Mining Heritage of the Australian Alps - Australian Alps National Parks

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3.2 TYPES OF MINING Mining of a number of different types, and utilising a number of different technologies, was undertaken within the Australian Alps. The following table outlines the types of deposits in the Alps, the mining methods used, and some typical heritage features generated, as well as representative examples. Detailed analysis is included in part E of Appendix 9. DEPOSIT METHODS HERITAGE FEATURES EXAMPLES Gold: Quartz reef Adits (horizontal Sites horizontally Red Robin Mine, (steep topography) tunnels). layered as working Alpine NP; Good Hope depth increases – line of adits & mullock dumps downhill; trenching/ stopes at outcrop. Mine, Grant HA Gold: Quartz reef Shafts Shafts & mullock Reefs near 3-mile (flat topography) dumps; trenches along outcrop Creek, Kosciusko NP Gold: Quartz reef – Stamp batteries used for Relic batteries or Monarch Mine, Alpine treatment plants crushing; gold recovered machinery foundations; NP; Lorna Doone and with mercury-coated water races; waterwheel Grey Mare Mines, copper plates. Later pits; relic steam plant; Kosciusko NP; Maude recovery technologies furnace remnants; & Yellow Girl Mine, included chlorination & benched platforms & hut Mt Wills HA cyanidation sites Gold: Recent Surfacing & shallow Close-spaced shallow Yorkies Diggings, alluvial deposits sinking; shafts & small mullock dumps; low remnant earth banks & shallow cuttings; shingle heaps & spreads. Kosciusko NP Ground sluicing; Low-high remnant earth Joker’s Flat diggings, faces; complex tail races; stacked shingle; complex low-level water races. Alpine NP Hydraulic sluicing; High remnant earth Buffalo Hydraulic Co’s faces; substantial tail Workings, Mt Buffalo races; strips of stacked shingle; substantial highlevel water races. NP Bucket dredging Remnant dredge ponds; Buckland River, Mt hummocked, rocky tailings; cable Buffalo NP Gold: Deep lead Hydraulic sluicing; High remnant earth Empress Mine, deposits faces; substantial tail races; strips of stacked shingle; substantial highlevel water races. Kosciusko NP Tunnelling. Tunnel entrances into Morris’s workings, wash; mullock heaps; Boiler Plain, Alpine downhill shingle spread. NP 16
DEPOSIT METHODS HERITAGE FEATURES Gold: Stranded leads Sluicing/hydraulic Long open-ended sluicing excavations high on hillsides; downhill shingle spreads; long high-level water races. Base metals: primary Shaft or tunnel mining, Mining features as for lode depending on gold-bearing quartz topography; treatment reefs; treatment plants by crushing followed by rare at small mines of gravity concentration the Alps - furnace, process; smelting rarely battery & concentration undertaken at small machinery remnants are mines known. Tin: alluvial Sluicing/hydraulic Features as for alluvial sluicing. gold. 3.3 ASSOCIATED MINING INFRASTRUCTURE (Refer detailed analysis, part C of Appendix 9) 17 EXAMPLES New Zealand Hydraulic Co’s workings, Alpine NP Lobbs Hole Copper Mine, Kosciusko NP; Accommodation Creek Copper Mine, Snowy River NP; Mt Murphy Wolfram Mine, Mt Murphy HA Tin Mine Creek, Kosciusko NP The imprint of mining in the Alps goes beyond the actual mining sites themselves. Infrastructure associated with mining includes roads & tracks, towns & settlements, other occupation sites (including huts), roadside supply stations, hospices & shanties, lonely graves, water reticulation systems, etc. While Kiandra, with an estimated peak population of 10,000 people, and Grant, with an estimated peak of 500 people, were two of the better-known townships, many others existed. Most of the New South Wales Alps townships were associated with the Kiandra rush, and many were short-lived. In Victoria, the towns that sprang up in the wilderness in the early alluvial rushes often survived for extended periods, with the conversion to reef mining. Towns commonly included stores, hotels, churches, post offices, and sometimes schools. By the very nature of our Parks system, embracing Crown Land, only failed townships can be included in this study. In Australia, there are not yet any integrated cultural heritage management systems available to encompass the significant relationships that extend beyond the Crown Land boundaries. In the Alps, the mining fields frequently have strong relationships that extend to townships beyond the Park boundaries. Two obvious examples are Little Thredbo diggings & Jindabyne, and East Branch, Ovens River & Harrietville. Mining tracks are abundant and important, and many of today’s roads and Park management tracks follow the routes of the miners. Most of the mining tracks in Kosciusko NP were laid down in the early years of mining. In Victoria, where major discoveries occurred over a long period, the track system was constantly being extended. With the dominance of quartz mining, substantial roadwork was often required to get heavy machinery in remote, rugged areas. In the late 1800’s – early 1900’s, the Mines Department financed the cutting of over 500 mining tracks in Eastern Victoria, many of which are within the Australian Alps National Parks.
Page 1 and 2: Homeward Bound Sluicing Claim, New
Page 3 and 4: A report prepared by: Rob Kaufman L
Page 5 and 6: REPORT SUMMARY Using This Report Th
Page 7 and 8: Revised Dec 2001, with park extensi
Page 9 and 10: x MAP 2 1 N Drawn R J Kaufman, Dece
Page 11 and 12: AUSTRALIAN ALPS MINING HERITAGE CON
Page 13 and 14: 1.1 BACKGROUND 1. INTRODUCTION Mini
Page 15 and 16: examination of primary sources was
Page 17 and 18: Some of the very highest mining sit
Page 19 and 20: 2.1.6 ALPINE MINING ADAPTATIONS (De
Page 21 and 22: has seen began. Estimates of the nu
Page 23 and 24: 1854 Harrietville gold diggings beg
Page 25: 3. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 3.1 MINING FIE
Page 29 and 30: 3.5 SITE NETWORKS Cultural landscap
Page 31 and 32: Framework, Theme 3.16). In this sen
Page 33 and 34: NAME VHR No LOCATION ERA KEY FEATUR
Page 35 and 36: NAME LOCATION ERA KEY FEATURES Empr
Page 37 and 38: PLACE LOCATION VIEWPOINT KEY CULTUR
Page 39 and 40: Upper Dargo Diversion Sluice Golden
Page 41 and 42: The key to understanding the influe
Page 43 and 44: Adaptation (Modifying a place to su
Page 45 and 46: Effective protection of mining cult
Page 47 and 48: mining sites are in forested settin
Page 49 and 50: Managers may have special legal and
Page 51 and 52: 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6. PRESENTATION Mi
Page 53 and 54: scenic river valley views. Water ra
Page 55 and 56: P11: "There is potential for rural,
Page 57 and 58: Therefore, the first consideration
Page 59 and 60: ROAD/TRACK* MINING SITES** LOCATION
Page 61 and 62: This Presentation Strategy provides
Page 63 and 64: 3. Provide signed interpretations t
Page 65 and 66: GREY MARE MINE, KOSCIUSKO NP This r
Page 67 and 68: • Sections 8.3 to 8.5 - Recommend
Page 69 and 70: 9.4.4 VICTORIA The major concentrat
Page 71 and 72: in the form of simple conservation
Page 73: 3. Examine options for installing h

Mining Heritage of the Australian Alps - Australian Alps National Parks

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