Program - Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education - University of ...

WELCOME 

On Behalf of the Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, I am 

pleased to welcome you to the eighth Bodies of Knowledge Graduate 

Research Conference at the University of Toronto. The conference has been 

organized entirely by graduate students for graduate students. The result is 

a supportive, stimulating opportunity for young scholars to present both 

completed research and work-‐in-‐progress among a community of peers. 

I wish you a fruitful day’s discussion, and hope you emerge from the 

conference with new ideas, a sense of the breath of the intellectual communities touched, 

and a number of borders crossed. I thank and congratulate the organizers for their efforts. 

Sincerely, 

Ira Jacobs 

Dean 

Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education 

The Bodies of Knowledge Graduate Research Conference is an annual 

spring event at the University of Toronto. 

The Conference welcomes scholars in training from many backgrounds 

and creates a valuable opportunity to address questions of interest from a 

variety of perspectives. 

The range of investigative approaches used and questions addressed by its participants 

speaks to how diverse scholarship in Kinesiology and Physical Education has become and 

also underlines the importance of physical activity related research. 

I am sure you will enjoy the conference and I encourage you to help in make it a success by 

engaging and learning from the presenters. I have no doubt that you will become more 

enlightened and that it will allow you to assist in educating the broader community. 

Sincerely, 

Marius Locke, Ph.D. 

Acting Associate Dean, Graduate Education and Research 


1

Keynote Speaker Biography: Dr. Mark Kingwell 

Professor Mark Kingwell teaches Philosophy at the University of Toronto and 

is a contributing editor of Harper’s Magazine. Author of fifteen books of 

political, cultural and aesthetic theory, including the national bestsellers 

Better Living (1998), The World We Want (2000), Concrete Reveries (2008), 

and Glenn Gould (2009), his articles on politics, architecture and art have 

appeared in, among others, Harper’s, the New York Times, the New York Post, 

Utne Reader, BookForum, the Toronto Star, and Queen’s Quarterly; Kingwell 

is also a former columnist for Adbusters, the National Post, and the Globe and 

Mail. 

Dr. Kingwell has lectured extensively in Canada, the U.S., Europe, the Middle 

East, and Australia on philosophical subjects and had held visiting posts at 

Cambridge Unviersity, the University of California at Berkeley, and at the City 

University of New York, where he was the Weissman Distinguished Visiting 

Professor of Humanities in 2002. 

Professor Kingwell is the recipient of the Spitz Prize in political theory, 

National Magazine Awards for both essays and columns, the Outstanding 

Teaching Award and President’s Teaching Award at the University of Toronto, 

a research fellowship at the Jackman Humanities Institute, and in 2000 was 

awarded an honorary DFA from the Nova Scotia College of Art & Design for 

contributions to theory and criticism. 

His most recent books are a collection of Professor Kingwell's essays on art 

and philosophy, Opening Gambits (2008), the edited collection Rites of Way: 

The Politics and Poetics of Public Space (2009), and, with Joshua Glenn and 

cartoonist Seth, The Idler’s Glossary (2008) and The Wage Slave’s Glossary 

(2011). A new collection of his essays, Unruly Voices, will be published in fall 

2012. 

Dr. Kingwell has also written about his various hobbies, including fly fishing, 

music, baseball, and cocktails. He is currently at work on a large-‐scale study of 

21 st century democracy. 

2

David Cooper, MSc 

Panellist Biographies 

David Cooper is a full time Senior Lecturer in the Faculty's Concurrent 

Teacher Education Program (CTEP) co-‐ordinator which is just about to 

graduate its first cohort of secondary HPE teachers. Cooper was teaching 

activity and academic courses in 1995 as a sessional instructor and lecturer, 

when he began his MSc with Bruce Kidd, in which he researched the history of 

cricket in Canada from 1850 to 1950. A high school Physical Education teacher 

who graduated from the University of Bristol in England with a BEd in 1976, 

Cooper taught in inner city high schools in London for 14 years before coming 

to Canada in 1990. From 1990 to 1995 Cooper worked with both the Ontario 

and Canadian Cricket Associations as their Technical Directors as well as 

doing some substitute teaching with the Peel Board of Education. After 13 

years of coaching the Varsity Blues Women's squash team and observing other 

so called "elite coaches" in action, Cooper has a strong interested in observing 

and analysing coaching styles and methods. 

Dr. Peter Donnelly 

Peter Donnelly is currently Director of the Centre for Sport Policy Studies, and 

a Professor in the Faculty of Physical Education and Health, at the University 

of Toronto. His research interests include sport politics and policy issues 

(including the area of children’s rights in sport), sport subcultures, and 

mountaineering (history). He has published numerous scholarly articles on 

those and other topics. Recent books include: Taking Sport Seriously: Social 

Issues in Canadian Sport (3rd edition, 2011), and Inside Sports (1999) and the 

1 st and 2 nd Canadian editions of Sports in Society: Issues and 

Controversies (both with Jay Coakley, 2004, 2009). Peter Donnelly is also a 

former Editor of the Sociology of Sport Journal (1990-‐94), and the International 

Review for the Sociology of Sport (2004-‐06), and a past President of the North 

American Society for the Sociology of Sport (2001). His current, and 

occasional, sporting interests include hiking, rock climbing / mountaineering 

(continually proving the inverse relationship between age and risk taking). 

3

Dr. Gretchen Kerr 

Gretchen Kerr is a professor and associate dean of undergraduate education in 

the Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education. Her research focuses on 

the psychosocial health of young people in sport, maltreatment in sport, and 

the role of coaches in advancing healthy athlete development. She is also the 

harassment officer for Gymnastics Ontario and Gymnastics Canada, the ethics 

committee chair for Gymnastics Ontario, and an editorial board member for 

the Canadian Journal for Women in Coaching. In 2011, the Canadian 

Association for the Advancement of Women in Sport and Physical Activity 

named Gretchen one of the most influential women of the year, celebrating 

the impact she's had on advancing sport and physical activity for women and 

girls. 

Dr. Greg Wells 

Greg Wells is currently an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Kinesiology 

and Physical Education and Director of the Human Physiology Research Unit 

at the Department of Anesthesia at the University of Toronto. He is also an 

Associate Scientist in Physiology and Experimental Medicine at the Hospital 

for Sick Children. Dr. Wells is physiologist who specializes in health and 

performance in extreme conditions. As a researcher, Dr. Wells is working in a 

field of investigation called ‘exercise medicine’ where he uses specific exercise 

protocols to test the limitations of the human body in various diseases – 

mostly related to muscle and lung conditions. 

4

Conference Program: Thursday May 3 

8:30-‐12:00 Registration Main Lobby 

9:00-‐9:15 PEHGS/EXS Welcome Address BN Rm307 

9:30-‐11:00 Presentations Sessions I BN Rm302/304/307 

11:00-‐11:15 Coffee and Networking Break 

11:15-‐12:45 Presentation Sessions II BN Rm302/307 

12:45 – 2:00 Lunch Benson Lounge 

1:15 – 2:00 Lunchtime Poster Session BN304 

2:00-‐3:30 Presentation Sessions III BN Rm302/307 


4:00-‐5:15 Keynote Address: Dr. Mark Kingwell BN307 

5:30-‐9:00 Reception & Social, Madison Pub 14 Madison Ave. 

Conference Program: Friday May 4 

9:00-‐12:00 Registration Main Lobby 

9:30-‐11:00 Presentations Sessions IV BN Rm302/307 


11:15-‐12:45 Presentations Sessions V BN Rm302/307 

12:45 – 2:00 Lunch Benson Lounge 

1:15-‐2:00 Lunchtime Seminar: Publishing in Academia BN304 

2:00-‐3:30 Panel Discussion BN Rm307 

3:30-‐4:00 Concluding Remarks BN Rm307 

5

Conference Highlights: Thursday May 3 

Lunchtime Poster Session 

1:15-‐2:00 PM 

Maureen Coyle – University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Heather Neyedli – University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Danheng Zheng – Shanghai University 

Keynote Address 

4:00-‐5:15 PM 

Dr. Mark Kingwell will deliver a keynote address entitled “Running. 

Standing. Falling.” Please see Dr. Kingwell’s biography on Page 2 of 

this program. 

Bodies of Knowledge Social 

5:30-‐9:00 PM 

All conference attendees are welcome to come to the Madison Pub for 

an evening social. The event will begin immediately following 

Thursday’s program. Refreshments and appetizers will be provided. 

Please note that only those who are registered and fully paid will be 

admitted to the social. Please bring your nametag as proof of 

registration. Map and directions can be found on the following page. 

6

Social/Reception 

PLEASE JOIN US FOR A POST-‐CONFERENCE RECEPTION AT THE MADISON PUB. 

YOU CAN MEET US THERE OR TRAVEL UP AS A GROUP FOLLOWING THE 

CONCLUSION OF THE CONFERENCE. REFRESHMENTS WILL BE PROVIDED. 

55 Harbord St, Toronto, ON 

Madison Ave Pub & Restaurant 

14 Madison Ave 

1. Head east on Harbord St toward Huron St 82 m 

2. Turn left at Huron St 400 m 

3. Turn left at Bloor St W 98 m 

4. Turn right at Madison Ave 120 m 

7

Conference Highlights: Friday May 4 

Lunchtime Seminar: “Publishing in Academia” 

1:15-‐2:00 PM 

Dr. Peter Donnelly, University of Toronto Professor and Director of 

the Centre for Sport Policy Studies, will deliver a seminar aimed at 

graduate students who have questions about publishing in academia. 

Dr. Donnelly is the former Editor of Sociology of Sport Journal and 

The International Review for the Sociology of Sport, and has also 

edited a wide variety of special journal issues. 

Panel Discussion: “Research and Knowledge Transfer: Building 

Bridges or Minding the Gap?” 

2:00-‐3:30 PM 

A discussion and debate about how research informs the work of 

scholars, teachers and practitioners; and about the relevance, 

application, and public accessibility of research. Please see the 

panellists’ biographies on Page 3-‐4 of this program. 

Panellists: 


Dave Cooper (MSc) 



8

Thursday May 3: Session Details 

9:30-‐11:00 Session I 

Motor Control Skills Acquisition Benson ROOM 302 

Moderator: Heather Neyedli 

Alexandra Makos, University of Toronto (OISE) 

EYE-‐Dentify: Facial recognition and Autism Spectrum Disorder 

Kelly Carr, University of Windsor 

The impact of motor skill training on hand-‐eye coordination in a group of adults with high 

functioning autism spectrum disorder and an intellectual disability 

Jecy Kunju Kunju, University of Windsor 

Supra postural attentional focus on post-‐stroke gait parameters 

Neb Zachariah, University of Windsor 

Use of attentional focus in a rehabilitation setting: A comparison of literature and clinical 

practice 

Amir Azizmohammadi, University of Toronto (OISE) 

Grammatical fluency and facial muscle memory 

Methodological Issues in Health and Education Studies 

Moderator: Ryan Seeto 

Agnes Hsin, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Using manual aiming to measure attentional bias in addiction studies 

Nathalie Carrier, University of Toronto (OISE) 

Performance Psychology and Student Achievement in Schools 

George Mammen, Sarah E. Gairdner, Arrani Senthinathan, & Laura McClemont, 

University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Is this Bit Fit? Measuring the accuracy and reliability of the FITBIT Pedometer 

9

Body Weight and Body Image Benson ROOM 307 

Moderator: Dr. Fiona Moola 

Jillian Ciccone, University of Windsor 

Evening snacking activity and body weight status in grade 7 students from Southwestern 

Ontario, Canada 

Deborah Cole, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Preliminary presentation title: non-‐invasive measurement of corticosterone in food restricted 

rats 

Ryan Lange, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Canadian identity, perceptions of causes of obesity, and support for obesity policy 

Donna Kakonge, University of Toronto (OISE) 

Control 

11:15 – 12:45 Session II 

Issues in Education and Physical Activity Benson ROOM 304 

Moderator: Dr. Yuka Nakamura 

George Mammen, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Understanding the drive to escort: Parental Attitudes towards independent mobility and school 

travel 

Derek Tu, York University 

Inclusion in physical education: What can arts-‐based research practices reveal? 

Anne Vallentin, University of Toronto (OISE) 

Coming to the table – Learning care for the land 

Laura McIntyre, University of Toronto (OISE) 

An analysis of the Ontario health and physical education – Through the eyes of Toronto 

youth 

10

Problems and Issues in Coaching Benson ROOM 307 

Moderator: Darcy Brioux 

Danielle DiCarlo, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

A study of provincial and national sport organizations’ athlete protection/harassment policies 

Jenessa Banwell, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

The role of the coach: Personal development through Interuniversity sport participation 

Ellen MacPherson, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Learning about Oneself: The Influence of Peer Groups in Organized Sport on Female 

Adolescents 

12:45 – 2:00 Lunch 

2:00 – 3:30 Session III 

Gender and Race in Physical Activity and Health Benson ROOM 302 

Moderator: Dr. Kyoung-‐Yim Kim 

Annie Hua, York University 

Exploration of health, fitness and gender identity through CrosFit 

Fisher Liu, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

From “CBC” to “FOB”: Examining physical activity behavior patterns of young Chinese 

immigrants in Toronto 

Sachin Mehta, Brock University 

Relationship between socio-‐demographic factors and familial and partner expectations and 

pressures in HIV-‐positive women in Ontario, Canada 

Caiyan Wendy Chen, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

All work, no play: Power, unpaid household work and leisure experiences of immigrant 

women 

Kathleen Trotter, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

The body, neoliberalism, self-‐discipline, gender and the hyperreal 

11

Biomechanical Load Interventions & Muscle & Bone Health Benson ROOM 307 

Moderator: Dr. Tyson Beach 

Celeste Hamilton, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Heterogeneity in skeletal load adaptation points to a role for modeling in the pathogenesis of 

osteoporotic fracture 

Malinda Hapuarachchi, Queen’s University 

A methodological approach for the development and evaluation of a novel dynamic rod-‐ 

backpack system 

Shirley Srubiski, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

The effect of robotic guidance on the use of sensory feedback during a pointing task 

Narendra Nagalla, Ball State University 

Muscuoskeletal disorders among dental professionals 

Friday May 4: Session Details 

9:30-‐11:00 Session I 

Bone, Muscle & Metabolism Benson Room 302 

Moderator: Dina Katsoulis 

Noel Morgan, York University 

Investigating energy expenditure, adherence and exercise intensity of 8-‐17 year old using 

interactive fitness and exergaming equipment 

Saro Farra, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Rate of body heat storage vs. absolute body temperature as modulators of perceived exertion 

and cycling performance 

Ethan Ruderman, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on the pharmacokinetics of the anti-‐anxiety/anti-‐depressant 

drug sertraline 

William N. Lampe, University of Alberta 

Hemodynamic response to active standing in elite swimmers 

12

Danielle Bentley, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Comparison of post-‐exercise hypotension between two different exercise modes; aerobic and 

isometric handgrip 

Theories & Issues in Physical Cultural Studies Benson Room 307 

Moderator: Dr. Janelle Joseph 

Dan Way, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Recreation running as serious leisure: Ethnography of endurance sport culture 

Maureen Coyle, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Let’s talk about ageing 

Kass Gibson, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Bioethics and physical cultural studies 

11:15 – 12:45 Session II 

Problems & Issues in Contemporary Sport BN ROOM 302 

Moderator: Dr. Lyndsay Hayhurst 

Mark Norman, University of Toronto (FKPE) & Courtney Szto, University of British 

Columbia 

Still the “Prime Minister of Saturday Night”? Don Cherry, Canadian nationalism, and the 

construction of hockey masculinity 

Desmond Miller, York University 

The pre-‐game: Black student-‐athletes and the pursuit of U.S. athletic scholarship 

David Marchessault, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Scrumming for change: Community building through strategic North-‐South rugby 

partnerships 

Kate Ranachan, University of Minnesota 

It’s going to a long season: Football, labour and migration 

13

Attention & Decision Making in Motor Control BN ROOM 307 

Moderator: John De Grosbois 

Gerome Manson, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Facilitating the use of online visual feedback: A case for the inter-‐trial interval 

David Cappadocia, York University 

The effects of TMS over PPC in a visual feature memory / saccade task 

Heather Neyedli, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Hit me with your best shot: Optimal movement planning with constantly changing decision 

parameters 

Connor Reid, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Go Your Own Way: IOR Effects in a Social Free-‐Choice Task 

14

Abstracts 

Amir Azizmohammadi, University of Toronto (OISE) 

Grammatical fluency and facial muscle memory 

This action research project focuses on the relationship between English grammar and 

facial muscles. Research shows that English language learners do not readily use the 

grammatical knowledge that they passively possess. Although grammatical rules can be 

cognitively understood and learned in a matter of minutes, it might take years before 

English learners fluently use syntactically correct constructs in their speech. As one 

possible influential factor next to the cognitive faculties, in this study, the impact of facial 

muscle training on grammatical fluency was examined in a small group of adult Persian 

English language learners. First, the perfect forms of English modal verbs of speculation 

and possibility were taught to the students and they were assessed for full understanding. 

Next, the students were given a topic to discuss for one hour. The topic had been chosen 

carefully so that it would lend itself to the use of modal verbs. The number of the modal 

verbs used was recorded for each student. Afterwards, the students were offered intensive 

verbal exercises to train their facial muscles. Another one-‐hour conversation followed these 

activities. There was a significant increase in the number of modal verbs used in the second 

conversation. 

Jenessa Banwell, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

The role of the coach: Personal development through Interuniversity sport participation 

The purpose of higher education in the 21 st century is multifaceted, with a significant 

emphasis on personal learning and development through the multiple experiences of the 

student (Dickinson, 2000; Kuh, 1993, 1995). For many students, these experiences include 

interuniversity athletics. Interuniversity sport is highly contested however, as positive 

developmental outcomes are not automatic and cannot be assumed by participation alone 

(Hartmann & Kwauk, 2011). Instead, it requires the purposeful application of conditions 

conducive to student-‐athlete development. Furthermore, the existing literature on 

interuniversity sport stems primarily from the US, an arguably different context from that of 

Canada. Given the paucity of data on Canadian interuniversity sport as well as the sport 

experiences of its' student-‐athletes, there is a need to further explore the experiences of this 

particular population. This presentation will review the related literature and propose that 

the incorporation of explicit learning outcomes and developmental goals are needed to 

ensure that benefits are gleaned from interuniversity sport participation. 

15

Danielle Bentley, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Comparison of post-‐exercise hypotension between two different exercise modes; aerobic and 

isometric handgrip 

Immediately following a single bout of exercise there are profound changes in the 

mechanisms that regulate and determine arterial pressure. These changes result in a 

phenomenon called post-‐exercise hypotension (PEH) that varies widely in magnitude and 

duration. Both aerobic exercise bouts and resistive exercise bouts result in PEH. The 

relationship between the magnitudes of PEH induced by these two exercise modes within 

the same individual is unclear. Specifically, it is not known whether individuals who are 

non-‐responsive to aerobic stimuli may respond instead to resistive stimuli. Isometric 

handgrip (IHG) exercise, a form of resistive training, has been shown to significantly reduce 

resting systolic blood pressure and resting diastolic blood pressure. Researchers have not 

yet compared the PEH response associated with IHG in pre-‐hypertensive women, nor 

examined the relationship between PEH responses to the two aforementioned modes of 

acute exercise within the same patients. The proposed research has two areas of focus. 

First, the reliability of both aerobic induced PEH and IHG induced PEH will be determined. 

Second, the PEH response brought about by the two exercise modes will be compared with 

attention towards the identification of a subgroup of individuals who respond to one more 

than the other. 

David Cappadocia, York University 

The effects of TMS over PPC in a visual feature memory / saccade task 

Perception and action are often treated separately, but ultimately perception must be used to 

guide meaningful actions when object selection and memory are required. We investigated 

the role of parietal cortex areas known to be involved in saccade and reach planning (the 

middle intraparietal sulcus [mIPS] and the superior parietal-‐occipital complex [SPOC]) with 

TMS in a delayed match-‐to-‐sample saccade task, based on single or multiple visual features. 

Preliminary results show an interaction between TMS site and the visual feature to be 

remembered in the saccade task. 

Kelly Carr, University of Windsor 

The impact of motor skill training on hand-‐eye coordination in a group of adults with high 

functioning autism spectrum disorder and an intellectual disability 

Context. Motor impairments create challenges with adaptive living skills among adults 

with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disabilities (ID). The implications 

these impairments have on the independence and employability of this population 

warrants further research in this field. Objectives. This study aims to improve motor skills 

and physical fitness of adults with ASD and ID by providing a training protocol and 

supplementing the Balanced Approach Adapted Exercise Manual. Methods. Fifty-‐two 

adults with ASD and ID who currently receive support from Community Living Essex 

County will be randomly assigned into an experimental or control group. The experimental 

16

group will undergo 12 weeks of physical fitness and motor skill training. Retention will be 

measured four weeks following the cessation of activities. The control group will undergo a 

12 week exercise protocol followed by four weeks of motor skill training. Fitness level and 

motor skills will be measured at 0, 6, 12, and 16 weeks. Proposed Analysis. For each 

dependent measure, separate 2 x 4 factorial ANOVAs with repeated measures on the 

second factor will be conducted. Practical Implications. Development of effective motor 

skill training techniques specific to individuals with ASD and ID will increase independence 

and employability of this population. 

Nathalie Carrier, University of Toronto (OISE) 

Performance Psychology and Student Achievement in Schools 

The psychology of human performance, including how people psychologically, physically 

and emotionally learn and achieve best (Abbot & Richards, 2011; Lardon, 2008; Loehr, 2003; 

Selk, 2011), has been applied to several elite and high-‐level sporting and business 

environments as a way to improve performance in stressful contexts, enhance motivation, 

and increase the likelihood of career and life success. Despite the large literature on the 

benefits of physical activity on psychological health and physical well-‐being, on the one 

hand, and on coaching and its high performance strategies in organization and athletic 

environments on the other, very rarely have these principles been applied and tested at the 

curricular and structural levels of k-‐12 environments themselves (outside of athletic 

programming). The proposed presentation will provide an overview of the literature on 

high performance, and asks, “What studies, if any, examine how students can be trained 

(metaphorically) as athletes in their pursuit of academic achievement? How does the 

literature on student motivation and achievement compare with that on high performance 

from psychology/kinesiology disciplines? In what ways are these strategies alike or 

dissimilar and why? The presentation will conclude with a description of a few promising 

areas and ideas of research and ideas. 

Caiyan Chen, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

All work, no play: Power, unpaid household work and leisure experiences of immigrant 

women 

Although studies on women and leisure have emerged over the past thirty years, immigrant 

women’s leisure experiences have been largely ignored. This study is to explore lived 

Chinese immigrant women’s experiences of leisure and their perceptions of the relationship 

between leisure pursuits and their gendered role as women, wives and mothers. Qualitative 

interviews explore the following questions: does the burden of household work change 

after immigration among recent immigrant women from Mainland China? does household 

work, including childcare and parenting influence their leisure time physical activity 

participation and patterns after the birth of their children? what strategies do they use to 

negotiate household work, paid work and leisure time physical activity pursuits?. Although 

women may gain “relative freedom” through their agency and resistance against the 

“Confucian ideology of male superiority, women’s heavier household responsibility, and 

17

intensive mothering”, resistance may be relative as they are still constrained by powerful 

societal structures such as Confucian patriarchy, motherhood, class, and ethnicity. 

Jillian Ciccone, University of Windsor 

Evening snacking activity and body weight status in grade 7 students from Southwestern 

Ontario, Canada 

Purposes. (1) Examined the associations between body weight status and evening snacking 

activity (frequency and calories), and (2) examined the characteristics and behaviours of 

evening snackers. Methods. Participants: Grade seven students from Southwestern 

Ontario, Canada (n=1068 representative students) in the 2010-‐2011 academic school year. 

Protocol: Administered the web-‐based Food Behaviour Questionnaire, including a 24h diet 

recall, food frequency questionnaire, and food and physical activity behaviour questions. In 

addition, heights and weights were measured to provide an objective measure of body mass 

index (BMI). Results. Normal weight participants had greater evening snack caloric intake 

(256kcals vs. 190kcal obese; p

Maureen Coyle, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Let’s talk about ageing 

Social Gerontology grew out of the post 20thC war structures of America and the 

institutionalization of ageing, carrying with it the burdens of the medical and public policy 

framing of ageing, resulting in what Social Gerontologist James Birren described as a field 

that is “data rich and theory poor” (Birren, 1985). With its complex, variable features, and 

the wide differences in lived experiences, ageing is in need of theoretical reframing. This 

presentation will consider some of the theoretical offerings coming from the field of Social 

Gerontology to illustrate the ways in which a Physical Cultural Studies framing of ageing 

might fill some of the very wide gaps in our understanding of both bodily ageing and its 

phenomenology. 

Danielle DiCarlo, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

A study of provincial and national sport organizations’ athlete protection/harassment policies 

In response to high profile cases of athlete maltreatment in the 1990s, Sport Canada 

mandated that sport organizations develop and disseminate harassment policies and have 

trained and independent harassment officers. Despite this, and given the voluntary nature 

of most sport organizations and unregulated implementation of athlete protection policies 

across Canadian sport organizations, very little is known about the effectiveness and 

impact of these policies. This study aims to critically examine athlete protection policies of 

a sample of 42 provincial sport organization (PSOs), and 42 national sport organizations 

(NSOs) in order to determine how these policies are implemented at the provincial and 

national levels. Phase I of the study involved systematic data collection from PSO and NSO 

websites. Results from Phase I reveal considerable discrepancy concerning the review and 

evaluation process of PSO and NSO implementation of effective and sound athlete 

protection policies with specified harassment officers. Currently ongoing, Phase II of the 

study involves interviews with PSO and NSO representatives who specifically deal with 

harassment and abuse cases that arise in their sport organization. The findings thus far 

suggest that funding needs to be allocated to PSOs and NSOs, specifically for preventative 

measures (i.e., through education workshops and/or training), in order to effectively deal 

with issues of maltreatment in sport. Given the above findings, and the current inadequacy 

of athlete protection policies in place at most provincial and national level sport 

organizations, the study concludes with a series of recommendations for improving athlete 

protection/harassment policy. 

Saro Farra, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Rate of body heat storage vs. absolute body temperature as modulators of perceived exertion 

and cycling performance 

Recent research reported that exercise performance was impaired coincident with an 

increased absolute body temperature (Tc) and an increased rate of body heat storage (RHS). 

The purpose of this study is to clarify if Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and exercise 

19

performance are independently mediated by Tc and RHS during exercise. Eight subjects 

performed two bouts of cycle exercise at a constant RPE. They freely adjusted their power 

output (PO) to maintain RPE at 5 on Borg’s 10-‐point scale. During each trial, a heating 

jacket was used to cause different rates of increase in Tc (FAST vs SLOW). Tc increased 

significantly faster (p

women (n=2168) categorized into 3 groups based on their number of self-‐reported fractures 

at baseline, and (2) pre-‐ and postmenopausal women (n=2882) categorized into 2 groups 

based on their age at first fracture. We computed stress (megapascals) at the infero-‐medial 

margin of the femoral neck in a one-‐legged stance mode using a 2-‐D engineering beam 

analysis incorporating dimensions and geometry from DXA scans using the HSA method. 

We used general linear models to determine associations between stress and fracture 

number as well as stress and age at first fracture. Results: Women who fractured more 

frequently and earlier in life had higher stress than women with fewer or no fractures (no 

fractures 10.30±2.03 vs. 1-‐2 10.49±2.15; p=0.0437 and 1-‐2 vs. 3 or more 11.28±2.40; p=0.0006) 

and women whose first fracture was late in life (first fracture

an upper limb movement, which employs more accessible, affordable and useable 

technology than eye tracking in addition to being very sensitive to AB. 

Annie Hua, York University 

Exploration of health, fitness and gender identity through CrsosFit 

Within health and fitness discourse, healthism associates a culture of “bodily lack” to the 

disciplining of fitness users into constantly self-‐monitoring their morality. Furthermore, 

literature has shown that there is a cultural transgression to idealize a fat-‐free form which 

is symbolic of being “healthy”. This is narrowed view of “good health” is problematic 

because it eradicates a range of healthy bodily ideals for women and men while reinforcing 

stigmatization of ‘othered’ bodies. Current literature which address the influence of fitness 

and health discourses on women and men’s social identity have been gender exclusive, and 

were often generalized through a type of exercise (i.e. aerobics, strength training, etc.). 

This proposed case study aims to investigate: a) individuals’ gendered experiences in 

CrossFit, a recent fitness phenomenon, b) to gain an understanding of how individuals’ 

identities differ or converge within the consumption of CrossFit, and c) to investigate how 

CrossFit influence notions of health and fitness among participants. Additionally, this study 

will provide one of the first explorations into how a specific fitness program perpetuates or 

challenges dominant ideologies of healthism and influence women and men’s notions of 

health, fitness and gender identity. 

Donna Kakonge, University of Toronto (OISE) 

Control 

God evidently made all of our bodies different shapes and different sizes for reasons, 

however in a world where there is very little that we can control – in some circumstances, 

even very little that we can change – our body is a source of control. This paper will 

examine the theory of control and artistic transformation that takes place in changing one’s 

hair, maintaining one’s “face,” beauty through jewellery, the clothes we choose to wear, the 

shoes we wear and the body within that allows us to control the image we work on in 

private, yet project publicly to the worlds that matter to us – whether they be at home, with 

family, with friends, or at work, or even places of worship. The paper will be an overview of 

all these interlocked factors that project our public image and how control over them, also 

linking to economic status plays an important role in how we can control our lives. 

Jecy Kunju Kunju, University of Windsor 

Supra postural attentional focus on post-‐stroke gait parameters 

Background: Facilitation of motor skill acquisition especially to improve gait parameters 

of post-‐stroke patients has been a continuing challenge to rehabilitation experts. Ensuring 

stability in the gait pattern of post-‐stroke patients prevents falls and improves the quality of 

their functional independence. Objectives: This study focuses on using the established 

advantages of external focus of attention in motor skill acquisition to improve the efficacy 

22

of the current gait rehabilitation techniques for post-‐stroke patients. Methods: 12 

hemiplegic subjects (at least 6 months post-‐ stroke), able to walk without aid are divided 

into two groups based on the type of attentional focus (internal& external) for a supra 

postural task. The task is to hold a cup while walking on a gait rite walkway. The gait 

parameters (stance –swing ratio, step variability, gait velocity) are measured in conjunction 

with the accelerometer data from the supra postural task. Practical implications: The 

quantifiable difference in the stability parameters of gait depending on the type of 

attentional focus instructions can be an important cue to improve/modify instruction 

based techniques in motor-‐relearning that are currently in practice . 

William N. Lampe, University of Alberta 

Hemodynamic response to active standing in elite swimmers 

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) – a decrease of >20 mmHg systolic blood pressure (SBP) 

and/or >10 mmHg diastolic blood pressure (DBP) within 3min of standing – has been 

reported in endurance athletes. However, the prevalence of initial orthostatic hypotension 

(IOH) – decreased SBP; >40 mmHg and/or DBP; >20 mmHg within 15secs of standing – has 

not been examined in athletes. PURPOSE: Determine OH and IOH prevalence in 

swimmers. METHODS: 10 male swimmers (20.8±1.5yrs) performed an orthostatic challenge 

(5 min supine, 3 min standing). Beat-‐by-‐beat arterial blood pressure was measured 

(Finometer®) and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), SBP, DBP, Heart Rate (HR), Stroke 

Volume (SV) and Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) derived. RESULTS: 10 of 10 swimmers 

met OH criteria with mean decreases of 30.6±13.3 (SBP) and 14.7±6.5 (DBP) mmHg. IOH 

was observed in 8 of 10 swimmers whereby SBP, DBP and MAP decreased, 48.8±19.3, 

29.6±10.0 and 36.2±12.2mmHg upon standing. The primary hemodynamic response to 

decreasing MAP was augmented HR (37.5±13.6 beats/min). MAP increase from nadir was 

associated with an increase in TPR (43.2%) and SV (15.8%). CONCLUSION: There was a 

high prevalence of OH and IOH in swimmers. Despite clinically significant decreases in 

MAP compensatory mechanisms to defend BP homeostasis upon standing are adequate in 

elite swimmers. 

Ryan Lange, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Canadian identity, perceptions of causes of obesity, and support for obesity policy 

Given increasing rates of obesity in the Canadian population it is important to examine the 

factors that influence public attitudes toward policy options to treat or prevent obesity. 

Different countries show varying rates of support for obesity policies and varying degrees of 

anti-‐fat prejudice and personal responsibility for obesity. The objective of this study was to 

examine whether Canadian national identity and beliefs about the causes of obesity are 

associated with endorsing different policy approaches to addressing obesity. 

Undergraduate students at the University of Toronto completed an online survey including 

questions on demographics, political attitudes, beliefs about the causes of obesity, and 

support for 17 policies to address obesity. Results show that Canadian identity has 

predictive power for obesity policy above and beyond other demographics. Low individual 

23

esponsibility for obesity correlated with greater support for obesity policy as well. 

Findings may offer insight on how to tailor social marketing campaigns to increase public 

support for obesity policies. National identity may be a complicating factor in trying to 

gain support for obesity policies across national borders. 

Fisher Liu, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

From “CBC” to “FOB”: Examining physical activity behavior patterns of young Chinese 

immigrants in Toronto 

This paper seeks to examine the physical activity (PA) behaviors of young Chinese 

immigrants in Toronto and understand their unique perceptions towards sport and PA. 

The target group participating in this study, consisting of 15 Chinese descent immigrants, 

ages 18 to 22, was selected from the Chinese Undergraduate Association (CUA) at the 

University of Toronto (U of T). Two major methods were employed in this study: 

ethnographic participation and interviewing. Drawing on ethnographic data collected 

though participant observation and three in-‐depth and open-‐ended interviews, this study 

explored the role that sport and PA play regarding physical culture, social inclusion and life 

adaptation among Chinese students in a Canadian university. The ethnographic study 

showed that the participation rate in sport and PA among Chinese descent immigrants was 

relatively low while the interviews found that immigrants' PA behaviors and perceptions of 

being physically active varied based on their duration of stay in the emigrant country, in 

this case, Canada, and length of exposure to the new culture. It is hoped that there findings 

will inform contemporary research attention and policy makers about the necessity to 

better educate and promote PA behavior among Chinese immigrants in Canadian society. 

Ellen MacPherson, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Learning about Oneself: The Influence of Peer Groups in Organized Sport on Female 

Adolescents 

Previous research has indicated that females in adolescence derive a compelling 

understanding of who they are through the relationships they have with their peers 

(Harter, 2006; Josselson, 1987). This idea is reflected in the sport literature, which suggests 

that girls involved in sport emphasize the importance of friendships, intimacy and 

emotional support among their teammates (Holt, Black, Tamminen, Fox & Mandigo, 2008). 

The purpose of this presentation is to review the existing literature related to psychosocial 

development in early adolescent females and how this development may be influenced by 

peer groups in organized sport environments. Different aspects of peer groups, namely 

individual friendships and group acceptance, and the possible influence of these aspects on 

girls’ experiences in the sport environment will be discussed. Finally, based upon a critique 

of the relevant literature, future directions for a research study will be proposed. 

24

Alexandra Makos, University of Toronto (OISE) 

EYE-‐Dentify: Facial recognition and Autism Spectrum Disorder 

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very complex disorder. The characteristics associated 

with ASD vary amongst individuals and they are displayed in varying degrees. One 

commonality is the difficulty in understanding the emotional and mental states of others. I 

have developed a game-‐based mobile application to be used by children with ASD to help 

them learn emotions and gain transferable skills. The app is based on game and play-‐based 

learning theory. The app addresses 4 key human emotions: happy, sad, frustrated, and 

confused. The app is for mobile use on the Android platform. The goal is to increase a 

child’s transferable skill of emotion recognition so that they can identify people’s emotions 

by focusing on facial characteristics. Children with ASD benefit from continuous 

reinforcement and support for learning since they are able to focus intently on activities 

they are engaged in. We are in the process of collecting player stats including: response 

time, correct to incorrect answer ratio broken down by emotion, and duration played in 

order for parents and/or the child’s therapists to see the child’s progress and determine 

areas requiring further support. 

George Mammen, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Understanding the drive to escort: Parental Attitudes towards independent mobility and school 

travel 

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare Active School Transportation (AST) 

related perceptions of parents who drive their children to school with parents of children 

with greater independent mobility in order to provide additional insight into how we may 

encourage greater AST and independent mobility in youth living in the Greater Toronto 

and Hamilton Area. Method: This study involved a cross-‐sectional design, using data from a 

self-‐reported questionnaire (n =1,016) that examined parental perceptions and attitudes 

regarding AST. Findings: Results revealed that parents of children who are driven to school 

had younger children, worried significantly more about AST safety, and valued less the 

walk to school as being a source of physical activity for their children. Implications: 

Findings suggest a need for offering education and AST programs that provide adult 

supervision as a strategy to increase levels of AST and independent mobility in youth. 

George Mammen, Sarah E. Gairdner, Arrani Senthinathan, & Laura McClemont, 

University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Is this Bit Fit? Measuring the accuracy and reliability of the FITBIT Pedometer 

Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the accuracy and reliability of the FitBit 

pedometer as it compares to the criterion device, the Yamax SW200 pedometer. Methods: A 

convenience sample of 10 healthy young adults (five men and five women) took part in the 

device comparison. The accuracy of the FitBit pedometer was assessed through four tests 

including: 1) a 20 Step Test; 2) a motor vehicle controlled condition; 3) a treadmill test at 

various speeds (2.0km/hr, 3.0km/hr, 4.5km/hr and 6.5km/hr) on three locations on the 

25

ody (i.e., inside pocket, waist, upper body; and 4) 24-‐hour free-‐living condition against the 

Yamax SW200 criterion. Results: The 20 Step Test revealed that none of the FitBit 

pedometers had error scores greater than +/-‐ 5% and during the motor vehicle condition, 

the FitBit pedometers did not record any spurious movement. For the treadmill test, data 

analysis indicated statistical differences between the observed steps and detected steps for 

Yamax at speed 2km/h (p

training, equipment, transportation cost, facilities, networking and capacity building tools 

to enhance -‐ not replace -‐ the Elephants ability to execute this initiative. As GA seeks to 

maximize a positive impact and create a sustainable legacy of Canadian-‐Ugandan rugby 

community cooperation it has faced challenges and overcome adversities. This paper looks 

at the approaches and strategies taken by Gainline Africa in its inaugural year on a 

programmatic level both at home and abroad. It will highlight successes, challenges, and 

recommendations for young non-‐profits run entirely by volunteers. 

Laura McIntyre, University of Toronto (OISE) 

An analysis of the Ontario health and physical education – Through the eyes of Toronto 

youth 

This study examines discourse on youth health embedded in the current Ontario Health 

and Physical Education curriculum in an attempt to unveil any discrepancies between 

students’ beliefs regarding physical activity and body image and the curriculum they 

receive in health and physical education classes in Ontario. This study will explore how the 

students who participate in this curriculum narrate and experience their bodies to explore 

any contradictory or complimentary relationships that may exist between the curriculum 

and the students it serves. Recent academic work in the area of health and physical activity 

has placed undue emphasis on obesity and on an individuating view of the inactive, 

unhealthy individual to be remediated by a corrective physical education program. This is 

not only damaging to the self-‐esteem of youth, but unrealistic as a program more aligned 

with middle-‐class access to resources associated with "active living" in the ways advocated 

for by proponents of this version of health promotion. This study contributes to a body of 

knowledge focused on youth obesity, healthy living and physical activity including 

Skrabanek (1994), Campbell’s “personal medical tragedy” work, Lee & McDonald’s work in 

healthism discourse (2010), and Kirk and Colquhoun (1989). 

Sachin Mehta, Brock University 

Relationship between socio-‐demographic factors and familial and partner expectations and 

pressures in HIV-‐positive women in Ontario, Canada 

Background: In Canada, over 80% of HIV-‐positive women are of reproductive age and 30% 

of them intend to have children. Access to antiretroviral therapy has improved quality of 

life, minimized vertical transmission, and reduced mortality and morbidity in HIV-‐infected 

women. With these advances, HIV-‐infected individuals are deciding to have children. Age, 

gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, socioeconomic, social support, partner and cultural 

influences, sexual behavior, and family size are associated with the desire to have children. 

In addition to the fact that women desire to have children, research suggests that HIV-‐ 

positive women also fear stigmatization, violence, infidelity, and abandonment and give 

into the expectations and pressures of their partner and family. However, research 

examining the factors associated with familial and partner expectations and pressures is 

lacking. Objective: To examine the relationship between socio-‐demographic factors and 

familial and partner expectations and pressures to have children in women with HIV. 

27

Methods: Data from the HIV Pregnancy Planning Questionnaire conducted in Ontario, 

Canada will be used for this cross-‐sectional analysis. A total of 490 HIV-‐infected women 

aged 18-‐52 years will be included in the analysis. Step-‐wise logistic regression will be used 

to examine the relationship between family expectation and pressure, and the socio-‐ 

demographic variables. 

Desmond Miller, York University 

The pre-‐game: Black student-‐athletes and the pursuit of U.S. athletic scholarship 

A recent CBC broadcast focused on the dreams of Canadian youth to win U.S. athletic 

scholarships. This dream is shared by many youth, particularly Black youth, across the 

Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Accompanying this dream is the goal of eventually playing 

professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Stories of Black youth who “go 

south” (i.e. to the USA) on athletic scholarships are circulated widely via various media 

outlets. However, once Black student-‐athletes have “gone south” and returned to Canada, 

their stories are not reported in the same way or do not become as well publicized in the 

media and other sources compared to the publicity before they received athletic 

scholarships. I will explore the factors that contribute to the interests of Black student-‐ 

athletes, who invest heavily in athletics, to pursue the goal of “going south”. To this end, 

the literature review I conduct is grounded in social reproduction and Bourdieuian 

theoretical frameworks. The questions this research opens up are manifold: How and why 

do Black student-‐athletes think of using athletics to achieve their academic, athletic and 

career aspirations? What happens to Black student-‐athletes who invest heavily in athletics 

if their goals to “go south” do not materialize? In discussing these questions I note the 

implications for students, parents, educators, coaches and educational institutions. 

Noel Morgan, York University 

Investigating energy expenditure, adherence and exercise intensity of 8-‐17 year old using 

interactive fitness and Exergaming equipment 

Exergames, Active Video games, and Interactive fitness are relatively new terms used to 

describe the merging of technology with exercise. Traditional video games have long been 

viewed as undermining the advocacy for increased physical activity in children. There has 

been a realization that it is possible to use children's enthuasism for video games and the 

introduction of Exergames as part of a solution to the crisis of inactivity. The trend toward 

these active video games has provided an alternative to traditional sedentary video gaming, 

making it an appealing supplement for promoting a healthy, active lifestyle 

(Graf,Pratt,Hester & Short, 2009). The proposed research will be done in a commercial youth 

fitness facility, Fitness 4 Success, in Vaughan. It will be a 12 week study with 40 participants 

age 8-‐17, specifically because this is the age group that is most affected by obesity and 

inactivity among children. The proposed study will be the first of its kind to use Interactive 

fitness and exergaming as a training program in half an hour increments. VO2 max., blood 

lactate analysis, heart rate monitors and anthropometric measurements will be utilized. 

Participants will be randomized into 1 of 2 groups-‐ an Interactive Fitness group or an 

28

Exergaming group. No studies thus far have been done in a commercial facility except Bailey 

et al. 2011; that study had participants use the equipment only once to obtain research data. 

In addition, studies with Interactive Fitness and Exergaming have pooled their study under 

exergaming or active gaming. The proposed study will differentiate between the use of 

Interactive fitness versus Exergaming. 

Narendra Nagalla, Ball State University 

Muscuoskeletal disorders among dental professionals 

Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are significant issue inflicting Dental and allied 

dental professionals. This article intends to review prevalence of musculoskeletal problems 

and possible causative factors. Methodology: Research studies or literature reviews on the 

prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and potential risk factors for this problem in 

dentists, dental hygienists and dental students were selected from electronic databases 

(pub med and Google scholar). Results: Six studies, in particular, polled respondents over 

a period of 1 to 5 years and found that over half of the participating dentists experienced 

musculoskeletal pain. The prevalence of general musculoskeletal pain ranges between 64% 

and 93%.The most prevalent regions for pain in dentists have been shown to be the back 

(36.3-‐60.1%) and neck (19.8-‐85%), while the hand and wrist regions were the most prevalent 

regions for dental hygienists (60-‐69.5%). The risk factors identified include static and 

awkward posture and work practices. Musculoskeletal pain in the lower back remains a 

constant cause for loss of work for dentists. Significance: Musculoskeletal problems pose a 

significant burden to general well-‐being of dental professionals. The economic implications 

of impact of musculoskeletal disorders result in a significant loss to the profession. Further 

research has to be done to evaluate underlying mechanism. 

Heather Neyedli, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Hit me with your best shot: Optimal movement planning with constantly changing decision 

parameters 

Humans are able to select movements that achieve their goal while avoiding negative 

outcomes by selecting an ‘optimal endpoint’ modeled based on the participants’ endpoint 

variability and the payoffs associated with the environment. In typical daily interactions, 

the values associated with our movement goal vary; however, changing payoffs have only 

been examined in blocks of trials. The purpose of the present study was to determine 

whether participants can adjust their endpoint when parameters of the model changed 

trial-‐to-‐trial. Participants aimed to a target circle which was overlapped by a penalty circle 

and received 100 points for hitting the target, and lost points for hitting the penalty region. 

In the penalty block, the cost of the penalty circle was -‐100 or -‐600 points. In the distance 

block the circles overlapped by 9 or 13.5mm.There was a significant difference in endpoint 

between the two values within each distance and penalty block. However, when compared 

to the optimal endpoint, participants showed a significantly smaller shift in endpoint in the 

penalty block, but an optimal shift in the distance block. We suggest participants are more 

29

optimal with changing distance because the distance between the two circles is an intrinsic 

property of the visual stimuli. 

Mark Norman, University of Toronto (FKPE) & Courtney Szto, University of British 

Columbia 

Still the “Prime Minister of Saturday Night”? Don Cherry, Canadian nationalism, and the 

construction of hockey masculinity 

16 years ago, Gillet, White and Young (1996) labeled hockey commentator Don Cherry the 

“Prime Minister of Saturday Night” in recognition of his widespread popularity on the 

CBC’s iconic Hockey Night in Canada program. The authors critiqued Cherry in a variety of 

areas, including his promotion of an aggressive masculinity and his xenophobic verbal 

attacks on European players, and concluded that his conservative on-‐air persona was a 

symbolic bulwark against the rapid changes taking place in Canadian society. 16 years later, 

Cherry remains ensconced on Hockey Night in Canada and his Coach’s Corner segment 

remains popular. Surprisingly, while some scholars have discussed Cherry in their research, 

there have been few focused studies on the commentator since that by Gillet et al. (1996). 

This paper thus explores the composition of Cherry’s contemporary on-‐air persona through 

an analysis of data collected from every Coach’s Corner segment during the 2010-‐11 NHL 

season. This research highlights the ways in which Cherry continues to construct an 

idealized hockey masculinity based on aggressive play, ethnic heritage, and an idealized 

concept of honour. It explores how this ideal is used by Cherry to marginalize non-‐ 

conforming players and to justify vigilante justice as an appropriate way to police on-‐ice 

behaviour. 

Kate Ranachan, University of Minnesota 

It’s going to a long season: Football, labour and migration 

The formation of the English Premier League (EPL) and the subsequent explosion in media 

coverage (in particular domestic and international television broadcasting) has presented 

both opportunities and new challenges to the League. As the richest league in the world, 

the EPL has become an attractive destination for the world’s best players, but there is a 

growing domestic concern that this influx of players is changing the league’s ‘English 

character’. Football renders immigrant labour highly visible and public; therefore it is a 

fascinating site to interrogate how the global labour market is changing and how these 

changes are themselves affecting notions of belonging and borders. In this paper (taken 

from part of my dissertation), I use the work of Miller et al. on sport’s position within the 

new international division of labour to examine the unique position that sports labour (in 

particular football) occupies within the broader framework of international labour 

migration. What kind of labour do we see with the movement of these players? Does their 

presence map easily onto already existing ideas about labour and citizenship? How are 

foreign players changing the relationship between the local and the national amid 

questions of belonging? 

30

Connor Reid, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Go Your Own Way: IOR Effects in a Social Free-‐Choice Task 

Performing tasks in a social (joint action) context is a common occurrence in daily human 

behaviour. One phenomenon that has been used to explore the processes of joint action is 

the social inhibition of return (S-‐IOR) effect. S-‐IOR refers to the finding that reaction times 

(RTs) are longer for movements made to the same location as a partner’s previous response 

relative to movements to an unresponded-‐to location. It has been suggested that the S-‐IOR 

is caused by activation of the same inhibitory mechanisms that lead to IOR when 

individuals act on their own. Wilson and Pratt (2007) found that when people acting alone 

are able to freely choose their response, they were less likely to choose the response that 

was spatially-‐compatible with a recently presented stimulus. This bias away from the 

stimulated location is consistent with the notion that the inhibitory processes underlying 

IOR effects in RT affect response selection. The current study investigated whether a 

similar response selection bias would be observed in an S-‐IOR task where co-‐actors were 

free to choose their terminal location. The key finding of the present study was that 

participants were significantly less likely to move to the same location that their partner 

just moved to (i.e., they were more likely to move to the opposite location). These results 

are consistent with the biases observed when individuals act alone (Wilson & Pratt, 2007) 

and suggest that the inhibitory mechanisms underlying social-‐IOR likewise bias response 

selection away from previous movements/events of a partner. 

Ethan Ruderman, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on the pharmacokinetics of the anti-‐anxiety/anti-‐depressant 

drug sertraline 

Health Canada reported in 2009 that one in ten Canadians is affected by a mental health 

disorder, with anxiety and depression being the most common. Exercise contributes to 

managing mental illness along with drug treatment, yet little is known about the effects of 

exercise on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of prescription drugs, such as the selective 

serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline. The criteria used to characterize sertraline are 

influenced by exercise, e.g. drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion 

(ADME). Acute exercise affects ADME through changes in the rate and distribution of 

blood flow throughout the body. Sertraline pharmacokinetic indices that are based on 

resting blood flow quantities (e.g. Volume of Distribution and Clearance) will be altered 

with exercise, creating the possibility of serious over-‐ or under-‐dosing. A comprehensive 

understanding of how exercise alters ADME is necessary in order to anticipate both efficacy 

and risks of sertraline administration. To date, the effects of physical activity on the 

pharmacokinetics of sertraline have not been examined. The proposed study seeks to 

understand these effects by quantifying the alterations in the pharmacokinetics of 

sertraline that occur due to acute aerobic exercise. A secondary purpose is to examine the 

effects of training status and fitness level on sertraline metabolism. A repeated measures 

study design will be employed in which blood samples are taken from healthy male subjects 

during rest and exercise sessions following administration of 100mg dose of sertraline. 

31

Shirley Srubiski, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

The effect of robotic guidance on the use of sensory feedback during a pointing task 

Robotic guidance has been shown to be effective for rehabilitation although fundamental 

research suggests guidance can be detrimental to performance due to the decreased need 

for an efferent command. However, physical guidance does provide added proprioceptive 

feedback which could influence how visual information is used. We sought to compare the 

influence of robot-‐guided vs. active upper limb pointing on the use of visual feedback. 

Participants completed a training phase comprised of 210 trials either with or without 

vision to 3 target amplitudes (18, 20, 22 cm) during which participants were either guided 

by a robot, or actively aimed to each target (Control). We also included pre-‐ and post-‐tests 

of 20 trials each (10 vision, 10 no vision) using the 20 cm amplitude. A 2 training type 

(robot, control) by 2 training vision (vision, no vision) by 2 phase (pre, post) by 2 test vision 

(vision, no vision) mixed ANOVA was done on all accuracy and movement time variables. 

The results indicate that while robotic guidance does not negatively influence aiming 

accuracy, there is an effect of robotic guidance on movement kinematics, suggesting the 

emergence of an alternate control strategy. 

Kathleen Trotter, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

The body, neoliberalism, self-‐discipline, gender and the hyperreal 

My academic work focuses on the body, gender, physical fitness and neoliberalism. This 

presentation gives me a chance to verbalize my research goals and preliminary findings. My 

first research goal involves analyzing the Can-‐Fit-‐Pro personal training textbook. I have 

been a personal trainer for over ten years. In large part, it is Can-‐Fit-‐Pro that has taught me 

to be a personal trainer. My second research goal is, through auto-‐ethnography, to examine 

how I have been “schooled” by these texts. My theoretical lens draws mainly from Foucault 

and Baudrillard. My data will be collected through a combination of textual analysis and 

auto-‐ethnography. I will dedicate a significant portion of my presentation to discussing 

auto-‐ethnography as a method, in large part because my methods section is the part of my 

thesis proposal that needs the most work. 

Derek Tu, York University 

Inclusion in physical education: What can arts-‐based research practices reveal? 

One of the major goals of the Ontario education system is to provide inclusive education. 

Teachers are encouraged welcome and support students from different backgrounds in 

ethnicity, socio-‐economic status, gender, sexualities, and abilities. Although policies are in 

place to act as guidelines for teachers, the interpretation of inclusion tends to vary in 

different subjects. The purpose of my thesis is to explore similarities, gaps, and 

contradictions between general inclusion policies in Toronto District School Board and 

subject-‐specific policies of inclusion in physical education (PE) in order to further promote 

student empowerment. Using a framework that connects policy, theory, and practice, 

32

developments in inclusive education and student-‐centered constructivist pedagogy will be 

analyzed. Drawing upon materials from a variety of professional organizations, such as the 

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Ontario 

Ministry of Education, and the Ontario Physical and Health Education Association 

(OPHEA), specific applications of these pedagogical principles in physical education will be 

described. Autoethnography, phenomenology, narrative writing from pre-‐service teacher 

candidates, and arts-‐based research practices in creative writing, will be used to explore the 

implementation of policy and best practices. 

Anne Vallentin, University of Toronto (OISE) 

Coming to the table – Learning care for the land 

The UN has called 2005 to 2014 the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. 

Some policy advisors are pointing to a return to small scale, labour intensive modes of 

agroecological food production as a way to feed the growing world population as well as 

decrease environmental impacts of conventional, industrialized agriculture. Canada’s farm 

population is aging. A growing number of young people want to farm on small scale farms, 

employing labour and knowledge intensive forms of organic/agroecological practices. For 

the most part, these new farmers come from an urban, non-‐farm background. Learning this 

way of food production necessitates holistic and transformative learning. The question 

posed by this qualitative research paper is: “Does the non-‐formal, hands-‐on, practical 

experience – combined with curriculum – new farmer internship program offered at 

Everdale Organic Farm and Environmental Learning Centre provide a transformative 

learning experience?” Interview and document analysis provide evidence to support 

positive outcomes of the program and replication of this mode of learning food production 

and care for the land in Ontario. 

Dan Way, University of Toronto (FKPE) 

Recreation running as serious leisure: Ethnography of endurance sport culture 

Recreational running continues to increase in popularity whilst levels of physical activity 

are lowest in recorded history (Colley et al., 2011). Moreover, substantial evidence supports 

the benefits of physical activity, exercise and sport for physical, psychological and social 

health and well-‐being (Warburton et al., 2010). By becoming immersed and integrated into 

a local running club, an ‘insiders’ perspective into the ‘lived experiences’ and social world of 

distance running was explored. Ethnographic data collected over 18 months on highly 

committed recreational runners was employed to qualitatively explore the value, meaning, 

and significance of running to participants, including cognitions, emotions and behaviours. 

Running was conceptualized as “serious leisure” (Stebbins, 1982) and form of “recreational 

specialization” (Bryan, 1977). Running was used effectively to fulfill specific desires and 

needs to 1) persevere at the activity; 2) pursue a leisure ‘career’; 3) expend time and effort to 

gain skills and knowledge; 4) accrue durable benefits and special rewards; 5) participate in 

a unique ethos and social world; and 6) forge a unique personal and social identity. 

Ultimately, running becomes a way of life/lifestyle for adherents. This research highlights 

33

important roles of physical activity for psychological and social well-‐being and for 

increasing participation levels more generally. 

Neb Zachariah, University of Windsor 

Use of Attentional Focus in a Rehabilitation Setting: A Comparison of Literature and Clinical 

Practice 

Instruction and feedback are important tools in facilitating the re-‐acquisition of skilled 

movement following injury. Skill acquisition and motor learning depend heavily on a 

therapist’s ability to effectively provide instruction and feedback throughout the learning 

process. Along with conveying the goals of therapy, the instructions, and feedback also 

serve to direct the patients’ attention to relevant aspects of the movement. Instinctively 

many therapist and coaches provide individuals with information regarding coordination 

and body positioning when instructing or providing patients with feedback (Wulf and 

Weigelt, 1997). Indicating a disconnect between clinical practice and research(Van Vilet, 

2006), literature states that using information directing attention away from performers’ 

body movement’s results in superior performance and motor learning (Singer et al, 1993). 

This study aims to determine the frequency with which physical therapists’ use externally 

focused instruction and feedback in a rehabilitation setting. Fifteen therapists will be 

recruited, and researchers will use a checklist to document the type of instruction/feedback 

provided to patients. Surveys will be used to examine therapists’ perceptions of the 

information they provided patients with. Based on prior literature we expect to find that 

the most of information provided to patients will direct their attention internally. 

34

Special Thanks 

The conference organizers would like to extend special thanks to the following 

organizations and individuals at the University of Toronto for their support in 

hosting the 2012 Bodies of Knowledge Graduate Research Conference: 

Major Sponsors: 


Graduate Department of Exercise Sciences 

Graduate Students’ Union 

Centre for Sport Policy Studies 

Faculty: 

Dean Ira Jacobs 

Associate Dean Marius Locke 

Dave Cooper 



Dr. Margaret MacNeill 


Staff: 

Althea Blackburn-‐Evans, and the staff in the KFPE Communications Office 

Darcy Brioux, and the staff at the Centre for Leadership Training and Education 

George Wright, Ron Castro, and the Athletic Centre Facility Staff 

Jennifer Jung, Nadine McHorgh, & Josie Valotta 

Student Volunteers: 

Rachel Cheung, Ielaf Khalil, Kenlyee Merritt, & Marina Pavelic 

Moderators: 

Dr. Tyson Beach, Darcy Brioux, John De Grosbois, Dr. Lyndsay Hayhurst, 

Dr. Janelle Joseph, Dina Katsoulis, Dr. Kyoung-‐Yim Kim, Dr. Fiona Moola, 

Dr. Yuka Nakamura, & Heather Neyedli 

The 2012 Bodies of Knowledge Conference Committee is: 

Conference Coordinator 

Maureen Coyle 

Other Members 

Caiyan Chen, Taylor Gray, Agnes Hsin, Dina Katsoulis, Fisher Liu, Gerome Manson, 

Heather Neyedli, Mark Norman, Matthew Ray, Ezechial Rothschild-‐Checroune, & Dan Way 

35

Program - Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education - University of ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?