EAZA Hornbill Management and Husbandry Guidelines

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Species Feeding guild Arboreal Terrestrial Frugivorous Carnivorous Special attributes T. albocristatus +++++ + + +++++ Agile flight Ocyceros O. griseus +++++ + ++++ ++ O. gingalensis +++++ + ++++ ++ O. birostris ++++ ++ +++ +++ Anthracoceros A. coronatus * +++++ ++ ++++ ++ Versatility A. albirostris * +++++ ++ ++++ + Versatility A. marchei +++++ ++ ++++ + A. malayanus +++++ + ++++ + A. montani +++++ + +++++ + Buceros B. bicornis * +++++ + +++++ ++ Peeling off husks/bark B. rhinoceros * +++++ ++ ++++ ++ Peeling off husks/bark B. hydrocorax +++++ +++++ ++ Grouping B. vigil +++++ ++++ ++ Axe -like bill Penelopides P. exarhatus +++++ ++++ ++ Grouping P. panini +++++ ++++ ++ P. manillae +++++ ++++ ++ P. affinis +++++ ++++ ++ P. mindorensis +++++ ++++ ++ Aceros A. comatus ++++ ++ +++ +++ Grouping A. nipalensis +++++ + +++++ + A. cassidix +++++ +++++ Social, mobile A. corrugatus +++++ ++++ ++ Mobile A. leucocephalus +++++ +++++ + A. waldeni +++++ +++++ + A. narcondami * +++++ +++++ Social A. plicatus ++++ + +++++ + Social, mobile A. subruficollis ++++ + +++++ + Social, mobile A. undulatus * ++++ ++ +++++ + Versatile, social, mobile A. everetti ++++ + ++++ + Ceratogymna C. fistulator +++++ + +++++ Social, mobile C. bucinator +++++ + +++++ + Social, mobile C. cylindricus +++++ + +++++ ++ Mobile C. subcylindricus * +++++ + +++++ ++ Social, mobile C. brevis* +++++ + +++++ ++ Social, mobile C. atrata +++++ + +++++ + Grouping C. elata +++++ + +++++ + Grouping 36
5.1.1 Fruits While some hornbills, notably the ground hornbills, are mostly carnivorous, the single largest fraction of most hornbill diets is fruit. Fruits consumed by hornbills are significantly denser in nutrients than are domestic fruits available commercially. Hornbills are heavily reliant on figs Ficus sp. as a key food source, and figs have been found to be particularly high in calcium (see also Section 5.1.6) and in total nutrient value based on a Fruit Nutrient (FN) index derived using the ratio of pulp mass to overall fruit mass (French et al., 1999). The factor most important in selection of food items in the wild is local abundance (e.g. Poonswad et al. 1998). When formulating the artificial diet it is important to start with nutrient levels appropriate for the species in question. For any given set of nutrient levels, considerable variation in items should be offered. Type of fruits in wild hornbill diets include: - soft and fleshy with tiny seeds; - dry fleshy with single stone; - hard-shelled fruit which opens when ripe, generally lipid rich; - fleshy and juicy. Fruits can offer an additional source of protein in the form of insects that are also feeding on them, and this can be a factor in avian item selection: white-tailed back cockatoos Calyptorhynchus funereus feeding on fruits of Banksia attenuata have been observed selectively feeding on those Banksia attenuata fruits containing the seed-eating weevil Alphitopsis nivea (Scott and Black, 1981). 5.1.2 Palatability and familiarity Palatability of food items offered, iron levels, availability and cost, ease of preparation and the difference between food presented and food consumed must be considered in diet formulation. Different regions differ considerably in the food products available, therefore it is impossible to formulate one diet that can be universally used by all zoos. The emphasis should be on developing affordable and palatable diets with appropriate absolute and relative levels of fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals rather than on trying to obtain particular ingredients. Potential studies on this topic can be found in Section 8.1.1: Dietary issues. Wild fruits relished by hornbills are often considered sour or bitter to humans. Hornbills also prefer smooth-skinned fruits to rough-skinned fruits, and do not peel fruits, they eat them whole. This should be considered when diets are formulated. 37
Page 1 and 2: EAZA Hornbill Management and Husban
Page 3 and 4: EAZA Hornbill Management and Husban
Page 5 and 6: 8) Suggestions for research, public
Page 7 and 8: 1 Natural history Hornbills have be
Page 9 and 10: Most hornbill species are dimorphic
Page 11 and 12: 3 Veterinary care, handling and tra
Page 13 and 14: The following parasites were report
Page 15 and 16: - Check the environment for other s
Page 17 and 18: Risk of damage to the casque may be
Page 19 and 20: J. Mellen and M. Sevenich MacPhee a
Page 21 and 22: While the birds seem to desensitize
Page 23 and 24: If heat lamps are used to provide w
Page 25 and 26: Table 2. Minimum and maximum daylig
Page 27 and 28: 4.6 Dimensions of the enclosure Elo
Page 29 and 30: It was found in a cross-institution
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2 Hornbills need small branc
Page 33: 5 Diet requirements 5.1 Formulation
Page 37 and 38: Amount of animal matter increased i
Page 39 and 40: The total amount of food should be
Page 41 and 42: During the beginning of the chick r
Page 43 and 44: Heavy allopreening forces the femal
Page 45 and 46: The thickness of the nest walls is
Page 47 and 48: 6.3.4 Plastering the nest opening H
Page 49 and 50: Problems with the lining becoming t
Page 51 and 52: Figure 5 Nest Investigation Tube (S
Page 53 and 54: Additional to the information that
Page 55 and 56: 6.6 Hand-rearing Hand-rearing can i
Page 57 and 58: 7 Social behavior and pair/group co
Page 59 and 60: 7.2.1 Pair compatibility assessment
Page 61 and 62: The hornbills, held separately but
Page 63 and 64: A juvenile group of Sunda wrinkled
Page 65 and 66: 8.1.3 Reproductive physiology Non-i
Page 67 and 68: 8.2 Public education Hornbills can
Page 69 and 70: 10 References Anonymous (undated).
Page 71 and 72: Kinnaird, M.F. and O'Brien, T.G. (1
Page 73 and 74: Sheppard, C. and Dierenfeld, E. (20
Page 75 and 76: LABOKLIN Prinzregentenstr. 3 D- 976
Page 77 and 78: CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE LACTATE DEHY
Page 79 and 80: 22. Lymphnodes 23. Ribs 24. Diaphra
Page 81 and 82: Hornbill species Other species in O
Page 83 and 84: Hornbill species Other species in s
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Species # feedings a day Food items
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Appendix 11.G Nest entrance forms u
Page 89 and 90:
Appendix 11.I San Diego Zoo avian p
Page 91 and 92:
Day Brooder/ Temp in F. 27 Move to
Page 93 and 94:
Appendix 11.J Ethogram of Social In
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EAZA Hornbill Management and Husbandry Guidelines

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