Science & Health - A Beka Book

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Chemistry cont. Periodic Table • Historical development of the periodic table: h Döbereiner’s triads, Newland’s octaves • Periodic law h Mendeleev’s table • Classification of the elements: • Group, period h Nonmetals, metals, semimetals, representative element, transition and inner transition metal • Brief description of several groups (alkali metals, etc.) h Periodicity of chemical properties: periodic properties of elements in the alkali and alkaline earth metals, combining capacity h Electron configurations and the periodic table: correlations between the two h Periodic properties of the elements: atomic size, ionic size, ionization energy, metallic character, electron affinity, electronegativity The Chemical Bond & Intermolecular Forces • Types of chemical bonds: • Octet rule, explanation of ionic bonding, ionic crystalline solids • Explanation of covalent bonding, nonbonding and bonding electrons • Single, double, and triple bonds h Network covalent substances, metallic bonds • Polar and pure covalent bonds, dipole h Shapes and properties of molecules: h Lewis structures, delocalized electrons, resonance h Molecular shapes, effect of shape on polar and nonpolar molecules • Intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole, London forces, hydrogen bonds • Crystals: amorphous and crystalline solids h Unit cells, close packing Selected Nonmetals & Their Compounds h Hydrogen: most abundant element in universe, properties, preparation, reactions, and uses h Oxygen: occurrence, properties, preparation, reactions, and uses, hydrogen peroxide, free radicals h Nitrogen: occurrence, properties, preparation, reactions, and uses h Phosphorus: occurrence, properties, preparation, reactions, and uses; phosphates h Sulfur: occurrence, properties, preparation, reactions, and uses • Halogens: h Occurrence, properties, preparation, reactions, and uses of stable halogens • Noble gases: h Occurrence, properties, compounds, and uses Selected Metals & Semimetals • Metallurgy: • Ore h Processing ore • Alkali metals: h Occurrence, properties, preparation, and uses; alkali metal compounds • Alkaline earth metals: h Occurrence, properties, preparation, and uses Science 181 Grade 11 h red indicates NeW MATerIAL • Iron: • Occurrence h Properties, production, steel refining, annealing, hardening, and tempering • Copper: h Occurrence, properties, preparation, and uses • Precious Metals: h Occurrence, properties, preparation, and uses of selected precious metals • Aluminum: h Occurrence, properties, chemistry of preparation, and uses; thermite process h Other metals: lead, titanium, and uranium h Important semimetals and their compounds: h Silicon and germanium: h Occurrence, properties, preparation, and uses h Semiconducting propeties, silicates, glass, silicones h Boron Solutions & Colloids • Introduction to solutions: • Solution, solvent, solute h Miscible and immiscible h Hydrated, solvated, dissociation and ionization • Factors affecting solution rates h Rules for solvent-solute interaction • Behavior of solutions: h Crystallization, dynamic equilibrium • Solubility h Saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated • Effect of temperature h Effect of pressure on solubility, heat of solution h Measuring solution concentration: h Generic concentration expression h Molar concentration or molarity, dilution, molality • Colligative properties: • Vapor pressure: h Effects of solute, vapor pressure and changes of state h Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression h Electrolytes and colligative properties h Osmotic pressure • Colloids: • Tyndall effect, Brownian motion h Types of colloids h Soaps and detergents Chemical Kinetics h Introduction to chemical kinetics: reaction rate, collision theory • Concentration, temperature, and reaction rate: h Quantitative treatment • Activation energy h Transition states and energy changes: h Transition state theory, activated complex h Potential energy in endothermic and exothermic reactions • Effects of a catalyst: • Alternate pathway with lower activation energy h Energy changes in catalyzed reactions, types of catalysts, inhibitors • Enzymes h Reaction mechanisms: steps to a reaction, chain mechanisms Chemistry cont. p. 182
Chemistry cont. Chemical Equilibrium • Reversible reactions: • Chemical equilibrium h Equilibrium concentrations h Le Chatelier’s Principle: concentration changes, pressure changes, temperature changes, effects of a catalyst Acids, Bases, & Salts • Nature of acids and bases: • Characteristics of acids and bases h Arrhenius concept, Brønsted-Lowry concept h Conjugate acids and bases, naming acids and bases h Polyprotic acids, acid and base anhydrides h Strengths of acids and bases: strong and weak acids and bases h Acids in chemical reactions: h Reactions with bases—neutralization, salts h Reactions with carbonates, bicarbonates, and metals h Equivalents and normality: equivalent mass of acids and bases, normality • Ionic equilibrium in solution: h Ionization of water • pH scale h pOH scale, pH measurement, acid-base indicators h Acid-base titrations: titration, equivalence point, end point h Hydrolysis and buffers: principles of hydrolysis, characteristics of buffers Oxidation-Reduction Reactions & Electrochemistry h Oxidation and reduction processes: h Principles of oxidation and reduction, oxidizing and reducing agents h Redox reactions, strength of oxidizing and reducing agents • Electrochemical reactions: • Electric current, electrolyte, anode, cathode • Electrolysis: • Molten sodium chloride h Water, aqueous salt solution h Half-reaction • Electroplating • Voltaic cells: h Construction, activity series, salt bridge h Electrode potentials, standard electrode potential h Sign conventions of anodes and cathodes Nuclear Chemistry • Radioactivity: h Changes in the nucleus—discovery • Review of the nucleus h Stable and unstable, nuclides • Radiation, radioactivity, types of radioactivity • Nuclear stability: h Density of the nucleus, strong nuclear force • Radioactive decay h Nuclear mass defect, nuclear binding energy, electron volt, binding energy per nucleon Science 182 h red indicates NeW MATerIAL • Nuclear reactions: • Important rules h Details of alpha, beta, and gamma decay; neutron radiation h Penetration ability • Half-life h Activity, units of measurement h Radioactive decay series, bombardment reactions h Particle accelerators, transuranium elements h Effects of radiation on matter: h Ionizing radiation, effects on living tissue h Detecting radiation, measuring radiation h Health effects, sources of exposure • Nuclear fission and fusion: h Discovery h Details of chain reaction • Critical mass h Atomic bomb h Nuclear reactor, enrichment • Safety h Accidents and meltdown, risks • Waste, breeder reactor h Chemistry of nuclear fusion, proposed confinement methods Organic Chemistry • Introduction to organic chemistry: carbon bonding, isomer, structural formula, functional group • Hydrocarbons: h Detailed overview of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons: structure, nomenclature, and reactions h Saturated and unsaturated, alkyl groups, benzene h Sources of hydrocarbons • Substituted hydrocarbons: • Alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters: h Nomenclature, reactions h Aldehydes and ketones, amines, amides • Other substituted hydrocarbons: • Haloalkanes h Epoxides, thiols • Polymer chemistry: • Monomer, polymerization h Polymers by chemical structure: Grade 11 h Polyethylene, vinyls, polyesters, polyamides (nylon), polycarbonate, silicones • Biological polymers: • Protein, cellulose, chitin, glucose, and DNA • Biochemistry: • Proteins and amino acids, peptide bonds • Carbohydrates, sugars, mono-, di-, and polysaccharides • Fats, lipids, fatty acids, oils: • Saturated and unsaturated h Saponification
Page 1 and 2: es f owers mammals sects drug abuse
Page 3 and 4: Science: Order & Design cont. Fish,
Page 5 and 6: Science: Earth & Space cont. Geolog
Page 7 and 8: Science: Earth & Space cont. Weathe
Page 9 and 10: Science: Earth & Space Grade 8 cont
Page 11 and 12: Science & Health Science of the Phy
Page 13 and 14: Science & Health Health Grade 9 Dev
Page 15 and 16: Health cont. Administering First Ai
Page 17 and 18: Biology cont. Botany • Angiosperm
Page 19 and 20: Biology cont. Human Anatomy & Physi
Page 21 and 22: Biology cont. Ecology cont. • Spe
Page 23: Chemistry cont. Chemistry: An Intro
Page 27 and 28: Physics cont. Liquid State—Charac
Page 29 and 30: Physics cont. Laws of Thermodynamic
Page 31: Physics cont. Current Generation—

Science & Health - A Beka Book

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