Taxonomic publications: past and future - Senckenberg Museum

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Burckhardt & Mühlethaler (eds): 8 th GfBS Annual Conference Abstracts 42 Phylogeography of the Oreonebria castanea-group (Coleoptera:Carabidae): historical biogeography of alpine faunistic elements R. Molenda, A. Szallies & C. Huber Species of the carabid genus Oreonebria K. Daniel, 1903 are distributed in the alpine and subalpine zone in Europe, where they preferentially live under cool and humid conditions at the border of snow fields or glacier retreat zones. The verticaldistribution of this flightless beetle usually exceeds 1500 m a.s.l. Extra-alpine populations were found in the air-conditioned scree slope ecosystems (e.g. Black Forest, Swabian Jura, Appennin Mountains). These isolated populations form a disjunct distribution. We wanted to elucidate the phyletic position and to reconstruct possible pathways of migration of population of the Oreonebria castanea-group. Therefore we studied the mitochondrial ND1 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) sequence and the nuclear ITS-2 (internally transcribed spacer of rRNA) from specimen of O. picea, O. ligurica, O. macrodera, O. lugdunensis, O. castanea, O. angusticollis, O. microcephala (all belonging to the castanea-group), and O. bremii, O. angustata, O. gagates, O. atrata, O. austriaca, O. schusteri and O. diaphana. Populations of Oreonebria distributed in the Black Forest exhibited different phyletic histories during the last glacial period. The Oreonebria of the Swabian Jura and the northern part of the Black Forest – known as O. castanea boschi so far – has to be transferred to O. picea. For the Oreonebria castanea-group the geographic region of the Alpes-Maritimes and Ligurian Alps is discussed as a center of dispersal. Org. Divers. Evol. 5, Electr. Suppl. 13 (2005)
Burckhardt & Mühlethaler (eds): 8 th GfBS Annual Conference Abstracts 43 Rattle snake evolution – or "what really counts" Paul Müller The monophyletic rattle snake genera Crotalus (33 species) and Sisturus (2 species) are highly interesting from the evolutionary genetic, ethologic, toxicological and population ecological point of view. These snakes represent a suitable model system to study the advantages and limits of molecular genetic and comparative morphological methods. This holds especially for the Crotalus durrissus species group from Central and South America which we analyse in our working groups for over 30 years now. This group of partially disjunct appearance inhabits more or less open landscapes from Mexico down to Argentina and is well defined by molecular methods. The South American populations of Crotalus durrissus live in open savannah and dry forest formations from Columbia and Venezuela to the province of La Pampa (Argentina). They colonized the islands of Aruba (Crotalus unicolor), Margarita and Los Testigos in Venezuela (Crotalus durissus cumanensis), the island of Marajó in the Amazon delta (Crotalus durrissus marajonensis) and savannah islands in the Amazon forests and in the highlands of Guayana up to 2800 m. Some of these populations show adaptations in body length, colouration, toxicity and behaviour to different landscapes and food resources. Clinal variation from south to north, elimination of specific allelic variations in margin and island populations and sometimes striking morphologically differentiated local populations complicated a consistent phylogenetic and biogeographic interpretation of the relationships of those species. The results of classical biogeographic approaches (centers of dispersal), molecular methods (sequencing of mtDNA: cytb, ND4, 12S,16S) and cross experiments reveal that C. durissus can be considered a semispecies within a superspecies complex, including C. simus and C. totonacus. The C. durissus populations north and south of the Amazon are genetically well defined. The evolution of the recently described subspecies (C. d. maricelae, C. d. pifanorum) north of the Amazon river can be inferred by the use of microsatellite analyses. These data show that the "pifanorum" specimens from the Orinoco river are hybrids between C. vegrandis and C. cumanensis. C. d. maricelae is considered a derivative of C. d. cumanensis, a species inhabiting the islands of Margarita and Los Testigos near the adjacent mainland. The Aruba population (C. unicolor) is morphologically well but genetically (cytb) poor defined. These mtDNA data reveal older relationships and migration routes whereas data from microsatellites and morphological analyses provide an insight into later (postglacial) migrations. The phylogenetic analyses allow conclusions on climatic and vegetational fluctuations in Würm and postglacial times. The genetic data of the isolated savannah and island populations together with the dating of landscape change can be used as an indicator of evolution of the C. durissus group. Overall, these facts show the importance to use all adequate methods without prejudice, and to include cross experiments to understand the development of different morphs, dominant genetic lineages (e.g., the rattle) and differences in venom composition. Org. Divers. Evol. 5, Electr. Suppl. 13 (2005)
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