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were supplemented with 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0% and 3.5% KClO3. Recovered nit mutants were used to study vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) within each population. Fifty-one strains of F. sacchari, 20 strains of F. subglutinans and 17 strains of F. proliferatum were heterokaryon self-compatible and used in pairings with other nit mutants. The growth of heterokaryon was more vigorous and robust in pairings of NitM with nit1 than those in pairings of nit1 with nit3. A total of 13, 5 and 8 VCGs were identified among the populations of F. sacchari, F. subglutinans and F. proliferatum respectively. Based on the results from morphological characteristics, pathogenicity and compatibility tests, it can be concluded that pokkah boeng disease in Peninsular Malaysia is caused by F. sacchari. xv
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Humans are dependent upon plants for their very existence and most of the human food supply worldwide is derived from the following 20 crops: banana, barley, cassava, citrus, coconut, corn, oats, peanut, pineapple, potato, pulses (beans, peas), rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, sugar beet, sugarcane, sweet potato, wheat and yam (George et al., 1985). Plants not only provide food for humans but also beautify the surrounding, purify the air and protect our natural resources. However, plants also suffer from pests and diseases that cause losses in yield and in turns could lead to human suffering. 1.1 Sugarcane Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a monocotyledonous plant from the family Gramineae of the subfamily Andropogoneae (Charrier, 2001) and considered as one of the oldest crops cultivated by man (Peng, 1984) in nearly 60 countries as a commercial crop with Brazil, Cuba, Fiji, India, West Indies Islands, Mauritius and U.S.A as major sugarcane growing nations (Naik, 2001). At the beginning of 6000 BC, it was dispersed through the Philippines, Borneo, Java, Malaya and Burma to India (Blackburn, 1984). Sugarcane is basically C4 plants that exploit solar energy through photosynthesis that fixes CO2 by going through C4 metabolic pathway (Naik, 2001). The yield ultimately depends on the size and efficiency of this photosynthesis system (Naik, 2001). There are six species listed in the genus; Saccharum officinarum L., S. spontaneum L., S. robustum Brandes and Jesweit ex Grassl, S. barberi Jesweit, S. sinense Hassk and S. edule Hassk (Tan, 1989). The cultivated species are S. officinarum, S. sinense and S. barberi that belong to two main groups which consist a thin, hardy north Indian types S. barberi, thick and juicy noble canes S. officinarum and S. spontaneum L. where both are wild sugarcanes of Southeastern Asia (Naik, 2001). 1
Page 1 and 2: PATHOGENICITY AND AETHIOLOGY OF FUS
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost
Page 5 and 6: 3.5 3.6 3.3.3 Preparation of steril
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER SEVEN : GENERAL DISCUSSION
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Yield per hecta
Page 11 and 12: 6.5 Compatible reaction on differen
Page 13 and 14: KEPATOGENAN DAN ETIOLOGI FUSARIUM S
Page 15: PATHOGENICITY AND AETHIOLOGY OF FUS
Page 19 and 20: sugars. The basic source of sugar i
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.1: Yield per hectar (tonne
Page 23 and 24: 1955; Martin et al., 1961; Sharma,
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER TWO LITEREATURE REVIEW 2.1
Page 27 and 28: 1998; Leslie et al., 2005). Fusariu
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2.1: Dispersal of spores by
Page 31 and 32: In Booth (1971) classification syst
Page 33 and 34: against of the disease. For that re
Page 35 and 36: 3.1 Fungal Sources CHAPTER THREE GE
Page 37 and 38: cool slightly and poured into dispo
Page 39 and 40: 3.6.1 Temporary Stock Cultures The

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