The antioxidant vitamins C and E

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CHD mortality (22) Finl<strong>and</strong> Men 30–69 2748 12–16 410–414 ≤60 1.00 (ICD-8) 61–85 0.90 0.6–1.2 >85 1.00 0.7–1.4 Women 2385 ≤61 1.00 62–91 0.50 0.3–0.99 >91 0.50 0.2–0.98 (23) Chicago Men 40–55 5397 24 410–412 21–82 1.00 83–112 1.03 113–393 0.75 100 0.63 0.45–1.02 (15) Britain Both 65+ 730 20 410–414
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The Antioxidant Vitamins C and E Ed
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Acknowledgment The Oxygen Club of C
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Contents Chapter 1 Vitamin C: An In
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Chapter 1 Vitamin C: An Introductio
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oxygen-dependent prolyl hydroxylase
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in men and the prevalence of margin
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Supplements Vitamin C supplements a
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in particular, in promoting optimal
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min and mineral supplementation res
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22. Tsukaguchi, H., Tokui, T., Mack
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59. Block, G. (2002) Ascorbic Acid,
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Chapter 2 Vitamin C Pharmacokinetic
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for vitamin C (15 mg) was performed
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Fig. 2.2. Determination of steady-s
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Fig. 2.4. Intracellular vitamin C c
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TABLE 2.1 Vitamin C Bioavailability
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Discussion The data presented here
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daily servings of fruits and vegeta
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32. Levine, M., and Morita, K. (198
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TABLE 3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species a
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tronic spin configuration in respon
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uffer can be estimated to a lower l
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implicated as a causative agent in
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at high intakes of vitamin C, iron
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liver F 2α -isoprostanes, markers
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Acknowledgments The work in the aut
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37. Bucher, J.R., Tien, M., and Aus
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73. Collis, C.S., Yang, M., Diplock
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process, which leads to a number of
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dic bifunctional electrophiles that
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Fig. 4.3. Vitamin C and transition
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Fig. 4.5. Formation of 4-oxo-2-none
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epoxy-2(E)-decenal was contaminated
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mammalian DNA-polymerases to perfor
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Clinical Trial of High-Dose Ascorbi
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(2000) Mutagenesis Induced by a Sin
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Ascorbate could also enhance endoth
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L-[ 3 H]arginine (0.33 Ci/mmol) for
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Fig. 5.1. Influence of ascorbic aci
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Fig. 5.3. Comparison of the effects
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Fig. 5.5. Influence of ascorbic aci
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apterin reductase (Fig. 5.7). GTP c
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Fig. 5.9. Influence of 2,4-diamino-
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of ascorbate on tetrahydrobiopterin
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21. Motoyama, T., Kawano, H., Kugiy
Page 182: 50. Stamler, J.S., Jaraki, O.A., Os
Page 186: 83. Tiefenbacher, C.P., Bleeke, T.,
Page 190: Chapter 6 Serum Ascorbic Acid and D
Page 194: limiting step in the catabolism of
Page 198: Fig. 6.1. Serum ascorbic acid and h
Page 202: for >19,000 Americans. To our knowl
Page 206: important when considering whether
Page 210: data set to examine the relation of
Page 214: 28. Ginter, E., Zloch, Z., and Ondr
Page 218: 67. Freudenheim, J.L., Johnson, N.E
Page 222: Chapter 7 Vitamin C Status and Card
Page 226: CVD, including end points likely to
Page 230: CHD (11) UK Men 45-79 8860 2-6 410-
Page 236: ment for CHD risk factors and intak
Page 240: References 1. Jacob, R.A. (1994) Vi
Page 244: Chapter 8 Potential Adverse Effects
Page 248: educed risk of all-cause mortality
Page 252: supplementation, respectively) (23)
Page 256: ous form, which is active in the Fe
Page 260: Other Adverse Effects Several other
Page 264: termed, a redox imbalance) might oc
Page 268: and Willett, W.C. (1999) Relation o
Page 272: Peripheral Lymphocytes: A Case Obse
Page 276: 85. Brown, K.M., Morrice, P.C., and
Page 280: Fig. 9.1. The molecular structure o
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Although universal dietary suppleme
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ac-α-tocopherol all exhibit vitami
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equires NADPH- and NADH-dependent r
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TABLE 9.1 Ongoing Clinical Trials I
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TABLE 9.1 (continued) Ongoing Clini
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15. Jiang, Q., Christen, S., Shigen
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52. Rhoden, E.L., Pereira-Lima, L.,
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Glomerular Dysfunction in Diabetic
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Chapter 10 Bioavailability and Biop
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amin E activity of α-tocopherol is
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Fig. 10.2. Ratios of RRR:all-rac-α
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Fig. 10.3. Ratios of d 3 -RRR:d 6 -
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20. Burton, G.W., Ingold, K.U., Che
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Lack of Bioequivalence of RRR- and
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Ttpa +/+ and Ttpa +/− mice were d
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Vitamin E Kinetics During Pregnancy
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transported, and excreted by nonspe
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Following α-, γ-, or δ-Tocotrien
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Sorting In the liver, α-TTP select
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SCHEME 12.2. Mechanism of γ-tocotr
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Fig. 12.1. Rifampicin stimulates th
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3. O’Byrne, D., Grundy, S., Packe
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Chapter 13 γ-Tocopherol Metabolism
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γγ-Tocopherol Metabolism A number
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HPLC Analysis of Plasma αα- and
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The final urinary CEHC and QL conce
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Fig. 13.3. Mean urinary metabolite
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Fig. 13.5. The d 0 and d 2 plasma
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2. Behrens, W.A, and Madere, R. (19
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33. Kelly, F.J., Rodgers, W., Handl
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Controlled Intervention Trials The
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of α-tocopherol appears to represe
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Fig. 14.2. Effect of α-tocopherol
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References 1. Ben Hamida, C., Doerf
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29. Tamaru, Y., Hirano, M., Kusaka,
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60. Febbraio, M., Podrez, E., Smith
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of RRR-α-Tocopherol and all-Racemi
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obtain a more comprehensive underst
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TABLE 15.2 Selection of Se- and Vit
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endothelial cell metabolism describ
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Chapter 16 Vitamin E and Enhancemen
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y serving as a substrate for the en
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TABLE 16.2 Effects of O 2 •− ,
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high-affinity IL-2 receptors by its
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(1) reported that naive PCC-specifi
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11. Gately, M.K., Renzetti, L.M., M
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Chapter 17 Is There a Role for Vita
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min E has been reported to signific
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TABLE 17.1 Vitamin E and CVD: Prima
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TABLE 17.3 Cardiovascular Disease (
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significantly affecting aortic conc
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synthase genotype in the CHAOS stud
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23. Hazell, L.J., and Stocker, R. (
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Linoleate Hydroperoxides in Oxidize
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assigned to one of the three regime
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an English diet; the CHAOS trial us
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of high-dose AT supplementation on
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The strengths of this study were th
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prevention; the benefit that other
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19. Mitchinson, M.J., Stephens, N.G
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normal or increased vitamin E level
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration (A
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proven beneficial for patients with
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in plasma of patients given intrave
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tions in the brain can be increased
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Skin Aging (Photoaging) The aging o
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of photodamage such as erythema in
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esponse trial among healthy older a
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The effects of vitamin E and relate
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and Tocopherols in Preeclamptic and
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42. Eye Disease Case Control Study
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71. Bonfigli, A.R., Pieri, C., Manf
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103. Kinalski, M., Sledziewski, A.,
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133. Aparicio, J.M., Belanger-Quint
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162. Masaki, K.H., Losonczy, K.G.,
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196. Dreher, F., Gabard, B., Schwin
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230. Child, R.B., Wilkinson, D.M.,
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The antioxidant vitamins C and E

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