ANSWER KEY: VOLCANOES Reading 1: Volcanic Eruptions ... - CAEL

ANSWER KEY: VOLCANOES
Reading 1: Volcanic Eruptions (25 minutes/25 points)
Read the questions first and then look for the information in the article. You do not need to write
in complete sentences.
1. Where would you find this reading? Check (√) one.
(1)
______ textbook
__√___ government document
______ academic journal
______ novel
2. In which sections would you find the answers to the following questions? Write the number of the
section next to the question.
(5)
Skills: P 1, U 17, U 18
__IV___ Where are volcanoes often situated?
__II____ What is an example of a cinder cone?
__I ____ What is the definition of the word “volcano”?
__V___ What does the Volcanic Explosivity Index measure?
__VI____ How long has Mount Etna been erupting?
3. What are the two main reasons that some volcanic eruptions turn into major human catastrophes?
(2)
• Settlement in risk-prone areas
Skills: I 7
• Human error
4. List 3 specific effects of volcanic activity since the 1980s.
(3)
• (More than) 29,000 people killed
• (More than) 1 million people displaced
• $2,870,769,000 of economic damage
½ point for each of: people killed; people displaced; economic damage
1
Skill: I 5
Skill: I 10

5. Give an example of a possible medical consequence of exposure to volcanic activity.
(1)
One of :
(skin and lung) burns; asphyxiation; conjunctivitis; acute respiratory problems; thyroid cancer
6. Complete the chart with details about the various types of volcanoes.
(5)
Skill: S 22
Major Types of Volcanoes
Kind Composition Height Shape Example
Shield
Volcanoes
Cinder or
Scoria
Cones
Strato-
Volcanoes
or
Composite
Volcanoes
Fluid basaltic lava
flows and a small
percentage of
pyroclastic materials
Ejected lava
fragments
e.g., fine ash, bombs
(molten rock)
Two of:
• (Viscous) lava
• (fine) ash
• rocks
(2 points)
Relatively short A broad gentlysloping
cone with a
flattish domical top
30 to 400 metres • Cone-shaped
hill with steep
sides
(1 point)
(Often exceed)
2,500 m.
(1 point)
2
Nearly symmetrical
steep-sided cone
One of:
Iceland
The islands of the
Hawaiian chain/Hawaii
Mauna Loa
(1 point)
Volcanic field near
Flagstaff Arizona
Mt. Etna
Mt Fuji (in Japan)
Mt Vesuvius (in Italy)
7. Look at the chart above. What is the major difference between a cinder cone and a stratovolcano?
(1)
height
Skill: S 20
8. What is the definition of converging?
(1)
(The plates are) moving together
OR
Anything else that has this meaning
9. List two features of the Ring of Fire.
(2)
Two of:
• (Is a relatively narrow zone that) borders the Pacific Ocean
• Most stratovolcanoes are found there
• Has 452 volcanoes
• About ¾ of the world’s active and dormant volcanoes (lie within its sphere)
• Half of Ring of Fire is in Asia
Skill: U 17
Skill: U 12
Skills: U 18, I 10

10. What magnitude were the following eruptions?
(1)
Mount Pinatubo: ___6___ (½ point)
Nevado del Ruiz: ___3___ (½ point)
11. Why are progressively more people living on the sides of volcanoes?
(2)
• Beauty of the landscape
• Lack of living space
12. According to the reading, which of the following statements is most correct? Check (√) one.
(1)
Skill: I 11
____ A high level volcanic eruption can cause the most danger for people living nearby.
____ A low level volcanic eruption can cause the most danger for people living nearby.
__√_ High or low level volcanic eruptions can cause major danger for people living nearby.
STOP!
THIS IS THE END OF READING 1
3
Skill: P 3, U 13
Skill: I 9, U 17

Listening 20 minutes/35 points
During this part of the test you will hear a lecture about Volcanoes. The lecture will be played only
once. You must answer the questions while you are listening to the lecture. The questions follow the
sequence of the lecture. Do not stop to rewrite your answers during the listening. At the end of the
lecture, you will have 5 minutes to go over your answers. Take 3 minutes now to read over the
questions before listening to the lecture.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS WHILE LISTENING TO THE LECTURE
1. Which issue mentioned last class will be today’s topic? Check (√) one.
(1)
______ Volcanoes
______ Background information on volcanic eruptions
___√__ Human settlements on and near volcanoes
2. Name the focuses of today’s lecture.
(2)
• Why people live near/on volcanoes
• Hawaii
3. How many Sicilians live on the flanks of Mount Etna?
(1)
1 in 5
Must have complete answer for 1 point. No ½ marks.
4
Skill: I2
Skill: I 3
Skill: I 4

4. Complete the flow chart to show how a volcanic eruption leads to fertile soil.
(5)
Release of nutrients and
minerals into soil
(1)
Volcanic eruption
↓
Materials such as
ash(0.5), lava & rock(0.5)
emitted
(1)
↓
Weathering: exposure to
atmosphere causes materials to
disintegrate and decompose
(1)
↙ ↘
Can hold more oxygen
underground
5
Soil becomes very porous
↙ ↘
↘ ↙
Fertile soil
Skill: U 13
Can hold water (1) without
drowning roots (1)
(2)

5. Complete the chart about volcano-related jobs.
(7)
Jobs in the Vicinity of Volcanoes
Field of work Volcano’s contribution Types of Jobs Places
Agriculture Fertile soil; melting snow One of:
Mt Etna – grow olives and
Farmer
Truck driver
(1)
fruit
Tourism Snow; spectacular scenery; unique In:
Iceland.
features like lava flows and geysers Two of: hotels, Yellowstone National Park
restaurants, in U.S. receives about 3
shops, national
parks
(2)
million visitors a year
Mining Two of (0.5 each):
Copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc
(1)
miner Mt. St. Helens, U.S.
Industry • Lava rock used in construction of
New Zealand – basalt and
roads and buildings;
scoria used for building
• Ash used in making abrasive and
cleansing agents;
• Sulphur in medicine &(making of)
matches.
(2)
airport buildings & roads
Electricity Geothermal energy One of: Italy, New
Zealand, U.S., Iceland
(1)
6. List two beneficiaries of high employment.
(2)
Two of:
Local economy (1) ) OR Economy (1)
National economy (1) )
Country
Government
6
Skill: S 21
Skill: U 16

7. Explain what the lecturer means when she says people get blasé about volcanoes.
(2)
Idea of being unconcerned/relaxed (1)
Because: Idea of volcano does not erupt frequently/people do not believe volcano
will erupt in their lifetime/do not believe catastrophe will happen to them/an
eruption will not be too bad/think early warning system will give them time to leave (1)
8. What are the chances of being killed by a volcano?
(1)
(About) 1 in 80,000
Must have complete answer for 1 point. No ½ marks.
9. List two of the reasons with which the lecturer supports the statement that people are apathetic
about leaving a volcanic area.
(2)
Skill: I 6
• People are born in volcanic areas
• Families may have lived there for generations
• Only lifestyle they have known
• Would be an effort to uproot oneself and move elsewhere
10. What is the last reason the lecturer gives for not moving away from a volcano.
Skill: U 16
(1)
Lack of choice OR do not have the economic resources to move OR No money to finance a move
11. Fill in the chart with the information about each of the following Hawaiian volcanoes.
(5)
Skill: S 21
Mauna Loa • Has erupted repeatedly in the last 100 years
• 1984 eruption: (caused rivers of) lava to reach within 6 km of city of Hilo
(1)
Kilauea • Has erupted repeatedly in the last 100 years
• (Has been continuously) erupting since 1983
• In 1990,lava covered town of Kalapana to depth of over 15 metres: residents
escaped but homes incinerated
• 1983-1991 damage: 181 houses and 12 km of highway destroyed
• Health effects from vog: respiratory (problems)
(3)
Hualalai • Last erupted in 1801
• Expected to erupt in coming decades
(1)
Loihi Still 3,000 feet below ocean surface but predicted to form another island
7
Skill: P 1
Skill: I 4

12. Why do the people of Hawaii feel safe living on volcanoes?
(1)
Eruptions not explosive (in nature)
OR
Eruptions are gentle outflows of very fluid lava
13. What does the lecturer find more troubling about the building of homes on the southwest flank of
Mauna Loa since a 1950 eruption?
(2)
Skill: U 12
Two of:
• Built (on a rift zone) where eruptions have occurred in the past
0.5 = Built on a rift zone
• directly downslope from potential vents
• lava (from vents) flow right into homes (and other buildings)
14. What was the government’s response to the construction of a residential area on the southwest
flank of Mauna Loa? Check (√) one.
(1)
_____ Thought it didn’t make much sense
Skill: U 11
_____ Thought it was a good idea
_____ Was happy people wanted to live there
__√__ Did nothing
15. Why is the U.S. government monitoring and predicting volcanic activity in Hawaii?
(1)
• To provide timely warnings to local officials and to the public
• To help guide land-use planning decisions
• To determine when people need to be evacuated or roads closed
16. Why is the task of lessening the risk from volcanic activity becoming increasingly difficult in Hawaii?
(1)
Population growing
Skill: U 17
STOP!
THIS IS THE END OF THE LISTENING
8
Skill: U 17
Skill: U 15

Reading 2 (25 minutes/25 points)
Read the questions first and then look for the information in the article. You do not need to write
in complete sentences.
1. In which volcanic zone are the volcanoes mentioned in the first four paragraphs located?
(1)
Ring of Fire
2. Complete the chart with details about specific volcanoes.
(7)
Name of
Volcano
Mt. St.
Helens,
United
States
Nevado del
Ruiz,
Colombia
Mt.
Pinatubo,
Philippines
Mt.
Merapi,
Indonesia
Date of
Eruption
May 18,
1980
Nov. 13,
1985
Previous
Eruptions
June 1991 450 years
(earlier)
Oct-Nov.
2010
Human
Casualties
1831-1857 59 (people)
dead
(1)
1845 • 23,000
killed
(½ point)
• 5,000
injured
(½ point)
(1)
2006
Has
regularly
erupted
since 1548
(1)
847 killed
100,000
homeless
353 killed
9
Property Damage Main Volcanic
sources of
casualties and
damage
• 200 homes destroyed
• 400 sq. m. of timberrich
land decimated
• $2.7 billion
Buried and destroyed town
of Armero (73 km. from
summit)
$200 million damage to
property
Two of (½ point each):
• (Almost) $½ billion
• 4,979 homes destroyed
• 70,257 homes damaged
(1)
One of:
• (Estimated in the)
billions
• (Over) $100 million to
agriculture
(1)
Skill: I 8
Skill: S 22, P 4
Avalanche of rock,
pumice and ash
(poured down
mountain)
Lahar/river of
mud & debris
0 = Plinian
eruption of mixed
dacite & andesite
tephra
0 = flooding
(1)
Lahars
One of:
• (Flows of)
pyroclastic
material
• (Rivers of
heated) mud
½ point = ash
(1)

3. What frequently causes more casualties than necessary when a volcano erupts?
(1)
(It is) human behaviour (that frequently) causes more casualties than necessary.
4. What period of time was there between the beginning of volcanic activity at Mt. St. Helens and its
eruption?
Skill: U 15
(1)
March 1980 to May 18, 1980 OR 2 months
5. List two examples of unwise human behaviour at Mount St. Helens prior to the eruption.
(2)
Skill: U 13
Two of:
• Homes built around the base of the mountain
• After evacuation, homeowners were pressuring the authorities to lift the evacuation order
• Logging companies had successfully lobbied (the local government) to make the restricted area
smaller (than recommended by the U.S. Geological Survey).
6. Complete the chart:
(4)
(1)
The Armero Tragedy: Human Errors
Scientists Governmental officials or politicians
• Did not read signals (that the
volcano was about to explode well
enough)
• Could not say exactly when eruption
would occur
(3)
• Did not take warnings seriously
• Politicans in Colombian Congress criticized the
scientists and civil defence authorities for
scaremongering with hazard maps
• Local officials failed to give warnings (as to
seriousness of situation)
• Mayor of Armero sought to reduce level of
anxiety after ash eruption on November 13
• Local and national authorities worried about
monetary consequences of preventative
measures such as a large-scale evacuation
• No evacuation
• Difficult to accept that a dangerous eruption
might occur (last eruption 140 years before)
10
Skill: P 3
Skill: S 22

7. What assumption might have been made by land-use planners from knowledge of the route of the
1595 and 1845 lahars?
(2)
Skill: S 20
Idea that any future lahar would also probably follow that route
1 point: A land-use plan forbidding construction of communities in the path of previous lahars
might have saved many lives.
8. According to Russian volcanologists, what is the meaning of a yellow warning after a move from a
period of heightened volcanic activity?
Skill: S 21, I 10
(1)
1 point = Volcanic activity has decreased significantly but continues to be closely monitored for
possible renewed increase.
½ point = Volcanic activity has decreased significantly
0 point = Continues to be closely monitored for possible renewed increase.
9. Are scientists able to predict the exact date, magnitude or duration of a volcano? Circle one.
(1)
YES NO
Skill: U 17
10. Why are many of the world’s active volcanoes not consistently monitored?
(1)
Lack of means OR Lack of money
11. What was reported in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute?
(1)
People living near Etna were more prone to thyroid cancer
12. Choose the best answer. Check (√) one.
(1)
____ It is safe to live more than 100 km from a volcano
____ It is safe to live more than 10 km from a volcano
__√_ Each volcano must be assessed individually to determine the safe zone
13. In your own words, explain why Central America is more likely than Indonesia to have a large
number of fatalities from even a small volcanic eruption.
Skill: S 23
(2)
Idea that Central America has more volcanoes near urban areas (1) – urban areas are dense/have a
lot of people (1)
0 points = entirely copied or almost entirely copied
11
Skill: I 9
Skill: U 18
Skill: S 19