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14 DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND FISHERIES Croghan (1765) in Monthly Am. Jour. Geol., 272, 1831. Algokln.—McKenzie quoted by Tanner, Narr., 332, 1830. Algomeequin.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, i, 306, 1851. Algomequins.—Ibid., v, 38, 1855. Algommequin.—Champlain (1632), CEuv., v, pt. 2, 193. 1870. Algomqulns.—Sagard (1636), Canada, i, 247, 1866. Algoncains.—Hennepin, New Disc, 95, 1698. Algongins.—Tracy (1667) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., iii, 153, 1853. Algonguin.—Morse, N. Am., 238, 1776. AIgonic Indians.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, i, 38, 1851. Algonkins.—Hennepin (1683) in Harris, Voy. and Trav., II, 916, 1705. Algonmequin.—Martin in Bres- sani, Rel. Abr^gfe, 319, 1653. Algonovins.—Alcedo, Die. Geog., V, 120, 1789. Algonquains.—Jes. Rel. 1653, 3, 1858. Algonquens.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, II, 358. 1852. Algonquin.—Jes. Rel. 1632, 14, 1858. Algoomenquini.—Keane in Stanford, Compend., 500, 1878. Algoqulns.—Lewis and Clark, Trav., i, map, 1817. Algoquois.—Audouard, Far West, 207, 1896. Algoulnquins.—Gorges (1658) in Me. Hist. Soo. Coll., II, 67, 1847. Algoumeklns.—Gallatin in Trans. Am. Antiq. Soc, ii, 24, 1836. Algoumequinl.—De Laet (1633) quoted by Vater, Mithridates, pt. 3, sec. 3, 404, 1816. Algoumequins.—Champlain (1603), CEuv., ii, 8, 1870. Algumenquini.—Kingsley, Standard Nat. Hist., pt. 6, 147, 1883. Alinconguins.—Nicolls (1666) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., iii, 147, 1853. Alkonkins.— Hutchins (1778) quoted by Jefferson, Notes, 141, 1825. Alquequin.—Lloyd in Jour. Anthrop. Inst. G. B., iv, 44, 1875. Altenkins.—Clinton (1745) in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., VI, 281, 1855 (misprint). Attenkins.— Clinton (1745), ibid., 276. Algonquian Family (adapted from the name of the Algonkin tribe). A hnguistic stock which formerly occupied a more extended area than any other in North America. Their territory reached from the E. shore of Newfoundland to the Rocky mts. and from Church- ill r. to Pamlico sd. The E. parts of this territory were separated by an area occupied by Iroquoian tribes. On the E., Algonquian tribes skirted the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Neuse r.; on the S., they touched on the territories of the eastern Siouan, south- ern Iroquoian, and the Muskhogean families; on the W., they bordered on the Siouan area; on the N.W., on the Kitunahan and Athapascan; in Ungava they came into contact with the Eskimo; in Newfoundland they surrounded on three sides the Beothuk. The Cheyenne and Arapaho moved from the main body and drifted out into the plains. Although there is a general agreement as to the peoples which should be included in this family, information in regard to the numerous dialects is too limited to justify an attempt to give a strict linguistic classification; the data are in fact so meagre, in many instances as to leave it doubtful whether certain bodies were confederacies, tribes, bands, or clans, especially bodies which have become extinct or can not be identified, since early writers have frequently designated 2 GEORGE v., A. 1912 settlements or bands of the same tribe as distinct tribes. As in the case of all Indians, travellers, observing part of a tribe settled at one place and part at another, have frequently taken them for different peoples, and have dignified single villages, settlements, or bands with the title "tribe" or "nation," named from the locality or the chief. It is generally impossible to discriminate betw-een tribes and villages throughout the greater part of New England and along the Altantic coast, for the Indians there seem to have been grouped into small communities, each taking its name from the principal village of the group or from a neigh- bouring stream or other natural feature. Whether these were subordinate to some real tribal authority or of equal rank and interde- pendent, although still aUied, it is impossible in many instances to determine. Since true tribal organization is found among the better known branches and can be traced in several instances in the eastern division, it is presumed that it was general. A geographic classification of the Algonquian tribes follows: Western division, comprising three groups dwelling along the E. slope of the Rocky mts Blackfoot confederacy, composed of the Sik- Arapaho and Chey- sika, Kainah, and Piegan ; enne. Northern division, the most extensive one, stretching from the extreme N. W. of the Algon- quian area to the extreme E., chiefly N. of the St. Lawrence and the Great lakes, including several groups which, on account of insufficient knowledge of their linguistic relations, can only partially be outlined: Chippewa group, embracing the Cree (?), Ottawa, Chippewa, and Missisauga; Algonkin group, comprising the Nipissing, Tuniskaming, Abitibi, and Algonkin. ) Northeastern division, embracing the tribes inhabiting e. Quebec, the Maritime provinces, and E. Maine: the Montagnais group, composed of the Naskapi, Montagnais, Mistassin, Bersiamile, and Papinachois; Abnaki group, comprising the Micmac, Malecite, Passamaquoddy, Arosaguntacook, Sokoki, Penobscot, and Norridgewock. Central division, including groups that resided in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michi- gan, and Ohio: Menominee; the Sauk group, including the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo; Mascouten; Potawatomi; lUinois branch of the Miami group, comprising the Peoria, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Tamaroa, and Michigamea; Miami branch, composed of the Miami, Piankashaw, and Wea.
SESSIONAL PAPER No. 21a Eastern division, embracing all the Algon- quian tribes that lived along the Atlantic coast S. of the Abnaki and including several confederacies and groups, as the Pennacook, Massachuset, Wampanoag, Narraganset, Nipmuc, Montauk, Mohegan, Mahican, Wappinger, Delawares, Shawnee, Nanticoke, Conoy, Pow- hatan, and Pamlico. As the early settlements of the French, Dutch, and English were all within the territory of the eastern members of the family, they were the first aborigines N. of the Gulf of Mexico to feel the blighting effect of contact with a superior race. As a rule the relations of the French with the Algonquian tribes were friendly, the Foxes being the only tribe against whom they waged war. The English settlements were often engaged in border wars with their Algonquian neighbours,who, continually pressed farther toward the interior by the advancing white immigration, kept up for a time a futile struggle for the possession of their territory. The eastern tribes, from Maine to Carolina, were defeated and their tribal organization was broken up, Some withdrew to Canada, others crossed the mountains into the Ohio valley, while a few bands were located on reservations by the whites, only to dwindle and ultimately become extinct. Of many of the smaller tribes of New England, Virginia, and other eastern states there are no living representatives. Even the languages of some are known only by a few words mentioned by early historians, while some tribes are known only by name. 'The Abnaki and others who fled into Canada settled along the St. Lawrence under the protection of the French, whose active allies they became in all the subsequent wars with the English down to the fall of the French power in Canada. Those who crossed the Allegheny mts. into the Ohio valley, together with the Wyandot and the native Algonquian tribes of that region, formed themselves into a loose confederacy, allied first with the French and afterward with the English against the advancing settlements with the declared purpose of preserving the Ohio r. as the Indian boundary. Wayne's victory in 1794 put an end to the struggle, and at the treaty of Greenville in 1795 the Indians acknowledged their defeat and made the first cession of land W. of the Ohio. Tecumseh and his brother,Ellskwatawa, aroused the western tribes against the United States a few years later, but the disastrous defeat at Tippe- canoe in 1811 and the death of their leader broke the spirit of the Indians. In 1815 those HANDBOOK OF INDIANS OF CANADA 15 who had taken part against the United States during the War of 1812 made peace with the Government; then began the series of treaties by which, within thirty years, most of the Indians of this region ceded their lands and removed W. of the Mississippi. A factor which contributed greatly to the decline of the Algonquian ascendency was the power of the Iroquoian confederacy, which by the beginning of the 17th century had developed a power destined to make them the scourge of the other Indian populations from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and from Ottawa r. in Canada to the Tennessee. After destroying the Huron and the Erie, they turned their power chiefly against the Algonquian tribes, and ere long Ohio and Indiana were nearly deserted, only a few villages of Miami remaining here and there in the northern por- tion. The region S. and W. they made a desert, clearing of native inhabitants the whole country within 500 m. of their seats. The Algonquian tribes fled before them to the region of the upper lakes and the banks of the Mississippi, and only when the French had guaranteed them protection against their deadly foes did they venture to turn back toward the E. The central Algonquians are tall, averaging about 173 cm.; they have the typical Indian nose, heavy and prominent, somewhat hooked in men, flatter in women; their cheek bones are heavy; the head among the tribes of the Great lakes is very large and almost brachycephalic, but showing considerable variation; the face is very large. The type of the Atlantic coast Algonquians can hardly be determined from living individuals, as no full-bloods survive, but skulls found in old burial grounds show that they were tall, their faces not quite so broad, the heads much more elongate and remarkably high, resembling in this respect the Eskimo and suggesting the possibihty that on the New England coast there may have been some mixture with that type. The Cheyenne and Arapaho are even taller than the central Algonquians; their faces are larger, their heads more elongate. It is worthy of remark that in the region in which the mound builders' remains are found, rounded heads prevailed, and the present population of the region are also more round-headed, perhaps suggesting fusion of blood (Boas, inf'n, 1905). The religious beliefs of the eastern Algonquian tribes were similar in their leading fea- tures. Their myths are numerous. Their deities, or manitus, including objects animate
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INDIAN TREATIES 1850-1912
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