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Figure 4.7: Simulated differences in seasonal sea surface temperature between mid- Holocene and present-day climate. ................................................................................... 62 Figure 4.8: Factors contributing to the seasonal precipitation change between mid- Holocene and present-day, for details see Figure 4.5 ....................................................... 65 Figure 4.9: Difference in mean sea level pressure and wind in 850hPa between mid- Holocene and present-day as simulated by the atmosphere-only run. .............................. 66 Figure 4.10: Upper-tropospheric velocity-potential (200hPa) as simulated by the atmosphere-only model, averaged over the summer season. ............................................ 66 Figure 4.11: Difference in mean sea level pressure and wind in 850hPa between mid- Holocene and present-day attributed to the ocean-atmosphere interaction. ..................... 67 Figure 4.12: Difference in summertime upper-tropospheric velocity potential between mid- Holocene and present-day, attributed to the ocean-atmosphere interaction ..................... 68 Figure 4.13: Summertime precipitation changes attributed to the ocean-atmosphere interaction. ........................................................................................................................ 69 Figure 4.14: Factors contributing to the temperature and precipitation change between mid- Holocene and present-day climate averaged over all six regions and all periods. ........... 70 Figure 4.18: Contribution of the atmosphere-ocean interaction to the mid- to late- Holocene annual precipitation and temperature change. .................................................. 76 Figure 5.1: Sketch of the main atmospheric circulation systems affecting the Tibetan Plateau during the summer monsoon season, distribution of the main vegetation types on the Tibetan Plateau and locations of the different study sites. .......................................... 79 Figure 5.2: ECHAM5 orography, model grid (T31) and grid boxes used for determining the averaged vegetation trend in four different regions on the Tibetan Plateau ............... 83 Figure 5.3: Reconstructed vegetation trend from mid-Holocene (6000yrs before present) to present-day, based on four different lake sediment cores on the Tibetan Plateau ............ 87 Figure 5.4: Simulated vegetation trend from mid-Holocene to present-day, averaged over four different regions on the Tibetan Plateau. .................................................................. 88 Figure 5.5: Simulated present-day annual mean 2m-temperature and summer precipitation compared to ERA40 and GPCP ........................................................................................ 92 Figure 5.6: Change of the climate factors yielding the land cover change on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP), i.e. summer near-surface air temperature and growing degree days. ....................................................................................................................... 93 Figure 5.7: Change of the climate factors yielding the land cover change on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SETP), i.e. winter near-surface air temperature and mean nearsurface air temperature of the coldest month .................................................................... 95 VI
Figure 5.8: Simulated change of summer (JJA) and winter (DJF) near-surface air temperature on the central Tibetan Plateau (CTP). ........................................................... 97 Figure 5.9: Simulated change of annual precipitation on the central-western Tibetan Plateau (CWTP) ................................................................................................................ 98 Figure 6.1: Extended Asian monsoon region .................................................................... 107 Figure 6.2: Differences in the land cover distribution between the potential vegetation and the land cover used in the afforestation and deforestation experiment. .......................... 108 Figure 6.3: Simulated precipitation change between the afforestation or deforestation experiment and the control run, averaged over the monsoon and the dry/cold season ... 110 Figure 6.4: Simulated 2m air temperature change between the afforestation/deforestation experiment and the control run, averaged over the monsoon and the dry/cold season ... 111 Figure 6.5: Simulated change of different parameters influencing the precipitation change between the afforestation experiment and the control run, for the monsoon season, i.e. total cloud cover, evaporation, mean sea level pressure and 850hPa wind, P-E. ........... 113 Figure 6.6: Simulated change of different parameters influencing the precipitation change between the afforestation experiment and the control run, for the dry/cold season ....... 114 Figure 6.7: Simulated change of different parameters influencing the precipitation change between the deforestation experiment and the control run, monsoon season. ................ 115 Figure 6.8: Simulated change of different parameters influencing the precipitation change between the deforestation experiment and the control run, dry/cold season.. ................ 116 Figure 6.9: Simulated change of different parameters influencing the temperature change between the afforestation experiment and the control run, averaged over the monsoon season, i.e. albedo, net surface shortwave radiation, latent and sensible heat flux ......... 116 Figure 6.10: Simulated change of different parameters influencing the temperature change between the afforestation experiment and the control run, dry/cold season. .................. 117 Figure 6.11: Simulated change of different parameters influencing the temperature change between the deforestation experiment and the control run, monsoon season. ................ 118 Figure 6.12: Simulated change of different parameters influencing the temperature change between the deforestation experiment and the control run, dry/cold season. ................. 119 Figure 6.13: Simulated relative change in monsoon season precipitation and simulated change in upper-tropospheric velocity potential, afforestation experiment - control run and deforestation experiment - control run. .................................................................... 121 Figure 6.14: Simulated summer monsoon precipitation change: mid-Holocene afforestation experiment - control run, mid-Holocene - present-day afforestation-induced climate signal, mid-Holocene - present-day control run, mid-Holocene - present-day afforestation-induced change in moisture convergence and 850hPa-winds ................... 123 VII
Page 1: Holocene climate and vegetation cha
Page 4 and 5: Anne F. Dallmeyer Max-Planck-Instit
Page 6 and 7: Overleaf Sutlej Valley, Kalpa (31°
Page 8 and 9: Zusammenfassung Mittels verschieden
Page 10 and 11: II 3.5 Summary and conclusion of Ch
Page 12 and 13: List of Figures Figure 2.1: Simulat
Page 16 and 17: Figure A.1: The Asian monsoon regio
Page 19 and 20: 1. Introduction Like all monsoon sy
Page 21 and 22: (I) How well is the present-day Asi
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 5 The Tibetan Plateau exert
Page 25 and 26: 2. Simulated present-day Asian mons
Page 27 and 28: In this study, we assess the perfor
Page 29 and 30: in the local summer season. This la
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.2: Hovmöller diagram show
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.2 Monsoon onset and withdrawal
Page 35 and 36: to observations and reanalysis data
Page 37 and 38: and as indices the method of prescr
Page 39 and 40: investigated by comparing atmospher
Page 41 and 42: T 3 1 _ A _ A M I P [ °C ] T 6 3 _
Page 43 and 44: - Overall, the simulation T31AV0k a
Page 45 and 46: 3. Simulated mid-Holocene Asian mon
Page 47 and 48: Values were taken from a course res
Page 49 and 50: To further analyse the differences
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.6: Simulated difference in
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.8: Annual cycle of precipi
Page 55 and 56: in these regions during the pre-mon
Page 57 and 58: positive anomaly (more divergent) i
Page 59 and 60: our results, we compare the reconst
Page 61 and 62: Figure 3.15: Differences in the sea
Page 63 and 64: mid-Holocene climate north of 40°N
Page 65 and 66:
4. Contribution of the atmosphere-o
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includes the dynamic vegetation mod
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Region Approximate longitude (°E)
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Figure 4.2: Seasonal and annual ave
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Figure 4.3: Same as Figure 4.2, but
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nearby desert or sparsely vegetated
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Figure 4.5: Factors contributing to
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spring summer autumn winter spring
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In autumn, the contribution of the
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Figure 4.8: Same as Figure 4.5 but
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The atmospheric response to the orb
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Due to the thermal inertia of the o
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eduction of -0.97K (on average) is
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climate in 6k. Whether the ocean-at
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econstructions (Yu et al., 2000). T
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5. Comparison of the simulated Holo
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ased vegetation reconstructions for
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(Zhang et al. 2000; Fang et al. 200
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Figure 5.2: ECHAM5 orography (eleva
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unfavourable climate conditions, i.
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vegetation type exists and the land
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etreat and were replaced by steppes
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exceeds 4000m in reality (cf. Fig.
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5.5.2 Site-specific discussion of t
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Figure 5.7: Change of the climate f
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Figure 5.8: Simulated change of sum
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Overall, the simulated forest fract
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simulated climate for SETP strongly
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6. Sensitivity of the Asian monsoon
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6.5k. Afterwards, land cover gradua
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additionally accounted for. The soi
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total grass sum per grid-box is sca
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In the dry/cold season, the strong
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6.4.1 Change of circulation and wat
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Figure 6.7: Simulated change of dif
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6.4.2 Change of albedo and turbulen
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In the dry/cold season, deforestati
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Figure 6.13: Simulated change in mo
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Northeast China (increase), regardl
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a.) Local effect: - The impact of l
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7. Summary and Conclusion 7.1 Summa
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strongest temperature change in the
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suggested in previous paleo-reconst
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Bibliography Adler, R.F., Huffman,
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Claussen, M.: Late Quaternary veget
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Gasse, F., Arnold, M., Fontes, J.Ch
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Joussaume, S., and Braconnot, P.: S
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Marsland, S. J., Haak, H., Jungclau
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Roeckner, E., Brokopf, R., Esch, M.
Page 163 and 164:
Ueno, K., Fujii, H., Yamada, H., an
Page 165 and 166:
Wu, G.X., Wang, J., Liu, X., and Li
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Appendix A: Additional figures A.I
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Figure A.4: Sketch of the main mean
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Figure A.7: Same as Figure A.6, but
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Appendix B: Additional tables B.I S
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Appendix C: Summary of the simulate
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Figure C.4: Same as Figure C.1, but
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Figure C.7: Same as Figure C.5, but
Page 181 and 182:
Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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