Tonal Notation of Indic scripts in Mainland Southeast Asia

The instances of {-:} {-:}, Mon-Burmese version of visarga, also appears
in the spelling of open rhymes in Heavy tone, though Ahtawlat
Inscription has no instances of it. {-:} is usually used in combination
with ‘long’ vowel symbols, not ‘short’. {-:} appears more often than
{-h’}, but its occurrence is still sporadic. {-:} cooccur also with {-e},
but not {-o}.
• Sakhiphuna Inscription (530 ME/AD 1168):
{@aa:} ‘TEMPORAL’ (l.2, 3); {sa:} ‘son’ (with an exceptional
vowel symbol) (l.4, 5);
• Thingyi-Nganaingthin Inscription (555 ME/AD 1193):
{phwaa:} ‘be born’ (in a women’s name) (l.7); {@aa:} ‘TEMPO-
RAL’ (l.10); {te:} ‘EMPHATIC’ (l.12, 14, 15)
cf. {kaa} ‘CONTRASTIVE’ (l.10,13); {pu rhaa} ‘Buddha, pagoda’ (l.1, 5, 11)
• Thingyi-Nyaung-ot Inscription (563 ME/AD 1201):
{kaa:} ‘CONTRASTIVE’ (obverse:22); {pu rhaa:} ‘Buddha, pagoda’
(obverse:17, reverse:11, 12); {tan’thaa:} ‘bridge’ (r.:4); {@aa:}
‘TEMPORAL’ (r.:12)
cf. {kaa} (o.:6, 10, 19, r.:11); {kraa} ‘hear’ (o.:10, 13, 15); {pu rhaa} (r.:1);
{saa} ‘son, man’ (o.:8, 15, r.:19); {@aa} ‘to’ (o.:19); {krii} ‘big, great’ (o.:14,
15, r.:19); {prii} ‘finish’ (r.:1, 2, 3); {mii} ‘fire’ (r.:3, 5)
• Thin-Ngahnitlothin Inscription, reverse
{@aa:} ‘TEMPORAL’ (l.2)
• Ngasanthin Inscription (570 ME/AD 1208):
{te:} ‘EMPHATIC’ (l.9, 10–11)
cf. {kaa} ‘CONTRASTIVE’ (l.8, 9, 10, 11); {nwaa} ‘cow’ (l.9,17); {mi yaa}
‘wife’ (l.10, 18, 19, 20); {pu rhaa} ‘pagoda’ (l.8–9, 18); {saa} ‘son’ (l.5);
{@aa} ‘TEMPORAL’ (l.2); {te} (l.16, 18, 20, 21)
• Saw-Yahan-Thein Inscription:
{pyaa:} ‘bee’ (l.26)
• Ngatathin Inscription (587 ME/AD 1225):
{@a:} ‘interjectory sentence final particle’ (with an exceptional
vowel symbol) (l.18)
cf. {kaa} ‘CONTRASTIVE’ (l.4, 6, 7, 12, 18, 19); {kraa} ‘hear’ (l.7,12);
{miy’yaa} ‘wife’ (l.4, 5, 6); {pu rhaa} ‘Buddha’ (l.6–7); {saa} ‘man’ (l.12)
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