Yugoslavia

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very closely connected with genealogy have been the object of numerous studies. Within the aims of this report, we would like to call attention to only the most important phases of these migrations since the 18th century and to the basic, especial ly more recent literature in this area. The forward drive of the Turks had as a consequence in the lands of todays Yugoslavia, decisive currents of migration. As the Turks pressed in, the population began to pull back toward the north and toward the Adriatic Sea. In order to occupy and utilize the localities which had been desolated in the war, and also to provide for military security, the Turkish Empire had resettled these areas. This colonization in the 15th and 16th centuries, consisting chiefly of Wallacha, reached far into the north into Hungary and toward the west between the Drau and the Adriatic Sea. A number of Mohammedan people also settled in these areas. After the great Viennese war of liberation of 1683-1699, new currents of settlement began to form again in the Yugoslavian areas. This time it was a movement from the north toward the south. This concerned chiefly the Mohammedan elements, which, with the retreat of the Turkish conquerors out of Europe, emigrated to the south into areas that remained under the control of the Turkish Empire. So, the Moslems pulled out of Hungary, Slovania, the Lika and Dalmatia even during the Viennese war, across the Danube, the Sava, and the Dinara mountains. They re mained in significant masses in the border cities and also in the interior of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which states had already contained more of the Moslem settlers than the rest of Yugoslavia anyway. Many of them, however, moved further, across Serbia and Macedonia to Bulgaria and the areas along the Aegaean Sea. These currents toward the south continued in the 18th and 19th centuries in connection with the liberation of Serbia and the occupation of Bosnill and Herzegovina by Austria, etc. 27
Furthermore, the Turkish government carried out certain colonization efforts as defense measures. As the treaty of Belgrade of 1739 established the border between Austria and Turkey along the Danube and Sava, the Turks syste matically settled Mohammedan people into the border section of the Danube, Sava, and Una chiefly with those people which had just fled from those areas which the Austrians had just conquered during the Viennese war. Because of the rebelliousness of the Montenegran tribes since the end of the 17th century, Turkey surrounded these tribal areas with a zone of cities which they settled with Moslems. In the opposite direction, however, the Christian peoples settled themselves independently into the liberated areas. The movements were very strong out of the Bosenska krajina into the Lika and Banija. There was also movement into Dalmatia which had been conquered by the Venetians. These emigrations from the south to ward the north added to other significant migrations which were brought about by the further developments of war. In the war of 1683 -1699, the Austrian forces drove as far as Stip, Veles and Prizren. However, as they were forced to retreat in 1690, many people moved with them, particularly those who had taken part in uprisings in northern Macedonia, from Kosovo and modern Serbia, moving toward southern Hungary and even further to Budapest and Szent-Andre. Out of Bosnia and Herzegovina emi grated especially into Slavonia the Bunjevci and Sokei, and also the Baranja and Backa, after the march of Prince Eugene of Savoy on Sarajevo in 1697. Because of their participation in the Austrian-Turkish and the Russo-Turkish war of 1737-1739, a part of the Serbian-Macedonian population emigrated all over again over the Sava and Danube. Then, again, a part of the Serbs even during the war of 1788, but especially at its end in 1791, moved into Hungary. In the 18th and partly in the 19th centuries, we see special emigrations out of commercially passive areas into more .active ones. This took place in the form 28
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WORLD CONFERENCE ON RECORDS AND GEN
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1. Austrian, Italian, Turk or Slav?
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many Jugoslavs went from California
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Yugoslavia

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