Case Study Circassian Migration FV - EUROCLIO

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Why did they move? A summary of the main push and pull factors. Many factors affected Circassian migration Push factors: Russian invasion and war, forced assimilation into the Russian Empire, mass killings and the threat of further massacres, economic pressure and psychological pressure to leave their homeland. They had little choice but to leave. Pull factors: Circassian immigrants were accepted by the Ottoman Empire, they shared the same religion with the Ottoman peoples, they hoped for a better life. They had more trust in the Ottoman Caliphate to protect them. Only a few Circassians agreed to settle elsewhere in the Russian Empire. We can also make broad generalisations about the push and pull factors: the factors which forced the Circassians to emigrate and the factors which encouraged so many to choose the Ottoman Empire as their new homeland. An Adyghe strike on a Russian Military Fort to free the Circassian Coast from the occupiers . 22 March 1840. By Alexander Kozlov, (1818-1884). “This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the Anna Lindh Foundation. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of EUROCLIO and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the Anna Lindh Foundation”
Why did they move? “Some interest will naturally be manifested as to the causes which have led the Circassian people to abandon their hearths and property, and to take refuge, under fearful difficulties and dangers, in a foreign territory. On this subject it is rather difficult, as I have already stated, to arrive at the accurate truth. The privations, the hardships, and the loss of life which have attended the first stages of the emigration have not weakened the determination of those left behind to brave the same dangers, rather than remain on their native soil. There is ample ground for inference, therefore – and the Circassians so represent it – that the Russians‟ rule in the Caucasus is of a nature which cannot be endured. The sacrifice of independence alone would surely not have induced 300,000 people to fly in a body from their country,” The Times of London, Circassian Exodus, 9 May 1864 Although we can establish a lot of factual information about the people who moved, when they moved, how they moved and where they went, it can sometimes be difficult to establish the facts when examining the motives of people and governments, particularly when there are accusations of massacres and the use of excessive force. Written documents cannot always be trusted if the people writing them have something to hide or wish to influence international opinion. Sometimes, as the editor of the Times of London wrote in 1864, we may not have the full accurate account of why so many Circassians moved or were forcibly moved but there is sufficient information available to make a good inference about it. “This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the Anna Lindh Foundation. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of EUROCLIO and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the Anna Lindh Foundation”
Page 1 and 2: Discovering Diversity An integrativ
Page 3 and 4: The Context “This document has be
Page 5 and 6: A Western journalist’s descriptio
Page 7 and 8: Imam Shamil, Imam of Dagestan from
Page 9 and 10: Cırcassıan mıgratıon to the Ott
Page 11 and 12: Further information: Why was the Ca
Page 13 and 14: Further information : Why was the C
Page 15 and 16: Further information: Why was the Ca
Page 17 and 18: The Caucasus: painting by Ivan Aiva
Page 19 and 20: It is difficult to be precise about
Page 21: Timeline: key events leading to the
Page 25 and 26: As these different sources show the
Page 27 and 28: “The unanimity and precipitation
Page 29 and 30: The views of the Circassians are al
Page 31 and 32: Finally, it is also possible to loo
Page 33 and 34: Why did so many Circassians go to t
Page 39 and 40: Experiences before, during and afte
Page 41 and 42: The Movement of the Circassian Peop
Page 43 and 44: Emigrants’ experiences before lea
Page 45 and 46: Emigrants’ experiences before lea
Page 47 and 48: Experiences during the journey Folk
Page 49 and 50: Experiences during the journey “W
Page 51 and 52: Experiences on arrival in a strange
Page 53 and 54: Experiences on arrival in a strange
Page 55 and 56: What were the consequences? “This
Page 57 and 58: CONSEQUENCES: HOW MIGRATION INFLUEN
Page 59 and 60: Consequences: The Circassian Diaspo
Page 61 and 62: What is the legacy? “This documen
Page 63 and 64: Circassians in the USA STATE OF NEW
Page 65 and 66: Remembrance day 21 May Poster: Lets
Page 67 and 68: Multiple perspectives on commemorat
Page 69 and 70: The bigger picture: introduction Th
Page 71 and 72: The bigger picture: the continued d
Page 73:
The bigger picture: the North Cauca
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Case Study Circassian Migration FV - EUROCLIO

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