IPM in walnut: example of blight control at Unicoque - Cost 873
IPM in walnut: example of blight control at Unicoque - Cost 873
IPM in walnut: example of blight control at Unicoque - Cost 873
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COST <strong>873</strong><br />
Italia – october 2009<br />
<strong>IPM</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>walnut</strong>: <strong>example</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
<strong>control</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Unicoque</strong><br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
<strong>Unicoque</strong> (FRANCE)<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
- <strong>Unicoque</strong>: Hazelnuts and Walnuts cooper<strong>at</strong>ive<br />
loc<strong>at</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> south-west France<br />
- 230 growers<br />
- 2700Ha <strong>of</strong> hazelnuts<br />
- more than 95 % <strong>of</strong> the french hazelnut<br />
production<br />
- the only hazelnut cooper<strong>at</strong>ive <strong>in</strong> France<br />
- 600Ha <strong>of</strong> <strong>walnut</strong>s<br />
- 95% <strong>of</strong> Lara<br />
- 4% <strong>of</strong> the french <strong>walnut</strong> production<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
- Extension<br />
<strong>Unicoque</strong>'s extension service<br />
- Experiment<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
- 2 eng<strong>in</strong>eers from ANPN: Hazelnuts<br />
- 3 eng<strong>in</strong>eers from <strong>Unicoque</strong> : Hazelnuts/Walnuts<br />
- Experiment<strong>at</strong>ion loc<strong>at</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> growers orchards<br />
- A very strong l<strong>in</strong>k with them<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Ecophyto 2018<br />
- Reduction <strong>of</strong> pesticides use<br />
- Less 50 % before 2018 if it's possible<br />
- Improvement <strong>of</strong> pesticides applic<strong>at</strong>ion methods<br />
- Less impact on people and environment<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
% <strong>of</strong> losses compared with fruits present <strong>at</strong> the end <strong>of</strong> the bloom on branchs<br />
90<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Walnut <strong>blight</strong><br />
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Juglandis<br />
Losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>walnut</strong>s and cupper+mancozeb tre<strong>at</strong>ments: Historic <strong>of</strong> trials s<strong>in</strong>ce 2000<br />
Losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>walnut</strong>s and copper+mancozeb sprays: Historic <strong>of</strong> trials s<strong>in</strong>ce 2000<br />
% <strong>of</strong> losses compared with fruits present <strong>at</strong> the end <strong>of</strong> the bloom on branhcs<br />
90<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
2000 (1) 2001 (1) 2002 (2) 2003 (1)<br />
High<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
2000 (1) 2001 (1) 2002 (2) 2003 (1)<br />
High<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
2003 (4)<br />
Low<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
2003 (4)<br />
Low<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
2004 (2)<br />
High<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
2004 (2)<br />
High<br />
pressure<br />
2004 (3)<br />
Low<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
2004 (3)<br />
Low<br />
pressure<br />
2006 (2)<br />
hailed<br />
2006 (2)<br />
hailed<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong> Leyla <strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong> Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com<br />
sites sites<br />
2007 (4) 2008 (4)<br />
Low<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
2007 (4) 2008 (4)<br />
Low<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
2008 (3)<br />
High<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
2008 (3)<br />
High<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
2008 (1)<br />
Very high<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
2008 (1)<br />
Very high<br />
pressure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>blight</strong><br />
sites<br />
Untre<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
Cu + Mz<br />
Cu<br />
Untre<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
Cu + Mz<br />
Cu
How reduce pesticide use aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
<strong>blight</strong>?<br />
- Improve tim<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> sprays to reduce the number<br />
<strong>of</strong> applic<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
- Use others m<strong>at</strong>erials <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> or with Cu + Mz<br />
- Use less quantities <strong>of</strong> Cu + Mz<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Improve tim<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> tre<strong>at</strong>ments<br />
- Conventional calendar- based programs (Time <strong>of</strong><br />
year)<br />
- Phenological – based tretaments (Host<br />
developmental stage only)<br />
- Environmental / host phenology programs<br />
(We<strong>at</strong>her) => Xanthocast model<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Phenological based tre<strong>at</strong>ments<br />
Time and stage<br />
March 25 th to April 20 th<br />
Bud break<br />
Decisive time to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
End <strong>of</strong> April start <strong>of</strong> May<br />
Early bloom<br />
May 10 th to end <strong>of</strong> May<br />
Full<br />
bloom<strong>in</strong>g/L<strong>at</strong>e<br />
bloom<br />
Contam<strong>in</strong><strong>at</strong>ion<br />
risk<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com<br />
Phytotoxicity by copper<br />
risk<br />
High Low<br />
High High<br />
Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e then low<br />
Start <strong>of</strong> June to June 20 th<br />
Fruit growth Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e<br />
From June 20 th<br />
Harden<strong>in</strong>g shell Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e Low
Xanthocast based tre<strong>at</strong>ments<br />
Response surface <strong>of</strong> temper<strong>at</strong>ure and dur<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> wetness<br />
on the <strong>in</strong>cidence <strong>of</strong> <strong>walnut</strong> <strong>blight</strong> <strong>in</strong> 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, and 1999<br />
caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis<br />
9<br />
8<br />
7<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
20.5<br />
Disease Incidence 18.5 Increase<br />
16.5<br />
Average Daily Temper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
(C, -15 to -21 days)<br />
14.5<br />
12.5<br />
10.5<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com<br />
0<br />
2<br />
4<br />
6<br />
0 12345<br />
10<br />
8<br />
12<br />
9<br />
8<br />
7<br />
6<br />
V<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Average Leaf Wetness<br />
(hr/day, -15 to -21 days)<br />
Walnut <strong>blight</strong> d<strong>at</strong>a were obta<strong>in</strong>ed from orchards <strong>in</strong> Butte and Tehama Co., on variety V<strong>in</strong>a.<br />
Average daily temper<strong>at</strong>ure and leaf wetness hours (CV>1) determ<strong>in</strong>ed from d<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong> disease<br />
evalu<strong>at</strong>ion. Disease <strong>in</strong>crease is the percentage <strong>of</strong> new diseased fruit <strong>of</strong> the total fruit<br />
labeled m<strong>in</strong>us the dropped fruit for each evalu<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
Olson and al., 2005
Xanthocast based tre<strong>at</strong>ments<br />
Time and stage<br />
March 25 th to April 20 th<br />
Xanthocast predictions times<br />
Contam<strong>in</strong><strong>at</strong>ion<br />
risk<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com<br />
Phytotoxicity by cupper<br />
risk<br />
Bud break High Low<br />
Decisive time to tre<strong>at</strong><br />
End <strong>of</strong> April start <strong>of</strong> May<br />
Early bloom<br />
May 10 th to end <strong>of</strong> May<br />
Full<br />
bloom<strong>in</strong>g/L<strong>at</strong>e<br />
bloom<br />
High High<br />
Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e then low<br />
Start <strong>of</strong> June to June 20 th<br />
Fruit growth Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e<br />
From June 20 th<br />
Harden<strong>in</strong>g shell Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e Low
One week after<br />
term<strong>in</strong>al bud<br />
break 1<br />
M<strong>in</strong>imal spray programs<br />
In-Season Sprays 2<br />
3/29/04 4/6/04 4/14/04 4/22/04 4/30/04 5/7/04 5/19/04<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com<br />
%<br />
Blight 3<br />
x x x x x x x 11 c<br />
x x x x x x 11.8 c<br />
x x x x x 10.6 c<br />
x x x x 17.4 bc<br />
x x x 15 bc<br />
x x 21 abc<br />
x 21.2 abc<br />
x 2 23.8 ab<br />
Nontre<strong>at</strong>ed 31.6 a<br />
1 Kocide + Manex + Breakthru<br />
2 Kocide + Manex<br />
Olson and al., 2004
Use others m<strong>at</strong>erials <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> or<br />
with Cu + Mz<br />
- Stimul<strong>at</strong>ors <strong>of</strong> n<strong>at</strong>ural defense (SND)<br />
=> tested s<strong>in</strong>ce 2008<br />
- Antagonist bacteries : Pantoea aglomerans<br />
=> no tested yet<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
T0<br />
Xm<strong>in</strong><br />
X5<br />
Stimul<strong>at</strong>ors for the n<strong>at</strong>ural defence<br />
SPRAYS CALENDAR:<br />
« SND »<br />
- Opale<br />
- Physpé<br />
- Bion<br />
- Kaol<strong>in</strong>ite<br />
Bud break<br />
Bud break Bloom<br />
4 Cu + Mz<br />
Bud break Bloom<br />
4 Cu + Mz<br />
Bud break Bloom<br />
4 Cu + Mz<br />
Bloom<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com<br />
3/4 Cu + Mz<br />
5 « SND »
Stimul<strong>at</strong>ors for the n<strong>at</strong>ural defence<br />
Newman Keuls on the losses <strong>of</strong> fruit <strong>in</strong> a trial test<strong>in</strong>g different SND, Unico<br />
Modality Fruit loss average (%) Group 1 Group 2<br />
Kaol<strong>in</strong>ite 53,0 x<br />
X5 56,2 x<br />
Opale 57,8 x<br />
Bion 57,8 x<br />
Physpé 60,6 x<br />
PK Mg Mn 63,2 x<br />
Xm<strong>in</strong> 77,1 x<br />
T0 80,1 x<br />
Copper + Mancozeb<br />
Mechanical action<br />
Stimul<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> n<strong>at</strong>ural defence <strong>in</strong>direct<br />
Stimul<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> n<strong>at</strong>ural defence direct<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Use others m<strong>at</strong>erials <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>of</strong> or<br />
with Cu + Mz<br />
- Stimul<strong>at</strong>ors <strong>of</strong> n<strong>at</strong>ural defence<br />
=> cont<strong>in</strong>ue to test it<br />
=> 2010: trials <strong>in</strong> orchard with new products?<br />
- Antagonist Bacteries<br />
=> 2010: trials <strong>in</strong> orchard ?<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Use less quantities <strong>of</strong> Cu + Mz<br />
- Registr<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> pesticide <strong>in</strong> quantity for several<br />
years ex: 35 kg for 5 years<br />
- Growers have to adopt a behavior more<br />
technical and th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>at</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g year<br />
- A year with bad we<strong>at</strong>her more need than a<br />
sunny year<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Use less quantities <strong>of</strong> Cu + Mz<br />
Registr<strong>at</strong>ion for several years<br />
=> We can be a pilote group to test it<br />
=> A trial with 2 modalities:<br />
- Tre<strong>at</strong>ment with registr<strong>at</strong>ion per year<br />
Ex: 7 kg/ha/year<br />
- Tre<strong>at</strong>ment with registr<strong>at</strong>ion for several<br />
year Ex: 35 kg/ha/5 years<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Thank you for your <strong>at</strong>tention<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Improvement <strong>of</strong> pesticide applic<strong>at</strong>ion methods<br />
- Improve spray coverage<br />
=> nozzle type (flow r<strong>at</strong>e, pressure, size)<br />
=> spray volume<br />
=> orchard design<br />
=> TRACTOR SPEED<br />
- Reduce the drift<br />
=> last raw untre<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
=> sprayer's turb<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong>f for the tre<strong>at</strong>ment <strong>of</strong><br />
borders<br />
=> nozzle type<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Drift<br />
Wh<strong>at</strong>'s drift is?<br />
Rautmann and Streloke, 2001<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
How to measure the drift?<br />
X X X X X X X X<br />
X X X X X X X X<br />
Collectors zone Spray zone<br />
X X X X X X X X<br />
X X X X X X X X<br />
X X X X X X X X<br />
Orchard<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com<br />
-Tracer: kaol<strong>in</strong>ite<br />
- Collector: Black paper
Last raw untre<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Sprayer's turb<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong>f on the last raw<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Nozzle type<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
Air carrier sprayer is perhaps the<br />
problem?<br />
Leyla Ramade<br />
lramade@unicoque.com
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