Emergence and reduction: is there nothing new under the sun?
Emergence and reduction: is there nothing new under the sun?
Emergence and reduction: is there nothing new under the sun?
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!<br />
Are communities <strong>and</strong> populations “true” !<br />
basic units of ecology? "<br />
ü Individual organ<strong>is</strong>ms"<br />
§ Lotka (1925), Volterra (1926) "<br />
"— Predator/prey interactions;"<br />
§ Lack (1954) "<br />
— Individual selection"<br />
§ Williams (1966) "<br />
"—Individual (<strong>and</strong> gene) selection"<br />
§ Andrewartha, Birch (1954, 1984)"<br />
"— Interplay between individual organ<strong>is</strong>ms<br />
<strong>and</strong> environment (“<strong>the</strong>ory of environment”)"<br />
§ Schoener (1986), Price (1986), Tilman (1987) "<br />
— “Mechan<strong>is</strong>tic” approach!<br />
!<br />
ü Population-systems "<br />
§ Allee, Park, Emerson, Park, Schmidt (1949)<br />
§ Wynne-Edwards (1962)<br />
§ Wilson D.S. (1975, 1980), Sober, Wilson,<br />
D.S. 1998) "<br />
— Group selection!<br />
è Is it possible to reduce<br />
community character<strong>is</strong>tics<br />
to those of component<br />
populations <strong>and</strong><br />
individuals? "<br />
"<br />
è Is it possible to reduce<br />
population character<strong>is</strong>tics<br />
to those of component<br />
individuals? "<br />
!<br />
!!
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