Compact – urban - green: Greenstructure strategies for the Munich ...

Compact – urban - green:
Greenstructure strategies for the Munich city
region
Stephan Pauleit
Technical University of Munich
16-08-11
Technische Universität München

Content:
� Munich – location and challenges
� Munich‘s greenstructure
� Munich perspectives - the city‘s urban development strategy
� Projects – from greening of the city to regional greenstructures:
� Conclusions

Urban green infrastructure
Definition:
� Green infrastructure is an “Interconnected network of protected
land and water that supports native species, maintains natural
ecological processes, sustains air and water resources and
contributes to the health and quality of life for America’s
communities and people” ( Benedict & McMahon 2006 )
� Urban interpretation: Hybrid infrastructures of green spaces and
built systems to support multiple ecosystem services
Planning principles:
� Multifunctionality
� Connectivity
� Integration
� Communicative and socially inclusive approach
� Long-term strategy
Pauleit et al. 2011

Photo: Pauleit

City of Munich
� 1.3 Million in the city, 2.8 million in the region
� Booming economy
� Close to the Alps
� Surface area: 311 km 2

Munichs Northern Part:
Airport, industrial zone, use of water ….
+ 200,000 new dwellings since 1970
+ 0,3m 2 residential space demand
per capita and year
New settlment and transport areas
1980 - 2000:
Munich: +11%
Periurban: + 39%
Reiß-Schmidt 2002

Munich‘s land use pattern & green structure
LÖK et al. 1990

Densely built inner city

River Isar – a green corridor

Englischer Garten – the city‘s largest park
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Englischer_Garten_from

Sealed surfaces
� Sealed surfaces cover 34% of the municipality‘s
surface area
LÖK et al. 1990

Important habitats for wildlife
Appr. 10% of the city‘s
surface area
Mostly fragmented
& small
LÖK et al. 1990

Green spaces are important for quality of life
Photo: Pauleit

Provision of green spaces
for the people in Munich
Dark red:
Areas with large
deficits in nearresidential
public
green space
Nohl 1995

The urban-industrial layer

Cover of trees and shrubs:
Residential green space is important
• 59% is
vegetated
surfaces
• 17% is trees
and shrubs
• 40% of green
is residential
LÖk et al. 1990

Cover of woody vegetation
& surface temperatures
Pauleit 1998

Vegetation cover & surface runoff
Vegetation cover Surface runoff (from 40mm precipitation)
≤ 10 %
50 -60 %
≤ 1 l/m2/h
10 -20 l/m2/h
10 -20 %
20 -30 %
30 -40 %
40 -50 %
60 -70 %
70 -80 %
80 -90 %
90 -100 %
1-5 l/m/h
5 -10 l/m2/h
20 -30 l/m2/h
30 -40 l/m2/h
Pauleit 1998

Post-industrial areas: what‘s their future?

Munich perspectives:
compact – urban - green
Principle for qualified inner city development
� Target of 7,000 new dwellings to be built annually
� Priority is given to inner-city developments on brownfields
� Increasing housing density and adding new variety in city districts
that are already well developed
� Increase density of urban development in the immediate catchment
areas of public mass transport
� Promote polycentric development
� Consider the impact on the cityscape and urban features, as well
as the compatibility and ecological aspects
� Parks and green areas in the city must be safeguarded, enhanced
and connected
� Implementation via key projects
City of Munich 1995

Urban & green structure
City of Munich 1995

„Green Fingers“ for the City

Landscape ecological strategy
LÖK et al. 1990

Restoration of river Isar:
Integrative redesign of the the river in the
south …
… and in
the city centre

Photo: Pauleit

Photo: Pauleit

Conversion of disused railway, commercial
areas & military areas
Nymphenburger Park
New
developments
Hirschgarten

Messestadt Riem:
conversion of the former airport

Exhibition centre,
residential area for 15,000 inhabitants
& industrial park

Messestadt A large park Riem on of former 200ha airfield size was created …
Photo: Pauleit

… with important functions for recreation,
nature experience and ecology
Photo: Pauleit

Ecological building blocks

Moderation of urban climates
Ventilation
Cool air
Residential

The social land use tax enables the
creation of green spaces
Diagrammatic representation:
Situation before development of
The Master plan
Parcels of
undeveloped
land
Diagrammatic representation:
Master plan
Green space
Street
Nursery
General
residential area

How to develop a coherent regional
greenstructure?

Landscape scales

Regional green structure
– weak formal planning

Sale on farms
Promotion of site adapted farming:
Cattle in fenlands
Sheep on heathlands
Munich:
One Green Ring for All
- multifunctional
agriculture
Allotments
on farmland

Restoration of the historical cultural landscape
- The ‘Heathland Association’

Green policies
Protect Heritage
Gain Small Spaces
Gain Waste Spaces
Cooperate in the Region

Conclusions
� Define clear borders between built and open space on regional
scale – regional compaction
� Establish beneficial relationships between built and open space
� Develop a multifunctional green (infra)structure
� Integrate green into the built environment
� Combine top-down planning with bottom-up initiatives
� Think in scenarios
� Grasp the windows of opportunity

References
• Benedict, M.A., & McMahon, E.T. (2006) Green Infrastructure: Linking Landscapes and
Communities. Island Press, Washington, DC.
• Burkhardt I., Duhme F., 1996. Ökologische Bausteine Messestadt-Riem. Teil I Stadtplanung.
Referat für Bauordnung und Stadtplanung, LH München(Eds.) Brochure.
• City of Munich (ed.), 1995. Shaping the future of Munich. Perspective Munich – Strategies,
Principles, Projects. Department of Urban Planning and Building Regulation, Development
Report 2005. Munich.
http://www.muenchen.de/cms/prod1/mde/_de/rubriken/Rathaus/75_plan/04_stadtentwicklung/02
_perspektive/pdf/englisch.pdf, accessed 24/07/11
• LÖK (Lehrstuhl für Landschaftsökologie, TU München), Büro Aßmann & Banse, Büro Haase &
Söhmisch, 1990. Landschaftsökologisches Rahmenkonzept Landeshauptstadt München.
Unpubl. Report for Umweltschutzreferat, LH München,Freising.
• Pauleit S., Liu L., Ahern J., Kazmierczak A., 2011. Multifunctional green infrastructure planning
to promote ecological services in the city. Chapter 5.3 in. Niemelä J. Handbook of Urban
Ecology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 272-285.
• Reiß-Schmidt S., 2002. Innenentwicklung und Flächenmanagement in München, In. Bayerisches
Staatsministerium für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen (Ed.), 2002. Kommunales
Flächenressourcenmanagement. Workshop, 29th July 2002. Report, pp. 69-82.
www.umweltministerium.bayern.de/bereiche/boden/index.htm.,