Survival in the Sahel

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Repeatable lesson: The creation,support, and operationof an on-farm testing researchprogramplay a determinant role in ass,.ssing the relevanceof station researchas well as in directly contributingto the efforts of local extension agencies. It is essential that the on-farm testing programbe plannedlocally, ratherthanby a centralizedgroupin another location. Research Plannihtg and the Technology Pipeline Until 10 years ago, must Malian food crop research was directed by scientists headquartered at Sotuba in Bamako. Stations such as Cinzana were merely testing sites for Sotuba-designed experiments. With its attractive infrastructure, however, many of Mali's better scientists were enticed to transfer to and reside on the Cnzana research station as early as 1983. Before c.'ming to Cinzana, the station's first director had been responsible not only for millet breeding, but also oversaw the strategic direction of the other food crop breeding programs in Mali. Cinzana soon became ihe base for all millet research. Initially, each year's research results were reviewed at an annual national research meeting. At the same meeting the research program for the coming year was approved. The meeting, however, was broad, national in scope, and did not provide a sufficiently detailed overview of the flow of technologies from discovery to adoption by farmers. With the creation of the on-farm research group and the on-farm success of Cinzana's early maturing cowpea varieties, it became obvious that an annually updated technology pipeline was needed. This pipeline would track the flow of technologies through stages, from the definition of research objectives and exploratory testing to extension on farms. In 1987, a technology pipeline was designed for the Cinzana station based on existing Malian procedures and comparable to the technology flow in a commercial seed company (tables 1 and 2). Cinzana technologies are categorized as varietal, technological, or plant protection. Chronologically, the stages in the pipeline are definition of objectives, station exploratory tests, station pre 202
Table 1.Blueprintof the technology pipeline ofaprivate seed company compared with that of the Cinzana reseach station Private seed company Stage of development Duration Locations (years) I Commercial sales 5-15 varies widely Product development (large on-farm plots) + Small plot trials + Varietal or technological 3-4 development + Definition of objectives (interdisciplinary encounlers) 2 minimum 12 average 20 3 6-14 Public agricultural research Stage of development Duration (years) Extension long term + Pre-extension and multilucational tests + Preliminary and advanced tests Exploratory testing Definition of objectives (interdisciplinary encounters) 2-3 4-6 1-2 1 station 3-4 times per year In Mall Locations varies widely 5-12 6-10 1 station 1-4 times per year 203
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Survival in the Sahel An ecological
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Survival in the Sahel An ecological
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Contents Foreword ix Introduction 3
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,j The Political Situation 125 4 En
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Appendix Lessons Learned: A Private
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deemed to have a better chance of s
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of this book is to encourage intere
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Introduction
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the obstacles are becoming almost i
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tion is inappropriate, for progress
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Figure 1 The Sahel zone Mauritania
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2 Historical Overview The history o
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Trade also demanded a division of l
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3 Population 3.1 Demographic develo
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However, only a small portion of th
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Table 2 Urbanization in the Sahel (
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Table 3 Economic and social develop
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increase in food imports in 30 year
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esult that already scarce resources
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At the height of summer the sun is
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Figure 3 Climate and the environmen
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half of what it had been ft) 1983,
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5.4 Vegetation As precipitation inc
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Overuse of the remaining forest and
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degradation has at least had simila
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Biological and natural resources (i
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In some cases Sahelian governments
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in the Sahel. At least, this is the
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that rainfall was becoming more sca
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good thanks to abundant rainfall in
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for combating desertification6 and
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per sq km under present land-use pr
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which allowed soil fertility tobe r
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ists in the Sahel regard cattle as
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in the Sahel by 30 ;ercent. This me
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7 Women and the Struggle for Surviv
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harvest, even if there wasn't much
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absent for brief or prolonged perio
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care if women and children suffer."
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the process. Hopefully, this new as
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Women have gained self-respect and
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8 Sustainable Development Although
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with the drought of 1968-73, which
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The agroforestry example clearly il
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factor is that NGOs are less bureau
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Conservation effects • less water
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zations will also be required to ac
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series of drought-related famines t
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years-not always consistently over
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cooking or preparation time. High y
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People and resources.As discussed i
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important) problems thai: remain to
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in Agricultural Research (SACCAR),
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majority of the varieties and techn
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mation sciences, as well as on the
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Notes I Economic Commission for Afr
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Entwicklung." Hoffmann und Campe. H
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and international aid organizations
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83 See Baldwin, S. et al., "Improve
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Rural Development in Subsaharan Afr
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I Mali: A Typical Sahelian Country
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1 Geography and Ethnic Composition
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Today pirogues (traditional wooden
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a "caste" system, is disintegrating
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Cotton is Mali's most important exp
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Table 7 (cont'd) Foreign Trade' Exp
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zations such as the United Nations
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een dismissed by the previous gover
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of charcoal and wood-burning stoves
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impossible to avoid. Infrastructura
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5 Agriculture The performance of Ma
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Figure 6 Mali's desert zone, ened w
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In the area around Gao 1,750,000 he
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f.ig 4 re 8 Mali's river basins Nig
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Figure 9 Mali's savanna zones dry s
Page 151 and 152: variability. Maize also requires ce
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Page 155 and 156: spite of this important development
Page 157 and 158: ally not suited to the new environm
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Page 161 and 162: 5.7 Millet and sorghum: supply and
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Page 165 and 166: Small farmers in Mali want to minim
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Page 173 and 174: Swiss CIBA-GEIGY Foundation for Coo
Page 175 and 176: station produces basic Toroniou see
Page 177 and 178: als, and trace elements. Such defic
Page 179 and 180: " During planting and after harvest
Page 181 and 182: Notes I All figures used in this ch
Page 183 and 184: 35 See Chinsman, B., Op. cit. 36 37
Page 185 and 186: II Conclusion
Page 187 and 188: moved, first to guarantee survival
Page 189 and 190: agricultural development. Examples
Page 191 and 192: Notes 1 See also McNamara, R., Afri
Page 193 and 194: LESSONS LEARNED: A PRIVATE-SECTOR F
Page 195 and 196: internal review of the situation, t
Page 197 and 198: Repeatable Lesson: The creation and
Page 199 and 200: station. Animal traction training t
Page 201: farm and 3tation fields On-station
Page 205 and 206: Repeatable lessons: The definition
Page 207 and 208: ochure and poster (in both the Fren
Page 209 and 210: Rational use of manure and compost.
Page 211 and 212: Over the long run it is likely that
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Survival in the Sahel

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