New York City street by night <strong>LED</strong> and HPS lighting comparison 28 Pittsburgh <strong>LED</strong> <strong>Street</strong> <strong>Light</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Project</strong> September 2011
<strong>Light</strong>ing Standards in the U.S. In the United States, local roadway lighting is governed by local codes, and state and Federal roadway lighting is regulated by the respective state and Federal departments of transportation (DOTs). State roadways that travel through a municipality are subject to local standards. Cities are not required to have lighting codes but many have language on lighting in their regulatory documents, including the City of Pittsburgh as of March 2011. Roadway lighting standards are based almost exclusively on vehicular traffic safety considerations. Benefits of street illumination for drivers include easing the flow of traffic, reduction of nighttime accidents, visibility of adjacent uses, and general wayfinding assistance. In rural areas and on highways, street lights are not normally used to illuminate the road because vehicles have headlights. Rather, street lighting is used to highlight hazards outside of the headlight’s beam and reveal signage. In riskier environments, such as urban streets and intersections where there are pedestrians and cyclists, street lights take on a different role. Perhaps due to the cultural dominance of drivers’ interests in the U.S., traffic planning in many cities prioritizes the facilitation of vehicular traffic above all other modes. The infrastructure needs of pedestrians and cyclists, such as crosswalks, bikeways and indeed safe lighting, are often overlooked. For example, in many cities, there are no minimum lighting requirements for sidewalks, only for roads and parking garages. A more holistic and equitable approach to roadway lighting would include illumination from curb-to-curb, intersections, tunnels, bridges, and parking facilities, as well as sidewalks, pedestrian and cyclist pathways, and trails. Municipal lighting regulations and codes are typically based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) guidelines. September 2011 › American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) provides guidelines for street lighting based on traffic volumes and other criteria, as well as for luminaire design and construction. Its primary publication is the Roadway <strong>Light</strong>ing Design Guide (2005), an update to the 1984 An Informational Guide for Roadway <strong>Light</strong>ing. Cities may also look to the following resources for additional guidance. › Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) has two publications: the 10th edition <strong>Light</strong>ing Handbook (2011) and American National Standard Practice for Roadway <strong>Light</strong>ing. › U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) The United States Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) study on lighting design concepts is the Roadway <strong>Light</strong>ing Handbook (1978, 1983). › International Dark-Skies Association (IDA) <strong>Street</strong> <strong>Light</strong>ing Standards The non-profit advocacy organization International Dark-Skies Association (IDA) has several free publications including Municipal Guidelines for <strong>Light</strong>ing in the Right-of-Way (2008) and Outdoor <strong>Light</strong>ing Code Handbook (version 1.14, 2002). The IDA and the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) recently released a Model <strong>Light</strong>ing Ordinance (MLO). The MLO is a template free for use by municipalities in developing outdoor lighting standards that reduce glare, light trespass and skyglow. Pittsburgh <strong>LED</strong> <strong>Street</strong> <strong>Light</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Project</strong> 29
- Page 1 and 2: LED Street Light Research Project R
- Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements City of Pittsburgh
- Page 5 and 6: Contents Executive Summary Backgrou
- Page 7 and 8: Executive Summary Background The Ci
- Page 9 and 10: lighting of sidewalks or streets. L
- Page 11 and 12: › LED luminaires should be guaran
- Page 13 and 14: Background Overview The City of Pit
- Page 15 and 16: Street Lights: A Brief History The
- Page 17 and 18: Electric Street Lighting Technologi
- Page 19 and 20: and development focus of the U.S. D
- Page 21 and 22: Data Collection LED Street Lighting
- Page 23 and 24: › Lower operating costs: energy e
- Page 25 and 26: Efficiency (GIB Credit 13). This cr
- Page 27: color bins based on identical or ve
- Page 31 and 32: Existing Infrastructure The City of
- Page 33 and 34: Since 2008, the City’s Office for
- Page 35 and 36: Business District Case Studies Thre
- Page 37 and 38: September 2011 Central Business Dis
- Page 39 and 40: September 2011 Mid-Sized Business D
- Page 41 and 42: September 2011 Neighborhood Busines
- Page 43 and 44: Research Modes of Human Vision Huma
- Page 45 and 46: How Uniformity of Illuminance Affec
- Page 47 and 48: Overview There is a wide range of i
- Page 49 and 50: and landscape is highly contextual.
- Page 51 and 52: uilding, pedestrians can see less t
- Page 53 and 54: Another factor is the surrounding r
- Page 55 and 56: This provides what many lighting pr
- Page 57 and 58: will generate up to 130,000 lux. Of
- Page 59 and 60: › Use shielded or cut-off luminai
- Page 61 and 62: › LEDs are the most efficient, du
- Page 63 and 64: The Plan recommends retrofitting st
- Page 65 and 66: There is an established link betwee
- Page 67 and 68: Biological/Public Health Considerat
- Page 69 and 70: Lighting Plans: Comprehensive Plann
- Page 71 and 72: › Helsinki, Finland: Master Light
- Page 73 and 74: › Dial4Light: Licht per Anruf (Li
- Page 75 and 76: Overview Focus group sessions were
- Page 77 and 78: Tools for Measuring Street Lighting
- Page 79 and 80:
During this measure, the luminance
- Page 81 and 82:
Overview In February, 2001, Minneap
- Page 83 and 84:
Recommendations Overview The City o
- Page 85 and 86:
The revised approach became one of
- Page 87 and 88:
luminaires. Manufacturers are respo
- Page 89 and 90:
Base Criteria: Design › Contempor
- Page 91 and 92:
Evaluation Procedure for Business D
- Page 93 and 94:
Upgrade Option: Basic Controls In a
- Page 95 and 96:
› The mounting system will be aff
- Page 97 and 98:
Pittsburgh. The findings would be s
- Page 99 and 100:
› Testing of the submitted lumina
- Page 101 and 102:
References American Association of
- Page 103 and 104:
Gehl, Jan, Lotte Johansen Kaefer an
- Page 105 and 106:
U.S. Department of Energy. 2008. LE
- Page 107 and 108:
Appendices BULB: The light source w
- Page 109 and 110:
› LUCI (Lighting Urban Community
- Page 111 and 112:
Sorento Streetlight, Cambridge, UK
- Page 113:
› Principal Investigator Don Cart