LED Street Light Research Project

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Light pollution, Toronto 64 Pittsburgh LED Street Light Research Project September 2011
There is an established link between exposure to bright lights at night and cancer rates, particularly breast cancer (melatonin production is disrupted, leading to excess estrogen which in turn promotes tumor growth). › Age-related equity Aging is a major equity factor that is given little consideration. As people age their eyesight diminishes and glare becomes an even more serious problem. Seniors require more light for basic tasks of daily living than those in their twenties or thirties. Glare can be dangerous and is often blinding to seniors when confronted with street lighting that shines directly into one’s eyes. Lighting standards should follow “universal design” principles and be equitable to all persons, no matter their age. Designing comfortable and adequate street lighting for elderly drivers and pedestrians would provide equitable street lighting for all persons. › Spatial equity Not all business districts are similarly lit. This is more a function of availability than a deliberate plan. In most locations, the City of Pittsburgh does not own the street lighting poles and leases Duquesne Light Company utility poles for that purpose. The amount of street lighting is dependent on the number and spacing of utility poles whether they are in commercial, industrial, or residential areas. Utility pole spacing is further apart in residential neighborhoods and is often located in alleys as well as streets. The number of utility poles in a specific location is more a function of the density and intensity of use and electrical load. Denser locations, such as Downtown or intensely developed commercial areas, require more utility poles and thus offer the opportunity for more street lighting fixtures. Inequality results, with small neighborhood business districts receiving less street lighting than dense commercial districts. September 2011 Fortunately, many of the business district streets have been improved, often with new sidewalks, street furniture, signage, street trees, and street lighting. New, free-standing light poles and light fixtures have replaced the utility pole lights. At Downtown intersections, new shoebox light fixtures have been located atop 30’ high signal poles. Outside of Downtown, new teardrop light fixtures often replace former cobra heads atop new 25’ high poles and acorn light fixtures are often installed along the sidewalk atop new 15’ high poles. Often pole and light fixture spacing is changed for more even spacing, more even illumination, and more intensity. Funders of these business district improvements may be the City or the Urban Redevelopment Authority through community development block grants. Often well-organized local business associations will lobby for improvements. Business districts without strong business or political strength may be bypassed in improvements. Pittsburgh LED Street Light Research Project 65
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LED Street Light Research Project R
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Acknowledgements City of Pittsburgh
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Contents Executive Summary Backgrou
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Executive Summary Background The Ci
Page 9 and 10:
lighting of sidewalks or streets. L
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› LED luminaires should be guaran
Page 13 and 14: Background Overview The City of Pit
Page 15 and 16: Street Lights: A Brief History The
Page 17 and 18: Electric Street Lighting Technologi
Page 19 and 20: and development focus of the U.S. D
Page 21 and 22: Data Collection LED Street Lighting
Page 23 and 24: › Lower operating costs: energy e
Page 25 and 26: Efficiency (GIB Credit 13). This cr
Page 27 and 28: color bins based on identical or ve
Page 29 and 30: Lighting Standards in the U.S. In t
Page 31 and 32: Existing Infrastructure The City of
Page 33 and 34: Since 2008, the City’s Office for
Page 35 and 36: Business District Case Studies Thre
Page 37 and 38: September 2011 Central Business Dis
Page 39 and 40: September 2011 Mid-Sized Business D
Page 41 and 42: September 2011 Neighborhood Busines
Page 43 and 44: Research Modes of Human Vision Huma
Page 45 and 46: How Uniformity of Illuminance Affec
Page 47 and 48: Overview There is a wide range of i
Page 49 and 50: and landscape is highly contextual.
Page 51 and 52: uilding, pedestrians can see less t
Page 53 and 54: Another factor is the surrounding r
Page 55 and 56: This provides what many lighting pr
Page 57 and 58: will generate up to 130,000 lux. Of
Page 59 and 60: › Use shielded or cut-off luminai
Page 61 and 62: › LEDs are the most efficient, du
Page 63: The Plan recommends retrofitting st
Page 67 and 68: Biological/Public Health Considerat
Page 69 and 70: Lighting Plans: Comprehensive Plann
Page 71 and 72: › Helsinki, Finland: Master Light
Page 73 and 74: › Dial4Light: Licht per Anruf (Li
Page 75 and 76: Overview Focus group sessions were
Page 77 and 78: Tools for Measuring Street Lighting
Page 79 and 80: During this measure, the luminance
Page 81 and 82: Overview In February, 2001, Minneap
Page 83 and 84: Recommendations Overview The City o
Page 85 and 86: The revised approach became one of
Page 87 and 88: luminaires. Manufacturers are respo
Page 89 and 90: Base Criteria: Design › Contempor
Page 91 and 92: Evaluation Procedure for Business D
Page 93 and 94: Upgrade Option: Basic Controls In a
Page 95 and 96: › The mounting system will be aff
Page 97 and 98: Pittsburgh. The findings would be s
Page 99 and 100: › Testing of the submitted lumina
Page 101 and 102: References American Association of
Page 103 and 104: Gehl, Jan, Lotte Johansen Kaefer an
Page 105 and 106: U.S. Department of Energy. 2008. LE
Page 107 and 108: Appendices BULB: The light source w
Page 109 and 110: › LUCI (Lighting Urban Community
Page 111 and 112: Sorento Streetlight, Cambridge, UK
Page 113: › Principal Investigator Don Cart
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