Oahu Wind Integration Study - Hawaii Natural Energy Institute ...

List of Figures
Figure 1-1. Illustrative schematic of the Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai interconnection.................................................... 5
Figure 1-2. Renewable Integration Studies conducted by GE ....................................................................................... 7
Figure 1-3. An example of operation for the Baseline 2014 Oahu power system ......................................................... 8
Figure 1-4. An example week of operation for the Oahu power system with 500 MW of wind power and 100 MW of
solar power (Scenario 5)............................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 1-5. An example week of operation for the Oahu power system with 500 MW of wind power and 100 MW of
solar power (Scenario 5)........................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 1-6. Share of annual energy production by fuel and unit type for each scenario............................................. 11
Figure 1-7. Total annual fuel consumption by Scenario............................................................................................. 12
Figure 1-8. Total annual variable cost of operation..................................................................................................... 13
Figure 1-9. Scenario 5. Reduction in variable cost and increase in wind and solar energy delivered for staged
strategies. .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 1-10. Histogram of total wind power changes over 60-minute for Scenario 5 for the wind energy delivered to
the Oahu system (two years of simulated wind power data from AWS Truepower)................................ 18
Figure 1-11. Frequency performance during largest 60-minute wind power drop ..................................................... 19
Figure 1-12. Large wind, solar, load change over 10 minute that challenged the system ramp rate capability.......... 20
Figure 1-13. Impact of large swings in wind power on system frequency with the proposed thermal unit ramp rate
capability and droop response (Scenario 5) .............................................................................................. 21
Figure 1-14. 200 MW cable trip event in Scenario 5 with future thermal unit droop characteristics, with and without
wind turbine inertial-type response. Second figure shows response from remaining off-island wind
plant. ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 1-15. 140 MW load rejection event in Scenario 5 with future thermal unit droop characteristics, with and
without wind turbine over-frequency control (3% droop / 30 mHz deadband). ....................................... 24
Figure 5-1. GE power system modeling tools for the Oahu Wind Integration Study................................................. 47
Figure 5-2. Illustration of the cumulative effect of modeling uncertainties and limitations on the annual fuel energy
consumption on Oahu............................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 5-3 GE MAPS
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TM model results compared to historical hourly generation data for 4 days, starting September
13, 2007 and ending September 16, 2007.................................................................................................
Figure 5-4 Electricity production, by unit type, for 2007. ...........................................................................................
Figure 5-5 Baseline Model Database modeling in GE PSLF TM ...................................................................................
Figure 5-6 AGC model block diagram in normal operation mode ..............................................................................
Figure 5-7 Exhibit 12, Scenario 3, Fast AGC Tuning, Simulated vs. Actual Frequency (wide scale) ........................
Figure 5-8 System Frequency Response without “Once in a while” ramp rates in AGC............................................
Figure 5-9 System Frequency Response with “Once in a while” ramp rates in AGC .................................................
Figure 6-1 Kaheawa Wind Plant, Maui historical (2007 June) data Note that curtailment periods were removed from
the historical data......................................................................................................................................
Figure 6-2 Ten minute wind power changes, based on two years of data, for Scenario 5 and Scenario 3 ..................
Figure 6-3 The largest 1 minute wind power drop for 100 MW Oahu + 200 MW Molokai + 200 MW Lanai
(Scenario 5, excluding PV) from 2007 and 2008 modeled wind power data............................................
Figure 6-4. Wind and solar power variability for Scenario 5 (2007 on left, 2008 on right) .......................................
Figure 6-5. Histogram of wind power variation at 1 minute, 5 minute, and 10 minute interval for 2007 and 2008
wind power data........................................................................................................................................
Figure 6-6. Histogram of wind power drops for each hour of the year (2007 wind data, reducing off-island wind
power by 5% due to HVDC losses). No solar power changes are considered.........................................
Figure 6-7. Histogram of wind and solar power changes for each hour of the year (2007 wind data, reducing offisland
wind power by 5% due to HVDC losses).......................................................................................
Figure 6-8. Histogram of wind forecasting error (actual power – forecasted power), for two years of data, for 100
MW Oahu + 400 MW Lanai (Scenario 3, excluding solar power). ND = next day.................................
Figure 6-9. Scenario 5: 10 minute drops in wind power as a function of the wind power available at the start of the
10 minute interval. Results based on 2007 and 2008 modeled wind data from AWS Truepower...........
Figure 6-10. Thermal unit heat rates for Baseline 2014 .............................................................................................
Figure 6-11. 2007 and 2014 load shapes ....................................................................................................................
Figure 6-12. Baseline 2014 scenario. Annual energy production by unit type..........................................................
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