Oahu Wind Integration Study - Hawaii Natural Energy Institute ...

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8.6.3. GE PSLF TM transient stability results ................................................................................................ 195 8.6.4. Conclusions........................................................................................................................................ 200 8.7. HVDC cable trip contingency event............................................................................................... 200 8.7.1. Initial conditions and contingency..................................................................................................... 200 8.7.2. GE PSLF 201 206 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 209 209 209 209 209 209 210 210 211 211 212 212 212 213 215 215 217 218 218 218 219 219 219 219 219 220 220 220 221 222 222 224 TM transient stability results ................................................................................................ 8.7.3. Conclusions........................................................................................................................................ 9.0 Observations and Conclusions .................................................................................................... 9.1. Steady state system performance ................................................................................................... 9.1.1. Wind Curtailment .............................................................................................................................. 9.1.2. Down-Reserve Requirement.............................................................................................................. 9.1.3. Seasonal Cycling of HECO Baseload Units ...................................................................................... 9.1.4. Reducing Minimum Operating Power of Thermal Units................................................................... 9.1.5. Regulating Reserve Requirement ...................................................................................................... 9.1.6. Wind Energy Delivered ..................................................................................................................... 9.1.7. Fuel Consumption and Total Variable Cost of System Operation..................................................... 9.2. Dynamic performance of the system .............................................................................................. 9.2.1. Co-located off-shore wind plants (400 MW Lanai)........................................................................... 9.2.2. Sustained wind power drops over 60 minutes ................................................................................... 9.2.3. Rapid wind power changes within an hour (10 minute) .................................................................... 9.2.4. Wind power increase during period of low down reserve ................................................................. 9.2.5. Fast and sudden wind power swings in both direction ...................................................................... 9.2.6. Loss of load at high wind and light load............................................................................................ 9.2.7. Cable trip event at high wind conditions ........................................................................................... 10.0 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 10.1. Wind plants ...................................................................................................................................... 10.1.1. Recommend wind plants to continuously perform over-frequency control for significant overfrequency events .................................................................................................................................................. 10.1.2. Recommend wind plants to provide inertial response for significant under-frequency events.......... 10.1.3. Recommend wind plants to provide under-frequency control only during periods of wind curtailment. 10.1.4. Recommend wind plants to be capable of responding to curtailment requests in less than 10 minutes, during system events, such as violation of down reserve requirement, and on a plant-by-plant basis................. 10.1.5. Recommend that HECO evaluate the costs and benefits of wind plant ramp rate controls and other approaches, such as centralized energy storage for frequency regulation, to reduce thermal unit maneuvering. 10.1.6. Recommend wind plant ramp rate controls be controllable by the system operator.......................... 10.2. Centralized Solar PV plants............................................................................................................ 10.2.1. Recommend monitoring of active power from utility-scale solar plants not embedded in the distribution system............................................................................................................................................... 10.2.2. Recommend solar plants to provide grid support functions similar to those of wind plants.............. 10.3. Signals exchanged between wind/solar plants and system operations ........................................ 10.3.1. Recommend the following signals be sent from operations to the wind plants and large solar plants. 10.3.2. Recommend the following signals be sent from wind and large solar plants to operations at typical SCADA sampling times....................................................................................................................................... 10.3.3. Recommend the following signals be sent from wind and solar plants to operations at slower sampling times. .................................................................................................................................................... 10.3.4. Recommend that if energy storage is integrated at a wind plant, the following information be provided to HECO operations.............................................................................................................................. 10.4. Energy Management System (EMS) .............................................................................................. 10.4.1. Recommend development of automatic wind plant curtailment requests and the ability to allocate curtailment among multiple wind plants in the EMS or alternate platform......................................................... 10.4.2. Recommend evaluating changes in the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) to improve sharing of thermal unit response to wind and solar variability events. ................................................................................. 10.5. Operating Strategies........................................................................................................................ 10.5.1. Unit Commitment .............................................................................................................................. 10.5.2. Regulating reserve ............................................................................................................................. 30
10.5.3. Down-reserve..................................................................................................................................... 225 10.5.4. Forecasting and Monitoring............................................................................................................... 226 10.5.5. Additional Operator Information and Data Needs............................................................................. 227 10.6. HVDC requirements........................................................................................................................ 227 10.7. Thermal units................................................................................................................................... 228 10.7.1. Recommend reducing the minimum stable operating power of the HECO thermal units ................. 228 10.7.2. Recommend increasing the thermal unit ramp rates to those simulated in this study (base case). .... 228 10.7.3. Recommend improving the droop characteristics of the HECO units to improve performance during system contingencies ........................................................................................................................................... 229 10.8. Additional Study Work ................................................................................................................... 229 31
Page 1 and 2: Oahu Wind Integration Study Final R
Page 3 and 4: 1.0 Executive Summary Hawaii is an
Page 5 and 6: Oahu 100MW Wind 100MW PV Lanai 200M
Page 7 and 8: Figure 1-2. Renewable Integration S
Page 9 and 10: educe its output, while remaining i
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1-6. Share of annual energy
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1-8. Total annual variable c
Page 15 and 16: extreme downward variability over t
Page 17 and 18: 1.6. Short-timescale wind variabili
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1-11. Frequency performance
Page 21 and 22: down-reserve requirement. Alternati
Page 23 and 24: capability, the remaining 163 MW of
Page 25 and 26: o Table 1-2 showed that nearly 95%
Page 27 and 28: 1.8.2. Thermal Unit Modifications
Page 29: 6.3.1. Overview of the GE MAPS TM B
Page 33 and 34: Figure 6-13. Baseline 2014 scenario
Page 35 and 36: tripped off-island wind plant carry
Page 37 and 38: Table 8-10. Summary of short-term a
Page 39 and 40: 2.0 Acknowledgements Our team would
Page 41 and 42: are presented in this section for S
Page 43 and 44: 4.1. Study objectives The General E
Page 45 and 46: human decision-making play a substa
Page 47 and 48: Voltage Governor Support Response P
Page 49 and 50: maneuvering that may be a result of
Page 51 and 52: hours of operation that warrant fur
Page 53 and 54: and maintenance costs) based on ass
Page 55 and 56: Another factor for consideration is
Page 57 and 58: Figure 5-3 GE MAPS TM model results
Page 59 and 60: models of all of HECO-owned and IPP
Page 61 and 62: Table 5-4 Proposed thermal unit gov
Page 63 and 64: Table 5-6 Summary of various dynami
Page 65 and 66: Table 5-8. Dynamic Database - Excit
Page 67 and 68: o 50 MW Oahu2: Modeled as a 50 MW g
Page 69 and 70: 400 MW Off-island Oahu Wind Plant M
Page 71 and 72: turbine/governor systems in the dyn
Page 73 and 74: Pulsating logic: o All units under
Page 75 and 76: Hz 60.8 60.6 60.4 60.2 60 Frequency
Page 77 and 78: modeled as a single CT/ST and is ba
Page 79 and 80: 6.2.1. Development of Wind and Sola
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Estimated power curve P farm = 30MW
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Figure 6-3 The largest 1 minute win
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Figure 6-5. Histogram of wind power
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At the request of the evaluation te
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6.2.5. Reserve requirements The Oah
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Figure 6-10. Thermal unit heat rate
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6.3.1.5.2. AES coal-fired steam pla
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Figure 6-12. Baseline 2014 scenario
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Methods to forecast solar power wer
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1. No forecast of wind and solar (S
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Table 6-3. Scenario 5: Wind and sol
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Figure 6-18. Scenario 5. Fuel energ
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Table 6-4. Scenario 3: Wind and sol
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6.7. Conclusions As the wind energy
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Figure 6-21. Scenario 3. Fuel energ
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The results of the scenario analysi
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Reduce On-line Regulating Reserves
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energy is accepted, these units are
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Figure 7-3. Scenario 5C: Fuel energ
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Sce nario 5C Scenario 5F1 40MW down
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Scenario 5F1 Scenario 5F2 Seasonal
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7.4.1. Sensitivity to Solar Forecas
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on the time of day and the load lev
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Figure 7-15. Scenario 5F3. Number o
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Figure 7-18. Renewable energy deliv
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more expensive cycling energy displ
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Figure 7-23. Delivered wind energy
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18-weeks during the year was includ
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should be noted that the effective
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Note that the average heat rate for
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The heat rate by unit type is shown
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The capacity factors of the renewab
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On the other hand, short-term analy
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Table 8-2. Long term screening resu
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Figure 8-4. Drop in wind and solar
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emain flat in their generation for
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Hz Hz 60.2 60 Frequency AGC Mode 59
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Figure 8-9. Long-term analysis for
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The up-range adequacy of the system
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The short-term screening results fo
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MW 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 600 200M
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Hz Hz 60.2 60 59.8 59.6 59.4 0 600
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events., which will be described la
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Figure 8-18. Down-range10 at the be
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o Frequency performance (Section 8.
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MW 450 400 350 300 250 200 Scenario
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8.5.3. Results Using the volatile w
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MW 80 60 40 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 MW 100 2
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Figure 8-30 shows that the maneuver
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• The load flow model in GE PSLF
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Frequency RMS (Hz) 0.035 0.03 0.025
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Intermediate Farm power 1 1+ sT + _
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In step 2 above, the 0.1% percentil
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1 / 120 per unit Ramp Rate Power (M
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MW 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0
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MW MW 1.800 1.600 1.400 1.200 1.000
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Under the scenarios considered in t
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- No response (base case) - Moderat
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Hz MW 62 61.5 61 60.5 System freque
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esulted in noticeable improvements
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In both scenarios none of the 200 M
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Figure 8-49: Transient simulation r
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Figure 8-52: Transient simulation r
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o Wind turbine inertial response tr
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o Reducing the on-line regulating r
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9.2.5.3. Wind Plant Ramp Rate Limit
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o Given the high power rating of th
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power, thereby contributing to the
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10.1.5. Recommend that HECO evaluat
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10.2.2. Recommend solar plants to p
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o This recommendation assumes that
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acking down thermal units. In Scena
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o In Scenario 5F3 and 5F2 the regul
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10.5.5. Additional Operator Informa
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simultaneous occurrence of the larg
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