regular curriculum of the Academy.
THE ROMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS.
Ist. The Cathedral Parochial School, for boys, situated on

% 228 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
the Cathedral lot, Broad street. Number of pupils, 75;
teachers, 3. Principal, Rev. J. J. Monaghan.
2d. St. Patrick's School, for boys, situated on Radcliffe
street, near St. Philip. Number of pupils, Io4; number of
teachers, 3. Principal, Rev. P. J. Wilson.
3d. St. Mary's Parochial School, for boys, situated on St.
Philip street,_lear Wentworth. Number of pupils, 37 ; teachers,
2. Principal, Rev. P. L. Duffy.
4tb. St. Joseph's Parochial School, for boys, situated on
Anson street, near George. Number of pupils, 62; teachers,
2. Principal, Rev. F. J. Shadler.
5th. The Academy of the Sisters of our Lady of Mercy.
Principal, Sister MaryAgatha. Number of teachers, 5; pupils,
98. Situated on 3,_eeting street, near Tradd.
6th. St Mary's Central School (free), for girls. Principal,
Sister Mary Frances. Number of pupils, 280; teachers, 7.
Situated on George street, between King and St. Philip.
7th. St. Peter's School for colored (free). Number of
pupils, mS; teachers, 3. Principal, Rev. J. Hurley. Situated
on Wentworth street, between Meeting and Anson.
WALLINGFORD ACADEMY.
To the Hoe. George D. Bryan, Mayor :
DEAR SIR--Complying with your request, I have the
honor of communicating to you the following:
Wallingford Academy is under the control of the Presbyterian
Board of Missions for Freedmen, and it is kept open
nine months in the year at an annual expense of about
$z,5co.
The teaching force consist of a principal and six teachers,
four of whom are graduates in the institution ; the other two
are from the Northern States.
The enrollment during the last year (I887) numbered 670
pupils--males, 312; females, 358; total, 670. Average attendance,
75I//4 per cent.
The graduating class numbered nine, all females, but two.

%
Education in C]zarleston. 229
The record of the graduates of this school thus far has
been good.
A number of them are now engaged in teaching.
Yours very truly,
T. A. GROVE,
Principal.
THE AVERY NORMAL INSTITUTE.
I regret that the usual report as to this school for the
past year has not been received at the date of going to
press.
THE HIGH SCHOOL OF CHARLESTON.
CHARLESTON, S. C., March I, 1888.
DEAR SIR--I beg leave to forward the report of Mr.
Dibble for the past year.
I will state in addition to what is therein said, that the
Board of Trustees recently revised the rules governing the
school and have made several changes, which it is expected
will advance the best interests of the school. A mid-year examination,
to be conducted orally, will hereafter be held, and
besides this, on the last Friday in every month each class
will review, as far as practicable, the work of the month.
The teachers will conduct this review without books. These
auxiliary examinations will keep constantly before the mind
of the pupil the work which is to constitute the subject
matter of the comprehensive examination which closes the
school year. Provision has also been made by the Board
for the examination of the three higher classes by printed
questions.
The standard of graduation has been raised. Pupils who
hereafter receive the diplomas of the school must make an
average in each study of 7o per cent.
It is with gratification that I can endorse the fathful work

%
230 Ma)or Caurtenay's Annual Review.
of the teachers, stated in the report, and I must embrace the
occasion to add that the principal has,with zeal and intelligent
watchfuluess, guarded and guided the responsible interests
committed to his charge. The number of pupils has of late
been so large that, in order to give Mr. Dibble more time
for superintendence, an instructor has been engaged to assist
in thoroughly grounding the boys in the elementary parts
of arithmetic, thus ensuring a better knowledge of this
branch and rendering its study less difficult in after years.
Very respectfully,
JULIAN MITCHELL,
President of tile Board.
Hon. GEORGE 1). BRYAN, Mayor.
REPORT OF TIIE PRINCIPAL OF THE HIGH SCHOOL.
CHARLESTON, S. C., January 20, I888.
The Prrsident and Trustees of the Hiflh Sc.lzool of Charleston :
GENTLEMEN--We have had another prosperous year. The
enrollment of pupils has been" in advance of that given in
my last annual report, indicating the continued popularity
of the school. I am gratified to state that in the aggregate
strength of the higher classes there has been for several
years a steady increase. Our present second class is the
largest we have ever had.
The following table gives the enrollment in each class:
JA_UAI_YlST TOMARCH31ST.
First Class...................................... 16Pupils.
SecondClass..................................... 16 "
Third Class....................................... 47 "
Fourth Class..................................... 64 "
Preparatory Class............................... 36 "
Total...................................... 179 "
APRIL1STTOJU_E 30_m
First Class..................................... 16 Pupils.

%
Education in Ckarlestan. 23 r
Second Class .................................. 16 Pupils.
Third Class ................................... 43 "
Fourth Class ................................... 62 "
Preparatory Class................................ 37 "
Total ................................. 171 "
OCTOBERlST TODECE_IBER31ST.
First Class ..................................... 12 Pupils.
Second Class ................................ 27 "
Third Class ................................. 48 "
Fourth Class ................................ 59 "
Preparatory Class .............................. 30 "
Total ................................... 176 "
The work accomplished duri_lg tile year in tile several
classes has been, in the main, satisfactory. Eactl pupil has
traversed, again and again, the entire ground embraced in
the course ot study, and has thus been afforded ample op-
portunity of becoming familiar with it. The gentlemen
composing the faculty of the school have been, without ex-
ception, earnest and painstaking, laboring, by example as
well as by precept, to encourage among their pupils a love
of learning and to so train them that they may acquire
habits of study which will be fixed and permanent.
The value of the rule which demands that each pupil shall
constantly maintain a fair stand in every branch of study is
more and more apparent. The old maxim found in several
noted schools in England : "Aut disc_', nut discgde," "Learn
or leave," has in it a practical expression. Those who will
not work are not allowed to retain their connection with
their class. They either withdraw from the school or subject
themselves to the mortification of transfer to a lower class.
The rule also, which makes term average of aboy count
twice as much as that assigned at examination, isagood
one. Pupils who are studious during the year, and thus
obtain a high average, have no reason to dread the results of
the examination, while those who barely meet our require-
ments, find the examination a serious obstacle in the way of

,%
232 ,_ayor Courtenay' s Annual Review.
their promotion. Several who last June did not secure the
sixty per cent. required for advancement to a higher class,
spent much ol the summer vacation with tutors and textbooks,
endeavoring to regain their forfeited positions, and
some of these, despite their unseasonable labors, could not
recover fro_ the consequences of previous neglect, and
failed at the second examination allowed them.
Apart from their usefulness in stimulating our pupils to
steady work, the examinations serve a good purpose in unifying
the work of tile year. Some object to examinations,
as fostering a superficial preparation of lessons. This ob-
jection is not well fouaded, when examinations are properly
conducted and occupy the right place in a judiciously arranged
course of stud)'. The tendency among those whose
minds are immature and untrained, is to consider the parts
of text-books they study as made up of so many lessons
independent of each other. To them, the facts and principles
which they learn are, to a certain extent, isolated--so
man), membra disjecta. Every teacher understands this, and
knows how difficult it oftentimes is to make plain the connection
between truths which stand related to each other,
and which must be properly co-ordinated before the meaning
they embody is fully understood. Now, in the repeated
and comprehensive review, which preparation for examination
renders necessary, the consideration of particulars with
respect to a central idea is emphasized and the grasp in its
unity of a subject previously memorized in detail makes the
pupil its master.
It affords me pleasure to speak of the high stand taken
by those of our pupils who hold scholarships. Most of
them habitually maintain, in every department of study, an
average of more than 90 per cent. The influence they exert
is inspiring to their classmates, The pupils who in October
received honorary appointments from the Commissioners
of the City Public Schools are also doing excellent
work, and give promise of utilizing to the utmost the opportunity
afforded them of obtaining a thorough education.
Another appointment to the United States Naval Acad-

Bdueation in Charleson. e33
emy at Annapolis was assigned in May, after a competitive
examination to one of our boys. S. Thorzle Sparkman, of
the First Class, was adjudged the best prepared of nine applicants.
His entrance examination at the Academy was
satisfactory, and he has taken a fair position in his class.
He and Wm. A. ,Moffett, whose appointment I reported a
year ago, are meeting, with credit to themselves, the demands
made upon them at the great naval school of the
country.
The following young gentlemen, members of our First
Class, were graduated in June last : Henry H. Ficken, W.
DeWar Gordon, J. Moultrie Gourdin, 1. Ross Hanahan,
Drayton S. Hastie, Win. H. LaFar, R. Blum Olney, Thomas
Pinckney, Jr., John Rivers, S. Thorne Sparkman, Montague
Triest, Charles S. Venning, Henry P. Williams, E. Morton
Wilson, Edward N. Wulbern. Of these, John Rivers, was
conspicuously worthy of commendation, and the Peabody
medal (silver), assigned to the First Class, was awarded to
him. In the Second Class, Isaac 13. Brown received the
bronze medal, which rewards the diligence of the most deserving
member of this class.
Earnest attention has been given, during the year, to the
physical training of our pupils. Professor Valdez continues
to discharge, with patience and faithfulness, the important
duties entrusted to him, and his labors have not been in
vain. The erect carriage and easy movemeI_t of those who
have made good use of their opportunities on the gymnasium,
are very noticeable. At the parade on Calhoun Day,
the manly bearing of our boys was the subject of most gratifying
comment. It is due to Professor Valdez to say that
since he has had charge of the gynasium not an accident of
a serious character has occurred.
I wish to emphasize our need of a properly constructed
and properly located school house. It is impossible in a
building lacking many of the important features of aregularly
arranged school house to secure the best results in
teaching or in order and discipline. The great disadvantage,
however, under which we labor is the proximity of our
3o

,P
234 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Revtew.
building to a business thoroughfare. The noise made by
the pa, sage of vehicles upon Meeting Street is at times so
annoying as practically to interrupt our recitations. If the
school could have quarters constructed and equipped, accordizlg
to the best plans, and remote fiom the disturbances to
which we aee now subjected, better work could be done both
by teachers and pupils. I would earnestly suggest, as I close
this report, that the st mi-centennial anniversary of the
school next year could have no more fitting recognition
than the construction of an elegant and commodious High
School building, which would be at once a monument expressive
of the grateful appreciation on the part of the
community of the work of the founders of the school, and
apractical proof that they are not indifferent to tile duty
devolving upon them to advance the enterprise so well begun
towards its higher consummation.
Respectfully submitted,
VIRGIL C. DIBBLE,
Principal High School of Charleston.
COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON.
CHARLESTON, 8 May, I888.
Honorable George D. Bryan, Mayor :
MY DEAR SIR--In accordance with your request that I
send you the usual report of the College of Charleston for
insertion in the Year Book which you are preparing, I herewith
enclose you the report of Henry E. Shepherd, showing
the work, progress and status of the institution.
Respectfully and truly yours,
CH. RICHARDSON MILES,
President Board of Trustees C'allege of C/tarleston.
COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON,
CHARLESTON, S. C., May 4t'h, I888. ¢
Hun. Ch. R. Miles, President Board of Trustees College of
Charleston, S. C.."
DEAR SIR--The academic work of the College has pro-

Education in Charleston. 235
gressed steadily and favorably during the scholastic year:
which is now drawing to a close. Our numerical status has:
been fully maintained, our efficiency as an educational power
has decide_.ly advanced. Every endeavor has been made to
extend the scope of our usefulness, and to render the College
the principal agency in diffusing and stimulating a high order
of literary and scientific culture in this community. In addition
to our regular exercises, there have been courses of
lectures on Natural History and lectures upon English Literature,
all of which have been oFen to the people of Charle_ton.
The series of lectures upon Natural History has been
most admirable and scholarly in character, the instruction
being illustrated in all its phases by the rich collections of
the College Museum. The College has also been represented
in several of these great convocations which attract
scholars from all sections of our country ; such as the Modern
Language Association and the Teachers' Institutes, that
assemble in the great centres of learning. In every available
mode our educational work has been brought to the attention
of the City of Charleston, as well as the entire country. It
cannot be said that our light does not shine, while in common
candor it must be admitted that there are many who close
their eyes against it.
When I contemplate the complex difficulties against which,
the College has struggled, and is still struggling, my principal
cause of astonishment is, not that it fails to attract
greater numbers of students, but that it even exists despite
so adverse an environment. Many institutions confronting
the odds against which we have striven would have closed
their doors and terminated their academic life. Yet we
survive in undiminished vigor, despite prevailing material
depression, organized and tenacious opposition, and that
general apathy in regard to all higher culture, which is so
lamentable a characteristic of our Southern civilization during
the decades succeeding the Civil War. The College is doing
its work thoroughly, efficiently and most assiduously. Our
academic standard will compare very favorable with similar
institutions in the United States. We are accomplishing all

236 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
that is possible under existing conditions. Let us hope that
the people of Charleston and of South Carolina will aid us
by their zealous co-operation and enlightened support.
I am, with great respect,
HENRY E. SHEPHERD,
President College of Charleston.
THE SOUTH CAROLINA MILITARY ACADEMY.
This valuable institution of learning is steadily increasing
in ,,umbers and usefulness.
It is at present in a very flourishing condition ; an orna-
ment to the City of Charleston, and a blessing to the State
of South Carolina.
The following excerpt from the last annual report of Gen-
eral Hagood, Chairman of its Board of Visitors, is interesting
and significant.
FINANCES.
The Superintendent's annual account of receipts and dis-
bursements for the fiscal year ending October 3 I, I887, is
hereto appended, showing a small balance in hand ($I8I,t9) ,
which covers some inconsiderable outstanding accounts of
that date, and the vouchers for disbursements have, accord-
ing to law, been filed with the Comptroller-General. The
expenditure per Cadet has been for the year $3o0, and per
month as follows:
Property (new books, apparatus, &e.)................................ 60
Ordinary repairs to buildings, &e................................... 52
Salaries of officers ............................................... $7 92
Subsistence ...................................................... 4 98
Clothing ........................................................ 5 58
Miscellaneous Cadet expenses (fuel, lights, washing, &c.).............. 2 42
/¢liseellaneous Academic expenses (servants, postage, printing, music,
&e.)......................................................... 2 98
APPROPRIATION.
$25 O0
The Academy has neither debt or surplus. The Board,

%
Education in Charleston. 237
as customary, on October I last, received beneficiaries,
bringing the number in the school, reduced by graduation
or discharge, up to sixty-eight. These are divided among
the Counties in proportion to representation in the Lower
House of the General Assembly. The usual appropriation
of _2o,ooo for the " free eduction and maintenance" of these
Cadets, as provided by law, is requested.
CLAIM AGAINST THE UNITED STATES.
The claim against the United States for rent and damages
to the Citadel building during its occupation for seventeen
years subsequent to the Civil War still lingers in the Congress.
It has twice been acted on favorably in the Senate, but its
final consideration in the House has not been reached. It
will be pressed at the ensuing session, and an early and fay.
orable conclusion is hoped for.
CONCLUSION.
The Board report the school in excellent condition--well
officered, well disciplined, and well taught. The Cadets,
largely selected by competition, thoroughly winnowed in
their progress through the school, are creditable representatives
of the youth of the State.
JOHNSON HAGOOD,
Chairman Board of Vtsitors.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
I give place to the entire annual report of State Superintendent
Rice, as a paper worthy of preservation, and cordially
commend its earnest and excellent suggestions.
To the Honorable the Senate and House oJ Representatives
of tke State of Soutk Carolina ..
GENTLEMEN--Since your adjournment I have visited
every County in the State. I have addressed the people

238 ,_Iayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
of every section upon the vital question of Free Public
Schools. It gives me great pleasure to report to you that
they are more than ever aroused to the duty of elementary
training for their children. This should be provided for
every child. The State has undertaken this great work.
Her plighteft faith and every dictate of public policy
demand that we go forward. The very large amount of
money devoted to this object (more than to any one department
of the State Government) should insure the closest
scrutiny and the wisest legislation. During the last ten
years much good work has been accomplished. The system
of public education was new to our people and our officials.
The State has been rehabilitated. In spite of short crops
and low prices we have cleaned away much rubish and laid
broad foundations. We have been adjusting ourselves to
the new situation ; we have been examining our necessities
and our resources. The investigation demonstrates to ourselves
and the country, that our soil and climate are unrivaled,
and that the virtues of our people are superior
to misfortune. The first duty of every citizen is to provide
for ttle training of children. The State responded to this
demand.
Ten years ago in her poverty she placed a two mill tax
on her property and a poll tax on her sons, to establish the
ground work of a system of schools that would provide
elementary trait:ing for all. Such systems are a growth.
They must take into account the genius of our institutions,
and be accommodated to the habits, resources and hopes of
a people. These cannot be forced, except into unhealthy
development. Therefore the State has moved slowly.
Time must be given for adjustment. The great machine
which is intended to train the children of one million people
and their descendants could not be the creation of an hour.
The experience of other States, the activities and necessities
of our times and people, and our debt to posterity, involved
interest too great and faith too profound for hasty
legislation. The situation is, however, now clear. We have
undertaken this great work and our people demand that

,%
Education in Charleston. 239
we advance and give to their children a good elementary
school in every neighborhood in the State. How can this
be accomplished ?
Ist. By allowing the taxpayers of each school district,
annually, to vote such tax on themselves as will give a ten
months' school aztd/ree tuition to every child. Very many
communities have now special districts, and very many
more will knock at your doors yearly for such privileges.
Many do not come because it is troublesome to frame the
special _Act. There should be a general statute, and under
this all school districts should be organized. This would
simplify the situation. By confining the privilege to taxpayers,
there can be no danger. Look at Charleston, with
her magnificient schools and her large annual appropriation.
The pride of the city is that every child in her limits can have
first rate common school training. This beautiful capital,
Columbia, is drawing citizens from the surrounding
Counties to enjoy the benefits of her graded schools. It is
not amiss to say that every legislator will be welcomed to
inspect them daily. Greenville, after one year's trial, votes
eighteen thousand dollars for school buildings. This in
addition to her annual special and general tax. VVinnsboro
vindicates her ancient reputation by spending ten thousand
dollars last year on school buildings. Chester's graded
school flourishes. Rock Hill, famous for commercial and
social integrity, voted ten thousand dollars for buildings
and a special tax before the smoke had lifted from her
burned storehouses. Bennettsville and Marion have spent
more than five thousand dollars each for buildings during
the last twelve months, and Florence is preparing to lodge
her first rate schools in similar style. Georgetown, in spite
of her difficult surroundings, is rebuilding her ancient
shrines, one of the first and most liberal foundations for com-
mon school training in our State's history. Bambergcomes
to the front with an elegant new school building, and Barnwell
claims to have the most complete model for ahouse
and the best graded schools in the State. Johnson's, Martin's
and Seneca City have advertised free tuition to every

240 Mayor Courtena_'s Annual Review.
child and secured first-class teachers. I omit others for
want of space. But this development is marvelous, and emphasizes
the tact that South Carolina demands a general
law. Our people ask that they be allowed to form their
districts under a wise and liberal Act. They are not all
lawyers, anc_ they have neither the taste nor the time to
frame special Acts when they desire to build up their
schools. They need something clear, plain and easily operated,
ready to their hand. They do not ask you to tax them,
but they simply say, give us an Act that will allow us to
tax ourselves. The passage of such a statute will make the
system coherent and prevent constant difficulties in its own
execution. The special Acts are, moreover, costly business.
2d. The next important" step, and one that is fundamental,
is to amend the law as to County School Commissioners.
This is the most responsible office connected with
the public school system. The more especially is this true
where the work is new and undeveloped. The very exact-
ing and responsible duties imposed upon the Commissioner
demand the highest talent, the greatest prudence, the most
intimate knowledge of the people, of schools, and of school
literatu,'e, coupled with great executive ability and an enthusiastic
desire for the elevation of the masses. In the
formative years since 1876, the office has fallen into
disrepute. Forming an unholy alliance with politics it
has too often been given as a reward for party service. Such
an officer by his appointments has poisoned the fountain,
and there has flowed forth a stream of ignorance and preju-
, dice to desolate the County. The people can only judge a
tree by its fruits, and this defect has made the office a byword.
The County School Commissioner is a creature of
the Constitution, and it is simple and wise, I think, to make
him effective. He holds the same relation to the Counties
that the superintendent does to the citvschools. As he is
able and faithful, so are the schools flourishing and efficient.
He should be the mainspring of the County machine and if
the Legislature will give to the counties first rate men as
Commissioners, the system will in five years elevate the

%
Education in Charleston. 24I
State. We have now some admirable men in this office,
and, in spite of short terms and low pay, the)" have done
splendid work. Let us reward them.
The duties of superintendence and inspection are the
most important connected with any business, private or
public. This is illustrated in every department of our Gov-
ernment, and is the
m .
chief agency which insures the success-
ful development of the great enterprises of the country.
The agents employed, officers and teachers, are numerous.
Their duties should be intelligently and faithfully performed.
The State in its sovereignty taxed the people for schools.
This fund has been diligently gathered and should be no
less faithfully expended. The power to collect taxes involves
the gravest responsibility in their distribution. We
plead, therefore, most e_trnestly, for competent officials and
proper pay. The accounts of these officials should be itemized
and passed upon by the Grand Juries, a body of men
coming fresh from the ranks of the people, whose money is
expended and whose children are pupils.
(a.) Require that every County School Commissioner shall
stand an examination conducted by the State board, before
taking the office ; one similar to that now held for teachers.
He examines all teachers, or is supposed to do so. His duty
is to visit teachers and their work, consult with and advise
them, and gather them into associations. In fact, he should
either be a teacher or one who has mastered the details of
this great work and its fundamental laws. He is for the
time a professional teacher, and it is unjust to this noble
ministry of teachirlg to require less of him than of tile rank
and file. The expense of a trip to Columbia is small. Competent
men will welcome the examination, and only those
unprepared will decline it. Failing to pass this test, let the
Governor appoint for the unexpired term.
(b.) Increase his salary to $I,ooo and require him to devote
every day to this work. Give the State a general tax law
for local levies, and then require fitness for County School
Commissioners, and you take a long stride towards perfecting
the mere machinery.
3I

%
242 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
3d. The Constitution directs you to establish a State Normal
School. Charleston has for years carried on Normal
work. The Winthrop Training School in this City has just
sent out its first class, every one of whom received immediate
and remunerative employment. Every member of
your honorable body knows, without argument, the necessity
of training for any work. In every department skilled labor
is at the front. In this profession every State has its schools
and requirements. In the mechanical pursuits service is
always a test of fitness. The trained eye, the cultured ear,
the practiced hand, the developed muscle, the golden mouth
are shining examples. Labor is so subdivided that excellence
is now sought in the minutest details of every profession
and business. This applies with most profound emphasis
to the teacher. Eternity alone can tell the influence
for good or evil, for success or failure, that belongs to the
teacher. Most especially to him who controls the first mental
developments, and from the very necessities of the position,
lays the foundation of character. This direction of
our Constitution runs with the necessities of our development
as a State, and I most earnestly urge that we foster
existing institutions, and lay the foundations of a school or
schools that will give professional training to _ur teachers.
4th. The Examining Boards should have their pay restored
at once. They do a great deal of work, and the amount
will not cover expenses.
5th. Institutes have been held in Union, Darlington,
Aiken, Otangeburg, Barnwell, Fairfield, Lexington, Horry,
Marion and Richland. An Inter-County Institute was held
at Williamston under the supervision of Messrs. Clinkscales
and Mayfield, County School Commissioners of Anderson
and Greenville.
All able faculty, under the lead of Dr. L. R. Klemm, of
Hamilton, Ohio, worked diligently for two weeks. The attendance
of teachers was very large, (two hundred,)and
representatives were present from various parts of the State.
The enthusiasm of this large body of teachers was very
marked. It gives me pleasure to say that Dr, Lander threw

Education in Charleston. e43
open the buildings of his college for the Institute. The use
of his school rooms, blackboards, charts and library were
freely given. His rooms were filled with boarders, at a rate
to cover actual costs. This example is commended to similar
institutions in all parts of the State. They should understand
that suc2es_ful primary schools is the proper training
ground for academies an:t colleges.
A very successful Institute of like character was held by
Messrs. Wilder and Benbow, uniting Sumter and Clarendon.
Being employed elsewhere I cannot give a detailed report,
but the Commissioners were delighted with the work done.
Mr. Mellichamp, of Orangeburg, reports a most interesting
Institute in his County. He also combined evening
lectures from distinguished educators, with the regular daily
work. These Institutes should be attended by every teacher,
for they are of inestimable benefit. Association with inquiring
and suggestive minds, ;_athering workers on the same
field, and the development of progressive plans by able
leaders, give impetus to every department of the Public
Schools.
6th. The Trustees of the Peabody Fund have allowed
our State ten thousand dollars for the ensuing year. They,
of course, direct its disbursement, and it has been a most
potent factor in developing our schools. It has enabled us
to build up model schools, and they are to-day attracting
the attention of all parts of the State. Their influence can
never be estimated. It has trained teachers, it has supplemented
school funds, and its agency has been everywhere
visible in pushing the proper development of the Free Public
Schools. Tile report of receipts and expenditures is
given in the appendix to this report. During the year the
Trustees forwarded to Charleston four thousand dollars in
addition to the usual appropriation for the State, This was
induced by the destruction of school buildings by the earth.
quake, and is only another evidence of the wisdom and
benevolence with which this trust is executed. I regret to
report the death of Hon. Win. Aiken, a Trustee from this
State, I take pleasure in announcing that the lion. Wm. A,

%
244 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
Courtenay will be his successor. His well-known devotion
to public education and his splendid executive ability will
doubtless make him a useful member of the Board.
7th. I spent one day at Cedar Springs during their vacation.
This denied me privilege of seeing the school-work,
but afforded Fnusual opportunities for investigating the
plans underlying all this. Capt. Walker gave me every facility
to know his methods for instruction, the arrangements
for sleeping, eating, exercise, and the proper care and ventilation
of the institution. The beautiful grounds are com-
manded by spacious and comfortable buildings. The Superintendent,
uniting accurate information with the largest
humanity and fine common sense, (that most uncommon
of all senses,) is unusually well equipped for the administration
of this noble charity.
• 8th. There is an apparent falling off in the total enrollment
of pupils for this year. It is only apparent. There
was an error in the return from Berl*eley for I886, doubling
the figures, and this year Georgetown makes no returns.
There has been increased enrollment and greater average
attendance. The report for 1888 will demonstrate this fact.
9th. Bills covering the various recommendations are prepared
and will be presented. I earnestly invoke their
prompt and generous consideration. They cover a subject
most vital to our people. Our taxes are large; but let the
people see that they are efficiently distributed, and instead
of ignorance and well grounded complaint, they will supplement
the fund and demand better schools.
The money now used in private schools of elementary
grades added to our general school tax is ample to educate
every child of the State in the Free Public Scools. The
precepts of our holy religion demand the elementary education
of every citizen. Love to God and love to man require
this. The motto of this Christian State must be a well
regulated Free School in every neighborhood--an open
Bible for a free people.
The largest liberality is the truest economy and the wisest
administration. _lhave traveled through all our borders

%
Education in Charleston. 245
during this year, and have endeavored to place this great
question close to the hearts and minds of all classes of the
people. Their response has been enthusiastic and unmistakable.
Our State has for a century illustrated her desire
to educate and elevate the masses. Let us make our legislation
and administration memorable by uniting our efforts
to advance this most important department of our work. It
demands the attention of every citizen ; it is worthy of the
intellig'ent co-operation of men of every shade of religious
belief and of every political opinion ; it appeals to every
citizen of the State and to men of every profession and pursuit.
No problem presents itself, the earnest and patriotic
solution of which is more likely to attract the sympathy and
engage the energies of all classes. I regard it the most important
question of the hour--one that will do more than
all others to make our people homogeneous. In the words
of President James H. Thornwell, " God grant that the day
may soon come when no citizen of the State shall reach the
age of maturity who has not received at least the elements
of education."
Very respect fully,
JAMES H. RICE,
State Suflerintendent of Education, S. C.
From Col. Rice's annual report I quote the following
interesting statistics :
NUMBER OF PUPILS ENROLLED.
For the Year z885-86.
SEX. WIIITE. COLOKED. TOTAL.
Male ............................. 44,631 48,093 92,724
_emale ............................
1 39,792 51,450 91,242
Total ........................ I 84,423 99,543 183,966

%
246 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
For the Year t886-87.
SEX. I WHITE. COLOREm TOTAL.
z
Male ............................. 43,508 45,429 88,934
Female ....... : ................... 38,908 47,175 86,083
Total .......... 82,416 92,601 175,017
AVERAGE ATTENDANCE.
1885-86. White ............. .. 59,904
Colored ................. 66, 792 Total .............. 126,696
1886-87. White .................. 59,824
Colored .................. 65,697 Total ............... 1_o5,531
Decrease since last year ......................................... 1,165
NoTE.---Had the schools of Georgetown County been in session, with the same
average attendance as last year, this report would have shown a considerable
increase in the average attendance for the State over that for 1885-86.
TEACHERS EMPLOYED.
1885-86.
SEX. WHITE. COLORED. TOTAL.
Male ............................... 1,108 983 2,091
Female .......................... 1,309 435 1,744
Total ...................... 2,417 1,418 3,835
I886-87.
SEX. WHITE, COLORED. TOTAL.
Male ............. . ................ 1,189 1,038 2,227
Female .......................... i 1,344 423 1,767
TotaI ....................... 2,533 1,461 3,994
Increase since last year in number of teachers, 159.
Number of first grade teachers, 1,872 ; second grade, 948
third grade, I,I74.
York County reports the largest number 0f teachers,
namely 223 .

%
Education in Cltarleston. 247
Chesterfield County reports the smallest number of
teachers, namely, 63 .
AVERAGE MONTHLY SALARIES PAID TO TEACHERS.
Male.......................................................... $28.07
Female............. _......................................... 25.19
Charleston County has paid the largest average monthly
salaries to teachers, viz.: $97.30 to male teachers, and $65.92
to female teachers.
Abbeville County" has paid the smallest average monthly
salaries to male teachers, viz.: $I6,48.
Oconee County has paid the stnallest average monthly
salaries to female teachers, viz.: $I7.o2.
TOTAL AMOUNT OF SALARIES PAID TO TEACItERS
DURING THE YEAR.
The total amount of salariespaidto teachersduring the scholastic
year 1886-87was..................................... $368,585.08
SCHOOL REVENUE.
The financial reports of the County School Commissioners
for the fiscal year ending October 3Ist, 1886, show that the
amount of school funds available during the year was
$538,253.50, of which $453,852.09 was collected during the
year, and $84,4oi.4i consisted of unexpended balances from
previous years. Of the amount available, $424,426.4o was
expended, leaving balances in the various county treasuries
of StI3,827.Io, to be carried to the accounts of the fiscal
year 1886-87. It will be observed that the reports of school
funds are for the fiscal year immediately preceding the
scholastic year covered by the other portions of this report.
This is due to the fact that the taxes for the fiscal year
1886-87 will not be collected until after the time prescribed
by law for the printing of this report. It is obviously impossible,
therefore, for this office to present an accurate
statement of the school funds for the fiscal year i886-87 .

%
248 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
PEABODY FUND.
During the year commencing November I, I886, and ending
August 3 I, I887, there were received and expended
within the limits of this State, from the Peabody Fund, the
following amounts :
* RECEIPTS.
Balance on hand from last year ............................... $ 832.92
Cash received from General Agent ........................... 9,900.00
TotM ................................. ............... $10,732.92
EXPENDITURES.
Amount paid Charleston Schools ............................ $ 4,000.00
.... Columbia Training Schools ...................... 1,500.00
.... Clafiin U_fiversity ............................. 1,000.00
.... Spartanburg Schools ............................. 850.00
.... Greenville Schools ...................... • ....... 850:00
.... Florence Schools ................................ 500.00
.... Bamberg Graded School .......................... 300.00
.... Beaufort College School .......................... 300.00
.... Marion Schools .................................. 150.00
.... Sterling School, Orangeburg .................... 150.00
" " Colored Institute, Columbia ..................... 48.95
.... White Iustitute, Wiiliamston ............. 200.00
.... White Institution, Sumter ....................... 60.00
" " Mitchell Academy, Lexington County ............. 300.00
Balance on hand .......................................... 523.97
$10,732.92

%
Mortuary---Benjamin F. Moise. 249
MORTUARY--1887.
BENJAMIN F. MOISE.
Mr. Moise was born at Augusta, Ga., in I83O. Whilst yet
a youth he removed to this city, and at once selected the
drug business as his field of labor, and ever after remained
faithful to this choice. Without capital or the assistance of
those favorable conditions which surround and aid one in the
place of his birth, he had to rely on his own manhood. It
soon found employment for him, and easily converted strangers
into friends ; by degrees he rose in position, influence and
means, standing for very many years as one of our model and
successful merchants. The firm of "Dowie & Moise" de-
served and had the respect and confide nce of the community.
Besides the marked individuality, never ceasing, energy, great
ability, high character and progressive spirit of Mr. Moise,
it was further fortunate in having the late George Dowie as
its other member; a gentleman of the sweetest temper, of
the highest honor and of the calmest and clearest judgment.
Mr. Dowie predeceased his friend and partner, Mr. Moise-the
latter continuing the business until his death under the
same name and style, with undiminished success. It is still
being conducted by his representatives. Mr. Moise was appointed
chairman of the Board of Health by Mayor Courtenay,
and presided at its first meeting under his administration,
January I3, I88o. During his chairmanship the most
active interest was manifested in sanitary proceedings; an
entire change in the management was effected, the control
being placed under the care of the Board of Health of
Charleston. All cemeteries within two miles of the city
were also placed under the supervision of the Health authorities;
special disinfection by a competent officer was initiated
at all houses where contagious disease existed ; many
drains were cleaned ; and, in general, constant and successful
efforts were made in the preservation of the good health
of the municipality. He resigned January IIth, I882. Mr.
;32

250 Mayer Courtenay's Annual Review.
Moise was for several years a member of the Executive Committee
of the Agricultural Society of South Carolina.; in
this as in everything he undertook, he was an earnest and
thorough worker.. The fact of his filling but few positions
of public trust did not arise from any dullness of recognition
of that very high duty under which the very liberties of this
country place every citizen: to give to the public service
any special ability he might have. He had the quaint belief
that the office should seek the man. Alive, however, to
the obligation, he kept himself well informed on all civil and
• political matters and issues, so as to be able to intelligently
• discharge any call that might be made. His death was sudden
and unexpected. Attacked with pleurisy, he went to
Aiken, S. C., seeking the assistance of its climate; but it
was unavailing, and there he died ISth January, 1887, in the
fifty-seventh year of his age.
j. F. M. GEDDINGS, M. D.
Dr. J. Frederick M. Geddings died at his residence, No. IOO
Broad Street, in this city, at lO o'clock Thursday morning.
Dr. Geddings was the son of Dr. Eli Geddings, who was in
his time one of the most prominent physicians and surgeons
of Charleston, and indeed of the State. Dr. J. F. M. Geddings
was born in Charleston oil the I4th of September, 1829,
and received his early education at the classical school of
Dr. J. C. Faber. Upon the completion of his school course,
and following an inclination which he had felt early in life,
he entered the Medical College, from which he was graduated
about the year 185o. Almost immediately upon his
graduation he went abroad to prosecute his studies and perfect
his medical education. With that view he spent several
years in Paris and Berlin, where, under the instruction of
the ablest teachers" and lecturers, he laid the foundation of
that thorough knowledge of his profession which placed
him in the very front rank of the physicians of his day.
Shortly before the breaking out of the Civil War Dr.

Mortuary Robert Lebby. 251 _ ) -i- _ .... %_.__w3
Geddings returned to his native city and began the practice _ ..... ;, ._ J,_..
of his profession in association with his father Dr. Eli Ged- . _ )
dings. Early in the progress of the War Dr. J. F. M. Ged- A{I_,'L>-'I
dings was appointed to the charge of the Academy Hospital -, ! :,:_ .'_+
in Augusta, with the rank of surgeon. Just before the close CI" ).
of the war he served as surgeon on the coast, and upon the _ _ '"
cessation of hostilitiOa came back to Charleston. _./1_ ,:_t_-_. -z.2
In 1866 Dr. Geddings devoted himself exclusively to the ]X:_.-1: '_, _k..)
practice of his profession, in which he was engaged Success- _ _._.w_.4-a_,&)
fully until within a few days of his death, which occurred, _vv- t)',i_
as stated yesterday morning, from, primarily, a heart affection,
hastened by an attack of pneumonia of the lungs.
Dr. Geddings was regarded unive,'sally as a physician
whose industry and technical education had won for him a '_-
• • [%_,}
first place in the prmessmn. He was a scholar in medicine
in every senseof the word. His practice was consequently
very large, and he was especially popular as a " family phy- 1/'_', '-_ J ....
sician. Apart however, from the finished education of Dr.
Geddings as a physician, he wasa man of varied literary J.,_,_
attainments. Alwaysa close student and observer of the _, ,
progressive movements in his chosen calling, he found time _l
among his arduous labors to keep pace with the general lit- :_ :_:
eratureof the present time. He was, therefore, an accomplished
scholar and aman of the most general information ....
In his private life Dr. Geddings was as exemplary as he : .
was modest and unassuming, notwithstanding the easypre- _:' _ ' ' . '?
eminence which his natural talent and singular gift in diag- "3._:_ ' )
nosis, together with his education and attainments gave him. t "7;7. i@_
In him the Medical Fraternity of the State has lost a most ' -
distinguished associate, and Charleston one of its most
worthy and representative citizens. News and Courier, 3d
February, z887.
ROBERT LEBBY, M. D.
Dr. Robert Lebby, who died at his residence in this city,
6 o'clock on Friday evening, was a native Charlestonian, as

%
252 Mayor Courtena_'s Annual Review.
was his father and grandfather, but partly of Irish descent,
as his middle name, Grattan, (which he of late years never
used,) indicated, the famous Irish orator of that name being
one of his ancestors on the maternal side. His grandfather
helped to raise the first Liberty pole in Mazyckboro'.
Dr. Lebby was born in I8O5, and his first official position
was as Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A., at Fort Johnson,
during the yellow fever season of 1827 . He remained in the
medical department in and around Charleston for thirty
years. Du.ring that period, however, he served as Assistant
Surgeon in the United States Army in the Seminole war.
It is also a noteworthy incident of Dr. Lebby's career that
during the temporary absence of Captain Brewerton, in
charge of the work of laying the foundation of Fort Sumter,
he surveyed and located the first marks for the site of that
since famous fortress.
In Mayor Macbeth's administration, Dr. Lebby was alderman
from Ward Four, from 1857 to I86I, and served as
chairman of the committee on health and quarantine. During
the war Dr. Lebby was a surgeon in the Confederate
States Army, and served first as surgeon of a field hospital,
then of the Wayside Hospital, and was finally appointed by
General Beauregard Receiving and Distributing Surgeon of
the First Louisiana Hospital in Charleston.
After the war Dr. Lebby devoted himself to his private
practice until, in 1868, he was elected City Registrar by the
Pillsbury Council, and accepted that office lest it might fall
into incompetent hands, holding the office until 187I. He
was again elected City Registrar, and served under the
Cunningham administration from 1873 to I877. He was
elected a third time by the City Council, in 188o, and served
until his resignation in December of that year. The office
of Port Physician Dr. Lebby held continuously, and to the
satisfaction of the people and the State Government, from
1868 down to I882, when by a special Act of the State
Legislature, the office of Port Physician was abolished. In
that long incumbency he not only administered the office to
the greatest advantage with the limited means placed at his

%
Mortuary--Miss Celia Campbell. 253
command, but he acquired an amount of local and technical
knowledge in connection with the duties and requirements
of the position which enabled him to continue its management
with an economy and effectiveness that no successor
could attain for some time.
For the past five years Dr. Lebby had been in very feeble
health, and had not'been engaged in active work. His death
was not unexpected. The memory of his good deeds and
of his long and useful public services lives after him.--News
and Courier, 4th February, zS87.
MISS CELIA CAMPBELL.
"Patience is the exercise
Of Saints, the trial of their fortitude:
Making them each his own deliverer,
And victor overall !"--Milton.
Self-sacrifice is the keynote of noble lives. The opportunities
for doing good come to all who have the heroism
to work and to will, and the earnest spirit finds its way to the
hearts of others. A tittle more than a generation ago,
nurses were taken from the same class as domestic servants,
but when the gentle and refined Florence Nightingale arrived
in the Crimea, to attend in the hospitals of the English army,
she at once elevated and magnified these important duties,
and the civilized world on the instant realized, that nursing
was an honorable vocation, a service to be respected and
learned--one, worthy of those even from the higher social
circles. Since Miss Nightingale's intelligent and far reaching
act, the heroism of mission work has attracted many
gentle ladies to these blessed fields of charity effort, and
in many of our cities noble women have since illuminated
this service by their patience, their intelligence, their earnestness
and their constancy.
It is equally a duty and a privilege to make record of the
early death, and refer to the life-work of one who with strict

%
254 Mayor Cour/enay's Annual Revww.
propriety may be called, Charleston's Florence Nightingale.
Blessed with everything that made social life precious, happy
in her home, a general favorite, and the centre of an admiring
circle, the portals of the gay world were open to her, but
her heart led her elsewhere, and she gave herself to the suffering,
the down trodden, and the lost. For many years she
we,tt daily about the work of the House of Rest, clad in the
armour of simple charity, strong in the high and noble purpose
of doing good.
Though gentle and retiring in her life and work, her name
cannot be hid from public observation, and to preserve the
record of this lovely and useful career, this brief sketch is
prepared for the City's Annual.
Sacrifice borne not for self but for others is always sacred ;
when the philosopher and poet of Crete was called to Athens
to assist in arresting the plague, he went, and when the pestilence
was stayed, declined other reward than a branch
of the sacred olive and the good will ot the Athenians in
favor of the community in which he lived; so with our
gentle and devoted friend, she went about laboring
among the poor and friendless, her ample reward was in
the sympathy and welLdone of those who were around her
in her self-imposed task.
A volume might be written of this saintly lady's patient
mission work, in her native city, but here, only mention is
possible. The last event of her life was identified with the
House of Rest, and occurred under its roof. Returning
there from her out-door labors, she found a letter from a
friend enclosing a sum of money for this sheltering home ; she
read it, and handing it to her associate in this mission work,
gave expression to her feelings of thankfulness for this opportune
helpiimmediately the summons came, and she
never spoke again, passing away peacefully, some days
afterwards, amid the sorrowing regret of the entire community;
and so it happened, that in death, as in life, she
was identified with this blessed charity foundation. May we
not indulge the hope, that the House of Rest will find a
constant and sufficient support among the charitable of our

Mortuary--Miss Celia Campbell 255
city. The highest acknowledgment of the patient labors of
its chief founder would be in the preservation of this little
mission, for a new and broader life of usefulness. Surely
there are means to this end in this city--means which might
well be annually renewed.
The following extracts will best illustrate the sentiment
and depth of feelir_g in this community, upon the occasion
of this much lamented death :
[From The News and Courier.]
" Miss Campbell was born in this city, and died here on the
28th February, 1887. Her father was the Hon. James B.
Campbell, and her mother was the daughter of Gov. Thos.
Bennett. She lived and was educated in this city, and afterwards
spent several years in European travel. To charming
manners and address was added a mind naturally strong and
highly cultivated. Ten years ago she determined to devote
her energies toward the formation of a House of Rest for
women who, through their own fault or misfortune, had no
home ; and after untiril,g toil, mental and physical, with the
assistance of an associate of kindred spirit, Miss Campbell's
life-work has been accomplished. Without the immense
financial resources of Mrs. Burdett-Coutts Bartlett, or the
enlarged fields of work of Florence Nightingale or Sister
Dora, she had all the generous sympathy for the suffering
and the ardent zeal for the reformation and consolation of
the erring which characterized those noble women. Twelve
days ago she was stricken with apoplexy at the door of the
institution she had founded. She had just received the gen.
erous donation of the Philadelphia contributors to the charitable
institutions damaged by the earthquake, and was congratulating
her faithful associate on their good fortune,
when she fell senseless to the floor. Many hearts throbbed
and many an eye moistened among the good people of
Charleston as the news of her decline would come from day
to day; but the recipients of her bounty and of her toil and
solicitude in the House of Rest can never forget their friend
and benefactor. Her memory will be cherished by hundreds

256 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
outside of the immediate place of her life-work by the thousand
unremembered acts of kindness which make up a woman's
life."
EXTRACT FROM A SERMON ON WOMAN'S WORK, PREACHED
SOON AFTER MISS CAMPBELL'S DEATH, BY REV. C. C.
PINCKN_E¥, AT GRACE CHURCH.
q¢ * q¢ _ q¢ _ * q¢ _ *
Let me give you an example of true Christianity in the
life of a noble English woman, whose memory Miss Night.
ingale has tenderly embalmed.
" One woman has died, a woman attractive and rich, and
young and witty; yet a veiled and silent woman distinguished
by no other genius but the divine genius, working
hard to train herself, in order to train others to walk in the
footsteps of I!im who ' went about doing good.' To follow
Him she spent herself in activity. She overworked because
others underwcrked. Shall we let her have died in vain?
"She died as she had lived, at the post of duty. I do not
give her name, were she alive she would beg me not. Of
all human beings I have ever known, she was the most free
from desire of the praise of men. She was absolutely without
human vanity. She preferred being unknown to all but
God.
" I will therefore call her Una, for when her whole life rises
before me, instead of thinking of the story of Una and her
lion a myth, I say--Here is Una in real flesh blood--Una
and her paupers, far more untamable than lions.
" The tender legends ot Catholic saints and martyrs have
not a greater miracle than we have here in the flesh. She
lived the life and died the death of a martyr ; tho' the greatest
sinner would not have been more surprised than herself
to have heard this said of her. In less than three years she
had reduced one of the most disorderly hospitals in the world
to Christian discipline. She had led upwards of 50 nurses and
probationers, so as to make them of one heart and mind like
herself. She had disarmed all opposition from Vestries and
Poor Law Boards--all sectarian zealotism : so that Roman

,%
Mortuary--zIiiss Celia CaJnpbell. 257
Catholic and Unitarian, High Church and Low Church all
literally 'rose up and called her blessed.'
" All religious creeds seemed to merge their differences in
her, seeing in her the one essential thin_ which makes all
else nothing.
" And how did she do all of this ?
" She was always'filled by the thought that she ' must be
about her Father's business.' She could do more in six
hours than ordinary women do in six months. Nursing is
an art. I had almost said one of the fine arts. It demands
as thorough devotion as the painter's or sculptor's work.
For it deals not with canvas or marble, but with the living
body, the temple of the Spirit."
The subject of Miss Nightingale's beautiful tribute was
Miss Agnes Jones, the daughter of an officer in the British
army. At the time of her death she was at the head of a
hospital numbering r,2oo souls. But her Christain labors
were not limited to hospitals. To visit the cottages on the
hillside around her father's home, to read the word of God,
to speak loving words to the aged, to teach hymns to the
children, to carry medicine and food to the sick, and shed
the value of Christian sympathy upon every sorrowing heart,
these were not her daily duties, but her daily pleasures.
Avisit to the institution at Kaiserwarth on the Rhine
stimulated her energies and trained her powers. From that
day she devoted herself to Christ's service, and on her return
home she began those labors of love which have embalmed
her name in the hearts of all who knew her.
Is there not one whose life and death have been recalled
to your minds, while I have set before you this sketch of a
Christ-like woman ?
One has lately departed from among us who so much resembles
Miss Nightingale's picture that she might have been
the original for whom it was painted. Endowed with intellect,
principle, tact and temper, with so much refining culture,
so many personal attractions, so loving a heart, she consecrated
all to her Lord and Saviour, and lived and died for
Him.
33

%,
258 Mayor Courlenay's Annual Revlew.
As her pastor for many years, I watched gratefully the
growth of her religious zeal, Soon after her confirmation
she began to teach in the Sunday-School. Her earnest,
punctual and skillful discharge of this duty made her a successful
teacher. The care of the sick and the poor attracted
her sympathetic nature and she became a regular visitor to
the Aims HSuse, where she learnt the art of doing good to
the bodies and souls of the sorrowing and suffering. During
a visit to New York she became an inmate of one of the
sisterhoods, in order to inspect the working of the institution.
She had already realized the truth of Dr. Muhlen.
berg's assertion, that woman's heart is not formed to entertain
at the same time two engrossing interests. Either her
work must be first, or society first, and she resolved that the
first place should be given to God.
She conferred with me on the possibility of founding a
home for aged and indigent members of our church. Some
case of a woman discharged from the Hospital not strong
enough yet to earn her living, deeply impressed her tender
heart. Other Christian women had seen similar cases, and
felt the necessity of providing a retuge, where the convalescent
might find shelter in their weakness, instead of being
cast upon the temptations of a sinful world.
Out of this necessity the House of Rest arose. It isdesigned
to be a resting place for the convalescent while seeking
strength to gain an honest support, and to furnish aged
and indigent members of our church a peaceful retreat in
their declining years.
To this House of Rest the life of our departed sister has
been given for fourteen years with untiring devotion.
Some children, brought by inmates of the House, were
thrown upon the hands of the managers and became a part
of their charge, so that the House contains twenty adults
and thirty-two children.
To this blessed work of caring for the old, teachiag the
young, providing for their bodies and their souls, she has
devoted time, talents, means, her winning manners, her remarkable
tact, her loving spirit. To this work, which she
loved with all her heart, she consecrated her life, with a sin.

]_[ortuary--_iss Celia Campbell. 259
gle eye to God's glory, with entire forgetfulness of self.
The effort to sustain the House, with the insufficient
means at their command, had entailed a heavy burthen upon
the ladies in charge--a burthen too heavy for the sensitive
nature of our beloved sister--beneath which she went to
her rest, prematurely, we would say, but not so in God's
sight.
While she devoted herself to her chosen work, do not
suppose that she neglected the domestic duties which God
laid upon her. Her filial spirit was one of her brightest ornaments.
If she loved her Father in Heaven supremely,
she also loved her earthly parent with reverential and t(_uching
affection. In her efforts to do good she never forgot
the scriptural order ' first to show piety at home, and to requit
their parents,' as the primary means of pleasing God.
The high appreciation of her character which the whole
community has manifested testifies strongly to the honor
which the human conscience accords to an unselfish life de-
voted to God's service in doing good to man."
The Rev. Dr. Porter at the Church of the Holy Commun-
ion, referred to her on the Sunday after her death in the following
words :
Within a few days there has passed from our community
into the glories of Paradise, a gentle brilliant spirit, whose
quiet, faithful, self-sacrificing life has made itself felt in the
homes of poverty, in the paths of sin, among the wayward
and fallen, in the hearts ot the helpless and sorrowing, among
the orphan and the friendless, so that in other homes and
other lives of higher type, her influence and example have
been felt and recognized. The Church militant possessed a
treasure. The world has lost a benefactor. It was salt that
had not lost its savGr, and its preserving influences are not
lost.
I doubt me not, she has left an impress on many natures
in this community which will be manifested in the lives of
some other blessed women who are loving followers of Jesus,
who now will be baptized for the dead, take her place, carry
on her work, and will share with her the reward. Oh to live

%
260 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Revzew.
as she lived, to die as she died, what a contrast to the hollow,
purposeless butterfly-lite of the daughters of mere fashion."
Rt. Rev. W. I3. W. Howe, D. D., in his address to the
Diocesan Convention of _887, said :
" But though we do not lament the departure of our Senior
Presbyter who has been simply gathered into God's garner
as one fully ripe for the sickle, there is one, whom we do
lament, being taken from us in the meridian of life and of
usefulness. I speak of the death of Miss Celia Campbell.
So far as I know, the life of Miss Campbell was an entirely
consecrated one--consecrated to God and consecrated to the
service of others. She died where her heart was, at the
little House of Rest. She did not forsake her home duties
in order to engage in others more distant. She did no great
thing, but I think it will be said of her, ' She hath done what
she could.' The general expression of sympathy and of
sorrow in our church at Miss Campbell's death told how her
devotion to the cause of the poor and the friendless had impressed
our hearts. What a fuller life hers, at least in the
eyes of angels, who are ministering spirits, than it would
have been if devoted to what is commonly termed "Society.'"
IN MEMORIAM.
The friends of Miss Campbell have caused to be erected
on the western side of Grace Church, in this city, a hand.some
memorial window, in the gothic form, corresponding
with the architecture of the church. It is of rich Cathedral
glass, with a number of beautiful jewels. The emblems
embrace a star above, and on either side figures of the lamb,
and the cross and crown ; in the centre are the lilies of the
valley, and below the simple inscription:
CELIA CAMPBEI_L,
FEBRUARY28'r_, 1887.
Thus her name will be recalled to the memory of those
who knew and loved her living, and in the years to come
this simple memorial will recall to others how, she who is
here commemorated_ loved and labored for Christ and His
Church.

,%
Mortuary---Henry ,4. Middleton. 261
HENRY A. MIDDLETON.
Mr. Henry Augustus Middleton died Friday morning at
his residence, 68 South Bay. He was born in Charleston in
November, 1793, and was at the time of his death the oldest
living representative of a famiIy which for more than two
centuries has been closely and prominently identified with
the history of South Carolina. Mr. Middleton had attained
to manhood early in thzcurrent century, and was an actor
and observer on the stage of life in times that are now considered
ancient. He was a school boy when Marengo was
being fought, and was a young man, whose education was
finished when the great Napoleon closed his career at Waterloo.
Mr. Middleton received his elementary education at a
private school in this city, and completed his studies at "
Litc_t3field, Connecticut. He returned to Charleston about
the year 1814, and, abandoning the idea of a professional _ )
career, applied himself to agricultural pursuits. Having
spent a few years after his graduation in Charleston, he "
moved to Sumter County in I82O, and began life as a plan- )_c_ ._ i :, _ ....
ter by the cultivation of rice on the Wateree River. Ten . j
years afterwards, or about the year I83o, he changed his field _ _ " ....
of operations and planted at the well-known Weehaw place ,_. _:!_/'_
about nine miles from the town of Georgetown. His time was
passed in this pursuit continuously until tlle close of the war.
Upon the breaking out of the war, Mr. Middlctou was 67
years of age and was unable to take part in the active drama
of those stirring days. Towards the close of the war his
Weehaw residence was burned to the ground by the invaders,
and he then removed permanently to Charleston, where he
lived in quiet retirement until his death.
Mr. Middleton was a man of very retiring disposition,
being reticent and reserved, except to his most intimate
friends. He was an ideal gentlemen in every sense of the
word, refined, educated, and of the strictest integrity. He
was a conspicuous representative of a society and a class
which are fast passing into tradition, and, apart from the

262 _a_or Courtenay's Annual Re,dew. 7
intrinsic worth of the man, was for that reason invested with
an interest at Once eloquent and pathetic. Mr. Middleton's
career, whiJ_ not marked with anything of stirring or dramatic
note, was one which from its duratioq through so
iriany generations and rising and falling dynasties, made him
a prominent figure in his declining days. Of him it can
indeed be said that lie was without fear and without reproach,
loyal to his friends, and sustaining in every trait of his character
the good name and fame of his illustrious ancestors.
Mr. Middleton's death was of course not unexpected. Yet
it was but a short time ago that lie was abroad on the Streets
of the city, and among the people he loved so well. A
severe cold, suddenly contracted, recently confined him to
his bed, and on account of his extreme age, ended fatally
Friday morning.--News and Courier, t2t]_ March, 1887.
H. W. DESAUSSURE, M. D.
The painful intelligence was received in the city yesterday
of the death of Dr. H. W. DeSaussure, which occurred at
Thomasville, Georgia. About three weeks ago Dr. DeSaussure
removed to Thomasville with a view of restoring his
health, which had been much and seriously effected by constant
and hard work in his declining years. He succumbed
rapidly, however, to the combined effects of shattered energies
and advanced age, and passed away yesterday morning.
Dr. DeSaussure was a type of the gentleman of the old
r_gime. He was a member of a family which has existed in
Charleston almost since the founding of the city, and the
manner of his life was in strict keeping with the traditions
of his race. He was born in I8IS, received his primaryeducation
at a private school, and was graduated from the
Charleston College about the year 1835. He then entered
the South Carolina Medical College, from which, after a full
course of instruction, he was graduated.
In his profession Dr. DeSaussure held a high rank. He
was always a close student of the science of medicine, and

3/[ortuary---BenT"amin F. Huger. 263
kept even pace with its progress. Apart from his technical
educatio% Dr. DeSaussure wasa well-informed man in the
branches of polite education. He was a quiet, dignified,
unassuming gentleman, distinguished alike for courteous demeanor
and kindly consideration for all with whom he came
in contact. Indeed, one of the distinguishing features of
his character was his kindness and attention to the poor,
who in him invariably found a thoughtful and constant
friend. Of Dr. DeSaussure it may be said, in alltruthand
with the justice due to so elevated a character, that in him
his profession has lost an able and skillful member, and
Charleston a citizen Of whom it could well be proud.--News
and Courier, March z4th, I887.
BENJAMIN F. HUGER.
Benjamin Frost Huger died on Friday night, at his residence
in this city, after a long and painful illness. He was
born in Charleston in the year 1836 , and completed his
studies at Coates' school, from which he entered the Charleston
College. He was graduated from the latter institution
in 1855. Almost immediately upon his graduation he entered
the office of John Fraser & Co. in the capacity of confidential
clerk, which position he filled with credit to himself
and advantage to the firm until the beginning of the war.
With the spirit which filled the ranks of the Confederate
armies with the young and ardent, Mr. Huger at the opening
of hostilities, enlisted in the service of his country, remaining
to the end, and laying down his sword only when
hope itself had abandoned the Lost Cause. He bore upon
his person the scars of honorable wounds, and his whole
record was what might have been expected of the man.
Serving from first to last in the ranks of the Charleston
Light Dragoons, he made for himself a marked name in a
corps whose record will live while brave deeds and heroic
sacrifice are honored among men. Tried and true soldier,

264 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
but modest to excess, he refused promotion, preferring to
remain to the end with his friends and comrades simply a
sergeant in his company.
After the close of the war Mr. Huger devoted himself to
his business, and, through success and misfortune, ever supported
the character of ari upright and honorable merchant,
commandin_the respect and good will of all. He was welcomed
back by his former principals, John Fraser & Co., and
remained in their service until the failure of the firm. He
then became a member of the firm of Wagner & Huger, and
upon the death of Mr. Wagner accepted the agency of the
Baltimore and Charleston line of steamers, and the agencies
of the Limited Insurance Company of England and the
Scotch Union and National Insurance Company of Scotland.
No citizen performed his duty more thoroughly than he
in the days of x876, and in the trying times that preceded
that year, and to the unselfish devotion of just such men do
we owe the redemption of the State. When President
Cleveland's election rendered such an appointment practicable,
he was the unanimous choice of this community for
the honorable position of Postmaster. Not one man was
found to oppose him. In this day of greed for office, could
any one have received stronger evidence of the esteem in
which his people held him ?
The gift of attracting and retaining the friendship of all
with whom he was thrown, was possessed by Mr. Huger in
a rare degree. He did not seek popularity, but it came to
him unsought. He possessed qualities perhaps unknown to
himself, which drew to him the hearts of his fellow men.
Stricken with the disease that caused his death, the last
three years of his life were. passed in suffering, that was
borne with characteristic cheerfulness and fortitude. De-
prived by death of a much loved wife, his remaining years
were devoted to his children, for whom he truly lived, his
strong will, for their sake, supporting life after hope itself
seemed gone.--Nezvs and Courier, March 26, 1887.

Mortuary--Roswell S. Ri2Mey. 265
GENERAL ROSWELL S. RIPLEY.
The announcement of the sudden death of Gen. Ros-
well S. Ripley in New York, which is published this morning,
will be received with sincere regret by every Charlestonian,
and every South Carolinian, who is familiar with the
history of the la_e war and is, therefore, aware of the devoted
and eminent service rendered by Gen. Ripley to the
City of Charleston and to the Confederate cause by his
skillful and successful organization of the defences of this
city. It has been well said of him that, of all who sympathized
with the people of this State, and of all who, in the
trials and sufferings of four years of war and siege, stood by
the people of the City, no one deserves to be more gratefully
remembered than Gen. Ripley, and 11oone, we are sure,
is more gratefully remembered to this day. His name is inseparably
connected with the names of Fort Sumter, Fort
Moultrie, Fort Ripley itself, and Battery Wagner, and their
glorious record is his also. The people whom he served
so well and defended so bravely will ever cherish his
memory.--News and Courier.
HONORING A HERO.
MEETING OF SOLDIERS AND CIVILIANS AT THE CITY
HALL--PREPARING FOR THE RECEPTION OF THE RE-
MAINS OF THE LATE GEN. RIPLEY--MAYOR COURTE-
NAY'S REMARKS---APPOINTMENT OF A COMMITTEE ON
ARRANGEMENTS--THE PALLBEARERS.
As was expected, there was a representative gathering of
all those Charlestonians who knew intimately the late Gen.
kipley yesterday noon at the City Hall. The invitation to be
present was extended by Mayor Courtenay, and the response
was general, not only from the soldiers who fought with the
dead General, but from those who, knowing the history and
reputation of Charleston's brave defender, assembled to
render the honor due his memory. Among those present
were: Gen. T. A. Huguenin, Col. P. C. Galliard, the Rev.
34

266 .V[ayor Courlenar's Annual Review.
John .Johnson, Col. Joseph A. Yates, the Rev. C. E. Chi-
chester, tile Rev. Dr. W. T. Thompson, D. D., M Ljor W. H.
Brawl-y, C_pt. James Armstrong, C,_I. E. M. Seabrook,
M_jor R. C. Gilchrist, Ge,1. Joh_lstoI1, Superilltendent of the
Citadel Academy; Col. Zimmerma,i Davi.% M_jor C. E.
Kerrison, Capt. J. H. Steinmeyer, Dr T. Grange Simons, and
Mes-rs. D_Veaux, Vincent, W. W. Shnons, J. Adger Smyth,
Col. McCrady, Capt. C. A. $canlan and many others.
Mayor Courtenay presided, and upon calling the meeting
to order, said:
GENTLEMEIq I have requested the surviving officers of the Confederate
Army and Navy who were in service in and around Charleston, the officers of
the Fourth Brigade, and the friends of the late Gen. Ripley to meet here to-
day for the purpose of making arrangements for his funeral and burial.
I received a dispatch on Wednesday from Mr. Cranston, of the :New York
ttote], conveying the information that Gen. Ripley desired to be buried at
Magnolia Cemetery, and I telegraphed immediately to have the remains sent
to this city; I do not know at this time when they will arrive, and I deem it
best that all the arrangements should be perfected to-day. I considered it
also my duty, inasmuch as the city has undertaken to conduct the funeral, to
telegraph the family of the deceased at Ashoville, North Carolina, to know if
they had any special wishes in the matter.
It seems to me that the desire will be general to show every possible respect
and honor to Gen. Ripley's remains on their arrival, and Z do not know that
I can do better than to leave it to his old fellow-officers and friends present
to suggest such arrangements as will be worthy of the occasion. I am anxious
that those who were known to Gen. Ripley and near to him, should be
his pallbearers. It is reasonably certaia that the ceremonies will be held at
St. Luke's Church, where the Rev. John Johnson has consented to officiate,
assisted by the Rev. Robert Wilson.
I am sure that here in Charleston there will be a universal and hearty concurrence
of opinion as to the eminent services of Gen. Ripley in the defence of
this City. He was a volunteer; South Carolina had no claim on him ; he owed
her no allegiance ; but he bared his breast to the storm that broke upon her
at the gates of this city, and he never failed in supremest duty, in wonderful
resources, in the highest military skill; and as I am informed, those of
acknowledged military judgment have declared that if his plans had been
carried out not a brick in Charleston would have been damaged by a hostile
shot.
After a quarter of a century his remains are to be brought to us for burial.
It is a pleasing, though sad, office that we will discharge--equally a privilege
and an honor to mark the occasion with every expression of public respect.
Oharleston honors herself in honoring the memory of the devoted Ripley.

Mortuary--Roszvell S. Ri_ley. 267
On motion of Gen. T. A. Huguenin, the following resolution
was passed :
Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by the chairman to co-
operate with and assist the Mayor in making the necessary arrangements for
the reception and burial of the remains of Gen. Ripley.
Mayor Courtena_, in accordance with the foregoing resolution,
appointed the following
COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS.
Gen. Huguenin, commanding Fourth Brigade, Chairman.
Capt. E. M. Seabrook, of Gen. Ripley's personal staff.
Col. P. C. Galliard.
Major W. H. Brawley.
Capt. C. E. Chichester.
Upon the appointment of the committee several gentlemen
addressed the meeting. Major W. H. Brawley said
that, although he had had no acquaintance with Gen. Ripley
or connection with his defence of the City of Charleston, he
had known him personally and intimately since the war.
" I saw a great deal of him," Major Brawley continued, " in
New York, and I can say that Ms interest in Charleston
seemed to be very great during the whole of his life. He
was perfectly loyal to this City, and always spoke of it with
much feeling and sentiment. For that reason, if for none
other, I, for one, feel that it is due to his memory that it
should be paid the full meed of honor, and I am glad that
this city has undertaken to show to tile dead that attention
which is meet and proper. I shall be gIad to testify in whatever
way I can my respect for his memory."
Major Gilcnrist said that he hoped that the community
would leave nothing undone to pay prosper respect to the
memory of the soldier to whom it is due that the City of
Charleston exists to-day. It should not be forgotten, in
considering what was due to Gen. Ripley, that if Charleston
had been taken during the time wh_-n the feeling of the
enemy was bitter, that the city would have been razed to

268 3/[ayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
the ground. That this was not done was due to the gallant
and heroic defence of the place byRipley. To his untiring
energy and sleepless zeal and devotion, and to his concentration
of soul, body and mind, we were enabled to withstand
the attacking fleets and the most determined efforts of the
enemy to reiach the City. The only thing that remained to
be done was that this Community show its gratitude and its
remembrance of Gen. Ripley's services, and it was to be
hoped that everything to be done should be in keeping with
the regard of the citizens of Charleston for their old
defender.
Major Gilchrist's remarks were warmly endorsed by Capt.
C. A. Scanlan, after which, upon motion of Col. Zimmerman
Davis, the meeting adjourned.
Immediately thereafter, the committee on arrangements
met in Mayor Countenay's private office, at the City Hall,
to arrange the details of the programme.
The committee of arrangements respectfully requested the
following officers and citizens to act as pallbearers, assembling
at the church at the hour designated, without further
invitationIofficers are here announced with their rank in
Confederate Service :
ARMV.
Capt. E. M. Seabrook, A-D.C. Col. P. C, Gaillard.
Col. Alfred Rhett. Col. C. I. Walker.
Col. B. H. Rutledge. Col. Z. Davis.
Col. C. H, Simonton. Lt.-Col. E. McCrady, Jr.
Lt.-Col. J. A. Yates. Maj. T. A. Huguenin.
Lt.-Col. G. W. McIver. Maj. F. L. Childs.
Maj. Ben. Berg Smith. Capt. C. C. Pinckney.
Maj. R. C. Gilchrist. Capt. C. A. Scanlan.
NAV';.
Com. D. N. Ingraham. Capt. John Rutledge.
Lt. George D. Bryan. Lt. W. W. Wilkinson.
CITIZENS.
Ex-Gov. A. G. Magrath. Hon. Geo. S. Bryan.
Mr. Wm. Ravenel. T.L. Ogler, M. D.

Mortuary--Roswell S. Ripley. 269
HONORS TO A DEAD HERO.
THE ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE FUNERAL OF GEN. RIPLEV--
SOUTH CAROLINA TO BE REPRESENTED BY THE BAT-
TALION OF STATE CADETS--'GEN. HAGOOD TO BE
AMONG THE MOURNERS--MUNICIPAL HONORS TO THE
DEAD.
The funeral services and burial of the late Gem R.S.
Ripley took place in this city, as announced, in the following
order :
GENERAL ORDERS, NO. 3.
HEA12QUARTERS4TH BRIGADE, S. C. V. T.,
CHaRLESTOn, S. C., April 2, 1887.
My duty requires me to announce officially to this Command the sad intelligence
of the deathof Brigadier-General ROSWELL S. RIPLEY. In doing so,
it should be remembered that Gem Ripley at various times commanded
every organization in this Brigade, and while under his command, those of us
now living will give cheerful testimony to his worth as a soldier, and his
kind and generous qualities as a man. His eminent services to the State,
and particularly in the defense of this city, will ever be remembered by a
grateful people , and duly chronicled in the annals of history. Gen. Riplcy,
by education and training a soldier of the finest ability, possessed the warmest
feelings of attachment and the tenderest love for this city, in whose defense
his best efforts were expended, and when the smoke of battle had faded away
in the vista of many years, and on the eve of his final "tattoo," his thoughts
naturally turned to the "City by the Sea," and almost his last words were the
expressed desire to rest in "Magnolia Cemetery, near Charleston." It is,
therefore, meet and proper that this Comtnamt, which now represents the
volunteer soldiers of Charleston, should pay the proper homage to him on his
final return, and it is hereby ordered :
Part 1. The Brigade and Regimental Field OtIicers and their respective
Staffs will assemble at the N. E. Railroad Depot at 9 A. M., April 3, with
side-arms, and escort his remains to St. Luke's Church, where the funeral
ceremonies will be held.
Part 2. The Officers and Soldiers of the 4th Brigade will attend, in
citizens'dress, at St. Luke's Church, at 10 A. M.
Part 3. The Officers and soldiers of the Charleston Light Dragoons are
invited to participate with the 4th Brigade in this tribute of respect, at St.
Luke's Church, at the hour above mentioned.
T. A. HUGUENIN,
Brigadier-General Commanding.
Officiah GEO. B. EDWARDS, Major and Ad't Gen'l.
The remains of the heroic defender of Charleston

270 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Revww.
arrived from New York on Sunday morning, and were met
by committees of the surviving officers of the Confederate
Army and Navy, and representatives of the Fourth Brigade
and other prominent citizens. The funeral services were
held at St. Luke's Church, at Io o'clock, and were conducted
by the Rev. John Johnson, assisted by the Rev. Dr. Robert
Wilson. '
GEN. RIPLEY AND THE CADETS.
Very appropriately the Citadel Cadets accepted an
invitation to be present in abody, and were accompanied
by their corps of professors. They represented the State
at Genl. Ripley's grave, as, in their ranks, are young men
from every county in South Carolina, who gathered reverently
around the bier of one who in the stern time and
under the necessities of war summoned their brother cadets
to active duty. Ot this latter incident, speaking of Gem
Ripley's character, it has been said:
"But soldier as he was, yet even in times of great excitement he never lost
the sympathies of tile man. On one occasion, when an attack was apprehended
on an adjacent island, all the available forces of the City were hastily summoned
for resistance, and among them the young Cadets of the Citadel were
marched to the wharf to be embarked for the defence of the position threat-
ened. The youth of the State and the City, it need. not be said, were
promptly on the pier, eager for the fray. The thought o2 devoting these
young li_-es to what might be a useless sacrifice, deeply affected the General ;
and looking with evident emotion on the corps, as it stood ready to go forth,
he said he would not make such a sacrifice, unless he knew that it was im-
peratively demanded; and if made, would accomplish the end desired. The
Cadets were ordered back to the Citadel. They who were present, and may
still survive, will remember the incident as exhibiting a tenderness of feeling
which would not be looked for in the bluff and rough soldier; who, to those
not appreciative of him, would be considered as indifferent to Lhe considerations
of humanity, and regarded the lives of men simply as cards with which
the game of war is played."
AN OLD COMRADE IN ARMS.
Conspicuous among the defenders of this City, and enjoying
the special confidence of the deceased, was Gen. Johnson
Hagood, of Barnwell. At the request of the Mayor, the

Mortuary--Raswell S. Ripley. 27 I
committee addressed a special invitation to Gen. Hagood to
be present at the sad ceremonies, as the guest of the city,
as a mark of respect to his fellow-soldier and friend; the
presence of Gen. Hagood was very highly appreciated by
the people of Charleston.
MUNICqPAL HONORS TO THE DEAD.
The municipal flags were displayed at half-staff from
sunrise to sunset on Sunday, as a mark of respect to the
memory of Gen. Ripley; as were also the flags of the ship-
ping in port, and other private flags throughout the city.
By request of the committee of arran_cments, theward-
ens and vestry of St. Michael's Church toiled the bells from
8 to IO o'clock A. M., on Sunday, as a mark of respect to the
memory of the deceased.
THE FUNERAL IN NEW YORK.
The following dispatch was received on Friday evening :
NEw YO_K, April 1, 1887.
tYon. Win. A. Courlenay, Mayor:
We have just returned from paying our last tribute, of respect and esteem
to our valued, honored and faithful friend, Gen. Ripley, by placing his remains
on the car which will hear them to you. The gentlemen, among his
many friends, who were his pallbearers were: Gen. John Newton, Gen. Gustavus
W. Smith, Col. A. G. Dickinson, Capt. H. R. Garden, Gen. Martin
MacMahon, Senator James F. Pierce, Dr. J. S. INorris, Major Win. Rowley,
Major Walker, J. H. Moore and Capt. Chapman.
HENRY CRANSTON.
OUR WARRIOR'S GRAVE.
A VALIANT SOLDIER AT REST IN MAGNOLIA CEMETERY--
RECEPTION OF THE REMAINS OF GEN. R. S. RIPLEY--MET
BY THE MILITARY--FUNERAL SERVICES AT ST. LUKE'S
CHURCtI--THE CONGREGATION PRESENT--HONORS TO
THE HERO--A TRIBUTE FROM THE CITY OF CtIARLESTON
TO ITS OLD DEFENDER--GENERAL SORROW THROUGH-
OUT THE CITY.
The City of Charleston honored itself in an eminent de.

:272 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
gree in the manner in which it paid its debt of gratitude to,
and exhibited its high appreciation of its heroic defender in
times long gone by, and who now sleeps his ' 'warfare o'er"
in the bosom of the soil he loved so well. It has been many
years indeed, since an event of so much significance has
taken place in this old city, as that which its people assembled
yesterday morning to commemorate--the reception and
burial here, of the remains of Gen. R. S. Ripley, whose name
is so intimately and prominently connected with some of the
most dramatic chapters in the city's history. Who Gen.
Ripley was, and what he did in defence of the city of his
adoption, are too well known to need repetition, too deeply
engraven in the recollection of his old comrades-in-arms to
be yet forgotten ; atad there are but few of the after genera.
tion who are not familiar with the story of the defence of
their City, and the chief actor in those stirring times. It is only
perhaps meet to say that there was in the occasion not only
honor paid to an heroic chieftain, but to an adopted son of
the city, who, coming as a stranger into a strange land, wrote
his name indelibly with a soldier's sword in the affections of
a people for who_e defence he abandoned his home and native
State.
Gen. Ripley died in New York o,1 Tuesday night, March
•29, and in accordance with the express desire of the deceased,
arrangements were at once begun to have the remains
brought to Charleston for interment in Magnolia Cemetery.
There was something touching in this circumstance, as it
indicated that as in his youthful days, so as the end of an
eventful career approached, the thoughts of Gen. lZipley
turned back to the scenes around, and the recollections of
this city. Tile arrangements were made by Mayor Courtenay
on the behalf the city with the friend_ of Gen. Ripley
in New York, and the embalmed body arrived here at 5
o'clock yesterday morning.
Everything conspired to secure the burial of the dead
General under the most appropriate conditions. The day
was one full of sunshine--bright, balmy and beautiful, as
many such April days have been when the great drama of

Moriuary--Rasa:dl S. Ri:ley. 273
the siege was being enacted in and around Charleston. No
more fitting day could have been selected for the obse-
quiesIa quiet reposeful Sunday--a day o r rest so typical of
the event being commemorated.
In accordance with the arrangements perfected at a meeting
called by May,or Courte_ay on Thursday last, Brig:Gem
T. A. Huguenin of the Fourth Brigade and his staff, and the
regimental officers and their staffs, received the remains yesterday
morning, at 5 o'clock, at the Northeastern Railroad
Depot. From there the remains were taken to St. Luke's
Church, and the handsome casket was placed in the vestibule
of the church. At a verg early hour the citizens generally
began to congregate at the church to take a last look
at the brave old soldier. The embalming process was perfect,
and although marred by time alone, the features of the General's
face were well preserved. His hair, beard and mus.
tache were almost silver white, and his face was flushed as
with the pride and excitement of some valorous deed in his
military career. Many of the old companions-in-arms paused
sadly and reflectively over the coffin and noted the well
known lineaments, high forehead and burnished and bronzed
features of the gallant veteran. Thousands passed into the
vestibule and paid the last token of respect to the deceased.
The coffin was literally covered with flowers and evergreens
and draped with silver moss. Among the notably beautiful
designs were three, the offering of the Survivor's Association
of Charleston District, and which were suggested by Capt.
Wm. A. Courtenay, a member of the association. The chiet
of these floral tributes was a large anchor made of white
French immortelles, on the cross-arm of which, in purple
flowers was the word " Sumter," on the fluke, in a graceful
curve the word "Charleston." There were also two beautiful
wreaths of white immortelles, one displaying the word " Moultrie,"
and the other the word " Wagner." Around these conspicuous
memorials were various other loving contributions,
bunches of simple flowers and coronals and wreaths of the
richest and rarest roses, some offered by the relatives, and
others by the more intimate friends ot the deceased. It
35

274 ( _afor Courtenay' s Annual Review.
should also be stated in this connection that some affectionate
friend or friends of Gen. Ripley had placed upon
his breast in New York, a bouquet of cloth of gold roses,
which were as fresh and unfaded as on the day they were
so placed.
The scen,e around the church just previous to the religious
ceremonies was entirely suggestive of the occasion. The
streets were lined for a long distance on every side of the
church with citizens, attracted to the place through respect
fbr the departed soldier. The entrance to the church was
blocked with people eager to enter, and when the casket
was borne through the aisle the interior of the church was
filled, there being a very large representation of ladies It is
perhaps worthy of remark that fully nine-tenths of those in
the church were men and women who are a part of the history
of the war era of Charleston.
At Io o'clock the solemn cortege moved from the vestibule
up the centre aisle, preceded by the Rev. John Johnson
and the Rev. Dr. Robert Wilson. Then came the casket
containing the body of the dead warrior, followed by Mayor
Courtenay, Gen. Johnson Hagood and the pallbearers.
On the right of the church and under the north gallery
were seated the Cadets of the South Carolina Military
Academy, under the command of Lieut. Mills. Near the
left centre of the church were Brigadier-Gen. T. A. Huguenin,
surrounded by his personal staff, and the regimental
officers with their staffs. Gen. Johnston, of the Citadel, and
the other officers of the Academy, were in full dress uniform
of blue, and Fourth Brigade officers were dressed in the regulation
uniform of Confederate grey, and all wearing side
arms.
The funeral services were read by the Rev. John Johnson,
pastor of St. Philip's, who was assisted in the ceremonies by
the Rev. Dr. Robt. Wilson, of the church in which the ser-
vices were being held. The scene was at once solemn, instructive
and impressive. Those who had survived the fight
were assembled to pay the tributes of their presence to one
of the foremost champions of the Lost Cause, and there

YYortuary--Roswel! S. Rip[ey. 275
were few of those present as pallbearers who had not seen
service under the "Old Commander." The selection of
these pallbearers testified in no little degree to the appropriateness
of everything that was done on tile occasion.
After the funeral services the remains were placed in the
hearse drawn by four handsome black horses, which was
followed to Magnolia Cemetery by a long line of carriages.
When the cort6ge arrived at the cemetery many people
had already assembled and were awaiting its coming.
In deference to the wishes of the community, the family of
Gen. Ripley permitted the selection of a burial site by the
representatives of the city, and a prominent plot was set
apart and laid out on Saturday. The grave is situated at
the intersection of two of the principal avenues on the north
side of the lake and within a short distance of the cemetery
gate.
The funeral train arrived at the grounds about a quarter
past II o'clock, and the interment was made in the presence
of the officers already mentioned, and of the daughter and
near relatives of the deceased. When the grave had been
filled and the mound covered with moss. Capt. W. Aiken
Kelly, President, and Mr. John W. Ward, Secretary of the
Survivors's Association, stepped forward and laid upon the
grave the three beautiful floral decorations already described.
Immediately thereafter two ladies, one of whom was the
daughter of Gen. Ripley, also approached the grave, deposited
graceful memorials, paused awhile and then retired to
their places.
In a few minutes after these incidents the attendants at
ttte burial were on their way back to the city.
It is perhaps needless to say, considering what has already
been said, that everything was done by the City Government
and its military organizations and citizens generally, to do
that measure of justice and honor to the distiuguished dead
which was due to his glorious services in war and his unshaken
devotion in peace to this city. Nothing of time or
thought of expense was spared by those who had the matter
in charge to make the details worthy of the man and the

276 Mayor Courgenay's Annual Review.
occasion. The city flags were lowered to half-staff, the flags
of the shipping in port were also similarly displayed, and
yesterday morning the bells of St. Michael's were tolled from
8 o'clock until IO, the hour for the opening of the funeral
services at St. Luke's Church. Every appointment was in
the perfection of taste and with the due regard for the wishes
of the relatives of the deceased, and in strict keeping with
the esteem, appreciation and honor in which the deceased
was held in Charleston.--News and Cburier, A_ril 4th, z887.
JOHN S. MITCHELL, M. D.
Dr. John S. Mitchell died at his residence in this city yesterday.
Two weeks ago, while making a professional visit,
he was stricken with apoplexy, and since then his death has
been expected daily. The large nmnber of friends and
acquaintances who have called at his residence to inquire
about his condition, and to express the hopes that he might
survive, speak more strongly than can studied words of
commendation of the high esteem and affection with which
this community regarded Dr. Mitchell. He was born in
this city in November, ]815; attended the well-known
school of Mr. Christopher Cotes, and finished his education
at the College of Charleston. He studied his profession at
the Medical College of South Carolina, from which he graduated
in I837. After practicing medicine for some time
with Drs. H. S. Waring and J. B. Withridge, respectively,
he was for many years the physician ol Shirras Dispensary,
terminating that connection in 186I to serve the Confederacy
as a surgeon on James Island.
., Dr. Mitchell, by his high professional ability, unvarying
t
generosity and keen sensibility for
tunate, had a large clientele. None
the suffering
beside himself
and unfor-
knew how
many patients' names never appeared on his account books,
but every one knows that the medical profession, more perhaps
than any other, affords a large field for unselfish and
nuremunerative services. As chairman of theVestry of St.

l_rartuary--[-Zenry Buist. 277
Paul's Episcopal Church, Dr. Mitchell showed the same
Christian spirit and intelligent zeal which characterized his
purely professional life. And yet, he was no puritanical
ascetic, but believed that happiness and goodness are concomitants.
Dr. Mitchell was a,capital raconteur, and his genid good
humor and bonhommie made him a great favorite, either
when lightening the sorrows of the suffering or heightening
the good fellowship of a hunting party, for up to recent
years he was an earnest devotee of the chase.--News and
Courier, Agrz7 23, r887.
HENRY BUIST.
The Hon. Henry Buist, whose death, in the maturity of
his powers, is announced to-day, was eminent in Fubliclife
and at the Bar. Good fortune was hishand-maid, butnever
was his high success beyond his true deserts.
In State politics, in his younger days. Mr. Buist bore an
important part. It is recorded of him that ever)" public
office he sought he obtained, however strong and capable
were his opponents. In the State Senate, under the Provisional
Government, Mr. Buist's influence was widespread. To
him a public office, in the strictest sense, was a public trust.
Twenty ),ears ago, with popularity undimmed,.Mr. Buist
withdrew from the political arena, and contented himself
with serving, as a delegaIe., in the Democratic Conventions
of his own city and county. This duty he could not escape,
for the flattering reason that there was implicit confidence
in his wisdom and patriotism, and in his just appreciation of
the needs of the public. On every important occasion, in
every crisis, his counsel was sought, and was invariably followed
with advantage.
Filled with devotion to his State, and in complete sympathy
with the action of the State Convention in withdrawingSouth
Carolina from the Union, Mr. Buist entered the
army at once, and approved himself gallant and efficient in

278 Afayor Courtenay'S Annual Review.
the field and the camp. The hardships and trials of confinement,
as a prisoner of war, he bore with equanimity ; nor
was his spirit crushed by his incarceration in a rude pen,
under the fire of the Confederate batteries, in retaliation for
what was believed to be a similar exposure of Federal sol-
diers by theConfederate authorities.
But Mr. Buist was not an irreconcilable. For him, the
war was over, and the final judgment rendered, whell the
last Confederate soldier had laid down his arms, and the
Southern1 flag was furled forever. Surrendering nothing,
abating not a jot his faith in the cause which was lost, he
was willing that the dead past should bury its dead. It was
his ardent desire that South and North, East and West,
should become one in sentiment and aspiration--truly united
in the reunion of States.
At the Bar, Mr. Buist won many notable victories. His
unerring sagacity stood him in good stead, in dealing with
witnesses and in addressing himself to juries. His percep
tion of character was intuitive and unfailing. But no prospect
of a triumph in the Courthouse, no consideration of
personal interest, ever led him to encourage unnecessary
litigation. To him the cause of his clie_t was as his own.
Putting himself in the place of his client, his one aim was to
take the course most conducive to his client's advantage.
It was known too that his judgment was cool; that he was
a man of affairs as well as a lawyer. On business questions
his opinions were clear-cut, practical, reasonable. In every
sense he was a judicious adviser. It is not strange then that
he was the counsellor of important and influential corporations.
Nor is it surprising that much of his most masterful
work, in which his rare qualities had full play, is known to
only those in whose behalf it was undertaken.
Big-hearted, generous, affectionate, Mr. Buist bore malice
towards none. Fearless in the expression of his opinions,
impetuous at times, he wounded no one willingly. Ever
approachable, his advice was cheerfully and frankly given.
To the younger members of the Bar, he was always especially
kind and considerate. But among his many high charac-

Mortuary--Henry Buist. 279
teristics, among his many noble traits, none was grander or
more beautiful than his loyalty to his friends. Once a friend,
always a friend. Changes of fortune, of circumstance, affected
him not. The friends of his youth were the friends of
his manhood; the frieuds of his manhood were friends for
life. Naught wa._ too excellent for them; no sacrifice of
convenience or comfort was too great. It seemed that he
belonged to his friendsIhe loved them so. It seeme:t that
to him his friends belonged--they so loved him. None was
ever more unselfish, more faithful, in his friendship. A friend
could depend on him at all times, and under all circumstances,
and he helped his friends in the way that they wanted to be
helped. It never entered into his mind to endeavor to dictate
to a friend what course he should pursue.
Free from every care, honored and loved, life was precious
to him for his own sake, and for the sake of those to whom
he had been sword and buckler in the days of trial and difficulty.
Yet when, with awful swiftness, the dread summons
came, there was no complaining, no repining. On the
threshold of the valley, he looked out into the darkness
with a composure which was sublime. For every friend,
there was a tender message, a gracious word. For those
dearer still, there was cheer and consolation in his Christian
faith and hope. There was the certainty of rejoining those
who had gone before, and the anticipation of welcoming, ere
many years, those whose journey is unfinished. They whom
he loved were near him, as the shadows fell. The pure life-fragrant
with good deeds--brought its blessed reward. And
so he fell asleep.INews and Courier, June IO, 1887.
A BRIEF SKETCH OF HIS LIFE AND PUBLIC AND PROFES-
SIONAL CAREER.
The Hon. Henry Buist died at his residence No. 2 Bull
Street, at five minutes past 4 o'clock Thursday afternoon.
His illness was very brief, he having been in the full enjoy- .
ment of mental and physical vigor up to the closing days of
May. Within the past few days however, his decline was

280 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Revzecv.
very rapid, and his death occurred, as stated yesterday alternoon,
the immediate cause being an affection or the heart.
Mr. Buist was the son of the Hon. George Buist, and was
born in Charleston on December 25, t829. His primary
education was obtained at the best private schools in the
city, from vghich he went to the South Carolina College,
where he was graduated in _r'8-4-_. Among the graduates in
¢_"_ . his class were Messrs. Thomas Frost, James Farrow, James
/_. G. Gibbes, F. W. McMaster and James N. Lipscomb. Mr.
L._a_ . Buist's natural inclination was towards the law, the study of
__.O _.: ..... which he began almost immediately after he l_ad finished his
,_ t>'-" _ . college course. He read in the office of his father, the Hon.
;g:_ '"" George Buist, with whom he formed a copartnership in the
4. year 185 t. This partnership was dissolved a few years later
by the election of the Hon. George Buist as Probate Judge.
':'_' Mr. Henry Buist was next associated with the Hon. Charles
Macbeth, who was afterwards Mayor of Charleston. The
,-_ , q , copartnership was maintained until the opening of the Civil
r_ 5 " War.
Mr. Buist volunteered as a private in the " Iron Battery"
of the Palmetto Guard, in which his brother, Major George
Lamb Buist, was then serving as lieutenant. While attached
to this command Mr. Buist was in active service at Fort
Moultrie, Secessionville and other scenes of hostilities around
Charleston. When the27th South Carolina Regiment was
being formed Mr. Buist resigned fi'om the Palmetto Guard,
and raised a company which, with his regiment joined Hagood's
Brigade and went to the front in Virginia. It was
while leading a charge of his cgmpany in front of Petersburg,
in 1864, that Capt. Buist was captured. He was from that
time until near the close of the war held as a prisoner, and
was among the " hostages" on Morris Island. He was subsequently
exchanged, and came home after a very long,
painful and arduous service on the field and in prison.
Resuming the practice of his profession Mr. Buist associ-
, ated with him his brother, Major G.L. Buist, under the
name of Buist & Buist. The firm has had a large business
and represented many important corporations and firms.

I
Mortuary--Henry Buist. 2f_I
In I865 Mr. Buist was elected State Senator and represented
Charleston County with his colleague, the late Win.
S. Henery. This was under the OrrGovernment, andprior
to Reconstruction.
Mr.Buist was one of the most prominent Masons in the
whole Southern Jurisdiction. When quite a young man he
• took one of the lower degrees of the "Ancient and Accepted
Scottish Rite " and rose through all the Orders to the highest
possible distinction--the 33d degree. With the late
Gen. Wilmot G. DeSaussure he was an Inspector-General
of the State of South Carolina, the duties of which office
devolved upon him solely upon the death of his colleague.
He also held the position of Grand Master of the State
Lodge. In 188I he was elected for life, Grand Chancellor
of the Supreme Council of his Order. While Grand Master,
he officiated as such at the laying of the corner-stone of the
Calhoun Monument.
The news of Mr. Buist's dangerous illness was received by
the officers of the Supreme Council Thursday morning, in
response to which the following dispatch was received:
WASmN(_TO:S, D. C., June 9.
Major George L. Built, Charleston, S. C. :
We are deeply grieved. Assure him of our more than brotherly love, of
our deep sorrow and profound sympathy. When he departs we shall miss
him s_dly and remember him lovingly.
ALBERT PIKE.
FREDERICK WEBBER.
Gem Albert Pike is the Grand Commander of the Supreme
Council and Mr. Webber is its Treasurer-General.
The touching dispatch of these officers expresses in exact
language the feelings of those to whom Mr. Buist was known
in this community and elsewhere.
AN IMPRESSIVE FUNERAL.
THE WttOLE CITY DOES HONOR TO THE MEMORY OF TItE
HON. HENRY BUIST.
The funeral services of the late Hon. Henry Buist were
held at 5 o'clock on Saturday afternoon, at St. Philip's
Church.
36

282 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
Both as to the number of those who were present at the
services, and as to their stations in private or public life, the
attendance was in every respect a tribute as genuine as it
was spontaneous, to the affectionate esteem in which the
deceased was held by all classes of the citizens of Charleston.
Among those present were representatives of the humblest
as well as of'the highest conditions of life in the city, to the.
former of which the deceased was known through his kindly
and benevolent traits of character, and to the latter through
his eminence in his profession and his high social position.
To name the distinguished friends of the deceased present,
would be indeed, to name the l_ading men in most of the
pubic institutions of Charleston. The Bench and Bar were
well represented, and among the latter it is worthy of note
to mention the fact that the lawyers of the younger generatiou
were present in large numbers. Among the Judges
present were the Hon. Charles H. Simonton, of the United
States District Court, the Ho,,. George S. Bryan, Judge T.
B. Fraser, of the Third Circuit and Judge B. C. Pressley, of
the First Circuit. Delegations i. citizen's dress were in attend
mce from the following Masonic Lodges : Grand Lodge
of Ancient Freemasons of the State of South Carolina, of
which the deceased was Past Grand Master; Buist Chapter
No. I of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, in which
the deceased had attained to the 33d degree; the Delta
Lodge of Perfection No. I of the same Rite ; Strict Observance
Lodge No. 73, of _hich the deceased was Past Master;
South Carolina Commandery No. I, K. T. ; Deus Meumque
Ius, the Fellowship Society, the Mutual Aid Association
No. I, the German Friendly Society and the Vanderbilt
Benevolent Association.
There was also a delegation present from the Palmetto
Guard, from the ranks of the old company of which name
the deceased was promoted to a captaincy in the Confederate
army.
At 5 o'clock the casket was taken into the church by the
following pallbearers: Seniors_The Hon. A. G. Magrath,

Mortuary-- William A iken. 283
Mr. George W. Williams, Mr. E. Horry Frost, Mr. John S.
Riggs, Mr. Jacob Small, Dr. Andrew Simonds and H. H.
DeLeon. Junior pallbearers: Mr. Joseph W. Barnwell,
Major A. T. Smythe, the Hon. Rudolph Siegling, Mr. Samuel
Lord, Mr. Asher D. Cohen, Gen. B. H. Rutledge, Capt.
Charles Inglesby, the Hon. C. R. Miles and Col. J. F. Ficken.
The casket was literally covered with beautiful and suggestive
floral tributes. Conspicuous among these were two
massive pieces of floral work, emblematic crosses and crowns,
one at either end of the coffin, and which were work in immortelle
flowers. Between these were a number of chaplets
of evergreens and immortelles. The funeral services were
conducted by the Right Rev. Bishop W. B. W. Howe, who
was assisted by the Rev. John Johnson, rector of St. Philip's
Church. The ceremonial was according to the simple and
beautiful form prescribed by the .Episcopal Church.
The services were concluded about half-past 5 o'clock,
after which the body was attended to Magnolia Cemetery
where the interment was made in the lot of the family of
the deceased.
WILLIAM AIKEN.
Ex-Governor William Aiken, whose death is announced
to-day, lived in an eventful period, and was in public life
during the years which saw the growth and the culmination
of the _reat conflict of ideas between the North and the
South. It was a fervid time, a time of passionate assertion
of principle and purpose. Mr. Aiken, however, was always
moderate and temperate in opinion, in language and in act.
There was no want of definite purpose, no absence of convic.
tion. But he was reasonable and reasoning, under all circumstances,
and under every temptation to go to extremes
with old friends and associates. Such he was until the end.
Modest and dignified : courageous while not aggressive ; firm
but unasuming; too broadly intellectual to be harsh in condemnation
or extravdgant in praise.

284 Mayor CourZenay's Annual Review.
Mr. Aiken was born in Charleston in I8o6, and was graduated
at the South Carolina College in I825 . In I838, in
184o, and in I842, he was elected a member of the State
Legislature ; and in I844 was elected Governor of the State.
In the Legislature Mr. Aiken was not conspicuous for
brilliancy in del_ate, but no member was more attentive and
conscientious as a representative of the people. His term
of office as Governor was not marked by any striking public
event. There was a lull in the storm. Governor Aiken was
unswervingly faithful in the execution of his public trust,
and the bigness of his heart caused him to temper justice
with mercy always. No worthy appeal for executive clemency
was allowed to p_ss unheeded, and wherever there was
any doubt the scales inclined in his hands to Mercy's side.
Mr. Aiken was a representative in Congress from South
Carolina from t85t to I857.,and in Congress had the same
reputation as in the Legislature of his State. This reputation
for fidelity and conscientiousness caused him against
his own inclinations, to be selected as the Democratic can-
didate for Speaker of the House of Representatives in t855,
in the famous contest which followed the passage of the
Nebraska bill and repeal of the Missouri compromise. There
were one hundred and thirty-three ballots, extending over
several weeks without an election, and the deadlock was
only broken by the adoption of a resolution which gave the
election to the candidate who should receive the largest
number of votes. Under this rule Mr. Aiken was defeated,
and Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts, was elected. The
vote was Io3 votes for Banks against Ioo for Aiken, with 30
scattering. Mr. Aiken felt keenly, no doubt, the defeat of
his party, but must have been glad indeed to be relieved
from the cares of a position so arduous and so exacting as
that of Speaker of the House. With his terms as Congressman,
the public life of Mr. Aiken can be said to have closed.
The contest between the rival political parties in the
United States grew fiercer and fiercer in character. Mr.
Aiken was always a Democrat in principle and in practice,
but at the same time was positively and unalterably opposed

Mortuary-- William A iken. 285
to nullification and to secession. In like manner he favored
co-operative State action, in opposition to separate action
in any withdrwal from the Union. But withdrawal in every
form he disliked and opposed.
A loving son of South Carolina, he was a cordial admirer
of the Union of States a believing that within the Union the
States had their largest opportunities of securing freedom
and prosperity to their people. While, however, he was in
this sense a consistent Unionist, he had no thought at any
time of attempting to dissever his lot from that of South
Carolina. There was no hope from his standpoint, that the
seceding States would succeed in establishing their independence,
but he was a South Caroliniau first and foremost,
and was ready always to risk his large fortune in the common
cause, if the State should so decide.
The influence of Mr. Aiken in public life came largely, aq
has been mentioned, from his scrupulous attention to public
duty, but his early entrance into public office was the result,
in a measure, of the large means which he inherited from his
father, who was a successful merchant. It made him acon-
spicuous representative of tile commercial community. Mr.
Aiken himself increased his fortune by investments in
Charleston and elsewhere, and dispensed hospitality with
lavish and judicious hands. While in Washington he attracted
to his house the leading men of his party and of
other parties, making it a social centre by his skill in entertaining.
The means were abundant and there was cultivated
taste as well.
Mr. Aiken was one of the most successful rice planters in
South Carolina and the largest slaveholder in tile State. He
l)ad the reputation besides, of being singularly thoughtful in
his treatment of his slaves, taking pains to give them comforts
beyond the line of what was strictly necessary or usual.
Mr. Aiken cherished the hope that the slaves would ulti.
mately be paid for, and there will probably be found among
his papers a certified list of the servants who were set free
as one of the results of the war.
During the war itself Governor Aiken remained in retire-

286 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
merit, but in an unobtrusive way gave large assistance to
whomsoever were in need. It would have been supposed
that he, at least, would have been free from any exhibition
of vindictiveness in any quarter, but; upon the occupation
of Charleston by the United States troops, he was taken
prisoner under _xtremely painful circumstances, and sent to
Washington under guard. There, however, he soon obtained
a hearing and was promptly released. After this, Mr. Aiken
resumed his quiet life in South Carolina, and the only public
office that he ever consented to accept was that of a trustee
of the Peabody Fund, which honorable and responsible position
he held until his death.
Governor Aiken however, in late year.s took part in a mu-
nicipal movement of considerable importance. In 187o the
magnitude of the city debt, and the action of holders of city
bonds in seeking payments of the over-due debt, caused
serious uneasiness, and a meeting of the citizens was called
to consider the whoie question. Among the signers of the
call were some of the most substantial citizens of Charleston,
and at their head was William Aiken. The meeting was
held and resolutions were adopted providing for a committee
who should take into consideration the financial conditions
of the city, and who should be authorized to engage the
services of counsel to ascertain what portion of the public
debt had been incurred without due authority. It was well
understood at the time, that the object was to relieve the
city from so much of the public debt as represented subscriptions
to different railway companies, which subscriptions
it was contended were not valid obligations of the city. In
a pamphlet prepared by Col. L. W. Spratt it was stated
that over _3.ooo,ooo had been subscribed tot railroad purposes,
and that $6oo,ooo additional in debt had been con.
tracted for other than strictly municipal purposes. The
movement caused some excitement for a little while, and
took shape in litigation which was carried to the Supreme
Court of the State of South Carolina, which Court following
the decision in the case of Copes vs. the City Council of
Charleston, I857, affirmed the right of the city to subscribe

Mortuary-- William Ufferhardt. 287
to the stock of the railroad companies, and to contract the
other debt which was in question. This ended the agitation
and the city was happily able afterward to arrange its debt
in a manner which made it endurable. The fact stands
however, that the great body of the city debt represents
obligations from which Charleston has not received a single
dollar of benefit it/the way of commercial advantages, f+The
distant railways which were built or commenced with her
money have not in any sense contributed to the city's profit.
The most prominent characteristic of Governor Aiken's
life was his unswerving friendliness. They who had been
his friends were never forgotten, and they who had had the
fortune to be friends of his father were especially his friends
likewise. No change in their position, no advancement
which he attained, was allowed to separate him in thought
or in behavior, from those who had proved themselves to be
well disposed toward himself or his family. His then, was
a blameless life throughout. It shone with clear unwavering
light in early manhood, ill his prime and in his ripe old age.
The sweet strength of his career lay in its harmony, its consistency
and its charitableness. He was not made of the
stern stuff of which the rulers of mankind are composed.
More than this, he was honorable, useful, loyal, in every
public relation, and in every private sphere as well.--News
and Courier, 8th September. z887.
WILLIAM UFFERHARDT.
Mr. William Ufferhardt died at Heidelberg, Germany, on
•October 2, and was buried at Bremen. We shall see his
face no more in Charleston. tie had lived here for forty-five
years, and there was no man in this city more highly esteemed
than the honest merchant and public spirited citizen who
has been laid to rest in the soil of his Fatherland.
Mr. Ufferhardt was born in Delmenhorst, Germany, Feb+
ruary4, I828. He came to Charleston in x842, when he was
only fourteen years of age. He had neither friends nor for-

288 Mayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
tune, but w;th the invincible'pluck which has ever distinguished
the young Germans who seek homes on this Western
Continent, he began at once to build a foundation strong
and deep for the success which he achieved in after life. Mr.
Ufferhardt began business on his own account in i85o. He
wasohe of the # largest merchants on King street. He was
one of the most liberal minded and public spirited of the
men engaged in business in Charleston, and enjoyed the
respect and confidence of all with whom he came in contact.
In the church and as a citizen he had occupied for many
years a prominent place. Unassuming and of a retiring disposition,
he yet held a high place in the community. For
twenty-eight years he was secretary of the vestry of St.
Matthew's German Lutheran Church. For twelve years he
was a trustee of the College of Charleston. He was commissioner
of the Enston Home, and likewise commissioner of
the Public Markets. He was also a member of the Board of
Health. From I879to I883, he wasamember of the City
Council. He discharged every duty imposed upon him with
fidelity and intelligence. Tile announcement of his death
will be received with deep regret.--News and Courier, October
z7, z8o°7•
JAMES M. WILSON.
James Mazyck Wilson was the son of the late Dr. Robert
Wilson and his wife, Elizabeth Le Serrurier Mazyck. He was
born in Charleston on July 2I, I814, and received his education
at the schools of John You and Christopher Cotes. In
his early manhood he was engaged in mercantile pursuits
with the old firm of Andrew McDowell & Co. A few years
afterwards he was elected teller in one of the old banks,
which position he filled with fidelity and ability. Later he
became a partner in the well-known firm of D.F. Fleming
& Co., the large wholesale dealers in shoes. For the last few
years he was treasurer of the Magnolia Cemetery Company,
occupying also, during the latter part of that period, the

Mortuary--joseph R. So/omans, 289
responsible and important position of book-keeper in the
Carolina Savings Bank.
Mr. Wilson was twice married. His first wife was a daughter
of the late William Hasell Gibbes; his second wife
was Miss Wilson, of Portsmouth, Va. He served as a
vestryman of St. Michael's Church for twenty years, and
occupied that position until near the time of his death. For
several years he had been a sufferer from an affection of
the heart. While sick in bed during the terrible earthquake
his life was greatly imperilled, and from the shock
received at that time he never fully recovered.
A son and daughter survive him, the former being the
Rev. Dr. Robert Wilson, rector of St. Luke's Church in
this city.
Mr. Wilson was a good man in every particular. Possessed
of great business talent and accuracy, and of inflexible
integrity, his advice was sought in many important business
transactions, and he was always ready and willing to lend a'
helping hand. His absolute fearlessness of disposition, and
faithfulness in every trust imposed in him, made him a model
of the true man. In the evening of his days, surrounded by
a devoted family and with the honors of a pure life and a
useful career, he has passed away. His loss is keenly felt
by a host of friends all over South Carolina.--News and
Courier, October ez, z887.
DRI JOSEPH R. SOLOMONS.
The news of the death of Dr. Joseph R. Solomons, which
occurred at his residence on Hasell street, at half-past seven
o'clock yesterday morning, was a painful surprise to the
large number of Charlestonians to whom he had been long
known, and with whom he had been intimately associated.
Dr. Solomons was, perhaps, best known in this city as a
man who was in the front rank of its professional men, having
for many year_ commanded an extensive practice as a den-
37

290 Mayor Cour:enav's Annual Revtew.
tist. He was born in Sumter, S, C., on April 5, I824, and
was graduated flora the MedicalCollege of Charleston about
the year I845. He studied dentistry under Dr. B. A. Rodrigues,
and had been engaged in the practice of his profession
since he adopted it as his chosen calling.
His death w_s caused by apoplexy, the fatal stroke occurring
on Thursday night about ten o'clock.
Dr. Solomons was a citizen who, during a long, quiet and
unobtrusive lifetime, enjoyed the respect, confidence and
esteem of those with whom he had ever been associated.--
News and Courier, November ,'2, _ 887.
JOHN S. BIRD.
Mr. John S. Bird died at his residence in Coming Street
at about ten minutes of 8 o'clock yesterday morning. He
was born in Chelsea, England, on August 5, I793, being at
the time of his death in the 95th year of his age. About
the year I8o 7, having spent some time in a lawyer's office
in London, he went to Gibraltar, where he entered upon a
business career in which he spent the best years of his life.
Having passed about thirteen years in business in Spain where
he acquired a thorough knowledge of the Spanish tongue, he
came to Charleston in I82O, his special mission here being
the settlement of an estate which required the services of an
agent personally. While here on that business he determined
to make Charleston his home, and established a jewelry
business in I82O, on Broad Street, at the spot where R..
M. Marshall & Bro.'s office now is.
In 1838 he removed his jewelry establishment to the
corner of King and Beresford Streets. His new store was
soon burnt down in the great conflagration of April, I838,
which originated near this locality, but the proprietor
rallied from the disaster, and almost immediately began
business again at the Bend of King Street, where he
acquired a reputation as both a jeweler and an optician.

WZorluary---John S. Bird. 29I
After the breaking out of the war he refugeed at Bird's
Crossing on the Blue Ridge Railroad, and returned to
Charleston in the fall of I865. Since that year he llved a
life of quiet and retirement, which was only ended by his
death.
What the deceased was may be best expressed in the
words of a telegram of sympathy which was received from a
friend o[ the family yesterday: " He was a rare type of the
gentlemen of the old school." He died as he had lived,
respected for his worth and admired for the qualities that
constitute the gentleman and the worthy citizen.
His funeral services were held at the Second Presbyterian
Church, of which he had been the treasurer for thirty years,
and were conducted by the Rev. G. R. Brackett, D. D.,
from whose memorial discourse the following extract is
made:
" His long and exemplary career is a beautiful illustration
of the connection between an early religious life and a serene
and happy old age. The 'hoary head was a crown of
glory,' because it was ' found in the way of righteousness.'
The mellow ripeness of Autumn naturally tollowed the
dewy freshness of Spring and the warm breath of Summer.
A life of sobriety, virtue and tranquility, free from the
wasting habits of dissipation, and the excitement of passion,
laid the foundation of a vigorous constitution. His pulse
beat strong to the last, and the glow of health mantled his
cheek, scarcely wrinkled with age. With a mind well stored
with varied knowledge--with gems of poetry and incidents of
travel, he had ample resources upon which to draw, to
occupy his thoughts in his lonely hours, and to make him
an agreeable companion of the fireside. Always affable
and courteous, with a heart full of sweet charity and kindly
sympathy he gathered around him a host of abiding friends,
and little children flocked around his arm-chair. No ' evil
days' ever came to him of which it could be said 'he had
no pleasure in them'; they were filled with the happy
memories of a virtuous youth, of a useful manhood, replete
with good works ; and there was not a faculty or power

292 _ayor Courtenay's Annual Review.
of his nature that did not yield him enjoyment and make
life desirable to him. He was fond of rehearsing the scenes
of his eventful life, and of tracing the hand of a special
Providence, in adversity as well as prosperity, and he always
closed the interesting recital with a heartfelt tribute of
praise to God ' for his many mercies.' The melody of gratitude
was never silent in his thoughtful heart, and the last
words he was heard to utter were, ' For all the mercies of my
life I thank God, for my Redeemer's sake. Amen.' To
borrow all apt illustration, his serene and tranquil life, his
evenness of temper and regularity of habits might becompared
to ' a clock that goes on through the whole twentyfour
hours, and until the very last beat; and when, at last
the weight touches the floor, there is no explosion; the
pointers are there, the dial still shows its fair face, every
wheel is in its place; the clock has simply run down, and
silently, quietly, it stops.' "
GEORGE HALL INGRAHAM.
Tke News and Courier has been requested to publish the
following sketch of the life of the late Capt. George H. Ingraham.
It was prepared by one of his life-long friends, and
will be read with a great deal of interest by those who loved
him while he lived and who cannot forget him now that he
has passed away forever. The sketch is as follows:
" The News and Courier of Tuesday, the 27th December,
announced the death that morning of this venerable citizen,
at his home, in Laurens street, in the 84th year of his age,
and on the following Wednesday his obsequies were attended
at St. Philip's Church by a large concourse of friends and
relations. A citizen identified above sixty years with the
active life of Charleston and universally esteemed in our
community, has passed away. It is well to recall the character
of this departed life while the graw is fresh which has
just closed over all that was mortal of it. Regarded in the

Mortztary--Georgc Hall [ngraham. 293
sense of a public life it may have been uneventful, but in
the various spheres of its usefulness it was an exalted exemplary
life, well worthy of record and of imitation.
The Ingrahams of South Carolina are descended in the
paternal line from a New England family. Nathaniel Ingraham,
father of the deceased, was born in Boston, and was an
officer in the squad_'on which, in the course of our Revolutionary
war, sailed from the Roads of Groix, off l'Orient,
France, the 14th of August, 1779, under command of the
renowned Commodore John Paul Jones; and it will be
remembered that the cruise of this squadron in the British
seas ended with the capture of his Britannic Majesty's frigate
Serapis by the Ban Homme Richard under the immediate
command of Commodore Jones, after a desperate and
bloody combat. Mr. Ingraham was a volunteer on board the
Bon ]_omJne Richard, and his share of the prize money is
extant to-day among his descendants in a silver goblet inscribed
in commemoration of this memorable engagement
and victory, ' Nathaniel Ingraham, Volunteer, t?on Homme
Richard, 23d September, I779,' as is also a bronze medal
voted by Congress to the officers in this action. Ultimately
Mr. Ingraham married in Charleston, and establish_.d himself
in business here. The goblet and the medal just mentioned
are in possession of Mr. Ingraham's only son, George
H. Ingraham, now residing in Washington.
The deceased was descended in the maternal line from
George Abbott Hall, first collector of this port after the
adoption of the Federal Constitution, appointed in 1791 by
Gen. Washington. Such were Mr. Ingraham's antecedents.
He was born in I8o4, and when about 14 years of age entered
the office of Depeau, Dease & Co., whence he passed to
that of Mr. John Schultz, whose business was the 'factora._e,'
the weight and sale of the staples of the country on
planters' account. Mr. Schultz retired in I826-27, and was
succeeded by the late Henry W. Faber, also a clerk with
him, and Mr. Ingraham. In two or three years Mr. Faber
withdrew to apply himself to agriculture, and Mr. Ingraham
was left to work out his future alone. This he did success-

294 2_[ayor Courienay' s Annual Review.
fully by dint of industry, directed and controlled by the
strictest integrity. The withdrawal of Mr. Faber left him
without capital with which to conduct his business. But,
methodical in business , scrupulously exact in all things,
scrupulously just and truthful always, a friend who took note
of these characteristics, tendered him the use of his name in
bank, and the management of his business became easier
and its growth was accelerated.
Moderate in his desires and in his ideas of life, he was unambitious
of much wealth. Competence and pecuniary
independence constituted the goal for which he struggled.
Thus his commercial career was never embarrassed by unseemly
risks, the tranquility of his home was never disturbed
nor the softness of the pillow on which he reposed at night
ruffled by anxieties for the morrow.
In I839-4o the late Daniel Cannon Webb retired from
business, and his son and successor, the late Thomas L.
Webb, and Mr. Ingraham, united their houses under the
style of Ingraham & Webb. The war between the States
brought about the dissolution of this firm after manyyears of
prosperity. Mr. Ingraham then associated his son with him,
but in the changed condition of the South since the war the
rice and cotton factorage became a hazardous business, and
scarcely remunerative. This circumstance, and especially
the increasing infirmities of age, admonished Mr. Ingraham
that the time had come when he should close the business
of his life, and set his house in order in preparation for the
final change which awaits all men alike.
After a few years of decliTling health he has passed peacefully
and with tranquility away. This notice would be
incomplete without some reference to Mr. Ingraham's connection
with public affairs. Mr. Ingraham never sought
office or preferment, but was ready always to give his time
and attention to the business of the community when called
to do so by his fellow-citizens and he thought he might be
useful. We find him, therefore, an alderman from his ward
in I836, in the administration of the Hon. Robert Y. Hayne ;
and again, from 1842 to 1845 inclusive, three of the Hon.

Mortuary--fames M. Eason. 295
John Schnierle's administrations, and in 1846 and 1847, two
of the Hon. T. Leger Hutchinson's, bringing always to the
examination of the questions before Council the assiduity,
the intelligence and the integrity which insured his success
in the management of his personal affairs.
A community constituted of citizens pursuing quietly
• their way in life with uprightness and industry, as Mr. Ingraham
did, would be pre-eminent in morals, in wealth, and
for a widely diffused prosperity."
JAMES M. EASON.
• Death has taken from his family and this community, and
from the State, this well known gentleman and citizen, in the
69th year of his age. A long and lingering illness, so very
severely testing his fortitude, ended in the release from its
bondage, and with that his separation forever from the places
and the many persons to him so dear, and to whom his death
will cause deep and earnest grief and regret. He died 31st
December, 1887 .
James M. Eason was in the highest sense of the word a
self-made man. Had he been without friends or relatives,
'his inborn energy, his great self-reliance and independence
in thought and conduct, his high integrity would under all
circumstances have made or found a field for the development
of the spirit of enterprise which he so fully possessed.
In early life trained in one of the most important branches
of mechanics, with constitutional ardor he so thoroughly
mastered the business that for many years he was at the
head of that department of labor in which care and skill are
both to combine in developing the invaluable power of steam.
But while thus engaged in business, at once profitable to him
/_OTE.--Mr. James M. Eason rifled and banded the first smooth bore cannon
ever altered, and so successful was he in this single branch of the military service
that the defeat of the Iron-clad Fleet and the sinking of the "Keokuk" was due to
this improvised ordnance. He also built the first iron-clad gunboat in the South:
See Year Book 1883, "Armored Ships, Rifled Cannon," &c., page 5_9.

296 Mayor Courtenays Annual Review.
and useful to the public, he was never regardless of the obligation
he owed to his city and his State in whatever manner
he could benefit the one or serve the other, And in any
manner and at any time when he was called to serve the one
or the other, he recognized the right they had to make the
call on him, a_d to it he responded with an unselfish devotion
which was recognized and respected by those to whom
it was rendered.
In the most eventful period in the modern history of our
State, in the severe trials commencing in the latter part of
186o and ending in 1865 , James M. Eason, in his conduct,
showed that his spirit and patriotic devotion to his State
would rise with the emergency, however great, that called
for its exercise. When in the convention of the people of
the State the Ordinance of Secession was passed ; when the
excitement was exhibited in the cessation in the city of all
work, and the crowds of men were everywhere engrossed
with the opening of the drama that was to be introduced, it
was he, the subject of this brief sketch, who in the tone and
with the form and bearing of a tribune of the people exclaimed:
This is the act of the people--this Ordinance is
the expression of their will, free and not under the prompting
of any man or men. And in the long and trying years
which succeeded, all the energies of his mind and body were
freely, gladly given to accomplish, so far as he could, the end
that was desired.
But in the suffering which came with that end he shared
in the common lot without lamenting or regretting his part
in that great struggle. His health had suffered as well as
his property. And he came forth to renew the efforts of
his earlier life with his spirit unshaken, but his physical
capacity too much exhausted with the tax which had been
laid on it to respond to what his spirit required.
And so his days wore 0,1, with much to endure, but never
did a word escape him that told of his regret for what he
had done, or complaint of what he had suffered. And as
his life drew to its close he was deprived towards its end of
the power to move, and of speech to acknowledge the de-

Mortuary--Tames _. Eason. _97
voted and continuing tenderness of those of his family who
so nobly repaid to him, in his infirm position, the protecting
care he had in their early life given to those who at his bedside
watched his dying moments.
It is not, however, only in that family circle to which he
was so much devoted, nor to the friends of his younger life
who have survived, and to whom he was so constant and
true, that his memory will be cherished. To the city with
the welfare of which he was so closely identified, and to his
State to which he ever turned with the highest patriotic
devotion, the intelligence of his death, while it will cause a
pang, will also embalm his name as that which will, when
recalled, be identified with the highest qualities which ennoble
the citizen of our State and one of this community, than
whom none was more true and devoted even unto his end.
Mr. Eason's wife died in I886. Four children survive
him : Thad. S. Eason, Mrs. F. F. Whilden, Miss Lillie Eason
and Win. A. Eason.--_/Vews and Courier.
38

298 @eciaI Proceedings of City Council.
SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE CITY COUNCIL.
THE EARTHQUAKE, I886.
THE CITY COUNCIL OF CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA,
TO "I_HE EXECUTIVE RELIEF COMMITTEE.
At a regular meeting of the City Council of Charleston,
S. C., held on the 22d of March, I887, the following communication
was received:
FINAL REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE RELIEF COMMITTEE.
The Executive Relief Committee beg leave to report that
they have concluded their labors and have disbursed all
funds subject to their order, except a sum left in the hands
of the treasurer equal to the payment of certain outstanding
vouchers.
Your committee have adopted a form upon which adetailed
statement of their entire transactions will be prepared,
showing receipts of money from all sources, and in contra
credit the particulars of all disbursements. This will require
some little time, but the work will be completed at the earliest
possible moment and laid before your honorable body.
The administration of this large and beneficent fund, which
has carried help and comfort to so many hundred homes, and
the moral influence of which has been so felt throughout the
community in kindling new hopes and Riving encouragement
to so many during a period of unparalleled calamity, has been,
as the committee has already brought to your attention,
complex and difficult. There were no precedents to guide
the committee, and they were compelled to begin their work
without delay, at a time when they could not foretell, on the
one hand. the number of applicants who would need assistance,
or the amounts required to supply those wants; nor,
on the other hand, could they possibly know the limit of
generosity which was to supply money for these pressing
necessities.
Your committee have devoted themselves assiduously to

Special Proceedings of City CounciL 299
this unprecedented work, and while they realize that mistakes
may have been make, they feel justified in saying that
they have conscientiously and impartially endeavored to
administer this trust without fear or favor. ,
In making this communication to Council they desire to
make their acknowledgments to Mr. Wm. L. Campbell, who
voluntarily discharged the responsible and laborious duties
of treasurer of the committee, receiving and disbursing its
entire fund, and declining to receive any compensation
whatever. Your committee take pleasure in bearing testimony
to this honorable conduct and calling it especially to
the attention of your honorable body. The clerks in the
treasurer's office--Messrs. J. Orin Lea, P. L. Bissell, and C.
O. Campbell--rendered constant and voluntary services to
the treasurer in this department of the committee's work.
They also desire to express their appreciation of the intelligent
services of Mr. R. G. O'Neale, secretary and clerk of
the committee, who has faithfully served them throughout
the entire period.
They are also indebted for valuable services from time to
time to Messrs. Glenn E. Davis, W. W. Simons, W. Aiken
Kelly, M. D. Maguire, and Sinkler Simons.
Respectfully submitted,
JOSEPH W. BARNWELL,
Chairman.
On motion of Alderman Smyth the communication was
received as information, and ordered to be spread on the
Journal.
Alderman C. S. Gadsden, chairman of the special com,
mittee appointed at a previous meeting, presented the following
report, which was unanimously adopted :
CHARLESTON, S. C., March 22, I887.
The special committee appointed under resolutions of
Council of the 8th instant, to make suitable acknowledgment

300 Special Proceedings of City Council.
o[ the services of the Executive Relief Committee, beg
respectfully to report as follows:
Three days after the _reat earthquake of the 3Ist of
• August last, and while the residents of the city were still
appalled by the calamity, the Mayor_pro tern., W. E. Huger,
in the absence of Mayor Courtenay, called a meeting of the
City Council in the Gas Company's office in Meeting street,
the City Hall being considered unsafe in itself, and dangerously
near the wrecked St. Michael's Church.
Foreseeing that the community stood greatly in need of
relief, and anticipating the stream of generous aid [rom our
fellow-citizens of the United States, a resolution was passed
appointing a committee of three who should have charge of
the distribution of such funds as might be contributed in
aid of the needy sufferers.
The Mayor, on his arrival a few days subsequently, advised
an increase of the committee to embrace representative mev
from all classes of citizens. This suggestion was confirmed
by Council, and the following gentlemen were finally appointed,
and responded promptly to this call for their services:
Joseph W. Barnwell, chairman; Theodore D. Jervey,
F. W. Dawson, G. I. Cunningham, Frank E. Taylor, B.
Bollmann, A. W. Taft, Morris Israel, W. L. Campbell, treasurer;
William A. Courtenay, Mayor.
It may be well to take a retrospect of the responsibilities
which devolved upon them.
From the character and recent occurrence of the calamity,
they could form no idea of the extent of the injury to prop.
erty, nor of the wants of the different classes of the citizens.
As yet the stream of benevolence had just begun to flow
toward us, and _Jo measure could be had of its volume. The
methods for the administration of such a trust and its distri-
bution among the various and as yet unknown wants of our
people were without precedent.
On every side were difficulties and before them was an
unknown path ; but nobly have they applied themselves to
the solution of these problems. For three months the

Special Pra:eedin#s of City Caundl. 3oi
committee held daily meetings, and subsequently met three
times a week.
They have given without stint, valuable time and their
best judgment to this work. Individual mistakes may have
been made among over two thousand cases passed upon, but
when we regard the magnitude of the work, the perplexities
with which they vgere surrounded, and the beneficial results
secured, these gentlemen have achieved signalsuccess and
have won the cordial " Well-done !" of this community.
In grateful recognition of such valuable service at such a
time, and in commemoration of this sad epoch in the history
of our city, with which their names will ever be associated,
your committee recommend that a memorial, suitably inscribed,
be prepared and executed in bronze, and presented
to each member of the committee as an enduring memorial
of unequaled services in our unparalleled calamity.
C. S. GADSDEN.
EDWARD F. SWEEGAN
SAMUEL WEBB.
Alderman Sloan moved that so much of the report of the
Executive Relief Committee as refers to Mr. William L.
Campbell's services be referred to the special committee, of
which Alderman C. S. Gadsden is chairman.
Alderman Gadsden accepted the reference, but stated that
the committee had already determined their action as to
Treasurer Campbell and were satisfied it wouId be satisfac-
tory to Council. Alderman Sloan's motion was then adopted.
At the regular meeting of City Council, held on the 24th
of May, I887, the committee made the following supplemental
report :
Referring to the proceedings of Council of date March 22d,
at which time the Executive Relief Committee made the
final report of their t_ansactions in regard to the earthquake
sufferers, and at which meeting Council directed that "a

302 S:ecial Proceedings of City Council.
memorial suitably inscribed, be prepared and executed in
bronze, and presented to each member of the said committee
as an enduring memorial of unequaled services in our unparalleled
calamity," the undersigned, the special committee
appointed to carry this action of Council into effect, beg
leave respectfully to report that they have caused to be
prepared simple but elegant bronze memorials of similar
design, which are now submitted to Council, and are ready
for presentation, bearing the following inscription :
THE EARTHQUAKE, 1886.
THE CITY COUNCIL OF CHARLESTON,
SOUTH CAROLINA,
TO THE EXECUTIVE RELIEF COMMITTEE.
A MEMORIAL OF
UNEQUALED SERVICES
IN OUR UNPARALLELED CALAMITY.
(NAME.)
I887.
Copies have been prepared for the following named gentlemen
:
JOSEPH W. BARNWELL,
_airman.
THEODORE D. JERVEY.
FRANCIS W. DAWSON.
GEORGE I. CUNNINGHAM.
FRANK E. TAYLOR.
B. BOLLMANN.
A. WALTON TAFT.
MORRIS ISRAEL.
W. L. CAMPBELL,
Treasurer.
WM. A. COURTENAY,
Mayor.
Your committee recommend the adoption of the following
resolution :

The Earthquake of r886. 3o3
Resoh,ed : That the Clerk of Council cause to be prepared in suitable style
the proceedings of the City Council in this matter, and send a copy of the
same, together with the memorial,to each of the above named gentlemen.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
C. S. GADSDEN.
EDWARD F. SWEEGAN.
,, SAM'L. WEBB.
W. W. SIMONS,
Clerk of Council.
The Memorial is described as a Bronze Plaque, in size
nine by twelve inches; the seal of the City of Charleston is
displayed at the top of the plaque, surrounded by palmetto
leaves, symbolizi_g the State of South Carolina. The inscription
has been given elsewhere; on a scroll below, the
name of the member of the committee to whom the plaque
is presented is displayed in raised letters.
The border of the plaque is encircled with ivy leave.%
etabnrately wrought, typical of constancy and fidelity, and
forms a graceful and elegant finish to this _'ork of art. The
bronze is mcmnted on an ebony panel which adds materially
to tile appearance of this beautiful memorial, and facilitates
the placing of it in position; only ten copies have been
made.
FINANCES--EXHIBIT "A."
Contributions to the Sufferers _n Charleston, & C,, by the late
Earthquake, corrected up to ffuly 25th , t887, inclusive.
Alabama ................................... $ 5",6_,3. 19
Montgomery contributed ......... _ 1,23I .82 ........
Arkansas ................................ 6.0o
Arizona .................................. 22.50
California ................................. 2o,759.83
San Francisco .................... I6,O7o. Io ........
Colorado ............................. 1,617 .o 5
Connecticut ............................ I 1,946.o6
Delaware ................................ 2, I I I. 5o

304 S2ecial Proceedings of City Council.
Dakota .................................. 68 .oo
Florida ............. ..................... 7,o23 o9
Georgia ................................. I5,76t .85
Savannah contributed ............ 6,704.64 ........
Indian Territory .......................... 42 .oo
Interest on Deposit_ .................. ,... 5,912.99
Iowa ...... : ............................. 444.03
Indiana ................................. 1,698.4t
Illinois ................................... I3,992 47
Idaho ................................... I49.oo
Kansas .................................. I98.48
Kentucky ............................... 5,I3t. lo
Louisiana ................................ 8,543.42
New Orleans contributed .......... 7,753.25 ........
Maine .................................. 366.69
Maryland ................................ 39,216.42
Baltimore contributed ............. 37,966.04 .......
Massachusetts ............................ 99,878.6t
Boston contributed .......... ..... 76,9 °2. 35 .......
Michigan ................................. 3,356 •25
Minnesota ............................... 2,722 95
Missouri ............................... 2,126 96
Nebraska ............................... I43. Io
New Hampshire .......................... 594 50
New Jersey ............................... I4,824.43
New York .................... ......... 18t,827.o4
New York City cow ributed ....... 2 I,oo 3 .24 ........
Hide and Leather Trade ........... 2,825 .oo ........
Stationers Board of Trade ......... 1,855 .oo ........
Consolidated Stock and Petroleum
Exchange .................... 1,727 .oo ........
Jewelers Weekly Publishing Co ..... 2,o92.oo ...... :.
Hardware Board of Trade .......... 1,35o.oo ........
New York World ................ 6,97o.o8 ........
New York Times .......... ....... 722.7 ° ........
Stock Exchange .................. I2,628.5o .... ....
eChamber of Commerce ............ 83,ooo oo ........
• Also $5,488.10 for p_'ivate distribution additional.

The Earthquake of t886. 305
New York Tribune ................ 1,ooo.oo ........
Maritime Association .............. 2,ooo. oo ........
Mercantile Exchange ............... I,O72.oo ........
Real Estate Exchange ............ 2,900.00 ........
Mechanics and Traders Exchange.. 855 :oo .......
Produce Exchange ................. 8,500,o0 ........
$*5o,5oo.52
North Carolina...................... 13,329.86
Wilmington contributed ........... 2,873.25 ........
Ohio .................................... 5,898.42
Oregon .................... - ............. 2,580.70
Ontario ................................... 5 .oo
Pennsylvania ..................... : ...... 69,865.92
Philadelphia contributed .......... 55,583.oi ........
Rhode Island ............................ 5,469.39
South Carolina ............................ 19,235.69
Tennessee ................. .............. 7,7*9. I4
Texas .................................. 62. OO
Utah .................................... 271.6o
Vermont ................................. 5o7,oo
VirgTnia ........ ; ....................... I3,365.45
West Virginia ........................... 552.83
Wisconsin ............................... 2,712.38
Washington, D. C....................... .. t *,767.89
Washington Territory ..................... 3r3-26
Anonymous ............................... 5oi.Io
FOREIGN.
England ......................... 15,466. I5
Germany ........................ 1,849.79
France ........................ I55 .oo
Holland ........................ 4.oo
Spain ............................. 48.4o
Canada .......................... _I1 .oo
New Brunswick .............. 5.oo
Shanghai, ......................... 1,678.55-- I9,317.89
39

3o6 Special Proceedings of City Co_tncil.
Committee on Shelter ..................... 3o.6o
Immediate Relief ........................ 8,o9o.oo
Through F. W. Wagener & Co ..... 7,o64.oo
Expended as requested by donors. I,o75 .oo-- 5,989.oo
Through F. W. Dawson ........... 2o,951.2o
Expendedby F. W. Dawson ..... 11,364.64-- 9,586.56
Through A. W. Taft, Pres• Charleston
Cotton Exchange ................. 8,562-0o
$646, Io 9 .9°

Tlze Earllzqualee of z886. 307

308 Special Pro'ceedings of City Council
The following amounts were also received by me as special
contributions, and turned over as authorized to
The Confederate Home .................... $3,812.64
I886.
Nov. Io--W. McDonald, Q. M. Brooklyn,
N. Y .................... $ ioo.oo
" I2--L. Fairchild, G. A. R., Madison,
Wis .................... 37.00
Dec. II--CampNo. I Confederate Veterans,
Jacksonville, Fla ...... 20.00
Nov. I2--W. L. Campbell, received from
Boston ....... -........... 40.00
" 27--Albert Sidney Johnston Camp
" 4 " • .................. 150.00
I887.
Jan, 6--W. J. Raisin, Baltimore ...... 5.25
" 1 I--A. C. Morris, Ass't Adj't Gen'l
G. A. R., Boston, Mass ..... 788.39
Mch. 14--D. S. Waring, NewburG N.Y. 5.00
Apl. 7--Boston Light Infantry Veteran
Association, through Capt.
J. C. Laughton .......... 167.oo
81,3 I2.64
(In addition to this sum $2,500.00 was specially
contributed, at the suggestion of
the Mayor, by the Boston Committee.)
Total ..................... $3,812.64
To the Port Society for restoration of Seamen's
" Bethel" and " Home". ........... $I,915.62
1886.
Oct. II--Cash from Norfolk, Va ....... $ 25.00
" 21--Cash from Capt. E. t. Tessier,
formerly of Charleston, now of
Glasgow, Scotl.and, £_-o.o.o.. 96.0o

&DmENnA.
THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1886.*
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CITY COUNCIL NOVEM-
BER 23D, I886.
Mayor Courtenay then said that he would like to call the
attention of Council to a matter that he had alluded to some
weeks ago, namely, the making of a proper acknowledgment
to the very large number of persons who had contributed
money for the benefit of the earthquake sufferers. There
would be only two more regular meetings of Council this
year, and as it was a matter that should receive timely attention,
he would make the suggestion that Council take some
action looking to the preparation of a properacknowledgment
of the contributions that have been made, and which
at the closing meeting of the year, on the 28th of December,
might be adopted and sent to every individual, so far as
could be ascertained, who had contributed, as by that time
the Relief Committee would have completed the greater part
of its work relating to the disposal of the money, and would
be ready to make a report to Council. He thought that no
public subscription of any kind had ever been so general as
that for the benefit of the Charleston sufferers, and it was an
obligation which should be fully recognized by the people
here. It would be not only creditable to the city, but in
consonance with the feelings of Council and of the community.
*Through some unaccountable error, these proceedings have been omitted
from the Year Book of 1886, and are now printed for convenient reference, and
should be inserted at page 308, Year Book of 1887.

Alderman Smyth moved that a committee of three, of
which the Mayor should be chairman, be appointed to prepare
such an acknowledgment, to be submitted to Council
at its meetingon the 28th of December. The motion was
unanimously adopted, and the Clerk was instructed to communicatewith
the relief committees in different cities with
a view to getting the names of all subscribers.
Under the above resolution the following committee was
appointed: Hon. William A. Courtenay, Mayor, and Aldermen
Smyth of the Lower Wards, and C. S. Gadsden of the
Upper Wards.
W. W. SIMONS,
C/crh of Council.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CITY COUNCIL, 28TH
DECEMBER, I886.
Alderman Smyth, chairman of the special committee appointed
by Council to prepare a suitable acknowledgment
on behalf of the community to those who contributed
towards the fund for the relief of the needy earthquake
sufferers, made the following remarks in.submitting the
report ot the committee to Council :
In the hour of distress and trouble there is nothing that
touches the heart so quickly as tender, loving sympathy
from our fellows. It is as if an angel's hand was laid upon
an aching brow, soothing with its gentle pressure and calming
into sweet peace the throbbing nerves.
During the dark and tryi.g days which enshrouded this
old city in gloom and sorrow, after the terrible experiences
of the earthquake, what would we have done without the
comfort, the encouragement and the cheer that came to us
in that universal tide of helpful sympathy, poured out so
lavishly from brothers' hearts all over our broad land.
Far more precious to us than the gifts they bestowed so
generously was the love and kindness with which they so
freely gave them. It were almost worth the suffering and

the sorrow to have received the sympathy and the strengthening
words and deeds. When the heart is thusfilled to
overflowing words are meaningless to express our feelings.
While, therefore, it is a pleasing duty that you have
assigned to your committee, of putting into language the
emotions of gratitude throbbing in every pu'lse of our being,
we have found that _t was no easy task to execute.
Besides this we have discovered so many conspicuous
instances of noble generosity, that it is even more difficult
for us to refrain from recommending some special ackowl-
edgment to those kind friends.
Prominent among them are the names of Governor
Abbott of New Jersey, Governor Scales of North Caro-
lina, and Governor Foraker of Ohio, who, recognizing the
higher law, that a brother's need and suffering were above
all other law, so promptly, and on their own responsibility,
forwarded tents to shelter our homeless citizens ; and Gem
Fairchild, of the Grand Army of the Republic, and his
friends who, not satisfied with sending sympathy and gifts,
came in person to minister to us in this time of danger and
suffering. There are many similar instances rightly deserv-
ing our highest appreciation and our warmest thanks.
Your committee, however, deem it a wiser plan to make
no special recommendation, but desire simply to submit the
following for your consideration :
The undersigned, a special committee appointed by
Council to prepare such an acknowledgment as would
express to the generous contributors to the relief fund for
the needy sufferers by the earthquake, the appreciation felt
by this community at the number and magnitude of these
offerings, respectfully submi_ the following:
At the close of this year, memorable by our sudden and
terrible affliction from the mysterious visitation of the earth-
quake, the Corporation of the City of Charleston, in grateful
memory of the blessed bounty tlaat came from all parts of
this land, and even beyond the seas, for the needy sufferers
in this stricken city, send to each and all these generous
givers this city's heartfelt gratitude and glad greetings in the
new hopes of the New Year.

The families in more than two thousand homes restored,
the multitude of the poor fed and sheltered, the orphan, the
sick, the aged and the needy in their rebuilt hospital and
places of refuge, will always cherish this gracious and uni-
versal giving, and in the heart of this city the memory of it
shall be precious asacharitylthe fruit of which is on earth,
and its growt,h in Heaven.
To all our brothers, far and near, who have been touched
by our woe, our heartfelt wish is that even as unto us, in
this human spring-time of peace and good-will, so unto them
may come, in God's good providence, "the charities that
soothe and heal and bless."
J. ADGER SMYTH.
C. S. GADSDEN.
WM. A. COURTENAY, _ayar.
The report of the committee was then unanimously
adopted.
Alderrnan C. S. Gadsden offered the following, which was
unanimously adopted :
Resolved, That the thanks of the people of Charleston are eminently due
and are hereby tendered to Mr. Win. E. Speer, inspector of public buildings
United States treasury department, and to Capt. W. H. Bixby and Lieut.
F. V. Abbott, engineer corps United States _rn)y, officers assigned by the
Goverument to the duty of assisting the city authorities in determining those
buildings which could, with safety, be oecupi6d M'ter the eartbquake--a duty
fraught with the greatest responsibility, but thoroughly and effectively
performed.
Resolved, That a copy of this resolution, suitably engrossed by the clerk,
be forwarded to these officers under the seal of the city.
Council then adjourned.
W. W. SIMONS,
CZer_ of Coltncil.

The Last Meetings. 309
Nov. I I--Cash from Officers and Crew U.
S. Flag Ship Hartford, Pacific
Station ............. 325.oo
Dec. I6--Cash from Officers and Crew U.
S. S. S. Marion, Japan .... 81.62
I887 . o
Mch. Is--Philadelphia Relief Committee,
(Special) ...... . .......... I,OOO.OO
July 27--Vessel Owners and Captains
Association of Philadelphia,
balance .................. 388.oo
--$I.9t5.62
WM. A. COURTENAY, Mayor.
THE LAST MEETINGS OF THE CITY COUNCIL
OF I883-1887.
At an adjourned meeting of the City Council, held on 2d
December, _887, the business having been disposed of,
Alderman Johnson requested that Mayor Courtenayvacate
the chair to Alderman C. S. Gadsden, Mayor pro tern. This
was done, and Mayor Courtenay retired from the Council
Chamber. Alderman Johnson then said:
"MR. MAYOR--As the next regular meeting of this Council
will be the last of this administration, I move that the Mayor
pro tem. appoint a committee of five--two from the lower
wards and two from the upper wards, with the Mayor pro
tern. as chairman--for the purpose of drafting a preamble
and resolutions expressing as members of this body our high
esteem of our presiding officer for his fairness and courtesy
during the last four years, and as citizens of our appreciation
of his valuable and unremitting services in the interest
of our city."

3 IO Special Proceedings of City Council.
At. the one hundreth and fourteenth and last meeting of
the City Council of I883-87 , after disposing of such unfinished
business as required attention, Mayor Courtenay said :
GENTLEMEN OF THE CITY COUNCIL--Our remaining
business is now disposed of--the labors of four years are
ended--and'I ask the privi!ege of saying a few words before
our official separation takes place.
It would be pleasant to pass in retrospect the chief events
of the past four years, but the proprieties of this occasion
will, perhaps, best be served by deferring this mention to
the usual official record ; only noting here the calamities of
the cyclone and earthquake, which have necessarily curtailed
the work of public improvements, under the pressure of the
necessity of limiting taxation to minimum figures, to relieve
the community, suffering from grievous and unexpected
losses. This will appear very fully in a comparison of the
work done and outlays of I886 and I887, as compared with
those of the preceding six years.
I wish to say here that whatever of success has attended
this administration of the city's affairs is due to the intelligent
and harmonious co-operation of this Council, to the
public spirited citizens comprising our commissioners of
publicinstitdtions, and to the chiefs and assistants in the
several departments of the city government. All have done
their best, and have been untiring in their efforts to give
Charleston agood government. And I beg each and all to
accept my sincere thanks for their continuous confidence
and unfaltering support m every effort I have made to advance
the public service.
When I took office eight years ago I gnnounced my purpos
e to obey the injunction that public office was a trust
which should be administered above all personal aims or
selfish purposes, wholly in the interest of all the people. I
have endeavored to pursue this, to him who treads it, nar-
row path of public duty, and I have necessarily had to en.
counter unpleasant difficulties and bear with animadversions
for my official opinions and actions ; but these are, however,

T/_e Last YZeetings. 311
the natural difficulties to which the public servant is liable
if he would discharge his duties conscientiously and fear.
lessly, and he must be satisfied with his own sense of public
right and public duty, sure of the final judgment, by the
people, as to the wisdom and sincerity of his acts.
Ill closing my official life as Mayor of Charleston, I may
be allowed to express the wish that whatever of differences
and estrangements official obligation may have forced in the
past eight years, may now be allowed to pass away with the
events which produced them.
Of those who survive and are with us in the present board
of Aldermen, eight have given their services during my two
terms, while eleven have shared our official duties for the
past four years. Of the remaining five, who were elected in
1883, two have "entered into rest," and three have by change
of residence retired fro:n our deliberations.
In all these changing scenes, it is pleasant to remember
that there has been always, even in our differences of opinion
as to what was best for Charleston, all kindness and
earnest coioperation in the advancement of our city.
In parting officially with you let me say how deeply and
gratefully I feel as the recipient, during so many years, in
public office, of such continued personal kindness, good will
and support from my associates here, and such unfailing
sympathy and encouragement from all classes of my fellowcitizens.
These recollections will be pleasant memories all
through my life, and a sufficient reward and satisfaction
under alI circumstances.
There are times in the experience of most men when they
teel the poverty of human speech to express emotions which
struggle for utterance, and in taking leave of you let me,
from a full heart, ask you to realize my deep sense of obligation,
to each and all of you, for your personal kindness
and official co-operation in my public duties, and to wish
each of you health, happiness and prosperity through life.
Alderman Smyth moved that the farewell address of the
Mayor be spread upon the Minutes, and that the Mayor be

312 Special Proceeedings of City Council.
requested to vacate the chair to Alderman C. S. Gadsden,
Mayor pro tern., in order that the special committee to whom
was referred the resolutions of Council in regard to Mayor
Courtenay's intended retirement from office might present
their report.
Mayor Courtenay having retired from the Council Chamber,
and the Mayor pro tern. having assumed the chair, Alderman
Smyth then read the report as follows:
The committee to whom has been referred the resolutions
of Council in regard to the intended retirement of Mayor
Courtenay from the office he has so satisfactorily filled for "
eight years, beg to submit the following report:
Your committee feel that they will best discharge their
agreeable duty by simply stating, briefly, some of the chief
results of municipal work of the last eight years, in which
Mayor Courtenay has borne a prominent part. These works
speak for themselves, and will continue to speak when all
else is silent.
FINANCES.
Perhaps the most noted act of a City Council, havingan
unlimited debt-making power, was the action taken in I88o
in the previous Council, on the suggestion of the Mayor,
voluntarily recommending an amendment of the city charter
surrendering practically this power, and really forbidding any
further issue of stocks and bonds. This is the foundation
upon which has been built the subsequent improvement of
city finances.
The other financial measures which have been successfully
ad_pted are :
Makitlg all appropriations of public moneys to exhibit in
detail the actual expense and outlay under each head, for
public information and inspection.
The principle and achievement of keeping all expenditures
strictly within the income of the year.
The punctual payment of interest on the public debt at

The Last 3/[eetlngs. 3 t3
maturity, thus giving confidence to holders of municipal
securities, and exercising a wholesome influence generally
on city finance. The annual cancellation of all sinking fund
accumulation, insuring an annual reduction of debt and
interest charges, thus avoiding the danger of diverting such
accumulated assets, under supposed cases of need, to other
purposes. Under this policy the sinking fund (including
the assets, as shown in treasurer's statement, Year Book,
188o,) were cancelled and applied to debt reduction, and the
figures of ,$4,775,450.98, on the first January, z88o, have been
reduced to tile present figures of $4,o21,oI7, areduction of
$754,433.27.
Tile abolition of the old vicious system of pay certificates
to city employees, subjecting them to great imposition and
loss, and the substitution of cash payments weekly, semimonthly
and monthly, thus forbidding the trading of intermediate
parties and insuring to each person direct payments
from the treasury. To illustrate the thoroughness and care
of the financial management of tile city, your committee
would mention the opening of two new accounts in the
treasury department--"iuterest on deposits" and "forfeited
property accounts." The amounts received from these two
accounts show at the end of eight years a net credit balance
of $75,000. The property so restored to the active tax list
will continue to increase these figures year by year by annual
contributions. These business methods l)ave brought large
financial benefits to the city, and the effect has been seen in
the value of 4 per cent. bonds from an average of 52.8o in
the I87o-79 period to 9o cents in I887.
STREE_I'S.
The introduction of a permanent fixed system of street
improvements, in stone roadways, curbing and sidewalks.
Particular attention to drainage, with the cost of each outlay
published in the annual reports.
HEALTH DFPARTMENT.
The increased attention to scavenz, eri,g, continuous
4°

3t4 Sl_ccial Proceedings of City Council.
supervision of vaults, and enforced cleanliness throughout
the city, with the favorable results shown by the reports of
the health department, and realized by all citizens.
CHARITIES.
The rehabilitation of"public hospitals from their financially
neglected cot dition by the city to one of great excellence,
soon to be carried to perf, ction in the extensive and complete
e_tabli-hment to be ready in the spring. The extension
of the dispen._ary _ut-door service for the indigent sick,
t'he improwment of the Old Folks' Home for aged colored
person.-, the cot_ti,med successful management of the Or.
phan House,./khns House a**d other charity institutions.
The settlement of the Euston estate, after it had rem,,ined
dormant for twenty-two yeats, through which settlement
means were obtained for the founding of a home " to make
old age comfortable," wll embrace ultimately a complete
model village of forty double cottages, with means for some
assistance to inmates.
FIRE DEPARTMENT.
The introduction of an efficient paid fire department from
the membership of the old volunteer force, and the model
fire alarm telegrapb, with its wond¢rf'ul results.
PLEASURE GROUNDS.
The marked changes in the public grounds of the city in
the past eight years, notably Marion Square, in front of the
South Carolina Military Academy, transformed from a waste
place into a m_st attractive pleasure ground and military
pl,,za. The Rutledge Street Pond, enclosed with concrete
wal,s, terraced and made a popular pleasure resort. The
Seaside Promenade at White Point Garden permanently
improved, and all other public places showing an advance
in general condition.

Tlte Last ]Vdcetings. 315
THE EARTHQUAKE CRISIS.
The power and efficiency of this completely organized
administration was never so fully revealed as in tile public
need of the earthquake crisis. In tiris unprecedented and
most terrible disaster the city has ever e×periez_ced there
came immediately to Iaer resc,le all the strongly equipped,
energetic and wisely etnployed municipal agencies.
TIIE YEAR BOOK.
The advantages of havinff a convenient form, for ready
reference by the public, all anuud report_ in detail presented
in continuous narr_,tive; the presentation of the t ducational
wo,k of the city with valuable _ddre_ses a,_d papers;
the historic appendix, embracing papers and m,_ps uf the
early history of Carolina, and the a.nals of 'he city. makis_g
available information not previou-ly accessible, a.d the
awakening a quick sense and sentiment of ut_ityand c,>mmunity
in the renewing of our historical memories. The
seven volumes already issued form a collection ot" great
value, not only to all our own citizens, b_t they are sought
after all over the country for public and private libraries.
In view of these actual results and achieved success and pro-
gress in our municipal history ; therefore
Resolved, That the CityCouncil of 0harleston returns its grateful aeknowledgeme,lts
to MayorCourten_y for the wise, energetic, and liberal administration
he hasgiven the City of Charleston. That they wouldplace onrecord
the just appreeiation of all eitize,ls of the cause of this sueeessin municipal
government, to be found in his gift for organization, his unbending force of
will, ceaselessvigilance, keen personal intorest in all that concerns the city,
his patriotic and high public spirit, his unfaltering courage in disaster, his
tireless, faithful and patient labor in the discharge of the high trust of public
service.
Resolved, That in retiring from the high officeto whiehthe suffragesof the
city havetwice called him, they would expressto Mayor Com_enaythe warm
interest and hearty well-done of his fellow'citizens, and wish him in other

316 Special Proceedings of City Coztncil.
fieldsof activity and usefulness the same richmeasureof successinduty done
and in public good accomplished.
C. S. GADSDEN.
J. ADGER SMYTH.
JAMES F. REDDING.
A. JOHNSON.
C. LANEY MEYER.
Alderman Rodgers moved that the report be adopted.
Alderman Webb moved to amend by adding "by a rising
vote."
Amendment accepted.
Alderman Sweegan said :u
Allthough it was presumed that we were here as American
citizens, the custom has been to divide representation by
nationalities. I have been called upon to represent a certain
nationality, and in behalf of that nationality, namely.
the Irish, Iwould say that I heartily endorse all that has
been said in that report, and would also state that the Irishmen
of Charleston owe MayorCourtenayalasting debt of
gratitude, which they and their descendents can never repay.
As an individual, I have been connected with him from boyhood,
and have always found him to be courteous and a
friend to the pooriu every instance. I heartily second the
resolutions.
Alderman Barkley desired to express his appreciation of
the Mayor's services, and heartily seconded the resolutions.
The report and resolutions were then unanimously adopted,
every member of Council rising in his seat.
Alderman Johnson moved that the proceedings in reference
to the retirement of the Mayor be properly prepared
by the committee, and presented to Mayor Courtenay.
Unanimously adopted.
Mayor Courtenay was then invited to resume his seat,
when Alderman C. S. Gadsden, Mayor pro tern., said :
I have the honor to present the action of Council upon
your retirement from the Mayorality of the City of Charleston.
We realize, sir, that this is no ordinary occasion. We

Tlze Last Meetings. 317
have been profoundly impressed by this record of the magnitude
and value of your services to this city. The recital
fmnishes an instructive lesson as to how much can be ac-
complished by one man of energy and sagacity, in so brief
a period, for the benefit of the community in which he lives.
You have richly earned the repose which you seek, but such
endowment of administrative talent must not rust out in
private life. I trust, sir, that ere long, you will illustrate on
a wider field of duty and responsibility the activities and
energies which you so eminently possess.
The proceedings of Council were then read to Mayor
Courtenay, the members of Council standing. At theconclusion
of which Mayor Courtenay expressed his thanks to
Council for what he felt was a too partial expression of their
regard.
Council then adjourned sine die.
W. W. SIMONS
Clerk of Council.

318 Acts of Assembly.
ACTS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLYOF SOUTH
CAROLINA,
REI,ATING TO CIIARLESTON.
* ACTS OF ASSEMBLY.
THE ACT TO RAISE SUPPLIES AND MAKE APPROPRIA=
TIONS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR COMMENCING NOVEM-
BER IST, I887, AND TO EXTEND THE TIME FOR THE
COLLECTION OF TAXES FOR TIlE YEAR COMMENCING
NOVEMBER IST, I886, PROVIDES illler alia:
That the City Treasurer of the City of Charleston shall levy and collect,
when the first instalmeut of the City Tax is paid, in addition to the one mill
tax now provided by law, an additional tax of one-half of one mill, to be
accounted for and paid over by said City Treasurer, as the said one mill tax
is now accounted for and paid, but the proceeds of one-half of said tax of onehalf
of one mill, shall be used exclusivelytowards the construction of the new
school house to be erected on St. Philip street in said city; and the proceeds
of the remaining half of said tax of one-half of one miU shall be used for the
current expenses of said school. That the stun of five hundred dollars of the
public school fund, apportioned to the support of the public schools in the
City of Charleston, shall be used in aid of the Art School in the City of
Charleston, in consideration that the principal of such school shall give to the
pupils of the City Public Schools, such instruction in art as the Board of
Commissioners of the Public Schools Of the City of Charleston may require.
AN ACT TO AMEND AN ACT ENTITLED "AN ACT RE-
LATING TO THE H_GI_ SCIIOOL OF CHARLESTON."--
APPROVED DECEMBER [9TH, A. D. I887.
SECTrOX 1. Be it enacted by the Senc#e aacl House of Representativea of the
State of Sguth Carolina, now me/. a_d sitting i_ Ge_eral Assembly, and by
the authority of the same, That the Second Section of an Act entitled "An
Act relating to the High School of Charleston," approved 17th December.
1881, be amended so as to read as follows:
SECTIOX 2. The Trustees of the Itigh School of Charleston shM1 consist of
the Mayor of Charleston for the time being, ex-oflicio, two Aldermen of the
said city to be elected by the City Council as soon after the general municipal
election as may be practicable, to hold office for the term of the City Council
.o

Ordluazces and Amendments of City Council. 319
from which they may be elected; and if the said Aldermen, or either of them,
shall from any cause during such term, cease to be Aldermen, his or their place
on said Board shall become vacant, and the City Council shall, as soon,as practicable
thereafter, fill such vacancy with some other Alderman or Aldermen
for the unexpired term. Besides these, the Board shall consist of the other
persons now members thereof, not sitting as Mayor or as Aldermen ex-officio.
That whenever a vacancy shall occur from any cause in this class of Trustees,
such vacancy shall not be*filled until the number of the Board, including the
Mayor and the two Aldermen, is reduced to nine, of which nmnber it shall
remaim Thenceforward and after such reduction, any vacancy occurring in
the Board from any cause shall, from time to time, and at all times, be filled
by the Board in such mode as they may decm best: P_'ovided, That this provision
shall not apply to the Mayor and Aldermen sitting on such Board e:vo2_,cio
: And provided, also, That if the Board refuse or neglect or be unable
to fill any )'aeaney within three months after it shrill have been _reported to
the Board, it shall, and may be lawful for the City Council to fill the same.
SECTIOX2. All Acts and parts of Acts repugnant to or inconsistent with
this Act are repealed.
SECTIO,_ 3. This Act shall go into effect on its approval.
ORDINANCES AND AMENDMENTS OF CITY COUNCIL--1SST.
AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND SECTION 417 OF THE
GENARAL ORDINANCES OF THE CITY I_ELATING TO
WOODEN BUILDINGS.
Be it ordained by the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Charleston, in
City Council assembled, That Section 417 of the General Ordinances of the
city be, and the same is hereby, amended by striking out in said Section the
words: " All lots abutting on the west side of King street from South Bay
to Calhoun Street, and all rear lots the entrances to which are on the said
west side of King street, and all that territory lying on the east side of King
street and north of South Bay street, and extending northerly as far as Soci-
ety street and to Cooper River on the east, excepting such made marsh, mud
and water lots as may be located north of Market street and east of East Bay
street; also all that territory lying east of King street, running northerly to
Calhoun street, commencing at Society street and easterly to Anson street;
all lots abutting on the north side of Society street from Anson street, running
east to Cooper River, including all rear lots with entrances on said Society
streel," and inserting in lieu thereof the words: "All lots abutting on the
east and west sides of Meeting and King street.s froin Queen street to Calhoun
street, and all rear lots the entrances to which are on said parts of Meeting
and King streets; all lots abutting on the east and west sides of East Bay and
street from Stoll's alley to Society street, and all rear lots the entrances to
which are on said parts of East Bay street, and all that territory lying to the
cast of East Bay street from Stoll's alley to Society street, excepting such

320 Ordinances and Amendments of City Council.
made marsh, mud or water lots as may be located north of 31arket street and
east of East Bay street; all lots on the north and south sides of Broad street
from East Bay street to King street, and all rear lots the entrances to which
ate on said parts of Broad street: Provided, that i1o tenement building shall
be erected on any lot in the City of Charleston without the consent of the City
Council of Charleston.
Ratified February 8th, 1887.
AN ORDINANCE TO Fix THE BOUNDARIES AND TO
DESIGNATE DISTINCTLY CERTAIN PUBLIC GROUNDS
IN WRAGGBORO.
WHEREAS, certain public grounds in the northeastern section of the city
known as Wraggboro are not as well described and designated as should be,
and as these pleasure grounds have been given for the comfort and convenience
of the people of Charleston by the late Mr. Samuel Wragg, and should
be forever preserved in his name and for the nEe of the people of this city:
.Be it ordained by the .Mayor and Aldermen of Charleston, in City Council
assembled, That the pleasure grounds in Ward 10, bounded by Meeting street
on the west, Wragg street on the north, Elizabeth street on the east, and Ann
street on the south, shall be known as "Wragg Mall."
That the pleasure grounds in Ward 7, bounded by Meeting street on the
west, a court on the north between Meeting street and the property of the
Second Presbyterian Church, on tile east 'by the said church property, and
on the south by Charlotte street, shall be known as "Wragg Square."
That with the view of so designating the said court east of Meeting street
and north of said " Wragg Square" as will avoid confusion of names between
Wragg street, north of Wragg Mall and Wragg Square, and so grant the
memorial of the residents of said court who have complained of inconvenience
on account of similarity of names, said court shall be known hereafter as
"Ashmead Place." That the Mayor caused to be placed at the Meeting street
entrance of "Wragg Mall" and " Wragg Square" a designation in stone or
iron with the name of each of these pleasure grounds displayed thereon, and
that he also designate the entrance to the said "Ashmead Place" in some
permanent manner.
Ratified April 5th, 1887.
AN ORDINANCE TO REPEAL SECTION 303 OF THE
GENERAL ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF CHARLESTON.
Be it ordained by the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Charleston, in
City Council assembled, That Section 303 of the General Ordinances of the
City of Charleston be, and the same is hereby, repealed.
Ratified April lith, 1887.

Ordinances and Amendments o City Council. 3_1
AN ORDINANCE TO REPEAL SECTION 213 OF THE
REVISED ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF CHARLES-
TON.
SECTION 1. Be it ordained by the 3[ayor and Aldelm_en of Chctrleston, i_,
City Council assembled, That Section 213 of the Revised Ordinances of the
City of Charleston be, at_d the same is hereby, repealed.
SEC. 2. That thc Board of Health shall elect "_nnually, in January, a Clerk
to the City Registrar, who shall hold his office for one year, and who shall
perform such duties as may be required of him by the Board of Health.
Ratified December 31, 1887.
AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND CHAPTER IX OF THE
GENERAL ORDINANCES OF THE CITY, ENTIFLED PO-
LICE DEPARTMENT.
Be it ordained by the .Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Charleston, in
Gily _ouneil assembled, That Sections 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289 and 290 of Chapter I'X of the General Ordinances of the City of
Charleston, and all Ordinances alnendatory thereof, entitled Police Department,
be, and the same are hereby, repealed.
That in lieu of the said Sections, the following be inserted, to wit:
SECTION279. The police force of the City of Charleston shall be composed
as follows: A captain or chief of police, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant,
one third lieutenant, two orderly sergeants, four duty sergeants, eighty
privates or regular policemen, one chief and three detectives, if so many be
necessary, two doorkeepers, two drivers, if so many be necessary, and two
daymen.
SECTIO_ 280. The salaries and pay of the police force shall be as follows:
To the eaptainl $1,500 per annum; to the 1st lieutenant, $1,200 per annum;
to the 2d and 3d lieutenants, each $1,080 per annum ; to the orderly sergeants,
each $720 per annum; to the duty sergeants, each $660 per annum; to the
privates, each $600 per annum; to the chief detective, $1,080 per annum;
to the assistant detectives, each $660 per annum; to the doorkeepers, each
480 per annum; to the drivers, each $360 per annum; to the daymen, each
$860 per annum.
The salaries and pay aforesaid shall be paid by the City Treasurer semimonthly
to each person entitled thereto, subject to such deductions as shall
4I

322 Ordinances and Amrndments af Cit/ Council.
be made to satisfy fines imposed on any member of the POlice force by way of
discipline or punishment.
That in addition to the salaries hereinbefore prescribed for the chief of police
and the three lieutenants, there shall be paid to each of them the sum of
$125 per annum for the feed and keep of a horse.
That, in case of need, the Mayor be authorized to appoint a special detective
for service connected with the treasury department.
SECTION281. The Mayor shall on the second Tuesdayiu January, 1888,and
on the same day in every year thereafter, nominate the chief and lieutenants
of the police force, including the chief of detectives, who shall be confirmed
by Council.
SECTION282. All appointments on or discharge from the police force of the
non-commissioned officers or privates shall be made by the chief of police,
subject to the approval of the Mayor, and the Mayor and chief shall make all
the rules and regulations for the government of the police force, subject to
the approval, alteration and revision of the City Council.
SECTION283. The commissioned officers shall hold their offices for the term
of one year from the date of their appointment. They may be suspended by
the Mayor for cause, which suspension shall be forthwith reported to City
Council and be subject to their action. For disobedience, misconduct or violation
of the rules of the police force, commissioned officers shall be tried by
the City Council, and be subject to be removed or receive such other punishment
as may be fixed by a majority of the City Council present at such trial.
SECTION284. Before entering upon the duties of their offices, the chief of
police shall give bond in the sum of two thousand dollars, and the lieutenants,
each, in the sum of one thousand dollars, with sufficient securities, to
be approved by the City Council, for the faithful performance of the duties
of their respective offices.....
SECTION28_. The Mayor may, upon any emergency or apprehension of mob,
tumult or riot, appoint as many special policemen as he may deem necessary;
such special policemen shall be paid not more than two dollars per day for
their services while actually employed.
SECTION286. Any individual, firm or corporation needing special policemen
may, upon application to the Mayor, have proper persons appointed;
such special policemen and the policemen so appointed shall be subject to the
orders of the chief of police, and shall obey the rules and regulations for the
government of the police force, and conform to its general discipline and such
special regulations as shall be made, and shall wear such badge as may be
prescribed, and shall during such appointment possess all the powers of a
regular policeman, but shall receive no pay whatever from the city. The
person so appointed may be removed at any time by the ])fayor.

Ordinances and Amendments of City Council. 323
SEc'rIox 287. No officer or private of the police force shall be entitled to
any portion of the fines imposed for the violation of City Ordinances, but the
whole thereof, together with the fines imposed upon the members of the force
and all deductions for lost time, shall be paid to the City Treasurer.
SECTIO_288. The present commissioned officers of the police force shall
hold their offices until an appointment shall be made, as provided in this Ordinance.
SECTmN289. The chief of police shall make on or before the first day of
January, April, July and October in each year, a report to the City Council
of Charleston of the condition of the police force, and the amount of expenditures
of the same.
Ratified December 31st, 1887.

APPENDIX.
I. t_ULES O]_' THE _IOUNT SION SOCIETY, ESTABLISHED AT CHARLESTON,
IN SOUTH CAROLINA, JANUARY 29Trt, 1777: AND INCORPORATED BY AN
ACT OF THE GENERAL _tSSE3IBLY OF THE SAID STATE FEBRUARY ]3TH,
]777° TO WHICH IS PREFIXED THE ACT FOR ITS INCORPORA'rION.
[This Society was founded to establish and support a Public School
in the district of Camden, for the * education and instruction of youth,
&c. It is interesting not only as showing the public interest in
this city for free schools, but valuable as giving the names of over
four hundred residents of that date, largely, citizens of Charleston.]
II. SKETCtt OF THE METHODIST CHURCH IN CHARLESTON--Introduction--
The Wesleys in Charleston--Methodism planted in Charleston--
Charleston Circuit Formed--The First Church, Cum_,erland--Opposition
and Persecution--Trinity, its Founder and Origin--The Third
Church, Bethel--The Fourth Church, St. James--The. Period of Great-
est Persecution--Trouble at Trinity--Suit and Siege for the Church--
Uniting with the M. E. Church--Parsonages--Yellow Fever Visitations-Colored
Secession--The Christian Advocate--A Large Seces-
sion-An Unsuccessful Enterprise--Cumberland and Trinity Burned
--Rebuilt--Separation into Charges--Old Plan of Working Together--
American Methodism is Divided--New Bethel--First Foreign Mission-
aries--Spring Street Church--Desolation of War--The Churches
during War--The Churches in Alien Itands--Orders from the War
Department--The Colored Members Leave--Reconstruction, Trinity
and Cumberland Unite--Sale of Site of Cmnberland--Trinity Repaired--New
Cuniberland Built--Cyclone and Earthquake--The
Temples Renewed--A Century's Progress--Mural Tablets of Bishop
Wightman, and of Rev. Jacob Nipper--Preachers in-charge.
lII. A BmoRxP_tcAr_ SKETCH oF JOEL ROBERTS PoINsE'tT--Describing his
Early Education; the Many Arduous Journeys he Performed; his Experiences
while in Chile, and during a Visit to )Iexico to Inquire into
the Status of the Emperor Iturbide; his Development of the Internal
Improvements in South Carolina'; his Election tb Congress; his Return
to _Iexico as Minister and Certain Stirring Events Happening while
there; the Part he took in South Carolina during the Nullification
Agitation; his Enlightened Administration of the War Department,
sending Young Officers to Europe to Observe New Methods and Improvements
in Arms ; his Increasing the Efficiency of the Field Artillery
of the Uifitcd States Army ; his Views on African Slavery at the South ;
his Cultivated and Versatile mind, as well as some of his Observations
on the Policy of Life; the Result of his Opportunities for Studying
Human Nature; with Two Important Letters bearing upon Nnllifie_tion.

The Mount Siolt Society. 327
THE MOUNT SION SOCIETY, 1777.
SOUTH-CAROLINA.
THE ACT OF INCORPORATION.
At a GENERAL ASSEMBLY, begun and holden at Charleftown,
on Friday the Sixth Day of December, in the Year of our
Lord One Thoufand Seven Hundred and Seventy-Six, and
from thence continued, by divers Adjournments, to the
Thirteenth Day of February, in the Year of our Lord One
Thoufand Seven Hundred and Seventy-Seven.
AN ACT FOR INCORPORATING A SOCIETY, COMMONLY
CALLED THE MOUNT SION SOCIETY.
[]EREAS, feveral of the Inhabitants of this Slate have
affociated themselves together, under the Name of the
MOUNT SION SOCIETY, for the Purpofe of found{'ng', endowing,
and fupportinKa Pztbh'c Sc/too! in the Dzftriet of Camden,
for the Education and [nflruction of Youth, and have made
humble Application to the General Affembly of this State, to
be bworporated as a Body Politic, and to be inveftat with fuch
Power and Authorities as may be moft conducive to anfwer
and further the good Intentions of the faid Affociat'on ."
_¢ it _tllt¢tetl by his Excellency JOHN RUTLEDGE, Efquire,
Prefident and Commancler in Chief in and over the State of
South-Carolina, by the Honourable the Legiflative Council and
General Affembly of the laid State, and by the authority of
the fame, that John Wynn, Efquire, the Pref, dent of the fazd

3_8 Appendix to _'ar Book.
Society, and Robert Ellifon and William Strother, Efquires,
the Prefent Wardens, aud the feveral Perfans who now are,
or f/tall hereafter be, _embers of that Society, in this State,
commonly called the Mount Sion Society, and by that Name
f/tall have perpetual Succeffiou of Offcers and 3/[embers, and
a Common Seql, with PJwer to change, alter, break, and make
new the same, as often as they fhalljudge expedient, and they
and their Suceffors fha/1 be able and capable in Lazo, to putchafe,
have, hold, receive, enjoy, poJUefs , and retain to them
aJtd their Succeffors, in Perpetuity, or for any Term of Years,
an;, Eftate or Eftates, real and perfonal, Meffuages, Lands,
Tenements, or Hereditamenls, of what Kind or Nature focver,
not exceeding in the whole Three Thoufand Dollars Per Annum,
and to fell, aken, exchange, de_lzife, or leafe the fame,
or any Part thereof, as they F/tall think proper, and by the
fame Name to rue and be fued, i_nplead and be imtJlcaded ,
anfwer and be anfwered unto, in any Court ofLaw or Equity
in this State ." and to make Juch Redes and Bye-Laws, not repugnant
and conirary to the Laws of the Land, for the Benefit
and Advantage of the faid Corporation, and for the Order,
R2tle and good Goverument and _anagement of the fold School,
and for the _[afters, Teachers, and Scholars thereof, as fhall
befrom Tilnc to Tt)ne agreed to by the 3_rad'ority oF the Y[emhers
of the laid Society.
_lfl be it fltrthet' q_,lla_tetlby the A ut-/zorily aforefaid, That z?
fhall and may be lawful for the Corporatiou hereby erected,
to take aud hold to them and their Suceeffors for ever, arty
charitable Donations or Devifes of Lands and Perfona[
Eflare, not cxceeding in the whole the above mentioned Szcm of
Three Thoufand Dollars per Annum, and to appropriate the
fame to the endowing and fuppartbg" the laid School, and ta
the Maintenance and Education of" fuch poor and helplefs
Orphans, and indigent Children as the, fhall judge proper
Objects of the Charily hereby intended; And to appoint and
choofe, and at their Pleafure to difplace, remove, and fupply
fuc/z Officers, SchooL3/[afters, Teachers, and Servants, and
other Perfans to be employed for the above purl)ofes , or other

The Mount Sion Society. 329
Affairs of the faid Society, and to appoint fuc/z Sah_ries, Perquifites,
or other Rewards for their Labour or S rvice therein,
as the fold Soctety fhall from Time to Time approve of and
thznk fit.
_tttt be it farther _lla_telI by the Authority afore fold, That
this Act fha/l and may be given in Evidence on the Trial of
any If rue or Caufe, tnane Court of Law or Equity without
fpecial Pleacltng.
JOt-_N MATTttEWS, Speaker HUGI-I RUTLEDGE, Speaker
of the General Affembly. of the Legiflative Council.
[n the Council C/tamber, the &tit Day of February, z777.
4 2
JOHN RUTLEDGE.

33° Appendix to Year Book.
PREAMBLE.
ISAIAH, Chap. LX, ver. I, and Chap. LXI, ver. 3.
Afire, rhine, for ray Light is come, and the Glory of the
LORD is rifen upon t,_ee, -- to appoint unto them that
mourn zn Sion, to give unto them Beauty for Afhes; the
Oil of Joy for Mournin_; the Garment. of Praife, for the
Spirit of Heaviuefs ; that they miffht be called the Trees of
R_f, hteoufnefs, the Plant#tg of the LORD, that he might be
zlor_fea:
HEN we cart our eyes around, and behold a riling
generation, the greateft part thereof muft live in
ignorance, oll account of there being no place of inftruction
near them, where they can be properly educated: Alfo,
when we behold the orphan left forlorn, and the children of
indigent parents, growing up more like a race of ravages
than Chriftians, becoming thereby ufelefs to their couutry,
to fociety, and themfelges ; we cannot help being fenfible of
thole tender feelings which the Divine Being hath impreffed
on our natures, as a fpur to prompt us to lend a helping
hand to fuccour and affift the deftitute.
If men will look into their own bofoms, and confider the
generous feeds which are there planted, that might, if rightly
cultivated, ennoble their lives, and make their virtue venerable
to futurity, furely they cannot, without tears, reflect on
the many fine geniufes, in the remote parts of this State,
who are entirely buried in oblivion, throuRh lack of education.
Our country calls, nay the voice of reafon cries aloud to
us, to promote knowledge as the firmeft cement of a Irate ;

The Mount Sion Society. 33I
and confcience infifls, that it is our indifpenfible duty to
inftruct the ignorant in the Principles of Chriffianity: The
more efficacioufly to do which,
WE whofe name_are annexed hereunto, have chearfully
entered into a Society, at Ctl_rleflow% in South-Carolina,
th. = Ninth D. W of January, Anno Doinini One
Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy-Seven, and have
agreed to the following Rules and Regulations for the
good government of the fame :
RULES OF THE MOUNT SION SOCIETY.
ARTICLE I. _ HIS Society fhall be known by the Name
± of THE MOUNT SION SOCIETY,
and fhall confiff of an unlimited number of Metnber_, not
ceafe to be while there remain Five.
II. This Society fhall have four General Meetings in the
year, to wit, on the laft Friday in every February, which
fhall be the Society's Anniverf, try; and on the laff Friday
in May, Auguff and November, which fhall be termed
Quarterly Meetings: There fhall be alfo Weekly Meetings,
on every Friday throughout the year; which fhall be held
from the Iaff Friday in February, to the ]afc Friday in Auguff,
from Seven o'clock in the Evening till Ten: and from
the laft Friday in Auguff to the laft Friday in February,
from Si_x o'clock in the Evening till Nine.
III. At every Anniverfary Meeting the Members met,
fhall, by a majority of votes, elect by ballot, a Prefident,
Senior and Junior Wardens, Treafurer, and Secretary, for
theenfuingyear: Whoever fhall be fo elected, and refufes
to act, he or they fo refufing, or not ferving the full term of
one year, fhall forfeit the rum of fourteen fdtilli_lffs fterling,
each. And in cafeof the death, refignation, retufaltoferve,
or removal from the State, of any officer within the year,
another perfon fhall be chofen for the remaining part of the

332 Appendix to Year Book.
year, who fhall be liable to tile fame forfeiture, on not ferving,
or refufiug to ferve the full term for which he was
elected.
IV. At the Anniverfary and Quarterly Meetings, two
Stewards f,hall be ch,ffen, who fhall attend ever), Meeting
of the Society, and whofe bufinefs fhall be to order a certain
quantity of liquor for each refpective Meeting; and to do
any otherbulinefs relating t6 the Society, which may be
required of them by the Prefident, for the time being.
Their time in office fhall be only three mouths, and fine for
not ferving, fixfhillings fterling.
V. That every officer may attend duly to the duties ot"
the Society, the following fines fhall be paid byabfentees,
viz. The Prefident, two dollars, the Senior Warden, fe¢pen
flzillings fterling, the Junior Warden, fix fhilliag_s fte_iing,
the Treafurer, one dollar, Secretary, three fhilhnEs and fix
pe_,ce fterling, the Stewards, three f/ailll,tgs fterhng each;
unlcfs the abfentee makes fuch excufe at the next Meeting,
asfhall be fatiffactory to a majority of the Members then
prefent.
VI. The Society fhall not be confidered as orened, until
the minutes of the preceding meeting are read--Nor ch,fed,
till after the reading of the minutesof the then prefent evening.
VII. The Prel ident, affifted by the Wardens, fhall preferve
due order and decorum; and at the requeft of the
other Governors, and with the affent of the Society, fhall
iffue orders on the Treafurer for monies; fhall declare elec-
tiCms, appoint committees, and caufe a peaceable and inoffenfive
behaviour to be obferved by all the Members at their
refpective Meetings; and when he gives the fignal for attention,
every Member muft obferve it, and take his feat, under
the penalty of three f/zillings fterling.--He fhall quafh all
difputes refpecting State matters or Religion: Any pmfon
who perfifts in a debate of that kind, or behaves indecently,

The Mount Sian Society. 333
after being admonifhed by him, fhall be fubject to any fine
the Society fhall inflict, not exceeding fourteen pounds fterling:
if any perfon after he fhallbe thus fentenced to be
fined, continues to difturb the peace and harmony of the
Meeting, on that or any other account, the Prefident fhall
command him to quit the Room, and on his refufing to com.
ply therewith, and not making a proper conceffion for his
offenfive behaviour, at the next fucceeding Meeting, he fhall
be expelled the Society.
The Prefident fhall alfo, at tile requeft of a majority of
the Members prefent, at any regular Meeting, fue for any
monies that fhail be due the Society : and execute all other
matters and things which fhall be thought by the Society to
appertain to his office.
VIII. Tile Senior Warden fhall officiate in the President's
abfence, and the Junior Warden in the abfence of the Prefident
and Senior Warden. But in cafe the Prefident and
both the Wardens fhould be abfent, the Members prefent
may proceed to ballot for temporary officers, who as foon as
elected, fhall have power to tranfact bufinefs for that night,
provided thirteen Members are prefent ; without which number
no meeting fhall be confidered perfect, or capable of
doing bufinels.
IX. Any perfon elected into the office of Prefident, Senior
or Junior Warden, Treafurer, or Secretary, and having punctually,
regularly and faithfully ferved the time appointed by
thefe rules and regulations, fhall not be liable (unlefs with
his own confent) to ferve in the fame or any inferior office
the fucceeding year.
X. Once in three years, there fhall be alfo chofen, by
ballot, by a majority of Members prefent, at an Anniversary
Meeting, Thirteen Governors or Directors, from the Society
at large ; Seven of whom fhall refide in the country, and the
other fix fhall be inhabitants of Charlefton ; who fhall have
the entire direction and management of the buildings, the
43

334 Appendix to Year Book.
appointment of Houfe-keepers and other neceffary attendants;
together with the power of fixing their refpective
falaries, and drawing on the Treafurer for monies, with the
corJfent of the Society.
They fhall likewife have authority to agree with the
parents or gt_ardians of children, who fhall be lent to the
fchool as boarders or fcholars, and not on the charity. All
monies refulting therefrom muft be paid by them into the
hands of the Treafurer, for the ufe of the General Fund.
Any perfon chofen a Governor or Director, who fhall refufe
to ferve, fhall forfeit tkree pounds fterling.--The appointment
fhall be for three years.
XI. At_y perfon defirous of becoming a Member of this
Society, muft apply by letter, directed to the Prefident,
Warden and Members, which application the Secretary
fhall enter on the minutes, and it fhall lie over until the
next meeting (unlefs from a perfon refiding in the country,
who may be balloted for immediately) and if tw0-thirds of
the Members prefent are for the candidate, he fhall be admitted,
on paying into the hands of the Treafurer onepound
feventeen f/zillings and four pence fterling; but if rejected,
he fhall not be eligible to be balloted for again, until the full
end and term of one year.
XII. The Secretary Jhall from time to time provide books
at the Society's charge; in one of which he fhall enter all
the rules, that now or hereafter may be agreed upon, together
with the names of the members, and the times of
their admission. He fhall likewife keep regular minutes of
the tranfactions at each Meeting, with the names of the
Members prefent; as alfo, a fair and regular account of
entrance money, fines, forfeitures, donations, receipts and
difburfements of every kind whatfoever ; likewife, a file of
all letters and copies of letters.--Every other article and expence
(betides books) which the Society fhall think ufeful
or neceffary, fhall be ['aid out of the General Fund.

T]w Maunt Sian Satiety. 335
XIII. The Treafurer fhall alfo provide a proper book, in
which he fhall enter all monies received or difbursed ; and
keep a true Rate of the fund of the Society, He likewise,
as loon as elected, fhall give bond with fecurity to the
Society, for double the rum or value of the monies, bonds
and other fecurities then delivered into his hands; with
condition to be accountable for, and deliver the fame,
together with all other monies or effects belonging to the
Society, that may come into his h_nds during his Treasur-
fhip _fire and other inevitable accidents excepted) to the
next fucceeding Treafurer, or to the order of the Governors
and the Society, when required by a majority of the Members
at a regular Meeting; which bond fhall be kept by the
_refident, after bein_ recorded in the Secretary's office.
All bonds and other fecurities for money, fhall be taken
in the name 9 f, and made payable to, THE MOUNT SION
SOCIETY. No monies belonging to this Society fhall be
let out at intereft by the Treafurer, but with the confent of
the Prefident, Senior and Junior Wardens and Secretary:
And no member of this Society fhall be permitted to borrow
any money belonging to the Society, or be fecurity for
any other borrower of the fame.
XlV. Every Member who fhall be appointed on any committee,
and neglects to attend at the tim_ and place appointed
for the meeting thereof, and at the time and place
to which the laid committee m_y be adjourned, fuch Member
or Members, fo neglecting to attend, fhall pay a fine of
two dallars, unlefs he or they fhall make a satisfactory
excufe to the Society.
XV. In order to increafe the fund of this Society, every
Member fhall pay the rum offlvef]dllings sterling on every
Anniverfary and Quarterly MeetingIAny perfon neglecting
to contribute such annual and quarterly rums for the
fpace of one year, the Secretary fhall publicly read his name
with the rum due by him, the next regular meeting after

336 Appendix" Io Year Book.
the year is expired, and if the same is not paid to the
Treasurer, before the next regular Meeting, he shall be excluded.--But
it is provided, that any perfon who has been
fo excluded, and shall again incline to become a Member,
upon being ballotted for, and if admitted, fhall, on paying
into the hands,of the Treafurer, all the ordinary" rums which
fhall remain due at the time of his exclusion, and until his
application for re-admiffion, be then entitled to the fame
benefit which he otherwife would have enjoyed before his
breach of this rule.
XVI. All fines and forfeitures of what kind foever, ar;fing
by virtue of the rules and orders of this Society, as aIfo all
gifts and legacies by any of the Members, er any other perfon;
and all monies accruing to the fociety in any other
way whatever, fhall be appropriated to the general fund.--
Likewife the names of benefactors fhall be inferted in a
book provided for that purpose; and proper letters of
thanks fhall be drawn up by the Secretary for any donations
received, to be approved of by the Society.
XVII. All fchoolmafters and teachers are to be appointed
by the Society at large, and are not to be difcharRed on any
account, or for any caufe, before complaint fhall be made,
heard, and adjudged to be important and well founded, by
the Society, at rome Annual or Quarterly Meeting--No
perfon fhall be eligible to be a Tutor in this Society's
School, unless he be of Proteftant Religion.
XVIII. The Anniverfary and Quarterly Meetings fhall be
the only time for the admittance of children on the Charity,
into the School; which after the Governors have given fix
weeks public notice in the Gazettes of this State, informing
what number their fund is able or can afford to provide for,
fhall be performed in the following manner, viz. The
children of such indigent Members of this Society, as have
been Members for the fpace of five years fhall have the
preference--The poor orphan fhall be next noticed; then

The Mount. Sion Society. 332
the child of an indigent widow or widower; and lastly, the
children of such poor parents as the Society fhaU deem
worthy of their bounty.
If the parents of the children are able to find cloaths for
them, then the Society will find them in board and education;
or if the parents of fuch children live near the fchool,
and are able to board them themselves, then the Society
will find them in cloaths and education. But if the
children be orphans, or their parents in very indigent circumftances,
the Society will then .find them in cloaths,
boarding and education, until they are of a proper age to be
put to fome trade 9r. profeffion.--No child whatever fhall
be admitted who is not above the age of five years.
The names of all children who are candidates for admif-
fion, are to be made known to the Society three weeks
before the Anniversary;and the Governors fhall make
ftrict enquiry whether they are proper objects of charity
or not, and report accordingly. Such of the children
as the Society, on the confideration of the report,
fhall adjudge to be proper objects, fhall be admitted on the
charity. But notwithftanding fuch admiffion, if the Society
fhall afterwards find they were deceived, they fhall make
such order on the matter as to them fhall appear juft.
XIX. If any Member fhould die in fuch low circumfrances,
that he cannot out of his eftate or effects be decently
interred, the Prefident and Wardens fhall have power
to order all things nec6ffary for his funeral, and the expence
fhall be paid out of the fund of the Society. In cafe of the
death of any Member in town, the reft of the Members, if
regularly invited by the person appointed to invite them
fhaU attend the funeral on the forfeiture of one fhilling
fterling each unlefs a fufficient excufe is made at the next
Meeting; and the Secretary if called upon, fhall furnifh a
lift of the Members to the perfon authorized by the friends
of the deceafed to invite.
44

338 A_enclix to Year goo_.
XX. The expence of the Society, at each of their refpective
Meetings, f hail be defrayed by the Town Members •
whether prefent or absent in an equal proportion ; which
fhall not exceed the rum of o_e daZZler per Member, at each
Annual and Quarterly Meeting, exclufive of fo_fr pence
Rerlingat e_ch of the Weekly ones throughout the year.
The Country Members are to pay the fame ratio alfo, whenever
they attend any of the the laid Meetings.--The President
and Wardens fhall have power to order, or agree for
the entertainment of the Society, at each Anniverfary and
Quarterly Day, not exceeding the aforefaid rums. Any
Member giving one week's notice'to the Secretary, of his
intention of not attending, fhall be excufed his fine on the
Quarterly Meetings.
XXI. None of the foregoing Rules fhall be repealed, nor
any new ones made until the fame has been propofed and
delivered in writing, and undergone three feparate readings,
at three diftinct Meetings, one of which muft be a General
Meeting, at each of which Meetings, it muft have met
with the approbation of a majority of the Members then
prefent. All questions in this Soc;ety fhall be determined
by a majority of hands; or by ballot, if any two Members
require it, and if the votes are equal, the Prefident fhall have
the caring vote.
XXII. That no Member be _'ermitted to fpeak more than
twice to one fubject, unless with the confent of a majority
to explain himfelf, if at any time doubts fhould arife concerning
the meaning of either of thefe Rules, the faa_e fhall
be adjured and determined by a majority of the Members
prefent at any General Meeting of the Society.
XXIII. Committees (if thought necessary) f hall, on application,
be permitted to be formed by any five gentlemen,
Members of the Society, who refide in the Country. The
bufinefs of laid Committees, which are to be titled from
their local fituations, fhall be, to admit Members into the

Tke Mount Sio_ Society. 339
Society, and receive fuch donations, gifts, or legacies, as
fhall from time to time be beftowed or bequeathed to this
Society : likewise to collect all annual and quarterly contributions
which fhall bec(,me due from the Members refiding
in or about their refpective neighbourhoods, and to do all
other bufiness that fhall be required of them by the.,
Society. They ard aifo to make proper returns to the
Society, at the Annual and Quarterly Meetings, of their proceedings;
the names of Members, with the times of their
admiffion, and the sums they have received, fo that they
may be regularly entered upon the books of the Society.
Whoever are appointed officers and refufe to ferve, fhall pay
a fine offourlccnf/zillbzgs fterling, and the Committee fhall
appoint others, who in like cafe lie under the fame penalty.
XXIV. The Chairmen of County Committees fhall be appointed
annually, and fhall have power to make bye-laws for
their own government, but no power to alter or amend thefe
Rules, or to difpofe of any monies they may receive for the
fund, without first obtaining leave from the Society, unless
in cafe of the death of a Member in indigent circumftances;
then the Chairman and Members prefent, fhall have full
power and authority to act agreeably to Rule the nineteenth:
And thefe Rules fhall be binding and in force with
all Committees.

340 Appendix to Year Book.
A LIST of the MEMBERS of the MOUNT SION SO-
CIETY, commencing January 9, I777.
Adams, Francis. Jan. 9. 1777 Belin, Allard.
• Austen, Rob.
d Armstrong,
A
_ohn.
Feb.
June
11.
6,
I
Blake,
Bay, John,
John,
Bayly, Buyk, Peter, Augustinus.
April
June
July Aug.
16,
25,
'50, 27,
_4
Allston,
Arthur,
John,
William.
Nov. 27, I Bourke. Thomas, Sept. 8.
Atwe]i, Ichabod, Ap. 10, 78 i Baker, James,
Adams, Samuel, Oct. 9,
Adair. William, Dec. 18, C
Alexander, Alex. May 7, 79 d Callaghan, John. Feb. 17, 1777
Abrahams, Ema. Feb. 25, 80 Crawford, Hugh, Feb. 27,
d Clapperton AI. Mar. 14,
Courley, Robert. Feb. 6, 78
B Coile, James, Mar. 27,
d Buel_anan, Robt. Jim. .q, 1777 Cumine, John, April 3,
Buchanan, John. Jan. 11, Clarke, Sampson, April 17,.
Brown, Joseph, • ,Jan. 19, Carson, Archibald. Oct. 16.
Brown, Win., Sen. Jan. 30, Cudworth, Benja. Jan. 1, 79
Brickin, James, Feb. 17, Cobia, Francis. Jan. 8,
d Boden, Nicholas. Feb. 17, Chahners, Gilbert,
Boyd, William, April 1, Colhoun, J. Ewing, Jan. :_'2,
Brown, James. Nov. 27, Conyers, Clement. Mar. 26,
Beard, Jonas, d Chappelle, John. April 16,
Boyse, Alexander, May ltJ, Carter. George, April 28,
Barnes James, June 21, Conyers, Peter. July 9,
Brenmr, Francis, Feb. 13. 7S Childs, Nathav, ,July 16,
Baker, Jesse. Feb. 13, Carmichael, James, July 30,
Baker, Francis, May 8, Cox, John, Aug. 27,
Baker, Benjamin, May 28. Cannon, Daniel, Jan. 14, 80
Breed, T, David, May 29. Clancey, William. Jan. 21,
Browu, Richard. Aug. 14. Caldwell, John, Feb. 4,
Bruce, Robert, Sept. 24. Clarendon, Smith Mar. 21, 83
d Bower, William, Oct. 16, Cudworth, Nathl. Aug. 1,
Boehonncau, Cha. Oct. 13, Car_, J:ohn, Sept. 5,
Blaekloek, Win. Oct. 28, Cruger, David. Jau. 30, 84
Burr, William, Nov. 18, Cook, James, April 94.
Brown, William, Jan. !22, 79 Craig, James,
d Benson, William. Feb. 12, Coram, l_raneis, Mar. 5,
Bradwell. Isaac, I?eb. 19, Campbell, Edwd. Oct. 8,
Buckmaster, Rd. 5{ar. 12, Campbell, Laur. Oct. 15.
Brower, Jerm. Mar. 26, Campbell, Arehd.
Bennett, John. AJ_ril 16,
Bryan, John, _uay 2S, D
Bury, John. Jmle 25,
d Bell, Daniel,
Baddeley, Jolm.
July
Aug.
_81
13, '
Denny, William,
d Doggett, Richard.
Feb. 13, (i, 1777 78
Bentham, James. Jam 21, 80 Darbv, William. " Mar. 6,
Burger, David. Dene1", George, _Iar. 13,
Boequet, Peter. Dommvan, J., Jun.. June 1B,
Bommer, Jacob. Feb. 4. Davis William, Oct. 8,
Baker, Thonms, May 2:]. 88 Davie, William, Dec. 25,
Burke, Aedam_s. March 5, 84 l)ownes, William, May 21, 79
Bull, William. March 19, Davtdson, John, Aug. 13,
Bull, John, April 9. Darrington, Tho. Dec. 10,

The Mount Sian Sadety. 34t
Doughty, Will. Jan. 21, 80 George, James, Aug. 27, 84
Dewees, Will. Jan. B0, 84 Gordon, James, Sept.. 17,
Denoon, David. Oct. 15, Green, Thomas, Sen.
Green, Thomas, Jun.
Goodwin, Francis,
E
Ellison, Robert, Jan. 9, 1779
Ellis, Richard, Feb. 27, H
Elffe, William. Nov. 26,
Eastlake, Sam. Oct. " 29• Ham. Richard. Jan. 21, 1777
Elliot, Thomas. Nov. 26, Hill,'William, l_eb. 6,
Estes, Richard: Dec. 311 Hamilton, John, Feb. 17,
Elliot, Joseph, Feb. 11. 80 Hufferman, Win. Sept• 5,
Hart, James, April 1,
Ellison, John, Hunter, Henry,
Ellison, William,
Evans, David, May 8. 84 Hampton, Henry, Jan. _, 78
• " Henderson, Wm. Feb. 6,
Hamilton, Them.
F Hampton, Wade. Feb. 1B,
Frew, John. Feb. 13, 1779 Hampton, John•
Fagan, James, Feb. 27, Hartlev. William, Feb. 20,
d Florentine, Sire. Mar. 20, Hampt6n, Edward,
Ficklin, James, Mar. 20, Harden, William. Feb. 2%
Farrar, Field, April 10, Hughes, Patrick, April 3,
Frazer, John, May L Hampton, Richd.
Ford, Benjamin, Aug. 27. d Ho]liday, Win. April _4,
Fell, Thomas. Nov. 19, Hutchins, W.B. Oct. 16,
Fishbourne, Win. Dee. 10, Horn, Peter, Oct. _,B,
Fields, James, Dec. 31, Huger, John, April 2, 79
Fawson, Francis, Oct. 8, 84 Holmes, Thom,.s, May 7,
Ferneau, Andrew, , Hext, William, Dec. a,
Harris, Tucker, Jau. 21, 80
G Harris, Thomas, Feb. 7,
Gordon, Thomas, Jan. 11, 1777 Hazzard, William Feb. 11
Given, William,
Gray, William•
Jan.
June
16,
1a,
I
Harrison,
Howard,
Hutson,
Benin.
Robert,
Richard,
July
Dec.
July
1,
17,
27,
8a
Gowen, John. Feb. 29, Harrison, James, Aug. B0,
Grant, John, April 17, Hutchison, Jerem. Sept. 23,
Graves, James, May , Huger, Daniel. • ' Sept. 27,
Greely, Joseph, Nov. lB. Huger, Isaac,
Goodwin, Robt. Nov. 27. Huger, Francis.
Gray, James, Horry, Elias, Mar. 19, 84
Garret, Thomas. Harrison, Burn, May 17,
Godfrey, Benj. Mar. 26, 79 Huggius, Benj. May 21,
Green, John. April 2B, Ha)les, Patrick June 25,
'Graham, Win. May 7, Harbison, John Aug. 18.
July 2g,
Gready, James, Hancock, George•
Gilmore, John, Aug. 2_. Hopkins, David,
Gruber, Samuel, Dee. 17, Humphrys, William.
Gibbes, Win. Ha. Dee. 24, 79 Humphrys, Ralph,
Grigg, John, Jan. 21, 80
(;cough, Richat_l, Feb. 4,
(_ucrard, Benj. April 4, SB j
Gamier, John.
,Gillon, Alex. Dec. 19, Johnson, John, Mar. 2% 1778
Glaze, John, Mar. 5, 84 d Jennings. Joseph, June 5,
Grant, Harv, ,_Iar. 12. [mer, David Lew, Nov, 19,
" June 251 Jones, Robert, Aug. 27,
Geoghegan, Dora,
Griggs, John. &ug. 18, Jenkins, Richd. Oct. 8, 84

342 Appendix to Year Book.
K M'Nellage, Alex. Nov. 27, 78
Kirkland, Joseph, .Jan. 9, 1777 Moore, James, Jan. 22, 79
Kennerly, John, M'Keown, Jas. Jan. 29,
Knox, Robert, Jail. 25, d M'Cullough, J. Mar. 5,
Kirkland, William, April 1, Munereef, John, Mar. 12,
d Knights, John, Mar• 20. 78 M'Crea, Thos. Mar. 26.
Knights, Samuel, June 5, Miller, John D. April 2,
Kershaw, Willianl. Sept. 11, Morrow, Robt. July 3,
Kershaw, Ely. July 23, 79 Mills, William, Dec. 3,
Kingsley, Zeph. ," Sept. 17, M'Corkell, Sam. Jan. 14, 80
Kennedy, Jmne_, Feb. 11, 80 Montell, Anth. Jan. 7,
Keith, William. May 10, Mitchell, Will. Jan. '21,
Kennedy• Alex. Aug. 30, 83 Monltrie, W., Jan• Feb. 4,
Kirkland. Francis, Dee. 3, M'Crae, William, Feb. 11.
Keen, Thomas, July 30, 84 Murphy, Will. Mar. 10,
Knights, Christ. Oct. 22, Muncreef, R•, Jnn. April 3, 83
Knox, James, Milligan, Jacob, April 18,
Kennedy,
•
John. Miles, Charles,
M'Donald, Chas.
Sept.
Jan.
2%
30, 84
Mitchell, John, June 4,
L Moultrie, Alex• Aug. 20,
Love, Alexander. Jan. 11, 1777 Miles, John, Aug. 21,
Lockart, Aaron, April 1, M'lver, John, Jun. Oct. 1,
Lahiffe, John, June 13, Miekles, Joseph,
Lining, Thomas. • Dee. 19,
Laeey, Joshua, Feb. 6, 78
Lee, William, May 8, N
Lithgow, Robert, Aug. 14, Nixon, John B. June 11, 1779
d Leesnn, James. Aug. 21, Nesbit_, William Nov. 5,
Lyall, Robert, Nov. 27, d Nieholson, Fra. Feb. 18, 80
Laurence, John, Dee. 4, Neilson. a_mms Mar. 19. 84
Laeey, Edward, May 28, 79
Libby, Nat hart:el, Oct. 1,
Laurence, Etsell, Oct. 29, 0
Lafar. Joseph, Dee. 17, Oliptmnt, Alex. Aug. 28, 1778
hogan, George, Dee. 3. ()wens, William, Apt'it 24, 83
Logan, Samuel Jan. 21, 80 Osborn, Adler, Dee. 12,
Lining, Charles, Feb. 11. O'Har% Daniel, Jttne 25, 84
Logan, George, Jan. April 7. Osborn, Thonms, July 2,
Lance. LamberL O'Hear..James, Sepia. 3,
bynah, James, Mar. 28.
Lincoln, James, Max'. 5,
Lewis. Timmas. ,hdy 24, 84 P
Pearson, John, ,lnne 6, 1777
Pickens, Andrew, Feb. 20, 78
M Pinckney, Ch. Co. Feb. 27,
Milling, John. Jan. 9, 1777 Pearson, James. May 7, 79
d Milling, Da'&t, /lan. 9, Polts, James. May 28,
M'Crady, Fdwd. .lma. 11, Prow, Peter, June 5,
M'Keown,
(I Meurfet.
Hugh,
Peter.
Feb.
Aug.
2,
1,
Ports, John.
Peak, John,
July 16, 79
M.reau, Rev. C.F. Dec. 19, Peronneau, Henry. Aug. la,
3l'Kinny, John, Jan. 10, 78 Parldnson, Jolm, Nov. 26,
Milling, Hugh,
d Mawhennv. W.
Feb.
Feb.
6,
27,
Priolean,
Postell,
Philip:
Benjamin,
Dec.
Dee.
3,
10.
Moone, Patrick. A [ n'il . 3, Pineknev, Clmrles, Jan. 21, 80
M'n'kley, Abrah. April 24, Pearee, Ahraham, May 8,
M'Kenzie, Alex: Oct. 9, Pringle, John J. Mar. I9, _34
Miller, George, Oct. 23, Pringle, Robert.

The Mount Sion Society. 343
Pritclmrd, Paul. Aug. 20. 84 Sweney, Dennis. Dee. 3, 79
Pinekney, ttopson, Sullivan, John, Dec. 10,
Pringle, Francis, Singleton, Braeey. Dee. 17,
Sutcliffe, John.
Q Swinton, Ilugh. 3an. 14, S0
Stedman, James, Jan. 21,
Quin, Michael. .Ion. 20. 1'780 Scott, William. Feb. 11,
Skirving, Cbarles. Fob. 11.
1¢ Savage, Richard, l_eb. 18.
d Rutledge, Amt. l_eb. 17. 1777 Shrewslmry, ,qtep. Mar. 24, 80
Rankin, Wilhn. Feb. 27, Strother, Kemp. May 23, 83
Rogers, Alexander, April 11, Simmons. Ch. H. .Jan. 30, 84
Robinson, John, Nov. 27, Skirving, Charles. Mar. 12,
Redmond, And. Dec. 19, Skirving, Win. April 2,
Richbnrg, James. Jan. 9, 78 Simons, Thomas. June 4,
Rivers, Samuel, ]Vet). 11, Stewart, Thomas.
Roberts, Charles, Mar. 20, Simons, Mum'ice. Sept. 3.
Rivers, William. April 10, Stark, 1Robert,
Rout, George, June 1_,
Rayford, PhiliI,. June 15, T
Rusk, David, Sept. 18,
Risk, Archibald, Jan. 29, 79 Taylor, Thomas. Jan. 9, 1777
Ralph, John, Feb. 5, Thompson, And. aem. 16,
Robinson, Sept. Feb. 26. Taylor, Samuel, May 23,
d Righton, John, April '21 d 'I'ollman, J.R. Oct: 31,
Riddle, William. July 30, Tharin, ])anieh Jan. '2, 78
Russel. William, Nov. 19, Thomas, William, Feb. 6,
Renorson, Geo. Dec. 17, d Thorne, Philip,
Russel, Benjamin, Mar. 29, Theus, Simeon, Feb. 11,
Russe], Tho. C. Mar. 21, 83 Todd, Richard. Mar. 17, 80
Rose, Alexander, Sept. 3, 84 Tote, William, April 4,
Reeves, William, Thomson, Will. Mar. 19,
Taylor,/lames, Nov. 27,
8
Strother, William, Jan. o 1777 V
Strother, Richard. Vcnables, John, Feb. 26, 1779
Sansum, John, June 6, d Valtou, Peter, 5Iay 7,
Stack, Thomas, Julm 21, V'mderhorst, aoh. Feb. 11,
Sounders, John, Aug. 15, .... ,
Smith, Nicholas, Oct. 31,
Smith, John, Feb. 6. 78 W
Stafford, Arthur, Winn, John, Jan. 9, 1777
Strother, William, Feb. '27, Woodward, Thos.
Smith, John Ch. Waller, Benjamin. Feb. '2,
Singleton, Thos. Feb. '27, 78 Wayne, William, Feb. 11,
Seymour, isaac, Aug. 7, Wilson, Andrew, Feb. 17,
Smith, Thomas. Sept. 18, Wells, Edgar, Mar. 7,
Sever, Abraham, Nov. 6, Winn, Richard, April 1,
Stiles, Edward. Dec. 4, Wilson, John, June 13,
Smith, Peter, Feb. 18, 79 WincMy, Jcrem. Oct. 31,
SInith, James. Mar. 19, Williams, J.G. De(!. 5,
Silthridge, Win. April '23, Woodward, John. Jan. 10, 78
Stedman, James, April 30. Wood, James. Feb. 20,
Seymour, Jerem. Will, Philip, April 3,
Striekland, James, June 18, Wells, Samuel, April '24,
Smith, Alexandor, July 23. Wigfall, Joseph, July 24,
Smith, William, Aug. 6, Wigfall, Elias,
Smith, Robert, Nov. 26, Wright, James, Nov. 27,

344 Appendix to Year Book.
Williamson, Rob. Dec. 11, 78 Waight, Abrah. Feb. 25, 80
Weelcr, Benja Dee. 18, Winn, Minor, May 23, 83
Welsh, Henry. Watt, William, Jan. 17, 84
Watts, Jesiah, Jan. 15, 79 Waties, Thomas. Mar. 12,
Williman, Christ. Feb. 12, Wilson, Jelm, June 11,
Winchester, Elh. Mar. 12, Winn, James, Aug. 21,
Weston, Willm. West, Cato,
Way, Robert, July 9. Williman, Robert,
Waters, Philem. Aug. 13, Williamson. Alexander.
Wetherly, Isaac, No¥. 19,
Williamson. And. • Jan. 7, 80
Weekly, John, y
Webb, John, Jan. 21.
Wakefield, Jas. Yates, Joseph, Mar. 20, 1778
Whitaker, Win. Feb. 4, York, Michael. July 5,
Ward, John P. Feb. ll, Yates, Seth, Nov. 27,
REPRINTEDFI_OMA _ARE COlbYOF TItle,0RIGII_ALPAMPHLF.TIk_THE
LIBRARYOF MR. COURTENAY,CHARLESTON, S. C.

The Mou_zt Sion Society. 345
INDEX.
RULE I. t/")_ 7 the Number of Members--Society's Duratiolt.
L.I
2. Anniverfary and other Times of Meetinff.
3. Mamler and Tit_es of Elcctiug Officers, amt PeJlalties on
refufing to ferve.
4" Stewards chofett--t/leir Duty alzd Time ia O_ce.
5. Penalties on Officers for No,zattendance.
6. The Society, w/teJa confidered opepzed and c/afed.
7. The Prefidcut, his Office, Place, Duty ,. Power to fiJ, e or
eacpelfar Y[ifbehaviour ; Jue, &c.
8. Hlardcns to offciate l'Jethe Abfence of the Prefident--
2Vumber of Members to be prefent.
9. Officers not liable to J'erve the next Year.
Io. Governors, w/ten c/lofen--their Authori(v, ]Jower and
Fine for IzotJ?rving.
zI. Mode of Application for Adm}tta,:cc.
,2. 5_,cretary, his Office alad Duty--the P_uud to defro1/all
necefJ'ary Exloences.
U. Treasurer--his Office--to _ive Bond--Monies put to
ITztereft.
14. Committees--Fz)zes for 2Vo_tatteudance.
z5. General Finial--Members excluded #r Non-payment of
Arrears--haw they may be re-admitted.
I6. Fitles and Bcuefactions to go to :he Gcm:ral P:und.
z7. 7"utors, horv aflpoz'Tzted_not to be d(/'c/mrffed--their
Relig_iom
zS. The 7'imc and l}[aaner of admitting ChildreJz into the
School; zvl_at Cltildreu to have the Preference; zvhen to be
made know,, to the Society.
z9. A floor Member to be buried at the Society's E.vpence.
20. Expence off Quarterly and Wee'L"O, #[eetinffs.
eL Rules not to be a#ered, &c., their E.vp&natian--Queftions
how determb_ed.
22. Members not to fpeak more than twice.
23. Coumry Committees ," their Bufinefs.
24. And Power.

SKETCH
OF THE
METHODISTCHURCH
IN
CHARLESTON,S. C.
1785-1887,
BY
REV. JOHN O. WILLSON,
• OF THE
S. C. CONFERENCE,
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH.

TIlE METHODIST CttURCH 1N CHARLESTON.
" The world is my parish," was the winged word of Wesley.
And he spoke wiser than he knew. For not in his
fancy's loftiest flight could he have conceived, that in less
than three-half centuries his bold paradoxical missionary
motto should have become sober literal fact. Methodism--
"Christianity in earnest," as Chalmers so pithily terms it-has
planted her outposts in the uttermost parts of the earth.
Her preachers, her churches, and her " discipline " are to-day
found in every civilized land ; and her missions, with thorough
and effective organization, stretch from China to P_ru.
Excepting alone the Roman Catholic Church, there is no
Christian organization, so numerous, or so widely diffused
as is the Methodist Church. You will find Methodists in
every country, in every island; in the crowded thoroughfare
of the great ciW, in the quaint and quiet old country village,
and in the lonely farm house on the broad prairie. You will
find Methodists in the halls of the English Parliament, at the
Mansion House of the Lord Mayor of London, in the Exchange,
in the shops and the factories, in the army and the
navy--everywhere indeed where men meet, and where men
try to serve God. The swarthy native of Hawaii, the Feejee
and the Laplander, answer in antiphonic strains the call
sent forth by the fiercer tribes of the burning Soudan, where
Bishop Taylor and his noble band of devoted helpers have
recently inaugurated a work, the like of which the Christian
world has _ot seen since the days of the early Apostolic
Church.
Charleston has been closely and uninterruptedly identified
with Methodism in America from the beginning; and
although the Methodist Church here had to endure trials and
persecution for many long years, she has now reached the

350 A_pendiw to Year Book.
high plateau of peace and prosperity, whence she can calmly
take a retrospect; and comforted byseeing what has been
accomplished in the past, take fresh courage for the prospect
before her. There is a work--a distinct work--for Methodism
; and she will live till that work is done.
• THE WESLEYS IN CHARLESTON.
The founders of Methodism, John and Charles Wesley,
visited Charleston several times. The visits were made
before the Wesleys had inaugurated the religious movement
which produced the Methodist Church, and promoted so
greatly the activities which have since prevailed in all Christendom.
The Wesleys first reached Charleston, July 3I, I736.
George Whitefield, the peerless preacher and their early
co-laborer, also visited this city. He came first in I739, and
he paid occasional visits subsequently, until within a few
months before his death. One of the earliest American
itinerants, the Rev. Joseph Pilmoor, visited the city in I773,
but did not accomplish anything.
METHODISM PLANTED 1N CHARLESTON.
The first definite effort to establish Methodism in Charles-
ton was made in I785, and it was successful. In that year
Francis Asbury, the first Methodist Bishop, and Rev.
Jesse Lee, and Rev. Henry Willis, came to the city for the
purpose of introducing Methodism. Mr. Willis' had been
sent in advance to arrange for and announce appointments.
He secured a deserted Baptist Meeting House, which occupied
the site of the present First Baptist Church. The
Bishop and Mr. Lee reached the city in the latter part of
February. After publication in the papers, operations were
commenced on Sunday morning, February 27th. Jesse Lee
preached. His text was Isaiah liii. 5-6. Mr. Willis preached
in the afternoon, and Mr. Lee preached again at night.
Services were held every night for two weeks. The first
sermon of the Bishop was delivered on Wednesday night,

The Mcthodis'/ Church in Charleston. 35 I
March 2d, from II Corinthians, v. 20. Mr. Edgar Wells,
who entertained the preachers during their stay in Charleston,
was the first convert ; and with his family constituted
the nucleus of the nascev, t church.
CtIARLESTON CIRCUIT FORMED.
Bishop Asbury left Charleston on Thursday, March Ioth.
How long his companions remained is not known. It is
probable that Jesse Lee followed him in a day or two, and
that Mr. Willis was left in charge. It is certain that at the
Methodist Conference following--held at Baltimore in May,
1785--Charlestonwas made a regular appointment and the
Rev. John Tunnel was sent to labor there. The yearry
minutes record him as preacher in charge for this first year,
and the stewards' book for "Charleston Circuit" acknowledges
the receipt from him of £I4 ITs. ld. collected as quarterage
during the year, and shows a payment to him in January,
1786, of £II IIs. 9 d. Yet the best authorities--Rev. Dr.
Bangs and Bishop Andrew--agree in stating that Henry
Willis was the first regular laborer in the city. The inference
is that Mr. Willis was left in charge by Bishop Asbury
and served until Mr. Tunnel's arrival in June.
In I786 , Henry Willis and Isaac Smith were sent to
Charleston, and for several years two preachers were
appointed yearly, one of whom was to labor in the city and
the other in the country adjoining. In 1793 and I794, the
city alone was given two preachers. In I797, Charleston
and Georgetown were united, and were served by three
preachers.
In I798 , and for several years after, until _8Io, two preachers
were stationed in Charleston; and from I8IOTO I843,
three, sometimes four, ministers were appointed here yearly,
and all labored together.
THE FIRST CHURCH---CUMBERLAN1).
After the departure of B!shop Asbu,y in March, I785, the
Methodists continued for some months to worship in the

352 AgpeTtdix to Year Book.
old Meeting House, in Church street. But when they assembled
one Sunday morning, " they found the benches in
the street, and the doors and windows barred against them. ''e"
A lad3" [Mrs. Stollj offered them the use of her residence in
Stoll's Alley, and there they worshiped until the congregation
became too large for the house. An unfinished dwelling
in Wentworth street, near East Bay, was then obtained,
and used as a place of worship until a settled home was
secured for tlle flock.
_____- =.@
OhD CU,',II_I311, LAND I_l. 11. CIIUIt, CII.
Early in I786 measures were taken towards the erection
of a church building. A lot in Cumberlaiad'street, between
Meeting and Church streets, was purchased, and upon it a
wooden building, 4ox6o, with galleries for colored people,
was erected. The lot cost £3oo, and the building £I,ooo.
This church was complete(t about the middle of the year
J787. Not one cent was owing by the little flock when
their first church was dedicated. Churches and church
members were taught by our fathers to " pay as you go. "
The first Methodist Church was for a long time known as
"the Blue Meeting," to distinguish it from "the White
Meeting," as the people called the independent Church,
iiu;ted l'reln),%timdism in i:harieston, byi_e_:, i_. A.l_loed' from _,vhieh t;ook
most of the data of this skete, h, up to the year 1855,were obtained.

77_e Methodist Church in Charleston. 353
which then stood where until recently were the ruins o! the
" Circular Church." Afterwards it was named Cumberland,
from the street on which it was situated. In I8O6, the
structure was lengthened twenty feet. With this single
change it stood until 2838, when it was removed to make
room for a large brick building which the congregation had
determined to erection the spot the old structure occupied.
The first South Carolina Conference was held in Charles-
ton, in I787 . In I79t we find that 66 white and II9colored
members were reported, a very encouraging result of six
years' labor. But the people called Methodists had to
endure much
OPPOSITION AND PERSECUTION.
The first open act of hostility appeared in 1788 , during
the second Conference held in Charleston. On Sunday
morning a riot was raised at the door of the church during
_ the delivery of the sermon. The ladies were so frightened
that the), fled, escaping by the windows. At night it was
worse. While Bishop Asbury was preaching to a crowded
congregation, a mob assailed the house. Stones and brickbats
were hurled against it ; and many crashed through the
windows. The brave Bishop continued his sermon to the
end, although one of the missiles struck inside the pulpit,
and very near him. It is suggestive to know that his theme
on this occasion was Isaiah lii. 7. What a reception to one
proclaiming good tidings, peace and salvation !
In !789 Bishop Thomas Coke visited the Conference in
Charleston, and was assailed by the city papers. The mob
raged again ; and so for many years there were outbreaks of
violence, until friends of the persecuted church stood up to
defend the preachers and congregation by force.
TRINITY--ITS FOUNDER AND ORIGIN.
The Charleston Conference for I79I was held by Bishop
Asbury. Bishop Coke visited the body just before its ad.

354 Appendix Io Year Boo/<
journment, accompanied by Rev. Wm. Ham mett, an eloquent
Irish Methodist preacher. This minister had been doing
missionary work in the West Indies, but came to Charleston
for his health. His brilliant oratory captured the people,
who clamored for his appointment to the city. But the
appointments having already been made, Bishop Asbury
refused to m_ke a change so contrary to all Methodist law
and usage. Mr. Hammett strangely claimed to be aggrieved,
encouraged the demand for him, and assailed the Bishop
in the newspapers. Finally, about one-half of the white
members of the Cumberland congregation seceded and went
with him, and he organized what he called the " Primitive
Methodist Church."
For some time Mr. Hammett preached in the Market
place to large audiences. But his popularity was so great
that he was soon able to buy a large lot at the corner of
Hasell street and Maiden Lane, and upon this to erect a
comm6dious church and parsonage, all held in his name, t
and all free from debt. He called the church Trinity.
Here Mr. Hammett preached until his death, May I5, 1813,
and his charge was fairly prosperous to that date, escaping
most of the persecution encountered by the regular Methodist
Church.
CUMBERLAND'S PROGRESS I_ROM I79I.
The secession of the members who followed Mr. Hammett
in I79i was a severe loss to the Cumberland congregation.
But preachers and people held on faithfully, and the charge
prospered. Despite opposition and persecution, and the
Hammett defection, Cumberland Church had at the end of
this decade of Methodist work in Charleston, a membership
of 65 whites and 28o colored.
THE THIRD CHURCH--BETHEL.
Instead of showing discouragement, the little flock began
to look for enlargement. In I793 a subscription was opened

The Methodist C/zurch in Charleston. 355
to purchase a lot for a cemetery, on which site another
church also was to be erected. The trustees called upon Mr.
Bennett, father of Governor Bennett, and proposed to buy
of him the lot where Bethel Church now stands. Mr.
Bennett generously gave it to them without charge. It
was at o1_ce put to use as a cemetery, but the church was
not commenced until1797" On FebruaryI4th of that year,
a meeting of "The Ministers and Stewards of a people
called Methodists, in Cumberland street, Charleston, S. C.,"
Resolved, That when we e_n get a earpenter we will undertake to build a
house, forty by sixty feet.
Necond, That _.hename of the house shall be Bethel the Hebrew word for
the house of God.
O_D BETHEL )t. F. CHt_Re_.
Afterward tile first resolution was changed to read, "As
soon as three hundred pounds can be raised, supposing tile
building to cost six hundred pounds." The building was
occupied in 1798 , but was not finished until 18o 9 . The
above cut gives a view of this building.
THE FOURTH CHURCH--ST. JAMES.
"The Primitive Methodists"--or Hammettites--were
not willing to be excelled by the Regular Methodists. They
46

3 56 Appendix to Year Book.
determined to establish another church, and with a wonder-
ful foresight and faith, they went for this purp)se beyond
the then city limits. The site chosen was on the King
street road, a few doors below what is now Line street. Here
achapel was erected, and acongregation and membership
were gathered. The new church was called St. j'a,nes. It
continued to grow from year to year, and like its sister
church, Trinity, was largely exempted from the persecutions
visited upon Cumberland and Bethel. These latter churches
suffered greatly about this time.
THE PERIOD OF GREATEST PERSECUTION
Falls within the years I795 to I8O5. In I8oo, one of the
Methodist preachers, Rev. John Harper, father of the late
ChanceIIor Harper, was seized, as he came out of the church,
by a mob bent on doing him violence, and he only escaped
by an accident. The night following, his colleague, Rev.
George Dougherty, was seized at the church, carried to a
pump, his head held under the spout and pumped upon,
until he was nearly dead. He was rescued from his perilous
position by Mrs. Kugley, a brave little Methodist lady, who
rushed up, thrust her apron into the spout of the pump, and
ordered the ruffians to desist. Just then a gentleman with
a drawn sword forced his way to the spot, and threatened
death to any one who dared agah_to molest the preacher.
The rioters retreated. Mr. Dougherty died of consumption
not long after; and it is generally believed that the episode
just narrated greatly accelerated the course of the fell disease,
TROUBLE AT TRINITY.
While Trinity did not suffer from mob violence, as did
these Churches, she had trials they escaped. One threatened
her complete destruction. By the deed to Mr. Hammett,
the Hasell street property was to be his until his
death, then the Rev. Mr. Brazier, a friend of Mr. Hammett's,
was to act as pastor, and have the property during his life-

i
The Methodist Church in Charleston. 357
time; and afterwards it was to be at the disposal of the
congregation. For a time after Mr. Hammett died, Trinity
appears to have been used by the regular Methodists.
:_" About this time, the Rev. Mr. Frost, rector of St. Philip's
EEpiscopal] Church, on account of a rupture among his
congregation, hat] determined upon the erection of a church
for the accommodation of the party favorable to him," and
he bought the property of Mr. Brazier for $2,ooo. " Pews
were immediately erected, and the church was consecrated
by the'Bishop " of the Episcopal Church.
SUIT AND SIEGE FOR THE CHURCH.
This proceeding of course aroused the Trinity congregation,
and they brought suit for the recovery of the property.
While the suit was pending, the lawyers for the plaintiff
expressed the opinion that their cause would be promoted
"if they could obtain peaceful possession og the church
building." Shortly after, while service was being held by
Mr. Frost, a member of the Trinity congregation took the
keys from the church door, and put them in her pocket.
The other members of the congregation were sent for and
came. As soon as the services were ended, the Trinity
people took possession, locked themselves in, barred the
windows, and held the church. For months it was never
empty. The guard "slept, sewed and ate" in it, At last
the decision of the Court in their favor rewarded their sacri-
fice, and relieved them from their unpleasant situation.
UNITING WITH THE IV[. E. CHURCH.
After the recovery of the church property, the congregation
made formal proposals to place it under'the charge of
the Methodist Episcopal Church, and to unite themselves
with that communion. The proposal was accepted, and in
I816 Trinity took its place among the regular Methodist
Churches of Charleston. At the same time St. James Chapel,
* See Dr. Mood's History, page 137.

3 58 Ap_cndi.r to Year Book.
which had been built by the Primitive Methodists, in King
street, west side, a few doors south of Line street, was also
transferred to the M. E. Church.
The four churches, now happily united, entered upon a
season of great prosperity. The increase of members was
OLD TRINITY PUI, PI'I', C._.PAI}LE 0_' IIOLI) IN(_ I:'UI_TY I'I_[ISON8.
rapid, and improvement was apparent in all departments.
From an early day care was taken to provide a home for
the preachers.
PARSONAGES.
In I8o3 a parsonage for all the preachers was erected on
apart of the Bethel ground. This remained till about I83 o,
when a parsonage for the presiding elder was built on the
northeastern corner of Calhoun and Pitt streets. Until
recently the Bethel Church parsonage was adjacent, but now
Bethel has a handsome parsonage on the southeast corner
of Calhoun and Pitt streets. Trinity has a good parsonage
in Wentworth street; and Spring Street Church hasa comfortable
house for her pastor, in Coming street, next door
to the churctl building.

T/_e Met/zodist Clzurch iu Charleston. 359
VICTIMS TO YELI.OW FEVER.
The pioneer, Edgar Wells, died in I797 of yellow fever ; so
did James K!ng, the junior preacher. In t798 Rev. J. N.
Jones, and in 18o4 Rev. Nicholas Watters fell victims to the
epidemic. In t8Iz both of the Charleston preachers, Jacob
Rumph and Franci; Ward died. Rev. HenryT. Fitzgerald
died in IS)9, and Rev. Asbury Morgan in ISet; and Thom_s
L. Wynn next--all of yellow fever.
COLORED SECESSION.
In 1818, 4,367 colored members left the Methodist Church.
leaving only t.323 in coz_nectionwithit. The seceders tried
to form an African Church, but did not succeed. Some
returned afterwards; a large number joined the Scotch
Presbyterian Church, and many were lost to all churches.
THE CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE.
The " Weslej,an Journal," one of the oldest Methodist
papers published in the United States, was first issued in
Charleston, October I, I825. About. eighteen months
afterward it was moved to New York, and there merged
with the " C/zristian Advocate," which thereafter bore the
double title of " Advocate and Journal." Ten years afterward--June
25, t837--the Soulherle C/zrist_zn Advocate was
established here, Rev. William Capers, D. D., editor. Rev.
Whitefoord Smith, D. D., Rev. Win. M. Wightman, D.D.,
Rev. Thos. O. Summers, D. D., and Rev. E. H. Myers, D.
D., were editors of the Advocate to 1862, when the paper
was removed from this city. Ia t878 it was returned, with
Rev. S. A. Wel3er as editor, who was followed in I886 by
Rev. V_r. D. K{rkland.
A LARGE SECESSION.
It is now nearly sixty years since the Methodist Church in
Charleston received its/teariest blow. Three of the churches
_Cumberland, Trinity and Bethel--had galleries for their

360 A_pe_dix to Fear Book.
negro members. Besides, in each church, a few seats on the
lower floor behind those used by the whites, were cut off by
a dividing panel near the doors for the aged and disabled
colored members. Sometimes the seats for the colored
people were insufficient, whilst there were many vacant
seats in tl|e portion of the auditorium reserved for the
whites. When such was the cas_ a few [ree persons of color
were allowed to use some seats beyond the dividing line on
the sides of the buildings. Others followed, until the matter
became annoying to the whites, especially when congregations
were full. As early as _829 complaints were made.
The crisis came in I833. Some young members of the
chui'ch committee required the colored people who had Cone
bey6nd the panel to vacate their seats, and upon their refusal
to do so, put them out. Severe comment upon this
action gave offence. The trouble grew worse and worse.
Parties were gradually formed. Compromises were attempted
but failed. Differences as to church government also
arose. Opposing pamphlets were issued. At last some
members were tried before a Church Court for " inveighing
against the Church Discipline", and nine prominent persons
were expelled. Whereupon I65 members withdrew.
They organized a Methodist Protestant Church, and erected
a house of worship in Wentw,)rth street. After s )me years
a number of these returned, and were most warmly welcomed
back. Others did not retur/1, but held on to ttle Wentworth
Street Church, which, after the late war, entered the
Lutheran communion, and is now known as the Wentworth
Street Lutheran Church. Many of those who withdrew
from us were just the kind of material a church can least
afford to lose--intelligent, active, progressive young men.
They had a real grievance, and it certainly now seems to us,
might have been more considerately dealt with.
AN UNSUCCESSFUL ENTERPRISE.
In I834 the Methodists of Charleston bought a lot and
building at the corner of Broad and Logan streets, and be-

The Methodist Church in Charleston. 36I
gan to hold services there. In T835 this house was loaned
to St. Philip's (Episcopal) congregation, a fire having destroyed
their church. Afterwards, Methodist services were
resumed at this place, but meeting with only small success,
the property was sold in 1837.
CUMBERLAND AND TRINITY BURNED.
Cumberland had long failed to meet the wishes and needs
of the congregation. In 1838 it was determined to pull down
the old buiIding, and to erect a commodious brick church.
The enterprise was commenced. The old building was
removed, and the new was being erected, when the great
fire of Friday night, April I3,,I838 , destroyed it, and also
burned down old Trinity. St. Philip's Church was now able
to return the kindness she had received by lending to the
houseless congregation " the Tabernacle," a large building
owned by that corporation. The colored people found a
place of worship at the old "Circus," corner of Queen and
Friend streets.
REBUILT.
Measures were immediately taken to rebuild the two
churches, and both were finished, and dedicated in I839.
Dr. Wm. Capers conducted the dedicator2( services at Trinity,
and the Rev. James Sewell those at Cumberland. The
two buildings cost together $57,ooo. That erected for the
T_inity congregation is the same which is now used, but
improvements have been constantly made, so that its exterior
appearance has been slightly changed, and the interior
has been completely transformed.
SEPARATION INTO CtIARGES.
In 1840 the separation of the churches into distinct
charges was suggested, but failed to secure a majority of
the votes cast. However, in 1842 a majority of the members
asked for the separation, and it was made. The Bishop

362 Appendix to Year Book.
appointed for I843 apastor to each of the churches: To
Cumberland, W. C. Kirkland ; Trinity, James Stacy ; Bethel,
Henry Bass; St. James, J. Nipper.
OLD PLAN OF WORKING TOGETHER.
The following will give an idea of the plan of operating
the four churches together. Every week the plan was arranged
and published in the Advocate.
Charleston, June 25, I837.
PLAN OF APPOINTMENTS FOR PREACHING IN THE METHO-
DIST CHURCHES.
b'_nday, J:ul.q 30. 1:¢;:7.
MORNIN(_. AFTEI_'OON. Nit_it'r.
Bethel ............ N. Talley ........ J. N. Davis ....... B. English.
Trinity .............. B. English ....... W. Capers ......... J. Sewell.
Cumberland ........ J. N. Duvis ...... N. T_Eey .......... W. Capers.
St. James .......... A. R. Danner ..... J. Sewell .......... G. W. Moore.
Tuesday evening, August 1--Bethel, J. Sewell.
Wednesday evening, August 2--Trinity, J. N. Davis.
Frid_y evening, August 4--Cumberland, W. Ca.pers.
AMERICAN METHODISM IS DIVIDED.
We have now reached the most important epoch in the
history of modern Methodism, namely the division of the
church. For some years there had been agitation and unrest
concerning the attitude of the church towards slavery.
Abolitionists steadily grew stronger at the North, and they
became more and more aggressive in their attacks upon the
slave-holding portion of the church. Finally, the matter
reached acrisis at the General Conference held in New
York, in I844. Bishop James O. Andrew had married a
lady who owned slaves, and had accepted the charge of
caring for a slave whose owner desired to provide special advantages.
On account of these facts he was arraigned, not
formally by trial, but by resolution. Finally a substitute
for the origiaal resolution passed. This requested him to

The Methodist Ckurc/_ in Charleston. 363
discontinue the exercise of his Episcopal function until his
connection with slavery was removed. The wh,le of
Methodism in the South resented this action as a direct attack
upon the property of their people, and as an unlawful interference
with the Episcopacy. The General Conference
made provision for the inevitable separation of Methodism
into Northern and_Southern branches of the church. This
measure was afterwards repudiated by the North, but the
repudiation failed to affect the result. The Northern
Church retained the old title. The church in the South
organized under the name " Methodist Episcopal Church,
South," at Louisville, Ky., in I845. This action was unanimous.
There was not a single dissident in the entire State
of South Carolina. Every Methodist in the State was a
member of the M. E. Church, South.
FIRST FOREIGN MISSIONS.
Charleston Methodism had the high honor of furaishing
the first foreign missionaries sent out by the Southern
Methodist Church. In I846 The Southern Christian Advocate,
of which the Rev. Dr. Wightman, afterwards Bishop, was
editor, and otherjournals, began to urge the needs of pagan
lands, China specially. The Church determined to send two
men to China. The Rev. Charles Taylor was the first volunteer.
Benjamin Jenki.s, foreman of the ,Advocate, next
offered himself, and was ordained for the work. After long
, waiting the necessary money was raised, and the heroic
men went forth to their stupendous work. Their farewell
meeting was held in Trinity Church in January, 1848. Both
reached China, located at Shanghai, and rendered noble service.
Dr. Taylor still lives. The grave of Benjamin Jenkins
in the teeming Orient, is a spot before which Christians of
all lands stand with uncovered head. It was Charleston
, Methodism that enriched China's soil with the sacred dust.
CHURCH BUILDING--NEW BETHEL.
The years following the division, and up to the war, were
uneventful to Charleston Methodism. Peace and prosperity
47

364 Appendix to Year Book.
prevailed, and in consequence the progress of the church
was steady and rapid. The yellow fever of I852, I854 and
1858, was the only cause of loss. In 1853, the present Bethel
Church was completed. It was dedicated August 7, with
impressive ceremonies, Rev. C. H. Pritchard preached at I I
o'clock A. M., the learned Rev. John Bachman, D. D., of
the Lutheran Church in the afternoon, and Rev. Dr. Joseph
Cross at night.
A front view of this church is here presented :
NEW BETHEL 3I. E. CHURCH .
The work of church buiiding continued. In I856,the
St. James congregation sold their 'house and lot in King
street, and began to build for themselves a handsome brick
church at the corner of Spring and Coming streets. The
building was sufficiently advanced to be occupied in I858.
The War between the States prevented the completion of
the work. This charge is now known as Spring Street
Church.
DESOLATION OF WAR.
The long peace our country had enjoyed was now rudely
broken. Political issues had divided the people. The
divisions were intensified every year, and the culmination
was reached in I86O. In December, I86O, South Carolina

The Methodist C.)urch iu Ckarleston. 365
seceded from the Union of States. Other Southern States
followed. A bloody, desolating war of four years ensued.
The men of the South were called to the field of battle. The
coasts of our ]and were closed by ships of war. Invading
armies marched and countermarched over our soil. The
torch destroyed ,property. Thousands were slain in fight,
and other thousands by diseases of camps. The whole land
mourned. Every interest suffered. Charleston Methodism
was sorely stricken.
THE CHURCHES DURING THE WAR.
On the night of December II, I86r, a fire broke out on the
Cooper River side of the city, and swept across to the river
opposite. Cumb_.rland Church was in its track, and was
burr, edto ashes. The congregation was in no trim for build-
ing again. It therefore worshiped first in the Bible Deposi-
tory in Chalmers street; then in a cotton-shed, which was
loaned byMr. James Copes, and had been altered so as to
answer the purposes. Even this refuge, however, sheltered
them only for a little while. About the summer of I863,shells
began to be thrown into Charleston from batteries of United
States troops. They drove the congregation of Cumber-
land to Bethel. Trinity had to be abandoned for the same
re,lson. The building was struck several times during the
bombardment; four shells passed entirely through it, and
one crashed through the roof and Fell iqto the basement
below. During the remainder of the war the Methodist
congregations, except that of Spring Street Church, were all
massed at Bethel. The Rev. E. J. Meynardie, D. D., was
in charge during this period.
i THE CHURCHES IN ALIEN HANDS.
In February, I865, the Confederate troops evacuated
(]harlaston, and tile Northern army took possession. Cum-
berland was in ruins; Trinity was not fit for use. Bethel and
Spring Street Churches were occupied by our people. A
new trial was at hand. Shortly after the capture, in March

366 Appendix to Year Bach.
I865, a Northern Methodist preacher, Rev. T. Willard Lewis
of the New England Conference, came from Beaufort to
Charleston. He had authority from the Secretary of War,
Edwin Stanton, to seize all unoccupied churches, and was
under special direction of the late Bishop Ames. He took
possession o_ all the property of the Southern Methodist
Church in Charleston.
The following are copies of the order under which the
seizure was made :
[Coer.]
WAR DEPAR'rI_IENT, ACT. GENERAL'S OFf'ICE,
WaSmXGTO-% November 30, 1863.
To the Ge_erals Commal_dlJ_g the Depas'tm, en/ of the 3[[sso_ri, _he Tennessee,
and the G_df, a_d all Ge_erals a_d O_cer_" Commanding Armies, ,Detachments,
and Corps, and Posts, and all Q_'cers in the Service of the
United States in lie above meMioned Depart,ment.s :
You are hereby directed to plate at the disposal of Rev. Bishop Ames all
houses of worship belonging to the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in
which a loyal Minister, who has been appointed 1)y a loyal Bishop of said
church, does not now off%late.
It is a matter of great importance O) the Government in its efforts to
restore tranquility to the community and peace to the Nation, "rod Christian
Ministers should by example and precept support and foster the loyal sentiments
of the people. Bishop Ames enjoys the entire confidence of this department,
and no doubt is entertained that all ministers who may be
appointed by him will be entirely loyal. You al_ expected to give him all
the aid, countenance and snpport practicable in the oxeeufion of his important
mission.
You are also authorized and directed to furnish Bishop Ames and his clerk
with transportation and subsistence when it can be done without prejudice
to the service, and will afford them courtesy, assistance and protection.
E. D. TOWNSEND,
A ssisla_t A (1/ufant General.
loom'.]
HEauqua_'rEl_s U. S. Fo_cEs, }
POST OF CHA_LESTOX, March 10, 1865, }"
At the request of the Stewards and Trustees of the M. E. Churches of
Charleston, as the former pastors have left the city, gev. T. Willard Lewis,
a regularly appointed missionary of the 3I. E. Church, is appointed to the
sole charge of the )[. E. Churches and Parsonages of the city, in accordance
with directions from the War Department, dated December 9, 1863.
STEWART L. WOODFORD.
Col, lo._d U, S, C, 7,, Commanding Post.

The Metlzodist Church iiz Charleston. 367
Not one of our trustees or stewards made such a request
as the last order mentioned. There were no M. E. Churches,
as the Northern branch was termed. Mr. Lewis held Bethel
for the whites, and gave Trinity and Spring Street to the
colored people. Before Trinity was definitely seized the
building had been partially repaired, and a Suaday
School had been opened for our children by Dr. Geo. S.
Pelzer and Mr. S. A. Nelson on April 23rd. These gentlemen
were assisted by the following teachers: Theodore
D. Ruddock, Jos. Chamberlain, Maria Sibley, Louise Miscalley,
Louisa Guy and Mary Guy. On May 28th, tile little
school, which met on Sunday afternoons, was ordered to go
into the basement, in order that a colored congregation
could meet in theauditorium_t the same hour. Of course
they left the building. The Wentworth Street Protestant
Methodist Congregation (now Lutheran) gave them the use
of their church. So our sanctuaries were taken from us, and
our children were driven from a place in which they were
accustomed to meet to learn life's duty.
THE COLORED MEMBERS LEAVE.
During all the years of the past, special attention had been
paid by Charleston Methodists to the colored people. From
the first, salvation was preached to them, faithful religious
instruction was given them, and careful spiritual oversight
was kept over them. As a result, thousands were won.
When near five thousand colored members seceded in I818,
their places were speedily filled by other thousands, so that
in I865, there were at least five thousand colored people
in the four churches.
This care over the colored people, and the multitudes of
them attending our services, had hindered our work with the
whites. Methodism was by some contemned as"the negro
church," and attempt was made to disparage Methodists.
But the negro was a man with a soul to save, one for
whom little care was shown; and our people accepted the
reproach consequent to church-care over them. They bore

368 Apfendiz lo Year Book.
all for Christ's sake, and for the sake of these benighted ones
for whom Christ died. City and State were gainers, as well
as the Kingdom of Heaven. Not one of our colored members
was engaged at any time in the conspiracies which
threatened the peace and safety of our homes. Timewill
bring to view the splendid service to our country and to
Christianity, which Methodists in Charleston and elsewhere
rendered. And God will repay it abundantly.
These colored members, won by years of trial and kept
by years of reproach, the Rev. Mr. Lewis at once endeavored
to draw from us into the Northern Methodist Church. This
effort was opposed by the Southern Ministers, who tried to
retain them. The matter was decided at ameeting held at
Trinity. _ On this occasion, twoSoutbern Ministers urged a
continuance 0f the old relation, and made a strong impression.
But Mr. Lewis rose, and urged the colored people to go with
him to "a church which makes no distinction as to race and
color," and they followed almost to a man. Others had
already gone to the African Methodist Church, and of the
thousands, only a few dozens clung to the people who had
suffered for their sakes. We do not blame them. Perhaps
it was best so. Certainly our progress with whites has since
been beyond all our former success. It is simply written to
show that they went from _us against our endeavor to retai_
them, and that we did not drive them away.
RECONSTRUCTION.
Scattered abroad, without a place of worship, Southern
Methodism in Charleston was now passing through her
severest ordeal. Her star seemed on the wane. But a better
day was dawning. The members began to return to the city,
and longed for their sanctuaries.
Rev. E. J. Meynardie, D. D., returned in August. Rev.
F. A. Mood, D. D., came back from Europe about the same
time. These ministers and the official Board demanded our
church property. Some of the Bethel members had steadily
* See Centenary Souvenir, pago 14.

The Methodist Church in Charleston. 369
attended their church, and that building was regained with_
out much difficulty; the colored people holding the old
church building. But Trinity and Spring Street Church,
and other church property, were heId firmly by Mr. Lewis.
It was determined to apply to the authorities, and the papers
were carefully p_;epared. The application was partly successful,
and soon the following order was promulgated :
SP_CL_L OHDER, No. 142.
HEAD-QUaHTERS J0'IRST SUB-MILITARY _.
DISTRICT OF CHARLESTON, S. 0., October 1, 1865.
The Trinity Methodist Church on Hasel street,is herebyturned over to the
officersand membersof said.church.
W. T. BENNETT,
Brev.-Brig.-Ge_/l (:ommandingPost, and 1.stSub-District.
GEO. BURGER,
lot. Lieut. 8_th N. Y. V. V., and A. A. A. G.
To Oj_cersof the Trinity Methodist Ch_lxch.
On October 9th, Mr. Lewis and Rev. R. H. Cain, colored,
asked our Board for the use of Trinity until the congregation
wished to enter it. Permission was given to Mr. Cain.
Then Mr. Lewis requested the privilege of holding one more
service in Trinity. Dr. Mood consented upon the condition
that he was to be present. Mr. Lewis objected to the con.
dition, but yielded when it was firmly insisted upon. The
service was held, and was used as before stated, to urge the
colored members to go into his church., At its end Dr.
Mood dismissed the congregation, and took charge. So
Trinity was regained. Mr. Cain never used his privilege.
Mr. Lewis held Spring Street Church for nearly two years.
Trinity Church was well nigh in ruins. But it was a churchhome,
and the congregation rejoiced to possess it again.
The Sunday School re-entered on January 14, 1866. The
congregation soon followed. Steps were taken looking to
further repairs of the church, but for various reasons these
were not carried out until 1869 .
TRINITY AND CUMBERLAND' UNITE.
When Trinity was re-occupied, its was entered by its old

370 Appendix to Year Book.
congregation, and by many persons belonging to Cumberland.
The people were too much reduced in fortune, to
think of repairing Trinity, and also of rebuilding Cumberland.
The congregations determined to unite. The union
of the two corporations was finally effected June I7, 1874,
by formal action of the two joint Quarterly Conferences.
The Board of Trustees purchased the parsoI:age in Wentworth
street in 1877.
SALE OF SITE OF CUMBERLAND.
Even before this final act of union, measures looking to
the sale of the site of Cumberland had been taken. On
March Igth , I874 , the Cumberland Trustees were authorized
to sell the lot, and Dr. J. R. Mood was requested to remove
the corner-stone and tombstones from the premises. Thus
the tombstones were removed to Trinity churchyard. The
corner-stone was also removed, and was kept by Dr. Mood,
until the present Cumberland Church in Hanover street
was commenced in 1883 , when it was deposited in that
building. The lot was sold to the Champion Cotton Press
Company, and the warehouse of that Company now stands
on the spot where Charleston Methodism reared its first
sanctuary--just one hundred years before this sketch was
written.
TRINITY REPAIRED.
The repairs and improvement of Trinity were so imperative,
that the congregation did not wait for formal union. The
sum of $2,204.23 , insurance money from old Cumberland,
was increased by contributions, and the work was done. It
was finished at a cost of nearly $6,ooo, and was re-dedicated
by Bishop G. F. Pierce on the 3d Sunday in January, 187o
ANOTHER CHURCH--NEW CUMBERLAND.
The years from I875 to I887, were years of great prosper.
ity, so far as increase of membership, the development of

The 3/[ethaclis/ Church in Charleston. 37 t
church activity, and the promotion of individual piety are
concerned. And during this period the present Cumberland
Church in Hanover, near Line street, was founded. In
I883, Rev. J. E. Beard was sent by the Conference to establish
a congregation in the northeastern part of the city.
Trinity and Bethgl Churches lent valuable aid. In I883 a
church building was erected. To-day a flourishing membership
worship in it.
I884 was the Centennial of organic American Methodism.
This epoch was duly celebrated here.
CYCLONE AND EARTHQUAKE.
In the last two years, new experiences fell to the lot of the
churches. August 25, I885, a cyclone or hurricane of unusual
violence swept over Charleston, and damaged many buildings.
Trinity Church was one of those which suffered most.
Much of the roof was torn off, and the heavy rains which
poured down for a week, further damaged the building.
Repairs were necessary. The congregation determi,ed to
repair and improve the property without asking aid of any
one without. On October ISth, over $3,o0o.00 was subscribed
for the purpose, and the work was done. In addition
to the repairs absolutely demanded, a great part of the
south wall was taken down and rebuilt, and the interior was
most tastefully improved. On February 7th, I886, the congregation
which, by the kindness of Mayor Courtenay had
worshiped at the Market Hall during the work, re-occupied
their sanctuary.
A greater calamity followed. On August 3I, I886, the
terrible earthquake which shook Charleston to the verge of
ruin, shattered all the churches. This new disaster was more
than the membership could stand. So they joined in an
appeal to the country for help. $to, I95.73 was contributed.
The repairs required much more than this sum.
The congregations therefore undertook to raise what their
needs demanded.
48

372 Appendix to Year Book.
THE TEMPLES RENEWED.
Trinity was the first to re-occupy her sanctuary. Nearly
$3,ooo more was raised by the congregation, and the church
was re-opened on March 27th , I887, Bishop W. W. Duncan
conducting the services. Cumberland Church, being a
wooden structure, was not so much injured as her sister
churches, and was soon repaired under the direction of Rev.
H. B. Browne, her pastor, Bishop Duncan again conducting
the services on June I9th of the past year. Bethel determined,
not only to repair, but to beautify the building. Over
$4,ooo was raised to supplement sums received, and on
October 3Ist, I887 , the pastor, Rev. R. N. Wells, and his
congregation listened with glad hearts to the re-opening
sermon preached by Bishop Holland N. McTyeire.
Spring Street Church, under the lead of the pastor, Rev.
J. Walter Dickson, began the work of repairing and of completing
her church building. The Rev. L. F. Beaty, who
followed Mr. Dickson, took up the work and pursued it with
such ability and devotion that when his pastorate ended in
December, 1887, but very little remained to be done. In the
beginning of I888. Bishop Duncan and Rev. S. B. Jones, D. D.,
conducted the mor,_ing and evening services of "Re-opening
Day." Spring Street at last realizes the fulfillment o[ her
hopes, and her members enjoy the fruition of their labors
for many ).ears. Their last taskwas the raising of about
$I,2oo to finish paying for their beautiful temple.
A CENTUR¥'S ]PROGRESS.
One hundred and two years ago the first Charleston
Methodist, Edgar Wells, was received into the church.
Thousands have since repeated the vows he made.
One hundred years ago Charleston Methodists entered
their first sanctuary. They were a small flock, not fifty
whites in all. To-day they are moving in bands. There
are four commodious churches, where large congregations
and Sunday Schools assemble ; there are five parsonages for

The Met/zodist C/turch in Charleston. 373
the presiding elder and pastors. Iu these churches 1,458
members or communicants are enrolled; in the Sunday
Schools there are I42 officers and teachers and I,I36 Sunday
School pupils. Is there not reason to say with grateful lips,
"What hath God wrought."
There is a mural tablet on the west wall of Trinity in
memory of t_ishop Wightman, with the followi_lg inscription :
IN MEMOI{IAM.
WILLIAM MAY WIGttTMAN, D. D., LL.D.,
one of the Bishops of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, South.
Born in Charleston, January 29th, 1808;
Converted at Camp Meeting near Haddrell's Point 1825;
Licensed to preach in 1827;
Ordained bishop at the General Conference
in New Orleans, 3I_y, 1866;
Died in this eit.y February 15th, 1882.
Given to the Lord by _ pious mother,
lie knew the Holy Scriptures from a child.
Called soon after his conversion to the work
of the ministry, his response was
SpeM¢Lord, thy serwmt heareth:
And the devotion of over a half century
Attested the thoroughness of his con_ef.ration.
Of fine physical presence,
Rare strength of intellect, and large culture,
He freely laid these gifts upon the altar,
Valuing them only as they _ided him in declaring
All the counsel of God,
And iu bringing sinners to Christ:
He served the church long and faithfully,
As pastor, editor, and college president;
Illustrated in his own experience the power
Of the gospel he preached, and died with a bright
Hope of a glorious immol_ality.
" [,_hall be sa[i._fiedwhere,[awake i_,/by likene._s,"

374 Appendix to Year Book.
The following mural tablet is in Spring Street Church ;
SACRED
to the memory of
l_EV. JACOB NIPPER,
Born 8th September, 1812,
• Died 30th April, 1844.
He entered the itinerant
Connection in the S. C. Conference,
A. D. 1839.
Was appointed to St. James charge
In this city, in 1842 _nd 43;
And in 1844
To the Pee Dee Mission,
Where he fell asleep in Jesus.
As a man he was amiable,
And uaassuming.
As a Christian
Devout and bh_meless.
As a Minister lucid,
Efficient _nd faithful
" Remember the words
That I spoke unto you,
While I was yet with you. "
Erected by this congregation
As a token of esteem
For the deceased.
Bethel has two memorial windows: One in memory of
Bishop Win. Capers; the other for Bishop Win. M.
Wightman.
PREACHERS IN CHARGE,
I. CHARLESTON CIRCUIT,
I785 to June--Henry Willis.
t785 after June--John Funnel.
t786--Henry Willis, Isaac Smith,
i787--Lemuel Green.
i788--Ira Ellis, Reuben Ellis.
i789--Ira Ellis, Reuben Ellis.

The Methodist Church in Charleston. 375
I79O--Isaac Smith.
I79I--James Parks; Reuben Ellis, elder.
x792--Daniel Smith.
x793--Daniel Smith, Jonathan Jackson.
I794 Joshua Cannon, Isaac Smith; to change in six
months.
I795--Phili p Bruce, Enoch George, James Rogers and H.
Hill; to change after three months.
_796--Benjamin Blanton.
i797--Benjamin Blanton, J. N. Jones, James King.
1798--John N. Jones, Tobias Gibson.
1799--John Harper, Nicholas Grethen.
ISOo--George Dougherty, J. Harper.
18oI--George Dougherty, J. Harper,
ISo2--John Garvin, Benjamin Jones.
I8o3--Bennet Kendrick, Thomas Darley.
ISo4--Bennett Kendrick, Nicholas Walters.
I8o5--Buddy W. Wheeler, J. !t. Mellard.
r8o6--Lewis JVlyers, Levi Garrison.
I8o7--Jonathan Jackson. Win. Owen.
I8o8--Wm. Phosbus, J. McVean.
I8o9--Samuel Mills, Wm. M. Kennedy.
I81o--Wm. M. Kermedy, T. Mason, Richmond Nolley.
_SII--Samuel Dunwody, Francis Ward, Win. Capers, Wm.
S. Talley.
x812--F. Ward, Jacob Rumph.
I813--N. Powers, J. Capers, G. M. Meek.
I814--S. Dunwody, A. Talley, J. B. Glenn.
I8Is--A. Senter. A. Talley, S. K. Hodges.
•1816--J. W. Stanley, E. Christopher, James O. Andrew.
1817--Solomon Bryan, W. B. Barnett, W. Kennedy, W.
Williams.
I8t8--Lewis Myers, A. Talley, Henry Bass.
18]9--Lewis Myers, Z, Dowling, Henry T. Fitzgerald.
I82o--Wm. M. Kennedy, H. Bass, J Murrow.
I82I--Wm. M. Kennedy, D. Hall, W. Kennedy, Asbury
Morgan.
I822--James Norton, D. Hall, J. Evans, R. Flournoy.

376 Appendix to Year Book.
I823--Johll Howard, Wm. Hawkins, Thomas S. Wynn,
Elija Sinclair.
I824--S. Dunwody, J. Howard, J. Galluchet, St., Stephen
Olin.
i825--Wm. Capers, A. P. Manly, Sup., Benjamin L.
Haskins, S. Olin.
1826--Wm. Capers, H. Bass, P. N. Maddux.
1827--James O. Andrew, H. Bass, N. Laney.
I828--James O. Andrew, A. Morgan, B. L. Horkins.
iSz9--N. Talley, J. Freeman, Wm. H. Ellison.
183o--N. Talley, T. L. Wynn, Win. M. Wi_htman.
183I--Charles Beth, Bond English, Win. Murrah.
i832 --Win. Capers, Win. Cook, Thomas E. Ledbetter, Win.
Murrah.
,833--Wm. Capers, J. Holmes, H. A. C. Walker, Reddick
Pierce; to change after three months with J.
K. Morse.
I834--Wm. M. Kennedy, Win. Martin, George F. Pierce.
I835--Wm. M. Kennedy, Win. Martin, J. J. Allison, W. A.
Gamewell.
x836--Wm. Capers, J. Sewell, J. W. McCall, W. A. Gamewell.
i837--Bond English, J. Sewell, J. N. Davis, James W.
Wellborn.
1838--Bond English, J. E. Evans, Samuel Armstrong.
I839--N, Talley, J. E. Evans, wml Capers, Paul A. M.
Williams.
I84o--N. Talley, H. A. C. Walker, Whitefoord Smith.
_84x--B. English, J. Sewell, James Stacey ; T. Hutchings,
City Missionary.
I842--B. English, Hartwell Spain, Albertus M. Shipp.

The Methodist Ckurck in Ckarleston. 377

378 Appendix to Year Book.

The 3£etkodist Ckurck in Ckarleston. 3f9
PRESIDING ELDERS
OF THE DISTRICT, INCLUDING CHARLESTON.
I786-87. Beverly Allen. I831-34. Henry Bass.
1788-93. Reuben Ellis. I835-38. NichoIas Talley.
I794-95. Philip Bruce. 0
I839-42. Henry Bass.
I796. Enoch George. I843-46. Robert J. Boy&
I797. Jonathan Jackson. 1847-49. Samuel W. Capers.
I798-18oo. Benj. Blanton 185o-53. Charles Betts.
I8Ol. James Jenkins. 1854-57. H. A. C. Walker.
18o2-o4. Geo. Dougherty. 1858-6I. W. P. Mouzon.
I8O5-O6. Britton Capel. 1862-63. F. A. 'Mood.
I8o7-o9. Lewis Myers. I864-65. Thomas Raysor.
_8IO. Reddick Pierce. I866-68. F.A. Mood.
I8II-13. Win. M. Kennedy. 1869-71. A. M. Chreitzberg.
I814-I 5. John Collinsworth. I872-75. W. P. Mouzon.
I816217. Alexander Talley. 1876-79 . T.E. Wannamaker.
I818-I 9. James Norton. 188o-83. W. P. Mouzon.
I82O-23. Lewis Myers. 1884-86. E.J. Meynardie.
1824-26. James O. Andrew. 1887-88. J. Marion Boyd.
I827-3o. Win. Capers.
STATISTICS, 1887 .
Trinity ................. local preachers, 2; members, 555
Bethel ................. " I ; " 328
Spring Street ........... " .. ; " 292
Cumberland ............ " 2 ; " 278
Totals ............. " 5 " 1,453
Trinity .......... officers and teachers, 58 ; S. S. pupils, 4Ol
Bethel ........... " " 25 ; " 194
Spring Street .... " " 24; " 15o
Cumberland ..... " " 35 ; " 39 I
Totals .... " " 142 " i,i36
49

380 Appcndz)c to Ye,ar Book.
A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCtt OF THE It0N. JOEL R.
P01NSETT, OF SOUTH CAROI,IRA.
Joel Roberts Poinsett was a descendent of one of the
French refugees who came to Carolina under the Lords Proprietors
soon after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
His father was aphysician and apothecary, it being common
then to unite the two occupations; and he was born in
Charleston on the 2nd March, I779.
He was taken to England during his early childhood, as
soon as the war of the Revolution was over, and brought
back in I788. It becoming apparent then that he was of
delicate constitution, and in order to give him the advantage
of a change of climate, he was sent in I793 to the care of the
celebrated Dr. Dwight, of Greenfield Hill, Connecticut, who
superintended his education for nearly two years. He was
then returned to South Carolina, as the Northern winters
were seen to be too severe for him.
After remaining a short time at his home, he was sent to
England where he was placed at school at Wandsworth, near
London, under the tuition of Mr. Roberts, a brother of the
principal of St. Paul's school. He was naturally a bright
boy, learnt rapidly from his books, and became a good
classical scholar. After leaving the last school, at the age
of eighteen, he went to Edinburgh, wliere he matriculated in
its celebrated university, and attended the medical lectures.
The future of his lite was much influenced by his stay at
Edinburgh. It'_was an important intellectual centre, and
most American youths who went abroad at the end of the
last century pursued their medical studies at its university.
He was naturally of an inquiring term of mind, desirous of
accumulating knowledge, and he profited by his stay in the
Scotch capital to inform himself upon other branches of
science besides that of medicine. The foundations of the
varied information on many subjects, which were one of the
features of his character, were laid when there.
His studies were interrupted after abouta year at the

Sbetch of the Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 38I
university by a severe illness which made it necessary for
him to make an ocean voyage to Portugal. The sea air was
of great benefit to him, and, after a boisterous passage of
four weeks, he landed at Lisbon, completely restored to
health. In the Spring he returned to England, and finding
that it would be i_npossible for him to follow a sedentary
pursuit, he gave up the study of medicine and directed his
attention to the study of military tactics, with the view of
en_agingin the active life ofa soldier. For this purpose he
placed himself under the instruction of Marquois, who had
been a teacher at the Military Academy of Woolwich.
It is important to note these two facts: his taking an
ocean voyage as soon as his health began to fail, which he continued
until old age, and by means of which his life, whichwas
frequently threatened, was prolonged to the age of seventytwo;
and his having studied military tactics tor his knowledge
of what was necessary to make an efficient soldier was one
of his strong characteristies in after life, and one of his great
successes in the troublous times of nullification was the com-
plete military organization which he gave to the Union party
of Charleston, of which he was a conspicuous leader.
Under his teacher he studied the higher branctles of
mathematics, fortification and gunnery, but the following
winter his health broke clown again in the rigorous climate
of London, and he returned to Charleston in the spring of
18oo. The sea voyage again restored him before it was over,
and he landed in good health.
Finding his lather opposed to his entering the army in
time of peace, he studied law for a few months, and being
desirous of improving himself by foreign travel, he obtained
the consent of his father to another European tour, upon
which he started in I8Ol. The winter of I8oi-2 was spent in
Paris, and in the summer he visited Switzerland, making part
of the journey on foot. From thence he went to Italy,
Sicily, Malta, returned to Switzerland again, and then went
through Bavaria to Vienna.
Mr. Poinsett usually had the best letters of introduction
for the places to which he went, and he spent much of his

382 Appendix to Year Book. °
time at the Austrian capital in the company of distinguished
members of the court. While at Vienna he received news
of the death of his father, and started in the depth of winter
to return to America.
Upon arriving in Charleston he found his only surviving
sister suffeuing from an incipient consumption, and he took
her to New York with the hope that her health would be
restored. He was disappointed in this hope, for after lingering
a few months she died in that city. His loss was a
great bereavement to him and made a lasting impression
upon his destinies and character.
He soon after returned to Europe, and proceeded to visit
the northern portions of that continent. At St. Petersburg
he was received in the most distinguished manner by the
Emperor Alexander, with whom he enjoyed frequent intercourse.
The Emperor delighted to inform himself on the
Republican institutions of America, and on one occasion
when" Mr. Poinsett was speaking of the advantages enjoyed
by the citizens of tile United States, Alexander exclaimed :
"Sir, you are right, and if I were not an Emperor, I certainly
would be a Republican." He offered to retain Mr. Poinsett in
his service, and afforded him every facility for his extended
journey through the European and Asiatic possessions of his
vast empire. This journey was a long and eventful one, and
during its continuance he penetrated into Persia, Georgia,
Circassia, the Crimea, and returned toSt. Petersburg
through theUkraitle and Moscow. There were many incidents,
some of them dangerous, which occurred to him
whiIe on this trip; and although he made other journeys
afterwards which were more arduous, the experience then
gained as a traveller, capable of accommodating himself to
all the exigencies which resulted from visiting wild and inhospitable
regions, made him a person full of resource when
surrounded with difficulties which would have been insurmountable
to others.
After leaving Russia he found it necessary to visit Toeplitz
for his health. On his way there he passed through
K6nigsburg, where the Prussian Court resided while Berlin

Sketch of the Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 383
was being occupied by tile French after the battle of Jena.
He also visited that capital and then proceeded to Dresden
on his way to Carlsbad, finally reaching Paris, where he
remained several months. He eventually returned to
America in i8og--having been absent eight years.
The extended travels which he accomplished during those
years, the distinguished persons whom he had met and his
own observations or what he had seen and heard, made him
a person of rare experience for his age, and, as he was ambitiovs
and desirous of pub!ic employment, ar, d had also paid
special attention to military science, Mr. Madison, the then
President, desired to make him Quartermaster-General of the
Army.
Mr. Poinsett later on proved himself to be possessed of
decided ability for organization, and he probably would
have succeeded in introducing order into that department.
It was a branch of the service very defective at that time-or
a par in that respect with the other branches, and its
share of the work during the war of 1812, which soon followed,
proved that if the reforms could have been introduced
in I8o9, a part at least of the blunders in the management
of the conflict might have been avoided.
The appointment was not made in consequence of the
objections of Mr. Eustis, tile Secretary of War, and Mr.
Poinsett, having perceived that the Secretary was unwilling,
accepted another offer which the President made him
through Mr. Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury. It was to
proceed to South America and ascertain the real condition
of the South American people, as well as their prospects of
success inthe revolution just commenced.
He thereupon satled for Rio Janeiro and proceeded thence
to Buenos Ayres, where the governing Junta received him
with great distinction. After establishing friendly and commercial
relations with Buenos Ayres, hecrossed the continent
to Chile. This journeywasanotherofthosedifficult
undertakings which those who knew Mr. Poinsett and
his continual condition of uncertain health, were surprised
that he was able to accomplish. The pampas which had

384 Al_pen&'x to Year Book.
first to be crossed are an arid plain during one-half of the
year, and during the periodic rains of the other half are
overgrown with a luxuriant vegetation. A heavy lumbering
stage coach drawn by mules was the means of conveyance
across this trackless waste, and upon reaching the base of
the Andes. at aplace called Mendosa, thejourney over the
mountain was _nade on the backsof mules. The number
of days usually consumed in the trips from the City of
Buenos Ayres to Santiago, the Capital of Chile, was from
twenty to twenty-five.
Chile had not yet achieved its independence, and its
government was in the hands of three brothers named
Carrera, each one of whom was eventually captured, imprisoned
and executed. They gave Mr. Poinsett a most
flattering welcome on his arrival, and shortly after declared
Chile independent o[ Spain. The country was divided into
factions during the greater part of the war for independeuce
which retarded its achievement, and the priesthood gmlerally
sympathized with the Spaniards who represented the old
order of things. Fortune wavered from side to side during
several years, and the yoke was not completely 3thrown off
until 1818.
Mr. Poinsett remained principally in the seaport of Valpa.
raiso and witnessed while there the engagement between
the American frigate Essex and the two English vessels,
Phoebe and Cherub. This occured in 'March, I8_4. The
contest was an unequal one owing to the greater weight of
metal of the English, and ended in the surrender of the
Essex.
After the war with England of 1812 had commm_ced, he
was anxious to return home, but their being no facilities at
hand he was obliged to await an opportunity. In the mean
while the British cruisers declared their intention to capture
him if they could, and when Captain Porter obtained permission
for his crew to return, Captain Hilber of the Phoebe
refused him permission to be inc!uded in the cartel.
One of the most extraordinary incidents in Mr. Poinsett's
life occurred while in Chile, During his detention there the

Sketch of the Life of jroel R. Poinsett. 385
subject of declaring war against the United States was discussed
in secret session of the Cortes in Spain, and the
Spanish authorities proceeded to act as though war had
actually commenced. They captured and condemned several
._-merican vessels, and upon their invading Chile they seized
ten American whale ships in the Port of Talcahuano.
At the same time Mr. Poinsett obtained the perusal
of an intercepted letter from the Governor of San Carlos
de Chiloe, informing the Viceroy of Lima that an American
vessel had put into that port for supplies; that he
had seized it and would send it on to Callao, the seaport of
Lima, as soon as a set of irons was completed which was to
secure the crew. Mr. Poinsett indignant at the commission
of these acts of hostility on the part of the Spanish authorities,
accepted the command of a small force which was
offered him by the Revolutionary Government of Chile,
with which he retook Talcahuallo, and liberated the vessels
detained there. The exploit exhibited his ability and courage
in a striking manner.
He had been in the country long enough to be able to
make an -intelligent report to Mr. Madison of the state of
things in Chile, and of the prospects of her independence.
He thereupon returned to Buenos Ayres by the same difficult
route that he had already taken. He then sailed for
Bahia in Brazil, i)_ a Portuguese brig, after having passed the
British squadron in the river of Plate in an open boat. From
Bahia he embarked for Maderia, and after a short residence
in the island, he sailed directly for Charleston in I8t6.
Soon after this he was elected to the State Legislature
and he exerted himself successfully while there to induce that
body to adopt a system of internal improvements. The
journey from Charleston to Columbia before this was made
by crossing the Cooper river, after leaving the city, at
Clement's Ferry, six miles from the county Court House, and
continuing through St. Thomas and St. John's parishes to
Lenud's Ferry on the Santee river. After crossing, the
traveller proceeded o_1 the east side of the Santee and
Wateree rivers to Statesburg, near which the Wateree was
rossed at Garner's Ferry, twenty miles from Columbia.

386 Appendix to Year Book.
Mr. Poinsett was made the president of the South Carolina
Board of Public Works, and in conjunction with Colonel
Blanding, he accomplished the important work of a good
wagon road from the seaboard to the mountains. The building
of this road through the upper parts of the State was
costly, and remains to this day as evidence of Mr. Poinsett's
energy and l_nowledge of what was absolutely required. The
lower portion which was equally as important as the upper,
was made practicable through the sandy regions by being
corduroyed, and wagons loaded with cotton continued to
pass over that road, always known as the State Road, until
the railroads absorbed all the traffic for themselves. While
occupied on this work he declined the offer of an appointment
as commissioner a second time to South America, made
him by Mr. Monroe.
It was common then for certain public enterprises to be
started by means of a lottery. An authorization for one
was easily obtained from the Legislature, and it was usually
stipulated either that it would last a certain number of years
or until a specified sum had been accumulated. Some
churches in Charleston were built partly or entirely in
this way, and it has only been since about the year I84o, or a
short time afterwards, that they have been justly discountenanced
as immoral and wrong.
Mr. Poinsett had observed in the cities of Europe the
great usefulness of galleries of painthlgs and statues, their
improvement and elevation of the tastes of the people, and
with the hope of starting such an institution in Charleston,
he obtained assistance from the Legislature in the shape of
a lottery, The name of Academy of Fine Arts was given
the new enterprise, and a small one-storied building was
erected on the south-side of Broad street, between Friend
and Logan streets, where some pictures were exhibited-among
them Rembrandt Peale's Court of Death. These
events occurred between the years I8I 5 and 182I. During
the last year he was elected to Congress from the Charle'ston
District, and his continued absence for some years was
probably the cause of the Academy of Fine Arts having
fallen through.

Sketch of the Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 387
He served in Congress until 1825, and during that time,
in I822, he was invited by the President, Mr. Monroe, to
visit Mexico and report whether it would be advisable to
recognize Iturbide as Emperor. While in Congress he
made a favorable impression as a public speaker, and was
noted for the cpnsideration with which he always treated
the opinions of those who were his adversaries in debate.
The recognition of the South American Republics was an
important matter which came before Congress when he
was in Washington, and he was able to give valuable information
to those inquiring, in consequence of his stay in
Chile.
His trip to Mexico is contained in a volume entitled
"Notes on Mexico," published in Philadelphia and London,
shortly after his return. The account of the journey is in
the form of a diary which was written amid all the discomforts
of travel in the Mexico of that day. He leaves Charleston
in the Sloop of War John Adams, which stops for him
off the harbor on the 20th August, 1822, and visits the Island
of Porto Rico before reaching Vera Cruz, where he lands on
the I8th October. His stay in Mexico lasted from that date
until the 2ISt December, and, from the fatigue and inconveniences
encountered, was another instance of his energy
and determination when there was any purpose which he was
bent upon accomplishing.
The country was found to be in a most disorganized
state--highway robbery was common on almost all of
the roads, and the few industries that could flourish were
depressed by the anarchy that was chronic. In the City of
Mexico he had an interview with Iturbide, which is described,
and his opinion was that the Emperor could not be
able to maintain himself long. He was right in that belief,
for Iturbide abdicated the following May, having only
reigned about a year.
He left the Capital, going North, and made a d6tour by
the towns of Queretaro and San Luis Potosi, in order to
visit a part of the mining region. The party suffered extremely
from cold when the start was necessarily made
50

388 Appendix to Year Book.
before day, the road being through the tableland of Mexico.
His companions complained loudly of fatigue and remonstrated
against setting out so early in the mornfng. He there.
upon determined to go forward alone and engage tile mules
in advance, as it was important to reach Tampico in time
to meet the sloop of war. The journey terminated at that
city where the yellow fever was making its annual deadly
visit, and he re-embarks on the John Adams off the port.
Before returning to the United States a few days were
spent at Havana. Mr. Poinsett alludes with indignation to
the impunity with which the pirates who infest the neighboring
seas are allowed to occupy a suburb of the city, and
are protected in their infamous occupation by the authorities
of the island.
Iturbide having returned to Mexico in July, 1824, in consequence
of an insurrection in his favor, Mr. Poinsett was
urged by Mr. Monroe to accept the mission to that country.
From the peculiar relations in which he stood with his party
in Charleston, he was compelled to decline the appointment.
Mr. Monroe afterwards renewed the offer; but Mr. Poinsett
had defended Mr. Monroe's characterwnen attached in the
tIouse of Representatives, and therefore refused to receive
any appointment at his hands.
Although he had participated in the election ccmtest in
which Mr. John Quincy Adams succeeded, and had voted
in favor of General Jackson, Mr:_Adams proffered him the
appointment of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
to Mexico, which he at length accepted. Shortly
before he set out for his destination the degree of Doctor of
Laws was conferred upon him by Columbia College in New
York, together with Mr. Calhoun and Mr, Stephen Elliott
of South Carolina.
His conduct while in Mexico, in the discharge of his
official duties, was a subject of much criticism and discussion.
The country was in a condition of continual turmoil,
and Mr. Poinsett's efforts were always directed towards preventing
civil war and protecting those whose lives in several
instances would have been forfeited when the fortunes of
war were against them.

Sketch of the Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 389
His sympathies were naturally with the popular or democratic
party, and he was therefore accused by the aristocracy
and priesthood of intriguing against them. They hated him
accordingly; believing that if they could be rid of him, they
would regain their lost supremacy. The events that transpired
after his det0arture must have satisfied them that he
had been in no way concerned either on one side or the
other with the conflicts that occurred. The European
Spaniards, who accused him of being inimical to their
interests, were forced to admit afterwards that, although he
may have condemned their frequent interference in the
politics of the republic, he constantly exerted himself to
protect them from persecution.
Most of the incidents so far related in the life of Mr. Poinsett
have been obtained from a sketch of his career in the
volume of the " National Portrait Gallery" for I834. The
followinginddent which he related in a speech to the citizens
of Charleston after his return, is copied verbatim from the
same volume. It Illustrates the power of the American
Union to protect its citizens abroad. The election of Gomez
Pedraza to the Presidentship of Mexico was not acquiesced
in by the people, and from discontent and murmurs they
soon proceeded to open revolt. At night they took possession
of the artillery barracks, a large building commonly
called the Accordada, which is so situated at the termi-
nation of the main street that a battery erected opposite to
it commanded the palace. Near the Accord_da is the
Alameda, a public walk about three-quarters of a mile
in circumference, and ornamented with noble trees. The
action commenced here, after a vain attempt of the government
to negotiate with the people. The government forces
were driVen out of the Alameda, and batteries established
higher up the street. The second day the troops of the
Accordada, commanded by Zavala and Lobato, advanced
towards t_e centre of the city in two columns--one by the
main street, and the other by a street running parallel to it,
on which Mr. Poinsett's house was situated. In order to
check the advance of these columns, the government troops

390 Appendix to Year Book.
were posted in the towers and steeples of the convents and
churches, and traverses mounted with cannon were constructed
across the streets. One of these works was situated
about three hundred yards from Mr. Poinsett's house, and
immediately under the tower of a convent on which men
were station S& After several ineffectual attempts had
been made to carry this work by an attack of infantry in
front, suddenly a squadron of cavalry, that had succeeded
in turning the flank of the battery, which was unprotected,
came thundering upon the artillery and sabred the men at
their guns. The soldiers on the tower, who for a time were
afraid to use their guns lest they should kill their comrades,
at length poured down an effective fire upon the cavalry.
Several fell, some dashed down the street, and others
threw themselves off their horses and took refuge under the
eaves of the very tower whence this destructive fire had
proceeded. The horses whose riders had been killed ran
about wild with terror ; but those of the dismounted cavaliers
instinctively leaned up against the wall of the tower as
closely as their riders did, and both escaped the shots from
above. When the cannon of the battery were silenced, the
troops were soon driven from the convent. The convent of
St. Augustine, situated in the rear of Mr. Poinsett's house,
was the last to yield to the besiegers. While the firing was
going on at this post, Madame Yturrigaray, widow of the
former Viceroy of Mexico, who lived in the adjoining house,
rushed into her balcony almost frantic with fear, and implored
Mr. Poinsett to protect her house. While he was
giving her assurances of protection and trying to calm her
fears, a shot was fired at him from the roof of the convent
opposite his house. The ball passed through his cloak and
buried itself in the shutter of the balcony window. He retired
within the house, and shortly after the beseigers were
heard advancing. They were composed of the common
people of the city and the peasants of the neighboring villages,
mingled with the civic guards of Mexico and deserters
from various regiments. The tramp of armed men and the
hum of voices alone indicated their approach; but when

Sketch of the Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 39t
they reached the house there arose one wild shout and a
desperate rush was made to burst open the door. The
massive gates resisted the utmost efforts of the crowd. A
cry arose to fire into the windows, to bring up cannon, to
drive in the door, and bitter imprecations were uttered
against the owner,of the house for sheltering their enemies
--the European Spaniards, many of whom had sought an
asylum in Mr. Poinsett's house. At this moment Mr. Poinsett
directed Mr. Mason, the Secretary of the American Legation,
to throw out the flag of the United States. This was
gallantly done, and they both stood on the balcony beneath
its waving folds. The shouts were hushed, the sGldiers
slowly dropped the muzzle_ of their guns which were leveled
at the balcony and windows.
Mr. Poinsett seized the opportunity to tell them who he
was and what flag waived over him, and to claim security
for all who were under its protection. Perceiving tfiat the
crowd was awed and began to consult together, he retired
from the balcony to dispatch his servant with a note to the
commander of the besieging army. The servant returned
and reported that the ['ress was so great that the porter was
afraid to open the door lest the crowd should rush in. Mr.
Poinsett instantly resolved to go down himself and have the
door opened. As he descended the stairs he was joined by
Mr. Mason. They proceeded together across the courtyard
to the door which the porter was ordered to open. As
they stepped over the threshold the dense crowd which
filled the street roiled back like a wave of the ocean. The
servant, who was a Mexican, mingled with them, and before
the people recovered from their astonishment the two
gentlemen returned into the court-yard and the door was
closed by the porter. Before they reached the front of the
house they heard tile rapid advance of a body of cavalry.
It was commanded by a friend of the legation. The gates
were thrown open, the horsemen rode into the court-yard,
their commander stationed sentinels before the door, and
Mr. Poinsett had the satisfaction to redeem his promise of
protection to Madame Yturrigaray. Her house was re.

39 e Appendix to Year Book.
spected during the wildest disorder, and those who had
sought an asylum under the flag of the United States remained
in perfect safety until tranquility was restored. The
house was a quadrangle and the court-yard shut in by a
porte cock_,re. The people before the door were many of
them loaded veith plunder from the houses and shops into
which they had broken.
Mr. Poinsett's stay of eighteen months as Minister to
Mexico was replete with incidents annoying to him. He was
accused of having introduced masonry into the country,
whereas it was well known that its rites had existed there
long before he went. All that he did was to send for
charters from th_ Grand Lodge of New York, at the request
of the officers of the five lodges of the capital. He explained
in this in an able reply to accusations made against
him b.y the legislaturers of Vera Cruz and Mexico, and afterwards
in answer to a pamphlet published in London.
After undergoing an amount of hostility to himself, which
amounted to persecution, and during which his life was in
danger at times, he was recalled by President Jackson, who,
in his next annual message, mentioned him in a complimentary
manner. While Minister he negotiated a treaty of
limits and one of commerce, which were not immediately
ratified by the Senate, in consequence of a feeling of prejudice
against him on the part of some of the members, but
which was favorably considered after his return. "Ihe members
of the legation and other Americans residing in the
country who understood the conditions surrounding him
vindicated and admired his course.
Soon after Mr. Poinsett had returned to South Ca,olina
the nullification agitation commenced. It was caused at
first by the Tariff Law of I828, which imposed higher duties
on certain manufactured articles from abroad, in order to
encourage their successful manufacture in the United States.
This was contrary to the opinions entertained by the public
men of the South, and a large majority of the people, as to
the rights of the general government. They thought that
Congress had clearly the power to impose a tariff for revenue,

Sketch of the Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 393
the proceeds of which were to be applied to the expenses of
the government. But when it came to raising more revenue
than was required, in order that certain industries, which
could not successfully compete with foreign importations,
might be assisted, those States whose industries were being
developed without, any outside assistance felt it as a grievance
that this policy should be pursued.
South Carolina took the lead in this agitation, although
all the other Southern States, except Louisiana, were
equally interested. Her industries were entirely agricultural,
and in consequence of the intelligent methods
followed by the planters of the State, avariety of cotton
grown on her sea islands, and known as "Sea Island Cotton,"
had been so much perfected in fibre that it had already
taken the front rank in the markets of the world. Among
the cereals, so decided was the ability of the rice planters,
that that grain, which at first was one of the inferior varieties
from the East Indies, had risen also to the front rank of
its kind, and as "Carolina Rice," was everywhere known as
the best that could be bought. These productions, along
with the large upland cotton and tobacco crops, had never
received any assistance in their infancy--the only yield of
the soil which received a bonus from the government having
been sugar. The South considered it unfair to be made to
pay more for the English goods which it was in thehabit of
consuming, in order that the Northern a_d Eastern manufacturers
might sell their goods at a profit.
The agitation continued without culminating in anything
serious until the tariff of I832 was adopted, which was as
much protective as the first. Mr. Calhoun, who was then in
the Senate, and exerted great influence in his native State,
was in favor of the Legislature of South Carolina calling a
convention to consider an ordinance which would nullify the
two tariff laws of I828 and I83 z. The convention was therefore
called, and in the fall of x83 z it passed the ordinance
with instructions to the Legislature that it go into effect
in February following.
The nullification party in the State did not outnumber

394 Appendi;: to Year Book.
the Union party by a large majority, and the contest between
the two became so bitter that at one time civil war
seemed imminent. In Charleston the nullifiers were cer-
tainly the more numerous, but the Unionists had the advantage
of better organization, and of the intention of the
government to assist them.
Mr. Poinsett took an active part without hesitation in the
controversy on the side of the Union, and soon became one
of the leaders. He madea number of public speeches and
wrote numerous essays to turther the objects of his party,
and the determination which he manifested himself and en-
couraged in others made his name conspicuous among those
who were engaged in that memorable contest. His ability
as an orator was great, and in the heat of the controversy
his eloquence surpassed anything that those who had been
his intimates had ever thought possible. His power for
swaying the masses is considered by some of those who remember
the times to have exceeded that ot Mr. Petigru and
Col. Win. Drayton, two other leaders of the same party.
It is scarcely possible that Mr. Poinsett was in favor of a
protective tariff. He was simply sincerely attached to the
Union, and he could easily see that successful nullification
would be the entering wedge of dissolution. He probably
considered that it was better to remain in the Union, and
put up with certain evils which are, inseparable from all
governments, than to separate and form weak confederations
constantly at war with one another. He was sustained
in this view by the miseries which he had seen the people of
Spanish American States suffer while resident among them ;
and repeatedly while in conversation with friends he would
allude to the want of prosperity in those countries, the result
of misrule and anarchy. Mr. Poinsett was credited with
having been the chief organizer of tlle Unionists in Charleston
into a :;emi-n_ilitary body. He had observed the preparations
for civil strife in other countries, and knew the
importance of discipline and organization. It has been
stated too that such organizations became necessary in
consequence of the nullifiers having first commenced theirs.

Sketclz of the Life oJ foel R. Poinsett. 395
Whatever the truth as to this may have been, the superior
organization of the Union men, under the management of
Mr. Poinsett, was never more strikingly apparent than when
the two parties came face to face one night, after each one
had attended a public gathering in a different part of the
city, and, to the surprise of the uninitiated, the Union men
as they halted were found to be in military formation, while
the other party were without order or discipline.
This was at the commencement of the agitation, and the
only arms that the Union men had were clubs. They were
provided with these as there were threats that their meetings
would be broken up, and it was to prevent any such attempt
that they were thus prepared. Later on the Nullifiers were
uniformed as State Troops and frequently drilled, and their
infantry and artillery were often seen in the public streets.
It was then found necessary to give an equally efficient
organization to the Union men, but this could only be
accomplished by doing it secretly, as the Nullifiers were in
possession of the State Government, and would have prevented
any open drilling of their opponents.
in the City of Charleston it was doubtful at first which
party was in the majority, and it was not definitely settled
in favor of the Nullifiers until the annual election in 183I for
intendant. Great efforts were made by both sides and much
excitement prevailed. The successful candidate was Mr.
Henry L. Pinckney over Mr. James R. Prlngle, who had
been the incumbent the year previous.
At the time of the drilling of the Nullifiers in public and
of the Union men in secret, it was said that Mr. Poinsett
had received a commission as Colonel from President Jackson.
This is not quite certain, but at any rate he was authorized to
receive arms and ammunition from the government supplies
in the harbor, and a certain quantity of both were sent from
Castle Pinckney to the city, and quietly stored away by" the
leaders.
It can thus be seen that the situation was a most serious
one. The division of families, on account of the various
members holding different political opinions, was one of the
5I

396 Appendix to Year Book.
painful features of the agitation, and many of those who remember
the period look back with horror at the extreme
probability there was of bloodshed when the passions
were at their height. The difficulty was finally settled by a
compromise tariff introduced into Congress by Mr. Clay,
which was adopted at the close of the session of I833, and
the Impending conflict between South Carolina and the
general government was thereby avertect. It provided for a
gradual reduction of the revenue and an abandonment of
the protective system at the end of ten years, The victory
for the moment was with the Nullifiers, and there was a
general feeling of satisfaction on all sides that the crisis had
been successfully passed.
To the younger generations who have appeared on the
stage of life since the eventful period which has been briefly
outlined, a word of explanation becomes necessary in order
to clearly understand how the ideas of government, which
would sanction the nullification of a law of Congress, considered
by those aggrieved to be beyond the limits of its
powers and therefore unconstitutional, were tile accepted
ones with one of the great dominant parties, which in its
turn had held the reins of power. During the ten years that
immediately followed the adoption of the present Constitution
in I787, there was a gradually increasing struggle in
Cotlgress between two parties--one of which known as the
Federal party, under the leadershigof Alexauder Hamilton,
was in favor of a strong centralized government; and the
other known as the Republican party, under the leadership,
although not continuously so, of Thomas Jefferson, was in
favor of a general government with weak powers of cohesion,
whose operations were to be limited to certain functions
clearly defined, such as making treaties, coining money,
levying duties on hnportations, etc. These powers accordingtothe
Republicans had been delegated by the several
States to their common agent, the general government, and
all the other powers of government were retained by them
and known as reserved powers.

$/¢etc]_ of the Life of Joel R. Painsett. 397
Although at the adoption of the Constitution, as might
have been expected, nothing very definite had been settled
as to what would be the character of the government, during
the decade that followed the Federal party, having largely
outnumbered the Republican party, had, through Congress,
passed certain laws which proved that their tendencies
were towards cer_tralization. The Alien and Sedition Laws
which were passed during the administration of John Adams,
the second President, were the most conspicuous proof of the
readiness of Congress to excede the limited powers which
the opposition considered had been conferred upon it. They
had been adopted in consequence of the violent denunciations
of the government by the friends and emissaries of France,
which country, in the course of its war with England, was
constantly violating American neutrality by insulting the
American flag, capturing American vessels, and attempting
to fit out privateers in American ports. Under the Alien
Law the President could expel from the country any
foreigner whom he deemed injurious to the United States ;
and under the Sedition Law any one libeling Congress, the
President, or the government, could be fined or imprisoned.
The measure was a most unpopular one and excited the
bitterest hostility.
In consequence of the determined opposition to these
laws, in October, 1798 , while the Federal party was still in a
large majority, two brothers of the nam e of Nicholas, one of
whom resided in Kentucky, being on a visit to Jefferson at
his country place Monticello, deliberated with him on engaging
the co-operation of Kentucky with Virginia in " an
energetic protestation against the constitutionality of those
laws," as the " sympathy between " these States " was more
cordial and more intimately confidential than between any
other two States of Republican policy."
After much persuasion Jefferson was induced by the
brothers to "sketch resolutions for that purpose," which
George Nicholas, the Kentuckian, agreed to present to the
Legislature of that State, upon this being done, and they
were immediately adopted by an almost unanimous vote.

398 A_Dendix to Year gaols.
The authorship of the resolutions, which soon became
famous throughout the United States as the Kentucky
Resolutions, was not known until I82I, when Mr. Jefferson
admitted having prepared them.
In December of the same year the Virginia Legislature,
by an overwhelming majority, passed a series of resolutions
similar to ttlose of Kentucky. They were drafted by Mr.
Madison, and were expressly to aid in making a stand against
the usurption of the general government.
The first of the Kentucky resolutions were as follows :
*Resolved, That the several States composing the United States of America
are-not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general
govermnent, but, that by a compact under the style and title of a Constitution
for the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a
general government for special purposes--delegated to that government
certain definite powers, reserving each State to itself, the residuary mass ot
right to their own self government; and that whensoever the general government
assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of
no force; that to this compact each State acceded as a State, _nd is an integral
party, its co-States forming as to itself the other party; that the government
created by this compact was not made the exclusive or final judge of
the extent of the powers dclegatetl to itself; since that would have made its
discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of its powers; but that, as
all other eases of compact among powers, having no common judge, each
party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of refractions as of the
nlode and measure of redress.
The eighth resolution provides " that a Committee of
Conference and Correspondence be appointed " to commu-
nicate the preceding resolutions to [he Legislatures of other
States, and after assuring them of the fidelity of this
"commonwealth " to a constitutional union, to apprise them
that it " is determined, as it doubts not its co-States are, to
submit to undelegated, and consequently unlimited powers
in no man, or body of men on earth: that in cases of
an abuse of the delegated powers the members of the general
government, being chosen by the people, a change by the
people would be the constitutional remedy; but where
powers are assumed which have not been delegated, a zM/i-
fication of the act is the rightful remedy ; that every State
*Randall's Life of Thomas Jefferson. VoL II., p. _49.

Sketch of Nae Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 399
has a natural right in cases not within the compact to nullify
of their own authority all assumptions of power by others
within their limits, etc., etc.
It will thus be seen that one of the cardinal principles of
the Republican party, which was in power for forty years
consecutively, and during the Jackson administration had
changed its name,to the Democratic party, was the right of
a single State to nullify a law of Congress which that State
might consider unconstitutional. So strong was the belief
in this doctrine that when the first protective tariff of i828
was adopted, the Legislatures of all the Democratic Southern
States denounced it as an usurpation of power on the part
of Congress. When however nullification was proposed as
a remedy, South Carolina was the only State that was ready
to go so far as to put the principle into practice.
This explanation as to its origin has been given in order
toshow that it was not started at the time of the passage of
the tariffs of 1828 and 1832, and consequently the leading
statesmen of the time, who favored it as a remedy for what
.they considered unconstitutional laws, cannot be accused of
having originated it.
The condition of weakness in which the general government
would have been retained by the universal acceptance
of the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions as defining its
powers, would soon have resulted in dissolution, and at this
distance in time from the period in ques3;ion, it can be seen
that these resolutions were extreme and suited only to the
emergency then existing. When the alien and sedition
laws had been repealed or had expired by limitation, and
the other obnoxious measures of the Adams administration
had also been repealed soon after the inauguration o[
Jefferson as President in 18oi, the tendency to centralization
was effectually checked for the time being, and
the occasion for the passage of those resolutions had ceased.
They were found not to work well in practice, and Mr.
Jefferson realized this in the Louisiana purchase and other
events of his two terms of office ; while Mr. Madison after,
wards abandoned entirely the stand he had taken when he
drafted the Virginia resolutions.

400 Appendix to Year Book.
Mr. Poinsett considered himself a member of the Jeffer-
sonian Democracy, but there being no other party in his
State when he was elected to Congress in I82I, his defeated
opponent was a Democrat also. He continued a Democrat
through life, at the same time that he was an uncompromis-
ing Unionist, and, as he saw the crisis of nullification
approaching; in July, 1832 , he visited Mr. Madison at
Montpelier, his country place in Virginia, for the purpose of
conference with him. An interesting letter from the aged
exPresident, written some months later is here given, as
corroborating the statement of his having abandoned the
stand of December, 1798:
Mo_'reEr_mR, October 16th, 1832.
D_A_ Sr_--I h_ve received your favour of the _th ultimo, and thank you
for the pamphlets accompanying" it, which are from very able pens ; and I have
just h:td an opportunity of readin_ your speech on the 5th inst. It is a powerful
app_l to oattsiderations which c:mnot fail to sink deep into every mind
not shut ag'_inst relle(_tion by violence of party feelings. I wish for so opportune
•m appeal all the success it ought to have, in arresting" a course of
inclosures which le:_d to a result necessarily humiliating to the State, or
ruinous to a politimd system justly deemed the hope of the world, and to
which no St_te h:_s heretofore been a more patriotie votary than South
Carolina. With great and cordial esteem,
JAMES MADISON.
Mm PolNsr,'rT.
The nullification period is interesting to look back upon
as exhibiting one of the phases of the struggle which has
been going on since the adoption of the Constitution of
1787, between the individual States and the general government.
The latter, although completely checked at the time
of the election of Mr. Jefferson, has since then gradually
assumed powers which, it is considered, the original founders
never intended she should have, and even New England
was inclined to be rebellious during the war of I812, owing
to her shipping interests being affected by the blockade, the
natural consequence of a state of war, and her exclusion
therefore, commercially, from the ocean.
In 1832, a State, acting alone, still preserved some power,
and, although the administration had made all the required

S_ctc k of t_c Life of Jccl R. Poinsett. 4oi
preparations for using the military on the side of its parti-
sans, whenever it was thought that the time had arrived,
and President Jackson, if he can be judged by his threats,
was ready to use such harsh and autocratic cneasures as the
spirit of the times would have utterly condemned, even ill
those States which most desired protection, it was too soon
yet for musketry and the bayonet, or even for martial law
and courts martial. Under the leadership of one of tile
great national statesmen, such a compromise was adopted
as made it evident that the ruling majority felt that the time
was not yet propitious for the grasping at more power.
That the situation was considered full of peril by the
thoughtful statesmen of the time is _)roved by the action of
Mr. Clay, who, in order to avoid the possibility of a violent
conflict, sacrificed his chances for the Presidency by intro-
ducing the compromise measures, thus alienating the pro-
tectionists, and by the following letter from Mr. Webster
to Mr. Poinsett, where he considers it important to So modify
the tariff as to satisfy the Nullifiers :
BosTo_ _, May 7, 1833.
]_IY DEAI¢ Sin--Events have changed the face of things, in some important
respects, since the date of your letter to nm, viz: 3[arch 25. We have passed
the law for the better collection of the revenue, and wc have at, the same time
removed the occasion for it, by such a modific'ation of the tariff as the Nulli-
tiers were willing to accept. I am anxious to know the effect produced by
these occurrences in your St'Lte. Judging from the._p.eoches in the Convention,
from the tone of some of the papers, and, nlore than all, _rom a letter
of Mr. Calhoun to some friends who had invited him to a public dinner, it
appears to me that the contest is far from being ended. A repcal of the
present law will t)e proposed, I doubt not, early next session, and a vigorous
and persevering effort; made to get it out of the statule book. This attempt
will be made with the avowed purpose of reimdiating the doctrines of the
President's proclamation, and o£ extolling the principle that Congress cannot
enforce any law which a State mt_y decide to declare unconstitutional.
In short, iny dear sir, I entirely concur in your views, as expressed in your
letter, trod think them substantially just, and applicable now, as well as at
the time the letter was written. I hold it an indispensable duty of the friends
of Union, everywhere, to exert themselves for its preservation, and to act in
harmony and with concert. The fiercest of the battle has hitherto fallen on
the Union party in your State. They h,_ve met the crisis with manliness, and
patriotic spirit. They deserve all praise and all encouragement. On the

4o2 Appendix to Year gook.
other hand the great majority of the people this way are ardently attaehecl to
the Union themselves, and feel a _,val'In _ttaelunent for those who have else-
where aphehl its interests and fought its battles against such fearful odds.
Let us cherish this spirit. Let us think and feel and act as if our interest
and our duty were the same.
If I do not mistake, the question of paramount importance in our affairs is
likely to be, for some time to come, the preserratiorb of the Lrnion, or its dissolution,'*
_nd n_ power can decide this qnestio_l but that of the people
themselves. Let the question be _rgued--let it be discussed--givetile people
light, and they will decide right.
I should be glad, my dear sir, to hear from you, and especia]lyto learn,
as before intimated, what is tile tendency of public sentiment in South Carolina,
since the events of the last session of Congress and the repeal of the
ordimmce. You have occasionally done yo_lrNorthen_ friends the kindness
to visit them in the heats of summer. Is it your purpose to repeat that the
present year?
I am, dear sir, with true regard,
DANIEL WEBSTER.
Hon. J. R. POII_'SE'rT.
Another proof of the bitterness engendered by the nullification
strife in South Carolina was that all of the leaders
of the Union party forfeited their popularity by having
taken that side, and Col. Win. Draytont determined not to
remain any longer in his native State, although he was uni-
_ersallyesteemed for his eminent ability and the purityof
his character. He removed with his family to Philadelphia,
and never returned to South Carolina. Mr. Poinsett, not-
withstanding the loss of his populari.ty with the people,
never forfeited the respect and confidence of his friends.
His conduct throughout was highminded and honorable,
and, although he was a trusted adviser of President Jackson,
he was never suspected of having favored his extreme views.
He was regarded by his opponents as one of the most conciliatory
of the principal leaders of his party, and to have
been anxious to avoid all approaches to a conflict. In organizing
the Unionists in Charleston, his object was first to
vindicate the right of public assembly, and then to show to
the Nullifiers that, when it came to material strength, that
of the Federal government far exceeded theirs. If the
--*The italics-u'e the writer's _Ir. Webster).
¢ A sketch of Col. Win. Drayton will be found in O'Neal's Bench and Bar.

Sketch of the Life of foel R. Poinsett. 403
President had expected to use him for his purposes, he
would have been obliged to find some other more pliable
and less scrupulous tool.
The following letter of General Jackson, written long
after nullification had become an event of the past, in reply
to one which was ap, parently written for information as to
what had been the President's intentions when the crisis
should have arrived, would seem to prove that Mr. Poinsett
never was a complete party to GeneraI Jackson's plans :
The ]tonorctble ,Joellg. ]Join._ett.'
I:IERMI'I'A/;E, Novelnb_,r 12th, 1844.
5IY DEAR SIl_--Your letter of the 28th of October last is before me, and
such is my debility and afflietions that I call scarcely wield my pen. But
weak as I am, it is due to you that I should reply to it.
I have referred to Mr. llhett's speech made _tt Macon, f]eol'gia, to which
you have drawn my attention. Mr. Rhett is certainly mistaken in his expressed
views in that speech when he says : "I was directed to tell him (President
Jackson) that whilst we were anxious to donut duty as good citizens of
the Uniol_, no known man eouhl commit treason _,.gainst his native State,
anti that, if he (I) intended to coerce the State, he (I) must make his own
arrangement with that understanding," I cannot understand how the Union
men could eoneeive that resistanee to nullifieation and support of the la.ws of
the United States, South Carolina being still a lnember of the Union and represented
fully m Congress, could commit treason againsi the State by supporting
the revenue laws of the United States. My underst_mding of the
feelings and sentiments of the Union party of South Carolina in the then
contest, were that they wouhl not submit to nullification, but stood ready
and prepared to aid the United Slates in vindieatingAhe. Constitut_on aug
laws of our country whenever required to do so, and did not. regard resisting
nullification as treason to the State. These were the sentiments of the lea(ling
Union men of South Carolina as I understoo(l them.
I recollect that Mr. Rhett (then Smith) was introduced to me by you--that
Mr. l_hett was anxious to know whether [ intended to put down nullification
in South Carolina by force. I was frank with him, and told him that in less
than three weeks after the first overt act of treason was committed by the Nullifiers,
I would invade the State with upwards of fifty thousand volunteers from
the West, the North, and by water on the South side, etc. About that time
General Coffee came in, who, I told Mr. Rhett, had volunteered to command
the volunteers from the West, etc., etc. My strength fails me, I must close,
and, having no amanuensis, I have to send it you without correction or taking
a copy.
I trust in Providenee that Polk and Dallas are elected, and corruption that
has been spreading over our land will be put down forever.
52

404 A_pendix to Year Book.
With my best wishes for your health, happiness and prosperity, I remain
your friend,
ANDREW JACKSON.
The following letter from John Forsyth, of Georgia, after-
wards Secretary of State under both Jacks9n and Van Buren,
will show the, limited extent to which nullification spread
out of South Carolina:
AUGUSTa,G_., April 15th, 1833.
MY DEARSIR--The friends of your S. C. agitation are actively at work in
this State. As yet their success he_snot been flattering. The recent elections
for members of the State Convention to alter our Constitution have terminated
happily. We believe the Union party will have a m'_jority of nlore than
50 in that body. Here we have a tolerably organized party and eight or ten
presses, and are ready to aid our friends in S. C. or elsewhere. In spite of
their bluster, the Mann of your Nullifiers was suitieiently apparent, and their
recent attempts to magnify their miserable escape into a triumph of their
principles is pitiable in the extreme. Your good people must be egregiously
besotted if they do not desert leaders who have thus humiliate_l a generous
State. If your opponents are disposed to be quiet the Union party should
not be ; a revolution of such opinion with you will be conclusive elsewhere.
The politicians at the North give us nothing but good words, and I think
we have a right to colnphdn of the regulation of affairs at Washington. In
the contemplated arrangements eense(lttent upon the change of Livingston
from Secretary to Minister to France, I am greatly mistaken if the South
will not be totally neglected. Rumor says I am to be invited with the cabinet.
I know there is no foundation for this " on dit," and have reason to
believe that no one South of the Potomac will be selected. The effeet Of this
neglect cannot be salutory. It will'give our enemies more influence for
working mischief. So far as I aln personal}y cdneerned the decision of the
President is right. In the present eomlition of things, in the Senate of the
U. S. the administration must not weaken itself there. I confess that I do
not perceive any reasonable cause for pa_sing over this whole section of country
and accumulating high offices ill a more faw)red region. I speak all this
in confidence, as I am out of the questio_. I may say that I think we should
give our rulers to understand distinctly that this exclusion is considered both
impolitic and unjust.
* * * * * If Colonel Drayton is in Charleuton present my respects to
him.
Very truly yours,
JOHN FORSYTH.
Hon. J. R. POINSETT.
Before dismissing the subject of nullification it should be
stated that, notwithstanding its entire repudiation by so

Sketch of the Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 405
many Southern men, ir_cluding Mr. Madison, who had been
one of its authors, the doctrine of the sovereignty of each
individual State, with its delegated powers to the common
agent, Congress, and its reserved powers for itself, remained
the cor_er-stone of the doctrines of the Democratic party.
The sovereignty .of the States is repeatedly emphasized in
resolutions adopted by Congress subsequent to nullification,
and even General Jackson, strange to say, after his proclamation
against nullification, maintained that an erroneous
construction had been put upon parts of it, and that he still
adhered to the principles of Mr. Jefferson as set forth in the
Kentucky and Virginia resolutions.
So strong was the conviction of State sovereignty with
the Democracy of the South, that, in I86o, when the crisis
of secession seemed inevitable, it was thought to be so impos-
. sible for the general government to venture to coerce a
State, that one of the leaders of the movement in South
Carolina, when asked whether he did not think that bloodshed
would be the result, replied that he could undertake to
drink all the blood that would be spilt. Although with the
Northern Democracy the feeling was not so strong, it was
sufficiently so to have been the key to the vacillation of
Mr. Buchanan durhlg the last months of his Presidency. A
consistent Democrat all his life, although from the strongly
protective State of Pennsylvania, he did not feel that he
could take any steps that favored coer¢i6ri, and left the problem
to be solved by his successor.
The more nullification is inquired into from behind the
scenes, the more it becomes apparent that both sides were
pleased at its peaceful termination. The stand taken by
President Jackson against it and his well known imperiousness,
made it clear to the Nullifiers that it could not be con-
summated peacefully, and the intimates of Mr. Calhoun,
who, of all others, has been held responsible for the movement,
have always asserted that he never contemplated
either war or disunion. At the same time it was evident to
the other side that if coercion was attempted there was no
telling how far resistance might spread. There were many

406 Appendix to Year Book.
offers of assistance, in case of a conflict, made to the authorities
of South Carolina from the surrounding States, including
Tennessee, the home of Jackson ; and, upon considering
seriously his threat ,)f invasion with 5o,ooo volunteers,
in the short space of three weeks, it can easily be seen that
such a feat would have been beyond the powers of the general
government. There was no previous preparation, and
but few railroads then for the rapid transportation of troops ;
but, even with the odds largely on the side of the government
from the division into parties of the Southern States,
the thoughtful statesmen of the period could not but be
alarmed at the possibilities of the conflict.
Mr. Poinsett's home had always been in the city of
Charleston until his retirement from public life. His residence
was situated upon what is now Rutledge avenue, on
the east side, a few squares above Calhoun street. The
house was a plain wooden one, with columns in front, and
it had somewhat the exterior appearance of a small church.
It was recessed some distance from the street, and stood in
the midst of a grove of live oaks ; it was generally known as
" Poinsett's Grove," and it had probably been a farm before
the city limits extended so far.
From his long residence abroad he was of polished manners
and fond of society. While occupying this dwelling
after his return from South America, and between his return
from Mexico and his appointment-as Secretary of War, it
was noted for the graceful manner in which its bospitalities
were conducted. There was no display, but an amount of
quiet good taste in the entertainment of his friends, which
was remembered long after. His winters and springs were
always spent there, and his summersusually in travel, to
the springs of Virginia, Saratoga, and New York city in the
fall.
His mind was always active, and, notwithstanding the
numerous adventures of his life and his long residence amid
the stirring events of other countries, he did not experience
the ennui which affects most men under similar circumstances
when the time for their retirement has arrived.

Skeic/z of the Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 407
There was generally some branch of science which occupied
his thoughts; and, during the period to which we are referring,
he was the friend and intimate of the Reverend John
Bachman, a distinguished naturalist of the time. Dr. Bachman
assisted Audubon by his observations upon many of
the birds describe_t in his great work on the birds of North
America, and was the principal author of the second work
upoa the quadrupeds of North America, the illustrations for
which were made by Audubon and his sons.
Mr. Poinsett was well informed upon both zoology and
botany, and had observed the animals and plants of those
countries which he had visited. The reverend naturalist
therefore found him a congenial companion, and there was
much intercourse between the two. The writer, whenaboy
of twelve, accompanied Mr. Poinsett and one of his fi'iends,
on a visit to Dr. Bachman, who lived then in Rutledge avenue
also. He can well remember the intelligent interest he
took in examining the various animals and birds scattered
about in cages and running partly domesticated through the
garden and yard. It was in tile month of June, and i,_ the
early spring Dr. Bachman had vied with two of his neighbors
as to who would succeed in raising the greatest number
ot ducks. One of the incidents of the visit was the witness-
ing the arrival of a great number of the young birds from
the large mill pond at the rear of the lot, and the pell-mell
way in which they scrambled over each o{iier in their struggles
to reach tile poultry house for the night, proved that
the traditional Chinaman with his whip, to punish the last
duck for being tardy, was not wanted.
Mr. Poinsett was rewarded for the interest he took in
science by having a beautiful flower named after him. It
was described by two botanists, Wildenow and Graham,
without its being known exactly which one had priority.
The first called it Eztplzorbia pulcherrima, and the second
Foinsettea puleherrima. It belongs to the family of Euphorbiacw;
is a native of Mexico, and was discovered there
about the year I828. There is some difference of opinion
as to whether Mr. Poinsett discovered it himself or simply

4o8 A??endix to Year Book.
introduced it to this country. At all events it is always
known now as being named after him.
There were other scientific subjects also in which he took
an interest. When in Mexico, and while stopping at the
Island of Porto Rico on his way there, he collected a number
of stone iml_lements and rude sculptures, with specimens of
pottery, etc., which he brought back with him ; and on his
return divided between the Philosophical Society of
Charleston and the Socie(y with the same name of Philadelphia.
Those in Charleston a_'e still preserved in the College
Museum, and they prove to be quite valuable as illustrating
some of the conditions of life in the early periods of man's
civilization. At the time that these things were collected
there was scarcely any interest taken by the scientific in
man's half civilized state in America, and but few could see
that they were worth the trouble of preserving. Since then
anthropology and ethnology have become important sciences,
and collections of man's early implements are valuable as
exhibiting his various stages of progress. Those made by
Mr. Poinsett are from tropical regions, and they prove by
the careful finish of many, as compared with those from
regions out of the tropics, that in warm latitudes during the
stone age, as was also the case in the ages of iron, man improved
himself more rapidly and founded empires, while the
rest of the world was still steeped in barbarism.
In a short published paper o l] certain discoveries of
ancient Etruscan pottery near Rome, Italy, Mr. Poinsett
treats intelligently the subject of the similarity between the
early efforts at architecture and design of the Jews, Egyptians
and Etruscans. The pyramidal character of their
mounds and other primitive structures have been thought
by some to prove a common origin. Mr. Poinsett observed
while in Mexico, the likewise pyramidal shape of many of
the ancient remains, especially those near Teoleohuacan on
the plains of that country, which are inferior in size only to
the pyramids of Egypt. He is not of the opinion that this
similarity of shape indicates a common origin, but thinks
that it proves that the mind of man, as he emerges from a

Sketck of the Life of Joel R. Painsett. 409
barbarous or semi-civilized state, makes use of the same
modes of thought and copies in his rude way his natural
surroundings in improving his architecture. The vases described
were part of the Canino collection which he saw in
London, and he considered them more perfect than those in
the celebrated Naples collection. The forms of the vases
were graceful and the figures exquisitely finished. He
alludes to the difficulty of deciphering the writing on these
vases, and states with regard to certain tables of brass which
are preserved in the town of Gubbio, Italy, that, although
savans have thought that they have been successfully translated,
they have really only been interpreted. The
Etruscan hieroglyphics at the time Mr. Poinsett wrote were
still an unsolved mystery.
In the Summer of I816, after his return from South
America, Mr. Poinsett while in Philadelphia proposed to
three young men from Charleston, whom he met there, to
accompany him on horseback on atour to the West. The
party was soon made up and they left Philadelphia on the
29th August, followed by a light wagon for the baggage.
One of the young men kept a diary of tile journey, which is
still in existence, and from which the following extracts are
made: The passage through Pennsylvania was quite uneventful.
The weather was very rainy and the roads in bad
condition in consequence. Tile number of miles per day
varying from eighteen to thirty. While passing over the
Alleghany Mountains the travellers were shown a small log
hut where dwelt General Saint Clair, a Revolutionary Gen.
eral who had served with honor during that war. In 179I
he had been disastrously defeated by the Ohio Indians,
under circumstances which were considered as exonerating
him, and he was entirely vindicated by a Committee of Congress,
which, after a thorough investi_ation, declared him
free from blame. He w_/s obliged afterwards however in
consequence of his defeat to resign his public position, and
in I8o2 he retired to this retreat, where he spent the rest o!
his days in poverty, vainly endeavoring to effect a settlement
of his claims against the government. The party after

41o Appendix to Year Book.
some hesitation decided to alight and visit the old hero.
They found him an aged man of over 8o years, with no
companion to cheer him in his solitude, but, like a venerable
oak, still standing bravely against the storms of life. The
visit was a brief one, with little conversation, on account of
the age of General Saint Clair, and the sight of the old
man excited 'the deep sympathy of the party for his
unmerited fate.
They arrived at Pittsburg on the I6th September. This
town, with a population of IO,OOO,was already quite manufacturing,
and steam was at that early day almost exclusively
the motive power in use. There was a flour mill and a paper
mill, a cotton and woolen factory, a wire and nail factory,
three extensive establishments for making steam engines,
three rope walks, at one of which the principal part of the
cordage for Perry's fleet on Lake Erie had been prepared,
an iron rol!ing and slitting mill, and a glass factory which
was already turning out very creditable work. These were
only the principal industries of that already thriving place.
There were an equal number of other factories of minor im-
portance which need not be mentioned in detail. There
were six or eight steamboats lying idly at the wharves, and,
upon inquiry it was ascertained that for some reason, which
was not yet understood, they had not been successful. One
was being built under the supervision of a practical and
experienced machinist, who was having the eng-ine ma_e at
his works, which was expected to be more of a success. The
atmosphere of Pittsburg was charged with smoke and
cinders from these various factories, exactly as it continued
to be for years afterwards until the discovery and utilization
of natural gas.
Mr. Poinsett was a good mentor for his youthful fellow
travellers, and it was by his advice and in his company that
Pittsburg was so thoroughly explored. His experience as
a traveller was opportunely at hand at this stage of the
journey. The horses had not been shod before starting as
there were no macadamized turnpikes to be travelled, only
ordinary dirt roads, and when passing over the Alleghany

Sketch of the Life of Joel R. Poittsett. 4_ I
Mountains the horses hoofs became so much worn by the
rocky ground, that it was found upon reaching Pittsburg,
that, unless some expedient could be devised for continuing
the journey, a delay of several days to rest the horses
would be unavoidable. Mr. Poinsett, while searching for a
remedy to this awkward state of things, found that a great
deal of produce w_s usually shipped to various points down
the Ohio river in flat-bottomed boats, a large number of
which were annually built for the trade. They were very
roughly put together, and were only intended for the trip
down the river. Upou reaching their destinations, they
were only fit for fire-wood, and generally sold for that purpose,
or simply abandoned on the bank. They looked like
large floating boxes, so destitute were they of every appearance
of naval construction. He decided to buy two of these
boxes, each one twenty-two feet long by eleven feet wide,
and, after having a plank floor laid in one for receiving the
horses, they were lashed together and thus floated down the
stream. Both boats had roofs to them, and t_/e one con-
raining the travellers was provided with the necessary crockery
and cooking utensils, so that the trip down the Ohio,
with the beautiful autumnal scenery of each bank, was a
delightful episode.
There was ah'eady a stream of emigration moving towards
what was called the back country, and using the river as a
highway. In some cases a man and wire-and some children
were seen working their way down the river in a canoe, and
there were numerous illustrations observed of the hardy
character of the 0ioneers. At a place called Marietta on
the Ohio bank, the travellers resumed their horses, and explored
the country as far as Cincinnati, passing through
Chilicothe, which they found the most beautiful town of
the many which they visited. Game was very abundant in
every direction, and several wild turkeys were killed. Cincinnati
was already a flourishing town of I2,OOO inhabitants,
not as manufacturing as Pittsburg, but with every indication
of future prosperity. It contained the best tavern at
whichthey lodged since leaving Philadelphia.
53

4f2 Appendix io Year Book.
The party divided at Cincinnati as Mr. Poinsett wished to
go a short distance into the Territory of Indiana, and one of
the young men accompanied him. The other two crossed
the river into Kentucky, and proceeded to a point called
Limestone, where they had directed the boatmen to await
them at the landing. The crew of three sailors were then
discharge(f, and the yawl was given to them, as it was their
intention to go as far as New Orleans by water. The two
boats were then sold for fire-wood, and the crockery having
been given to the servants, they immediately disposed of
the whole to the highest bidders among the group of idlers
who had been attracted to the river by the unusual arrival.
The entire party then met again by previous agreement at Lexingtoi:,
Ky. This was already a flourishing place in the midst
of a beautiful and fertile country, with many pretty countryseats
in the environs. It was the home of Mr. Clay, with
whom Mr. Poinsett was already acquainted. His dwelling
was in the suburbs, the embellishments of which and of the
grounds proved him to be a man of taste. Mr. Clay was
then on the high road tonational eminence, having lately
been one of _he negotiators of the treaty of Ghent. He had
recently passed through an election for Congress, his opponent
being Mr. Pope. Mr. Clay lost quite a number of votes
on account of his having favored at the last session a bill to
increase the pay of a Congressman from _6 per day to $r,5oo
for the session--asumthatseemed-monstrous to the Kentuckian
of that day-. _Both the candidates spoke in turn at
country meetings from the same cart, and, notwithstanding
Mr. Clay's unfortunate vote for the pay and mileage law, he
won the election easily by his superior eloquence. All four
of the travellers were invited to a large dinner party at Mr.
Clay's, when fifteen guests sat at table. These were prominent
citizens or the place, and the foot of the table was occupied
by Mr. Joseph Hawkins, a former member of Congress,
and a gentleman of varied information.
When Mr. Poinsett made the short trip into Indiana, he
stopped at a Swiss settlement on the Ohio river, where a
• vineyard on the European plan had been started. The

Sketch of Z,:_eLife of Joel R. Poinsett. 4 i 3
place was named Vevey, and he had been so much interested
in what he saw there, that, while at Lexington, he advised
the two others to visit it also, as neither had yet seen a real
vineyard. They accordingly proceeded to make the visit,
and every thing that was observed is mentioned in detail in
the diary. The entire party then met again at the Mammoth
Cave, which Was carefully explored. Before leaving
Lexington Mr. Poinsett was invited by a previous acquaintance,
who was the owner of a model stock farm, to pay him
a visit, and he returned much pleased with what he had observed.
The cattle were as fine as any that he had ever
seen in England. Another historic character who was met
at Louisville, Kentucky, was General Lefebvre Desnouettes,
one of Napoleon's officers, who had fled from France after
the defeat of Waterloo. He was on his wav to New Orleans
with the intention of joining the patriot side of the
war for independence in some one of the South American
States, and he expected Marshal Grouchy _ to join him
there. General Desnouettes had been a good deal in Philadelphia,
where one of the young men had made his
acquaintance.
The journey was continued from the Mammoth Cave to
Nashville, Tenn., where Gen. Andrew Jackson was met, and
with whom the party breakfasted, and thence over the Cumberland
Mountains into Western North Carolina. From
there into Northwestern South Carolina, finally reaching
Charleston early in November--the entire distance travelled
being 2,IOO miles. It was probably Mr. Poinsett's first
opportunity of seeing the necessity of the highway through
his own State, which he soon after advocated in the Legislature,
and s/Jccessfully accomplished. This long journey
was another proof of Mr. Poinsett's indefatigable nature.
From Philadelphia to Pittsburg it rained almost the whole
time, and the roads in some places were almost impassable.
The discomforts then experienced did not appear to disturb
him, and he continued throughout the trip on horseback
with the others, as though he was possessed of the
* Neither of these officers went to South America,

414 Appendix to Year Boo_.
same youthful and robust frame. Upon arriving in Greenville,
S. C., he was informed that he had been elected to
the Legislature from Charleston, and he proceeded to Columbia
to attend the session.
After a retirement of a few years, after I833, Mr. Poinsett
again entered public life as Secretary of War in the administration
of Mr. Van Buren. This lasted for four yearsfrom
I837 to I84 I. It was the great opportunity of his life,
for his original devotion to the study of military science,
and his observations of the military establishments of European
governments during the active period of the Napoleonic
wars, enabled him
to act intelligently in his recommenda-
tions for the improvement of the various branches of the
service.
He is considered by competent critics to have been one
of the ablest and most enlightened of the many heads of
the war department. After the war of I812 the necessity
for reorganizing that department in consequence of its many
shortcomings was so patent that it was undertaken and successfully
carried out by Mr. Monroe as soon as he became
President, through his Secretary, Mr. Calhoun. The reforms
were mainly administrative, and enabled tile Secretary
to better control all military operations in case of another
war. Nothing apparently was done to modernize any of
the arms, and, when the Van Buren administration was in-
augurated, the arsenals probab!y conta,ined much of the old
material that remained from the war of I8tg. None of the
young officers had seen anything of field service except
against thelndians, nor had any of them had the opportunity
of observing in Europe the new improvements in the
various arms of the soldier. As soon as the Secretary could
make the necessary arrangements, he sent in I839 the three
cavalry lieutenants, W. Eustis, H. S. Turner and Phil. Kearney,
to the cavalry school of Saumur in France, where they
remained a year, by permission of the French government.
Kearney was afterwards allowed to visit Algeria, where he
witnessed some of the active operations then being conducted
by the French under Marshal Bugeaud, for the conquest

Sketch of t/_e Life of Joel R. l)oinsett. 4t 5
of the country. Kearneyafterwards distinguished himself
as a captain of dragoons in Mexico, and while in command
of a division of cavalry in the army of the Potomac. The
followi.g year, I84O , three ordnance officers were sent to
Europe to observe and report upon the improvements in "
cannon and other arms. These were Major RufusL. Baker
and Captains Alfred Mordecai and BenjaminHuger. They
were accompanied by Mr. Wade, a practical cannon founder,
who had been an ordnance officer of the army. The results
of their recommendations after their return were that,
although in the light batteries, the calibre was not increased,
for it was before the improvement in field pieces instituted
by Napoleon the Third, by which rifling of the guns
was practiced and the weight of the projectile increased, the
service of the field guns was rendered more efficient, and in
the first encounter of the Mexican war, at the battles of
Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, in May, I846 , the skillful
handling of a light battery under Bragg, which discharged
grape with great effect, and was easily moved from point to
point, was a conspicuous event of those two days.
Mr. Poinsett, although no longer Secretary, was particularly
gratified at the _lews of artillery having been so effectively
used in deciding a battle, and before his feelings o[
pride at realizing that he was entitled to some of the credit
had subsided, he wrote a letter to one of his old friends and
political associates in Cha,leston, the .!lOw venerable Mr.
led. McCrady, which the latter has frequently mentioned as
having been "like the blast of a bugle "--so exultant was
he at the news.
The sending of those officers to lEurope, which was exclusively
a thought of his, ranks him as a far-seeing and able
man. War at present is eminently a progressive science.
hnprovements in arms have caused many changes to be necessary
both in attack and defence. Mr. Poinsett was in
advance of his time in recognizing the importance of giving
intelligent young officers the opportunity of seeing the innovations
which were desirable, and of abandoning the old
routine. It is singular that so many Secretaries followed

416 Appendix to Year Boob.
each other without apparently giving a thought to the necessity
of thus keeping the army informed as to the progress
which was going on elsewhere.
While Secretary, in the year I84o, he recommended that
Q Congress give pecuniary assistance to the various States for
the better organization of their militia. In response to a
resolution of the House of Representatives, March 9th of
that year, requesting that he communicate his plan in detail,
he submitted a full and elaborate report, covering seventy
pages. The proposition encountered the determined opposition
of most of the States, who objected to the general
government stepping outside of its powers and interfering
with their domestic concerns, and therefore it never proceeded
further than to be received as information.
Mr. Poinsett was severely criticised at the time for not
having better understood the temper of the people than to
recommend so soon after nullification a step towards centralization,
which was even more decided than protection.
It must be explained, however, that the militias of most of
the States had been suffered to sink into a state of great
inefficiency after the events of I812, and it was for the public
good that his recommendations were made. He probably
did not expect any other reception by Congress of his report
than the one it received.
During the last year, I84I, of his residence in Washing-
ton, he delivered by invitation a " Discourse o n the object
and importance of the National Institution for the Promotion
of Science." This society had been recently organized,
and he was its first orator. The discourse is a carefully considered
effort, and tlle ground he takes as to the duty of
the government to collect at the natioaal capital everything
that could be of value for the promotion of science and art,
shows that he was in favor of concentrating at Washington
all the facilities for information and study that are to be
found in the old capitals of Europe.
Now that so roach has been done in that direction by the
creation of the astronomical and geological bureaus, the
Smithsonian and National Museums, with the many valu-

Sketch of the Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 417
able and scientific publications of the Interior Department,
and of the Smithsonian Institution, which have contributed
so much to diffuse useful knowledge throughout the civilized
world, there would seem to have been no doubt as to
the propriety of Mr. Poinsett's recommendations. But the
Washington of 1841 was a city utterly destitute of such
advantages; for it'had not yet been the policy of any of
the dominant parties to develop it into anything more than
a place for the President to live in and for Congress to deliberate.
There were a few hotels, it is true, and a number of boarding
houses, for the accommodation of the Congressmen_ but
as late as 185o, about ten years after this period, so few
were the dwelling houses that could be rented by any one of
ample means who desired to make Washington his residence,
and entertain his friendsin a manner becoming his wealth,
that there were but few inducements to entice as residents
any persons who were not connected in some way with the
gover.nment. No effort had yet been attempted to suitably
exhibit the few collections which had so .far been made, and
it seemed doubtful whether the boxes containing the results
of the Wilkes' exploring expedition would be allowed to
proceed beyond Philadelphia--there being no place in
Washington for even housing them. Mr. Poinsett in his
address enumerates the sciences of astronomy, geography,
natural philosophy, natural history, gec_jogy, mineralogy ,
chemistry, the application of science to useful arts, agriculture,
American history and antiquities, literature and the
fine arts, as subjects which it will be the province of the
National Institution to investigate.
It is interesting to read this li_t, as at the present day
almost ever), one of the sciences mentioned has a permanent
home in Washington, and the arts of sculpture and painting
can be included, through an abiding place having been created
for them by the munificence of a private individuai. In
the absence of any rival claimant for priority in recommendingthat
the society he addresses occupy itself in fostering
a desire for these sciences to be represented at the capital, Mr.

418 Appendiw to Year Book.
Poinsett is justly entitled to the credit of having been the
first to make _uch recommendations in a public address.
Mr. Poinsett had a large foreign correspondence, and re-
ceived many letters from Lafayette. They were mostly
written from Paris, and many are to introduce to him, while
in Mexico, some triend of freedom, who has become obnox-
ious to his government and is necessarily obliged to leave.
Mexico appears to have been considered then as offering
inducements "to those who were either forced to expatriation
or were interested in some commercial venture.
The following two letters, written, as they all were, in
English, will serve as type_ of the rest :
PaalS, October 5th, 1826.
MY 1)E__I'_SIR--This letter will be delivered by M. Theubet, a Swiss by
birlh, late Lieutenant-Colonel of the l:reueh service--a relation to Bareau
Puzy, (me of my two Mlow prisoners at Ohna|z. The respectable widow of
my companion in captivity and other persons of the f:unily have affectionately
recommended him tme, and, as he is going to 3[exieo, i cannot render
hhn a better service fllan by this introdactiou to your kindness and good advices,
lie is considered as _ good oflleer and deserving gentleman, and I
emmet but, be ple_sed with an opportunily to become somewhal, useful to a
cousin of Bureau Puzy.
I came hero on a visit to M. OallasiG who canto for a few days to Paris,
•tnd ant returning to-morrow to 1_*Grange*, where I will be happy {o hear
from you.
Mos_ truly and affeetionai_ely,
Your friend,
LAFAYETTE.
You will have before this received a petition £or your' being, pleased to send
some Mexico Hullas _, with an instruction to domesticate them, if possible, o_t
my farm of la Grange.
LA GI_ANGE, August 7th, 1826.
5[Y DEAe_ S_R--Captain Bachi, a native of l_arma, lately of ex-Empress
Maria Louis_'s guard, has lost, both his commission m_d his country on account
of his liberal opinions, and has entered the line of trade. He is warmly
recommended 1o me by i;he Neapolitan General and patriot Pepe and by some
other rriends of t!reedom, Italians and French. As he is going to Mexico,
they have requested a line of introduetion to you, which I give with pleasure
in behalf of C_ptain Bachi, at the same time that I like this additional opporhmily
to see you hear from
Your affectionate friend,
LAFAYETTE.
1. bafayette's country place near Paris. 2. A Mexican bird.

Sketch of the Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 4i 9
Mr. Poinsett's fortune, as has already been stated, was
small, and, in some way which has never been explained,
towards the close of his official life, it was suddenly and
irretrievably lost. He had never yet married, but soon after
his retirement, he determined, notwithstanding his age, to
try a change in his surroundings. The lady whom he married
was of the Izard family of South Carolina, and had been
for many years the widow of Mr. John Julius Pringle. His
choice was in every way a happy one, and he had the satisfaction
of being able to prove that, even in things matrimonial,
he was possessed of the same excellent judgment that
had always characterized him. His wife was the owner of
a valuable rice plantation near Georgetown, S. C., and there
for the rest of his days, he spent all of his winters. Some
of his summers were then spent at Greenville, S. C., where
they owned a farm, and occasionally they went to the North
for the fall months.
It was natural for his active mind to be interested in rice
culture after he had become a resident of the region in which
the grain was cultivated. Its. quality had been brought to
great perfection around Georgetown, S. C., and, through the
system, which had been introduced in its cultivation, and
the skillful use of water for irrigation, as well as the careful
selection of seed, the variety known as " Carolina rice " had
become the choicest and highest priced in the markets of
the world. He made many trials of other crops than rice
to perfect some system of rotation by which the fertility of
the soil might be maintained. It was a difficult problem,
and one that was never solved. But he was here again in
advance of his neighbors in seeing that, uuless some system
was adopted, the production of rice from those rich alluvial
soils so admirably adapted to its cultivation, would be so
much reduced in quantity as to cease to be a wealth-creating
industry.
It can easily be seen, after this survey of Mr. Poinsett's
career that, although he was a Democrat in politics, he did
not belong to the States Rights school of Mr. Jefferson. It
has been impossible to see any of his letters or the published
54
I

42o Appendix to Year Book.
speeches which he delivered at various times which would
throw some light upon his opinions as to the relative powers
of the general government and the individual States. He
was abroad so much during his youth and early manhood
that he imbibed different views of government from those
prevailing among the public men of the South who were
his cotemporaries, and the centralized governments of the
Old World, from having been observed at those impressionable
ages, must be held responsible for his having adhered
" through life to a belief in the necessity of sufficient power
at Washington to prevent disintegration. As a Southern
statesman he was therefore isolated and alone, and, it must
be admitted, his eminent qualities were never properly ap-
preciated by his native State.
He was noted for his courteous manners, combined with
• much modesty and simplicity. His dress and appearance
were generally different from those of other persons living
in Charleston, and, whenever in the spring and fall he was
seen in the different thoroughfares of that city conversing
with his friends, he could always be singled out as one who
had lived abroad more than at home.
With regard to the subject of slaveryIwhile he was in
active political life its agitation had not assumed proportions
alarming to the South. After his complete retirement in
I841, he had become pecuniarily interested in the profits of
slave labor, and during the decadethat followed he must
have had occasion frequently to turn his thoughts uneasily
to the possible magnitude of a struggle which, it did not
require a prophet to foretell, was inevitable. His last
thoughts were for a perpetuation of the Union, and at the
time of the adoption of the compromise measures that followed
the acquisition of California, when there was much dissatisfaction
in some of the cotton States, at the South being
excluded from the new territories, he wrote a letter to the
Charleston Courier, deprecating the movements in South
Carolina that contemplated disunion. This was his last
appearance before the public, but in a private conversation
with the late Mr. James B. Campbell of Charleston, at about

Sketch of the Life of .Toe/R. Poinsett. 4 21
that time, while referring to the possible consequences of
the anti-slavery agitation, he suggested that the future would
be more reassuring if the South would consent to liberate
the slaves, provided the Federal Government would agree
to pay for them. This would have been an opportunity to
test the sincerity of the North, and it would have been interesting
to observ_ the amount of willitagness they would
have manifested, when called upon to put their hands in
their pockets, in order to rid the country of what they considered
a hideous crime.
The solution of the problem must have appeared difficult
to Mr. Poinsett, for the cultivation of rice which occupied
his best thoughts at this time, was essentially based upon
the ownership of the labor and its complete control. The
industry was an important one along the seaboard of the
three States of North and South Carolina and Georgia, and
it had been transferred from what were known as the "in-
land swamps" to the alluvial soils of the tide regions of the
many rivers of those States. The reclaiming of those lands
from daily overflow could only have been accomplished by
cheap African labor. The fever producing character of the
region prevented the employment of any other; and had it
not been that there was a servile class at hand, which 'was
obtained from the malarial regions of equatorial Africa, it is
perfectly certain that no other industry could have flourished
in those vast cypress swamps but those 'of the lumberman
and the hunter. The reclaiming of those alluvial lands
had exercised the best energies and intelligence of the planters,
and so great always was the risk of crevasses or breaks
in the large embankments bordering the rivers, that each
plantation was like a separate fort, requiring as a garrison a
well disciplined force, ready, at the word of command, to
move against the besieging waters.
Although the area of rice culture in South Carolina was
small, the planters exerted considerable political power.
This was owing to the peculiar Constitution of the State, by
which the numerous parishes into which the seaboard counties
were divided, were each allowed one State Senator and

422 Appendi_ to I/ear Boob.
one or more Representatives ; while in the interior counties
only one Senator was allowed to each county. The rice
planters were generally large slave owners, _ and the grain
having sold at paying prices during the European wars at
the beginning of the century, they were able to purchase
largely from the slave ships during the concluding years that
the trade was" allowed. They consequently, while on their
plantations, were a few white families in the midst of many
thousands of blacks, and, when the agitation of slavery was
at its height, and other raids like the .one at Harper's Ferry
were clearly in the future, with the probable massacres of
whites which would accompany them, they looked with
alarm at what they could plainly see was in store for themselves.
Their intense longing then was for an ending to the agitation,
and, seeing no prospect of its bein_ reached except by
seParation, the representatives of the parishes, which included
in their limits the agricultural products of rice and
Sea Island cotton, which last also employed a large slave
population, always exhibited by their votes in the Legislature
a greater leaning towards disunion than those from the
interior counties. The parish system, as it was called, was
probably in large measure responsible for the secession
movement in South Carolina, as was the opinion of Governor
Perry of that State, who, through life, was an opponent of
both nullification and secession; but" the reason for the
desire for separation, as evinced by the votes of the parish
representatives, becomes clear, when the isolated condition
of the planters of the seaboard and their families is explained.
Mr. Poinsett was obliged, after having become indentified
with an important planting interest, to be more conservative
in his views. He fully realized the strong feeling against
slavery at the North and in Europe, and we know to what
an extent this feeling was intensified by the publication of
Mrs. Bge.cll_r_s novel, which was after his death. But he
could not lose sight of the fact that the slaves were property
* Nathaniel Heyward _nd Gov. Win. Aiken, both rice p_anters, owned, the one
_,300 and the other 800 slaves.
t

Sketch of the Life of Joel R. Poinsett. 423
which had been honestly paid for, and by means of which
the South had attained prosperity. After the severities
which had been necessary to tame the savage spirits of some
of the recently imported, the generations of blacks that followed
were a docile and, with some few exceptions, a humanely
treated race; as was incontestably proven by their large
increase while in "bondage. But in view of the aggressive
character of the agitation at the North, which, it will be
remembered, had arrested in its inception an earnest effort
in Virginia some years previously to inaugu, rate emancipation,
in which Mr. Poinsett had doubtless sympathized, he,
with a large number of other intelligent slave owners, who
were ready to admit that slavery was not in keeping with
the times, were obliged to turn a deaf ear to tile headlong
and vindictive philanthropy of the period, and Mr.
Poinsett, as a statesman, would do no more than state in
private what he thought the remedy might be, without
urging in public any measures for emancipation which he
could not commend to the self-respect of the South.
He is represented to have been of great conversational
powers, and to have been able to add interest to what he
was saying by his observations as a traveller. Journeys
were such undertakings in his day that, having been alone in
most of his travels, he could relate adventures that had
occurred to him and facts as to foreign countries which
some might think bordered on the improbable. This made
him cautions in alluding to incidents which were in any way
out of the ordinary, and he once advised a young friend,
who afterwards became an extensive traveller also, to be
careful in general company not to relate either an incident
experienced, or a fact observed during a journey, which
might tempt a listener to accuse him of exaggeration.
It has already been stated that Mr. Poinsett was in delicate
health all of his life, and to the very last he believed in
the efficacy of travel, especially of an ocean voyage, as soon
as disease began to encroach. When remonstrated with
once by a medical friend who had examined him, and advised
to give up a contemplated journey on account of its

424 Appendix to Year Book.
risks, he replied: " Whenever I see disease approaching, I
retreat from it," and he could not be persuaded to alter his
plans. His hold on li'fe was extremely doubtful at eighteen
and twenty, but by incessant care he prolonged it to over
seventy years.
He died at, Statesburg, S. C., December i2th, ISsI , and
here also his belief in the efficacy of travel as a means of
warding off death was shown. He had returned to his plantation
in November, and, when seen in Charleston ten days
before, he was unmistakably approaching his end. After a
few days at the plantation, finding that he was getting
worse, he again resorted to his favorite, and so far, unfailing
remedy ; but the insatiate archer would no longer be baffled,
and, after a short journey, full of discomfort and pain, he_
reached in his carriage the little town above mentioned, and
there was finally gathered to his rest.