Cavities and spaces of the skull, paranasal sinuses, opening in the ...

Cavities and spaces of the skull, 

paranasal sinuses, opening in the 

skull bases 

MUDr.Veronika Němcová, CSc.

Internal surfice of the cranial base 

Basis cranii 

interna 

F 

E 

Amin 

O 

Amaj 

T

Impressiones 

gyrorum et 

juga 

cerebralia 

Lesser wing 

Anterior clinoid process 

Anterior cranial fossa 

Foramen caecum 

Crista galli 

Cribriform plate 

Prechiasmatic groove 

Optic canal

Anterior cranial fossa - repetition

Middle cranial fossa 

openings 

Foramen lacerum 

Hiatus for the 

greater petrosal 

nerve 

Superior orbital fissure 

Foramen rotundum 

Foramen venosum 

Foramen ovale 

Foramen spinosum 

Hiatus for the 

lesser petrosal 

nerve


structures 

Carotid sulcus 

Trigeminal impression 

Hypophysial fossa 

Dorsum sellae 

Groove of the 

superior petrosal 

sinus 

Grooves for the 

lesser and 

graeter petrosal 

nerves 

Arcuate eminence 

Tegmen 

tympani

Middle cranial fossa - repetition

Jugular foramen 

Posterior cranial fossa - openings 

Condylar canal 

hypoglossal 

canal 

Foramen 

magnum 

Internal 

acustic 

meatus 

Apertura 

externa 

aquaeductus 

vestibuli

Posterior cranial fossa 

structures 

Groove of the 

sigmoid sinus 

Sulcus sinus transversi 

Cerebellar fossa 

Clivus 

Groove of the superior 

petrosal sinus 

Groove of the inferior 

petrosal sinus 

Subarcuate fossa 

Internal occipital crest 

Internal occipital 

protuberance 

Cerebral fossa 

Opening for the emissary 

vein from mastoid 

foramen

Sites for passage for nerves in 

the posterior cranial fossa 

n.VII 

n.VIII 

n.IX 

n.X 

n.XI 

n.XII

Fossa cranii posterior -repetition

Openings in the 

internal surface of 

cranial base 

1-lamina cribrosa 

2-canalis opticus 

3-fissura orbitalis superior 

4-foramen rotundum 

5-foramen ovale 

6-foramen spinosum 

7-foramen lacerum 

8-hiatus nervi petrosi minoris 

9-hiatus nervi petrosi majoris 

10-porus acusticus internus 

11-foramen jugulare 

12-canalis nervi hypoglossi 

13-foramen magnum 

14-canalis condylaris 

15-foramen mastoideum 

6 

3 

5 

4 

8 9 10 

15 

1 

11 

12 

2 

13 

14 

7

Cranial nerves 

I. Olfactory nerves 

II. Optic nerve 

III. Oculomotory nerve 

IV. Trochlear nerve 

V. Trigeminal 1.Ophthalmic 

2.Maxillary 

3.Mandibular 

VI. Abducent nerve 

VII. Facial nerve 

VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve 

IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve 

X. Vagus 

XI. Accessory nerve 

XII. Hypoglossal nerve

Basis cranii interna 

Anterior cranial fossa 

Frontal lobes, n.I. a n.II., 

falx cerebri 

orbitocranial canal 

Posterior border of lesser wings 

and prechiasmatic sulcus 


temporal lobes, 

hypophysis cerebri, 

eye-muscle nerves and V/1, 

branches of n.V, cavernous 

sinus, middle meningeal art., 

sphenopetrosal synchondrosis 

Crista pyramidis, dorsum sellae 

Posterior cranial fossa, 

brainstem, cerebellum, 

occipital lobes, grooves of 

sinuses, emissary veins, n.VII 

a n.VIII, endolymphatic duct, 

nn.IX,X,and XI, spinal cord and 

n.XI and vertebral art., n.XII 

Int.carotid art. 

II 

Ophthalmic art. 

I 

VII, VIII 

XII 

Vertebral art. 

Ant. meningeal art. 

V/2 

III, IV, VI, V/1 

Sup. ophthalmic vein 

V/3 Middle 

meningeal 

art. 

Greater (from N.VII) 

and lesser(fromN.IX) 

petrosal nerves 

IX,X,XI 

Post. meningeal art.

Grooves of sinuses 

Sulcus sinus 

petrosi inferioris 


petrosi 

superioris 

Sulcus 


sigmoidei 


transversi

infundibulum 

hypophysae 

Middle 

meningeal art. 

n.XII 

confluens of sinuses 

Sup. sagittal sinus 

Falx cerebri 

n.II 

Sup.opthalmic vein 

Int. carotid art. 

n.III 

n.IV. 

n.V 

n.VI 

n.VII and n.VIII 

n.IX.,X., IX 

Sigmoid sinus 

Vertebral art. 

r. spinalis n.XI. 

Transverse sinus

Repetition 

Int. carotid art. 

Cavernous 


Tentorium of the 

cerebellum 

Middle 

meningeal art. 

Vertebral art.

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses 

Frontal sinus 

Anterior ethmoidal cells 

Nasolacrimal duct 

Posterior ethmoidal cells 

Sphenoid sinus 

Maxillary sinus

Paranasal sinuses - development

Anteriorly 


Piriform 

aperture 

Superior nasal 

meatus 

Middle nasal 

meatus 

Inferior nasal 

meatus

Posteriorly 

Choana

Nasal septum: 

perpendicular plate of 

ethmoid 

vomer 

Floor: 

palatine process of maxilla 

horizontal plate of palatine bone 

Cavum nasi osseum 

Roof: 

nasal bone 

frontal bone 

Cribriform plate of 

ethmoid 

sphenoid 

(body)

Lateral wall of the nasal cavity 

Frontal process and body 

of maxilla 

Lacrimal bone 

Ethmoid 

Inferior nasal 

concha 

Perpendicular plate of 

palatine bone 

Medial lamina of 

pterygoid process

Bony nasal cavity - repetition 

sphenopalatine foramen

Palatum durum 

Os incisivum 

Foramen incisivum 

(nervus nasopalatinus) 

Processus palatinus 

maxillae 

Lamina horizontalis 

ossis palatini

Frontal section through the maxillary sinus 

(schema) 

Maxillary 


Orbit 

Ant. cranial fossa 

Vomer 


M 

F 

Z 

Post.ethmoid cells 

Ant.ethmoid cells 

Semilunar hiatus

Frontální řez přes sinus 5 maxillaris 

Frontal section through the 

maxillary sinus 

4 

8 

6 

1 

3 

2

X-ray picture of the skull 

AP projection 

8 

2 

3 

4

Sinusitis

X-ray picture of 

paranasal sinuses 

(Waters projection) 


Maxillary sinus 

Sphenoid sinus

RTG Waters projection - sinusitis

Pansinusitis after tsunami 

Normal CT of paranasal sinuses on the same levels

X-ray 

picture of 

the skull 

lateral 

projection 

Fossa 

hypophysialis 

Sinus sphenoidalis 

Sinus frontalis 

Sinus maxillaris

Infratemporal fossa 

Borders: 

Sup.: infratemporal crest 

Ant.: maxillary tuberosity 

Lat.: ramus of the mandible 

Med.: lateral plate of the pterygoid 

process 

Content: 

Pterygoid muscles 

Pterygoid plexus 

Maxillary artery 

Branches of the mandibular nerve 

Otic ganglion 

Buccal adipose body


openings 

Mandibular nerve 

(oval foramen) 

Middle meningeal art 

(spinous foramen) 

Inf. alveolar nerve 

(mandibular canal) 

Inf.ophthalmic vein 

(inf. orbital fissure) 

Mylohyoid nerve 

(mylohyoid groove)


repetition

Branches of 

mandibular 

nerve 

Maxillary artery 

Otic ganglion 

M 

L 

Pterygoid 

muscles


temporal and infratemporal region 

N.mandibularis 

Sinus sphenoidalis 

in oval foramen 

Vomer 

Processus pterygoideus 

N.lingualis 

N.alveolaris inf. 

Arcus zygomaticus 

Corpus adiposum


temporal and infratemporal region 

repetition

Pterygoid plexus in the infratemporal fossa 

V.angularis 

V.facialis 

Plexus pterygoideus 

V.jugularis externa 

V.jugularis interna 

V.temporalis spf. 

Vv.diploicae 

V.retromandibularis

Maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa

Nerves in the infratemporal fossa – branches of mandibular nerve (V/3) 

N.VII 

(stylomastoid 

foramen) 

N.auriculotemporalis 

N.alveolaris inf. 

R.mylohyoideus 

N.lingualis 

N.buccalis

Pterygopalatine fossa – deepest part of the infratemporal fossa

Pterygopalatine fossa

Pterygopalatine 

fossa 

Borders: 

Ant. - maxilla 

Post. – pterygoid process 

Med.- perpendicular plate 

of palatine bone 

Lat.-pterygomaxillary 

fissure 

Sup.- greater wing of 

sphenoid 

Inf. – foramen palatinum 

majus 

Orbit 


External 

surface of 

cranial base 

Nasal 

cavity 

Oral cavity

Pterygopalatine fossa lateral aspect -schema 

Inferior orbital fissure Sphenopalatine foramen 

Maxilla 

Foramen rotundum 

Greater palatine canal 

Pterygoid canal 

Pterygoid process

Pterygopalatine fossa schema - nerves 

Maxilla 

IOFI SPF 

GPC 

V/2 somatosensory 

FR 

PC 

PtPr 

Greater petrosal nerve (VII) 

parasympathetic 

Lesser petrosal nerve 

(plexus a.carotis int.) 

sympathetic 

Pterygopalatine ganglion

Pterygopalatine fossa lateral aspect - nerves 

communicating branch to zygomatic nerve 

(for lacrimal gland) 

Infraorbital nerve 

Zygomatic nerve 

Nasal branches 

Maxilla 

IOF SPF 

V/2 

FR 

PC 

PtPr 

nn.pterygopalatini 

somatosensory 

Greater petrosal nerve (VII) 

parasympathetic 


(plexus a.carotis int.) 

sympathetic 

Pterygopalatine ganglion 

Palatine nerves (greater and lesser)

Fossa pterygopalatina schema– branches of maxillary artery 

Infraorbital art. 

Ant. sup. alveolar art. 

Post. sup. alveolar art. 

Rr. nasales post.lat.+septi 

Sphenopalatine art- 

M 

A.canalis pterygoidei 

Descending 

palatine art. 

Greater and lesser palatine art.

Fossa pterygopalatina schema – nerves and arteries 

Ant. sup. alveolar 

nerves and art. 


Infraorbital nerve and art. 

Nasal 

branches 

Post. sup. alveolar 

nerves and art. 

M 

Maxillary nerve 

Sphenopalatine art. 

A.canalis pterygoidei 

Greater petrosal nerve 


Pterygopalatine 

ganglion 

A.palatina descendens 

Greater and lesser palatine 

nerves and art.

Incisive canal 

Pterygopalatine fossa medial aspekt 

lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini removed 

Pterygoid canal 

Greater palatine canal

Z 

GW 

Orbital cavity 

F 

LW 

P 

E 

M 

L

Superior orbital fissure 

Inferior orbital fissure 

Zygomaticofacial 

foramen 

Orbital cavity – openings and fossas 

Optic canal 

Fossa for lacrimal gland 

Infraorbital foramen 

Supraorbital foramen 

Fossa for 

lacrimal sac 

Frontal notch 

Trochlear fovea 

Ant.and post. 

ethmoid foramen

Orbital cavity – sites for passage 

Infratemporal and 

pterygopalatine fossa 


Anterior 

cranial 

fossa 

Orbitocranial canal 

Orbitoethmoid canal 

Nasolacrimal canal

Orbital cavity arteries and nerves 

lacrimal 

Superior ophthalmic vein 

n.IV 

Anulus tendineus communis 


Inf. ophthalmic vein 

n.VI 

Infraorbital nerve and art. 

frontal 

Supraorbital 

ant. et post. 

ethmoidal 

nerves and 

art. 

nasociliary 

n.III 

Supratrochlear 

Ophthalmic art. 

n.II

Orbital cavity repetition

Nerves in the superior 

part of the orbite 

nasociliary nerve - 

from V/1 

and ophthalmic art. 

trochleary nerve(IV) 

optic nerve(II) 

oculomotory (III) 

lacrimal nerve from V/1 

n. abducens (VI) 

frontal nerve from V/1

Basis cranii externa 

-sites for passage for 

vessels and nerves 

Vertebral art 

Nasopalatine nerve 

Greater palatine 

nerve and art. 

Mandibular nerve 

Middle meningeal art. 

Greater and lesser 

petrosal nerve 

Internal carotid art. 

Facial nerve 

n.IX.,X., IX 

Int. Jugular vein 

n.XII 

emissarium mastoideum 

emissarium condylare 

r.spinalis n.XI


repetition 

1-incisive canal 

2-greater palatine foramen 

3-inf.orbital fissure 

4-foramen ovale 

5-foramen spinosum 

6-mastoid process 

7-stylomastoid foramen 

8-carotid canal 

9-jugular foramen 

10-foramen magnum 

11-condylar canal 

12-occipital condyle 

13-mastoid notch 

14-foramen lacerum 

15-vomer 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

16-lateral plate of pterygoid 

process 

11 

1 

10 

2 

9 

7 

8 

3 

4 

5 

6


repetition

• Čihák, Anatomie 1 

• Gray, Anatomy 

Sources 

• Petrovický a spol., Anatomie 1 

• Sobotta , Atlas anatomie člověka 

• http://anat.lf1.cuni.cz/muzeum/kranio.html 

• Personal archive

Cavities and spaces of the skull, paranasal sinuses, opening in the ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?