Cardiovascular Response to Punching Tempo - Setanta College

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outs can provide male and female participants an adequate level of intensity, as measured by HR, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and V˙ O2, toimprovecardiovascular function, and (b) to detect if any of the commonly used boxing tempos (60, 72, 84, 96, 108, and 120 b·min �1 ) in fitness boxing classes has a greater cardiovascular response. Methods Experimental Approach to the Problem To determine whether fitness boxing workouts can provide an adequate intensity stimulus to improve cardiovascular capacity, we recruited physically active men and women who had fitness boxing experience. All subjects were trained by the same certified boxing instructor in at least 30 different training sessions and thus received similar instructions on boxing techniques, punching exertion, and exercise intensity. All training sessions were approximately 1 hour in duration. The aim of our second question was to determine if any commonly used boxing tempos elicited a greater cardiovascular response. Therefore, to minimize any extraneous effects, subjects were familiarized with the different punching tempos (60, 72, 84, 96, 108, and 120 b·min �1 ) during their training program. Subjects Twelve men and 6 women, 20–32 years of age, recruited from boxing exercise classes at a local wellness facility volunteered for this study. Subjects provided written informed consent after the purpose and protocol of the study were explained to them. The University Institutional Review Board approved this study. Trial Testing Protocol On arrival at the exercise physiology laboratory, the body weight and height (without shoes) of the subject were measured initially on each testing day. The trial testing protocol involved 2-minute boxing bouts with a commercial boxing device (SLAMMAN, Fitness Quest, Canton, OH), with the subjects wearing 0.34kg boxing gloves provided with the product. Before trial testing, all subjects performed a 3-minute warmup on a cycle ergometer at a self-selected pace and resistance setting. This was followed by a 3-minute familiarization period with the boxing device, with the subjects performing contact punching against the boxing equipment, which was similar to how they were trained. Subjects then sat in a firm back chair for 5 minutes to establish a baseline recovery HR. Only HR data were collected during the recovery period between trials. Trials were ordered in a randomized balanced Latin square design at the following tempos: 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, and 120 b·min �1 , which were established with a metronome. Before each boxing trial, subjects sat in Punching Tempo 105 the same chair for a minimum of 3 minutes, and until their recovery HR was within 10 b·min �1 of their warm-up recovery HR. The boxing movements included a self-selected combination of alternating right and left jabs, hooks, and straight punches that the subjects practiced in their boxing classes. During these boxing movements, the subjects’ line of gravity moved slightly beyond the shoulder-width stance. Therefore, the body weight consistently shifted from leg to leg to maintain equilibrium. Before each trial, subjects were instructed to punch to the tempo of the metronome. The V˙ O2, V˙ CO2, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and ventilation (VE) were measured continuously and averaged every 10 seconds using a SensorMedics 2900 Metabolic Measurement Cart (SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA). Pretest calibration and posttest verification of calibration were conducted for all tests using standard medical grade gases for the gas analyzers and a 3.0-L syringe for the flow meter. The HR was obtained every 30 seconds with a Polar Favor Heart watch (Polar Inc., Woodbury, NY). Caloric expenditure was calculated using the following equation: V˙ O2(L·min �1 ) � RER(V˙ CO2/V˙ O2). During recovery between trials, subjects reported an RPE (3) for the overall trial. Body Composition and Maximal Aerobic Capacity Testing On a separate day, subjects reported at the exercise physiology laboratory to assess body density using standardized 3-site skinfold procedures. From the measured body densities, body fat (BF) percentages were calculated using the Lohman (7) equation for women, %BF � [(5.03/body density [Db]) � 4.59] � 100, and the Siri (11) equation for men, %BF � [(4.95/ Db) � 4.5] � 100. The V˙ O2max, HRmax, and RPEmax were determined using an individualized graded exercise treadmill test (GXT) to the point of exhaustion. For attaining V˙ O2max, any 3 of the following criteria had to be satisfied: RER � 1.15, failure of HR to increase more then 4 b·min �1 with increases in exercise intensity, RPEmax � 17, or a plateau of 150 ml O 2 with an increasing workload (1). The GXTs began with a 1-minute walk at 107.2 m·min �1 and 0% grade, followed by an increase in velocity by 13.4 m·min �1 every minute till a comfortable running speed was attained. Speed was then kept constant, and grade was increased by 2–3% every minute until volitional fatigue was achieved. All maximal tests lasted between 9 and 12 minutes, with at least 3 of the 4 criteria satisfied. Statistical Analyses Descriptive statistics were obtained for all variables. Dependent variables were V˙ O2, HR, VE, kcal·min �1 , and RPE. The independent variable was punching tempo (60, 72, 84, 96, 108, and 120 b·min �1 ). A repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
106 Kravitz, Greene, Burkett, and Wongsathikun Table 1. Subject characteristics (mean � SD) and ranges (N � 18). Variables Mean � SD Range Age (y) Height (cm) Body weight (kg) Body fat (%) HRmax (b·min �1 ) V˙ O2max (ml·kg �1 ·min �1 ) RPEmax (units) 22.0 � 2.8 170.8 � 7.7 71.5 � 12.6 16.1 � 7.3 195.7 � 7.0 41.04 � 6.5 18.6 � 0.8 20–32 157–187 53–92 4.8–28.6 182–220 29.4–52.3 17–20 Figure 1. Heart rate trial responses to boxing tempos. 120 � 60, 72, 84, 96 b·min �1 ; 108 � 60, 72 b·min �1 ;96� 60 b·min �1 . was used for physiological data analysis. In the event of a significant Wilk’s Lambda, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Where indicated, posthoc contrast comparisons were used to identify significant differences between trial means. A Friedman nonparametric ANOVA was used to analyze the RPE data. Statistical significance was set a priori at a probability level of p � 0.05. Results Table 1 depicts the subject’s descriptive characteristics. The MANOVA analysis revealed a significant Wilk’s Lambda (F � 2.614, p � 0.05). The subsequent univariate analyses showed a significant trial effect for HR (F � 5.2, p � 0.05) (Figure 1), VE (F � 4.8, p � 0.05) (Figure 2), and kcal·min �1 (F � 2.8, p � 0.05) (Figure 3) but not for V˙ O2 (F � 1.6, p � 0.05) (Figure 4). For HR, significance was attained when boxing tempos varied by �24 b·min �1 , beginning at the 96 b·min �1 speed. Similarly, significance was shown in VE and kcal·min �1 when the boxing tempo difference was �24 b·min �1 between trials and the tempo was 84 b·min �1 or above. For RPE, the Friedman nonparamet- Figure 2. Ventilation trial responses to boxing tempos. 120 � 60, 72, 84, 96 b·min �1 ; 108 � 60, 72 b·min �1 ;96� 60 b·min �1 ;84� 60 b·min �1 . Figure 3. Caloric expenditure trial responses to boxing tempos. 120 � 60, 72 b·min �1 ; 108 � 60 b·min �1 ;84� 60 b·min �1 . ric test revealed a significant trial difference (p � 0.05), with mean RPE ranks of 2.3, 2.4, 2.9, 3.2, and 4.2, for the 60-, 72-, 84-, 96-, 108-, and 120-b·min �1 trials, respectively (Figure 5). Subjects’ perception of work rose with each increase in punching tempo for all trials. Discussion In this study, 12 men and 6 women, with 30 hours of fitness boxing experience, completed 6 different punching trials (60, 72, 84, 96, 108, and 120 b·min �1 ), wearing 0.34-kg boxing gloves, to determine which tempos were best capable of meeting the ACSM guidelines for intensity of exercise. The purpose of this study was to provide a physiological basis on which to validate the program design and associated health benefits of this new exercise modality.
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