Fennoscandian Lesser White-fronted Goose conservation project ...

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Introduction Petteri Tolvanen Juha Markkola Ingar Jostein Øien Tomas Aarvak Fennoscandian Lesser White-fronted Goose conservation project – Annual report 1999 Tolvanen et al: Introduction The Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus, later LWfG) is a globally endangered species (Tucker & Heath 1994, Tolvanen et al. 1999), and at present the only threatened arctic goose species in the Palearctic region. The current estimate of the world population in mid-winter is 25,000–30,000 individuals (Tolvanen et al. 1999), of which normally approximately 20–40% are juveniles (see e.g. Tolvanen et al. 2000, pp. 43–50 in this report; Markkola et al. 2000, pp. 9–15 in this report). Hunting in the wintering grounds, on migration and also in the breeding grounds has proved to be the main threat to the LWfG populations. In addition, also other significant threats like decrease and deterioration of wintering and staging habitats, human disturbance and increased depredation by e.g. Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) exist locally. Based on ring recoveries and satellite tracking data, it has become clear that the high hunting pressure alone is sufficient to explain the continuous decline of the LWfG populations. Spring hunting of adult birds, which is still very common in most of the LWfG breeding range in Russia in the staging and breeding areas has especially harmful effects on the population. In China, where the LWfG leave the wintering grounds as late as in early April, the winter hunting pressure from poachers using poison is especially harmful to the eastern populations. The LWfG world population can roughly be divided into two parts of equal size between the western and eastern flyway populations (Lorentsen et al. 1999). The western flyway consists of populations that breed in scattered patches in an area stretching from Fennoscandia to Taimyr Peninsula (see e.g. Morozov 2000, pp. 35–38 in this report), and migrate through north-western Kazakstan (see e.g. Tolvanen et al. 2000, pp. 43–50 in this report) to the still mainly unknown wintering areas somewhere in the Caspian Sea – Black Sea region. Approximately 1,100 LWfG were found in Azerbaijan in January–February 1996 (Aarvak et al. 1996), 440 individuals were reported in Turkmenistan in the winter 1998–1999 (see Markkola 2000b, p. 57 in this report), and recent observations indicate that considerable amounts of LWfG could be wintering in the border area between Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Tadjikistan (see Markkola 2000a, p. 57 in this report), and in the Crimea region in Ukraine (Kondratyev et al. 2000, p. 60 in this report). However, the wintering Photo. A pair of Lesser White-fronted Geese at the Valdak Marshes, Norway. © Ingar Jostein Øien, May 1999. 5
Fennoscandian Lesser White-fronted Goose conservation project – Annual report 1999 Tolvanen et al: Introduction grounds of the main part of the western populations remain unknown. A minor part – apparently not more than a few hundreds – of the western flyway birds migrate via Poland, Germany and Hungary (see e.g. Lorentsen et al. 1998, 1999) to Greece and Turkey for wintering. Out of these, less than 100 individuals presently winter in Greece (see e.g. Lampila 1998, Kazantzidis & Nazirides 1999). Approximately half of the highly endangered Fennoscandian breeding population use this flyway. The eastern flyway populations, breeding in central and eastern Siberia, from the Taimyr Peninsula eastwards, migrate to winter mainly in south-eastern China. Contrary to the situation for the western populations, the wintering areas of the eastern populations are better known than the breeding areas. Important wintering areas have been revealed during the 1990’s in China, where the East Dongting Lake being clearly the most important place at the present knowledge (see Markkola et al. 2000, pp. 9–15 in this report; Lei Gang 2000, pp. 16-17 in this report). Most of the breeding areas of the eastern populations are poorly known, but gratifyingly, an important breeding area was localised in the Indigirka River area in Yakutia during summer 1999 (Syroechkovski Jr. 2000, pp. 39-40 in this report). As a result of genetic studies on LWfG in recent years (see e.g. Ruokonen & Lumme 1999, Ruokonen 2000, pp. 54–56 in this report), it has become clear that the western and eastern populations of LWfG are also genetically distinct. In addition, the genetic composition of the Fennoscandian population suggests restrictions to the gene flow with other breeding populations. Therefore, it should be conserved as a separate unit. The genetic studies have also revealed, that the captive LWfG population formerly used for reintroduction in Finland – and which is still used in Sweden – is a mixture of western and eastern mitochondrial haplotypes, and approximately 25% of the studied captive LWfG carried the mitochondrial DNA of White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons). Therefore, the Finnish Ministry of the Environment and the LWfG project of WWF Finland decided to stop reintroduction in Finland using the current captive stock. The final goal for the LWfG conservation work is recovery of the world population and all remaining subpopulations to a sustainable level. In Fennoscandia, a viable population size would be at least some hundred breeding pairs, while the current population size is only 30–50 pairs. Still, the main problem in the conservation work for the western LWfG populations – of which the Fennoscandian population is the most endangered at the moment – is the lack of knowledge about the most important staging and wintering areas south of the staging area in Kazakstan. Therefore, the main priority of the Fennoscandian LWfG conservation project is to localise and subsequently to implement conservation measures in the most important sites. As a result of our satellite tracking and ringing programmes, a very important staging area is already revealed in north-western Kazakstan, and projects aiming at conserving the most important wetlands are already under way. In the Kanin Peninsula in north-western Russia, where a stop-over site especially important for the Fennoscandian population was localised in 1995 by satellite tracking, a protected area (Shoininsky Zakasnik) 6 Photo. Aggressive interactions between pairs of Lesser White-fronted Geese are frequent in the spring staging grounds in Fennoscandia, where the behaviour of LWfG has been studied for several years. In the wintering grounds in China conflicts between individuals were not registered at all during the time budget studies at East Dongting Lake in February 1999. © Ingar Jostein Øien, Valdak Marshes, May 1999. Photo. Risto Karvonen toasting for a brighter future for the Lesser White-fronted Goose in the opening of the Lesser Whitefronted Goose exhibition in the Sami Museum Siida in Inari, November 1999 © Maija Aalto, November 1999
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Fennoscandian Lesser White-fronted Goose conservation project ...

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