Ecology and management of white-tailed deer in - Florida Fish and ...

Supplemental Feeding
Providing supplemental food with feeders is another way to increase nutrition
available to deer and assist in harvest. Distributing food during the deer's most stressful
periods (e.g., fawning, winter, rut/post-rut) can serve to improve condition and may
subsequently lead to an increase in productivity. Corn is a common supplement, which is
high in fat and carbohydrates, but low in protein. For spring and summer, when doe
lactation and antler development are a priority, foods that are higher in protein would be
preferable (e.g., pelleted ration, soybeans). When abundant native forages are available,
deer consumption of supplemental feed will vary according to season, rainfall, and range
conditions.
An important consideration when supplemental feeding is the cost-benefit ratio.
That is, is it economically viable to provide enough feed over a long enough period of time,
to enhance herd quality and reproductive success? Zaiglin and DeYoung (1989) found that
deer provided with pelleted ration exhibited considerably higher fawn survival than those
without; however, the cost was estimated to be several hundred dollars per surviving fawn.
Other annual cost estimates of supplemental feeding of deer have ranged from $19/deer
(Easton 1993) to as much as $150/ deer (Kroll 1991).
POPULATION MANAGEMENT
Population management is often referred to as harvest management. Deer
populations in the historic past were controlled by predators; however, in most of Florida,
predators have been extirpated from their historical range. Without predation, a deer
population that is protected from hunting typically increases rapidly, exceeds carrying
capacity, and damages its own range (McCullough 1997). Regulated deer harvest is
Supplemental Feeding – Things to Keep In Mind
• Deer can crowd together at feed sites, and this can create ideal conditions for breakouts of
infectious diseases and spread of parasites. Many states have banned supplemental feeding
due to disease and other concerns such as habitat destruction near the feeders.
• Rain and humidity can cause molding or spoiling of the feed. Deer may either ignore the
spoiled feed (thus feed is wasted), or they may inadvertently ingest dangerous toxins. Other
wildlife, particularly birds, can get fatally ill from eating spoiled feed.
• Keep the feed clean and fresh. Deer will eat approximately 1lb/deer of supplemental feed
per day. Seasonally changing the location of feeders can alleviate some of the concerns (see
below).
• Deer will typically avoid feeders if hogs or bears are present. Both bears and hogs can also
destroy feeders.
• Hunting deer in the proximity of feeding stations that have been continuously maintained
throughout the year is legal provided that each station has been established at least six
months prior to hunting season.
• As with any management practice, thorough knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks,
relative to the costs of the management action can help you decide whether it is the correct
action to take.
21