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OPPORTUNITIES IN THE FOOD
MARKETS OF
TURKEY
For further information about this report contact:
Dennis Pervis, Senior Marketing and Trade Officer
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Markets and Trade Team
#420 - 4321 Still Creek Drive
Burnaby, B.C.
V5C 6S7
Email: Dennis.Pervis@agr.gc.ca
Last Updated: August 2010
Although every effort is made to ensure that the information is correct. Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada assumes no responsibility for its accuracy, reliability, or for any decisions arising from the
information contained herein.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES.............................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................... vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................... vii
I. PURPOSE ................................................................1
II. A SELECTED PROFILE OF TURKEY .........................................1
A. Geography .............................................................1
1. Black Sea Region.....................................................1
2. Marmara Region .....................................................2
3. Aegean Region.......................................................2
4. Mediterranean Region .................................................3
5. Central Anatolia Region ...............................................3
6. Eastern Anatolia Region ...............................................4
7. Southeastern Anatolia Region ...........................................4
B. Demography............................................................5
C. Food ..................................................................5
D. Trade .................................................................6
1. Data Sources and Valuations ............................................6
2. Currencies ..........................................................6
3. Quantitative Units ....................................................7
4. International Considerations ............................................7
5. Imports .............................................................8
6. Exports .............................................................9
III. BUSINESS PARADIGMS ...............................................10
A. The Competitive Environment .............................................10
B. Pure Export ...........................................................10
C. Export with Agreements .................................................10
D. Franchising............................................................10
E. Multi-National Operations ................................................10
IV. RECENT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS .....................................10
A. The Macro-economy ....................................................10
B. Determinants of Food Demand and Imports ..................................11
C. Recent Trends in Household Retail Expenditures and Sales Volume ...............13
1. Confectionery Products ...............................................13
2. Bakery Products .....................................................14
3. Ice Cream..........................................................16
ii

4. Dairy Products ......................................................17
5. Sweet and Savoury Snacks ............................................19
6. Snack Bars .........................................................21
7. Meal Replacement Products ...........................................21
8. Soup ..............................................................21
9. Pasta ..............................................................22
10.Canned / Preserved Food ..............................................23
11.Frozen Processed Food ...............................................24
12.Dried Processed Food ................................................26
13. Chilled Processed Food ...............................................28
14.Oils and Fats .......................................................28
15. Sauces, Dressings and Condiments ......................................30
16. Baby Food .........................................................33
17. Spreads ............................................................34
18.Alcoholic Beverages .................................................35
19.Soft Drinks.........................................................39
20. Tobacco ...........................................................43
21.Hot Drinks .........................................................45
22. Pet Food ...........................................................47
V. RISK FACTORS .........................................................48
A. Political / Economic Events ...............................................48
B. Handling Risks of International Trade.......................................49
VI. PRODUCT ANALYSIS .................................................49
A. Regulatory Issues.......................................................49
1. Dairy Products ......................................................49
2. Beef Products .......................................................50
B. Selected Products Imported from Canada ....................................50
C. Selected Products Not Imported from Canada .................................52
VII. GRID ANALYSIS ......................................................58
A. All Agri-food and Fish Products ...........................................58
B. Agri-food and Fish Imports of Turkey from Canada vs from the Whole World .......58
VIII. PRICE WORK-UPS ....................................................60
A. The Research Price Work-up..............................................60
B. Duties, Taxes, Charges and Fees ...........................................61
IX. IDENTIFICATION OF CONTESTABLE MARKETS .........................61
A. The Indicators of Contestability ...........................................61
1. Price Change .......................................................61
2. Price Ratio .........................................................61
3. Consumption Change.................................................61
iii

4. Change in Value of Imports............................................61
5. Change in the Volume of Imports .......................................61
6. Position on the Grid Analysis ..........................................61
7. Caveats............................................................62
B. Index of Indicators ......................................................62
C. General Recommendations ...............................................68
1. Beef Products .......................................................68
2. Dairy Products ......................................................68
3. Seafood Products ....................................................68
D. Product Groups with an Index of Indicators of 1.00 ............................68
E. Product Groups with an Index of Indicators Between 0.75 and 0.99 ...............68
F. Product Groups with an Index of Indicators Between 0.50 and 0.74 ...............69
G. Product Groups with an Index of Indicators Between 0.25 and 0.49 ...............70
H. Product Groups with an Index of Indicators Between 0.01 and 0.24 ...............71
X. CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................71
XI. CONTACTS FOR ASSISTANCE AND INFORMATION ......................73
A. Regional Offices in Canada ...............................................73
B. In Turkey .............................................................73
APPENDIX 1 - General Data ...................................................75
APPENDIX 2 - Dairy Product Export Restrictions ...................................92
Canada - New Zealand/US - Measures Affecting the Importation of Milk and the Exportation
of Dairy Products ..........................................................92
A. The WTO Rulings ......................................................92
B. The Mutually Agreed Solutions............................................93
APPENDIX 3 - Turkish Cuisine .................................................94
Culinary Customs..........................................................94
Breakfast .............................................................94
Eating out.............................................................94
Summer cuisine ........................................................94
Traditional Turkish Food....................................................94
ENDNOTES ...............................................................101
iv

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Rates of Increase of Population. Turkey. ...................................5
Table 2. Trade Agreements in Effect as of September 2010. Turkey ....................7
Table 3. Annual Rates of Change of Measures of GDP and GDP per Person. Turkey. 1999 to
2009. ..............................................................11
Table 4. Rates of Change of: Prices of Food and Non-alcoholic Beverages; Prices of All
Consumer Goods and; Household Disposable Income. Turkey. ................12
Table 5. Annual Rates of Change in Selected Exchange Rates and Ranking of Exchange Rate
Advantages. ........................................................13
Table 6. Taxes and Import Duties on Alcoholic Drinks. Turkey. 2009. .................35
Table 7. Summary of Indicators of Contestable Markets. Turkey. 2009 .................63
Table 8. Area, Population and GDP. Turkey by Province. 2000. ......................75
Table 9. Population, GDP and Exchange Rates. Turkey .............................79
Table 10. Rates of Change of Sales Value, Sales Volume and Price of Selected Food and
Beverage Products. Turkey. 1999 to 2009. ................................80
Table 11. Product and Price Information of Selected Products. Turkey. .................86
Table 12. Canada's WTO Dairy Export Subsidy Commitment Levels ...................93
Table 13. Traditional Food Products and Ingredients. Turkey .........................94
v

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Turkey and Neighbouring Countries ......................................1
Figure 2. Black Sea Region of Turkey ............................................1
Figure 3. Marmara Region of Turkey .............................................2
Figure 4. Aegean Region of Turkey ..............................................2
Figure 5. Mediterranean Region of Turkey.........................................3
Figure 6. Central Anatolia Region of Turkey .......................................3
Figure 7. Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey .......................................4
Figure 8. Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey...................................4
Figure 9. Population Pyramid. Turkey. 2010. .......................................5
Figure 10. Annual GDP Measured at Fixed 1998 prices. Turkey ........................11
Figure 11. Price Indices of All Consumer Goods and Food & Non-alcoholic Beverages, 1995 =
100. Turkey ........................................................11
Figure 12. Value of the Turkish Lira (CAD Per TRY). Jan, 1999 to Mar, 2010. ............12
Figure 13. Percent Changes in Turkish Agri-food & Seafood Imports - From Canada vs From
the World. 2004 - 2009. ...............................................58
vi

TURKEY:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• has a population of 72.0 million people, increasing at an annual rate of 1.28% (1999 to
2009). - A significantly positive influence on the demand for food;
• experienced a 18.9% per year increase in household disposable income between 2000
and 2009. - A significantly positive influence on the demand for food;
• experienced a 14.26% per year increase in the prices of food and non-alcoholic
beverages between 2000 and 2009. - A significantly negative influence on the amount
of food purchased;
• had 2 out of 7 regions with GDP per person greater than the national average (Aegean
Region and the Marmara Region). - A Canadian exporter should initially target one or
both of these geographic regions;
• experienced an annual decrease of -4.37% in the value of the Turkish Lira compared
to the Canadian Dollar between January 2005 and March 2010. - A negative influence
on imports from Canada;
• experienced movements in the value of the Turkish Lira compared to other currencies
(US Dollar, Russian Ruble and the Ukranian Hryvnia) over the period 2005 to 2010
that were more favorable to imports than the movement of its value compared to the
Canadian Dollar. - Canada faces competition from these counties base on exchange
rates. Canadian exporters must compete on other aspects of trade such as, quality,
timing, followup services, appropriate quantities, research on tastes & preferences,
packaging etc.;
• sourced 29.83% of its food imports from 30 American countries in 2009. The top five
were: the USA, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and Ecuador. - Canada faces considerable
competition from the USA and the emerging economies in South America;
• imported CAD 8,743.9 million worth of food products in 2009, of which CAD 175.0
million (2.0%) was from Canada. - As a supplier of food to Turkey, Canada dropped
from 7 th place in 2008 to 13 th place in 2009 - the decline was due to decreases in
Turkey’s imports of several product groups, particularly “Lentils, Dried Shelled,
Including Seed”, “Wheat (Other than Durum Wheat), and Meslin”, “Durum Wheat”
and “Brewing or Distilling Dregs and Waste, Whether or Not Pelleted”.
Tariffs, non-tariff barriers and trade rules currently preclude imports of some products from
Canada. Nevertheless, from an economic perspective based on the “index of indicators” analysis,
opportunities may exist in the following Turkish markets. In the case of beef and dairy products
vii

these economic opportunities may not be fully available at this time:
• Cheese Not Elsewhere Specified or Indicated (Nesoi). Turkey did not import these
products from Canada in 2009;
• Sesamum Seeds, Whether or Not Broken. Turkey did not import this product from
Canada in 2009;
• Sunflower-seed or Safflower Oil, Crude. Turkey did not import these products from
Canada in 2009;
• Preparations of Cereals, Flour, Starch or Milk for Infant Use, Put up for Retail
Sale. Turkey did not import these products from Canada in 2009;
•
• Prepared Foods Obtained by the Swelling or Roasting of Cereal or Cereal
Products. Turkey did not import these products from Canada in 2009;
• Coffee Extracts, Essences and Concentrates. Turkey did not import these products
from Canada in 2009;
• Butter. Turkey did not import this product from Canada in 2009;
• Cheese, Grate or Powdered, of All Kinds. Turkey did not import these products
from Canada in 2009;
• Chickpeas, Dried, Shelled. Whether or Not Skinned or Split. Turkey did not import
these products from Canada in 2009;
• Hazelnuts or Filberts, Fresh or Dried. Turkey did not import these products from
Canada in 2009;
• Canary Seed. Turkey imported this product from Canada in 2009;
• Maize (Corn) Oil, Crude. Turkey did not import this product from Canada in 2009;
• Sweet Biscuits. Turkey did not import these products from Canada in 2009;
• Communion Wafers, Empty Cachets for Pharmaceutical Use and Similar Products
and Bakers’ Wares Nesoi. Turkey did not import these products from Canada in
2008;
• Jams, Fruit Jellies, Fruit / Nut Puree & Paste, Cooked Preparations, Sugared,
Sweetened or Not. Turkey did not import these products from Canada in 2008;
viii

• Apple Juice, Nesoi, Unfermented and Not Spirited Whether or Not Sugared /
Sweetened. Turkey did not import these products from Canada in 2008;
• Protein Concentrates and Textured Protein Substances. Turkey did not import
these products from Canada in 2008.
On the basis of increasing retail sales volume alone, Canadian exporters should also consider the
Turkish markets for:
• Granola / Muesli Bars;
• Meal Replacements Slimming Products;
• Take Home Ice Cream;
• Sour Milk;
• Fortified Wine & Vermouth;
• 100% Juice;
• Nectars (25.99% Juice);
• Juice Drinks (Up to 24% Juice);
• Flavoured Bottled Water;
• Sports Drinks;
• Energy Drinks;
• Mid Tar Cigarettes;
• Ultra Low Tar Cigarettes;
• Instant Coffee.
ix

OPPORTUNITIES IN THE FOOD MARKETS OF TURKEY
I. PURPOSE
The purpose of this paper is to provide
Canadian food exporters with indications of
opportunities or “contestable markets” in
Turkey, based on economic considerations.
A number of indicators of “contestable
markets” are calculated and the product
markets are ranked by their ordinal
probabilities of finding opportunities in
them.
The paper provides indications only.
Companies should follow up on
opportunities of interest with: further market
research; acquisition of information on
sanitary / phyto-sanitary requirements;
labeling requirements; the development of a
research price work-up and; eventually a
specific price work-up. In some cases
Figure 1. Turkey and Neighbouring Countries.
Source: CIA - World Factbook.
tariffs, non-tariff barriers and trade rules may preclude the import of some products from Canada. Companies should
do additional research to determine if their products are affected.
The indicators of contestability used in this paper are based on historical economic statistics and therefore
assume future tastes and preferences of Turkish consumers remain fixed, including the images Turkish consumers
have of Canada and Canadian products. The Branding Strategy for the Canadian Agriculture and Food Sector 1 is
designed to improve knowledge of Canadian products and food systems, to differentiate Canada from its competitors
and establish a reputation of high quality. This program can have a major positive influence on Turkish acceptance
of Canadian food products and increase the probabilities of finding opportunities in Turkish markets.
II. A SELECTED PROFILE OF TURKEY
A. Geography 2
Turkey is located in Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is
geographically part of Europe). The European part of Turkey is known as Thrace and the Asian part is known as
Anatolia. It is bordered by: Bulgaria and Greece on the northwest; the Black Sea on the north; Georgia, Armenia,
Azerbaijan and Iran on the east; Iraq and Syria on the southeast; the Mediterranean Sea on the southwest and; the
Aegean Sea on the west.
Geographically, Turkey is divided into seven regions and the
regions are politically divided into provinces. In total there are 81
provinces:
1. Black Sea Region
The Black Sea region is divided into 18 provinces. It has a
steep, rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of
the coastal mountain ranges to the Black Sea. A few larger rivers
that cut back through the Pontic Mountains, have tributaries that
flow in broad, elevated basins. Access inland from the coast is
limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges form an
1
Figure 2. Black Sea Region of Turkey.
Source: Wikipedia.

almost unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The higher slopes facing northwest tend to be densely
forested. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from the rest of
Anatolia.
Running from Zonguldak in the west to Rize in the east, the narrow coastal strip widens at several places into
fertile, intensely cultivated deltas. The Samsun area, close to the midpoint, is a major tobacco-growing region; east
of it are numerous citrus groves. East of Samsun, the area around Trabzon is world-renowned for the production of
hazelnuts, and farther east the Rize region has numerous tea plantations. All cultivable areas, including mountain
slopes wherever they are not too steep, are sown or used as pasture. The mild, damp climate of the Black Sea coast
makes commercial farming profitable. The western part of the Black Sea region, especially the Zonguldak area, is a
center of coal mining and heavy industry.
2. Marmara Region
The Marmara region is divided into 11 provinces and includes
the European portion of Turkey which consists mainly of rolling
plateau country well suited to agriculture. It receives about 520
millimeters of rainfall annually.
Densely populated, this area includes the cities of Istanbul and
Edirne. The Bosphorus, which links the Sea of Marmara and the
Black Sea, is about twenty-five kilometers long and averages 1.5
kilometers in width but narrows in places to less than 1,000
meters. There are two suspension bridges over the Bosphorus,
both its Asian and European banks rise steeply from the water and
form a succession of cliffs, coves, and nearly landlocked bays.
Most of the shores are densely wooded and are marked by
2
Figure 3. Marmara Region of Turkey.
Source: Wikipedia.
numerous small towns and villages. The Dardanelles Strait, which links the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea, is
approximately forty kilometers long and increases in width toward the south. Unlike the Bosphorus, the Dardanelles
has fewer settlements along its shores. The Saros Bay is located near the Gallipoli peninsula and is famous for its
clean beaches. It is a favourite spot among scuba divers for the richness of its underwater fauna and is becoming
increasingly popular due to its proximity to Istanbul.
The most important valleys are the Kocaeli Valley, the Bursa Ovasi (Bursa Basin), and the Plains of Troy
(historically known as the Troad). The valley lowlands around Bursa is densely populated.
3. Aegean Region
The Aegean region of Turkey is located on the western side of
Anatolia and is divided into eight provinces. It has fertile soil and
a typically Mediterranean climate; mild, wet winters and hot, dry
summers. The broad, cultivated valley lowlands contain about half
of the country's richest farmlands.
The largest city in the Aegean Region is ¤zmir which is the
country's third largest city and a major manufacturing center; as
well as its second largest port after Istanbul.
Olive and olive oil production is particularly important for the
economy of the region. The seaside town of Ayvaik and numerous
towns in the provinces of Balikesir, ¤zmir and Aydin are
particularly famous for their olive oil and related products; such as
soap and cosmetics.
Figure 4. Aegean Region of Turkey.
Source: Wikipedia.

The region also has many important centers of tourism which are known both for their historic monuments and
for the beauty of their beaches.
4. Mediterranean Region
The Mediterranean region is divided into eight provinces.
Toward the east, the extensive plains around Adana, Turkey's
fourth largest city, consist largely of reclaimed flood lands. In
general, rivers have not cut valleys to the sea in the western part
of the region. Historically, movement inland from the western
Mediterranean coast was difficult. East of Adana, much of the
coastal plain has limestone features such as collapsed caverns and
sinkholes. Between Adana and Antalya, the Taurus Mountains
rise sharply from the coast to high elevations. Other than Adana,
Antalya, and Mersin, the Mediterranean coast has few major
cities, although it has numerous farming villages.
3
Figure 5. Mediterranean Region of
Turkey.
Source: Wikipedia.
Paralleling the Mediterranean coast, the Taurus (Toros
Daglari) is Turkey's second chain of folded mountains. The range
rises just inland from the coast and trends generally in an easterly direction until it reaches the Arabian Platform,
where it arcs around the northern side of the platform. The Taurus Mountains are more rugged and less dissected by
rivers than the Pontus Mountains and historically have served as a barrier to human movement inland from the
Mediterranean coast except where there are mountain passes such as the historic Cilician Gates (Gülek Pass),
northwest of Adana.
5. Central Anatolia Region
The Central Anatolia region is divided into 13 provinces.
Stretching inland from the Aegean coastal plain, the Central
Anatolian region occupies the area between the two zones of the
folded mountains, extending east to the point where the two
ranges converge. The plateau-like, semiarid highlands of Anatolia
are considered the heartland of the country. The region varies in
elevation from 600 to 1,200 meters from west to east. The two
largest basins on the plateau are the Konya Ovasi and the basin
occupied by the large salt lake, Tuz Gölü. Both basins are
characterized by inland drainage. Wooded areas are confined to
the northwest and northeast of the plateau. Rain-fed cultivation is
widespread, with wheat being the principal crop. Irrigated
agriculture is restricted to the areas surrounding rivers and
wherever sufficient underground water is available. Important
Figure 6. Central Anatolia Region of
Turkey.
Source: Wikipedia.
irrigated crops include barley, corn, cotton, various fruits, grapes, opium poppies, sugar beets, roses, and tobacco.
There also is extensive grazing throughout the plateau.
Central Anatolia receives little annual rainfall. The semiarid center of the plateau receives an average yearly
precipitation of only 300 millimeters. However, actual rainfall from year to year is irregular and occasionally may be
less than 200 millimeters, leading to severe reductions in crop yields for both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture. In
years of low rainfall, stock losses also can be high. Overgrazing has contributed to soil erosion on the plateau.
During the summers, frequent dust storms blow a fine yellow powder across the plateau. Locusts occasionally ravage
the eastern area in April and May. In general, the plateau experiences extreme heat, with almost no rainfall in
summer and cold weather with heavy snow in winter.

Frequently interspersed throughout the folded mountains, and also situated on the Anatolian Plateau, are welldefined
basins, which the Turks call ova. Some are no more than a widening of a stream valley; others, such as the
Konya Ovasi, are large basins of inland drainage or are the result of limestone erosion. Most of the basins take their
names from cities or towns located at their rims. Where a lake has formed within the basin, the water body is usually
saline as a result of the internal drainage--the water has no outlet to the sea.
6. Eastern Anatolia Region
The Eastern Anatolia region is divided into 14 provinces. In
this region the Pontus and Taurus mountain ranges converge,
resulting in rugged country with higher elevations, a more severe
climate, and greater precipitation than are found on the Anatolian
Plateau. The region is known as the Anti-Taurus, and the average
elevation of its peaks exceeds 3,000 meters. Mount Ararat, at 5,137
meters the highest point in Turkey, is located in the Anti-Taurus.
Many of the Anti-Taurus peaks apparently are recently extinct
volcanoes, as indicated by extensive lava flows. Turkey's largest
lake, Lake Van, is situated in the mountains at an elevation of 1,546
meters. The headwaters of three major rivers arise in the Anti-
Taurus: the east-flowing Aras, which empties into the Caspian Sea;
4
Figure 7. Eastern Anatolia Region of
Turkey.
Source: Wikipedia.
the south-flowing Euphrates; and the south-flowing Tigris, which eventually joins the Euphrates in Iraq before
emptying into the Persian Gulf. Several small streams that empty into the Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also
originate in these mountains.
In addition to its rugged mountains, the area is known for severe winters with heavy snowfalls. The few valleys
and plains in these mountains tend to be fertile and to support diverse agriculture. The main basin is the Mus Valley,
west of Lake Van. Narrow valleys also lie at the foot of the lofty peaks along river corridors.
7. Southeastern Anatolia Region
The Southeast Anatolia region is divided into nine provinces and
is located south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of
rolling hills and a broad plateau surface that extends into Syria.
Elevations decrease gradually, from about 800 meters in the north to
about 500 meters in the south. Traditionally, wheat and barley were
the main crops of the region, but the inauguration of major new
irrigation projects in the 1980s has led to greater agricultural
diversity and development.
Figure 8. Southeastern Anatolia Region
of Turkey.
Source: Wikipedia.
B. Demography
At January 1, 2010, the population of Turkey was estimated at
72,473,600 people. During the period mid-year1977 to mid-year 2009 the population grew at a rate of 1.63 percent
per year. The rate of increase has varied over this period and is currently (2006 to 2009) 1.29 percent per year. See
Table 1.
The population pyramid in Figure 9 indicates a fairly normal age distribution for a country with a healthy but
slowly declining rate of population growth.
Canadian exporters may want to target the age groups 0 to 29.

Table 1. Rates of Increase of
Population. Turkey.
Time Period Rate of Increase
(% per year)
1977 - 2009 1.63
1977 - 1986 2.13
1986 - 1996 1.66
1996 - 2006 1.34
2006 - 2009 1.29
Source: Calculated from data from
Euromonitor. (August 2010)
Note: Population was estimated at
mid-year.
C. Food 3
Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine,
which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Central Asian,
Middle Eastern and Balkan cuisines. Turkish cuisine has in turn
influenced those and other neighbouring cuisines, including that of
western European. The Ottomans fused various culinary traditions
of their realm with influences from the Middle East, along with
traditional Turkic elements from Central Asia, creating a vast array
of technical specialities, many with strong regional associations.
Turkish cuisine is not homogeneous. Aside from common
Turkish specialities that can be found throughout the country, there
are also many region-specific specialities:
The Black Sea Region's cuisine is based on corn and anchovies;
5
AGE
100+
95-99
90-94
85-89
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15- 19
10- 14
5-9
0-4
MALE FEMALE
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Millions
Figure 9. Population Pyramid. Turkey.
2010.
Source: Data from U.S. Census Bureau,
International Database.
The Southeast Anatolia Region is famous for its kebabs, mezes and dough-based desserts such as baklava,
kaday2if and künefe;
In the western parts of Turkey, where olive trees are grown abundantly, olive oil is the major type of oil used for
cooking.
Mediterranean regions display basic characteristics of Mediterranean cuisine as they are rich in vegetables,
herbs, and fish;
Central Anatolia is famous for its pasta specialties, such as keÕskek (kashkak), mant2i (especially from Kayseri)
and gözleme.

A specialty's name sometimes includes that of a city or region, either in or outside of Turkey, and may refer to
the specific technique or ingredients used in that area. For example, the difference between Urfa kebab and Adana
kebab is the use of garlic instead of onion and the larger amount of hot pepper used.
Appendix 3 contains a list of Turkish food and their ingredients. Ingredients that Canada can or could supply are
noted in bold.
D. Trade
1. Data Sources and Valuations
In this and following sections, trade data is presented and analyzed. Unless otherwise indicated, trade data has
been obtained from the Global Trade Atlas which is a product of:
Global Trade Information Services, Inc. -GTI-
2218 Devine Street
Columbia, SC 29205
USA
Tel: (803) 765-1860
Fax: (803) 799-5589
E-Mail: trade@gtis.com .
The data reported for Turkey is supplied to GTI by the Turkish State Institute of Statistics and is evaluated FOB
for exports and CIF for imports. At the time of the analysis, data for 2009 is the latest available.
Data reported from Canadian sources originates with Statistics Canada and is evaluated FOB for both imports
and exports.
2. Currencies
On 1 January 2005 the old Turkish lira (TRL) was converted to new Turkish lira (TRY) at a rate of 1,000,000
old to 1 new Turkish lira; on 1 January 2009 the Turkish government dropped the word "new" and the currency is
now called simply the Turkish Lira.
Currency designations used in this paper are the ISO 4217 codes. Specifically:
Canadian Dollar ............................... CAD;
Turkish Lira .................................. TRY;
United States Dollar ............................ USD;
Russian Ruble................................. RUB;
Ukrainian Hryvnia .............................UAH.
For a complete list of ISO currency codes, see the website www.xe.com/iso4217.htm.
3. Quantitative Units
The quantitative unit symbols used in this paper are as follows:
t = metric tonne = 1000 Kg;
Lt = litres = 1000 millilitres;
Km = kilometres = 1000 metres;
Kg = kilograms = 1000 grams;
million = 1,000,000.
6

4. International Considerations
As of September 2010 Turkey had a customs union agreement with the EU and free trade agreements in effect
with The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), EFTA, Israel, Macedonia. Boznia-Herzegovena, Croatia, the
Palestinian Authority, Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, Egypt and Albania, Georgia, Montenegro and Serbia.
Except for Boznia-Herzegovena and Georgia, Turkey’s partners in trade agreements have lost market share in
the Turkish markets for agriculture, agri-food, seafood and fish products.
Turkey is a candidate for full accession to the EU. When that occurs, Turkey’s trade agreements will be
superseded by the trade agreements of the EU.
Table 2. Trade Agreements in Effect as of September 2010. Turkey.
Agreement With Type Date In Force Share of Total Food
Imports in Year of
Date in Force
(%)
Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO)**
7
Share of Total
Food Imports in
2009
(%)
PTA Feb 17, 1992 5.03*** 4.19
EFTA FTA Apr 1, 1992 1.64*** 1.58
EU15* CU Jan 1, 1996 22.92*** 20.75
Israel FTA May 1, 1997 1.27*** 0.41
Macedonia FTA Sep 1, 2000 0.13 0.03
Boznia-Herzegovena, FTA Jul 1 2003 0.07 0.24
Croatia FTA Jul 1, 2003 0.05 0.04
The Palestinian Authority FTA Jun 1 2005 0.01 0.003
Tunisia FTA Jul 1, 2005 0.14 0.08
Morocco FTA Jan 1, 2006 0.23 0.09
Syria FTA Jan 1, 2007 0.39 0.14
Egypt FTA Mar 1, 2007 1.67 0.84
Albania FTA May 1, 2008 0.05 0.03
Georgia FTA Nov 1, 2008 0.13 0.47
Montenegro FTA Mar 12, 2010 n/a n/a
Serbia FTA Sep 1, 2010 n/a n/a

Agreement With Type Date In Force Share of Total Food
Imports in Year of
Date in Force
(%)
8
Share of Total
Food Imports in
2009
(%)
Source: http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicSearchByMember.aspx.
Note: * Does not cover services or public procurement. There are bilateral concessions that apply to
agriculture.
** Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
*** 1998 - earliest data available.
CU = Customs Union.
FTA = Free Trade Agreement.
PFA = Preferred Trade Agreement.
5. Imports
In 2009, Turkey imported a total of CAD 159,484.6 million worth of a wide variety of merchandise from many
countries. The top five import categories were:
Mineral Fuel, Oil. (HS: 27) 4 ;
Machinery; Reactors, Boilers. (HS: 84);
Electrical Machinery, Etc. (HS: 85);
Iron and Steel. (HS: 72);
Vehicles, Not Railway. (HS: 87).
Turkey imported a total of CAD 8,743.9 million worth of agri-food and seafood products from many countries.
The top five categories by value were:
Cereals. (HS: 10) ............................................................ CAD 1,386.7 million;
Animal or Vegetable Fats and Oils and Their Cleavage Products; Prepared Edible Fats;
Animal or Vegetable Waxes. (HS: 15) .......................................... CAD 1,270.2 million;
Oil Seeds and Oleaginous Fruits; Miscellaneous Grains, Seeds and Fruits; Industrial or
Medicinal Plants; Straw and Fodder. (HS: 12) .................................... CAD 1,203.7 million;
Cotton, Not Carded or Combed. (HS: 5201) ....................................... CAD 1,123.3 million;
Residues and Waste from the Food Industries; Prepared Animal Feed. (HS: 23) ........... CAD 631.5 million.
The five most important sources, by value, of agri-food and seafood imports were:
USA ........................................................CAD 1,682.0 million;
Russia.......................................................CAD 927.4 million;
Ukraine......................................................CAD 661.2 million;
Germany.....................................................CAD 408.8 million;
Greece ...................................................... CAD 368.5 million.
Canada ranked 13 th ............................................. CAD 175.0 million.
Turkey imported about CAD 175.0 million worth of agri-food and seafood products from Canada. the top five
categories, by value, were:
Edible Vegetables and Certain Roots and Tubers. (HS: 07)..............................CAD 143.5 million;
Cereals. (HS: 10) ............................................................. CAD 13.0 million;

Dairy Produce; Birds' Eggs; Natural Honey; Edible Products of Animal Origin, Nesoi. (HS: 04) CAD 4.9 million;
Oil Seeds and Oleaginous Fruits; Miscellaneous Grains, Seeds and Fruits; Industrial or
Medicinal Plants; Straw and Fodder. (HS: 12) ..................................... CAD 4.0 million;
Residues and Waste from the Food Industries; Prepared Animal Feed. (HS: 23) .............CAD 3.4 million.
6. Exports
In 2009, Turkey exported a total of CAD 116,137.6 million worth of a wide variety of merchandise to many
countries. The top five categories, by value, were:
Vehicles, Not Railway. (HS: 87);
Machinery; Reactors, Boilers. (HS: 84);
Iron and Steel. (HS: 72);
Knit Apparel. (HS: 61);
Electrical Machinery, Etc. (HS: 85).
Turkey exported a total of CAD 12,324.7 million worth of agri-food and seafood products to many countries.
The top five categories by value were:
Edible Fruit and Nuts; Peel of Citrus Fruit or Melons. (HS: 08) ........................ CAD 3,370.0 million;
Preparations of Vegetables, Fruit, Nuts, or Other Parts of Plants. (HS: 20)................ CAD 1,443.1 million;
Edible Vegetables and Certain Roots and Tubers. (HS: 07)............................ CAD 1,175.3 million;
Tobacco and Manufactured Tobacco Substitutes. (HS: 24) ............................ CAD 859.8 million;
Preparations Of Cereals, Flour, Starch Or Milk; Bakers' Wares. (HS: 19)................. CAD 772.4 million.
The five most important destinations, by value, for agri-food and seafood exports were:
Iraq .........................................................CAD 1,545.4 million;
Germany.....................................................CAD 1,199.7 million;
Russia.......................................................CAD 915.7 million;
Italy ........................................................CAD 658.8 million;
USA ........................................................ CAD 516.8 million.
Canada ranked 35 th ............................................. CAD 82.3 million.
Turkey exported about CAD 82.3 million worth of agri-food and seafood products to Canada. The top five
categories, by value, were:
Edible Fruit and Nuts; Peel of Citrus Fruit or Melons. (HS: 08) .......................... CAD 50.6 million;
Preparations of Vegetables, Fruit, Nuts, or Other Parts of Plants. (HS: 20).................. CAD 7.3 million;
Preparations of Cereals, Flour, Starch or Milk; Bakers' Wares. (HS: 19) ................... CAD 4.8 million;
Animal or Vegetable Fats and Oils and Their Cleavage Products; Prepared Edible Fats; Animal
or Vegetable Waxes. (HS: 15) .................................................. CAD 4.8 million;
Edible Vegetables and Certain Roots and Tubers. (HS: 07)...............................CAD 2.7 million.
III. BUSINESS PARADIGMS
There are several ways in which Canadian companies can participate in the food markets of Turkey. Some
understanding of the competitive nature of the Turkish food markets is necessary for Canadian companies to decide
on the appropriate paradigm for them.
9

A. The Competitive Environment
The packaged food market is quite competitive with many companies. The top five owners of global brands
account for only 15.4 percent of the value of retail sales. Similarly, the top five owners of national brands account
for only 14.3 percent of the value of retail sales.
B. Pure Export
The paradigm assumed in this paper is characterized by production in Canada by Canadian companies with sea
or air transport to Turkey by any available carrier. Canadian companies normally cease to be interested in a shipment
when it is loaded onto a ship or airplane and payment is received. Transport, wholesaling, distributing and retailing
is the responsibility of Turkish companies and at their risk. With this paradigm the emphasis is on identifying
products that Canadian companies can profitably export and Turkish companies can profitably import from Canada
and finding those Turkish buyers.
C. Export with Agreements
This paradigm is much the same as pure export except that Canadian companies enter into various kinds of
agreements with Turkish companies to participate in any one or more marketing functions such as wholesaling,
storage, distributing, advertising and / or retailing.
D. Franchising
This paradigm is useful when direct market access is difficult. For compensation, a Canadian company can give
legal permission for a Turkish company to produce one or more specific products and / or use a protected name /
logo. This permission can be accompanied by restrictions to prevent competition with the Canadian company in
Canada or in a third market.
E. Multi-National Operations
This paradigm includes a mix of local (in Turkey) production and imports to Turkey. It may also include the
performance of many marketing functions. Multi-nationals operate as if there were no borders, placing production
plants in the most economic position in relation to sources of inputs and the markets to be served. Tariffs and other
trade barriers are costs of doing business and influence the placement of production plants as they affect economic
and financial considerations. If / when trade barriers fall, these companies are in the best position to adjust and
benefit from the comparative advantages of many countries.
Some multi-national companies active in Turkey are :
- Nestle (Switzerland);
- Unilever Group (UK);
- Kraft Foods Inc. (USA);
- Danone, Groupe (France);
- Cadbury Schweppes Plc (UK);
- PepsiCo Inc. (USA).
IV. RECENT ECONOMIC
CONDITIONS
A. The Macro-economy
There are three measures of GDP:
1) Between 1999 and 2009, the annual GDP of
Turkey, measured at purchasing power parity (PPP)
was increasing at a rate of 7.89 percent per year. See
Table 3.
2) GDP measured in TRY at current prices was
increasing at a rate of 24.02 percent per year, between
1999 and 2009. See Table 3.
10
BILLION TRY
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Figure 10. Annual GDP Measured at Fixed 1998
prices. Turkey.
Source: Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

3) GDP measured in TRY at constant 1998 prices. See Figure 10.
In 2000 - 2001, Turkey experienced two politico-economic crises in three months requiring the intervention of
the IMF. These crises probably had an effect on consumers and accounts for some discontinuities in the time series
of retail sales per household of many food products in 2000, 2001 or in later years. At the time of these crises,
consumers appear to have rapidly reduced purchases of non-basic food products. These discontinuities in the data are
noted below in the section “C” which discusses trends in household expenditures and volumes of purchases.
Table 3. Annual Rates of Change of Measures of GDP and
GDP per Person. Turkey. 1999 to 2009.
GDP at Current Prices GDP Per Person at Current Prices
TRY
(% / Year)
PPP
(% / Year)
TRY
(% / Year)
11
INDEX
8,000.0
7,000.0
6,000.0
5,000.0
4,000.0
3,000.0
2,000.0
1,000.0
0.0
PPP
(% / Year)
1990
1992
1994
1996
CAD
(% / Year)
24.02 7.89 22.45 6.52 7.48
Source: Calculated from data from Euromonitor and the Pacific
Exchange Rate Service. (August 2010)
Historically, inflation has been a problem for
Turkey. During the period 1990 to 2000 the consumer
price index was increasing at a rate of 79.88 percent
per year. Recently, this has been reduced considerably.
Data from Euromonitor indicate that between 2007
and 2009, consumer prices increased at a rate of 8.34
percent per year. Forecasts indicate that the inflation
rate will be 4.22 percent after 2009. See Figure 11.
B. Determinants of Food Demand and
Imports
The rate of increase of the amount of agri-food
products demanded in the market is influenced by the
rates of change of: population, product prices and
income per person or per household.
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Consumer Price Index Food & Non-Alc Bev Price Index
Figure 11. Price Indices of All Consumer Goods and
Food & Non-alcoholic Beverages, 1995 =
100. Turkey.
Source: Data from Euromonitor.
As noted above, between 2006 and 2009 the
population increased at a rate of 1.29 percent per year -
quite rapid relative to some other countries. Figure 11 presents the price indices of all consumer products and food &
non-alcoholic beverages. Generally, food & beverage prices were increasing slower than prices of all consumer
prices. Between 2007 to 2009 the prices of all consumer goods increased at a rate of 8.34 percent per year while the
prices of food and non-alcoholic beverages increase at a rate of 4.84 percent per year. See Table 4.
2008

Table 4. Rates of Change of: Prices of Food and Non-alcoholic
Beverages; Prices of All Consumer Goods and;
Household Disposable Income. Turkey.
Time Period Food and Nonalcoholic
Beverage Prices
(% per Year)
12
All Consumer
Prices
(% per Year)
CAD PER TRY
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Jan-99
Jan-00
Jan-01
Jan-02
Household
Disposable
Income
(% per Year)
1990 to 2009 47.32 49.15 51.55
1990 to 2000 79.41 79.88 82.51
2000 to 2009 14.26 15.84 18.91
2007 to 2009 4.84 8.34 4.29
2010 to 2020
(Forecast)
n/a 4.22 5.33
Source: Calculated from data from Euromonitor. (March 2010)
Over the period 1990 to 2008, household disposable income was generally increasing faster than the prices of
both food & non-alcoholic beverages and all consumer goods. The exception is the 2007 to 2009, 24 month period
when prices of all consumer goods and food & non-alcoholic beverages both increased faster than household
disposable income.
Normally the high rates of inflation would have
negative influences on the demand for food but the
faster increases in household disposable income offsets
these with a positive influence on the demand for food.
The quantities of agri-food and seafood products
that Turkey imports from Canada is influenced by
many factors including: relative costs of production in
Canada compared to Turkey and other competitors;
transportation costs; consumer preferences and; the
changes in the exchange rate between the TRY and the
CAD compared to that of the currencies of our
competitors in Turkish markets.
Figure 12 presents the value of the TRY in CADs.
After a major decrease in value from 1999 to about
2002 the value of the TRY has leveled out or is
decreasing more slowly.
Jan-03
Jan-04
Jan-05
Jan-06
Jan-07
Jan-08
Jan-09
Figure 12. Value of the Turkish Lira (CAD Per
TRY). Jan, 1999 to Mar, 2010.
Source: Pacific Exchange Rate Service.
Table 5 presents the rates of change of the value of the TRY in terms of the CAD, USD, RUB and the UAH
over three time periods. Over the period January 1999 to March 2010, the value of the TRY was decreasing in
relation to the CAD and Canada ranked 4 th in exchange rate advantage. Exchange rates tend to provide Ukrainian
exporters with an advantage over Canadian exporters. Canadian exporters will have to compete on other aspects of
trade such as quality, delivery timing, followup service, appropriate quantities, tastes & preferences, packaging etc.
Jan-10

While the strong CAD may not favour Canadian exporter, it does favour companies considering making
investments in Turkey.
Table 5. Annual Rates of Change in Selected Exchange Rates and Ranking of
Exchange Rate Advantages.
Dates CAD Per TRY
(% Per Year)
(Rank)
Jan 1999 to Dec
2002
Jan 2002 to Dec
2005
Jan 2005 to Mar
2010
Apr 2009 to Mar
2010
-34.86
(3)
-4.67
(4)
-4.37
(4)
-10.29
(4)
Sources: Pacific Exchange Rate Service.
* National Bank of Ukraine.
USD Per TRY
(% Per Year)
(Rank)
13
-36.17
(4)
3.80
(1)
-2.27
(3)
RUB Per TRY
(% Per Year)
(Rank)
-30.96
(2)
0.02
(2)
-0.31
(2)
UAH Per TRY*
(% Per Year)
(Rank)
C. Recent Trends in Household Retail Expenditures and Sales Volume
The data in this section were obtained from Euromonitor during the period May and July, 2010. Euromonitor
updates its databases regularly and future data may not correspond exactly to the data presented here.
4.75
(2)
-6.53
(3)
-28.37
(1)
-1.50
(3)
8.20
(1)
11.51
(1)
Between 1999 and 2009, household disposable income was increasing at an estimate rate of 24.80 percent per
year. This will affect the values and volumes of retail sales of the products discussed below, according to the income
elasticities of demand exhibited by the households. The changes in the prices of the products discussed below will
affect the values and volumes of sales according to both the income elasticity of demand and the own price
elasticities of demand exhibited by the households.
The 2009 exchange rate used in this section is TRY 1.00 = CAD 0.733133.
1. Confectionery Products
Chocolate Confectionery
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of chocolate confectionery was increasing at a rate of 15.4 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 21.7 percent per year reaching TRY
90.86 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 5.5 percent per year reaching 5.241
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 95,400 t worth TRY 1,653.5 million (CAD 1,212.2 million).
In 2008, the top two companies by value of retail sales (Ulker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS and Nestle Gida
Sanayii AS) accounted for 61.9 percent of the market. The next three companies (Marsa Kraft Gida
Sanayii ve Ticaret AS, Eti Gida Sanayii ve Ticaret AS and Ferrero SpA) accounted for 16.7 percent.
Prospects: Over the next few years the volume of retail sales of chocolate confectionery is expected to continue to

grow based on tablets containing expensive ingredients such as almonds. These will be promoted and
prices may rise. However the prices of countlines and boxed chocolates will be under pressure resulting
from competition from chocolate covered biscuits, crisps / chips and snack bars.
Sugar Confectionery
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of sugar confectionery was increasing at a rate of 15.0 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 16.6 percent per year reaching TRY
32.48 in 2009.
Volume: In 2001, the volume of retail sales per household fell sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was increasing,
reaching 2.745 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data was increasing at a rate of 1.4
percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 50,000 t worth TRY 591.1 million (CAD 433.4 million).
In 2008, the top two companies by value of retail sales (Kent Gida Maddeleri Sanayii ve Ticaret AS and
Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 58.9 percent of the market, The next three companies
(Frito-Lay Gida Sanayii ve Ticaret AS, Perfetti Van Melle Group and Haribo GmbH & Co KG)
accounted for 8.0 percent.
Prospects: The general economic problems of 2008 are resulting in changes that will negatively affect the price and
value of retail sales of sugar confectionery: a switch to cheaper products; the increasing share of private
labels and; price promotions by manufacturers in an effort to boost volume sales. The most popular forms
of sugar confectionery are pastilles, gums, jellies and chews and they are the only sub-categories of sugar
confectionery expected to show positive growth through 2014.
Gum
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of gum was increasing at a rate of 16.5 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 18.6 percent per year reaching TRY
27.71 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 1.8 percent per year reaching 0.548
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 10,000 t worth TRY 504.2 million (CAD 369.6 million).
In 2008, the top two companies by value of retail sales (Dandy Gida Sanayii ve Ticaret AS and Perfetti
Van Melle Group) accounted for 66.9 percent of the market. The next three companies (Kent Gida
Maddeleeri Sanayii ve Ticaret AS, Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS and Baycan Gida Sanayii ve Ticaret
AS) accounted for 16.7 percent.
Prospects: Sugarized gum and bubble gum are expected to decline in value and volume of sales as they become less
popular. Sugar-free gum is expected to be the only category to experience positive growth in retail
volume.
2. Bakery Products
In 2008, artisanal producers dominated sales with 97.3 percent of the market. This is due to the popularity of
unpackaged / artisanal bread and pastries. Multinationals’ imported products represent a negligible portion of sales.
Bread
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of bread was increasing at a rate of 18.5 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 18.6 percent per year reaching TRY
1,379.79 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was volatile, rising 4.8 percent from 1999 to 2002 then falling
-3.0 percent from 2002 to 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 0.1
percent per year reaching 608.000 Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 11,064,700 t worth TRY 25,110.2 million (CAD 18,409.1
million).
14

Pastries
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of pastries increased steeply until 2003 then much slower until 2009.
A trend line fitted to the data increases at a rate of 10.7 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household also increased steeply until 2003 and then was quite stable until
2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 value data increases at a rate of 8.7 percent per year reaching
TRY 18.85 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -1.8 percent per year reaching 1.169 Kg in
2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 21,300 t worth TRY 343.0 million (CAD 251.5 million).
Cakes
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of cakes increased sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it increased much more
slowly. A trend line fitted to the price data increases at a rate of 10.9 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 14.4 percent per year reaching TRY
84.04 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of sales per household fell slightly in 2001 and then increased sharply reaching 8.862 Kg in
2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 3.2 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 161,300 t worth TRY 1,529.3 million (CAD 1,121.2 million).
Biscuits
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of biscuits increased sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it increased much
more slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 11.2 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 14.9 percent per year reaching TRY
72.45 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 3.3 percent per year reaching 11.486
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 209,000 t worth TRY 1,318.4 million (CAD 966.6 million).
In 2008, the top two companies by value of retail sales (Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS and Eti Gida
Sanayii ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 83.1 percent of the market. The next three companies (Rekor Gida
AS, Saray Biskuvi ve Gida Sanayi and Bifa Biskuvi ve Gida Sanayii AS) accounted for 3.1 percent.
Prospects: Savoury biscuits and crackers are expected to experience a decline in the value of retail sales as demand
shifts to extruded snacks and pretzels. Filled biscuits are expected to experience the highest growth rate
through 2014 due to a high number of new products.
Breakfast Cereals
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of breakfast cereals was increasing at a rate of 13.7 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 14.9 percent per year reaching TRY
6.04 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing from 1999 to 2003 then increased sharply to
2009 reaching 0.407 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 1.1
percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 7,400 t worth TRY 110.0 million (CAD 80.6 million).
In 2008, the top two companies by value of retail sales (Nestle gida Sanayii AS and Ülker Gida Sanayi ve
Ticaret AS) accounted for 81.7 percent of the market. The next three companies (Dr Oetker Gida Sanayi
AS, Eti Gida Sanayii ve Ticaret AS and Ucel Gida ve Kimya Sanayii) accounted for 5.8 percent.
Prospects: Breakfast cereals are expected to experience positive growth through 2014 but at a lower rate than in
recent years when the growth rate was particularly high. Flakes are expected to continue to experience
the highest growth. Advertising targeting women and children will add to sales growth. Muesli is
expected to experience the second highest growth rate. Prices will increase slightly due to increasing
costs of material.
15

3. Ice Cream
Generally, the growth in retail sales volume will be slower than in past years due to the economic recession.
Prices will decrease due to consumers’ price sensitivity and fierce competition among the top three manufacturers.
Impulse Ice Cream
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of impulse ice cream was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it
increased much more slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.1 percent
per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 18.6 percent per year reaching TRY
54.66 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 7.7 percent per year reaching 5.247
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 95.5 million Lt worth TRY 994.8 million (CAD 729.3 million).
In 2008, the top three companies by value of retail sales (Unilever Sanayii ve Ticaret Türk AS, Üker Gida
Sanayi ve Ticaret AS and Has Gida Sanayii ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 99.0 percent of the market.
Take Home Ice Cream
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of take home ice cream was increasing at a rate of 10.8 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 22.3 percent per year reaching TRY
21.57 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.3 percent per year reaching 3.359
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 61.1 million Lt worth TRY 392.6 million (CAD 287.8 million).
In 2008, the top two companies by value of retail sales (Unilever Sanayii ve Ticaret Türk AS and Has
Gida Sanayii ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 92.7 percent of the market. The next three companies (Üker
Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS, General Mills Inc. and Nestle Gida Sanayii AS) accounted for 6.4 percent.
Prospects: Take-home ice cream will experience increasing sales due to an increasing number of ice cream desserts
and the launch of new premium bulk ice cream brands.
Artisanal Ice Cream
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of artisanal ice cream was increasing at a rate of 10.7 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 14.8 percent per year reaching TRY
10.80 in 2009.
Volume: From 1999 to 2002, the volume of retail sales per household declined slightly. From 2002 to 2009 the
volume increased sharply. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 3.7 percent per
year reaching 1.650 Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 30.0 million Lt worth TRY 196.6 million (CAD 144.1 million).
4. Dairy Products
Drinking Milk Products (Milk, Flavoured Milk Drinks)
Market: In 2008, the top two companies by value of retail sales (Pinar Süt Mamülleri Sanayi ve Ticaret AS and
Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS), accounted for 42.0 percent of retail sales. The next three companies
(Danone Tikvesli Gida ve Icecek San ve AS, Dimes Gida San ve Ticaret AS and Tat Konserve Sanayii
AS) accounted for 18.2 percent.
Prospects: Generally the growth in retail sales will be slower in the next few years than in the recent past due to the
economic recession. Manufacturers are expected to offer more value-added products, such as milk
products fortified by vitamins, minerals, honey and coconut. Fat free long-life / UHT milk is expected to
have the highest rate of growth.
Milk
16

Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of milk increased sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was stable. A trend
line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.6 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household of drinking milk increased sharply from 1999 to 2003, was stable
for three years then increased at a slower rate from 2005 to 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009
data increases at a rate of 9.5 percent per year reaching TRY 47.05 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2009 the volume of retail sales per household forms a “V”, declining sharply from
1999 to 2005 then increases sharply to 2009 reaching 30.936 Lt. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009
data decreases at a rate of -0.1 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 563.0 million Lt worth TRY 856.2 million (CAD 627.7 million).
Flavoured Milk
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of flavoured milk was increasing at a rate of 11.5 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 16.1 percent per year reaching TRY
3.87 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 4.2 percent per year reaching 1.063
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 19.3 million Lt worth TRY 70.5 million (CAD 51.7 million).
Cheese
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of cheese was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was quite
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.8 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 12.0 percent per year reaching TRY
73.25 in 2009.
Volume: From 1999 to 2004, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing. From 2004 to 2009 it was
increasing sharply. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 2.0 percent per year
reaching 5.905 Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 107,500 t worth TRY 1,333.1 million (CAD 977.3 million).
In 2008, the top three companies by value of retail sales (Bahçivan Gida Sanayi ve Tic AS, Sütas AS and
Pinar Süt Mamülleri Sanayi ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 39.1 percent of the market. The next two
companies (Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS and Yorsan Gida Mamülleri AS) accounted for 16.7
percent.
Prospects: Generally, the growth in retail sales will be slower in the future than it was in recent years. Spreadable
unprocessed cheese is the sub-category expected to show the most dynamic growth. It is becoming
popular as an easy way for children to consume soft cheese.
Yoghurt
Value: Between 1999 and 2009, The value of retail sales per household of yoghurt was increasing at a rate of
11.8 percent per year reaching TRY 173.55 in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market was worth TRY 3,158.4 million (CAD 2,315.5 million).
In 2008, artisanal yoghurt continued to be the major source, accounting for 64.5 percent of the value of
retail sales. The top three corporate manufacturers (Danone Tikesli Gida ve Icecek San ve Tic AS, Sütas
AS and Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 22.2 percent. The next two companies (Pinar Süt
Mamülleri Sanayi ve Ticaret AS and Yorsan Gida Mamülleri AS) accounted for 5.7 percent.
Prospects: The growth in retail sales is expected to be slower in the near future than it was in the recent past because
the market is already quite mature and the effects of the economic recession. The sub-sector expected to
experience the most dynamic growth is flavoured or fruited spoonable yoghurts - mainly targeted at
children.
Sour Milk
Price: Between 2004 and 2009, the price of sour milk was increasing at a rate of 0.3 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 51.4 percent per year reaching TRY
3.85 in 2009.
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Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 51.0 percent per year reaching 1.040
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 18.9 million Lt worth TRY 70.1 million (CAD 51.4 million).
Other Dairy Products (Chilled and Shelf Stable Desserts, Coffee Whiteners and Cream)
Market: In 2008, Nestlé Gida Sanayii accounted for 23 percent of market share.
Prospects: In the near future, the volume of retail sales are expected to grow slower than they did in the recent past,
due to the recession. Prices are expected to decline resulting in a negative growth in the value of retail
sales.
Chilled and Shelf Stable Desserts
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of chilled and shelf stable desserts was increasing sharply. From 2003
to 2009 it was quite stable, increasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at
a rate of 10.6 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 13.5 percent per year reaching TRY
4.45 in 2009.
Volume: In 2001, the volume of retail sales per household fell sharply. From 2001 to 2009 it was increasing
quickly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 -2009 data was increasing at a rate of 2.6 percent per year
reaching 0.588 Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 10,700 t worth TRY 75.5 million (CAD 55.4 million).
Prospects: Volume sales are expected to be the best of all “other dairy products” with new products.
Coffee Whiteners
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of coffee whiteners was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it
decreased slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.6 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003 the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it decreased sharply reaching TRY 0.19 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 3.2 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -5.9 percent per year reaching 0.014
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 300 t worth TRY 3.5 million (CAD 2.6 million).
Cream
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of cream was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was quite
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.2 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite stable, declining only slightly reaching TRY 0.80 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 7.7 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2006, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply. From 2006 to
2009, it increased slightly reaching 0.112 Kg. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a
rate of -1.4 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 2,000 t worth TRY 14.6 million (CAD 10.7 million).
5. Sweet and Savoury Snacks
Market: In 2008, the top three companies by value of retail sales (Frito-Lay Gida Sanayii ve Ticaret AS, Tadim
Gida Maddeleri Sanayii ve Ticaret AS and Marsa Kraft Gida Sanayii ve Ticaret AS), accounted for 55.3
percent of the market. The next two companies (Papagan Kuruyemis AS and Malatya Pazari
Kuruyemiscilik Koll Sti) accounted for 12.5 percent.
18

Prospects: Manufacturers are expected to increase the range of products offered and to increase advertising and
other marketing activities in order to minimize the effects of the economic slowdown. During economic
slowdowns, consumers tend to spend more time at home where they tend to eat sweet and savoury snacks
while watching TV or entertaining guests.
Fruit Snacks
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of fruit snacks was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it increased
very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 11.1 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2009, the value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 11.4 percent
per year reaching TRY 28.89 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2009, the volume data forms a “V”. From 1999 to 2005 it was decreasing sharply.
From 2005 to 2009, it increased sharply to reach 3.747 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 -2009
volume of retail sales per household increases at a rate of 0.3 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 68,200 t worth TRY 525.7 million (CAD 385.4 million).
Chips / Crisps
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of chips / crisps was increasing at a rate of 12.4 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 13.7 percent per year reaching TRY
18.30 in 2009.
Volume: Between 2000 and 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing. From 2002 to 2009 it
increased sharply, reaching 1.426 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a
rate of 1.2 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 26,000 t worth TRY 333.0 million (CAD 244.1 million).
Extruded Snacks
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of extruded snacks was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it
increased slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.9 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.9 percent per year reaching TRY
8.87 in 2009.
Volume: From 2000 to 2003, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009
it increased sharply reaching 0.768 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data does not
provide a rate of change.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 14,000 t worth TRY 161.5 million (CAD 118.4 million).
Tortilla / Corn Chips
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of tortilla / corn chips was increasing at a rate of 15.4 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 16.6 percent per year reaching TRY
15.81 in 2009.
Volume: From 2000 to 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009,
it increased sharply, reaching 1.189 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a
rate of 1.1 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 21,600 t worth TRY 287.7 million (CAD 210.9 million).
Popcorn
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of popcorn was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it increased
slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.6 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 8.1 percent per year reaching TRY 2.29
in 2009.
Volume: In 2002 the volume of retail sales per household fell sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it decreased slowly
reaching 0.188 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -0.5 percent
per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 3,400 t worth TRY 41.7 million (CAD 30.6 million).
19

Pretzels
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of pretzels was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it decreased
slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 6.7 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 9.5 percent per year reaching TRY 2.08
in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 2.5 percent per year reaching 0.350
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 6,400 t worth TRY 37.8 million (CAD 27.7 million).
Nuts
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of nuts was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it decreased slowly.
A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 6.1 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it declined very slowly reaching TRY 21.32 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2000 data
increases at a rate of 7.0 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2005, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2005 to
2009 it decreased sharply, reaching 1.501 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the data increases at a rate of
0.8 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 27,300 t worth TRY 387.9 million (CAD 284.4 million).
Other Sweet and Savoury Snacks
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of other sweet and savoury snacks was increasing sharply. From 2003
to 2009 it was quite steady, declining only slightly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at
a rate of 8.3 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite steady, declining only slightly reaching TRY 1.14 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.3 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 an 2004, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply. From 2004 to
2009 it increased sharply, reaching 0.266 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data does not
provide a rate of change.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 4,800 t worth TRY 20.7 million (CAD 15.2 million).
6. Snack Bars
Market: In 2008, the market for snack bars was essentially a duopoly. The value of retail sales of the two
companies (Tadim Gida Maddeleri Sanayii ve Ticaret AS and Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS)
accounted for 95.0 percent of the market.
Prospects: Before 2007, the sales of snack bars was negligible. There is a market opportunity for snack bars among
Turkey’s young and the increasing number of working people but in order to become established,
significant advertising and promotional investment will be required. Unit prices are expected to decline in
the near future due to price competition and the economic recession.
Granola / Muesli bars
Price: Between 2007 and 2009, the price of granola / muesli bars was increasing at a rate of 1.8 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 141.1 percent per year reaching TRY
0.87 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 136.8 percent per year reaching 0.034
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 600 t worth TRY 15.9 million (CAD 11.7 million).
20

7. Meal Replacement Products
Meal Replacement Slimming Products
Price: Between 2001 and 2006, the price of meal replacement slimming products was increasing. In 2007, the it
fell sharply then increased slowly to 2009. A trend line fitted to the 2001 - 2009 data decreases at a rate
of -2.1 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 70.4 percent per year reaching TRY
1.79 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 74.1 percent per year reaching 0.026
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 500 t worth TRY 32.6 million (CAD 23.9 million). The market
for meal replacement slimming products is essentially a monopoly with 92.1 percent (2008) held by
Herbalife International Urunleri Ticaret Ltd Sti.
Prospects: The company is expected to step up investment in promotional activities and expand its direct selling
network although prices are expected to decrease due to consumers’ price sensitivity and the economic
recession.
8. Soup
Market: In 2008, the top three companies by value of retail sales (Unilever Sanayii ve Ticaret Türk AS, Ülker
Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS and Nestle Gida Sanayii AS) accounted for 88.3 percent of the market. The
next two companies (Tukas Turgutlu Konserve San AS and Marsan Gida San ve Tic AS) accounted for
4.6 percent.
Prospects: Generally, soup is expected to experience slower volume growth due to the recession. However new
products are expected to be a source of increased sales. Instant soup is also expected to experience
increased sales volume. In general prices are not expected to move significantly. However, instant soup is
expected to experience price declines due to the competition from new products. UHT soup is expected to
experience price increases due to the introduction of new higher prices products.
Dehydrated Soup
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of dehydrated soup was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was
quite stable, decreasing only slightly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.1
percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 12.0 percent per year reaching TRY
6.42 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was increasing sharply, reaching 0.680 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 2.7 percent.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 12,400 t worth TRY 116.8 million (CAD 85.6 million).
Instant Soup
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of instant soup was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it remained
quite stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.0 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 9.2 percent per year reaching TRY 0.63
in 2009.
Volume: Beween 2000 and 2005, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply. From 2005 to
2009 it increased sharply reaching 0.019 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases
at a rate of 0.3 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 300 t worth TRY 11.5 million (CAD 8.4 million).
21

UHT Soup
Price: Between 2007 and 2009, the price of UHT soup increased at a rate of 11.1 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household increased at a rate of 11.6 percent per year reaching TRY 0.09 in
2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 0.5 percent per year reaching 0.0107
Kg per household.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 200 t worth TRY 1.7 million (CAD 1.2 million).
9. Pasta
Market: In 2008, the top three companies by value of retail sales (Filiz Gida San ve Ticaret AS, Nuhun Ankara
Makarnasi and Tat Konserve Sanayii AS), accounted for 72.1 percent of the market. The next two
companies (Marsan Gida San ve Tic AS and Selva Gida San AS) accounted for 15.1 percent.
Prospects: Consumer demand is expected to shift to good quality but competitively priced products. The value of
sales is expected to decline due to lower prices made possible by expected lower wheat prices. (This
expectation may have changed recently). Companies are developing different pasta styles and pasta
sauces that are like traditional homemade foods rather than Italian tastes.
Dried Pasta
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of dried pasta was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was quite
stable, increasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.5
percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was increasing slowly, reaching TRY 27.49 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 11.6 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 1.0 percent per year reaching 17.569
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 319,700 t worth TRY 500.2 million (CAD 366.7 million).
10. Canned / Preserved Food
Market: In 2008, the top three companies by value of retail sales (Dardanel Onetas Gida Sanayii AS, Tat
Konserve Sanayii AS and Tamek Gida ve Konsantre Sanayi AS), accounted for 38.1 percent of the
market. The next two companies (Kerevitas AS and Tukas Turgutlu Konserve San AS) accounted for
16.5 percent.
Prospects: The busier lifestyles of Turkish consumers will continue to maintain demand. Volume growth of sales in
the next few years are expected to be slower than in recent years. However, it is expected to experience
positive pressure from new products and packaging developments. The value of sales is expected to
decline due to the economic recession and price competition. The volume of sales of canned / preserved
fruit is expected to be the best performer in the next few years.
Canned / Preserved Fish / Seafood
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of canned / preserved fish / seafood was increasing sharply. From
2003 to 2009 it was increasing much slower. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate
of 9.8 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it increased much slower, reaching TRY 1.87 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 9.9 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was volatile but generally increasing
sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was decreasing reaching 0.155 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 -
2009 data increases at a rate of 0.5 percent.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 2,800 t worth TRY 34.1 million (CAD 25.0 million).
22

Canned / Preserved Vegetables
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of canned / preserved vegetables was increasing at a rate of 10.9
percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.8 percent per year reaching TRY
6.29 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 to 2005, the volume of retail sales per household was volatile but generally decreasing
sharply. From 2005 to 2009 it was increasing, reaching 0.921 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 -
2009 data decreases at a rate of -0.05 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 16,800 t worth TRY 114.5 million (CAD 83.9 million).
Canned / Preserved Tomatoes
Price: Between 1998 and 2009, the price of canned / preserved tomatoes was increasing at a rate of 14.2 percent
per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 14.8 percent per year reaching TRY
0.16 in 2009.
Volume: In 2002, the volume of retail sales per household increased sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it declined
quickly reaching 0.024 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 0.5
percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 400 t worth TRY 2.9 million (CAD 2.1 million).
Canned / Preserved Beans
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of canned / preserved beans was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite stable, decreasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a
rate of 8.6 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it increased very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.4 percent
per year reaching TRY 0.16 in 2009.
Volume: From 2000 to 2002, the volume of retail sales per household decreased sharply, then declined slowly until
2005. From 2005 to 2009 it was generally increasing reaching 0.030 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -0.1 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 100 t worth TRY 2.9 million (CAD 2.1 million).
Canned / Preserved Fruit
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of canned / preserved fruit was increasing at a rate of 16.7 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 17.1 percent per year reaching TRY
0.06 in 2009.
Volume: From 2001 to 2004, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2004 to 2009
it was stable reaching 0.007 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of
0.3 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 100 t worth TRY 1.1 million (CAD 0.8 million).
Canned / Preserved Ready Meals
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of canned / preserved ready meals was increasing sharply. From 2003
to 2009 it was increasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 11.6
percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 to 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009
it was increasing very slowly reaching TRY 1.19 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 9.0 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -2.3 percent per year reaching 0.158
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 2,900 t worth TRY 21.7 million (CAD 15.9 million).
23

11. Frozen Processed Food
Market: In 2008, the top three companies by value of sales (Kerevitas AS, Pinar Entegre Et ve Yem Sanayii AS
and Harika Gida San AS), accounted for 71.8 percent of the market. The next two companies (Pinar
Deniz Ürunleri AS and Bolpat Bolu Patates San ve Tic AS) accounted for 10.0 percent.
Prospects: The demand continues to be supported by rising employment, busier lifestyles and the growing
prevalence of freezers. Growth in the volume of sales will experience positive influences from new
products, improved distribution and increased investment in advertizing and promotional activities. The
value of sales will be negatively affected by increased preferences for cheaper products during the
economic recession The average price is expected to decline during the next few years. The value of sales
of frozen pizza is expected to grow the fastest over the next few years due to the rising number of single
working people and students in the cities. Frozen ready meals will experience the second highest rate of
growth.
Frozen Processed Red Meat
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of frozen processed red meat was increasing at a rate of 10.5 percent
per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.4 percent per year reaching TRY
1.04 in 2009.
Volume: From 2000 to 2005, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply, From 2005 to 2009
it was increasing reaching 0.042 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 to 2009 data decreases at a
rate of -0.012 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 800 t worth TRY 18.9 million (CAD 13.9 million).
Frozen Processed Poultry
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of frozen processed poultry was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 5.8 percent
per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was decreasing reaching TRY 0.16 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at
a rate of 7.0 percent per year.
Volume Between 1999 and 2003, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was decreasing quite quickly reaching 0.008 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009
data increases at a rate of 1.2 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 100 t worth TRY 2.9 million (CAD 2.1 million).
Frozen Processed Fish / Seafood
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of frozen processed fish / seafood was increasing sharply. From 2003
to 2009 it was increasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of
10.5 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.8 percent per year reaching TRY
0.45 in 2009.
Volume: Between 2000 and 2005, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply. From 2005 to
2009 it was increasing sharply reaching 0.015 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 0.3 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 300 t worth TRY 8.2 million (CAD 6.0 million).
Frozen Processed Vegetables
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of frozen processed vegetables was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it increased slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.4 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.7 percent per year reaching TRY
24

0.24 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply. In 2003 it
increased sharply and then increased slowly reaching 0.026 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 -
2009 data increases at a rate of 0.3 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 500 t worth TRY 4.4 million (CAD 3.2 million).
Frozen Processed Potatoes
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of frozen processed potatoes was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was increasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.2 percent
per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 9.9 percent per year reaching TRY 1.44
in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2001, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2001 to
2009 it was increasing slower reaching 0.386 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 1.6 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 7,000 t worth TRY 26.2 million (CAD 19.2 million).
Frozen Bakery Products
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of frozen bakery products was increasing at a rate of 10.3 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 11.7 percent per year reaching TRY
1.58 in 2009.
Volume: From 1999 to 2003, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009
it was increasing slowly reaching 0.379 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases
at a rate of 1.3 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 6,900 t worth TRY 28.7 million (CAD 21.0 million).
Frozen Ready Meals
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of frozen ready meals was increasing at a rate of 10.2 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.7 percent per year reaching TRY
0.38 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was increasing sharply reaching 0.047 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 0.5 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 900 t worth TRY 7.0 million (CAD 5.1 million).
Frozen Pizza
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of frozen pizza was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was quite
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.3 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was increasing slowly reaching TRY 1.63 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 9.4 percent per year.
Volume: In 2001, the volume of retail sales per household fell sharply and then continued to fall slowly. From
2005 to 2009 it increased sharply reaching 0.185 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 0.1 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 3,400 t worth TRY 29.6 million (CAD21.7 million).
Other Frozen Processed Food
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of other frozen processed food was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 6.7 percent
per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
25

2009 it increased very slowly reaching TRY 0.24 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 9.2 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 2.3 percent per year reaching 0.024
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2008, the total retail market size was 400 t worth TRY 4.3 million (CAD 3.2 million).
12. Dried Processed Food
Market: In 2008, the top two companies by value of retail sales (Reis Tarimsal Urunler San ve Tic AS and Filiz
Gida San ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 26.3 percent of the market. The next three companies (Nuhun
Ankara Makarnasi San ve Tic AS, Aral End Urunier San ve Tic AS and Unilever Sanayii ve Ticaret Türk
AS) accounted for 22.9 percent.
Prospects: Generally, the growth in volume of retail sales is expected to be slower in the next few years than it was
in recent years due to the economic recession. The average value of retail sales is expected to decline in
the next few years due to a shift to cheaper products and competition among companies.
Rice
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of rice was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was increasing
more slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.0 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 11.5 percent per year reaching TRY
41.50 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2005, the volume of retail sales per household was volatile with no trend. From 2005
to 2007 it increases sharply then was quite stable reaching 12.261 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 1.3 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 223,100 t worth TRY 755.2 million (CAD 553.7 million).
Dessert Mixes
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of dessert mixes was increasing at a rate of 10.7 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 14.2 percent per year reaching TRY
3.79 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 3.2 percent per year reaching 0.288
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 5,200 t worth TRY 69.0 million (CAD 50.6 million).
Dried Ready Meals
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of dried ready meals was increasing at a rate of 11.5 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.2 percent per year reaching TRY
0.19 in 2009.
Volume: In 2002, the volume of retail sales per household fell sharply and then increased slowly reaching 0.022
Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -1.2 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 400 t worth TRY 3.4 million (CAD 2.5 million).
Dehydrated Soup
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of dehydrated soup was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was
quite stable, decreasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.1
percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 12.0 percent per year reaching TRY
6.42 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing rapidly. From 2002 to
2009 it was increasing rapidly reaching 0.680 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 increases
at a rate of 2.7 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 12,400 t worth TRY 116.8 million (CAD 85.6 million).
26

Instant Soup
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of instant soup was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was quite
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.0 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was increasing reaching TRY 0.63 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at
a rate of 9.2 percent per year.
Volume: Between 2000 and 2004, the volume of retail sales per household fell rapidly. From 2005 to 2009 it
increased sharply reaching 0.019 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate
of 0.3 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 300 t worth TRY 11.5 million (CAD 8.4 million).
Dried Pasta
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of dried pasta was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009, it increased
very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.5 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was increasing more slowly reaching TRY 27.49 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009
data increases at a rate of 11.6 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 1.0 percent per year, reaching 17.569
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 319,700 t worth TRY 500.2 million (CAD 366.7 million).
13. Chilled Processed Food
Market: In 2008, the top four companies by value of retail sales (Pinar Entegre Et ve Yem Sanayii AS, Tat
Konserve Sanayii AS, Aytac Gida AS and Banvit AS), accounted for 71.8 percent of the market. The
next company (Basyazici Et ve Gida San ve AS) accounted for 4.2 percent.
Prospects: Current products are expected to experience a decline in the value of retail sales. New products and
improvements in distribution will provide a positive influence on demand. Price will be affected by
increasing competition among companies.
Chilled Processed Meats
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of chilled processed meats was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009
it was increasing much more slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.0
percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.6 percent per year reaching TRY
41.56 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 2.4 percent per year reaching 1.868
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 34,000 t worth TRY 756.3 million (CAD 554.5 million).
Chilled Fish / Seafood
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of chilled fish / seafood was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009, it
was quite stable, increasing slightly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 7.8
percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite stable, reaching TRY 0.45 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases
at a rate of 7.5 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was decreasing quickly, reaching 0.006 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
decreases at a rate of -0.2 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 100 t worth TRY 8.2 million (CAD 6.0 million).
27

Chilled Ready Meals
Price: Between 2000 and 2002, the price of chilled ready meals was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it
was decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 2000 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 3.0 percent per
year.
Value: Between 2000 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was increasing much more slowly, reaching TRY 0.03 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 2000 -
2009 data increases at a rate of 6.8 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 3.6 percent per year reaching 0.003
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 100 t worth TRY 0.6 million (CAD 0.4 million).
14. Oils and Fats
Market: In 2008, the top three companies by value of retail sales (Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS, Unilever
Sanayii ve Ticaret Türk AS and Marsa Kraft Gida Sanayii ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 25.9 percent of
the market. The next two companies (Yudum Gida Sanayii ve Tic AS and Besler Et ve Gida Sanayii)
accounted for 13.1 percent.
Prospects: Sales of regular spreadable oils and fats will continue to decline in the near future because they have an
unhealthy image. Vegetable and seed oils are expected to experience both value and volume growth.
Consumers are expected to gain a better understanding of healthy eating. This in turn is expected to
increase the demand for olive oil. In addition, olive oil manufacturers are expected to make packaging
more attractive and premium-oriented. Functional spreadable oils are expected to experience positive
volume growth and manufacturers will introduce products fortified with vitamins, minerals and herbs.
Olive Oil
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of olive oil was increasing at a rate of 19.1 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 20.8 percent per year reaching TRY
46.73 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was volatile but a trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 1.4 percent per year reaching 3.825 Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 69,600 t worth TRY 850.4 million (CAD 623.5 million).
Vegetable & Seed Oil
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of vegetable & seed oil was increasing at a rate of 20.0 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 20.7 percent per year reaching TRY
144.31 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was volatile but a trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 0.6 percent per year reaching 36.745 Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 668,700 t worth TRY 2,626.2 million (CAD 1,925.4 million).
Butter
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of butter was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was decreasing
very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.9 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was decreasing slowly, reaching TRY 39.76 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 7.5 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -1.3 percent per year reaching 4.024
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 73,200 t worth TRY 723.6 million (CAD 530.5 million).
28

Margarine
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of margarine was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was
increasing much more slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.6
percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2002, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was volatile but generally decreasing, reaching TRY 11.20 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999
- 2009 data increases at a rate of 3.6 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -6.3 percent per year reaching 2.637
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 48,000 t worth TRY 203.8 million (CAD 149.4 million).
Spreadable Oils & Fats
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of spreadable oils & fats was increasing at a rate of 13.4 percent per
year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2002, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was increasing more slowly, reaching TRY 43.10 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009
data increases at a rate of 7.7 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -5.0 percent per year reaching 7.714
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 140,400 t worth TRY 784.3 million (CAD 575.0 million).
15. Sauces, Dressings and Condiments
Market: In 2008, the top three companies by value of retail sales (Tat Konserve Sanayii AS, Tamek Gida ve
Konsantre Sanayi AS and Unilever Sanayii ve Ticaret Türk AS) accounted for 43.4 percent of the market.
The next two companies (Tukas Turgutlu Konserve San AS and Penguen Gida Sanayii AS) accounted for
13.2 percent.
Prospects: Sauces, dressings and condiments as a group are expected to experience increasing sales volume growth
but negative value growth. The most dynamic sub-sector in retail volume is expected to by herbs and
spices as they are considered necessary products in local cuisine. Tomato pastes and purees is the largest
sub-sector and manufacturers are expected to continue to invest in their brands.
Tomato Pastes and Purees
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of tomato pastes and purees was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 6.9 percent
per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was increasing slowly, reaching TRY 17.94 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 8.9 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 1.9 percent per year reaching 4.323
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 78,700 t worth TRY 326.5 million (CAD 239.4 million).
Bouillon / Stock Cubes
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of bouillon / stock cubes was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it
was increasing much more slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.6
percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.5 percent per year reaching TRY
3.87 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was increasing sharply, reaching 0.340 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 1.7 percent per year.
29

Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 6,200 t worth TRY 70.4 million (CAD 51.6 million).
Herbs & Spices
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of herbs & spices was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was
increasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.3 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 9.0 percent per year reaching TRY 5.00
in 2008.
Volume: In 2001, the volume of retail sales per household fell sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was increasing
sharply, reaching 0.130 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 0.6
percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 2,400 t worth TRY 90.9 million (CAD 66.6 million).
Table Sauces
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of table sauces was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was quite
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.0 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite stable, increasing very slowly, reaching TRY 0.06 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.4 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was volatile but a trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 0.4 percent per year reaching 0.003 Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 100 t worth TRY 1.1 million (CAD 0.8 million).
Soy Based Sauces
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of soy based sauces was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was
quite stable, increasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.1
percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite stable, decreasing very slowly, reaching TRY 0.32 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 7.8 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2004, the volume of retail sales per household was volatile. From 2004 to 2009 it was
decreasing quickly, reaching 0.02 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a
rate of -0.3 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 400 t worth TRY 5.9 million (CAD 4.3 million).
Pasta Sauces
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of pasta sauces was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was quite
stable decreasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 6.4 percent
per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite stable, reaching TRY 0.15 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases
at a rate of 7.1 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 0.7 percent per year reaching 0.011
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 200 t worth TRY 2.8 million (CAD 2.1 million).
Dry Sauces / Powder Mixes
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of dry sauces / powder mixes was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it varied within a narrow range. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 6.1
percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 11.3 percent per year reaching TRY
1.78 in 2009.
30

Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 4.8 percent per year reaching 0.131
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 2,400 t worth TRY 32.4 million (CAD 23.8 million).
Ketchup
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of ketchup was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was quite
stable, increasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.5 percent
per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.7 percent per year reaching TRY
2.82 in 2009.
Volume: Between 2000 and 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing. From 2002 to 2009 it
was increasing quickly, reaching 0.585 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at
a rate of 2.1 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 10,600 t worth TRY 51.3 million (CAD 37.6 million).
Mayonnaise
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of mayonnaise was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was
increasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 increases at a rate of 11.3 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.3 percent per year reaching TRY
1.55 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2005, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing steeply. From 2005 to
2009 it was increasing reaching 0.176 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at
a rate of -0.9 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 3,200 t worth TRY 28.2 million (CAD 20.7 million).
Mustard
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of mustard was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was quite
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.3 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 7.9 percent per
year reaching TRY 0.54 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -2.1 percent per year reaching 0.038
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 700 t worth TRY 9.8 million (CAD 7.2 million).
Salad Dressings
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of salad dressings was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.1 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was stable reaching TRY 0.03 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data was increasing
at a rate of 7.5 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2009, the volume of retail sales per household was stable at 0.0007 Kg except for
2000 when it was 0.0008 Kg.
Market: In 2008, the total retail market size was less than 100 t worth TRY 0.6 million (CAD 0.4 million).
Vinaigrettes
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of vinaigrettes was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was
increasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.1 percent per
year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. A trend line fitted
to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.0 percent per year reaching TRY 2.70 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -0.9 percent per year reaching 0.833
31

Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 15,200 t worth TRY 49.1 million (CAD 36.0 million).
Dips
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of dips was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was quite stable,
decreasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 6.6 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 6.1 percent per year reaching TRY 0.40
in 2009.
Volume: Between 2000 and 2004, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing quickly. From 2004 to
2009 it was increasing. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -0.49 percent per
year reaching 0.029 Kg in 20089.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 500 t worth TRY 7.2 million (CAD 5.3 million).
Pickled Products
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of pickled products was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was
increasing much more slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.2
percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.7 percent per
year reaching TRY 6.72 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2003, the volume of retail sales per household was volatile. From 2003 to 2009 it was
decreasing. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -0.5 percent per year reaching
1.164 Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 21,200 t worth TRY 122.3 million (CAD 89.7 million).
Other Sauces, Dressings & Condiments
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of other sauces, dressings & condiments was increasing sharply,
Between 2003 and 2009 it was quite stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate
of 9.3 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 7.6 percent per
year reaching TRY 0.85 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -1.5 percent per year reaching 0.153
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 2,800 t worth TRY 15.5 million (CAD 11.4 million).
16. Baby Food
Market: In 2008, the top two companies by value of retail sales (Numil Gida Urunleri Sanayi ve Ticaret AS and
Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 78.8 percent of the market. The next three companies
(Eti Gida Sanayii ve Ticaret AS, Wyeth Turkiye AS and Nestle Gida Sanayii AS) accounted for 16.5
percent.
Prospects: In the near future, baby food as a whole is expected to experience slower volume growth and negative
value growth due to falling prices for existing products. The prepared baby food sub-sector is expected to
experience the highest volume and value growth in the near future. Manufacturers are expected to
compete on the basis of product quality, new products and pricing.
Milk Formula
Value: Between 1999 and 2009, the value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 28.7 percent
per year reaching TRY 14.01 in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total value of the retail market was TRY 254.9 million (CAD 186.9 million).
32

Prepared Baby Food
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of prepared baby food was increasing at a rate of 19.2 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 29.6 percent per year reaching TRY
15.00 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 8.7 percent per year reaching 0.121
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 2,200 t worth TRY 27.3 million (CAD 20.0 million).
Dried Baby Food
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of dried baby food was increasing at a rate of 21.1 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 27.6 percent per year reaching TRY
6.07 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 5.3 percent per year reaching 0.259
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 4,700 t worth TRY 110.5 million (CAD 81.0 million).
Other Baby Food
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of other baby food was increasing at a rate of 18.1 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 19.7 percent per year reaching TRY
5.93 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2006, the volume of retail sales per household was generally increasing slowly. In
2007 it increased sharply and continued to increase to 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 1.4 percent per year reaching 0.700 Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 12,700 t worth TRY 107.9 (CAD 79.1 million).
17. Spreads
Market: In 2008, the top two companies by value of retail sales (Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS and Sanset
Gida AS) accounted for 40.9 percent of the market. The next three companies (Nestlé Gida Sanayii AS,
Ferrero SpA and Altiparmak Pazarlama Koll Sti) accounted for 19.0 percent.
Prospects: In the next few years, the volume of retail sales is expected to increase much more slowly than in the
recent past due to the economic recession. Prices and value of retail sales are expected to decline. Sales of
sugar-free jams are expected to increase due to consumers’ increasing health awareness.
Jams & Preserves
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of jams & preserves was increasing at a rate of 11.4 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.7 percent per year reaching TRY
5.39 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2006, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing quickly. From 2006 to
2009 it was increasing reaching 0.735 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 decreases at a
rate of -0.7 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 13,400 t worth TRY 98.1 million (CAD 71.9 million).
Honey
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of honey was increasing at a rate of 13.0 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2004, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2004 to
2009 it was decreasing. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 6.0 percent per
year reaching TRY 5.45 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -6.2 percent per year reaching 0.314
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 5,700 t worth TRY 99.2 million (CAD 72.7 million).
33

Chocolate Spreads
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of chocolate spreads was increasing at a rate of 16.3 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 20.2 percent per year reaching TRY
21.80 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 3.4 percent per year reaching 2.189
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 39,800 t worth TRY 396.7 million (CAD 290.8 million).
Nut Based Spreads
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of nut based spreads was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was
quite stable, increasing only slightly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.0
percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite stable, decreasing only slightly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a
rate of 7.8 percent per year reaching TRY 0.75 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -2.0 percent per year reaching 0.046
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 827 t worth TRY 13.7 million (CAD 10.0 million).
18. Alcoholic Beverages
Table 6 presents the various taxes applied to alcoholic beverages.
Table 6. Taxes and Import Duties on Alcoholic
Drinks. Turkey. 2009.
Tax / Duty Tax Rate
(% of value)
Excise Taxes
Beer 0.20
Wine 3.28
Spirits 41.42
Import Taxes
Drinks up to 18% alcohol by volume. 7.60
Drinks 18% and over, alcohol by
volume.
Sales Tax
34
4.40
All drinks 18.00
Other Taxes on All Drinks
Defense Fund 10.00
Education Fund 10.00

Tax / Duty Tax Rate
(% of value)
Additional Tax 15.00
Treasure Share 10.00
War Benevolent Fund 2.00
Source: State office of taxation via Euromonitor
International.
Cider / Perry
Cider / perry is not available in Turkey. It is unlikely that cider will become popular in the near future unless
heavy investments are made to introduce, market and promote it. The tourist market is not expected to increase the
potential for cider in Turkey.
Beer
Market: In 2009, the top two companies owning national brands by volume of sales (Efes Pilsen AS and Türk
Tuborg Bira ve Malt Sanayii AS) accounted for 94.9 percent of the market. The next three companies
(Heineken NV, Anheuser-Busch European Trade Inc and Modelo SA de CV, Grupo) accounted for 2.3
percent.
In 2009, the top two companies owning global brands by volume of sales (Anadolu Group and Israel
Beer Breweries Ltd.) accounted for 93.6 percent of the market. The next three companies (Heineken NV,
SABMiller Plc and Anheuser-Busch Cos Inc) accounted for 2.6 percent.
Prospects: Beer is expected to continue to be the most dynamic sub-sector in the alcoholic beverage sector. Growth
in sales is expected to occur due to the increasing number of young adults reaching legal age and the
introduction of new products. Higher taxes may deter companies from further investment in beer for the
domestic market, or from entering the domestic market. There is a trend toward premiumisation;
however, prices are expected to decrease slightly due to price competition during the economic recession.
Lager Beer by Origin
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of lager beer by origin was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it
was quite stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.1 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 18.8 percent per year reaching TRY
222.06 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 8.0 percent per year reaching 39.845
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 725.1 million Lt worth TRY 4,041.2 million (CAD 2,962.7
million).
Dark Beer
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of dark beer was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was quite
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 11.0 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing quickly. From 2003 to
2009 it was increasing more slowly reaching TRY 0.11 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009
data was increasing at a rate of 13.2 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 2.0 percent per year reaching 0.018
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 0.3 million Lt worth TRY 2.0 million (CAD 1.5 million).
35

Low / Non Alcoholic Beer
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of low / non alcoholic beer was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009
it was decreasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.2 percent
per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2002, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was increasing very slowly reaching TRY 0.27 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 11.4 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 2.1 percent per year reaching 0.048
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 0.9 million Lt worth TRY 4.8 million (CAD 3.5 million).
RTD (Ready to Drink) High-Strength Premixes
Price: Between 2007 and 2009, the price of RTD high-strength premixes was volatile. A trend line fitted to the
2007 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -14.2 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -55.4 percent per year reaching TRY
0.22 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -48.0 percent per year reaching 0.021
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 380,000 Lt worth TRY 4.1 million (CAD3.0 million). In regard
to domestic manufacturers, the market for RDT high-strength premixes is a monopoly held by Zefirium
Icecek Gida San ve Tic AS.
Prospects: Value and volume of sales are expected to decrease in the near future but not as quickly as in the past.
Still Light Grape Wine
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of still light grape wine was increasing at a rate of 18.3 percent per
year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2007, the value of retail sales per household was increasing quickly. From 2007 to
2009 it was decreasing sharply reaching TRY 21.92 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 22.9 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2007, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing quickly. From 2007 to
2009 it was decreasing sharply, reaching 1.199 Lt in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 3.9 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 21.8 million Lt worth TRY 398.9 million (CAD 292.4 million).
In 2009, the top three producers, by volume of retail sales (Kavaklidere Saraplari AS, Doluca Bagcilik ve
Sarapcilik and Mey Icki Sanayi ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 36.1 percent of the market. The next two
producers (Yazgan Sarapçilik AS and Sevilen Sarap Sanayii AS) accounted for 8.7 percent.
Sparkling Wine
Price: Between 1999 and 2004, the price of sparkling wine was increasing sharply. From 2004 to 2009 it was
decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 11.4 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2007, the value of retail sales per household was increasing quickly. From 2007 to
2009 it was decreasing sharply reaching TRY 0.56 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 10.4 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2007, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing quickly. From 2007 to
2009 it was decreasing sharply reaching 0.017 Lt in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
decreases at a rate of -0.9 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 0.3 million Lt worth TRY 10.2 million (CAD 7.5 million).
36

Fortified Wine & Vermouth
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of fortified wine & vermouth was increasing at a rate of 16.3 percent
per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 44.5 percent per year reaching TRY
0.53 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 24.2 percent per year reaching 0.023
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 0.4 million Lt worth TRY 9.7 million (CAD 7.1 million).
Spirits (Whiskey, Brandy & Cognac, White Spirits, Rum, Tequila (& Mezcal), Liqueurs
and Other Spirits)
Market: In 2009, the top two companies owning national brands, by volume of retail sales (Mey Icki Sanayi ve
Ticaret AS and Burgaz Alkollü Içkiler Sanayii ve Ticareti AS) accounted for 82.3 percent of the market.
The next three companies (Efe Alkollü Içkiler AS, Pernod Ricard Groupe and Diageo Plc) accounted for
13.4 percent.
Prospects: Spirits are expected to experience a decline in volume of retail sales in 2010 but to recover after 2011 as
economic conditions improve. Competition will result in declining prices and add to the decline in value
of retail sales. Vodka is expected to experience the highest volume growth in the next few years because
it is not as traditional as aniseed-flavoured spirits and therefore will appeal to younger consumers.
Whiskey
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of whiskey was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2007 it was
decreasing. From 2007 to 2009 it was increasing quickly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at 8.0 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2004, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2004 to
2009 it was decreasing quickly reaching TRY 2.02 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 6.3 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2007, the volume of retail sales per household was volatile but generally increasing.
From 2007 to 2009 it was decreasing sharply reaching 0.026 Lt in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 -
2009 data decreases at a rate of -1.6 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 470,400 Lt worth TRY 36.8 million (CAD 27.0 million).
Brandy & Cognac
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of brandy & cognac was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009, it was
decreasing. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 7.0 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2002, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was decreasing reaching TRY 0.62 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at
a rate of 7.7 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2007, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2007 to
2009 it was decreasing sharply reaching 0.008 Lt in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 0.7 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 149,100 Lt worth TRY 11.4 million (CAD 8.4 million).
White Spirits
Price: Between 1999 and 2004, the price of white spirits was increasing sharply. From 2004 to 2009 it was
decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 11.3 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 14.3 percent per year reaching TRY
6.86 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 2.8 percent per year reaching 0.245
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 4,455,800 Lt worth TRY 124.9 million (CAD 91.6 million).
37

Rum
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of rum was volatile. A trend line fitted to the data increases at a rate of
3.5 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was quite stable, decreasing slowly reaching TRY 0.025 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 -
2009 data increases at a rate of 7.1 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was volatile but generally increasing reaching 0.0004 Lt in
2009. A trend line fitted to the data increases at a rate of 3.4 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 7,600 Lt worth TRY 0.4 million (CAD 0.3 million).
Tequila (& Mezcal)
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of tequila (& mezcal) was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it
was decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 7.0 percent per
year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2003, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was declining reaching TRY 0.30 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at
a rate of 10.2 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 2.9 percent per year reaching 0.004
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 66,900 Lt worth TRY 5.5 million (CAD 4.0 million).
Liqueurs
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of liqueurs was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was
decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.4 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2004, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2004 to
2009 it was quite stable reaching TRY 1.92 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases
at a rate of 11.4 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 1.8 percent per year reaching 0.049
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 899,900 Lt worth TRY 35.0 million (CAD 25.7 million).
Other Spirits
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of other spirits was increasing at a rate of 19.9 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 14.5 percent per year reaching TRY
54.26 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -4.6 percent per year reaching 1.624
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 29,549,000 Lt worth TRY 987.5 million (CAD 724.0 million).
19. Soft Drinks
Carbonates (Cola Carbonates and Non Cola Carbonates)
Markets: In 2009, the top three companies by value of retail off-trade sales (Coca-Cola Icecek Uretim AS, Pepsi-
Cola International Tanitim Ltd and Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 92.1 percent of the
market. The next two companies (Erbak-Uludag Mesrubatlari AS and Kristal Kola ve Mesrubat San ve
Tic AS) accounted for 3.2 percent.
Prospects: In the next few years, the carbonates sector is expected to grow in off-trade volume of retail sales, but
slower than in recent years. Off-trade volume of retail sales of cola carbonates are expected to continue to
decline. Factors negatively affecting the sales of carbonates are: the continuing economic recession;
consumers increasing concern for health and wellness; competition from fruit / vegetable juices and;
competition from RTD tea and flavoured bottled water.
38

Cola Carbonates
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of cola carbonates was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was
quite stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.9 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 17.9 percent per year reaching TRY
85.71 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 7.3 percent per year reaching 68.692
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 1,250.1 million Lt worth TRY 1,559.8 million (CAD 1,143.5
million).
Non Cola Carbonates
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of non cola carbonates was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it
was stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 11.0 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 15.9 percent per year reaching TRY
41.39 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 4.4 percent per year reaching 38.937
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 708.6 million Lt worth TRY 753.2 million (CAD 552.2 million).
Fruit / Vegetable Juice (100% Juice, Nectars and Juice Drinks)
Market: In 2009, the top three companies by value of retail off-trade sales (Coca-Cola Icecek Uretim AS, Dimes
Gida San ve Ticaret AS and Aroma Bursa Meyva Sulari ve Gida San AS) accounted for 51.5 percent of
the market. The next two companies (Sek AS and Tamek Gida ve Konsantre Sanayi AS) accounted for
14.7 percent.
Prospects: The volume of retail sales is expected to grow slower in the near future than in the last few years due to
the economic recession After several years of slow growth it is expected to increase more quickly as the
economy recovers. 100% juice is expected to experience the highest rate of volume growth as consumers
show increasing interest in health and wellness.
100% Juice
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of 100% juice was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was quite
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.5 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 25.6 percent per year reaching TRY
5.71 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 14.7 percent per year reaching 3.499
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 63.7 million Lt worth TRY 103.9 million (CAD 76.2 million).
Nectars (25.99% Juice)
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of nectars (25.99% juice) was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it
was quite stable, decreasing slightly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.2
percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 20.2 percent per year reaching TRY
31.28 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 10.0 percent per year reaching 25.662
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 467.0 million Lt worth TRY 569.2 million (CAD 417.3 million).
Juice Drinks (Up to 24% Juice)
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of juice drinks (up to 24% juice) was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009, it was decreasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.2
percent per year.
39

Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 21.7 percent per year reaching TRY
2.56 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 11.5 percent per year reaching 1.980
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 36.0 million Lt worth TRY 46.5 million (CAD 34.1 million).
Fruit Flavoured Drinks (No Juice Content)
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of fruit flavoured drinks (no juice content) was increasing sharply.
From 2002 to 2009 it was decreasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at
a rate of 9.6 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2004, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2004 to
2009 it was volatile, increasing very slowly reaching TRY 9.20 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 -
2009 data increases at a rate of 16.7 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 6.5 percent per year reaching 7.726
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 140.6 million Lt worth TRY 167.4 million (CAD 122.7 million).
Bottled Water (Still Bottled Water, Carbonated Bottled Water, Flavoured Bottled Water)
Market: In 2009, the top two producers, by volume of retail sales (Nestle Waters Gida ve Mesrubat San Tic AS
and Sirma AS) accounted for 25.6 percent of the market. The next three producers (Aytac Gida AS,
Danone Tikvesli Gida ve Icecek San ve Tic AS and Pinar Süt Mamülleri Sanayi ve Ticaret AS)
accounted for 19.8 percent.
Prospects: The volume of retail sales is expected to continue to grow but not as quickly as in the last few years.
Factors resulting in increased consumption are: increasing population; decreasing quality of tap water; the
expected improvement in the economy after 2011; new products and; flavoured bottled water, which is
expected to compete favourably with carbonates.
Still Bottled Water
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of still bottled water was increasing at a rate of 19.1 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 28.3 percent per year reaching TRY
86.86 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 7.7 percent per year reaching 258.428
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 4,703.0 million Lt worth TRY 1,581.0 million (CAD 1,159.1
million).
Carbonated Bottled Water
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of carbonated bottled water was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was quite stable, increasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a
rate of 10.7 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 20.2 percent per year reaching TRY
9.94 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 8.6 percent per year reaching 10.259
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 186.7 million Lt worth TRY 181.0 million (CAD132.7 million).
Flavoured Bottled Water
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of flavoured bottled water was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009
it was decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.7 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 34.9 percent per year reaching TRY
11.28 in 2009.
40

Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 24.1 percent per year reaching 4.257
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 77.5 million Lt worth TRY 205.3 million (CAD 150.5 million).
Functional Drinks (Sports Drinks and Energy Drinks)
Market: In 2009, the top two companies by value of retail off-trade sales (Red Bull GmbH and Coca-Cola Co)
accounted for 65.5 percent of the market. The next three companies (Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS,
Macro Group Handels GmbH and PepsiCo Inc.) accounted for 17.3 percent.
Prospects: Sales growth is expected to be good particularly for energy drinks due to the large number of young
people in Turkey. However, prices are expected to fall as a result of increased competition over the next
few years. Energy drinks are expected to experience the fastest growth in both volume and value of retail
sales.
Sports Drinks
Price: Between 1999 and 2001, the price of sports drinks was increasing sharply. From 2001 to 2009 it was
increasing very slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 5.7 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 18.4 percent per year reaching TRY
0.66 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 12.0 percent per year reaching 0.172
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 3.1 million Lt worth TRY 12.0 million (CAD 8.8 million).
Energy Drinks
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of energy drinks was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was
quite stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 11.1 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2004, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. In 2005 it fell
steeply. From 2005 to 2009 it was increasing sharply reaching TRY 6.16 in 2009. A trend line fitted to
the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 24.0 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2004, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. In 2005 it fell
steeply. From 2005 to 2009 it was increasing sharply reaching 0.530 Lt in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 11.5 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 9.6 million Lt worth TRY 112.1 million (CAD 82.2 million).
Concentrates
Market: In 2009, the top two producers, by value of retail off-trade sales (Kraft Jacobs Suchard SA and Nazli
Gida AS) accounted for 58.8 percent of the market. The next three producers (Cardak Konsantre Meyve
Sulari San Tic Ltd Sti, Lezzo Gida San ve Tic AS and Meysan Genel Gida San ve Ticaret AS) accounted
for 19.9 percent.
Prospects: Sales of concentrates are expected to fall in the near future in both value and volume. This is partly due to
competition from fruit / vegetable juices. Unit prices are expected to decline due to the availability of
lower priced concentrates including private label.
Liquid Concentrates
Price: Between 1999 and 2004, the price of liquid concentrates was volatile. From 2004 to 2009 it was quite
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data was increasing at a rate of 0.066 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -11.5 percent per year reaching TRY
0.37 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was decreasing at a rate of -11.5 percent per year reaching 0.129
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 2.3 million Lt worth TRY 6.8 million (CAD 5.0 million).
41

Powdered Concentrates
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of powdered concentrates was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009
it was decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.5 percent per
year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2005, the value of retail sales per household was increasing quickly. In 2006 it fell
steeply. Between 2006 and 2009 it was decreasing reaching TRY 2.38 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 4.2 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2005, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing quickly. In 2006 it fell
steeply. Between 2006 and 2009 it was decreasing reaching 0.174 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -4.0 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 3,159.9 t worth TRY 43.4 million (CAD 31.8 million).
RTD Coffee
In 2009, the sales of RTD coffee was negligible. The only current product available in Turkey is from Malee
Sampran Public Co Ltd. In 2002 Nestle did some market trials in an effort to increase coffee sales in the summer
when hot coffee sales decline. The result was that the Turkish consumer preferred hot coffee but there were some
positive responses to the taste of the product. If manufacturers were to invest in advertising and promotional
campaigns for RTD coffee, demand would likely increase
Still RTD Tea
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of still RTD tea was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was
quite stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.9 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 19.2 percent per year reaching TRY
6.13 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 8.4 percent per year reaching 2.770
Lt in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 50.4 million Lt worth TRY 111.5 million (CAD 81.7 million).
The top two companies, by value of retail off-trade sales (Pepsi-Lipton International and Coca-Cola
Icecek Uretim AS) accounted for 97.9 percent of the market. The next three companies (Erbak-Uludag
Mesrubatlari AS, Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS and Aroma Bursa Meyva Sulari ve Gida San AS)
accounted for 1.3 percent.
Prospects: Both value and volume of sales are expected to grow in the next few years based on Turkey’s hot
summers and increased tourism. However, prices are expected to decline due to competition.
20. Tobacco
Cigarettes (High Tar Cigarettes, Mid Tar Cigarettes, Low Tar Cigarettes and Ultra Low
Tar Cigarettes)
Market: In 2008, the top four companies, by volume of retail sales (Philip Morris Sabanci Pazarlama ve Satis AS,
Tekel, JT International Tutun Urunleri Pazarlama AS and British American Tobacco Turkey) accounted
for 89.5 percent of the market. The next company (Imperial Tobacco Sigara ve Tutunculuck Sanayi ve
Ticaret AS) accounted for 3.3 percent.
High Tar Cigarettes
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of high tar cigarettes was increasing at a rate of 20.4 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2006, the value of retail sales per household was increasing quickly. In 2007 it fell
very sharply. From 2007 to 2009 it continued to decrease reaching TRY 4.95 in 2009. A trend line fitted
to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -20.8 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2009, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing slowly. In 2007 it fell
very sharply. From 2007 to 2009 it continued to decrease reaching 27.3 sticks in 2009. A trend line fitted
to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -34.2 percent per year.
Market: In 2008, the total retail market size was 496.6 million sticks worth TRY 90.1 million (CAD 66.1 million).
42

Mid Tar Cigarettes
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of mid tar cigarettes was increasing at a rate of 23.3 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 50.8 percent per year reaching TRY
1,254.98 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2006, the volume of retail sales per household was quite stable. In 2007 it increased
very sharply. From 2007 to 2009 it was stable reaching 5,450.9 sticks in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 22.3 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 99,197.7 million sticks worth TRY 22,838.7 million (CAD
16,743.8 million).
Low Tar Cigarettes
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of low tar cigarettes was increasing at a rate of 32.0 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 40.0 percent per year reaching TRY
34.23 in 2009.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was increasing slowly reaching 180.7 sticks in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 6.1 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 3,289.1 million sticks worth TRY 786.7 million (CAD 576.8
million).
Ultra Low Tar Cigarettes
Price: Between 2002 and 2009, the price of ultra low tar cigarettes was increasing at a rate of 10.4 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 46.3 percent per year reaching TRY
12.04 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 32.6 percent per year reaching 43.6
sticks in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 793.4 million sticks worth TRY 219.1 million (CAD 160.6
million).
Cigars and Cigarillos
Until the end of 2008, Turkey maintained a ban on the importation of cigars and cigarillos. The lifting of the ban
was prompted by the government’s inability to control illicit imports. After the ban was lifted only a few foreign
brands began to enter the country.
Cigars Excluding Cigarillos
Price: Between 1999 and 2001, the price of cigars excluding cigarillos was increasing sharply. In 2002 it fell
very sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it increased. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a
rate of -2.0 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2001, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. In 2002 it fell
very sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was volatile reaching TRY 0.08 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -1.4 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2002, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. In 2003 it fell
very sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was volatile, decreasing slowly reaching 0.047 units in 2009. A trend
line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 0.56 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 0.9 million units worth TRY 1.4 million (CAD 1.0 million).
In 2008, the top manufacturer of cigars by volume of retail sales (TEKA AS) accounted for 94.8 percent
of the market. The next two manufacturers (Agio Cigars and Arnold Antre Cicars Gmbh & Co KG)
accounted for 0.7 percent. The market for domestically produced product was essentially a monopoly.
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Cigarillos
Price: Between 1999 and 2001, the price of cigarillos was increasing sharply. In 2002 it fell very sharply. From
2002 to 2009 it was increasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of
-7.6 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2001, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. In 2002 it fell
very sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was quite stable reaching TRY 0.03 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the
1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -11.9 percent per year.
Volume: Between 1999 and 2001, the volume of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2001 to
2003 it was decreasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was volatile reaching 0.025 units in 2009. A trend
line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -4.7 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 0.4 million units worth TRY 0.5 million (CAD 0.4 million).
In 2008, the top manufacturer of cigarillos by volume of retail sales (TEKA AS) accounted for 98.0
percent of the market. Other unnamed companies account for 2.0 percent. The market for domestically
produced cigarillos was essentially a monopoly.
Pipe Tobacco
Smoking through a nargile (water pipe) is the oldest traditional way of smoking tobacco and is becoming
fashionable again. Many coffee houses in big cities and tourist areas started to serve tobacco with various flavours
(vanilla, apple, cinnamon and chocolate). High taxation on tobacco products makes it difficult to control illicit
imports.
Price: Between 1999 and 2003, the price of pipe tobacco was increasing sharply. From 2003 to 2009 it was
volatile. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 31.0 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 23.1 percent per year reaching TRY
1.07 in 2009.
Volume: Between 2000 and 2003, the volume of retail sales per household was decreasing sharply. From 2003 to
2009 it was increasing reaching 0.006 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at
a rate of -6.0 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 103.8 t worth TRY 19.4 million (CAD 14.2 million).
In 2008, the top three manufacturers by volume of retail sales (Salar AS, Servetli Ltd and Tekel)
accounted for 98.7 percent of the market. Unnamed manufacturer accounted for 1.3 percent. The market
for domestically produced pipe tobacco was essentially an oligopoly.
21. Hot Drinks
Coffee (Fresh Coffee and Instant Coffee)
Market: In 2009, the top two companies by the value of retail sales (Nestle Prodalim Gida Mamuleri AS and
Kraftsa Kraft Sabanci Gida Pazarlama ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 78.2 percent of the market. The next
three companies (Ülker Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret AS, Kuru Kahveci Mehmet Efendi Ltc and Food Empire
Holdings Ltd) accounted for 16.8 percent.
Prospects: Coffee is expected to experience growth, particularly instant coffee, in the next few years due in part to
rapid urbanization.
Fresh Coffee
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of fresh coffee was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.5 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2002, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was quite stable reaching TRY 2.07 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases
at a rate of 9.5 percent per year.
Volume: In 2001, the volume of retail sales per household fell very sharply. From 2001 to 2009 it was volatile,
reaching 0.172 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of -0.9 percent
per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 3,134.3 t worth TRY 37.7 million (CAD27.64 million).
44

Instant Coffee
Price: After increasing between 1999 and 2001, the price of instant coffee fell very sharply in 2002. Between
2002 and 2009 it was decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data decreases at a rate of
-9.1 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 18.9 percent per year reaching TRY
17.94 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 30.9 percent per year reaching 0.938
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 17,069.8 t worth TRY 326.4 million (CAD 239.3 million).
Tea
Market: In 2009, the top three companies by value of retail sales (Cay Isletmeleri Genel Müdürlügü, Unilever
Sanayii ve Ticaret Türk AS and Dogus Cay) accounted for 80.9 percent of the market. The next two
companies (Dogadan Gida Urunleri San ve Paz AS and Marmara Gida San AS) accounted for 7.1
percent.
Prospects: The growth in retail sales is expected to continue in the next few years but slower than in the last several
years. Tea is an essential part of Turkish culture and is not likely to be affected very much by the
economic recession. The biggest threat to growth in tea sales is illegal imports.
Black Tea
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of black tea was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was quite
stable. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.8 percent per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2002, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was increasing slowly reaching TRY 55.96 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data
increases at a rate of 11.4 percent per year.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 1.5 percent per year reaching 6.878
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 125,168.6 t worth TRY 1,018.4 million (CAD 746.6 million).
Green Tea
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of green tea was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was stable.
A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 10.3 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 17.9 percent per year reaching TRY
0.99 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 6.9 percent per year reaching 0.015
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 276.4 t worth TRY 18.0 million (CAD13.2 million).
Fruit / Herbal Tea
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of fruit / herbal tea was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009 it was
quite stable, decreasing slightly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 9.7
percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 18.9 percent per year reaching TRY
3.01 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 8.4 percent per year reaching 0.044
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 798.5 t worth TRY 54.8 million (CAD 40.18 million).
Other Tea
Price: Between 2003 and 2009, the price of other tea was decreasing at a rate of -0.4 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 6.8 percent per year reaching TRY 1.35
in 2009.
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Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 7.2 percent per year reaching 0.014
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 256.8 t worth TRY 24.5 million (CAD 17.96 million).
Other Hot Drinks
Market: In 2009, the top two companies by value of retail sales (Ülker Gida Saanayi ve Ticaret AS and Nestle
Prodalim Gida Mamulleri AS) accounted for 55.6 percent of the market. The next three companies
(McCormick San ve Ticaret AS, Kent Gida Maddeleri Sanayii ve Ticaret AS and Meysan Genel Gida
San ve Ticaret AS) accounted for 23.2 percent.
Prospects: The volume of retail sales is expected to grow while the value of retail sales is expected to remain
constant over the nest few years. Factors affecting growth in retail sales are: rapidly growing young
population; increasing number of retailers selling the products and; new product launches. Chocolatebased
flavoured powder drinks are expected to be the fastest growing sub-sector based on increased
investment in new product development and advertizing.
Flavoured Powder Drinks
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of flavoured powder drinks was increasing sharply. From 2002 to 2009
it was increasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 11.8 percent per
year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 19.0 percent per year reaching TRY
3.56 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 6.4 percent per year reaching 0.143
Kg in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 2,602.3 t worth TRY 64.7 million (CAD 47.43 million).
Other Plant-Based Hot Drinks
Price: Between 1999 and 2002, the price of other plant-based hot drinks was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was decreasing slowly. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 8.9 percent
per year.
Value: Between 1999 and 2002, the value of retail sales per household was increasing sharply. From 2002 to
2009 it was increasing more slowly reaching TRY 1.67 in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009
data increases at a rate of 9.4 percent per year.
Volume: In 2001, the volume of retail sales per household fell very sharply. From 2001 to 2007 it was increasing
quickly. From 2007 to 2009 it was decreasing reaching 0.094 Kg in 2009. A trend line fitted to the 1999 -
2009 data increases at a rate of 0.5 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 1,700.9 t worth TRY 30.4 million (CAD 22.3 million).
22. Pet Food
Dog and Cat Food
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of dog and cat food was increasing at a rate of 12.9 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 28.5 percent per year reaching TRY
12.20 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was increases at a rate of 13.8 percent per year reaching 1.2 Kg
in 2009.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 21,231.8 t, worth TRY 222.7 million (CAD 163.3 million).
In 2009, the top three companies producing dog food (Colgate-Palmolive Co, Nutro Products Inc and
Tropikal Bahçe ve Evcil Hayvan Ürünleri AS) accounted for 55.6 percent of the market. The next two
companies (Nestlé Purina Petcare Tükiye and Mars Inc) accounted for 22.8 percent.
In 2009, the top three companies producing cat food (Mars Inc, Colgate Palmolive Co and Tropikal
46

Bahçe ve Evcil Hayvan Ürünleri AS) accounted for 53.4 percent of the market. The next two companies
(Nestlé Purina Petcare Tükiye and Nutro Products Inc) accounted for 19.8 percent.
Prospects: The growth of sales of dog food will be based on lower priced products such as economy brands and dry
dog food. Premium brands which are specific to breed or size will also grow.
The growth of sales of cat food will be based on lower priced products. Premium brands will also grow
based on segmentation in areas specific to the needs of cats: hairball control, weight management, breed
and neutered cats.
Other Pet Food (Not Dog or Cat Food)
Price: Between 1999 and 2009, the price of other pet food was increasing at a rate of 10.5 percent per year.
Value: The value of retail sales per household was increasing at a rate of 13.7 percent per year reaching TRY
16.30 in 2009.
Volume: The volume of retail sales per household was volatile generally increasing reaching 0.6 Kg in 2009. A
trend line fitted to the 1999 - 2009 data increases at a rate of 2.9 percent per year.
Market: In 2009, the total retail market size was 10,454.4 t, worth TRY 296.7 million (CAD 217.5 million).
Prospects: Other pet food is expected to grow slower in the near future than it did in the last few years. Bird food
dominates the sector in volume.
V. RISK FACTORS
A. Political / Economic Events
Jihadist Terrorism in Turkey has developed from an isolated phenomenon mainly embodied by two obscure
groups, which were a minor threat compared to the Kurdistan Workers’ Party’s (PKK) insurgency, to a major
terrorist threat to the country. From nationalist groups, the Turkish Islamist terrorists have developed into parts of
larger transnational networks, increasingly transcending national affiliations, without however giving them up.
Instead of targeting Turkish secularists and moderate Islamists, they increasingly attack Western targets like the
Israeli cruise ships in August 2005 and the US consulate in Istanbul in July 2008. The anti-Jewish and anti-Israeli
dimension of their activities is partly due to their strong connections to Syria, Iraq and Lebanon.
There are indications of an accelerating trend towards internationalization. This trend was foreshadowed on the
Jihadist Internet, where Turks in recent years have developed a profound interest in conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan
and further afield. Subsequently, it has allowed for a greater cooperation with Uzbek, Afghan, Pakistani and Arab
Jihadists. Should such a trend continue to unfold, the terrorist threat in Turkey and in countries with sizable Turkish
diaspora communities is likely to grow. 5
Turkey has a long history of political turbulence, which on occasion has escalated into violence. However, in
recent years the economy has stabilized and strengthened and it is likely that the continued shaky political
environment is less likely to precipitated another financial crisis. On September 25, 2009 it was reported that the
prime minister expressed disapproval of the Central Bank of Turkey’s independence. He felt that the bank’s
autonomy restricted the government’s options in economic policy-making. He also expressed dissatisfaction with the
IMF proposals, raising concern that the government is shifting away from the reform agenda that was put in place in
2001.
Turkey is considered a medium risk 6 country. The risks are identified as: 1) strikes, riots, and civil commotion;
2) terrorism; 3) sovereign non-payment and; 4) supply chain vulnerability.
B. Handling Risks of International Trade
Some risks are normally covered by commercial cargo insurance in accordance with minimum cover of the
Institute Cargo Clauses (Institute of London Underwriters) or some similar clause. This insurance normally covers
the standard risks involved in transporting goods, such as accidents and weather.
47

If a Canadian exporter expects to incur costs or receive payment in TRYs the company may want to consider
hedging against currency risks by participating in the futures market. This strategy is not appropriate in all situations
and the exporter should obtain advice from a bank or other trusted expert.
Additional risks might be covered by Accounts Receivable Insurance and other products similar to those offered
by Export Development Canada (EDC). The availability, terms and costs of this insurance will depend on conditions
in the importing country, the reputation of the importer and EDC policy. Generally the Accounts Receivable
Insurance will cover up to 90% of losses resulting from a wide range of commercial and political risks including:
insolvency or default of the buyer; payment delay caused by blockage of funds or transfer difficulties; refusal of
goods by the buyer (provided the Canadian exporter meets the contract terms); war or hostilities in the buyer’s
country, or between two or more other countries and; cancellation or non-renewal of export or import permits.
Optional coverage includes: protection against contract cancellation by the buyer; insurance for Letters of Credit
transactions on a country-by-country basis; coverage for sales made by foreign affiliates; invoicing in foreign
currency and; insurance for receivables generated by providing services. For the latest information see www.edc.ca .
VI. PRODUCT ANALYSIS
A. Regulatory Issues
1. Dairy Products
As a result of a WTO decision (See Appendix 2) and agreements between Canada & New Zealand and Canada
& the USA, Canadian dairy products produced from milk purchased at the lower industrial price are considered to be
subsidized when exported. The export of these products are limited to: 3,500 t of butter; 9,076 t of cheese; 44,953 t
of skim milk powder and; 30,282 t of other milk products. Although not normally economic, there is no limit to the
export of dairy products produced from the domestic full-priced milk.
A company wishing to export products produced from the lower prices industrial milk must obtain a permit to
export within the quota limits from:
The Canadian Dairy Commission
Chief Commercial Operations
Marketing Operations
Building 55, CEF
Floor Upper, Room 302
960 Carling Ave
Ottawa, ON
K1A 0Z2
Ph: (613) 792-2010
FAX: (613) 792-2009
If the company is using domestic full-priced milk, no permit from the CDC is required.
In any case a company must be a registered establishment with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) - see
website: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/.
2. Beef Products
As of November 5, 2009, Turkey has a complete ban on the importation of beef from Canada due to a fear of
BSE contamination.
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B. Selected Products Imported from Canada
Following are trade statistics of selected food products imported by Turkey from many countries including
Canada. Unless otherwise indicated, the averages refer to the six years 2004 to 2009.
The six digit numbers associated with each product / product group are Harmonized System (HS) codes used to
classify internationally traded products.
071340 Lentils Dried, Shelled, Including Seed
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 88.2 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 141,541 t
worth CAD 153.4 million from: Canada (CAD 142.6 million); Iraq (CAD 4.2 million); Ethiopia (CAD 3.1
million); Australia (CAD 1.3 million) and; the USA (CAD 1.2 million). Eight other countries supplied CAD
1.1 million worth of this product group in 2009.
100110 Durum Wheat
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 34.0 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 111,342 t
worth CAD 60.2 million from: Greece (CAD 39.5 million); Canada (CAD 7.0 million); Spain (CAD 4.2
million); France (CAD 3.4 million) and; Italy (CAD 3.0 million). Seven other countries supplied CAD 3.2
million worth of this product in 2009.
100190 Wheat Nesoi and Meslin
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 567.9 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 3,281,351 t
worth CAD 982.8 million from: Russia (CAD 588.5 million); Germany (CAD 126.7 million); Kazakhstan
(CAD 73.7 million); the Ukraine (CAD 58.1 million) and; Lithuania (CAD 34.1 million). Canada supplied
CAD 5.6 million and 19 other countries supplied 96.0 million worth of this product group in 2009.
040700 Eggs, Bird, in Shell, Fresh, Preserved or Cooked
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 12.3 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 9.6 million
eggs worth CAD 9.1 million from: the UK (CAD 4.4 million); Canada (CAD 3.9 million); Brazil (CAD
298,000); France (CAD 222,000) and; the USA (CAD 106,000). Two other countries supplied CAD 124,000
worth of this product group in 2009.
120100 Soya Beans, Whether or Not Broken
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 431.5 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 973,574 t
worth CAD 485.9 million from: the USA (CAD 330.0 million); Paraguay (CAD 72.6 million); Argentina
(CAD 47.3 million); the Ukraine (CAD 20.1 million) and; Italy (CAD 7.1 million). Canada supplied CAD 3.0
million and five other countries supplied 5.7 million worth of this product group in 2009.
051110 Semen Bovine
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 5.5 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 3,251,991
unknown units worth CAD 7.9 million from: the USA (CAD 2.0 million); Germany (CAD 2.0 million);
Canada (CAD 1.5 million); Italy (CAD 670,000) and; France (CAD 415,000). Ten other countries supplied
CAD 1.3 million worth of this product in 2009.
240120 Tobacco, Unmanufactured, Partly or Wholly Stemmed or Stripped
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 237.8 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 47,855 t
worth CAD 314.9 million from: Brazil (CAD 108.2 million); the USA (CAD 37.4 million); Malawi (CAD
33.0 million); Germany (CAD 28.3 million) and; India (CAD 21.7 million). Canada supplied CAD 1.5 million
and 34 other countries supplied CAD 84.8 million worth of this product group in 2009.
230330 Brewing or Distilling Dregs and Waste
The average value of imports over the five years 2005 to 2009 was CAD 67.3 million. In 2009, Turkey
imported 448,679 t worth CAD 97.5 million from: the USA (CAD 95.9 million); Canada (CAD 1.1 million);
the Ukraine (CAD 313,000) and; Bulgaria (CAD 87,000).
49

040210 Milk Powder Not Exceeding 1.5% Fat
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 25.7 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 12,304 t worth
CAD 30.4 million from: Switzerland (CAD 9.2 million); the Ukraine (CAD 6.3 million); the USA (CAD 5.7
million); Australia (CAD 2.3 million) and; Poland (CAD 2.0 million). Canada supplied CAD 1.0 million and
11 other countries supplied CAD 3.9 million worth of this product group in 2009.
230910 Dog or Cat Food Put up for Retail Sale
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 22.6 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 19,691 t worth
CAD 30.9 million from: the USA (CAD 7.8 million); France (CAD 4.7 million); the Netherlands (CAD 4.3
million); Hungary (CAD 3.4 million) and; Spain (CAD 1.9 million). Canada supplied CAD 996,000 and 15
other countries supplied CAD 7.7 million worth of this product group in 2009.
210690 Food Preparations Nesoi
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 245.9 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 50,214 t
worth CAD 255.4 million from: Germany (CAD 61.1 million); the Netherlands (CAD 56.3 million); the USA
(CAD 31.7 million); Italy (CAD 22.4 million) and; Thailand (CAD 15.2 million). Canada supplied CAD
985,000 and 41 other countries supplied CAD 67.7 million worth of this product group in 2009.
230990 Animal Feed Preparations Nesoi
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 67.7 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 37,352 t worth
CAD 71.3 million from: Italy (CAD 19.8 million); Germany (CAD 8.8 million); Greece (CAD 8.8 million);
the USA (CAD 6.4 million) and; France (CAD 5.4 million). Canada supplied CAD 978,000 and 27 other
countries supplied CAD 20.9 million worth of this product group in 2009.
071333 Kidney Beans and White Pea Beans Dried, Shelled, Whether or Not Skinned / Split
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 38.1 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 53,254 t worth
CAD 62.6 million from: China (CAD 27.2 million); Kyrgyzstan (CAD 18.9 million); Argentina (CAD 8.5
million); Egypt (CAD 5.9 million) and; the USA (CAD 980,000). Canada supplied CAD 541,000 and seven
other countries supplied CAD 605,000 worth of this product group in 2009.
100830 Canary Seed
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 325,000. In 2009, Turkey imported 1,973 t worth CAD
762,000 from: Canada (CAD 455,000); Bulgaria (CAD 216,000); Iran (CAD 42,000); the Ukraine (CAD
36,000) and; Hungary (CAD 12,000).
071310 Peas, Dried, Shelled, Whether or Not Skinned or Split
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 1.8 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 2,291 t worth
CAD 2.8 million from: Hungary (CAD 1.0 million); the USA (CAD 506,000); Canada (CAD 330,000); Spain
(CAD 247,000) and; Germany (CAD 239,000). Six other countries supplied CAD 489,000 worth of this
product group in 2009.
520100 Cotton, Not Carded or Combed
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 1,141.4 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 753,164 t
worth CAD 1,123.3 million from: the USA (CAD 593.6 million); Greece (CAD 274.0 million); Turkmenistan
(CAD 74.3 million); India (CAD 35.1 million) and; Uzbekistan (CAD 29.6 million). In 2009 Canada supplied
CAD 320,000 and 27 other countries supplied CAD 116.3 million worth of this product group.
350400 Peptones & Derivatives; Protein Substances and Derivatives, Nes; Hide Powder
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 10.6 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 4,467 t worth
CAD 21.8 million from: China (CAD 5.9 million); Germany (CAD 3.2 million); Greece (CAD 2.6 million);
Australia (CAD 2.4 million) and; New Zealand (CAD 2.1 million). Canada supplied CAD 305,000 and 14
other countries supplied CAD 5.3 million worth of this product group in 2009.
50

230110 Flours, Meals & Pellets of Meat or Meat Offal Unfit for Human Consumption; Greaves
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 420,000. In 2009, Turkey imported 522 t worth CAD
498,000 from: Canada (CAD 296,000); Germany (CAD 128,000); Greece (CAD 49,000) and; Italy (CAD
26,000).
120750 Mustard Seeds, Whether or Not Broken
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 597,000. In 2009, Turkey imported 226 t worth CAD
327,000 from: Canada (CAD 283,000) and; the Ukraine (CAD 44,000).
120925 Seeds, Rye Grass, for Sowing
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 2.2 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 1,239 t worth
CAD 2.7 million from: Denmark (CAD 938,000); the USA (CAD 458,000); the Netherlands (CAD 400,000);
Canada (CAD 265,000) and; Germany (CAD 249,000). Four other countries supplied CAD 367,000 worth of
this product in 2009.
120400 Flaxseed (Linseed), Whether or Not Broken
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 2.8 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 819 t worth
CAD 502,000 from: Canada (CAD 261,000); the Ukraine (CAD 213,000); India (CAD 19,000); Russia (CAD
6,000) and; Afghanistan (CAD 2,000). One other country supplied less than CAD 1,000 worth of this product
group in 2009.
C. Selected Products Not Imported from Canada
Following are trade statistics of selected food products imported by Turkey from many countries excluding
Canada. Turkish trade data was used to determine that Canada did not supply any of these products. Canadian trade
data may not be consistent with the Turkish data.
Unless otherwise indicated, average data refers to the years 2004 to 2009.
151211 Sunflower-Seed or Safflower Oil, Crude
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 315.5 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 323,578 t
worth CAD 558.2 million from: the Ukraine (CAD 307.1 million); Russia (CAD 220.2 million); Argentina
(CAD 23.2 million); Romania (CAD 7.6 million) and; Egypt (CAD 64,000). In 2009 Canada did not supply
this product to Turkey but exported CAD 485,000 worth to three other countries.
120600 Sunflower Seeds, Whether or Not Broken
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 245.9 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 468,277 t
worth CAD 279.0 million from: Bulgaria (CAD 121.4 million); the Ukraine (CAD 69.6 million); Moldova
(CAD 35.1 million); Romania (CAD 27.1 million) and; the USA (CAD 12.4 million). Nineteen other
countries supplied CAD 13.5 million worth of this product group in 2008. Canada last supplied this product to
Turkey in 2008. In 2009, Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported CAD 65.5
million worth to 47 other countries.
230400 Soya-Bean Oil-Cake and Other Solid Residues, Whether or Not Ground or Pelleted
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 145.3 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 351,832 t
worth CAD 173.9 million from: the USA (CAD 109.9 million); Argentina (CAD 47.2 million); Brazil (CAD
5.4 million); Spain (CAD 5.1 million) and; India (CAD 3.9 million). Four other countries supplied CAD 2.4
million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but
exported CAD 25.3 million worth to five other countries in 2009.
120740 Sesamum Seeds, Whether or Not Broken
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 101.0 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 91,954 t
worth CAD 146.7 million from: Nigeria (CAD 47.0 million); Ethiopia (CAD 27.4 million); India (CAD 14.0
51

million); Mozambique (CAD 13.8 million) and; Pakistan (CAD 12.9 million). Twenty-six other countries
supplied CAD 31.6 million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada last supplied this product group to
Turkey in 2006. In 2009, Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported CAD 1.0
million worth to seven other countries.
100590 Maize (Corn), Nes
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 178.2 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 480,072 t
worth CAD 135.6 million from: the Ukraine (CAD 54.5 million); Russia (CAD 27.5 million); Romania (CAD
15.7 million); Hungary (CAD 12.7 million) and; Argentina (CAD 9.2 million). Nine other countries supplied
CAD 16.0 million worth of this product in 2009. Canada last supplied this product to Turkey in 2008. In
2009, Canada did not supply any of this product to Turkey but exported CAD 56.2 million worth to 23 other
countries.
120991 Seeds, Vegetable, Nesoi for Sowing
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 75.8 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 4,929 t worth
CAD 111.7 million from: China (CAD 20.7 million); the Netherlands (CAD 17.1 million); Israel (CAD 14.1
million); France (CAD 12.2 million) and; the Ukraine (CAD 9.1 million). Thirty-one other countries supplied
CAD 38.5 million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to
Turkey but exported CAD 2.8 million worth to seven other countries in 2009.
150200 Bovine, Sheep & Goat Fats, Other than Heading 1503
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 94.7 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 125,804 t
worth CAD 95.6 million from: the USA (CAD 95.6 million); Germany (CAD 38,000) and; Italy (CAD
23,000). Canada last supplied this product group to Turkey in 2004. In 2009, Canada did not supply any of
this product group to Turkey but exported CAD 102.3 million worth to 15 other countries.
410210 Sheep or Lamb Skins, Raw, with Wool On, Nesoi
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 244.9 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 19,468,567
Skins worth CAD 91.7 million from: Spain (CAD 30.6 million); Italy (CAD 10.5 million); the UK (CAD 10.0
million); Greece (CAD 9.9 million) and; France (CAD 5.9 million). Forty-three other countries supplied CAD
24.9 million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada last supplied this product group to Turkey in 2007.
Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey in 2009 but exported CAD 827,000 worth to 12
other countries.
151521 Maize (Corn) Oil Crude
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 101.7 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 83,367 t
worth CAD 82.4 million from: the USA (CAD 72.9 million); Argentina (CAD 6.0 million); Brazil (CAD 1.8
million); Bulgaria (CAD 888,000) and; China (CAD 785,000). Canada did not supply any of this product to
Turkey but exported CAD 820,000 worth to three other countries in 2009.
240399 Manufactured Tobacco & Substitute, Nesoi, Including Extracts and Substances
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 68.0 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 9,172 t worth
CAD 76.7 million from: the Netherlands (CAD 42.2 million); Germany (CAD 17.9 million); Russia (CAD
13.1 million); the UK (CAD 2.2 million) and; the Czech Republic (CAD 658,000). Three other countries
supplied CAD 611,000 worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group
to Turkey but exported CAD 71,000 worth to one other country in 2009.
230310 Residues of Starch Manufacture and Similar Residues
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 61.0 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 378,163 t
worth CAD 73.3 million from: the USA (CAD 66.3 million); the Ukraine (CAD 5.1 million); Bulgaria (CAD
924,000); China (CAD 778,000) and; Romania (CAD 137,000). Four other countries supplied CAD 95,000
worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported
CAD 9.6 million worth to two other countries in 2009.
52

350510 Dextrins and Other Modified Starches
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 64.2 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 86,855 t worth
CAD 72.8 million from: Bulgaria (CAD 18.3 million); the Netherlands (CAD 17.5 million); Germany (CAD
14.1 million); Thailand (CAD 8.4 million) and; France (CAD 4.7 million). Twenty-three other countries
supplied CAD 9.9 million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product
group to Turkey but exported CAD 12.8 million worth to 24 other countries in 2009.
190110 Preparations of Cereals, Flour, Starch or Milk for Infant Use, Put up for Retail Sale
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 56.8 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 8,100 t worth
CAD 71.2 million from: Germany (CAD 24.6 million); Poland (CAD 18.4 million); Portugal (CAD 9.5
million); the Netherlands (CAD 9.3 million) and; Switzerland (CAD 4.4 million). Eleven other countries
supplied CAD 5.0 million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product
group to Turkey but exported CAD 7.1 million worth to 22 other countries in 2009.
230120 Flours, Meals & Pellets of Fish, Crustaceans, Molluscs or Other Aquatic Invertebrates, Unfit for
Human Consumption
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 55.3 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 52,329 t worth
CAD 65.8 million from: Peru (CAD 55.3 million); Morocco (CAD 3.9 million); Mexico (CAD 3.1 million);
Georgia (CAD 1.8 million) and; South Africa (CAD 650,000). Six other countries supplied CAD 1.0 million
worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported
CAD 8.1 million worth to 10 other countries in 2009.
210111 Coffee Extracts, Essences and Concentrates
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 46.4 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 5,627 t worth
CAD 63.3 million from: Spain (CAD 19.0 million); Brazil (CAD 7.8 million); Switzerland (CAD 7.5
million); Japan (CAD 7.2 million) and; South Korea (CAD 5.6 million). Fourteen other countries supplied
CAD 16.2 million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to
Turkey but exported CAD 13.9 million worth to 21 other countries in 2009.
120510 Low Erucic Acid Rape or Colza Seeds, Whether or Not Broken
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 61.3 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 123,696 t
worth CAD 57.9 million from: the Ukraine (CAD 32.8 million); Romania (CAD 11.0 million); Moldova
(CAD 6.8 million); Bulgaria (CAD 6.5 million) and; Russia (CAD 544,000). Five other countries supplied
CAD 189,000 worth of this product group in 2009. (Turkish data indicates no imports from Canada, but
Canadian data indicates that CAD 1,762 worth was exported to Turkey). Canada supplied CAD 3,471.7
million worth of this product group to 29 other countries 2009.
230630 Sunflower Seed Oil-Cake & Other Solid Residues, Whether or Not Ground or Pelleted
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 56.7 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 322,288 t
worth CAD 52.8 million from: the Ukraine (CAD 26.9 million); Russia (CAD 20.9 million); Bulgaria (CAD
2.9 million); Romania (CAD 2.1 million) and; Georgia (CAD 68,000).
120890 Flours and Meals of Oil Seeds or Oleaginous Fruits, Except Mustard, Nes
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 10.6 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 117,686 t
worth CAD 48.6 million from: Georgia (CAD 31.6 million); Bulgaria (CAD 12.2 million) and; the Ukraine
(CAD 4.8 million). Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported CAD 6.0 million
worth to 16 other countries in 2009.
180690 Chocolate and Other Food Preparations Containing Cocoa Nes
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 30.2 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 9,188 t worth
CAD 47.3 million from: Poland (CAD 26.7 million); Italy (CAD 9.1 million); Slovakia (CAD 3.7 million);
Chile (CAD 2.6 million) and; Germany (CAD 2.1 million). Twenty-six other countries supplied CAD 3.1
million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada last supplied this product group to Turkey in 2008. In
53

2009 Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported CAD 183.2 million worth to 69
other countries.
240391 Homogenized or Reconstituted Tobacco
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 35.9 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 12,181 t worth
CAD 46.7 million from: France (CAD 38.9 million); Malaysia (CAD 3.1 million); Russia (CAD 2.9 million);
Brazil (CAD 1.5 million) and; South Korea (CAD 273,000). Two other countries supplied CAD 106,000
worth of this product group in 2009.
220720 Ethyl Alcohol and Other Spirits, Denatured, of Any Strength
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 33.0 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 45,347,118 Lt
worth CAD 42.6 million from: Pakistan (CAD 26.6 million); Belgium (CAD 4.0 million); Brazil (CAD 3.4
million); Russia (CAD 3.3 million) and; South Africa (CAD 3.0 million). Five other countries supplied CAD
2.2 million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey
but exported CAD 53.4 million worth to 20 other countries in 2009.
230230 Wheat Bran, Sharps and Other Residues, Pelleted or Not
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 66.6 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 315,485 t
worth CAD 42.4 million from: the Ukraine (CAD 22.0 million); Russia (CAD 13.9 million); Bulgaria (CAD
3.8 million); South Africa (CAD 1.1 million) and; Italy (CAD 887,000). Three other countries supplied CAD
766,000 worth of this product in 2009. Canada last supplied this product group to Turkey in 2005. In 2009,
Canada did not supply any of this product to Turkey but exported CAD 7.3 million worth to one other
country.
040510 Butter
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 22.2 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 13,477 t worth
CAD 38.4 million from: Australia (CAD 10.6 million); the Netherlands (CAD 5.9 million); New Zealand
(CAD 4.0 million); Switzerland (CAD 3.1 million) and; Israel (CAD 1.9 million). Seventeen other countries
supplied CAD 12.8 million worth of this product in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product to
Turkey but exported CAD 349,000 worth to seven other countries in 2009.
350300 Gelatin and Gelatin Derivatives; Isinglass; Glues of Animal Origin, Nes
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 18.1 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 4,912 t worth
CAD 32.8 million from: Brazil (CAD 18.2 million); Argentina (CAD 6.6 million); Pakistan (CAD 2.9
million); Slovakia (CAD 1.7 million) and; Colombia (CAD 1.1 million). Twelve other countries supplied
CAD 2.3 million worth of this product in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product to Turkey but
exported CAD 53.5 million worth to 30 other countries in 2009.
100300 Barley
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 37.5 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 91,649 t worth
CAD 32.7 million from: France (CAD 29.3 million); Russia (CAD 2.6 million); the UK (CAD 595,000); the
Ukraine (CAD 137,000) and; Croatia (less than CAD 1,000). Canada did not supply any of this product to
Turkey but exported CAD 441.3 million worth to 17 other countries in 2009.
030374 Mackerel, Frozen, Excluding Heading 0304, Livers and Roes
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 21.5 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 21,675 t worth
CAD 31.7 million from: Norway (CAD 28.0 million); South Korea (CAD 1.3 million); China (CAD 1.2
million); Morocco (CAD 1.1 million) and; Spain (CAD 32,000). Canada did not supply any of this product to
Turkey but exported CAD 38.7 million worth to 33 other countries in 2009.
060290 Plants, Live (Including Their Roots), Nes and Mushroom Spawn
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 34.8 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 14,999 t worth
CAD 29.3 million from: Italy (CAD 11.8 million); the Netherlands (CAD 10.2 million); Germany (CAD 1.6
54

million); Hungary (CAD 1.6 million) and; France (CAD 893,000). Nineteen other countries supplied CAD 3.1
million worth of this product in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product to Turkey but exported CAD
181.0 million worth to 17 other countries in 2009.
040690 Cheese Nesoi
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 20.9 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 5,882 t worth
CAD 28.7 million from: the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (CAD 13.0 million); Ireland (CAD 4.7
million); Italy (CAD 3.6 million); the Netherlands (CAD 1.9 million) and; the USA (CAD 1.5 million).
Fourteen other countries supplied CAD 4.0 million worth of this product in 2009. Canada did not supply any
of this product to Turkey but exported CAD 58.9 million worth to 32 other countries in 2009.
190410 Preparations of Foods Obtained by the Swelling or Roasting of Cereal or Cereal Products
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 20.4 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 9,176 t worth
CAD 28.3 million from: Poland (CAD 13.8 million); France (CAD 6.0 million); Spain (CAD 5.4 million);
Switzerland (CAD 1.3 million) and; Germany (CAD 1.2 million). Nine other countries supplied CAD 623,000
worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported
CAD 213.3 million worth to 25 other countries in 2009.
151620 Vegetable Fats & Oils & Fractions Hydrogenated Inter-esterified / Re-esterified, Etc, Refined or Not
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 16.5 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 18,388 t worth
CAD 24.7 million from: Malaysia (CAD 9.6 million); Indonesia (CAD 9.1 million); India (CAD 1.6 million);
Germany (CAD 1.4 million) and; the Netherlands (CAD 1.2 million). Eighteen other countries supplied CAD
1.7 million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey
but exported CAD 24.5 million worth to 23 other countries in 2009.
190590 Communion Wafers, Empty Cachets for Pharmaceutical Use and Similar Products and Bakers'
Wares Nesoi
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 12.3 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 4,022 t worth
CAD 22.3 million from: Germany (CAD 9.0 million); Belgium (CAD 6.7 million); Italy (CAD 2.1 million);
the Netherlands (CAD 1.1 million) and; the UK (CAD 805,000). Twenty other countries supplied CAD 2.6
million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada last supplied this product group to Turkey in 2004. In
2009, Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported CAD 735.3 million worth to 80
other countries.
150420 Fish Fats & Oils & Their Fractions Excluding Liver, Refined or Not, Not Chemically Modified
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 12.8 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 18,060 t worth
CAD 22.2 million from: Norway (CAD 18.8 million); the USA (CAD 1.6 million); the UK (CAD 930,000);
France (CAD 320,000) and; China (CAD 318,000). Six other countries supplied CAD 279,000 worth of this
product group in 2009. Canada last supplied this product group to turkey in 2008, (Turkish trade data
indicates no imports from Canada in 2009, Canadian data indicates exports to Turkey valued at CAD 28,426).
Canada exported CAD 21.0 million worth of this product group to 37 other countries in 2009.
100510 Maize (Corn) Seed
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 14.9 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 5,059 t worth
CAD 21.3 million from: the USA (CAD 8.5 million); France (CAD 5.6 million); Serbia (CAD 1.7 million);
Chile (CAD 1.5 million) and; Romania (CAD 1.2 million). Twelve other countries supplied CAD 2.7 million
worth of this product group in 2009. Canada last supplied this product group to Turkey in 2005. In 2009,
Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported CAD 53.9 million worth to 11 other
countries.
210610 Protein Concentrates and Textured Protein Substances
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 19.6 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 5,908 t worth
CAD 19.2 million from: Belgium (CAD 7.0 million); the USA (CAD 3.1 million); Italy (CAD 2.7 million);
55

the Netherlands (CAD 1.3 million) and; China (CAD 1.2 million). Eleven other countries supplied CAD 3.9
million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but
exported CAD 18.6 million worth to 45 other countries in 2009.
120910 Seeds, Sugar Beet, for Sowing
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 6.8 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 785 t worth
CAD 18.4 million from: Germany (CAD 8.3 million); Belgium (CAD 5.8 million); France (CAD 4.1 million)
and; Sweden (CAD 231,000). Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported CAD
32,000 worth to three other countries in 2009.
030343 Skipjack or Stripe-bellied Bonito, Frozen Excluding Heading 0304, Livers & Roes
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 12.3 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 11,510 t worth
CAD 17.6 million from: France (CAD 11.6 million); Spain (CAD 2.9 million); India (CAD 1.2 million);
Mayotte (CAD 837,000) and; Seychelles (CAD 662,000). One other country supplied CAD 330,000 worth of
this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported CAD
3,000 worth to one other country in 2009.
180632 Chocolate & Food Preparations Containing Cocoa in Blocks, Slabs or Bars, Not Filled, Not over 2 Kg
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 15.7 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 2,511 t worth
CAD 17.2 million from: Germany (CAD 4.0 million); Slovakia (CAD 3.3 million); Bulgaria (CAD 3.2
million); Switzerland (CAD 3.0 million) and; Romania (CAD 2.0 million). Thirteen other countries supplied
CAD 1.8 million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to
Turkey but exported CAD 51.7 million worth to 23 other countries in 2009.
170490 Sugar Confectionery Nes (Including White Chocolate), Not Containing Cocoa
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 9.5 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 3,445 t worth
CAD 16.9 million from: Spain (CAD 5.0 million); Germany (CAD 3.0 million); the Netherlands (CAD 2.6
million); Ireland (CAD 925,000) and; Mexico (CAD 896,000). Nineteen other countries supplied CAD 4.5
million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but
exported CAD 376.4 million worth to 79 other countries in 2009.
040221 Milk and Cream Powder Unsweetened Exceeding 1.5% Fat
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 19.9 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 5,470 t worth
CAD 16.4 million from: France (CAD 7.4 million); Singapore (CAD 2.5 million); the Ukraine (CAD 2.2
million); Ireland (CAD 1.2 million) and; Switzerland (CAD 893,000). Six other countries supplied CAD 2.2
million worth of this product group in 2009. Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but
exported CAD 588,000 worth to 11 other countries in 2009.
120590 Rape or Colza Seeds, Whether or Not Broken, Other than Low Erucic Acid
The average value of imports over six years was CAD 9.1 million. In 2009, Turkey imported 33,812 t worth
CAD 16.0 million from: the Ukraine (CAD 13.5 million); Romania (CAD 1.5 million); Bulgaria (CAD
836,000) and; Moldova (CAD 167,000). Canada last supplied this product group to Turkey in 2006. In 2009,
Canada did not supply any of this product group to Turkey but exported CAD 4.5 million worth to four other
countries.
VII. GRID ANALYSIS
Unless otherwise indicated the annual rates of change refer to the period 2004 to 2009. Figure 13 presents the
grid analysis which compares the rate of change of Turkey’s imports from the world with the rate of change of
imports from Canada.
A. All Agri-food and Fish Products
56

Between 2004 and 2009, the value of Turkish imports of all agri-food and fish products from all sources was
increasing at a rate of 12.2 percent 7 per year. The value of imports from Canada was increasing at a rate of 34.5
percent per year. Canada was gaining market share in an expanding import market. In 2009 Canada had 2.0 percent
of the market for imported agri-food and fish products.
B. Agri-food and Fish Imports of
Turkey from Canada vs from
the Whole World
030622 Lobsters, Live, Fresh, Chilled,
Dried, Salted or in Brine
The value of imports from all sources was
increasing at a rate of 113.7 percent per
year while the value of imports from
Canada was increasing at a rate of 127.6
percent per year. Canada was gaining
market share in an expanding import
market. Turkey was increasing the value of
imports from Canada faster than from the
world. In 2009, Canada held 92.59 percent
of this CAD 254,000 import market.
040700 Birds' Eggs, in the Shell, Fresh,
Preserved or Cooked
The value of imports from all sources was
decreasing at a rate of -12.7 percent per
year while the value of imports from
Canada was increasing at a rate of 4.4
percent per year. Canada was gaining
market share in a contracting import
market. Turkey was increasing the value of
imports from Canada while decreasing
imports from the world. In 2009, Canada
held 42.91 percent of this CAD 9.1 million
import market.
051110 Bovine Semen
The value of imports from all sources was
increasing at a rate of 22.2 percent per year
while the value of imports from Canada
was increasing at a rate of 23.3 percent per
year. Canada was gaining market share in
an expanding import market. Turkey was
increasing the value of imports from
Canada faster than from the world. In
2009, Canada held 19.25 percent of this
CAD 7.9 million import market.
071310 Peas, Dried Shelled, Including
Seed
The value of imports from all sources
was increasing at a rate of 8.1 percent
per year while the value of imports
AVERAGE ANNUAL % CHANGE
CANADA ---> TURKEY
-128% -108% -88% -68% -48% -28% -8% 12% 32% 52% 72% 92% 112%
57
3a
1
3b
112%
92%
72%
52%
32%
12%
-28%
-48%
-68%
-88%
-108%
-128%
AVERAGE ANNUAL % CHANGE
WHOLE WORLD ---> TURKEY
030622 040700 051110
071310 071340 100830
120400 120750 210690
220830 230910 230990
240120 ALL AGRIFOOD
Figure 13. Percent Changes in Turkish Agri-food & Seafood
Imports - From Canada vs From the World. 2004 -
2009.
Legend:
HS CODE DESCRIPTION
030622 Lobsters, Live, Fresh, Chilled, Dried, Salted or in Brine.
040700 Birds’ Eggs in the Shell, Fresh, Preserved or Cooked.
051110 Bovine Semen.
071310 Peas, Dried, Shelled Including Seed.
071340 Lentils, Dried Shelled, Including Seed.
100830 Canary Seed.
120400 Flaxseed (Linseed) Whether or Not Broken.
120750 Mustard Seeds, Whether or Not Broken.
210690 Food Preparations Nes.
220830 Whiskies.
230910 Dog and Cat Food, Put up for Retail Sale.
230990 Animal Feed Preparations Except Dog or Cat Food Put up
for Retail Sale.
240120 Tobacco, Partly or Wholly Stemmed / Stripped.
All Agrifood All Agri-food and Seafood Products.
2a
4
2b

from Canada was decreasing at a rate of -7.0 percent per year. Canada was losing market share in an
expanding import market. Turkey was decreasing the value of imports from Canada while increasing the
value from the world. In 2009, Canada held 11.66 percent of this CAD 2.8 million import market.
071340 Lentils, Dried Shelled, Including Seed
The value of imports from all sources was increasing at a rate of 103.1 percent per year while the value of
imports from Canada was increasing at a rate of 19.3 percent per year. Canada was losing market share in an
expanding import market. Turkey was increasing the value of imports from Canada slower than from the
world. In 2009, Canada held 92.93 percent of this CAD 153.4 million import market.
100830 Canary Seed
The value of imports from all sources was increasing at a rate of 25.2 percent per year while the value of
imports from Canada was increasing at a rate of 95.7 percent per year. Canada was gaining market share in an
expanding import market. Turkey was increasing the value of imports from Canada faster than from the
world. In 2009, Canada held 59.8 percent of this CAD 762,000 import market.
120400 Flaxseed (Linseed), Whether or Not Broken
The value of imports from all sources was increasing at a rate of 5.8 percent per year while the value of
imports from Canada was decreasing at a rate of -4.2 percent per year. Canada was losing market share in an
expanding import market. Turkey was decreasing the value of imports from Canada while increasing the
value of imports from the world. In 2009, Canada held 51.95 percent of this CAD 502,000 import market.
120750 Mustard Seeds, Whether or Not Broken
The value of imports from all sources was decreasing at a rate of -3.2 percent per year while the value of
imports from Canada was increasing at a rate of 34.3 percent per year. Canada was gaining market share in a
contracting import market. Turkey was increasing the value of imports from Canada while decreasing the
value of imports from the world. In 2009, Canada held 86.61 percent of this CAD 327,000 import market.
210690 Food Preparations Nesoi
The value of imports from all sources was increasing at a rate of 4.8 percent per year while the value of
imports from Canada was increasing at a rate of 40.2 percent per year. Canada was gaining market share in an
expanding import market. Turkey was increasing the value of imports from Canada faster than from the
world. In 2009, Canada held 0.39 percent of this CAD 255.4 million import market.
220830 Whiskies
The value of imports from all sources was increasing at a rate of 48.3 percent per year while the value of
imports from Canada was increasing at a rate of 9.4 percent per year. Canada was losing market share in an
expanding import market. Turkey was increasing the value of imports from Canada slower than from the
world. In 2009, Canada held 0.51 percent of this CAD 32.3 million import market.
230910 Dog and Cat Food, Put up for Retail Sale
The value of imports from all sources was increasing at a rate of 13.2 percent per year while the value of
imports from Canada was decreasing at a rate of -7.5 percent per year. Canada was losing market share in an
expanding import market. Turkey was decreasing the value of imports from Canada while increasing the
value of imports from the world. In 2009, Canada held 3.23 percent of this CAD 30.9 million import market.
230990 Animal Feed Preparations Except Dog or Cat Food, Put up in Retail Packages
The value of imports from all sources was increasing at a rate of 9.7 percent per year while the value of
imports from Canada was increasing at a rate of 14.3 percent per year. Canada was gaining market share in an
expanding import market. Turkey was increasing the value of imports from Canada faster than from the
world. In 2009, Canada held 1.37 percent of this CAD 71.3 million import market.
58

240120 Tobacco, Partly or Wholly Stemmed / Stripped
The value of imports from all sources was increasing at a rate of 10.4 percent per year while the value of
imports from Canada was decreasing at a rate of -9.1 percent per year. Canada was losing market share in an
expanding import market. Turkey was decreasing the value of imports from Canada while increasing the
value of imports from the world. In 2009, Canada held 0.48 percent of this CAD 314.9 million import market.
VIII. PRICE WORK-UPS
A market is contestable only if the accumulated costs of putting the product on the retail self are expected to
compete favourably with similar products in the market. In order to further identify likely contestable markets,
Canadian exporters can gather specific data and information to complete a research-price-work-up. A
research-price-work-up of this kind could be developed before opening negotiations with a potential buyer and only
to obtain an indication of the contestability of the import market. It will be necessary to do a specific price work-up
for the actual terms negotiated - usually FOB or CIF.
A. The Research Price Work-up
A research-price-work-up is developed by starting with the exporters production or acquisition cost and adding
costs to calculate the: “ex works” (EXW) value; “free alongside” (FAS) value; “free on board” (FOB) value;“cost
and freight” (CFR) value; “cost, insurance and freight” (CIF) value; “delivered duty paid” (DDP) value and; the
minimum retail value of the product. The minimum retail value can then be compared to the actual retail prices of
similar products in the foreign market. This, along with other information, such as quality and consumer
characteristics, can be of significant importance in determining if a market is contestable. The retail prices presented
in Table 11 may assist in the search for specific products that Canadian companies can export successfully.
B. Duties, Taxes, Charges and Fees
Canadian exporters should contact their Regional Office of Agriculture and Agri-food Canada
(http://www.ats-sea.agr.gc.ca/reg/reg-eng.htm) or Canadian representatives in Turkey
(http://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/eng/office.jsp?cid=30F&oid=99) for the latest information.
IX. IDENTIFICATION OF CONTESTABLE MARKETS
In recent months (April 2009 to March 2010) the value of the TRY was declining in relation to the CAD faster
than in relation to th USD, RUB and the UAH (see Table 5). This puts Canadian exporters at a relative currency
disadvantage.
Searching for market opportunities is not an exact science but some indication of the probability that Canadian
companies will find an opportunity in a particular market can be estimated by the number of positive indicators in
Table 7.
A. The Indicators of Contestability
The indicators of contestability are a number of statistical measures of factors that affect the economic viability
of exporting to Turkey.
1. Price Change
The statistic used is a time series of the CIF price (measured in CADs) of a product group (HS code) as it is
imported to Turkey. If the price is increasing it is a positive indication that there may be an opportunity for Canadian
exporters.
59

2. Price Ratio
This is defined as the ratio of the most recent CIF price (measured in CADs) of a product groups from Canada
divided by the most recent average CIF price of the same product group from all countries. If the ratio is less than
1.00 it indicates that Canada is supplying the product at a price lower than the world as a whole and is a positive
indication that there may be an opportunity for Canadian exporters.
3. Consumption Change
The statistic used is a time series of the household consumption of a product reported by Euromonitor
International. The product classifications used by Euromonitor do not correspond directly with the HS codes but a
correspondence can be estimated. This estimated correspondence is available in the Notes of Table 7. If household
consumption is increasing, it is a positive indication that there may be an opportunity for Canadian exporters.
4. Change in Value of Imports
The statistic used is a time series of the value of an imported product group. If the value is increasing, it
indicates that the country: 1) has a need for increasing amounts of the product and / or; 2) the country is willing to
pay increasing prices for the product. If the value is increasing, it is a positive indication that there may be an
opportunity for Canadian exporters.
5. Change in the Volume of Imports
The statistic used is a time series of the volume of an imported product group. If the volume is increasing, it is a
positive indication that there may be an opportunity for Canadian exporters.
6. Position on the Grid Analysis
The statistic used is the position on the grid analysis of Figure 13. The grid analysis compares the rate of change
of imports from Canada with the rate of change of imports from the world as a whole. If a product group falls into
sector 2a of the graph in Figure 13, it indicates that imports from Canada are increasing faster than from the world in
an expanding market. This in turn is a positive indication that there may continue to be an opportunity for Canadian
exporters.
7. Caveats
The indicators of contestability are estimates only and due to the lack of homogeneity within HS classifications,
comparative indicators will suffer from some ambiguity. For example, the classification 020319 (Meat of swine
nesoi, fresh or chilled) includes several different kinds of specific products and the product that Canada supplies may
be a different type or quality from that supplied by some other countries. As a result comparisons are less than
perfect.
B. Index of Indicators
For product groups which are imported from Canada, all six indicators are generally available. The index of
indicators is then the number of positive indicators divided by six.
For products groups which are not imported from Canada, four indicators are generally available. The index of
indicators is then the number of positive indicators divided by four.
In a few cases (eg. 430110 Mink Furskins, Raw, Whole) an indicator that would normally be available, is not. In
this case the number of positive indicators is divided by the number of indicators available.
A positive research price work-up would be another strong indicator of a contestable market but requires the
analysis of additional data and information, best left to the prospective Canadian exporter.
60

Table 7. Summary of Indicators of Contestable Markets. Turkey. 2009.
Product Indicators of Contestability Index of
Indicators
030622 Lobsters, Live, Fresh, Chilled, Dried,
Salted or in Brine.
040700 Birds' Eggs, in the Shell, Fresh,
Preserved or Cooked.
World
Price
Change*
(%/Year)
Ratio "
(Can Price /
World Price)
61
Change in
Consumption
Per Household $
(%/Year)
PRODUCTS IMPORTED FROM CANADA IN 2009
Change in
Value of
Imports*
(%/ Year)
Change in
Volume
Imported*
(%/ Year)
Position
on Grid
Analysis (
(No. of +) /
(no.
available)
1.2 1.007 -0.7 113.7 111.0 2a 0.67
n/a 0.010 -2.0 -12.7 -13.2 1 0.20
051110 Bovine Semen. -1.4 1.258 n/a 22.2 23.9 2a 0.60
071310 Peas, Dried Shelled, Including Seed. 10.5 0.548 -0.1 8.1 -2.2 4 0.50
071340 Lentils, Dried Shelled, Including Seed. 19.1 0.991 -0.1 103.1 70.4 2b 0.67
100830 Canary Seed. 9.3 1.410 8.0 25.2 15.0 2a 0.83
120400 Flaxseed (Linseed), Whether or Not
Broken.
1.8 1.246 n/a 5.8 3.9 4 0.60
120750 Mustard Seeds, Whether or Not Broken. 19.7 1.055 n/a -3.2 -33.6 1 0.20
210690 Food Preparations Nesoi. -6.5 16.165 1.5 4.8 12.1 2a 0.67
220830 Whiskies. 27.2 0.625 -8.9 48.3 16.6 2b 0.67
230910 Dog and Cat Food, Put up for Retail Sale. -1.2 0.943 11.3 13.2 14.7 4 0.67
230990 Animal Feed Preparations Except Dog or
Cat Food, Put up in Retail Packages.
-0.7 1.173 8.0 9.7 10.7 2a 0.67

Product Indicators of Contestability Index of
Indicators
240120 Tobacco, Partly or Wholly Stemmed /
Stripped.
World
Price
Change*
(%/Year)
Ratio "
(Can Price /
World Price)
62
Change in
Consumption
Per Household $
(%/Year)
Change in
Value of
Imports*
(%/ Year)
Change in
Volume
Imported*
(%/ Year)
Position
on Grid
Analysis (
(No. of +) /
(no.
available)
5.0 1.065 -2.6 10.4 5.1 4 0.50
PRODUCTS NOT IMPORTED FROM CANADA IN 2009
040510 Butter. 3.9 n/a -0.4 23.8 19.2 n/a 0.75
040620 Cheese, Grated or Powdered, of All
Kinds.
6.3
n/a
6.3 4.3 -1.8 n/a 0.75
040690 Cheese Nesoi. 3.1 n/a 6.3 11.6 8.2 n/a 1.00
040900 Honey, Natural. 13.4 n/a -7.7 -10.3 -20.9 n/a 0.25
071320 Chickpeas, Dried, Shelled, Whether or
Not Skinned or Split.
080222 Hazelnuts or Filberts, Fresh or Dried,
Shelled or Peeled.
9.8 n/a -0.1 90.3 73.4 n/a 0.75
-3.7 n/a 0.2 8.7 12.9 n/a 0.75
120740 Sesamum Seeds, Whether or Not Broken. 13.1 n/a n/a 15.2 1.9 n/a 1.00
151211 Sunflower-seed or Safflower Oil, Crude. 19.2 n/a 0.6 51.0 26.8 n/a 1.00
151521 Maize (Corn) Oil Crude. 6.0 n/a 0.6 2.6 -3.1 n/a 0.75
190110 Preparations of Cereals, Flour, Starch or
Milk for Infant Use, Put up for Retail
Sale.
190410 Prepared Foods Obtained by the Swelling
or Roasting of Cereal or Cereal Products.
3.7 n/a 6.7 16.6 12.5 n/a 1.00
3.7 n/a 4.7 13.0 9.0 n/a 1.00
190531 Sweet Biscuits. -1.5 n/a 4.8 8.1 9.7 n/a 0.75

Product Indicators of Contestability Index of
Indicators
190590 Communion Wafers, Empty Cachets For
Pharmaceutical Use and Similar Products
and Bakers' Wares Nesoi.
200799 Jams, Fruit Jellies, Fruit / Nut Purée &
Paste, Cooked Preparations, Sugared,
Sweetened or Not.
200979 Apple Juice, Nesoi, Unfermented and
Not Spirited Whether or Not Sugared /
Sweetened.
210111 Coffee Extracts, Essences and
Concentrates.
210610 Protein Concentrates and Textured
Protein Substances.
World
Price
Change*
(%/Year)
Ratio "
(Can Price /
World Price)
63
Change in
Consumption
Per Household $
(%/Year)
Change in
Value of
Imports*
(%/ Year)
Change in
Volume
Imported*
(%/ Year)
Position
on Grid
Analysis (
(No. of +) /
(no.
available)
3.9 n/a 0.0 24.4 19.7 n/a 0.75
-7.5 n/a 1.7 8.0 16.7 n/a 0.75
-3.4 n/a 23.5 39.6 44.8 n/a 0.75
6.3 n/a 15.6 11.7 5.1 n/a 1.00
-5.9 n/a 2.9 0.5 6.9 n/a 0.75

Product Indicators of Contestability Index of
Indicators
World
Price
Change*
(%/Year)
Ratio "
(Can Price /
World Price)
Change in
Consumption
Per Household $
(%/Year)
Change in
Value of
Imports*
(%/ Year)
Change in
Volume
Imported*
(%/ Year)
Position
on Grid
Analysis (
Notes:
*Values >0.00 are positive indicators of contestability. Calculated from the 2004 to 2009 CIF values of Turkish imports supplied by the Global Trade
Atlas and sourced from the Turkish State Institute of Statistics.
" Values 0.00 are positive indicators of contestability. Calculated from Euromonitor data (2004 to 2009) which are not classified by HS codes.
The approximate relationships are:
100% juice: 200979
Baked goods: 190590
Biscuits: 190531
Breakfast cereals: 190410
Butter: 040510
Cheese: 040620, 040690
Chilled fish & seafood: 030622
Chilled ready meals: 210610
Cigarettes: 240120
Coffee: 210111
Dog & cat food: 230910
Dried baby food: 190110
Eggs: 040700
Frozen ready meals: 210690
Honey: 040900
Jams & preserves: 200799
Nuts: 080222
Other pet food: 100830, 230990
Pulses: 071310, 071340, 071320
Vegetable & seed oil: 151211, 151521
Whiskey: 220830
64
(No. of +) /
(no.
available)

Product Indicators of Contestability Index of
Indicators
World
Price
Change*
(%/Year)
Ratio "
(Can Price /
World Price)
Change in
Consumption
Per Household $
(%/Year)
Change in
Value of
Imports*
(%/ Year)
( The meanings of the positions on the “Grid Analysis” are as follows:
1: Imports from Canada increasing; Canada gaining market share in a contracting import market.
2a: Imports from Canada increasing; Canada gaining market share in an expanding import market - a positive indicator.
2b: Imports from Canada increasing; Canada losing market share in an expanding import market.
3a: Imports from Canada decreasing; Canada gaining market share in a contracting import market.
3b: Imports from Canada decreasing; Canada losing market share in a contracting import market.
4: Imports from Canada decreasing; Canada losing market share in an expanding import market.
65
Change in
Volume
Imported*
(%/ Year)
Position
on Grid
Analysis (
(No. of +) /
(no.
available)

C. General Recommendations
Canadian companies should: increase marketing efforts in Turkey; participate in the efforts to establish the
image of Canadian products in Turkey by branding; ensure that they have sufficient capacity to meet export
opportunities and; take advantage of economies of scale and modern technology.
1. Beef Products
Monitor the regulatory situation in Turkey relative to the importation of Canadian beef.
2. Dairy Products
Examine the economics of the product to be exported and determine if it can be exported outside the quota limit
or must use lower priced milk and be subject to the quotas. See “VI. Product Analysis”, “A. Regulatory Issues”, “1.
Dairy Products”.
3. Seafood Products
Ensure that basic stocks are producing at the optimum level to ensure a continuous production level.
D. Product Groups with an Index of Indicators of 1.00
Based on the analysis summarized in Table 7, Canadian exporters have the highest probability of finding
opportunities in the following food markets of Turkey. Unless otherwise indicated, the descriptions over time refer to
the period 2004 to 2009.
The value and volume of the following imported products were increasing and the average CIF value was
increasing. Consumption per household was increasing. Turkey did not import any of these product groups from
Canada in 2009:
040690 Cheese Nesoi;
120740 Sesamum Seeds, Whether or Not Broken;
151211 Sunflower-Seed or Safflower Oil, Crude;
190110 Preparations of Cereals, Flour, Starch or Milk for Infant Use, Put up for Retail Sale;
190410 Prepared Foods Obtained by the Swelling or Roasting of Cereal or Cereal Products;
210111 Coffee Extracts, Essences and Concentrates.
E. Product Groups with an Index of Indicators Between 0.75 and 0.99
Canadian exporters have a high probability of finding opportunities in the following food markets of Turkey,
although this analysis indicates that the probability will be lower than for the product groups above.
040510 Butter
The value and volume of this imported product were increasing and the average CIF value was increasing.
Consumption per household was decreasing. Turkey did not import this product from Canada in 2009.
040620 Cheese Grated or Powdered of All Kinds
The value of imports, the average CIF value and consumption per household were increasing. The volume of
imports was decreasing. Turkey did not import this product group from Canada in 2009.
071320 Chickpeas, Dried, Shelled, Wether or Not Skinned or Split
The value and volume of these imported products were increasing and the average CIF value was increasing.
Consumption per household was decreasing. Turkey did not import this product group from Canada in 2009.
66

080222 Hazelnuts or Filberts, Fresh or Dried, Shelled or Peeled
The value and volume of imports were increasing and consumption per household was increasing. The
average CIF price was decreasing. Turkey did not import this product group from Canada in 2009.
100830 Canary Seed
The value and volume of this imported product were increasing and the average CIF value was increasing.
The position on the grid analysis was favourable. Consumption per household was increasing. The Canada /
World price ratio was unfavourable. Turkey imported this product from Canada in 2009.
151521 Maize (Corn) Oil Crude
The value of this imported product and the average CIF value were increasing. Consumption per household
was increasing. The volume of imports was decreasing. Turkey did not import his product from Canada in
2009.
190531 Sweet Biscuits
The value and volume of imports and consumption per household were increasing. The average CIF value
was decreasing. Turkey did not import this product group from Canada in 2009.
190590 Communion Wafers, Empty Cachets for Pharmaceutical Use and Similar Products and Bakers’
Wares Nesoi
The value and volume of these imported products were increasing and the average CIF value was increasing.
Consumption per household did not show a trend. Turkey did not import this product group from Canada in
2009.
200799 Jams, Fruit Jellies, Fruit / Nut Purée & Paste, Cooked Prparations, Sugared, Sweetened or Not
The value and volume of imports and consumption per household were increasing. The average CIF value
was decreasing. Turkey did not import this product group from Canada in 2009.
200979 Apple Juice, Nesoi, Unfermented and Not Spirited Whether or Not Sugared / Sweetened
The value and volume of imports and consumption per household were increasing. The average CIF value
was decreasing. Turkey did not import this product group from Canada in 2009.
210610 Protein Concentrates and Textured Protein Substances
The value and volume of these imported products were increasing. Consumption per household was
increasing. The average CIF value was decreasing. Turkey did not import this product group from Canada in
2009.
F. Product Groups with an Index of Indicators Between 0.50 and 0.74
Canadian exporters have a reasonable probability of finding opportunities in the following markets of Turkey.
The probability will be lower than for the products noted above.
Recommendation: Conduct market research to determine if Canada has a future in these markets.
030622 Lobsters, Live, Fresh, Chilled, Dried, Salted or in Brine
The value and volume of these imported products were increasing. The position on the grid analysis was
favourable and the average CIF value was increasing. The Canada / World price ratio was unfavourable.
Consumption per household was decreasing Turkey imported these products from Canada in 2009.
051110 Bovine Semen
The value and volume of this imported product were increasing and the position on the grid analysis was
favourable. The CIF value was decreasing and the Canada / World price ratio was unfavourable. Turkey
imported this product from Canada in 2009.
67

071310 Peas, Dried Shelled, Including Seed
The value of these imported products and the average CIF value were increasing. The Canada / World price
ratio was favourable. The position on the grid analysis were unfavourable. Consumption per household and
the volume of imported products were decreasing. Turkey imported these products from Canada in 2009.
071340 Lentils, Dried Shelled, Including Seed
The value and volume of these imported products were increasing. The average CIF value was increasing and
the Canada / World price ratio was favourable. The position on the grid analysis was unfavourable and
consumption per household was decreasing. Turkey imported these products from Canada in 2009.
120400 Flaxseed (Linseed), Whether or Not Broken
The value and volume of these imported products were increasing and the average CIF value was increasing.
The position on the grid analysis was unfavourable. The Canada / World price ratio was unfavourable. Turkey
imported these products from Canada in 2009.
210690 Food Preparations Nesoi
The value and volume of these imported products were increasing. Consumption per household was
increasing and the position on the grid analysis was favourable. The average CIF value was decreasing and
the Canada / World price ratio was unfavourable. Turkey imported these products from Canada in 2009.
220830 Whiskies
The value and volume of these imported products were increasing and the average CIF value was increasing.
The Canada / World price ratio was favourable. Consumption per household was decreasing. The position on
the grid analysis was unfavourable. Turkey imported these products from Canada in 2009.
230910 Dog and Cat Food, Put up for Retail Sale
The value and volume of these imported products and the consumption per household were increasing. The
Canada / World price ratio was favourable. The average CIF value of this imported product group was
decreasing. The position on the grid analysis was unfavourable. Turkey imported these products from Canada
in 2009.
230990 Animal Feed Preparations Except Dog or Cat Food, Put up for Retail Sale
The value and volume of these imported products were increasing. Consumption per household was
increasing and the position on the grid analysis was favourable. The average CIF value was decreasing and
the Canada / World price ratio was unfavourable. Turkey imported these products from Canada in 2009.
240120 Tobacco, Partly or Wholly Stemmed / Stripped
The value and volume of these imported products were increasing and the average CIF value was increasing.
The position on the grid analysis was unfavourable. Consumption per household was decreasing. Turkey
imported these products from Canada in 2009.
G. Product Groups with an Index of Indicators Between 0.25 and 0.49
Canadian exporters have a low probability of finding opportunities in the following markets of Turkey.
Recommendation: Conduct market research to determine if Canada has a future in these markets.
040900 Honey
The average CIF value was increasing. The value and volume of this imported product and consumption per
household was decreasing. Turkey did not import this product from Canada in 2008.
H. Product Groups with an Index of Indicators Between 0.01 and 0.24
68

Canadian exporters may have a very low probability of finding or maintaining an opportunity in this Turkish
food market.
040700 Birds’ Eggs in the Shell, Fresh Preserved or Cooked
The Canada / World price ration was favourable. The value and volume of these imported products and the
consumption per household were decreasing. The position on the grid analysis was unfavourable. Turkey
imported these products from Canada in 2009.
120750 Mustard Seeds, Whether or Not Broken
The average CIF value was increasing. The Canada / World price ratio and the position on the grid analysis
were unfavourable. The value and volume of these imported products were decreasing. Turkey imported these
products from Canada in 2009.
X. CONCLUSIONS
With a relatively high rate of increase in population and household disposable income and declining inflation;
Turkey is becoming a country where Canadian exporters may look for opportunities. Factors that are problematic for
Canadian exports to Turkey are: the declining value of the TRY in relation to the CAD; transportation costs relative
to those from countries nearer to Turkey than is Canada.
Canadian exporters will have to compete on product quality, timing of shipments, followup service, quantities
appropriate to the needs of the importers, product and packaging adjustments to meet the tastes and preferences of
Turkish consumers.
Based on the analysis of Table 7, specific product groups that Canadian exporters should consider are:
040510 Butter
040620 Cheese, Grated or Powdered, of All Kinds;
040690 Cheese Nesoi;
071320 Chickpeas, Dried, Shelled, Wether or Not Skinned or Split
080222 Hazelnuts or Filberts, Fresh or Dried;
100830 Canary Seed
120740 Sesamum Seeds, Whether or Not Broken;
151211 Sunflower-Seed or Safflower Oil, Crude;
151521 Maize (Corn) Oil, Crude;
190110 Preparations of Cereals, Flour, Starch or Milk for Infant Use, Put up for Retail Sale;
190410 Prepared Foods Obtained by the Swelling or Roasting of Cereal or Cereal Products;
190531 Sweet Biscuits;
190590 Communion Wafers, Empty Cachets for Pharmaceutical Use and Similar Products and Bakers’ Wares
Nesoi;
200799 Jams, Fruit Jellies, Fruit / Nut Puree & Paste, Cooked Preparations, Sugared, Sweetened or Not;
200979 Apple Juice, Nesoi, Unfermented and Not Spirited Whether or Not Sugared / Sweetened;
210111 Coffee Extracts, Essences and Concentrates;
210610 Protein Concentrates and Textured Protein Substances.
Based on high rates of increasing volume of retail sales per household (see Table 10), Canadian exporters
should also consider the following:
Granola / Muesli Bars;
Meal Replacements Slimming Products;
Take Home Ice Cream;
Sour Milk;
Fortified Wine & Vermouth;
69

100% Juice;
Nectars (25.99% Juice);
Juice Drinks (Up to 24% Juice);
Flavoured Bottled Water;
Sports Drinks;
Energy Drinks;
Mid Tar Cigarettes;
Ultra Low Tar Cigarettes;
Instant Coffee.
70

XI. CONTACTS FOR ASSISTANCE AND INFORMATION
A. Regional Offices in Canada
Alberta and the Territories
Alberta & Territories Regional Office,
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
9700 Jasper Avenue, Suite 720,
Edmonton, AB,
T5J 4G5.
Voice: 780-495-5527.
Fax: 780-495-3324.
Atlantic Region
Atlantic Regional Office,
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
1800 Argyle Street, 5th Floor,
Halifax, NS,
B3J 2N7.
Voice: 902-426-6151.
Fax: 902-426-3439.
British Columbia Region
British Columbia Regional Office,
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
Suite 420, 4321 Still Creek Drive,
Burnaby, BC,
V5C 6S7.
Voice: 604-666-2861.
Fax: 604-666-7235.
Manitoba Region
Manitoba Regional Office,
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
303 Main Street, Room 402,
Winnipeg, MB,
R3C 3G7.
Voice: 204-983-3032.
Fax: 204-983-4583.
B. In Turkey
The Embassy of Canada in Turkey
Street Address:
Cinnah Caddesi 58, Cankaya,
Ankara, 06690.
TURKEY.
71
Ontario Region
Ontario Regional Office,
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
174 Stone Road West,
Guelph, ON,
N1G 4S9.
Voice: 519-829-9400.
Fax: 519-837-9782.
Quebec Region
Quebec Regional Office,
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
2001, University (Room 746-M),
Montréal, QC,
H3A 3N2.
Voice: 514-283-8888.
Fax: 514-496-3966.
and
901, rue du Cap-Diamant (3rd Floor),
Québec, QC,
G1K 4K1.
Voice: 418-648-4775.
Fax: 418-648-7342.
Saskatchewan Region
7 th Floor,
123-2nd Avenue South,
Saskatoon, SK,
S7N 7E6.
Voice: 306-975-4660.
Fax: 306-975-5263.

Mailing Address:
Cinnah Caddesi 58, Cankaya,
Ankara, 06690,
TURKEY.
Voice: (011-90-312) 409-2700.
Fax: (011-90-312) 409-2715.
Email: ankra-td@international.gc.ca
Web Page Address: http://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/eng/office.jsp?cid=30F&oid=99
Mr. Cakiroglu Osman,
Trade Commissioner.
Aboriginal Products, Services and Technologies, Aerospace and Defence, Agricultural Technology and
Equipment, Agriculture, Food and Beverages, Automotive, Consumer Products, Fish and Seafood Products,
Information and Communications Technologies, Manufacturing Technologies, Ocean Technologies, Rail and Urban
Transit, Science and Technology, Service Industries and Capital Projects, Space.
Email: ankra-td@dfait-maeci.gc.ca
72

APPENDIX 1 - General Data
Table 8. Area, Population and GDP. Turkey by Province. 2000.
Province Area
(km²)
Population* Population
Density
(People /
km²)
AEGEAN REGION
73
GDP
(TRY)
GDP /
Person
(TRY)
GDP / Person
(CAD)
Afyonkarahisar. 14,532 812,416 56 878,484,786 1,081 2,581
Aydin. 7,922 950,757 120 1,747,086,697 1,838 4,386
Denizli. 11,716 950,029 81 1,481,215,700 1,559 3,721
¤Izmir. 11,811 3,370,866 285 9,089,080,961 2,696 6,436
Kütahya. 12,119 656,903 54 926,917,967 1,411 3,368
Manisa. 13,120 1,260,169 96 2,598,539,738 2,062 4,922
Mugla. 12,716 715,328 56 1,901,840,479 2,659 6,346
Usak. 5,174 322,313 62 413,360,662 1,282 3,061
Subtotal. 89,110 9,038,781 101 19,036,526,990 2,106 5,027
BLACK SEA REGION
Amasya. 5,731 365,231 64 470,003,417 1,287 3,072
Artvin. 7,493 191,934 26 340,837,874 1,776 4,239
Bart2in. 1,960 184,178 94 157,449,448 855 2,040
Bayburt. 4,043 97,358 24 80,327,610 825 1,969
Bolu. 10,716 270,654 25 966,017,056 3,569 8,519
Çorum. 12,833 597,065 47 854,549,711 1,431 3,416
Düzce. 3,641 314,261 86 322,021,797 1,025 2,446
Giresun. 7,151 523,819 73 615,940,836 1,176 2,807
Gümüshane. 6,125 186,953 31 174,512,760 933 2,228
Karabük. 2,420 225,102 93 317,248,545 1,409 3,364
Kastamonu. 13,473 375,476 28 572,772,352 1,525 3,641
Ordu. 5,894 887,765 151 765,004,963 862 2,057
Rize. 3,792 365,938 97 560,226,256 1,531 3,654

Province Area
(km²)
Population* Population
Density
(People /
km²)
74
GDP
(TRY)
GDP /
Person
(TRY)
GDP / Person
(CAD)
Samsun. 9,474 1,209,137 128 1,756,168,727 1,452 3,467
Sinop. 5,858 225,574 39 268,096,835 1,189 2,837
Tokat. 9,912 828,027 84 916,856,593 1,107 2,643
Trabzon. 4,495 975,137 217 1,177,576,405 1,208 2,882
Zonguldak. 3,470 615,599 177 1,464,850,124 2,380 5,680
Subtotal. 118,481 8,439,208 71 11,780,461,309 1,396 3,332
CENTRAL ANATOLIA REGION
Aksaray. 8,051 396,084 49 356,477,025 900 2,148
Ankara. 25,615 5,017,914 196 10,371,837,263 2,067 4,933
Çankiri. 8,411 270,355 32 270,912,672 1,002 2,392
EskiÕsehir. 13,904 706,009 51 1,489,623,508 2,110 5,036
Karaman. 8,816 243,210 28 426,182,044 1,752 4,183
Kayseri. 17,116 1,060,432 62 1,516,180,219 1,430 3,413
Kirikkale. 4,589 383,508 84 820,575,766 2,140 5,107
K2irsehir. 6,434 253,239 39 306,863,053 1,212 2,892
Konya. 40,824 2,192,166 54 3,099,272,073 1,414 3,374
Nevsehir. 5,438 309,914 57 564,855,832 1,823 4,350
Nigde. 7,318 348,081 48 544,823,385 1,565 3,736
Sivas. 28,129 755,091 27 828,896,518 1,098 2,620
Yozgat. 14,083 682,919 48 533,536,754 781 1,865
Subtotal. 188,728 12,618,922 67 21,130,036,112 1,674 3,997
EASTERN ANATOLIA REGION
Agr2i. 11,315 528,744 47 272,088,039 515 1,228
Ardahan. 5,495 133,756 24 89,684,277 671 1,600
Bingöl. 8,402 253,739 30 170,816,530 673 1,607
Bitlis. 8,413 388,678 46 214,388,127 552 1,317

Province Area
(km²)
Population* Population
Density
(People /
km²)
75
GDP
(TRY)
GDP /
Person
(TRY)
GDP / Person
(CAD)
Elazig. 9,181 569,616 62 807,198,035 1,417 3,382
Erzincan. 11,974 316,841 26 303,041,403 956 2,283
Erzurum. 24,741 937,389 38 856,611,768 914 2,181
Hakkâri. 7,729 236,581 31 164,595,858 696 1,661
Igdir. 3,584 168,634 47 123,008,551 729 1,741
Kars. 9,594 325,016 34 233,791,446 719 1,717
Malatya. 12,235 853,658 70 992,948,237 1,163 2,776
Mus. 8,023 453,654 57 205,436,842 453 1,081
Tunceli. 7,406 93,584 13 118,890,973 1,270 3,032
Van. 20,927 877,524 42 610,047,942 695 1,659
Subtotal. 149,019 6,137,414 41 5,162,548,028 841 2,008
MARMARA REGION
Balikesir. 14,442 1,076,347 75 1,899,897,156 1,765 4,213
Bilecik. 4,181 194,326 46 428,370,472 2,204 5,262
Bursa. 11,087 2,625,140 237 4,579,937,632 1,745 4,164
Çanakkale. 9,887 464,975 47 1,009,738,204 2,172 5,183
Edirne. 6,241 402,606 65 914,217,771 2,271 5,420
Istanbul. 5,170 11,622,257 2,248 27,548,600,621 2,370 5,658
Kirklareli. 6,056 328,461 54 899,872,797 2,740 6,539
Kocaeli. 3,635 1,206,085 332 5,663,425,950 4,696 11,208
Sakarya. 4,895 756,168 154 1,379,776,692 1,825 4,355
Tekirdag. 6,345 623,591 98 1,330,778,630 2,134 5,094
Yalova. 847 168,593 199 490,563,226 2,910 6,945
Subtotal. 72,786 19,468,549 267 46,145,179,151 2,370 5,657
MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Adana. 14,256 1,849,478 130 3,805,182,669 2,057 4,911

Province Area
(km²)
Population* Population
Density
(People /
km²)
76
GDP
(TRY)
GDP /
Person
(TRY)
GDP / Person
(CAD)
Antalya. 20,599 1,719,751 83 3,117,095,408 1,813 4,326
Burdur. 7,238 256,803 35 440,074,357 1,714 4,090
Hatay. 5,678 1,253,726 221 1,892,091,738 1,509 3,602
Isparta. 8,733 513,681 59 676,971,107 1,318 3,146
Kahramanmaras. 14,213 1,002,384 71 1,217,419,109 1,215 2,899
Mersin. 15,737 2,271,400 144 3,424,605,768 1,508 3,599
Osmaniye. 3,767 458,782 122 451,002,297 983 2,346
Subtotal. 90,221 9,326,005 103 15,024,442,453 1,611 3,845
SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION
Adiyaman. 7,572 623,811 82 486,660,930 780 1,862
Batman. 4,671 456,734 98 433,631,586 949 2,266
Diyarbakir. 15,162 1,362,708 90 1,438,926,876 1,056 2,520
Gaziantep. 7,194 1,285,249 179 1,694,599,523 1,318 3,147
Kilis. 1,642 114,724 70 167,870,042 1,463 3,493
Mardin. 9,097 705,098 78 505,980,065 718 1,713
Siirt. 5,465 263,676 48 232,026,342 880 2,100
Sanliurfa. 19,091 1,443,422 76 1,161,707,677 805 1,921
Sirnak. 7,296 353,197 48 182,861,189 518 1,236
Subtotal. 77,190 6,608,619 86 6,304,264,230 954 2,277
TOTAL. 785,535 71,637,498 91 124,583,458,273 1,739 4,151
Source: Wikipedia.
Note: * 2000 census data.
TRY 1.00 = CAD 2.386835.

Table 9. Population, GDP and Exchange Rates. Turkey.
Year
Population
at Mid-
Year*
('000)
GDP at
Current
Prices
(Million TRY)
GDP /
Person
(TRY)
GDP Measured
at PPP
(Million
International $)
77
GDP /
Person
(PPP)
CAD per
TRY**
(CAD)
GDP /
Person
(CAD)
1977 42,613.4 1.5 0.03520 n/a n/a n/a n/a
1978 43,572.3 2.2 0.05049 n/a n/a n/a n/a
1979 44,542.7 3.8 0.08531 n/a n/a n/a n/a
1980 45,530.3 7.0 0.15374 n/a n/a n/a n/a
1981 46,534.2 10.6 0.22779 n/a n/a n/a n/a
1982 47,546.4 14.1 0.29655 n/a n/a n/a n/a
1983 48,553.9 18.7 0.38514 n/a n/a n/a n/a
1984 49,544.2 29.6 0.59745 n/a n/a n/a n/a
1985 50,510.0 47.2 0.93447 n/a n/a n/a n/a
1986 51,451.7 68.7 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a
1987 52,377.7 100.4 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a
1988 53,296.6 173.7 3 246,758.0 4,630 n/a n/a
1989 54,215.1 305.6 6 256,723.0 4,735 n/a n/a
1990 55,139.1 528.4 10 291,306.0 5,283 n/a n/a
1991 56,064.6 847.0 15 304,426.0 5,430 285.42 4,311.95
1992 56,986.1 1,469.8 26 330,294.0 5,796 180.16 4,646.81
1993 57,904.1 2,664.1 46 364,742.0 6,299 120.78 5,557.05
1994 58,818.2 5,200.1 88 352,108.0 5,986 49.68 4,392.22
1995 59,727.8 10,434.6 175 385,287.0 6,451 30.29 5,291.08
1996 60,633.4 19,857.3 327 420,135.0 6,929 17.20 5,634.30
1997 61,522.7 38,762.5 630 459,738.0 7,473 9.39 5,915.26
1998 62,407.5 70,203.2 1,125 479,309.0 7,680 5.73 6,448.95
1999 63,297.7 104,596.0 1,652 469,993.0 7,425 3.62 5,979.86
2000 64,175.1 166,658.0 2,597 512,697.0 7,989 2.39 6,198.43

Year
Population
at Mid-
Year*
('000)
GDP at
Current
Prices
(Million TRY)
GDP /
Person
(TRY)
GDP Measured
at PPP
(Million
International $)
78
GDP /
Person
(PPP)
CAD per
TRY**
(CAD)
GDP /
Person
(CAD)
2001 65,043.0 240,224.1 3,693 494,410.0 7,601 1.36 5,014.13
2002 65,905.0 350,476.1 5,318 533,449.2 8,094 1.05 5,563.81
2003 66,760.6 454,780.7 6,812 573,493.9 8,590 0.94 6,370.60
2004 67,608.2 559,033.0 8,269 658,460.5 9,739 0.91 7,547.55
2005 68,444.9 648,931.7 9,481 747,617.2 10,923 0.90 8,527.81
2006 69,275.1 758,390.8 10,948 825,234.8 11,912 0.79 8,690.20
2007 70,137.8 843,179.0 12,022 888,492.1 12,668 0.82 9,885.96
2008 71,051.7 950,534.0 13,378 915,736.0 12,888 0.82 10,975.85
2009 71,995.4 953,973.9 13,250 880,049.7 12,224 0.73 9,714.36
Sources. * Euromonitor (August 2010).
** Pacific Exchange Rate Service.
Table 10. Rates of Change of Sales Value, Sales Volume and Price of Selected Food and
Beverage Products. Turkey. 1999 to 2009.
Product / Item Change in Value of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
Change in Volume of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
Disposable Income Per Household at Current TRY Prices was increasing at 21.95 % / Year.
Change in Retail Price
(% per Year)
Chocolate Confectionery. 21.7 5.5 15.4
Sugar Confectionery. 16.6 1.4 15.0
Gum. 18.6 1.8 16.5
Bread. 18.6 0.1 18.5
Pastries. 8.7 -1.8 10.7
Cakes. 14.4 3.2 10.9
Biscuits. 14.9 3.3 11.2
Breakfast Cereal. 14.9 1.1 13.7
Fruit Snacks. 11.4 0.3 11.1

Product / Item Change in Value of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
79
Change in Volume of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
Change in Retail Price
(% per Year)
Chips / Crisps. 13.7 1.2 12.4
Extruded Snacks. 10.9 0.0 10.9
Tortilla or Corn Chips. 16.6 1.1 15.4
Popcorn. 8.1 -0.5 8.6
Pretzels. 9.5 2.5 6.7
Nuts. 7.0 0.8 6.1
Other Sweet & Savoury
Snacks.
Granola / Muesli Bars.
(2007 to 2009)
Meal Replacement
Slimming Products. (2001
to 2009)
UTH Soup. (2007 to
2009)
8.3 0.0 8.3
141.1 136.8 1.8
70.4 74.1 -2.1
11.6 0.5 11.1
Dried Pasta. 11.6 1.0 10.5
Canned / Preserved Fish /
Seafood.
Canned / Preserved
Vegetables.
Canned / Preserved
Tomatoes.
Canned / Preserved
Beans.
9.9 0.5 9.8
10.8 -0.1 10.9
14.8 0.5 14.2
8.4 -0.1 8.6
Canned / Preserved Fruit. 17.1 0.3 16.7
Canned / Preserved
Ready Meals.
Frozen Processed Red
Meat.
9.0 -2.3 11.6
10.4 0.0 10.5
Frozen Processed Poultry. 7.0 1.2 5.8
Frozen Processed Fish /
Seafood.
10.8 0.3 10.5

Product / Item Change in Value of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
Frozen Processed
Vegetables.
Frozen Processed
Potatoes.
80
Change in Volume of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
Change in Retail Price
(% per Year)
10.7 0.3 10.4
9.9 1.6 8.2
Frozen Bakery Products. 11.7 1.3 10.3
Frozen Ready Meals. 10.7 0.5 10.2
Frozen Pizza. 9.4 0.1 9.3
Other Frozen Processed
Food.
9.2 2.3 6.7
Rice. 11.5 1.3 10.0
Dessert Mixes. 14.2 3.2 10.7
Dried Ready Meals. 10.2 -1.2 11.5
Dehydrated Soup. 12.0 2.7 9.1
Instant Soup. 9.2 0.3 9.0
Dried Pasta. 11.6 1.0 10.5
Chilled Processed Meats. 10.6 2.4 8.0
Chilled Fish / Seafood. 7.5 -0.2 7.8
Chilled Ready Meals.
(2000 to 2009)
Tomato Pastes and
Purees.
6.8 3.6 3.0
8.9 1.9 6.9
Bouillon / Stock Cubes. 10.5 1.7 8.6
Herbs & Spices. 9.0 0.6 8.3
Table Sauces. 8.4 0.4 8.0
Soy Based Sauces. 7.8 -0.3 8.1
Pasta Sauces. 7.1 0.7 6.4
Dry Sauces / Powder
Mixes.
11.3 4.8 6.1
Ketchup. 10.7 2.1 8.5
Mayonnaise. 10.3 -0.9 11.3

Product / Item Change in Value of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
81
Change in Volume of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
Change in Retail Price
(% per Year)
Mustard. 7.9 -2.1 10.3
Vinaigrettes. 9.0 -0.9 10.1
Dips. 6.1 -0.49 6.6
Pickled Products. 9.7 -0.5 10.2
Other Sauces, Dressings
& Condiments.
7.6 -1.5 9.3
Jams & Preserves. 10.7 -0.7 11.4
Honey. 6.0 -6.2 13.0
Chocolate Spread. 20.2 3.4 16.3
Nut Based Spreads. 7.8 -2.0 10.0
Impulse Ice Cream. 18.6 7.7 10.1
Take Home Ice Cream. 22.3 10.3 10.8
Artisanal Ice Cream. 14.8 3.7 10.7
Milk. 9.5 -0.1 9.6
Flavoured Milk. 16.1 4.2 11.5
Cheese. 12.0 2.0 9.8
Yoghurt. 11.8 n/a n/a
Sour Milk. 51.4 51.0 0.3
Olive Oil. 20.8 1.4 19.1
Vegetable & Seed Oil. 20.7 0.6 20.0
Butter. 7.5 -1.3 8.9
Margarine. 3.6 -6.3 10.6
Spreadable Oils & Fats. 7.7 -5.0 13.4
Milk Formula. 28.7 n/a n/a
Prepared Baby Food. 29.6 8.7 19.2
Dried Baby Food. 27.6 5.3 21.1
Other Baby Food. 19.7 1.4 18.1
Lager Beer by Origin. 18.8 8.0 10.1

Product / Item Change in Value of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
82
Change in Volume of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
Change in Retail Price
(% per Year)
Dark Beer. 13.2 2.0 11.0
Low / non Alcoholic
Beer.
11.4 2.1 9.2
RTDs. (2007 to 2009) -55.4 -48.0 -14.2
Still Light Grape Wine. 22.9 3.9 18.3
Fortified Wine &
Vermouth.
44.5 24.2 16.3
Whiskey. 6.3 -1.6 8.0
Brandy & Cognac. 7.7 0.7 7.0
White Spirits. 14.3 2.8 11.3
Rum. 7.1 3.4 3.5
Tequila (& Mezcal). 10.2 2.9 7.0
Other Spirits. 14.5 -4.6 19.9
Cola Carbonates. 17.9 7.3 9.9
Non Cola Carbonates. 15.9 4.4 11.0
100% Juice. 25.6 14.7 9.5
Nectars (25.99% Juice). 20.2 10.0 9.2
Juice Drinks (Up to 24%
Juice).
Fruit Flavoured Drinks.
(No Juice Content).
21.7 11.5 9.2
16.7 6.5 9.6
Still Bottled Water. 28.3 7.7 19.1
Carbonated Bottled
Water.
20.2 8.6 10.7
Flavoured Bottled Water. 34.9 24.1 8.7
Sports Drinks. 18.4 12.0 5.7
Energy Drinks. 24.0 11.5 11.1
Liquid Concentrates. -11.5 -11.5 0.1
Powder Concentrates. 4.2 -4.0 8.5
Still RTD Tea. 19.2 8.4 9.9

Product / Item Change in Value of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
83
Change in Volume of
Sales per Household
(% per Year)
Change in Retail Price
(% per Year)
High Tar Cigarettes. -20.8 -34.2 20.4
Mid Tar Cigarettes. 50.8 22.3 23.3
Low Tar Cigarettes. 40.0 6.1 32.0
Ultra Low Tar Cigarettes.
(2002 to 2009)
Cigars Excluding
Cigarillos.
46.3 32.6 10.4
-1.4 0.56 -2.0
Cigarillos. -11.9 -4.7 -7.6
Pipe Tobacco. 23.1 -6.0 31.0
Fresh Coffee. 9.5 -0.9 10.5
Instant Coffee. 18.9 30.9 -9.1
Black Tea. 11.4 1.5 9.8
Green Tea. 17.9 6.9 10.3
Fruit / Herbal Tea. 18.9 8.4 9.7
Other Tea. (2003 to 2009) 6.8 7.2 -0.4
Flavoured Powder
Drinks.
Other Plant-Based Hot
Drinks.
Source: Calculated from data from Euromonitor.
19.0 6.4 11.8
9.4 0.5 8.9

Table 11. Product and Price Information of Selected Products. Turkey.
Date of
Information
(yyyy/mm/dd)
Brand andProduct
Name
2009/08/18 Gol Chocolate
Covered with
Hazelnuts.
2009/09/17 Sana Butter
Flavoured Vegetable
Margarine.
2009/09/01 Sutas Strained Whole
Fat White Cheese.
2009/02/20 Keskinoglu DHA
Eggs.
2009/03/17 Aybar Tavukculuk
Pure Brown Eggs,
Jumbo Eggs.
2009/08/17 Boalsan Flour Mix -
Wheat-Rye with Flax
Seeds; Wheat-Oats
with Prebiotic Fiber;
Wheat with ground
Rye and Oatmeal,
With Fiber; Oats.
Manufacturer /
Country
Description Retail
Price
(TRY)
Turkey. Available in three flavours (milk, dark
and white).
Unilever Sanayi ve
Ticaret Turk A.S. /
Turkey.
Sutas A.S. /
Turkey.
Contains no trans fats. Does contains
Vegetable oil; water: butter powder;
whey powder; acetic acid; soy
lecithin; salt; lactic acid; potassium
sorbate; buttter flavour; vitamins;
beta carotene.
100% natural cheese with no
preservatives. Contains cow milk;
cheese; yeast; salt.
Turkey. Grade A quality eggs in an over
sleeved carton containing 10 eggs.
Turkey. Available in 10, 20 or 30 count
packages. Class A chicken eggs.
Turkey. A range of flour mixes:
Wheat-rye with flax seed ..........
Wheat-oat with prebiotic fiber ......
Wheat with ground rye & oatmeal
with fiber ......................
Oat ...........................
84
Retail
Price
(CAD)
Package
Size
Unit Retail
Price
(CAD /
Unit)
2.00 1.46 45 gm 32.44 / Kg
2.85 2.07 500 gm 4.14 / Kg
4.99 3.62 500 gm 7.24 / Kg
4.45 3.33 10 eggs 3.33 / 10
eggs
4.20 3.10 10 eggs 3.10 / 10
eggs
5.60
4.45
4.45
4.29
4.09
3.25
3.25
3.13
1 Kg
1 Kg
1 Kg
1 Kg
4.09 / Kg
3.25 / Kg
3.25 / Kg
3.13 / Kg

Date of
Information
(yyyy/mm/dd)
Brand andProduct
Name
2009/04/30 Migros Chick Peas -
Yellow; White.
2009/04/30 Iglo Frozen Garden
Peas, Soy Beans.
2009/03/17 Peyman Mac
Sunflower Seed.
2008/11/07 Ceresse Sunflower
Seeds.
2007/08/17 Aymar Keten
Tohumu Yagi,
Antepfistigi Tohumu
Yagi, Coerek Otu
Yagi.
Manufacturer /
Country
Description Retail
Price
(TRY)
Turkey. Chick peas available in two varieties
( yellow and white).
Turkey. 100% natural with no preservatives.
Packaged frozen in plastic packets.
Peas ..........................
Soy beans ......................
Turkey. Sunflower seeds packaged in plastic
bags. Low in salt.
Available in three sizes (100 gm, 200
gm, 400 gm).
Turkey. Salted sunflower seeds packaged in
plastic bags. Available in five sizes.
Turkey. Three edible oils (flaxseed oil, black
cumin oil, pistachio seed oil).
85
Retail
Price
(CAD)
Package
Size
Unit Retail
Price
(CAD /
Unit)
1.65 1.26 150 gm 8.4 / Kg
4.30
8.05
5.59
3.27
6.13
4.25
400 gm
800 gm
300 gm
8.18 / Kg
7.66 / Kg
14.17 / Kg
n/a n/a n/a n/a
n/a
1.50
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
1.14
n/a
n/a
n/a
40 gm
250 gm
400 gm
1 Kg
5 Kg
n/a
4.56 / Kg
n/a
n/a
n/a
11.50 9.24 250 ml 36.96 / Lt

Date of
Information
(yyyy/mm/dd)
Brand andProduct
Name
2008/01/29 Doga Granola - Balli
Citir Musli.
2007/03/19 Dr. Sacchi Muhabbet
Kusu Yemi.
2008/11/07 One Nature Organic
Organik Kermizi
Mercimek - Kabuklu;
Ic.
2009/05/04 Noba Lentils -
Green; Red.
2007/10/29 Bono fit Vitalife Dry
Dog Food - Junior;
Banquet (2 Kg);
Banquet (500 gm).
2009/02/26 Super Cat Cat Food -
Tuna & Ocean Fish
& Liver.
Manufacturer /
Country
Description Retail
Price
(TRY)
Turkey. Honey roasted crunchy muesli
packaged in a cardboard box.
Contains: whole rolled oats; whole
rolled wheat; corn flakes; puffed
rice; natural honey; whole rolled soy
beans; flaxseed; sesame seeds; dried
bananas; apricot kernels; corn oil;
brown sugar and; fructose.
Turkey. Budgerigar food packaged in a
cardboard box. Contains: yellow
millet; white millet; red millet;
canary seed; unshelled oats; linseed.
Turkey. Organic red lentils packaged in plastic
bags.
Turkey. Lentils packaged in plastic packets.
Two varieties available: red and
green.
Czech Republic. Dog food packaged in a laminated
bag. Contains: cereals; vegetable byproducts;
oil; fat; vitamin A; vitamin
D3; vitamin E, copper sulfate;
pentahydrate; antioxidants; colour.
Turkey. Two variants of cat food packaged in
plastic bags.
86
Retail
Price
(CAD)
Package
Size
Unit Retail
Price
(CAD /
Unit)
4.55 3.91 375 gm 10.43 / Kg
1.90 1.58 400 gm 3.95 / Kg
3.95 3.01 500 gm 6.02 / Kg
5.90 4.36 1 Kg 4.36 / Kg
2.90 2.35 500 gm 4.70 / Kg
3.25 2.43 400 gm 6.08 / Kg

Date of
Information
(yyyy/mm/dd)
Brand andProduct
Name
2005/10/03 Dr. Oetker Pratik
Ikramlar Mix - Firin
Mucveri.
2009/02/20 Tat Hardal
(Mustard).
2008/11/07 Carrefour Bal -
Suezme Cicek.
2006/04/07 St. Dalfour France
Rhapsodie de Fruit
Jam - Quatre Fruits.
2009/06/17 Ulker Mavi Yesil
Jam - Raspberry;
Sour Cherry;
Strawberry; Orange.
2005/10/03 Nestle Cereal - Corn
Flakes.
Manufacturer /
Country
Description Retail
Price
(TRY)
Turkey. Vegetable patty meal helper
packaged in cardboard, paperboard
boxes. One kit makes eight patties.
Turkey. Mustard containing: water; yellow
mustard seeds; vinegar; salt; spices;
antioxidants. Packaged in glass jars.
Turkey. Filtered flower honey packaged in
glass jars. Comes in three sizes.
France. Fruit jam with no sugar or
preservatives added packaged in glass
jars. Contains: raspberries;
blackberries; cherries; fruit pectin;
grape juice; lemon juice and;
strawberries.
Turkey. Fruit jam containing: raspberries;
fructose syrup; water; pectin; sodium
citrate and; aspartame packaged in
glass jars. Available in four flavours
(raspberry, sour cherry,
strawberry, orange).
Turkey. Corn flakes cereal fortified with
eight vitamins and minerals packaged
in cardboard; paperboard boxes.
87
Retail
Price
(CAD)
Package
Size
Unit Retail
Price
(CAD /
Unit)
1.18 1.02 220 gm 4.64 / Kg
2.29 1.71 190 gm 9.00 / Kg
4.25
n/a
n/a
3.24
n/a
n/a
225 gm
460 gm
850 gm
14.40 / Kg
N/A
N/A
3.35 2.87 284 gm 10.11 / Kg
3.95 2.88 275 gm 10.47 / Kg
3.89 3.37 375 gm 8.89 / Kg

Date of
Information
(yyyy/mm/dd)
Brand andProduct
Name
2009/05/22 Carrefour Kids
Biscuits - Apricot;
Chocolate;
Raspberry;
Strawberry.
2007/01/11 Emco Musli Biscuits
- Blueberry +
Cranberry.
Manufacturer /
Country
Description Retail
Price
(TRY)
France. Biscuits for children in four flavours
packaged in paperboard boxes.
Turkey. Muesli biscuits packaged in laminate
wrappers.
2008/04/23 Migros Tahin. Turkey. Sesame seed paste packaged in glass
jars.
2007/08/20 Misura Cereal
Flakes with Soy,
Corn Flakes with
Fiber and Bran
Flakes.
Italy. Three varieties of breakfast cereals
packaged in cardboard boxes.
2009/09/01 Soyola Soya Oil. Turkey. Soy oil packaged in plastic bottles.
Available in three sizes.
2009/08/18 Yudum Corn Oil. Turkey. Corn oil packaged in plastic bottles.
Available in three sizes.
2009/04/19 Exotic Squeezed
Mixed Fruit Juice -
Apple, Strawberry
and Banana, apple
and Orange.
Turkey. Squeezed mixed fruit juice available
in two varieties packaged in plastic
bottles. Available in two sizes.
88
Retail
Price
(CAD)
Package
Size
Unit Retail
Price
(CAD /
Unit)
4.55 3.36 240 gm 14.00 / Kg
1.39 1.15 60 gm 19.17 / Kg
2.90 2.26 300 gm 7.53 / Kg
9.99 8.03 375 gm 21.41 / Kg
5.45
9.35
21.90
5.99
11.50
23.56
2.96
5.45
3.96
6.79
15.90
4.37
8.40
17.21
2.25
4.15
910 gm
2 Lt
5 Lt
1 Lt
2 Lt
5 Lt
330 ml
750 ml
4.35 / Kg
3.40 / Lt
3.18 / Lt
4.37 / Lt
4.20 / Lt
3.44 / Lt
6.82 / Lt
5.53 / Lt

Date of
Information
(yyyy/mm/dd)
Brand andProduct
Name
Manufacturer /
Country
Description Retail
Price
(TRY)
2007/12/24 Yummy Elma Suyu. Turkey. 100% apple juice from concentrate
with vitamin C and ascorbic acid
added; packaged in combination drink
boxes.
2008/08/08 Carrefour
Cappuccino Mix.
2008/04/22 Bunsa Soya Eti
Kusbasi.
Source: Datamonitor.
Note: Items in bold can be supplied by Canada.
Turkey. Instant cappuccino mix packaged in
an 8 count laminate; plastic wrapper
of 18 gm packets.
Turkey. A high protein, low fat textured soy
protein suitable as a meat substitute
packaged in cardboard boxes.
89
Retail
Price
(CAD)
Package
Size
Unit Retail
Price
(CAD /
Unit)
0.41 0.35 200 ml 1.75 / Lt
1.90 1.70 144 gm 11.81 / Kg
2.70 2.11 200 gm 10.55 / Kg

APPENDIX 2 - Dairy Product Export Restrictions
Canada - New Zealand/US - Measures Affecting the Importation of Milk and the Exportation of Dairy
Products
A. The WTO Rulings
On the basis of challenges from New Zealand and the United States, the WTO ruled in 1999 that certain
Canadian dairy exports benefitted from export subsidies under the rules of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture.
Thus, they were subject to Canada's WTO export subsidy reduction commitments. Since exports exceeded those
commitments, Canada was found to be in breach of its obligations. The milk sales affected by the WTO ruling
accounted for about four per cent of total Canadian production. The WTO ruling did not prevent the export of dairy
products as Canada is allowed to use export subsidies for dairy products within specified limits (see Table 21).
Canada's Measures to Implement the 1999 WTO Ruling.
Canada unsuccessfully appealed the Panel’s Report - in its Report in October 1999, the WTO Appellate
Body upheld the Panel's key findings. The WTO Dispute Settlement Body adopted these findings, and recommended
that Canada bring its measures into conformity with the WTO rules.
• New Zealand and the United States then reached an agreement with Canada in December 1999 on the time-frame
for Canada's implementation of the outcome of the case. This agreement provided for a "phased" implementation
over the 2000 calendar year. As part of its implementation, Canada would continue to make use of the "Special
Milk Classes" scheme for dairy exports, but agreed to limit export volumes under the scheme to within its
commitment levels.
However as part of its implementation, Canada introduced a number of new dairy export mechanisms on a provinceby-province
basis. Canada claimed that the new schemes did not provide export subsidies, and it would not therefore
limit the volume of exports under them to within its export subsidy commitment levels. New Zealand and United
States officials considered that the new schemes continued to provide export subsidies and that Canada had therefore
failed to comply with the Dispute Settlement Body's recommendations.
In February 2001, New Zealand, the United States and Canada held consultations on this issue, but failed to
resolve New Zealand's and the United State's concerns. Consequently, later in February, New Zealand and the
United States formally requested that the WTO reconvene the original dispute settlement Panel to examine Canada's
replacement schemes. The Panel received written and oral submissions from the parties in May 2001 and in July
2001, found that Canada's replacement schemes continued to provide export subsidies in breach of its WTO
commitments.
Canada subsequently appealed this decision and in December 2001 the Appellate Body held that the Panel
had applied the wrong legal test to determine whether export subsidies had been provided. The Appellate Body also
determined that it was unable to make any determination as to whether the Canadian measures were export subsidies
since further factual information was required before the correct legal test could be applied.
Following the December 2001 Appellate Body ruling, New Zealand and the United States requested, for a
second time, the reconvening of the original dispute settlement Panel to examine Canada's replacement measures
against the legal test outlined by the Appellate Body. The Panel received written and oral submissions from the
parties in March and April 2002 and in July 2002. the Panel, once again, found that Canada's replacement schemes
continued to provide export subsidies in breach of its WTO commitments.
On 23 September 2002, Canada notified its decision to appeal the Panel decision. Following receipt of
written submissions of the parties, the Appellate Body heard the appeal in Geneva on 31 October 2002. In its report
of 20 December 2002 the Appellate Body upheld the Panel's finding that Canada was providing export subsidies in
breach of its WTO commitments. The Appellate Body found that Canada's replacement scheme was contrary to
Canada's obligations under Article 3.3 and Article 8 of the Agreement on Agriculture. The Appellate Body's decision
90

was adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body on 17 January 2003.
At the same time as initiating the dispute settlement process to investigate Canada's compliance with the
original panel's finding, New Zealand also lodged a request seeking authorisation from the Dispute Settlement Body
to take retaliatory action against Canada by suspending tariff concessions up to the value of US$35 million a year,
which is the damage calculated to be caused to New Zealand by Canada's illegal dairy export subsidy regime. The
US also made a similar request to the Dispute Settlement Body. The requests of New Zealand and the US were
referred to arbitration. A mutually agreed solution between Canada and New Zealand and separately between
Canada and the United States was notified to the WTO on 9 May 2003.
B. The Mutually Agreed Solutions
Table 12. Canada's WTO Dairy Export Subsidy
Commitment Levels.
Commodity Quantity
Commitments
(t)
91
Budgetary Outlay
Commitments
(CAD ‘000)
Butter. 3,500 11,025
Cheese. 9,076 16,228
Skim Milk Powder. 44,953 31,149
Other Milk Products. 30,282 22,505
Incorporated Products. 20,276
Source: Uruguay Round Schedule of Commitments, Schedule V -
Canada, Final Schedule of Agriculture Commitments.
Note: Based on dairy year (August 1-July 31).

APPENDIX 3 - Turkish Cuisine
Products that Canada can provide are in bold in the following text.
Culinary Customs
Breakfast
A typical Turkish breakfast consists of cheese (beyaz peynir, kasar etc.), butter, olives, eggs, tomatoes,
cucumbers, green peppers, reçel (jam/marmalade; a preserve of whole fruits) and honey usually consumed on
top of kaymak. Sucuk (spicy Turkish sausage), pastirma (pressed meat), börek (a salty pastry made with thin
dough), simit, pogaça and even soups can be taken as a morning meal in Turkey. A common Turkish speciality for
breakfast is called menemen, which is prepared with roasted tomatoes, peppers, olive oil and eggs. Invariably,
black tea is served at breakfast. Coffee has affected Turkish culture so much that the Turkish word for breakfast,
"kahvalti" literally means "before coffee."
Eating out
Although fast food is gaining popularity and many major foreign fast food chains have opened all over
Turkey, Turkish consumers still rely primarily on the rich and extensive dishes of the Turkish cuisine. In addition,
some traditional Turkish foods, especially köfte, döner, börek and gözleme are often served as fast food in Turkey.
Eating out has always been common in large commercial cities. Esnaf lokantasi (restaurants for shopkeepers and
tradesmen) are widespread, serving traditional Turkish home cooking at affordable prices.
Summer cuisine
In the hot Turkish summer, many consumers prefer a lighter meal consisting of seasonal vegetables and
fruits. A summer meal is usually made up of fried vegetables (such as eggplant, potatoes, zucchini, and green
peppers) served with yoghurt, tomato sauce, sheep's cheese, cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelons, melons, or
summer helva (lighter and less sweet than regular helva).
Traditional Turkish Food
Following is a table of traditional Turkish food products and their ingredients. Ingredients that Canada can
or could supply are noted in bold.
Table 13. Traditional Food Products and Ingredients. Turkey.
Product Name Description & / Ingredients
Aacili ezme. A meze containing hot spicy mashed tomatoes with onion and
green herbs.
Açma. A soft bread similar to simit in shape, covered in a glaze with
sesame seeds.
Acuka. A cirassian meze prepared with walnuts, tomato paste and garlic.
Alcoholic beverages. Lager beer. Wine.
Arnavut cigeri. Liver slices, onion and sumac.
Asure. A soup. Beans, wheat, dried fruit, cinnamon rose water.
Ayran. Salty yoghurt drink.
Baba gannus (Patlican salatasi). A meze. Eggplant salad.
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Product Name Description & / Ingredients
Bakla ezmesi. A meze. Hummus prepared with broad beans.
Baklava. Sugar or honey, water, lemon juice, pistachio nuts or walnuts, wheat
flour, salt, olive oil, eggs, starch, butter or margarine.
Bazlama. Very popular leavened flat bread made from flour, water, salt and
sour starter. After 2-3 hr of fermentation, 200 to 250g pieces of
dough are cut, rounded, sheeted to a thickness of 4-5 mm, and baked
on a hot plate.
Beyaz peynir. A salty white cheese.
Boraniye. Broad beans or spinach or squash cooked together with meat,
yoghurt and chickpeas.
Börek. General name for salty pastries made with phyllo (thin) dough.
Boza. Millet, cinnamon.
Bugulama. Fish with lemon and parsley covered while cooking so it cooks with
steam.
Bulgur pilav. Boiled and pounded bulgur wheat.
Bulgur. Bulgur is a quick-cooking form of whole wheat that has been
cleaned, parboiled, dried, ground into particles and sifted into
distinct sizes.
Cacik. A meze. Cucumber with yoghurt, dried mint and olive oil.
Çerkez tavugu. A meze. Circassian chicken.
Cevizli biber. A meze prepared with walnuts, red peppers, pepper paste, onions
and cumin.
Çig köfte. A meze. Raw meatballs prepared with bulgur wheat and minced
meat.
Çig börek or Tartar börek. Börek stuffed with minced meat.
Çilbir. Eggs, yoghurt, oil.
Çoban kavurma. A variety of kavurma prepared with tomatoes, onions, mushrooms,
peppers and herbs.
Çoban slatasi. A Meze. Shepard’s salad.
Çökelek. Unsalted white cheese.
Çorba. Soup - general. Common ingredients are lentils, yoghurt or wheat.
Desserts - traditional. Quince, figs, pumpkin, apple, pear cooked in a pot or in the oven
with sugar, carnation and cinnamon, served with walnut or pistachio
and kaymak.
93

Product Name Description & / Ingredients
Dolma. A meze. Vine leaves, cabbage leaves, chard leaves, peppers,
tomato, squash, pumpkin, eggplant or mussels stuffed with rice
and / or meat.
Domatesli pilav. Tomato pilaf.
Döner a kebab (‘donair', 'donar', 'doner',
‘donner’).
Rotating roast. Made of lamb meat cooked on a vertical spit and
sliced off to order. In English, the term kebab in some countries
refers specifically to döner kebab.
Eriste. Home made pasta that can be combined with vegetables or used in
soups and rice.
Etli taze fasulye. Green bean stew with meat.
Etli pilav. Pilaf with meat.
Etli yaprak sarma. Vine leaves stuffed with meat and rice.
Etli bamya. Okra with meat or chicken.
Etli pilav. Rice containing meat pieces.
Fasulye pilaki. A meze. Beans cooked with garlic, tomato paste, carrots and olive
oil.
Fava. A meze. Broad bean or horse bean puree.
Fried köfte. A meze. Meatballs.
Fried vegetables. A meze. Fried eggplants, peppers and courgettes with yoghurt or
tomato and garlic sauce.
Fruit. Plums, apricots, dates, apples, grapes, figs.
Gözleme. Made of lavash bread or phyllo dough folded around a variety of
fillings such as spinach, cheese, parsley, minced meat or potatoes
and cooked on a large griddle.
Güllaç. Thin large dough layers, Corn starch, wheat flour, milk, rose
water served with pomegranate seeds and walnuts.
Hamsi. Anchovy fish.
Hardalotu. A meze. Mustard plant salad.
Haslama. Boiled lamb with vegetables and lemon juice.
Hellim. A salty, firm-textured cheese often with mint added.
Helva (various types). Flour, semolina, pine nuts, walnuts, almonds, crushed sesame
seeds.
Hosaf. Stewed fruit. Popular types: apple, quince, apricot, cherry, grape.
94

Product Name Description & / Ingredients
Hösmerim. An unsalted cheese.
Hummus. A meze. Sesame, chickpeas, garlic, olive oil.
Hünkar begendi. The puree of grilled eggplant with cashar cheese topped withe
cubed lamb meat.
Imam bayildi. An eggplant slashed down the middle and stuffed with onions,
garlic, tomatoes, dill and parsley and then simmered in olive oil.
Iskembe soup. Soup made of sheep stomach. Added to the soup is fried butter,
garlic sauce, lemon and red pepper.
Iskembeli nohut. Chickpeas with tripe.
Ispanakli yumurta. Eggs, roasted spinach and onions.
Kabak çiçegi dolmasi. A meze. A kind of dolma with stuffed cabbage flower.
Karniyarik. Eggplants filled with minced meat, onion, garlic and tomato paste
and cooked in the oven.
Kasar. A moderately fatty sheep’s cheese.
Kaskaval. Yellow sheep’s cheese.
Kavurma. Roasted lamb.
Kaygana. Omelet (eggs) prepared with flour and traditionally served with
cheese, honey or eggplant.
Kaymak. A creamy dairy product, similar to clotted cream, made originally in
Turkey. It is made from the milk. Kaymak recipe : boil the milk
slowly, then simmer it for two hours over a very low heat. After the
heat source is shut off, the cream is skimmed and left to chill for
several hours or days. It is often serve with honey.
Kefir. A fermented milk drink. Kefir grains, milk.
Keskek. A meat and wheat or barley stew.
Kisir or Sarma içi. A popular meze. Bulgur wheat, tomato paste, parsley, onion,
garlic, sour pomegranate juice and a lot of spices.
Kiymali fasulye. Beans with minced meat.
Kiymali ispanak. Spinach with minced meat served with yoghurt.
Köfte. Spicy grilled ground veal and lamb patties. Lamb, veal, cayenne
pepper, coriander seeds, cumin seeds, black pepper, salt, unsalted
butter, pide bread, onions, sumac, parsley.
Kokoreç. The intestine of sheep with spices.
Komposto. Compote.
95

Product Name Description & / Ingredients
Kurabiyesi - several types. Cookies. Egg, sugar, almond. Flour. Walnuts.
Kurut, Kes. Dried bricks of yoghurt made from low-fat milk or çökelek made
from buttermilk.
Kuskus. Turkish version of couscous. Can be served with any meat or stew.
Kuyruk yagi. Tail fat of sheep.
Kuzu kapama. Spring lamb stewed.
Kuzu çevirme. Milk-fed lamb cooked on a spit.
Kuzu etli enginar. Artichokes with lamb.
Kuzu güvec. Lamb cooked in a casserole.
Lahmacum. A thin flatbread (wheat flour) covered with a layer of spiced minced
meat, tomato, pepper, onion or garlic.
Lavas.
Large and airy 'balloon' bread (wheat flour) spread with sesame
seeds. Eaten with meze dishes.
Lor. Unsalted white cheese made from the whey left over from the
manufacture of kasar.
Mahmudiye. Chicken meat mixed with honey, apricots, almonds, currents and
black pepper.
Manti. A pasta of folded triangles of dough (wheat flour) containing
minced meat often with minced onions and parsley. Often served
with garlic yoghurt and melted butter or warmed olive oil and a
range of spices such as oregano, dried mint, ground sumac and red
pepper powder. Other ingredients can be minced chicken, quail
meats.
Marzipan. Ground pistachio.
Menemen. Scrambled eggs cooked with tomatoes and green pepper.
Mercimek köfte. Red lentils, onions, tomato paste.
Meze. A selection of food served as the appetizer course with or without
drinks (an appetizer). Some can be served as a main course.
Examples: olives, mature kasar kashar cheese, white cheese, mixed
pickles.
Mihaliç peyniri or Kelle peyniri. A hard sheep’s cheese that can be grated.
Misir ekmegi. A corn bread. Yellow corn meal, all purpose flour, baking
powder, salt, milk, yoghurt, sugar, eggs, olive oil, lemen zest.
96

Product Name Description & / Ingredients
Moussaka. Sautéed and fried eggplant, green peppers, tomatoes, onions,
minced meat, parsley. Variants include using zucchini, carrots and
potatoes.
Müever. Grated squash / courgette or potatoes, egg, onion dill and / or
cheese and flour. Can be either fried or cooked in the oven.
Non-alcoholic beverages. Black tea. Coffee.
Örgu peyniri. Braided cheese.
Otlu peynir. A cheese with herbs (wild garlic, Mentha longifolia, Pimpinella
rhodentha).
Paça çorbasi. Lamb’s feet soup.
Pastirmali kuru fasulye. White beans with pastirma.
Patlican. Eggplant.
Patlican dolma. Filled eggplant.
Patlican reçeli. Eggplant jam.
Patlican salatasi. Roasted eggplant salad. Eggplant, garlic, tomato, olive oil, plain
yoghurt, lemon juice, feta cheese, salt, pepper.
Pekmez. Grape syrup.
Pide. A broad, round and flat bread made of wheat. Can be made with
minced meat with onion, chopped tomatoes, parsley and spices.
Also made with spinach, white cheese, peices of meat, braised
meat, sukuk, pastirma and/or eggs.
Pilaf. Rice, often with currants or raisins.
Pilâki. Fish cooked with various vegetables, onion in the oven.
Pilav. Pilaf with meat
Piliç dolma. Stuffed chicken with spice filling.
Pogaça. Halfmoons with feta cheese (Cheese buns). Butter, olive oil, all
purpose white flour, egg, baking powder, salt, feta cheese,
parsley.
Popular fish. Anchovy, sardines, bonito, gilt-head bream, red mullet, sea bass,
whiting, swordfish, turbot, white grouper.
Raki. A traditional alcoholic beverage flavoured with anise.
Sade pilav. Ordinary rice served with most dishes.
Sahlep. Extract of wild orchid roots, cinnamon.
97

Product Name Description & / Ingredients
Saksuka. Eggplants, tomatoes, potatoes, zucchinis, sweet green/red
peppers, garlic, olive oil, parsley, yogurt.
Salgam suyu. Turnip juice.
Sardalya. Sardines.
Sherbet. Rose hips, cornelian cherries, rose or licorice and spices.
Shkembe. A type of tripe soup.
Simit or gevrek. A ring-shaped bread (wheat flour)covered with sesame seeds.
Commonly eaten with cheese, butter or marmalade.
Su böregi. Water pastry (wheat flour). A salty baklava-like pastry with cheese
filling and parsley.
Sucuk. A fermented meat sausage. Can be made with beef or chicken.
Sujuk. A form of raw sausage made with beef and a range of spices such as
garlic.
Sumac. A fruit uses as a condiment.
Süzme yogurt. Yoghurt curd strained from the whey.
Tahin. Sesame paste.
Talas böregi. Phyllo dough (wheat flour) filled with vegetables and diced meat.
Tandir bread. Bread (wheat flour) baked on the inner walls of a round oven called
tandir.
Tokat kebab. Made up of skewers of lamb and sliced eggplant. They are baked in
wood-fired ovens. As the lamb cooks, it leaves juices that baste the
eggplant. They are served with baked tomatoes and roasted garlic.
Tulum. A sheep’s cheese preserved in an animal skin bag.
Türlü. A stew of vegetables and meat cooked in a casserole.
Tursu. Brine, garlic, vegetables, cucumbers, courgette.
Vegetables. Spinach, leeks, cauliflowers, artichokes, cabbage, celery,
eggplant, green and red bell peppers, string beans, jerusalem
artichokes, onions, carrots, tomatoes.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_cuisine.
Note: Items in bold can be supplied by Canada.
ENDNOTES
98

1. Part of the Agricultural Policy Framework. For more information see
http://www.agr.gc.ca/cb/apf/index_e.php.
2. Much of the following is based on information from Wikipedia.
3. Much of the following is based on information from Wikipedia.
4. Numbers associated with product groups are the International Harmonised System of codes
used to classify traded products (HS codes).
5. See website:
http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_eng/Content?WCM_GLOBAL_CON
TEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/international+terrorism/ari26-2009 .
6. The AON risk level is based on a six level risk rating - low, medium-low, medium, mediumhigh,
high and very high. Canada is a low risk and Zimbabwe is a very high risk.
7. All rates of change of imports refer to annual compound rates of a trend line fitted to the
data.
99