Medieval Europe and the Ottoman Empire - Redmond School District
Medieval Europe and the Ottoman Empire - Redmond School District
Medieval Europe and the Ottoman Empire - Redmond School District
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316<br />
Chapter<br />
10<br />
Before You Read: Predicting<br />
Title TK<br />
<strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Ottoman</strong> <strong>Empire</strong><br />
Scan <strong>the</strong> title of <strong>the</strong> chapter <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> lesson titles.<br />
Write three questions you think might be answered in<br />
<strong>the</strong> chapter. One example is<br />
What were <strong>the</strong> Crusades?<br />
If you find <strong>the</strong> answer to one of your questions as you<br />
read, write it down in your notebook.<br />
Big Ideas About <strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Ottoman</strong> <strong>Empire</strong><br />
Belief Systems Belief systems <strong>and</strong> religions may<br />
shape governments <strong>and</strong> society.<br />
In <strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>, <strong>the</strong> Catholic Church became as powerful<br />
as any individual kingdom <strong>and</strong> filled important social <strong>and</strong><br />
political roles. The Crusades against Muslim Palestine were a<br />
result of <strong>the</strong> influence of religion <strong>and</strong> politics. The <strong>Ottoman</strong><br />
<strong>Empire</strong> was also shaped by religion.<br />
Integrated Technology<br />
• Interactive Maps<br />
• Interactive Visuals<br />
• Starting with a Story<br />
A History of <strong>the</strong><br />
Middle Ages<br />
INTERNET RESOURCES<br />
Go to ClassZone.com for<br />
• WebQuest<br />
• Homework Helper<br />
• Research Links<br />
• Internet Activities<br />
• Quizzes<br />
• Maps<br />
• Test Practice<br />
• Current Events<br />
1000s<br />
The Yoruba people of Ife in Africa<br />
produce detailed sculptures.<br />
▲ (Ife terra cotta sculpture)<br />
1209<br />
The Franciscans,<br />
founded by Francis of Assisi,<br />
are recognized by <strong>the</strong> pope.<br />
(St. Francis)<br />
▲<br />
1127<br />
The nor<strong>the</strong>rn Song<br />
Dynasty in China collapses.
Lesson<br />
1<br />
MAIN IDEAS<br />
Belief Systems The Catholic Church<br />
was very influential because of its structure<br />
<strong>and</strong> leadership.<br />
Government Monarchs <strong>and</strong> popes struggled<br />
with each o<strong>the</strong>r for control of society.<br />
Belief Systems The Catholic Church took a<br />
leading role in education as well as religion.<br />
TAKING NOTES<br />
Reading Skill: Summarizing<br />
Summarizing is restating a passage in fewer words,<br />
including only <strong>the</strong> main ideas <strong>and</strong> most important<br />
details. In Lesson 1, summarize each of <strong>the</strong> main<br />
sections using a chart like <strong>the</strong> one below.<br />
320 • Chapter 10<br />
Section Summary<br />
Power of <strong>the</strong> Church<br />
Conflict Between<br />
Monarchs <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Papacy<br />
The Church <strong>and</strong> Society<br />
Skillbuilder H<strong>and</strong>book, page R3<br />
Words to Know<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>the</strong> following words will help you read this lesson:<br />
furious full of great<br />
anger; raging (page 323)<br />
The emperor was furious at<br />
<strong>the</strong> Church official who had<br />
threatened him.<br />
violate to fail to obey;<br />
to break (page 323)<br />
Church officials severely<br />
punished those who were<br />
violating important<br />
religious laws.<br />
preach to give a<br />
talk about a moral or<br />
religious subject<br />
(page 324)<br />
On Sunday, <strong>the</strong> priest will<br />
be preaching about <strong>the</strong> first<br />
book of <strong>the</strong> Bible.<br />
▲ St. James Ca<strong>the</strong>dral,<br />
Compostela, Spain The Church<br />
was an important part of life in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Middle Ages. Many Christian<br />
pilgrims came to this ca<strong>the</strong>dral.<br />
The ca<strong>the</strong>dral is said to contain<br />
<strong>the</strong> body of St. James, one of <strong>the</strong><br />
apostles of Jesus.
The Role of <strong>the</strong><br />
Catholic Church<br />
Build on What You Know Is <strong>the</strong>re one type of church<br />
in your area, or are <strong>the</strong>re many different churches? In all of<br />
<strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>, Catholicism was <strong>the</strong> dominant religion.<br />
Power of <strong>the</strong> Roman Catholic Church<br />
ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why was <strong>the</strong> Catholic Church so powerful?<br />
From <strong>the</strong> 11th through 15th centuries, some aspects of feudalism<br />
could still be found in <strong>Europe</strong>. For example, nobles still ruled much<br />
of <strong>the</strong> countryside. However, both <strong>the</strong> Roman Catholic Church <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Europe</strong>an monarchies, such as those of France <strong>and</strong> Engl<strong>and</strong>, were<br />
increasing <strong>the</strong>ir power. The Church <strong>and</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>an monarchies were<br />
also trying to centralize political <strong>and</strong> religious authority.<br />
Church Organization The Roman Catholic Church<br />
needed strong organization to efficiently serve laypeople, or<br />
its worshipers. This service included providing people with <strong>the</strong><br />
sacraments (SAK•ruh•muhnts). These were religious ceremonies,<br />
such as baptism, in which a member received <strong>the</strong> grace of God.<br />
The Church had many different levels of leadership among<br />
<strong>the</strong> clergy clergy, or people given priestly authority by <strong>the</strong> Church. The<br />
pope was <strong>the</strong> spiritual <strong>and</strong> political leader of <strong>the</strong> Church. His<br />
office was called <strong>the</strong> Papacy. Below him were <strong>the</strong> various ranks<br />
of <strong>the</strong> clergy, shown in <strong>the</strong> illustration on <strong>the</strong> following page.<br />
TERMS & NAMES<br />
clergy<br />
Pope Gregory VII<br />
Emperor Henry IV<br />
religious order<br />
Francis of Assisi<br />
Thomas Aquinas<br />
Notre Dame Ca<strong>the</strong>dral,<br />
Paris, France Notre<br />
Dame was built in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Middle Ages <strong>and</strong><br />
is an outst<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
example of Gothic<br />
architecture. The<br />
exterior supporting<br />
structures are called<br />
flying buttresses. ▼<br />
321
Clergy in <strong>the</strong> Roman Catholic Church<br />
Pope The pope was <strong>the</strong> spiritual<br />
<strong>and</strong> political leader of <strong>the</strong> Church.<br />
Cardinals <strong>and</strong> Bishops Cardinals<br />
helped <strong>the</strong> pope run <strong>the</strong> Church. The<br />
bishops ran <strong>the</strong> dioceses, areas with<br />
several churches.<br />
Priests Priests ran individual churches<br />
<strong>and</strong> administered <strong>the</strong> sacraments—<br />
including communion, matrimony,<br />
<strong>and</strong> baptism—to most Catholics.<br />
Monks <strong>and</strong> Nuns Monks <strong>and</strong> nuns<br />
lived in isolated communities. They<br />
learned to read Latin, grew <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
own food, <strong>and</strong> copied <strong>and</strong><br />
translated religious texts.<br />
322 • Chapter 10<br />
Political Role of <strong>the</strong> Clergy The men who filled important<br />
positions in <strong>the</strong> church had strong social <strong>and</strong> political ties to <strong>Europe</strong>’s<br />
nobility. In fact, local princes were also often bishops. Many nobles<br />
<strong>and</strong> religious leaders had gone to school toge<strong>the</strong>r. As a result,<br />
<strong>Europe</strong>an nobles <strong>and</strong> Church leaders had much in common, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y<br />
often supported one ano<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
Many Church officials helped <strong>Europe</strong>an political leaders run <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
kingdoms. For example, local priests kept records of births <strong>and</strong> deaths<br />
in <strong>the</strong>ir parish, or area served by <strong>the</strong>ir church. Monarchs needed this<br />
information to more effectively run <strong>the</strong>ir kingdoms.<br />
Pope<br />
Cardinals<br />
Bishops<br />
Priests<br />
Monks <strong>and</strong> Nuns<br />
SKILLBUILDER<br />
INTERPRETING VISUALS<br />
What differences do you<br />
see among <strong>the</strong> groups on<br />
this chart?
The Church also had great wealth, which made it an even more<br />
powerful institution. The Church earned income from property it<br />
owned. The wealth of <strong>the</strong> pope was greater than that of any individual<br />
<strong>Europe</strong>an monarch. Also, <strong>the</strong> Papacy’s authority was often greater<br />
than that of kings <strong>and</strong> emperors. The pope’s power caused many<br />
monarchs to cooperate with <strong>the</strong> Church, but it also caused conflict.<br />
What was <strong>the</strong> structure of <strong>the</strong> Church in <strong>the</strong> Middle Ages?<br />
Conflict Between Monarchs <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Papacy<br />
ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why did monarchs <strong>and</strong> popes struggle with each<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r for control of society?<br />
For a long time, Church leaders <strong>and</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>an monarchs <strong>and</strong> nobles<br />
saw that it was in <strong>the</strong>ir best interest to cooperate with each o<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
But <strong>the</strong>y eventually came into conflict. In <strong>the</strong> 11th century, a dispute<br />
between Pope Gregory VII <strong>and</strong> Emperor Henry IV reached a crisis point.<br />
One Cause of Conflict The Holy Roman <strong>Empire</strong>, which<br />
began around 962, included much of central <strong>and</strong> western <strong>Europe</strong>.<br />
Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV had built up political power by<br />
appointing Church officials. Monarchs such as Henry IV relied on<br />
literate <strong>and</strong> efficient Church officials to help run <strong>the</strong>ir kingdoms.<br />
They wanted as much control over those officials as possible. In<br />
1075, Pope Gregory said that laypeople—including Henry IV—<br />
could no longer appoint people to Church offices.<br />
The Outcome The pope’s decision made Henry<br />
furious. He called toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> bishops that supported<br />
him. Toge<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong>y declared <strong>the</strong> pope’s election invalid.<br />
Pope Gregory responded by excommunicating, or<br />
banishing, Henry from <strong>the</strong> Church for violating <strong>the</strong><br />
pope’s order. He told Henry’s subjects that he was no<br />
longer emperor, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y did not have to obey him.<br />
Many nobles <strong>and</strong> church officials <strong>the</strong>n turned<br />
against Henry. Henry cleverly chose to ask <strong>the</strong> pope to<br />
forgive him. Some accounts say that to seek forgiveness,<br />
Henry stood barefoot for three days in <strong>the</strong> snow outside<br />
<strong>the</strong> castle where <strong>the</strong> pope was staying. As a priest,<br />
Gregory had to forgive Henry. Henry regained his title<br />
<strong>and</strong> control over his subjects, but conflict between<br />
<strong>Europe</strong>an monarchs <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Papacy would continue.<br />
Emperor Henry IV<br />
Seeks Forgiveness<br />
Emperor Henry<br />
kneels before<br />
Countess Matilda<br />
as Pope Gregory,<br />
dressed in red,<br />
looks on. Matilda is<br />
persuading <strong>the</strong> pope<br />
to forgive Henry. ▼<br />
Why was appointing Church officials important<br />
to Henry IV?<br />
<strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ottoman</strong> <strong>Empire</strong> • 323
324 • Chapter 10<br />
The Church <strong>and</strong> Society<br />
ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did <strong>the</strong> Catholic Church support education?<br />
The medieval Church played a dominant role in education. Religious<br />
orders were <strong>the</strong> Church’s most important educational institutions.<br />
Religious Orders A religious order is a<br />
group of people who live by rules specific<br />
to <strong>the</strong>ir order. Monastic orders are religious<br />
orders that largely separate <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
from <strong>the</strong> rest of society to focus on prayer<br />
<strong>and</strong> service to God—a Christian ideal.<br />
Men who joined monastic orders were<br />
called monks. They lived in monasteries.<br />
Women who joined monastic orders were<br />
called nuns, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y lived in convents.<br />
Nuns in <strong>the</strong> convents often had great<br />
control over <strong>the</strong>ir daily lives , something<br />
very few women outside <strong>the</strong> convents had.<br />
Friars formed ano<strong>the</strong>r type of religious<br />
order. They traveled to preach <strong>the</strong> word<br />
of God. Friars were mendicants. That is,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y owned nothing <strong>and</strong> primarily lived<br />
by begging. Franciscans were <strong>the</strong> most<br />
important mendicant order. Francis of<br />
Assisi Assisi, an Italian, founded this order in <strong>the</strong><br />
early 1200s. He called on his followers to<br />
live without property <strong>and</strong> serve as teachers,<br />
healers, <strong>and</strong> friends to all living things.<br />
The Church later named him a saint.<br />
▲ Benedictine Monastery,<br />
The Founding of Universities <strong>School</strong>s were established<br />
Norm<strong>and</strong>y, France The<br />
at ca<strong>the</strong>drals, <strong>the</strong> center of power for bishops. As you read Benedictines are a<br />
earlier, students of <strong>the</strong>se schools were usually <strong>the</strong> sons of religious order. Each<br />
<strong>Europe</strong>an nobles who often became religious or political Benedictine monastery<br />
leaders. As <strong>the</strong> cities grew, <strong>the</strong>se ca<strong>the</strong>dral schools exp<strong>and</strong>ed sets its own rules, which<br />
makes Benedictines<br />
as early forms of universities. Instructors taught <strong>the</strong>ir students<br />
different from o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
in Latin. The Church was also an intellectual institution that<br />
religious orders.<br />
worked to preserve <strong>the</strong> Latin language <strong>and</strong> religious texts.<br />
Scholars studied classical philosophers. Muslim scholars preserved<br />
<strong>and</strong> interpreted ancient Greek texts, lost for centuries in <strong>the</strong> West.<br />
Church scholars translated <strong>the</strong> texts into Latin <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong>m<br />
available at <strong>the</strong> new universities. But some Church officials worried<br />
that some classical ideas went against Church teachings about faith.
In <strong>the</strong> mid 1200s, an Italian scholar named Thomas Aquinas<br />
(uh•KWY•nuhs) began studying <strong>the</strong> writings of a Greek philosopher<br />
named Aristotle. Aquinas argued that classical philosophy could exist<br />
in harmony with Christian faith <strong>and</strong> natural law, which he said came<br />
from God <strong>and</strong> was about moral behavior. His work is a syn<strong>the</strong>sis, or<br />
combination, of classical philosophy with Christian <strong>the</strong>ology. He is<br />
remembered as a great religious scholar. You will read more about<br />
reason <strong>and</strong> faith during <strong>the</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>an Renaissance in Chapter 13.<br />
How did universities develop?<br />
Lesson Summary<br />
• The Church as a political institution in <strong>Medieval</strong><br />
<strong>Europe</strong> was powerful <strong>and</strong> organized.<br />
• Church leaders <strong>and</strong> monarchs came into conflict<br />
when <strong>the</strong>y could not agree on who had authority.<br />
• The Church was a powerful intellectual institution in<br />
<strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong> that helped establish universities.<br />
Why It Matters Now . . .<br />
Teachers at medieval universities developed a new teaching method<br />
using lectures <strong>and</strong> textbooks—a method that is still used in<br />
universities today.<br />
1<br />
Terms & Names<br />
1. Explain <strong>the</strong> importance of<br />
clergy religious order<br />
Pope Gregory VII Francis of Assisi<br />
Emperor Henry IV Thomas Aquinas<br />
Using Your Notes<br />
Summarizing Use your completed chart to answer<br />
<strong>the</strong> following question:<br />
2. Why did Pope Gregory VII <strong>and</strong> Emperor Henry IV<br />
come into conflict?<br />
Section Summary<br />
Power of <strong>the</strong> Church<br />
Conflict Between<br />
Monarchs <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Papacy<br />
The Church <strong>and</strong> Society<br />
Homework Helper<br />
ClassZone.com<br />
Main Ideas<br />
3. Why was <strong>the</strong> Roman Catholic Church so powerful<br />
in <strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>?<br />
4. Why did Pope Gregory VII excommunicate<br />
Emperor Henry IV?<br />
5. Why is Thomas Aquinas important?<br />
Critical Thinking<br />
6. Drawing Conclusions Why might Church<br />
leaders <strong>and</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>’s traditional nobility have<br />
cooperated for so long?<br />
7. Comparing <strong>and</strong> Contrasting What were <strong>the</strong><br />
similarities <strong>and</strong> differences between priests <strong>and</strong><br />
monks or nuns?<br />
Creating a Brochure Research to learn more about life in a medieval monastery. Create a<br />
brochure that shows <strong>the</strong> activities performed by <strong>the</strong> monastery’s inhabitants. Include descriptions<br />
of each activity.<br />
<strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ottoman</strong> <strong>Empire</strong> • 325
Lesson<br />
2<br />
MAIN IDEAS<br />
Government Religious <strong>and</strong> political motives<br />
led <strong>the</strong> Christians to begin a series of wars to<br />
conquer Palestine.<br />
Government Muslim armies gradually<br />
recaptured territory lost during <strong>the</strong> First Crusade.<br />
Culture The Crusades, including <strong>the</strong> reconquest<br />
of Spain <strong>and</strong> Portugal, had a lasting effect on<br />
<strong>Europe</strong>an culture.<br />
TAKING NOTES<br />
Reading Skill:<br />
Explaining Chronological Order <strong>and</strong> Sequence<br />
Putting things in chronological order helps you<br />
underst<strong>and</strong> how different events relate to one<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r. For Lesson 2, draw a time line like <strong>the</strong><br />
one below <strong>and</strong> fill in events as you read.<br />
1000 1400<br />
326 • Chapter 10<br />
Skillbuilder H<strong>and</strong>book, page R14<br />
Words to Know<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>the</strong> following words will help you read this lesson:<br />
sacred a thing or a<br />
place that is holy to a<br />
particular religion<br />
(page 327)<br />
The region was sacred to<br />
Christians because it was<br />
where Jesus had lived.<br />
unify to make into a<br />
single group (page 329)<br />
He started to unify <strong>the</strong><br />
different peoples into one<br />
large fighting force.<br />
expel to force out<br />
(page 330)<br />
Spain expelled <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>and</strong><br />
Muslims from <strong>the</strong> country.<br />
▲ St. Peter’s Castle This castle was<br />
built by Christian Crusaders, <strong>and</strong> is<br />
now a museum in modern Turkey.
The Crusades<br />
Build on What You Know In Chapter 4, you read about<br />
how <strong>the</strong> Seljuk Turks took control of Palestine <strong>and</strong> came into<br />
conflict with Orthodox Christians of eastern <strong>Europe</strong>. In Lesson 2,<br />
you will read more about that conflict.<br />
Battle for Palestine<br />
ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why did <strong>the</strong> Christians begin a series of wars to<br />
conquer Palestine?<br />
The Crusades were military expeditions from Christian <strong>Europe</strong> to<br />
Palestine between <strong>the</strong> 11th <strong>and</strong> 13th centuries. They had a lasting<br />
impact on <strong>Europe</strong>an politics <strong>and</strong> society.<br />
Causes of <strong>the</strong> Crusades <strong>Europe</strong>an Christians began <strong>the</strong><br />
Crusades for several reasons. Jerusalem <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> area around it was,<br />
<strong>and</strong> still is, sacred to Christians, Jews, <strong>and</strong> Muslims. Christians called<br />
this area <strong>the</strong> Holy L<strong>and</strong>. The Seljuk takeover of Jerusalem in 1071<br />
made Christian pilgrimages to <strong>the</strong> Holy L<strong>and</strong> nearly impossible.<br />
Additionally, <strong>Europe</strong>an feudal princes often used success<br />
in warfare as one way to gain power. As a result, many princes<br />
were eager to go on <strong>the</strong> Crusades. <strong>Europe</strong>an merchants were also<br />
willing to finance <strong>the</strong> Crusades because <strong>the</strong>y might gain access to<br />
<strong>the</strong> rich trade routes that connected with Asia to <strong>the</strong> east.<br />
Finally, Seljuk forces attacked <strong>the</strong> Byzantine <strong>Empire</strong>. The<br />
Byzantine emperor asked <strong>the</strong> pope for help. By 1096, <strong>the</strong> pope<br />
responded, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> First Crusade began (see map below).<br />
40°N<br />
30°N<br />
20°W<br />
ATLANTIC<br />
OCEAN<br />
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER<br />
INTERPRETING MAPS<br />
Movement Look at <strong>the</strong> route<br />
through Rome. How were <strong>the</strong><br />
travel needs of that group<br />
different from <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs?<br />
10°W<br />
First Crusade,<br />
A.D. 1096–1099<br />
SPAIN<br />
0°<br />
ENGLAND<br />
Paris<br />
HOLY ROMAN<br />
EMPIRE<br />
Regensburg<br />
Vezelay<br />
Venice<br />
Vienna<br />
FRANCE<br />
Belgrade<br />
Marseille<br />
10°E<br />
Rome<br />
W<br />
N<br />
BYZANTINE<br />
EMPIRE<br />
Mediterranean Sea<br />
S<br />
E<br />
Black Sea<br />
Constantinople<br />
Nicaea<br />
Jerusalem<br />
Antioch<br />
PALESTINE<br />
Christian l<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Muslim l<strong>and</strong>s<br />
First Crusade<br />
0 250 500 miles<br />
0 250 500 kilometers<br />
Damascus<br />
20°E 30°E 40°E<br />
TERMS & NAMES<br />
Seljuk Turk<br />
Crusade<br />
Saladin<br />
Reconquista<br />
Inquisition<br />
327
40°N<br />
30°N<br />
W<br />
ATLANTIC<br />
OCEAN<br />
S<br />
10°W<br />
Lisbon<br />
328 • Chapter 10<br />
N<br />
E<br />
The First Crusade In 1096, several <strong>Europe</strong>an armies started out<br />
for <strong>the</strong> Byzantine capital of Constantinople. From <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong>y planned<br />
to attack Palestine. Many Crusaders did not take enough supplies.<br />
Tens of thous<strong>and</strong>s died on <strong>the</strong> way, <strong>and</strong> many were captured <strong>and</strong><br />
enslaved. Still, a large Crusader force was prepared to attack Palestine.<br />
Christian forces captured <strong>the</strong> cities of Nicaea <strong>and</strong> Antioch, <strong>and</strong> in<br />
1099, <strong>the</strong>y captured Jerusalem. They divided <strong>the</strong> conquered l<strong>and</strong> into<br />
four Crusader states: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, <strong>and</strong> Jerusalem.<br />
SPAIN<br />
0°<br />
What were <strong>the</strong> results of <strong>the</strong> First Crusade?<br />
Muslims Return to Power<br />
ESSENTIAL QUESTION How successful were Muslim armies after <strong>the</strong><br />
First Crusade?<br />
The Second Crusade (1147–1149) began after Muslim Turks recaptured<br />
<strong>the</strong> Crusader state of Edessa in 1144. A French army <strong>and</strong> a German<br />
army went on <strong>the</strong> Crusade. They marched separately to Palestine <strong>and</strong><br />
were weakened by a difficult journey. Muslim forces defeated <strong>the</strong><br />
Crusaders at Damascus.<br />
Christians kept control of <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Crusader states. They survived<br />
in part because of continued disagreements among <strong>the</strong> Muslim<br />
leadership. But <strong>the</strong> Muslim disagreements ended in <strong>the</strong> late 1100s<br />
with <strong>the</strong> rise of Salah-al-Din, a Muslim political <strong>and</strong> military leader.<br />
Crusades, A.D. 1147–1204<br />
ENGLAND<br />
FRANCE<br />
Marseille<br />
0 200 400 miles<br />
0 200 400 kilometers<br />
Paris<br />
10°E<br />
HOLY ROMAN<br />
EMPIRE<br />
Regensburg<br />
Vienna<br />
Venice<br />
Rome<br />
Zara<br />
Belgrade<br />
BYZANTINE<br />
EMPIRE<br />
Mediterranean Sea<br />
Black Sea<br />
Constantinople<br />
Acre<br />
Antioch<br />
Christian l<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Muslim l<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Second Crusade, 1147–1149<br />
Third Crusade, 1189–1192<br />
Fourth Crusade, 1202–1204<br />
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER<br />
INTERPRETING MAPS<br />
Movement Which Crusade did<br />
<strong>the</strong> largest number of <strong>Europe</strong>an<br />
nations participate in?<br />
Damascus<br />
Jerusalem<br />
20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E
Saladin’s Rise to Power Salah-al-Din was known to <strong>Europe</strong>ans as<br />
Saladin (SAL•uh•dihn). As a young man, Saladin was more interested<br />
in studying Islam than warfare. But he eventually joined an uncle<br />
who was a military leader in Syria. Saladin went with a Syrian army<br />
to defend Egypt against <strong>the</strong> Crusaders. After <strong>the</strong> war, he took over <strong>the</strong><br />
Egyptian government. Saladin began to unify Muslims in <strong>the</strong> region,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n he turned his attention to <strong>the</strong> Crusaders still in Palestine.<br />
In 1187, Saladin ga<strong>the</strong>red a large force to attack <strong>the</strong> Crusader<br />
states. Saladin’s forces won many victories <strong>and</strong> recaptured Jerusalem. It<br />
did not take long for news of Saladin’s victories to reach <strong>Europe</strong>.<br />
The Third Crusade After <strong>the</strong> fall of Jerusalem, <strong>the</strong> pope called<br />
for ano<strong>the</strong>r Crusade. Some of <strong>Europe</strong>’s most powerful leaders went<br />
on <strong>the</strong> Third Crusade (1189–1192). Among <strong>the</strong>m was <strong>the</strong> English<br />
king Richard <strong>the</strong> Lion-Hearted. Richard became <strong>the</strong> Crusaders’<br />
leader because of his courage <strong>and</strong> skill in battle. The Crusaders were<br />
successful at first, but <strong>the</strong>y did not achieve <strong>the</strong>ir main goal of retaking<br />
Jerusalem. In 1192, Saladin <strong>and</strong> Richard agreed to a truce. Jerusalem<br />
would remain under Muslim control. However, in return, Saladin<br />
agreed to allow Christian pilgrims to visit <strong>the</strong> city’s holy places.<br />
The Fourth Crusade The truce did not last, <strong>and</strong> a Fourth Crusade<br />
(1202–1204) was launched. To pay <strong>the</strong> Italian traders who were<br />
transporting <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> Crusaders agreed to attack <strong>the</strong> Byzantine city<br />
of Zara. The Crusaders <strong>the</strong>n sacked Constantinople to put a political<br />
ally in charge of <strong>the</strong> Byzantine <strong>Empire</strong>. The pope was furious with <strong>the</strong><br />
Crusaders for attacking Christian cities, but he could not stop <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
The Crusaders did not continue <strong>the</strong> Crusade. The Byzantine <strong>Empire</strong><br />
was fur<strong>the</strong>r weakened as a result of <strong>the</strong> Fourth Crusade.<br />
What was <strong>the</strong> key to <strong>the</strong> success of <strong>the</strong> Muslim armies?<br />
Muslims Recapture Palestine<br />
ESSENTIAL QUESTION What were some effects of <strong>the</strong> Crusades on <strong>Europe</strong>?<br />
<strong>Europe</strong> began more Crusades, but by 1270, <strong>the</strong> Muslims had driven<br />
<strong>the</strong> Crusaders out of Palestine, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> wars ended. The Crusades did<br />
not have a permanent effect on Muslims in Palestine. People’s daily<br />
lives continued much as <strong>the</strong>y had before <strong>the</strong> Crusades.<br />
But Christian traders remained in Palestine, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>an<br />
pilgrims continued to visit <strong>the</strong>ir religion’s Holy L<strong>and</strong>. Both <strong>the</strong> traders<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> pilgrims maintained a cultural exchange with <strong>the</strong> Turkish,<br />
Arab, Persian, <strong>and</strong> African cultures present in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
<strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ottoman</strong> <strong>Empire</strong> • 329
ATLANTIC<br />
OCEAN<br />
40°N<br />
Lisbon<br />
(1147)<br />
10°W<br />
Seville<br />
(1248)<br />
Cádiz (1262)<br />
Algeciras (1344)<br />
330 • Chapter 10<br />
Effects of <strong>the</strong> Crusades <strong>Europe</strong>an contact with <strong>the</strong> cultures of <strong>the</strong><br />
Eastern Mediterranean grew during <strong>the</strong> Crusades. Crusaders brought<br />
back Asian goods, resulting in increased trade. These goods included<br />
spices, furs, cloth, cane sugar, rice, <strong>and</strong> different fruits. Increased trade<br />
across <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean helped <strong>Europe</strong>an towns to grow <strong>and</strong> made <strong>the</strong><br />
role of urban merchants more important.<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r legacy of <strong>the</strong> Crusades was rising Christian hostility toward<br />
Jews. More <strong>and</strong> more Christians believed that all non-Christians were<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir enemy. On <strong>the</strong>ir way to Palestine, some Crusaders massacred<br />
<strong>Europe</strong>an Jews <strong>and</strong> continued <strong>the</strong> killing in Palestine. After <strong>the</strong><br />
Crusades, Jews were expelled from Engl<strong>and</strong> in 1290 <strong>and</strong> from France in<br />
1306 <strong>and</strong> again in 1394. Many of <strong>the</strong>se Jews moved to eastern <strong>Europe</strong>.<br />
Muslims, however, allowed Jews <strong>and</strong> Christians to live in peace in<br />
most cases. Many Crusaders who stayed in Palestine came to respect<br />
Muslims, but Christian intolerance toward Jews continued.<br />
The Reconquista Muslim leaders drove <strong>the</strong> Crusaders out of<br />
Palestine. But in Spain just <strong>the</strong> opposite occurred. Here, it was Christian<br />
armies that drove out <strong>the</strong> Muslim rulers. This reconquest is called <strong>the</strong><br />
Reconquista (reh•kawn•KEES•tah) in <strong>the</strong> Spanish language.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> early 700s, Muslims had conquered <strong>the</strong> Iberian Peninsula,<br />
which includes present-day Spain <strong>and</strong> Portugal (see <strong>the</strong> map below).<br />
In Chapter 4, you read about how Spain experienced a golden age of<br />
cooperation among Muslims <strong>and</strong> Jews during this period.<br />
By <strong>the</strong> 1000s, however, Muslim unity on <strong>the</strong> peninsula broke down.<br />
Spanish <strong>and</strong> Portuguese kingdoms rose to defeat Muslim forces. King<br />
The Reconquista, A.D. 1000–1492<br />
Bay<br />
of<br />
Biscay<br />
Saragossa<br />
(1118)<br />
SPAIN<br />
Toledo<br />
(1085)<br />
Córdoba<br />
(1236)<br />
Granada<br />
(1492)<br />
Málaga (1487)<br />
Gibraltar (1462)<br />
Valencia<br />
(1238)<br />
FRANCE<br />
Balearic<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Murcia (1243)<br />
0°<br />
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a<br />
W<br />
did <strong>the</strong> Reconquista move? 10°E<br />
N<br />
0<br />
150 300 miles<br />
0 150 300 kilometers<br />
S<br />
Reconquered by 1000<br />
Reconquered 1001–1250<br />
Reconquered 1251–1492<br />
Present-day borders<br />
City (with date of reconquest)<br />
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER<br />
INTERPRETING MAPS<br />
Movement In which direction<br />
E
Ferdin<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Queen Isabella unified Spain through military <strong>and</strong><br />
religious authority. Their armies captured cities, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Church<br />
officials used a court to punish people opposed to Church teachings.<br />
This court, which was used throughout <strong>Europe</strong>, was called <strong>the</strong><br />
Inquisition Inquisition. Many Jews <strong>and</strong> Muslims in Spain <strong>and</strong> Portugal were<br />
tortured <strong>and</strong> executed by <strong>the</strong> Inquisition. In 1492, Ferdin<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
Isabella completed <strong>the</strong> Reconquista by forcing out <strong>the</strong> last Muslim<br />
rulers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir followers <strong>and</strong> many Jews as well.<br />
How are <strong>the</strong> Crusades <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Reconquista related?<br />
Lesson Summary<br />
• Christian <strong>Europe</strong> launched Crusades from 1096 to<br />
1270 to take control of <strong>the</strong> Holy L<strong>and</strong> from Muslims.<br />
• Under Saladin, Muslims regained much territory lost<br />
during <strong>the</strong> First Crusade.<br />
• Crusaders failed to take control of <strong>the</strong> Holy L<strong>and</strong>, but<br />
<strong>the</strong> Reconquista in Spain was successful.<br />
Why It Matters Now . . .<br />
Some present-day Christians <strong>and</strong> Muslims look back to <strong>the</strong> period of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Crusades in an effort to underst<strong>and</strong> tensions between <strong>the</strong> West<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Middle East today.<br />
2<br />
Terms & Names<br />
1. Explain <strong>the</strong> importance of<br />
Seljuk Turk Saladin Inquisition<br />
Crusade Reconquista<br />
Using Your Notes<br />
Explaining Chronological Order <strong>and</strong><br />
Sequence Use your completed time line to answer<br />
<strong>the</strong> following question:<br />
2. When did <strong>the</strong> first Christian armies head for <strong>the</strong><br />
Holy L<strong>and</strong>?<br />
1000 1400<br />
Homework Helper<br />
ClassZone.com<br />
Main Ideas<br />
3. What economic effects did <strong>the</strong> Crusades have on<br />
<strong>Europe</strong>?<br />
4. What impact did <strong>the</strong> Crusades have on <strong>the</strong> Jewish<br />
population of <strong>Europe</strong>?<br />
5. Why were <strong>the</strong> Spanish <strong>and</strong> Portuguese kingdoms<br />
able to start taking back territory?<br />
Critical Thinking<br />
6. Underst<strong>and</strong>ing Causes What motivated <strong>the</strong><br />
Crusaders to attack Palestine?<br />
7. Underst<strong>and</strong>ing Effects How did <strong>the</strong> Crusades<br />
impact <strong>the</strong> Christian, Muslim, <strong>and</strong> Jewish<br />
populations in <strong>Europe</strong>?<br />
Making a Poster Research to learn more about <strong>the</strong> Crusades. Make a poster that shows how<br />
<strong>the</strong> Crusades changed life in <strong>Europe</strong>.<br />
<strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ottoman</strong> <strong>Empire</strong> • 331
Lesson<br />
3<br />
MAIN IDEAS<br />
Culture Disease devastated Asia, Africa, <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Europe</strong> in <strong>the</strong> early to mid-1300s.<br />
Science <strong>and</strong> Technology Military technology<br />
during <strong>the</strong> Hundred Years’ War became deadlier.<br />
Government The Hundred Years’ War<br />
helped to end feudalism.<br />
TAKING NOTES<br />
Reading Skill: Finding Main Ideas<br />
Finding a main idea means finding a statement<br />
that explains <strong>the</strong> main point of a lesson <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
details to support it. Use a chart like <strong>the</strong> one<br />
below to list each main idea provided <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
details from <strong>the</strong> lesson that support it.<br />
332 • Chapter 10<br />
Main Idea<br />
Skillbuilder H<strong>and</strong>book, page R2<br />
Words to Know<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>the</strong> following words will help you read this lesson:<br />
flea a small wingless<br />
insect that sucks blood<br />
from animals <strong>and</strong><br />
humans (page 334)<br />
The house is infested with<br />
fleas that came in on <strong>the</strong> cat.<br />
regardless not<br />
considering; despite<br />
(page 334)<br />
The rain soaked everyone<br />
regardless of what <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
wearing.<br />
scarce hard to find<br />
(page 334)<br />
Workers were so scarce that<br />
<strong>the</strong> man had no problem<br />
finding work.<br />
▲ The Crossbow<br />
Crossbows like <strong>the</strong><br />
one shown here were<br />
deadly on medieval<br />
battlefields. They could<br />
pierce light armor <strong>and</strong> had<br />
a range of up to 1,000 feet.
Plague <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Hundred Years’<br />
War<br />
Build on What You Know The Crusades you read about in<br />
Lesson 2 began <strong>the</strong> decline of feudalism in <strong>Europe</strong>. In Lesson 3,<br />
you will learn about a series of crises—including <strong>the</strong> plague that<br />
you read about in <strong>the</strong> opening story—that fur<strong>the</strong>r weakened<br />
feudalism in <strong>Europe</strong>.<br />
The Plague<br />
ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did disease affect <strong>the</strong> world in <strong>the</strong> 1300s?<br />
Before <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> century, <strong>the</strong> plague had killed tens of<br />
millions of people in <strong>Europe</strong>, North Africa, <strong>and</strong> western Asia.<br />
In <strong>Europe</strong>, about one-third of <strong>the</strong> total population was killed.<br />
Spread of <strong>the</strong> Disease The plague that struck western<br />
Eurasia in <strong>the</strong> mid-1300s is called bubonic plague plague. Its victims<br />
experienced severe chills, fever, convulsions, <strong>and</strong> vomiting.<br />
Victims also developed dark spots on <strong>the</strong>ir skin <strong>and</strong> swollen<br />
gl<strong>and</strong>s. A person infected with <strong>the</strong> bubonic plague was usually<br />
dead within a few days. The plague of <strong>the</strong> 1300s became known<br />
as <strong>the</strong> Black Death.<br />
TERMS & NAMES<br />
bubonic plague<br />
Hundred<br />
Years’ War<br />
Joan of Arc<br />
longbow<br />
The Plague One<br />
of <strong>the</strong> symptoms<br />
of <strong>the</strong> plague was<br />
dark spots on <strong>the</strong><br />
skin, evident in this<br />
painting from <strong>the</strong><br />
period. ▼<br />
333
W<br />
The Spread of <strong>the</strong> Plague<br />
Scholars believe <strong>the</strong> plague spread from Central Asia.<br />
It moved by l<strong>and</strong> along trade routes from Asia to<br />
<strong>Europe</strong>. It also moved along sea routes. In October<br />
1347, a trading ship brought <strong>the</strong> disease to Italy. The<br />
disease <strong>the</strong>n traveled rapidly north. By <strong>the</strong> following<br />
spring, <strong>the</strong> plague had spread to France, Germany,<br />
<strong>and</strong> as far north as Engl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Genoa<br />
1348<br />
N<br />
S<br />
E<br />
EUROPE<br />
AFRICA<br />
Spread of <strong>the</strong> Plague, 1300s<br />
Alex<strong>and</strong>ria<br />
1347<br />
Kaffa<br />
1346<br />
Baghdad<br />
1347<br />
ASIA<br />
0 500 1000 miles<br />
0 500 1000 kilometers<br />
INDIA<br />
MONGOL<br />
EMPIRE<br />
0° 30°E 60°E 90°E<br />
334 • Chapter 10<br />
3<br />
2<br />
Arctic Circle<br />
60°N<br />
CHINA<br />
30°N<br />
Global Impact of <strong>the</strong> Plague The massive loss of life caused<br />
by <strong>the</strong> plague had a major impact on Asia, North Africa, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>.<br />
Christians <strong>and</strong> Muslims reacted differently to <strong>the</strong> plague. Christians<br />
often saw <strong>the</strong> plague as a punishment for sin. By comparison,<br />
Muslims saw <strong>the</strong> plague as testing <strong>the</strong>ir faith in God. Regardless of<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir faith, <strong>the</strong> plague had killed 20 to 30 million people by 1400.<br />
For a short time, wars stopped <strong>and</strong> trade declined. Some l<strong>and</strong>owners<br />
were ruined by a shortage of labor. However, this was followed by<br />
economic recovery for some people. For example, <strong>Europe</strong>an workers<br />
were so scarce that those able to work could dem<strong>and</strong> higher pay for<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir labor. The shortage of labor <strong>and</strong> higher wages weakened feudalism<br />
because workers began to migrate in search of higher wages.<br />
In <strong>Europe</strong>, <strong>the</strong> hostility toward Jews that developed during <strong>the</strong><br />
Crusades continued during <strong>the</strong> bubonic plague. Jews were often<br />
accused of causing <strong>the</strong> plague by poisoning water wells. They were<br />
driven out of many German towns during <strong>the</strong> plague.<br />
1320<br />
1323<br />
How did <strong>the</strong> plague affect <strong>the</strong> size of <strong>Europe</strong>’s population?<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
The plague probably spread<br />
from Central Asia, but it is<br />
impossible to know for certain.<br />
Rats carrying infected fleas<br />
traveled with merchants along<br />
trade routes.<br />
Italian merchants<br />
unknowingly brought <strong>the</strong><br />
plague to <strong>Europe</strong>.<br />
SKILLBUILDER<br />
INTERPRETING VISUALS<br />
How did <strong>the</strong> plague travel<br />
from Asia to <strong>Europe</strong>?
The Hundred Years’ War<br />
ESSENTIAL QUESTION Who fought in <strong>the</strong> Hundred Years’ War?<br />
In <strong>the</strong> 1300s, Engl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> France faced not only <strong>the</strong> plague but<br />
frequent warfare as well. Between 1337 <strong>and</strong> 1453, Engl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> France<br />
fought each o<strong>the</strong>r in <strong>the</strong> Hundred Years’ War War. It was actually a series of<br />
wars—not one continuous battle.<br />
Background for <strong>the</strong> War William, Duke of Norm<strong>and</strong>y, was<br />
from <strong>the</strong> Norman region of France. He claimed to be <strong>the</strong> rightful<br />
king of Engl<strong>and</strong>. In 1066, William captured Engl<strong>and</strong> in what is called<br />
<strong>the</strong> Norman invasion. He became known as William <strong>the</strong> Conqueror<br />
<strong>and</strong> tied <strong>the</strong> nobility of France with <strong>the</strong> nobility of Engl<strong>and</strong>. Over <strong>the</strong><br />
years, tensions grew over who had <strong>the</strong> right to rule ei<strong>the</strong>r region.<br />
Years of Battle Those tensions reached a crisis point in <strong>the</strong> early<br />
1300s. Engl<strong>and</strong> claimed territory in <strong>the</strong> southwest of France. France<br />
was supporting Scotl<strong>and</strong>’s fight against Engl<strong>and</strong>. There was also debate<br />
about rights to sea travel in <strong>the</strong> English Channel. Fighting began when<br />
<strong>the</strong> king of France tried to take <strong>the</strong> territory claimed by Engl<strong>and</strong> in<br />
sou<strong>the</strong>rn France. The English king responded by claiming that he was<br />
<strong>the</strong> rightful king of France. In 1337, Engl<strong>and</strong> attacked France.<br />
The English had several victories. In 1428, <strong>the</strong> English attacked<br />
Orleans, one of France’s last major strongholds. A French peasant girl<br />
known as Joan of Arc led <strong>the</strong> French to victory. By 1453, <strong>the</strong> French<br />
had driven <strong>the</strong> English from France <strong>and</strong> ended <strong>the</strong> war.<br />
Joan of Arc (c. 1412–1431)<br />
Joan of Arc was born a peasant in Domrémy, France,<br />
around 1412. She was a devoted Catholic. When she was<br />
about 13, she believed that religious visions were urging<br />
her to fight <strong>the</strong> English during <strong>the</strong> Hundred Years’ War. In<br />
1429, she went to Charles, <strong>the</strong> French heir to <strong>the</strong> throne.<br />
Charles often prayed alone, but Joan knew what he said.<br />
Convinced her visions were divine, Charles made her a<br />
knight. In May 1429, Joan led <strong>the</strong> French to victory in <strong>the</strong><br />
battle against <strong>the</strong> English at Orleans.<br />
A year after <strong>the</strong> victory at Orleans, Joan was captured<br />
by allies of Engl<strong>and</strong>. She was eventually executed in<br />
1431. She became a national heroine in France <strong>and</strong> was<br />
declared a saint by <strong>the</strong> Catholic Church in 1920.<br />
335
336 • Chapter 10<br />
New Weapons New weapons changed warfare in <strong>Europe</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
around <strong>the</strong> world. A longbow shot arrows that could penetrate a<br />
knight’s armor. <strong>Europe</strong>ans also took advantage of new gunpowder<br />
weapons. Gunpowder technology came from China, but <strong>Europe</strong>ans<br />
developed <strong>the</strong> technology into a major instrument of war. The<br />
longbow <strong>and</strong> gunpowder weapons could easily defeat knights. Over<br />
<strong>the</strong> next 300 years, <strong>the</strong> development of gunpowder weapons would<br />
greatly change <strong>the</strong> intensity <strong>and</strong> organization of warfare.<br />
What new weapons were used in <strong>the</strong> Hundred Years’ War?<br />
Early Modern <strong>Europe</strong> Emerges<br />
ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did social <strong>and</strong> political structures of <strong>Medieval</strong><br />
<strong>Europe</strong> change?<br />
For centuries, many <strong>Europe</strong>an societies followed <strong>the</strong> feudal structure<br />
you learned about in Chapter 9. Over time, however, <strong>Europe</strong>an<br />
feudalism broke down <strong>and</strong> signaled <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> Middle Ages.<br />
Social <strong>and</strong> Political Structures <strong>Europe</strong>an trade <strong>and</strong> towns grew<br />
throughout <strong>the</strong> Middle Ages. People kept moving from <strong>the</strong> country to<br />
towns seeking <strong>the</strong>ir fortune. Towns required stability to make business<br />
<strong>and</strong> trade more reliable. Stronger monarchies could provide that<br />
stability. As a result, towns increasingly became centers of support for<br />
monarchies, <strong>and</strong> monarchies in turn exp<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>ir power.<br />
Monarchies gained even more strength after <strong>the</strong> Hundred Years’<br />
War. For example, <strong>the</strong> French monarchy no longer had to worry<br />
about an English claim to <strong>the</strong>ir throne. The French monarchy would<br />
eventually become <strong>the</strong> best example of an absolute monarchy under<br />
King Louis XIV (1643–1715). With guidance from skilled councilors,<br />
Louis would make France <strong>the</strong> most powerful nation in <strong>Europe</strong>.<br />
<strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong> Early Modern <strong>Europe</strong><br />
weaker monarchies stronger monarchies<br />
powerful nobility weaker nobility<br />
mostly agricultural rising importance of trade<br />
common people loyal to local rulers common people loyal to <strong>the</strong> king<br />
knights were a fearsome weapon<br />
<strong>Europe</strong> in Transition<br />
gunpowder weapons make<br />
knights obsolete
New Ideas For many historians, <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> Middle Ages<br />
began with <strong>the</strong> development of large nations that had powerful<br />
central governments run by kings. As <strong>the</strong> Middle Ages came to an<br />
end, scholars continued <strong>the</strong> study of classical texts begun by men<br />
such as Thomas Aquinas, whom you read about in Lesson 1. New<br />
ideas about learning, science, <strong>and</strong> art developed in Italian cities. The<br />
new ideas spread along <strong>Europe</strong>an trade routes. This new era is called<br />
<strong>the</strong> Renaissance, <strong>and</strong> you will read more about it in Chapter 13.<br />
How did life change during <strong>the</strong> Middle Ages?<br />
Lesson Summary<br />
• During <strong>the</strong> 14th century, <strong>the</strong> plague killed about<br />
one-third of <strong>Europe</strong>’s population.<br />
• Deadlier weapons were developed during <strong>the</strong><br />
Hundred Years’ War.<br />
• The Hundred Years’ War helped weaken <strong>the</strong> social<br />
<strong>and</strong> political structures of feudalism.<br />
Why It Matters Now . . .<br />
In today’s world, our health is still challenged by <strong>the</strong> spread of<br />
epidemic diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. Our security is also challenged<br />
by powerful new military technologies, such as nuclear weapons.<br />
3 ClassZone.com<br />
Terms & Names<br />
1. Explain <strong>the</strong> importance of<br />
bubonic plague Joan of Arc<br />
Hundred Years’ War longbow<br />
Using Your Notes<br />
Finding Main Ideas Use your completed chart to<br />
answer <strong>the</strong> following question:<br />
2. What were <strong>the</strong> effects of <strong>the</strong> plague on <strong>Europe</strong>an<br />
society?<br />
Main Idea<br />
▲ Hundred Years’ War<br />
In this detail from a<br />
15th-century painting,<br />
you can see some of<br />
<strong>the</strong> firearms that<br />
would change<br />
warfare forever.<br />
Homework Helper<br />
Main Ideas<br />
3. How were <strong>Europe</strong>an Jews treated during <strong>the</strong><br />
plague?<br />
4. What were two causes of <strong>the</strong> Hundred Years’<br />
War?<br />
5. How did political structures change during <strong>the</strong><br />
Middle Ages?<br />
Critical Thinking<br />
6. Making Inferences How might <strong>the</strong> longbow<br />
<strong>and</strong> gunpowder technology have changed what<br />
weapons were used on medieval battlefields?<br />
7. Making Predictions What result might a<br />
plague as devastating as <strong>the</strong> one in <strong>the</strong> mid-1300s<br />
have on North America today?<br />
Internet Activity Use <strong>the</strong> Internet to research Joan of Arc. Write a two-page biography that<br />
explains <strong>the</strong> central issues <strong>and</strong> problems she faced.<br />
INTERNET KEYWORD: Joan of Arc<br />
<strong>Medieval</strong> <strong>Europe</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ottoman</strong> <strong>Empire</strong> • 337