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Frank Boers et al. 57 Boers, F., Demecheleer, M. and Eyckmans, J. 2004a: Etymological elaboration as a strategy for learning idioms. In Bogaards, P. and Laufer, B., editors, Vocabulary in a second language: selection, acquisition and testing, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 53–78. —— 2004b: Cross-cultural variation as a variable in comprehending and remembering figurative idioms. European Journal of English Studies 8(3): 375–88. Boers, F. and Stengers, H. forthcoming: Adding sound to the picture: an exercise in motivating the lexical composition of figurative idioms. In Cameron, L., Zanotto, M. and Cavalcanti, M., editors, Confronting metaphor in use: an applied linguistic approach, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Cermak, L. and Craik, F. 1979: Levels of processing in human memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Clark, J.M. and Paivio, A. 1991: Dual coding theory and education. Educational Psychology Review 3: 233–62. Cooper, T. 1999: Processing of idioms by L2 learners of English. TESOL Quarterly 33: 233–62. Cohen, G., Eysenck, M.W. and LeVoi, M.E. 1986: Memory: a cognitive approach. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Craik, F.I.M. and Lockhart, R.S. 1972: Levels of processing: a framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11: 671–84. Csábi, S. 2004: A cognitive linguistic view of polysemy in English and its implications for teaching. In Achard, M. and Niemeier, S., editors, Cognitive linguistics, second language acquisition, and foreign language teaching, Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 233–56. Fernando, C. and Flavell, R. 1981: On idiom: critical views and perspectives. Exeter Linguistic Studies, Volume 5. Exeter: University of Exeter. Flavell, L. and Flavell, R. 2000: Dictionary of idioms and their origins. London: Kyle Cathie. Gibbs, R.W. 1994: The poetics of mind: figurative thought, language, and understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grant, L. 2004: A corpus-based investigation of idiomatic multiword units. PhD dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington. Grant, L. and Bauer, L. 2004: Criteria for re-defining idioms: are we barking up the wrong tree? Applied Linguistics 25: 38–61. Kövecses, Z. 1990: Emotion concepts. New York: Springer. Kövecses, Z. and Szabó, P. 1996: Idioms: a view from Cognitive Semantics. Applied Linguistics 17: 326–55. Lakoff, G. 1987: Women, fire and dangerous things: what categories reveal about the mind. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. Makkai, A. 1972: Idiom structure in English. The Hague: Mouton. Paivio, A. 1986: Mental representations. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Sinclair, J. and Moon, R., editors, 1995: Collins cobuild dictionary of idioms. London: Collins. Downloaded from http://ltr.sagepub.com at Shanghai Jiaotong University on August 19, 2009
58 Presenting figurative idioms with a touch of etymology Speake, J., editor, 1999: Oxford dictionary of idioms. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Verspoor, M. and Lowie, W. 2003: Making sense of polysemous words. <strong>Language</strong> Learning 53: 547–86. Appendix A: examples of the four types of online exercises used in the experiment Identify the meaning 1) What is the figurative meaning of ‘jump the gun’? a) Defend someone at your own peril b) Do something before the appropriate time c) Be startled by an unexpected event 2) What is the figurative meaning of ‘run the gauntlet’? a) Run away from your hometown b) Be in a position of power c) Go through an unpleasant treatment Identify the source 1) What domain of experience do you think the following idiom comes from? ‘jump the gun’ a) Jurisdiction/punishment b) Games/sports c) War/aggression Feedback: In athletics a contender who jumps the gun sets off before the starting pistol has been fired. 2) What domain of experience do you think the following idiom comes from? ‘to run the gauntlet’ a) food/cooking b) games/sports c) jurisdiction/punishment Feedback: running the gauntlet used to be a form of punishment in the military in which the wrongdoer was forced to run between two lines of men armed with sticks, who beat him as he passed. Gap fill 1) Although we had agreed not to tell anyone about my pregnancy until we were absolutely certain about it, my husband jumped the ___________ and told his parents straightaway. Downloaded from http://ltr.sagepub.com at Shanghai Jiaotong University on August 19, 2009
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